daaeor ped Ls aot a ee Eprue it Mad Why 8 Py ed tk ff “fh ew. hata eg oe bb ock g A fod, bem Fatal th dodo Fite} 5 bs wae 424 so aetie * 45 > Bobs ae cay, eer iY + PRS be bey - ay 1% mie Danes tr he 8 ete beg Mvsil evs Ae Dare y tr HE Uae Ort teed te tae Pie Be ets Patios cee woes Soeves ¥. a4 oF ao ty. Tae soe % ee > AY f atts ra oe a =, war. iY; (Ta ey Se oe ms a aint 4 aie g ie 8 pits Ragen CPt Sete eat 3p bene isis cane Ne is a -s Pree Vurvr ww . tape ’ “Wut feet tered iad tote sua eyeay aur - eiutn * ME TT ee h at SA Ren a RA pe ert eel engegy, Sindee we gs betes A dt 4NN CUNY vem bed PWN UY ww" bata tall. Sed tivVeuey pete vad wverenrny <0 v cies u ane AUT Oy JS enn aa rnnnenls ens ] “ses SeiEty te CE 114 le : a i] ret =. ae “—. ol ee : adh Eide VW wy, Ys U Seng ger? ty re ee VW en. A ower seis oer Ww. ‘i ee, THATS LENA AA 9 v es , ye cel HO er Lh nt atest ep rer Weare <* " oy tay | 7 > @ LA w’ wv * eens: aes wi Poh tellin ~ wh ~~ 4 AA toe vs sed yud wee w' emte ; es Ys DL ALL hig A anger WYBeeeaNWiRReS Gs avis lee% why, ah hited 2 Sy Lt} Vy to< 5 rai Pt “| ener “SY any, MU CUT Pree Av ONCTeRee He IWRETREER sur AAT UU fy, eller nee auengaeaece - ees —D 7 Beal | aye ULL amerewtistiuaesetses =" tt ed hdl Tend FA LAL Leite te LCC evel Vey it TU TUT [Me vteetrreeevewet Ty guvty 0 Se ae bei d eo 1 ONS y OY me ae Raita s ey! , pean B | | Dy. Sak | 26650 5 CONTINUATION OF THE New SERIEs, —_ OLD SERIEs, : Vou. XXXVII }) BuLietin or THE NurraLtt ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB Vou. XXIX. [he Auk : H Quarterly Journal of Ornithology ¥ EDITOR WITMER STONE Ca” -2 % “Y 3 PUBLISHED BY LS qT Og] 3 The American Gral peigel see Union a4 whe Se ry | rs ysede J CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 1912 Entered as second-class mail matter in the Post Office at Boston, Maas. <— Vm) CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXIX. NUMBER I. Pagan In Memoriam: Henry Avucustus Purpig. By William Brewster. (Plate I.) 1 Somm REMINISCENCES OF THE LATE Proressor C. O. WHITMAN. By Rk. M. Strong. (Plate II.) 15 Nores on THE SuMMER Birps or THE Sr. JoHN VALLEY, ‘New Brunswick. By Charles W. Townsend, M. D. 3 16 A NAME FOR THE HawallANn LINNET. By J. Grinnell ‘ F 24 A ee oF THE Birps or SEDGwick County, Kansas. By Dwight Isley : : 25 Notrs on Recoanrrion Marks 1n Certain SPEctEs or Birps. By John Treadwell Nichols : 44 OBSERVATIONS ON THE YELLOW-BILLED TRopic- -BIRD " (Phaéthon americanus Grant) AT THE BerMupA IsLANDs. By Alfred O. Gross. (Plates III-XI.) . : , , 49 A Snort Summer Ovutine in N EWFOUNDLAND, 1911. By Edward Arnold . F ‘ 72 Notes on Birps BREEDING IN THE MounTAtNs oF ViRGINIA. By H. B. Bailey 79 Notes on THE Fiicut or Guus. By William Brewster 85 TWENTY- -NINTH Starep Merrine or THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- aist’s Union. By John H. Sage 92 GENERAL NOTES. Laughing Gull at Marshfield, Mass., 99; Franklin’s Gull (Larus franklint) at Philadelphia, 99; The Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus) on Long Island, N. Y., in August, 100; Phatusa magni- rostris in Cuba, 100; I: cobrychus exilis Texas, 100; Egret in Northern New Jersey, 100; Yellow Rail (Coturnicops novebora- censis), 100; The Semipalmated Sandpiper in Philadelphia County, Pa., 101; The Golden Plover (Charadrius dominicus dominicus) on the Coast of South Carolina, 101; Capture of a Golden Eagle at Kansas City, Mo., 102; Duck Hawk (Falco peregrinus anatum), 102; Another Saw-whet Owl from Oregon, 102; Occurrence of the Yellow-headed Blackbird on the Delaware River near Philadelphia, Pa., 102; Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus in Eastern Cuba, 103; Additional Records of the Evening Gros- beak in Pennsylvania, 103; The Seaside Sparrow (Passerherbulus maritimus maritimus) Breeding on the Coast of Georgia near Savannah, 103; The Bohemian Waxwing in Vermont in Summer, 104; Another Record of the Philadelphia Vireo from Long Island, N. ve 105; Bachman’s Warbler in Camden Co. and Breeding in Chatham Co., Georgia, 105; Dendroica estiva Captured by a Spider, 105; The Louisiana Water-Thrush and Broad-winged Hawk in Southern New Jersey, 105; Western Records of the Cat- bird (Dumetella carolinensis), 106; An unusually late Nesting Date of the Catbird, 106; Capture of the Carolina Wren at Portland, Maine, 106; Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicia- nus), 107; Waterfowl Nearly Drowned, 107; Shore-bird Notes, ii Contents of Volume XXIX. 108; Two Interesting Captures in Lincoln Park, Chicago, 109; Two New Birds for Greenland, 109; Additions to a List of the Birds of Harding County, Northwestern South Dakota, 110; Notes from West Virginia, 111; New Records from Arkansas, 112; Notes from the Magdalen Islands, 112; Bird Enemies of the Chinese Cotton Scale, 113. RECENT LITERATURE. McAtee’s ‘Woodpeckers in Relation to Trees and Wood Products,’ 114; Forbush on the Starling in America, 114; Strong on the Olfactory Organs and the Sense of Smell in Birds, 115; Lowe’s ‘A Naturalist on Desert Islands,’ 116; Lechner’s “Oologia Neer- landica,’ 116; Berlepsch on Birds of the Aru Islands, 117; Riley on Three New Birds from Canada, 117; Kellogg on Winter Birds from Trinity and Shasta Counties, California, 118; Wood on the Birds of the Charity Islands, Michigan, 118; Swarth on a New Hairy Woodpecker from Southeastern Alaska, 118; Report of the Meriden Bird Club, 118; Cooke on the Distribution of the Ameri- can Egrets, 119; Fleming on a New Teal from the Andaman Islands, 119; Rubow’s ‘Life of the Common Gull,’ 119; Gentry’s ‘Life-Histories’— A Belated Review, 119; African Economic Entomology, 121; Todd and Worthington’s ‘A Contribution to the Ornithology of the Bahama Islands,’ 123; Mathews’s ‘The Birds of Australia,’ 124; Abbott’s ‘The Home-Life of the Osprey,’ 125; Publications Received, 124. CORRESPONDENCE. Cooke’s ‘Distribution and Migration of North American Birds,’ 128; Mathews’s Notes on Nomenclature, 131. NOTES AND NEWS. Change in the Editorship of ‘The Auk,’ 136; Bird Collecting and Bird Protection, 136; Ornithological Exploration in California, 137; Mr. Rhoads’s Work in Ecuador, 138; Ornithological Field Work, 138; New Publications, 139; National Association of Audubon Societies, 140. NUMBER II. Paap BIRDS OF THE PARAMO OF CENTRAL Ecuapor. By Samuel N. Rhoads ; ; : 3 a at Notes on Wuip- -POOR-WILLS AND OWLS. By Frank Bolles. With a Foreword By William Brewster 150 THE RELATION OF GENERA TO FAUNAL AREAs. By Spencer Trotter 159 Notes ON THE LAYSAN Fincu. By Hubert Lyman Clark 166 A Last WorD ON THE PASSENGER PIGEON. By C. F. Hodge 169 THE VALIDITY OF THE RED-LEGGED SUBSPECIES OF Buack Duck. By Charles W. Townsend, M. D. 176 Birps IN THE MARKETS OF SOUTHERN EvROPE. By Louis B. Bishop 179 Contents of Volume XXIX. iii Paaz ADDITIONS TO THE KNOWN ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF C. F. RaFINESQUE. By Samuel N. Rhoads : : : ; .. 191 NOTES ON THE SprRING MIGRATION AT TimBER LINE, NORTH OF GREAT SLAVE LAKE. By David E. Wheeler, M. D. ; a 6198 Vroxra’s CaTatocun. By Witmer Stone : : : am. 205 Great AvuK Eaas IN THE THAYER Museum. By John E. Thayer. (Plate XII.) . : : 5 , ; : ‘ : . 208 Tue LEAST SANDPIPER DURING THE NESTING SEASON IN THE Mac- DALEN IsuaNpDs. By Robert Thomas Moore. (Plates XIII and XLV’) : F . : : : : : ; ~ 20 FurtHer Notres ON THE FRuIT-EATING HABITS OF THE SAGE THRASHER IN THE YAKIMA VALLEY, WASHINGTON. By Clar- ence H. Kennedy : ; : ; ‘ : ; F . 224 CrrRTAIN PHASES OF THE THEORY OF ReEcoGNITION Marks. By W. L. McAtee : , : 2 : : é . 226 AN APPARENTLY UNRECOGNIZED RACE OF THE RED-SHOULDERED Hawk. By Louis B. Bishop, M. D. 232 GENERAL NOTES. Holbcell’s Grebe in Connecticut, 233; The Forked-tailed Gull (Xema furcatum), 233; Cory’s Shearwater in abundance off Long Island, 234; Black Ducks which became very tame, 234; The European Widgeon at Gardner’s Island, New York, 235; The Pintail Duck (Dafila acuta) in Winter near Portland, Maine, 235; White- winged Scoter (Oidemia deglandi) in Minnesota, 236; The Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus) Wintering in New Jersey, 236; Recent Occurrence of the Egret (Herodias egretta) near Portland, Maine, 236; The Snowy Egret in New Mexico, 237; King Rail (Rallus elegans) at Springfield, Mass., 237; Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) in Massachusetts, 237; Yellow Rail in Michigan. A Correction, 237; An Albino Semipalmated Sandpiper, 238; Last Record of the Piping Plover (4gialitis meloda) in New Jersey, 238; Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse in Wisconsin, 238; Nesting of the Passenger Pigeon (Kctopistes migratorius) in New York, 238; Mississippi and Swallow-tailed Kites in Knox Co., Ind., 239; Gray Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus rusticolus) in Minnesota, 239; Early Occurrence of the Saw-whet Owl, 239; Diurnal Activities of the Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus virginianus), 240; Status of the Picide in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, 241; Difference due to sex in the Black Swift, 241; A Crested Flycatcher in December at Cambridge, Mass., 242; The Starling (Sturnus vul- garts) at Springfield, Mass., 243; Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) in Chester Co., Pa., 243; Strange Actions of a Red-eyed Cowbird, 244; The Baltimore Oriole (/cferus galbula) Wintering in New Jersey, 244; Many Purple Finches at Portland, Maine, in Febru- ary, 245; Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra minor) in Chester Co., Pa., in Summer, 245; Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus) in Delaware, 246; White-throated Sparrow in Idaho, 247; Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris) in Minnesota, 247; Law- rence’s Warbler (Vermivora lawrencet) in Chester County, Pa., 247; A Palm Warbler in winter at Boston, Mass., 247; Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrina) at the Delaware Water Gap, Pa., 249; Mockingbird Notes from Massachusetts, 249; A Catbird spend- ing the Winter in Connecticut, 249; Notes on Hapalopteron fami- liare (Kittl.), 250; Hermit Thrush wintering at Easton, Pa., 250; iv Contents of Volume XXIX. Correction, 250; Greenland Wheatear seen in Massachusetts, 250; Stray Notes from New Brunswick, 251; Some British Co- lumbia Records, 252; Eastern Oregon Notes, 253; Additions to Birds of Kerrville, Texas, 254; Recent Records from the Valley of the Lower Rio Grande, 254; The Names “ Purple Finch,” ‘‘ Mavis” and ‘‘Highole,”’ 255. RECENT LITERATURE. Ridgway’s Birds of North and Middle America, Part V, 256; Sclater’s Birds of Colorado, 258; Howell’s Birds of Arkansas, 259; Burns on the Broad-winged Hawk, 259; Bent on Birds of the Aleutian Islands, 260; Nelson and Goldman on New Birds from Panama, 261; Mearns on New African Birds, 261; MHerrick’s Nests and Nest-Building in Birds, 262; Beebe and Crandall on The Undescribed Juvenal Plumage of the Yucatan Jay, 263; Hen- shaw’s Report of the Chief of the Biological Survey for 1911, 263; Townsend’s Captain Cartwright and his Labrador Journal, 263; Taylor on Birds of Northern Humboldt County, Nevada, 264; Swarth on a Collection of Birds from Vancouver Island, 265; Mathews’ The Austral Avian Record, 266; Parkin’s Record of Sales of the Great Auk and its Eggs, 266; Jacob’s The American Bird House Journal for 1912, 266; Worcester on Newly Dis- covered Breeding Places of Philippine Sea Birds, 267; Gunning and Roberts on South African Birds, 267; Hellmayr on the Orni- thology of Western Colombia, 268; Berlepsch’s Revision of the Tanagers, 268; Revista Italiana di Ornitologia, 268; ‘Cassinia,’ 269; The Ornithological Journals, 270. CORRESPONDENCE. The Photography of Birds Eggs, 274; A History of the Birds of Colo- rado, 277; Life of Sir William Jardine, 278. NOTES AND NEWS. Dr. Richmond’s Card-list of Birds, 279; As to Bird Banding, 280; The Mt. Orizaba Habitat Group, 281; Centenary of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 282; Conservation Com- mittees of the Cooper Ornithological Club, 283; Field Museum Expedition to South America, 283; Annual Meeting of the Dela- ware Valley Ornithological Club, 283; Publishers’ Notices, 283. NUMBER III. Paap Birp Geneatocy. By Charles W. Townsend, M.D. . : <= 285 A RECONSIDERATION OF THE AMERICAN Buack DUCKS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CERTAIN VARIATIONS. By John C. Phillips. (Plate XV) 295 Mornina AWAKENING AND EvEN-SONG. | By Horace W. W ight) oUt OcToBER Birps of THE HEADWATERS OF THE GILA River, NEW Mexico. By W. 4H. Bergtold, M.D. . . : : : 5 BP Contents of Volume XXIX. Vv PAGE THe Hawauan Linnet (Corpodacus mutans Grinnell). By John C. Phillips 336 THE INTRODUCTION AND ACCLIMATIZATION OF THE YELLOW Canary on Mipway Istanp. By William Alanson Bryan . 339 Earty REcoRDS OF THE CAROLINA PAROQUET. By Albert Hazen Wright 343 Notes on Patmer’s THRASHER (Toxostoma curvirostra palmeri). By Earle F. Stafford 363 NOTES ON THE BirDs OBSERVED oN A Trp THROUGH THE Movun- TAINS OF WESTERN NortTH Carouina. By Stephen C. Bruner and Alexander L. Feild 3 368 A New Susspecies or Rurrep GRousE. By Outram Bangs 5 ailkes' SIXTEENTH SUPPLEMENT TO THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union Cueck-List or NortTH AMERICAN BrrDsS 380 GENERAL NOTES. The Ancient Murrelet (Synthliboramphus antiquus) in Ontario, 387; Franklin’ s Gull in Wisconsin, 388; Sabine’s Gull on the Mississ- ippi River, 388; Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia) in Minnesota, 389; The Brown Pelican on Long Island, 889; An Additional Specimen of the Labrador Duck, 389; Massachusetts Geese, 390; A Pecul- iar Plumage of the Canada Goose (Branta canadensis canadensis), 391; Late Record of the Red-backed Sandpiper (Pelidna alpina sakhalina) in Massachusetts, 391; An Albino Egg of Wilson’s Plover, 392; Pigeons do not Carry their Eggs, 392; Note on the Bald Eagle and Osprey, 393; Maynard’s Cuckoo (Coccyzus minor maynardt Ridgway) in Cuba, 393; The Cuban Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus cubanensis Lawrence), with Young, 394; A Starling at Squantum, Mass., 394; A Case of Cannibalism among Black- birds, 394; Rusty Blackbirds (Euphagus carolinus) wintering in Essex Co., Mass., 395; Lark Sparrow (Chondestes grammacus grammacus) in Cuba, 395; Unusual Nest Site of the Cardinal, 395; Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons Say) — A Cuban Record, 396; The Connecticut Warbler in Central Park, New York City, 396; Type of the Genus Saxicola, 396; Two Inter- esting Records for Canada, 396; Some Erroneous Wisconsin Bird Records, 397; Rare Virginia Birds, 399; Notes from Boulder County, Colo., 399; Correction, 400; Birds and the Cotton Scale, 400; Ornithological Notes of Rafinesque in the Western Review and Miscellaneous Magazine, Lexington, Ky., 401. RECENT LITERATURE. Chapman’ s Handbook, 402; Eagle Clarke’s ‘Studies in Bird Migra- tion,’ 403; Pyeraft’ s ‘A History of Birds,’ 405; Headley’s ‘The Flight of Birds,’ 406; Howard’s ‘British Warblers’ Part VI, 406; Hartert’s ‘Vogel der paléarktischen Fauna,’ 407; A Hand-List of British Birds, 407; Horsbrugh’s ‘The Game Birds and Water- Fowl of South Africa,’ 410; Mathews’ ‘Austral Avian Record,’ No. 2, 411; Oberholser on the Edible-nest Swiftlets, 411; Clark on ‘The Ontogeny of a Genus, 411; Wright on Birds of the Jeffer- son Region, 411; Dill and Bryan on Laysan Island, 412; Eco- nomic Publications of the U. 8. Department of Agriculture, 413; The Food of Birds in India, 413; Bryant on Relation of Birds to Contents of Volume XXIX. an Insect Outbreak in California, 416; Economie Ornithology in Recent Entomological Publications, 416; The Food of Birds in Scotland, 417; Scott and Sharpe on the Birds of Patagonia, 417; Kuser’s ‘Birds of Somerset Hills,’ 418; Murphy on Birds of Prospect Park, Brooklyn, 418; Bragg’s Supplement to the Birds of South Carolina, 418; Todd on New Neotropical Birds, 419; Coward’s ‘The Migration of Birds,’ 419; ‘Oologica Neerlandica,’ 420; Morse’s ‘Pocket List of Birds of Eastern Massachusetts,’ 420; The Ornithological Journals, 420; Ornithological Articles in other Journals, 426; Publications Received, 426. - CORRESPONDENCE. Sclater’s Contour Map of Colorado, 429; A Correction, 429; Con- cealing Coloration, 430. NOTES AND NEWS. The A. O. U. Check-List and Uniformity in Nomenclature, 431; Obituary: Alfredo Dugés, 484; Eugene W. Oates, 434; The American Museum’s Colombian Expedition, 434; Book Notices, 435; The Thirtieth Stated Meeting of the A. O. U., 485. NUMBER IV. 5 Paces Tue Freezine or Cayuca LAKE IN ITs RELATION To Brrp LIFE. By Alvin R. Cahn. (Plates XVI-XX) : : 437 THe NIAGARA Swan Trap. By J. H. Fleming . 445 Mernops or EstimatinG THE CoNnTENTS or Brrp STomacus. By W. L. McAtee 449 Tue Breepina Brrps or SouTHERN CENTER County, PENNSYL- vANIA. By Richard C. Harlow 465 Some OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE RED-BREASTED MeErGANSER, Mergus serrator Linn. By R. M. Strong. (Plates XXI-XKM) : 479 REMARKS ON THE CASE OF RoosEVELT vS. THAYER, WITH A FEW INDEPENDENT SUGGESTIONS ON THE CoNCEALING CoLORATION Question. By Francis H. Allen : : . 489 Birps OBSERVED IN MontGomeEry County, VIRGINIA. By Ellison A. Smyth, Jr. (Plate XXIV) : : ; : «= -508 GENERAL NOTES. Laughing Gulls in Plymouth County, Mass., 531; Brown Pelican on Pamlico Sound and at Durham, N. C., 531; The Man-o’-War- bird (Fregata aquila) on the Coast of Georgia, 531; Mallard and Black Ducks at Currituck, N. C., 533; Dispersal of the Australian Duck (Anas superciliosa), 534; The European Teal (Nettion crecca) again Returning to Wenham, Mass., 535; Northern Hider in South Dakota; a new record for the interior of North America, 535; Records from Nippinickett Pond, Bridgewater, Mass., 536; Carolina Rail (Porzana carolina) in New Mexico, 536; Early Oc- currence of the White-rumped Sandpiper (Pisobia fuscicollis) in Contents of Volume XXIX. vii Maine, 536; Uncommon Shore-birds seen in Essex County, Mass., 537; Killdeer (Oxyechus vociferus) at Lancaster, Mass., 537; Ocracoke Water Bird Notes, 538; Oreortyx in Idaho, 538; Pas- senger Pigeon (Hctopistes migratorius) in Alberta, 539; The Band- tailed Pigeon (Columba fasciata) in North Dakota, 539; On the Alleged Egg-carrying Habit of the Band-tailed Pigeon, 540; Pigeon Hawk in South Carolina in Winter, 541; Red-headed Woodpecker at Newburyport, Mass., 541; The Case of a Crow and a Ruffed Grouse, 542; Concerning the Hawaiian Linnet, 543; The Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow and Other Birds at Plymouth, Mass., 548; Notes on the Dickcissel in Colorado, 544; Proper Name for the Nashville Warbler, 545; Abundance of the Cape May Warbler (Dendroica tigrina) around Quebec, 545; Mimicry in the Song of the Catbird, 545; Another Occurrence of the Blue- gray Gnatcatcher in Essex County, Massachusetts, 546; a Third Blue-gray Gnatcatcher in Maine, 546. RECENT LITERATURE. Barrows’ ‘Michigan Bird Life,’ 547; Willett’s ‘Birds of the Pacific Slope of Southern California,’ 548; Mathews’ ‘Birds of Australia,’ 549; The Austral Avian Record No. 3, 551; Bryant on The Present and Future Status of the California Valley Quail, 551; Grinnell’s ‘Systematic List of the Birds of California,’ 551; Chap- man on New Colombian Birds, 552; Chapman on a New Ibis from Mt. Kenia, 552; Richmond on New Birds from the West Coast of Sumatra, 552; Beebe on New Blood Pheasants, 552; Oliver on the Geographic Relationships of the Birds of Lord Howe, Norfolk, and the Kermadec Islands, 553; Gladstone’s ‘The Vertebrate Fauna of Dumfriesshire, 553; Horsbrugh and Davies on the Game- Birds and Water-Fowl of South Africa, 553; The Ornithological Journals, 554; Ornithological Articles in other Journals, 558; Publications Received, 559. CORRESPONDENCE. The Functions of the A. O. U. Committee on Nomenclature, 561; Aves in the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature, 568. NOTES AND NEWS. Obituary; Wilhelm Blasius, 571; John Gerrard Keulemans, 571; Bird Banding Abroad, 571; The American Museum’s Colombian Expedition, 572; Ornithological Investigations in the Pribilof Islands, 572; Index to Sharpe’s Hand List of Birds, 572; Wol- laston’s Expedition to New Guinea, 572; Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U., 573; Book Notice, 573; A Great Auk for Sale, 573; The Delaware Valley Ornithological Club Collection, 573; Thirtieth Stated Meeting of the A. O. U., 574. Paan INDEX . ‘ ‘ 3 : ‘ $ : : ; : a beats: ERRATA . ‘ : ; ; : i : : ; Z GOS Dates or IssuE ; ‘ : ; : ; : ; : OS ConTENTS F . < ; : = : : ‘ ‘ 5 i OFFICERS AND MEMBERS P : : 3 2 3 5 , ix Viii Contents of Volume XXIX. ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Plate I. Portrait of Henry A. Purdie. “IL. Portrait of Charles O. Whitman. “ IIl. Nesting Site of the Yellow-billed Tropic-bird. ““ IV-V. Yellow-billed Tropic-bird on nest. “VI. Eggs of Yellow-billed Tropic-bird. “ VII-XI. Young of the Yellow-billed Tropic-bird. “ XII. Egg of the Great Auk. “ XIII-XIV. Least Sandpiper and Young. XV. Skins and feathers of Anas diazi and A. wyvilliana. “ XVI-XVIII. Canvas-backs and Scaup Ducks at the outlet of Cayuga Lake, N. Y., during the freeze. “XIX. Canvas-backs in flight and at rest. “XX. Dead Ducks and stranded Holbcell’s Grebe on the ice. Cay- uga Lake. “ XXI. Nesting site and nest of the Red-breasted Merganser. “XXII. Breeding habitat and Young of the Red-breasted Merganser. “XXIII. Young of the Red-breasted Merganser. “ XXIV. Astrelata hasitata. TEXT-CUTS. ; Paan Reproduction of a page of Mr. Frank Bolles manuscript . : 2 Do Map of Great Slave Lake and Region to the North . : ; - wobs Map of the Headwaters of the Gila River, New Mexico . A . 9828 OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES OF THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION. 1912. Expiration of Term. CHAPMAN, FRANK M., President...................... November, 1912. IEVES ER AS SEG oes os ae : : E \ Wice=Presidentss, sc 6 ae a 1912. HENsHAw, Henry W... J PEACH PORN les (SCCTOLOT Ys <2 hrs < eves <0 6 w saya s aja veweete 36 oad-p - 1912. PGE: SONATIAN, DE. L CEASUPEN «och saix 2 alaeare + sie stones Hi 1912, ADDITIONAL MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL. BP HUAN ee IR IMU is cei snus desis iA wie s eg ex ¢ aucie te oe November, 1912. DERG HER AWALMDAMA Sf be ey felsic seouie cs aia oe isle aioe 1912. TUTORS: soa \ 3 aaa elena tact ep Meet cic a aa nee “ 1912. OSGOOD BVWVATIERRED Ut peers s ene oud aoe o Shies cet cli © ese oe 1912. VICE OND @ HARES Wes serccsas asin es casi arsreeretsis clo aye a 1912. ROBERMS ss FOMAS Senet nearer ie iehacrs Gis Gieok cole Give oes x - 1912, SEO WR cd) yee ae A 2 1912. ANTS BIN Aly lores oro lero DRG alc Or eco the Merete eee BATCHmTDER, (CmARIMS Gee .c.shhes1e totes wieceties die bo Os BREWSTER: Wal VAIN se sr vac) tar ces, eid oes Wee ale Gadus sa ere CWoRiey CHARTS wey tains sone ohn s iscd Aas 6 2 lbkays A Ex-Presidents. JEUSF Oa GD od Cee Mee Par eee wane ee ee ne Ih CUTS SY CAN Ga eee ee er INGENTAS ONGC Virsa oe csints ois eee ahs Sa Pe teh ays Sats huis Badd EID GsWWeA aM O BENDS spices 2c 8h oS cabal ee 20S as chey eee eocacas he EpivorRIAL STAFF OF ‘THE AUK.’ SLONE VW DMM eh GitOTaee ce Nee eee te ee eee oe November, 1912. CoMMITTEES. Committee on Publications. CHAPMAN, FRANK M. Stone, WITMER. Saas, JoHNn H., Secretary. Dwiaut, JONATHAN, JR. Committee of Arrangements for the Meeting of 1912. CHAPMAN, FRANK M., Chairman. BREWSTER, WILLIAM. Saace, JouHn H., Secretary. BATCHELDER, C. F. Banas, OUTRAM. 3% Fellows. FELLOWS, MEMBERS, AND ASSOCIATES OF THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION. MARCH, 1912.1 FELLOWS. Date of Election. ALLEN, Dr. J. A., Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York City........ Founder IAN THON Y: PAC sw lrOnside Oreva ny om sap tua ee ons eae aoa nets a ee 1895 Banas, OuTRAM, Museum Comparative Zoélogy, Cambridge, Mass.. .1901 Barrows, Prof. W. B., Agricultural College, East Lansing, Mich. . .1883 BATCHELDER, CHARLES F., 7 Kirkland St., Cambridge, Mass... . Founder BEAL, F. E. L., Biological Survey, Washington, D.C................ 1901 BELDING: JLYMAN, wolockton,; Cals. sive aciicuisiere seer det eos ee ents ecole 1883 BENT, Anraun Cs, Faunton, Massy. veer. tok cn coho aire 1909 BICKNELL, EUGENE P., Box 1698, New York City............... Founder BisHop, Dr. Louis B., 356 Orange St., New Haven, Conn............ 1901 *BREWSTER, WILLIAM, 145 Brattle St., Cambridge, Mass......... Founder Brown, NATHAN CuiFrorp, 218 Middle St., Portland, Me....... Founder CHADBOURNE, Dr. ArtHuR P., Peterboro, N. H.................0¢: 1889 CuHapMAN, FranK M., Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York City....... 1888 Cooxg, Prof. Wetts W., 1450 Fairmount St., Washington, D.C...... 1884 *Cory, CHARLES B., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Chicago, Ill.......... Founder Deane, RuTHVEN, 112 W. Adams St., Chicago, Ill................. 1838 DutcHer, Wiuu1AM, 990 Central Ave., Plainfield, N. J.............. 1886 Dwieut, Dr. JonaTuHan, Jr., 134 W. 71st St., New York City........ 1886 Exuiot, Dante G., Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York City..... Founder FisHer, Dr. AtBert K., Biological Survey, Washington, D. C....Founder FisHer, Prof. WautTER Kenrick, Box 373, Palo Alto, Cal........... 1905 Gitu, Prof. THrEoporE N., Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D.C... ..1883 GRINNELL, Dr. GrorcE Birp, 238 E. 15th St., New York City...... 1883 GRINNELL, JospPH, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of Cal., Berkeley, Cal... .1901 HensHaw, Henry W., The Ontario, Washington, D. C............. 1883 Jonges, Lynps, Spear Laboratory, Oberlin, Ohio................... 1905 LAWRENCE Nin WwEOLD Ill ulcawrenCemN am Yasir trac iairnrynis eis oy eter 1883 Loomis, Levprett M., California Acad. Sci., San Francisco, Cal... . .1892 Lucas, Frepreric A., Am. Mus. of Nat. History, N. Y. City........ 1892 1Members of the Union, and subscribers to “The Auk’ are requested to promptly notify Dr. JonatHan Dwieut, Jr., Treasurer, 134 W. 71st St., New York City, of any change of address. * Life Fellow. Honorary Fellows. Xl McGrecor, Ricuarp C., Bureau of Science, Manila, P.I........... 1907 Mearns, Dr. Ep@ar A., U.S. A., Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D.C. Founder Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, Biological Survey, Washington, D. C....Founder NEHRLING, H., Palm Cottage Experiment Gardens, Gotha, Fla...... 1883 NeEtson, E. W., Biological Survey, Washington, D.C............... 1883 OBERHOLSER, Harry C., Biological Survey, Washington, D.C....... 1902 Osaoop, WILFRED Hupson, Field Museum of Nat. History, Chicago, II].1905 Patmer, Dr. T. S., Biological Survey, Washington, D. C........... 1901 PALMER, WILLIAM, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C....... 1898 RicumMonp, Dr. CHARLES W., Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D. C..1897 Ripeway, Prof. RoBert, 3353 18th St., N. W., Washington, D.C. Founder Roserts, Dr. THomaAs S., 1603 4th Ave., 8., Minneapolis, Minn....... 1883 TOAGH JOHN He Portland s@onnsrac s 3)- oclsrera tees a sme es eeeichaichetehe 1883 SAUNDERS, WILLIAM E., 240 Central Ave., London, Ontario......... 1883 SHUFELDT, Dr. RoBert W., 3356 18th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. Founder {STEJNEGER, Dr. LEonHARD, U.S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D. C..1884 Stone, Witmer, Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.............. 1892 WipManN, Orro, 5105 Morgan St., St. Louis, Mo.................. 1884 HONORARY FELLOWS. Beruepscu, Graf Hans von, Schloss Berlepsch, Post Gertenbach, Wit- BER NOMBCH MOTEMEDY oa. coro sais pray Hi. sre 2 4 cia he oe ee Ee eee 1890 Dresser, Henry EExss, 44 Hornton Court, Kensington, London, W..1883 Dusois, Dr. ALPHONSE, Museum Natural History, Brussels........ 1911 Finscu, Dr. Orro, Altewickring 19b, Braunschweig, Germany..... 1883 GopMAN, FREDERICK DuCang, 45 Pont St., London, 8S. W........ 1883 Hartert, Ernst, Zodlogical Museum, Tring, Herts, England...... 1902 . Harvir£-Brown, Joun A., Dunipace, Larbert, Stirlingshire, Scotland. . 1902: Hetumayr, Dr. Cart E., Neuhauerstrasse 51, II, Munich, Germany. .1911 Hump, ALLAN Octavian, The Chalet, 4 Kingswood Road, Upper Nor- WOOK HEORdON oS. Abie: tune cts oe an ees Secu ert alae we ae 1883 InerRtNG, Dr. HERMANN von, Museu Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil...... 1911 Pycrart, W. P., British Museum (Nat. Hist.) Cromwell Road, POTN OTA Sate VNR ale re oe eee to oa RG ene ence Nye eaten ds as 1911 ReEIcHENOw, Dr. Anton, Konigl. Mus. fiir Naturkunde, Invaliden- SULASSE AG PSOE peek ca re ir varuota ees eee Bren omens epee 1891 Satvaport, Prof. Count Tommaso, Royal Zoél. Museum, Turin. .. .1883 Scuater, Dr. Partie Lutitey, Atheneum Club, Pall Mall, London, SEN Re HIE TE OAT A RCO URI Som aM Ca AL is ey en 1883 ScHaLow, HerMAN, Trauensteinerstrasse 2!, Berlin, W. 30.......... 1911 Watuace, Prof. Atrrep Russet, Broadstone, Wimborne, Dorset, 1 ByaYEd CHAS SiMe Aa tre RS IRAE HAR ieee cae ten ae Ene ae Ventesete Pan setae RRM Tages 1883 * Life Fellow. + Retired Fellow. Xl Corresponding Fellows. CORRESPONDING FELLOWS. Auraro ANASTASrO; San’ José, (Costa Rieas is. as. 02. od. eae oes ene 1888 Arriconi Dreaui Opp1, Count Dr. E., University of Padua, Italy... .1900 BonuorTe, JoHN Lewis, Gade Spring Lodge, Hemel Hempstead, Herts, Pneland:. 7. 2 seed ee oes ena eee dee aoe ee ee Loe Buasivs, Prof. Dr. WILHELM, Gausstrasse 17, Braunschweig, Germany . 1884 Bureau, Dr. Lovis, Ecole de Médicine, Nantes, France........... 1884 Butter, Lieut.-Col. E. A., Winsford Hall, Stokesby, Great Yarmouth, Hint) so sche itd ees lect, ates 8 2k takes alec dementias ote iaeee 1884 Birrixorer, Dr. J., Zodlogical Garden, Rotterdam, Holland....... 1886 Butur.in, Sercius A., Wesenberg, Esthonia, Russia.............. 1907 CAMPBELL, ARCHIBALD JAMES, Melbourne, Australia.............. 1902 CHAMBERLAIN, Montacusn, Cambridge, Mass...............:02.+0% 1901 Cuuss, Cuarues, British Museum (Nat. Hist.) Cromwell Road, Lon- PO Loy OPS TaEN han RE Ee Ue A MN Agnne ig ea KN cre ay aes miata tech G 1911 Cuarke, WiLi1AM Eacte, Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh...... 1889 Co.ett, Prof. Ropert, University Museum, Christiania, Norway. . .1883 DatatersH, Joun J., Brankston Grange, Bogside Station, Alloa, Selva 11026 Re ene PEA ont REE RS PROS dee ry BaD a dblele CG ln’ cd Gidea te 1883 Do.ez, Sanrorp B., Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands.................. 1888 Dusors, Dr. ALPHONSE, Museum Natural History, Brussels........ 1884 Duciss, Prof. ALFREDO, Colegio del Estado, Guanajuato, Mexico. . . .1884 Ecut, ApoLpH BacHOFEN von, Nussdorf, near Vienna............. 1883 Evans, Artuur H., 9 Harvey Road, Cambridge, England.......... 1899 FrItpEen, Col. H. W., Burwash, Sussex, England.................. 1884 FreRRARI-PEREZ, Prof. FERNANDO, Tacubaya, D. F., Mexico........ 1885 Freke, Percy Evans, Southpoint, Limes Road, Folkstone, Kent, bred an soe (ike baile Mirch acta ot Be af gna 5, be oe Retr eae .. 18838 Firprincer, Prof. Max, Director Anatom. Institute, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, (Germany. ..< 2 0.2 sch ghee cet = 1891 Gapvow, Dr. Hans, University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, Beam es see yas sheisial e+ fa kegs 9650 RR aE ec 1884 Girtanner, Dr. A., St. Galle, Switzerland. ............2......... 1884 Gopwin-AustEeN, Lieut.-Col. H. H., Nore, Hascombe, Godalming, Surrey timedam dl sick) oc seks ote oe ce oh ean cae a. 1884 Goetp1, Prof. Dr. Emm A., Zieglerstrasse 36, Bern, Switzerland... . . 1903 GRANDIDIER, ALFRED, 6 Rond-Point des Champs Elysées, Paris... .. 1883 Gurney, JouNn Henry, Keswick Hall, Norwich, England.......... 1883 Hartinc, James Epmunp, Edgewood, Weybridge, Surrey, England. .1883 Hennicxke, Dr. Cart R., Gera, Reuss, Germany.................. 1907 Henson, Harry (V5 Yokohama. 5. a:..- sone serene ee ae... 1888 Herman, Orro, Budapest, iunparyiys oe seek cole s ais st 1908 Members. xili Hupson, Witu1am Henry, Tower House, St. Luke’s Road, West- boweneaearks london sWie shectern cn cictice oes ad obs Yacdees Je aa: 1895 Knupson, VALDEMAR, Kauai, Hawaiian Islands................... 1888 KRUKENBERG, Dr. E. F. W., Wiirzburg, Germany................. 1884 Kriiper, Dr. THEosatp J., University Museum, Athens, Greece... .1884 Lreaasr, Witu1Am V., Cullenswood House, St. Mary’s, Tasmania... .1891 LE Soviir, Duptey, Zool. Gardens, Melbourne, Australia........... 1911 MacFarRLANE, RopErRick, Winnipeg, Manitoba................... 1886 Maparisz, Dr. Jutius von, National Museum, Budapest, Hungary . 1884 MatuHews, Grecory M., Langley Mount, Watford, Herts, England. .1911 Menzpster, Dr. M., Imperial Society of Naturalists, Moscow........ 1884 Miuais, Jonn G., Compton’s Brow, Horsham, Sussex, England... .1911 IN PAUVIRVED VIG OP OIG. 2 hams eiste abate Steve /atenereus Gpamiaiy & aoa edie ae oor eke 1886 NicHouson, Francis, The Knoll, Windermere, Westmoreland, Eng- ENaC Lo eesearate B teatarn Cc. ada cae Pe eer enel Me tot) LEASES, oak ter ae eR oe 1884 Norta, Atrrep J., Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales. . 1902 Oaitvie-Grant, WituiaM R., British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell ROE OTM SPY Sieh s EGA ES eee reine Ad waka gene oiyyecetn Leer mierals 1899 Pain oT. oe 0, Helsingtars, Mamba so.) v5.0. ask sek ee ag ete ies 1883 Ramsny, H. P., Sydney, New South Wales... .......¢....3 00.6005 1884 SINGER HMREDERTC AEN amasalkleps siesncts crsrt.ei sian siecle, Spake bisheiet= weve 6) exe 1888 Rotuscuitp, Hon. Waiter L., Zodlogical Museum, Tring, England. 1898 ScHaLtow, Herman, Traunsteinerstrasse 2', Berlin, W. 30.......... 1884 SciatTer, WILLIAM LUTLEY, 10 Sloane Court, Chelsea, London, 8S. W..1906 SusHKIN Dr. Peter, Imperial University, Moscow................ 1903 Ture, Dr. Hsaumar, University of Upsala, Upsala, Sweden........ 1884 TscHUSI ZU SCHMIDHOFFEN, Victor, Rirrer von, Villa Tannenhof, bet Hallein; Salzburg, Austiia.).)!% ic iic)tis deren o ta ee 5 eee ey 1884 WateruHovuse, F. H., 3 Hanover Square, London, W............... 1889 Wince, Dr. Heruur, University Zoélogical Museum, Copenhagen. . . 1903 WORCESTER, Prot, DwAN : @y Manila PLS ects «estas Se Be aoe ake 1903 ZEDEDON DOM OSHS COStAIEUICAy ds5.c¢ fekuniite «eee: a aad ab nvatare gsi a ae) tee 1884 MEMBERS ATTEN, PRANCIS: Hs. 4 Park \St:;0stom, Masse. 62 accor. se)e css, 0.0, 1901 ALLEN, Dr. GLover M., 41 Hawthorn St., Cambridge, Mass........1904 ALLISON, ANDREW, Southern Presbyterian Mission, Kiangyui, CO HI Se a et eta BI al SU ete od aE Bagot 5 CR a Aursecis ase ack Hk 1902 ATWATER, (4s P*) Box 697. Houston, Texas. j. 5 ceuie sale een 005 aloe 1901 Batuey, VERNON, 1834 Kalorama Ave., Washington, D.C.......... 1901 Battey, Mrs. VERNON, 1834 Kalorama Ave., Washington, D.C..... 1901 Banus Warne Ie. 5 Ard mi One iis ty. yeh. oe whee SG nuns lane ow auhiSieyal sis ae 2 1901 Barsour, Prof. Erwin H., Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb........ 1903 X1V ; Members. BartscyH, Pau, Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D. C............. 1902 BEEBE, C. Witu1am, N. Y. Zodlogical Park, New York City........ 1903 Bonn, FRANK, 3127 Newark St., Cleveland Park, Washington, D. C..1901 Bratsuin, Dr. WiLu1AM C., 556 Washington Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y...1902 Brooks, Avan, Okanagan’ Landing, Bi) C3. 2)... ae dae kot. 1909 Bow es, JoHN Hooper, Greyson Hotel, Santa Barbara, Cal........ 1910 IBO KN Jolioisnoie AhoKesoyn, AVIVA hd dno cosa sda popennacdoousbour 1901 Bryan, Witit1AM AuANnson, Pacific Scientific Institution, Honolulu, fa warian island sti svensk ota cet ee nies ets RAE Ween A ae 1901 BURNS, HRANIO, Berwayn aes sie ein eee e eoseae ore Siac ene ec ie e aeen 1901 Burter, Amos W., 52 Downey Ave., Irvington, Indianapolis, Ind. ..1901 CAMERON ES ViarshMiontanaensse ne cer emit aa aceite er ne 1910 CHEeRRinsGHoRGcHlke, Newlane eVites ee ae oo oe en ae 1901 Cuark, Austin Hosart, 1726 18th St., N. W., Washington, D. C...1905 Cuark, Prof. Husert Lyman, Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, Cam- TiG we wiles si Ri), 2 ie eaters Paine ets Ce on aed LR Ae ROR 1902 Dacertt, Frank S., 109 S. Elmwood Ave., Oak Park, Ill.......... 1901 DAWSONWVWILEAM Ison, BlaineyaWiashien sc sie eer aie: 1905 DEANE, WALTER, 29 Brewster St., Cambridge, Mass............... 1901 DRARBORNG ONE Delain Gem mV IC ener eer tener eae eee 1907 Eaton, Eton Howarp, Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y............. 1907 EverRMANN, Prof. Barton W., Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, TDG hice snac'd 55! SNCS a ee a cee te er ea re ae 1901 FINLEY, WILLIAM L., Box 198, Milwaukee, Ore.................... 1907 FLEMING, JAMES H., 267 Rusholme Road, Toronto, Ontario......... 1901 ForsusuH, Epwarp H., 9 Church St., Westboro, Mass.............. 1903 Furrtes, Louis Acassiz, Cornell Heights, Ithaca, N. Y............ 1901 GaurEy BENTAMIN (PRUE, Glen’ Fillym UIs... . 7... eee eae 1903 GotpmaNn, Epwarp Auronso, Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. .1902 HoFFMANN, Raupu, 11 W. Concord Ave., Kansas City, Mo......... 1901 Houuster, Nep, U.S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D.C........... 1910 Howe tu, Artuur H., 2305 8. Dakota Ave., Washington, D. C...... 1902 Jacoss, J. WARREN, 404 S. Washington St., Waynesburg, Pa....... 1904 JEFFRIES, WILLIAM AuGustTUs, 11 Pemberton Square, Boston, Mass. .1901 Jos, Rev. Hersert K., 291 Main St., West Haven, Conn.......... 1901 JORDAN, Prof. Davip Starr, Stanford University, Cal............. 1901 Knieut, Ora WILLIs, 81 Brighton Ave., Portland, Me............. 1907 Know tron, F. H., U.S. Nat. Mus., Washington, D.C............. 1902 McAtex, Watpo Lex, Biological Survey, Washington, D.C........ 1910 Mackay, GrorcE H., 304 Bay State Road, Boston, Mass.......... 1901 MAILuiAkD, JOHN W., 300 Front St., San Francisco, Cal............ 1901 » Matuurarp, Josep, 300 Front St., San Francisco, Cal............. 1901 Mriuier, Mrs. Ouive THorRNE, 5928 Hays Ave., Los Angeles, Cal... .1901 Miter, WALDRON DeWitt, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York City. 1906 Morris, GEORGE SPENCER, Olney, Philadelphia, Pa............... 1903 Morris, Rospert O., 72 Temple St., Springfield, Mass............. 1904 Associates. XV Mourpocu, JouN, Public Library, Boston, Mass................... 1901 Norton, ArtHur H., Mus. Nat. Hist., 22 Elm St., Portland, Maine. 1902 Pearson, T. GILBERT, 1974 Broadway, New York City............ 1902 Pennock, Caarius J-, Kennett Square, Pais % vedi. 5s oes eden dt 1901 PREBLE, Epwarp A., 3027 Newark St., Washington, D.C........... 1901 RATHBUN, SAMUEL F., 217 14th Ave., N., Seattle, Wash............ 1902 Ruoaps, SAMUEL N., 218 Rodman Ave., Haddonfield, N. J......... 1901 Ritey, JosepH H., U.S. National Museum, Washington, D,C....... 1905 Rives, Dr. Witu1aM C., 1702 Rhode Island Ave., Washington, D. C...1901 Repinson, Major Wirt, U.S: A., West Pomt; Ni Yes... 0500.00. 1901 BETON, HgNEST THOMPSON, Cos Cob, Conn. 22: so. 220d. 0c8 se nce. 1901 STEPHENS, PRANK, R. F. D. No. 2, San Diego, Cal...........5.....- 1901 Strona, Dr. ReuBEN M., Dept. Zodl., Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, I1.1903 Swates, BRADSHAW Hat, Grosse Isle, Mich.........-...0<...... 1909 Swartu, Harry S., University of California, Berkeley, Cal......... 1909 TAVERNER, Percy A., Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa, Canada. .1909 HAY HR VABBOPTEH sw Vlonadnock sp Neri myo. cites eis aeration. steele 1901 Aligensaake, dori [ion Wehoversere, IMR. ogo deudosodusoGuboog se + 1905 Topp, W. E. Crypr, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa............ 1901 Torrey, BrRaprorD, Hotel Upham, Santa Barbara, Cal............ 1901 TOWNSEND, CHARLES H., Aquarium, Battery Park, New York City.1901 TownsEnpD, Dr. CHARLES WENDELL, 76 Marlborough St., Boston, IV SSS see ne pense repel oas toy a Fe Se evn Ta coe Roy Seer ieee Ain) a Seance a ate ae 1905 Trotter, Dr. SPENcER, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pa....... 1901 WarREN, Epwarp Royat, 20 West Caramillo St., Colorado Springs, ISIS patie DE et Ae clr ars Mit eer aE ee ee Cae cen ruin Rare 1910 WAYNE AR THUR ls uit aieleasamitsss Cr asco cco ctltye: taceereuet fess aneliete 1906 Wotcortt, Dr. Roprert H., Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb........ 1903 Wrieuat, Mrs. Maset Oscoon, Fairfield, Conn................... 1901 ASSOCIATES. ABBOTT, CLINTON GILBERT, 153 W. 73rd St., New York City...... 1898 ADAMS, BENJAMIN, 476 5th Ave., New York City.................. 1911 AVAMS, WALLACH Los Angeless (Calle occ. cicuaiesysttteng a. f= ap, hehehe, 24% 1901 Apams, Dr. Z. B., 416 Marlborough St., Boston, Mass............. 1908 AIKEN, CHARLES Epwarp Howarp, 12 Pikes Peak Ave., Colorado SPRIMe Sl CO lLOma PAE ake RRR ae Pais Ce WR tp ae ae 1898 AIKEN, Hon. Joun, Orchard St., Greenfield, Mass................... 1905 ALEXANDER, Miss ANNIE M., Sea View & Union Aves., Piedmont, Cal.1911 ALLEN, ARTHUR A., 115 Stewart Ave., Ithaca, N. Y............... 1909 ALLISON, HENRY, 37 Prospect St., Fitchburg, Mass................ 1909 ALLISON, WILLIAM B., 7916 Plum St., New Orleans, La............. 1905 AnpmRsoN, Mrs: J: Ci, Emplewoods, Need ciate cane cece. ates os da et ham ishen 1903 Xvi Associates. ANDERSON, Dr. Rupourex M., Am. Mus. Nat. History, N. Y. City.... AnpREws, Roy C., Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York City........ ANGELL, WALTER A., 33 Westminster St., Providence, R. I......... Antuony, H. E., Amer. Mus. Nat Hist., New York City........... ARCHBOLD, JosEPH A., 107 Hodge Ave., Buffalo, N. Y............. ARMSTRONG, Epwarp E., 3253 Humboldt Ave., Chicago, Ill......... ARNOLD, Epwarp, Grand Trunk R’y., Montreal, Quebec........... ARNOLD, F. E., 284 Pleasant St., East Providence, R.1............. ARNOLD, Dr. W. W., 504 N. Nevada Ave., Colorado Springs, Colo... ARNOW:) TSASC UE Stem laiyasn Games screen a tart praenaeeines aeeoe AMBIE aDy PAD, Joys Go}, Idmuillel Coie po popehonncaohobasuocoacs BABCOCK nan sHistessbanken@olosem oe sae nia Sere eee Basson; W. Ap, Setuth Orange, IN. Does eee ee ee Baae, Eaprrt, 424 Genesee St., Utica, N. Y...................05 banmy, ProfoGy Ax Geneseo, ING Wire hate tee ae os ee eer eee Bartey, Haroun H., Box 154, Newport News, Va...............: BartLey, SamMuEL Wa.po, Box 212, Newburyport, Mass............ Batrp, Miss Lucy Hunter, 341 S. 18th St., Philadelphia, Pa....... Baker, FRANK C., Chicago Acad. Sciences, Chicago, Ill............ Baxkkrr, JoHN H., 11 Wadsworth House, Cambridge, Mass.......... Baupwin, Rocer N., 3739 Windsor Place, St. Louis, Mo.......... Bates, Dr. BLENN R., 149 N. Main St., Circleville, Ohio........... Bary; Mrs, Benner BY Oakville, Conny... 54 o.oo con tee bene Bau, Miss Heten Avcusta, 43 Laurel St., Worcester, Mass....... Bau, Jos. P., 4445 Frankford Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.............. BANKS VinssiVUAR TEA Westport, ©Conn- seen: se se eens een BARBOUR, Rev. Roprrt, Y.M.C.. A., Montclair, N.J..22..-25:.-.. Barsour, THomas, Mus. of Comp. Zoédlogy, Cambridge, Mass.... . BaRNARD, Judge Jos, 1306 Rhode Island Ave., Washington, D.C..... BaRNnEs, CLAUDE T., Box 1199, Salt Lake City, Utah............. Barns, don. MAGoON, acon, No) .3 23 cee eek ete o ete Barrett, HAROLD LAWRENCE, 704 Centre St., Jamaica Plain, Mass.. . Barry, Miss Anna K., 5 Bowdoin Ave., Dorchester, Mass........... Barren, GHorcE, 93) Union St., Montelair, Nid se sesene et oe DAYNARD, ‘OBeAM aI. Port Myers: Wa.) oh tes) eenoee tea Breck, Rotwo: Howanp, Berryessa, Calo... 22. ae eee ee! Beers, Henry W., 91 Denver Ave., Bridgeport, Conn............ BENNER, FRANKLIN, 1960 Kenwood Parkway, Minneapolis, Minn.. . BENNETTS, WiLLIAM J., 1941 Ist St. N. W., Washington, D. C..... BrercToLp, Dr. W. H., 1159 Race St., Denver, Colo.............. BERIER, DE LAGNEL, 145 Buena Vista Place, Ridgewood, N.J........ Berry, Mrs. 8. JENNIE, 633 Waterloo St., London, Ontario........ Betts, NoRMAN DE Wirt, Forest Service, Boulder, Colo........... BippLEe, Miss Emiry Wrtams, 2201 Sansom St., Philadelphia, Pa.. BicELow, ALBERT F., 84 State St., Boston, Mass.................. BicELow, Henry Bryant, Concord, Mass.....................-- Associates. Xvil BicELow, Homer Lang, Old Orchard Road, Chestnut Hill, Mass... . 1902 BiGNELL, Mrs. Erriz, New Brunswick, N. J..........-..---+-++5: 1911 BrirDsEYE, CLARENCE, Biological Survey, Washington, D.C......... 1908 BLACKWELDER, Extot, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.......... 1895 Buatn, Dr. Atex. W., Jr., 1105 Jefferson Ave., E., Detroit, Mich.. .1901 BuaIn, MERRILL W., 1321 Glendale Ave., Tropico, Cal............ 1910 Biake, Maurice C., Magdalen College, Oxford, England.......... 1907 Buake, Sipney F., 38 Walnut St., Stoughton, Mass............... 1910 BuLaTcHLEY, W. S., 1530 Park Ave., Indianopolis, Ind............. 1895 BLOOMFIELD, Mrs. C. C., 723 Main St., W., Jackson, Mich......... 1901 BoarpMaN, Miss E. D., 416 Marlborough St., Boston, Mass.........1906 Bogarpvus, Miss Cuar.orre, Elm St., Coxsackie, N. Y...........- 1909 Boecerr, Wiis S:, Box: 53, Leonia, Ny J. 23 2. 6 6: 2a ede tei 1904 BouiMaNn, Herman T., 202 Occident St., Portland, Ore............ 1901 Bout, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 1421 Prospect Ave., Kansas City, Mo.. .1909 BOND) PEARY li laketiel dem Vim e aes er seysrcte lusts ecole am on 1908 BOGOR SHERMAN Vey Clete oe: ollleenn eo etueyete Heras lets cujaneneys oy 1911 BORLAND, Wm. G., 17 Broad. Sts, New York City; ... 2... 2.6 cee ses. 1911 Bosson, CamMpBELL, 722 Tremont Bldg., Boston, Mass.............1906 Bouprnot, Mrs. H. R., 302 Rusholme St., Davenport, lowa......... 1909 EVaNCaESEL oboe ss), SO CMIATES tg Weta. ysis sieges erat She Sa. dynes ets aoe 1891 IBOWADISEt, Gis Bets). (Disarhaesiny ING dG arog dno sn cSaerebe eos pooge 1902 Bownpitrcu, Haroup, Mass. General Hospital, Boston, Mass......... 1900 Bracken, Mrs. Henry Martyn, 1010 Fourth St., 8. E., Minneapolis, Mbt aD aioe 8 eaend Siete Soka a ota Cb con eneth oteenaans eo neo Olney eoagte Cee 1897 Braprorp, Mosss B. L., Concord Public Library, Concord, Mass.. . . .1889 BRADLEE, THOMAS STEVENSON, Somerset Club, Boston, Mass....... 1902 BRANDRETH, CourTENAY, Cliff Cottage, Ossining, N. Y............ 1905 BRANDRETH, FRANKLIN, Cliff Cottage, Ossining, N. Y.............. 1889 Brewster, Epwarp Everett, 316 East C St., Iron Mountain, Mich.1893 Bripce, Epmunp, 52 Wyman St., West Medford, Mass............ 1910 Brings, Mrs. Epmunp, 52 Wyman St., West Medford, Mass......... 1902 BRMGH PE Viss FAINIAY Le eotusvalle: Seay ssa ah iy te, oyun ar-1oy ie a eh 1903 ernney edd. Ele Ualeig tie ON srr corn foie awi ie Signy oe ou & Seis «ee 1904 Bristot, JoHN I. D., 45 West 74th St., New York City............ 1907 Brock, Dr. Henry HerBert, 687 Congress St., Portland, Me...... 1894 BROOKS) WINTHROP Se Maltons Masse: 3s Je. 0 es Baks thse ls ste 1907 BROOKS) Rey, Haris Amos, Wiestony Wi) Viaeue 01-4 - «cles «or 1892 Brown, Miss ANNIE H., 31 Maple St., Stoneham, Mass............1909 Brown, ARTHUR L., 217 Spring St., West Roxbury, Mass........... 1908 Brown, C. Emerson, Boston Society Natural History, Boston, Mass.1908 Brown, Epwarp J., U.S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D.C......... 1891 BROWN, HUBERT Ee Beamsville; Ontario; 2:4). 4.aeneia- 2 ee eed = 1889 Brown, Puri G., 85 Vaughan St., Portland, Me............... 1911 Brown, STEWARDSON, 20 E. Penn. St., Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.1895 Brown, Wo. JAmes, 250 Olive Ave., Westmount, Quebec........... 1908 XVlil Associates. BROWNING, Wo. Hutu, 16 Cooper Square, New York City......... 1911 BRuEN, FRANK; 65 Prospect-St., Bristol, Conn.).. 2... 2.52-2 o4ee- 1908 Busi, Geo. Me yashrbiranksliny ste layman. Micissiatie ss setae ee 1911 Burcsss, JoHN Kinessury, Chestnut St., Dedham, Mass......... 1898 Burke, WM. BARDWELL, 130 Spring St., Rochester, N. Y.......... 1901 Burnett, Wit Ws; Hort Collins, ‘Colow. . i... J. ce eee 1895 Burt; H. P., 355 Union Sti; New Bedford; Mass.:...5 0.0.85 «ss 1908 BuRTCH, VERDI; Branchport, INV an oy Sneek ce os a ce eee 1903 Butter, Miss Caartottse W., 500 Audubon Road, Boston, Mass.. .1904 BuxBAUM, Mrs. CiARA(H., St. Joseph; Michi... co. -i..0e (Nc ass ae 1895 Cason, Lours;* Brookline: Miasss 22a ne sche tt icin verdes ie eee 1904 Capuc, Eugene E., 563 Massachusetts Ave., Boston, Mass......... 1910 CALLENDER, JAMES PHILLIPS, 603 Springfield Ave., Summit, N. J.. .1903 CARPENTER, Rev. CHARLES Knapp, 311 Park St., Elgin, Ill......... 1894 CaRPENTER, GEoRGE I., 696 Halsey St., Brooklyn, N. Y........... 1907 Carnikun, M. A:, Jr.; Santa Marta, Colombia. 2: 4.14.4 2..22. 26 4 1907 Carter; JOHN DD: duansdowne, Pasa 25.5 7250 sahisere ee ee eae 1907 Casr, Currrorp M., 7 Holcomb St., Hartford, Conn.............. 1892 Casu, Harry A., 54 Spring St., Pawtucket, R.1.........5.........- 1898 Caskey, Rosert C., 58 Mills St., Morristown, N. J................ 1908 CatTiin, JAMES P., Ottawa, Ill..... Bb lah won atts IPR ma a ayer len 1905 CHAMBERLAIN, CHauncy W., 36 Lincoln St., Boston, Mass........ 1885 Cuampers, W. Lex, “The Condor,’ Los Angeles, Cal.............. 1907 Cuapin, Prof. ANarm Ciara, 25 Freeman Cottage, Wellesley, Mass. ..1896 CHAPIN, Jamms, 630 W. 95th St., (New York City... .2 -2d-e 2... - 1906 CrAPMAN, Mrs. EF. °M.; Englewood; N.J.2. <2 eehiesla Sete ete s <2 1908 CuHaApMAN, Roy, 507 15th Ave., S. E., Minneapolis, Minn........... 1911 Cuasz, Stpnry, 346 Beacon St., Boston, Mass..................-- 1904 CuHeErEsMaNn, M. R., 75 W. 4th St., S., Salt Lake City, Utah.......... 1911 Curisti£, Epwarp H., 5069 Kensington Ave., St. Louis, Mo....... 1910 Curisty, Bayarp H., 403 Frederick Ave., Sewickley, Pa........... 1901 Cusrk, B. Preston, Box 2862; Boston; Mass...5..9i.-2creees se 1907 Cuark, Epwarp B., Hamilton Hotel, Washington, D. C........... 1900 CuarKk, JostaH H., 238 Broadway, Paterson, N. J................. 1895 Cuarke8, Mrs. ArtHUR E., Staupe Place, Manchester, N. H......... 1909 CuarKE, CHARLES E., 11 Chetwynd Road, West Somerville, Mass... 1907 CuarkE, Miss Harriet E., 9 Chestnut St., Worcester, Mass....... 1896 CiaRKE, Rowena A., Kirkwood Station, St. Louis, Mo............ 1906 Cuarke, Dr. Ws. C., 200 W. 56th St., New York City............ 1909 O@xky; (CHas. InvEn Box dba; Eureka, Cal. toe 5 eee ee yin, come la 1911 CiEeaves, Howarp H., Princes Bay, Staten Island, N. Y........... 1907 CLEVELAND, Miss Lit1an, Woods Edge Road, West Medford, Mass. .1906 CLEVELAND, Dr. CLEMENT, 925 Park Ave., New York City......... 1903 CLEVELAND, WM. Binesaxs Burton, Ohio.x: . 2837s ee eee 1909 Coann, Haney K; Bighland Park: Wl ue ee amare welt 1883 Coss, Miss ANNIE W., 301 Mass. Ave., Arlington, Mass............. 1909 Associates. xix Coss, Stanuey, 340 Adams St., Milton, Mass..................... 1909 Copman, Dr. Ernest A., 227 Beacon St., Boston, Mass............. 1909 Copan, JouN S., Quail St., West Roxbury, Mass................ 1908 Corrin, Miss Lucy V. Baxter, 3232 Groveland Ave., Chicago, III..1905 Cousurn, ALBERT E., 744 S. Broadway, Los Angeles, Cal........... 1891 Coz, Dr. Leon J., 1815 University Ave., Madison, Wis.......... 1908 Cotvin, Watter S., Box 2021, Osawatomie, Kan................ 1896 Comnry, Artuur C., 424 EB. 13th St., Chester, Pa.............2.5.. 1902 Commons, Mrs. F. W., 2437 Park Ave., Minneapolis, Minn......... 1902 Coney, Mrs. Epiru A., Palisade Ave., Windsor, Conn............. 1906 Coox, Miss Lin1an GiutetTe, 165 W. 82d St., New York City...... 1899 Corr, Francis R., Jr., E. Washington Lane, Germantown, Pa... . .1892 CopELAND, Dr. Ernest, 302 Goldsmith Bldg., Milwaukee, Wis....... 1897 CopELAND, Manton, 88 Federal St., Brunswick, Me............... 1900 Corey, Miss Auice F., 1111 Park Ave., Plainfield, N. J............ 1910 Cox, Utyssrs O., State Normal School, Terre Haute, Ind........... 1894 CRAIGMILE, Miss Estuemr A., 248. Grant St., Hinesdale, Ill......... 1910 Cram, Ke J., 26) Hancock Ave., W., Detroit, Mich.. ..... 3.000000 8. 1893 Cranpsrn, C. W., 10 Third St., Woodside, N..Y...)2 02.2565 .00 24% 1891 CRANDALL, LEE S., N. Y. Zool. Park, New York City.............. 1909 CrAnnViss CLARAC IO Dalton, Masta. chp. ace. Sc,sccrde le Sian ale ses 1904 CORA wIVit ss UN AR sD AIGOM, SIMUASS 12 5 5 « yictn das e006) 5,05, 2ncnelhlatanete than a) 1904 CROMWELL, JAMES W., Box 246, Summit, N. J... 20)... 2.002. eee 1904 Crospy, Maunsetu S., Grasmere, Rhinebeck, N. Y................ 1904 Cummines, Miss Emma G., 16 Kennard Road, Brookline, Mass..... 1903 Curriz, Rota P., Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C......... 1895 CurRIER, EDMONDE SAMUEL, 416 E. Chicago St., St. Johns, Ore..... 1894 CusHMAN, Miss Aticz, 919 Pine St., Philadelphia, Pa............. 1910 Cuter, Mrs. ANNIE F., 117 Washington Ave., Chelsea, Mass...... 1908 DanrIELson, Miss Epna H., R. F. D. 3, Goodhue, Minn............ 1910 Dart, Dr. Lestre O., Curtis Court, Minneapolis, Minn............ 1898 Davenport, Mrs. Evizapetu B., Lindenhurst, Brattleboro, Vt..... 1898 Davis, CHartEs H., 515 Michigan Ave., Saginaw, Mich........... 1906 IDAWHS} boii? (Cz, (Gyrisaimaenep biel WG oo coasos ook bubauoodeaoodun: 1909 Davis, Mrs. Susan L., 139 Park St., Newton, Mass............... 1906 Day, CHESTER Sxsstons, 15 Chilton Road, West Roxbury, Mass... .1897 Day, Frank Mites, Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, Pa................... 1901 DEANE, GEORGE CLEMENT, 80 Sparks St., Cambridge, Mass........ 1899 Dalosce, KR. J. H., University of Ga:, Athens, Ga... 0050.6. ..5.. 1910 Dannie. DAvrm Wi... Richmond) Inde s.\. i405 esac. ok ae ew 1907 DENSMORE, Missy MiABEL: Red Wing, Minn: 2022. .22ceeacne ce occ: 1910 Dersy, RicHaRpD, 925 Park Ave., New York City................. 1898 Derpy, W. M.;\Jr:, 4857 Kimbark Ave., Chicago, Ill. .-..:...2.5... 1908 Derrickson, Mrs. Gro. P., 1760 Hennepin Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. .1910 DeEVinz, J. L., 5819 Woodlawn Ave., Chicago, Ill.................. 1903 Dewey, Dr. Cuartzs A., 78 Plymouth Ave., Rochester, N. Y...... 1900 XX Associates. Dewinc, THomas W., 82 E. 55th St., New York City.............. 1907 Dice, Len RAYMOND; ‘Prescoth; Wash sic'... 34. oan eo eee eee 1909 Dickerson, Miss Mary C., Am. Mus. Nat. History, N. Y. City..... 1908 Dicxry, Donatp R.,, Box 701, South Pasadena, Cal............... 1907 Dickey, SAMUEL S., 31S. West St., Waynesburg, Pa............... 1905 Dittz, Freperick M., 2927 W. 28th Ave., Denver, Colo........... 1892 Dimicx, Cuas. W., 1008 Tremont Bldg., Boston, Mass............. 1909 Dimock, Geo. E., Jr., 907 N. Broad St., Elizabeth, N. J............ 1911 Dtonng, C. E., Laval University, Quebec, Que.................... 1893 Drxon, FrepERIcK J., Elm Ave., Hackensack, N. J............... 1891 Dopce, CHARLES W., Univ. of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y......... 1900: Dopson, JosePH H., 534 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IIl............. 1909 Dovucuerty, Gen. WiuuiaM E., 1409 E. 14th St., Fruitvale, Cal... ..1890 Drarmn, 'J:\SusMner, Keadvillle,; Mass: oc {5.0.00 2 seen oe. ee 1908 Drowng, Dr. FREDERICK PEaBopy, Chilesburg, Va................ 1899 Drummonp, Miss Mary, Spring Lane, Lake Forest, Ill............. 1904 DuBors, ALEx. Dawes, 320 Waldron St., West La Fayette, Ind.....1905 Du Bon, Janes I:, Windsor thorks) Conan.) 2.) ssn 8528 Oe 1909 Duemore, ARTHUR RapcLyFFE, Newfoundland, N. J.............. 1899 Dome, Mrs: A. P.5..208 Ne irontretsbarnsbure, (Pa;),) 25. kde 1900 Dunsar, W. Linrrep, Union Metallic Cartridge Co., Bridgeport, COTM! ae OSE Sains cath chee © re anaes Ral Ret ae eee 1906 Dunuam, ArtHuR Louts, 49 Hampden Hall, Cambridge, Mass... ..1910 Dun, Miss Harem A, Box45, Athol, Mass... .):.0\205. <5 voce. ule 1909 Dorren, Owen, Box 125, Fall’ River, Mass 0... .. .c s9secaceeoe8 03 1887 Duyrea, Miss ANNIE B., 62 Washington St., Newark, N. J......... 1911 Dwicut, Dr. Epwin W., 119 Pearl St., Boston, Mass.............1911 Dyverm. Prof. 1.0 Bratt Manenaes -. oc se oie te ees Sc es 1886 Dwr, Ep. 'T: Southampton iN 55525 oe. ote oh ee 1911 Dyxn, ArtHuR Curtis, Bridgewater, Mass...........--.0..2+.25% 1902 HARnE, Miss Humanor P PalmaiSola, Bla 2)..950 54 nese eee: cae 1910: Eastman, Francis B., Delaware College, Newark, Del............. 1909 Kastan, Harry D.; Framingham, Mass..... 1. ci:b.ce, «0 oe oes 28 1891 Eaton, Miss Mary S., 8 Monument St., Concord, Mass........... 1909 Epson, JoHn M., Marietta Road, Bellingham, Wash.............. 1886 Exntncer, Dr. Crypr E., 100 Rosedale Ave., West Chester, Pa...... 1904 Kicun, Aueust, 1133 O St.) Mineolns sNieb. 6 ae lee oe ee ee 1902 Ermer, Rev. Cs W.. Guaravn, Addison, ly: eae are fe een 8 1901 Emrprcn; Dr, AF. New .Elaven, IMiot bo tise eee ieee oe ni ene x 1906 Exsiaw, WALTER Emer, Nat. Hist. Bldg., 809 West Main St., Urbana, Ty 38 8) eels ene Se eee I ses St aie ee 1911 Kurs, Guorer P:, Norwalk Conn. si7 eee weno ieee awe oe es 1904 Exrop, Prof. Morton J., 205 8S. 5th St., Missoula, Montana........ 1892 Empopy, GEORGE CHARLES, 324 College Ave., Ithaca, N. Y......... 1898 EMMET, CHRISTOPHER TEMPLE, Stony Brook, N. Y................ 1909 Hume, Roser 'T., New Rochelle (NigMiaey, oO. 6 sae bee 1904 Associates. XX1 Emory, Mrs. Mary Ditxe, 156 Foundry St., Morgantown, W. Va. ..1899 HiMoOrr. DH HAR.) Go) William) St., lyons, NivYo.)....608)...2. 1909 HINDERS) JOHNTO =) box 546, Hartford. Conn... 2. .....0... 64. eee 1904 IRSICKon Ne OMe DOxE SoS peaGin a. lata eens Se sepia yates Meme 1906 Eustis, Ricuarp S8., 17 Highland St., Cambridge, Mass............ 1903 Evans, Miss Nevapa, 3637 10th Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn....... 1910 Evans, Wiuu1AM B., 205 E. Central Ave., Moorestown, N. J........ 1897 Far Ley, JoHN A., 105 Summer St., Malden, Mass................. 1904 Farr, Marcus 8., Princeton University, Princeton, N. J........... 1900 FarweE .., Mrs. Joun V., Ardleigh, Lake Forest, Ill................ 1896 Bpi le CE EEC LOMe Ne Meta Veins volts tae oe RIN eyes clea a aie eae 1910 Haye So eRESCOrt > iarimme4nrst.. oston) VWassyia04440 esas ae ee 1907 FrevGer, ALvA Howarp, North Side High School, Denver, Colo..... 1898 FELL, Miss Emma TrEGo, 28 N. 39th St., West Philadelphia, Pa..... 1903 HEDRONS hiwbox 44a Males) CiiwaiNonte: see alle. ae eiee 1910 Firip, Epwarp B., 30 Gillette St., Hartford, Conn................ 1898 Pimp Or GHonwWeusnaron., Masses syteue os. alate 4s 1910 FisHer, Miss EL1zaABETH WILSON, 2222 Spruce St., Philadelphia, Pa.. 1896 FisHer, G. Ciypr, Johns Hopkins Uniy., Baltimore, Md........... 1908 FisHER, WALTER T., 52 Plympton St., Cambridge, Mass........... 1907 Fitts, Mrs. Carouine M., 29 Lakeville Place, Jamaica Plain, Mass..1906 FLANAGAN, JOHN H., 392 Benefit St., Providence, R. I.............. 1898 Fietcumr, Mrs, Mary: Proctorsvalle Vtiv.0) 0 ke we at 1898 Foote, Miss F. Huserta, 90 Locust Hill Ave., Yonkers, N. Y...... 1897 Forpyce, Gro. L., 40 Lincoln Ave., Youngstown, Ohio............ 1901 Fow er, FREDERICK HALL, 221 Kingsley Ave., Palo Alto, Cal...... 1892 Fow er, Henry W., Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa......... 1898 Fox, Dr. Wiuu1aM H., 1826 Jefferson Place, Washington, D.C....... 1883 Francis, Gro. A., 1453 Sea View Ave., Bridgeport, Conn........... 1911 PRACHE MO ONAED, OLNSLOWEL. Ne Nii os4e tse ook ts a. ed 1902 HEAR Sake aap y Towa li! i eet! ood. ko deleted decal ee 1909 FREEMAN, Miss Harriet E., 37 Union Park, Boston, Mass.........1903 FREEMAN, Dr. Leonarp, 1374 Elizabeth St., Denver, Colo.......... 1909 HRENcH CHAniuns H., Canton, Mass... fo .%s.5 2 0hos bat eae ek 1904 HRENCH,, Vins. Vpn T"Canton> Mass. 22:5 2/) 4b 25. Silas. oN. 1908 Fuauet, Dauuett, 229 Upper Mountain Ave., Montelair, N. J......1911 FULLER, CLARENCE J., Elmwood Ave., Bayside, N. Y.............. 1907 Punter, Mrs. Euna M:, Needham, Mass... .....8....0..00220525-5. 1909 Honunny hs One iNecdham, Mass oc. see le oe. nok.) od 1904 Furcuer, Dr. THomas B., 23 W. Franklin St., Baltimore, Md....... 1906 Gano, Miss Laura, 744 National Road, W., Richmond, Ind........ 1903 GARDINER, CHARLES Barnes, 5 Minard Place, Norwalk, Ohio...... 1903 (CARRICK, JAMES: F., dn Weston SC ce 28. don. fee Oke. 1906 Carn, JOHN box 2a6, Dornngtony Conn. 22). Fee ok eee 1901 Grsson, Lanepon, 5 Union St., Schenectady, N. Y................ 1904 Girrorp, Epwarp Wrnstow, Cal. Acad. Sci., San Francisco, Cal... . .1904 Xxil Associates. Gruman, M. FrRences; Sacaton, Arizona: 0.0%. 26.0 lenin cin cenpiatelers oe 1907 GIANINI, ‘Cas VAL Poland INegVano criti ns cis ores io eh achaeeenenele 1911 GoopaLg, Dr. JosepH LINcoLn, 258 Beacon St., Boston, Mass...... 1885 GoopELL, Mra? yams iP). Rhinebeck, Ne Wier.) 3. eee ele ene 1909 Goopnrics, Junmr E1210 Astor St; Chicago, Dl.) 25.4255 eee 1904 Goopwin, Miss AMetiA M., 10 Follen St., Cambridge, Mass......... 1904 Gorpon, Harry E., 313 Laburnum Ave., Rochester, N. Y.......... 1911 GouLp, Josnpa E., 5 Clifton St.;Noriolk, Varsci.. 62.0. ose s eee 1889 GRanmam, “Wari, Aledo Abs ek Sen iiaeiis patina ish. euaatone ee eae oe 1909 GRANGER, Miss HELEN, Wilder Hall, Amherst, Mass.............. 1904 GRANGER, WALTER, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York City........ 1891 GRANT: (Wat: W.5 Englewood, Nadie wo ..scjavaritn se nae oeee ei cha s 1910 Graves, Mrs. CHaruss B., 66 Franklin St., New London, Conn... ..1905 GREEN, Miss Mary Amory, Croton-on-Hudson, N. Y.............. 1911 GrEENOUGH, HENRY Voss, 23 Monmouth Court, Brookline, Mass.. .1901 Grecory, STEPHEN §., Jr., 1349 Astor St., Chicago, Ill............. 1906 Griscom, LupLow, 21 Washington Sq., N., New York City....... 1908 GRoNBERGER, S. M., Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D. C......... 1909 Gross, ALFRED O., 391 Hyde Park Ave., Roslindale, Boston, Mass... 1907 Guorsnrs,, JAMms Sy ithaca Ne Ne catch nreores shanties sist ake es eee 1911 Haprny, Atpmn H., Monrovia, Indiana. ..0..../ ss poes 2 eee 1906 Hates, Henry; Ridgewood) Ne di. 4.0 cea veem apne eles eile ne 1890 Hau, Frank H., Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y...1910 Harn, (4. Porrmr; Teommeter, Masses. 20000). Gielen se Oe 1904 Hauert, Gero. H.. Jr., 105 E. Essex Ave., Lansdowne, Pa.......... 1911 Hantneran, Dr.) Be A.. Highland’ Park, Mie .2 5 <1s4 7. cee eae eats ae oe 1909 HANKINSON, ‘THOS; Taoroy, Charleston, : Tll...s5 i001. Stee oe tee 1897 Harpon, Mrs. Henry W., 315 West 71st St., New York City...... 1905 FAnpy, JOHN Ets Jr.; Mattleton,y IMiass) ac 22 .\is.encie tees weet 1905 Harper, FRAncIs, 557 First Ave., College Point, N. Y............. 1907 Harper, Mrs. Mary McC., 102 Pennsylvania Ave., Wilmington, Del.1910 FARRIS. HARRY.) Iansasi@iby,u Move sme encanta ensreiote cue rer 1911 Harris, Roy Co 725 N. 10th St., Richmond, Indio. free. at 1911 Hanr, Cuartus G:, Box 47, East Berlin, Conn. . 2.432.556 00 = 1908 Harvey, Miss Ruta Sawyer, Bond Hill, Cincinnati, Ohio........ 1902 Haske Lu, Miss HELEN P., 1207 Henry St., Alton, Ill.............. 1905 Hatuaway, Harry S., Box 1466, Providence, R. I................ 1897 Havemeyer, H. O., Jr., 129 Front St., New York City............. 1893 HAZARD Honsks Gs, beace: Daler sR aclaaay- sie eke ere cient 1885 Harm, ‘Caantus E.,, Needham: (Mass:: 5. .204.0..2. seems vee een. 1908 Hriam, Arraun Hi Maller Place N25 28 wei tis eras sine oie teas ce ote 1888 HenpERson, Judge Junrus, Boulder, Colo.........5......200.+2- 1903 Henpricxson, W. F., 276 Hillside Ave., Jamaica, N. Y............ 1885 Henn, Artour WILBoR, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind...... 1909 HENNINGER, Rev. WALTHER F., New Bremen, Ohio............... 1898 Herrick, Haro, 25 Liberty St:, New. York City... 25s: 1905 Associates. Hersey, L. J., 2121 W. 34th Ave., Denver, Colo.............0..5.. Hersey, F. Srymour, 6 Maple Ave., Taunton, Mass............... ines pane oe acbatle, TY hpy. x teh ssletoic eeerdeeenans («etl esl cigre ola) sie ects Hieser, Harry G., 13 Austin St., Hyde Park, Mass.............. Hiti, James Haynes, Box 485, New London, Conn.............. Hitt, Mrs. Toomas R., 4629 Baltimore Ave., Philadelphia, Pa..... Hine, Asuuey, 615 Isabella St., Edmonton, Alberta............. Hine, Prof. James Stewart, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio.... hme Wins: shane. Aur: pind 2 3). 20 opel cathe ie usainn a oe aoa ai Hircucock, Frank H., Metropolitan Club, Washington, D. C..... Hix, GrorceE E., 630 Columbus Ave., New York City............. Hopes, Prof. Cuirron Fremont, Clark Univ., Worcester, Mass... .. Ho.wpen, Mrs. EMevine R., 13 E. 79th St., New York City........ Howpen, Mrs. Epwin B., 323 Riverside Drive, New York City...... Houuanp, Harotp May, 5322 Ellis Ave., Chicago, Ill............. Houuann, Dr. Witu1amM J., Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa..... Ho.uisterR, WARREN D., 620 McPhea Bld’g., Denver, Colo....... Homan, Raupu H., 33 Chestnut St., Stoneham, Mass............. onm Rng Bs. Bbaraemiags Alas 272. ci tens ategtls dhefera > Sreiqans ste ee Hout, Mrs. Nancy W. C., 136 Chauncey St., Cambridge, Mass..... Honyrwitu, ALBERT W., Jr., 171 Ellsworth Ave., New Haven, Conn.. Housrarn, Brucnm, Princeton, (Ni. /Jiica% sites ae are orsstecard eyes ee 0ea) ers Howe t, A. Brazier, 250 N. Orange Grove Ave., Pasadena, Cal... Hows, Bangjamin F., Jr.,.R. FE. D. it, Boonton, N. Jin: ..........- Hown: Cazcrom Di; Mssex Junction, Vt... /i.4ec.s 00.) ee a ones Howe, Miss Louisr, 53 Linden St., Brookline, Mass............. Howe, Recrnatp Heser, Jr., Middlesex School, Concord, Mass.. . Hoxm, WaAutER J.,. 1522 Bull St., Savannah, Ga... 0. 0. a. Hoyt, Miss ANNIE S., 121 Madison Ave., New York City.......... Horr, Worm. E., Box) 425, Stamford, Conm.. . 0.5.0. .(. 28 Hussar, Drs Lacros bi, Houghton. Mich... 4.0. sti os dare 4 sriere Houpsarp, Mrs. Sara A., 177 Woodruff Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y....... Hupson, Mrs. R. W., 373 Broadway, Cambridge, Mass............ Hunn, Joun T. SHarpuess, 1218 Prospect Ave., Plainfield, N. J..... Hunt, CHreswE.u J., 740 S. Cuyler Ave., Oak Park, Ill........... Hurtcuinson, Dr. W. F., Box 42, Portsmouth, Va.................. InGArrS, Caantes E., Kast Templeton, Mass... . 2.52... 260 IncERSOLL, ALBERT M., Box 843, San Diego, Cal................. Irvine, JoHN, 52 Broadway, Glen Cove, N. Y........:2...0000-+5 TSEANE Cnc, COLE, Gadus. ING WY ORK CALY <0 12 wir 12 jervostars «be 2fehele o esoerr Jackson, Hartiey H. T., Biological Survey, Washington, D. C..... Jackson, Tuomas H., 304 N. Franklin St., West Chester, Pa....... James, Mrs. I. M., 105 W. Court St., Doylestown, Pa............. JENNEY, CHarRuzEs F., 100 Gordon Ave., Hyde Park, Mass.......... Jessup, J. M., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C......... JEWEL, Linpsry L., Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama................. XX1V Associates. JEWETT, STANLEY G., 582 Bidwell Ave., Portland, Oregon......... 1906 JEwETT, McCormick, 205 Yale Station, New Haven, Conn........ 1909 Jouns, Ewin Wut, Kingsley, Arizona... .2-:.. 2:2... caceReneee 1910 Jounson, Mrs. Grace Pettis, City Library Association, Springfield, Masa. sca: eC Geer eine Shin ene po 08S e fhe 1908 JoHNSON, FRANK Epaar, 16 Amackassin Terrace, Yonkers, N. Y.....1888 JOHNSON, James Howann, Bradford, (NB... /:5. 2052-25 as0aee oc 1894 JOHNSON, WALTER ADAms, 18 Gramercy Park, New York City...... 1889 JOHNSON, WIGETAM\G., byons) INC Vice aie aside atk ec Sacra 1893 Jounston, J. W.; 5 Arnold Park, Rochester, N.Y... 222.020 261.35. 1911 Joupan, A. Hi. Biy Sowell Waghin 4 5/feo cok ots aol eae a octane 1888 Junp, Rasa "ES Cando, Neues ao hs. 2 a2 aesoe tia cae ae tk eke re 1895 Jump, Mrs. Epwin R., 350 Waltham St., West Newton, Mass....... 1910 KatmMBacu, Epwin R., Biological Survey, Washington, D. C....... 1910 Keays, JAMES Epwarp, 328 St. George St., London, Ontario......... 1899 Keim, Toomas Danrez, 405 Radcliffe St., Bristol, Pa............... 1902 Kenpane: ia, Waireinis,) Winn: oe fees 10h: Sciaees a te nena 1911 KENNARD, FREDERIC HepGr, Dudley Road, Newton Centre, Mass.. .1892 Kent, Epwin C., 90 West. St., New York City................... 1907 Kerrmope, FRANctIs, Provincial Museum, Victoria B. C............. 1904 Krys, Prof. Caas. in... Mit. Veron, last.) 3 ce. ose os ee 1904 *Kipprr, Natmanren, T.,. Milton, ‘Mass... .4.2 se whee nee 1906 KinBurn, Frank M., 214 Stewart Ave., Ithaca, N. Y.............. 1911 KinGgorE, WILLIAM, Jr., 1705 4th Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn...... 1906 Kisnran,, A. Hy Ridgeway, Ontario.) .2 515. 2220; nae eet ae 1909 Kone: Le Roy, 20 Be Stth St, New VYorki@ity..2.-- ees. oes oe 1901 KirxuaM, Mrs. James W., 275 Maple St., Springfield, Mass.......... 1904 *KIRKHAM, STANTON D., 152 Howell St., Canandaigua, N. Y........ 1910 Kirewoop, FRANE CC.) Long’ Green; Md) .)..3 .f).k stmt ote 1892 KirrrepGE, JosePH, Jr., 67 Cypress St., Brookline, Mass.......... 1910 KLosEMAN, Miss Jessie E., 4 Spruce St., Dedham, Mass.......... 1909 KNAEBEL, ERNEST, 3707 Morrison St., Chevy Chase, D. C......... 1906 Knapp, Mrs. Henry A., 301 Quincy Ave., Scranton, Pa........... 1907 Kwno.Horr, FERDINAND Witu14M, Bloomfield, N. J................ 1890 Kouter, Louts SLIDELL, 98 Watsessing Ave., Bloomfield, N. J... ..1910 Kremer, RoLanp Epwarp, 1720 Vilas St., Madison, Wis.......... 1909 Kouser, Anrsony R., Bernardsville, Nod: .05 28. 0. ate aye ones 1908 Kuser, Mrs. AntHony R., Faircourt, Bernardsville, N.J........... 1910 Kuser, Joun Drypen, Bermardsville, N.J. ..).0cc) eee seal se 1910 Kourcun,. Dr. Vieror, Green Talke, (Wass: 2)2 ic. 0cG ane ernie eels ol 1905 Licuy, Howard Gaoren, Kerrville, Texas... ../5. 2225506 ee ae 1899 LANCASHIRE. Mrs) Jims itmnrmy, Almay Miche)s22 eee. lace eis 1909 Lane, Lawton W., 121 Franklin St., Lynn, Mass............. +... .1909 Lance, Hersert, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York City........... 1907 * Life Associate. Associates. XXV Lantz, Prof. Davip Ernsst, Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.1885 LARRABEE, AUSTIN P., 1540 Vassar Ave., Wichita, Kan............ 1902 LatimMER, Miss CaRo.tne P., 19 Pierrepont St., Brooklyn, N. Y..... 1898 LAURENT, Puuuip, 31 E. Mt. Airy Ave., Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, Pa... 1902 iw J. Hucemn, Hollywood, Cali.) sii God bd sere ele ok oa ed bees 1907 LAWRENCE, JOHN B., 126 E. 30th St., New York City.............. 1907 Ni ETN Were erp 1G @ltiy, gee or, Aiba ae aiele: «ilenaiciees eh eraials te cunae ssa 1910 Levey, W. CHARLESWORTH, 53 Waverly St., Brookline, Mass....... 1908 Lewis, Dr. Frepreric T., Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass... . .1909 LINCOLN, FREDERICK CHARLES, 3350 Shoshone St., Denver, Colo... ..1910 LINTON, CLARENCE B., 125 West Ocean Ave., Long Beach, Cal...... 1908 JEGONIS OHNPAL MUCK Taam GXASi ie laleleba sac cite « atuie ti eish suelo apleneyens= 1887 ORD wRevA NW EELTAM Reo Overs Massie. = sete fies cin os dele ats Soe 1901 HORING whe AT DH Na OwerOnnNe over - os same antes Smalls mrsietee mre 1889 Low, ETHELBERT T., 30 Broad St., New York City................ 1907 oN. HD WARD He hatin eNe Je ian eel oe wo ae ete alele esis ova eeleyens 1904 LuTHER, CLARENCE H., 8 Mclley Bldg., Fayetteville, Ark........... 1910 MacDoveatt, GrorceE R., 112 Wall St., New York City........... 1890 Macxtrg, WM. C., 54 Coolidge St., Brookline, Mass................. 1908 Mactay, Marx W., Jr., 70 West 55th St., New York City.......... 1905 Mappock, Miss EMELINE, The Belgravia, Philadelphia, Pa.......... 1897 Mam R ys t..) Wangsor mocks Conny. | s2ks fdtccc-o. Pave k Awe oles 1902 MatITuanp, Rosert L., 141 Broadway, New York City............. 1889 Marsie, Ricuarp M., 7 Keiffer St., Brookline, Mass.............. 1907 Marcu, Prof. Joun Lewis, Union College, Schenectady, N. Y....... 1903 Marrs, Mrs. Kinesmivu, Saxonville, Mass.............-0.050-000% 1903 Piamanun, Je WW) Witch Greek; Cally f00.22 220 nS sales eek shee 1904 Martin, Miss Marta Ross, Box 365, New Brunswick, N. J......... 1902 Marx, Epwarp J. F., 8 Chestnut Terrace, Easton, Pa............. 1907 Marien GHOnO.. Gamat ree: Pan one Se Sa leleas doe tes Bate a oD Sa 1910 McCurntocx, Norman, 504 Amberson Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa......... 1900 McConnett, Harry B., 142 E. Warren St., Cadiz, O.............. 1904 McCook, Pure James, 15 William St., New York City........... 1895 MEHArTrTON,.Dryiaunmy, Macon Gare. J) licen. see dd oe hs sed 1898 McIuHEnny, Epwarp Avery, Avery Island, La...............+-.- 1894 McIntire, Mrs. Hersert Bruce, 4 Garden St., Cambridge, Mass.. .1908 McLatn, Rosert Batrp, Market and 12th Sts., Wheeling, W. Va... .1893 McM111avy, Mrs. Gitpert, 1 Mercer Circle, Cambridge, Mass....... 1902 Meap, Mrs. E. M., 2465 Broadway, New York City.............-- 1904 NMrgnim, CHaRntns, Weston Mass. tgade 2. eek ea eb ne le iste 1908 MeErriAM, Henry F., 94 New England Ave., Summit, N. J.......... 1905 MERRIEL HIARRY. Bangor? Maine? ooo ci fe sleek haa aula ead Sears 1883 MEBESHON ANY 1.) Saginaw. Mich... 68. ap cues on Adee PER he eels 1905 MaussnncunwG. be. Linden Mowad. sek. ohedace we foesle LAM oe eek 1911 Metcatr, WiuuarD L., 33 West 67th St., New York City.......... 1908 MiuueR, Cas. W., Shawnee-on-Delaware, Pa................++++ 1909 XXV1 Associates. Mitts, Harry C., Box 218, Unionville, Conn...................... 1897 MILLS; (HiRBERT Ry, Jacksonville, la: sac oie Wl Saree eae 1911 Mitus, Prof. Witt1AM C., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, O........ . .1900 MirTcHELL, CATHERINE ADAMS, Riverside, Ill...................... 1911 MitTcHE.LL, Dr. Watton I., 603 Beacon Bldg., Wichita, Kan......... 1893 Moors, Hunry D., Haddenteld sin, dias sees. aie ate oe eee 1911 Moors, Miss Exiz. Putnam, 70 West 11th St., New York City..... 1905 Moore, Rospert THomas, 46 Mansion Ave., Haddonfield, N. J...... 1898 Moore, W1iiu1aM G., 257 W. Main St., Haddonfield, N. J.......... 1910 Morcom, G. FreaAn, 1815 N. Raymond Ave., Pasadena, Cal........ 1886 Morean, ALsert, Box 1323, Hartford, Conn.:............-..-..:: 1903 MorteEy, G. GrRIswoLD, 2375 13th St., Boulder, Colo.............. 1911 Morn Rb. Vernon, Mexas acen sects sce on nicks eta oneake eects 1911 MORRIS, SIDNEY V. Bristol) Penn!) ky. teehee he ania. ole ae 1911 MosuHER, FRANKLIN H., 17 Highland Ave., Melrose, Mass.......... 1905 MorpuHey, Dr. Eucene E., 444 Tellfair St., Augusta, Ga............ 1903 Morpuy, Ropert C., Brooklyn Inst. Museum, Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn Ns Nees, se see cee Sees, Lael a Oem Soke eeeeene 1905 MoseraVE, JOHN K., 3516 Shady Ave., Allegheny, Pa.............. 1909 MussELMAN, THOMAS Epaar, Gem City Business College, Quincy, II1.1910 Myers, Mrs. Harriet W., 306 Ave. 66, Los Angeles, Cal........... 1906 Myers, Miss Lucy F., Brookside, Poughkeepsie, N. Y............. 1898 Nasu, Herman W., Box.264, Pueblo, Colow. ...... 0.0. 00008 ne ene ses 1892 NELSON, JAMES ALLEN, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.. .1898 NewHan., Danton. Straiiand Pats igs ok osuie ae enon eae 1908 Newman, Rev. STEPHEN M., 6917 Bennett Ave., Chicago, Ill....... 1898 NicHo.s, JoHN M., 46 Spruce St., Portland, Me.................. 1890 NIcHOLs, JoHN TREADWELL, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York City. .1901 Notte, Rev. Frettx, St. Benedict’s College, Atchison, Kan.......... 1903 Norris, J. PARKER, Jr., care of Evening Bulletin, Philadelphia, Pa... 1904 Norris, Roy C., 725 N. 10th St., Richmond, Ind...:. 2.444.623... + 1904 Novy, FRANK ORIEL, 721 Forest Ave., Ann Arbor, Mich............ 1909 NowELL, JOHN ROWLAND, Box 979, Schenectady, N. Y............. 1897 OcpENn, Dr. Hpnry Vining, 141 Wisconsin St., Milwaukee, Wis... . .1897 Oupys, Hnney, Silver Springs, Mid. ici. 0 te eee oe 1896 *OxiverR, Dr. HENRY KemsBie, 2 Newbury St., Boston, Mass........ 1900 OsBuRN, PinGREE S., 189 E. Colorado St., Pasadena, Cal.......... 1910 Ovurron; Dr, HRANK;, Patchopaes NoYes & oak ae aoe oe 1909 OwEN, Miss JutietTe AMELIA, 306 N. 9th St., St. Joseph, Mo....... 1897 Packer, Jusse E., 444 S. 4th St., Darby, Pa... 2... sc. ti ee ee oe ees 1910 Paine, Auaustus G., Jr., 18 West 49th St., New York City......... 1886 PauaDIN, ARTHUR, N. Y. State Museum, Albany, N. Y............. 1911 ParKER, Mrs. BENJAMIN W., 4 Hopestill St., Dorchester Centre, Mass.1909 ParkER, Hon. Hersert, South Lancaster, Mass..................- 1904 * Life Associate. Associates. XXVli Parsons, R. L., 158 Raymond Ave., South Orange, N. J........... 1911 PARSONS} WIEGTAM, Box 422, Miantla,Pistencse ccs. siete elers ayalers,e i 1909 Pau, Lucius H., 59 West Miller St., Newark, New York.......... 1908 EWABOD YA eVa yeu.) DIG a IOs i tamem \op- i a.s oye. c, crete lee eyes ote = 1903 PEARSON, LEon«ARD S., 132 Beechtree Lane, Wayne, Pa............ 1907 Pravey, Rospert W., 791 Coney Island Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y....... 1903 Prcx, Morton E., 292 N. Summer St., Salem, Ore................ 1909 Prck, WALTER M., 15 9th St., East Providence, R.I............... 1909 PENNINGTON, FRED ALBERT, 515 Chamber of Commerce, Chicago, [1.1910 Prprrer, Dr. W., 1811 Spruce St., Philadelphia, Pa............... 1911 Parry, Dr. Huron, 610 Baylor St.; Austin, Tex. .2).:5 622 csec. ee oe 1902 Perry, Henry JosepH, 636 Beacon St., Boston, Mass............. 1909 Peters, ALBERT S., State Bank, Lake Wilson, Minn............... 1908 Peters, JAMES LEE, Walnut Ave., Jamaica Plain, Mass............ 1904 PHMEes, Mrs:'J. W., Box:s0, Northfield, Mass. 2.0.5. Asie ec nfe cat 1899 PueEtps, Mrs. MARIAN VON R., 70 West 49th St., New York City... .1910 Pururp, Purp B., 220 Broadway, New York City............... 1907 Puiuirps, ALEXANDER H., 54 Hodge Road, Princeton, N. J......... 1891 PHILLirs, JOHN Caaruns, Wenham; Mass... 2.40. 2.066. sani ee eles 1904 PIERREPONT, JOHN JAY, 1 Pierrepont Place, Brooklyn, N. Y........ 1911 PiusBurRY, FRANK O., Box 592, Walpole, Mass..................+-. 1909 FiNcHoT, Girrorp, Washington, ID: (Cu aad: caida adh otisiantels gnc 1910 PitcarrNn, WiLL1AM G., 3330 Perrysville Ave., Allegheny, Pa......... 1906 Por, Miss Margaretta, 1222 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Md....... 1899 Pomeroy, Harry KrirKuanp, Box 575, Kalamazoo, Mich.......... 1894 Ponp, Miss Eta J., 160 Lexington Ave., New York City.......... 1909 Poo.e, ALFRED D., 401 W. 7th St., Wilmington, Del............... 1901 Port, ALEXANDER, 1013 Beacon St., Brookline, Mass............. 1908 PORTER a OUISmEen StamMitOrd es Connvaseer icici. ceiciee Oacie iaees 1893 ROST AWM Ss os “otheAves New Work Citivas] eee aeaeise sre 1911 PRAEGER, WILLIAM E., 421 Douglas Ave., Kalamazoo, Mich....... 1892 PRICE, ARTHUR, 1H. (Grant Park, IS 208655 aces} tices kG 3 sels 1908 Price, JouN Henry, Crown W Ranch, Knowlton, Mont........... 1906 Purpy,JAmns Bo Reb. D4 Plymouth, Mich. '6 4. /4,6.).ccl6 oie 1893 RMEORG. Wii. Ay cots, Mimirkcink Midis hese octets fee. oi aleans oun ee, 94 1909 EVADE ORINE Sms On NSW ce Niel ecient dane tee pate ls ests «Aiea cnetes antes 1911 Raywonn, Mrsv@. Bb. 2143d St.; Hinesdale, Ty. oes siete win ee 1910 Rankin, Cus, SiG. St. George's; Bermuda, bo. 6 ..k 20). oc woes one 1909 Rawson, Catvin Luruer, R. F. D. 2, Putnam, Conn.............. 1885 Reaau, Dr. ArtHUR LINCOLN, 39 Maple St., West Roxbury, Mass.. . 1896 REDFIELD, ALFRED C., 56 Plympton St., Cambridge, Mass........ 1907 REDFIELD, Miss Exisa WHITNEY, 29 Everett St., Cambridge, Mass. .1897 ReEeEp, Cuester A., 238 Main St., Worcester, Mass...............- 1904 Rrep, Hucu Daniet, 108 Brandon Place, Ithaca, N. Y............ 1900 Reaun, JAmss A. G., Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.......... 1901 REINBOLD, JOHN C., 576 Main St., Hackensack, N. J.............. 1909 XXVIil Associates. Reoaps, Caarius J., Bryn, Mawr, Pa... ek 2 ooee beet cass ee 1895 Rice, James Henry, Jr., Summerville, S.C... . 22. .6). a Fae as one 1910 Ricuarps, Miss Harrier E., 36 Longwood Ave., Brookline, Mass.. .1900 Ricnanpson, C. H., Jr., Stanford University, Cal........2.2...5,.- 1903 Ripeway, Joun L.,; Chevy (Chase, WM oc.c 208... feds eee eee 1890 Riker, CuaRence: B., Maplewood, N:.J..0.:..2....5- 22.2.0 beens 1885 Rossins, Miss AumepA B., Y. M. Library Association, Ware, Mass. . 1910 Rosrrts, Jonn T.,- Jz. 350 MaimiSt., Buifalo, NuoY.....4.22 7255-5" 1906 Roserts, WILLIAM Ey, 1920 Spring Garden St., Philadelphia, Pa... 1902 Rosertson, Howanrp, Los Angeles, Calic.. .awv. nite. tes ede ee 1911 Rosinson, ANTHONY W., 409 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa....... 1903 Ropmvson, Lewis. W. ‘Cresskalll, UN: dieosc ot, cet se ch og evan 1910 Rosinson, Dr. Puiu E., 102 Huntington Ave., Boston, Mass... ..1908 *RoceErs, CHARLES H., 5 W. 82d St., New York City............... 1904 Rotrs, ALFRED G., High School, Pottstown, Pa.............5...... 1909 Rotre, Mrs. Perctivau B., 98 State St., Portland, Me............. 1909 RoosEvEtt, FranKLIN Dewano, Hyde Park, N. Y............... 1896 ROPER) KENYON, Sbeubenvillem@hiomeerer soe ie raccee cree eee 1911 Ross, ‘Groren H., 23. West: St. Rutland 2 Vi. 0... ea Get cc doh eee 1904 RossiGNou, GILBERT R.., Jr., 2116 Bull St., Savannah, Ga.......... 1909 Row zy, JoHN, 42 Plaza Drive, Berkeley, Cal.................... 1889 packHi OCLARMNOEE, Rivey-N. V..025.)2. ee coeawe. Semaveun sheen 1910 Sacre, Henry M., Menands Road, Albany, N.Y... ... 09:2. 0202 1885 Sauuey, Frrzaucu, Charleston Museum, Charleston, 8. C.......... 1907 SALTONSTALL, JOHN Len, Beverley, Mass..........5..0. 2-00.02 005- 1909 SANBORN C5 C2 grino hand ge ark lillie Perens Sete et eye peaA oe eee et 1911 Sanrorp, Harrison, Tatehfield Conn. i 2.)..55 oc bias site es oe oe 1905 Sass, HERBERT RAVENEL, 23 Legare St., Charleston, S.C......... 1906 SaunpeErs, ARETAS A., Forest Service, Anaconda, Mont............ 1907 SAuvota, Augustus E., Chassell! Mich. ..82 .Sivisesear oes Gi: 1909 Savace, James, 1097 Ellicott Sq., Buffalo, N. Y..........6....4.. 1895 Ssvaen, Watonr: Gira, Delight “Ank= Ai aaa tee eie hou ok 1898 ScHantz, OrPHEus M., 5215 W. 24th St., Cicero, Ill................ 1907 Scumipt, Watpo, U.:S.-S. S. ‘“Albatross;” Pacific Sta. via San Hraneisctoy Calis,.s.< tart Sys So Nes Ae ee aoe oe Or ee 1910 ScumMuckeEr, Dr. S. C., Rosedale Ave., West Chester, Pa............ 1903 ScHweper, ArtHuR, 184 Upper Mountain Ave., Montclair, N. J....1911 Scott, Henry R., 6 Charles River Sq., Boston, Mass............. 1909 SErIss, CovINGToN FEw, 1338 Spring Garden St., Philadelphia, Pa... . . 1898 SHannon, Wo. Pourpy, 1170 Broadway, New York City....... . 1908 SHARPLrNS, Roper? P., West Chester, Part! .0o...% 2608 os 2k inl 1907 SHaw, Witu1am T., 600 Linden Ave., Pullman, Wash........... ...1908 Saranmr, Awon R.,+ Mont. Belvieu; Texis2i5. 2 S52 ...seda see Be 1905 SHELDON, CHARLES, 140 W.57thSt., New York City.......:...... 1911 * Life Associate. Associates. XX1X SHELPON, -AnBRED Ohi ahen Ds d)-Petaluma, Calvo: 5.6. <6een d on. 1911 *SHERMAN, Miss Amirama i, National! Towa: .... sc... 02. 4006.05 1907 Surras, GrorGE, 3d, Stoneleigh Court, Washington, D. C.......... 1907 SHOEMAKER, CLARENCE R., 3116 P St., Washington, D. C......... 1910 SHOEMAKER, FRANK H., 206 Nebraska Hall, Station A, Lincoln, Neb..1895 SHors, Epwin W., 191 Campbell St., New Bedford, Mass......... 1909 SHROSBREE, GEORGE, Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis............ 1899 SILLIMAN, Harper, 4 Gramercy Park, New York City............. 1902 Stumons, Geo. F., 701 Holman Ave., Houston, Texas............. 1910 SINCLAIR, JoHN ABBorr, New Hampton, N. H................... 1909 SMauy, Capt. H. W., 212 N. Market St., Staunton, Va.............. 1911 Smitu, Austin Pau, Box 141, Brownsville, Texas................ 1911 SMITH, BYRON L., 2140 Prairie Ave., Chieago, Ill................. 1906 SmitH, Miss ETHEL M., 318 Strong Ave., Stevens Point, Wis.... ....1910 Smirn, Rev. Francis Curtis, Boonville, N. Y................... 1903 SMtre Prot. PRANK, Univ: of Tl Urbama, Dl: co)... se os des: 1909 Smitu, Horace G., Historical and Nat. Hist. Society, Denver, Colo.1888 Smita, Dr. Hucx M., 1209 M St. N. W., Washington, D. C......... 1886 SmitrH, Jesse L., 141 South 2nd St., Highland Park, Ill............. 1907 Smitu, Louts Irvin, Jr., 3809 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa........1901 emirH, Myron T., 308 Pearl St.,. Hartford; Conn....... 2s. ...15. 0. 1909 Smita, Mrs. Rura'Coox, Woodcliffe Lake, N. Ji... . sec... sks 1909 SmitH, WitBuR F., 198 Ely Ave., South Norwalk, Conn........... 1909 Smytu, Prof. Exuison A., Jr., Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg, Va... .1892 SnyDER, WILL Epwin, R. F. D..6, Beaver Dam, Wis............... 1895 Sous, Mrs. Erra Ricu, 11 Centre St., Watertown, Mass......... 1909 BEAGEDING. MRED Is, Tancaster, IN. Eli... fo ccc sit wwe ted es 1894 SpELMAN, Henry M., 48 Brewster St., Cambridge, Mass........... 1911 STANTON, Prof. J. Y., 410 Main St., Lewiston, Me.........4...... 1883 Stanwoop, Miss CorDELIA JOHNSON, Ellsworth, Me............... 1909 SENT JOHN idl. inlemin ton a INERh. che erie es oe saris cts, ceerd a 1906 SrepHens, T. C., Morningside College, Sioux City, Iowa........... 1909 Siniovasinrsy, IDyes dia 1s leton< GEIL Iireveollin, INGO ge eo paoesnelsoe esas oF 1908 Stites, EpGAr C., 345 Main St., West Haven, Conn.............. 1907 St. Joun, Ep. Porter, 1566 Broad St., Hartford, Conn............. 1911 Sinoveirasisiunyens (Cy, Aly, Mlorein MVEaoe, Mo¥ol, gone coon anseeue oso gee une 1911 STONE, CLARENCE E., Branchport, (Ni Ves fac o este aisle sin were esses 1903 Sronm War De Bavetevilie Agi nhi es yesh. vata Be aga an odes 1911 Srrater, Mrs. Wo. E., 1114 3d St., Louisville, Ky................ 1910 StTRATTON-PorTER, Mrs. GENE, Limberlost Cabin, Geneva, Ind... ..1906 STRECKER, JOHN Kern, Jr., Baylor Univ., Waco, Texas............ 1909: SrRRET Je. EnronuR., beverly,.N. derersctios- calc awe Aa Ng we occa ne 1908: SPROUTS VWses LR MUR TION, MIL Voc. tsi Stecire nt tes 222 Aa Bahay apap © aAlga atlalo 1911 SLORGIS NG. WARREN, Grotonmy Mass). 50: 82. Soccae's yatles oat csseurd - 1910: * Life Associate. XXX Associates. Stuart, Miss KatuHarine H., 719 King St., Alexandria, Va......... 1910 SturTEvANT, Epwarp, St. George’s School, Newport, R. I......... 1896 Srymr; Mrs: Karmanmnm R-,; Concordville, Pa... 0... .i:)..:). eee 1903 Sumner, Mrs. Grauam, Englewood, N. J............... eee ween 1910 Surrace, Prof. Harvey Apam, State Zodlogist, Harrisburg, Pa...... 1897 Swain, Joun Merton, Box 142, Farmington, Me.................. 1899 SWEET: PoMuND EL. Sturgis, Seni ee crs steers oc ctv eens oe eee 1910 Swenk, Myron H., 3028 Starr Street, Lincoln, Neb................ 1904 Swezey, GeorGE, 855.8. 15th St., Newark, N.J.......:..0....... 1901 Taytor, ALEXANDER R., 1410 Washington St., Columbia, 8. C...... 1907 Taycon, BE, Columbiais) Czy. soca tke sects ee eae ee 1911 TAYLOR, W. P:, Univ. of Califorma, Berkeley, Cal cers aae- 5... 1911 Territt, Lewis Mcl., 354 Elm Ave., Westmount, Quebec......... 1907 Test, CHarins Darwin, Golden, Col. Soo soe. coe asleie sein oe 1906 Test, Dr. FREDERICK CLEVELAND, 4620 Greenwood Ave., Chicago, TD ee eee Ah ee chee availa ctesaen te A EES ee ae 1892 TuasT. Mours AG@assr, Wola VEOS enor aye tare see tic we ie eee tone 1908 Tuomas, Miss Emtty Hinps, 2000 Spruce St., Philadelphia, Pa...... 1901 TuHompson, Cuas. S8., 2018 Oxley St., South Pasadena, Cal.......... 1909 THORNE, SAMUEL, 914 5th Ave., New York City.................. 1908 hunny, Guo. Ds Daren) -Conmnaree cc ea eaees crirrssc eee eee 1910 TINKER, ALMERIN D., 631 8S. 12th St., Ann Arbor, Mich........... 1907 Toppan, Grorce L., 672 Graceland Ave., Chicago, IIl.............. 1886 Tower, Mrs. Kats Denic, 9 Newbury St., Boston, Mass........... 1908 TOWNSEND, WILMoT, 272 75th St., Brooklyn, N. Y....5..........: 1894 Trecanza, A. O., 610 Utah Savings & Trust Bldg., Salt Lake City, 1 Gira) a RP ae PRO RE oe AURIS ON a ol ea in Site no aa alin Rue Sie 1906 Trippe, Tuomas M., Howardsville, Colo..:. 0.22 ..0.2 acess 2a s oe 1909 Trotter, WiLit1AM Henry, 36 N. Front St.. Philadelphia, Pa....... 1899 TRUMBULDd. Hi. Plamville? Comm). <)¢/:8s i. - ttaeyeeseeye eerie ae 1907 ‘TUDBURY, WARREN C.,'8 MalliSt., Salem, Mass:.2.. 