iM Dt? Shade yy, hey Mt Wry ct a * iy 0 Nae Ryat cngaaidie hr iteke ah i ny 44 we sigtets3s + 1 Le ete ge 2 at aie are VeVs De Moar ge) : a mui saath id a aah fn Seas ert A re lala =-4 es ae ; “us 2 iy } ' ' 4 5 " wk: wd | a) HH Jus anne notes. A Wy Petit . ay) mn 3! nr Fe F F Wey uj > on a +." 4: 4 “¥ ( ; | eat bh An pbs watt toy By be menecll : Shoes, tN pe \ a 2. ™ ra Steet Pee eer , “4 4 Wow pe penser Roca re! figeeeee | Nahe LL eat errerer in) |i}. wane UEAD ert TL SULTS eee ue Pyoivanmtle RR Teele) ONAL (bl i Pwap Es eens kl filed | et Ways hd ati Tl) f age Thi tit bs kg ’ Dyfi, B. g RAT | 3 WO None 1 eye |. f eae ata aT Typ, Cellar eters ie! ae - re | x S. 3S, gst, Ta lik Wee wth aN ebhy 1 abe iw sv oy \ e pyrvsre TUTTLE + TULL Qeatthonaan Wy 147 feb tt VAIS hehe Pohok Dedel tet techs gun go He ne, ™“ } eece |e Suw- w* an _— ih ae is™ oa ft ~tty cme iy att ar Saint A bas Sart cure ens ™, pais ws See acest Bhd “9 s ‘ten echoes as sis our o "Ue a ewe? rT fy wey Prawn fe sat a a” ee (| TCs" oe nT ney iy! NX] Se ote oe 3 Sh : AAS IVA, aude, B..| NY "Nae Gun A MAMA and [AFUE avian he swoarrenttt) eel veveyeyy : | 3 wees ewe bd ade et | - eine ae ES en ae | we er ~ y i, . ee Pres "o& : vs < a wi sel SIV eit Ria gd g pie) | ail 9 ; anaes vw ue Mey s satel ROL sei @ oP * Nag eeetye LIAAL Neeyyttte” a% Ca cal aed tet ba ca wie 4 b lain phd TL wa ere Wesereumieres wee HAM LLL Pe at Nee 3 Wikies wy See j Vey “s hh bet wig We, 2 | Seeieee Ane PO, & aD bach Lee bat Ted HA eed Py oy oS ee bad HL | re me U_ ae é a > ad | | = ne MURINE ye 4 be at ys aera w Py Mert AAS) NS Aa} ee EE wel JO La bb . Pw hy By CU ENOTES &e 5 sr e if i & 4 5 n a * sd 4 - } Pay ee DAT LILA iT Titi Sa | | rte PRS he pe YY faye yin : Ve Nei TT tee ere he id Pesci v dd Aled reer, 5 bl Me ee ; VPorw dtoet aoe q Vy Pe Atte,” y ro Re eer TT th AA co é ws . gpuwrere Mae gww ye “ee ty anpladdieai r at ' ert v fe geba | poe ie BEES Ss 3 : ry LL Lil [| Moab lt | aha A 7) Ve Toe i «0 " J OL pay | CONTINUATION OF THE 2 EW SERIES, Vou. XLV. BuLLETIN oF THE Nurraty ORNITHOLOGICAL CLtuB / VoL. XXXVII. ‘The Auk Q Quarterly Journal of Ornithology EDITOR WITMER STONE VOLUME XXXVII pos ° 9 610 84 PUBLISHED BY The American Ornithologists’ Union LANCASTER, PA. 1920 Entered as second-class mail matter in the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa. nll ened STEINMAN AND Foutz LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA. | | | OFFICERS OF THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION PAST AND PRESENT PRESIDENTS. J. A. ALLEN, 1883-1890 *D. G. Exiot, 1890-1892. *ELLIotT Couns, 1892-1895. *WILLIAM BREWSTER, 1895-1898. Rosert Ripeway, 1898-1900. C. Hart Merriam, 1900-1903. Cuas. B. Cory, 1903-1905. Cuas. F. BatcHELDER, 1905-1908. E. W. Netson, 1908-1911. Frank M. Cuapman, 1911-1914. A. K. Fisurr, 1914-1917. JouNn H. Saas, 1917- VICE-PRESIDENTS. *ELLIOTT Cougs, 1883-1890. 