2. -2 a.c2c- s.: 1903 Turts, Le Roy Metviuie, Thrushwood, Farmington, Me.......... 1903 Turts, Miss Mary I., 163 Lewis St., Lynn, Mass.................. 1910 Torrie, Dr. ALBERT H., 1069 Boylston St., Boston, Mass.......... 1908 Torrie, Dr, Cann, Berlin Heights, Ohio. 3/224 Sanaa dee coats 1890 Turrte, Henry Emerson, 253 Yale Station, New Haven, Conn... . .1909 TwreEpy, Epear, 13 Fairview Ave., Danbury, Conn............... 1902 Uxricu, ALBERT GEORGE, 3307 Washington Ave., St. Louis, Mo... . .1909 UnpEerwoop, Wiiiram Lyman, Mass. Inst. Technology, Boston, AY LYSIS Ae ee Pa eat ER PR mC SS arta c wii tne Bel b 1900 Urnam, Mrs. Witi1aM H., 212 3rd Ave., Marshfield, Wis........... 1907 VALENTINE, Miss Anna J., Bellefonte, Pas......2. 0.25 6.2..5..050% 1905 Va.LEnTINE, Miss Lucy W., 2 Trowbridge Terrace, Cambridge, Mass.1908 Van BEvREN, Miss Loutse, 21 W. 14th St., New York City........ 1909 Van CortLanpt, Miss ANNE S., Croton-on-Hudson, N. Y.......... 1885 Van Name, WILLARD Gisss, N. Y. State Museum, Albany, N. Y... .1900 Associates. XXXl Van Sant, Miss EvizaBeTH, 2960 Dewey Ave., Omaha, Neb........ 1896 VANTASSEDLE. 0. 07.,,116 EiehistesPassaicy No J ol: » seis ciwtalelihe« svesess 1907 Varick, Mrs. WILLIAM REMSEN, 1015 Chestnut St., Manchester, N. H.1900 VeTTER, Dr. CHARLES, 10 East 92d St., New York City............ 1898 Victor, Dr. Ep. W., 166 St. James Place, Brooklyn, N. Y.......... 1911 WIsHER, STEBEEN 1S... VEEnaliOn (SD, 2d.) 2c o.e'. © ds,starevepetalene s aleeter 1904 Von LENGERKE, Justus, 200 Fifth Ave., New York City........... 1907 Von RosseM, ADRIAN, 223 N. Orange Grove, Pasadena, Cal........ 1908 Vrooman, Isaac H., Jr., 282 Hamilton St., Albany, N. Y........... 1908 WapsworTH, CLARENCE 8., 37 Washington St., Middletown, Conn.. .1906 Nyame: Dw sip. EN Enyde tare. INQ ouie ds Ga 8nd ao aatege sneuctoe tages 1896 Wates, Miss Exua, 186 Columbia Road, Dorchester, Mass......... 1908 Wa ker, Curtis H., University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill............ 1910 WALKR HRN nSTer. Paradox, (Colo. yoiiiiniliict6 4 ic a iste madera 1911 WaArKHR GEO: It. br Bo DS) Murray, Wtaln. so) %4 cya. Sts ayers oye 1909 WaLxKer, Dr. R. L., 355 Main Ave., Carnegie, Pa........25..6..0.0. 1888 Wauuaceg, Dr. A. H., 204 Bellevue Ave., Upper Montclair, N. J...... 1907 Watuace, JAMEs S., 69 Front St., Toronto, Ontario............... 1907 Watter, Dr. Hersert E., 53 Arlington Ave., Providence, R. I... ..1901 Watters, Frank, South Sandisfield, Mass.................-.2005. 1902 Warp, Frank Haw ey, 12 Grove Place, Rochester, N. Y........... 1908 Warp, Henry L., 882 Hackett Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.............. 1906 Warp, Mrs. Martua E., 25 Arlington St., Lynn, Mass............. 1909 WaAENER, Epwarp 2. Concord, Mass. 05 5.2 6.!. Soo cpoeie yen ns ue 1910 Warner, Goopwin, 920 Center St., Jamaica Plain, Mass........... 1908 Wenn, J. At) Box 216) Palisades! Parle IN iJ ac\5 sien cis ape caihlssols'seesees 1907 Weir, J. ALDEN, 471 Park Ave., New York City.................. 1899 WELLMAN, Gorpon B., 54 Beltran St., Malden, Mass.............. 1908 IWaRHET Ss: WCVAB ; Syne vu oayatl, PEPER ae consuls, chepeen cistianalis sari ata rhe weavers Mira Kors, aUao 1911 WELLS, Frank S., 916 Grant Ave., Plainfield, N. J................. 1902 WENTWoRTH, Irvine H., Matehuala, S. L. P., Mexico............. 1900 WeETMoRE, ALEXANDER, care of Museum, Lawrence, Kansas....... 1908 Wetmore, Mrs. Epmunp, 343 Lexington Ave., New York City..... 1902 Weyaanpt, Cornet.ius, Wissahickon Ave., Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. 1907 WHARTON, WitlLEAM Ps, "Grotom,, Magic. 2) o.c2)5 6). cia cin cic eines ele see 1907 WHEELER, Epmunp Jacos, 177 Pequot Ave., New London, Conn... .1898 Wueetock, Mrs. Irene G., 1040 Hinman Ave., Evanston, Ill....... 1902 Waite, Francis Bracu, St. Paul’s School, Concord, N. H.......... 1891 Waite, Greorce R., Dead Letter Office, Ottawa, Ontario........... 1903 Waite, W. A., 158 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, N. Y............. 1902 AVN Ears MUN Fane cout EN SIEGH kN sunnah oy ebay ita) opelay saya" agua iedenall evel aneregers 1911 WIcKERSHAM, CorNnELIUS W., Cedarhurst, N. Y................-.. 1902 Wixet, Henry H., Manual Training High School, Brooklyn, N. Y.. .1909 Wixzour, Appison P., 60 Gibson St., Canandaigua, N. Y............ 1895 Witcox, Miss Auice W., 165 Prospect St., Providence, R.I......... 1908 Witcox, T. Ferpinanp, 115 W. 75th St., New York City.......... 1895 XXxXii Associates. Wripn, Mark L. C., 311 N. 5th St., Camden, N. J........6...5..5- 1893 Wintarp, Berren.G., Box 107, Millis, Mags....:.......50...65ene 1906 Wiuarp, Franx C., Tombstone, Arizona.:.......... 00000000008 1909 Wittett, Victor Joun Austin, Wydecombe, Whiteman’s Creek, B. C. 1909 WiuuiaMs, Harry C., 5344 Cabanne Ave., St. Louis, Mo........... 1908 WiuuiaMs, Ropert §., New York Botanical Gardens, Bronx Park, New Morki@iiy so.) sae a tet sign oe owe Sie aoe 1888 Witirams, Roppar Wi. Jr, Callahassee, Pla:. 0. .4..<.04.0h peek 1900 WHELTAMSON, Ely 1.7 ssid Tardy 656 Seo. c 2c o deel soca eget ee 1900 Wiuuiston, Mrs. 8., 577 Belmont St., Belmont, Mass..............1911 Witson, Sipney S., 219 8. 12th St., St. Joseph, Mo ............... 1895 WINDLE, FRaNcis, 253 Dean St., West. Chester, Pa................ 1909 Wise, Miss HELEN D., 1514 13th St., N. W., Washington, D.C...... 1910 WITHERBEE, Mrs. F. B., 106 Berkeley St., West Newton, Mass...... 1906 Woop, Mrs. Gso., 1313 Spruce St., Philadelphia, Pa............... 1910 Woon, J. (Ciaran, 179 17th St: Detroit, Mich... . 25.2 22.60. 808 1902 Woop, Neuson R., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.....1895 Woop, Norman A., 1216 South University Ave., Ann Arbor, Mich.. .1904 Wooncock, Anruur How, Corvallis, Ores. 22.0... enece eda ae a8 1901 Wooprvrr, FRANK M., 225 Wisconsin St., Chicago, Ill............. 1904 Wooprvrr, Lewis B., 24 Broad St., New York City............... 1886 Worcester, Mrs. ALFRED, Bacon St., Waltham, Mass............. 1908 WorrTHINGTON, Wiis W., Shelter Island Heights, N. Y........... 1889 Wriecat, ALBERT H., 115 Stewart Ave., Ithaca, N. Y............... 1906 Wricat, Miss Harriet H., 1637 Gratiot Ave., Saginaw, W.S., Mich.1907 Wricut, Horace Winstow, 107 Pinckney St., Boston, Mass.......1902 Wricut, Howarp W., 830 N. Orange Grove Ave., Pasadena, Cal... . 1907 Wrient, Samunn, ‘Conshohocken, Bae at csc a6 oe oye cis A bears d 1895 Wiaran ou thER she Rak. Ds 3 Nampaldahnomasreien ae wcaees | ele 1907 Youne, Miss H. F., Maple & Monroe Sts., Hinsdale, Ill............ 1911 Younc, JoHn:A.,.37) Dundas St., London):Omtario..-. 4.4). 2 oes sce 1907 Youne, Jno. P:, 1510 5th Ave., Youngstown, Ohio.......... 2... 1911 ZAPPEY, WALTER R., 25 Rindgefield St., North Cambridge, Mass... 1905 ZIMMER, J. T., 42d and Holdridge Sts., Lincoln, Neb............... 1908 Deceased Members. XXX} DECEASED MEMBERS. FELLOWS. Date of Death PX SIREEGEEY CEPA THiS sens tre Ain Sencleat e clo.cie «Awl eds wea oii sein ae March 8, 1908. BAD SPENCE UGEMRTON es «se ses dio hoo ese Sa ise wewid s Aug. 19, 1887 SIND VES EPA Takis EGMIE) efor fo ey vic) lous ere, s-cceeney> ucls phone) @ wie ete Feb. 4, 1897 (CCIE. DUI ONY iene ee, eae ine Dec. 25, 1899 recs SNAER ANIL SPIOIGNUNY, «oi oied oor. so. 5 4:6 Sian eed ale eter ere March 10, 1891 Hee COSMPE: IFASSBTDS «050s Aes. ae 5 ea ole ww 4 og seh oy ey5 Feb. 28, 1888 aT MERRUNG SOHN TAMORY.« ..2.(¢ 4/0 «.ctume ac ats sins sana'b oie elelee March 26, 1892 Mera ARTES WOMAN ota a slates nae seas x 2 aati w's bose eslgie wo 8 Jan. 31, 1903 ister mea RPARBIS CUSHING |. cic\c.8)s\. Jahn ays esa" 0's Rialaiaco ead a ms Oct. 27, 1902 IDURD IEMIELEINEY: PAU GUSTUS sa steers «ci a2 sive ere.-p sions sotar March 29, 1911 SENNEDOGBORGH BURRITT 24 00.65 cs conse cs ee eee tee. March 18, 1900: Meee EA GURDON 2s Geshe oie eee eis a SRS ORE oles wes Dec. 28, 1903 WeeAron, Jonn MANNARD: «Js. .s 0c ee cs Seis c ee ee ees Jan. 28, 1887 Honorary FELLOWS. BEANKORD \VLLETAM INHOMAS) 2)... seas sie See June 23, 1905. BCAGE SRI NG AAR BOBAUDU!s5.s amie pe sare © 9D Eee ora o July —, 1908 BUR MRTS TER: wEMWRIMAININ. oc1> =i heres havent a) se ac ergerateke eve, opueus/< May 1, 1892 CORISAINTS RUIEIAIN] aed vo cues cys yaraue crab a Give SAS a cele siete ey Feb. 20, 1906: \ Sbnioy Ja DSE/SCSh TGs |e ERNE oe vO OS nee as So Ue Jan. 1, 1897 pRer OU (OREN, IITLENINR ; S54 cake wsaes os 'e esc Se ss naee Dec. 14, 1909 RE MONCTON ILL AV EVAGN coos: 3) sickdyale) Slt teaaha es eis Asvodaeess ee ee March 14, 1896. Gren JOrHN HENRY, <2.2.:).\00.0 ae ae ene leh sbmaciet ey. April 20, 1890 Mra Ati MU STAV «05.5 t's. 2 RAaais saa aise HAO a els owes Nov. 20, 1900: OEE TOMAS) TELEINIGY 5). 5-516 01m oy: ates fee ee seagate) cavers aie ha cysiciel eseus, Se Gr ma actos ts Poteare ke Jan. 10, 1894 ESA cae OSPR Beets ayo eit eyo, (0; fo) mare apepe es ous oo whe do Seen Jan. 5, 1900 IBBENSH) WILITAM LAWRENCH. o...52 05.00 <00 0 ees alae oye eae Dec. 7, 1889 Broninewr, GHORGH PRANK... 62... 5.500605. ce0 we eaten Dec. 3, 1905 IED ERBINSIINCANNTO COELIAC UBT og, 012) ¢ (alicia eevee oimad pom dyaiei ns oe ABROAD Mar. 21, 1907 BROKAWH MNO UISE Wicewsenstney: ca aisorciar- ae aici areca eiere aie aa ane Sept. 3, 1897 EOWA OLN OLERMORD: 55 y's) 42 +, «14 a/uaieins @ 5,0) 40) a ee be Jan. 16, 1901 BRO WINE RAIN CISCO EVAR srs ci crs cuacorn nystetsieuete: di sists aceneropsee ners Jan. 9, 1900 ISRO WANS ONEMINV epllclery cts case cle) tiie eiayasohsschs is aiceasi ac arenercuatane ne Sr ereych anak Sept. 6, 1909 BURNER WIE HONARD WE. peur sri oa elaine a eee. March 16, 1904 “COTBENS) FIGS Se SP Seat a nr TR a a June 10, 1895 CRE VAC BREN, BRENDON. iiz)5 vin paitet ic oa nhs, «debe iale eee Nov. 20, 1901 GAMPBELE, ALOBMRT ARGYDI. t 54 c.5 53412024 ale cies 64 wiclebarons April —, 1897 (CUNEO Yd [SUB Ee ts cise: A Oane rc una ir rea tle Cn OMY Rone Ow oR TNE Feb. 18, 1904 GAB TEPON OG RDS oie chloe ciesscstoc lot eo suatoleuneis sb A cnoheaei Nov. 15, 1907 CAR THR WE DWN Gorrie ariel are er chavelatte where ne Clare oolaus eters oe neo — 1900 CARTHR ISABHE (PADDOCK. 4 cs 60 sve. oi sie se 9 saab enenaiaieve meyers Sept. 15, 1907 CHADBOURNE, Mrs. ARTHUR PATTERSON..............2005: Oct. 4, 1908 CAREW sa ID py COMOATE ST aise is fed cape iia! slg son no ope aprons May 6, 1911 GEARS SOHN IN ATANTINT 6242 ou 5)d.al5 node 2c Pavan celta hs eae lee Jan. 13, 1903 MOTI AV Weree he cit oS e oa hs boths S148 a psd sahinls 0o 5 cts tal ch SEPM UA aes April 26, 1885 Meas ahi sitshin se) don ah soya leteliavay eae al Ave tamiddnenats Oct. 17, 1899 XXXV1 Deceased Associates. Cotumrr, “ALONSO: Mis. Da. Berea « es gies eit bis cee ales Aug. 22, Conant) Mirs: Taos. Oars suerte ot ores aha, pale See Dec. 28, COENING, ERASTUS: JPic joe uceier opie se aie how seis epee.c ele April 9, TOVASRRTNT WWMM evUekies.efestcvcucs cnr NeeE RTM eacre oie gros ernvece Shakeel April 21, DORN, JOHN. ATLION, 2 cementite ay ch saels ips ate cae Feb. 21, Davis: WAnrER WR. Saves ok 6 che ddidist sn cge sapere April 8, Disxcron, Na WON 5 Scr meine ciel ae ss die's oe cin sr tak eee July 27, Woven; JULEAN (WON TGOMMES secs es bi eae ee Nov. 23, EEEIOTE SANTO T I WO Willa peaeseriee oe leis aye) oon Feb. 11, MATREANKS, HRANEIEN (rere peer re oie mean eas oerecat oh acs auras April 24, GRY, SOON, PAR WEE ee ee ee oie eos 5 lala) ape mae Feb. 11, FISHER: Wii: ) WB BE ili Sere eeme bea) < aeisveke 3 sa cee ee Oct. 6, Fowrmr, JosmuA LOUNSRMRMrge aos 1G ore anette ee ee July 11, Konner. Cranins AN THONNE peered ote s ci. ster ier Mar. 16, GHSNER A BRATHAN sin BEML Me cities cade 412) cen bea res April 30, Goss; "BENSAMIN PRANIEEEN a5 2 f.c)34 05.698 «oon ey Oe Be July 6, HATCH. JESSE MEAURIGIE peer eiie ces sis aan ce'a cernetpe aaa May 1, HoxpiEy, REDERICK HODGHSHerr eters ee ocr ose tea Feb. 26, Hones, aur KLInGnmy eyes tras tas bhia wees /ee aoe May 10, FIG ORES, OSTA 4 .5.5.:snn ane Cnet a Stet ag wl er Sale Jan. 16, Howzanb, JOHN SNOWDON: «+ ssonaabanee dees sob on ts Sept. 19, INGERSOLE,: JOSEPH: CARDMEON: oa. 6p. ec sree fats Ss. lone ee Oct. 2, JENKS, JOHN WHIPPLE POTTER: . 6.012 certian ss ese oa Sept. 27, JESURUN:) MORTIMER. &.4).%..c0.. tesa ere ee nee eaiae March —, Jouy, Pirere LOUIS <3; «2404. 5osegs on eee nt es se March 22, cma, WW Mis dA < s % Seva rate aS ik Garg hoster toa bsNcege ae eee ere cts Feb. 15, KwiGrr, WILBUR, CLINTON. 3.20.25 sidenote oases July 8, KRewox>, Jor Co. 55sec bie testcase ents OP a July 9, Kwox JOHN COWING: 2c: \s m4 dno rid hae k Ge emerge mens June 1, Roe, AWG 8 625). 4 iether 2e eto to ee earn oe Feb. 15, ET METEGN TEU IVI Sn) echoed -as'nh a late anes ohn hel dence eT ee ae Dec. 4, CUEING LORE oh), ae! ico ay evs 5! aa al's wot ninleSpebeh eRe aR ose ne Aug. 5, LAWRENCE, ROBERT HOB: + ..2 642% tase ween meee ioe April 27, Ee, Pee ST ATION oy 9 reco) 0) 3 os rivtwin oto oneal Sameer at May 20, EN DION: UORAREE MA. A> 5.14.4 206, }) seats dice 2 6 eu eee EUS Feb. 3, EEOLD, SAG RW: AMIS 5) cise: aie one. ofa er = ter July 15, 1902 1907 1893 1902 1900 1907 1901 1909 1889 1895 1910 1909 1899 1906 1895 1893 1898 1895 1906 1904 1885 1898 1894 1905 1894 1908 1903 1904 1904 1907 1902 1888 1897 1908 1888 1906 1900 1907 1900 1899 1895 1909 1899 1901 1890 1902 Deceased Associates. XXXVII IICHOES., ELOWARD GARDNER, ...0. ci-c o0c gece ves eae June 23, AF LRA cre N ROTOR reget ye a cecMakateNSecest) eecl-afn ste idarl win bietlala scayei's, se tee March 12, NOR OH O Pare ORIN bere aperyertete ree ctersy eka tere ete or oat eetayor suey eel eles June 26, EAT OK! MABE NAG camicta cieie cise cle e's wae 5. eo !e aussie oid oS Sept. 15, PAH WAI SUING SEM Paeg Eras Srey ocs acay eLerce evi ake mine’ sve, d chars, s winia sve ses Sept. 22, PAUUMIMRG HREDERICKs ©UAR Kien tela 47 ete cleeie aie cle sien March 3, ROME Oxon GRACE meine Sete cteicsiners 1 Se Src crops pesrern areas May 14, IVACS DATE Gin OR GH ELE NIRV ae sis aac aie ciao stat ele 6 eigie or cree March 25, TESIOUATE Sc @ TOO Te) ON & [Eien ie NC eo ee March 20, paw i VER ATONS NVRE EAM, -.. its. ly iris ania e fierecy ees wlan le ars oie June 12, EVICHARDS ON MOLININIUSS a eieieityesrensiears se ceiersut cha mlcie)s 01 a ord suerte June 24, ERIN S OVS Ma) WAGRD = 255 chains oie said abere ole |s ecole ie) ave oes tae July 2, Sanp, IsaBELLA Low........ TURE Sra gn NET ree ee April 20, SEUGUS WOWRe YI SHBERBORMN .)2 0/2) i./ce.0 cls ost scene uve owe aa See April 7, SSIBVNAROF TE a4 715.070) S0) 6 [a a eee een a ee eae Feb. —, SMEVAIN | GBONCAS HD WARDS ie .0 ¢ stele folate ars ei cue e cle ’e suse aiers © a0 fay's Dec. 23, SODA BEY BOY SUG Ti /: 121 00 2 LR ne April 24, OMUDEN CM AGN CH AMBRE £2) 2. erulee gf asin, sid ad) se isrdaerersiw a kine May 6, SHOWA NBANCIC ELONPINGTONS ¢cicr.c,2606 0 bens eerled amiss ® Sept. 20, POULH WICK, AMES INLORTIMER., 02.42 54500 0ecen de oe cen June 3, SSIRON GOL, WG UBISS wate Seba, ore ete rte na eeiee cece tere Sea aE INC: March —, RSV AT LINCOM TSS gee MMl ae shel Artis Oe ae ee va valores Wi thdics alm teyaves na ick aloe March 23, RAO RAPA HEXes OM ORISCO Dla ays soci etek oie essmic ee oer sve ates April 10, BIO MESO NAN MEM Tlie Se cesrelstay sian ceks oud sue letev ei aie atatamiecedons Aug. 7, HO RINE pT AUP Tin IVA VAING2 sere rereire Suess cre el ots lelie sich are eueneleia March 16, IMAURBER a UGENM CARTE DONE: slice sci: 2+ see else as Sept. 6, WHNNOR ELM NY | GHORGE? 55 a lsie\custalers hover see siete sie sist stout June 8, \iyAGias. Ip Kinny SWAMIAIN5 G5 5 o0nescdobouduDo eb Onogdse Dec. 26, VEER SAM UB: WORRIES c0. cet ales outs 2 apele bol nolo a eae se May 24, WESTER VW LEE EA MIRO DOH). +.) ols mere oui crcia ati sins 6 ae Pate Aug. 21, WY OGD” WUBI BS Se Sa stores cum eeicic Chet cericiee co Cieon werner Aug. 9, NWiOODBURE EDWARD SEYMOUR oo.) eee cine eee eee e rr Jan. 15, BVO) EDEN CO, FICATER TET Ss TNC ot ee Woes PU nl RE RA Ki Arn EAA gee s Semra Re May 27, WECEY Tin RENO on gta 1 ©) OY Gea ea gee ra July 30, 1896 1903 1891 1907 1893 1906 1906 1895 1903 1911 1893 1906 1906 1900 1895 1902 1884 1896 1908 1904 1895 1907 1910 1907 1897 1896 1884 1902 1887 1911 1885 1909 1909 1902 i rae Beg roa ‘ ers Ari Tien -) al rate : 7 —— Pay i My, ex 4) 7 x H bk AT ry aad ad = as Nie \ Vents ag 1 ? a) ‘ Wy ; 1 ; SD) eae eC Te eee Hy i eat iy Lae iN i} en Ws ; by mi fh Vit Pave) A, Ph Ae | A n° rye iv Tas wer) aw © mat ay sl CONTINUATION OF THE New BULLETIN OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB ean AH Quweerly Journal of Ornithology Vol. XXIX JANUARY, 1912 No. 1 / PUBLISHED BY The American Ornithologists’ Union™~ CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Entered as second-class mail matter in the Post Office at Boston, Mass, CONTENTS. f PAGE In Memoriam: Henry Avucustus Purpiz. By William Brewster. (Platel.) . rs el Some REMINESCENCES OF THE LATE Yereee C. O. WHITMAN. By. Rk. M. Strone, / (Plate IT.) 3 Notes ON THE SUMMER BIRDS OF THE Sr. cee eS ata: Naw Bacsewiak By Charles W. Townsend, M.D : s ; Z : Z «. 16 A NAME FOR THE Hawallan Hetheess By 36 Grivel S a ; : i Be. A List oF THE Birps or Sep@wick Country, Kansas. By Dw kip! fight We is i ak as iyi ry ft) ~ 4 9 iy Pie iNoray Ih, Wiss) YAN, WO SSID ie AUK: A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY. VOL. Kes. JANUARY, 1912. No. I. IN MEMORIAM: HENRY AUGUSTUS PURDIE. Born December 16, 1840 — Died March 29, 1911. BY WILLIAM BREWSTER. Plate I.) Henry Avucustus Purptik& was born on the sixteenth of Decem- ber, 1840, in Beiijah, Asia Minor, a suburban town about five miles to the eastward of Smyrna. He died in Boston, Massachu- setts, on the twenty-ninth of March, 1911. His father, John Purdie, was Scotch, although born (in 1803) in London, and reared there, his father being employed in the Bank of England. After his marriage John Purdie served as British Consul at Adalia on the southeast coast of Asia Minor, where he died in 1856. Henry’s mother, Eleanor (Pratt) Purdie, was descended from old New England stock and born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1808. Her father, John Pratt, was a merchant captain and a partner of Judah Truro of Boston. In 1842 Henry Purdie, with his mother and his elder brother Alfred, came in a sailing vessel from Smyrna to Boston where, and at Billerica (Massachusetts), he spent the next two or three years. He was then, as certain of his friends and relatives still remember, a beautiful and interesting child, active, graceful, gentle, easily winning the affection of those about him and attracting much attention during his walks abroad, when he was usually dressed in plaid kilts and black velvet jacket, and accompanied by his Greek 1 From a crayon sketch by Miss Evelyn Purdie, based on recent photographs. 1 : . Auk 2 Brewster, In Memoriam: Henry Augustus Purdie. Jan. nurse, a strikingly handsome woman. In 1845 he returned with his mother and brother to the Levant, where the family were reunited at Adalia. Here the conditions of life were such that the Purdie children had to spend most of their time in the house and in a large yard and garden connected with it which served them well as a playground; but on Sundays, after listening to a Church of England service and to a Unitarian discourse, they were accustomed to walk out into the country beyond the city walls accompanied by a servant and two or three janizaries to keep off the rabble of hooting native children who followed them and to carry their lunch, which was commonly eaten beside an iris-lined brook, or in an olive grove, or beneath some spreading plane tree. Such an excursion might end in an exciting climb down precipitous lime- stone cliffs, over which brooks cascaded into the sea, on reaching which the children would be met by a boat sent there to bring them home. Sometimes they were rowed into romantic-looking caves abounding with wild birds, or to pebbly beaches fringed with oleanders, where they bathed. When confined to the house they often amused themselves by cutting pictures from the ‘ Illustrated London News’ and throwing them from an overhanging window into the street, where a crowd of Turkish or Greek boys would soon assemble to scramble over one another for them. ‘Towards even- ing they usually resorted to the kiosk on top of the house whence one might look out over red-tiled roofs and gardens of orange, lemon, fig, vine and mulberry to the blue sea, beyond which rose lofty ranges of mountains bounding the Bay of Pamphilia. In the summer of 1846 the family traveled with a caravan to Buldur, a remote Turkish village among the Taurus mountains about a hundred miles from the seacoast. During this journey each of the children occupied a box supplied with bedding and a canopy and slung on the side of a large mule. They, with their mother and a Greek maid, passed the entire summer at Buldur away from all European civilization. They were well treated by the village children, who were more polite and friendly than those at Adalia. In the afternoon they would walk to a large salt lake near at hand, or to some garden or vineyard where they gathered fruit while the attendant servant told them wonderful stories. It is to Alfred Purdie, chiefly, that J am indebted for knowledge of these early experiences of the brothers in Asia Minor. Henry or ara Brewster, In Memoriam: Henry Augustus Purdie. 3 recalled them only dimly in after years, although he often spoke of them in general terms, and occasionally the fragrance of an iris or the sound of a rushing brook would prompt him to exclaim, “This reminds me of Adalia.’”? His mother taught him his letters there. After leaving Adalia he and his brother were for some months at a school kept by an American lady in Bonabat near Smyrna, and later Henry was sent to a higher grade English school in the same village. In 1852 Henry Purdie came again to Boston with his mother. The next year the family, with the exception of the father, who remained at Adalia, were living in West Newton, where Henry attended the Model School. In 1854 he was one of the first pupils at the English and Classical School, conducted by the late Nathaniel T. Allen. After leaving the latter school he went to one kept by a Mr. Tower in the basement of Park Street Church. During the period just referred to, he and his brother Alfred spent much of their leisure time in boating or swimming in Charles River —a lonely stream in those days, in tracing brooks to their sources, in climbing hills, and in wandering through remote woodlands. They made the usual boys’ collections of minerals, shells and other “curios,’’ among which was a huge hornet’s nest, secured by rising at three o’clock one summer morning and walking over Weston Bridge to the foot of Doublet Hill where the prize was found in some scrub growth and its rightful owners smoked out with fumes of sulphur. As a boy, Henry was not unlike other lads of his own age, except that he was more gentle than most, never indulging in wanton or thoughtless cruelty to any living creature. He was fond of pets, but had little opportunity to indulge his love for them. When about fourteen years of age, he began a series of chemical experi- ments in connection with which he had advice from his cousin, the late Professor J. P. Cook. Apparently his taste for them was soon replaced by the deeper and more lasting interest which so dominated his after life, viz., that in ornithology, for by 1858, as his brother Alfred is fortunately able to remember definitely, he had already begun to devote himself to it and to collect the nests and eggs of Massachusetts birds. Henry’s first venture for a living, after some preliminary work [Jan. 4 Brewster, Jn Memoriam: Henry Augustus Purdie. in a machine shop, which he did not like, was in Boston, about 1859, as a clerk with Lemme, Price & Company, manufacturing jewelers. After the dissolution of this firm, he was for about a month similarly employed by Shreve, Crump & Low. The Civil War being then well under way, he, with two of his friends, in February, 1862, enlisted in the navy, serving for over a year as yeoman, having charge of guns and ammunition on the U. 5. barque ‘James L. Davis’ of the Gulf blockading squadron. The life, as it appears in his journals, was not very eventful or exciting except when, as occasionally happened, a blockade runner was pursued and captured. Whenever the men went ashore to forage for supplies and he accompanied them, he seems to have given his attention chiefly to observing birds, sometimes collecting a few eggs. He had two or three warm friends aboard the vessel, but most of his associates were uncongenial, and the constant discipline and routine of naval life were very irksome to him, while he was rarely free from seasickness. In the spring of 1863, he obtained his discharge and returned to Boston, where he soon found employ- ment at the State House in the office of the Massachusetts State Board of Charities, under Mr. Frank B. Sanborn. Here he per- formed clerical work and visited, inspected and reported on, various State institutions, such as almshouses, asylums, etc. He continued to hold this position for about thirty-five years. After retiring from it in 1898, he greatly enjoyed his well-earned freedom and the opportunities it brought for indulging in the study of orni- thology, botany and nature, to which he devoted himself during the remainder of his life. Living with his sister in a quiet side street on Beacon Hill, he had not far to go to reach his favorite reading haunts, the Boston Atheneum and Public Libraries, in one or another of which he might be found at almost any hour of the day or evening, especially in winter, poring over some book or pamphlet relating to birds or plants. Being a diligent and methodical student of all such literature past and present, he kept himself intimately informed respecting it and apparently derived from it quite as much pleasure and satisfaction as he did from the acquisition of first-hand knowledge obtained in woods and fields. The latter were not neglected, of course. On the contrary, he visited them frequently in all seasons, and sometimes almost . XXIX : ‘ A | Brewster, Jn Memoriam: Henry Augustus Purdie. 5 daily in spring, summer and autumn, going to them quite as often alone as with companions, for, like all sincere lovers of nature, he had no aversion to solitary walks. During this period, his hearing, once acute and discriminating, became duller and duller until only the loudest bird songs, coming from very near at hand, attracted his notice. His eyesight, never of the best, was steadily failing too. Largely because of these unfortunate and ever-increasing disabili- ties, he turned his attention more and more from birds to plants, until the latter came to absorb the greater part of it, at least when- ever he went afield, filling him with fresh enthusiasm and interest, and bringing him into intimate relations with new friends. Yet the old ornithological interests and friendships were never laid aside or neglected wherever it was possible to maintain them. With the plant life about Boston he became, in the course of only a few years, surprisingly familiar. Many a rare or locally-restricted species was ferreted out by him, often where its presence had hitherto been unknown, if not quite unsuspected. There were certain individual living plants or restricted groups of them to which he especially devoted himself, visiting them annually at just the time when they were in the perfection of their bloom and evidently regarding such attention as no less a duty than a pleasure. These field studies were conducted very quietly, but so sedulously, intelligently and effectively that in the end they resulted in the acquisition of a store of information concerning the scope and value of which Mr. Walter Deane has been kind enough to express for me the following authoritative and pleasingly favorable opinion: “Mr. Purdie was passionately fond of the study of plant life, taking special interest in certain groups of flowering species and vascular cryptogams. He was, strictly speaking, a field botanist, the systematic study of specific relations, acquired in the herbarium by work on the material there, not being much to his taste. Hence many groups, including the Najadacee, Gramine, Cyperaceze, and the like, that require much closet study, did not particularly interest him, but for such difficult genera as Desmodium, Lespedeza, Aster, Solidago, and many others his interest was unbounded. From earliest spring to late autumn and often in the winter he loved to wander over field, wood and meadow, studying from close observation the abundant material ever at 6 Brewster, In Memoriam: Henry Augustus Purdie. ae hand. In this he was indefatigable, and few, if any, knew better the localities where choice plants grew. As a local botanist he held a high rank. He had a keen power of discrimination in the field, and was so thoroughly acquainted by long experience with the finer characters that distinguish closely related species that he often surprised his friends by naming difficult plants when seen from quite a distance. He was especially strong in his knowledge of the trees and shrubs of eastern Massachusetts. As Mr. Purdie did not travel much his field observations were largely confined to Massachusetts, but wherever he went he soon acquired a most excellent knowledge of the flora of that region. As an example of this love for the flora about him and desire to know the plants, may be mentioned his visits to his brother’s home in Florida. His interest in the flora there is shown by the frequent communications he sent to the Gray Herbarium, accompanied by specimens, regard- ing perplexing species. In the summer of 1902 he called the attention of Mr. George E. Davenport, the late eminent pteridolo- gist, to a strange form of Aspidium spinulosum (O. F. Miiller) Sw., our Shield or Wood Fern, which he had found in Concord, Massachusetts. This form proved of good varietal distinction, and Mr. Davenport wished to associate Purdie’s name with it. Our friend protested with characteristic modesty, and the plant was published as var. Concordianum, but it will always be associated with the discoverer by his friends. It was the same modesty that prevented him from publishing from time to time his botanical discoveries.” Joining the New England Botanical Club, as a Resident Member, on June 4, 1897, Mr. Purdie afterwards attended its meetings (held in Boston monthly from October to June of each year) more or less regularly, but seldom spoke at them. He was also a mem- ber of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society and took much interest}in its popular exhibitions of fruits and flowers in Horti- cultural Hall, Boston, cccasionally contributing to them collec- tions of flowering goldenrods or other native plants, which attracted no little attention and were sometimes mentioned in the newspapers. My personal acquaintance with Henry Purdie began about 1865, when I met him, for the first time, in a basement room of the State House, where the state collection of mounted birds (now at Am- ¥ aie | Brewster, [n Memoriam: Henry Augustus Purdie. ai herst) was kept, and where E. A. Samuels had his cabinets of birds’ eggs. Thither Ruthven Deane and I went rather frequently in early youth, taking eggs to exchange with Mr. Samuels, for whose memory there will always remain a warm place in both our hearts, for he was very kind and helpful to us,—as to all lads having tastes similar to his own and craving the ornithological lore and guidance which he was ever ready to impart. I was there one hot day in early summer when Henry Purdie came into the room, and we were introduced. He was then about twenty-five years old and, -as I clearly remember, slight and graceful of figure, almost if not quite as bald as in later years, and very neatly dressed. We saw one another occasionally in the same place during the next few years, but it was not until 1869 that I began to know him at all well. Not long after that, our acquaintance ripened into a friendship which, without mar or interruption of any kind, con- tinued up to the very end of his life. About the same time he established similarly close and lasting relations with Ruthven Deane, and somewhat less intimate yet very friendly ones with Henry W. Henshaw, Harry B. Bailey and W. E. D. Scott. These affiliations drew him with ever-increasing frequency to Cambridge, particularly between the years 1870 and 1882, a period of great ornithological activity and enthusiasm in and about the University city, especially memorable for the founding of the Nuttall Orni- thological Club in 1873, and for the publication of its ‘ Bulletin’ which began in 1876. Mr. Purdie took deep interest and had large share in the organization and early development of this Club. He was its President from March 20, 1875, to February 12, 1876; its Vice-President from 1873 to March 20, 1875; its Secretary from February 12, 1876, to December 1, 1885; its Corresponding Secretary from December 3, 1877, to December 9, 1878; a member of its Council from January 23, 1893, to December 7, 1896. There were few of its earlier meetings at which he failed to contribute something in the way of original field notes or of trenchant yet kindly criticism of those furnished by other members. Sometimes he would bring specimens of rare birds or eggs to show, or would read passages from ornithological books or pamphlets which few, if any, of us had ever seen or heard of, and which he had unearthed in one or another of the Boston libraries. He had then, as well as 8 Brewster, [n Memoriam: Henry Augustus Purdie. pak later, the keenest possible interest in the literature of ornithology and kept in close touch with it. Thus, throughout a period extend- ing over at least a dozen or fifteen years, he was one of the leading spirits of the Nuttall Club, taking a prominent part in all its affairs and rendering it most loyal and efficient service. But with advanc- ing years he came to its meetings somewhat less often than before although not infrequently. His very last appearance was at one held on the evening of March 6, 1911, less than a week before his final illness began, and but little more than three weeks before he died. The editors of that pioneer journal, the ‘ Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club,’ were often indebted to Mr. Purdie for valu- able assistance or critical advice. During the eight years of its existence, he contributed to its pages no less than twenty-five articles and notes of varying length. Among the earlier of these were two,— a short review signed by his initials merely, and a seven-page article under his full name,— in which he criticised rather sharply, but in the main quite justly, certain statements and rulings made about a year before, in a ‘Catalogue of the Birds of New England,’ by Dr. T. M. Brewer. These papers excited general interest at the time of their appearance. They show better, perhaps, than anything else that Mr. Purdie ever wrote, the scope and accuracy of his ornithological knowledge when he was in his prime, and the ability he possessed for temperate and logical argument. Having been included, as a matter of course, among those who were invited to take part in the organization of the American Ornithologists’ Union and being present at its first Congress held in New York City on September 26, 1883, Henry Purdie became one of its Original Members or Founders, now known as Fellows. He retained this membership up to the time of his death, but his attendance at meetings of the Union was mainly restricted to those held in Boston and Cambridge. Although during the earlier years of its existence, he served on certain of its Committees, his name is not included in any of its lists of officers. His only communication to the pages of its journal, ‘The Auk,’ was a brief note relating to the occurrence of the Prothonotary Warbler in Massachusetts, published in 1886. He was a member of the Boston Society of : : a | Brewster, In Memoriam: Henry Augustus Purdie. 9 Natural History from January 3, 1866, to October, 1875, but its publications do not apparently contain anything from his pen, although they mention an ornithological record made by him at one of its meetings. The articles and notes which appeared under or over Henry Purdie’s name, of which a list will be given at the end of this memoir, by no means represent in full the contributions which he made to the literature of ornithology. For some of his most important service of this kind was rendered indirectly, and in a sense anonymously, through assistance and advice given to other writers. Thus he helped Mr. Samuels very materially in the preparation of the ‘Ornithology and Odlogy of New England,’ ! published in 1867, and his eritical knowledge and ability were drawn upon still more largely by Dr. Coues in connection with the production of ‘New England Bird Life,’ which appeared in 1881. As was eminently characteristic of him, he seemed not only indifferent concerning the credit which he received for such work, but actually averse to having anything said about it. Even his closest friends were often unable to inform themselves definitely through him as to the precise nature and amount of it that he performed. During the earlier years of his life, Mr. Purdie was an active, persistent and very successful collector, especially of nests and eggs of New England birds. The birds themselves were seldom molested by him, for he was averse to taking animal life of any kind, an indifferent shot, and gifted with little or no skill in the art of taxi- dermy. Nevertheless, he accumulated several hundred bird skins, most of which were obtained by gift or purchase. At the time of which I am now writing, his sense of hearing was remark- ably keen and critical, but he was very near-sighted and habitually wore eye-glasses. His high enthusiasm, shrewd powers of observa- tion and deep and reverent love of nature combined to make him a delightful and much-sought companion for out-of-door excursions of every kind. Despite his intimate association with woods and 1 In the Preface to this work Mr. Purdie’s name receives little more than casual mention, but in a footnote to page 320 of the main text Mr. Samuels expresses indebtedness to him for the use of ‘‘full and copious notes and memoranda on the arrival of species, which are of value, having been conducted for several years.” 10 Brewster, In Memoriam: Henry Augustus Purdie. oats fields, he seemed, oddly enough, not to be quite at home in them, partly, no doubt, because he commonly went to them dressed in ordinary city clothes, still more largely, perhaps, because he had an awkward, blundering way of getting over fences, walls and ditches, and through dense brush. Yet while another, better equipped for such undertakings and apparently more skilful in performing them, was ranging about quietly and systematically, it very often happened that Henry Purdie was the first to detect the elusive bird, the cunningly concealed nest, or the rare plant, of which they were both in quest, apparently stumbling on it quite by chance, but in reality guided to it, without doubt, by that intuitive sense which is possessed by all good hunters and which he evidently had in generous measure, making frequent use of it, however uncon- sciously, whenever seeking hidden things. The collection of nests and eggs! which he formed, although not large, contained an excellent representation of those of the commoner birds of eastern Massachusetts besides a considerable number of specimens intrinsi- eally rare or of exceptional local interest, from this and various other parts of North America, but chiefly from New England. Among the latter were several sets of the beautiful eggs of the Olive-sided Flycatcher, which he took in the neighborhood of Boston at various times before 1875. Prior to the year 1870, he had confined his field work mostly to localities lying within easy reach of West Newton, where he lived, but during the next following decade he gave it wider scope, collecting with me at Lake Umbagog (June 13-28, 1873, September 14-19, 1874, and May 10-June 24, 1876); with J. N. Clark at Saybrook, Connecticut (in June, 1875); with Ruthven Deane and Robert R. McLeod at Houlton, Maine (in June, 1878). In June, 1881, he made a tour through New Brunswick, where he met Montague Chamberlain for the first time (they afterwards became intimate friends) and spent eleven days at Campbellton on Bay Chaleur. Still later, after he had become interested in botany, he went to the White Mountains repeatedly in summer, was with me in camp at Lake Umbagog on one or two occasions in autumn, and twice visited his brother Alfred in Florida, remaining there for the greater part of two 1 He gave a few of these to ornithological friends and most of the others to the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Cambridge, several years before he died. y ein | Brewster, [rn Memoriam: Henry Augustus Purdie. tt winters. Towards the close of his life, he found much to attract and interest him in Concord, Massachusetts, where, at a log cabin on a wooded hillside by the river, or at an old farm-house sur- rounded by fields, orchards and woodland, he was my frequent and ever welcome guest. Here the unconventional, out-of-door life suited his simple tastes, and he could indulge as freely as he chose in the botanical rambles which he so loved. If, as seemed evident, he derived pleasure from those visits, he gave much more of it than he received, endearing himself to every one about the place by his unfailing kindness and thoughtfulness of word and deed. It has been said that “every man’s faults are the shadows of his virtues.”” This was certainly true in Henry Purdie’s case, for, if not literally faults, the extreme gentleness, sensitiveness and modesty, which were among his most pronounced attributes, unquestionably operated to his worldly disadvantage, stifling what- ever ambition he may have possessed and preventing him from taking a place among scientific men and affairs which he might otherwise have achieved, and to which he was fairly entitled by reason of his shrewd intelligence, excellent critical ability and wide knowledge and experience as an ornithologist and botanist. He had high standards of personal honor and virtue, but was very lenient with respect to the failings of others. His estimate of his own ability and attainments was so genuinely modest that, when- ever any one spoke of them in terms of appreciation, he always seemed surprised and often incredulous. He was canny and very knowing in a Scotch sort of way and had keen intuitive judgment of human character — besides many other things — which was rarely, if ever, mistaken. His temperament often made decision,— about even small affairs,— almost a martyrdom, and thereby lost him opportunities which should have been promptly grasped; but nearly always his doubt hung on the fear that some one else might be inconvenienced or disappointed. Most of the shortcomings just alluded to were obviously the direct and not unnatural outcome of an exceptionally large and tender heart, of an abnormally sensitive conscience, of a deli- cately refined nature, and, above all, of a deep and abiding concern for the welfare and happiness of others. Even if such virtues must. 12 Brewster, In Memoriam: Henry Augustus Purdie. — cast “shadows”’ more or less detrimental to the material prosperity of those who possess them, our world would be a better place to live in were it more generally overshadowed by them. As a matter of course, they won for Mr. Purdie many apprecia- tive and loving friends. At a surprise party given for him in Cambridge on his seventieth and last birthday, these came from far and near in such numbers as almost to overflow the house. No one of them ever appealed to him in vain for assistance or sym- pathy which it was in his power to give, while the unsolicited kindly attentions which he showed them were unfailing and very numerous. He was, indeed, the most unconsciously unselfish man I have ever known, wholly oblivious to self interest, yet ever mind- ful of the interests of others and seeming to regard whatever he did for them quite as a matter of course and of little or no impor- tance, however great the service rendered. At railway stations he was habitually on hand to greet incoming or outgoing ornitho- logical friends with grateful words of welcome or farewell and help- ful acts of kindness. Whenever the American Ornithologists’ Union met in Cambridge, he devoted himself to looking after the comfort and welfare of its visiting members, especially the humbler ones among them. His thoughtfulness of others, always unosten- tatious, was sometimes shown in rarely tactful and delicate ways. The late Howard Saunders had interesting experience of this when visiting Boston in 1884. At the close of a day spent in going about the city with Mr. Purdie, he parted with him at the State House, declining for reasons which I have forgotten to be escorted by him to Bowdoin Square, whither he walked to take a horse-car out to Cambridge. On nearing his destination and happening to glance back, he saw, at some distance to the rear, stealing along the shadowy side of the street, a dim figure which he recognized as that of Mr. Purdie, who was following him thus surreptitiously to make sure that he did not lose his way among the old ‘ cowpaths’ of Boston, or get on the wrong car. When, years afterwards, Mr. Saunders related this incident to me in London, he wound up the story by saying very feelingly: “Of all the friends I made in America, I value most Henry Purdie.”’ It must not be inferred from anything which I have said or left unsaid, that Henry Purdie was devoid of worthy pride or of true ae | Brewster, [xn Memoriam: Henry Augustus Purdie. 13 manliness. Beneath his quiet, unassuming manner lay concealed a really proud spirit and no little self-reliance and hardihood. These were manifested by his wise fastidiousness in the choice of intimate associates; by his unwillingness to accept favors which could not be repaid; by the decided opinicns which he held and was quite able vigorously to defend; by his intolerance of injustice,— which, when so minded, he could rebuke with prompt and effective speech or action; by the calmness and resourcefulness with which he faced grave dangers and serious troubles — although addicted to worry and tribulation concerning lesser risks and annoyances. If he failed to achieve all the worldly success and advancement which might easily have been his had he been only a little differ- ently constituted, it may be said of him with absolute truth that he lived a pure, honorable and very useful life, serving faithfully and acceptably, first his country; next his state; then the natural science that he loved; finally a host of friends no one of whom can ever forget the charm of his affectionate, guileless nature or cease to be thankful for the privilege of having come in close touch with it. Although perhaps not complete the following list includes all the titles of published ornithological notes and papers written by Henry Purdie of which I have present knowledge. 1. [A letter relating to the Golden-winged Warbler.] In this letter early instances of the occurrence of the species at West Newton, Massa- chusetts, are reported and its habits and song rather fully described; published by E. A. Samuels, Orn. & O6l. of N. E., 1867, pp. 214, 215. 2. [Announcement of the Capture of Tennessee Warblers in Newton, Mass.] Proc. Bos. Soc. N. H., Vol. XIII, 1869, p. 93. 3. Tennessee Warbler. Am. Nat., Vol. III, Aug. 1869, p. 331. 4. Golden-winged Warbler. Am. Nat., Vol. III, Nov. 1869, p. 497. 5. Colluris Ludovicianus. Am. Nat., Vol. VII, Feb. 1873, p. 115. 6. Notes on some of the Rarer-Birds of New England. Am. Nat., Vol. VII, Nov. 1873, pp. 692) 693. 7. Birds of New England. [A review, signed by initials ““H. A. P.,” of Dr. T. M. Brewer’s ‘Catalogue of the Birds of New England’ published in 1875.] Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. I, Sept. 1876, pp. 72, 73. 8. The Nest and Eggs of Traill’s Flycatcher, as observed in Maine. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. I, Sept. 1876, p. 75. 9. Distribution of New England Birds.— A Reply to Dr. T. M. Brewer. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. Il, Jan. 1877, pp. 11-17. 10. Notice of a Few Birds of Rare or Accidental Occurrence in New England. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. II, Jan. 1877, pp. 20-22. 14 Brewster, [n Memoriam: Henry Augustus Purdie. ee 11. The Lark-Finch (Chondestes grammaca) again in Massachusetts. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. III, Jan. 1878, p. 44. 12. The Black-throated Bunting (Huspiza americana) nesting in Massa- chusetts. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. III, Jan. 1878, p. 45. 13. [Letter to Linnean Society relating to nests and eggs of Traill’s and Acadian Flycatchers.] For. & Str., Vol. X, No. 12, Apr. 25, 1878, p. 216. 14. Trail[l]’s Flycatcher. For. & Str., Vol. X, No. 14, May 9, 1878, p. 255. 15. Sennett’s Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande, Texas. [Review signed “H. A. P.”] Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. III, July, 1878, pp. 144, 145. 16. Capture of the Yellow-throated Warbler in Massachusetts, and Notes on other Rare Massachusetts Birds. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. III, July, 1878, p. 146. 17. The Nest and Eggs of the Yellow-Bellied Flycatcher (HXmpidonax flaviventris). Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. III, Oct. 1878, pp. 166-168. 18. The Golden-cheeked Warbler and Black-chinned Hummingbird in Texas. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. IV, Jan. 1879, p. 60. 19. The Great Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) in Connecti- cut. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. IV, Jan. 1879, p. 61. 20. Nesting of the Great Northern and Loggerhead Shrikes in Maine. For. & Str., Vol. XII, No. 9, Apr. 8, 1879, p. 166. 21. The Loggerhead Shrike in Maine. For. & Sir., Vol. XII, No. 14, May 8, 1879, p. 265. 22. Record of Additional Specimens of the White-throated Warbler (Helminthophaga leucobronchialis). Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. IV, July, 1879, pp. 184, 185. 23. Another Kirtland’s Warbler (Dendroica kirtlandi). Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. IV, July, 1879, pp. 185, 186. 24. The Loggerhead Shrike breeding in Maine. Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. IV, July, 1879, pp. 186, 187. 25. MacFarlane’s Gerfalcon (Falco gyrfalco sacer) in Maine. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club. Vol. IV, July, 1879, pp. 188, 189. 26. Corvus ossifragus on Long and Staten Islands, N. Y. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. V, Oct. 1880, p. 240. 27. The Purple Gallinule in New England. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. V, Oct. 1880, p. 242. 28. The Avocet (Recurvirostra americana) in Massachusetts. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. VI, April, 1881, p. 128. 29. Melanerpes erythrocephalus about Boston, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. VII, Jan. 1882, p. 57. 30. Ammodramus caudacutus.— A somewhat inland Record on the Atlantic Coast. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. VII, April 1882, p. 122. 31. Pelidna subarquata on the Maine Coast. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. VII, April, 1882, p. 124. mae ait hy is Ee Mo iibrra hy aaa, PLN, I. ADSiay AMUN, WCE, OID, HITMAN. Ww ral 5 Orr CHARLES Sa | Strona, Professor C. O. Whitman. 15 32. Rhynchops nigra.— An early Record for the Massachusetts Coast. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. VII, April, 1882, p. 125. 33. Garzetta candidissima at Nantucket, Massachusetts. Bull. Nutt. ‘Orn. Club, Vol. VII, Oct. 1882, p. 251. 34. Rare Warblers in Massachusetts. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. VII, ‘Oct. 1882, p. 252. 35. A Flock of White Herons (Herodias egretia) in Eastern Massachu- setts. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. VIII, Oct. 1883, pp. 242, 243. 36. An Earlier Occurrence of the Prothonotary Warbler in Massachu- setts. Auk, Vol. III, Oct. 1886, p. 488. SOME REMINISCENCES OF THE LATE PROFESSOR C. O. WHITMAN. BY R. M. STRONG. Plate IT. A PROMINENT characteristic of Professor Whitman was _ his ‘success in the study of live animals. On many occasions the writer was impressed by Professor Whitman’s ability to capture and handle timid doves without the frantic struggles that would occur with less skilful treatment. He was equally fortunate with other animals. Young birds, taken from the nest, were reared with great success, and they became very tame. The accompanying picture illus- trates a characteristic scene in the yard back of his house. It shows Professor Whitman standing in a pigeon cage, and was taken by the writer, October 10, 1908. The Flicker perched on the pan and feeding from Professor Whitman’s hand was one of several which were being reared because of their interesting color pattern. Professor Whitman enjoyed natural history work in the field, though in his later years he seldom felt free to leave his pigeons even for a half day in the country. One: of these exceptional breaks occurred, however, on June 15, 1910, only a few months before his death. In company with a colleague and the writer, a marsh outside of Chicago where marsh birds were nesting in 16 TowNsEND, Summer Birds of the St. John Valley, N. B. aus unusual abundance was visited. The weather was beautiful, and Professor Whitman was in fine spirits. A small duck boat conveyed the party to nests of Coots, Rails, Gallinules, Black Terns, ete., with eggs and young birds just hatched. These aroused keen enthusiasm. A unique experience was an encounter with some young Pied- billed Grebes and their parents. The writer had found the nest five days before, with two downy young just hatched which were ‘lying on the material covering the other eggs not yet hatched, as. is the custom of grebes. On this later visit, we saw the parent grebes swimming with several of their offspring in open water not many rods from the now deserted nest. Professor Whitman urged a very quiet and deliberate approach. Our little boat in which we were obliged to sit with some care to avoid tipping, was grad- ually paddled up to within a very few rods of the grebes. As we drew near, the little grebes gathered about one of the parents and took places inside its wings. In another moment, the bird dived taking the young with her. We were able later to capture one of the little grebes for a few minutes’ inspection. NOTES ON THE SUMMER BIRDS OF THE ST. JOHN VALLEY, NEW BRUNSWICK:! BY CHARLES W. TOWNSEND, M. D. THE following observations were made between July 11 and August 4, 1911, in the lower part of the valley of the St. John River, New Brunswick, between St. John and Fredericton. Two. days were spent at St. John, a day on the Kennebecasis River, eight days at Glenwood, three days at Upper Greenwich, a day at Fredericton, and nine days at Gerow’s Landing, Wickham. As one ascends the St. John River, one is struck with the sudden change in the physical character of the valley from the hilly, 1 Read before the Nuttall Ornithological Club, October 2, 1911. ie rama TownsEND, Summer Birds of the St. John Valley, N. B. Ak7 almost mountainous and forest clad shores of the southern por- tions, beginning close to the city of St. John and extending upwards for about thirty miles, to the more pastoral scenery where the river is bordered by a flood plain, and where the islands, instead of being rocky and forested as in the south, are low-lying mud banks on which hay in great quantities is produced. Back of this flood region the gently sloping hills are largely given up to farming, while the forest recedes to the background. The forest is chiefly spruce — white, black and red —and balsam fir, with arbor vite and larches in places, and an occasional white pine and hemlock. Canoe, white and yellow birches, beeches, rock maples, mountain ashes and poplars also form parts of the forest. All of these trees in the lower, wilder regions of the valley some- times attain considerable dimensions, especially in that portion back of Glenwood and Upper Greenwich. Beginning at Glenwood, red oaks become common in the river valley, while the graceful wineglass-shaped American elm is the most conspicuous tree on the low shores and islands, and an occasional butternut and linden are to be seen. Recent subsidences has depressed this whole region to such an extent that the former river cutting has become an estuary of the sea, the force of whose tides are felt even to Fredericton, a distance of eighty-four miles. While the region of the city of St. John and the hills back of it are cooled by the proximity of the Bay of Fundy with its rushing tides and frequent fogs, the broad alluvial central valley has a more genial summer climate, as shown by a comparison of the mean summer temperature in Fredericton and St. John. The average of the mean temperature for the month of May in the years 1901, 1902, 1904 and 1905 was 2.4° Far. higher at Fredericton than at St. John. In June of these years it was 2.5° higher, while in July it was 5° higher in Fredericton than in St. John. As a result of this proximity of two such unlike summer climates there is an admixture here of Boreal and Transition species. As long ago as 1869 (Am. Naturalist, Vol. III, 1869, p. 331), the late Mr. Henry A. Purdie suggested that some birds not common on the central and southern Maine coast may have reached the north- ern coast of Maine by the “Saint Lawrence and Maine Central 18 TownsENb, Summer Birds of the St. John Valley; N. B. ones water route.” Mr. O. W. Knight in his ‘ Birds of Maine’ in speak- ing of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, which he states “is rare along the coast and in certain of the central portions of the State, while north it is again locally common,” says: “It seems quite probable indeed that these northern representatives of the species enter the State from the west and pass across it by some regular migration route.”” Montague Chamberlain, in the Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick, No. II, 1883, p. 40, says “that many of the species of birds rarely met with in the vicinity of the coast of the Bay of Fundy during the breeding season are much more abundant at that time beyond the line across which the humidity and low temperature so characteristic of this coast at that season do not penetrate, said line being drawn some 15 or 20 miles from the shore of the Bay.” That some of these birds of the St. John valley that are less common farther south on the coast, migrate north in the interior until they reach the valley of the St. John, and follow it until they are arrested by the colder regions bordering the Bay of Fundy, seems therefore a not unlikely theory. The fact that on July 31 I saw forty-five Night Hawks flying as if in migration in a northerly direction over the river valley at Wickham is certainly suggestive. The further extension of migration routes from this warm St. John Valley to the north is clearly shown in an interesting paper by Professor W. F. Ganong (Bull. Nat. History Soc. of New Bruns- wick, Vol. V, part iv, 1906, pp. 423-433). One of these natural migration routes extends northwest along Washademoak Lake, a great drowned side valley of the St. John River above Wickham, the Canaan and the Buctouche Rivers, Northumberland Straits, Prince Edwards Island, and Cascumpee Harbor. North of this and parallel with it is a route by way of Grand Lake, Salmon and Richibucto Rivers, while farther north the Nashwaak and Miramichi Rivers together, and the Nepisiquit and the Restigouche Rivers form three other obvious routes. Besides these, Professor Ganong has sketched numerous probable and possible valleys all extending northeast and southwest. On the southern coast of the Labrador Peninsula, in the Mingan region, the avifauna as far east as Natashquan is largely Canadian with a sprinkling of birds of the Hudsonian zone and even of some poe ae | TowNnsEND, Summer Birds of the St. John Valley, N. B. 19 that are characteristic of the Alleghanian Zone,! while the shore to the eastward, which feels more strongly the arctic current — for icebergs float as far west as Natashquan — is the summer home of Hudsonian and Arctic birds. It is possible that the Canadian fauna reaches the Mingan region of Labrador by way of the valley of the St. Lawrence, or by the migration routes from the St. John valley just sketched, thence north across the narrow part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence over the island of Anticosti, or by both routes. Much further study is needed to elucidate these problems. The following is a briefly annotated list of the birds observed, all of which are, I believe, summer residents. 1. Larus argentatus. Hrrrina Guiu.— A few in the harbor of St. John. 2. Sterna hirundo. Common Trrn.— A few in the Kennebecasis River, and on the St. John River all the way from St. John to Frederic- ton. At Wickham and Upper Greenwich birds were frequently seen flying down the river with small fish hanging from their bills, while the return trips were made without the fish. 3. Phalacrocorax auritus auritus. DousiE-crestep Cormo- RANT.— A single bird, apparently of this species, seen on the river about eight miles above St. John. 4. Anas rubripes tristis. Biuack Duck.— A few above Upper Green- wich. 5. Clangula clangula americana. WuistLeR.— One seen on July 12 on the Kennebecasis. 6. Botaurus lentiginosus. Brirrern.— One at Queenstown, July 26. 7. Ardea herodias herodias. Great Biur Heron.— Not uncom- mon on the Kennebecasis and on the St. John above Upper Greenwich. 8. Philohela minor. Woopcock.— Two seen at Glenwood, July 17. 9. Actitis macularia. Srorrep SanppirER.— Common along the rivers and brooks. 10. Bonasa umbellus togata. CaNnapiaAn Rurrep Grouse.— Several at Glenwood and at Upper Greenwich. 11. Zenaidura macroura carolinensis. Mourninac Dove.— A pair nesting in a spruce at Glenwood, July 20. 12. Circus hudsonius. Marsa HawKk.— One at Wickham, August 4. 13. Accipiter velox. SHARpP-SHINNED HawK.— One seen at Glenwood and one at Wickham. 14. Buteoborealis borealis. Rep-ratLeEp HAawK.— One at Wickham. 15. Buteo platypterus. Broap-wincep Hawx.— Two were seen 1'Townsend and Bent, Auk, XX VIT, 1910, pp. 1-18. 20 TOWNSEND, Summer Birds of the St. John Valley, N. B. oan at Glenwood circling together over the forest, uttering their clear, double, ter-whée. 16. Halizetus leucocephalus leucocephalus. Batp Hacur.—— Several seen from Upper Greenwich to Fredericton. At the former place two or three in immature, and one in adult plumage were seen daily, and a farmer told me that a pair nested on a cliff, and that they had carried off eight of his chickens. He said that one of the young birds had seized a hen, but was unable to carry her off. The hen made such an outery that the farmer came to her rescue and the eagle departed. At Wickham I watched an adult and young bird circling near together, and once the young turned on its side and thrust out its legs as if about to grapple with the adult. 17. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus. Buack-BILLED Cuckoo.— Heard singing several times at Glenwood. 18. Ceryle alcyon. Beurep Kinerisher.— Not uncommon. At Wickham I heard one practising its rattle in so low a tone that it suggested the distant trill of a wren. 19. Dryobates villosus villosus. Harry Wooprrckrer.— Common. 20. Dryobates pubescens medianus. Downy WoopprckEer.— Common. 21. Sphyrapicus varius varius. YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER.— One seen at Hampton, July 12. [Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Red-headed Woodpecker. A mounted specimen was seen in the taxidermist shop of Emack Bros. in Fredericton, and I was told that the bird was shot by the guide Tom O’ Leary at Beaver- dam, York County, on June 1, 1911, and brought to the taxidermist in the flesh.] 22. Colaptes auratus luteus. Norruern FLicker.— Common. 23. Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, NicHrHawk.— Common and evidently nesting on roofs in St. John and Fredericton. On July 31, at 5.30 p.m. at Wickham, I counted 45 Nighthawks flying north high over the river. 24, Chetura pelagica. Csamney Swirr— Abundant. At Freder- icton, on July 25, I watched a large flock of Swifts enter for the night a chimney on the southwest corner of the Parliament Building. Sun set at about 8 p.m. At 8.24 p.m. one bird set its wings and dropped into the chimney and soon they began dropping in fast, while the flock cireled first one way then another or crowded together in a confused mass, twittering loudly all the time. Owing to the proximity of the dome regular circling was somewhat interfered with, but as a rule the birds circled in the direc- tion of the hands of a clock, and individuals would drop out and into the chimney in dozens when the circle passed over it. Occasionally they would all swoop off to the other side of the building, soon to return. At 8.45 p. M. practically all the birds had entered the chimney and I had counted roughly,— at first singly and later by tens,— 2200 birds. A minute later, when it was nearly dark, six stragglers appeared, five of ao | TownsEND, Summer Birds of the St. John Valley, N. B. 2 which entered the chimney while the sixth retired by itself to another chimney. 25. Archilochus colubris. Rusy-rHroaTeD HumMincGBirD.— Two seen. 26. Tyrannus tyrannus. Kinepirp.— One seen at Glenwood. Common at Wickham. 27. Nuttallornis borealis. O.uive-sippep FLycatcHer.— One seen at Wickham, August 4. 28. Myiochanes virens. Woop Prwrr.— One at Fredericton and one at Upper Maugerville. 29. Empidonax flaviventris. YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.— Common at Glenwood. 30. Empidonax trailli alnorum. AuppR FrycatcHer.— A few at Glenwood and Wickham, in full song. 31. Cyanocitta cristata cristata. Buur Jay.—— A few seen. 32. Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos. Crow.— Common. 33. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Boso.tinx.— Abundant in river mead- ows at Wickham, not singing; a flock of thirty or forty. 34, Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus. ReEp-wincep BLACKBIRD.— Common in the meadows of the Kennebecasis River and on the St. John above Upper Greenwich. 35. Quiscalus quiscula eneus. BronzeED GRACKLE.— Common. 36. Carpodacus purpureus purpureus. PurpLte Fincn.— Abun- dant, 37. Loxia curvirostra minor. Rep Crosspiti.— A small flock seen at Glenwood on July 15. 38. Loxia leucoptera. WHITE-wINGED Crosspitu.— Hight or ten seen at Glenwood on July 20. 39. Astragalinus tristis tristis. GoLtprincuy.— Abundant. 40. Passer domesticus. ENciisH Sparrow.— Abundant in cities and larger settlements. Although they were common in the village of Wickham, there were none three miles away at Gerow’s landing. This fact probably accounted for the successful broods of turkeys raised at the latter place, as they were not infected by the Sparrows with the blackhead disease. 41. Spinus pinus pinus. Prive Srsxin.— A flock of six seen at Glenwood on July 16 and 17. 42. Pocecetes gramineus gramineus. VrespeR SpaARRow.— Com- mon at Wickham. Not Seen elsewhere. 43. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna. SAavaANNAH SpARROW.— Abundant. 44.- Passerherbulus nelsoni subvirgatus. AcADIAN SHARP-TAILED ' Sparrow.— Very abundant in the meadows of the St. John at upper Greenwich, Wickham and Hampstead. The A. O. U. Check-list states of this bird that it is found in the “Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast,” although Dwight (Auk, XXII, 1896, p. 276) speaks of it as ‘peculiar to 22 Townsenp, Summer Birds of the St. John Valley, N. B. Caen the fresh and salt water marshes of the maritime Provinces of Canada.” These marshes where I found it were made up entirely of fresh water vegetation including arrow heads and white pond lilies, although the im- pulse of the tides is felt there. The curious song of this bird, which re- sembles closely the hiss of hot iron in water followed usually by two short low notes, was heard on every hand in these meadows during my visit there from July 21 to August 4. Occasionally a bird would indulge in a flight song, uttering short notes as he flew up, followed by rapid repetitions of his simple song during the descent to the grass where he continued to sing. One repeated his song in the grass ten times ina minute. A female that was taken contained eggs, evidently of the second brood, for full grown young were common. ‘These were in the juvenal dress which resembles in general coloration that of the juvenal Bobolink, although of course the finches are much smaller. A juvenal specimen obtained was easily distinguished from the juvenal caudacutus. In the latter the markings on the sides of the chest are distinct, in the former indistinct and few. 45. Zonotrichia albicollis. Wuire-rHroatep Sparrow.— Abun- dant and in full song. At Glenwood on July 15 when the sun set at 7.49 these birds sang until 9 p. m. when it was too dark to see to read. 46. Spizella passerina passerina. Curpprnc SpaAaRRow.— Abundant. 47. Junco hyemalis hyemalis. Stare-cotorep Junco.— Abun- dant. 48. Melospiza melodia melodia. Sona Sparrow.— Abundant. 49. Melospiza georgiana. Swamp Sparrow.— Common at Hamp- ton and Wickham, 50. Progne subis subis. Purrpte Martin.— Fifteen or twenty pairs were nesting in the iron framework of the bridge at Hampton over the Kennebecasis River. English Sparrows were. constantly fighting with them. At Brown’s flat I noticed several Martin houses inhabited only by English Sparrows, and was told that the Martins had been en- tirely driven out by these pests. At Evandale were several small houses inhabited by Martins; no English Sparrows were to be seen. At Frederic- ton and at Wickham Martins were frequently seen. 51. Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons. Curr Swattow.— Abun- dant. At Glenwood I counted sixty-five nests on one barn and shed. 52. Hirundo erythrogastra. Barn SwaLttow.— Common. 53. Iridoprocne bicolor. Trem SwaLttow.— Common. 54. Riparia riparia. Bank SwatLtow.— A few seen. 55. Bombycilla cedrorum. Crpar Waxwine.— Common. 56. Vireosylva olivacea. Rep-kyep Virro.— Abundant. 57. Lanivireo solitarius solitarius. Buur-Heapep Virro.— Com- mon. 58. Mniotilta varia. Buack anp Wurre WarBLER.— Common. 59. Vermivora rubricapilla rubricapilla. Nasavite Warster.— Abundant, in full song. ee i TownsEnpD, Summer Birds of the St. John Valley, N. B. 20 60. Compsothlypis americana usneze. NortHern Paruta War- BLER.— Abundant, in full song. 61. Dendroica estiva estiva. Yertow Warsier.— Not uncom- mon. 62. Dendroica cerulescens czerulescens. BLAcK-THROATED BLUE WarBLER.— One at Glenwood, July 14. 63. Dendroica coronata. Myrrite Warsier.— Common and in song. 64. Dendroica magnolia. Macnotra Warsier.— Abundant, in full song. 65. Dendroicacastanea. BaAy-BREASTED WARBLER.— Common. At Glenwood, Upper Greenwich and at Wickham I saw one or two nearly every day and twice heard the male sing. At the two last named places I saw them feeding fully grown young. 66. Dendroica virens. Buack-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.— Com- mon and in song. 67. Seiurus aurocapillus. Oven-srrp.—- Two or three heard sing- ing at Glenwood, and one seen giving his flight song. One seen with young at Wickham on August 2. 68. Geothlypis trichas trichas. MarytAnp YeLLOW-THROAT.— Common, in song. 69. Wilsonia canadensis. CanapA WarsBier.— One seen at Glen- wood on July 14. 70. Setophaga ruticilla. Repsrarr.— Rather common. 71. Nannus hiemalis hiemalis. Winrer Wren.— Common and in song. 72. Certhia familiaris americana. Brown Cremprr.— A few seen at Glenwood. 73. Sitta canadensis. Rep-sreastep Nutuatcu.— One at Wick- ham, August 3 and 4. 74. Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus. Cuickapen.— Abundant. 75. Penthestes hudsonicus hudsonicus. HupsoniaAN CHICKADEE. — Nearly as common as P. atricapillus. On one occasion only, at Glen- wood on July 15, I heard the clear warbling notes of this species. 76. Regulus satrapa. GoLprEN-cRowNED Kinauter.— Abundant. 77. Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens. Vrenry.— Two were fre- quently heard singing at Glenwood in a thicket by the river, and one by Jones’s Creek. 78. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni. OvIvE-BACKED ‘'THRUSH.-- Abundant and in full song, especially at Glenwood from July 13 to July 21. 79. Hylocichla guttata pallasi. Hermir Txurusa.— Abundant and in full song. 80. Planesticus migratorius migratorius. Ropin.— Abundant. 81. Sialia sialis sialis. LUEBrrp.— The only Bluebirds I saw were a pair in the fields at Jones’s Creek, Glenwood, about two miles from its mouth at the St. John River. This was on July 15. Rear 24 GRINNELL, A Name for the Hawaiian Linnet. Tan A NAME FOR THE HAWAIIAN LINNET. BY J. GRINNELL. In THE University of California Publications in Zodlogy, Volume 7, February, 1911, pages 179-195, the fact was recorded that the Linnet of the Hawaiian Islands at the present time differs conspicuously from ‘the Linnet of California in that the males are yellow or orange, instead of red. It was further shown that in all probability the Hawaiian stock was introduced from California less than forty years ago. While, as shown in the paper cited, I recognize the fact that occasional examples from different parts of the range of Carpodacus frontalis show the same characters as the Hawaiian birds (as do also cage-birds), this does not at all mean that these aberrant examples are of the same immediately genetic stock; in fact, because of remoteness of locality, they are obviously not closely related. In the former case the feature is sporadic, in the latter constant and peculiar to a distinct geographic area. No matter how recently this feature of the Linnet of the Hawaiian Islands may have been acquired, or by what one of various complex pro- cesses, the apparent fact remains: the peculiarity of the present day Hawaiian Linnet is specific. To meet the requirement of systematic zodlogy, a name should therefore be provided for it, which I herewith do: Carpodacus mutans, new species. Hawattan LINNET, Type, male adult; no. 12611, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zodl.; Haiku, Maui, Hawaiian Territory; February 22, 1910; collected by Annie M. Alexander; orig. no. 465, A. M. A. Diaenosis. — Closely similar to Carpodacus frontalis as occurring in the San Francisco Bay region of California; but crimson areas in males of frontalis, yellow or orange in males of mutans. DEscRIPTION OF Typr.— Rump, continuous frontal, supra-ocular and supra-auricular area, throat, malar region and chest, deep chrome; top of head, nape and breast washed with same; on forehead the color intensi- yor a el IseLy, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. 20 fied towards orange; elsewhere dorsally, hair brown, with centers of exposed ends of feathers darkest; wings and tail dark hair brown with pale edgings; lower breast, sides, flanks and crissum, with narrow shaft- streaks of hair brown on a dull whitish ground; streaks on flanks and crissum broadest, narrowest on belly; maxilla, feet and legs dark hair brown; mandible pale hair brown. Wing, 79 mm.; tail, 58.7; tarsus, 17; hind toe with claw, 12; culmen, 10.3; bill-from-nostril, 8.2; gonys, 7.5; width of maxillary portion of bill at base, 7.1; depth of bill (normally closed) through nostril from proximal end of culmen to symphesial portion of mandibular ramus, 8.3. Ranav. — Specimens are at hand from the islands of Oahu, Molokai, and Maui, H. T. The linnet has been reported also from Hawaii and Kaui. A LIST OF THE BIRDS OF SEDGWICK COUNTY, KANSAS. BY DWIGHT ISELY. INTRODUCTION. Tue following paper was originally written as a summary of my observations on the habits of birds in the vicinity of Fairmount College, Wichita, Kansas, during the school year 1909-10. The work was done in connection with a course in animal ecology taken under the instruction of Austin P. Larrabee, Professor of Biology at Fairmount College. In my observations I intended in the first place to become familiar with as many species and their habits as possible. In particular I aimed to study their migration habits and to determine the favorite environment of each bird. Since the paper was first written I have endeavored to make as nearly as possible a complete list of the birds of Sedgwick County. With this in view I made a compilation not only of all I had noted regarding birds in my five years’ residence in Wichita but also [ secured records of Professor Austin P. Larrabee, Dr. R. Mathews, and Messrs. Richard H. Sullivan and Charles H. Smyth. 26 Isety, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. aon Professor Larrabee, head of the department of biology at Fair- mount College, has lived in Wichita since September, 1909, and has kept complete notes on bird migrations since that time. Dr. Mathews has observed birds in Sedgwick County for 25 years. The late Dr. F. H. Snow of the University of Kansas has credited him with three species in his ‘Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas.’ Mr. Sullivan, the local weather forecaster, is president of the Kansas Audubon Society. He has kept very complete notes on bird migrations since 1905. Mr. Smyth is president of the Wichita Sportsmen’s Club and has in his keeping the club records in which all the ducks shot on its reserve since 1889 are noted. To these gentlemen I am greatly indebted for the assistance they have given me. The center of the field of my observations has been Fairmount Hill and Fairmount College campus. Fairmount Hill is a suburb of Wichita, northeast of the main part of the city, and connected with it only by a few scattering houses. Trees, mostly elms and maples, are planted along the streets and on the lawns, and there are a few small orchards. There is little shrubbery on the Hill and it is not as thickly settled as the city proper. On the college campus is a grove of maples, elms and ash trees and the so-called cedar (Juniperus virginianus) and a clump of cottonwoods. For the most part the trees are still small. South of Fairmount Hill is a cemetery covering about 100 acres, planted with a mixed grove of maple, elm, coffee bean, red-bud, cedar and spruce trees. The evergreen and deciduous trees are evenly divided. In the east part of the cemetery is a pond cover- ing several acres. About half of it is very shallow. Its banks are fringed with willows, sedges and swamp grasses. East and north of Fairmount Hill is for the most part prairie land. A few osage oranges check these meadows. About three fourths of a mile east of Fairmount Hill is a shallow pond, known as the Reed Pond, whose borders are overgrown with cat-tails, bulrushes, willows and swamp grasses. Leading from this pond in a southerly direction is a slough which in the rainy season forms a chain of little ponds. About a mile northeast of Fairmount College is McGuinnis’s Pond, which covers several acres. Lead- ing from this pond in a northerly direction is a slough which also Bene | Isety, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. ot forms a series of little ponds in the rainy seasons. Immediately west of the Hill is unbroken prairie land, alfalfa fields, and a few houses. About a mile and a half north of the college is Chisolm Creek, a small sluggish stream, flowing in a westerly direction. Along the creek in this region shrubbery and a few willow and elm trees are found. At a point about two miles northwest of the Hill, Chisolm Creek turns south and flows through McKinley Park, a mile and a half west of Fairmount, which is quite well wooded. Adjoining McKinley Park is a timber lot in which there is much underbrush, and on its border is a patch of raspberries and blackberries. The Little Arkansas River, about three miles west of Fairmount Hill, flows south through Riverside Park, which covers about 100 acres. Native timber of elms, hackberries, a few oaks and black walnuts covers the entire area but in no place is it very thick. There is some underbrush along the river on land adjoin- ing the park. About five miles south of the city is a timber lot of about 40 acres on the Arkansas River. This is covered with tall timber of cottonwoods, sycamores, oaks, elms, black walnuts, willows and considerable underbrush, and is the only real wooded area in the territory that was under my observation. The majority of my field trips were to the cemetery and the adjoining prairie land. About once a month I visited the Little Arkansas River. I made two trips to the woods on the Arkansas River south of the city spending nearly a half day in each case. These trips were made April 3 and April 18. On Oct. 24 and Oct. 25, 1909, I visited Mt. Hope, a town 25 miles northwest of Wichita. On both days I made trips along the Arkansas River near there, which is fringed with plum thickets and occasionally cottonwood trees. On the last day I visited a gun club reserve, several ponds and a prairie dog town. Dr. Mathews and Mr. Sullivan made most of their field trips in Riverside Park and along the Little Arkansas River north of Wichita. Dr. Mathews and Mr. Smyth both hunted waterfowl on the reserve of the Wichita Sportsmen’s Club four miles north- east of Mt. Hope, in the extreme northwestern portion of the county. Professor Larrabee’s field of observation was nearly the same as my own. 28 Isety, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. ie List oF SPECIES. Residents. 1. Colinus virginianus. Bos-wuire.— Noted 14 times between September, 1909, and June, 1910. Most often it was seen in or near a willow copse by the cemetery. The call of the male may be frequently heard in the fields in the spring and early summer. 2.. Tympanuchus americanus. Prairin Hen.— Noted by Dr. Mathews as formerly very abundant. It has not been seen for years. 3. Meleagris gallopavo silvestris. Witp TurKry.— Noted by Dr. Mathews as formerly frequent. 4. Zenaidura macroura carolinensis. Mourninac Dove.— Abun- dant. Between April and October I have noted this species nearly every day. It is very rare in winter. Doves return in large numbers about March 15 and most of them disappear by November. In the latter part of September, 1909, I noted Mourning Doves collected in flocks of hun- dreds along Chisolm Creek north of Fairmount where there are but few trees along its banks. 5. Speotyto cunicularia hypogea. Burrowina Own.— One bird noted near a prairie dog town near Mt. Hope, Oct. 24, 1909. 6. Megascops asio. Screech Own.— This species may be heard on Fairmount Hill about once in two weeks. On several occasions when I have passed through McKinley Park after nightfall I have always heard its call. On the night of May 27, 1910, I turned aside from the road and entered the park, being attracted by the calls of Screech Owls. I noted eight birds in a group, most of them young. 7. Dryobates villosus. Hairy Woopreckrr.— Noted only a few times a year, in McKinley and Riverside parks. Rare. 8. Dryobates pubescens. SouTHERN Downy WoopPpEecKER.— Common resident in parks and along the streets of the city in the maple trees. It is occasionally noted on Fairmount Hill. Between September, 1909, and June, 1910, I noted the species every week but two. 9. Colaptes auratus luteus. Norruern Fiicker.—— Common in summer in groves and hedges. Rare in winter. Most of this species. leave about Oct. 1 and return about March 15. Between these dates in 1909-10, I noted the species five times. The Flicker feeds on the ground much more than any of the other woodpeckers. 10. Corvus corax. American Raven.— Noted by Dr. Mathews as resident in the early days. 11. Corvus brachyrhynchos. Crow.— Uncommon on Fairmount. Abundant in fall and winter along the Arkansas River. I have noted crows in the business part of the city picking at garbage in cans back of restaurants. 12. Agelaius phoeniceus. Rep-wincep Buackprrp.— Abundant except during the winter. A few young and females stay throughout. Soe | IseLy, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. 29 the winter. I noted a flock of males on Feb. 21, 1910, singing. The sexes did not associate with each other till the last of April. The latest date upon which I have noted males was Oct. 25, 1910. On May 20, 1910, I found 3 nests in willows by Reed Pond. The average height was 4 feet above the water. I have found the species most numerous around ponds, especially Reed Pond east of Fairmount. 13. Sturnella magna. MrapowxarKk.— Abundant in fields and prairies except during December and January when it becomes uncommon. Only once have I found this bird away from the open. That was during a severe snowstorm Nov. 29, 1909, when I found several Meadowlarks taking refuge in cedar trees. In 1910 the spring song began in full force about March 1 although heard as early as January 21. 14. Sturnella neglecta. Wrstern MrapowiarK.— The only time that I saw this bird to identify it was April 28, 1910. Professor Larrabee identified two birds shot Jan. 4, 1911. I have heard its song at different times throughout the spring and summer. 15. Quiscalus quiscula eneus. BronzeEp GRACKLE.— A_ very abundant summer resident in woods and fields. I have noted a few in every month of the year. It becomes abundant by the middle of March and continues so until the last of October. In the latter part of August and throughout September immense flocks collect and roost in the trees in Wichita. Mr. Sullivan has estimated their numbers to be more than 100,000. Many nest within the city. 16. Astragalinus tristis. GotprincH.— Common on _ Fairmount Hill and in the cemetery. Except during the first week of April I have noted Goldfinches at least once a week between September, 1909 and June, 1910. The earliest date, a male in summer plumage, was April 8; the latest, Oct. 8. I always saw them in small flocks. 17. Passer domesticus. Housr Sparrow.— Very abundant in the city and around farm houses. Nests everywhere in the city in trees and under the eaves of houses. 18. Cardinalis cardinalis. Carpinat.— Common resident. I have noted this species at least once every week between September, 1909, and June, 1910. The largest number observed on any one day was 38, on Feb. 10. They were in a double osage orange hedge, about 300 yards long, near Chisolm Creek. The Cardinal’s mating song is first heard about Jan. 1. In March and April it is one of the most con- spicuous songsters. In Brown County, Kansas, several years ago, I found the Cardinal nesting abundantly. All the nests were in gooseberry bushes, a few feet from the ground, and were lined with red rootlets. 19. Mimus polyglottos. Mocxkinesprrp.— Abundant in spring and summer on Fairmount Hill and in the cemetery. Rare in winter. I noted this species three times during the winter of 1909-10. Beginning with March, 1910, the species became numerous. In 1909 it was quite common until Oct. 20. In winter I have noted this bird only near cedar trees in the cemetery. I have seen it feeding upon cedar berries. 30 Ispty, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. pass Every May for three years I have noted a nest in a mock orange bush in a neighbor’s yard. In May, 1910, I noted a nest in a mulberry tree, on Fairmount Hill, about 10 feet above the ground. 20. Thryothorus ludovicianus. Carotina Wren.— Noted one bird Feb. 13, 1910, loudly singing in a brush pile by Chisolm Creek in McKinley Park. On March 19 and on April 7, I noted a pair in the same place. On April 16 I noted a pair in a plum thicket along the Little Arkansas River near Riverside Park. Several were seen in Riverside Park in March, 1908. 21. Penthestes atricapillus. CuHickapEE— Numerous in woods along rivers. Around Fairmount I occasionally saw Chickadees but never in flocks. One nest was noted in a cottonwood stub near the Arkan- sas River, south of the city, April18. I first noted the spring song in 1910, about Feb. 1. 22. Planesticus migratorius. Rospin.— Abundant except during the latter part of December and the whole of January. Between Sept. 8, 1909, and June 1, 1910, there was not a week in which I did not observe this species. With exception of the two winter months mentioned I saw Robins nearly every day. Cedar trees in the cemetery were their particular refuge in winter. They are gregarious until March 1. About this time they begin the spring song which continues until about May 1. 23. Sialia sialia. BLUursirp— Common in the cemetery and in Riverside Park. I havenever noted it in winter but it has been seen there both by Mr. Sullivan and Professor Larrabee. The latest date I have noted it is Nov. 16; earliest date, March 1. They apparently begin singing in the spring immediately after their arrival. Summer Residents.- 24. Botaurus lentiginosus. Birrern.—I noted a pair of these birds during April and May, 1910, at Reed Pond, east of Fairmount. The earliest date was April 12. During the summer of 1909 a pair were occasionally seen at the same place. On Oct. 18, I saw one wading in Chisolm Creek north of Fairmount. 25. Ixobrychus exilis. Least Brrrern.— Professor Larrabee identi- fied two of this species, April 30 and May 18. Both were found with their necks broken, on the ground beneath telephone wires. Apparently they had flown into the wires at night. I noted a Least Bittern at the Reed Pond, June 4 and June 11. 26. Butorides virescens. GREEN Hrron.— Common at ponds and along Chisolm Creek, north of Fairmount, from May to October. First date noted in 1910, May 3. 27. Rallus elegans. Kina Ratt— On April 19, I noted one by the Reed Pond. On June 2, I found a rail, dead, by the same pond. It had probably been killed by a hail-storm of the night before. Dr. Mathews noted that the King Rail nests here. 6 7 . cal | Isety, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. ol 28. Porzana carolina. Sora—I noted one by the cemetery pond Sept. 12, 1909. Professor Larrabee noted a pair May 19 by the Reed Pond. I have seen the Sora four times in four years, by the Reed Pond, in the summer. 29. Fulica americana. American Coor.— Occasionally noted on ponds during the summer. Earliest date, April 16, 1910. Noted by Dr. Mathews as abundant in migration. 30. Bartramia longicauda. Upranp Piover.— Rare in summer; common in migration. I noted a flock of several hundred May 8, 1910, on an alfalfa field northeast of Fairmount. The greater number migrate southward in September. Professor Larrabee noted one Oct. 3, 1910. 31. Actitis macularia. Sporrep SanppripER.—Seen a few times in July, August and September, 1909. Last noted Sept. 20, wading in shallow water in the Little Arkansas River. Noted frequently in the summer by Mr. Sullivan. 32. Oxyechus vociferus. KitiprErR.— Common in fields and mead- ows. The earliest date on which I have noted this species is Feb. 14, 1911. During the first month or six weeks after their arrival Killdeers seem to spend a large part of their time in courtship. The male will fly back and forth over a field giving its cry sometimes for over an hour without intermission. After this period they are less noisy and conspicu- ous. A Killdeer has been noted as late as Nov. 10, 1910, by Professor Larrabee. 33. Cathartes aura septentrionalis. Turkrny Vurtture.— Noted a few times every summer. I saw it as late as Nov. 23 in 1909, and as early as Feb. 25 in 1910. 34. Buteo borealis krideri. Kriper’s Hawx.— Rare. This bird I have seldom noted near the city. The earliest date is April 18; the latest, Oct. 8, 1909. 35. Alucopratincola. Barn Ow1i.— One pair noted by Dr. Mathews, nesting. Noted by Mr. Sullivan in May, August and October. 36. Coccyzus americanus. YELLOW-BILLED Cuckoo.— A common summer resident. I have noted it before June 1 or after September 1. I have found it almost anywhere where there are trees. 37. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus. Buack-sinuep CucKkoo.— Dr. Mathews has found one Black-billed Cuckoo’s nest. 38. Ceryle alcyon. Brxirep KinerisHer— Uncommon. April 16 is the earliest date upon which I have noted it. It may be seen through- out the summer along the Little Arkansas River, and I have noted it on Chisolm Creek. 39. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. Rerp-HEapED WoopprckER.— A common resident of Riverside Park and of the trees along the city streets. This bird seems to be more fond of telephone poles and dead trees than any other of the woodpeckers. Noted as early as April 8 by Mr. Sullivan. My latest date is Sept. 23 in 1909. 40. Centurus carolinus. Rep-BELLIED Wooprprcker.— Noted 32 Isevy, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. Es April 7, and May 20, 1910, in McKinley Park. Dr. Mathews found a pair nesting near the city in the summer of 1902. 41. Antrostomus vociferus. Wuip-poor-witt.— Noted by Dr. Mathews as seen occasionally in summer. 42. Chordeiles virginianus. NigHrHawk.— Common in summer; abundant during September migration. First noted in 1910, May 8. Last noted in 1909, Oct. 12. 43. Chetura pelagica. CuHimney Swirr.— Common in the city. First noted in 1910, May 9; last noted in 1909, October 12. Many of them roost in the unused chimneys on Fairmount college. 44. Archilochus colubris. Ruspy-rHroatep HumMInGprrp.— Rare. I see it a few times during a summer. 45. Muscivora forficata. Scissor-TaILep FLycatcHEr.— Noted one bird June 22, 1907. Dr. Mathews notes this species as rare but increasing. It is said by Garner Taylor to be quite common a few miles south of Wichita. 46. Tyrannus tyrannus. Kincpirp.— Common in groves and along fences. In 1910 the first date on which I noted the species was April 30. The last date in 1909 was Sept. 15. Kingbirds decrease in numbers in August. 47. Myiarchus crinitus. Crestep FuycatcHER.— Common in the tree-tops of Riverside Park throughout the early summer. The earliest date on which I have noted this species is May 1, in 1910. 48. Sayornis phoebe. PHa@sE.— Common by bridges, under which I have noted several nests. In Brown County, Kansas, I once found a nest in a cattle barn. Two sets of eggs were laid in it but both were destroyed and at last the nest was abandoned by the Phcebes. It was immediately occupied by English Sparrows when the first owners left it. The Phoebe disappears early in the summer. The earliest date upon which I have noted it is March 4, 1910. 49. Myiochanes virens. Woop PrEwrr.— Common throughout the summer in Riverside Park. It continues its song later into the summer than do most birds. Mr. Sullivan has noted it as early as March 17; his latest date is September 11. 50. Empidonax virescens. AcapiAN FiycatcHEr.— Dr. Mathews saw a pair building a nest in Riverside Park in the summer of 1902. 51. Cyanocitta cristata. Buus Jay— Abundant in Riverside Park; common on Fairmount Hill and in the cemetery. First noted on April 16 in 1910. It was common in the fall of 1909 until October and was last noted on the 12th of that month. 52. Molothrus ater. Cowsirp.— Common in spring and summer and abundant in fall. The earliest date upon which I noted this species was March 16 in 1910. In the fall of 1909 I saw it as late as Nov. 15. Like the Grackles the Cowbird follows the plow in spring and feeds upon grubs. 53. Icterus spurius. ORcHARD ORIOLE.— Common in the trees po Ate] Isery, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. 30 along the streets, in the cemetery and in Riverside Park. The earliest date upon which I have noted this species was May 8, in 1910. They begin to be less numerous about Aug. 1. 54. Icterus galbula. Batrimorr OrtoLte.— A common tree bird along the city streets, in the cemetery and Riverside Park. The first date upon which I have noted this species was April 30, in 1910. It becomes rare about two weeks later than the Orchard Oriole. I have often seen this bird robbing the pea patch in the garden. 55. Passerherbulus lecontei. Lrconts’s SparRow.— A very com- mon prairie bird. The earliest date, March 28, in 1910. The species is quite conspicuous in the early part of the summer when its cricket-like song can be heard on the prairie, especially at twilight. It was noted as late as Oct. 3 by Professor Larrabee, in 1910. 56. Chondestes grammacus. Lark Sparrow.— A common prairie bird often found near ponds. It was first noted April 4 in 1910, and last seen Oct. 8 in 1909. 57. Spizella passerina. Curppinc SpAarRRow.— Uncommon on Fair- mount Hill and in the cemetery. Noted first May 4 in 1910. I see this species a few times every summer. 58. Spizella pusilla. Firnp Sparrow.— I have seen this bird a few times in the cemetery and in the open woods in Riverside Park. The earliest date is March 27, 1910. In Brown County, Kansas, where the species was abundant, the hedges were a favorite cover at night. The Field Sparrow there had a habit of singing at any time of the night. 59. Pipilo erythrophthalmus. Towner. Common in April and May in the underbrush by the Little Arkansas River. First noted, a pair, April 7, 1910, in McKinley Park. The latest I have seen this species is Oct. 25, 1909. 60. Zamelodia ludoviciana. Rosr-BREASTED GROSBEAK.— Rare. Noted four times in four years, in Riverside Park, where Dr. Mathews found it nesting in the summer of 1902. 61. Passerina cyanea. Inpico Buntinc.— Uncommon. Noted occasionally in the tall timber in Riverside Park and McKinley Park. The earliest date, May 1, 1910. 62. Spiza americana. DickcisseEL.— Abundant on the prairies during the spring and summer. During the hottest summer days these birds are very conspicuous on the tall prairie weeds, and on the fences and telephone wires, singing. They begin to be less numerous by August. The earliest date of arrival noted was May 8, in 1910. The latest seen was Sept. 25, 1909. The Dickcissel is very fond of water, ee I have often noted it wading in shallow ponds. 63. Piranga erythromelas. Scarter Tanager Noted July 1, 1909, in Riverside Park. Three have been noted at different times by Dr. Mathews. 64. Progne subis. Purrete Martin.— Common in the business part of the city, where several hundred pairs nest every summer. The earliest 34 Isety, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. outs date on which I have noted it was March 24 in 1910. Mr. Sullivan has noted Martins as early as March 11. They begin to migrate southward by August 1. 65. Petrochelidon lunifrons. Cuitrr Swattow.— Common. Noted between May 1 and September 22. In the early part of September, both of 1907 and 1908, I saw a continuous stream of these birds flying southward. They did not move in a compact flock like Blackbirds but were scattered form horizon to horizon, and were several days in passing. 66. Hirundo erythrogastra. Barn SwaLtLow.— Common from the latter part of April until the middle of September. These birds are seen most frequently flying over ponds or around cattle. I have found a number of nests in a hay shed on the prairie east of Fairmount. 67. Iridoprocne bicolor. Tree SwaLttow.— Dr. Mathews has noted two pairs nesting in the city. 68. Riparia riparia. Bank Swatitow.— Noted by Mr. Sullivan during the summers of 1908 and 1909. Also by Dr. Mathews. 6. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides. Wuitr-RuMPED SHRIKE.— Common. Noted most frequently on fences or trees in the open. The earliest date on which I have seen it was Feb. 28; the latest, Sept. 26. On May 17 I found a nest containing six eggs on the Fairmount College campus in an elm sapling, about eight feet from the ground. 70. Vireosylva olivacea. Rep-rYED VirEo.— A common summer resident, singing in the trees along the city streets. It is one of the most persistent songsters during the hot weather, keeping up its song even into August. The earliest date upon which it was noted was May 8, by Pro- fessor Larrabee. 71. Vireosylva gilva. Warsiina VirrEo.— A common singer in the trees along the street and in the cemetery during the first half of May. The species becomes less common during the latter part of spring and I have never noted it after July. 72. Vireo griseus. WHuHITE-EYED VirEO.— Uncommon. I have found this species most frequently along hedges and in evergreen trees. The earliest date, May 11, in 1910; the latest, Sept. 12, in 1909. 73. Dendroica estiva. YrLLow Warpsier.— Abundant during the spring migration and common throughout the summer. I have found this species in trees along the streets, in the cemetery and parks. May 1, 1910, is the earliest date upon which I have noted the species. 74. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis. WrsTerRN YELLOW-THROAT.— A common bush bird in spring and early summer. The earliest date on which I noted this species was May 1, 1910. Noted in underbrush, by cemetery Pond, Chisolm Creek and Little Arkansas River. During May and June it sings almost constantly. 75. Icteria virens. YELLOW-BREASTED Cuat.— Noted by Dr. Mathews as common. 76. Dumetella carolinensis. Carsirp.—— Common in spring. The earliest date on which I have noted the species was May 8, 1910; the latest ios] Isety, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. 55, was Oct. 3, 1909. On May 24, 1910, I found a nest with four eggs, in a dwarfed cedar tree in the cemetery, about 2 feet from the ground. The Catbird is most numerous in the underbrush along the Little Arkansas River. Throughout May and June they are among the most noticeable songsters. Later in the summer and in the fall I have heard their song from a thicket but it was very quiet, and the birds were very shy. 77. Toxostoma rufum. Brown THRAsHER.— Abundant from May 1 to Oct. 1. The earliest date on which I noted this species was April 12, in 1910; the latest was Oct. 9, in 1909. This bird is found in large numbers all over the city, and in the parks. Its nests are very abundant, — in osage orange hedges. In May and June the old birds, followed by the young, may be seen on the lawns everywhere, pulling worms out of the ground. They feed also in the fields and a few follow the plow. 78. Thryomanes bewickii cryptus. Texas Brwick’s WrEN.— One bird noted May 17, 1910, in an orchard on Fairmount Hill. This bird was singing. During the first two weeks of May, 1909, a pair of these birds sang around a neighbor’s house and started to build a nest in a bird box. They were apparently driven away by a House Wren. 79. Telmatodytes palustris. Lona-pinLED MarsH WrEn.— Noted by Dr. Mathews as frequent. 80. Hylocichla mustelina. Woop Turusa.—Common in _ the cemetery and the parks. Arrive about the middle of May. The last date I noted this species in 1909 was Sept. 20. After Aug. 1, the species becomes very shy and rare. On May 19, 1910, I found a nest in a peach tree about six feet above the ground, in an orchard on Fairmount Hill. Winter Sojourners. 81. Circus hudsonius. Marsa Hawk.— Common. Noted about once a week from Oct. 9, 1909, until April 1, 1910, flying low over the prairies east and north of Fairmount. 82. Buteo borealis. Rep-rarrep Hawx.— A pair has stayed in a pasture near Chisolm Creek, north of Fairmount, for several winters. In 1909 they were first noted Oct. 3, and were last seen March 16, 1910. A few scattering trees furnish perches for them. 83. Buteo swainsoni. Swainson’s Hawx.— Noted only occasion- ally during the winter, near the timber along the rivers. Sometimes I have seen them in flocks of 15 to 20. Mr. Sullivan noted a flock of these hawks, numbering 271, Oct. 1, 1909. 84. Falco sparverius. Sparrow Hawk.— Common. Noted along fences in the open and often in the city. In the fall of 1909 it was first seen Oct. 12; last noted in the spring of 1910, April 28. 85. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis. Rep-NapeD SapsucKER.— Noted by Mr. Sullivan, Dec. 23, 1910, and by Mr. Sullivan and Professor Larrabee, Feb. 10, 1911. On both occasions the species was seen in the woods along the Little Arkansas River, north of Wichita. 36 IseLy, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. [ese 86. Colaptes cafer collaris. Rep-sHarrep Fiicker.— Noted one bird Feb. 18, 1910; noted another Dec. 17, 1910, and a pair Feb. 3, 1911. Noted also by Mr. Sullivan and Professor Larrabee. 87. Otocoris alpestris leucolema. Desert Hornep LarK.— Common. During snow storms it is abundant, coming in flocks of hun- dreds. In 1909 I noted them as early as Sept. 25. The following spring they became rare during the first part of April, although I noted one bird as late as May 8. Most frequently found along open ravines north and east of Fairmount. Sometimes I have seen a Horned Lark sitting on a post to sing but never on a wire or in a tree. I do not believe that their feet can grasp a round object. The Horned Lark is one of our earliest singers, beginning about the middle of January. From that time until they migrate northward their song can be heard nearly every evening on the prairie. In Brown County, Kansas, where the Horned Lark is resident, twice I found nests on crests of corn ridges. They were mere hollows in the earth with no lining. Each nest contained five eggs. 88. Spinus pinus. Prine Siskin.— Abundant in cedar trees in the cemetery, during the winters of 1906-07, 1907-08, 1908-09. I have not seen these birds since. Professor Larrabee noted a small flock in the cemetery March 9, 1911. 89. Zonotrichia querula. Harris’s SpaRrRow.— An abundant bush bird, very abundant during the spring migration. The.first date upon which I noted the species in the fall of 1909 was Oct. 13. The follow- ing spring the last were noted May 14. Harris’s Sparrows become abun- dant by Oct. 25. During March and April I believe that they are the most numerous birds in this vicinity. I have found them most numerous along thick osage orange hedges. About March 1, they begin to sing in chorus. I have counted several hundred in large flocks in which a large part of the birds were singing at the same time. 90. Spizella monticola. Tree Sparrow.— Abundant. First noted in 1909, Oct. 24, in the plum thickets by the Arkansas River near Mount Hope. In the following spring it was last noted March 12. The Tree Sparrow is a frequent dooryard visitor, coming to pick up crumbs. As far as I have observed it is an open bush bird and is never found in thick woods. It is a great weed seed eater. 91. Junco hyemalis. Siare-cotorrp Junco.— Abundant. In 1909 I first noted this species on Oct. 13, and in the following spring I last noted it April 12. On almost any day between those dates Juncos could be seen in the cemetery and on Fairmount Hill. I have found them most numerous around the cedar trees in the cemetery, and like the Tree Sparrow the Junco is a frequent dooryard visitor. They are more abun- dant during stormy weather, when they come in flocks of thousands. Juncos begin singing in the middle of March. 92. Melospiza melodia. Sona Sparrow.— Common in the fall, rare in midwinter, and abundant in the spring migration. In 1909 I first noted this species Oct. 2. It became abundant in October and re- pees | IsEty, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. a7 mained so until the last of December. On March 5, 1910, Song Sparrows suddenly became abundant and continued so until the middle of April. The last of the species was noted May 8. The favorite haunts of this bird are the shrubbery, tall grass and weeds by the ponds and Chisolm Creek. It is curious to note, however, that Song Sparrows were common in the tall weeds by the cemetery pond in the fall of 1909 when the pond was entirely dry. I have heard the song of this bird during its entire stay in this region, but it was more common in the spring. 93. Ampelis cedrorum. Crpar Waxwina.—I have noted a flock in the cemetery every winter for five years. They are very erratic in their migrations. In the fall of 1909 I first noted the species Noy. 23; in 1910 I first noted them Nov. 2; in the fall of 1908 they did not appear at all but came in January, 1909. In 1910, they disappeared Feb. 15 until March 20, when they became numerous for two days and then left. 94. Lanius borealis. NorrHern Surike.—I have noted this species at least once every year for five winters. The earliest date was Oct. 24, in 1909. I have always found it in the open, on telephone wires or fences. 95. Dendroica coronata. Myrriue Warsier.— Abundant in the cemetery during warm winter weather. During the winter of 1909-10 these warblers disappeared entirely during stormy periods. I noted them irregularly from Nov. 6, 1909, to April 17, 1910. 96. Anthus rubescens. American Prerr— Abundant during Feb- ruary and March, 1910, in prairies and pastures. I first noted this species Jan. 29, 1910. After that I often flushed flocks of hundreds from prairies. Apparently they had migrated by the middle of April, but I flushed a large flock in a wheat field, north of Chisolm Creek, May 8. They were especially numerous in fields overgrown with crab-grass. 97. Nannus hiemalis. WinreR Wren.— Noted by Mr. Sullivan between Oct. 26 and Feb. 27. 98. Certhia familiaris americana. Brown Creeprer.— One noted Jan. 18, 1911, in Riverside Park. Noted also by Mr. Sullivan. 99. Sitta carolinensis. Wuitr-spreastep Nursarcu.— Noted a single bird in a maple tree near the business part of the city, calling loudly, Feb. 25, 1911. Noted by Mr. Sullivan, Jan. 11, 1909. Noted by Pro- fessor Larrabee, March 11, 1911. 100. Myadestes townsendi. Townsrenpn’s Sorirarre—I have -noted a pair near the evergreens in the cemetery every winter for five years. It sometimes feeds on the ground but will fly to a tree almost as soon as it is observed. I have seen Solitaires eating cedar berries. On Jan. 24, 1910, I noted a Solitaire in Riverside Park. Migrants. 101. Podilymbus podiceps. Piep-BitteD Grepe.— Noted by Dr. Mathews as common. 102. Larus argentatus. Herrinc GuiLt.— Noted by Dr. Mathews. 38 Isevy, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. ae In Brown County, Kansas, I noted a solitary Herring Gull on May 4, following a corn lister, picking up grubs like the Blackbirds. 103. Larus delawarensis. Rinc-p1LEp Gutu.— Noted in the latter part of 1908 feeding with Blackbirds on plowed land east of Fairmount Hill. 104. Larus franklini. FrRaANKiIN’s Guti— One noted April 30 and May 4, 1910, flying north. 105. Sterna hirundo. Common Trern.— Noted by Dr. Mathews as a frequent migrant. 106. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis. Buack Trrn.— On Sept. 9, 1909, I identified one shot by Mr. C. C. Whitaker, which he said was one of a flock. In 1910 I noted a flock of 7, and on May 22 two birds. On both occasions they were flying north. Professor Larrabee noted a Black Tern Oct. 9, 1909. 107. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. Wuire Pertican.— Noted by Dr. Mathews and Mr. Sullivan. 108. Merganser americanus. AmeEricaN Mrercanser.— Noted by Dr. Mathews. ‘109. Merganser serrator. Rerp-Breastep Mercanspr.— Noted by Dr. Mathews. 110. Lophodytes cucullatus. Hoopep Merrcanser.— Noted by Dr. Mathews. 111. Anas platyrhynchos. Ma.tiarp.— Noted six Mallards, shot at a Mt. Hope gun club, Oct. 25, 1909. During the spring of 1911, I noted Mallards shot by hunters, on several occasions. The earliest was Feb. 4. Mr. Smyth has noted that they are among the first of the ducks to arrive in the spring migration, often arriving by Feb. 1. In the fall they arrive about Oct. 1. He said regarding their feeding habits: ‘‘ Mallards often leave water and go into the fields and feed all night. I have seen them sitting on kafir-corn shocks like Prairie Chickens. On one occasion two others and myself shot 55 Mallards while standing in a kafir corn shock.” 112. Chaulelasmus streperus. Gapwa.tu.— Noted by Dr. Mathews and Mr. Smyth. 1138. Mareca americana. Bauppare.— Noted several shot at the gun club near Mt. Hope, Oct. 24 and 25, 1909. Mr. Smyth has noted that this species begins to be common on the ponds about Oct. 10 in the fall, and March 10 in the spring. 114. Nettion carolinense. GreEN-winceD Trau.— I noted a flock: of several hundred Green-winged and Blue-winged Teal on the Arkansas River near Mt. Hope, Oct. 25, 1909. This species, according to Mr. Smyth, arrives soon after the middle of September and stays in the country until the ponds freeze over. In the northward migration it returns during the early part of February. 115. Querquedula discors. BiLur-wincep Trau.— Noted with the preceding species on the Arkansas River, near Mt. Hope, Oct. 25, 1909. On May 11, 1910, I noted a pair on the cemetery pond. This duck is the Ape ria IseLy, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. 39 first to arrive in the fall and the last to go north in the spring. Mr. Smyth has shot Blue-winged Teal as early as Aug. 25. 116. Querquedula cyanoptera. Cinnamon Trau.— Noted by Dr. Mathews as very rare. 117. Spatula clypeata. SwHovetter.—Noted by Dr. Mathews and Mr. Smyth. 118. Dafila acuta. Pinrari.— Noted a flock of 8 on MceGuinnis’s Pond Feb. 20, 1910. Mr. Smyth has noted that Pintails begin to arrive going southward about Oct. 20 and returning northward about Feb. 5. In 1891 he shot several of this species as nearly as Jan. 27. 119. Aix sponsa. Woop Ducx.—I noted a pair on the cemetery pond April 25 and 26, 1910. Noted occasionally by Mr. Smyth, Dr. Mathews, and Mr. Sullivan. 120. Marila valisineria. Canvas-sacx.— Noted by Mr. Smyth as being common in the fall after Oct. 20 and in the spring after March 1. 121. Marila americana. Rep-HEap— Noted by Mr. Smyth as migrating with the Canvas-back. Common. 122. Marila collaris. Rinc-Necx.— Noted by Dr. Mathews. 123. Marila marila. Scaurp Ducx.— Noted by Mr. Smyth as common in the fall about Oct. 20 and in the spring about March 20. 124. Marilaaffinis. Lesser Scaup Duck.— Noted by Dr. Mathews. 125. Charitonetta albeola. Burrie-Heap.— Noted by Mr. Sullivan. 126. Erismatura jamaicensis. Ruppy Ducx.— Noted by Mr. Smyth as common on the streams about Oct 15. They return in smaller numbers in the spring. 127. Chen hyperboreus. Lesser SNow Goosre.— March 15, 1911, I noted a flock of about 150, flying northward over Fairmount, about 50 feet high. Mr. Smyth has noted this species as a winter visitor during the warm days. 128. Chen cerulescens. Biur Goosn.— Noted by Dr. Mathews. 129. Anser albifrons gambeli. Wuire-rrRontED Goosr.— Noted by Dr. Mathews as frequent but decreasing. 130. Branta canadensis. Canapa Goosr.— Noted flocks Oct. 13, 1909, and Feb. 5 and Feb. 27, 1910. In other years I have noted this species during every winter month. I believe that this goose flies into this region occasionally on warm winter days. 131. Branta canadensis hutchinsi. Hurcuins’s Goosre.— Noted by Dr. Mathews. 132. Branta bernicla glaucogastra. Branr.— Noted by Mr. Smyth as migrating southward about Oct. 15 and northward about March 15. 133. Olor columbianus. Wuuistitinc Swan.— Noted by Mr. Smyth and Dr. Mathews. 134. Ardea herodias. Great Buur Heron.— I noted a pair wading in Chisolm Creek, north of Fairmount college, May 8, 1910. 40 Isevy, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. aur Jan. 135. Grus americana. WuHoopinc Crane.— Noted as frequent by Dr. Mathews. 136. Grus canadensis. Lirrte Brown Crane.— Noted as fre- quent by Dr. Mathews. 137. Grus mexicana. SANDHILL CrAaNnE.— Noted as frequent by Dr. Mathews. 138. Rallus virginianus. Virainta Rart.— Noted by Dr. Mathews. 139. Gallinago delicata. Wutson’s Snipe Noted as abundant by Dr. Mathews. Mr. Smyth has bagged snipe as early as Sept. 14, and has noted them migrating northward commonly on April 15. 140. Pisobia maculata. Prcrorat Sanpprper.—JI noted several at the cemetery pond during April, 1909. Noted as abundant by Dr. Mathews. 141. Pisobia minutilla. Least SanppipErR.— Very common, wading in the borders of the cemetery pond during April, 1909. I often saw as many as 6 in a group. 142. Totanus melanoleucus. GrRraTER YELLOW-LEGS.— Noted by Dr. Mathews. 143. Totanus flavipes. YrELLow-LeEGs.— Noted by Dr. Mathews. 144. Helodromas solitarius. Sonirary SanppipER.— Common. Noted in the fall of 1909 between September 9 and September 26, and in the spring of 1910 between April 17 and May 17, and in the fall of 1910 between Aug. 28 and Sept. 15. The largest number that I have observed in one day is 14, which I saw at intervals wading in Chisolm Creek on May 8, 1910. 145. Catophophorus semipalmatus inornatus. WerEsTERN WILLET. — Noted by Dr. Mathews. 146. Numenius longirostris. LonG-BILLED CurLEW.— Noted by Dr. Mathews. 147. Numenius hudsonicus. Hupsonran Curtew.— Noted as common by Dr. Mathews. 148. Accipiter cooperi. Cooprr’s Hawx.— Noted Oct. 1, 1908, and Sept. 19, 1909, by Mr. Sullivan. In one case the bird was flying around in the business part of the city. 149. Buteo lineatus. Rep-sHouLpERED Hawxk.— Mr. Sullivan noted a flock of this species, Oct. 1, 1908, numbering 180, and several small flocks in the fall of 1909. 150. Falco mexicanus. Prairre Fatcon.—I noted one perched on a lower branch of an elm tree in the cemetery, April 25, 1909. 151. Asio wilsonianus. Lonc-EARED Owx.— Noted one in the cemetery, April 19 and April 24, 1910, taking refuge in cedar trees. 152. Asio flammeus. SHort-EARED Owx.— Noted one in a ravine east of the cemetery, March 16, 1910. 153. Strix varia. Barrep Owui.— A flock of six of these owls stayed nearly a week in the cemetery during March, 1909. In the daytime they hid in cedar trees. Vol SAUX] Isevy, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. 41 154. Empidonax minimus. Least FiycatcHer.— One noted in a clump of willows in Riverside Park, May 1, 1910, and another in a locust hedge in the cemetery, May 17, 1910. 155. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. YeLLOw-HEADED BLAcK- BIRD.— On Sept. 23, 1909, I noted a flock of 7, and another flock of about 20, April 28, 1910. 156. Euphagus cyanocephalus. Brewer’s Buacksirp.— Through- out the whole of September and the first two weeks of October, 1909, this species was abundant. The last date upon which I observed it was Oct. 18. In the spring of 1910 one flock was reported by Mr. Larrabee April 28. In September, 1910, I noted but one small flock. During the fall of 1909 these birds were always in large flocks and were either in kafir- corn fields or in cottonwood trees. 157. Pocecetes gramineus. VESPER SpaRRow.— Two birds were noted by Professor Larrabee in the prairie grass by the slough east of Fairmount. 158. Ammodramus savannarum australis. GRASSHOPPER SPAR- row.— Noted by Dr. Mathews as common. 159. Zonotrichia leucophrys. WuHiItTh-cROWNED SpArRROw.— On Oct. 18, 1909, I counted 14 of these birds in the scattered shrubbery along Chisolm Creek north of Fairmount. On May 9, 1910, I saw one in an orchard on Fairmount Hill. 160. Spizella pallida. Ciay-coLorRED Sparrow.— A common spring migrant, noted nearly every day between April 30 and May 17, 1910, on Fairmount Hill and in the cemetery. It was nearly always in small flocks. 161. Peucza cassini. Casstn’s Sparrow.— Noted by Professor Larrabee several times in the spring of 1910. The earliest date was April 26. 162. Passerella iliaca. Fox Sparrow. Noted by Mr. Sullivan during the months of November, January, February, and May. 163. Vireo belli. Brtu’s Vrreo.— Noted by Dr. Mathews as fre- quent. 164. Vermivora peregrina. TENNESSEE WarBLER.— Noted by Professor Larrabee, Oct. 10 and 11, one bird being seen in the cemetery and the other in a hedge east of Fairmount. 165. Setophaga ruticilla. Repsrarr.— Noted by Dr. Mathews. 166. Beolophus bicolor. Turrep TirmousE.— Common in the woods along the Arkansas River south of Wichita, April 18, 1910. The birds were very noisy and sang a great deal. It was also seen by Mr. Sullivan and Professor Larrabee March 19, 1911. 167. Polioptila czerulea. Biur-Gray GNatcatcHer.— Eight birds noted April 18, 1910, in the tall timber by the Arkansas River south of Wichita. Most of the time they stayed high in the trees and were very noisy. 168. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni. OLive-BAckED THRUSH.— 42 Ispvy, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. auc Jan. Common spring migrant. Noted between May 4 and 17, 1910, nearly every day, on Fairmount Hill and in the Cemetery. On May 17 I counted 82 of this species feeding on the ground in the cemetery. This was by far the largest number that I have ever seen in any one day. Occasional Visitors. 169. A&chmophorus occidentalis. WrstErN Grese.— Dr. Mathews noted one killed on the Little Arkansas River in 1887. 170. Colymbus nigricollis californicus. Earep Gresre.— Dr. Mathews has noted this species two different years. 171. Gavia immer. Loon.— Two birds noted by Dr. Mathews. 172. Phalacrocorax auritus. DovusBLr-cresteD CoRMORANT.— One known to Dr. Mathews. 173. Pelecanus occidentalis. Brown Pr.ican.— One bird noted by Mr. Sullivan April 25, 1910, flying north. 174. Anas rubripes. Buack Duck.— Two specimens, identified by Dr. Mathews. 175. Clangula clangula americana. GoLpEN-EYE.— Three noted by Dr. Mathews. 176. Harelda hyemalis. Oxnp Squaw.— Dr. Mathews has identified three of this species. 177. Oidemia perspicillata. Surr Scorer.— One specimen, identi- fied by Mr. Sullivan and Dr. Mathews. The bird was shot Oct. 23, 1910. 178. Plegadis guarauna. Wuitre-Fracep GuLossy IBis.— Noted three times by Dr. Mathews. 179. Ajaia ajaja. Rosrare Spoonsitu.— One killed by Dr. Mathews in 1900. 180. Herodias egretta. Great Wuirrt Ecrer.— One _ specimen, identified by Dr. Mathews in 1891. 181. Egretta candidissima. Snowy Earet.— Noted by Dr. Mathews during the summer of 1891. 182. Florida czerulea. Lirrrne Biure HeEron.— Noted by Mr. Sullivan during the summer of 1907 along the Little Arkansas River. 183. Nycticorax nycticorax mnevius. Buack-cROwNED NIGHT Heron.— Dr. Mathews saw a flock of young during the summer of 1891. He has noted but one mature bird in this county. 184. Gallinula galeata. FLoripaA GaALLINULE.— One bird noted by Dr. Mathews in 1898 and another in 1899. 185. Steganopus tricolor. Wutson’s PHALAROPE.— A pair were brought to Dr. Mathews that are now in his collection. 186. Recurvirostra americana. Avocret.— Three specimens are known to Dr. Mathews to have been taken in the county. 187. Philohela minor. Woopcock.— One noted by Dr. Mathews in 1887, and one by Professor Larrabee Oct. 3, 1910. 188. Macrorhamphus scolopaceus. Lonac-BiLtLED DowrrcHER.— One was brought to Dr. Mathews. i yee x Iseiy, Birds of Sedgwick Co., Kansas. 43 189. Squatarola squatarola. BuLack-BELLIED PLOVER.— One was identified by Dr. Mathews. 190. Charadrius dominicus. American GoLpEN PLover.— Noted by Dr. Mathews. 191. Ictinia mississippiensis. Mussisstpp1 Kire.— One noted by Dr. Mathews. 192. Accipiter velox. SHarRp-sHINNED Hawk.— Noted by Dr. Mathews. 193. Aquila chrysaétos. Go.tpmen Eacie.— Noted by Dr. Mathews and Mr. Sullivan. 194. Halizetus leucocephalus. Bautp Eacir.— Noted by Dr. Mathews. 195. Falco columbarius. Picgron Hawx.— One killed by Dr. Mathews in December, 1901. 196. Pandion haliaétus carolinensis. Osprey.— One shot by Dr. Mathews in 1892. 197. Nyctea nyctea. Snowy Owxn.— One shot by Dr. Mathews in 1891. 198. Antrostomus carolinensis. CHUcK-wILLs-wipow.—— A_ bird captured by Dr. Mathews was submitted to Dr. F. H. Snow of the Univer- sity of Kansas for identification, and is mentioned by Dr. Snow in his ‘Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas.’ 199. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Bosournxk.— One flock noted by Dr. Mathews. 200. Euphagus carolinus. Rusty Buacxsirp.— Noted by Dr. Mathews in the winter of 1901-02. 201. Hesperiphona vespertina montana. WesTEeERN EVENING GrosBEAK.— One noted by Dr. Mathews. 202. Loxia leucoptera. WauitTse-wincep Crosspitu.— A small flock was twice noted by Mr. Sullivan in the fall of 1910. 203. Plectrophenax nivalis. SNow Bunrtina. Sullivan Feb. 24, 1910. 204. Junco hyemalis connectens. SuHuretpt’s Junco.— One was noted by Professor Larrabee, March 6, 1911. 205. Guiraca cerulea. Bruun Grospeax.— Mr. Sullivan noted a pair June 3, 1910. 206. Passerina ciris. Painrep Buntrnc.— Noted one male May 17, 1907, in a blackberry briar patch in the north part of the city. One was noted by Dr. Mathews in 1887. 207. Ampelis garrulus. BonemraAN Waxwinc.— A single bird in Dr. Mathew’s collection was found by Garner Taylor in the cemetery one early spring morning after a hail storm, in 1904. 208. Seiurus aurocapillus. Ovrn-pirp.— One bird was noted by Dr. Mathews in Riverside park, June 8, 1902. Noted by Mr. 44 NicHois, Recognition Marks in Birds. aoe Summary. Residents ibe Ee Demme ty /. (). 28 a Summer Residents Se ee a) eo rg WinteriSojoumiars Mae aay WE oo ee Migrants iia wit) eh, | See ee tar toe Gk ats Occasional MVASItOrsmy Nee Ee ek nie | a ee a Total PANE yon ah a Eis etre ll cS, AYN tunis 1) Rane ROD (JO NOTES ON RECOGNITION MARKS IN CERTAIN SPECIES OF BIRDS. BY JOHN TREADWELL NICHOLS. In ‘Bird-Lore’ for December, 1901, Ernest Thompson Seton published an article on recognition marks in animals. The sub- ject has interested me ever since, and I have tried to explain by that hypothesis some of their colors as seen in the field. It is frequently urged that the build, motions, and general appearance of a bird are what we, and doubtless also its associates, use in recognizing it. This certainly is often true; but on careful analysis, it is found that in many species it is some definite, conspic- uous bit of color which catches the eye and gives them away. It is the dark back, sharp breast line and white outer tail feathers that demonstrate the Junco in the sparrow-filled shrubbery. oe > CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Entered as second-class mail matter in the Post Office at Boston, Mass. CONTENTS. e PAGE Brirps or THE ParaMo OF CENTRAL Ecuapor. By Samuel N. Rhoads . 141 Nores ON WHIP-POOR-WILLS AND Owns. By Frank Bolles. wah a Foreword By William Brewster ‘| 150 Tue RELATION OF GENERA TO ae Naeite, ae etvaan “Trotter ; y 259) Nores ON THE Laysan Fincnw. By Hubert Lyman Clark : : A 5 » 66 A Last WorpD ON THE PASSENGER Pigeon. By C. F. Hodge ‘ 169 Tuer VALIDITY OF THE RED-LEGGED SuBSPECIES OF BLAck Duck. By ‘Ohartés W. Townsend, M.D. ‘ , 176 Brirps IN THE MARKETS OF Spuaeien ied obs, By i ite Bs Biahow. M. D. 5 ALO ADDITIONS TO THE KNOWN ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF C, F. RAFINESQUE. By Samuel N. Rhoads . t rie ile? tit NOTES ON THE SPRING MIGRATION aT Piteown eee NORTE OF NGramin SAE Tate By David EH. Wheeler, M.D. ; ; ‘ H ‘ 4 : . . 198 Vroee’s CataLtocuEb. By Witmer Stone i 3 A r F ; - 205 Great Auk Eaes In THE THAYER Museum. By John E. Thayer. (Plate XII.) 208 Tue LEAST SANDPIPER DURING THE NESTING SEASON IN THE MAGDALEN ISLANDS. By Robert Thomas Moore. (Plates XIII and XIV.) 5 j Sungai!) FurtHER Noves ON THE FRUIT-EATING HABITS OF THE SAGE (ee IN THE Yakima VALLEY, WASHINGTON. By Clarence H. Kennedy . 0 224 CERTAIN PHASES OF THE THEORY OF REcOGNITION Marks. By W. L. Mi Aes ~ 226 An APPARENTLY UNRECOGNIZED RACE OF THE RED-SHOULDERED Hawk. By mbes B. Bishop, M.D. : : ‘ 3 : 4 . 232 GENERAL Novtes.— Holbeell’s Grebe in Connecticut, 233; The Forked-tailed Gull (Xema furcatum), 233; Corys Shearwater in abundance off Long Island, 234; Black Ducks which became very tame, 234; The European Widgeon at Gardner’s Island, New York, 235; The Pintail Duck (Dajfila acuta) in Winter near Portland, Maine, 235; White-winged Scoter (Oidemia deglandi) in Minnesota, 236; The Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus) Wintering in New Jersey, 236; Recent Occurrence of the Egret (Herodias egretta) near Portland, Maine, 236; The Snowy Egret in New Mexico, 237; King Rail (Rallus elegans) at Springfield, Mass., 237; Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) in Massachusetts, 237; Yellow Rail in Michigan. A Correction. 237; An Albino Semipalmated Sandpiper, 238; Last Record of the Piping Plover (#gialitis meloda) in New Jersey, 238; Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse in Wisconsin, 238; Nesting of the Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) in New York, 238; Mississippi and Swallow-tailed Kites in Knox Co., Ind., 239; Gray Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus rusticolus) in Minnesota, 239; Early Oceurrence of the Saw-whet Owl, 239; Diurnal Activities of the Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus virginianus) , 240; Status of the Picidz in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, 241; Difference due to sex in the Black Swift, 241; A-.Crested Flycatcher in December at Cambridge,.Mass., 242; The Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) at Springfield, Mass., 243; Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) in Chester Co., Pa., 243; Strange Actions of a Red- eyed Cowbird, 244; The Balti- more Oriole (Icterus galbula) Wintering in New Jersey, 244; Many Purple Finches at Portland, Maine, in February, 245; Crossbills (Lozxia curvirostra minor) in Chester Co., Pa., in Summer, 245; Lapland Longspur (Calearius lapponicus lapponicus) in Delaware, 246; White-throated Sparrow in Idaho, 247; Painted Bunting (Pas- serina ciris) in Minnesota, 247; Lawrence’s Warbler (Vermivora lawrencei) in Chester County, Pa., 247; A Palm ‘Warbler in winter at Boston, Mass., 247; Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrina) at the Delaware Water Gap, Pa., 249; Mockingbird Notes from Massachusetts, 249; A Catbird spending the Winter in Connecticut. 249: Notes on Hapalopteron familiare (Kittl.), 250; Hermit Thrush Wintering at Easton Pa., 250; Correction, 250; Greenland Wheatear seen in Massachusetts, 250, Stray Notes from New Brunswick, 251; Some British Columbia Records, 252; Eastern Oregon Notes, 253; Additions to Birds of Kerrville, Texas, 254; Recent Records from the Valley of the Lower Rio Grande, 254; The Names ‘‘ Purple Finch,’’ ‘‘Mavis’’ and ‘* Highole,’’ 255. Recent Lirerature.— Ridgway’s Birds of North and Middle America, Part V, 256; Sclater’s Birds of Colorado, 258; Howell's Birds of Arkansas, 259; Burns on the Broad-winged Hawk, 259; Bent on Birds of the Aleutian Islands, 260; Nelson and Goldman on New Birds from Panama, 261; Mearns on New African Birds, 261; Herrick’s Nests and Nest-Building in Birds, 262; Beebe and Crandall on The Un- een? continued on p. tit of cover.) _ “THE AUK) Palanan qiarionly as the One of the Mane ORNITHOLO- cists’ UNION, is edited, beginning with the Volume for 1912, by Mr. WiTMEeR STONE, of Philadelphia. Terms: — $3.00 a year, including postage, strictly, in advance. Single num- bers, 75 cents. Free to Honorary Fellows, and to Fellows, Members, and Associates of the A. O. U. not in arrears for dues. Subscriptions should be addressed to DR. JONATHAN DWIGHT, Jr., Business Manager, 134 West 71st St, New Yorx, N.Y. Foreign Subscrib- ers may obtain ‘THE AUK’ through REL, PORTER, 9 PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W., LONDON. All articles and communications intended for publication, and all books and publications for notice, should be sent to Mr. WitMER STONE, ACADEMY OF NATURAL ScieNncEes, LOGAN SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA, Pa. Manuscripts for general articles should reach the editor at least six weeks hefore the date of the number for which they are intended, and manuscripts for ‘General Notes’ and ‘Recent Literature’ not later than the first of the monti: preceding the date of the number in which it is desired they shall appear. Se Ait, UI: A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY. VOE. XxIx. APRIL, 1912. Nore? BIRDS OF THE PARAMO OF CENTRAL ECUADOR. BY SAMUEL N. RHOADS. Paramo is the name for the treeless zone of the Andean Moun- tains which reaches from the lower border of perpetual snows to the upper border of the tree line. This zone corresponds in western Ecuador to the areas found between the elevations of 12,000 and 14,000 feet. It is wide or narrow according to the relative steep- ness of the mountain sides between these elevations. While the transition area between the lower Paramo and the upper tree and bush line is more or less an interlocking of the two, and some stunted trees are found in sheltered gorges far up into the typical Paramo, there is no mistaking the region as soon as you near its lower edge, after a strenuous climb through the diminishing forest. You are then in the tussock-grass country. This tussock-grass, and the numerous minor plants and shrubs which crop out among it, feed numberless herds and droves of cattle, horses and sheep, a chief source of revenue to the owners whose vast haciendas often reach up, from the lofty tierra templada, five thousand feet higher into the abodes of everlasting snow. Until the Andean traveler reaches the Paramo he can have no right conception of the immense grandeur of the Andean chain of the Cordilleras. Before that event he is so hemmed in by narrowing gorges, by chain upon chain of foothills, or by suspended oceans of vapor and clouds, that he begins to say in his heart, “There are no Andes; Chimborazo is a dream and Cotopaxi pure 141 142 Ruoaps, Birds of the Paramo of Central Ecuador. Ant fiction.” It was with some such feeling as this that my companion, Mr. R. S. Lemmon and myself saw our camp outfit lashed to the back of an Indian pony in the barnyard of Hacienda Rosario on one of the few really decent Ecuadorian days of last May. We had come up from Quito, six miles distant, about two weeks before and had here made the southern foothills of Mount Pichincha our happy hunting grounds. Thanks to the kind offices of that veteran naturalist and Consul of Quito, Ludovie Séderstrém, and to the liberality of Mrs. Espinosa, the wife of its owner, we had been enjoying glorious days at Rosario and were rewarded by many a choice skin of the Hummingbirds, Wood Wrens, Flycatchers, richly colored Cotingas, Tanagers and what-nots which flourished there. But as yet we had only caught mere glimpses of the his- toric old crater, 4000 feet above us, which has stood muffled guard so many centuries, over the ancient citadel of the Incas. It was completely cut off from our “Casa”’ view by the broad shoulder of forest-covered rocks and the gorges above the farm-house. Our rambles rarely took us far enough to see around that shoulder and then only to be confronted by the mocking vapors which ever half reveal and half conceal the upper world of Ecuador in the rainy season. It was the first day of May when we struck out into the wooded mountain trail above Rosario’s hamlet, followed by our Indian and his sure-footed pony, and, selecting the cattle paths of the nearest quebrada, we made short-cuts for the Paramo. In about two hours we began to see more daylight and some fine scenery, and at 12,000 feet, the tussock-grass began as it were to reach down its finger-tips into the forbidden grounds of the rapidly dwarfing tree growths. Bushes briefly held sway among these and even up here the brilliant hued red and black Tanagers and Violet-ear and Puff-leg Hummers had ventured to fly upon the heels of the sub-arctic Finches and such Formicarian and Dendrocolaptean species (pardon the technicality) as had been more specially fitted for what we might call a grazing, as contrasted with an arboreal, life. As soon as we reach the long grass and low bushes, a sturdy Finch, Phrygilus unicolor (D’Orb.) of bluish slate color, almost as large as our Fox Sparrow, flushes, flies ahead and drops into the grass. Another, of the same size, brownish and streaked, alights ea | Ruoaps, Birds of the Paramo of Central Ecuador. 143 upon a nearby bush. Both are shot, and as the brown one was apparently singing, they are thought to be quite distinct, but later experience shows them to be male and female. Now there crawls up the stems of a taller tussock, in much the manner of a Seaside Finch, a sharp-billed, spiny-tailed and streaked little bird, Szptornis flammulata Jard., which looks a very hybrid in color and habits between an Ammodramus, a Wren, and a Bush-Tit. It belongs to the great Wood-Hewer family, Dendrocolaptidae. These streaked Sedge Creepers here took the place of their longer tailed cousins Synallaxis of the bushes of the tierra templada, which had so long wearied us with their tiresome “te-cheek, te-cheek,’’ ever since we had landed. They carried the range of this type almost up to snow line from the upper edge of the hot country or “ tverra caliente.” A few hundred yards, and we are fairly into the Paramo, survey- ing complacently the tree tops, pastures and cultivated fields below us without obstruction, save as the fickle vapors hide them momentarily from view. Raising our eyes, the dim outline of the snowy cone of Cotopaxi slowly focuses itself far, far away to the south, high above the backbone of the Western Range. A thousand rounded, intervening summits form its setting. Close by, a familiar note suddenly reminds us of home; a Wren cry surely. Beating about, we are rewarded by securing a specimen of the Andean Marsh Wren, Cistothorus brunneiceps Salvin, which we had found breeding in the Juncus bunches below Rosario at 10,000 feet, the lower limit of its range. But we must turn our backs on trifles, and, trudging now among the maze of cattle trails that intersect the sedge, we become painfully aware of our great elevation and the difficulty of following the steady pace of our native guide. Sud- denly, along the edge of a dry ditch, a large Snipe-like bird, Galli- nago nobilis (Sclater), flushes at our feet and disappears over the nearest knoll. These are called “Woodcocks” by the English inhabitants of Quito, who esteem them fine game. They do not frequent marshy tracts and live almost entirely in the open, dry Paramo plains among the tussock-grass. In the same places, where the sedge grows dense and high, the peculiar, Grouse-like Tinamous hide. When one of these strange, short tailed birds takes wing, giving voice to its piercing, half whistling, half shrieking succession of notes, one is reminded, amid the novel confusion, of a bobtailed 144 Ruoaps, Birds of the Paramo of Central Ecuador. ree Buff Cochin Pullet suddenly transformed into a winged cannonball. Of course one’s first shot at such a spectacle is a clear miss and the bird seems to fly, and fly clear out of the country, as you watch its exit. Much to our surprise the everlasting stumptailed Ant-thrushes, Grallaria monticola (Lafr.), of the templada bush-regions, common as far down the line as Huigra (4000 feet), have even followed us up here, into the wide open middle Paramo, to an elevation of 12,500 feet. The next day several of them were noted on a scantily wooded cliff, near camp, as high as 13,500 feet. This is a wide range for a bird of such limited powers of flight. In fact it is almost impossible to force this humpty-dumpty, thrush-like bird to open its wings, its long, robust legs enabling it to leap and jump and run with almost as much address as the famous long-tailed Paisano or Road-runner of Mexico. Strange, is it not, that such diversely feathered birds should have such similar habits? Nothing can be more tiresome than the three-cornered “Wu, weeo, weeou” or whistled song of this constantly invisible bird. Especially does this apply to the feelings of the collector, who has tried vainly from day to day to locate and secure the singer, which sits motionless in a low bush, or on the ground beneath, in such a way as to be completely obscured. The notes are ventriloquial, and you may actually walk away from it in endeavoring to get closer. Another bird of wide range, which comes up this far, is the tiny and fantastic little streaked Flycatcher with its Padrewski hair, the Anairetes parulus (Kittl.). It follows the occasional bunches of stunted trees on the quebrada sides to 13,000 feet, where also a high ranging Warbler was seen. Two other species of Sparrows were noted in the grass, and a dainty, buff colored Titlark, Anthus bogotensis Scl., of about the size of ours, but noticeably different in being able to fly without the inevitable snickers of A. rubescens. Perhaps the grandeur and solemnity of their habitat has subdued the frivolity of this genus in the Andean bird. Our Paramo camp was located near the highest point where fuel could be secured, and in a pass which presented on the east a pre- cipitous bluff of rocks leading on up directly to one of the lower peaks of Pichincha’s summit. We had been warned against cold, and had endeavored to provide for it, but our first night was a Rol Sx) Ruoaps, Birds of the Paramo of Central Ecuador. 145 “terror,” or, at best, an eight hour “shiver,” without even the consolation of being frozen, for the mercury has the faculty of hover- ing at about 32° to 34° by night during the centuries at this charmed spot, nine miles below the Equator and two and a half miles above the sea. Dry wood was “excessively rare” (as they say in auction catalogs), and any kind of wood or grass or fuel, native to such a region, or even imported into it, is so loath to burn in that rarefied air, that we were lucky to even warm our beans and rice and choco- late in time to “turn in” at 6.30. By dark the eternal snows or rather sleet, began to fall and we were forced to “bunk up” to keep warm. Did I say, “keep warm?” Well, we did not keep warm, though we had enough on and about us to have withstood a zero temperature at sea level in the same outfit. I began to realize about ten o’clock that sleep was out of the question, so, between the ague fits that periodically stole over my frame, I listened. There was something doing that night. The moon behind the mists and sleet was eerie, and Pichincha’s black crater-wall almost over- shadowed us. The thin and ghostly sides of our tiny tent pulsated with the breeze, and I was vaguely reminded of that weird scene of the Witches’ Kitchen, in Macbeth. The futile attempts of my companion a few hours before, to make the evening bean-pot boil, lent color to this fancy. Suddenly I was conscious of a Pentecostal sound, a rushing, mighty, but far distant, blast. It seemed to come from the crater. Could it be an eruption? No, the crater was extinct! And then, just as this thought consoled me, a deep answering growl, like a defiant echo from the cliff above our camp, sent thrills along my spinal marrow. Lemmon seemed to sleep, so I had no companion to this new misery. An interval, a drowse, and then another rehearsal of this unearthy carouse of the cliffs awoke me. Then did I become conscious of notes high-pitched and plaintive, a sort of tiny climax or tintinabulation, coming from the tussock-dotted arena around the camp. In the long hours which marked this dismal chorus I thought a thousand solutions for it. The crater and its possibilities figured in all; the answering growls and roars were those of ranging Mountain Lions on the high slopes and the final treble came, mayhap, from a watchful brown-breasted Flycatcher, Myiotheretes erythropygius (Scl.), whose mate I had shot the day before, above the nearby spring. When 146 Ruoaps, Birds of the Paramo of Central Ecuador. aon we got back to Quito I asked Mr. Séderstrém to explain it all. The rushing wind he thought might be an Owl or some flying night- bird, possibly a “Woodcock” gyrating, or possibly “one of those Grouse.” The Puma-like roars were surely from an Owl, and the minor refrain the chirping, peeping notes of the innocent and timorous Tinamous! What an anti-climax to my tragedy! Our first morning on the mountain-top dawned gloomily enough, and it was tough work kindling a fire and warming up a bit. While Lemmon fanned the smudge I visited my frozen mouse traps and was cheered not a little by a very good catch of small rodents, an order very poorly represented in the lower altitudes of Ecuador. Near the spring I came across a brown bird whose make up and actions reminded me of a hybrid between a Wheat-ear and a Shore- lark,' as it ran about the banks and spray dashed rocks of the pool. It proved to be another member of that strange South American family of Dendrocolaptids. Not long after, as we rose over the ridge that separated us from the final slope to the crater, a few more were seen in company with a larger species, Upucerthia excelsior (Scl.), whose color was very similar but whose physique and move- ments among the sparse grass and heather reminded us of a cross between a Palmer’s Thrasher and a Cactus Wren. Both these birds were almost wholly silent, only a sort of low, troubled, warn- ing note escaping them when more sorely pressed by our pursuit. The general absence of song, or even of voice, among the really abundant bird-life of this sublime region gives one a sort of awesome feeling as he goes popping about the slopes with a puny cane-gun. What are all these birds doing here?’ They don’t seem to be breed- ing or mating or migrating;— just living, shiftless, without any object in life. Not so, however, the Hummingbirds. The lower half or two thirds of the Paramo is largely destitute of Hummers at this time of year, except as one may be seen to dart swiftly across in its journey to a distant peak. As one nears the snow line, however, and the top of Pichincha peers out at intervals from among the clouds, only 1000 feet above him, the Hill-Stars, Oreotrochilus pichincha Boure., as they are called by Gould, sud- denly become abundant. Flowers are far from common in the 1[ts Dipper-like habits are alluded to in the generic name. It is Cinclodes Suscus albidiventris Sel. Fou Sex| Ruaoaps, Birds of the Paramo of Central Ecuador. 147 Paramo, but, as we near the frost line and the tussock grass dwarfs and disappears, a curious, straggling, prickly, evergreen shrub, the Chuquiraga insignis of Humboldt, is found growing in belts and patches and attaining a stature of six or eight feet. It has erect, thistle-shaped flowers of a brownish yellow hue and on these the Pichincha Hill-Stars seemed almost solely to feed. Away from these stony wastes, on the very verge of desolation, they never wander far, though their strength and rapidity of flight is truly wonderful and they seem to be the most restless of a restless family. We secured several specimens and were disappointed to find nearly every one in shabby, moulting plumage. The female Hill-Stars are one of the plainest of their sex in the family, a sort of frosty gray with only a faint tinge of the dorsal green which characterizes nearly all of the Hummingbirds. The males are truly beautiful, their pure white underparts and white, median tail feathers con- trasting strongly with the dark wings and purple head and outer tail. The tail is large and used with fine effect in their curvets and airy gambols over the boulder-strewn arenal, down into the que- bradas and up into the black, basaltic cliffs that overtop the crater. Gould asserts this species is distinct from the Hill-Star, Oreo- trochilus chimborazo, which inhabits a like region on Mt. Chimbo- razo, though that mountain is only 40 miles distant and could be reached by these wonderful aeronauts in as many minutes! What invisible barriers can they be which have set the bounds of such a bird’s wanderings? The close resemblance of the two species to each other and to some ancestral type is unmistakable. We are led to think that ancestor must have lived when the lower country, now separating these two mountains, was at an average elevation of 13,500 feet, or rather so elevated that the floral conditions then and there obtaining favored the life of this Hummer. As that region became depressed, the Hummers of the two localities nat- urally advanced upward along the mountain slopes with the chang- ing flora, and eventually became separated by a lower floral region, unsuited to their needs. After that, local differentiation became not only possible but probable, but it must have covered a period of many thousands of years. In short, just as many an island of the Pacific, due to depression, has been cut off from land affinities it once shared with neighboring islands, resulting in the strangest 148 Ruoaps, Birds of the Paramo of Central Ecuador. fer isolation and provincialism of certain species of birds, so have the neighboring peaks of the Andes, rising above the semi-tropical ocean of the “’Templada,”’ become the refuge of slowly vanishing groups of birds whose very existence depends on an equatorial environment that is elevated about 13,000 feet above the sea. There are other species of Hummingbirds which venture into the Paramo and even range over the top of Pichincha, but the Hill- Stars outnumber and outgeneral them ten to one. One of these is a dark Thorn-bill, Ramphomicron stanleyi Bourec.,which feeds in a dainty, topsy-turvy fashion on the alpine crocuses and dwarfed heaths, which, near the snow line, have absolutely no stems but just bloom at the surface of the sand and ash.. It is “heels-over- head” with these Hummers and they can take the turn with wonder- ful grace, seeming to be walking from flower to flower on their bills. Once in the hand, this species displays amazing colors, a beard of ruby fire on the lower throat; the chin metallic green; the long, broad and emarginate tail of a peacock blue! Gould says it is only found within the crater of Pichincha. We found it only outs:de, along a narrow gorge, 500 feet below the crater’s top. Just as the snow is reached, the sandy crater-slopes are strewn with boulders, and seated on these we here find for the first time a beautiful grayish Flycatcher, Muscisaxicola alpina Jard., dark above, nearly white beneath, the size of our Phoebe, darting lan- guidly about after the insects which have dared this thin and frigid atmosphere. Not a sound save a weak and plaintive call escapes them and their presence seems to heighten the mystery of a haunted land. Here, too, is the very exclusive haunt of the whistling, loud- calling “Partridge”! of the arenal,—the Crater Partridge it may well be termed, a brownish, sand-colored bird of swift, nervous flight and about the size of a Pigeon. Hawks are not rare; a black fellow with red legs, the size of our Sharp-shin, often darting around the quebradas after an unwary bird or mouse. The handsome Vulturine Hawk, Jbycter caruncu- latus (Des Murs.), looking and behaving much as our Texan Caracara, was seen about camp in pairs and one was shot by Mr. Lemmon out of the driving mists on the very crater brink of Pi- 1 Not a Partridge at all, but a seed-eating Plover-snipe, belonging to the Charad- ritformes; Attagis chimborazensis Scl. ae | Ruoaps, Birds of the Paramo of Central Ecuador. 149 chincha. The ubiquitous Sparrow Hawk also climbs these slopes, and, for all one can see, it is exactly the same as ours of the States. High over all careened the white ruffed Condors. As many as five could be seen at one time, circling the summit or setting their course directly toward and over us when our shooting became most noisy. Their appearance in flight resembled closely that of the California Vulture, there being more of the Eagle in it than is seen in the gyrations of our Turkey Vulture. No flapping was noted, except a few strokes when shot at, as one flew directly over, about 250 feet above our heads. The flight is very swift, not often in circles but from peak to peak or down over the Paramo, to which region they seem to mostly confine themselves. We never saw them at Rosario, though they are said by Mr. Sdderstrém to breed as low in the cafions as 8,500 feet. Despite their white secondaries and collar, Condors rarely look whitish in flight, the back generally being above the line of vision. I was greatly disappointed in the apparently small size of these birds from an open-air viewpoint. They actually looked no larger, in such magnificent surroundings, than our own poor Buzzards. However, even mountains look small from the Paramo and when one of the great birds bore down upon me, at the report of my gun, and came rushing along about 150 feet overhead, with the tempest in his teeth and his widely dis- tended primaries cutting the air with a sound like a hundred sabres, I was quite impressed. The glancing eye and rapidly turning head, as he made a few circles above me, showed that he also was looking for game, but evidently my anatomy was not to his fancy and he passed grandly on. HADDONFIELD, N. J. Feb. 9th, 1912. 150 Bouuss, Notes on Whip-poor-wills and Owls. eri NOTES ON WHIP-POOR-WILLS AND OWLS. BY FRANK BOLLES. With a Foreword by William Brewster. EIGHTEEN years have come and gone since Frank Bolles died. It was fittingly said at the time of his death: “Harvard College may get another Secretary but not another Frank Bolles.” Equally evident then as now was the fact that precisely the place he filled and the service he rendered as a nature student and writer could never again be made good. For he possessed qualities which in combination — if not severally — were well nigh unique. Although romantic by temperament and gifted with rich imagination he was exceptionally accurate of observation and no less careful of state- ment, seeing things exactly as they were and afterwards describing them exactly as he had seen them, in language admirably terse, yet so vivid and so picturesque that one could not help wondering at its beauty and effectiveness. Moreover he had it ever at com- mand and was so able to concentrate his thought that some of his most charming and perfectly finished essays were written within the space of an hour or so, in the family sitting room, with half a dozen people close about him talking —he himself perhaps contributing more or less to the general conversation. Unlike most men who have won distinction as field naturalists he took no conscious interest in nature during early boyhood but in 1876, when nineteen years of age and at Dean Academy, Franklin, Massachusetts, he wrote in some notes which Mrs. Bolles still possesses that he was “thoroughly fascinated” with the study of “bird habits and peculiarities.”” It does not seem to have engaged his serious or at least continued attention, how- ever, until 1884 or 1885 when he set about it with characteristic energy and intelligence, thereafter devoting to it most of the time not required for the performance of professional or family duties. By night as well as by day, at all seasons and in every kind of weather, he was afield in the region about Cambridge or in that accessible from his summer home at Chocorua, New Hampshire — while occasional trips were undertaken to remoter places such as Meera | Boutes, Notes on Whip-poor-wills and Owls. 151 Cape Breton. Many a man of similar field experience has failed to profit greatly by it; but Frank Bolles was accustomed to so direct and systematize whatever work he had in hand as to make it yield the best possible results and by personal observation chiefly, within a period extending over not more than ten years, he became intimately acquainted with many of our New England birds besides ascertaining facts concerning some of them which had not previously been known to any one. Unfortunately he had scarce begun to draw on this rich store of original information for purposes of publication when his life came prematurely to an end. Nor had he committed much of it to paper in any form, being accustomed to rely largely on a memory so perfect that it rarely failed and never misled him. He left, however, some finished manuscripts which Mrs. Bolles has published since his death in two volumes entitled respectively “From Blomidon to Smoky and Other Papers” and “Chocorua’s Tenants”; the latter book consisting of a collection of original poems relating — with a single exception — to familiar birds. There were also a few pages of field notes — written on the backs of printed lists of Harvard Professors which Mrs. Bolles has most kindly placed at my dis- posal, thereby enabling me to offer them to the editor of ‘The Auk’ who has accepted them with an eagerness which does credit to his known appreciation of everything especially precious in ornitholog- ical literature. Since he proposes to print them as nearly as possible in their original form, and also to reproduce by photo- graphic process a portion of the manuscript with some pen and ink sketches which accompany it, they may safely be left without further word from me, to testify — even more convincingly perhaps than have any of his finished printed essays — to the extraordi- nary care, precision, patience and intelligence with which Mr. Bolles was accustomed to pursue his field studies of birds.— W. B. With the Whip-poor-wills. : July 5th. 8.25, on stone heap E. of barn. 8.27, stone W. of well. 8.33, hears other down by lake and disappears instantly. Whip. down by lake about ? minute later whips very much faster than usual. 8.45 Whip. II whips a few times bet. house and lake. 152 Bouss, Notes on Whip-poor-wills and Owls. apa July 7. 8.35-45. “Quip orip (or ri).”’ At8.20I went to stone W. of well and hid under the narrow fringe of Spirea bushes, 23 ft. high only 3 ft. from stone. No wind bright moonlight. I lay flat on my stomach, and shook bushes well over my legs and snarled them over my body. Then resting my chin on my hands and holding my soft brown cap over my mouth and nose I waited. Mosquitoes, flies and midges simply hellish. I suffer torments. I wait 15 minutes. Five pass in utter silence as far as whips. are concerned. Then at 8.25 two begin down by lake, and continue about 5, shifting some. By 8.34 one had got to stone heap by barn. I know he will come to me next and I shake myself, rub off skeets and wait. Suddenly I hear a rather feeble whip, 12 times S. of me, then silence and then a bird flies to the stone in front of my face, coming low over the bushes and lighting with its tail towards me. It squeaks or clicks three times, and I fear it suspects me and is giving a slight alarm note, but the next moment it begins the piercing quip o’ rip slightly raising its head and dipping its tail each time it makes the sound. The head rises on the quip and falls on the rip. The wings do not move, nor the body save by slight tipping. I could see the bird’s outline per- fectly against the white background of the shingled barn on which the moonlight fell fully. It uttered its note about twenty or thirty times when to my astonishment another whip. alighted near it, on the left (W.) end of the boulder. One or two sounds like the soft popping of corn came from the new arrival, and the first bird, which had ceased its call, faced west and began a strange, slow dance, advancing a step at a time towards its mate, raising its body to the full length of its legs at each step, thus making a sort of undulating approach. The other bird remained where it alit, but seemed to be moving its body up and down or else slowly pulsating its wings. The first bird, which I think was the male, seemed to continue its dance entirely around the female. As he passed her, indescribable purring and popping sounds were made and one of the birds flew lightly away.—the 2 I think. The male resumed his first position, and remained silent. Then he rose and circled in the air, catching an insect I thought, for he came back at once to the spot on the rock which he always covers. A moment later his mate seemed to call from below the house, poh xa] Bogs, Notes on Whip-poor-wills and Ouls. 153 near the lake, and he flew, his white feathers flashing as he spread his tail, and the strokes of his wings making a distinct and quite loud sound as he passed close above my head. July 8. Went out at 8.20. Bird began by barn by 8.25, and remained there five to eight min. Then went further, came back, and not until about 8.40 did he reach my stone. He came very low, made a half circle to the right and alit. No suspicion of me, although this time I had crawled up so that he was within long arm’s reach. He began whipping at once and the sound was really deafening I forgot the mosquitoes and midges in listening. My heart beat violently and in my cramped and uncomfortable position I trembled so that the bushes swayed. He minded not. Once I swallowed and made a slight sound in my throat, as my head was jammed back on my shoulders. He stopped instantly and listened. After 50-60 whips he whirled up into the air and then returned, this time a foot farther away from me but facing me. The sound was even more intense and I could see his white throat move. He shifted his head from time to time and the direction of his beak regulated the carrying power of the sound remarkably. As I heard it tonight under the most favorable conditions possible the sound spelled out was a-crip-o-ri. The “a” being the cluck. The last note is open. Watched very closely there proved to be very little motion in the head, tail or body — considering the violence of the sound. No reply came to the whipping and no visitor. So after about seven to 10 minutes, probably less, my bird flew away, after an interval of silence. He went to the stones near the brook, and I followed to locate him. He went but later came back about 9.30, and his mate came too, as their extraordinary purring attested. He also went back to my stone, showing thereby no fear or suspicion. It was a strange feeling to be so near a living bird singing such a strange song, at night. Wind N. N. W. Moon full and perfectly clear. About four other whips. audible. Remarkable regularity in time, place, attitude. An odd character all round. July 9. Took my place at 8.20. Bird came about 8.30 after having been by barn as usual. He flies just over top of fence, slightly rises, wheels and faces the way from which he came. He began whipping without prelude and whips about 50 times, all 154 Boiss, Notes on Whip-poor-wills and Ouls. Apr the while keeping his head moving now to right, now to left. Then he was silent. While he whipped his mouth seemed to open and shut with each whip. It was light enough for me to feel quite sure of this at first. His silence was broken by a sound which I thought was not connected with him. It was a sort of low snoring reminding me slightly of the dry sound produced by rubbing one’s thumb over a smooth piece of wood, or the inside of the closed forefinger. He made this sound three times, and a second later said “whip” sharply once. He was answered by a similar single note from the fence or wall a few paces away, and with a flash of his white spots he was gone. He said “whip” once or twice on or near the fence, and then went further. From the fence I was much more likely to be seen than from any other quarter, and I think his mate refused to join him on the rock owing to my dark presence. I was near enough to him while he was whipping to have reached out my hand and touched the spot on which he stood. As the bird sits flat on the rock its wings show their tips clearly over the tail. Once later before I stirred, he came into the dooryard and sang cheerfully from the woodpile or the kitchen steps — an unusual proceeding. Aug. 9. Every night thus far the whips. have sung, and I heard them this a.m. at 40’c. For a month my whip. has not been on his rock to sing. Once about July 30 I heard him purring there at 8.30 p.m. Last night while I was eating a late sup. after being at Heron Pond till 7.30 I heard one say “whip” either on or just beyond the back piazza. Six were audible at Heron Pond about 7 p.m., one on the shore. As a rule, but with marked exceptions, they say whip-poor-will on three or four times running instead of 60-100 or 150 as a month ago. Full moon makes no apparent difference. Aug. 29. Have heard no whips. since Aug. 21, a.m. Aug. 29, heard them this evening. Sept. 4. Whips. going a while each evening. Sept. 11, 12, 18. Whips. going on the stone. Several times 3 nights running. Sept. 21, 22. Whip. around barn, on bracket on roof, clucks § Muh porn — Hemme wivevand by & bimelex tangle not frm The fence yee ae i mee while dfok hetms gant. bad Muh: me wv OE Rees ae rn aa 9 re, Mack Move GR denn quattey ed a Drees cag? Sh ab sg SER meg dark prrrenc- tear man ror fom vibe he Arn he hel Rachel ik poked Ne ual st sic pete An tt bind site fob atc ke ik mayo Shad 8es bafis Chart, orm Me tact Ore Ahi c fehl Ml ot dee ye ee forthe mMhup? have tung tr head thin hiram hoot a mute Yq whip hac nob been Om hes Dock by Sacg Cuca aba Yala So Headd hie ppursvig Mere af Cj . Heat ns Ma Frac ea a Whe bufe. afl lrg ak Hever Goud futc }.30 J hea) ont Say « thep” sehr om oy row Keyan he bach prasse. Sue wie audio af Kern howd bond) frie. om male br. On a nuke, (nr me mahed erecbhinn , Wha, Say thi peor wut om Kre oF fa tomes, Be Moms uted J bo- loo- on So WW & month a(o ae Mom Maher abfarnW BitFeNner | Cag. 24, Hae ean) na Wap Unie Cee 20, dine Any, 2 9. Heard [hae tek nus Lh Mabe fra 8 le Sak Ses Spt 1.12.13 thiks qauny amMe Une - Sevwat Jimes na REPRODUCTION OF A PAGE OF Mr. BOLLES MANUSCRIPT, SLIGHTLY REDUCED. 156 Bogs, Notes on Whip-poor-wills and Owls. fom when I “whip.” Flies near his stone, clucks in the woods,— flops into cherry tree. Have heard no full song for several days. 23. Several full song many times, 6.30 p. m. Owl Notes. I wrote my article for ‘The Auk’! late in December, and early in January. The owls have not bathed much during the winter perhaps because I have not been regular in giving them fresh water. Fluffy ate nothing, so far as I could ascertain between Dec. 15 and Feb. 1. About this time I began to make efforts to vary their diet. I gave up kidneys and gave them mice, grouse wings and heads, a rabbit and fish heads. Fluffy was won over by mice into open eat- ing. Early in February I enlarged their space by making a wire room outside theircloset. About three weeks later I gave them half the cellar enclosed in wire netting and built them a hollow tree of barrels. It was about February 10 that I noticed their gathering of material in one corner of a shelf in their closet. Feathers, cotton batting, and dry leaves were placed in a flat layer over the board. It is now March 16, and I am satisfied that they keep constant watch of this place. They remove any additional material which I place near the flat bed. Just about a week ago I began giving them eggshells and eggs. During the week they have eaten the shells of nearly two dozen eggs. For example, this morning I gave them the shells of six eggs covered with the contents of one store egg. Both owls were hungry and they went for the dish in haste. Every considerable part of shell, membrane and yolk etc. was eaten within ten minutes. The taste of the fresh egg pleases them greatly and they crackle the shell in their beaks with evident enjoyment. Fluffy is expert in catching mice or grouse wings thrown into the air. Both birds have fully regained their appetite. A large haddock head is devoured in 48 hours, practically noth- ing is left of it, except the two largest bones and not always those. I am feeding them light. This week they have had five mice, one fish head, two eggs and the mass of egg shells. They no longer show much interest in the cat when she walks about the cellar floor outside their pen. About a week ago both birds got out through a corner of the wire netting next the floor. I do not 1 Cf. ‘ The Auk,’ 1890, pp. 101-114. oe] Bou.es, Notes on Whip-poor-wills and Ouls. Lo? understand their finding the place. One might have but why both? They have been restless during the early evening for 6-8 weeks or more. I can tell now when they fly about much, because their roosts jar the wire netting when struck in alighting. Once each evening they or one of them hoots or crows. Tonight (16 March) it was at 6.40. Last evening it was 6.55. For many nights it seemed to be at about 8.15 to 9. Later they are perfectly still. Puffy bathed today the second time this week. I had just given them fresh water. I do not note any interest in the barrel tree, although they spend much time in that corner, back of the furnace. March 5, 1891. It is nearly a year since I wrote the above and I am ashamed that I have not kept better notes of what I have done with my pets. The summer was not one of much activity. My family went to Chocorua April 29, and I followed them finally July 4, or 6, I forget which, I overworked the last few weeks and was far from feeling well all summer. I spent much time in July and early August in watching Sapsuckers, and later L. and I spent ten days at Mt Desert with the Eliots. I was called back to my desk about September 18, and the family came home about October 1. I was laid up with a dislocated ankle. After my writing the March notes last spring the owls did nothing marked. They scattered their nest materials and forgot them. They moulted freely and feathered out finely later in the summer. My notes about Scops are noted elsewhere also about the three young Scops. I tried Puffy on Nighthawk, Whippoorwill, Sandpiper, Woodcock, Hummingbird, Kingfisher, Red-tailed Hawk, Blue-headed Vireos, Barred Owls, Water-thrush, Chewinks, Flock of Blue Jays, large flock of Crows, on Plovers, Loon, the Scops, Snowy Ow]; with various results. By way of new food I gave them earth worms in quantities, fresh water mussels which they ate greedily. Snakes of various kinds of which they used to be in terror and which they ate freely, sometimes doubled and squirmming alive. They continued to catch live perch and breem, Chipmonks and mice. Puffy caught Chipmonks most successfully. Fluffy was n. g. with them. I used Fluffy all summer and once or twice took out both together. A tap on Fluffy’s head at Heron Pond nearly killed him. The skull is awfully thin. I never punish them since that. 158 Bouuss, Notes on Whip-poor-wills and Owls. [ Petey Mr. E, C. Mason brought me little Scops on the evening of Thursday April 17. He brought him in a basket in which he had been confined for a day or two. He was captured in Arlington on the 15th. He was sitting in the mouth of a hollow in a tree, and looked like a dead stick poked into the hole. Mason said he was motionless but suddenly fell into the hole as a stick would slip in — without a wiggle. He did not offer to bite Mason. Mason brought him to me about 8, p.m; I brought up Puffy and Fluffy to the library and then let out Scops who flew about. At first Puffy and Fluffy only watched him with curiosity but later Fluffy did his best to catch him, dodging and circling over the gas jet. I took the big owls away and stroked Scops freely. That night he spent in the back cellar. The next morning he flew against the netting of Fluffy’s cage and Fluffy struck for him full force. Scops let go and flew back or Fluffy would have clinched him through the wires. I at once saw plainly that they could not live together, so Scops was taken up to Olive’s room and left in possession. Friday he ate nothing. On Saturday morning he had eaten some meat, scraps of chicken entrails, and had drunk. He permits the freest possible handling, caressing etc. Will sometimes hang head downward by his feet — as though dead — or lie on his back in the palm of my hand with eyes closed and no visible motion. On Saturday morning I dragged a dead mouse across his floor by a thread and he pounced instantly and crushed the nape of the neck, pulled off pieces there, then severed the head and swallowed it and then swallowed the whole body. Sunday he did the same. The next day he saw me bring in a mouse and pounced on it almost as soon as it touched the floor. Monday 2 p. m. I caught a sparrow in my box trap but he took no notice of it until night although it flew by him again and again for hours. After 10 p. m., I shut him up in a closet with the sparrow and in the morning he had eaten all but a small lot of feathers, some stiff, some soft. Tuesday I gave him nothing. Wednesday a.m. I gave him a dead robin. He began by eating the right eye and then tearing away scraps from around the wound. Thursday or Friday I found him dead. Mason after dissection concurred in my theory that he died from injury to the brain due to beating his head against a wire netting at the window. Vel ae] Trotter, Relation of Genera to Faunal Areas. 159 In June or May sometime Batchelder sent me three young Screech Owls. I sent them up to Chocorua. They were grey and lovely but with awful tempers and harsh voices. Two were later returned to him, and again sent up to Crowlands. They had lost their good feeling toward the one left with me and abused him somewhat, shunned him always. At last, late in August I think it was, I found him dead and plucked in the cage. A week or two later I put the survivors into a barrel with a live mouse. Neither caught it. They quarreled and the next morning one of them was dead and partly plucked. The day following the other died. I clipped all of their wings and took out the one not returned to Batchelder several times. He drew birds if they saw him but he often made a stump of himself and evaded observation. ‘They were fond of small birds, mice, fish, and so-so of liver. THE RELATION OF GENERA TO FAUNAL AREAS. BY SPENCER TROTTER, SWARTHMORE COLLEGE, PENNSYLVANIA. Tue relative antiquity of a genus is probably indicated by the greater or less departure of its several species and their varietal forms from a common ancestral type. The degree of departure may be the resultant of two opposing factors — first, the influence of conditions favoring segregation, as the character of the vegeta- tion and the variety of habitat within the breeding range, and, secondly, the opposing factor, that of the inherent quality of resistance in the common ancestral type against the disrupting influences of environment and of variational tendencies. It is in the breeding ground or faunal area that we must look for the conditions which produce these changes in epidermal tissue and those minor departures in voice and habits that we recognize as constituting distinctive specific and varietal differences within a genus. These influences are operative in the breeding area at the period of greatest plasticity of the organism, and variations from [sprit 160 Trotter, Relation of Genera to Faunal Areas. the common type thus produced would tend to become more firmly set in the new form through geographical or habitat isolation in the breeding season. During an extended period of time this differentiation would tend toward an equilibrium as the inherited characters strike a balance with the environment. ‘Time, and the segregating influence of wide geographical areas, with their oppor- tunity for varied climatic and vegetation habitats, appear as the responsible causes of the phenomenon of species and of species distribution. This is so well-worn a theme that I must ask your pardon for bringing it forward. It seems to me worth while, however, to recall these underlying principles. It is a habit of mind to regard a species as very definitely related to its range. It is much more definitely related to its habitat. By this I mean that a species is much more likely to extend its range than to alter its habitat. And further, I feel convinced that temperature per se does not effect the sexual tissues of a species so profoundly as to set barriers to its breeding area. Temperature, rainfall, soil conditions, and topog- raphy affect the character of vegetation and this is apparently the most direct and dominant factor in the distribution of species. In a paper read before the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club and published in ‘The Auk’ for July, 1909! I have stated my belief that the present geographical groups of species which we recognize as faunas are more or less temporary phases in a general northward spread of species during post-glacial times, and that the true interpretation of faunas is not to be found in any single condition, such as temperature, but is related to the geological history of a land. In the present paper I wish to bring forward the thought that in this very advance or northward spread we have the con- ditions which have broken an original common type into several varietal and specific forms. Let us take, for example, the genus Hylocichla, a group of wood- land Thrushes quite similar to one another, presenting, one might say, & minimum of departure from an ideal type, both in adult sexual and juvenal phases of plumage. It seems quite possible that a generalized ancestral form common to all may have existed 1 The Geological and Geographical Relations of the Land-Bird Fauna of North- Eastern America, pp. 221-233. Vol, XXIX| —_- Trorrer, Relation of Genera to Faunal Areas. 