1883-1891; Rosert Riweway, 1895-1898. *WILLIAM BREWSTER, 1890-1895. 1891-1894; H. W. HensHaw, 1911-1918. C. Hart Merriam, 1894-1900. Cuas. B. Cory, 1898-1903. Cuas. F. BatcHELDER, 1900-1905. E. W. Netson, 1903-1905. FRANK M. CHapman, 1905-1911. A. K. Fisner, 1908-1914. WiTMER STONE, 1914— GEORGE BirD GRINNELL, 1918— SECRETARIES. C. Hart Merriam, 1883-1889. Joun H. Saas, 1889-1917. T. S. Patmer, 1917- TREASURERS. C. Hart Merriam, 1883-1885. Cuas. B. Cory, 1885-1887. *WiLL1AM DutcHER, 1887-1903. JONATHAN DwiautT, 1903- * Deceased. MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL. J. A. ALLEN, 1883- *S. F. Barrp, 1883-1887. *WILLIAM BREWSTER, 1883-1919. MontTAGUE CHAMBERLAIN, 1883-1888. *ELiiIotr Cougs, 1883-1899. 1883-1894; H. W. HENsHAW, 1 1911-1918. *Grorce N. LAWRENCE, 1883-1890. C. Hart Merriam, 1883- Rosert Ripeway, 1883-— Cuas. B. Cory, ee *WituiaAM DutcuHER, 1887-1920. *D—D. G. Exxiot, 1887-1915. 1887-1895; 1896-1899. *Toomas McItwraita, 1888-1889. LEONHARD STEJNEGER, 1 Joun H. Saaz, 1889- *N.S. Goss, 1890-1891. Cuas. F. BaTcHELDER, 1891-— FRANK M. CHapMan, 1894- *CHaRLEs KH. BenprireE, 1895-1897 A. K. FisHer, 1895- JONATHAN Dwiaut, 1896-— RutTHVEN Diane, 1897- WITMER STONE, 1898— Tuomas S. Rosperts, 1899- E. W. Ngtson, 1900— C. W. Ricumonp, 1903- F. A. Lucas, 1905- W. H. Oscoop, 1911-1918. JOSEPH GRINNELL, 1914— T. S. Parmer, 1917- Harry C. OBERHOLSER, 1918- Officers are ex-officio members of the Council during their terms of | office and ex-presidents for life. the above. * Deceased. Ex-officio members are included in Elections have been in November except in 1883 and 1884 (September), 1887 (October), 1907 and 1909 (December), 1914 (April) and 1915 (May). CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXVII NUMBER I. Pace In Memoriam: WiLLIAM BREWSTER. pe Henry W. Henshaw. (PlatesI and II) . . . ‘ 1 WILL1AM BREWSTER—AN APPRECIATION. By John G. Gehring . 24 Wituam BrewsteR—RESOLUTION or THE NurraLL ORNITHO- LOGICAL CLUB : 27 THe WILLIAM BREWSTER Memoria : Ao a hee 29 In Memoriam: Lyman Betpine. By A. K. Fisher. ’ (Plate IIT) 3 MipsuMMER BirpDs IN THE CaTSKILL MOovuNTAINS. ue Stanley Cobb; Mie Ds. ren pa. wA6 NOTES ON THE WINTER Birps or SAN ANTONIO, “TEXas. ByL Ludlow Griscom .. ‘ 49 Tar Occuur SENsEs IN Birps. “By Herbert H. Beck . . 55 BirDs OF THE CLEAR CREEK District, Cotorapo. By F.C. Lincoln 60 SANDPIPERS WINTERING AT PLyYMovTH, MassacuusetTts. By J. A. Farley . . By et ee ee SEQUESTRATION Nores. By J oseph Grinnell . ee es USA: On Procellaria alba GMrvin. By Leverett Mills Loomis . . 88 Notes ON SEVEN Brirps TAKEN NEAR CHARLESTON, SOUTH Caro- LINA. By Arthur T. Wayne . . 92 Tur STATUS OF THE SUBSPECIFIC Races OF Branta canadensis. By Dekiggins . . 94 BACHMAN’S WARBLER BREEDING IN ALABAMA. By Ernest G. Holi. (elatevIVoi a2 = 103 DESCRIPTION OF A PROPOSED New RAcE OF THE KILLDEER FROM THE Coast oF Peru. By Frank M.Chapman . . 105 DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF Ty RANNIDAE. By Charles B. Cory . . 