161 during the Middle Pleistocene in a more or less restricted area south of the glaciers, and that in spreading northward after the melting of the ice sheet, certain individuals reached farther to the north than others, establishing breeding grounds in comparatively high latitudes. This ancestral type was undoubtedly one of the many species that characterized the forest fauna of the Pleistocene and spread northward with the spread of this forest during what geologists term the Glacio-Lacustrine sub-stage. The instinct to return to this northerly nesting area at each succeeding spring would become a fixed habit through inheritance, and this group of individuals, removed by its position from the swamping effects of intercrossing, would tend to hold any variations that developed by segregation, the inherent quality of resistance against disruption determining the degree of change. The specific forms we recognize as Hylocichla alicia, H. ustulata, and H. guttata, with their several varieties, are thus the more closely related northerly-breeding species, the nesting grounds of which now overlap one another, though the Gray-cheeked Thrush has advanced beyond the limits of the other two, quite to the tree-line, while the Olive-backed Thrush has spread somewhat beyond the breeding range of the Hermit. In these two last species I have observed in Nova Scotia a marked difference in habitat. The Olive-backed Thrush was invariably found during the breeding season in the tall and heavy growth of coniferous woods, while the Hermit Thrush frequented, almost entirely, the lighter, scattered growth, being especially abundant in burned-over tracts and in sprout-lands of birch. In limited areas their nesting sites did not coincide and this habitat difference may have been responsible in the fixing of their specific characteristics by segregation. These remarks on the Genus Hylocichla apply mainly to the eastern phase of distribution. In the Cordilleran region and on the Pacific slope the varied conditions of mountain topography have more profoundly disturbed the several types which have broken up into a number of varietal forms. On the eastern side of the continent we find a variety of Hylocichla alicia — the Bicknell’s Thrush — occupying quite isolated areas during the breeding season. Hylocichla fuscescens, the Veery, is of a more southerly breeding range than any of the foregoing species, while 162 Trotter, Relation of Genera to Faunal Areas. rex the Wood Thrush, H. mustelina, has not advanced beyond the Transition Zone. The Genus Dendroica of the Mniotiltide presents the antithesis of this close likeness of specific forms. We have here a group of thirty-four species that are widely different from one another in color pattern and with breeding ranges, in many cases, coterminous, or at least markedly overlapping. A geographical analysis of the genus shows that the species fall into two equal numerical groups. One group of seventeen well-defined forms has a strictly northern breeding range as compared with another group of seventeen species that is mainly extra-limital, breeding in the sub-tropical or the tropical domain, certain forms being confined to insular areas in the Caribbean. Four species of this second group have forms that breed in the North American region, namely D. estiva, D. auduboni, D. gracie, and D. vigorsi. Of the first group of seventeen strictly North American species only three are limited to the western side of the continent — D. nigrescens, D. town- sendi, and D. occidentalis, the remaining fourteen being highly characteristic of the eastern fauna. Taking into account the large numerical element in this genus and the great variety displayed by its forms, together with the fact that one half of the recognized species are still confined to the tropical or sub-tropical area, there seems some evidence for be- lieving that this group of birds is of considerable antiquity and that its area of characterization was somewhere in the Middle American region of tropical environment, possibly at a time when the Tertiary land borders of the Gulf and Caribbean were much more extensive than at present and when certain of the now island masses were more closely connected with the main continental land. With the disappearance of glaciers from the northern region certain primitive types spread northward, and I think we may recognize the van- guard of this movement in such species as D. striata, D. castanea, D. palmarum, D. townsendi, D. magnolia, D. tigrina, D. estiva and D. coronata. All of these forms reach a high northern latitude in the breeding season and some like the Black-poll and Palm Warblers, the Myrtle and Magnolia Warblers have been lured far into the Northwest, indeed quite to the Sub-Arctic, by the great stretch of coniferous forest. The wide overlap observed in the Vol, XXIX] — Trorrer, Relation of Genera to Faunal Areas. 163 breeding area of these species would seem to indicate, as in the case of the Thrushes above cited, a slow movement of one species upon the heels of another, overtaking one another in their gradual spread, and it is probable that the initial movement was made up of a less number of forms than is represented by the existing species. The distribution of color has considerable significance as an indication of descent. The almost universal presence of white blotches on the tail feathers among the species of Dendroica and the presence of wing bars must have been the fundamental color marks of the common ancestral type. And it seems to me, further, that certain primitive varieties of this common ancestor are indi- cated by the greater likeness among some of the existing species. The similarity of such species as striata and castanea in the autum- nal phase of plumage, and the streaky, brownish young of coronata, tigrina, and palmarum; the head patch common to some forms, the throat patch common to others in the adult plumage, the rump spot and other markings, are very evident features of some com- munity of descent. All this, however, is not to the point or purpose of the present paper. What I wish to show here is that a genus like Dendroica possesses evidence in the large number of its specific and varietal forms and in their wide extra-limital distribution of a disruption of some tropical or sub-tropical ancestral type at a remote time compared with such a genus as Hylocichla. Geologically we might express this by saying that the primitive specific types of Den- droica were of late Tertiary origin, whilst the Hylocichline type was broken up into specific forms during the Pleistocene. Birds have their geological history as well as do mammals and other forms of life and as we have not been able so far to find their fossil remains we must look for traces of this history in the specific characters and in the facts of geographical distribution. Professor Osborne has cited the case of a mammoth! in the stomach of which were found the remains of flowering plants and grasses belonging to species that are still growing in northern meadows. Conservative estimates as to the time when this animal lived would carry us back some twenty-five or thirty 1 Osborne — ‘‘The Age of Mammals,’’ page 420. 164 Trotter, Relation of Genera to Faunal Areas. [ Pec thousand years. It is probable that many existing species of birds frequented these ancient meadows and the encroaching woodlands of birch, alder and conifer. If not the identical species then at least a very near and closely similar parent form that had split off from a still more remote parental stock. I have taken the genus Hylocichla and the genus Dendroica as presenting very wide contrasts in the number of specific forms and in degree of likeness. Any genus of land birds that we will analyze must reveal some features that point to its history in connection with the origin and distribution of its several species and their varieties. If a genus stands for anything it must stand for this origin of its several species from a common ancestral type, near or remote. If the distribution of a genus means anything it means the history of its species in relation to changes through environ- ment and the fixation of characters by segregation.. Overlap or coterminous breeding range is the logical sequence of the spread of a species or variety into the territory of another, either after the one in advance has become fixed or in habitat differentiation if advancing at the same time. The Transition Zone Fauna is a wide expression of this overlap and is a clear indication of the advance of types toward the north. It is not, however, a perma- nent expression, nor is any faunal area permanent. Viewed in the immense lapse of time it is a momentary glimpse of an endless biograph. I am constantly interested in reading items in the pages of ‘The Auk’ that refer to some species of bird observed in a locality to the north of its general breeding range. In conclusion let me sum up the somewhat rambling matter of this paper in the following brief statements: — (1) — The genus means an ancestral type that has split up into its present component of species and their varieties under the influences of geographic and habitat environment. (2) — The forms thus divided become fixed through segregation in the breeding area either through difference of habitat or by extension of range. (3) — Each original type must have possessed, and its descen- dants probably still possess, a certain greater or less resistance to disruption. A genus represented by a single species, or at most by a very small number, would seem to indicate a high degree of resistance, even though spread over a widely varied territory. pat Ser] Trotter, Relation of Genera to Faunal Areas. 165 (4) — The greater antiquity of one genus as compared with another would seem to be indicated by the larger number of its species and their wider variation from one another, but this might be offset by a greater resistance against disruption so that the genus represented by only one species might be, in reality, quite as ancient as the numerically high one. Furthermore we cannot know how many forms may have died out in any genus. (5) —A genus is definitely related to a geographical range, while its several species are more definitely related to habitat conditions within the range, especially the breeding area. (6) — A fauna is an expression of the temporary adjustment of any group of living beings to given conditions of environment. No single factor conditions its components or its boundaries. In the sum of its conditioning factors character of vegetation is probably the most important determining influence. Unquestion- ably the changes which man has wrought upon the face of the country by the clearing of forests and the development of agricul- ture has profoundly influenced the distribution of many species of birds. (7) — All species tend to spread, as their ancestral types have spread, wherever suitable habitats are accessible to them. Search for food, especially at the breeding season, is the motive. Heredity has fixed the migratory impulse. The long daylight of the north- ern summer has probably had a determining influence in the northward spread of ancient generic types and of their descendant species. 1. A. Schafer, F. R.S. On the Incidence of Daylight as a Determining Factor in Bird Migration. Nature, Dec. 19th, 1907. [ Auk 166 Criark, Noles on the Laysan Finch. April NOTES ON THE LAYSAN FINCH. BY HUBERT LYMAN CLARK. SoME time ago, Dr. W. K. Fisher kindly gave me an alcoholic specimen of the Laysan Finch, T'elespiza cantans Wils., with the suggestion that I examine its pterylosis, comparing it with that of some of its Hawaiian allies as described by Gadow (in Wilson and Evans’ Aves Hawaiienses, pp. 219-249). Since Telespiza, however, is one of the very few genera of endemic Hawaiian birds which Gadow had no opportunity to examine, it seemed desirable to examine some of the other features of its anatomy and thus make my notes a sort of addendum to Gadow’s work. The rela- tionship of Telespiza to Lowioides, Psittirostra and Rhodacanthis is so evident: that it would be surprising if my investigation threw any new light on the connection between these birds and the other Passeres. I have however compared my Laysan finch in each character examined with a Chewink, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, not because of any possible relationship between the two, but because the chewink is a ground-loving finch not altogether unlike Telespiza in its habits. I will take up the different points examined in the order adopted by Gadow in his account of Lowioides. Bill. Gadow says that the bill of Lowioides is “like that of typical Conirostres and clearly Fringilline, without notches.” In Telespiza, the bill seems to be very similar to that of Loxioides, but I am not sure that it is clearly Fringilline. It is not very similar to that of Pipilo nor to those of several other American finches with which I have compared it. Its most marked peculiari- ties, in addition to the absence of notches, are the very straight commissural line with hardly a trace of being bent downwards at the inner end and the markedly incurved or inrolled tomia, which do not appear to form any cutting edge against the upper mandible. Nostrils. The character of the nostrils is one of the most marked differences between Telespiza and Pipilo or any other Fringilline birds with which I have compared it. The openings are large but each is provided above and on the posterior margin with a piece of thick bare skin, apparently corresponding to the opercular fold of many Hawaiian birds. A similar fold, less conspicuous because vee | Cuark, Notes on the Laysan Finch. 167 narrower and sloping inwards, is present on the lower margin also. So far as I can understand from Gadow’s description (I. ¢., p. 246) this arrangement is very much like that found in Rhodacanthis and Chloridops. It is less like that found in Psittirostra and seems to be noticeably different from what is shown by Lowioides. It seems probable that Rothschild’s description of the nostrils in Telespiza (Avifauna of Laysan, p. 199) was made from a dried specimen, for it does not accord with what alcoholic material shows. It may be that in life the nostrils can be quite closed by the movement of the bare surrounding skin. Tongue. In Telespiza, although the tongue resembles that of Loxioides, the vertical thickness and fleshiness are remarkable. The tongue proper is 11 mm. long, scarcely 2 mm. wide and about 2.5 mm. in vertical thickness. The fleshy surface is quite papillose and the tip is not divided but is finely fringed as in Lowioides. As compared with Pipilo, Telespiza has a much larger, thicker, fleshier and blunter tongue. Pterylosis.— The resemblance between Telespiza and Pipilo in the general pterylosis is so striking as to be remarkable. The head is very fully feathered and has no apteria; above the eye there is more or less evidence of longitudinal rows in the arrangement of the feathers. The upper cervical tract is narrow and well defined and is continuous with the dorsal tract, which is characterized by a rhombic saddle of good size. ‘The femoral tracts are narrow, about 10 mm. long and perfectly defined. The lower cervical tract forks well up on the throat and each branch connects very evidently over the shoulder with the narrow humeral tract. The sternal tracts are moderately wide and are slightly but distinctly separated posteriorly from the ventrals, which are moderately broad and end some distance anterior to the anus. In Telespiza, a narrow but quite distinct branch of the sternal tract runs directly upward on the side of the body under the wing for 6-8 mm., at right angles to the main tract; it contains 10-12 feathers. Indi- cations of this tract are present in Pipilo but Gadow does not refer to its occurrence in any of the Hawaiian birds examined by him. Possibly its definiteness in Telespiza is associated with the ground- loving habits of the bird. While there are only nine primaries in Pipilo, there are ten in Telespiza, the tenth being short and appar- ently non-functional; the longer primaries had all been cut in my 168 Cuark, Notes on the Laysan Finch. pa specimen, so that I can say nothing as to their relative length. There are nine secondaries in one wing but there seem to be ten in the other; the wing is quintocubital. There are twelve rectrices. While the resemblance to Pipilo is marked, except in the number of the primaries, it should be noted that the differences in ptery- losis between Telespiza and Loxioides or Psitlirostra are trivial and of no significance. Metatarsus.— The covering of the leg in Telespiza is so nearly like that of Lowiozdes, as given by Gadow, that no further descrip- tion is necessary. Alimentary canal.— Here again the resemblance to Lozioides is so great, no detailed account is worth while., As the bird had been kept in capitivity several weeks, the contents of the stomach are of no importance. The crop-like dilatation of the lower end of the cesophagus is marked but there is no real crop. The in- testine is about 250 mm. long and is very narrow, its convolutions resembling those of Loaioides so closely, that Gadow’s figure would do for either bird. Palatine region.— The bony palate of Telespiza, so far as could be determined without a thorough cleaning, resembles that of Loxioides, as figured by Gadow, but differs in having a longer interpalatine bone, so that the anterior ends of the pterygoids are separated from the posterior ends of the palatines by a space of 2 or 3 mm. It is fair to conclude from the sum of these characters that Telespiza is, as has generally been supposed, closely related to Lowioides, and except for the nostrils, it is more like that genus than any other. In view of the restricted distribution of Loxioides and the much wider range of Psittirostra, one would naturally have expected the latter to be the nearest ally of Telespiza. How- ever as the three genera have, together with Rhodacanthis, almost certainly come from a single stock, the failure of the evidence to fulfil this expectation is of no significance. Finally, I cannot refrain from expressing the opinion, based on the study of Gadow’s results in connection with these observations on Telespiza, that the apparent resemblance to the Fringillidee is superficial, and that those ornithologists are correct who look elsewhere for the ancestry of the fringilliform birds of the Hawaiian Islands. ae | Hopes, A Last Word on the Passenger Pigeon. 169 A LAST WORD ON THE PASSENGER PIGEON. C. F. HODGE, CLARK UNIVERSITY, WORCESTER, MASS. THE question with which we started out two years ago was: Has scientifically adequate search of North America been made for Ectopistes migratorius? The answer then was that such a search had not been made. A year ago the fact that no nestings had been discovered and that not a single feather of evidence had been sent in seemed practically to prove that the species was extinct. How- ever, since no definite time limits had been set for the rewards, and since a number of apparently encouraging reports had been received, we were impelled to continue the investigation. During the season of 1911 satisfactory and practically general publicity had been secured through the educational, agricultural and sporting press. Professor Lockhead has also continued his cooperation for Canada through this season. The final result is: No nestings reported, and there are no undecided cases and no disputes. The slate is clean. None of the rewards were claimed, and, as announced in all published, official statements, all offers of reward terminated Oct. 31. Many false reports were received, but all except four of these were settled by correspondence. In nearly every such case my informant would describe two eggs or squabs in the nest. It was only necessary to forward a reprint with the late Professor Whit- man’s emphatic statement that the Passenger Pigeon never laid but one egg — containing also cuts from the excellent photographs re- cently furnished by the American Museum of Natural History of the eggs and adults of both Pigeon and Mourning Dove — to induce the people to acknowledge that their birds were Doves. One case, investigated by myself early in May, is deserving of permanent record. My informants reported a flock of ten pairs or more nesting in a grove of evergreen trees, thirty to thirty-five feet from the ground. They could not be induced to tell how many eggs or squabs were in the nests. I found the evergreen trees to be three clumps of large Norway spruces in a farm door-yard. The house stood on a slight elevation in a valley, devoid for the 170 Hopar, A Last Word on the Passenger Pigeon. Apuit most part of trees. The case was evidently one of crowding a number of pairs of Mourning Doves into a small, preferred island of nesting cites. Reasons for unusual elevation were also patent. A number of cats were in evidence and the lower branches of the spruce trees drooped so badly that the birds were forced to choose the higher branches. I circled the place and found practically all the Doves, and climbed the trees and examined a number of the nests. There was no evidence of any Pigeons mingled with the Doves in the locality. This report came from Pleasant Valley, New York. The three other reports which required inspection were investi- gated by Professor I. N. Mitchell of Milwaukee, who generously donated his time in making the trips. His first journey was to, possibly, the most likely spot on the continent — northeastern Wis- consin. The informant, Mr. Ben Fagg, had seen Pigeons in or near a large black ash swamp. With Mr. Mitchell he attempted to relocate the birds, but the region proved too difficult and the hunt was abandoned. Mr. Fagg insisted on paying the $5 forfeit, and it was received, but with the understanding that it would be returned, if he could show us Pigeons there later. A portion of Mr. Fagg’s letter is cited below in another connection. In response to insistent reports — informant had lived in Michi- gan all his life, knew the birds intimately, had located a flock of from 300 to 500, a number of which came to his barnyard daily for salt, ete. ete.— Mr. Mitchell twice visited this man in southwestern Michigan, but could find absolutely nothing but a few Mourning Doves in the neighborhood. The man offered to forfeit not only $5 but $10, if he was mistaken in the birds, but when the time came to pay he “did n’t have the money.” This concludes all there is to say on the search for nesting Pigeons during the season. My best acknowledgments are due to Colonel Anthony R. Kuser and all those who followed his lead in continuing their offers of rewards for the past season. With the plan as projected two years ago there is no fault to find. It has worked admirably in awakening the country to the problem, and this awakening can, and doubtless will, be utilized in saving other species which are in present danger. It might be in order to suggest in this connection that a committee be appointed which Vol. XX1X] Hopes, A Last Word on the Passenger Pigeon. 171 shall, in codperation with the Biological Survey, be requested to prepare for discussion at each annual meeting an authoritative statement concerning the American species which are in danger of extermination. Is it not high time that the American Orni- thologists’ Union take a strong, leading part in presenting to the country problems in this important field? A number of reports, a few of them seemingly of great proba- bility, indicate that straggling single Pigeons and even small flocks have been sighted during 1911. Professor J. H. Moore writes from Chicago, July 14, 1911. “T have seen this bird on two different mornings since July 4, and have taken out grains and other foods and put them near where the bird was seen. I have, however not seen it for several days now. This bird was also observed by another gentleman of Chicago to whom I told the exact location of the bird — a man who has seen thousands of them wild. There is no doubt of the identity of the bird, as I studied it very carefully the second time I saw it.’”’ (From letter forwarded by W. C. McAtee.) Cottage Grove, Wis. Mr. John E. Mellish reports that he studied for an hour, during a rain, a “large bird”’ which came from the south about 10 a.m., Apr. 13. It later flew north. He examined it at a distance of 60 feet with a 3 inch telescope with a power of fifty diameters, which revealed every marking distinctly. There was ‘‘not a single speck of dark under the ear or on the side of the head in any place.’ (From a letter forwarded by Prof. I. N. Mitchell, whose acquaintance with Mr. Mellish leaves him in no doubt that he saw a passenger pigeon.) Paul J. Sisson, Senaca Falls, N. Y. writes, Sept. 12, 1911. “‘T saw a single male passenger pigeon on Sept. 9 at 3 o’clock in the after- noon, in an apple tree in our orchard....The bird flew direct south.” Mr. James Finch, of Albion Michigan, under date of June 1, 1911, describes what he believes to have been a nesting roost of a flock of nearly 500 Pigeons “in a piece of woods by the river” on his farm. ‘This refers to season of 1910. He writes: “We did not notice the birds until sometime in July, and soon after harvest we noticed them flying from the river and woods to a wheat stubble about half mile away. 50 or 60 years ago pigeons were very plenty on the same fields. They came then in flocks and all together and these birds came in a flock and went away all at once. Their departure was about the middle of September. They acted so much like the old wild pigeons 172 Honee, A Last Word on the Passenger Pigeon. een that we took for granted that they were the old pigeons....The boys on the farm killed a few and had them in the pot before I knew it. I never heard of mourning doves going in such large flocks, 800 to 1,000. (This was in the fall when there were many young pigeons.) I presume the birds will be back here next season and I assure you we will investigate them.” James Finch (83 years old). There is no reason to suppose that this widely migratory species would return to any particular locality to nest, and I have not heard from Mr. Finch again. I was unable to secure any feathers by which to identify the birds which were killed. From another letter dated Apr. 3, 1911: Arcadia, Ind. “On March 28th last about 100 passenger pigeons were seen to pass over my father and I about 50 feet above our heads. My father having seen them by the thousands several years ago can firmly swear that they were passenger pigeons. They came from the southwest and were last seen flying northeast. (The time was given in a subsequent letter as 3 P. M.) “We live in Hamilton Co. about 28 miles north of Indianapolis.” (signed) Harry Noble. The following is quoted from a copy of a letter forwarded to me by Dr. A. K. Fisher. Davidson, Mich., May 30, 1911. “Tt may be of interest to you to know that I saw a flight of between 50 and 100 wild pigeons — the so called passenger pigeon — EL. migratoris, I think you scientists name them. I was in the Northeast corner of Burton Township, Genesee County, Michigan, at the time. A small boy with me cried out ‘‘O see the geese, no ducks.”” I looked up and there they were, less than 300 feet over head, in the irregular constantly shifting formation, I remember so well. I saw millions of them when a boy, tens of thousands of flocks and shot not a few. There can be no mistaking them. They flew swiftly, almost due north while over head, but shifting westward at short intervals and disappeared flying almost due northwest. I have not seen one before in more than forty years as nearly as I can recall.” (Signed) Ernest Hollenbeck. Mr. Ben Fagg finds the Pigeons after he failed to show them to Mr. Mitchell and writes him as follows: Algoma, Wis., Sept. 23, 1911. Prof. I. N. Mitchell, Milwaukee, Wis. Dear Professor: Pardon for delay in reply to your letter of Aug. 14. Had relinquished my position on the Record for the sole purpose of looking ea | Hopce, A Last Word on the Passenger Pigeon. ie after the pigeons and waited until I had something satisfactory to write you. Following is the result of my observations and experiences. Could not get a glimpse of the birds until last week, when they came out of the deep woods, in small flocks to feed in the fields as usual just before migrating. In the meantime I had gathered all the data possible from people who had seen them during the past two years. As rewards are about to expire and there was danger of the search being given up entirely, I carried a shotgun with me to wound and capture or kill one just to prove absolutely that they make their summer home in this locality. At about 8 o’clock on the morning of the 23d inst., while in the same locality that you and I visited and at the spot where I had seen that young one, I saw a full-grown male pigeon strutting along upon the road, in plain view and within easy shooting distance. It was such a fine bird I did not shoot but stood gazing at it until it flew away. Am satisfied that in the immediate vicinity is to be found the nesting place. Later in the day I saw a small flock whizzing across the fields, but although I chased nearly all forenoon, I could not get near them. (Mr. Fagg then gives a list of several persons who have seen the pigeons during this season and last.) “At Gregor, a couple of weeks ago a passenger pigeon was shot and killed. It was cooked and eaten before the diners discovered what a rare bird they had partaken of. From description obtained, I am sure that the bird was a true Kctopistes migratorius Linn.....By the time that they return in the spring proper measures should have been taken for their protection. Altho the nests have not been discovered, there is ample proof that they summer in this big swamp and vicinity.”’ Very truly yours, Benn Fagg. A final letter contributed by Mr. Chapman is interesting as indicating how many Pigeons a man in a most likely locality has claimed to have observed during the past 19 years. Mr. Frank M. Chapman, Editor Bird Lore. Dear Sir: In the last issue of Bird Lore I noticed two items in regard to the extinction of the wild pigeon. I saw one wild pigeon at Gulliver, School- craft Co., Michigan about 1892. Again at the same place, one came into my yard, where I watched it from a distance of a few feet for several minutes; the time being May, 1903. At Newberry, Luce Co., Michigan I saw one wild pigeon on each of the days Oct. 13 and Oct. 24, 1909, I saw a small flock June 9, 1910 at Newberry. On two other occasions I have seen birds which may have been and probably were pigeons but owing to unfavorable conditions of observation I am unable to identify the birds with certainty. Yours truly, Ralph Beebe, Newberry, Mich. Jan. 9, 1911. 174 Hopce, A Last Word on the Passenger Pigeon. rect Do such letters constitute sufficient warrant for continuing the investigation a third season? The correspondence for the season will not be complete until, probably, Jan. 1. If decisive evidence does come in, that the species still survives anywhere it may de- termine future action. The nightmare of the whole situation has been that the last survivors of this great species were being ignorantly shot off. Our two years’ active search has developed considerable verbal, but no tangible, evidence for this. The latest in this line is the follow- ing — which has been given wide publicity (not by me) in the daily press as definite proof that Passenger Pigeons are still being shot. The remains of another Mourning Dove came in from Maine the day after. Dr. C. F. Hodge, Dear Sir: One day recently, while out hunting, I shot a bird and had it mounted by one of our leading taxidermists. It proved to be a “‘ Passenger Pigeon” (Ectopistes migratorius). I think it is a young bird as it has dark spots on the back. Please reply giving me some more information con- cerning this bird. Yours truly, Dwight P. Cushman, Hebron, Me. Oct. 30, 1911. I did reply, sending leaflets with photographs and underscored boldly in red ink the comparative lengths of the Pigeon and Mourn- ing Dove. I also enclosed the Audubon Association’s colored plates of the two birds, and I said: “Tf, after examining your bird in the light of the material I am sending you with this, you are still sure that the specimen is a Passenger Pigeon, I would be glad to pay express both ways for a look at it and for the privi- lege of keeping it a few days to show to the American Ornithologists’ Union, which is meeting in Philadelphia soon.” An early express brought a little box with a little stuffed Mourn- ing Dove in it. It went back by return express to Hebron, Maine, express $.70. My expenses for the season have been $99.70. The balance of $.30 is suggestive. Of this amount Col. Anthony R. Kuser and family voluntarily contributed $80. Since writing the above report it has been decided to continue the rewards another season, i. e. until October 31, 1912, as follows: VOR Sa] Hopag, A Last Word on the Passenger Pigeon. 175 One THousanp Douuars ($1000) REwarp For first information, exclusive and confidential, of the location of a nesting pair or colony of Passenger Pigeons, anywhere in North America; when properly confirmed and if found by confirming party with parent birds and eggs or young undisturbed: Colonel Anthony R. Kuser will pay a reward of $300. John E. Thayer will pay a reward of.......... $700. For first nesting discovered thereafter in the following States will be paid by: Jolim, Limmoneas, INO Words, ooosboqecpounacocsomadb od bae be dc $100. Ate) I kinneys (NASSaGhuSelEs:. cl ciated ito Arve, see meee ws lees 100. Anonymous, Massachusetts, for 2d find. ....5.5. 20... 08.00 dee ons. 100. Allan B. Miller, for 1st nesting found in Worcester Co., Mass......... 20. idiarcl Acvas « CONMECEICU bits «heed As phn. scbsks, spss ep Satie could haves. 0. Gaoeays 100. Harrys. Hathaway. RhoderIsland (60: des gcose ee cere ss pes 100. Worthington Society NGW PeIsey . .s< aise soe ey sle sie adele sale sas ts 100. John Dryden Kuser, for 2d nesting found in New Jersey............ 10. Henry W. Shoemaker, Penna. $200. (adds $25, if nest is protected)... 225. NVEMESNLCrSHOU Ne NINGhIZ DERI. that iti Pe: UM Sins noah We 100. Ree ae Viathrempr Min mMeSOts cies. ape Mayet inlets she oisasyavein ser ohana Mleominy gape 100. uthvensMeaner elim iaie sroctche ah wets ite wale n ae eae athens no tee-taet sc 50. John BE. Thayer, Me., N: H., Vt., Ont., Wis., $100 each............ 500. John Lewis Childs, for first three nestings not entitled to any of the AHOVE LOW ALUS AOU SEACE: Wee ty: leh. stew tale les ina eau eotehe a Eh ate 600. The purpose of these offers is to secure an intelligent search of the American continent for breeding Pigeons in the hope that, if found, the species may be saved from extermination. All above rewards are offered solely and only for information of location of undisturbed nestings. We do not desire possession of any birds, alive or dead, but are working solely to save the free, Wild Pigeon. As soon as a pigeon nesting is surely identified write the under- signed, who will arrange for confirming party and for payment of the reward. All rewards not claimed by Oct. 31, 1912, will be withdrawn. Signed, C. F. HODGE, Clark University, Worcester, Mass. 176 TOWNSEND, Red-legged Subspecies of Black Duck. rae THE VALIDITY OF THE RED-LEGGED SUBSPECIES OF BLACK DUCK.! BY CHARLES W. TOWNSEND, M. D. In April, 1902, Mr. William Brewster described a northern race of the Black Duck,— then known as Anas obscura,— under the name of Anas obscura rubripes or the Red-legged Black Duck the chief characteristics of which were the large size, the coral red legs, the yellow bill, the coarse spotting of the entire throat and the grayish edging of the feathers of the crown and nape. This form was well known to occur in winter on the New England coast, and Mr. Brewster referred four of the breeding Black Ducks which he had examined to this new race. These specimens came from northern Labrador and the Hudson Bay region. He referred breeding specimens from Newfoundland to the older race, but he admitted that he had “none from any locality south of the Gulf of St. Lawrence which were taken at the height of the breeding season.” He inferred, however, that these belonged to the smaller race with brown or slightly reddish legs, dark or olive green bills, buffy and immaculate, or but slightly spotted throats, and dark crowns and napes. It should be noted here that not only the color of the legs, but several other factors correlated therewith distinguish these two races. I wish to emphasize this fact for ornithologists are apt to speak as if the color of the legs was the only distinguishing feature. In April, 1905, in “The Birds of Essex County,” I gave several facts which suggested that rubripes might be the adult male of obscura, and “assuming for the sake of argument”’ that this was the case, I pointed out very similar facts in the case of the Red- breasted Merganser where the winter birds in New England are largely old males, while the females and young go south. In conclusion I said: “These observations are of course insufficient for definite deductions, and are offered merely as a contribution 1 Read at the Twenty-ninth Stated Meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union, November 14, 1911. Vek, XxX] TOWNSEND, Red-legged Subspecies of Black Duck. 177 to the study of the subject. I have made no observations on the adult male breeding bird in summer in Essex County, and as far as I know this has never been done. Its value in the discussion is obvious.”’ I should have added that as the female often assumes masculine characters with age, it is possible that this fact may explain the existence of female rubripes. From the data then at hand, I believe that my position was a logical one, and that one could argue both for and against the validity of rubripes as a sub- species. The proofs were still lacking. In July, 1908, the fourteenth supplement of the A. O. U. Check- list was published in which the name Anas obscura was changed to Anas rubripes, and the following statement made: ‘The name Anas obscura GMELIN, 1788, proves to be preoccupied by Anas obscura PONTOPPIDAN, 1763, for an old world species, and no other name being available, rubripes of Brewster is adopted as a substi- tute. (RIcHMOND, Ms.) There is some question as to the validity of the form recognized as No. 133a, [the Red-legged subspecies of Brewster] which, by the above action, is now cancelled.” Notwithstanding this statement of skepticism as to the validity of the two races, the next supplement, published in July, 1909, admits its belief in them by recognizing Anas rubripes tristis or Black Duck on the basis of a paper on the subject by Mr. Brewster in the previous April, in which, however, no new facts are adduced. In October, 1909, Dr. Jonathan Dwight maintained that the differences between the supposed races were “exactly the ones that distinguish old birds from young whether they occur in the United States or in Canada”’ and he added that his evidence on this point was “conclusive.” To this Mr. Brewster replied in July, 1910, and showed that none of Dr. Dwight’s evidence was conclusive, and that the only breeding bird examined by Dr. Dwight, shot on Long Island, might easily have come originally from the Bronx or Central Park. Thus by the whirligig of time and the A. O. U., the Black Duck, so long and familiarly known as Anas obscura, becomes a sad sub- species of the upstart Red-leg, and even then its position is disputed, while the erstwhile Red-legged subspecies is put on a secure specific basis. One is forcibly reminded of the behavior of the intruding Cow-bird. The title of this paper should therefore have been 178 TOWNSEND, fFed-legged Subspecies of Black Duck. Fes “The validity of the Black Duck,” but as that seemed almost insulting to our old friend obscura, I have adopted the present title which, although perhaps not entirely correct, will, I believe, readily be understood. The only way definitely to decide this question is by the observa- tion of native New England birds during a period of several years from their hatching out, or by the observation of breeding birds. Both of these observations I have been fortunate enough to make, for I have watched two pairs of Black Ducks, caught in the down in Massachusetts, from June, 1909, until June, 1911, when one pair had nested. Careful notes of these birds were taken from time to time, and, as far as this experiment goes, it certainly bears out Mr. Brewster’s statements, for the breeding birds in their third spring were typical tristis. The birds were captured in the down in Hudson, Wiassachus setts, on July 15, 1909, and came into the possession of Mr. John Golding of South Sudbury, to whom I am much indebted for his interest and assistance. There were originally five birds, three males and two females. These I labelled on October 2, 1909, by fastening numbered aluminum bands on their legs, and I noted the colors and markings of each. They were kept in a small enclosure out of doors, in which was a pool of water. All thrived but one male that soon died. I visited them again in January, March, July and November, 1910, and in June, 1911. At the last date one pair had died, and the other pair had been transferred to Medfield where I saw them. This pair was given considerable freedom in an enclosure in a natural meadow in which were pools of water, and they had nested. At each visit the birds were caught sepa- rately and examined critically in the hand, and the colors of bill and feet and the markings noted down without reference to any preceding notes. When four months old one of the females had a pure buffy throat, while the other female’s throat had a few scattered spots on it. All three males had more or less fine spotting on a buffy ground. The bills of the females were dark greenish black, their tarsi brownish, while the bills of the males tended more to greenish yellow and their legs to orange. The next spring the bills of the males were slightly lighter in color, but by no means yellow, and Vela | BisHop, Birds in the Markets of Southern Europe. 179 their tarsi were possibly a little brighter orange. A study of the plumage showed, however, no suggestion of either an eclipse or a nuptial dress. In the third spring the appearance was essentially thesame. The surviving male had a dark crown and nape, a buffy throat, fairly well, but not thickly spotted, a greenish yellow bill and orange feet,— not by any means the coral red feet of rubripes. The female had a dark olive-green bill, dirty yellow tarsi and an unspotted buffy throat. Their size was that of the smaller race. Wood Ducks kept in the same enclosures changed from juvenal to adult plumage, and from eclipse to nuptial plumage, so there seems no reason why Black Ducks should not have changed if it was normal for them to do so. The fact that a pair bred showed they were living under very normal conditions. That there are distinct racial differences between rubripes and tristis as originally maintained by Mr. Brewster seems to be thor- oughly borne out by these observations carried on during three successive springs under very natural conditions. Yet it might be maintained that the period of these observations was too short, or that the confinement interfered with natural conditions. Be that as it may, these observations are offered for what they are worth as a contribution to the study of the subject. BIRDS IN THE MARKETS OF SOUTHERN EUROPE. BY LOUIS B. BISHOP, M.D. Tue year from August, 1910, to July last was spent by Mrs. Bishop and myself in travel in western Europe and northern Africa. Ornithology was not our aim, and no actual field-work was done anywhere. But I kept my eyes and ears open for birds during all parts of our trip as opportunity permitted, and it has seemed to me that what I noticed might be of some interest to the members of the Union in view of the remarkable sentiment for bird protec- tion that has arisen in our country in the last few years. 180 BisHop, Birds in the Markets of Southern Europe. feet Only once did we stay over two weeks in a place, and that was in Venice, where the birds for sale in the markets proved so inter- esting that six weeks had passed before I could tear myself away. You all know no doubt that small birds are sold for food in southern Europe, but the extent of this traffic was astounding to me. And in view of this annual destruction I was much interested to learn what I could of how plenty birds are in regions likely to have been affected by this slaughter. We reached Venice on October 15, for one of us the first visit to what I think the most fascinating city in the world, and for the other a return after nineteen years. Naturally our first days were fully occupied with other matters, but on the morning of October 24 I visited the central market, and what I found there in the bird-line proved so interesting that Oct. 26, 29 and 31 saw me there avain, as‘did Nov. 1, 2,3, 5, 7,8, 10, 1214; 15,16, 17,19, 21 and 22! Birds were there in profusion from Ducks to Kinglets in the early morning, hung in great bunches above the stalls, but by 9 A. M. most of them had been sold. Ducks and Shorebirds occurred in some numbers, but the vast majority were small Sparrows, Larks and Thrushes. These were there during my visits by the thousands if not tens of thousands. To the market they were brought in large sacks, strung in fours on twigs which had been passed through the eyes and then tied. Most of these small birds had been trapped, and on skinning them I often could find no injury except at their eyes. One of these sacks I examined on Nov. 3 contained hundreds of birds, largely Siskins, Skylarks and Bramblings, and the same species constituted the vast majority of a similar sack noticed on Noy. 17, but in the latter there were many Fieldfares. For Oct. 29 my notes say “Market full of small birds, largely Siskins, hanging in bunches by thread passed through neck and head”’; on Oct. 31, “ Market full of small birds, chiefly Bramblings, but many Chaffinches and Hawfinches.’”’ Again on Nov. 8 I write “Market full of fresh small birds,’ on Nov. 10 “Many large birds”; and on Nov. 14 “Many small birds, chiefly Bramb- lings and Siskins.”” As a rule the small birds that were not sold in the early morning were skinned or picked and their tiny bodies packed in regular order, breast up, in shallow tin boxes and exposed for sale. eh ee Bisuop, Birds in the Markets of Southern Europe. 181 During these visits to the Venetian markets I identified sixty species, and procured specimens of most. As nearly as I can remember small birds cost from two to five cents apiece, Thrushes, Shorebirds and Snipe from five to fifteen cents; Coots, Ducks, Partridges and Woodcock from 20 to 60 cents, and Pheasants, of which I saw very few, about $2.00. For example I paid $2.15 on Nov. 8 for 1 Woodcock, 1 Jay, 2 Starlings, 2 Spotted Crakes, 1 Song Thrush, 1 Gold-crest, 1 Long-tailed and 1 Great Titmouse, 1 Pipit, 1 Redstart, 1 Skylark, 1 Greenfinch, 1 Bullfinch, 1 Redpoll, 3 Linnets, 2 Goldfinches, 6 Siskins, 3 Reed Buntings, 3 Bramblings and 5 Chaffinches; and on Nov. 10, $3.25 for 2 Coots, 1 Water- Rail, 1 Spotted Crake, 1 Sparrow Hawk, 2 Woodcock, 1 Common and 1 Dusky Redshank, 2 Dunlins, 1 European Curlew, 2 King- fishers, 2 Greenfinches, 2 Wrens, 1 Great and 1 Blue Titmouse, and 1 Redbreast. No doubt I paid over regular rates, as I could speak little Italian and the market men knew I wanted them to stuff. No Gulls were seen, so apparently they are beyond even the Italian appetite, but a Little Grebe (Colymbus fluviatilis) was found once and once a Sparrow Hawk (Accipiter nisus). Of Ducks, Widgeons (Mareca penelope) were common, and Teal (Nettion crecca), Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos), Shovellers (Spatula clypeata) and other species occurred more or less frequently. Of the Rails I noted Water Rail (Rallus aquaticus), Spotted Crake (Porzana porzana), Coots (Fulica atra) and Galli- nule (Gallinula chloropus). Among the Shorebirds were Wood- cock (Scolopax rusticola), Common and Jack Snipe (Gallinago gallinago and Limnocryptes gallinula), Greenshanks (Glottis nebu- larius), Common and Dusky Redshanks (Totanus totanus and Totanus fuscus), European Curlew (Numenius arquatus), Dunlins (Pelidna alpina alpina), Lapwings (Vanellus vanellus) and Black- breast Plover (Squatarola squatarola). Of the Grouse and Partridges I noticed Red-legged and Gray Partridges (Caccabis saxatilis and Perdix perdix perdiz). Blackeocks, Pheasants and Tetrastes bonasia, Kingfishers (Alcedo ispida), I found only once. Skylarks (Alauda arvensis arvensis) were there in great numbers and sometimes Calandra (Melanocorypha calandra calandra) and 182 Bisuop, Birds in the Markets of Southern Europe. aa Crested Larks (Galerida cristata cristata) appeared. Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris) were common and there were a few Jays (Garrulus glandarius glandarius). But of all the birds in the market the majority belonged to the great sparrow tribe. Siskins (Spinus pinus), Bramblings (Fringilla montifringilla), Chaffinches (Fringilla celebs colebs) and Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus montanus) suffered most severely, but I noticed also Hawfinches (Coccothraustes coccothraustes coccothraustes), Bullfinches (Pyrrhula phrrhula europea), Yellow Hammers (Emberiza citrinella citrinella), Goldfinches (Carduelis carduelis carduelis), Greenfinches (Ligurina chloris chloris), Italian House Sparrows (Passer italie), Redpolls (Acanthis linaria linaria), Linnets (Acanthis cannabina cannabina), Crossbills (Lovia curvirostra curvirostra), and Reed Buntings (Em- beriza schaniclus scheniclus). Redbreasts (Hrithacus rubecula rubecula) were common and Stonechats (Pratincola torquata rubicola) and Redstarts (Pheni- curus ochruros gibraltariensis) rare. Great Titmice (Parus major major) were seen almost daily, and occasionally Blue (Parus ceruleus ceruleus), Coal (Parus ater ater) and the Longtailed (Aigithalos caudatus irbit). Wrens (Troglodytes troglodytes trog- lodytes) were seen several times and the Goldcrest (Regulus regulus regulus) once. Rock and Meadow Pipits (Anthus spinoletta spinoletta and Anthus pratensis) and White Wagtails (Motacilla alba alba) were uncommon, but the Thrushes, such as the European Blackbird (Merula merula merula), Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris), Redwings (Turdus iliaca) and Song Thrushes (T'urdus musica) were all abundant. That killing song-birds for food is not confined to the poor Italians I learned on Oct. 27, when one of the most prominent and wealthy Italian ornithologists — a delightful man — told me he had shot 180 Skylarks and Pipits the day before, and that his family liked them far better than other game. Our prejudice against selling game does not exist in Europe, and this same ornithologist told me he often shot 200 ducks in a day at his shooting-box, send- ing to the markets what he could not use himself. On Nov. 1, 1910, he shot 82 ducks and on Nov. 8, 103, chiefly Widgeon and Teal. In Florence I visited the central market on Nov. 26, 28, 29, 30, Dec. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, and found birds even more plenty than vee] BisHop, Birds in the Markets of Southern Europe. 183 in Venice. Pheasants, Grouse, Partridges (Caccabis petrosa and Perdix perdix perdix), Ducks, Woodcock, and Snipe especially were more abundant than in Venice, probably because Florence is a wealthier city; and Skylarks, Thrushes and Redbreasts were found in very large quantities. Corn Crake (Crex crex), Thickknee (Gdicnemus edicnemus), Green Sandpiper (Helodromas ochropus), Dotterel (Hudromias morinellus) Golden Plover (Charadrius apricarius), Magpie (Pica pica pica), Corn Bunting (Emberiza calandra calandra), Migratory Quail (Coturnix coturnix), Green and Spotted Woodpeckers (Gecinus viridis pronus and Dryobates major pinetorum), Wood Larks (Lullula arborea), Gray Wagtails (Mota- cilla boarula boarula), Brown Creeper (Certhia familiaris macro- dactyla), Nuthatch (Sitta ewropea cesia), Hedge Sparrow (Prunella modularis modularis), Black-cap, Black-headed and Fantail Warblers (Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla, Sylvia melanocephala mel- anocephala and Cisticola cisticola cisticola), Missel Thrush (Turdus viscivorus visciworus), Ring Ouzel (Turdus torquatus alpestris) and Rock Sparrow (Petronia petronia petronia), were species that I had not noticed in Venice. Here too we saw often, bunches and baskets of small birds, chiefly Redbreasts, hawked through the streets, and I saw in the little town of Fiesole on Nov. 27 a bunch of Fieldfares, Redwings and Blackbirds hanging outside a store. Every Sunday that we went into the country we met numbers of Italians out shooting, and their bags seemed to consist wholly of small birds. At Genoa, San Remo, Monte Carlo and Nice, between Dee. 13 and 29, I did not visit the central markets, if such exist, but saw frequently bunches of small birds hanging outside stores. The only new species noted was a Blue Rock Thrush (Monticola solitaria solitaria) at Monte Carlo on Dee. 22. A gentleman who spent the fall in an automobile trip through the west of France from Brittany to the Pyrennees tells me he noticed these bunches of small birds for sale in every town he visited. In Algiers I visited the markets on several occasions, but saw no birds smaller than Thrushes for sale; but there were plenty of Song Thrushes on Jan. 6, 7, 9 and 11; a Frenchman shooting Thrushes I saw near Algiers on Jan. 2, and two natives with a bag 184 BisHop, birds in the Markets of Southern Europe. Penn of a Shrike (Lanius eacubitor algeriensis) Blackbirds (Merula merula algira) Song Thrushes and Redbreasts (Hrithacus rubecula witherbyi) we met some twenty miles from Algiers on Jan. 10. January 17 was market day at Setif on the high plateau in the interior of Algeria, and there I noticed three natives with about 100 Calandra Larks and Skylarks (Alauda arvensis arvensis and A. a. cantarella) for sale. At Biskra, an oasis in the northern border of the Sahara, the natives do not eat birds, so none were for sale in the markets, but I found Sand Grouse (Pterocles arenarius) and Red-legged Partridges. at the store of a Frenchman. In Constantine on Feb. 5 and 6, I saw a few Sky and Crested Larks (Alauda arvensis arvensis and Galerida thekle superflua) and Song Thrushes in the market, and Thrushes were on the bill of fare at Hammam Meskoutine. Behind the hotel there I noticed on Feb. 8 the feathers of hundreds of Thrushes, Starlings and Blackbirds that had been plucked for the guests. In Tunis I visited the large central market — one of the finest I saw abroad — on Feb. 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19 and 20, and found it to contain hundreds of Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris) Sky, Crested and Calandra Larks (Alauda arvensis cantarella, Galerida cristata macrorhyncha and Galerida thekle harterti) and Song Thrushes, besides an abundance of what we consider game. In Sicily Mr. Whitaker, the eminent English ornithologist, told me small birds were not sold in the markets, but between Feb. 23 and March 12 we frequently saw men out hunting espe- cially on Sundays. At Naples on Sunday, March 19, Plover was served on the hotel table, and we noticed a man out in the country with a gun. On March 20, I saw a man with a bunch of Ruffs (Machetes pugnaz), Black-tailed Godwits (Limosa limosa), Lapwings and small birds for sale, and on March 16 on the Via Roma, the busiest street of the city, we met a man with a number of Greenfinches sitting on his arms and shoulders. To a cursory glance, these birds seemed well but stupid. Why they did not fly away, for their wings were uninjured, is probably explained by the following clipping from the Italian Gazette for Dec. 1, 1910, an English paper published in Florence. pee | BisHop, Birds in the Markets of Southern Europe. 185 “The Blinded Birds. In consequence of a letter which appeared in our issue of October 27, the Florence Society wrote to the head of the Municipal police, Cav. Grasselli, calling his attention to the fact that in spite of the injunction issued by the Commissario Prefettizio, blinded birds were still being sold in the Commune of Florence, namely, in a shop in the centre of the town. The Municipal police at once received orders to see that the injunction was respected, and a number of fines quickly put a stop to the surreptitious traffic. When the Commissario (Cay. Ferrara) took the step of pro- hibiting the blinding of birds and the sale of those already maimed, the Florence Society sent a copy of his circular to all the munici- palities in the province, asking them to follow suit. To their honor four —the communes of Fiesole, Tavarnuzze, Cutigliana and Pontassieve — readily expressed their intention of doing so, but the remainder have treated the request with indifference. But even should the Municipal authorities be backward in carrying out the law, it is in the power of anyone to denounce to the Municipal police of any commune acts of cruelty of this kind and to exact a prosecution. The Pretor of Arezzo, Signor De Santis, recently fined a man 100 lire, the maximum, on the in- formation of a private individual, and that sentence is a precedent which cannot be ignored. No doubt the practice of blinding birds will come to an end in Florence and the neighborhood. When the birds thus treated can no longer be put on sale without the risk of a fine, it will interest no one to commit such a horror. The birds were blinded chiefly in spring, though the Florence Society has information that cases have occurred even in winter.” In Rome Partridges were served at the hotel in early April; April 10 I saw a man out shooting between Rome and Florence, and in the market at Florence on April 11 were large numbers of Pheasants, Woodcock, Snipe, Redshanks and other Shorebirds, but no small birds, as it is against the law to sell them at that time. At Dresden on May 18 and Halle on May 25, Gulls’ eggs were for sale in the markets, and game was on the bill-of-fare in Dresden. Our last experience with game on the table was on July 4, when 186 Bisuop, Birds in the Markets of Southern Europe. [ eee “Delaware Snipe” was served on the steamer some few hundred miles out of New York. In England at Flamboro Head in Yorkshire on June 19, eggers were taking for market the eggs of Murres, Razor-billed Auks, Puffins, and Kittiwakes, as they have for generations, and the English treatment of the Wood Pigeon the following extracts from the “London Daily Mail” for last March will show. “Pigeon Plague Slaughter in the Isle of Wight. A great slaughter of wood pigeons took place yesterday all over the Isle of Wight, where farmers have suffered severely from the depredations of the birds. It is estimated that quite a thousand guns were enrolled for the campaign, among them being landowners, occupiers and shooting tenants, who were publicly invited to take part. The guns were stationed in woods and coppices over a wide area during the afternoon, and they remained there until dark. Some large bags were obtained. In the neighbourhood of Saffron Walden, Essex, another district where the birds are a plague, farmers, sportsmen and gamekeepers, will tomorrow renew the combined attack of Saturday last upon marauding flights of wood pigeons. Last Saturday nearly 200 guns turned out. ‘Tomorrow it is expected that nearly double the number will take up the assault. The lesson of the efficacy of such an assault was first taught by the farmers of Devon and Somerset a few years ago, when great combined shoots were organized as a result of the havoc wrought by these feathered aliens among the green crops of the neighbour- hood. Many thousands of wood pigeons fell as a result, and the plague was considerably minimised, if not absolutely brought to an end, over a large area of country. The plan of campaign last Saturday was to make a simultaneous attack on the birds as they returned in the late afternoon from the fields to their roosting-trees. It was decided to man all likely places which the birds might pass on their homeward flight, and many such places were manned. The destruction already wrought shows the wisdom of combination in this direction, and the two more Saturday assaults which will Wel, Set BisHop, Birds in the Markets of Southern Europe. 187 complete the campaign should, with good tactics, complete its success.” “War on Wood Pigeons. The war against wood pigeons was continued in nearly all the southern counties yesterday. ‘Our advice to all farmers who are suffering from the plague of the birds is, “Shoot them.”’ Mr. A. G. L. Rogers, of the Intelli- gence Department of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, told a ‘Daily Mail’ representative. ‘It is best to get at them either at day-break or sunset, and scare them out of their roosting places, or the haunts they flock to for water. Half-measures are not much use; wholesale extermination is the policy if the farmer wishes to preserve his crop. ‘In the north they are not troubled anything like to the same extent. There is not the same temptation as in the south. They flock to the southern counties because there is far more in the shape of food-stuff.’”’ How great is the destruction of small birds at the hands of man in Europe and northern Africa these pages will give an idea, but of the actual number, especially of Skylarks, slaughtered for food no computation is possible. It probably reaches the hundred thou- sand. And this destruction of small birds during the migration for food by the Italians has been going on for years. Mr. E. A. Samuels in “Mammalogy and Ornithology of New England,” published in 1863, quotes Frederick de Tschudi, the president of the Agricultural Society of Canton St. Gall, Switzerland, as writing “ At the period of their spring migration, and still more in autumn, Italians are seized with a mania for killing small birds.” “To form some idea of the slaughter which for weeks together is the chief delight of the people of Italy it is sufficient to mention that in one district on the shores of the Lago Maggiore the number of small birds annually destroyed amounts to between 60,000 and 70,000, and that in Lombardy, in one single roccolo, 15,000 birds are often captured daily. In the neighborhood of Bergamo, Verona and Brescia, several millions of birds are slaughtered every autumn.” In Bird-Lore for July-August, 1907, Mr. Francis H. Herrick 188 Bisuop, Birds in the Markets of Southern Europe. el gives Signor Nigro Licd as quoting “It is estimated that in all Italy the annual hecatomb amounts to ten millions of individuals, among which the Landsteiner of Wiholsburg reckons three mil- lions Swallows,” and also as saying “if after all this there can still regularly occur that enormous slaughter of millions of little birds, so that they can be seen in the markets like sacs full of grain, then why condemn absolutely hunting by means of nets, since by this very showing the method of hunting has not yet caused grave damage?”’ But what of the reverse of the shield? Are small birds rare or common throughout Europe? This I tried to determine as far as I could in the limited opportunities at my disposal, for most of our time was spent in large cities, and the trip to Flamboro Head in June was the only one taken in which birds were the object sought. On our walks or drives in the country I noticed the relative abundance of birds as far as possible, and trust the fol- lowing brief extracts from my note-book may be of interest. Of the ten days in the beginning of September, 1910, which we spent in England, six were devoted to London, still I note that Lapwings, Rooks, Wood Pigeons and many small birds were. plenty near Chester, and that “I have been impressed by the great abundance of birds in England as seen from the train and driving, in spite of cloudy weather.” At Lucerne on Sept. 21 large Swifts were seen, at Oberammergau on the 24th, Coal Titmice and Gold-crests; Mallards were common and tame at Konig See on October 11, and we met a large flock of Bramblings at Innsbruck on the 13th. During our stay in Venice, Black-headed Gulls (Larus ridibundus) frequently were abundant in the Grand Canal, and Starlings and Italian House Sparrows were often noticed. Birds were not plenty along the Reviera, Dec. 19 to 25 as a rule, but we noticed many small ones in the shrubbery at Monaco on Dec. 20, and a large flock of some very noisy species in some trees at Mentone on Dec. 22. In the groves and bushes in the outskirts of Algiers small birds were abundant during the first part of January and among them I identified Crossbills. In the open country further from the city, Skylarks and Pipits were numerous, and on an automobile trip of about 80 miles which we took on Jan. 10, I wrote “Country Yeh | BrisHop, Birds in the Markets of Southern Europe. 189 open and full of birds of many species.” In the Kabyle country in the Atlas mountains, where we were Jan. 14 to 16, birds were not very plenty, but I noticed Common Crows, Kestrels and Harriers from the train, and a very large flock apparently of Thrushes collecting in a wooded swamp toward evening. On the open plains of the high plateau of Algeria, across which we passed by train, birds were not very common, as was to be expected in such a country in the depth of winter; still I noticed frequent flocks of small birds and was able to identify Skylarks and White Wagtails. In the palm-groves of Biskra small birds were again plenty, and some at least were European species. Farther east in the interior of Algeria I noticed from the train on Feb. 3, very many Lapwings and Common Crows and large flocks of small birds, and small birds were abundant at Hammam Meskoutine on Feb. 8. On Feb. 11 I note “saw many birds, largely larks, near Carthage,” and on Feb. 15 and 16, during an automobile trip of some 150 miles between Kairouan and Tunis, I write “saw great numbers of Larks, Sky, Crested and Calandra, very large flock of Ducks, also Lapwings and other species.” Both these days at Kairouan and Tunis we had Larks for dinner. In Sicily small birds seemed by no means abundant, as might be expected from the generally treeless and bushless landscape, but in the old quarries at Syracuse, now filled with luxuriant vegetation, birds were again abundant. Near Naples the latter part of March birds seemed uncommon, and the same was true of the trip from Naples to Rome, and from Rome to Florence; but Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus), appeared to be breeding in the capitals of the pillars at St. Peter’s at Rome on April 4, others in the niches in the Lean- ing Tower at Bologna on April 20, and still others in the Amphi- theatre at Verona on April 26. In the environs of Ravenna on April 18, from the train between Ravenna and Milan, Milan and Como, and from Milan to Venice, and about the Italian Lakes especially the latter part of April, birds were plenty, and I wrote “noticed birds fully as frequently as at home.” In Venice the last of April large Swifts wheeled over the canal and buildings in good numbers, and there were many birds in the Public Gardens on April 27. At Kahlenburg near Vienna on May 13, and at Babelsburg near Berlin on May 17, birds were abundant, and I 190 Bisnop, Birds in the Markets of Southern Europe. Pec noted in short walks, Blackbirds, Chaffinches, Starlings and several species of Tits, and none of the vegetation showed any sign of injury by insects. We reached England in early June, but except for a short trip to Flamboro Head in Yorkshire, and a couple of days at South- ampton, during which we visited the New Forest, our time was spent in London, and even in London Wood Pigeons were common in the parks. But one cannot visit rural England at all, either by train, motor, carriage or on foot, without being impressed by the abundance of birds; birds are everywhere, Lapwings fly out of almost every field, in spite of the fact that their eggs have been sold as delicacies for generations, Skylarks are constantly in the air, Rooks dot the landscape with black, and thousands of sea-birds line the cliffs at Flamboro Head although their eggs are collected each day. My impressions at the conclusion of our long journey, as I wrote them at the time, were that “birds are quite as abundant in Europe and especially in England as with us, and I have been greatly impressed by the absence of insects and worms everywhere, along the roadsides, in the parks and woods and in the fields. No worms hanging from the trees, no mosquitoes, no aphides on the roses, and nothing showing signs of having been eaten; all so different from our country in June.” Why this is so, that after the great slaughter in fall and winter birds are so abundant in spring and summer I cannot explain, but both of us commented on the fact that we almost never saw a cat. Neola | Ruoaps, Ornithological Publications of C. S. Rafinesque. 191 ADDITIONS TO THE KNOWN ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF C. S. RAFINESQUE. BY SAMUEL N. RHOADS. In looking up references to the published writings of Constan- tine S. Rafinesque for material relating to Birds, I have secured verbatim copies of two interesting contributions of his to the Kentucky Gazette. These, evidently, were not known to Dr. C. W. Richmond when he published reprints of Rafinesque’s contributions to Ornithology in ‘The Auk’, Vol. 26, 1909. So rare is the Kentucky Gazette at this writing, that only one file of it and that quite imperfect is available for reference. This is in the Library of Congress, and through the liberality of Mr. Herbert Putnam I have been able to get copies of the articles referred to. They were published under the sub-title of “The Cosmonist.”’ It will be noted that these are Rafinesque’s third and fourth Natural History contributions to the paper, under this heading. It is likely if a complete file of the Kentucky Gazette could be secured that some other references to birds might be found therein, for Rafinesque in his later publication, “The Atlantic Journal,’ page 208, refers to “twenty numbers” of “The Cos- monist”” as having been published. For an essay on “ Rafinesque as an Ornithologist,” the reader is referred to the recent issue of “Cassinia” for 1911, published by the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club. The following reprints were considered too long for that article and more appropriate for ‘The Auk’, in which Dr. Richmond’s articles on Rafinesque’s writings appeared. Fortunately for our author, these articles are based on his own personal observations of the birds described and from actual specimens, in contrast to his bird notes founded on the fishy stories which were confided to him by Audubon when the two met on that memorable occasion at Henderson, Kentucky. Indeed these two Kentucky Gazette articles do more credit to Rafinesque from the ornithological standpoint than all the rest of his bird papers put together and atone in no small degree for the curious performances 192 Ruoaps, Ornithological Publications of C. S. Rafinesque. re in this line which he was led to make through his too ready credulity and mad quest after new species and genera. They give also an insight into his higher self as an enthusiastic admirer and real lover of nature, a phase rarely exhibited in his published writings of later date. Of what extreme interest would be a discovery of his manuscript on the Ornithology of the United States to which he alludes in his remarkable review of Alexander Wilson’s work. “Kentucky Gazette. Lexington, K. Thursday Morning February 14, 1822. Page 3, Col. 4 THE Cosmonist — No. III. On the Birds of Kentucky and a new Swallow. Among all the tribes enlivening animated Nature, there are few if any, that are so interesting as the Birds; those aerial beings who enjoy the glorious privilege of roaming th[rlough the atmosphere, and soaring to the clouds, whence they often may look down with pity upon us confined as we are to creep on the ground. Their lively plumage, and elegant forms charm the eyes, while their melodious voices and varied songs delight the ears. Ornithology or the branch of Cosmony, which leads us to become thoroughly acquainted with their history and manners, has there- fore been cultivated sooner and better than many other branches of natural science. * * * * The splendid works and colored figures of Catesby, Edwards, Buffon, Vieillot, and Wilson, have contributed to make known, the greatest number of the beautiful Birds which live in North America. The magnificent work of Wilson, published in our country, is well known; and although it has remained imperfect by the un- timely death of the author, it stands as a monument of genius, science, and taste. It is also a pity that the worthy author was not aware, that another American Ornithology had been under- taken some years before his (in France, by Vieillot) which has likewise never been completed, where some of his new species were previously described under different names. The result of Wilson’s labors, consist in about 320 figures, be- longing to nearly 300 species, among which he has described 56 ver | Ruoaps, Ornithological Publications of C. S. Rafinesque. 193 as new, which might be reduced to less than 50, by comparing them with Vieillot’s new species; but increased to about 70, by adding thereto several birds which Wilson did not consider as new, and blended with foreign species, while they are really distinct, and ought to be separated, distinguished and named, as I have done in my manuscript criticism on his work. Extensive as this number may appear it is less than one half of the real number of our birds. In Ord’s Catalogue of the Birds of the United States 573 species are enumerated; but in my Manu- script Catalogue Ihave ascertained and distinguished above 660 species, among which about 60 species, have been discovered by myself and described as new; Some of these are already published; but the greatest part are only extant in my manuscripts. Among this number I have already observed and ascertained that upwards of 200 species are found in Kentucky, nearly 40 of which are new for the science of ornithology. These new species belong principally to the Genera or tribes of Warblers, Rails, Hawks, Ducks, Swallows, &c. Some of our Birds belong even to new Genera, and I published in 1818 in the French Journal of Physics and natural history, the description of a new genus under the name of Rimamphus citrinus, to which a single species belongs, which was first discovered in 1808 near Louisville by Mr. Audubon, and mistaken for a War- bler; but it is distinguished from that tribe by its bill open on the sides, and round mandibles. It is besides a silent bird of a pale yellow colour. There are two species of Swallows in Kentucky, besides several well known species. One of them the red-head Swallow (Hirunde phenicephale in ornithology) was already mentioned in my annals of nature No. 1. spec. 16. It is a rare species; grey above, white beneath, with a scarlet head, the bill and feet black. The seeond species I shall now describe and call it the Blue Bank-Swallow. I have given it the scientific name of Hirundo albifrons which means the Swallow with a white forehead. It is very remarkable by its unforked tail: almost all the Swallows having a large forked tail, and a few species a large stiff and sharp tail; but in this new Swallow the tail is small and truncate, neither sharp, stiff nor forked; this peculiarity occurs also in a South 194 Ruoaps, Ornithological Publications of C. S. Rafinesque. eer American species, the Tapera Swallow (Hiruwndo tapera) which is however totally different from ours, being black above and white beneath. Our Blue Bank-Swallow is a small species, about five inches long: it has a black bill and brown feet. Its face or the space surrounding the bill is black, the forehead white, the top of the head blue; the cheeks, throat and upper part of the rump of a reddish chestnut colour, or rufous, the back is blue spotted with white, the belly of a dirty white, the wings brown, with some yellow spots beneath at the base, and the tail is equal, unforked, truncate and brown. This pretty Swallow is found on the banks of the Ohio, where it has only been lately noticed; whether it has lately come there from southern regions or had not been noticed heretofore, may be a matter of doubt, but of little consequence. It appears now to be rather common on some peculiar spots, such as near Newport in Kentucky and Madison in Indiana; it comes late in the Spring builds its nest on the high banks of the river and disappears early. Its nest is singular, in the shape of a reversed bottle, with the opening at the end of the neck; the materials being similar to those employed by the common Swallows. This bird is to be seen preserved with its nest in the Museum of Cincinnati: It deserves the further attention of the friends of science. C. S. RAFINESQUE.”’ The White-fronted or “Blue Bank Swallow” of Rafinesque, or, to be more brief, the Cliff Swallow of authors, is destined to go down into the history of nomenclature as a distinguished bird. It made so many narrow escapes of being properly named in a binomial sense that it seems a bit humiliating for it to now be snatched from the laurel crown of Thomas Say and transferred, by the rights of priority, to a man whom he undoubtedly despised and certainly ignored. Say was one of the coterie of Philadelphia naturalists that eventually drove Rafinesque and his literary contributions from any recognition by the Academy of Natural Sciences. Whatever Say may have lost, Rafinesque certainly gains greatly in having won, in the priority game of naming and properly describing the Cliff, or Eave or Republican Swallow as Wek S| Ruoaps, Ornithological Publications of C. S. Rafinesque. 195 Hirundo albifrons. Say described it in 1823 in the Narrative of Long’s Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, under the name “ Hirundo lunifrons,”’ at least a year later than our Kentucky author’s description, as above. It is amusing to read Dr. Elliott Coues’ history of the discovery and naming of this species on pages 428-429 of that masterpiece of his, the “Birds of the Colorado Valley.”” Had he known then of Rafinesque’s name for it, we would perhaps have had one more of those epigrammatic para- graphs in which he would have depicted how that eccentric naturalist had stolen the march on all his distinguished contem- poraries by a little squib in the Kentucky Gazette. In this con- nection let us observe that its discoverer names Newport, Ky. as a locality for this species. This town was directly opposite Cincin- nati, where Audubon, in 1818, was mounting birds for the Natural History Museum, and it is not unlikely that one of Audubon’s specimens was Rafinesque’s type! The second article is as follows: “Kentucky Gazette. No. 8. Vol. I. Lexington, K. Thursday Morning, February 21, 1822. Page 3, Col. 5. For the Kentucky Gazette. THE Cosmonist — No. IV. By winter’s gales and stormy winds impell’d, They leave the briny waves and stray beyond Their usual haunts, in search of climes unknown. On the Wandering Sea-birds of the Western States. Extensive tribes of Birds dwell on the Ocean; they have been met one thousand miles from any land; they fly and skip over the waves, swim and dive in search of food, repose and even sleep on the water; they often defy the storms, and come near the shores merely when the need of laying their eggs compels them to seek convenient places and shelters. The Sea-birds very seldom wander in the continents, and far from their usual element and food, which consists in fishes, sea- animals and sea-weeds. It was therefore with some astonishment 196 Ruoaps, Ornithological Publications of C. S. Rafinesque. [ heen that I have observed several of them in Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, &c. Some appear to follow the meanders of the Mississippi and Ohio, and to ramble at a great distance from the gulf of Mexico, their native place, finding probably an adequate food in the variety of fishes swarming in those noble streams. Pelicans have been seen and shot on the River Ohio, as far as Louisville, Cincinnati, and Portsmouth, nearly 2000 miles from the gulf of Mexico, by the course of the rivers, although only one third of that distance in a direct course. Some few individuals have been seen both in summer and autumn; but do not appear to have raised their young in our rivers. The other sea-birds which I have observed or noticed in the interior of the western states, belong to the genera of Divers, Gulls, Terns, Phalaropes, Grebes, Sea-ducks, &c. They were seen on the Ohio, Kentucky, Licking river, &c. or even near Lexington and Harrodsburg. A Loom [sic] was shot near the Kentucky river in the spring of 1821. Several Phalaropes have been shot near Louisville and Henderson. If these birds wandered from the gulf of Mexico, the distance from it in a straight line, was about 600 miles. A Carolina Grebe, (Podiceps Carolinianus) was shot at Harrodsburg in March 1821, which came probably from the nearest Atlantic shore of North Carolina, at the distance of 400 miles or more. These birds must probably be blown from the sea-shore, towards us by some violent storms, and many more in the same predica- ment may escape our notice. This singular fact in their History deserves however to be recorded. Among the sea-birds which I have seen in Kentucky, there are two kinds, a Gull and a Tern, which I cannot find described in any book; they might be considered as new species. They must probably have wandered here from the distant shores of the Mexi- can Gulf and Empire, where many unnoticed birds must exist as yet. The Gull might be called the wandering Gull: I have given to it the ornithological name of Larus Marginatus, which has a reference to its black-edged wings. Its total length was one foot; but the dimension of the extended wings reached 28 inches. Bill black, feet of an orange color, with yeaa | Ruwoaps, Ornithological Publications of C. S. Rafinesque. 197 black claws. Head, neck, and belly of a snowy white, back and wings of a pale ash color; but the quills of the wings are white, with a black tip, and the external quill is edged with black, which gives to the whole wing the appearance of having a black edge. The tail is white, and obtuse. The known species to which it resembles most, is the grey gull, (Larus canus) which is found in the United States, and even on our large lakes; but it differs from ours by being much larger, having a yellow bill, greenish feet, several black quills in the wings with white spots &c. It was shot in January 1821, on a pond near Harrodsburg by Mr. Sutton, and the specimen is in the possession of Doctor Graham of the same town. The tern or Sea-Swallow may be called the black-headed Tern; I have given it the scientific name of Sterna melanops, which implies the same thing. This Tern was nine inches long from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail, and the dimension of the extended wings was 21 inches. It was of an ash color above, and white beneath with the head, neck and feet blackish. The bill was of a lead color, one inch long, compressed and sharp. The feet had three half- webbed toes, and none behind. The tail was long and forked, white beneath. This bird is totally different from all the known Terns, and might even perhaps be considered as a new genus, by its long, compressed bill, toes only half-webbed, and want of a hind toe, to which the name of CHLIDONIAS MELANOPS might be applied. It was shot in June 1821, near Harrodsburg, and was preserved by Dr. Graham, in whose possession I saw it. C. S. RAFINESQUE.”’ I have consulted with Mr. Witmer Stone, regarding the status of the new species and new genus above described by Rafinesque. We are agreed that Larus marginatus Raf. was a Bonaparte’s Gull, Larus philadelphia (Ord) in winter plumage. It is a syn- onym of Ord’s species, the latter being named in Guthrie’s Geog- raphy, 2nd Amer. edition, vol. 2, in 1815. Sterna melanops Raf. is readily recognized to be a Black Tern in winter or autumn 198 WHEELER, Spring Migration at Timber Line. eal plumage. The proper specific name of this species is swrinamensis (Gmelin), given in 1788, so melanops is a synonym. ‘The generic (or subgeneric) name of Chlidonias, applied to this species by Rafinesque, based, as it is, mainly on the absence of a hind toe, is of peculiar interest, as it appears to have a priority of above 2 months over the previously accepted name of Hydrochelidon given this genus by Boie. Boie’s name was published in the fifth number of Oken’s magazine, Isis, for the year 1822. This would make May of that year the date of publication, whereas Rafinesque’s name appeared February 21st. Having determined that Rafines- que’s species was the Black Tern we can hardly avoid recognizing the tenability of the generic name of which it is the undoubted type, although the character of the hind toe which he mentions was either a deformity or resulted from the work of the taxider- mist in preparing the specimen. In other words, no known species of the subfamily Sternine@ normally lacks the hind toes. As Rafinesque did not base his separation of this genus from Sterna wholly on the absence of hind toes but upon one or two other characters, including those of the bill, it would seem necessary to supersede Hydrochelidon Boie by Chlidonias Rafinesque and to name the Black Tern, Chlidonias nigra surinamensis (Gmelin), unless it be considered that his name is identical with Chlidonia Hiibner, 1816. NOTES ON THE SPRING MIGRATION AT TIMBER LINE, NORTH OF GREAT SLAVE LAKE. BY DAVID E. WHEELER, M. D. THE spring of 1910 I spent with the Dog-rib Indians. During April we hunted the wooded country between Fort Rae on Great Slave Lake and Fort Enterprise. Only the foundations of Fort Enterprise are left but the place is accurately located on the Canadian maps from Sir John Franklin’s survey. I think no white man has visited it since 1821, the date of Franklin’s departure. The clearing about the fort is still well Vol. XXTX] Wueeter, Spring Migration at Timber Line. 199 defined although the appearance of the stumps indicates that no trees have been cut since that great explorer lived there. In other words nature has made no appreciable effort ‘at reforestation in ninety years. The trees in the surrounding grove are at least five hundred years old. We found 1910 to be a very poor caribou year, yet during April our lodge took and used twenty-four, all females or yearlings. May first I crossed the Coppermine River with one lodge of Indians. About twenty miles out on the Barrens we saw a band of ten caribou, all females or young. We killed only one of these. They were the last females we saw. I got a very strong impression that the caribou wintering between Rae and Enterprise in 1910 belonged to a herd of females, that this herd was almost completely exterminated during the winter and that in consequence there was practically no spring female migration at Fort Enterprise in 1910." At Diri Ti we left the squaws in a grove of large spruce and fir trees — the only grove known northeast of the Coppermine River. Two of the bucks and myself hunted the country west of Conghia Ti, but without success. We then returned to Fort Enterprise to await the migration of the stag caribou. Two of our dogs starved to death and we ourselves were slightly weakened from lack of food. May 14 one of the Indians killed a Richardson’s Barren Ground Bear. It was very fat, and its stomach contained two fish and a ground squirrel but its main food had been berries which had stained the whole intestine purple. A similar stain dyed the intestines of Ptarmigan taken at this season. May 18 the migration of the stag caribou commenced. It lasted about ten days. The numbers in this herd were too large to estimate. Bands ranging from ten to two hundred were constantly passing. We killed thirty. Then the chief told us to kill no more as we had enough. I saw no females in this herd, and I believe that they had wintered in some place unknown to the Indians. May 30, we returned to the Barrens. In the woods the snow -had melted and the ground was bare but beyond timber line there was enough snow for travel with dog sleds. We went east of north and in six days reached a point near to the spot where the 1The fur traders at Rae have written to me to say that in 1911 the caribou returned in their usual numbers. 200 WueEe ter, Spring Migration at Timber Line. an Arctic circle cuts Bathurst Inlet. Every night it froze, and every day there was a heavy thaw; yet at our turning point there was more snow than there had been at our starting point. The first day out we caught up with the migrating stags and saw at a very rough estimate about one thousand of them. These were the laggards, the fat old gentlemen, big and heavy with horns in the velvet and about two feet long. After this we saw fewer each day and the individuals seen averaged younger, thinner and more active. At our turning point we had reached the vanguard and saw only about two hundred, all of them young — “runners” as the men of Newfoundland call them. These Barren Ground Caribou impressed me as being much more nearly related to the Newfound- land Caribou than to the Woodland Caribou. On the way back we soon came to bare ground and left our sleds packing out our blankets on our backs. We reached Enterprise June 11. By this time all the caribou were beyond the Copper- mine River. We stayed at Enterprise about a week and then set out for Rae. The first lake crossed was choked with ice but there was open water in all the rest of them. Seven species of trees were noted. The Spruce (Dog-rib name- Tsi). Is found as a large tree to the edge of the Barren Lands, and in isolated groves many miles beyond the line of continuous timber. Stunted, dwarf trees (Dog-rib name Tchu _ nétch’oli, usually translated “the land of little sticks’) occur south of timber line and also on the Barrens as an irregular fringe rarely more than a few miles from the large trees. The banks of the Coppermine River below Lac de Gras and the shore of the Southern extremity of Diri Ti are well wooded. No wood is found between Winter Lake and the Coppermine or between the Coppermine and Diri Ti. There is a fir tree (Dog-rib name — 7’sz), which only grows North of Aiejean Ti,! found wherever the Spruce reaches large size, even in the groves far out on the Barrens. It does not occur south of Aiejean Ti. The trees are more spreading and even than the Spruce, and their bark is thin, pale, smooth and contains blisters 1 Ajejean Ti = Spirit Lake. eer | WHEELER, Spring Migration at Timber Line. 201 of balsam. The indians recognize them as different from the Spruce, although they have no separate name for them. The Gray or Jack Pine Pinus divaricata — (Con of the Dog-ribs), Tamarack (Larix americana — Dog-rib name Inne doui), and Poplar I did not find north of Aiejean Ti, Willows occurred as dwarf trees sparsely all over the barrens, extending far beyond the Spruce. Canoe Birch, Betula papyrifera— (Dog-rib name Ki) was found north of Aiejean Ti only as a dwarf tree. The following notes on the birds were made during the hunting trip above described. I kept no record of the Raven nor of the @anada Jay. I have also omitted most of my observations on the birds of Great Slave Lake because that country is so well known that the rough data I was able to obtain seemed to me valueless. On the other hand Aiejean Ti, Diri Ti and Conghia Ti have never been visited by any white man but myself. Jjamba Ti was visited by Prof. Russell in 1894 early in the spring before the arrival of migrants. Therefore it seemed to me that that part of the country was so little known that any information about its birds might be worth preservation. 1. Gaviaimmer. Loon. — First seen June 5 about fifty miles north of Lac de Gras. The first one seen was shot. 2. Larus argentatus. Herrinac Guii. — Dog-rib name Maqueau.! Reached Fort Enterprise May 21. Abundant. 3. Sterna sp.? Trern.— Dog-rib name— Awzi maqueau, literally Barren Ground Gull. First seen on the Barren Grounds northwest of Conghia Ti on June 1. Eggs were found on an island in Snare Lake June 26, some of them fresh, some of them containing chicks, but all fit to eat. 4. Oidemia perspicillata. Surr Scorer. — Reach Fort Enterprise May 15. In the oviduct of a female killed May 24 was a full sized ovum. 5. Dafila acuta. Pinrai, Duck. — Two killed near Fort Enterprise May 26. 6. Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus. SNow Goosr.— Wavey. Seen near Fort Enterprise May 26. 7. Anser albifrons gambeli. American WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE. — First seen May 23 near Fort Enterprise. First killed May 27 near Fort Enterprise. This was the common goose about Fort Enterprise both in the timber and further north on the barrens. 8. Lobipes sp.? PHataropr. — Seen in the Coppermine River not far below Lac de Gras June 9. 1 Dog-rib words should be pronounced as if they were French. 202 WHEELER, Spring Migration at Timber Line. Pern 9. Lagopus lagopus lagopus. Wui.LLow Prarmican.— Dog-rib name — Kamba. Winters throughout the timbered country between Edmonton and Fort Enterprise. May 5. Abundant flocks reach Diri Ti in the Barren Grounds. May 7. Concealed feathers on cocks’ necks brown. May 10. Cocks white with brown necks. Hens in full winter plumage. Mating commences. May 22. Females begin to change winter for summer plumage. May 30. Both males and females mottled brown and white. Almost in full summer plumage. 10. Lagopus rupestris rupestris. Rock Prarmican. — Dog-rib. name — Kamba. Winters throughout the timbered country between Edmonton and Fort Enterprise. May 3. First seen on the Barren Grounds — near Diri Ti. May 5. Abundant flocks reach Diri Ti. May 7. Concealed feathers on cocks’ necks black. May 10. Cocks white with velvet black necks. Hens in full winter plumage. Mating com- mences. May 22. Hens begin to change winter for summer plumage. Ova in oviducts three-quarters of an inch long. May 30. Both males and females mottled black and white. Almost in full summer plumage. The first color change in the cocks of both Rock and Willow Ptarmigan appears to be an example of sexual and not of protective coloration. Color changes occur in the cocks more than a week before they occur in the hens. Color changes in the cocks occur simultaneously with mating; they occur in the hens simultaneously with the disappearance of the snow. The cocks which have partly changed color are much more conspicuous than the hens which have not. 11. Lagopusleucurusleucurus. WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN.— Dog- rib name — Kamba. June 4. Z “GPIRIT LAKE Ay A ‘ oC. “Os /) ©, Fes > fis MARION “a RAE ly sag, YELLE we ma BAY A mee ‘se ot “4 ; an /. WINTER LAKE rnc DEDIAI, Fh Bree! 3. JSJAMBA TI is (Prev Buss els yamba Teo! 5 4. CONGHIA TI > = P Porlage o SCALE OF MULES s)) (os es ee | {9 20 30 4o 50 Map or GREAT SLAVE LAKE AND REGION TO THE NORTH. 204 WHEELER, Spring Migration at Timber Line. [ ae between Edmonton and Fort Enterprise, except as migrants. They probably winter in the treeless prairies from Edmonton southward. March 14. A flock seen near Smallpaper’s house, North Arm of Slave Lake. March 18. First seen at Fort Rae. May 3. Tracks seen on the Barren Grounds. May 8. Birds seen on the Barren Grounds. May 19. Mat- ing.? Flocks abundant. 18. Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus. LarLtanp Lonaspur. — On May 19 and afterwards seen frequently with the flocks of Snowflakes. 19. Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys. Wuuirre-cRowNED SpPAR- Row. ——- May 26. Reached Fort Enterprise May 31. Common on the Barren Grounds one and a half days travel beyond the Coppermine River. Song: like the first two notes of a White-throated Sparrow’s. If a White- throat’s song is written sow-wheat, peabody, peabody, peabody, this bird’s song would be written sow-wheat, sow-wheat. The Indians recognized this song as belonging to a small bird with a striped head. 20. Spizella monticola monticola. Tree Sparrow. — May 23, reached Fort Enterprise. 21. Petrochelidon lunifrons. Cuirr Swatutow. — June 1, seen on the barrens beyond the Coppermine River. 22. Bombycilla garrula. BoHuemian Waxwina. — Dog-rib name . Krobine. May 6. Reached Diri Ti. Seen in a grove of spruce and fir two days travel North of the Coppermine River. Between the Copper- mine and Diri Ti there is absolutely no timber, when we crossed the Copper- mine we carried with us even our kettle sticks. 23. Planesticus migratorius migratorius. Rosin.— Dog-rib name Goshi. May 17. Reached Fort Enterprise. Abundant throughout the timbered country. Scarce north of the continuous woods. The accompanying map is partly from the published maps of the Interior Department of the Dominion of Canada. Great Slave Lake north of Yellow Knife Bay and Lake Marion are so inaccurately drawn there, that I give them from my own courses and estimated distances. Aiejean Ti which is not shown on any published map, I have mapped from my own observations. Diri Ti, Jjamba Ti and Conghia Ti I have copied from a sketch map made by Germain, an old Indian who has hunted this region all his life. Winter Lake is double as I have drawn it. Canadian maps show only the western end of the lower lake. Coe | Stone, Vroeg’s Catalogue. 205 VROEG’S CATALOGUE. BY WITMER STONE. In the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections Vol. 47, pp. 332- 347, were published a reprint of the “Adumbratiuncule” of Vroeg’s Catalogue 1764, by Mr. C. Davies Sherborn and comments on the new birds described therein, by Dr. Charles W. Richmond. It is shown that P. S. Pallas was undoubtedly the author of the Adumbratiuncule and that many of the new names proposed, antedate those now in use. Two protests have since appeared, against the adoption of these names as advocated by Dr. Richmond. Dr. P. L. Sclater (Ibis, 1905, p. 490-491) rejects the names because Vroeg’s Catalogue appeared before (by a lapsus calami he says after) the twelfth edition of Linneeus, with which edition Dr. Sclater begins his nomenclature. He adds however “There is no proof whatever that the ‘Adumbratiuncule’ were published at all; they are paged separately from the ‘Sale-list.’ All we know is that a printed copy of them is attached to Linneus’s copy of the Sale-list, and it was probably sent to Linnzeus by Pallas. But it is impossible to say whether the ‘Adumbratiuncule’ were issued along with other copies of the Sale-list or were intended by the author for Linnzus’s private use only.” Dr. Sclater’s position is of course unassailable if we begin our nomenclature with the twelfth edition of Linnzeus, but those zoologists who follow this practice are a rapidly decreasing minority and most of us cannot dismiss Vroeg’s catalogue so easily. His claim that it is impossible to say whether the Adumbratiunculee were really published or were attached to other copies of the Catalogue would probably not have been made had he read the statement in the preface relative to them, which is quoted below. Furthermore since Mr. Sherborn and Dr. Richmond published their reprint and commentary, two more copies of the Catalogue have turned up, each with the Adumbratiuncule attached. One as explained below is in the Zoological Society of Amsterdam, while the other was procured a few years since by Dr. Charles W. Rich- 206 Srone, Vroeg’s Catalogue. Apu mond from a dealer in the same city. To Dr. Richmond’s liberality I am indebted for the privilege of examining his copy of this rare work. The second protest against accepting the names in question is by Dr. E. D. Van Oort who discovered a copy of Vroeg’s Catalogue in the library of the Royal Zoological Society “Natura Artis Magistra’”’ at Amsterdam and describes it in Notes from the Leyden Museum XXXIV No. 1, pp. 66-69. Dec. 1, 1911. Dr. Van Oort states that “all the new species of the “adum- bratiuncule’”’ are mentioned, most of them under the same latin names, some under other latin names” in the Catalogue proper which precedes the Adumbratiuncule and the names in the latter are thus preoccupied by those in the Catalogue. “These latter names however, cannot be considered because the author of the names and of the descriptions is unknown.” He adds that even if this were not the case the Adumbratiunculee were anonymous when published and the quotations of Linnzeus and Pallas citing the latter as the author do not affect the case. The latter contention I do not think will be seriously considered as the evidence of Pallas’ authorship is perfectly clear. The former contention is distinctly illogical because if the names of the Catalogue are denied recognition in scientific nomenclature they certainly have no status whatever and cannot preclude the subse- quent use of the same names, either in the same or another con- ’ nection. Since the American Ornithologists’ Union Code of Nomenclature does not reject anonymous names, I should be willing to accept the new names which appear in the Catalogue proper and quote them from there rather than from the Adumbratiuncule if there were no other question involved. There is however, a serious question as to whether the Catalogue is strictly binomial or was even intended to be. The author states in the preface that the species are arranged under the Linnean genera and are numbered te correspond with the tenth edition of the Systema Natura, while such species as were not contained in this work are marked with a zero. He further says “Ce qui nous a engagé a en donner des descriptions detailées a la fin du Catalogue, qui pourront servir 4 ceux qui se | Stone, Vroeg’s Catalogue. 207 font un étude methodique de |’Histoire Naturelle.” This of course refers to the Adumbratiuncule of Pallas. The author of the Catalogue evidently used Pallas’s names for the nondescripts just as he used Linnzan’s names for species already known, but he added miscellaneous explanatory terms indicating sex, age, and condition as well as additional descriptive words, until the result seems to me anything but consistent bi- nomialism. In fact the author probably never meant his names to be so considered, since he refers distinctly to the appended Adumbratiuncule as provided for those interested in the syste- matic study of Natural History. The following quotation will show how the technical names are given in the Catalogue. The genera are usually cited in the plural, and the specific names given in parentheses. ANATES EENDEN 238 BERG EEND. Mannetje (Tadorna Mas) Lin. Sp. 3 239 ZWARTE ZEE EEND (Nigra) Lin. Sp. 6 240 STORM EEND (Fusca) Lin. Sp. 5 241 Idem’t Wyfje (Praecedentis Femina) 242 MAKKOVSER of TURKSCHE EEND Mannetje (Moschata Mas) Lin. Sp. 13 243 Idem het K1EKEN (Pullus Moschatae) * * * * * Genus LXI 256 KOL of STEEN GANS (Anser) Lin. Sp. 7. 257 GROENLANDSCHE BRAND GANS. Mannetje. (Anser Bernicla s. Brenta Mas) Lin. Sp. 11. 258 TARTARYSCHE GANS Mannetje. (Anser Tartaricus ferrugineus Mas) Lin. Sp. 0. Should anyone still consider that the names in the Catalogue should be recognized he will find seven which differ from those proposed in the Adumbratiuncule, viz. Adumbratiuncule Catalogue No. 59*[=57*|Certhia collaris =Certhia torque rubra p. 8 113 Loxia tricolor = Loxia erythromelana p. 13 114-115 Lanius carbo =Lanius purpureus p. 13 142 Fringilla citrinella = Fringilla Canariae subsimilis p.15 175 (not named) =Parus aureus p. 18 208 ; TuayeER, Great Auk Egqs. Peni 358 [= 258] Anser ferruginea= Anser Tartaricusferrugineus p.25 320 Trynga alba = Tringa Leucophea_ p. 32 Unfortunately Dr. Richmond has adopted Parus aureus from the Catalogue, and the committee of the American Ornithologists’ Union adopted Tringa leucophea. If these names are rejected as I think they must be then Euphonia aurea (Pallas) p. 345 of Dr. Richmond’s paper will revert to Euphonia chlorotica Linn. 1766; while the Sanderling will be known as Calidris alba Pallas as given by Dr. Richmond, p. 347. I can see no excuse whatever for rejecting the names given in the Adumbratiuncule and the changes in nomenclature suggested by Dr. Richmond should be adopted. Moreover one more seems to be necessary. The Crested Guinea Fowl, Guttera cristata usually quoted from Numida cristata Pallas Spic. Zool. I, p. 15, 1767, is described in the Adumbratiuncule 1764 as Meleagris cristata. This name however is invalidated by Meleagris cristata Linn., Syst. Nat. 1758, and I would therefore propose for Meleagris cristata Pallas 1764 (= Numida cristata Pallas 1767) the name Guttera pallasi. GREAT AUK EGGS IN THE THAYER MUSEUM. BY JOHN E. THAYER. Plate XIT. THERE is at the present time a series of eight eggs of the Great Auk, Plautus ampennis, in my collection. Three of these were described in ‘The Auk’ for 1905. The others are those numbered XIV to XVIII in Thomas Parkin’s Catalogue of mounted skins and eggs of the Great Auk sold at public auction in Great Britain 1806-1910, from which publication the following notes are taken. Egg XIV was found in the shop of Mons. Perrot, Naturalist Prepateur at the Museum of Natural History in Paris, by the late "Pistia; YAOI WHOL, OCIA K SLMS, SOU Eaac or THE GREAT AUK IN THE THAYER Museum. i ly Ne de ole At] THAYER, Great Auk Eggs. 209 Sir William Milner who purchased it November 23, 1847, for 200 frances. After his death the egg was purchased by Mr. T. G. Middlebrook, April 23, 1895, for £189. Egg XV was originally obtained in Iceland about 1830 by a ship owner of St. Malo who bequeathed it to Comte Raoul de Baracé. Upon his death it was secured by Baron d’Hamonville in March, 1887. On June 25, 1895, it was offered at auction in London and was bought by Messrs. Jay & Co. for £173 5s and two years later July 27, 1897, was again sold to Mr. T. G. Middlebrook for £168. It was figured in the Memoirs of the Société Zoologique de France 1888, plate 6, fig. C. Egg XVI from Iceland, was sold by Frederick Schultz of Dresden to Mr. Hugh Reid, May 23, 1841. The same year the latter sold it to Mr. J. H. Tuke for £2. 6s. and at the executors’ sale April 20, 1896, it was purchased by Mr. Heattey Noble for Mr. Wm. Newell for £168. This egg is referred to in Hewitson’s Coloured [lustra- tions of British Birds 1846, Vol. II, p. 413, and is shown in the accompanying plate. (Plate XII.) Egg XVII one of three which were in the collection of the Vi- comte de Barde for some thirty years prior to 1825 when they went with the rest of his collection to the Boulogne Museum. ‘The curator of this institution exchanged them to Mr. James Gardner Jr. for an Ostrich skin. Mr. Gardner brought them to London and sold them to Mr. F. H. Potts, who after disposing of two of them at auction May 24, 1853, sailed to New Zealand taking the present egg with him. He died in 1888 and about 1891 the egg was purchased by Mr. Henry O. Forbes, curator of the Canterbury Museum, Christ Church, New Zealand. It was returned to England and was in the collection of Mr. Leopold Field from whom it was purchased by Mr. Rowland Ward. It was offered at auction April 13, 1897 and was bought by Mr. T. G. Middlebrook for £294. Probably no bird’s egg has ever travelled so widely! Egg XVIII has the same early history as No. XV and was figured by the Baron d’Hamonville, Plate 6, fig. B, of the paper already referred to. It was purchased, July 19, 1899, by Mr. T. G. Middlebrook for £315, but on the dispersal of the Middlebrook Museum January 30, 1908, it brought only £110, and was bought by Mr. Rowland Ward. 210 Moore, Least Sandpiper in the Magdalen Islands. on THE LEAST SANDPIPER DURING THE NESTING SEASON IN THE MAGDALEN ISLANDS. BY ROBERT THOMAS MOORE. Plates XIII, XIV. Tue habits described in this paper were noted in the Magdalen Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence, during the period, June 17 to July 2, 1911. Most of these days were spent in the vicinity of Grosse Isle, the fishing village at the northeast end of the “Lagoon.” This peculiar body of water, twenty-five miles long by two or three wide, is bulwarked against the sea on both sides by a narrow stretch of dunes, wind-tossed mile after mile to weird and mammoth shapes of sand, but here and there blown flat into low areas. One of these just east of Grosse Isle has taken the form of a salt marsh and has become the chief nesting-locality of Pisobia minutilla for the eastern portion of the islands. The marsh itself is a large one, for here the distance from gulf to lagoon is over a mile, the whole of this width, save for the dunes on the gulf-side, being covered by its surface. In the other direc- tion it is irregular, being invaded here and there, and in places almost bisected, by tongues of solid earth, sufficient to support a growth of stunted spruces and bayberries. On our arrival no conspicuous flowers flaunted bright colors in any part of this area, for,the Blue Flags had not yet bloomed on the edges and the Buck- beans (Menyanthes trifoliata) so profuse in a deeper marsh at East Point, were entirely absent. The whole surface was sombre, absolutely unrelieved, all in tones of gray and dark green. A more dreary waste of water and muck can hardly be imagined! Fully a third is water distributed in shallow patches, the rest water- soaked hummocks, dry only on the grassy tussocks that tuft the marsh here and there. On these hillocks the Wilson’s Snipes conceal their nests, but the Least Sandpipers place theirs in tufts of short marsh grass surrounding the larger tussocks. As one slops over the marsh the little Sand-peeps begin to pipe anxiously and soon one whirls up into the sky to repeat over and > PRATE Sell: ISOs, ANOS, WOE, OG AbDULT LEAST SANDPIPER, IDENTIFYING NEST CONCEALED BY STICKS. ik 5 # be F P E fe £ g £ T THREE DAYS OLD. ANDPIPERS ABOU AST S Younc LE D) “4. Vol Sr] Moores, Least Sandpiper in the Magdalen Islands. 211 over a pathetic little flight song. By this time the more abundant and more vociferous Wilson’s Snipes are hurtling about in tumultu- ous excitement, those, concerned with young near at hand, making spectacular dives to earth, there to grovel and flutter, while others are cutting eccentric figures overhead and ever and anon sharply plunging down the skies to the accompaniment of their wild wing- songs. Other species, too, are demanding attention: the Savannah Sparrows buzz on all sides, Rusty Blackbirds hoarsely rasp from the marsh-edges, Blackpolls clink their pipes in the bayberry clumps, and Fox Sparrows innumerable bell from the surrounding hills. Nevertheless the Sandpiper and the Snipe seem the rightful owners of the marsh, the only ones that require just such a wet situation and no other for the setting of their homes. All told we found five nests of the Least Sandpiper, four of them close together at the southwest end of the marsh, in an area not over a hundred yards in diameter. The fifth nest was discovered by my companion, Mr. Wm. L. Baily, in the damp end of a grassy field, where it borders the marsh along its southern margin. All of the nests were in damp situations and those in the marsh were on ground so sponge-like that one could not kneel without getting wet. Adequate protection from the dampness was afforded three of the marsh nests by a layer of dead, chocolate-colored leaves, presumably secured from the bayberry bushes. The lining of the fourth nest consisted of narrow strips of glistening white Eel-grass, | Zostera marina, which not only bottomed the nest-coneavity, but also curled its surplus of satin strands out and around the grassy tuft into a most conspicuous and charming decoration. Conspicu- ous as it was against the dark background, it was not absolutely tell-tale, for similar curls were scattered about the neighborhood and decreased the danger of discovery. The field nest was lined with grass which harmonized perfectly with the standing grasses that met above and made detection difficult. The customary lining seems to be leaves, and nests, so lined, though couched in short grass and open to view, are in reality well-concealed, for the chocolate-blotched eggs are almost invisible in their dark setting. Four eggs were ultimately the complement of all the nests, though one when discovered, contained but a single egg. These were indistinguishable in shape and size, but varied considerably in 212 Moore, Least Sandpiper in the Magdalen Islands. Ani amount and arrangement of markings. One set was so heavily blotched with varying shades of dark brown that the background was hardly visible at any point, while a second set was blotched only about the larger end and spotted on the sides and small end. The general appearance of the second was buffy, while that of the first was chocolate. Still a third set differed from these in having two dark eggs like the first and two light like the second. All four of the marsh nests were found on June 17, when three possessed the full complement of eggs. By June 22 the nest, which had on the 17th but one egg, now contained four. On this same date, the 22nd, eggs of one of the marsh nests hatched and these chicks left the home before the morning of the 24th. The 24th also witnessed the discovery of the field nest, which at that time contained four eggs somewhat incubated. These hatched between June 25th and July Ist. It appears from this that some of the females must have begun laying as early as June 5, and on the other hand, one certainly did not start much before the 16th. It must be remembered that this season, as far as the Magdalen Islands were concerned, was late and unusually wet. Unfortu- nately I have no dates, other than those given above, from which to calculate the length of the incubation period. All that I can definitely assert is that it lasts longer than seven days. Not until the clutch is complete does incubation begin, for all the eggs in one nest hatched within a period, not longer than twenty-four hours. There is a possibility that two broods are reared, since one female, collected on the 24th after she flushed from the set, not completed till the 22nd, exhibited a red-centered condition of four of the ovaries, which made the laying of a second set potentially possible. The young are certainly precocious, leaving the nest at least by the first day after birth and, thereafter, being able to find their food and take care of themselves. At sunset, June 22, the first egg of one clutch hatched before my eyes and forty hours later on June 24 allof the young had left the nest. The parent who had brooded them was walking about, within a few feet of the deserted home but despite diligent search, no trace of her young could be discovered. At this early stage of development their various shades of cinnamon and brown render them inconspicuous and their small size completes vo | Moors, Least Sandpiper in the Magdalen Islands. 213 an equipment sufficient for absolute safety, as long as they remain in the dark marshes. That they do not stay there long, I feel confident, for a parent and two young, not over three days old, were discovered by us on July 2 in a stretch of sand, bordering the beach and a long distance from a possible nesting-locality. Here against this white background, relieved only by spikes of grass, they were very conspicuous and the lack of protection made the parent frantically anxious. Piping a frenzied flight song, she whirled over our heads and dashed to earth, there to trail excitedly in a vain effort to confuse attention. To protect, to warn, to guide in the search for food, these seem to be the chief parental functions at this stage. That the young are able to find food and water for themselves, we had evidence the next day, for these two were kept over night and, when they were let loose, ran at once to a stream of water coursing across the beach, boldly waded in and drank deep. Quite as adept they were in finding food. Our attempts to re- catch these nimble youngsters brought to light a use of wing, I would not have credited to two-day old chicks. At the moment of imminent capture they would raise their featherless flippers and flap them vigorously, as if anticipating a surer method of escape in the near future! Interesting as this precocity was, it did not appeal to me so much as the guileless disposition of the adult birds. From a customary gunner’s experience with Shore-birds I expected these abused Sand-peeps to be extremely shy in their northern homes. The truth was a revelation of gentleness of character, apparently inherent in the whole species, in astounding contrast with the bitter treatment, accorded them on our southern beaches. Never have I known any birds more docile, more absolutely free from the resentful instinct, than these wee fluffs of life. My caged canary when suddenly disturbed, pecks and scratches, but these wild Sand-peeps permitted themselves to be caught and handled with- out once resorting to natural weapons of defense. Indeed all their actions about the nest in the presence of human beings indicate a nature at once bold and gentle, fearless and tame, combined in a disposition about as lovable as that of any wild creature I know, and this despite the fact, that they are as consistently “collected” on the nesting-grounds, as they are shot on the migration beaches. 214 Moore, Least Sandpiper in the Magdalen Islands. [ Apuil It is surprisingly easy to get on friendly terms with them and, once a friendly relation is established, the revelation of life-secrets follows as a natural consequence. The birds do not flush directly from the nest like many ground- nesting species, but invariably walk or run fifteen feet or more, before flying. This habit was characteristic of all five brooding birds, particularly at the time of nest-discovery. Later it was modified by increasing familiarity, indeed two birds became so tame that they would not leave, unless threatened with foot or hand. With them flight was a premeditated action, rarely incited by fear. The customary response to the stimulus of man’s pres- ence was as follows: At a distance of fifteen feet from me the brooder would raise itself an inch from the nest and watch my approach. If my movement was extremely slow, it would drop back on the eggs, but at my third or fourth step later would rise again and walk a foot away, stop, and gaze at me doubtfully. This action was performed in erect attitude with no attempt to crouch or conceal. The next move was to run swiftly off fifteen or twenty feet and launch into flight (sometimes accompanied by song), provided it was the initial meeting. If she was used to me, she would circle about among the hummocks approaching again from various directions. At this point, if I remained motionless, she would invariably return by short running hitches and boldly gather the eggs under her. My next step would start her again and a sudden movement would produce one of two results: Either she would flutter up a few feet into the air, like a slow-flapping moth, and drop again a few feet ahead, or else she would trail and vibrate the “broken wing.’’ All the birds used the latter trick at one time or other, but they did so sporadically, rarely employ- ing it at the moment of leaving the nest. A marked feature of this manceuvre was the wide-spreading of the tail fan-shaped, showing a conspicuous amount of white. A supplementary action was to grovel in some mud-depression and flutter the half-shut wings rapidly for several seconds, or else to slide slowly forwards on the belly. During this performance a high call-note was constantly uttered resembling the cries of young birds. (Call record No. 1.) So far the actions described were common to each Least Sand- Vel 2a] Moors, Least Sandpiper in the Magdalen Islands. 215 piper and would incline one to believe they lacked individuality. Quite the opposite was true; each one was highly individualized, so that it could be distinguished easily by some marked trait. For instance, one bird on leaving the nest invariably ran directly towards me, no matter from what direction I came or how close I was, and walked about my feet in imminent danger of being trod SONG RECORDS fo. Ge i UN et > trem ep miss it pope ee tH Py PY Pees 41 ae = pop safopreap papal oma =e once, Je Pardee ry JOSS Sqes) Bp ate er SoSige sae SSeS Se55 ry CROSS 2 | | = a rT —— uf tt $s ee SS Ey i es Be 9 es oe afte et Et ee Ee Se ee a CALL RECORDS 2 gal eae sats de d= 138 28va----- 3 2 8va 4, Te am whe rari in fb P upon, if I confined my attention to the camera. Though two others were much tamer, neither showed this surprising trait. The action was not threatening, but anxious or merely nervous. A second bird developed a habit of lifting the grasses, we trod down about its nest, a third was quite shy and two others were extremely tame. Furthermore the flight songs of the three brooders I heard sing, were characteristically different and easily distinguishable. Discovering how guileless the two tame parents were, I naturally devoted most of my time to them. One was the owner of the Eel-grass nest in the marsh, the other of the grass nest in the field. This bird hereafter designated the “marsh bird,” was disclosed to us by a village boy, who was trying to catch her with his cap, a trick which he probably would have accomplished. Even while 216 Moore, Least Sandpiper in the Magdalen Islands. re Mr. Baily was focussing his camera within three feet of the nest, she walked up to it and covered the eggs as unconcernedly, as if we were miles away. There were three of us present, talking and conversing, yet she walked right up to our feet and slipped be- tween the tripod legs. Indeed when a time picture of the eggs was required, one had to prevent her from walking in and spoil- ing the picture. That she was perfectly at home with us, was. proved by the easy, unconscious attitudes she took, often preening her feathers or stretching her wings in the most serene and graceful manner. One foot held up the wing, the other balanced the bird. Poising in this airy fashion she seemed some automaton. of a fairy world, rather than an earthly intelligence. (Plate XIV, fig. 4.) And she was very intelligent! On June 20 I watched her solve three problems, one provided by the crowded condition of her nest, the others by human interference. Her custom was to run straight into her nest without stopping at the edge. Without hesitation. she would step directly on the eggs, each foot on an egg, and then, try to slip the feet between them before settling. But the eggs were so large and the nest so small, that there was little room for her feet. The right foot went down quite easily, but when the left tried, it squeezed and shoved in vain. Realizing that she would not succeed in this way, she made use of her bill, inserting it between the offending eggs and turning the small end of one around. ‘Then she shoved the lining away to the side of the nest near the small end and having made a hole, inserted the foot. Her next move was to coerce a refractory egg under her feathers and then to tear out a piece of Eel-grass that annoyed her. At length content she sank into a wide-spread fluffy condition, the bill sunk, the eyes relaxed, and assumed that glazed appearance, which denotes a brooding bird unconscious of surroundings. (Plate XIV, fig. 3.) And all this happened while my head was within three feet of hers! It seemed a pity to disturb her, but I had my own problem for her. Forcing her off, I filled her nest full of sticks and waited. Immediately she came up and ran right over the top of the nest. Stopping on the opposite side, she stood stock still a full minute unable to grasp the changed conditions. Then, for the first time MMT eA Kee WVi@I. XOXUTEXS: IPYLVMINS OID 2 3. ApuULT LEAST SANDPIPER, INCUBATING. UNCONSCIOUS ATTITUDE. 4. Aputt LEAST SANDPIPER, STRETCHING WING. pee ar | Moors, Least Sandpiper in the Magdalen Islands. ZL7 this bird evinced active concern, for she began to run in and out of the tussocks, searching frantically in all directions, now and then halting to get bearings and constantly giving vent to that pathetic little call. (Call records No. 2 and 3.) Fearing she might abandon the home, I thought to relieve her, when at that moment she ran up to the sticks again, glanced at a tuft of grass four inches to the right, which seemed to be a landmark, gazed at the sticks searchingly, and at length recognized the nest. Instead of trying to lift the sticks out, she attempted to shove under them, but found them too bulky to move. So she pried them up with her bill, gradually working into the nest as she pried. (Plate XIII, fig. 1.) Again I flushed her and determined to make as hard a problem as possible. First, I stamped down the tufted hillock which threw shadows from the setting sun and next, covered the nest com- pletely with a mass of yellow straw. Again she overran the nest and this time seemed completely bewildered. Astonished by the disappearance of the landmark, she ran swiftly away, as if be- witched, and crouched flat in a mud-hole, her whole attitute being one of fright. But it was not long before she adjusted her ideas to the new conditions, ran up to the straw, inserted the bill under- neath, and crept under. Her body struggled under the burden and disappeared; the straw shook convulsively, evidence that the home was being put to rights. For an instant it seemed she would walk off with the new roof, but finally the struggles subsided and a head popped out with a frightened look as much as to say: “ What new plots are you concocting now?”’ In order to secure photographs I had to disturb her a number of times and the last time, she retired five feet to the east and without warning shot up into the sky. As she flew, she sang the flight song. (Song record No. 1.) I hoped she would return, but no, she kept on ascending and singing as she climbed, repeating the song over and over with but slight pause. A certain wildness about it betokened final farewell and it certainly was final for that afternoon. Two days later contrary to my fears, I found her again on her nest, a returned songster. This day the 22nd, I determined to catch her in order to ascertain positively that there was no webbing between the toes. Kneeling 218 Moore, Least Sandpiper in the Magdalen Islands. Apuil on the ground, I gradually moved my hand through the short grass. Each time she rose from the eggs, the hand halted and waited for her to drop again. Sometimes I feinted with the other hand to draw her attention. As the hand got nearer, her breathing became heavier and the breast feathers palpitated visibly. At length my first finger touched her neck and she raised slightly only to sink again, when it stroked her. A minute later her neck was almost surrounded and she resented the uncomfortable feeling only by hunching upwards. Then, just as the fingers were about to close, she slipped out from under and was free. Keeping my hand circled about the nest I waited. Almost instantly she returned and crept under my hand. I closed the fingers and lifted her for examination. She endured it patiently and, when I let her go, flew but a short distance, straightened out the ruffled feathers, and in three minutes was back on the nest! In the midst of this operation one egg hatched before my eyes. It broke open violently, as if by explosion, the two sections shooting to opposite sides of the nest and the new youngster burst valiantly into the world. Immediately the wet wings began to strike out vigorously and tossed the smaller section of the shell out of the nest. The mother was manifestly perturbed about her new baby, plainly concerned at my presence on such an important occasion. She rushed up to the nest, hesitated uneasily, constantly uttering solicitous call-notes (Call record Nos. 4, 5 and 6), and finally brooded. Entering she stepped right on the head and neck of the precious new-born, just as she had trod on the eggs previously. ’ Perhaps she would not have been guilty of this flagrant misconduct, if my presence had not embarrassed her. At this moment I left her and, when I returned, found her walking about some feet from the nest. Both sections of shell had disappeared and could not be found, though I searched long. ‘Two days later the nest was empty, the young undiscoverable, but the wee parent was still walking about as tame as ever. Again I almost caught ber, getting my hand within six inches of her. Whenever I started the impercepti- ble stalking motion, she always acted as if mesmerized and the recovery from the state of seeming paralysis was announced by tremulous call-notes. The field bird, whose nest was discovered by Mr. Baily June 25 Vole ex Moore, Least Sandpiper in the Magdalen Islands. 219 in a damp grassy field, was almost as tame as the marsh bird. This being the first day of sunlight we had enjoyed with these birds, I determined to catch her too and secure a good photograph. With the camera set up five feet from the nest, a ten foot hose attached, and the bulb in my left hand, I proceeded to work my right hand toward the bird. From the start she proved to be more nervous than the marsh bird and, when my hand got close, flut- tered off precipitately. Then, I curved the hand about the nest hoping she would creep under it as the marsh bird had done, but she began to pull at the grasses, we had tramped down in the vicinity. At first this action had been merely protective, for she began it sitting on the nest, lifting the blades and making them assume their former upright position of concealment. Now on the contrary the act was a nervous one, for she straightened grasses some distance away and always did it, when I circled the nest with my hand. Each time I moved away she would return and incubate. It was evident that there was more chance of catching her by moving the hand towards her than by waiting for her to return. Proceeding in this fashion after an hour’s effort I accomplished the trick. She struggled violently, but did not attempt to pick my hand. Like the other Least Sandpipers she possessed a flight song and gave snatches of it from the ground. Once she rendered it entire, within a foot of my hand! It consisted of a series of trills, which ascended just one octave on a minor chord. (Song record No. 2.) The tone quality was pure and sweet and rendered pathetic by the minor chord, which served as its medium. This, however, is distinctly a flight song and, I believe, delivered from the ground only under spur of excitement. Slipping out of my hand a moment later she uttered it with a wild frenzy, as she whirled excitedly aloft. Out over the Lagoon she went, farther and farther, higher and higher, till her wee form vanished from sight, but for several minutes afterwards that pathetic ascension of sound reached my ears, constantly leaping upwards, only to return to its starting point and leap again. Three minutes later I heard it once more approaching and shortly after, she pitched down near the nest and in a few seconds was once more brooding, as if no untoward incident had happened! 220 Moors, Least Sandpiper in the Magdalen Islands. Aon Records of the flight songs of three of these brooding birds I possess and each in its notes, progressions, and even time is totally different from the others, and yet, without sight of the bird, I would instantly recognize them as songs of the Least Sandpiper. This is due to the fact that the quality of tone is constant in all being pure and sweet, the tempo is always extremely fast, the notes being delivered with great rapidity, and the pitch high. Trills and runs are characteristic and make an additional recognition- quality. All of this is shown by the records which follow: No. 1 is the song of the marsh bird I caught, No. 2, the song of the field bird, and No. 3 belongs to a bird I was compelled to shoot, as described later. All three were rendered by incubating birds. Songs No. 1 and 2 were heard on three or four occasions each, and No. 2 was noted over ard over again, both from the earth and the sky, and I have no evidence to suggest that this bird or the other two sang other songs than their own particular ones, or that they varied them to any noticeable degree. After the young were out of the nest the field bird did alternate with song No. 2, a long repetition of two call-notes (Song record No. 4) as noticed later, and changed from call-notes to song and from song to call-notes without a second’s break, and yet these call-notes were so distinctly such, that they need not be considered in a discussion of the songs. Two marked qualities the songs possess and they are exhibited, in one case more and in the other less, by the call-notes, that is they are tremulous and they are pathetic. ‘The former is most promi- nent in the calls, but is at times present in the songs. On several occasions they were rendered within a few feet of my ears and at this close range trembled or quivered markedly. This tremulous quality is precisely the best medium to convey anxiety and it was most strongly present, when the brooding birds give evidence in other ways of possessing that emotion; for instance, when the marsh bird could not find her covered nest and when she found my hand encircling her nest at the instant her first chick was ‘born. This quality was also conspicuous at the initial discovery of each nest. In the flight songs, when delivered at a distance, the tremulous effect could not be so easily distinguished, but when they were given on the ground at moments of anxiety, they were strongly charged with it. Val aes] Moorg, Least Sandpiper in the Magdalen Islands. Zak The second quality, that of pathos, was perhaps the chief char- acteristic of the songs and to a lesser extent of the calls. An examination of the musical structure reveals the reason for this. All three songs are definitely related to the minor key. Song No. 2 is distinctly in the key of A minor, song No. 1 in the key of F minor, and No. 3, though beginning in E? major, drops its “third” a half tone at the end, as if inclining toward the minor effect. So too, even the call records, No. 4 and 5, are distinctly minor, consisting of two notes, B and G*, which limit the intervals of a minor “third.” It is a matter of popular knowledge that sad or pathetic songs are generally written in minor keys and so it is not surprising to find these pathetic bird songs rendered in just the best way to produce such an effect. The finest bit of singing I heard occurred at the close of the nest- ing season. Returning from Bird Rock, July Ist, we passed by the nest of the field bird, which had sung song-record No. 2. As we walked along this flight song piped overhead and was sung over and over again with a tremulous zest. Alternating with it, was repeated for long intervals an excited call of two notes. We glanced up and for the first time beheld two adult Least Sand- pipers together! Alternately they flapped and soared and circled about in a rapturous fashion. For several minutes the alternation of song and call continued without break of any kind. Sometimes the song was given three times consecutively and followed by as many as thirty or forty repetitions of the call, this in turn to be followed by the song again. The second note of the call was strongly accented, as indicated by the mere musical outline above (Song record No. 4). This call of two notes precisely corresponds to Nuttall’s description of the “collecting cry of the old birds calling together the brood,’’ which he rendered into the syllables, “pé-dée, pé-dée, pé-dée, etc.”” The accent gives it an emphasis of joy not to be misunderstood and the whole performance is decidedly ecstatic. Turning to the nest I found it, as I suspected, empty and I was willing to believe that the unusual ecstasy was not unrelated to the passing of the great red-letter incident in the rearing of young, the leaving of the nest. Focussing my glasses on the rapturous pair, I confirmed another supposition of mine, that only one bird was doing the singing. 222 Moore, Least Sandpiper in the Magdalen Islands. [ ree And this brings me to the statement of a conclusion, the proofs for which I wish were more adequate, and yet they are adequate enough, I think, to warrant the publishing of what, if true, is a most unusual trait in the life-history of this species. On the 22nd of June I suddenly realized that in all my prolonged visits with these birds, lasting for several hours at a time, I had not once observed mates of any of the five brooding birds. It seemed exceedingly strange when the birds were so repeatedly disturbed, that the mates should not be called in to protest, particularly as both sexes of the other shore birds nesting in the vicinity, the Spotted Sandpipers, the Ring-necked, and the Piping Plovers were always about their nests. From this day on I made particular search for these mates, but without success. Neither about the nest, nor in the great marsh, nor even on the nearby beaches did I once discover a single Least Sandpiper, other than the five, which, despite frequent visits, kept on or close to their respective nests. By the 24th I had come to the natural conclusion that the absent mates were males, although this involved the belief that the singing was being done by the females. For some days it had been plain beyond question of doubt that the brooding birds of at least three of the nests were always the same ones to be found each time on their respective nests, for each of these was too strongly indi- vidualized by various traits to be mistaken for other individuals. It was also absolutely certain that these incubating birds were doing all the singing we heard. On this day, the 24th, I shot the bird, which sang song record No. 3, immediately after I noted her flush from the nest, sing, and return to brood. That evening Mr. Baily dissected her under my observation and found her to be a female! On the following day I made a more determined search than ever for the “males,” as we now denoted them, and under this date I find for the third time in my journal the same note: “Have not been able to locate sitting birds’ mates anywhere, not even on the beaches”! Not until July 1, when all the young were out of the nest, did we observe a single mate and that was on the occasion noted above, nor after this did we again note two adult Least Sandpipers together! From these facts and observations it seems to be a safe assump- tion that all of the incubating birds were females, that the females Yor x | Moors, Least Sandpiper in the Magdalen Islands. 223 did the singing, and that the males spent the day hours some distance from the marsh-homes and, if they incubated at all, did so at night. Two facts remain positive: that the incubating birds did the singing and that one female both incubated and sang! I cannot close this paper without adding a just tribute to the song of these wee sprites. Of course, it cannot compare in power, melody, and rich depth of tone with the song of the Fox Sparrow, the prima donna of the Magdalens, nor can it claim attention beside the productions of the Hermit Thrush and the Song Sparrow, which however are rare, at least in the eastern part of the islands. But after these three major songsters are disposed of, it will be found to rank high up, if not at the head of those that are left, the Rusty Blackbird, Savannah Sparrow, the Kinglets and nearly the whole group of Warblers. Only two of the minor musicians present in the Magdalens, the Water Thrush and the Horned Lark, can equal the effusion of the wee Sandpiper. ‘This is a remarkable fact, when one remembers that none of the other shore birds, at least those summering in the Magdalens,— the Ring-necked and the Piping Plovers, the Spotted Sandpiper, and the Wilson’s Snipe — utter anything that even by courtesy may be termed a song! The Sand-peep, alone of his tribe, dares to contest with the real songsters and does so creditably. Indeed, after that one glorious song of the Magdalens, the Fox Sparrow’s, is excluded, I will always remember longest and hold dearest this sweet rippling sky song, that somehow, perhaps on account of the aerial quarter from which it comes, perhaps on account of the sweet character of its author, touches some chord within me nearer to affection than many of the bird-songs, held up for unquestioning admiration, are able to reach. 224 KENNEDY, Fruit-eating Habits of Sage Thrasher. ees FURTHER NOTES ON THE FRUIT-EATING HABITS OF THE SAGE THRASHER IN THE YAKIMA VALLEY, WASHINGTON. BY CLARENCE HAMILTON KENNEDY. In ‘The Auk’ for April, 1911, I reported the extensive damage done by Sage Thrashers (Oreoscoptes montanus) in the vineyard on this ranch. My observations and efforts to Jessen the damage done were continued through the past season and are of interest. While occasional Thrashers were seen on the ranch during the spring and early summer months, they did not appear this season in numbers until the middle of August when the Campbell’s early grapes were ripening. For some reason they did not come early enough this season to eat the blackberries and raspberries. How- ever, when they did come in August they were as numerous as at any time during the previous year. Anticipating the damage they might do, I combated them in two ways. First, the summer pruning to remove the extra foliage was omitted on those varieties, which had suffered the most damage the year previous, for I had noticed, that more damage had been done on the exposed bunches, than on those which were hidden by the foliage. While the Thrashers attempted to do as much damage as in the previous season, this extra foliage effectually protected nearly all of the bunches, and concentrated the damage on the few that were exposed. It was cheaper to sacrifice these alto- gether to the Thrashers, than to trim a few damaged berries from each of many clusters. The serious fault of this measure was that it delayed the ripening about ten days, which reduced the value of the crop. This method saved the Campbell’s Early, which is the first variety to ripen, but it failed to save the Tokays and other Vitis vinifera varieties, which began ripening three weeks after the Campbell’s Early. To save these I began the second method, namely killing the Sage Thrashers with a shotgun. The year previous I had tried shooting a few to see if they could be frightened away but failed to intimi- date them. They are apparently not quick or intelligent birds. Vol. XXIX] Kennepy, Fruit-eating Habits of Sage Thrasher. 225 This year I shot to exterminate those in the vineyard and I must say that I was surprised at the quick results. The following table shows the rapidity with which they were destroyed. Sept. 7, 1911 — 14 killed Sept. 11 — 1 killed Sept. 8 — 4 killed Sept. 12 — 1 killed Sept. 9 — 2 killed Sept. 13 — 2 killed Sept. 10 — 1 killed Sept. 14 — 1 killed After Sept. 14 nomore wereseen. During the first day’s shooting they were easily approached but after that the few remaining birds were very wary. These on being disturbed would fly up on posts and then, seeing the gunner approach would dive into the grape foliage and escape by running on the ground, or by short flights from vine to vine close to the ground. The small number killed and the speedy and complete disappearance of the species seemed to indicate that they are very local in their individual ranges, and that these were living altogether in the vineyard during their depredations. While the Thrashers are silent birds at this season, I did hear two short songs and one whispered song, also a cluck was given some- times, when they were startled. The following table gives the contents of stomachs examined: — Fruit in stomach Insects in stomach. 1 None None. 2 Green grape, red grape. Locust, several ants. 3 Black grape. Small ground beetle, 3 white gravel. 4 2 black grapes. Locust, numerous ant remains. 5 Black grape. 6 2 black grapes 7 Green grape, red grape Locust, 6 ants. 8 Black grape Locust, small wasp, small beetle. 9 Black grape. Three black ants, minute beetle. 10 Black grape Beetle, wasp. 11 Black grape 4 ground beetles. 12 Large ground beetle. The omission of summer pruning is not a satisfactory method of saving the Campbell’s Early grapes as the later ripening in- volves a loss of about 30% in value, as during this ten days delay the grapes drop in market price from three cents a pound to two cents. Therefore, if the Thrashers have to be killed before the 226 McAtes, Recognition Marks. Frei season is over, because of their molesting the later varieties it would seem quite as justifiable to shoot them early enough to save the Campbell’s Early grapes also. It seems a pity to be compelled to kill such wonderful singers as Sage Thrashers, birds, which, were it not for their grape eating habits, would undoubtedly be very beneficial, but no better method occurs to me and it is difficult to stand by and not try to save the grapes. In the few isolated vineyards in this lower Yakima Valley the killing of the Thrashers, which infest them during the grape season would evidently save the grapes and, because the Thrashers do not fly about the valley in flocks, only the few which live in each vineyard would have to be destroyed. This would save the grapes, and would probably not appreciably effect the total number of Thrashers inhabiting the valley. CERTAIN PHASES OF THE THEORY OF RECOGNITION MARKS. BY W. L. MCATEE. THE paper by Dr. John Treadwell Nichols on recognition marks in certain species of birds, published in the preceding number of “The Auk’! was read at the Philadelphia meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union in November, 1911. The theory of recog- nition marks was then unfavorably commented upon by several speakers, of which the writer was one. He now wishes to put in print a series of questions, which must be satisfactorily answered by those who believe in the great importance of directive markings if they would persuade others to share this belief. A statement of the general theory ? of recognition marks will be useful and to 2Tt should be noted that this theory covers both ‘‘banner marks and ‘‘sight clues.’’ H.C. Tracy in 1910 (Univ. of Calif. Publ. in Zoology. Vol. 6. No. 13, Dec. 28, 1910) separated these classes of markings, discrediting the crude inter- pretation of the former, but claiming utility for the latter. voles | McAtex, Recognition Marks. 997 avoid, misinterpretation we quote a mature expression of the theory by its originator and chiet developer, Dr. A. R. Wallace.’ “Tf we consider the habits and life-histories of those animals which are more or less gregarious, comprising a large proportion of the herbivora, some carnivora, and a considerable number of all orders of birds, we shall see that a means of ready recognition of its own kind, at distance or during rapid motion, in the dark or twilight or in partial cover, must be of the greatest advantage and often lead to the preservation of life... . .Some means of easy recog- nition must be of vital importance to the young and inexperienced of each flock, and it also enables the sexes to recognize their kind and thus avoid the evils of infertile crosses; and I am inclined to believe that its necessity has had a more widespread influence in determining the diversities of animal coloration than any other cause whatever.” (p. P17.) A weighty objection to this hypothesis, as it is indeed to most hypotheses coming under the theory of natural selection, is that the need of a certain color, or form, or other detail of animal anatomy either internal or external, can in no wise be advanced as a cause of the development of something to satisfy this need. In the words of D. O’Phace, Esq.— “Gome flossifers think that a fakkilty’s granted The minute it’s proved to be thoroughly wanted.” This point need not be labored, for it is evident that all species have needs that have not been satisfied. On the other hand most species have developed characters that are in no way useful; ndeed this is sometimes carried to such a degree that the character becomes a handicap. These things are not called forth by neces- sity; what reason is there to believe therefore that the particular characters known as “recognition marks”? have risen in response to a definite need? Continuing the quotation from Wallace: “ Among birds, these recognition marks are especially numerous and suggestive. Species which inhabit open districts are usually protectively coloured; but they generally possess some distinctive markings for the purpose of being easily recognized by their kind, 1 Darwinism, 1896. 228 McAtTEE, Recognition Marks. hen both when at rest and during flight. Such are, the white bands or patches on the breast or belly of many birds, but more especially the head and neck markings in the form of white or black caps, collars, eye-marks or frontal patches..... “Recognition marks during flight are very important for all birds which congregate in flocks or which migrate together; and it is essential that, while being as conspicuous as possible, the marks shall not interfere with the general protective tints of the species when at rest. Hence they usually consist of well-contrasted markings on the wings or tail, which are concealed during repose but become fully visible when the bird takes flight... .. ~“ Most characteristic of all, however, are the varied markings of the outer tail-feathers, whose purpose is so well shown by their being almost always covered during repose by the two middle feathers, which are themselves quite unmarked and protectively tinted like the rest of the upper surface of the body.” (p. 222.) Proceeding with the questions previously referred to: Why, if recognition marks are so important as a means of keeping members of a flock together, do so many species of birds possessing this type of coloration, migrate by night as well as by day, or even migrate chiefly by night? Wallace, asserts that these marks “are very important for all birds which congregate in flocks or which migrate together.” Yet practically all of the smaller migrants do most of their travel- ling at night, when recognition marks can be of little or no service. Even the bulk of the larger species, as Ducks, Geese and other waterfowl, which do much traveling by day, have no difficulty in making extensive migrations at night and in some localities they habitually choose night-time for their lesser journeys. It is worthy of note that the principal exceptions to the rule of night migration among the smaller birds, viz: Swifts, Nighthawks, and Swallows, have one characteristic — the habit of feeding while in full flight —in common. There is little doubt moreover that this habit is the direct cause of their diurnal migration; that is to say, recognition marks probably have nothing to do with it. If recognition marks are so valuable as a means of keeping members of a species together, why is it that in the case of certain species, every member of which has the same directive coloring, the young birds and the adults migrate in separate flocks? cc | McArrE, Recognition Marks. 229 It is evident that in such cases (frequent among Shore-birds) that some condition is more important than the possession of the regu- lation directive marks of the species. If recognition marks are so important to flocking species, why is it that their usefulness is swamped, as it were, in many cases, by the flocking together of distinct species? For instance during the only time that Shore-birds, Ducks, Geese, Swallows, Sparrows and Warblers flock, distinct species show no aversion to flocking together; in fact they habitually do this very thing. Why do directively colored species ignore the hall mark of their kind, and crossmate? This is done promiscuously and freely by Anatine; other examples are Vermivora and probably Colaptes. We may well inquire also why certain very closely related species do not have recognition marks? For instance, Sturnella magna and Sturnella neglecta; and certain species of Empidonax and Vireo. Species in which all of the individuals are not colored alike, or do not have certain conspicuous markings in common, cannot be said to have specific recognition marks. This category includes those species the young of which are very different in color from the adults, a condition that persists for two or three years or more in certain cases. With them must be grouped ‘also, the dichro- matic Screech Owl, the four species of Buteonide, and the three Jaegers that have a normal melanistic phase, and the numerous species which exhibit completely or nearly completely distinct sexual coloration, either at certain seasons or permanently. We may well enquire therefore how such species as these have made a success of the struggle for existence without the aid of the highly esteemed recognition marks? If recognition marks are of vital importance why are they so variable? They vary extremely in the Mniotiltidae, as the writer knows from a special study of the subject. White blotches may be present on anywhere from two to five pairs of rectrices in the same species. The white wing spot so characteristic of Dendroica cerulescens varies greatly, and is sometimes absent. Both the primary blotch and tail spots may be lacking in the same specimen. 230 McAteer, Recognition Marks. Rar If liable to considerable individual variation, what dependence can be placed in recognition marks as a means of identifying their fellows, by closely similar species, by Penthestes atricapillus and P. carolinensis for instance, or Dendroica auduboni and D. coronata, by the Flickers or Dusky Ducks? One of Wallace’s illustrations of recognition marks— those of two species of Scolopax (Darwinism, fig. 22, p. 225) — certainly does not show more difference than do numerous commonly observed individual variations. One of the fallacies into which coloration theories lead is brought out by a comparison of this figure with that on p. 241 (fig. 23) illustrating a case of mimicry. In the latter cut the objects which are supposed to be so similar that one, the mimic, gains protection by the ina- bility of birds to tell the forms apart, are actually much more different than the two sets of directive markings (shown in the former illustration), which are supposed to be so distinct as to enable the species easily to recognize their kind. The variability of recognition marks brings up another question: what must be their extent in order that they may have directive value? Take for example the white tips on the tail feathers of the robin, which are extremely variable and often absent. In certain warblers we can get a series showing all stages from no tail spots to large blotches on at least two pairs of feathers. Where can the line be drawn? Recognition marks are claimed to exist in other groups than birds, even in insects, but in certain cases, becoming more numerous in the lower groups, they are termed warning colors. Where is the line drawn that separates these categories, and why? Is there any evidence that birds use in a directive sense the patches of colors, termed recognition marks? A valid objection to the theory has been made to the effect that the usefulness or at least the necessity for these marks depends upon the assumption that the animals possessing them are less acute observers than human beings. Humans can readily recog- nize species by glimpses of outline when no color is seen, or by peculiarities of motion, in the case of flight at least, at such dis- tances that the observation of color is entirely out of the question. There is much good evidence furthermore that the assumption mentioned is unfounded. Anyone who has handled live decoy Ron ea McAtTEE, Recognition Marks. 231 ducks and geese, is familiar with the practice of leaving the mates of some of the birds behind to make them call better during the day. He cannot have failed to observe also when coming back to camp in the evening at what a distance these paired birds become aware of each other’s presence and give vociferous greetings. Ducks in no matter how large a flock readily pick out their mates. Can creatures possessed of such powers have any vital need for the comparatively coarse distinctions, not of individuals but of their species as a whole, which are termed recognition marks? The evidence is very confusing from the fact that the powers of observation of these same birds, so keen in the case just described. apparently become so dull in the presence of decoys, that the extermination of species would result, were shooting not closely regulated. Neither the one occurrence nor the other however is evidence of the usefulness of recognition marks. Hence we may well inquire: Why, if directive markings are so important in guiding birds to flocks of their kind do so many birds among those reputed to have well developed recognition marks, come freely to the crudest forms of decoys? The writer was initiated into the mysteries of Shore-bird shoot- ing by Mr. J. B. White, a life long hunter on Currituck Sound, N. C. The decoys we used were merely rounded handfuls of water plants (Potamogeton, Naias and the like) placed on pegs which held them just above the water. Shore-birds of many species decoyed per- fectly to these lumps and if not fired at, would linger among them for some time, feeding in a perfectly normal manner. Wild ducks are tricked too by very primitive decoys. Old battered ones, with no particular colors, or colors that were never seen on fowls of sea or land, with broken bills, or missing heads are familiar sights on many shooting grounds yet they serve the purpose. Iron ducks with no paint, and wooden ducks, of thrice normal size, which have been sculptured with an ax, are used with great effect by the battery shooters of Currituck. The confiding manner in which Ducks will cluster about a lost decoy, or lie among a setting of decoys that is left out but not very frequently shot over, to say the least, shows a disposition on the part of ducks not to insist very strongly on the possession of certain spots or bands of 2a2 BisHop, Unrecognized Race of the Red-shouldered Hawk. ren color in their temporary associates. In some places decoys repre- senting only the rear parts of ducks are used, and these ever- dipping counterfeits which never show a head, nevertheless fill the bill; in other localities the bottom in shallow water is simply turned up in spadefuls, making dark lumps and ducks decoy to these. Mr. White tells me that the best day’s shooting at black ducks he ever enjoyed was begun with his shoes as decoys, dead ducks being substituted as they were killed. These things prove that on some occasions at least some of the most typically flocking birds do not pay any attention whatsoever to markings directive or otherwise. AN APPARENTLY UNRECOGNIZED RACE OF THE RED-— SHOULDERED HAWK. BY LOUIS B. BISHOP, M. D. Buteo lineatus texanus subsp. nov. Texas RED-SHOULDERED HAWKE. Typre.— @ adult, No. 22355, Coll. of Louis B. Bishop; Corpus Christi, Texas, Nov. 7, 1909; John M. Priour. SupspPeciFic CHARACTSaRS.— Similar to Buteo lineatus elegans, but breast usually more spotted with buffy, the dark shaft lines of chest more conspicuous and the head and back more rufous. MEASUREMENT OF TypE.— Wing, 12.98; tail, 8.62; culmen, .90; tarsus, 3.23 inches. Sixteen adult Red-shouldered Hawks, collected for me at Corpus Christi and Brownsville, Texas, in October and November, 1909, by Mr. Frank B. Armstrong and John M. Priour, closely resemble each other and differ as described above from the only adult B. J. elegans I have been able to examine. They are also much larger than this bird — an adult spring male from California — but not above the measurements given for this race. These Texas birds are much more richly colored below than fall am et pel nae] General Notes. 233 specimens of B. /. lineatus from Connecticut, having the chest and breast uniform bright cinnamon rufous and the abdomen, tibiz and lower tail-coverts bright buff heavily barred with cinnamon rufous. They are larger than B. /. alleni from Florida and have the head and neck not grayish but even more rufous than /ineatus. Six young birds collected at the same time differ from the de- scription of young B. I. elegans by having the pale spaces on the outer webs of the primaries as large as in B. l. lineatus. From the latter they differ by having the lower parts, especially the tibie, more buffy and the dark markings larger — sagittate or cuneiform instead of oval—and numerous even on the tibizw, which are slightly if at all spotted in B. 1. lineatus. Young B. l. allenz is smaller and has less buff in the plumage, and the dark markings below are even heavier than in the Texas race. GENERAL NOTES. Holbell’s Grebe in Connecticut.— An unusual flight of Colymbus holbelli was noticed here during the month of February, 1912. A speci- men was picked up alive in a mowing lot, perhaps two miles from the Connecticut river, on the 9th, the ground at the time being covered with snow and the thermometer near the zero point. The bird could not, apparently, arise from the ground. From the 12th to the 15th, inclusive, nine of these grebes were captured alive on the ice in the Connecticut river. Some of them in trying to escape simply moved along the ice in a rapid manner using their feet for power, but making no attempt to fly. Two of them, however, arose from the ice and flew at a height of from eight inches to two feet for a short distance and then dropped down. Between the dates referred to the river was entirely covered with ice, there being, so far as could be seen, no open water where the birds could obtain food.— JNo. H. Saas, Portland, Conn. The Forked-tailed Gull (Xema furcatum).— Recently in looking over some notes taken at sea a number of years ago (1885) and which had been forgotten I came across the following in relation to the Forked-tailed Gull. In making a passage from Callao, Peru, to Acapulco, Mexico, we passed in sight of Chatham, one of the Galapagos Islands. When three to four hundred miles distant from the island — both when approaching and when 234 General Notes. reer leaving it —I observed gulls with a forked tail. Their line of flight was always in the direction of the islands — in the evening going to and in the morning going away from them. Morning and evening for three days I saw them. I sat on deck with gun in hand for parts of the three days trying to procure a specimen of these birds. Twice they came near enough to tempt me to risk a shot; but in both instances the distance was too great for success. One of the birds shot at dropped its feet and shook its feathers as if it were hit. They were so well marked that I do not think I could have been mistaken in my identification — a forked-tail, a black head, the entire under part of the body white, the back of a darker color I could not determine the shade, and with streaks of black and white on the wings. T desire to direct attention to another peculiarity in which these gulls differed from the square-tailed gulls. They are not littoral in their habits, but go to sea seeking their food like the gannets. In an experience of fifteen years at sea I have rarely seen the square-tailed gulls far from land. Besides the forked-tailed were quite shy, as is shown in my efforts to pro- cure a specimen. It is the habit of the others to hover about vessels quite near.— Tuomas H. Srrunets, Medical Director, U. S. Navy, Retired, Philadelphia, Pa. Cory’s Shearwater in abundance off Long Island.— On October 2, 1911, I shot two Shearwaters off the coast of East Hampton, Long Island. I took them to be Cory’s Shearwater (Puffinus borealis) but to make sure 1 brought them to Mr. W. DeW. Miller, Assistant Curator of Ornithology at the American Museum of Natural History who confirmed my identification. There were any number of them, together with some Greater Shearwaters (Puffinus gravis). The difference between the two species was apparent at quite a distance, the commoner bird appearing darker.— Wiuu1am ToD Heumuta, Jr., New York City. Black Ducks which became very tame.— Four Black Ducks (Anas rubripes) have been spending the winter in one of the coves at Had- lyme, Conn. The cove has been frozen over with ice from 18 to 24 inches thick. At the north shore of the cove are two spring holes which are near the main road in the town and every day these ducks have been seen by a great many people. Late in the afternoon of Feb. 15 I carried to the spot about a peck of cracked corn and spread around on the ice and placed some in the spring holes, the next morning some crows came and started to eat the corn, but the ducks drove them away, they were too much for the crows. Soon after the grain was placed there, two more ducks arrived, the second day two, the third day fifteen, and finally thirty arrived to feed, they are very tame allowing one to approach very near before taking flight. This shows how tame our wildest birds will become, if not shot at or molested.— ArTHUR W. Brockway, Hadlyme, Conn. ee S| General Notes. 235 The European Widgeon at Gardner’s Island, New York.— At Gardiner’s Island, New York, on December 3, 1911, the writer, in company with Mr. Ludlow Griscom and Mr. Stanley Ladow, had the good fortune to see two adult male European Widgeons (Mareca penelope). ‘They were in the North Inlet with a great flock of waterfowl! numbering approximately 1000 Baldpates, and 300 Redheads, with a sprinkling of Buffle-heads, Golden-eyes, Red-breasted Mergansers, Lesser Scaups and Black Ducks. The Widgeons were observed from a low hill overlooking the inlet, under unusually favorable conditions of light and position. They were watched through powerful binoculars for many minutes, at a distance of probably not over 150 or 175 feet, and were most satisfactorily identified —W. DEW. MiuuEr, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. The Pintail Duck (Dajfila acuta) in Winter near Portland, Maine.— The Pintail, as it occurs in Maine, is one of the less common, and less hardy migrants, of more frequent occurrence in fall than in spring. Although Mr. George A. Boardman, cited it as ‘‘ rare in winter’! he gave a differ- ent statement for the History of North American Birds,? and we must regard his first statement as unverified, according to existing literature. The next definite consideration, perhaps was that of E. A. Samuels, who gave its New England status, as ‘‘ September 10 to the last week in Octo- ber.” 3 Finally 4 Mr. N. C. Brown showed that it had been known to remain in the vicinity of Portland, Maine, on one occasion until November 7.° In 1893, Capt. Herbert L. Spinney entered in his private journal, on November 25 the capture of one at Small Point, Maine, and in 1895, Mr. Walter H. Rich secured a pair, male and female, which had been shot February 10, at Cow Island, Casco Bay. One was taken November 20; 1901, at Cape Elizabeth, Maine, but was not preserved. A female was shot at Scarborough, December 9, 1911, the skull of which is preserved. On February 15, 1912, in company with Messrs. I. W. and E. B. Pillsbury —both men of long experience and familiarity with our shore and water birds—I saw a Pintail drake among many Black Ducks near Martain’s Point Bridge between Portland and Falmouth. This was at noon of a bright day, and with glasses, the markings, its dark head, and crissum, at- tenuated tail and slender outlines, its manner of feeding, rendered both its species and its sex unmistakable. On the day previous Mr. E. B. Pillsbury and game warden George Cushman had seen it at the same place, when it 1118625) ) Proc. Bost. S0C.) Ne EL, Loe: py d29: 21884. Water Birds 11: 514. $1870. Birds of New Eng. and Adjacent States, p. 492. 4In his Feathered Game of the Northeast, 1907, p. 314, Mr. W. H. Rich with- out specifying time, or place, mentions a pair, ‘‘shot in some of the severest winter weather.’’ ‘These birds, now in his possession, were taken in this vicinity, and he has most kindly given me the data credited to him, in this article. § Proc. Portland Soc. N. H. ii: pp. 31. 236 General Notes. reer was observed to fly for several hundred yards, with characteristic speed and strength. That it was not a new comer is indicated by the fact that Mr. John Whitney, a man with a gunner’s keen knowledge of the Anatine, had reported some weeks earlier, a Pintail wintering in the vicinity. That the bird was strong of wing, after, evidently, surviving the low temperature, of the previous week, which ranged each night below zero Fahrenheit, indicates that it had remained through choice, rather than necessity, and with the foregoing notes, shows that the Pintail occasionally spends at least a considerable part of the winter as far northeast as Portland, Maine.— Artuur H. Norton, Portland, Me. White-winged Scoter (Oidemia deglandi) in Minnesota.— Late in the Autumn of 1905 a local hunter of this city shot an adult male White- winged Scoter on Lake Minnetonka. I examined this duck in the flesh and tried to buy it but the owner preferred to keep it and had it mounted by the late Henry W. Howling of Minneapolis. It was subsequently destroyed by a house cat. On Nov. 14, 1911, I secured from a local hunter an adult female in per- fect plumage, shot on Lake Minnewashta some two miles distant from this village. This was the only one seen and was not near any other species of duck. Cold weather with snow-storms had prevailed for three days prior toitscapture. It was fat and in good condition — ALBERT LANO, Excelsior, The Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus) Wintering in New Jersey.— On January 21, 1912, an adult Bittern was brought to me alive by my nephew, Robert W. Moore. It had been caught by him the day previous while he was skating at Walker’s Pond about a mile and a half southeast of Haddonfield, N. J. For several days the bird had been noted about the pond in a weakened condition. No wounds were discoverable, but its stomach was empty and, I have no doubt, it was weak from lack of food. Two days after it was captured it died in captivity and was mounted. Since the 5th of January snow had covered the ground and the ex- traordinary continuance of the freezing weather from that date to the 20th must have made the securing of its chosen food impossible. Possibly the unusual period of warm weather, which lasted throughout the early winter to January 5, tempted this bird, as well as many other species which usually go south, to winter with us. The latest previous record for the state seems to have been November 19, 1878, at a point much farther south in Cape May Co., and the earliest spring record March 30, so that this instance may fairly be termed the first recorded case of this species wintering in the state-— Roprert THomas Moore, Haddonfield, N.J. Recent Occurrence of the Egret (Herodias egretta) near Portland, Maine.— Although a few authentic records have been made of the occur- rence in Maine of the Egret ( Herodias egretta), the increasing scarcity of ee ae General Notes. 237 the species in its usual haunts renders especially interesting the recent capture of a beautiful adult example near Portland. This, a female in full nuptial plumage, was shot not far from Black Rock, Scarborough, on April 23, 1911, and was brought to me in the flesh. It is now included in my collection Henry H. Brock, Portland, Maine. The Snowy Egret in New Mexico.— The writer has to record another occurrence of this species (Kgretta c. candissima) in a locality near to the one of his previous record (‘The Auk,’ January 1909, p. 76). On October 23, 1911, the writer examined, at the ranch of Mr. Mon- toya (which is at the junction of the East Fork of the Gila River, and Diamond Creek, N. Mex.) a skin of this species taken from an adult bird shot by Mr. Montoya’s son near the confluence of Black Canyon, and the East Fork of the Gila River, N. Mex.,in April, 1910. The bird had been shot with a rifle, and in the skinning, was so damaged, that its plume characteristics were not available for sex determination. The present record makes the third specimen of this beautiful little Egret taken within a circle whose diameter is less than one hundred miles, the two other records being the one mentioned above, and one by Maj. E. L. Munson, U.S. A., in ‘The Auk’ of April, 1907, p. 212.— W. H. Bercroxp, Denver, Colo. King Rail (Rallus elegans) at Springfield, Mass.— On the thirtieth day of August, 1911, a King Rail was captured in the wild rice that is found in abundance along the shores of the Connecticut river a few miles below Springfield. There are but two previous records of the occurrence of this bird in the Connecticut valley near Springfield — Roprerr O. Morris, Springfield, Mass. Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) in Massachusetts.— During the fall of 1911, three specimens of the above Rail, which is generally supposed to be rare in this state, were brought to my attention. Curi- ously enough two of these were shot at the same place though at very different dates. The first one was shot on October 3 at West Roxbury by Mr. W. P. Henderson. The second was taken at Chatham on October 2 by Mr. John J. Chickering. The third was shot on the very late date of November 25 also at Chatham by Mr. Russell Bearse. This latter specimen was larger and darker than the others and the yellow on the breast was not so bright. I saw all of these birds at the store of Mr. C. Emerson Brown, the Boston taxidermist, where I carefully examined them.— S. Prescotr Fay, Boston, Mass. Yellow Rail in Michigan. A Correction.— In ‘The Auk’ for Janu- ary, 1912, p. 101, in my notes on the Yellow Rail, Coturnicops novebora- censis, appears the following: ‘‘Thisis the second recorded Michigan specimen and the third noted in Wayne County.” This is, of course, a 238 General Notes. Pec pen slip on my part for what I intended to state was that ‘‘ This is the second recorded specimen and the third noted in Wayne County,” as there are a number of Michigan records for the Yellow Rail in various parts of the state — B. H. Swatss, Grosse Isle, Mich. An Albino Semipalmated Sandpiper.— In view of modern inquiry into the significance of abnormal color phases among animals, it may be of interest to record a totally albino specimen of Hrewnetes pusillus. The specimen, No. 10466, Museums of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, sex undetermined, age apparently adult, was purchased at auction from the estate of the late J. J. Crooke, Esq., of Great Kills, Staten Island, N. Y. Superficially it is entirely white save where the plumage is fat-stained, but the feathers are uniformly dark at their bases. The inscription on the label reads,— ‘“‘ (?) Shot on the shore of Long Is., Oct. 20, ’62, out of a flock of sanderlings (T. arenaria). Resembles a T. pusilla in everything but color.” — RopertCusHmMan Mourpuy, Museum of the Brooklyn Institute. Last Record of the Piping Plover (A gialitis meloda) in New Jersey.— The statement in Stone’s Birds of New Jersey that the last record of this species in New Jersey was a bird, observed by Mr. Wm. L. Baily, August 18, 1897, recalled to my mind the collection of a maie in the late “ nine- ties.’ Examining my collection I found the specimen with a tag attached, stating that it was taken at Ocean City, N. J., August 3, 1899. Appar- ently, then, this is the last recorded bird collected in the state. It was shot out of a small flock of Least Sandpipers, which had settled on the beach to feed. J remember my surprise at finding it among the other victims of my shot and I believe it was the only bird of this species in the flock.— RoBERT Tuomas Moors, Haddonfield, N. J. Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse in Wisconsin.— A new record for the state is the capture of a specimen of Pediecetes phasianellus colum- bianus by Mr. A. J. Schoenebeck in Oconto County.— In his list of the birds of this county dated October 27, 1902, he says ‘‘On October 25, 1897, I shot an old male of this species near the Peshtigo Brook.’’ — He also records Pediecetes phasianellis campestris as “‘ Resident: common. I found several nests of this bird on the plains in the northwest part of this county. Begins laying the last part of May.’’ — The above is to correct a misprint in my ‘“‘ Notes on Some Rare or New Birds to Wisconsin on page 275-276, ‘The Auk,’ Vol. XXVIII, April, 1911— Henry K. Coauz, Highland Park, Illinois. Nesting of the Passenger Pigeon (Kctopistes migratorius) in New York.— On May 17-19, 1878 I was camped on the west bank of Moose River, Herkimer County, N. Y., near the confluence of the South Branch. The heavy spruce and hemlock had been recently cut out but the hard- woods and much of the smaller growth of conifers remained. Xe | General Notes. 239 We occupied an abandoned woodchoppers’ camp, a quarter mile back from the river and probably two miles from the old road leading from Moose River Tannery to Old Forge. On the 17th several Wild Pigeons were seen frequenting a clump of spruces, averaging perhaps 60 feet high. As now recalled there were probably eight or ten birds seen and in passing from our camp to the river we saw them several times in the same vicinity and finally a few nests were noticed in these spruces. If I remember correctly there were two nests in one tree and two others seen in different trees. On the 17th we thought none of them contained eggs although we did not climb to examine. On the 18th a single egg was taken, perfectly fresh, and we thought it had been deposited that morning, the bird being seen to leave the nest. The nest was on a horizontal limb of the spruce about 30 feet from the ground and 8 to 10 feet out from main trunk, a frail loosely constructed collection of small twigs saddled on the limb and kept together by the small branches of the growing tree. While this is rather ancient history it may be of interest now that the species appears to be extinct and details of its nesting are not abundant. —C. J. Pennock, Kennett Square, Pa. Mississippi and Swallow-tailed Kites in Knox Co., Ind.— On Sept. 18, 1911, I observed a Mississippi Kite (Ictinia mississippiensis). It was flying at a moderately low altitude over some cleared bottom land near Benn’s Creek, Knox Co. I could distinguish the different shades and stripes of color very distinctly. These beautiful Kites have become quite rare. Tormerly they were more common and it is claimed that they nested here. In the year 1890, in August I also observed two Swallow-tailed Kites (Elanoides forficatus) in about the same location. One of these birds was afterwards killed, mounted and placed on exhibition at J. M. Freeman’s drugstore, at Bicknell. They also nested here in early days, but are becoming quite rare— E. J. CHANsLER, Bicknell, Knox Co., Ind. Gray Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus rusticolus) in Minnesota.— On Dec. 11, 1894, a farmer living near Madison, Lac Qui Parle Co., brought to me a magnificent specimen of this rare species, which he shot near his home. It is a female and in perfect plumage. Its stomach contained the remains of the Prairie Hen (Tympanuchus americanus). Its weight was 3 lbs. 100z. Its measurements are as follows— L. 24, Ex. 50, W. 16, T. 9.15 in.— ALBERT LANo, Excelsior, Minn. Early Occurrence of the Saw-whet Owl.— Believing that I have one of the earliest records of the Saw-whet Owl (Cryptoglaux a. acadica) for Long Island, I should like to record it. On October 26, 1911, I was told that a ‘‘ young owl ”’ was killed on one of the streets of Elmhurst, Long Island. I looked it up and found it was a Saw-whet Owl. I secured it and it is now in the collection of the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History— Howarru 8S. Boyte. YAO General Notes. ApH Diurnal Activities of the Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus virginianus).— The observations here given were made from or near my home, which has a prairie location a mile and a half from the woods, that form the western boundary of the timber belt along the Mississippi River. . There are many farm clearings near the river, but the western edge of the forest remains uncleared, and in its original untamed condition through- out a strip varying from a mile to three miles in width. In it various solitude-loving species, such as the Red-tailed Hawk, Northern Pileated Woodpecker, and Great Horned Owl still flourish. To reach my neigh- borhood the last named species must cross a treeless area two miles wide, unless sometimes it hides in evergreen trees that have been planted in yards. During the past winter these owls have been observed much more frequently than in previous seasons; sometimes in the night, but more often by day — in the morning, at noon, in the afternoon, and in the early evening. In the woods in spring and summer it is not an uncommon experience to meet them abroad in the daytime. A neighbor informs me that early in February he saw five of these great birds sitting at the same time in a large water-elm, that is growing on the Mississippi River bottom lands. At 1.30 o’clock in the afternoon of November 8, 1911, a Great Horned Owl was discovered sitting on the ground in our front yard, where it re- mained an hour before put to flight by the cat. It sat in an open space, thirty-five feet from the house, and about that distance from the trunks of three evergreen trees. While there it disgorged a pellet, and it safe- guarded its position by many watchful turnings of the head. Just after sunset on December 3 I was halted in the middle of the road by the approach of one of these owls. Flying a little above the telephone wires it crossed the road about fifty yards ahead of me; wheeling it flew back over the road, turned, and again recrossed it, evidently hunting for rabbits that might be skulking beside the fences. Again another rabbit hunt of the Great Horned Owl was watched ‘pér a half hour on J anuary 20. It was first seen at three o’clock in the afternoon flying over a field whose covering of unsullied snow in the bright sunlight presented such a dazzling surface as might blind the strongest eyesight. It seemed a test of this species’ power of vision that may well compare with the instance cited by Dr. Coues in which these owls watched two white cranes circling high in the air in the direct rays of the sun. Except for a few minutes when on two or three occasions the owl alighted on the snow it was in the air, beating back and forth over an area a little more than an eighth of a mile in length and a trifle less than that distance in width, having on its eastern border a fence and a short row of willow trees. The bird sometimes rose to a height of seventy-five feet, but maintained an altitude of forty feet or less the greater portion of the time. A half mile west of this locality that morning two school-boys saw two of these owls together, and a few days later three of them were seen flying about a solitary willow. In this vicinity the only apparent check upon the Great Horned Owl Mek IX] General Notes. 241 seems to come by way of the steel-trap, when the species becomes too familiar in the farmers’ poultry yards. When skins are desired a good method of killing the trapped owls employed by two young farmers is that of smothering the birds in the oat-bin—— ALTHEA R. SHERMAN, National, Towa. Status of the Picide in the Lower Rio Grande Valley.— Person- ally, I have, to the date of writing, found five forms of Woodpecker in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, within the limits of Cameron county, they are: 1. Dryobates scalaris symplectus. Abundant resident. 2. Sphyrapicus varius varius. Common migrant and _ occasional winter sojourner. 3. Centurus aurifrons. Abundant resident. 4. Colaptes auratus luteus. Fall and winter visitant. 5. Colaptes cafer collaris. One record, &@ Jan. 8, 1912, collected by myself, and now in collection of Dr. J. Dwight, Jr. Possibly Melanerpes erythrocephalus occurs as a winter straggler, though I have not yet found it. Indications point to the presence of another Woodpecker, as yet un- recorded by ornithologists. It is known to a number of the native Mexican hunters, who designate it as ‘‘ carpentera grande’”’; and describe it as much over a foot in length; black, with scarlet crest: generally occurring during the warm season, and confined to the heaviest growth bordering the river. Totally absent some years. The season of occur- rence would at once eliminate the possibility of it being Asyndesmus lewisi; and the only other Woodpecker that seems to fit, even in fair degree, the description and conditions is Phlaotomus scapularis. This Mexican species ranges well up into the state of Tamaulipas, so it might furnish us stragglers now and then, asin the case with Amizilis tzacatl, Ceryle torquata, Trogon ambiguus, ete.— AusTIN Pau Smitu, Brownsville, Texas. Differences due to Sex in the Black Swift.— In the treatment ac- corded Nephacetes niger borealis by Ridgway in the volume last published of his “‘ Birds of North and Middle America ”’ (vol. 5, 1911, pp. 703, 707), the sexes are declared to be different in markings, the adult male uni- formly sooty underneath, the adult female with the feathers of the poste- rior underparts always more or less distinctly tipped with whitish. A different conclusion had been arrived at by Mr. Frank M. Drew (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII, 1882, 182, 183), who declared that the fully mature female was indistinguishable in color from the male, fouryears being assumed to be the length of time required to attain this plumage. Mr. Ridgway cites Drew’s plumage description in full, with the following comment: “ Mr. Drew is undoubtedly mistaken, however, in assuming that the sexes are alike in coloration, for all the sexed specimens examined by me from what- ever locality, show that all those with white-tipped feathers on posterior underparts are females and all those without these white-tipped feathers 242 General Notes. resi are males. This is true of all the subspecies, except that in the West Indian forms these white tips are much less distinct, sometimes nearly obsolete’ (p. 707, footnote b). In a series of Black Swifts collected by myself in southeastern Alaska in June and July, 1909 (see Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 5, 1911, 71) there is one female (no. 9363 Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.) that in color and markings is absolutely indistinguishable from the males. The underparts are uniformly dark (except for one pure white feather on the throat), of exactly the same sooty hue as the males, and with not the slightest trace of the scale-like white markings on the abdomen, which Mr. Ridgway believes to be invariably present in the female. Like the others, however, it differs from the males in having a square, rather than a forked tail. The birds collected by me were all carefully dissected to ascertain the sex, and the possibility of there having been a mistake made in this specimen, is precluded by the fact that this particular female contained within it an egg that would have been laid, probably within twenty-four hours. There is no doubt, therefore, that in this case we have a female indistinguishable in coloration from the male, so that sometimes, at least, the sexes are alike in coloration, as Mr. Drew affirmed. It is with some reluctance that the above statements are offered. The writer is unwilling to appear to be hypercritical of a work so comprehensive, and so admirably carried out, that it should be spared carping comment on immaterial points, and these remarks should not be taken in that sense. They are merely the contribution of an additional fact that may modify previous conceptions of this particular species— H. S. Swartu, Musewm of Vertebrate Zoélogy, University of California, Berkeley, California. A Crested Flycatcher in December at Cambridge, Mass.— On December 20, 1911, in the Fresh Pond Reservation, Cambridge, I saw a Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus). It was at midday in the warm sunshine. The bird was among shrub growth planted on a bank of some extent on the northwestern border of the reservation. As I followed along at the foot of the ridge, my attention was quickened by hearing call-notes which could not be ascribed to any bird that might be expected to be heard at this season. When shortly my glasses covered it, it was immediately recognized to be a Crested Flycatcher. The pale reddish wing and sul- phur-yellow side were plainly presented to view, also the pale margining of the wing-coverts. Later the pearl-gray breast was seen and the sulphur- yellow of the entire under parts. The bird took short flights from one shrub to another and frequently dropped to the ground for an instant, at once returning to a near perch. Apparently it was procuring its food from the ground, perhaps discerning and obtaining the bodies of dead insects. The ground was bare and had been so up to this time. No perch taken was more than two or three feet high, and usually they were only a few inches above the ground. I followed the flycatcher along the shrubbery for five hundred feet or more, while it was thus engaged and remained with it for Neh | General Notes. 243 half an hour, often viewing it at a distance of not more than fifty feet. The temperature of the early morning had been 22°. The noon day tempera- ture in the shade was officially given as 39°. The air at the time, however, was soft and warm and calm. Of course there was no insect life in the air, and the bird plainly was not looking for it there. In the afternoon of the following day an hour was spent searching for the bird, but I could not find it. The Crested Flycatcher is a rare summer resident of Eastern Massa- chusetts, being so characterized by Mr. William Brewster in his “ Birds of the Cambridge Region ”’ and by Dr. C. W. Townsend in his ‘ Birds of Essex County.” The latest record for a bird of the species is given by Mr. Brewster as September 26, in 1897, when one was seen in Arlington by Dr. Walter Faxon. Messrs. Howe and Allen in their ‘‘ Birds of Massa- chusetts ”’ give the limit of the season as September 12 and a record without specific data of October 15. Mr. Richard M. Marble has a record of one seen by him on October 2, 1910, in the Allendale woods, West Roxbury. This Cambridge bird, therefore, so far as I am able to determine from records at hand, furnishes the only occurrence of the species later than October 15 and was present sixty-six days after that date. The same means which had afforded it subsistence in October and November were doubtless present in December up to the day it was observed. No snow had as yet fallen to cover the ground. The mean temperature of December was Officially given as 6° above the normal and the highest for twenty years. The temperature rose above freezing on all except four days. Thus this flyeatcher had had unusually mild weather conditions under which to extend its remarkable stay. Messrs. Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway in their “‘ History of North Ameri- can Land Birds, vol. 2, p. 336, state, “‘ During the early summer this species [Great Crested Flycatcher] feeds chiefly upon insects of various kinds;....afterwards, as if from choice, it chiefly eats ripe berries of vari- ous kinds of shrubs and plants, among which those of the poke-weed and the huckleberry are most noticeable.”” Many of the shrubs among which the bird moved on the day it was observed were berry-laden.— Horacr W. Wriaut, Boston, Mass. The Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) at Springfield, Mass.— In the spring of 1908 the presence of a single Starling was first noticed in this vicinity. Since that time the number observed in this part of the Connecticut valley has rapidly increased until this winter flocks containing upwards of one hundred individuals have been often seen. They now occasionally come into the very center of the city, frequenting the spires and cupolas of the churches and public buildings.— Ropert O. Morris, Springfield, Mass. Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) in Chester Co., Pa.— While the Starling has long been a common resident in the vicinity of New York and adjacent 244 General Notes. att territory very few have hitherto been reported from Chester Co., Pa., and they only very recently I believe. My first observation of them was made within six miles of West Chester, east of the town Nov. 30, 1911, when two of them were noticed in a field, on the ground. Three days later, on Dec. 3, I observed quite a large flock of them closely associated with a belated colony of Purple Grackles, they were seeking shelter for the night in a clump of evergreen trees on a lawn in the town and numbered thirty or forty individuals, enough to start a good sized colony next spring if they remain.— THomas H. Jackson, West Chester, Pa. Strange actions of a Red-eyed Cowbird.—I have always con- sidered the Cowbirds as playing the character of sneak, when necessity compelled them to seek out the nest of their feathered kin, but in view of the following incident I feel somewhat dubious. Toward the end of May, 1911, a pair of Sennett’s Oriole (Icterus cucul- latus sennetti) built their semi-pensile nest, composed almost entirely of fibers from stem or leaf of Spanish Dagger,! Palmetto? and Banana, in or rather attached to a vine-stalk of a Rosa de Montana,’ that shaded the library windows of our house from the morning sun. Therefore, the position of the nest allowed easy observation at all times. Early one morning, after the complement of three eggs had been laid, and were being brooded, a female Red-eyed Cowbird (Tangavius eneus involucratus) was noted on the ground near the site of the nest. Its restless manner held my attention, and within a very few moments the cause was apparent. Walk- ing to the base of the vine-stalk supporting the nest it flew upward several feet then grasping the stalk continued its vertical progress, at the same time flapping the wings vigorously, thereby producing considerable noise. Reaching a point well within a foot of the nest —or about six feet above ground —it arrested progress, but continued the wing movement. AlI- though this needs have perturbed the setting Oriole, she never once quitted her treasures. After a period of a minute or thereabouts the Cowbird flew away. Two days later the same scene was reacted, only, on this occasion, the departure of the Cowbird was due to the appearance of the male Oriole on the scene. The nest was examined at various times there- after and it never held more than the rightful contents. Two eggs eventually hatched, but the young never left the nest alive, being destroyed by some mammal, possibly the Texas Opossum (Didelphis marsuptalis texensis) a serious enemy to bird-life in southern Texas.— Austin Patt Smitu, Brownsville, Texas. The Baltimore Oriole (Jcterus galbula) Wintering in New Jersey.— An immature male of this species was found dead and frozen stiff in Haddon- field, N. J., January 16, 1912, and brought to me by my nephew, Henry 1 Yucca treculeana. 2Tnodes texana. 3’ Antigonon leptopus. mies | General Notes. 945 D. Sherrerd. The bird seems to have passed its second autumn, having attained the black throat of the adult, but only a clouded suffusion of orange on the breast and rump. This is the first winter record of the species for New Jersey. I have to thank Mr. Witmer Stone for identifying the specimen and the Division of Birds, United States National Museum for corroborating that identification and supplying additional information. During the preparation of the skin no wounds were discovered, but the stomach proved empty and the body’s supply of fat absolutely exhausted. The upper mandible is almost broken through near the tip and the plumage of the under parts very dark, as if stained by contact with the earth. However, snow had covered the ground for twelve days and was accom- panied by constant cold weather. Although the bird may have been in a starved condition previous to the 5th, when the first snow arrived, I am sure it did not die until about the time it was found, for several snow- storms occurred between the 5th and the 16th and these would have covered the body up, which on the contrary was found on top of the snow. It is likely that the mild early winter lured the bird to stay with us, that the accident to the bill rendered the procuring of food difficult, and that the sudden and bitter cold of the 5th and subsequent days completed the work starvation had begun.— Ropert THomas Moore, Haddonfield, N. J. Many Purple Finches at Portland, Maine, in February.— The mountain ash trees in the Western Promenade section of Portland at- tracted no Robins,! under my observation, during the very cold winter of 1911-1912; but they nourished an extraordinary number of Purple Finches (Carpodacus purpureus purpureus) in the month of February. On Feb. 2 I saw four birds together, at least one of them being in rosy plumage. On Feb. 28, about 9.30 a. m., I counted fourteen birds in one tree, most of which were in rosy plumage. On Feb. 29, about 2.30 p. m., I counted fifty-five birds in and about seven mountain ash trees, twenty-two of them being at one tree and a majority of the total number, apparently, in rosy plumage. On each one of these occasions all the birds were sluggish and rather silent. Since the first announcement,” of the wintering of this species at Portland, twenty-four years ago, it has been seen by several observers, and there are winter records which need not here be cited, for other localities in Maine; but I believe it has not hitherto been noted except in small numbers.— NaTHAN CuiirrorD Brown, Portland, Me. Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra minor) in Chester Co., Pa., in Summer. —I spent June 16-17, 1911, in company with John D. Carter of Lansdowne, Pa., on and near the Pine barrens of a serpentine ridge in the extreme south- west corner of Chester County, Pa., bordering on the Maryland line. In 1 Auk, XXVIII, pp. 270-272. 2? John Clifford Brown, Auk, V, p. 209. 246 General Notes. Peei the scattered growth of Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida) which covers the barrens and reaches a height of from fifteen to twenty-five feet we found a group of four Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra minor) which we watched for ten minutes or more. They appeared to be two adults and two young in juvenal plumage. One certainly was and we assumed that the other was also; it kept up a continual calling as if to bring the old birds but we did not notice them feed it. They were gleaning on the new growth of the pines, quite indifferent to our near approach, and seemed to be eating the pinkish terminal buds, frequently cutting them off entirely or in part. We readily approached within thirty feet of them.— Cuaries J. PenNocK, Kennett Square, Pa. Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus) in Delaware.— The occurrence of this species on the Atlantic coast plain more frequently than had formerly been supposed, was suggested by Mr. R. F. Miller, in Cassinia for 1906, p. 63, and the same conclusion was presented to me when these birds were found last winter near Delaware City, Del., as noted in ‘The Auk’ for January, 1911, p. 114, a subsequent trip to the same marshes, on December 19, 1910, resulted in finding a number of Longspurs and five specimens were secured. On November 9, 1911, an examination of the same ground discovered Shore Larks (Otocoris a. alpestris) fairly abundant; this being the species with which the Longspurs had been found associated the previous winter, but no Longspurs were recognized. On February 1, 1912, with snow and ice covering most of the same marsh, I made a lengthy search for Long- spurs. Flocks of Shore Larks were found and followed for several hours. They were in bunches of 4, 8, 12 and 25. In the earlier part of the day the ice and snow-crust were brittle, walking was noisy and the birds not easily approached at close quarters, but by afternoon the sun shone out, the noise was lessened and the birds were getting more food and showed less wariness. The smaller flocks contained no Longspurs. A lone bird that was flushed and gave a two-note rather soft, sweet call and flew high and wild, was thought to be a Longspur, but not until the largest flock was closely followed for an hour or more and carefully examined repeatedly, did I suspect it contained other than Shore Larks. Finally one bird apparently smaller was seen to fly off with the flock and later when they were flushed, on a near approach, the single remaining bird was shot and proved to be a Longspur, adult female. While I think there were few if any other Longspurs with these Shore Larks, the fact of again finding even one of the rarer species in the locality would perhaps indicate their rather regular occurrence. On bare ground it was impossible to distinguish the two species at a distance of twenty-five yards. On the snow or as they arose singly the distinguishing marks of the Shore Larks could be recognized but when the alarm was given and several or all arose together it was not possible to determine definitely the presence of Longspurs among a large number of Shore Larks. eps ae | General Notes. 947 These notes would seem to suggest that a close scrutiny of the larger flocks of Shore Larks would show a more frequent visitation of the Long- spurs than is generally supposed.— C. J. Pennock, Kennett Square, Pa. White-throated Sparrow in Idaho.— On November 2 last, a pet cat brought in a fine specimen of White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) which, on skinning, proved to be an immature male. The bird was in good plumage, the white throat and yellow spot before the eyes making its identification absolute, and fortunately the skin was practically undamaged. So far as I can learn, this is the first record of the White-throated Spar- row in Idaho.— L. E. Wyman, Nampa, Idaho. Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris) in Minnesota.— On May 2, 1893, I shot an adult female near Madison, Lac Qui Parle Co., in the south- western part of the state. The skin remained unindentified in my collec- tion until September, 1910, when it was sent to the Biological Survey at Washington where it was examined by Mr. Harry C. Oberholser.— ALBERT Lano, Excelsior, Minn. Lawrence’s Warbler ( Vermivora lawrencei) in Chester County, Pa.— The Serpentine barrens of the southern part of Chester County, Pa., are interesting on account of the presence of Prairie Warblers (Dendroica discolor) among the scattered pine growth, this being apparently the only spot in the county where this species breeds. On June 16, 1911, John D. Carter and myself found them quite abundant and about two miles beyond the barrens in deciduous woods not more than 250 feet above sea level we were surprised to find a Chestnut-sided Warbler (D. pensylvanica) busily engaged in searching for food. Next day about three miles west of the barrens and close to Octoraro Creek on a steep hilltop 300 feet elevation we had a clear and continued view of a Lawrence’s Warbler ( Vermivora lawrencei). There was a clearing grown up to deciduous new growth, twenty to thirty feet high. As we entered by a wood road the bird flew up into a large solitary tree by the roadway and we had a clear view of it at a distance of about thirty feet. It remained on the same perch at least three minutes, and sang four or five times — two single high-pitched fine spun inspirations and then three or four shorter notes rapidly uttered to give a trill effect ‘“Tse-e-e-e’, T'se-e-e-e-e, Tsé Tsé Tsé Tsé.’’ The markings of the head were identical with those of an adult male V. chrysoptera, the body and wing markings those of V. pinus, the combination appearing quite different from the figure in Chapman’s “ Warblers of North America’ but identical with the plate in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1874.— CuHares J. PENNocK, Kennett Square, Pa. A Palm Warbler in winter at Boston, Mass.—In the Arnold Arboretum at Jamaica Plain a Palm Warbler (Dendroica palmarum pal- 248 General Notes. een marum) was seen by me on December 14, 1911, and was observed by myself and others upon various days to the end of the month. Mrs. A. M. C. Levey informs me that it was still present on January 3, 1912. The bird remained about the museum building and was always observed in close: proximity to it. Sometimes it was seen upon the grass plots in front of the museum and even upon the door-steps, quite as familiarly disposed as. a Chipping Sparrow. When under observation it kept much of the time on the ground, as is not unusual with birds of the species, evidently obtaining. its food there. Its haunt was backed by a thick growth of young conifers. standing upon a bank having a southeastern exposure, in front of which are shrubs of various kinds and crab-apple trees, and at the border a shallow stream flows to the meadow. The warbler was usually feeding around and under these shrubs and crabs, silently, but occasionally giving its characteristic call-note. It was, when first seen, in association with a little company of four White-throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis), but later was usually alone and unaccompanied. In plumage it was a. good type of the species, having a dingy white breast and bright yellow under tail-coverts, with obscurely streaked sides. It constantly wagged its tail. The Palm Warbler is a rare autumn migrant in this section and has seldom been seen after the middle of October. Mr. William Brewster records one seen by him in Cambridge on October 28, 1895. Mrs. Edmund Bridge informs me that two were present on her home grounds in West Medford on November 19, 1911. Mr. Ralph Hoffmann has a published record of one seen in Cambridge on December 6, 1902 (Brewster’s ‘‘ Birds. of the Cambridge Region ’’). As regards the food which has been obtained by this warbler, it is of interest to quote the testimony of Mr. B.S. Bowdish, given in ‘The Auk’ for January, 1903, p. 19, where he says of the Palm Warbler, “ A large: number of stomachs examined in Cuba contained seeds.”” Again, in ‘The Auk’ for April, 1903, pp. 193 and 195, Mr. Bowdish states, ‘‘ So far as I have noticed, few writers have given much attention to the extent to: which many birds of families which in the States are considered more or less strictly insectivorous, feed in the West Indies largely on fruit and seeds ....I also found seeds in the stomachs of the Black and White, Parula,. Myrtle, Palm, and Prairie Warblers, particularly the Myrtle and Palm, the latter feeding almost exclusively on seeds of weeds near Santiago and Guama, Cuba.” Mr. Harold L. Barrett later informed me that he had observed this. warbler in its chosen haunt on November 26, 27, and 29 and on December 4 and 9. So the presence of this bird, based on records, extended from November 26, 1911, to January 3, 1912, thirty-nine days. After this time it could not be found. Snowfalls occurred followed by severe cold weather. — Horace W. Wriacut, Boston, Mass. Vola | General Notes. 249 Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrina) at the Delaware Water Gap, Pa., in July.— In the rather dense woodland on the northern slope of Mt. Minsi at the Delaware Water Gap, Pa., I saw a beautiful male Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrina) on July 5, 1909. I was in a great hurry un- fortunately and did not have time to investigate. When I passed the bird flew into the lower branches of a tree and called anxiously as though his nest was near— Epwarp J. F. Marx, Easton, Pa. Mockingbird Notes from Massachusetts.— On October 23, 1911, I took at Nantucket a young Mockingbird, and at the same time I saw the two parent birds. There is no doubt from the condition of the plumage that this bird was bred not far from the spot where it was taken. Mr. Francis H. Allen recorded in ‘The Auk’ (Auk, XX VII, 1910, p. 460) a pair which successfully raised a brood of four young near his house in West Roxbury in 1909, one of the parent birds having been seen off and on from November 22, 1908, the other parent bird was first seen early in April, and the birds were last seen August 8. A Mockingbird was seen in the same locality October 7, 1909, to May 14, 1910, November 6, 1910, to April 14, 1911, and again November 5, 1911; this was presumably the same bird. Mr. Horace W. Wright reports seeing Mockingbirds in the Parkway near the Longwood railway station several times in the winter of 1910 and the spring of 1911; three if not four birds were seen repeatedly. These birds were also seen by Mr. E. E. Caduc and other observers. None of these birds was seen after the middle of April. Dr. Charles W. Townsend reports seeing a Mockingbird at Ipswich August 26 and 28, 1910. Mr. Winthrop 8. Brooks saw a pair at Manomet, Plymouth County, on December 14, 1911. One of these, a female, he shot and gave to the Boston Society of Natural History. These records show that the Mockingbird is more common in Massachusetts than is generally supposed.— THomas S. BrapLeL, Boston, Mass. A Catbird spending the Winter in Connecticut.— On the morning of January 14, 1912, I was somewhat surprised to see a Catbird (Dume- tella carolinensis) at Old Lyme, New London County, Connecticut, while walking along one of the main roads in the town and about one mile from the sound shore. The temperatures on the morning of the 13th was from 15° to 20°. I watched him for about ten minutes as he jumped from bush to bush along the roadside. Also saw on February 14 a Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon) in zero weather when the Connecticut river, ponds, coves, etc. were frozen from fifteen to twenty-four inches thick and no chance for good fishing. A single Kingfisher spent the winter at Hadlyme two years ago, 1910.— ArtuHuR W. Brockway, Hadlyme, Conn. 250 General Notes. ave Note on Hapalopteron familiare (Kittl.)— For many years there have been in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy two specimens of a bird resembling in general style of plumage a faded Kentucky Warbler (Oporornis formosa). They formed part of the mounted collection of Dr. T. B. Wilson, and while one was without data of any kind the other bore a tag containing the following which I have only recently been able to decipher, ‘Ts. Arzobispo Port Lloyd Lat. 27.05 36 N. Long. 189 51.16 E. Samedi 9 Mars. 1850 Yeux noirs.” Recent!y I accidentally came across the description of Ixos familiaris Kittlitz in a footnote. p. 120, Vol. VI, Brit. Mus. Cat. of Birds and at once recognized that it applied to our birds. Seebohm in the Ibis, 1890, p. 100, refers to the rediscovery of the species by Mr. Holst in 1889 and Blackiston and Pryer mention two live specimens in the Tokio Museum (Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 138), but I can find no other records of the bird, and our specimens therefore have considerable historical interest being appar- ently the first ones obtained after the original discovery of the species.— Witmer Stone, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Hermit Thrush Wintering at Easton, Pa.— On January 1, 1908, I had the great pleasure of seeing a Hermit Thrush (Hylocichla guttata pallasi) in a woodland on the outskirts of Easton, Pa. Realizing that this was an unseasonable date for this species, I took great care in establishing itsidentity. Its peculiar habit of raising and lowering the tail with an ac- companying flap of the wings together with the characteristic coloring of the upper parts — tail a brighter brown than the head — named it con- clusively. Through January and February the bird was seen seven times, the last time being on February 29, so I had ample time to observe it. During these two months it remained in the same piece of woodland and some second-growth adjoining. The bird endured vigorous weather, for the thermometer several times fell almost to zero. The Thrush showed a great fondness for the berries of the hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) and spent much of its time feeding in one of these trees. Four years later, on January 1, 1912, I saw another Hermit Thrush in a wood near where the one had been seen in 1908. This bird was also closely watched and satisfactorily identified. However, I did not see it again although I looked for it on several different occasions—— EpwarpD J. F. Marx, Easton, Pa. Correction.— On page 107 of the January Auk the size of the Water Fowl Cage in the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago is given as “40 X 15 feet,” a mistake of the compositor — it being 50 X 150 feet. The idea of 200 wild ducks, geese and other birds being confined in a cage 40 X 15 feet is of course ridiculous.— Henry K. Coaur, Highland Park, Ill. Greenland Wheatear Seen in Massachusetts.— On Sept. 17, 1910, I saw a Wheatear at Pigeon Cove, Mass., at the extreme point of Cape Ann, whoo | General Notes. 951 and although I did not secure the bird, I had a good opportunity to observe it for sometime, making careful note of the size and coloring of the bird and the characteristic marking of the white upper tail-coverts and white tail feathers, broadly tipped with black. I flushed the bird four or five times and as it made low flights from me, it spread its tail, which looked short, and the large white spot, on the upper tail-coverts and tail, with broad blackish band at the end of the tail, was particularly conspicuous. The bird was alone and on some large loose rocks, at the top of the broad expanse of rock, which gradually extends to the ocean, and when flushed could have easily flown to the nearby shrubbery and trees, but in each case flew to another part of the loose rocks. At one time, when I thought the bird had gone, I was surprised to have it dart down from above in an almost perpendicular flight and light on one of the rocks in front of me. For about a week previous to Sept. 17, there had been a very strong north wind. The subspecies was necessarily undetermined but undoubtedly was the Greenland Wheatear (Saxicola enanthe leucorhoa). The above note is offered as of interest, if not conclusive proof of the occurrence of the bird in Massachusetts—— Cuas. R. Lams, Cambridge, Mass. Stray Notes from New Brunswick.— Uria lomvia lomvia. An adult male in my collection was picked up in the snow at Barton Station on the Keswick River, eighteen miles above Fredericton, on Nov. 26, 1902. The stomach was empty and no doubt the bird, being lost had starved to death. Cryptoglaux acadica acadica. Fairly common in York County frequenting the dense spruce and cedar forests. At Scotch Lake on April 8, 1902, I found a nest in a deserted woodpecker’s excavation in a spruce stub. The nest entrance was about fifteen feet from the ground and ten inches from top of stub. The entire lower half of the hole was filled with feathers and rabbit fur on which the six pure white eggs were layed. Phleotomus pileatus abieticola. Fairly common in the spruce forests near Fredericton where they nest. Observed several times along the Tobique during winter of 1903-4. Passerherbulus nelsoni subvirgatus. Common on the islands in the St. John River above Fredericton especially on Sugar Island where they nest in considerable numbers. An adult male secured on Keswick Island, Aug. 20, is in my collection. Bombycilla garrula. I well remember the one and only time I ever saw this species in the east. It was a cold raw day, March 10, 1902, that I found a flock of five feeding on the frozen berries of mountain ash in a front yard on Charlotte St., Fredericton. They were very tame and I watched them as they fed, at a distance of not more than twenty feet. Dendroica tigrina. Common during migration in the spruce forests around Scotch Lake where they can usually be found in early May feeding 252 General Notes. April in company with other warblers. Only one nesting record for the Province is known to me, namely St. John, 1884.— Stantey G. Jewett, Portland, Oregon. Some British Columbia Records.— Sterna caspia. Caspian TERN. — An adult Caspian Tern was seen about the head of Okanagan lake for some time on July 8, 1910, keeping just out of gun-shot of me. It was in full summer plumage and constitutes the first definite record of the species for British Columbia, though I was practically certain of my identification of one some three years ago at the same locality. Micropalama himantopus. Stitt Sanppiper.—I saw this Sand- piper again last August for the first time since 1899. The first were seen on August 8 when I took three which were feeding with some Lesser Yellowlegs; two days later at the same place (Okanagan Commonage) I saw five more and collected four of them. All were young birds in the first plumage with a few feathers of the gray winter dress coming in. Ereunetes pusillus. SrmipaLMATED SANDpIPER.— I wish once again to put on record that this is a common, or even abundant, migrant in British Columbia from the coast to the Rockies. Here at Okanagan about the center of the Province it outnumbers the Western Sandpiper one hundred to one. During the last fall migration I scrutinized every Ereu- netes seen, several hundred in all, through a powerful glass, and shot a number of birds I was doubtful of, all were typical pusillus and I have only taken three or four Western Sandpipers east of the Cascades in all my collecting. Limosa fedoa. Marsiep Gopwir.— One seen on August 7, 1910, constitutes the first record I have for Okanagan or for anywhere in the Province east of the coast. Dendragapus richardsoni. RicHarpson’s GrousEe.— During the past few years I have shot a number of these grouse in the Selkirk and Rocky Mountains, and have been surprised at the darkness of their color- ation, fully as dark as fuliginosa. The shape and coloration of the tail feathers was in every instance the same as in typical richardsoni, and an adult male killed in the Rockies had the bare skin on the sides of the neck dull reddish and without any trace of gelatinous thickening, precisely as in all richardsoni. Adult males of the Sooty Grouse have the skin on sides of the neck tremendously thick- ened, of a deep yellow color, and with a velvety texture and wrinkled surface. As in other Grouse this is inflated when the bird is ‘‘ hooting.” The hooting of the Sooty Grouse can be heard for miles, while that of Richard- son’s Grouse is usually inaudible at a distance of one hundred yards, though the single hoot, which all Indians say is made by the female bird, has the same volume of sound in both species. Xenopicus albolarvatus. WHITE-HEADED WoopPECKER.— For twenty Volo | General Notes. 253 years or more a bird in the Provincial Museum at Victoria has constituted the only record for this species for British Columbia. This is said to have been taken many years ago in Similkameen valley by Mr. R. U. Griffin, but has never had any label to my knowledge. I am glad to be able to now record the capture of a fine adult female by Mr. James Munro near Okanagan Landing on December 20 last. Selasphorus alleni. ALLEN’s Humminepirp.— I wish now to recall my former tentative record of this species in British Columbia. After examining a series of undoubted alleni in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley, I have come to the conclusion that I have never seen this species in the Province. Zonotrichia querula. Harris’ SPAaRRow.— An adult taken by myself April 30, and a juvenile taken by Mr. James Munro December 1, both at Okanagan Landing constitute two fresh records for B. C. It is curious that five out of the six records for the Province were made in the winter months. Ammodramus s. bimaculatus. WersTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. — After a considerable interval during which I have lost sight of this little sparrow I was last year able to re-locate the species in the hills back of Okanagan Landing and took adult and young in first plumage as well as a nest with four eggs. They are rare now in the locality where I first found the species in 1898. Melospiza c. rufina. Soory Sona Sparrow.— Although Okanagan is in the semi-arid belt its Song Sparrows seem to be closest to this subspe- cies. In my collection I have both breeding birds and others taken in midwinter which cannot be distinguished from specimens taken on Queen Charlotte Islands and at Quatsino Sound (N. W. coast of Vancouver Id.). The lightest British Columbian skins I have in my series are from Chilliwack, but taken as a whole the Song Sparrows of B. C. are remarkably uniform, and for my part I would be very glad to see the subspecies mor- phna dropped altogether.— ALLAN Brooks, Okanagan Landing, B. C. Eastern Oregon Notes.— In ‘The Auk’ for April, 1911, was published a note extending the range of Oreortyz, to all intents, to the Idaho bound- ary, the exact limit being 15 miles west of the Snake river, at Vale, Oregon. Since this article appeared further data on this species lead me to think that this partridge is gradually extending its range eastward. They were found rather common and nesting 15 miles above Vale along Bully Creek, a tributary of the Malheur river, also they were reported rather common at Skull Springs some 50 miles southwest of Vale. A ock of young was seen at Willow Creek a few miles above Ironside at the base of the Burnt River Mts. Reports of the presence of the species have been received from several of the tributaries of the Malheur River proving that the bird is more or less generally distributed over a considerable extent of the eastern part of the state. 254 General Notes. yea Following a rumor that the “ California Quail ”’ had been introduced I made inquiry of several of the settlers but found nothing to confirm such report. The Partridge seems first to have appeared on Upper Willow Creek about 10 or 12 years ago and gradually became somewhat common. The hard winter of 1905-06, drove many flocks to the barnyards for food, where it would seem they met with almost universal destruction at the hands of settlers. For several years they were not seen at all, but are again becoming somewhat common. No specimens have been examined, I am therefore unable to state how the species compares with those from the Cascades and Coast Mts. The past May a small colony of two or three pairs of Bobolinks were found nesting in a meadow at Ironside, the first record I think for the state, and extending the known range of the species considerably to the westward.— A. W. Anruony, Portland, Ore. Additions to Birds of Kerrville, Texas.— In my paper on the Birds of Kerrville, published in “The Auk’ 1911, pp. 200-219, I accidentally omitted the following species. Charitonetta albeola. Burrie-Heap.— Occasional on the Guada- loupe river. A female was shot last December in the neighborhood of Kerrville. Bartramia longicauda. Upianp PLover.— Formerly very numer- ous during migration in the more open parts of the country, but rapidly becoming scarcer. Aquila chrysaétos. Go.tpEn Eacie.— A young bird taken from a nest near the head waters of the Guadaloupe, was kept for several years as a pet in a saloon at Kerrville. Have seen the bird two or three times on Turtle Creek. One was shot near the head of the Guadaloupe river some time during last winter and the stuffed skin is in Kerrville. Halizétus 1. leucocephalus. Batp Eacie.— Formerly not uncom- mon and used to breed on bluffs along the Guadaloupe, Frio and Medina rivers. Both of these Eagles are occasionally troublesome to the ranch owners, killing young lambs and kids. Last year I also added two species to my list of birds of the neighbor- hood of Kerrville. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. Wuite Prrican.— On April 23, a flock of about eighty were seen along the river about three miles from Kerrville, and one of them was killed and I saw the remains. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata. PiteoLaAreD WarBLeR.— One male at the ranch on Turtle Creek May 11, 1911— Howarp Lacey, Kerrville, Texas. Recent Records from the Valley of the Lower Rio Grande.— Two examples of the Yellow-crowned Night Heron (Nyctanassa violacea) ? Jan. Nive ae General Notes. I 255 8, and o& Jan. 19, 1912, shot at a point about seven miles up the river from Brownsville, establishes this species as a resident. Of the nine or ten forms of Herons ranging into the Lower Valley, it is the most thinly distributed. An immature Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaétos) sex unknown, was shot near San Benito, Tex., 19 miles N. W. from Brownsville, early in January, 1912, by H. N. Prentiss. It was mounted and is now on exhibition at a drugstore in Brownsville, labeled as Mexican Eagle. The nearest locality known to me where this species occurs as a resident, is in the mountains, some distance south of Monterey, Mexico, approximately 200 miles distant. On Jan. 4, 1912, I secured near Brownsville an adult female Long-eared Owl (Asio wilsonianus) my first record here. Several years ago (Nov. 1909), I felt certain I had espied a Green-tailed Towhee (Oreospiza chlorura) on the ground in the dense chaparral. Now I feel sure that my identification was correct, for on Jan. 7, 1912, I collected an adult female near Brownsville. It may prove to be a more or less com- mon winter visitant, for it is easy to confound it with the Texas Sparrow (Arremonops rufivirgatus rufivirgatus) in life. Its superficial appearance in life, and its habits, closely resemble those of the latter, although the Green-tailed Towhee is a much more confiding bird. The Western Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana) is again wintering in small numbers. I secured an adult male on Dec. 12, 1911, for specific date. Last year it was noted through the winter months up to March. Several examples secured here during winter of 1910-11 are in the collection of Dr. J. Dwight, Jr— Austin Paut Smiru, Brownsville, Texas. The Names ‘‘ Purple Finch,’’ ‘‘ Mavis,’’ and ‘‘ Highole.’’— In my article on The Current English Names of North American Birds (‘The Auk,’ Vol. XXVI, Oct. 1909, p. 358) I referred to the name ‘“ Purple” as applied to Carpodacus purpureus as ‘“‘a monumental witness of an ina- bility to properly discriminate either between two very different shades of color or in the use of the right word.” The species in question appears under this name in Catesby (Nat. Hist. of Carolina, Vol. I, p. 41). From the letter of a correspondent under date of May 1, 1911, I quote the following — “‘I copied some of your article and had it printed in a Worcester, Mass., paper —— The Telegram, using your name and giving you the credit of it. In yesterday’s paper a Webster, Mass., bird-lover takes exception to the statement that the Purple Finch is wrongly named as to color, saying that it is the color of Tyrian purple, and evidently meaning that it was named for an ancient or classic color, and not the modern purple. Do you agree to this?” — I certainly do agree to it, and I wrote my correspondent thanking her for the correction. The gorgeous Tyrian purple, a dye obtained from certain gastropod molluscs (Purpura and Murex), was a symbol of wealth and rank among the early peoples of the eastern Mediter- ranean. In Murray (The Oxford Dictionary) under the word “ purple ”’ there is this definition — ‘‘ Tyrian purple, which was actually crimson, 256 Recent Literature. een in the middle ages applied vaguely to many shades of red, now applied to mixture of red and blue in various proportions, usually containing also some black or white or both, approaching on the one side to crimson and on the other to violet.’”” The Purple Finch was therefore appropriately named though approaching to crimson, while the Purple Grackle and the Purple Martin were equally well named though approaching to violet. My notion of ‘‘ purple ”’ evidently inclines to the violet. In this letter my correspondent also says—‘‘ I used to hear the Wood Thrush called the ‘red Mavis’ at Framingham, Mass., where I spent my childhood.’’ This is interesting as indicating a possible transit of the name with some early colonists and its local survival. In Newton’s “ Dictionary of Birds” I find the following in a footnote under ‘“‘ Woodpecker ’’ — ‘‘ The number of English names, ancient and modern, by which these birds are known is very great, and even a bare list of them could not be here given. The Anglo-Saxon was Higera or Higere, and to this may plausibly be traced ‘ Hickwall,’ nowadays used in some parts of the country, and the older ‘ Hickway,’ corrupted first into ‘ High- haw,’ and, after its original meaning was lost, into ‘ Hewhole,’ which in North America has been still further corrupted into ‘ Highhole’ and more recently into ‘High-holder.’’’—Sprncer Trotter, Swarthmore College, Penn. RECENT LITERATURE. Ridgway’s Birds of North and Middle America. Part V.'— This long delayed volume forming Part V of Mr. Ridgway’s great work appeared November 29, 1911, but was not generally distributed until more than a — month later. It comprises the remaining Passerine families, Pteroptochi- dz (1 species), Formicariidz (66 species and subspecies), Furnariide (29), 1 The Birds | of North and Middle America | a Descriptive Catalogue | of the | Higher Groups, Genera, Species, and Subspecies of Birds | known to occur in North America, from the | Arctic Lands to the Isthmus of Panama | the West Indies and other Islands | of the Caribbean Sea, and the | Galapagos Archi- pelago | by | Robert Ridgway | Curator, Division of birds.| Part V.| Family Pteroptochide — The Tapaculos Family Dendrocolaptida — The Woodhewers | Family Formicariides — The Antbirds Family Trochilidee — The Humming Birds | Family Furnariide — The Ovenbirds Family Micropodidee —The Swifts |Family Trogonide — The Trogons | — | Washington: | Govern- ment Printing Office. | 1911. = Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 50. Part V.—S8vo. pp. i-xxiii + 1-859, pll. i-xxxiii. ——_- i ao aac Recent Literature. 250 and Dendrocolaptide (41) as well as the Trochilide (174), Micropodide (25) and Trogonide (23) of the Coraciiformes. The style of treatment, details of synonymy and distribution, ete., are fully up to the high standard of the preceding volumes, while the mass of information relating to extralimital species contained in the keys and foot- notes will be as heretofore most welcome to the student of South American birds. While this volume, covering as it does, the exceedingly difficult Tracheophone families and Hummingbirds is perhaps a more valuable contribution to ornithology than any of its predecessors, it contains but few species which range north of the Mexican boundary. In fact only twenty-three of the forms here treated are to be found in the A. O. U. Check-List and unfortunately for those who hoped that stability in nomen- clature had been reached in the last edition of that work, Mr. Ridgway has found occasion to alter the names of seven of them. These proposed changes however are all questions of specific or subspecific rank or of the subdivision of genera — largely matters of personal opinion. The genus Trogon is subdivided and 7’. ambiguus is placed in Trogonurus; Cypse- loides meets the same fate and our Black Swift appears as Nephecetes niger borealis; Uranomitra is united with Amizilis; Atthis morcomi is regarded as a subspecies of A. heloisa and Amizilis chalconota as a subspecies of A. yucatanensis not of A. cerviniventris while the recognition of extra- limital subspecies of A. tzacatl and Basilinna leucotis requires the duplica- tion of the specific name in the North American forms in order to conform to the method adopted by the new edition of the Check-List and by Mr. Ridgway. Most of the new forms described during the progress of the work have been published elsewhere but the following date from the present volume; Campylorhamphus trochilirostris major Rdgw. p. 269, Popelairia conversit salvini Zeledon ms. p. 680, Chrysotrogon ramonianus goeldii Rdgw. p. 786 and two new genera Chrysotrogon, p. 784, and Mearnsia, p. 686. While following the prevalent custom of adopting the original spelling of names Mr. Ridgway now and then finds himself unable to live up to the practice. For instance guy is emended to guyi and Manikup is re- jected entirely as ‘barbarous and cacophonous.’ The recent wide-spread discussion as to the proper method of fixing generic types has led the author to leave some cases in abeyance. For instance he adopts Archi- lochus for Trochilus of authors but fails to substitute the latter for Azthurus; and he adopts the admittedly untenable name Rhopoterpe pending the fixing of the type of Myrmornis. These are trivial matters but it seems unfortunate that they could not have been settled in a work of such scope and authority. It is welcome news to learn that good progress has been made with Part VI and we feel sure that ornithologists, the world over, while renewing their acknowledgment of indebtedness to Mr. Ridgway, will wish him every facility for the successful completion of the great task that he has, undertaken.— W. S. 258 Recent Literatwe. ann Sclater’s Birds of Colorado.!— This work forms a handsome uncut octavo volume of 576 pages, beautifully printed on heavy unsized paper, illustrated by sixteen excellent halftones from photographs of birds and nests by R. B. Rockwell, E. R. Warren and H. W. Nash; a contour map of Colorado and a frontispiece portrait of General William J. Palmer. As he explains in the introduction Mr. Sclater was induced to prepare this volume by the often expressed desire of General Palmer but before it was ready for publication the General] died and the work now appears as a personal tribute to him, the expenses of publication being defrayed by his sister-in-law, Mrs. Wm. L. Sclater and his brother-in-law, Mr. Chase Mellen. General Palmer’s interest in nature and in the welfare of the Colorado College Museum of which Mr. Sclater was for some time director are thus fittingly memorialized. The introduction contains a few paragraphs on the physical features of Colorado and nominal lists of the birds arranged according to character of occurrence and vertical distribution. The main text consists of a key to the orders, keys to the families and genera, and keys to the species, diagnoses of the families and genera; and detailed treatment of the species. Under each species are given the A. O. U. number; references to the published Colorado records, the papers being listed in a bibliography at the end of the volume and referred to here by number; a full description; a paragraph on distribution, abun- dance and time of occurrence; and a short account of habits. The Aiken collection of Colorado birds secured for the Colorado College Museum by General Palmer forms the basis of Mr. Sclater’s work while he makes special acknowledgment to Chas. E. Aiken, E. R. Warren and Judge Junius Henderson for assistance and to the extensive note- books of the late Dennis Gale. Mr. Sclater has apparently made an exhaustive study of the literature of Colorado ornithology and his work is a scholarly compilation. Authori- ties are quoted frequently for nearly all statements—so frequently indeed that one misses the freshness and life that characterize accounts of bird habits drawn more largely from personal experience, but Mr. Sclater makes no claim to original investigations and in the comparatively short period of his residence in Colorado he has certainly admirably mas- tered the subject which he here presents, the History of the Birds of Colo- rado. The nomenclature and classification used are “almost without exception that of the recently published third edition of the A. O. U. Check-List’’ Whether Pediocetes, Architrochilus (for Archilochus) and Chondestes gram- 1A History of | the Birds of Colorado | By | William Lutley Sclater | M. A. (Oxon.), M. B. O. U., Hon. M. A. O. U. | (Lately Director of the Colorado College Museum.) | with Seventeen Plates and a Map.| Witherby & Co. |326 High Holborn London | 1912. American agents Stechert & Co., West 20th St., N. Y. City. Price, $5. wo | Recent Literature. 259 micus are intentional or accidental deviations we cannot say as they are used without comment. 4 It would have been better perhaps if the ‘distributions’ had been quoted more exactly from the A. O. U. list as some of them as they stand are rather misleading, the Western Grebe for instance is said to breed south to central Mexico. Some other remarks are rather startling as the statement that the Thrasher gets its name from ‘“‘its habit of beating or thrashing the insects it catches until dead and deprived of wings and legs,” while the ‘double moult’ as a character of the Sylviide does not seem to apply to any of the Colorado species. By a curious lapsus Mr. D. D. Stone is constantly referred to as Mrs. Stone! These however do not detract from the general excellence of Mr. Sclater’s volume which certainly provides Colorado ornithologists with an admirable basis for future work.— W.S. Howell’s Birds of Arkansas.! — There are to-day but few states without adequate bird-lists. One of the most neglected in this respect has been Arkansas, but thanks to Mr. Howell we have now an admirable annotated catalogue of the 255 species and subspecies hitherto taken in the state or reported by competent observers. The data upon which the report is based were largely collected by the author during a collecting trip in the spring and early summer of 1910, while additional information was gathered by other members and cor- respondents of the Biological Survey. The dearth of publications on the birds of Arkansas may be realized when we find that the author is able to quote only four titles in his bibliography and that prior to 1902 only 48 species had been reported from the state. The distribution, time of occurrence and relative abundance of the various species are well discussed by Mr. Howell while the breeding ranges of several species are carefully mapped, those of the Whip-poor-will and Chuck-will’s-widow proving to be almost exactly complementary. Several excellent halftone plates from drawings by Fuertes and photographs of characteristic scenery and a faunal map add to the attractiveness of the report.— W. 58. Burns on the Broad-winged Hawk.? — Mr. Burns has brought together in this monograph a vast amount of information. It is based upon “‘twenty- two years of personal observation and five years of close study of the literature.” Those portions which are based upon the author’s personal observations form the most valuable part of his work. Mr. Burns has 1 Birds of Arkansas. By Arthur H. Howell, Assistant Biologist, Biological Survey. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Biological Survey Bulletin No. 38. 1911. pp. 1-100. 2 A Monograph of the Broad-winged Hawk, Buteo platypterus, by Frank L. Burns with the co-operation of over one hundred American Ornithologists and the compilation of the World’s Literature. Wilson Bulletin, X XIII, Nos. 3-4, Sept.— Dec., 1911, pp. 141-320. 260 Recent Literature. reer for years made a special study of the Broad-wing and his accounts of its plumages, molt, flight, food, voice, action and disposition, both wild and in captivity, migration, mating, nidification, etc., form a valuable contribu- tion to ornithological literature. The numerous quotations appended from the publications and manuscripts of others are of rather unequal value and trustworthiness. In the treatment of the literature the desire to include mention of every scrap of published information regardless of its value has led to the accumu- lation of a mass of detailed data and titles that is bewildering in its extent and could have been reduced into well digested summaries which would have been of far more benefit to the reader. The lengthy bibliography too, gives scarcely a clue to the contents of the papers and fails to distinguish important titles from those containing mere casual mention of the subject of the monograph. A shorter list of the really valuable papers with a line or two of comment would have been of far greater service. These matters, however, in no way detract from the value of the main text. A new race Buteo platypterus cubanensis from Cuba is described, but in such an obscure manner as readily to escape notice and with no designa- tion of a type specimen. It is just such loose methods as this which have caused names to be overlooked and have led later to necessary changes in nomenclature and unfortunate complications. A number of excellent halftones mainly from photographs by Mr. Alfred C. Redfield illustrate this valuable paper— W.S. Bent on Birds of the Aleutian Islands.— Mr. Arthur C. Bent accompanied by Messrs. Rollo H. Beck, Alexander Wetmore and Fred B. McKechnie spent the last three weeks of June, 1911, in a hurried survey of the islands of the Aleutian chain. Mr. Wetmore represented the Bio- logical Survey of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the expedition had in mind the securing of data for Mr. Bent’s continuation of the Life Histories of North American Birds to be published by the Smithsonian Institution. The party travelled, through the courtesy of the Treasury Department, on the revenue cutter ‘Tahoma’ and cruised the entire length of the chain, landing on Atka, Kiska, Attu, Tanaga and Adak and the western end of Unalaska. The stops were necessarily very short, as the ‘Tahoma’ was due at Unalaska, July 1, and exploration was limited to the immediate vicinity of the harbors. Mr. Bent’s first publication! dealing with the results of the trip was a description of a new race of Ptarmigan, Lagopus rupestris sanfordi, from Tanaga. On each one of the more remote islands a peculiar form seems to have been differentiated. This one is said to resemble L. r. chamberlaini and L. r. atkhensis from Adak and Atka Islands to the eastward, but is lighter than either. 1A New Subspecies of Ptarmigan from the Aleutian Island. By A. C. Bent. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 56, No. 30. pp. 1-2. Jan. 6, 1912. rae Recent Literature. 261 A second paper! gives a brief account of the trip, with annotated lists of sixty species found on the Aleutians and twenty-two noted in Bering Sea in July. Interesting accounts of the habits of many of the species are given and two Asiatic birds are recorded for the first time in North America — Hypocentor rustica the Rustic Bunting, of which two dead speci- mens were found and one more shot by Mr. Wetmore on Kiska Island and Calliope calliope the Ruby-throated Nightingale of which Mr. McKechnie shot one specimen on the sameisland. A specimen of Aestrelata nearest to A. fisheri was obtained at the entrance to Kiska Harbor.— W. 8. Nelson and Goldman on New Birds from Panama.— Mr. HE. A. Goldman’s collections while on the Smithsonian Biological Survey of Panama during the winter of 1910-11 have yielded several new species. He finds in studying the Kingfishers? which he obtained that two distinct races have heretofore been united under Ceryle septentrionalis Sharpe. The more northern one to which Sharpe’s name is found to apply ranges the whole length of Mexico to southern Texas while the one which is here named C. americana isthmica ranges from Guatemala to Panama. In another paper® Mr. E. W. Nelson describes two new forms of Nun Birds obtained by Mr. Goldman.— Monasa fidelis and M. similis each based on a single specimen.— W. 8. Mearns on New African Birds.— Dr. E. A. Mearns‘ presents descrip- tions of seven new species of African Grass Warblers as a result of his study of the material obtained by the Smithsonian African Expedition. Four of these, Cisticola subruficapilla aequatorialis,-C. s. borea, C. stranget kapi- tensis, and C. hypoxantha reichenowi were obtained by himself; two, C. alleni and C. difficilis, by Dr. Glover M. Allen who was collecting in British East Africa at the same time that Dr. Mearns was there, and one, C. prinioides kilimensis was obtained by Dr. W. L. Abbott in 1888. In a later paper,’ Helionympha raineyi obtained on the Rainey African Expedition is described from the Telek River, Sotik District.— W. S. 1 Notes on Birds Observed During a Brief Visit to the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea in 1911. By A. C. Bent. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 56, No. 32, pp. 1-29, Feb. 12, 1912. 2A New Kingfisher from Panama. By E. A. Goldman. Smithsonian Mis- cellaneous Collections, Vol. 56, No. 27, pp. 1-2, December 1, 1911. 3 Descriptions of two New Species of Nun Birds from Panama. By E. W. Nelson. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 56, No. 37, pp. 1-2. Feb- ruary 16, 1912. 4 Descriptions of Seven New African Grass-warblers of the Genus Cisticola. By Edgar A. Mearns. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 56, No. 25, pp. 1-6, Nov. 23, 1911. 5 Description of a New Species of Sun Bird, Helionympha raineyi, from British East Africa. By Edgar A. Mearns. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 56, No. 28, p. 1, Nov. 28, 1911. 262 Recent Literature. on Herrick’s Nests and Nest-Building in Birds.1—- Prof. Herrick’s papers ? unfortunately fail to reach a large number of ornithologists because of their being published in journals of animal behavior or experimental zoology which ornithologists too seldom consult. That they should be studied by every bird student cannot be too strongly emphasized. There is a great field in the study of the behavior of birds and unfortunately most observers are very poorly qualified to avail themselves of it, because of the prevalent tendency to judge the actions of birds as we would those of human beings and endow the authors with the same qualities that we ourselves possess. Prof. Herrick however, approaches the subject from the unprejudiced attitude of the scientific investigator and limits his deduc- tions strictly to what is warranted by the facts so that his method as well as the results of his studies deserve careful consideration. The present paper consists of a mass of valuable data arranged under the headings: Literature of Birds’ Nests, Function of the Nest and the Prob- lem of Protection, Classification of Birds’ Nests on the basis of Behavior, Analysis of Increment Nests, Variation of Nests, Nidification, Intelligence in Nest-Building and Origin of the Instincts of Incubation and Nidifica- tion in Birds. In this connection we can only quote some of the writer’s conclusions while we recommend to all, the careful study of his papers in detail. “Tnstinet alone,” says Prof. Herrick, ‘‘ furnishes the building impulse and in spite of many flunctuations due to experience, disturbance, or any influence of environment, holds the builders wonderfully true to their ancestral types”’ (p. 163). ‘“The proof of instinct in the nest-building activities of birds lies in the stereotyped behavior of the builders at work, as well as in the stereo- typed character of the nests of different species when they are viewed in the proper light.....On the score of behavior alone the evidence is now conclusive that birds do not build their nests from imitation or experience: they require no visible standards, plan, or copy but without hesitation ....go straight to work and finish their task ’’(p. 163). “ Nest-building is one of a series of complex and correlated instincts pertaining to the reproductive cycle of birds,....[i. e. migration, mating, nest-building, egg-laying, care of the young, etc.] these serial instincts do not invariably proceed in due order and harmony....The cycle may be normally repeated more than once in the season, and when begun it may be brought to a sudden close not alone through accident or fear, but by the rise of other instincts or by any disturbance which affects the usual 1 Nests and Nest-Building in Birds: in Three Parts. By Francis H. Herrick, Journal of Animal Behavior. Part I. May—June, 1911, pp. 159-192; Part IT. July—August, 1911, pp. 244-277; Part III, September—October, 1911, pp. 336-373. 2 Cf. also. Life and Behavior of the Cuckoo. Journal of Experimental ZoGdlogy. Sept. 1910, pp. 169-233, and Instinct and Intelligence in Birds. Popular Science Monthly, June, July and August, 1910. vole | Recent Literature. 263 rhythms. To such causes are due some of the most extraordinary phenom- ena of nests and nest life, such as the ‘ cuckoo instinct,’ double, compound, or superimposed nests, the desertion of the last young, etc.” (p. 336). While criticising most of the literature of nest-building Prof. Herrick also points out the difficulties with which students of the subject have to contend — especially the necessity for continuous observation for hours and even days. ‘‘In spite of such drawbacks, however, it would be difficult to name a field in the province of behavior where the right kind of study promises more interesting results the world over, and where some of the phenomena to be witnessed close to your door, may be as worthy of record as anything observed in the forests of Brazil or of Africa.’”-—W. 8S. Beebe and Crandall on The Undescribed Juvenal Plumage of the Yucatan Jay.1— The plumages and molt of specimens of Cissilopha yucatanica living in the New York Zoological Park, are here described. When received they were in full juvenal plumage with the entire head and underparts white. This changed at the post-juvenal molt to the usual black, and subsequently the white tipped rectrices were replaced by those of uniform blue while the mandibles and eye ring eventually became black. The yellow bill is thus a character of immaturity and not sexual, as has sometimes been supposed. The early white breasted plumage in this species was quite unexpected.— W. S. Henshaw’s Report of the Chief of the Biological Survey for 1911.” — The important work of this branch of the U.S. Department of Agricul- ture in its efforts to protect the useful birds and game of the country and to check the depredations of noxious species, is too well known to require detailed notice in this connection, but anyone who reads Mr. Henshaw’s interesting report will be astonished at the varied fields in which the activi- ties of the Survey are carried on, and the benefits that they render to the Agricultural and other interests of the United States. Special ornitho- logical investigations of the year have dealt with the Birds of Arkansas, the Food of Woodpeckers, the Food of Wild Waterfowl, while field work has been prosecuted in Alabama, Idaho, Arkansas, Kentucky, Montana, Tennessee, Wyoming and Virginia.— W. 8. Townsend’s Captain Cartwright and his Labrador Journal.?— Dr. Charles W. Townsend already well known for his writings on the 1 The Undescribed Juvenal Plumage of the Yucatan Jay. By C. Wiliiam Beebe and Lee S. Crandall, Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoologi- cal Society. Vol. I, No. 7, pp. 153-156, with colored plate, December 5, 1911. 2 Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Biological Survey for 1911. By Henry W. Henshaw. Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture 1911, pp. 1—20. 3 Captain Cartwright | and his | Labrador Journal | edited by | Charles Wendell Townsend, M. D.| Author of ‘‘Along the Labrador Coast,’’ ‘‘A Labrador | Spring,’’ ‘‘The Birds of Essex County”’ and joint | author of ‘‘ Birds of Labrador | with an Introduction by | Dr. Wilfred T. Grenfell | Illustrations from Oid En- gravings, Photographs, | and a Map. | vignette | Boston | Dana Estes & Company | Publishers | 1911. S8vo., pp. i-xxxili + 1-385. 264 Recent Literature. A natural history of Labrador, has edited a reprint of the journal of Captain George Cartwright the famous explorer of this interesting but inhospitable coast. The original edition of the journal published in 1792 is a very scarce. work and is inaccessible to most readers, so that Dr. Townsend’s reprint is exceedingly welcome, placing at our disposal a vast amount of accurate. and interesting information concerning Labrador and its natural history, one hundred and thirty years ago. The text is preserved without change- except for the omission of “‘ unimportant details and the mass of repeti- tion,’’ while in foot-notes the editor has given us the current technical names. of the animals and plants which are referred to and as a foreword has. furnished an entertaining biographical sketch of Captain Cartwright. Most striking among the numerous allusions to birds are the references. to the Great, Auk or ‘ Penguin’ the most extended of which treats of its threatened extermination on Funk Island, where in 1785 the inhabitants of Fogo went with their boats for birds and eggs. ‘‘ They lay their gang boards from the gunwale of the boat to the rocks, and then drive as many penguins on board, as she will hold.....It has been customary of late. years, for several crews of men to live all the summer on that island, for the sole purpose of killing birds for the sake of their feathers, the destruc- tion which they have made is incredible. If a stop is not soon put to that practice, the whole breed will be diminished to almost nothing, particu- larly the penguins: for this is now the only island they have left to breed upon.” Captain Cartwright’s respect for accuracy in describing the habits of birds and mammals is conspicuous, the more so because it is unusual in explorers of his time, and this trait as well as his sense of humor are well shown in his extended account of the Beaver which he begins as follows: ““T tremble at seeing myself under the necessity of contradicting that cele- brated natural historian Compt de Buffon; yet I must take the liberty to. doit. Hesays, ‘ A beaver has a scaly tail, because he eats fish:’ I wonder much that Monsieur Buffon had not one himself for the same reason; for I am sure that he has eaten a great deal more fish, than all the beavers in the world put together.” All naturalists especially ornithologists and mammalogists will find this. volume exceedingly interesting reading and a valuable work of reference.— W.S. Taylor on Birds of Northern Humboldt County, Nevada.— In an interesting report! Mr. Walter P. Taylor describes a field trip made by himself and Mr. Charles H. Richardson, Jr. in the Pine Forest Mountain region of Nevada May 10—August 10, 1909. 1 Field Notes on Amphibians, Reptiles and Birds of Northern Humboldt County, Nevada; with a discussion of some of the Faunal Features of the Region. By Walter P. Taylor. University of California Publications in ZoGdlogy, Vol. VIT,. No. 10, pp. 319-436. February 14, 1912. eo | Recent Literature. 265 Careful descriptions of the localities visited are given, with lists of the more conspicuous plants, while the life zones and their characteristic species -of vertebrates are thoroughly discussed. The annotated list of birds numbers 103 species, and considerable space is allotted to accounts of the habits of those which are most abundant and characteristic. ‘To quote the author, the attempt has been made to place emphasis upon the non- morphological or psychological characters of the species which are of late attracting more and more attention in zoological field work. In addition to the birds, the reptiles and amphibians of the region are treated in this paper, the mammals having formed the subject of a previous contribution. Taken together they form a comprehensive biological survey of this interesting portion of Nevada, with much valuable informa- tion upon the life histories of the birds — W. 8. Swarth, on A Collection of Birds from Vancouver Island.!— _An expedition was organized and financed by Miss Annie M. Alexander in 1910 in the interests of the University of California for the purpose of collecting the higher vertebrates of Vancouver Island. Miss Alexander, Miss Louise Kellogg, Mr. Harry S. Swarth and Mr. E. Despard made up the party and Mr. Swarth here presents us with a detailed account of the localities visited and a discussion of the distribution and relationship of the birds and mammals, the former comprising 111 species. Several Pine Grosbeaks were observed on July 15 and a male in juvenal plumage was secured showing pretty conclusively that a form of this bird which Mr. Swarth refers provisionally to Pinicola enucleator flammula breeds on the island. The extensive material obtained made possible a careful study of the affinities of the Vancouver representatives of several species which has led to interesting results. The Savannah Sparrow is found to be ‘widely ‘different’ from Passerculus s. alaudinus and ‘practically indistinguishable ’ from P. s. savanna of eastern North America. The Nighthawk too, is the eastern form Chordeiles v. virginianus and the Crossbill Loxia curvirostra minor, while the JuncoisJ.h. oregonus. Ina large series of Song Sparrows from Vancouver and southern Alaska Mr. Swarth fails to ‘“‘ perceive the differences supposedly distinguishing morphna, from rufina,”’ while the Northwest Crow is treated as a subspecies of C. brachyrhynchos. Certain forms not recognized in the A. O. U. Check-List are held to be valid as Hirundo erythrogastra palmeri, Dendroica estiva hooveri, Ceryle alcyon caurina, and Geothlypis trichas scirpicola while certain differences are noted in the vernacular names. A strong plea too is made for the restriction of the name ruber to the northern instead of the southern form of Red-breasted Sapsucker, which deserves careful consideration. Indeed 1 Report on a Collection of Birds and Mammals from Vancouver Island. By Harry S.Swarth. University of California Publications in Zoology, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1-124, pll. 1-4. February 13, 1912. 266 Recent Literature. nt Mr. Swarth’s paper is well worthy of detailed study and is a noteworthy contribution to west coast ornithology.— W. S. Mathews’ The Austral Avian Record.'— This journal is issued at irregular intervals in connection with the Austral Avian Museum, Watford, Herts, England, by Mr. Gregory M. Mathews. It is intended to comprise such notes as require immediate attention in connection with the author’s ‘Birds of Australia’ now in course of publication. Descriptions of new forms, notes on nomenclature and any other interesting matter relating to the Australian avifauna will be included. The present number comprises notes on Australian Cuckoos in which the nomenclature of all the forms is discussed, Owenavis and Neochalcites appear as new genera and ten new species and subspecies are proposed. A second note is a useful table of the dates of issue of the parts of Lear’s ‘ Psittacide’ and Miiller’s ‘ Ver- handelingen over de Naturlijke Geshiedenes. Land-en Volkenkunde.’ We do not think that Mr. Mathews’ proposal to ignore Lesson’s group or ‘race’? names which have always been given recognition as genera will meet with the approval of ornithologists, nor do we consider that the authors of the International Code ever intended that article 2 should be interpreted as rejecting group names not explicitly designated by their proposers as genera or subgenera.— W. S. Parkins’ Record of Sales of the Great Auk and its Eggs.2— This is an interesting pamphlet containing a record of sales of specimens of the Great Auk or its eggs at public auction in Great Britain from 1806 to 1910. The early history of the specimens is included so far as it is known, and the character of this information will be seen by consulting Col. Thayer’s article on p. 208 of this number of ‘ The Auk.’ There are several interest- ing illustrations.— W. S. Jacobs’ The American Bird House Journal for 1912.3— Under this title Mr. J. Warren Jacobs proposes to issue an annual publication in continuation of his well known series of papers dealing with the history of 1The Austral Avian Record. A Scientific Journal devoted primarily to the Study of the Australian Avifauna. Vol. I, No. 1. Issued in connection with the Austral Avian Museum, Watford, Herts, England. Editor, Gregory M. Mathews, Price 1/6 Net. Witherby & Co., 326 High Holborn, London, W.C. January 2nd, 1912. 2The Great Auk. Dee, 10" =20 95 Dee., 11 8 12 Jams lO. Woe 16 "Jan. ide “S22. 2 ditties 1 24072 4 Féb:, 10 *9°5 16! “Heb. 11-10. “27 Feb, 12 2.4 2 It is easy to see that there is a great falling off of Mallards from November to January. I believe that the diminishing numbers after November indicate the passing along of a flight. I should attribute the extraordinarily small numbers of Mallards killed in the past season, 1911-12, at Swan Isle, to the fact that the Club cut down by at least one-half the usual output of bait, were it not for the fact that this was a very lean year for Mallards at the Currituck Club, the proportion being only 17% and the actual numbers well under one half of the usual bag. This is very nearly as low as the bad Mallard year of 1899-1900 which as mentioned above gave only 15%. Mr. Thayer assures me that the Currituck Club records can be absolutely relied upon, and I can vouch for the last three years at Swan Isle-— J. C. PHILiips, Wenham, Mass. Dispersal of the Australian Duck (Anas superciliosa).— In 1911 an old pair of these birds was allowed to hatch and bring up nine young. These were banded on August 17 (not unfortunately with the American Association bands), and placed in the Wood Duck pond, where they grew their flight feathers. Late in September these young birds began to move about the place. They remained very tame. I know of three that were shot in Wenham. Two individuals, however, stayed about until December 17. By that time they had become fairly wild, having of course been more or less persecuted. After December 17 none was seen until mid-winter, when on February 20, 1912, a single one came back and was found in the winter duck yard. It allowed a close approach so that its band was plainly visible, and then flushed and flew away in an easterly direction. Up to the present date (Aug. 20) no more have returned. The Australian duck, Anas swperciliosa (I disregard the genus Polionetta because it serves no useful purpose as far as I am aware), is a widely dis- tributed species, probably nearly, if not entirely non-migratory. As given vena | General Notes. 535 by Salvadori in the Catalogue of Birds, Vol. 27, it occurs ‘from Java and Timor to Southern New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand sub-region, and Polynesia, including the Pelew Islands.’ Mr. Gregory M. Mathews writes me under date of Aug. 14, 1912, that there are several subspecies of this duck outside Australia which he is inclined to admit as valid because this bird is not a real migrant, although it flies long distances at times. The return of one of my Australian ducks on February 20, suggests that there was no attempt at migration, and that the birds were either starved out or shot in this neighborhood.— J. C. PHiLuies, Wenham, Mass. The European Teal (Nettion crecca) again Returning to Wenham, Mass.— In ‘The Auk,’ 1911, page 366, I told of the migration and return of a European Teal raised in captivity here at Wenham. The bird arrived April 19, 1911 after an absence since December 6, 1910. All summer of 1911 this bird was in or near the pond. On November 25 our captive fowl were placed in winter quarters, and our Teal vacated. Four other poorly pinioned European Teal escaped at the same time, having grown outer secondaries or new primaries long enough to enable them to fly. Our bird, however, did not leave until December 31, as she was seen several times about the pond and lake until that date. Wenham Lake closed during the first few days of January, 1912, the fall having been extremely mild. On the morning of April 18, 1912, our bird was again back in the pond where she was hatched, having arrived during the night or early morning; thus completing her second migration. That day she was quite shy, and flushed immediately, but soon returned. I saw her first on April 20. She was then perfectly tame and could with difficulty be driven from the pond. On April 23 another Teal appeared in the pond; whether an escape of last fall, or some other bird, can only be conjectured. This bird did not remain long, however. It is fair, I think, to consider the first arrival the same bird as before reported, though there is no absolute evidence. The dates of spring arrival on the two years are t think interesting.— -~ ~ J. C. PHILLIPS, Wenham, Mass. a oD aieietehereta ements: a anche aecsenenaete diacetate tae troche Eider in South Dakota; a new r record for the interior of North America.— It is my privilege to announce the capture, Novem- ber 4, 1911, of a Northern Hider, Somateria mollissima borealis, in Lake County, eastern South Dakota. The identification is by the Biological Survey. Wells W. Cooke writes ‘not only the first record for South Dakota, but the first record for the whole interior of North America.’ Adrian Larson of Sioux Falls, who at my suggestion sent the specimen to Washington for identification, supplies the following notes: This bird, which is either a female or an immature male, was shot about forty miles north in a lake region ‘locally called Madison Pass.’ The severe cold 536 General Notes. aur wave of November 1 and 2, 1911, brought the ducks south almost by the millions. The Eider was shot by a Doctor Page of Sioux Falls and is now in the possession and displayed in the place of business of William Sweet of this city.— 8S. S. VISHER, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, S. D. Records from Nippinickett Pond, Bridgewater, Mass.— The captures of the following ducks on Nippinickett Pond seem worthy of record. European Widgeon, Mareca penelope, Nov. 7, 1902. Shot by A. C. Dyke. Two European Widgeons, Mareca penelope, Oct. 22, 1910, from a flock of 4 birds. Shot by Harry P. Sturtevant. European Widgeon, Mareca penelope, Oct. 23, 1910. Shot by A. C. Dyke. Hutchin’s Goose, Branta canadensis hutchinsi, Oct. 8, 1910, from a flock of six birds, the other five being Canada Geese. Shot by Messrs. Frank C. Drake and Irving A. Hall. All the specimens were obligingly identified by Mr. Wm. Brewster of Cambridge.— ArTuur C. Dyke, Bridgewater, Mass. Sora Rail (Porzana carolina) in New Mexico.— On the morning of August 27, 1912, at State College, New Mexico, I picked up, dead, an immature Sora Rail that had flown against a telephone wire and broken its neck. On the night of August 23, 1912, about 10 o’clock P. M., a flock of birds flew over me on the mesa, headed northeast — away from the Rio Grande. The size of the birds and their manner of flight, as seen by the moonlight, in conjunction with the finding of the above specimen, lead me to believe these birds were of the same species. To my knowledge, this is the first specific record of this species in the state, certainly in this locality. There has been an unusual amount of rainfall in this region during the month of August, which may account for their presence here at this time, for our mesa country offers no inducements to them naturally — D. E. MERRILL, State College, N. M. Early Occurrence of the White-rumped Sandpiper (Pisobia fusci- collis) in Maine.— A male White-rumped Sandpiper in nuptial plumage was secured on April 27, 1912, at Scarborough Maine. The bird was alone. The only other instances of its occurrence in the state in spring, known to me, are those recorded by Mr. Nathan Clifford Brown, May 30, 1881, - and May 29, 1882.1 Both of these recorded by Mr. Brown are in the collection of the Portland Society of Natural History, and the one here recorded in that of the writer. The bird according to Mr. W. W. Cooke is rare on the Atlantic coast of the United States, in spring, north of Virginia,? and its occurrence at this 1 Proc. Portland Society of TWh, Ll LUG job Pals ? Bull. 35, U. S. Biol. Survey, p. 38. Volare | General Notes. 537 season has been later than the close of the first week in May.'— ARTHUR H. Norton, Portland, Me. Uncommon Shore-birds seen in Essex County, Massachusetts.— Clark’s Pond, Ipswich, July 24, 1912, one full plumaged Killdeer Plover (Oxyechus vociferus). Eagle Hill, Ipswich, July 31, 1912, before any shoot- ing was allowed we found five Killdeer Plover. Four were feeding together in a marsh hole and one flew over. The birds were so tame we could see all their markings. When startled they flew uttering their ‘ Kill-dee’ note. Eagle Hill, Ipswich, August 7, 1912, one Buff-breasted Sandpiper (7'ryn- gites subruficollis,) in the grassy edges of Mr. A. B. Clark’s pond. This was a new bird to me but easily identified by the general brownish yellow color and the specklings on the wings. Nahant Beach, August 10, 1912, one Willet (probably Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus) so exhausted after a long flight that, as it crouched on some seaweed, I thought the bird was wounded and went up to examine it. When I was within fifteen feet it stood up and stretched its wings over its back showing the beautiful black and white markings, the black axillars and the greenish legs. After a few moments the Willet took a short flight over the water giving its ‘ Pill-willy ’’ notes, then returned to a clump of seaweed just ahead of me and there [I left it. Clark’s Pond Ipswich, August 14, 1912, one Willet seen at close range. Clark’s Pond Ipswich, August 17, 1912, the same Willet, which Mr. Maynard said was a young Western Willet. Eagle Hill, August 28, 1912, three Killdeer Plover apparently in full plumage.— Lip1an E. Brince, West Medford, Mass. Killdeer (Oxyechus vociferus) at Lancaster, Mass.— I have a small pond of about three acres where I keep a collection of ducks. This year owing to the drought it was very low and the muddy shores afforded good feeding ground for any waders that might come along. On June 16, I was surprised to hear the note of a Killdeer and going to the pond I discovered four. They seemed very tame and were busily occupied in feeding. This wasinthe afternoon. They remained for about an hour, then flew off. The next morning they were back again and re- mained until about 11 o’clock, then disappeared. The same afternoon they came again and remained until 5 o’clock, when they flew away. This continued until June 26, when I shot two, which proved to be adult males in worn plumage. The other two came back the next day. On June 30, two new ones appeared with the other two, making four in all on the pond that day. On July 1, 2, and 3, only three were seen. They remained until July 6, when they disappeared and they have not been seen since. When they left the pond they always flew in the same direction — to- wards the big Clinton reservoir. My theory is that these birds bred there last year and as the shores were very low it afforded them excellent feeding lle. 538 General Notes. oo grounds, but when they returned this year, conditons were altered, the reservoir being filled to the brim. This compelled the birds to hunt for a different feeding ground and in hunting about they found my pond.— Joan E. Tuayer, Lancaster, Mass. Ocracoke Water Bird Notes.— On Royal Shoal, a small island be- longing to the North Carolina Audubon Society, and situated some eight or nine miles northwest of Ocracoke, we found the following birds nesting: Laughing Gull, Common Tern and Oyster-catcher. The Gulls were in the midst of their laying, as were the Common Terns. Three pairs of Oyster-catchers inhabited the island. One nest was found with the eggs about ready to hatch, and one pair had young nearly grown, two being the complement in each case. The Black Skimmers were preparing their nesting hollows, but had not yet begun to lay. The Royal Terns seem to have almost deserted this island — where they were so numerous four or five years ago — for islands farther to the eastward, and the Least Terns are mostly back on the beaches. The total number of eggs of the Laughing Gull and Common Tern was something over two hundred. A flock of twenty Cormorants left the ‘lump’ as we approached. A small petrel, presumably a Wilson’s, was seen flying up the sound on May 23, after a rather stormy night. On the same date we found Black Skimmers very plentiful, though not yet laying, on the island in the middle of Ocracoke Inlet, with a few Common Terns nesting. Common Tern, Least Tern and Oyster-catcher were all, apparently, nesting on the beach, the Common Terns mostly on the south side of the Inlet. Young of the Oyster-catcher were seen, from a quarter grown up to the flying stage, in each case in broods of two. This island was almost completely swept by the storm tide of the previous night, which may have destroyed a good many Tern eggs. There were many more birds around than the number of nests warranted. The few nests found were all on the small, unswept area, of course.— H. H. Brimuey, Raleigh, N. C. Oreortyx in Idaho.— Notes appearing in ‘The Auk’ of April, 1911 and 1912, refer to the range of Oreortyx being extended eastward to near the Idaho-Oregon line,— specifically, Vale, Oregon. My observation is that not only has it been long established in southwest Idaho, but that its range extends at least 125 miles beyond the Oregon line. Four years ago a covey of eight along Indian Creek several miles north- west of Nampa was wiped out by hunters. Two years ago a number were taken in the Boise bottoms eight miles north of this place. For ten years more they have been common in the Owyhee foothills some forty miles south of Nampa; in fact, so numerous are they that hunters from here regularly visit that section at the opening of the shooting season, two guns on one occasion killing 44 Quail in two hours. ao | General Notes. , 539 A rancher from Twin Falls, 100 miles south and 145 miles east of Vale, Ore., tells me the ‘ Blue Quail’ appeared there several years ago, while a report from Shoshone, 75 m. south and 150 east of Vale, says they are becoming plentiful near that place. I am unable to verify by personal observation either of these last reports, but have no reason to doubt them. It is a fair supposition that the birds taken near Nampa were ‘ explorers,’ merely crossing the valley to the hills beyond, where they will doubtless be found soon if indeed they are not already established there. I have examined numerous birds in the flesh from the Owyhee section and would pronounce them typical plumifera, though I have not the material in my collection for a comparison. Hunters insist that they find another variety, similar in coloring but smaller and with shorter plumes.— L. E. Wyman, Nampa, Ida. Passenger Pigeon (Hctopistes migratorius) in Alberta.— The records of the Passenger Pigeon printed of late in ‘The Auk,’! cover practically all of its former range except the extreme northwest. The account of its occurrence in Alberta is contained in a little known book entitled ‘ Sas- katchewan and the Rocky Mountains. A diary and narrative of travel, sport, and adventure, during a journey through the Hudson’s Bay Com- pany’s Territories in 1859 and 1860. By the Earl of Southesk.’ Edin- burgh, 1875, 1-448. On May 28, 1859, when in northwestern Minnesota near Pembina, he says, ‘‘I stalked and shot some pigeons.’’ When near Qu’ Appelle Fort, Saskatchewan, July 2, they ‘‘ discovered a few pigeons in a little grove.’ From Edmonton, Alberta, the party went westward and August 22, when near the Lobstick River the record reads, ‘‘ We also saw a good many pigeons, one of which I shot with my rifle. They were plump, compact little birds, and made delicious eating.’”?’ The next day, when a few miles further west, two were shot. These are apparently the first and only records of the Passenger Pigeon in Alberta.— WeE.Lts W. Cooke, Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. The Band-tailed Pigeon (Columba fasciata fasciata) in North Dakota.— Recently I have been having some interesting correspondence with Mr. C. J. Campbell, whose home is at Englevale, North Dakota. From the Editor of ‘ Outer’s Book’ I learned that Mr. Campbell had shot a specimen of the Band-tailed Pigeon near Englevale, and I investigated the matter until I was satisfied of the truth of the statement; and now, with his permission, I publish his last letter to me on the subject, it being dated at his home on the Ist of July, 1912, and runs as follows: —“‘ Dear Sir: — In reply to your letter of June 27th I am perfectly willing you should publish the facts as stated in any of my letters. The Band-tailed Pigeon referred to was shot by me on the evening of June 2nd in this village, which is situated in Ransom Co., N. D., about 50 miles from the Minnesota State 11910, 428; 1911, 346 and 427. 540 General Notes. au line and about 30 from the South Dakota line. I could not tell the sex. I only saw the one bird. When first seen a pair of Kingbirds were chasing it and it flew into a thick willow hedge to escape them. This Pigeon was about the size of a Passenger Pigeon or a trifle smaller, white collar around back part of neck. The end of tail square, that is tail feathers all of equal length. When the tail feathers were held spread out it plainly showed the band of dull or dirty white. Yours truly, Cuas. J. CAMPBELL.” There may be some significance in the capture of this bird so far off its range, when taken in connection with the outrageous slaughter of many hundreds of this species, which recently took place in Southern California, as described in the May-June (1912) issue of ‘The Condor’ (p. 108). R. W. SuHuFeitptT, Washington, D. C. On the Alleged Egg-carrying Habit of the Band-tailed Pigeon.— In the July ‘Auk’ Mr. Wallace Craig protests at some length against the general acceptance of the belief that the Band-tailed Pigeon carries its egg from the nest on occasion, and incubates it on any limb of a tree on which it may happen to alight, as published in Bendire’s ‘ Life Histories of North American Birds.’ He remarks, quite rightly, that such an ex- traordinary act should not be believed except upon the best of evidence, which he asserts is not at hand. Doubtless other western ornithologists besides myself have read with amusement this tale of the pigeon’s actions, but without feeling the need of formally refuting the story. This, however, should have been done years ago, for such stories are sometimes repeatedly and widely quoted, as this one has been, until they are generally accepted as established facts. It is pertinent, in this connection, to refer to Mr. Herbert Brown’s interesting account of the Masked Bob-white (Auk, X XI, 1904, pp. 209- 213), where statements by Major Bendire’s informant, referring to the species treated, and also quoted in Bendire’s ‘ Life Histories,’ are discussed and rated at about their true value. Under the circumstances it is most unfortunate that many such statements and records should have been so widely repeated in ornithologi- cal literature. As the years go by such erroneous ‘ records’ become increasingly difficult to correct, and while we can still do so, every effort should be made toward their elimination. In this connection, and as an example of the insistence of an erroneous record, there can be cited the generally accepted statement of the Band- tailed Pigeons’ breeding in southern Arizona during the entire year. This is positively asserted as an accepted fact in various books dealing with western ornithology, and is, I believe, traceable back to the same source as the egg-carrying tale. It is also contrary to fact. The Band-tailed ces sa General Notes. 541 Pigeon is not resident in the parts of Arizona in which it breeds — the Transition zone — and there are no published records of breeding during the winter months. In fact, I do not know of a definite record of the occurrence of the species anywhere in the state in mid-winter, and I have had occasion to make careful search through ornithological literature dealing with Arizona. Mr. Craig’s objection is abundantly justified by the ridiculous nature of the story he cites, which, without a particle of corroborative evidence, has been so generally accepted as sober truth. It induces me to publish this statement regarding the character of other records from the same source.— H. S. Swarru, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California. Pigeon Hawk in South Carolina in Winter.— On February 26, 1911, I took a specimen of this species (Falco columbarius columbarius) in the brown immature plumage in St. Andrews Parish, near Charleston. The skin is at present in the collection of the Charleston Museum. This is the first record for this species taken during the winter months. Mr. A. T. Wayne records (Auk, XXVIII, 1911, p. 265) the occurrence of two adults which he observed on Nov. 29, 1910, and Jan. 14 and 16, 1911, but was unable to secure. These records establish the Pigeon Hawk as a rare winter visitant in South Carolina.—JuLian MITCHELL, JR., Charleston, S. C. Red-headed Woodpecker at Newburyport, Mass.— On July 13, 1912, while engaged in photographing, in a mowing field, the nest and eggs of the Ring-necked Pheasant, my attention was caught by a flash of bold color in a nearby elm, and on the completion of my work with the camera, I went to investigate the owner of the brilliant plumage. Soon locating him on a dead limb near the upper centre of the tree, I readily recognized him as a Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), an un- common bird in this part of New England. I had a good view of him, covering a period of several minutes, as he explored the points of interest on the dead limbs of the tree. After a little while he took flight, in a northerly direction, but although I walked for some little distance, I was unsuccessful in getting another glimpse of him. Inquiries in the neighborhood brought out the fact that he had been seen several times, earlier in the season, but I could find no one who knew of his breeding here. Doubtless he was a solitary wanderer who had strayed from his usual range. Some twenty years ago a pair of these birds were found nesting in an old orchard in the southern end of the town. Just at the time that the four young, were ready to fly, the whole family was taken, and now graces the private collection of a resident of the town.— 8S. Watpo Batury, New- buryport, Mass. 542 General Notes. Oct. The Case of a Crow and a Ruffed Grouse.— On May 12, 1912, while automobiling through Stoughton, Mass., Mr. Charles A. Coolidge suddenly came upon a Crow flying slowly across the road with a heavy burden. In its efforts to escape, the Crow dropped its booty, which proved to be a dead Ruffed Grouse, still warm as in life. My examination elicited the following facts: An adult female Ruffed Grouse, weighing one and a quarter pounds; abdomen entirely bare as in incubation; feathers back of right ear and below left eye stained with blood; eyes intact; many feathers on the right side of the neck and some on the left side, including the whole of the neck-tuft on that side, missing. An effusion of blood the size of a silver dollar in the muscles of the right breast, and a few small subcutaneous ones on both breasts; an irregular rent in the skin a quarter of an inch long behind the right ear, and much clotted blood there and around the exterior of the base of skull and neck; a slight tear in the skin below the left eye. The skull was not injured and the brain was intact. There were no signs of gun-shot injury. The ovary was full of small eggs, none larger than a number six shot. The crop was stuffed with the young leaves and flower buds of the apple, and the stomach was filled with the semi-digested remains of the same. The bird was plump and in good condition, and showed no signs of disease. The interpretation of these post-mortem findings and of the observed history is a matter for conjecture and the following theories are offered: (1) That the Crow flying close to the ground in open woods perceived the incubating Grouse, who, trusting to her protective coloration, remained immobile on her nest, and received her death blow behind the right ear. (2) That the Crow in attempting to steal the chicks of the Grouse was set upon by the irate mother with the disastrous results observed. (8) That the Crow attacked the Grouse while busily engaged in budding the apple tree, and that the stunned bird fell to the ground where a few more blows finished it. (4) That the Grouse was killed by a hawk, was abandoned and at once seized by the Crow. (5) That the Grouse killed itself by flying against some obstacle, and that its dead body was at once taken by the Crow. The fall of the Grouse to the ground before life was entirely extinct, which might have happened according to theory 3, 4 and 5 would account for the contusion and hemorthage of the breast. This hemorrhage would not have occurred when the Crow dropped the dead body into the road. It hardly seems probable that a hawk would have abandoned sucha rich booty, or that it would not have left marks of its talons. In the case of an obstacle one would expect to find hemorrhage over or under the front of the skull. By exclusion therefore, theory number 3 seems to be the most probable one. In whatever way the tragedy occurred it is certainly surprising that a Crow should have succeeded in flying with such a heavy burden as a Ruffed Grouse, and on this account alone, if for no other, the case is worth putting on record.— CHarLes W. TownsEnD, M. D., Boston, Mass. Volo | General Notes. 543 Concerning the Hawaiian Linnet.— In ‘The Auk’ for July, 1912, pages 336-338, Mr. John C. Phillips makes a contribution to the discussion of the interesting case of the Linnet of the Hawaiian Islands, where an apparent change in color has come about since the introduction of the bird forty of more years ago. The above writer’s remarks were evidently stimu- lated by two things: He did not approve of the name mutans, this having been proposed by me in order to give the supposedly new form systematic standing; and his doubts were clearly strong as to the Hawaiian Linnet possessing any really distinctive character. In the first place, I was chagrined that anyone after reading my former paper should interpret my use of the name mutans as signifying my belief that the Hawaiian Linnet owed its character to the definite process of late commonly called mutation. I see now that such an inference ought to have been anticipated, and I have a due feeling of humiliation. The word mutans was selected because it was the Latin equivalent of the present participle ‘‘ changing,’’ referring of course to the apparent existence in this case of a species im process of change,—not by any means through de Vriesian mutation, but by some other process, possibly one among those discussed in my previous paper. In the second place, as to the value of the color-character which the Hawaiian Linnet displays, rather irregularly it is admitted, various con- siderations are mentioned by Mr. Phillips. One thing, however, certainly supports the notion that degree of redness (counting lemon yellow, cad- mium yellow, orange, orange vermilion, poppy red, crimson, and various dilutions of these) may be a real racial or specific character, therefore of an intrinsic or germinal nature. This is, that over and over again in the best systematic writings on birds we find fine differences within this series of pigment colors recognized as perfectly good characters. The following genera among our North American Fringillide afford examples: Acanthis, Pinicola, Carpodacus (otherwise than in the disputed case), and Loxia. If such a character, whether or not in company with differences in size, etc., is of systematic value in any of these cases, why not in that of the Hawaiian Linnet? The paramount interest in the problem under discussion, rests on the apparent fact that we have here a character originating, possibly becoming intrinsic; in other words, a species in process of change. Further collec- tions of linnets from the Hawaiian Islands are immensely to be desired; and as Mr. Phillips suggests, someone must work with live birds under various conditions, so as to bring light from experimental sources.— J. GRINNELL, Museum of Vertebrate Zoélogy, Berkeley, California. The Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow and Other Birds at Plymouth, Mass.— The winter had been quite severe and on February 2, 1912, the harbor was nearly frozen over, only the channels, some distance off shore, being open. The shore was covered with snow and broken ice. Gulls and ducks were numerous around the open water in mid-harbor. 544 General Notes. [Sct Where a small stream entered the harbor, I noticed quite a modification of the otherwise prevalent, boreal conditions. Waste water from some: mills enters this stream, evidently raising the temperature considerably, for a mist hung over the stream and the beach was bare of ice and snow for: some thirty feet on either side of the brook where it entered the harbor. The birds seemed to have taken advantage of this very local. climatic condition. About a hundred Herring Gulls were feeding about the mouth of the: stream; fifty Horned Larks were busy gleaning edible bits and two had a spirited contest for a choice morsel, while at times they twittered to each other in low, musical tones; and a bright and active Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow was noticed among the Larks. I observed it for some time, and it came within eight feet of me, searching for food among the sea-weed and stones, and rested for a minute or more upon a large beach stone. The creamy-buff appearance, of the back and head markings, breast and under- parts, longitudinal gray side streaks, the contour of the bill, and the sharp- tipped tail feathers were distinctly visible. I was pleased to note this: species on our coast in severe mid-winter. I am reasonably sure that this sparrow was not maritimus which species: has some late, northern records, as its larger size and different bill would serve to identify it. I continued my observations at this point about an hour and while here a male Golden-eye whistled overhead, so near that his attractive dress and white spot near eye were distinctly seen. Also a fine adult, male Great Black-backed Gull was noticed with some Herring Gulls near a channel.— Cuarues L. Puinures, Taunton, Mass. Notes on the Dickcissel in Colorado.— During the week of August: fourth to eleventh, 1912, while visiting friends at the ranch of J. W. Ramsey, near Crook, Colorado, in company with Mr. Dean Babcock, of Estes. Park, 1 was fortunate in finding a number of Dickcissels (Spiza americana). They were first seen and heard singing August 6. Mr. Babcock had been familiar with the bird in the east and he told me he felt positive of the song. As they were very wary some difficulty was experienced in getting within gunshot, but the first specimen was finally secured, confirming the primary identification. Five specimens in all were taken, four males and one female, a pair of which are now mounted in the Colorado Museum of Natural History. We saw at least twelve individuals on the sixth and on subsequent days in other fields, enough to make a conservative total of twenty for the vicinity. They seemed to prefer the moist meadows of sweet clover and sunflower, rarely going to the adjoining grain fields. Their habit (so common with many birds) of remaining on the highest stalk in a clump while singing, rendered them very conspicuous but difficult to approach. The note which had proved so instrumental in the identification consisted of six syllables divided into two parts; the first part of two syllables, slightly slower and higher pitched than the last of four syllables. Sei | General Notes. 545 All of the specimens collected were in more or less worn plumage, but only one had made any progress with a molt, and on this bird it is only noticeable in the tail, half of which was composed of new feathers.— F. C. LIncoLn, Assistant, Dept. of Ornithology, Colo. Museum of Natural History, Denver. Proper Name for the Nashville Warbler.— The specific name of the Nashville Warbler was changed in the eighth supplement to the A. O. U. Check-List from ruficapilla to rubricapilla because “ Sylvia ruficapilla Wils. (1810), is preoccupied by Sylvia ruficapilla Lath. 1790.’’ The fact is that Sylvia ruficapilla Latham, 1790, is not an original description, but is merely the placing in the genus Sylvia of Motacilla ruficapilla Gmelin, 1789, and as such does not preoccupy Sylvia ruficapilla Wilson. Hence the name of the Nashville Warbler should be Vermivora rufica- pilla Wilson, and the reference, Sylvia ruficapilla Wilson, Am. Orn. III, 1811, 120, pl. 27, fig. 3— Weis W. Cooks, Biological Survey, Washington, Die. Abundance of the Cape May Warbler (Dendroica tigrina) around Quebec.— It is surprising to note that this rare warbler has been found very commonly in the woods around Quebec this spring, and even in the parks of the city. Two young ornithologists, P. W. Cook and A. W. Ahern, of this city, shot about fifteen, of which twelve were brought to me. They met with six to eight bands of the warbler, each containing something over a score of birds, and these in different localities, they seemed to be almost as numerous as the Myrtle Warbler. The first specimen seen, which was in company with a small flock of Black-throated Green Warblers, was shot on the 9th of May and by the 18th the species was very common. The last was seen on the 25th. It has also been noticed that many other warblers were more common this spring than usually, especially the Blackburnian and Bay-breasted.— C. E. Dionne, Quebec, Can. Mimicry in the Song of the Catbird.— Though belonging to a dis- tinguished and accomplished family of singers numbering among its mem- bers such delightful songsters as the Brown Thrasher, Mockingbird and more distantly related Carolina Wren, the Catbird figures with a more modest pretention to song and until recently I had supposed its vocal powers limited to its own individual lyrical, and sometimes seemingly labored song. But on July 5, 1912, while working in a meadow adjacent to a small brook with its usual tangle of alder, raspberry and elder J noted with considerable surprise and interest, more so because of the day-light hour, 11 a.M., the song of a Whip-poor-will, somewhat subdued and minor in quality, but clear and distinct nevertheless. It was several times repeated from the nearby thicket. So out of the usual was it at this hour that I went at once to reconnoiter and was not a little surprised to find the 546 General Notes. Oct, author, not a Whip-poor-will but a Catbird! So far as my observation extends he was certainly acting in a new réle. Two or three times later in the day I heard the same performance repeated, and subsequent visits to the same locality have, on two occasions, enabled me to sub- stantially confirm my first conclusions as to the accomplishments of this individual. It is of further interest to note that in this particular locality the Whip- poor-will is seldom heard. One would have to travel several miles to a more ‘brushy’ or thickly wooded surrounding to hear them. These observations lead to the query, how then did the Catbird ‘ learn his lesson’ and how much progress and to what degree do some individuals of the species attain in mimicry ?—S. Wat.po BaiLey, Newburyport, Mass. Another Occurrence of the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher in Essex County, Massachusetts.— I should like to record a full plumaged Blue- gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila cerulea cerulea) seen in the pitch pine trees of the Ipswich Dunes on August 24, 1912. The bird when first seen was flitting about the trees like a Kinglet utter- ing a curious little call note which at once attracted my attention. I coaxed the bird out on to the lower dead limb of a gray birch by squeaking, so that we were able to observe it carefully for ten of fifteen minutes although it was quite restless. The bird was seen by Miss E. D. Boardman, Edmund Bridge and myself. — Lip1an E. Bripar, West Medford, Mass. A Third Blue-gray Gnatcatcher in Maine.— Late in the afternoon of August 25, 1912, I heard several times near my house on Vaughan Street, Portland, what I believed to be the call-note of the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila cerulea cerulea). It proceeded from the tops of tall elms, bordering the street, where a number of small birds were flitting about, all too far away, however, to be identified by the eye. About six o’clock, the next morning, I again heard the call-note, now coming from an apple tree on my lawn, and I soon got a fair view of its author at close range. After a moment or two he flew to an almost leafless old apple tree on a near-by vacant lot where, as I stood under the tree, I watched him at my leisure, often within six or seven feet. At last, up to this time quite alone, he flew away southward, a hundred yards or so, to a group of elms, cedars and other trees, and was at once lost in a numerous band of bird migrants. If we are to accept the records! literally, only three Gnatcatchers, all told, have made their way to Maine; but to the writer, before whom the three examples have so casually presented themselves,— with a possible fourth not to be overlooked,— it seems likely enough that more than a few others have come and gone unobserved, even in recent years.— NATHAN CurrrorD Brown, Portland, Maine. 1 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V, pp. 236-237; Auk, XIII, pp. 264-265. oa | Recent Literature. 547 RECENT LITERATURE. Barrows’ Michigan Bird Life..— A comparison of Cook’s ‘Birds of Michigan’ published by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station in 1893 and the present special bulletin of the state Agricultural College, furnishes a good illustration of the important position that the study and preservation of our native birds have attained during the past two decades. Where twenty years ago a pamphlet of 148 pages fulfilled the demand, the state today feels fully justified in the issue of this portly volume of 822 pages with 70 plates and 152 figures. Prof. Barrows is to be congratulated upon the manner in which he has assembled his materials, and in his happy treatment of the subjects dis- cussed in the introduction, especially ‘migration’ and ‘ how to study birds.’ We heartily agree with him too when he says ‘‘ The great importance of wild birds to the agriculturist may be readily conceded. Nevertheless it seems very desirable, at this time, that we should recognize the fact that all the wild things of our country, birds, mammals, insects, plants, have a right to protection, preservation, recognition, entirely apart from their economic status, using that word to indicate merely the amount of good or harm in dollars and cents which can be attributed to them. The fox, the Crow, the Kingfisher, the muskrat, may or may not, in the long run, be ‘more beneficial than harmful,’ yet each in its own way has a scientific, an esthetic, a human value, which cannot be estimated in dollars and cents and which should forever protect him from extreme persecution, and above all from final extinction.” Our author’s attitude toward collecting specimens moreover seems admirably expressed. While he believes in careful restriction in the grant- ing of permits he says: ‘‘A moment’s thought will convince anyone that the student who searches the woods carefully for a bird which he has never seen, who follows up each unknown call or song, watches with care each doubtful and illusive form which suggests the bird desired, and finally, perhaps after hundreds of disappointments, kills a specimen of the much coveted species and measures, preserves and labels it, has gained a knowl- edge of the appearance, habits, notes, size and structure of this species which could be obtained in no other possible way. Not only has he gained 1 Michigan Bird Life | A List of all the Bird Species known to occur on the State together with | an outline of their Classification and an account of the | Life History of Each Species, with special reference to its | Relation to Agriculture. With Seventy Full-page Plates | and One Hundred and Fifty-two Text Figures | By | Walter Bradford Barrows, S. B., | Professor of Zodlogy and Physiology and | Curator of the General Museum | Special Bulletin | of the | Department of Zoélogy and Physiology | of the | Michigan Agricultural College | Published by the Michi- gan Agricultural College | 1912 — S8vo. pp. 822, 70 plates 152 text figures — Sold at the College. 45 cts. paper, 60 cts. cloth; transportation 35 cts. extra, must be prepaid. 548 Recent Literature. ter all this knowledge with regard to this particular specimen, but in doing so he has exercised, consciously or unconsciously, his powers of observation, comparison and discrimination with regard to scores of other birds, so that his experience has been broadened and his power and judgment very materially strengthened.” The main text of Prof. Barrows work follows the nomenclature of the new A. O. U. Check-List. After the name comes a paragraph of popular synonyms and such technical synonyms as are used in the standard works; then follows a brief summary of the more striking characters by which the species may be recognized; an outline of its general distribution; a dis- cussion of its occurrence in Michigan, its habits, nesting, ete., often at con- siderable length; and finally, a technical description. Much valuable economic and historic matter is incorporated in the articles the object being to select ‘such information as would be useful and interesting.’ Of Cook’s 336 species 30 have been relegated to the hypothetical list while 20 others have been added making a total of 326 positively identified within the limits of the state. Each family is preceded by a key for use with the specimen in hand, while six appendices treat respectively of, Additions and Corrections, Hypothetical List, Bibliography, Glossary, Outline of Classification of North American Birds (families and orders), and List of Contributors. The value of the bibliography is materially lessened by the fact that the titles of each author are printed continuously, in one paragraph with title, reference date, etc., all in the same style of type which makes it ex- ceedingly difficult to consult. The general typography and appearance of the work are excellent and the half tones and line cuts which are drawn from various sources, some of them original, are usually well printed. Prof. Barrows has evidently had the cordial support of all Michigan ornithologists and bird lovers in his task and the result is one of which the state and the author may well be proud.— W. 8. Willett’s Birds of the Pacific Slope of Southern California.'— In this recent publication of the Cooper Ornithological Club forming number 7 of the Pacific Coast Avifauna series, Mr. Willett presents a care- fully prepared annotated list of the birds of ‘ the Pacific slope of southern California from, and including Santa Barbara County, to the Mexican line and from the summit of the mountains to the ocean, also including all the islands of the Santa Barbara group.’ The work was originally intended as a revision of Grinnell’s ‘ Birds of the Pacific Slope of Los Angeles County’ published in 1898, but it was later thought better to extend its scope to the above limits. The style and typography of the work are excellent and conform to other numbers of the same series. In nomenclature the author follows the 1 Pacific Coast Avifauna, Number 7. Birds of the Pacific Slope of Southern California. By George Willett, Cooper Ornithological Club. Hollywood, Cali- fornia. Published by the Club. July 25, 1912 — 8vo., pp. 1-122. tien | Recent Literature. 549 latest edition of the A. O. U. Check-List discussing in detail his reasons for differing from the A. O. U. Committee in the distribution of several species. We note the following cases where Mr. Willett’s evidence leads him to differ with the statements of the Check-List. Brachyramphus marmoratus is stated in the Check-List to range south to San Diego in winter but Mr. Willett can find no record south of Santa Barbara. Branta canadensis occidentalis is credited with ranging to southern California in winter but there seems to be no record for the region covered by the present paper. Oreortyx picta plumifera is considered by Mr. Willett, to include all southern California birds. Those from the San Gabriel and San Bernar- dino Mountains are referred to O. p. confinis in the Check-List but Messrs. Grinnell and Swarth after careful study of the matter would refer all to plumifera. Following the opinion of Messrs. Ridgway and Oberholser he excludes Em- pidonax griseus from California referring the birds so called to EL. wrighti. Aphelocoma californica obscura is also excluded from California, the birds breeding from Los Angeles to San Bernardino which are referred to this form in the Check-List, proving to be, in the opinion of Messrs. Grinnell and Swarth, referable to A. c. californica. Careful local studies of this kind are just what are needed to straighten out the details in the distribution of our birds, and Mr. Willett’s contribu- tion is most welcome. We note but few typographical or other errors, but since the author invites corrections we may mention that the Avocets noted by Dr. New- berry (p. 35) were in the winter of 1855 not 1885 and the Audubon reference on p. 71 should be to the Ornithological Biography not the Elephant Folio. We might also call attention to an earlier publication of Evermann’s ‘ Birds observed in Ventura County, Cal.’ which appeared in Vol. 1, No. 8 (Jan. 1886), pp. 77-89, of the Pacific Science Monthly, a small journal edited by Stephen Bowers, Ph.D., and published at San Buenaventura, Cal., apparently as the organ of the Ventura Society of Natural History. This title does not appear in Grinnell’s Bibliography of California Orni- thology. Except as to nomenclature the paper is essentially the same as that in ‘The Auk’ for 1886. Polioptila melanura however, is included \ (erroneously) as a rare resident.— W. S. Mathews’ Birds of Australia.!— Three parts of this monumental work have been received since the last notice in ‘The Auk.’ Part 6 of Volume I, bearing date, January 31, 1912, consists of title page, contents, preface and index of the first volume, while Part 1 of Volume II, May 30, 1912, and Part 2 of Volume II, July 31, 1912, comprising 236 pages and 27 plates are devoted to the Petrels. 1The Birds of Australia. By Gregory M. Mathews. With hand-coloured Plates. Roy. 4to. Witherby and Co., London. 550 Recent Literature. [Set The high standard set in Volume I is maintained in the parts before us, © both plates and letter press being beautifully executed, while the history, synonymy and relationship of the various species are treated at length. As Mr. Mathews states in the preface to Volume I, the accounts of the life history of some species are necessarily meagre on account of the lack of reliable information; a condition that is familiar to compilers of life his- tories of birds in other countries as well as Australia, and one that should be constantly remembered by field ornithologists. Mr. Mathews’ work may leave little to be said on the systematic side of Australian ornithology but the members of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists’ Union will still have a wide field open to them in completing the accounts of the life and habits of their birds. The recently rediscovered Solander manuscripts are reprinted as well as other matter relative to the early descriptions and discoveries of Petrels, and as is usual in the author’s investigations he finds quite a number of races which he regards as separable, many of them from outside of Australian waters. We note the following new forms described in the parts now before us. In part 1: Oceanites oceanicus exasperatus, New Zealand Seas; Oceanites nereis couesi, Kerguelen Isl.; O. n. chubbi, Falkland Isl.; Pelagodroma marina dulcie, W. Australia; P.m.maoriana, Chatham and Aukland Isls.; P. m. howei, KE. Australia; Fregetta tubulata, ‘Gould’ ms., Australian coast; Puffinus couesi, Californian coast; P. assimilis kempi, Chatham Isls.; P. a. tunneyi, W. Australian, P. lherminieri boydi, Cape Verde Isls.; P. l. becki, Culpepper and Wenman Isls., Galapagos; P. 1. nugazx, ‘Sol- ander’ ms., Queensland; Puffinus reinholdi, New Zealand; P. r. huttoni, Snares Isl., N. Z. P. pacificus hamiltoni, Seychelles; P. p. alleni, San Benedicto Coast of California; P. p. laysani, Laysan; P. p. royanus, E. Australia; P. carneipes hullianus, Norfolk Isl.; P.c. hakodate, Japan; P.c. carbonarius ‘Solander’ ms.; Procellaria equinoctialis mixta, Cape Seas; P. a. steadi, New Zealand; P. a. brabournei, West Coast, S. A. In part 2: Pagodroma confusa, Cape Adare, Victoria Land; Macronectes giganteus solanderi, Falkland Isls.; M. g. halli, Kerguelen Isl.; M. g. wilsoni, Ross Sea; M. g. forsteri, west coast of South America; Prion vittatus keyteli, Tristan d’Acunha, P. v. gouldi, Bass Strait; P. v. macgillivrayi, St. Paul’s, Indian Ocean; P. v. missus, W. Australia; Pseudoprion turtur eatoni, Ker- guelen; P. t. solanderi, west coast South America; P. t. huttoni, Chatham Isls.; P.t. crassirostris, Bounty Isls.; Heteroprion belcheri, coast of Victoria; H. desolatus mattingleyi, E. Australian Seas; H. d. perrugneyi, Cape Seas; H. d. macquariensis, Macquairie Isl.; H. d. alter, Auckland Isls. Three new genera are proposed as follows Fregettornis, type Fregetta grallaria; Nesofregetta, type F. mestissima; Heteroprion, type H. belcheri. Mr. Mathews points out that Fregetta lewcogaster Gould should replace F. grallaria Vieill. in the A. O. U. Check-List, the two being separable and the latter restricted to Australian waters. Puffinus auricularis Towns. he regards as identical with P. opisthomelas Coues, while the bird generally ioe | Recent Literature. 551 so called is renamed P. couesi. P. griseus is again subdivided, our Atlantic form being P. g. stricklandi, while our Pacific form is P. g. chilensis. Taken altogether these parts of Mr. Mathews’ work constitute one of the most important contributions to our knowledge of the Procellariiformes that has yet appeared. — W.S. The Austral Avian Record No. 3.'— In this number Mr. Mathews discusses the coloration of the head and neck of the Australian Cassowary and some rare publications by 8. Diggles on new Australian birds. Another list of additions and corrections to the author’s ‘ Reference List’ of the birds of Australia also appears containing twenty-two additional new subspecies. —W.S. Bryant on The Present and Future Status of the California Valley Quail.2— The investigation reported in this paper shows conclusively that the preservation of this well known game bird is likely to be seriously threatened if present conditions in California continue. The increase in gunners, extension of agriculture and destruction of cover are shown to be the most serious factors. The issue of 12,500 hunting licenses in southern California in 1910, and the merciless slaughter of Quail by market gunners and others in the past, clearly show where lies the responsibility for the decrease in numbers that Mr. Bryant has reported. All aspects of the question are carefully considered and steps for the furnishing of food and cover, and for limiting the amount of hunting, so that the annual destruction does not exceed the production of young, are recommended.— W.S. Grinnell’s Systematic List of the Birds of California.*—The object of this publication seems to be to present a list of Californian Birds in a sequence which the author regards as representing the most modern ideas of classification — 7. e. as presented in Knowlton’s ‘Birds of the World.’ As in Mr. Grinnell’s previous catalogue, many races described by him but not recognized in the A. O. U. Check-List are included. Useful as the list is in illustrating a modern system of classification it is to be hoped, as a matter of convenience to all American Ornithologists, that it be not fol- lowed in future publications of the Cooper Ornithological Club. In faunal lists matters of classification are of secondary importance as compared with the great convenience of uniformity of sequence. Mr. Grinnell’s list enumerates 530 species and subspecies, 55 of which are regarded as of casual or accidental occurrence.— W. 8. 1 The Austral Avian Record, Vol. I, No.3. Witherby & Co., London. June 28, 1912. 2 The Present and Future Status of the California Valley Quail. By Harold C. Bryant. The Condor, Vol. XIV, July, 1912, pp. 131-142. 3 A Systematic List of the Birds of California. Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 8, Cooper Ornithological Club, Hollywood, Cal. August 30, 1912. pp. 1-23. 552 Recent Literature. Och Chapman on New Colombian Birds.'— Mr. Chapman in this paper, which is preliminary to a detailed one now in preparation, presents the first report on the results of the ornithological investigations of the American Museum expedition to Colombia, which was planned and directed by him, and with which he was personally associated from March to June, 1911. This contribution consists of a brief outline of the personnel and itinerary of the expedition to date, with a map and diagnoses of 40 new species and subspecies of birds. While most of these are from the Cauca region, the Paramo of Santa Isabel and other parts of western Colombia others are from Santa Marta, and one, Synallaxis gularis cinereiventris, from Merada, Venezuela. The distinctness of these latter forms was brought out by a study of the Cauca material. The interest which attaches to this paper will make all students of the Neotropical avifauna eager for the appearance of Mr. Chapman’s detailed report.— W. 8. Chapman on a New Ibis from Mt. Kenia. ?— Mr. and Mrs. C. E. Akeley have presented to the American Museum a pair of Ibises with their nest, a portion of an egg-shell, and three young, which they collected on Mt. Kenia, British East Africa, in September, 1910. Mr. Chapman finds that the specimens represent not only a new species but a new generic type, most nearly related to Hagedashia but resembling in some respects Lopho- tibis and Lampribis. He has named the species Oreoibis akleyorum.— W.S. Richmond on New Birds from the West Coast of Sumatra. *— The collections made by Dr. W. L. Abbott in 1903 and 1904 on islands off the west coast of Sumatra, and presented to the United States National Mu- seum, have yielded the following new forms which are here named and described by Dr. C. W. Richmond. Muscadivores consobrina babiensis, Pulo Babi; Thriponax javensis buttikoferi, Nias Island; Dicewm suma- tranum batuense, Batu; Alcedo meninting proxima, North Pagi; Copsychus saularis pagiensis, North Pagi.— W. 8. Beebe on New Blood Pheasants.‘— Mr. Beebe’s study of the specimens of Pheasants obtained on the Kuser-Beebe Expedition has brought to light the existence of two undescribed forms of Blood Pheasant which are here 1 Diagnoses of apparently new Colombian Birds. By Frank M. Chapman. Bulletin Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX XI, Art. xv1, pp. 139-166. July 23, 1912. 2A New Ibis from Mt. Kenia, British East Africa. By Frank M. Chapman. Bulletin Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XX XI, Art. xx1, pp. 235-238. August 6, 1912. 3 Descriptions of Five New Birds from the West Coast of Sumatra. By Charles W. Richmond. Proc. Biol. Soc. of Washington. Vol. XXV, pp. 103-106, June 15 [ = 14], 1912. 4 New Blood Pheasants. By C. William Beebe. Zoologica, Scientific Contribu- tions of the New York Zoological Society, Vol. 1, No. 10, pp. 189-193. Aug. 17, 1912. weqore: | Recent Literature. 553 discussed in detail and named. Jthaginis kuseri is from northwestern Yunnan, while J. cruentus affinis is proposed for the bird of southern Sikkim, as contrasted with J. crwentus cruentus of Nepal and northern Sikkim.— W. S. Oliver on The Geographic Relationships of the Birds of Lord Howe, Norfolk, and the Kermadec Islands. !— In this interesting paper Mr. Oliver discusses the relationship of the avifauna of these three islands. His conclusions are that their affinity is clearly with New Zealand rather than with Australia, while the New Caledonian element that is present leads him to endorse the theory of a land bridge between the latter island and New Zealand, of which Lord Howe was a part and Norfolk Island but slightly separated. These two islands he would regard as form- ing one province of the New Zealand region while the Kermadecs he thinks should form a separate province, whose fauna is derived wholly from transoceanic migration, without any of the wingless Rails or other species of Lord Howe Island which apparently date from the time of the land bridge. Mr. Oliver cites examples outside of the avifauna in support of his views but it would be interesting to see how a detailed study of other groups of animals or plants would agree with them.— W. 8S. Gladstone’s The Vertebrate Fauna of Dumfriesshire. ?— Mr. Glad- stone’s beautifully printed little book furnishes us with an annotated list of the vertebrates of his native county, which while largely of local interest is also a valuable work of reference for anyone interested in Scottish zoélogy. The birds number 224 species with 39 others reported on unsatisfactory evidence. An introduction dealing with the physical features of the region under consideration and a map, are valuable adjuncts to the Catalogue.— W.S. Horsbrugh and Davies on The Game-Birds and Water-Fowl of South Africa. *— Part 2 of this attractive work is quite up to the standard of the first number already noticed in ‘The Auk.’ It includes plates and text of fourteen species of Francolin and three Quail — 2 Coturniz, 1. Excal- factoria — and one Button Quail, Turniz. The account of the breeding of the last species, the male of which incubates the eggs and cares for the young, is especially interesting.— W. S. 1 Geographic Relationships of the Birds of Lord Howe, Norfolk and the Kerma- dec Islands. By W. R. B. Oliver. Trans. New Zealand Inst., Vol. XLIV, 1911, pp. 214-221. June 10, 1912. 2A Catalogue | of |The Vertebrate Fauna | of | Dumfriesshire | by | Hugh S. Gladstone |M.A., F. R.S.E., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.| Author of ‘The Birds of Dumfriesshire”’ | J. Maxwell & Son | Dumfries | 1912. 3 The Game-Birds and Water-Fowl of South Africa by Major Boyd Horsbrugh, with coloured plates by Sergeant C. G. Davies. Part 2. London, Witherby & Co. July 2nd, 1912. 554 Recent Literature. Oct, The Ornithological Journals. Bird Lore. Vol. XIV, No. 4. July—August, 1912. A list of Trees, Shrubs, Vines and Herbaceous Plants Native to New England, Bearing Fruit or Seeds Attractive to Birds. By F. H. Kennard. Observations in a Laughing Gull Colony. By Francis Harper — At Cobbs Island, Va. Some Nesting Habits of the Oregon Junco. By May R. Thayer. Red-headed Woodpecker at Camden, N. J. By Julian K. Potter. The Yellow-headed Blackbird. By Thomas S. Roberts. Educational Leaflet No. 57. The Condor. Vol. XIV, No. 4. July-August, 1912. Birds of the Cottonwood Groves [New Mexico]. By Florence Merriam Bailey. js Notes on the Wading Birds of the Barr Lake Region, Colorado. By Robert B. Rockwell. — With excellent photographs of nests. Present and Future Status of the California Valley Quail. By H. C. Bryant. A Journey to the Star Lake Country and other Notes from the Tahoe Region. By Milton C. Ray. The Present Status of the Colorado Check-List of Birds. By W. W. Cooke.— A discussion of the species added by W. L. Sclater in his ‘ His- tory of the Birds of Colorado’ and those rejected by him. Prof. Cooke considers that seven species should be rejected from Sclater’s list while fifteen should be added upon the evidence here presented, making the total number of species for the state 403. The Wilson Bulletin. No. 79. June, 1912. A Study of the Home Life of the Brown Thrasher, Toxostoma rufum. By Ira N. Gabrielson— The four young were tagged for identification and 775 feedings by the parents were recorded as to time, nature of food, and individual fed, and sex of parent. The results are tabulated in various ways and yield valuable results. A Study of the Avifauna of the Lake Erie Islands (continued). By Lynds Jones. The Oologist. Vol. XXIX, No.6. June 15, 1912. The Bewick’s Wren [in southwestern Pennsylvania]. By 8. 8. Dickey The Oologist. Vol. XXIX, No.7. July 15, 1912. Nesting of the Virginia and Sora Rails in Pennsylvania. By R. C. Harlow. The Oologist. Vol. XXIX. No.8. August 15, 1912. The American Bittern [about Buffalo, N. Y.] By Ottomar Reinecke. Breeding Birds of Marshall Co., Ill. By R. M. Barnes. The Ibis. IX Series. Vol. VI, No. 23. July, 1912. On the Birds of Ngamiland. By W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. With Itinerary and Field-notes by R. B. Woosnam.— An interesting account of a journey across the Kalahari desert to the Okavango marshes, Bechuanaland. The oe | Recent Literature. 555 collection of birds was by no means complete but 92 species are listed, of which five are new Cisticola kalaharie, Bradypteris bedfordi, Certhilauda kalaharie, Trachyphonus nobilis and Pycnonotus tricolor ngamii. Contributions to the Ornithology of Egypt. No. III. The Birds of the Wadi Natron. By M. J. Nicoll— This paper covers the ornithology of a chain of salt lakes situated northwest of Cairo, 171 species are listed. Bird-notes in two Andalusian Sierras. By Captain H. Lynes.— A dis- cussion of the life zones of some of the mountainous parts of Spain — San Cristobal and Sierra Nevada — with a list of 82 species. Observations on the genus Ce@reba, together with an Annotated List of the Species. By Perey R. Lowe— An exceedingly interesting Mono- graph with a correlation of the distribution of the species with geological history. Two main color types exist, corresponding quite well with the mid-tertiary land areas. That covering the Central American and Andean region has extended by a probable ancient land bridge to Jamaica, Haiti and Porto Rica, while the species of the Lesser Antilles belong to the Brazilian type, these islands having been probably formerly connected with the eastern coast region of Venezuela. 800 specimens were examined and 34 species and subspecies are recognized, C. chloropyga cayennensis, Cayenne, and C. luteola montana, Merida, Venezuela, are described as new. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club, CLXXIX. Messrs. Wallis and Pearson describe the nesting of two Algerian Larks, Rhamphocorys clot-bey and Ammomanes deserti algeriensis and the Medi- terranean Gallinule, Porphyrio ceruleus. Mr. Ogilvie-Grant reports that Mr. Walter Goodfellow who has been exploring Mount Arizan, Formosa, had successfully brought to the coast living specimens of the splendid Mikado Pheasant, Calophasis mikado. He also describes the following new birds from Mr. Goodfellow’s collection: Horeites acanthizoides concolor, Brachypteryx goodfellowi, Parus ater ptilosus, and Diceum formosum. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club, CLXXX. Mr. Ogilvie-Grant shows the distinctness of the three African Francolins, Francolinus castaneicollis, F. bottegi and F. gofanus. Mr. Thomas Parkin records a specimen of Terekia cinerea from Kent, a new bird for Great Britain. Dr. Percy R. Lowe’s new race of the Lesser Black-backed Gull, Larus fuscus brittanicus, is discussed at length. Mr. H. J. Elwes describes briefly his recent journey to Formosa. The following new birds are described, Hrythrocercus nyase Olgivie-Grant, Nyassaland: and Scops spurrelli Ogilvie-Grant, Ashanti. Appended to this number is a paper on the birds of the Island of Shaweis- han by J. D. La Touche revised by C. B. Rickett. This investigation was financed by the Ornithologists’ Club for the purpose of obtaining information on the migration of birds on the Chinese coast. 193 species are listed. The Avicultural Magazine. Vol. III, No.8. June, 1912. 906 Recent Literature. Onn Notes on Sexual Selection. By Frank Finn (concluded in July number). Diary of Birds seen on the White Nile (concluded). By Richard Staples-Browne. Wintering Cranes in New England. By J. C. Phillips. British Birds. Vol. VI, No.1. June 1, 1912. The Lesser Black-backed Gull of the British Isles. Larus fuscus brit- tanicus subsp. nov. By Percy R. Lowe. Tengmalm’s Owl captured in Northumberland. Its Behaviour in Captivity. By J. M. Charlton. British Birds. Vol. VI, No.2. July 1, 1912. Robert Sibbald and his Prodromus. By W. H. Mullens.— Extracts and plates from this curious old work. British Birds. Vol. VI, No.3. August 1, 1912. The Terek Sandpiper in Kent. A New British Bird. By Thomas Parkin. Bird Notes. June and July, 1912. Birds of Gambia. By E. Hopkinson (continued in both numbers). Colored plate of Chloropsis aurifrons in July. The Emu. XII, Pt.1. July, 1912. Field Ornithology in South Australia — By Capt. 8. A. White.— Ac- count of a collecting trip to the Eyre pennisula with field notes on many species. Examination of Contents of Stomachs and Crops of Australian Birds — by J. Burton Cleland.— 105 stomachs of 53 species. New Birds for Australia. By A. J. Campbell (published separately, May 21, 1912).— New species are Ptilonorhynchus minor, Heberton Range; Ptilotis carpentariensis Burketown, Gulf of Carpentaria; Ptilotis sub- chrysops, Northern Queensland. Lilac nape-band on Female Bower-Birds (Chlamydodera). By H. L. White — shown to occur on some females beyond question. Descriptions of eggs of Ptilonorhynchus minor and Ninox strenua. By H. L. White. Metallic Starlings (Calornis). By E. J. Banfield.— Observations on nesting and habits. Breeding Habits of White Tern (Gygis alba) of the Kermadec Group. By R. S. Bell— An exceedingly interesting account with photographs showing the egg and young. The egg is always deposited on a limb or leaning trunk of the Pohutukawa tree (Metrosideros villosus) on flat or slightly hollowed places in the bark. There is no nest structure whatever. Oologists in the Mallee. By F. Erasmus Wilson.— Notes on 79 species with several excellent photographs of nests and birds. Kangaroo Island Reserve.— B. J. W. Mellor— Urges the enlargement of the small area now protected by the government. Bird Life near Home. By Thos. P. Austin. Forgotten Feathers.— Lewin’s Birds of New Holland, 1808. By Gregory M. Mathews. Vola | Recent Literature. 507 Journal of the South African Ornithologists’ Union. VIII, No. 1. June, 1912. On some Birds in the Durban Museum. By E. C. Chubb. Notes on the Migratory Birds of the Buffalo River Basin. By Rev. Robt. Godfrey. Field-Notes on Birds collected at Blaauberg, N. Transvaal. By F. O. Noome. Description of a New Flycatcher. By Austin Roberts.— Tarsiger stellatus transvaalensis, subsp. nov., Woodbush, Transvaal. Notes on a Collection of Birds in the Transvaal Museum from Boror, Portuguese East Africa. Part II. By Austin Roberts.— Petronia superciliaris bororensis, Pycnonotus layardi pallidus and Cisticola rufica- pilla bororensis, subspp. nov. Ornithologische Monatsberichte. June, 1912. On the Song of Birds. By Fritz Braun. On Crateropus caudatus altirostris Hart. By N. Sarudny — Regards it as asynonym of C.c. salvadorit De Filippi. Turdus viscivorus loudoni nom. nov. By N.Sarudny For. 7. v. sarudnyt Loudon. Behavior of birds during the Solar eclipse of April 17, 1912. By Dr. B. Ottow. Description of a new Woodpecker from Colombia. By Dr. J. von Madarasz. Chrysoptilus ujhelyii from Aracataca. Do young birds require the instruction of their parents? By Dr. J. Gengler. Lagopus lagopus brevirostris subsp. nov. By Dr. E. Hesse.— From Altai. Pitta habenichti Finsch., n. sp. New Guinea. Cf. also article in the following number. Ornithologische Monatsberichte. July—August, 1912. Remarks on A. Voigt’s Problems of Interpretation of Bird Notes. By Fritz Braun. Remarks on the Crested Larks of Suez, Sinai and Palistine. By Paul Kollibay. On the nest of Tachornis parvus myochrous in Dutch East Africa. By Ludwig Schuster. Iynz thorbeckei Rehw. n. sp. Kamerun. Journal fiir Ornithologie. July, 1912. Report on Bird Migration observations for 1911. By Dr. J. Thiene- mann. From Suez to St. Katherine’s Monastery (Sinai). By O. Graf Zedlitz.— An annotated list of 59 species (to be continued). Ornithology of N. W. Mesopotamia and Interior Syria (continued). By Dr. H. Weigold. On the nuptial flight and call notes of the Marsh Hawks and Short-eared Owl. By Dr. E. Hesse. 558 Recent Literature. ees Ornithologisches Jahrbuch. XXIII. Nos. 3-4. May—August, 1912. The Geographic Races of Chloris chloris. By A. Laubmann.— Seven are recognized. The Forms of Emberiza citrinella L. 1758. By Dr. J. Gengler— Four recognized. On the Birds of the Island of Arbe (North Dalmatia). By Dr. G. Schiebel. Several Reports on the invasion of Nutcrackers in the winter of 1911. A review of Rob. Ritter v. Dornbrowski’s Ornis Romaniz. Con- tains remarks on the nature of certain new species here proposed. Ornithologische Monatsschrift. Vol. 37, No. 6-7. No. 6 contains an article on Light-houses and Bird Protection. By Dr. Carl R. Henniche. No. 7. Ornithological Observations on the island of CHsel (on the west coast of Russia). By Leon Freih. von Campenhausen. Revue Francaise d’Ornithologie. IV, No. 39. July, 1912. Ornithological Notes from Tunis (continued in No. 40). By Dr. Millet- Horsin. Wintering of Indigenous and Exotic Birds in the Open Air. By A. René Bacon. Revue Francaise d’Ornithologie. IV, No. 40. August, 1912. The Harvest of the Ostrich Plumes.— A refutation of certain charges of cruelty. Persistence of the Instinct of the Wild Duck in Captivity.— V. Meil- heurat. Ornithological Articles in other Journals. Dewar, J. M. The Evolutions of Waders. (The Zodlogist, No. 851. May 15, 1912).— Discussion of the wheeling etc. of flocks of Shore-birds and their probable explanation. Selous, E. Domestic Habits of the Red-throated Diver (concluded), (The Zodlogist, No. 852. June 15, 1912). Harvie-Brown, J. A. Habits of the Whimbrel (Numenius pheopus). (The Zodlogist, No. 853. July 15, 1912). Stubbs, F. J. Notes on the Habits and Coloration of the Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). (The Zodlogist, No. 854. August, 1912).— Discusses metallic colors of feathers. Ingram, C. On the Furze Warblers of France. (The Zodlogist, No. 854. August, 1912)— Sylvia undata aremoricus de Palluel, a valid race. Harvie-Brown, J. A. The Fulmar: Its Past and Present Distribution as a Breeding Species in the British Isles. (The Scottish Naturalist. June, 1912).— A detailed discussion, with an excellent map. Thomson, A. L. Aberdeen University Bird Migration Inquiry: First Interim Report (1909-12). (The Scottish Naturalist, June and July, 1912)— A report on reappearances of ringed birds,— 56 cases are listed in these two installments. oe | Recent Literature. 559 Seth-Smith, David. On the Moulting of the King Penguin (A pteno- dytes pennanti) in the Society’s Gardens (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1912, pp. 60-62). I™ustrated by photographs. Crandall, Lee S. The Carolina Parrakeet. (N. Y. Zool. Society Bulletin, No. 49, Jan., 1912).— Eleven specimens known to be living in Zodlogical Gardens. Beebe, C. Wm. and Burtch, Verdi. Storm Bound Ducks. (N. Y. Zool. Society Bulletin, No. 51, May, 1912). On Lake Kenka. cf. also editorial in same number on The Tragedy of the Grebes dealing with the freezing of the New York lakes. Publications Received.— Barrows, Walter B. Michigan Bird Life Published by the Michigan Agricultural College. 1912. Beebe, C. William. New Blood Pheasants. Zodlogica. Scientific Contributions of the New York Zodlogical Society, Vol. 1, No. 10. August 17, 1912. pp. 189-193. Bryant, Harold C. The Present and Future Status of the California Valley Quail. (The Condor, XIV, 1912, pp. 131-142). Chapman, Frank M. Diagnoses of apparently new Colombian Birds. (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX XI, pp. 189-166. July 23, 1912). Chapman, Frank M. A new Ibis from Mt. Kenia, British East Africa. (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX XI, pp. 235-238. August 6, 1912). Gladstone, Hugh 8. A Catalogue of The Vertebrate Fauna of Dum- friesshire. J. Maxwell & Son, Dumfries, 1912. Grinnell, Joseph. A systematic List of the Birds of California. Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 8. Cooper Ornithological Club, Hollywood, California. August 30, 1912. Horsbrugh, Major Boyd. The Game-Birds and Water Fowl of South Africa, with colored plates by Sergeant C. G. Davies. Part 2. London. Witherby & Co. July 2, 1912. Mathews, Gregory M. The Birds of Australia. Vol. II. Pt. 2. London. Witherby & Co. July 31, 1912. Miller, M. De W. A Revision of the Classification of the Kingfishers. (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXI, pp. 239-311. September 12, 1912.) Oberholser, Harry C. A Revision of the Subspecies of the Green Heron (Butorides virescens [Linnzeus]) (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 42, pp. 529- 577. August 29, 1912). Oliver, W.R.B. Geographic Relationships of the Birds of Lord Howe, Norfolk and the Kermadec Islands. (Trans. New Zealand Institute XLIV, 1911, pp. 214-221. June 10, 1912.) Palmer, T.S., Brewster, C. E., and Earnshaw, F. L. Game Laws for 1912. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Farmer’s Bull. 510. Palmer, T.S. Directory of Officials and Organizations concerned with 560 Recent Literature. (aoe the Protection of Birds and Game, 1912. Circular 88, U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture. Richmond, Charles W. Descriptions of five New Birds from the West Coast of Sumatra. (Proc. Biol. Soc. of Washington, XXV, pp. 103-106. June 15 (= 14) 1912.) Warren, Edward R. Some North-central Colorado Bird Notes. (The Condor, XIV, 1912, pp. 81-104.) Willett, George. Birds of the Pacific Slope of Southern California. Pacific coast Avifauna No.7. Cooper Ornithological Club, Hollywood, Cal. July 25, 1912. Shufeldt, R. W. American Ducks and How to Distinguish them. Pts. V-VII. (Outer’s Book, July—Sept., 1912). Thayer, Abbott H., Concealing Coloration, an answer to Theodore Roosevelt. (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX XI, pp. 313-321, September 14, 1912.) Abstract Proc. Zool. Soc. London, No. 111. June 4, 1912. Ardea, I, No. 2. July, 1912. Austral Avian Record, I, No.3, June 28, 1912. Avicultural Magazine (3) III, Nos. 8-11, June-September, 1912. Bird-Lore, XIV, No. 4, July-August, 1912. British Birds, VI, Nos. 1-4, June-September, 1912. Bulletin, British Ornith. Club, No. CLXXVIII-CLXXX and Index to Vol. X XIX, April-June, 1912. Condor, The, XIV, No. 4, July-August, 1912. Emu, The, XII, Pt. 1, July, 1912. Forest and Stream, LX XVIII, No. 26, LX XIX, Nos. 1-12. Ibis, The, (9) VI, No. 23, July, 1912. OGdlogist, The, X XIX, Nos. 6-9, June-September, 1912. Ornithologisches Jahrbuch, X XIII, Nos. 3-4, May—August, 1912. Ornithologische Monatsschrift, 37, Nos. 6-8, June-August, 1912. Ottawa Naturalist, The, XX VI, Nos. 3-4, June-July, 1912. Proceedings California Acd. of Sciences, (4) I, pp. 289-430, III, 147- 160, III, 183-186. _ Proceedings and Transactions, Nova Scotia Inst. of Science, XIII, Pt. 1, June 26, 1912. Records of the Australian Museum, VIII, No. 3, May 6, 1912; IX, No. 1, April 26, 1912. Revue Frangaise d’Ornithologie, IV, Nos. 39-40, July—August, 1912. Science, N.S., XX XV, No. 913; XXXVI, Nos. 914-925. Scottish Naturalist, The, 1912, Nos. 6-9, June-September, 1912. West Virginia Fish and Game Protective Association, Report of Fifth Annual Meeting. Wilson Bulletin, The, XXIV, No. 2, June 1912. Verhandlungen der Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern XI, Heft. 2, July 1, 1912. Zoodlogist, The, (4) XVI, Nos. 186-188, June-August, 1912. area Correspondence. 561 CORRESPONDENCE. The Functions of the A. O. U. Committee on Nomenclature. Epitor or ‘THE AvuK’: Dear Sir: The appearance, in your July issue, of the Sixteenth Supple- ment to the A. O. U. Check-List, and of comments in your ‘Notes and News’ column relative to the uses of the A. O. U. Committee, prompt me to give expression to some ideas which have doubtless occurred independ- ently to not a few lay students of North American birds. If I infer correctly, the comments in question were written by a member of the Committee; hence they are in a measure an avowal of purpose, and to a degree authoritative. From these comments, and from the recent output of the Committee, we may safely adduce the following as being the main, if not all of, the functions of the Committee. (1) To decide upon a system of groupings, that is, upon what genera and higher groups are to be recognized, and upon the sequence of these and the contained species. (2) To decide upon cases of nomenclature, where from various contingencies the correct name of the species may be in more or less doubt. (3) To determine the boundaries of ‘North Amer- ica,’ and to pass upon the claims for inclusion in the North American list, of various vagrant species, so rare that the evidence of occurrence must be examined and weighed. (4) To decide as to the merits of the various finely differentiated subspecies which are being named by systematic students, both as to the validity of the characters assigned, and as to whether the degree of difference is sufficiently well marked to warrant recognition in the official Check-List. The great value of a committee of arbitration in the first three of these functions is beyond any possibility of dispute. The personnel of the Committee as now constituted is of that high grade of judicial ability and long experience which brings confidence in their rulings in these respects. For these functions alone the existence of such a committee is fully war- ranted. The chief complaint that I can seriously offer in these regards is that in the recent Third Edition of the Check-List the matter of pre- senting a modern system of classification was shirked altogether, on the plea (flimsy, was it not?) that some inconvenience would result! This was a grievous error, which every bona fide student of ornithology deplores. A further disappointment was met, when the Sixteenth Supplement came to hand lacking a single nomenclatural ruling — this being pre- eminently the service which the Committee is well fitted to render. Numer- ous proposals of changes in generic and specific names have lately been made. Undoubtedly many names previously in use in the Check-List require replacement upon perfectly good grounds. And an authoritative decision in each case, not long delayed, is a desideratum of the active student of birds. Postponement of such action is provoking. 562 Correspondence. lace While in such matters as the above one may accept the conclusion of some one systematic worker, the elements in each case are of such a nature that a properly qualified committee of several members can undoubtedly render a correct ruling in a greater number of cases than can one man. Hence the demand for committee action, over that of any one individual. Examination of the Sixteenth Supplement shows that of proposed additions to the Check-List from the category of vagrant species, four were accepted and three were rejected. In this function (number 3) the rulings of the Committee are gladly accepted. They have considered the evidence offered in each instance, and have rendered judgment. Further scrutiny shows that in the Sixteenth Supplement, function number 4 was exercised in 34 cases. Thirteen newly proposed subspecies were accepted, 19 were rejected, and two proposed cancellations were: rejected. It is this function that, to my mind, has been unsatisfactorily performed. Ha! I can hear the scornful remark from at least seven directions: The splitter is sore; his pet subspecies were turned down! Granted; but let me try to discuss the problem dispassionately, and may my readers consider the matter in like mind. Up to the present time the Committee has with more and more difficulty tried to meet two totally different ideals in the matter of including sub- species in its Check-List. The trained student of speciation, whom certain thoughtless ones attempt to ridicule by the term ‘splitter,’ has earned the ability to distinguish characters of phylogenetic value from the host of others which are the confusion of the amateur. This kind of specialist. finds it more and more in his power to discriminate the lesser differentiated forms; his senses, his tools for measuring, are becoming refined, and he can discriminate differences which the dilettante cannot. Liken the development of the professional systematic ornithologist to that of the trained microscopist, in whatever field. Would anyone for a moment entertain seriously the dictum that any organisms, which future increase in precision on the part of both the individual and his instruments enable him to discern, should be deemed beneath notice, ‘‘not worthy of recogni- tion by name,”’ just because the amateur finds difficulty in seeing them? Arguments along this line ought to be unnecessary in defense of the systematic ornithologist. The difficulty comes when the Committee is confronted with the results of his refined work. Its action has been anything but consistent. Sometimes the Committee accepts the results of the systematist’s work in their entirety; occasionally the whole thing is discarded; and in the last supplement forms are ‘accepted’ and ‘rejected’ in hit or miss fashion, to the wonderment of the beholder who happens to be posted in any of the groups affected. Evidently the Committee feels that it cannot go to the limit. The populace will not stand for it! For there is, on the other hand, the vast majority of amateur bird stu- dents who are confused by the multiplicity of names. Yet they require a reference list of North American birds. Many of the subspecies already woneiz’ | Correspondence. 563 in good standing on the Check-List represent forms far beyond their limited powers of discrimination. They are confused by differences due to age, sex, season, individual variation, and such adventitious factors as wear and fading. This unpopularity of the subspecies is evident in the way they are treated in most popular works on ornithology. They are either disposed of in diamond-type footnotes or appendices, or they are omitted altogether. Not infrequently such opprobrious terms are intro- duced as ‘alleged,’ ‘extremely slight,’ ‘subjective,’ etc. Yet ninety- nine percent of bird students will resent most vehemently any intimation that their powers of discrimination are limited! The poor Committee has the amateur on the one hand and the specialist on the other. And neither of these constituencies is satisfied with the present rulings in the Check-List. The term ornithology is a mighty broad one; the phases of the study are many. A man may become an eminent ornithologist in psychology, in anatomy, in classification in the large, in economics — and not have need of any particular ability or knowl- edge in the technique of species-discrimination. The amateur, as far as subspecific discriminative ability is concerned, constitutes practically all of the Associates of the A. O. U., surely a majority of the Members, and not a few of the Fellows. Why does the Committee discommode this great majority by ‘accept- ing’ as many subspecies as it does? Is it fair to the conscientious student of speciation to maltreat the results of his work as instanced in the genus Dryobates in the Sixteenth Supplement? It seems clear, upon any basis I can think of, that the A. O. U. Check- List with its supplements is of late failing markedly in its usefulness. This is because of the Committee’s unhappy attempt at striking a mean between the demands of amateur and specialist. The interests of one or the other should be sacrificed; and as the amateur is in the vast majority, the Check-List should be remodeled to meet his requirements. An expedi- tious way to do this would be to eliminate all subspecies. There would thus be but one name for the Robin from the Atlantic to the Pacific, only one Song Sparrow and one Horned Lark in all North America. A state- ment could be appended, wherever appropriate, to the effect that there is geographic variation within the range, birds from desert regions being small and pale, those from the northwest being large and dark; ete. I venture to say that such a consummation would be hailed with delight by the rank and file of bird students, if not by every one. The interpola- tion of subspecies in small type as in the Third Edition, is a confusion. As stated before, the subspecies problem as now handled is unsatisfactory to practically all concerned. Such a working list of North American birds should accord with the most modern findings in classification, nomen- clature and geographic distribution. The Committee would find good use for its talents in keeping such a list up to date. Now, I am not for one moment advocating cessation of activities on the part of the student of speciation. He must pursue his investigation 564 Correspondence. Ou: to the farthest limit made possible by his experience and keenness. And may his ability become sharpened until he can distinguish seven Song Sparrows where but one is now known! Furthermore, if one degree of differentiation requires a name, so does every other, even down to the finest discernible. The systematist will continue to provide names for the subspecies he discovers. The futility of any committee attempting to pass judgment upon the findings of the specialist here becomes obvious. A very good reason is given in the editorial comments alluded to, though couched in an unfor- tunately disparaging tone: ‘The specialist working over a group of birds constantly for weeks at a time, unconsciously magnifies the differences which he finds between birds from areas, which he has reason to think, ought to yield separable geographic races.” To express the idea with better respect for the judgment of the specialist, it is the worker in a particular group — the man who has scrutinized all available material with minute attention to detail, the man who has become proficient in picking apart the multifarious peculiarities between individual specimens and series, one who can appreciate mass effect — it is that man who is by far the best fitted to render verdicts as to the existence of subspecies. It would be foolish for me to tackle the Hummingbirds of Middle America, even with the largest museum series of skins at hand, with the expectation of giving within seven days an opinion as to the validity of certain proposed forms. Who would place any reliance upon my conclusions? J would n’t! If it is ridiculous for one person to attempt to pass judgment on a few sub- species of an unfamiliar group with but a few days study, it is logically seven times as ridiculous for seven men to make such an attempt, especially when 34 cases representing 18 genera are to be considered! There is no use making any bones about it — there is too much good evidence of the failure of the Committee in rendering just verdicts as between ‘rejected’ and ‘accepted’ subspecies in the Sixteenth Supplement. It is beside the object of the present communication to go into detail in this regard. I do not mean disrespect towards any one of the Committee members, and certainly no one will arraign me on that score. All of them are busy men. At least three are ordinarily strenuously occupied with other mat- ters than subspecies of birds. They give of their time generously; but who will maintain that in function number 4, it is worth their while from the standpoint of either the amateur or the specialist? Nor am I advocating that there be no longer an official Check-List of North American birds to include all recognizable subspecies. On the contrary, this is an eminently desirable thing, to constitute a record of achievement in research in avian speciation. I have no doubt, too, but that a large number of non-specialists will always be interested in such results, enough to well warrant its publication. I do not, however, believe that any committee could handle such a proposition. Rather, let there be a systematic editor appointed by the president of the A. O. U., one qualified through his accuracy in handling eee | Correspondence. 565 scientific names typographically, as well as by attainments in his own field. Let him be located, preferably, at Washington, because of the library and museum facilities there. His task should be, not to pass judgment upon any forms not in his own special group or groups, but to unify the whole output. This should consist of a co-ordinated set of contributions each from the specialist most familiar with the group concerned. It may well be, then, that but a single person shall stand as authority for the status of forms in any one group; or one student may be responsible for several groups which he may have worked in. The danger of uneven treatment throughout the entire production could not of course be wholly eliminated, because of variability in personal ability or standards, and this in spite of careful editing. But the results would surely be far nearer the truth than those exemplified in the Sixteenth Supplement. To summarize: the present Check-List, especially as including the last supplement, is unsatisfactory to both the amateur and the specialist in respect to the subspecies problem. It is suggested that a new Check-List, with subspecies omitted altogether, would be hailed with appreciation by the great majority of bird students, with whom such an abridged list would meet all requirements. The Committee, as at present constituted, has all the qualifications to enable it to compile and keep up to date such a Check-List. Such a list of species should prove even more popular than the present one. It is further suggested that an entirely distinct publication, though second in importance, would justify itself, enumerating the results of the specialist’s studies to the very limit to which his perceptions allow him to proceed. But it is contended that no committee can have the qualifica- tions in either time or ability, to pass judgment upon all the proposed cases. Rather should such a technical list be a carefully edited compendium of contributions from all specialists of recognized standing, each treating of the group or groups in which he has personally worked. Respectfully submitted, JOSEPH GRINNELL. Museum of Vertebrate Zodlogy, Berkeley, California, August 27, 1912. [In reply to Mr. Grinnell’s communication, the author of the editorial remarks on the A. O. U. Committee on Nomenclature and its functions, in ‘Notes and News’ of the July Auk, begs to say that while he is a member of the Committee, the remarks represented his own personal views on the matters discussed and may or may not reflect the opinions of the Committee as a whole. The same may be said of the following comments upon Mr. Grinnell’s communication. As to the question of classification raised by Mr. Grinnell, the writer feels that there is perhaps as much to be said on one side as the other. If there had been a generally recognized system available it would unquese 566 Correspondence. ee tionably have been adopted, but there was not; and the diversity of opinion among avian taxonomists still prevails. Furthermore it should be remembered that a Check-List is by no means necessarily a classification. Its very existence is for convenience, and so it is no light matter to over- throw a sequence, followed by practically all writers on North American birds for a quarter of a century, on the plea of being more scientific when we get nothing more stable than that which we discard. As to the subspecies question with which Mr. Grinnell is chiefly con- cerned, we hardly think that he is serious in believing that a list of the binomial names in the present Check-List would answer the needs of the great bulk of the membership of the A. O. U. which he classes as ‘amateurs’ in matters of subspecific discrimination. He knows perfectly well that there are very many subspecies which are more easily distinguished than are certain species, and for these we must have names. For the purposes of ornithological investigation along any line — life history, habits, geo- graphic distribution, migration, taxonomy, economics, ete. —we must have the birds of the country divided up into minor groups, species or subspecies as you will. The only question is, where shall we draw the line in recognizing the differentiation that nature has effected? The question is a practical one, just as the whole matter of naming is practical, and when we recognize by name differentiations so slight that an ornithologist cannot tell what bird he has before him until he submits it to a ‘specialist in speciation’ for study, then the process has gone too far for general purposes. There is however no test by which we can tell when we have gone too far. The problem is one entirely of degree in which personal opinion and indi- vidual ability enter into every case. As already stated the line cannot be drawn between the species and the subspecies, because by our Code they are distinguished not by degree of difference but by the criterion of intergradation. In an effort to fix this line the A. O. U. established the Committee believing that the vote of a Committee would represent the nearest approach possible to the desired result. We do not believe that the efforts of the Committee have been so entirely unsatisfactory as Mr. Grinnell implies, except of course to ‘students of speciation’ who make a specialty of naming differentiations no matter how small, regardless of whether the results of their work can be utilized by specialists in the various other branches of ornithology. It was for the latter we think that the Check-List was conceived. It was surely never intended for such a ‘specialist in speciation’ as Mr. Grinnell predicts who would name every finest discernible differentiation and would if pos- sible make 140 races of Song Sparrows out of the 20 now recognized. In European ornithology the same effort is evident in check-lists and cata- logues to recognize practical subspecies but to reject those based in extremely slight differentiations, and this by ornithologists who can hardly be charged with catering to the amateur. Mr. Grinnell will perhaps understand better the attitude of the large majority of ornithologists toward the subspecies if he will but consider volo | Correspondence. 567 his own attitude toward the genus. He must use generic names in his ‘speciation’ researches but he has no inclination to halt the latter while he investigates generic taxonomy. Consequently he cheerfully accepts the opinions of the A. O. U. Committee on all generic problems and even goes so far as to say that this is a function in which “‘the great value of a committee of arbitration is beyond any possibility of dispute.” In exactly the same spirit investigators in other fields of ornithology accept the de- cisions of the Committee in regard to subspecies. As a matter of fact the two problems are precisely similar and the opinion of the Committee is not one whit more valuable in deciding how many genera should be recog- nized than it is in the case of recognition of subspecies. However we are digressing from the point at issue. Mr. Grinnell charges that the Com- mittee has been inconsistent — has gone too far in some cases and not far enough in others. This may readily be granted and right here lies the crux of the whole matter. How is the Committee to know when it has over- stepped the line? How ean any one judge of consistency in such matters? Subspecies are separated from one another by all possible degrees of dif- ference and the whole question as before stated is one of individual opinion. Mr. Grinnell’s suggestion of a committee of one for each family or genus, as the case may be, does not appeal to the writer as practicable and he doubts whether the opinion of a selected specialist on Fringillidae, as to the number of recognizable races of Melospiza in California would be any more acceptable to Mr. Grinnell than are the opinions of the long- suffering Committee. If any practicable plan can be devised however by which the work of the ‘speciation specialist’ may receive full recognition without impairing the utility of the Check-List for other specialists, the writer would give it his hearty support. And if the Committee could be relieved of the burden of passing upon the merits of the various proposed subspecies he feels sure that the proposition would be hailed with delight ‘from seven different directions.’ Any departure along these lines however would necessitate a recon- sideration of all the subspecies of the Check-List and could not be exploited until a new edition was demanded. Perhaps by that time a committee may be found which will undertake this task and divide the subspecies into two categories, (1) those regarded as of practical utility, as above explained; (2) those recognized by ‘specialists on speciation’. Then we should have the entire history of each group before us. This would probably approach nearer to consistency than does the present Check-List, in which most of the inconsistency arises from the different attitude and different make-up of the Committee at the times at which the various cases were considered. This plan too would accord in a measure with Mr. Grinnell’s suggestion except that the utility line would not be drawn between the species and the subspecies a proposal that as already explained is quite indefensible. And now just a word upon some remarks of Mr. Grinnell regarding the work of the Committee. He charges that the Committee has felt the necessity 568 Correspondence. aoe of pleasing both the amateur and the specialist. In this the writer thinks he is mistaken. The Committee has tried to decide each subspecies case upon its merits regardless of how its opinion might affect any individual or class. Such inconsistencies as have resulted were unintentional and due to the lack of any standard in such matters — not to any feeling of obligation to anyone. The only instance where the Committee has acted in deference to the views of amateur ornithologists — and scientific ones too as it happens — was in the withholding of nomenclatural opinions from the Sixteenth Supplement. This was done in view of the widespread disgust at ‘name shuffling’ and the diverse interpretation of Article 30 of the International Code, pending an opinion by the International Commission. It was thought far better to temporarily withhold decisions which might have to be reversed in a year or two. Further on Mr. Grinnell adopts a rather unfortunate simile in discussing the Committee’s work. He rightly contends that his judgment upon the validity of proposed new forms in a group of Middle American Humming- birds with which he was quite unfamiliar would not be worth much if based upon but a few days study. In the case of the Committee however he seems to forget that the members are fairly familiar with North Ameri- can birds and that many of the races which modern ‘speciation specialists’ have honored with names were worked out but not named by members of the Committee years ago. Furthermore what knowledge one member of the Commitee lacks another may possess so that the efforts of the Com- mittee are certainly not seven times as ridiculous as the efforts of any one of them individually. In not a few cases moreover the Committee has had more material before it than had the describer of the proposed new race. The writer welcomes Mr. Grinnell’s communication because it shows the proper spirit of codperation. Everyone will have different opinions on such matters as he has discussed and only by bringing them forward can we achieve results approximately satisfactory to all. The Committee certainly desires to produce satisfactory results and to raise the Check-List to the highest efficiency and if its methods are wrong the sooner the fact is demonstrated the better. WITMER STONE.] Aves in the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature. Tuer Epitor or ‘THE AUK’: Dear Sir: It has occurred to me that the accompanying table may be of some interest to your readers and may also incidentally be of assistance to the writer who is engaged in the task of compiling the ‘Aves’ portion of the Zodlogical Record and the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature. The Zodlogical Record which was founded nearly 50 years A al Correspondence. 569 ago by a small body of subscribers and was subsequently taken over by the Zodlogical Society was in 1906 amalgamated with the zodlogical portion of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature and has now reached its 48th annual issue. The International Catalogue of Scien- tific Literature was established in 1900 and is in effect a continuation of the Royal Society’s Catalogue of Scientific Papers whith when completed will cover the period 1800-1900. By an arrangement made between the Royal Society and the scientific representatives of most of the other countries of the world appointed by their respective governments an International Organization was estab- lished, by means of which each of the component countries collects the titles of all papers and works of scientific importance published within their limits and forwards them to the International Bureau in London. These titles which are all written on separate slips, are by the Bureau distributed to the recorders or compilers of the various subjects of which there are 17 in all, Zodlogy forming one. The duty of each Recorder is to arrange all the titles received for pub- lication and to search for other titles which have been omitted or passed over by the regional bureaus of the co-operating states. It is also the duty of the Recorder to collect titles from those states which do not co-operate as well as those published in the British Islands. As regards the Aves portion of the Catalogue I find some countries pro- vide a very complete series of titles while others do not and one of the objects of this letter and the accompanying table is to draw attention to this fact. In the first column of the table is given the number of titles collected by the Recorder himself, in the second column the number which has reached him through the Bureau. It will be seen that out of 307 titles of Ornithological papers and publications coming from the United States 40 were supplied by the Recorder. It is also very desirable for the Recorder to verify all the titles sent in so as to be able to reject those which are of no scientific value and impor- tance. I find in the case of ‘Aves’ titles from the United States that this is by no means easy as so many of the minor and more local periodicals are not to be found on the shelves of the great scientific libraries in London. For instance I have not been able to see in London such publications as Bird Lore, Cassinia, the Journal of the Maine Ornithological Society and other local journals of the same type. I hope therefore that if these lines are seen by the editors of these journals they will take steps to arrange that copies may be regularly transmitted to the Library of the Natural History Museum in Cromwell Road or to that of the Zodlogical or Royal Societies so that the Recorder may have an opportunity of seeing them. Yours faithfully, W. L. ScuaTER, Corresponding Fellow A. O. U., Recorder of Aves. 570 British Islands United States ° Germany France Russia Australia Italy India Austria Hungary Switzerland Sweden Denmark (and Iceland) Holland Finland South Africa Canada Belgium Malay Peninsula Norway Philippine Islands Japan British East Africa Cuba Argentine Republic Bohemia Portugal Luxemburg Roumania Servia Egypt and E. Soudan Barbados British Guiana Brazil Mexico Chile New Zealand Correspondence. Collected by the Recorder 371 40 e bo Se ee RE RKB RK RB eSB NRE WWWORNDAOMAWORNNWNHO Tittes or ‘Aves’ or 1911. Sent in by the Regional Bureaus, 267 298 74 115 31 24 12 28 Serene eater eS) eS) TS SS ee Sy ES) SS e's) 645 vo) ivy) Ne) Oct. Le et ce ee oe oe oe ee WO WO OO COC a lon ono a} 1584 oe | Notes and News. yal NOTES AND NEWS. WitHELM Avucust Hernricu Bruastus, M. D., Ph.D., a Corresponding Fellow of the American Ornithologists’ Union, died at his home, Brunswick, Germany, on May 31, 1912, after a prolonged illness. He was born in Brunswick, July 5, 1845, son of the celebrated naturalist Prof. Dr. Johann Heinrich Blasius, the author of ‘Saiigethiere Deutschlands’ and co-author with Count Keyserling of ‘Die Wirbelthiere Europas’. His brother the equally celebrated ornithologist Rudolph Blasius died only a few years ago. Wilhelm Blasius was since 1871 professor of Zoology and Botany in the Herzogliche Technische Hochschule in Brunswick and was director of both the Natural History Museum and the Botanic Garden, in the same city, as well as a member of the Council of the Deutsche Ornithologische Gesellschaft and member and honorary member of many scientific socie- ties. He was a voluminous author of papers and memoirs dealing with ornithology, mammalogy, anthropology and archeology, among them a monographic account of the Great Auk (Plautws impennis) which appeared in 1903. Prof. Blasius visited America in 1907 as a delegate to the International Zoological Congress in Boston and will be remembered by those who met him as a man of the most lovable disposition and sterling qualities, whose high scientific attaimments were combined with a personality which at- tracted all with whom he came in contact. JoHN GERRARD KEULEMANS, the well known artist, died in London, England, March 29, 1912. He was born June 8, 1842, at Rotterdam, Holland, but did not become well known until he settled in England in 1869. From that time on almost every illustrated ornithological work published in England contained products of his brush, from the first vol- ume of the ‘British Museum Catalogue of Birds’ to the last part of Mathews’ ‘Birds of Australia.’ OnE is astonished in glancing through the foreign ornithological journals to see the extent to which bird-banding or ‘ringing’ has been carried recently and the returns that have been obtained. The results are not only interesting and valuable in the case of migrants shot or captured far from the place at which they were banded, but also in the case of ‘resident’ species. Mr. N. H. Joy of Bradfield, Berkshire, England, captured and ‘ringed,’ during two years, upwards of 1500 Starlings in a cage trap located near his house, besides ‘ringing’ a number of nestlings. Many of these birds were re-caught several times and the accumulation of data is yielding valuable results. Mr. Joy finds that he catches in the trap only about 5% of the nestlings ‘ringed’ each year, and feels sure that a large number of them oz Notes and News. kes must leave the immediate vicinity where they were hatched. He finds also that a large proportion of winter Starlings are migrants or visitors from elsewhere. Such data bear directly upon the extent of migration in so called resident birds, such as our Song Sparrow which is present as a species throughout the year over a large part of its range, though there is doubtless a migration of individuals to a greater or less extent. The most remarkable case of long flight recorded among the captures of ‘ringed’ birds was that noticed in the ‘Ornithologische Monatsberichte’ for July—August, of a nestling Gull (Larus ridibundus) banded at Rossitten, Germany, on the east coast of the Baltic Sea, July 18, 1911, and shot in November of the same year near Bridgetown in the island of Barbados! Mr. Leo E. Mituer, who has been collecting in Colombia for the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History, and whose success in discovering the nest of the Cock-of-the-Rock was mentioned in the last issue of ‘The Auk’, reached New York City on September 9, after eighteen months’ continuous field work in the tropics. Mr. Miller brought with him some twenty-three hundred birds and mammals collected since the expedition left Cali in the Cauca Valley in February, 1912. A recently completed government road over the eastern Andes enabled Mr. Miller to go from the headwaters of the Magdalena to the headwaters of the Amazon in the Caquetd territory. He is doubtless the first zodlogical collector to penetrate this region, and during the thirty days which he worked there secured eight hundred birds and mammals; practically none of which were represented in the Museum’s previous Colombian collections. Tue U.S. Bureau of Fisheries now has a naturalist on the Pribilof Islands whose duty it is to study not only the fur seals and blue foxes, but all other natural history questions relating to the islands. Exceedingly interesting results are already coming in and we learn from Dr. Barton W. Evermann that in a collection recently received there are specimens repre- senting eighteen species of birds new to the avifauna of the Pribilofs of which four are new to North America. A detailed account of them will appear in the next number of ‘The Auk.’ WE learn from ‘The Ibis’ that Dr. A. J. R. Wollaston sailed May 24, for Borneo where he will prepare for another expedition to New Guinea in conjunction with Mr. C. B. Kloss. They hope to reach the Snowy Range and if possible to ascend Mt. Carstensz 15,964 ft. A FITTING tribute to the last ornithological effort of the late Dr. Bowdler Sharpe — his ‘ Hand-List of Birds’ — is a general index to this work which has been recently issued by the British Museum. This index has been edited by Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, while the actual task of amalgamating the indices of the several volumes was accomplished by his assistant, Mr. Thomas Wells. It is interesting to know that a specially prepared copy breil Notes and News. 573 of the ‘Hand-List’ has been provided for use in the Museum in which is noted the number of the cabinet and drawer in which each species is to be found. When Dr. Sharpe took charge of the collection in 1872 it consisted of about 30,000 specimens while at the time of his death it was supposed to consist of about 500,000 skins and eggs. We find in the index two genera, Sharpia and Bowdleria and forty-one species named in honor of Dr. Sharpe, more namesakes apparently than have been bestowed upon any other ornithologist. THe ANNUAL GENERAL MeetinG of the British Ornithologists’ Union for 1912 was held in London on May 8th. The officers for the ensuing year are President, Dr. F. DuCane Godman; Secretary, Mr. J. Lewis Bonhote; while Mr. William Lutley Sclater was chosen editor of the tenth series of ‘The Ibis’ covering the six years beginning with 1913. Medals were awarded to the following members of the British Orni- thologists’ Union Expedition to New Guinea: Mr. Walter Goodfellow, Dr. A. F. R. Wollaston, Mr. G. C. Shortridge and Mr. Claude H. B. Grant. It was announced that the new edition of the ‘List of British Birds’ pub- lished in 1883 would be ready for the press during the coming winter. Dovusiepay, Pace & Company, Garden City, New York, announce a work on the Birds of Eastern North America by Chester A. Reed, with 408 illustrations in color and many in black and white. We are informed that Mrs. M. Blasius, Inselwall 18, Braunschweig, Germany, sister-in-law of the late Prof. Wilhelm Blasius desires to dispose of the specimen of the Great Auk which was contained in his collection. Year by year the specimens of this interesting bird find their way into the public museums where they are likely to remain permanently, so that this is probably one of the last opportunities that will occur of obtaining a specimen. Soon after the organization of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club in 1890 the members began to form a collection of the nests and eggs of the birds breeding in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and presented it to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for exhibition in the museum. Later the collection was extended to include specimens of the birds as well, and additional nests were secured, until at the present time all the birds of the two states are represented with the exception of a few accidental stragglers, while out of about one hundred and fifty species known to nest within the region, the nests of one hundred and thirty are represented, all of them actually obtained in Pennsylvania or New Jersey. In many cases accessories have been added and the nest and birds mounted in a natural group. The collection has recently been entirely rearranged and displayed 574 Notes and News. leon to much better advantage, and every effort is now being made by the Club to secure nests and eggs of the few species still lacking in order that the collection may be absolutely complete. As already announced the thirtieth stated meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union will be held at Cambridge, Mass., November 12-14, 1912, with a business meeting of the Fellows on the evening of the 11th; all Members and Associates are urged to attend the sessions. Only those who have attended previous meetings realize how stimulating is this annual association with fellow ornithologists, and how much each one can advance the cause of bird study by helping to swell the roll of those present. INDEX TO VOLUME XXIX. {New generic, specific, and subspecific names are printed in heavy-face type.] Assott, Clinton G., review of his ‘Home-Life of the Osprey,’ 125. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Centennary of, 282. Acanthis, 409. linaria, 113. linaria linaria, 77, 111, 202. Accipiter cooperi, 40, 80, 375, 470. nisus teneriffee, 425. velox, 19, 48, 72, 80, 332, 477, 515. Actitis macularia, 19, 31, 76, 80, 331, 469, 514. fEchmophorus occidentalis, 42. AXgialitis meloda, 72, 238. semipalmata, 514. ' AXgolius, 410. AKstrelata, 410. fisheri, 261. hasitata, 511. Africa, birds of, 121, 139, 261, 267, 270, 410, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 552. Agelaius phoeniceus, 28. phoeniceus fortis, 277. pheeniceus neutralis, 277, 333. phoeniceus phceniceus, 21, 82, 473, 519. Aithurus, 257. Aix sponsa, 39, 80, 512. Ajaia ajaja, 42. Alabama, birds of, 356. Alaska, birds of, 118, 129, 242, 260. Alberta, birds of, 400, 539. Alea torda, 399. Alcedo meninting proxima, 552. Aleyone ramsayi, 271. Alethe polioparea, 425. uellensis, 425. Algiers, birds of, 183-184. Alle alle, 399. Allen, Francis H., remarks on the case of Roosevelt’ vs. Thayer, with a few independent sugges- tions on the concealing coloration question, 489-507. Allen, J. A., ‘Matthew’s Notes on Nomenclature,’ 133-135; retire- ment as editor of ‘The Auk,’ 136. Alseonax poensis, 424. Aluco, 409. pratincola, 31, 81, 517. American Museum of Natural His- tory, bird groups in, 281; Colom- bian Expedition of, 434, 572. American Ornithologists’ Union Committee on Nomenclature, province of, 481, 561, 565. American Ornithologists’ Union, Twenty-ninth stated meeting of, 92-99; Thirtieth stated meet- ing of (announcement), 435, 573. Amizilis, 257. chaleconota, 257. tzacatl, 257. Ammodramus bairdi, 72. savannarum australis, 41, 82, ATA, 521. savannarum bimaculatus, 253, 400. Ammomanes deserti algeriensis, 555. Ampelis, 410. cedrorum, 37. garrulus, 43. 576 Amphispiza nevadensis nevadensis, 335. Anairetis parulus, 144. Anas, 409. aberti, 305. diazi, 295-297, 306. fulvigula, 297. fulvigula maculosa, 297. maculosa, 297. obscura rubripes, 176-179. platyrhynchos, 38, 511. rubripes, 42, 234, 442, 511. rubripes tristis, 19, 177-179. superciliosa, 534. tristis, 299. wyvilliana, 301. Andaman Islands, birds of the, 119. Andrews, Roy C., notice of his expedition to Korea, 138. Anhinga, 398. ‘Annales des Sciences naturelles,’ review of, 426. Anser albifrons gambeli, 39, 201. Anthony, A. W., eastern Oregon notes, 253. Ant-thrushes, 144. Anthus bogotensis, 144. rubescens, 37, 144, 525. spraguel, 72, 400. Antrostomus carolinensis, 43. cubanensis, 394. vociferus, 32, 472, 518. vociferus vociferus, 81, 376. Apalis rufogularis kamerunensis, 424. Aphelocoma californica californica, 549. californica obscura, 549. woodhousei, 333. Aptenodytes chrysocome, 124. patagonica halli, 124. pennanti, 559. ‘Aquila,’ review of, 423. Aquila chrysaétos, 48, 254, 255, 332, 516. Archeopteryx, 285. Index. Auk Oct. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johan- nis, 399. Archilochus, 257, 472, 518. colubris, 21, 32, 81, 376. Architrochilus, 258. Ardea, 428. herodias, 39. herodias herodias, 19, 331, 375, A477, 512. Arizona, birds of, 363-368, 421. Arkansas, birds of, 112, 259, 346. Arnold, Edward, a short summer outing in Newfoundland, 1911, 72-79. Arnold, W. W., bird enemies of the Chinese cotton scale, 113. Arquatella maritima, 396. Arremon aurantiirostris talis, 268. Arremonops rufivirgatus rufivirga- tus, 255. tocuyensis, 419. Aru Islands, birds of the, 117. Asio flammeus, 40, 110, 517. wilsonianus, 40, 255, 477. Astragalinus, 409. psaltria psaltria, 333. tristis, 29. tristis pallidus, 333. tristis tristis, 21, 82, 322, 377, 474, 520. Astur atricapillus atricapillus, 76, 110, 515. Asyndesmus lewisi, 332, 400. Attagis chimborazensis, 148. Atthis morcomi, 257. Auk, Great, 208-209, 264, 573. Razor-billed, 399. Australia, birds of, 124, 266, 271, 411, 422, 423, 426, 549. Automolus klagesi, 425. watkinsi, 425. ‘Avicultural Magazine,’ review of, 272, 423, 555. Avocet, 42, 72. occiden- Vol. aml 1912 Bzo.opuus bicolor, 41, 84, 376, 477, 526. wollweberi, 335. Bahama Islands, birds of the, 123. Bailey, H. B., notes on birds breed- ing in the mountains of Virginia, 79-84. Bailey, S. Woldo, Red-headed Woodpecker at Newburyport, Mass., 541; mimicry in the song of the Catbird, 545. Baldpate, 38, 511. Bangs, Outram, a new subspecies of the Ruffed Grouse, 378-379. Barbatula chrysocoma schubotzi, 424. Barbour, Thomas, and J. C. Phillips, reply to their criticism of Thayer’s ‘Concealing Coloration,’ 498-507. Barrett, Harold, L., the Laughing Gull at Marshfield, Massachu- setts, 99. Barrows, Walter B., review of his ‘Michigan Bird-life,’ 547. Bartramia longicauda, 31, 72, 254, 514. Basilinna leucotis, 257. Bates, G. L., review of his ‘Further Notes on the Birds of Southern Camaroon,’ 123. Beal, F. E. L., see McAtee, W. L. Beebe, C. William, notice of his ‘New Blood Pheasants,’ 552. Beebe, C., William and Lee S. Crandall, review of their ‘The Undescribed Juvenal Plumage of the Yucatan Jay,’ 263. Bent, Arthur C., review of his ‘A New Subspecies of Ptarmigan from the Aleutian Islands’ and ‘Notes on Birds observed during a Visit to the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea,’ 260-261. Bergtold, W. H., the Snowy Egret in New Mexico, 237; October birds of the headwaters of the Index. Ov7 Gila River, New Mexico, 327- 336. Berlepsch, Hans Graf von, review of his ‘Revision of the Tanagers,’ 268; review of his ‘Birds of the Aru Islands,’ 117. Bermuda, birds of, 49-71. Betts, Norman deW., notes from Boulder County, Colo., 399. Bird-banding, 280-281, 571. Bird-collecting, 186-137. ‘Bird Lore,’ review of, 270, 420, 554. ‘Bird Notes,’ review of, 423, 556. Bishop, Louis B., birds in the markets of southern Europe, 179-190; an apparently un- recognized race of the Red- shouldered Hawk, 232-233. Bittern, 19, 30, 75, 236, 477, 512. Least, 30, 100, 399. Blackbird, Brewer’s, 41, 333. Crow, 455. Red-winged, 21, 28, 82, 412, 473, 519, (see also Redwing). Rusty, 48, 77, 202, 211, 395, 520. Yellow-headed, 41, 102, 103, 333. Blackpoll, 211. Blasius, Wilhelm, obituary of, 571. Bluebill, 443. Bluebird, 23, 30, 84, 317, 376, 477, 527. Chestnut-backed, 336. Mountain, 336. Bobolink, 21, 48, 254, 277, 323, 325. 478, 519. Bob-white, 28, 80, 376, 477, 514. Bolles, Frank, notes on Whip-poor- wills and Owls, 150-159. Bolt, Benj. F., capture of a Golden Eagle at Kansas City, Mo., 102. Bombycilla, 410, (see also Ampelis). cedrorum, 22, 83, 323, 373, 375, 400, 475, 523, (see also Ampelis). 578 Bombyeilla garrula, 111, 204, 251, (see also Ampelis). Bonasa umbellus thayeri, 378-379. umbellus togata, 19, 324. umbellus umbellus, 80, 371, 375, 469, 514. Botaurus lentiginosus, 19, 30, 75, 236, 477, 512. Boyle, Howarth S., early occurrence of the Saw-whet Owl, 239. Brachypteryx goodfellowi, 555. Brachyramphus marmoratus, 549. Bradlee, Thomas S., Mockingbird Notes from Massachusetts, 249. Bradypteris bedfordi, 555. Bragg, L. M., notice of her supple- ment to the ‘Birds of South Carolina,’ 418. Brant, 39. Branta bernicla glaucogaster, 39. canadensis, 39. canadensis canadensis, 75, 391, 512. canadensis hutchinsi, 39, 536. canadensis occidentalis, 549. Brewster, William, In Memoriam: Henry Augustus Purdie, 1-15; notes on the flight of Gulls, 85— 92; foreword to Bolles’ ‘Notes on Whip-poor-wills and Owls,’ 150-151. Bridge, Lidian E., uncommon shore- birds seen in Essex county, Mass- achusetts, 537; another occur- rence of the Blue-gray Gnat- catcher in Essex county, Massa- chusetts, 546. Brimley, H. H., Brown Pelican in Pamlico Sound and at Durham, N. C., 581; Ocracoke water-bird notes, 538. Brisson’s genera of birds, 134. ‘British Birds,’ review of, 272, 422, 556. British Columbia, birds of, 117, 252, 265, 396. Index. Auk Oct. British Ornithologists’ Union, an- nual meeting of, 573. Brock, Henry H., recent occurrence of the Egret (Herodias egretta) near Portland, Maine, 236. Brockway, Arthur W., Black Ducks which became very tame, 234; a Catbird spending the winter in Connecticut, 249. Brooks, Allan, some British Co- lombia records, 252. Brooks, Earle A., notes from West Virginia, 111-112. Brooks, Winthrop Sprague, notes from the Magdalen Islands, 112; an additional specimen of the Labrador Duck, 389; late record of the Red-backed Sandpiper (Pelidna alpina sakhalina), 391; Laughing Gull in Plymouth county, Massachusetts, 531. Brooks, Winthrop S., and Stanley Cobb, a correction, 400. Brown, Edward J., rare Virginia birds, 399. Brown, Nathan Clifford, many Purple Finches at Portland, Maine, in February, 245; a cor- rection, 429; a third Blue-gray Gnateatcher in Maine, 546. Bruner, Stephen C. and Feild, Alexander L., notes on the birds observed on a trip through the mountains of western North Carolina, 368-377. Bryan, William Alanson, the intro- duction and acclimatization of the Yellow Canary on Midway Island, 3389-842; see also Dill, Homer R. Bryant, Harold C., review of his ‘The Relation of Birds to an Insect Outbreak in Northern Cali- fornia during the Spring and Summer of 1911, 416; review of his ‘The Present and Future of Vol. mao | 1912 the 551. Bubo virginianus pallescens, 332. virginianus virginianus, 81, 240, 471, 517. Buffle-head, 39, 254, 444, 512. ‘Bulletin of the British Ornitholo- gists’ Club,’ review of, 271, 422, 555. ‘Bulletin of the N. Y. Zoological Society,’ review of, 559. Bulweria bulweri, 412. Bunting, Indigo, 33, 82, 111, 321, 377, 474, 522. Bunting, Painted, 43, 247. Bunting, Rustic, 384. Bunting, Snow, 438, 111, (see also Snowflake). Burns, Frank L., review of his ‘Monograph of the Broad-winged Hawk,’ 259-260. Burr, Freeman F., note on the Bald Eagle and Osprey, 393. Buteo borealis, 35. borealis borealis, 19, 376, 470, 515. borealis calurus, 332. — borealis krideri, 31. lineatus, 40. lineatus lineatus, 80, 375, 477, 516. lineatus texanus, 232-233. platypterus, 19, 72, 470, 516. platypterus cubanensis, 260. swainsonl, 35. Butorides virescens, 30, 80. virescens virescens, 377, 468, 513: California Valley Quail,’ Cann, Alvin R., the freezing of Cayuga Lake in its relation to bird life, 487-444. Calamonastes simplex 425. simplex hilgerti, 425. Calearius lapponicus. lapponicus, 111, 204, 246. erlangeri, Index. 579 Calidris alba, 208. California, birds of, 118, 137, 270, 416, 421, 548, 551. Calliope, 385. calliope, 261. calliope calliope, 385. calliope camtschatkensis, 385. Callocalia fuciphaga amechana, 411. fuciphaga mearnsi, 411. fuciphaga tachyptera, 411. Calophasis mikado, 555. Calospiza gyroloides bangsi, 268. gyroloides catharinae, 268. Calyptophilus, 268. Camaroptera superciliaris kameru- nensis, 424. Camptorhynchus labradorius, 389. Campylorhamphus _ trochilirostris major, 257. Canachites canadensis atratus, 385. Canada, birds of, 129. Canary, Yellow, 339-342. Canutus, 409. Canvas-back, 39, 108, 442, 448, 512. Cardinal, 29, 82, 377, 395, 461, 478, 522. Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis, 29, 82, 377, 395, 478, 522. Carduelis, 409. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis, 333. mutans, 24, 336-338, 543. purpureus purpureus, 21, 245, 322, 520. ‘Cassinia,’ review of, 268. Catarractes, 124. Catbird, 34, 83, 106, 249, 376, 476, 525, 545. Catharista urubu, 80, 515. Cathartes aura septentrionalis 31, 80, 332, 376, 470, 515. Catherpes mexicanus conspersus, 335, 400. Catoptrophorus semipalmatus in- ornatus, 40, 72, 537. Centurus aurifrons, 241. carolinus, 31, 81, 517. 580 Centurus 386. Cepphus grylle, 75. Cerchneis naumanni turkestanicus, 426. Certhia familiaris americana, 23, 37, 374, 375, 526. familiaris buturlini, 426. familiaris montana, 335. Certhilauda kalahariew, 555. Ceryle aleyon, 20, 31, 76, 81, 376. aleyon aleyon, 332, 382, 471, BLT. aleyon caurina, 265, 382. americana isthmica, 261. Cheetura pelagica, 20, 32, 81, 323, 376, 472, 518. Chansler, E. J., Mississippi and Swallow-tailed Kites in Knox Co., Ind., 239. Chapman, Frank M., review of his ‘Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America.’ Revised Edi- tion, 402; review of his ‘Diag- nosis of apparently New Colom- bian Birds,’ 552; review of his ‘A New Ibis from Mt. Kenia, British East Africa,’ 552; re- tirement as associate editor of ‘The Auk,’ 136. Charadriiformes, 287. Charadrius dominicus, 43. dominicus dominicus, 101. Charitonetta, 409. albeola, 39, 254, 444, 512. Chat, Yellow-breasted, 34, 83, 377, 476, 525. Chaulelasmus, 409. streperus, 38. Chelidon, 410. Chen czrulescens, 39. hyperboreus, 39. hyperboreus hyperboreus, 201. Chickadee, 23, 30, 78, 319. Black-capped, 374, 375, 477. Carolina, 84, 377, 526. Hudsonian, 23, 412. uropygialis brewsteri, Index. Auk Oct. Chickadee, Long-tailed, 399. Mountain, 335. Valdez Chestnut-sided, 385. Chlamydodera, 556. Chlidonias, 198. nigra surinamensis, 198. Chloris chloris, 558. Chloropsis aurifrons, 556. Chondestes grammacus, 33. grammacus grammacus, Chordeiles virginianus, 32. virginianus virginianus, 20, 76, 81, 265, 472, 518. Chroicocephalus ridibundus lavrovi, 425. Chrysomitris spinus buturlini, 424. Chrysoptilus ujhelyii, 557. Chrysotrogon, 257. Chrysotrogon ramonianus goeldii, 257. Chuck-will’s-widow, 48, 259. Cinclodes fuscus albidiventris, 146. Cinclus mexicanus unicolor, 335. Cinnyris chloropygius uellensis, 425. Circus hudsonius, 19, 35, 332, 477, 515. Cisticola alleni, 261. difficilis, 261. hypoxantha reichenowi, 261. kalahariz, 555. prinoides kilimensis, 261. ruficapilla bororensis, 557. strangei kapetensis, 261. subruficapilla equatorialis, 261. subruficapilla borea, 261. Cistothorus brunneiceps, 143. stellaris, 478, 526. Clangula, 409, 410. clangula americana, 19, 42, 75, 444, Clark, A. H., review of his ‘The Ontogeny of a Genus,’ 411. Clark, Hubert Lyman, notes on the Laysan Finch, 166-168. Clarke, William Eagle, review of his ‘Studies in Bird Migration,’ 403- 405. 395. Vol. Pagal 1912 Cleaves, Howard H., As to bird banding, 280-281. Coale, Henry K., Ixobrychus exilis in Texas, 100; Dendroica estiva captured by a spider, 105; Water- fowl nearly drowned, 107; Co- lumbian Sharp-tailed Grouse in Wisconsin 238; correction, 250. Cobb, Anna E., the Bohemian Waxwing in Vermont in Summer, 104. Cobb, Stanley, see Brooks, Win- throp 8. Coccothraustes vespertinus mon- tanus, 113. Coccyzus americanus, 31. americanus americanus 81, 471, lite erythrophthalmus, 20, 31, 81, Pa fsa: 7 bee Uf minor maynardi, 393. Cockerell, T. D. A., birds and the cotton scale, 400. Coereba, 555. cayannensis, 555. chloropyga alleni, 422. luteola montana, 555. pacifica, 422. Colaptes, 229. auratus auratus, 81. auratus borealis, 386. auratus luteus, 20, 28, 76, 202, 241, 376, 472, 518. cafer collaris, 36, 332. chrysoides brunnescens, 383. chrysoides chrysoides, 383. chrysoides mearnsi, 384. Colinus virginianus, 28. virginianus virginianus, 80, 376, 477, 514. Colceus monedula cirtensis, 426. Colombia, birds of, 268, 419, 434, 552, 573. Colorado, birds, of, 139, 258, 277, 399, 400, 429, 544. Columba asiatica, 381. Index. 581 Columba fasciata fasciata, 331, 539. sodalicia, 424. trudeaui, 381. Colymbus, 124, 132, 133. auritus, 441, 510. holbeelli, 233, 439. nigricollis californicus, 42. Compsothlypis americana ameri- cana, 377. americana usnee, 23, 324, 478, 5238. pitiayumi elegans, 419. Condor, 149. ‘Condor,’ review of, 270, 421. Connecticut, birds of, 118, 233, 234, 249, 532. Conopophaga snethlagee, 424. Conover, F. L., Franklin’s Gull in Wisconsin, 388. Conuropsis carolinensis, 343-363. Cooke, Wells W., Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) in Alberta, 539; proper name for the Nash- ville Warbler, 545; review of his ‘Distribution of the American Kgrets,’ 119; comments on his ‘Distribution and Migration of North American Shorebirds,’ 128- 131. Cooper Ornithological Club, com- mittees of, 283. Coot, 513. American, 31. Copsychus saularis pagiensis, 552. Cormorant, 538. Double-crested, 19, 42. Corvus brachyrhynchos, 28. brachyrhynchos brachyrhyn- chos, 21, 77, 82, 320, 473, 519. brachyrhynchos hesperis, 333. corax, 28. corax principalis, 77, 372, 375, 473, 519. eryptoleucus, 333. Costa Rica, birds of, 419. O82 Coturnicops noveboracensis, 100, 237. Coward, T. A., notice of his ‘The Migration of Birds,’ 419. Cowbird, 32, 82, 110, 244, 473, 519. Craig, Wallace, pigeons do not . carry their eggs, 392. Crandall, Lee 8., see Beebe, C. W. Crane, Little Brown, 40. Sandhill, 40, 277. Whooping, 40. Craspedoprion ntermedius, 419. Crateropus caudatus altirostris, 557. caudatus salvadorii, 557. Creciscus, see Porzana. Creeper, Brown, 23, 37, 374, 375, 412, 526. Rocky Mountain, 335. Crossbill, 77, 245, 324, 520. Mexican, 333. Red, 21. White-winged, 21, 48, 202, 324. Crow, 21, 28, 77, 82, 320, 325, 459, 473, 519, 542. Western, 333. Cryptoglaux acadica acadica, 102, 239, 251, 517. funerea, 410. Cryptospiza borealis, 422. Cuba, birds of, 100, 103, 393, 394, 395, 396. Cuckoo, Black-billed, 20, 31, 81, 317, 471, 517. Maynard’s, 393. Yellow-billed, 31, 81, 471, 517. Curlew, Eskimo, 398. Hudsonian, 40. Long-billed, 40. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus, 110, 333. Cyanocitta cristata, 32. cristata cristata, 21, 82, 377, 473, 519. stelleri diademata, 109, 333. Cypseloides, 257. Cyrtonyx montezumz mearnsi, 331. Index. Auk Oct. Darita acuta, 39, 201, 235, 511. Dearborn, Ned, review of his ‘The English Sparrow as a Pest,’ 413. Delaware, birds of, 246. Delaware Valley Ornithological Club, notice of, 283; collection of, 573. Dendragapus richardsoni, 252. Dendrocolaptide, 148. Dendrocopos analis longipennis, 425. Dendroica, 162-163. estiva, 34, 105. zestiva sestiva, 23, 78, 83, 376, 475, 524. zestiva hooveri, 265. auduboni, 230. auduboni auduboni, 335. ceerulescens, 229. cerulescens czrulescens, 23, 321, 475, 524. cerulescens cairnsi, 373, 376. castanea, 23, 78. cerulea, 524. coronata, 23, 37, 73, 78, 230, 324, 524. discolor, 83, 377, 524. fusca, 322, 373, 376, 476, 524. kirtlandi, 72. magnolia, 23, 78, 322, 475, 524. palmarum hypochrysea, 78, 524. palmarum palmarun, 247. pensylvanica, 78, 324, 373, 376, 476, 524. striata, 78, 524. tigrina, 251, 423, 545. townsendi, 400. vigorsi, 83, 476, 524. virens, 23, 78, 323, 373, 375, 476, 524. Dicaeum formosum, 555. sumatranum batuense, 552. Dickcissel, 33, 544. Dill, Homer R. and Wm. A. Bryan, review of their ‘Report on an Expedition to Laysan Island, in 1911,’ 412. Vol. ae | 1912 Diomedea culminata mathewsi, 422. exulans, 46. immutabilis, 412. nigra, 412. Dionne, C. E., abundance of the Cape May Warbler (Dendroica tigrina) in Quebec, 545. Diver, Red-throated, 558. Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 21, 48, 323, 478, 519. Dove, Mourning, 19, 28, 80, 120, 332, 376, 469, 515. West Indian White-winged, 381. Western Mourning, 381. White-winged, 381. Dovekie, 399. Dowitcher, 513. Long-billed, 42. Dryobates borealis, 112. medius transcaucasicus, 424. pubescens, 28. pubescens glacialis, 386. pubescens medianus, 76, 324, 376, 471, 517. pubescens pubescens, 81. sealaris bairdi, 383. sealaris cactophilus, 383. scalaris eremicus, 383. sealaris lucasanus, 383. sealaris symplectus, 241, 386. villosus, 28. villosus auduboni, 81. villosus hyloscopus, 383. villosus icastus, 385. villosus leucothorectis, 383. villosus orius, 385. villosus sitkensis, 118, 386. villosus terreenove, 76. villosus villosus, 20, 375, 471, elas Duck, Abert’s, 305. Australian, 534. Baldpate, see Baldpate. Black, 19, 42, 176-179, 234, 299, 442, 511, 533. 332, Index. 583 Duck, Bufflehead, see Bufflehead. Canvas-back, see Canvas-back. Eider, see Eider. Florida, 297. Hawaiian, 301. Labrador, 389. Lesser Scaup, 39, 371, 375, 512. Mallard, see Mallard. Mottled, 297. Old-squaw, see Old-squaw. Pintail, 201, 235, (see also Pintail). Redhead, see Redhead. Ring-necked, 512, (see also Ring-neck). Ruddy, 39, 512. Scaup, 39, 443. Steamer, 418. Texan, 297. Wood, 39, 80, 512. Dugés, Alfredo, biographical notice of, 434. Dumetella carolinensis, 34, 83, 106, 249, 376, 476, 525. Dyke, Arthur C., records from Nippinickett pond, Bridgewater, Mass., 536. Eac te, Bald, 20, 43, 254, 372, 375, 393, 516. Golden, 43, 102, 254, 255, 332, 516. Economic Ornithology in Recent Entomological Publications, 416. Ectopistes marginella, 381. migratorius, 169, 175, 238, 514, 539. Ecuador, birds of, 138, 141-149. Egret, 100, 236. Great White, 42. Snowy, 42, 237, 277, 331. Egretta, candidissima, 42. candidissima candidissima, 237, ool. Eider, 75. Northern, 535. Elanoides forficatus, 239. 584 Emberiza, 384. citrinella, 558. rustica, 384. Empidonax, 229. acadicus, 376. griseus, 549. flaviventris, 21, 518. minimus, 41, 77, 81, 319, 372, 376, 473, 518. trailli alnorum 21, 77, 111, 315. virescens, 32, 81, 473, 518. wrighti, 549. ‘Emu,’ review of, 27), 423, 556. England, birds of, 187, 190, 272, 406, 407. Eremophila, 410. Ereunetes pusillus, 101, 238, 252. Erismatura jamaicensis, 39, 512. Euchlornis aureipectus festiva, 419. Erythrocercus nyase, 555. Eudyptula minor iredalia, 124. Euphonia aurea, 208. chlorotica, 208. Kuphagus carolinus, 48, 77, 202, 395, 520. cyanocephalus, 41, 333. Fauco esalon, 410. columbarius, 43. columbarius columbarius, 76, 516, 541. columbarius richardsoni, 72. mexicanus, 40. peregrinus anatum, 102, 516. rusticolus rusticolus, 239. sparverius, 35. sparverius phalzna, 332. sparverius sparverius, 80, 376, 470, 516. Falcon, Prairie, 40. Fay, S. Prescott, Yellow Rail (Co- turnicops noveboracensis) in Mas- sachusetts, 237. Feild, Alexander L., see Bruner, Stephen C. Fiji Islands, birds of the, 422. Finch, House, 333. Index. Auk Oct. Finch, Laysan, 166-168, 341. Purple, 21, 245, 255, 322, 325, 520. Fleming, J. H., the Ancient Murre- let (Synthliboramphus antiquus) in Ontario 387-388; Sabine’s Gull on the Mississippi River, 388; the Niagara Swan trap, 445-448; review of his ‘A New Teal from the Audaman Islands,’ 119; Flicker, 81, 202, 376. Gilded, 383. Mearns’s Gilded, 384. Northern, 20, 28, 76, 324, 472, 518. Red-shafted, 36, 332. San Fernando, 383. Florence, Laura, notice of her ‘The Food of Birds in Scotland,’ 417. Florida, birds of, 344. Florida cxerulea, 42, 513. Flycatcher, Acadian, 32, 81, 376, 473, 518. Alder; 21, 77, 111; 315) 325. Crested, 32, 81, 242, 324, 325, 377, 472, 518. Least, 41, 77, 81, 319, 372, 376, 473, 518. Olive-sided, 21, 121, 324. Scissor-tailed, 32. Yellow-bellied, 21, 518. Forbush, E. H., review of his ‘The Starling in America,’ 114-115. France, birds of, 183. Francolinus bottegi, 555. casteneicollis, 555. gofanus, 555. lathami schubotzi, 425. Fregata aquila, 531. Fregetta grallaria, 550. leucogaster, 550. meestissima, 550. tubulata, 550. Fregettornis, 550. Fringilla canaria, 339-342. Fringillaria kovaesi, 424. Vol. ital 1912 Fulica americana, 31, 513. Fulmar, Slender-billed, 45. GADWALL, 38. Galapagos, birds of, 233. Galerida theckle polatzeki, 424. theckle hilgerti, 426. Gallinago delicata, 40, 73, 75, 513. nobilis, 148. Gallinula galeata, 42, 513. Gallinule, Florida, 42, 513. Garrulus glandarius corsicanus, 425. Gavia immer, 42, 75, 201, 510. Gentry, Thomas G., review of his ‘Life-Histories of the Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania,’ 119-121. Georgia, birds of, 103, 105, 531. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis, 34. trichas scirpicola, 265. trichas trichas, 23, 78, 83, 321, 376, 476, 525. Georgia, birds of, 103, 105. Germany, birds of, 271, 425. Gladstone, Hugh S., letter on Sir William Jardine, 278; notice of his ‘A Catalogue of the Verte- brate Fauna of Dumfriesshire,’ 553. Glaucidium gnoma gnoma, 382. gnoma pinicola, 382, 399. Gnatecatcher, Blue-gray, 41, 84, 526, 546. Western, 335. Godwit, Hudsonian, 112. Marbled, 72, 108, 252. Golden-eye, 42, 75, 444, 544. Goldfinch, 21, 29, 82, 322, 325, 377, 474, 520. Arkansas, 333. Pale, 333. Goldman, E. A., review of his ‘A New Kingfisher from Panama,’ 261; notice of his expedition to Panama, 138. Goose, American White-fronted, 201. Index. 0895 Goose, Blue, 39. Canada, 39, 75, 390, 391, 512. Hutchin’s, 39, 536. Lesser Snow, 39. Snow, 201. White-fronted, 39. Goshawk, 76, 110, 515. Grackle, Bronzed, 21, 29, 82, 110, 394, 474, 520. Purple, 293, 473, 520, (see also Blackbird, Crow.) Grallaria monticola, 144. Great Slave Lake, birds of, 198-204. Grebe, Eared, 42. Holbeell’s, 233, 439. Horned, 441, 510. Pied-billed, 37, 441, 510. Western, 42. Greenland, birds of, 109. Grinnell, J., a name for the Hawa- lian Linnet, 24-25; concerning the Hawaiian Linnet, 543; the functions of the A. O. U. Com- mittee on Nomenclature, 561; review of his ‘Systematic List of the Birds of California,’ 551. Griscom, Ludlow, the Connecticut Warbler in Central Park, New York City, 396; see also John- son, Julius M. Groénberger, 8S. M., two new birds for Greenland, 109. Grosbeak, Black-headed, 459. Blue, 48, 82. Pine, 77. Rocky Mountain Pine, 333. Rose-breasted, 33, 324, 3738, 375, 461, 478, 522. Western Evening, 48, 113. Gross, Alfred O., observations on the Yellow-billed Tropic-bird (Phaéthon americanus Grant) at the Bermuda Islands, 49-71. Grouse, Canadian Ruffed, 19, 324. Columbian Sharp-tailed, 238, 398. Auk 586 Index. Oct. Grouse Richardson’s, 252. Ruffed, 80, 371, 375, 378, 469, 514, 542. Grus, 410. americana, 40. canadensis, 40. mexicana, 40. Guillemot, Black, 75. Guiraca cerulea, 43. cerulea cerulea, 82. Guinea Fowl, Crested, 208. Gull, Black-backed, 100, 544. Black-headed, 85, 100. Bonaparte’s, 510. Forked-tailed, 233. Franklin’s, 38, 99, 388, 510. Glaucous, 75. Great Black-backed, 75. Herring, 19, 37, 75, 85, 201, 442, 544. Laughing, 99, 531, 538. Lesser Black-backed, 85. Mew, 85. Ring-billed, 38, 510. Sabine’s, 388. Gulls, flight of, 85-92. Gunning, J. W. B., and Austin Roberts, review of their ‘New Records and Descriptions of New Species of Birds in the Transvaal Museum Collection,’ 267. Guttera pallasi, 208. plumifera schubotzi, 425. Gygis alba, 556. Gyrfalecon, Gray, 239. HAGEDASHIA, 552: Halizetus leucocephalus, 43. leucocephalus leucocephalus, 20, 254, 372, 375, 516. Hapalopteron familiare, 250. Harelda, 410. Harelda hyemalis, 42. Harlow, Richard C., the Louisiana Water-Thrush and Broad-winged Hawk in southern New Jersey, 115; the breeding birds of south- ern Center county, Pennsylvania, 465-478. Hartert, Ernst, review of his ‘Vogel der palaéarktischen Fauna,’ Bai, i, A407 Hartert, Ernst, F. C. R. Jourdain, N:; FE. ‘Ziceburst, and He Ee Witherby, review of their ‘Hand- list of British Birds,’ 407. Hawk, Broad-winged, 19, 72, 105, 470, 516. Cooper’s, 40, 80, 375, 470. Desert Sparrow, 332. Duck, 80, 102, 109, 516. Krider’s, 31. Marsh, 19, 35, 332, 477, 515. Pigeon, 43, 76, 516, 541. Red-shouldered, 40, 80, 375, 477, 516. Red-tailed, 19, 35, 376, 470, 515. Richardson’s Pigeon, 72. Rough-legged, 120, 399. Sharp-shinned, 19, 43, 72, 80, 332, 477, 515. Sparrow, 35, 80, 149, 376, 470, 516: Swainson’s, 35. Texas, Red-shoudered, 232- 233. Western Red-tailed, 332. Hawaiian Islands, birds of, 24, 336, 339, 548. Headley, F. W., review of his ‘The Flight of Birds,’ 106. Helionympha raineyi, 261. Hellmayr, C. E., review of his ‘Contribution to the Ornithology of Western Colombia,’ 268. Helmitherus vermivorus, 523. Helmuth, William Tod, Jr., Cory’s Shearwater in abundance off Long Island, 234. Helodromas, 409. Helodromas solitarius, 40. — arpa | Index. 587 Helodromus solitarius solitarius, Horeites acanthizoides concolor, 514. 555. Hemispingus, 268. Hen, Prairie, 28. Henderson, Junius, remarks on Sclater’s ‘A History of the Birds of Colorado,’ 277-278; Sclater’s Contour Map of Colorado, 429. Henshaw, Henry W., Cooke’s ‘ Dis- tribution and Migration of North American Shorebirds,’ 128-131; review of his ‘Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Biological Survey for 1911,’ 263. Herodias egretta, 42, 236. Heron, Black-crowned Night, 42, 518. Great Blue, 19, 39, 321, 375, 477, 512. Green, 30, 80, 377, 468, 513. Little Blue, 42, 513. Yellow-crowned Night, 254. Herrick, Francis H., review of his ‘Nests and Nest-Building in Birds,’ 262. Hesperiphona vespertina montana, 43. Heteroprion, 550. belcheri, 550. desolatus alter, 550. desolatus macquariensis, 550. desolatus mattingleyi, 550. desolatus perrugneyi, 550. Highhole, 255. Hill-star, 146. Himantopus mexicanus, 72. Hirundo, 410. albifrons, 193. erythrogastra, 22, 34, 83, 265, 315, 335, 396, 475, 522. Hoatzin, 285. Hodge, C. F., a last word on the Passenger Pigeon, 169-175. Holland, birds of, 116, 420, 423. Hollister, N., some erroneous Wis- consin bird records, 397. Horsbrugh, Boyd, review of his ‘Game-Birds and Water-Fow] of South Africa,’ 410, 553. Howell, Arthur H., review of his ‘Birds of Arkansas,’ 259. Howard, H. Eliot, review of his ‘British Warblers ’— Part 6, 406. Hummingbird, Allen’s, 253. Ruby-throated, 21, 32, 81, 120, 324, 376, 472, 518. Hydrobates, 409. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis, 38, 198, 511. Hylocichla, 160-161. fuscescens fuscescens, 23, 79, 84, 317, 374, 375, 477, 526. guttata, 455. guttata auduboni, 336. guttata nanus, 336. guttata pallasi, 23, 79, 250, 316, 527. mustelina, 35, 84, 318, 377, 477, 526. ustulata, 455. ustulata swainsoni, 23, 41, 318, 526. Hypocentor rustica, 261. Hypocnemis neevia ochracea, 424. Isis, White-faced Glossy, 42. ‘Tbis,’ review of, 270, 421, 554. Ibycter carunculatus, 148. Icteria virens, 34. virens virens, 83, 377, 476, 525. Icterus galbula, 33, 82, 244, 473, 520. spurius, 32, 82, 400, 473, 520. Ictinia mississippiensis, 43, 239. Idaho, birds of, 106, 247, 538. Illinois, birds of, 109, 356, 388, 421. India, birds of, 413. Indiana, birds of, 172, 194, 196, 239. Iowa, birds of, 240. Iridophanes, 268. 088 Iridoprocne bicolor, 22, 34, 78, 478, §22. Isley, Dwight, a list of the birds of Sedgwick County, Kansas, 25-44. Italy, birds of, 180-188, 185, 188, 268, 270, 422. Ithaginus cruentus affinis, 553. kuseri, 553. Ixobrychus exilis, 30, 100, 399. Ixos familiaris, 250. Iynx thorbeckei, 557. torquilla sarudnyi, 424. Jackson, Thomas H., Starling in Chester Co., Pa., 243. Jacobs, J. Warren, review of his ‘The American Bird House Journal,’ 266. Jardine, Sir William, Announce- ment of proposed life of, 278. Jay, Blue, 21, 32, 82, 324, 377, 473, 519. Canada, 412. Labrador, 77. Long-crested, 333. Pinon, 110, 333. Woodhouse’s, 333. Jewett, Stanley G., another Saw- whet Owl from Oregon, 102; western records of the Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), 106; notes from New Brunswick, 251. Johnson, Julius M. and Ludlow Griscom; the Brown Pelican on Long Island, 389. Jourdain, F. C. R., see Hartert, E. ‘Journal fiir Ornithologie,’ review of, 271, 425, 557. ‘Journal of the South African Ornithologists’ Union,’ review of, 557. Junco, Carolina, 372, 375, 521. Gray-headed, 277. Pink-sided, 334. Red-backed, 335. Ridgway’s, 335. Shufeldt’s, 43, 334. Index. Auk Oct. Junco, Slate-colored, 22, 36, 72, 77, 319, 478, 521. Junco hyemalis, 36. hyemalis annectens, 335. hyemalis carolinensis, 372, 375, 521. hyemalis connectens, 43, 334. ‘hyemalis hyemalis, 22, 72, dls 319, 478, 521. hyemalis mearnsi, 334. hyemalis oregonus, 265. phzonotus dorsalis, 335. Kansas, birds of, 25-44, 360. Kellogg, Louise, review of her ‘Winter Birds from Trinity and Shasta Counties, California,’ 118. Kennard, Fred. H., a _ peculiar plumage of the Canada Goose (Branta canadensis canadensis), 391. Kennedy, Clarence H., further notes on the fruit-eating habits of the Sage Thrasher in the Yakima Valley, Washington, 224- 226. Kentucky, birds of, 192, 196, 401, 352. Keulemans, John Gerrard, obitu- ary notice of, 571. Killdeer, 31, 72, 80, 331, 469, 514, 537. Kingbird, 21, 32, 76, 81, 317, 376, 472, 518. Kingfisher, Belted, 20, 31, 76, 81, 324, 332, 376, 471, 517. Northwestern Belted, 382. Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 23, 374, 375, 526. Ruby-crowned, 73, 78, 335, 526. Kite, Mississippi, 43, 239. Swallow-tailed, 239. Knipolegus orenocensis xinguensis, 424. Kobbe, Frederick Wm., Shore-bird notes, 108. Korea, birds of, 138. Vol. eae | 1912 Kuser, John Dryden, Egret in Northern New Jersey, 100; re- view of his ‘The Birds of Somer- set Hills,’ 418. LABRADOR, 129, 263. Lacey, Howard, additions to birds of Kerrville, Texas, 254. Lagopus lagopus albus, 117. lagopus alexandre, 117. lagopus brevirostris, 557. lagopus lagopus, 202. lagopus ungavus, 117, 381. leucurus leucurus, 202. rupestris rupestris, 202. rupestris sanfordi, 260. welchi, 73, 76. Lamb, Chas. R., Greenland Wheat- ear seen in Massachusetts, 250. Lampribis, 552. Laniarius funebris degener, 426. funebris atroceruleus, 426. Lanius borealis, 37. ludovicianus excubitorides, 34. ludovicianus ludovicianus, 523. ludovicianus migrans, 478. Lanivireo flavifrons, 83, 475, 523. solitarius alticola, 373, 376. solitarius solitarius, 22, 321, 523. Lano, Albert, White-winged Scoter in Minnesota, 286; Gray Gyr- faleon (Falco rusticolus rusticolus) in Minnesota, 239; Painted Bunt- ing in Minnesota, 247; Caspian Tern (Slerna caspia) in Minne- sota, 389. Lark, Desert Horned, 36. Horned, 544. Prairie Horned, 324, 412, 473, OSs Shore, 202. Larus argentatus, 19, 37, 75, 201, 442. atricilla, 99, 531. fuscus brittanicus, 555. Index. 589 Larus delawarensis, 38, 510. franklini, 38, 99, 388, 510. hyperboreus, 75, 410. marginatus, 196. marinus, 75, 100. philadelphia, 197, 510. ridibundus, 572. Laysan, birds of, 166, 412. Lechner, A. A. Van Pelt, review of his ‘Oologia Neerlandica,’ 116, 420. Limicole, 130. Limosa fedoa, 72, 252. Limosa hemastica, 112. Lincoln, F. C., notes on the Dick- cissel in Colorado, 544. Linnet, Hawaiian, 336-338, 5438. Lobipes lobatus, 400. Longspur, Chestnut-collared, 398. Lapland, 111, 204, 246. Lophodytes cucullatus, 38, 511. Lophortyx gambeli, 331. Lophotibis, 552. Loon, 42, 75, 201, 510. Louisiana, birds of, 348. Loxia curvirostra minor, 21, 77, 245, 265, 333, 520. leucoptera, 21, 43, 202. Lowe, Percy R., review of his ‘A Naturalist on Desert Islands,’ 116. McAtesx, W. L., certain phases of the theory of recognition marks, 226-232; review of his ‘Wood- peckers in Relation to Trees and Wood Products,’ 114; methods of estimating the contents of bird stomachs, 449-464; re- view of his ‘Bird Enemies of the Codling Moth,’ 413. McAtee, W. L., and F. E. L. Beal, review of their ‘Some Common Game, Aquatic and Rapacious Birds in Relation to Man,’ 413. McGregor, Richard C., notice of 590 his ‘Record of a Puffinus new to Philippine Waters,’ 267. Machetornis rixosa flavigularis, 419. Macronectes giganteus forsteri, 550. giganteus halli, 550. giganteus solanderi, 550. giganteus wilsoni, 550. Macrorhamphus griseus, 513, 400. griseus scolopaceus, 400. scolopaceus, 42. Magdalen Islands, birds of the, 112, 209-223. Maine, birds of, 106, 174, 235, 236, 245, 283, 532, 536, 546. Maine Ornithological Society, dis- continuance of Journal, 283. Mallard, 38, 108, 511, 533. Manikup, 257. Man-o’-war-bird, 531. Mantellornis, 124. Mareca, 409. americana, 38, 511. penelope, 235, 536. Marila, 132, 409. affinis, 39, 371, 375, 512. americana, 39, 442, 512. collaris, 39, 512. marila, 39, 443. valisineria, 39, 442, 512. Martin, Purple, 22, 33, 83, 277, 474, griseus, 522. Marx, Edward J. F., Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrina) at the Delaware Water Gap, Pa., 249; Hermit Thrush wintering at Easton, Pa., 250. Maryland, birds of, 346. . Mason, C. W., review of his ‘The Food of Birds in India,’ 413. Massachusetts, birds of, 99, 237, 242, 243, 247, 249, 250, 390, 391, 394, 395, 420, 531, 533-537, 541, 543, 546. Mathews, Gregory M., ‘Mathews’ Notes on Nomenclature,’ 131- Index. Auk Oct. 133; review of his ‘Birds of Australia,’ 124-125, 549; review of his ‘The Austral Avian Record’ No. 1, 266; No. 2, 411; No. 3, 551. Mavis, 255. Meadowlark, 29, 82, 376, 412, 473, 519. Western, 29, 333. Mearns, Edgar A., notice of his trip to Abyssinia and Lake Rudolf, 139; review of his ‘Seven new Grass-warblers of the genus Cis- ticola,’ and ‘A New species of Sun Bird, Helionympha raineyi, from British East Africa,’ 261. Mearnsia, 257. Megalornis, 410. Megascops asio, 28. Melanerpes erythrocephalus, 20, 31, 81, 241, 472, 517, 541. formicivorus formicivorus, 332. Meleagris cristata, 208. gallopavo merriami, 331. gallopavo silvestris, 28, 80, 469, 514. Melopelia asiatica asiatica, 381. asiatica trudeaui, 381. Melospiza cinerea melodia, 372, 376. cinerea rufina, 253. georgiana, 22, 77, 112, 478, 522. lincolni lincolni, 77, 521. melodia, 36. melodia, inexpectata, 117, 386. melodia melodia, 22, 82, 3138, 474, 521. melodia merrilli, 387. melodia montana, 400. melodia morphna, 118, 265, 387. Merganser, 75, 442. American, 38, 110. Hooded, 38, 511. Red-breasted, 38, 479-488. Merganser americanus, 38. Merganser serrator, 38. ee ieia Index. o91 Mergus americanus, 75, 110, 442. galbula) wintering in New Jersey, serrator, 479-488, (see also 244, Merganser). Morris, Robert O., King Rail (fal- Meridan Bird Club, review of its report for 1911, 118. Merrill, D. E., Sora Rail (Porzana carolina) in New Mexico, 536. Mesopicus schultzei, 424. “Messager Ornithologique,’ review of, 425. Michigan, birds of, 100, 102, 107, 118, 171-3, 237, 547. Micranous worcesteri, 267. Micropalama himantopus, 112, 252. Miller, Richard F., the Semipal- mated Sandpiper in Philadelphia County, Pa., 101; occurrence of the Yellow-headed Blackbird on the Delaware River near Phila- delphia, Pa., 102. Miller, W. DeW., The European Widgeon at Gardner’s Island, New York, 235. Mimus polyglottos, 29. polyglottos polyglottos, 88, 525; Missouri, birds of, 102, 344. Mitchell, Julian, Jr., Pigeon Hawk in South Carolina, in winter, 541. -Mniotilta varia, 22, 78, 83, 322, 377, 475, 523. Mockingbird, 29, 83, 249, 525. Molothrus ater, 32. ater artemisiz, 386. ater ater, 82, 110, 473, 519. ater dwighti, 386. Monasa fidelis, 261. similis, 261. Moore, Robert Thomas, the Least Sandpiper during the nesting season in the Magdalen islands, 210-223: the Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus), wintering in New Jersey, 236; last record of the Piping Plover in New Jersey, 238; the Baltimore Oriole (Jcterus lus elegans) at Springfield, Mass., 237; the Starling at Springfield, Mass., 243. Morse, Albert P., review of his ‘A Pocket List of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts,’ 420. Motacilla ruficapilla, 545. Murphey, Robert Cushman, an albino Semipalmated Sandpiper, 238; notice of his ‘Birds of Prospect Park, Brooklyn,’ 418. Murrelet, Ancient, 387. Museadionus consobrina babiensis, 552. Muscisaxicola alpina, 148. Muscivora forficata, 32. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California, field trips, 137. Myadestes townsendi, 37, 335. Myiarchus crinitus, 32, 81, 242, 377, 472, 518. ~ Myiobius modestus, 419. Myiochanes ardosiacus polioptilus, 419, virens, 21, 32, 81, 316, 376, 472, 518. Myiodynastes chrysocephalus cin- erascens, 419. Myiotheretes erythropygius, Myrmornis, 257. Myrmotherula surinamensis paci- fica, 268. 145. NaNNvus hiemalis hiemalis, 23, 78, 373, 375, 526. National Association of Audubon Societies, Annual reports of, 139. Nelson, E. W., review of his ‘De- scriptions of two new Species of Nun Birds from Panama,’ 261. Neochalcites, 266. 592 Neositta mortoni, 271. Nepheecetes niger borealis, 241, 257. Nesofregetta, 550. Netta, 409. Nettion, 409. carolinense, 38, 331, 511. crecca, 535. Nevada, birds of, 264. New Brunswick, birds of, 16-23, 112, 210-223, 251. New Guinea, expedition to, 573. New Hampshire, birds of, 307-327, 411. New Jersey, birds of, 100, 105, 236, 238, 418, 421, 532. New Mexico, birds of, 237, 327-336, 536. New York, birds of, 100, 105, 108, 234, 235, 238, 239, 389, 418, 532. New Zealand, birds of, 271, 423. Newfoundland, birds of, 72-79. Nichols, John Treadwell, notes on recognition marks in certain spe- cies of birds, 44, see also p. 226. Nighthawk, 20, 32, 121, 324, 472, 518. Nightingale, Greater Kamchatkan, 385. Ninox strenua, 556. Nomina conservanda, 432-434. North Carolina, birds of, 108, 346, 368-377, 531, 533, 538. North Dakota, birds of, 539. Norton, Arthur H., the Pintail Duck (Dafila acuta) —in winter near Portland, Maine, 235; early occurrence of the White-rumped Sandpiper (Pisobia fuscicollis) in Maine, 536. ‘Notes from the Leyden Museum,’ review of, 426. Notornis hoeckstetteri, 124. Nova Scotia, birds of, 378, 523. “Novitates Zoologice,’ review of, 426. Nucifraga columbiana, 333. Index. Auk Oct. Numenius borealis, 398. hudsonicus, 40. longirostris, 40. phaeopus, 558. Numida cristata, 208. Nutcracker, Clark’s, 333. Nuthatch, Brown-headed, 84. Pygmy, 335. Red-breasted, 23, 78, 324, 335, 374, 412, 526. Rocky Mountain, 335. Slender-billed, 111. White-breasted, 37, 84, 324, 375, 476, 526. Nuttallornis borealis, 21. Nyctea nyctea, 43, 110. Nyeticorax nycticorax nevius, 42, 513. Nyctinassa violacea, 254. Nyroca, 132, 409. Oates, Eugene William, biographi- cal notice of, 434. Oberholser, H. C., review of his ‘Revision of the Edible-Nest Swiftlets,’ 411. Oceanites nereis chubbi, 550. nereis couesi, 550. oceanicus exasperatus, 550. Oceanodroma leucorhoa, 75. tristrami, 412. Ochthodromus wilsonius, 392. (nanthe, 133, 396, 409. Ohio, birds of, 196, 421. Oidemia deglandi, 236. perspicillata, 42, 201. Oklahoma, birds of, 344. Old-squaw, 42. Oliver, W. R. B., review of his ‘Geographic Relationships of the Birds of Lord Howe, Norfolk and the Kermadec Islands,’ 553. Olor columbianus, 39, 445-448. Ontario, birds of, 345, 387, 397. Oprorornis agilis, 396. formosus, 377. Oregon, birds of, 102, 106, 253. Vou eee | Index. 993 Oreoibis, 552. akleyorum, 552. Oreortyx, 253. picta confinis, 549. picta plumifera, 538, 549. Oreoscoptes montanus, 224-226. Oreospiza chlorura, 255, 335. Oreotrochilus chimborazo, 147. pichincha, 146. Oriole, Baltimore, 33, 82, 244, 473, 520. Orchard, 32, 82, 473, 520. Ornithological Journals, reviews of, 270-272, 420-426, 554-559. ‘Ornithologische Monatsberichte,’ 424, 557. ‘Ornithologische Monatsschrift,’ re- view of, 425, 558. ‘Ornithologisches Jahrbuch,’ review of, 425, 558. Osprey, 43, 76, 393, 517. Otocoris alpestris hoyti, 202. alpestris leucolema, 36. alpestris praticola, 473, 518. Otus asio asio, 81, 376, 471, 517, (see also Megascops). asio cineraceus, 382. asio gilmani, 382. flammeolus flammeolus, 332. Ousel, Water, 335. Oven-bird, 23, 43, 83, 111, 318, 325, 377, 476, 524. Owenavis, 266. Owl, Barn, 31, 81, 517. Barred, 40, 81, 478, 517. Burrowing, 28. Flammulated Screech, 332. Great Gray, 397. Great Horned, 81, 156, 240, 471, 517. Hawk, 120. Long-eared, 40, 255, 477. Rocky Mountain Pygmy, 382, 399. Sahuara Screech, 382. Saw-whet, 102, 239, 517. Owl, Screech, 28, 81, 158, 376, 471, pilize Short-eared, 40, 110, 277, 517. Snowy, 48, 110. Western Horned, 332. Oxyechus vociferus, 31, 72, 80, 331, 469, 514, 537. Oystercatcher, 538. PaGcoprRoMa confusa, 550. Pagophila alba, 410. Palmer, T.8., the Man-o’-War-bird (Fregata aquila) on the coast of Georgia, 531. Panama, birds of, 138, 261. Pandion haliaétus carolinensis, 48, 76, 517. Parkins, Thomas, review of his ‘Record of Sales of the Great Auk,’ 266. Paroquet, Carolina, 3438-363, 559. Partridge, Crater, 148. Spruce, 412. Parus ater ptilosus, 555. aureus, 208. cinereus ferghanensis, 425. Passer domesticus, 21, 29, 82, 334, 377. Passerculus sandwichensis alaudi- nus, 265, 384. sandwichensis nevadensis, 384. sandwichensis savanna, 21, 72, 73, 771, 316, 474, 521. Passerella iliaca, 41. iliaca altivagans, 117, 386. iliaca iliaca 73, 74, 77, 522. iliaca sinuosa, 386. Passerherbulus henslowi henslowi, 82. lecontei, 33, 72. maritimus macgillivraii, 104. maritimus maritimus, 103. nelsoni nelsoni, 72, 521. nelsoni subvirgatus, 21, 251. Passerina cyanea, 33, 82, 111, 321, 377, 474, 522. 594 Passerina ciris, 48, 247. ciris pallidior, 386. Patagonia, birds of, 417. Pedicecetes phasianellus campestris, 238. phasianellus columbianus, 238. Pelagodroma marina dulcie, 550. marina howei, 550. marima maoriana, 550. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, 38, 254. occidentalis, 42, 389. Pelican, Brown, 42, 389, 531. White, 38, 254. Pelidna alpina sakhalina, 391. Penelope colombiana, 419. Penguin, King, 559. Penguinus, 124. Pennock, C. J., nesting of the Pas- senger Pigeon (Hctopistes migra- torius) in New York, 238; Cross- bills (Loxia curvirostra minor) in Chester Co., Pa., in summer, 245; Lapland Longspur (Cal- carius lapponicus lapponicus) in Delaware, 246; Lawrence’s War- bler (Vermivora lawrencei) in Chester County, Pa., 247. Pennsylvania, birds of, 99, 101, 102, 103, 119, 243, 245, 247, 249, 250, 269, 465-478. Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus, 23, 30, 78, 230, 319, 374, 375, 477. atricapillus septentrionalis, 399. carolinensis, 230. carolinensis carolinensis, 377, 526. gambeli gambeli, 335. hudsonicus hudsonicus, 23. rufescens rufescens, 384. rufescens vivax, 385. Perisoreus canadensis MOS}, 7/7 Peru, birds of, 283, 425. Petrel, Black-capped, 511. Bulwer’s, 412. 84, nigricapil- Index. Auk Oct. Petrel, Leach’s 75. Sooty, 412. Wilson’s, 538. Petrochelidon lunifrons, 34,204, 396. lunifrons lunifrons, 22, 83, 335. Petronia superciliaris bororensis, 557. Peucea estivalis bachmani, 111, 376, 521. cassini, 41. Pewee, Wood, 21, 32, 81, 316, 325, 376, 472, 518. Phaéthon demersus, 124. americanus, 49. Pheetusa magnirostris, 100. Phalacrocorax auritus, 42. auritus auritus, 19. Phalenoptilus nuttalli nitidus, 332. Phalarope, Northern, 128. Wilson’s, 42, 72, 108. Phalaropus hyperboreus, 128. Pheasant, Mikado, 555. Pheugopedius macrurus annectens, 419. Philippine Islands, birds of, 267. Phillips, Charles L., the Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow and other birds at Plymouth, Mass., 543. Phillips, John C., a reconsideration of the American Black Ducks with special reference to certain variations 295-306; the Hawai- ian Linnet, Carpodacus mutans, Grinnell, 336-338; Massachusetts Geese, 390; Rusty Blackbird (Euphagus carolinus) wintering in Essex Co., Mass., 395; Mal- lard and Black Ducks at Curri- tuck, N. C., 533; dispersal of the Australian Duck (Anas sup- erciliosa) 534; the European Teal (Netlion crecca) again re- turning to Wenham, Mass., 535; see also Barbour, Thomas. Philohela minor, 19, 42, 72, 80, 469, 513. | Index. 595 Phlceotomus pileatus abieticola, 251, 323, 4015, Ole. pileatus floridanus, 386. pileatus picinus, 386. pileatus pileatus, 81. scapularis, 241. Pheebe, 32, 81, 316, 325, 333, 372, 376, 472, 518. Phrygilus unicolor, 142. Piaya rutila panamensis, 419. Picoides americanus dorsalis, 400. arcticus, 76. Pigeon, Band-tailed, 331, 392, 539, 540. Cape, 45. Passenger, 169-175, 238, 514, 539. Wood, 186. Pinicola enucleator flammula, 265. enucleator leucura, 77. enucleator montana, 333. Pintail, 39, 511. Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 33. erythrophthalmus erythroph- thalmus, 82, 376, 474, 521. fuscus mesoleucus, 335. maculatus curtatus, 386. maculatus montanus, 335. Pipit, 525, American, 37. Sprague’s, 72. Piranga erythromelas, 33, 83, 373, 377, 474, 522. ludoviciana, 111, 255. rubra rubra, 83. Pisobia fuscicollis, 536. maculata, 40, 513. minutilla, 40, 73, 76, 210-223, 514. Pitta habenichti, 557. Planesticus migratorius, 30. migratorius migratorius, 23, 79, 84, 204, 314, 375, 477, 52aa migratorius propinquus, 111, 336. Platyrhynchus griseiceps amazoni- cus, 424. Plautus impennis, 208. Plectrophenax nivalis, 43. nivalis nivalis, 111, 202. Plegadis guarauna, 42. Ploceus anochlorus, 425. melanolema, 424. Plover, American Golden, 43. Black-bellied, 43. Golden, 101. Piping, 46, 72, 222, 238. Ring-neck, 46, 222. Semipalmated, 514. Upland, 31, 72, 254, 277, 514. Wilson’s, 392. Podiceps, 124, 132, 133. cristatus christiani, 124. griseigena, 385. Podilymbus podiceps, 37, 441, 510, Peecile barcalensis suschkini, 424. Poicephalus meyeri matschiei, 424. Polionetta albigularis leucopareus, 118. Polioptila cerulea, 41. cerulea cerulea, 84, 526, 546. cerulea obscura, 335. melanura, 549. Poliospiza dimidiata, 424. Pocecetes gramineus, 41. gramineus confinus, 333. gramineus gramineus, 21, 82, 316, 474, 521. Poor-will, Frosted, 332. Popelairia conversii salvini, 257. Porphyrio czeruleus, 555. melanotis fletcher, 124. melanotis neomelanotus, 124. Porto Rica, birds of, 138. Porzana carolina, 31, 474, 522, 536. jamaicensis, 398. Porzanula palmeri, 342. Pribilof, Islands, ornithological in- vestigations in the, 573. Prion vittatus gouldi, 550. vittatus keyteli, 550. 596 Prion vittatus macgillivrayi, 550. vittatus missus, 550. ‘Proceedings of the Zoological So- ciety of London,’ review of, 559. Procellaria squinoctialis brabour- nel, 550. zequinoctialis mixta, 550. sequinoctialis steadi, 550. Progne subis, 33. subis subis, 22, 83, 474, 522. Pseudogerygone jacksoni, 424. Pseudoprion turtur crassirostris, 550. turtur eatoni, 550. turtur huttoni, 550. turtur solanderi, 550. Ptarmigan, Rock, 202. Ungava, 381. Welch’s, 73, 76. White-tailed, 202. Willow, 202. Pterodroma, 410. Ptilocorys cristata ionia, 424. cristata subtaurica, 424. cristata weigoldi, 424. Ptilonorhynchus minor, 556. Ptilotis carpentariensis, 556. cockerelli, 271. sub-chrysops, 556. Publications received, 125-127, 272- 274, 426-428, 559-560. Puffinus assimilis kempi, 550. assimilis tunneyi, 550. auricularis, 550. borealis, 234. carneipes, 380. carneipes carbonarius, 550. carneipes hakodate, 550. carneipes hullianus, 550. couesi, 550, 551. griseus, 399. griseus chilensis, 551. griseus stricklandi, 551. gravis, 234. lherminieri becki, 550. Iherminieri boydi, 550. Index. Auk Oct. Puffinus lherminieri nugax, 550. opisthomelas, 550. pacificus alleni, 550. pacificus hamiltoni, 550. pacificus laysani, 550. pacificus royanus, 550. reinholdi, 550. reinholdi huttoni, 550. Purdie, Henry Augustus, biographi- cal notice of, 1-15. Pycnonotus layardi pallidus, tricolor ngamii, 555. Pycraft, W. P., review of his ‘A History of Birds,’ 405. 557. QuatL, Gambel’s, 331. Quebec, birds of, 532, 545. Querquedula, 409. cyanoptera, 39. discors, 38, 512. Quiscalus quiscula seneus, 21, 29, 82, 110, 474, 520. quiscala quisecala, 473, 520. RAFINESQUE, C. F., Writings of 191-198, 401. Rail, Black, 398. King, 30, 237, 513. Virginia, 40, 468, 513. Yellow, 100, 237. Rallus elegans, 30, 237, 513. virginianus, 40, 468, 513. Ramphomicron stanleyi, 148. Ramsden, Charles T., Phetusa magnirostris Licht. in Cuba, 100; Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus in eastern Cuba, 103; Lark Spar- row (Chondestes grammacus gram- macus) in Cuba, 395; Cliff Swal- low (Petrochelidon lunifrons Say) —a Cuban record, 396; May- nard’s Cuckoo (Coccyzus minor maynardi) in Cuba, 393; the Cuban Whip-poor-will (Antro- stromus cubanensis Lawrence) with young, 394. Vol. nat 1912 Raven, American, 28. White-necked, 333. - Northern, 77, 372, 375, 473, 519. Recognition marks in birds, 44, 226. Recurvirostra americana, 42, 72. Red-head, 39, 442, 512. Redpoll, 77, 111, 113, 202. Redshank, 110, 381. Redstart, 23, 41, 83, 111, 321, 325, 478, 525. Redwing, 110, 394. San Diego, 333. Regulus calendula calendula, 73, 78, 3385, 526. satrapa, 23. satrapa satrapa, 374, 375, 526. ‘Revista Italiana di Ornitologia,’ review of, 268. ‘Revue Francaise d’Ornithologie,’ review of, 558. ‘Revue Zoologique Africaine,’ re- view of, 426. Rhamphocorys clot-bey, 555. Rhoads, Samuel N., birds of the paramo of central Ecuador, 141- 149; additions to the known or- nithological publications of C. S. Rafinesque, 191-198; ornitho- logical notes of Rafinesque in the Western Review and Miscellan- eous Magazine, Lexington, Ky., 401; notice of his expedition to Ecuador, 138. Rhopoterpe, 257. Richmond, Charles W., notice of his ‘Descriptions of Five New Birds from the West Coast of Sumatra,’ 552; his card-list of birds, 279. Ridgway, Robert, review of his ‘The Birds of North and Middle America,’ Part V, 256-257. Riley, J. H., review of his ‘Three New Birds from Canada,’ 117. Ring-neck, 39. Index. 597 Riparia riparia, 22, 34, 78, 83, 522. Road-Runner, 277. Roberts, Austin, review of his ‘Economics of Ornithology in South Africa,’ 121-122; see also Gunning, J. W. B. Robin, 23, 30, 79, 84, 204, 277, 314, 326, 375, 477, 527. Western, 111, 336. Rook, 454. Roosevelt, Theodore, criticism of his ‘Revealing and Concealing Coloration in Birds and Mam- mals,’ 498-507. Rossignol, Gilbert R., Jr., an albino egg of Wilson’s Plover, 392. Rubow, C., notice of his ‘Life of the Common Gull,’ 119. Sage, John H., Twenty-ninth stated meeting of the American Orni- thologists’ Union, 92-99; Hol- beell’s Grebe in Connecticut, 233. Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus, 335. Saltator orenocensis rufescens, 419. Sanderling, 47. Sandpiper, Aleutian, 396. Buff-breasted, 108, 112, 537. Least, 40, 46, 47, 73, 76, 209- 293, 514. Pectoral, 40, 513. Red-backed, 391. Semipalmated, 46, 47, 101, 238, 252. Solitary, 40, 108, 514. Spotted, 19, 31, 76, 80, 222, 331, 469, 514. Silt, 112, 252. Western Solitary, 277. White-rumped, 47, 536. Sapsucker, Red-breasted, 114. Red-naped, 35, 382. Williamson’s, 114, 332. Yellow-bellied, 20, 114, 323, 517. Saxicola, 271, 396, 409. 598 Saxicola cenanthe leucorhoa, 250. Sayornis phcebe, 32, 81, 316, 372, 376, 472, 518. Sayus, 333. Schistochlamys atra aterrima, 419. Sclater, W. L., Aves in the Inter- national Catalogue of Scientific literature, 568; review of his ‘A History of the Birds of Colo- rado,’ 258, 277, 429. Scolopax, 230. calidris, 110. totanus, 381. Scops spurrelli, 555. Scoter, Surf, 24, 201. White-winged, 236. Scotiaptex nebulosa, 397. Scott, W. E. D. and R. Bowdler Sharpe, notice of their ‘Birds of Patagonia,’ Vol. II, 417. ‘Scottish Naturalist,’ review of, 558. Seiurus aurocapillus, 23, 48, 88, 111, 318, 377, 476, 524. motacilla, 83, 377, 476, 524. noveboracensis noveboracensis, 78. Selasphorus alleni, 253. Serinus angolensis hilgerti, 425. Setophaga ruticilla, 23, 41, 83, 111, 321, 478, 525. Sharpe, R. Bowdler, notice of the index to his ‘Hand List of Birds,’ 572, see also Scott, W. E. D. Shearwater, Cory’s 234. Greater, 45, 234. Pale-footed, 380. Sooty, 399. Sherman, Althea R., diurnal activi- ties of the Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus virginianus), 240. Shoveller, 39, 112, 512. Shrike, Loggerhead, 523. Migrant, 478. Northern, 37. White-rumped, 34. Index. Auk Oct. Shufeldt, R. W., the photography of birds’ eggs, 274-276; unusual nest site for the Cardinal, 395; the Band-tailed Pigeon (Co- lumba fasciata) in North Dakota, 539. Sialia currucoides, 336. slalis, 30. sialis sialis, 23, 84, 317, 477, 527. mexicana bairdi, 336. Siptornis flammulata, 143. Siskin, Pine, 21, 36, 324, 333, 519. Sitta canadensis, 23, 78, 335, 374, 375, 526. carolinensis aculeata, 111. carolinensis, 37. carolinensis carolinensis 84, 375, 476, 526. carolinensis nelsoni, 335. pusilla, 84. pygmea pygmea, 335. Smith, Austin Paul, status of the Picide in the lower Rio Grande Valley, 241; strange actions of a Red-eyed Cowbird, 244; recent records from the lower Rio Grande, 254. Smyth, Ellison A., Jr., birds ob- served in Montgomery County, Virginia, 508-530. Snipe, Wilson’s, 40, 46, 73, 75, 210, 513. Snowflake, 202. Solitaire, Townsend’s, 37, 335. Somateria dresseri, 75. mollissima borealis, 535. Sora, 31, 277, 469, 5138, 536. South Carolina, birds of, 101, 102, 532, 541. South Dakota, birds of, 110, 535. Sparrow, Acadian Sharp-tailed, 21, 543. Bachman’s, 111, 376, 521. Baird’s, 72. Cassin’s, 41. 376, Vol. RRIX| 1912 Sparrow, Chipping, 22, 33, 77, 82, 313, 425, 377, 474, 521. Clay-colored, 41. - English, 21, 82, 286, 334, 377. Field, 33, 82, 319, 377, 412, 474, 521. Fox, 41, 78, 74, 77, 211, 223, 522. Gambel’s, 333, 400. Golden-crowned, 333. Grasshopper, 41, 82, p21: Harris’s, 36, 253. Henslow’s 82. House, 29. Ipswich, 289, 294. Lark, 33, 395. LeConte’s, 33, 72. Lincoln’s, 77, 521. Mountain Song, 400. Nelson’s 72, 521. Nevada Savannah, 384. Sage, 335. Savannah, 21, 72, 73, 77, 211, 316, 325, 474, 521. Seaside, 103. Song, 22, 36, 82, 313, 325, 372, 376, 474, 521. Sooty Song, 253. Swamp, 22, 77, 478, 522. Texas, 255. Tree, 36, 77, 204, 521. Western Chipping, 334. Western Tree, 111. Western Vesper, 333. Western Grasshopper, 253. White-crowned, 41, 77, 121, 204, 521. White-throated, 22, 77, 247, Sls ayy avails Vesper, 21, 41, 82, 316, 325, 474, 521. Spatula clypeata, 39, 112, 521. Speotyto cunicularia hypogea, 28. Sphyrapicus ruber, 114. thyroides, 114, 332. 474, Index. 599 Sphyrapicus varius, 114. varius nuchalis, 35, 332. varius varius, 241, 323, 517. Spinus, 409. pinus, 36, 333, 520. pinus pinus, 21, 112. Spiza americana, 33, 544. Spizella monticola, 36. monticola monticola, 77, 204, 521. monticola ochracea, 111. pallida, 41. passerina, 33. passerina arizone, 334. passerina passerina, 22, 77, 82, 313, 377, 474, 521. pusilla, 33. pusilla pusilla 82, 319, 377, 474, 521. Spoonbill, Roseate, 42. Sporophila haplochroma, 419. Squatarola squatarola, 43. Stafford, Earle F., Notes on Palmer’s Thrasher (Toxostoma, curvirostre palmeri), 363-368. Starling, 114, 243, 394, 558. Steganopus tricolor, 42, 72, 400. Stelgidoptreyx serripennis, 376, 475. Sterna caspia, 252, 389. forsteri, 511. hirundo, 19, 38, 75, 511. melanops, 197. tschegrava, 410. Stevens, Caroline M., capture of the Carolina Wren at Portland, Maine, 106. Stilt, Black-necked, 72. Stone, Witmer, Franklin’s Gull (Larus franklint) at Philadelphia, 99; Vroeg’s Catalogue, 205-208 ; note on Hapalopteron familiare, 250; type of the genus Saxicola, 396; the functions of the A. O. U. committee on nomenclature, 565; chosen editor of THE Aux, 136. Streets, Thomas H., the Forked- Auk 600 Index. Oct. tailed Gull (Xema_ furcatum), 233-234. Strix varia, 40. varia varia, 81, 478, 517. Strong, R. M., some reminiscences of the late Professor C. O. Whitman, 15-16; some observa- tions on the life history of the Red-breasted Merganser, Mergus serrator Linn., 479-488; review of his ‘Olfactory Organs and the Sense of Smell in Birds,’ 115-116. Sturnella magna, 29, 229. magna magna, 82, 376, 473, 519. neglecta, 29, 229, 333. Sturnus vulgaris, 243, 394, 558. Swales, B. H., Yellow Rail (Co- turnicops noveboracensis) in Mich- igan, 100; Duck Hawk (Falco peregrinus anatum) in Michigan, 102; Carolina Wren (Thryo- thorus ludovicianus ludovicianus), in Michigan, 107; Yellow Rail, in Michigan; A Correction, 237. Swallow, Bank, 22, 34, 78, 83, 522. Barn, 22, 34, 83, 315, 325, 335, 396, 475, 522. Cliff, 22, 34, 83, 193-195, 204, 324, 335, 396, 474, 522. Rough-winged, 376, 475. Tree, 22, 34, 78, 324, 478, 522. Swarth, H. S., differences due to sex in the Black Swift, 241-242; review of his ‘Report on a Col- lection of Birds and Mammals from Vancouver Island,’ 265; review of his ‘New Hairy Wood- pecker from Southeastern Alaska, 118; on the alleged egg-carrying habit of the Band-tailed Pigeon, 540. Swan, Whistling, 39, 108, 445-448. Swift, Black, 241, 257. Chimney, 20, 32, 81, 121, 286, 323, 325, 376, 472, 518. Swift, White-throated, 277. Sylvia ruficapilla, 545. undata aremoricus, 558. Synallaxis, 148. Synthliboramphus antiquus, 387. TACHORNIS parvus myochrous, 557. Tachyeres cinereus, 418. Tachyphonus nobilis, 555. Tanager, Scarlet, 338, 83, 324, 373, 377, 474, 522. Summer, 83. Western, 111, 255. Tangara guttata eusticta, 419. guttata trinitatis, 419. Tangavius eeneus involucratus, 244. Tarsiger stellatus transvaalensis, 557. Taverner, P. A., two interesting records for Canada, 396. Taylor, Walter P., review of his ‘Field Notes on Amphibians, Reptiles and Birds of Northern Humboldt County, Nevada,’ 264. Tchitrea paradisi ceylonensis, 424. Teal, Blue-winged, 38, 512. Cinnamon, 39. European, 535. Green-winged, 38, 331, 511. Telespiza cantans, 166-168, 341. Telmatodytes palustris, 35. palustris palustris, 526. Tern, Black, 38, 511. Caspian 252, 389. Common, 19, 38, 75, 511, 538. Forster’s, 511. Least, 538. Royal, 538. Sooty, 412. White, 5838. Texas, birds of, 100, 241, 232, 244, 254, 361. Thalassoaétus pelagicus, 385. Thalassodroma, 409. Thamnophilus marcapate, 425. Sprang at elie Sat a ee ee Vol. al 1912 Thayer, Abbott H., coloration, 430. Thayer, Abbott H., and Gerald H., discussion of their work on con- cealing coloration, 489-507. Thayer, John E., Great Auk eggs in the Thayer Museum, 208-209; Killdeer (Oxyechus vociferus) at Lancaster, Mass., 537. Thorn-bill, 148. Thrasher, Brown, 35, 84, 377, 476, 525. Palmer’s, 363-368. Sage, 224-226. Thriponax javensis buttekoferi, 552. Thrush, Audubon’s Hermit, 336. Dwarf Hermit, 336. Hermit, 23, 79, 250, 316, 325, 527. Olive-backed, 23, 41, 318, 325, 526. Wilson’s, 374, 375. Wood, 35, 84, 318, 325, 377, 412, 477, 526. Thryomanes bewickii bewicki, 84, 478, 525. bewicki cataline, 386. bewickii cryptus, 35. bewicki marinensis, 386. Thryothorus ludovicianus, 30. ludovicianus ludovicianus, 84, 106, 107, 377, 525. Thurston, Henry, another record of the Philadelphia Vireo from Long Island, N. Y., 105. Ticehurst, N. F., see Hartert, E. Tigribaphe leucolema, 424. Tinamou, 1438. Titmouse, Bridled, 335. Tufted, 41, 84, 376, 477, 526. Todd, W. E. Clyde, review of his ‘Descriptions of New Neotropi- cal Birds,’ 419. Todd, W. E. Clyde, and W. W. Worthington, review of their ‘Contribution to the Ornithology of the Bahama Islands,’ 123. concealing Index. 601 Totanus flavipes, 40, 76, 514. totanus, 110, 381. melanoleucus, 40, 78, 76, 514. Towhee, 33, 82, 376, 474, 521. Cafion, 335. Green-tailed, 255-3835. Spurred, 335. Townsend, Charles W., the validity of the red-legged subspecies of Black Duck, 176-179; notes on the summer birds of the St. John Valley, New Brunswick, 16-23; bird genealogy, 285-295; the case of a Crow and a Ruffed Grouse, 542; review of his ‘Captain Cart- wright and his Labrador Journal,’ 263. Toxostoma curvirostre palmeri, 363, 368. rufum, 35, 84, 377, 476, 525. Trichodere, 271. Tringa, 409. leucophza, 208. Trochilus, 257. Troglodytes aédon aédon, 84, 476, 525. solitarius, 419. Trogon, 257. Trogonurus, 257. Tropic-bird, Yellow-billed, 49-71. Trotter, Spencer, the relation of genera to faunal areas 159-165; the names Purple Finch, Mavis and Highole, 255. Tryngites subruficollis, 112, 537. Turdus camtschatkensis, 385. iliacus, 109, 387. pilaris sarudnyi, 424. viscivorus loudoni, 557. viscivorus sarudnyi, 424, 557. Turkey, Wild, 28, 80, 469, 514. Tympanuchus americanus, 28. Tyrannus tyrannus, 21, 32, 76, 81, 317,316, 472, S18. Tyto, 409. UpucERrTHIA excelsior, 146. 602 Index. ans Ureginthus cyanocephalus miilleri, 425. Uranomitra, 257. Uria lomvia lomvia, 251. Urinator arcticus suschkini, 426. VEERY, 23, 79, 84, 317, 325, 374, 477, 526. Venezuela, birds of, 419. ‘Verhandlungen der Ornithologis- chen Gesellschaft in Bayern,’ re- view of, 425. Vermivora, 229. bachmani, 105. celata celata, 523. chrysoptera, 523. lawrencei, 247. peregrina, 41, 523. rubricapilla rubricapilla, 22, 322. ruficapilla, 545. Vermont, birds of, 104. Vinago calva uellensis, 425. Vireo, Bell’s, 41. Blue-headed, 22, 321, 523. Mountain, 373, 376. Philadelphia, 105. Red-eyed, 22, 34, 83, 320, 376, 475, 523. Warbling, 34, 83, 475, 523. White-eyed, 34, 83, 377. Yellow-throated, 83, 475, 523. Vireo, 229. belli, 41. griseus, 34. griseus griseus, 83, 377. Vireolanius leucotis simplex, 424. Vireosylva gilva, 34. gilva gilva, 83, 475, 523. olivacea, 22, 34, 83, 320, 376, 475, 523. philadelphica, 105. Virginia, birds of, 79-84, 347, 399, 508-530. Visher, Stephen Sargent, additions to a list of the birds of Harding Oct. county, northwestern South Da- kota, 110; Northern Eider in South Dakota, a new record for the interior of North America, 535. Vulture, Black, 80, 515. Turkey, 31, 80, 332, 376, 470, 515. WaRrBLER, Audubon’s, 335. Bachman’s, 105. Bay-breasted, 23, 78, 545. Black and White, 22, 78, 83, 322, 377, 475, 523. Black-poll, 78, 211, 524. Black-throated Blue, 23, 278, 321, 475, 524. Black-throated Green, 23, 78, 328, 373, 375, 476, 524. Blackburnian, 322, 373, 376, 476, 524, 545. Cairns’, 3/3, 376. Canada, 23, 78, 324, 373, 376, 476, 525. Cape May, 523, 545. Cerulean, 524. Chestnut-sided, 78, 324, 373, 376, 476, 524. Connecticut, 396. Golden-winged, 475, 523. Hooded, 83, 249, 377, 476, 525. Kentucky, 377. Kirtland’s, 72. Lawrence’s, 247. Magnolia, 23, 78, 322, 325, 475, 524. Mourning, 324. Myrtle, 23, 37, 73, 78, 291, 324, 524. Nashville, 22, 322, 545. Northern Parula, 23, 324, 478, aaa" Orange-crowned, 523. Palm, 247. Parula, 377. Pileolated, 254. Coane ~via — Vol. EX] 1912 Warbler, Pine, 83, 476, 524. Prairie, 83, 377, 524. Tennessee, 41, 523. Townsend’s, 400. Wilson’s, 78, 412, 525. Worm-eating, 523. Yellow, 23, 34, 78, 83, 105, 376, 412, 475, 524. Yellow Palm, 78, 524. Washington, birds of, 224-226. Water-Thrush, 78. Louisiana, 838, 105, 377, 476, 524. Waxwing, Bohemian, 43, 44, 104, 111, 204. Cedar, 22; 37, 838, 3238, 373, 375, 400, 475, 523. Wayne, Arthur T., Bachman’s Warbler in Camden Co. and breeding in Chatham Co., Geor- Georgia, 105; the Golden Plover (Charadrius dominicus domini- cus) on the coast of South Caro- lina, 101; the Seaside Sparrow (Passerherbulus maritimus mari- timus) breeding on the coast of Georgia near Savannah, 103. Weber, J. A., the Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus) on Long Island, N. Y., in August, 100; an unusually late nesting date of the Catbird (Dumetella carolinen- sis, 106; a case of cannibalism among Blackbirds, 394. West Indies, birds of, 116. West Virginia, birds of, 111. Wetmore, Alexander, notice of his expedition to Porto Rica, 138; new records from Arkansas, 112. Wheatear, Greenland, 250. Wheeler, David E., notes on the spring migration at timberline, north of Great Slave Lake, 198- 204. Whimbrel, 558. Whip-poor-will, 32, 81, 151-156, 259, 324, 376, 472, 518. Index. 603 Whip-poor-will, Cuban, 394. Whistler, 19. Whitman, C. O., reminiscences of, 15-16. Widgeon, European, 235, 536. Willet, Western, 40, 72, 537. Willett, George, review of his ‘Birds of the Pacifie coast of southern California,’ 548. ‘Wilson Bulletin,’ review of, 421. Wilsonia canadensis, 23, 78, 373, 376, 476, 525. citrina, 83, 249, 377, 476, 525. pusilla pileolata, 254. pusilla pusilla, 78, 525. Wisconsin, birds of, 172, 238, 388, 397. Witherby, H. F., see Hartert, E. Wollaston, A. J. R., proposed Expedition to New Guinea, 573. Wood, N. A., review of his ‘ Birds of the Charity Islands, Michigan,’ 118. Woodcock, 19, 42, 46, 72, 80, 469, §13. Woodpecker, 400. Arctic Three-toed, 76. Ant-eating, 332. Cactus, 383. Downy, 76, 81, 324, 376, 471, S17, Hairy, 20, 28, 81, 375, 517. Lewis’s, 332, 400. Newfoundland, 76. Northern Pileated, 323, 517. Pileated, 81. Red-bellied 31, 81, 517. Red-headed, 20, 31, 472, 517, 541. San Fernando, 383. Southern Downy, 28. White-breasted, 332, 383. White-headed, 252. Woodruff, Frank M., two interest- Alpine Three-toed, 471, 471, 604 Index. Auk ing captures in Lincoln Park, Chicago, 109. Worcester, Dean C., review of his ‘Newly Discovered Breeding Places of Philippine Birds,’ and ‘Hybridism among Boobies,’ 267. Worthington, W. W., see Todd, W. E. Clyde. Wren, Andean Marsh, 143. Bewick’s, 84, 478, 525. Cafion, 277, 335, 400. Carolina, 30, 106, 107, 377, 525: House, 84, 412, 476, 525. Long-billed Marsh, 35, 526. Rock, 335. Short billed Marsh, 478, 526. Texas Bewick’s, 35. Winter, 23, 37, 78, 324, 373, 375, 412, 526. Wright, Horace W., a Crested Fly- catcher in December at Cam- bridge, Mass., 242-243; a Palm Warbler in winter at Boston, Mass., 247; morning awakening and even-song, 307-327; a Starl- ing at Squantum, Mass., 394; review of his ‘Birds of the Jeffer- son Region,’ 411. Wright, Albert Hazen, early records of the Carolina Paroquet, 343- 363. Wyman, L. E., White-throated Sparrow in Idaho, 247; Oreortyx in Idaho, 538. XANTHOCEPHALUS xanthocephalus, 41, 103, 333. Xema furcatum, 233-234. sabini, 388. Xenopicus albolarvatus, 252. YELLOW-LEGS, 40, 76, 514. Greater, 40, 73, 76, 514. Yellow-throat, Maryland, 23, 78, 83, 321, 376, 476, 525. Western, 34. ZAMELODIA ludoviciana, 33, 373, 375, 478, 522. Zenaidura macroura carolinensis, 19, 28, 80, 332, 376, 381, 469, 515. macroura marginella, 381. Zonotrichia albicollis, 22, 77, 247, 315, 521. coronata, 333. leucophyrs, 41. leucophrys gambeli, 333, 400. leucophrys leucophrys, 77, 204, 521. querula, 36, 253. ‘ Zoologist,’ review of, 271, 558. ~ ee ee pega el Index. 605 ERRATA. Page 30, ie 22, for Sialia sialia read Sialia sialis. ss 40, ‘ 26, ‘‘ Catophophorus read Catoptrophorus. “76, “ 15, ‘* macularius read macularia. “a 80, ce 14, oe “ce “ it¢ t 83, “ 42, “ polyglottus read polyglottos. “ 112, “ 34, “ Tringites read Tryngites. “135, ‘ 10, ‘6 Onocratalus read Onocrotalus. “182, “ 9, “ phrrhula read pyrrhula. “238, ‘ 38, ‘* phasianellis read phasianellus. “387, ‘‘ 38, ‘* Henninger etc. read Grénberger, Auk, 1912, p. 109. “ 411, “ 7, “ falimellus read falcinellus. “424, “ 20, “ griseiaceps read griseiceps. ‘« 23, “‘ zoniul read ioniae. 25, ‘“‘ Barbater read Barbatula. “26, ‘‘ supe read super. “ 31, “‘ London read Loudon. DATES OF ISSUE OF VOL. XXIX. No. 1 — January 10. No. 2— April 5. 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