108 Tue THIRTY -SEVENTH STATED Mertinc OF THE " AMERIC AN ‘ORNI- THOLOGISTS: WNION, By YoiS: Palmer”. 2. : « ; . . 210 GENERAL NOTES. The Black Skimmer on Long Island, N. Y., 126; Another Record of the White Pelican in New York, 126; A Note on the Southern Teal, 126; Trumpeter Swan (Olor buccinator) in Western Minnesota. A Cor- rection, 127; Wild Swan on Long Island, N. Y., 127; Notes on Some Shore Birds of the Alabama River, Montgomery County, Ala., 127; The Black Rail at St. Marks, Florida, 128; Purple Gallinule in North Carolina, 130; Breeding of the Mourning Dove in Maine, 130; The Status of Harlan’s Hawk in Colorado, 130; White Gyrfalcon (Falco islandus) in Montana, 132; The Hawk Owl in North Dakota, 132; Pileated Woodpecker in Morris County, N. J., 132; Unusual Habits of Chimney Swift, 132; Empidonax griseus in Nevada, 133; The Crow in Colorado, 134; Appearance of the Canada Jay at Moore- head, Minn., 134; Note on the Food of the Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), 135; Harris’ Sparrow in Michigan, 135; American Golden-eye and White-crowned Sparrow in Northern Michigan in Summer, 135; Lanius ludovicianus migrans in North Dakota, 136; Bohemian Wax- il Contents of Volume XX XVII. wings in Chicago, Ill., 136; The Bohemian Waxwing (Bombycilla garrula) at Chicago, Ill., 137; Orange-crowned Warbler (Vermivora celata celata) in Massachusetts, 137; Fall Records of Mourning War- bler in Western Missouri, 1387; Breeding of the Canadian Warbler and Northern Water-Thrush in New Jersey, 187; Hermit Thrush’s Nest in Unusual Location, 188; Peculiar Nesting of Hermit Thrushes, 138; The Bluebird in Cuba, 140; Rare or Uncommon Birds at Roch- ester, N. Y., 140; Notes from St. Marks, Fla., 142; Bird Notes on the Wisconsin River, 143; Abundance of Periodical Cicadas Divert- ing Attacks of Birds from Cultivated Fruits, 144; Nomenclatural Casuistry, 145; Supplementary Note on J. P. Giraud, 146. RECENT LITERATURE. Van Oort’s ‘Birds of Holland,’ 147; Taverner’s ‘Birds of East Canada, 147; ‘The Birds of North Carolina,’ 149; Hine on Birds of the Katmai Region, Alaska, 150; Witherby’s ‘Handbook of British Birds,’ 151; A Geographical Bibliography of British Ornithology, 152; Birds of the Expedition to Korinchi Peak, Sumatra, 153; Swann’s ‘Synop- tical List of the Accipitres,’ 154; Burns’ ‘Ornithology of Chester County, Pennsylvania,’ 155; Mailliard’s ‘Notes on the Avifauna of the Inner Coast Range of California,’ 156; Bailey’s ‘Raptorial Birds of Iowa,’ 156; Mrs. Farwell’s ‘Bird Observations near Chicago,’ 157; Hudson’s ‘Book of a Naturalist,’ 158; Dixon on Wild Ducks in a City Park, 158; Recent Circulars by Forbush, 159; The Birds of the Albatross Expedition of 1899-1900, 159; Coker on the Guano Birds of Peru, 160; Scoville’s ‘The Out-of-Doors Club,’ 162; Gifford’s ‘Field Notes on the Land Birds of the Galapagos Islands,’ 162; Hall and Grinnell on Life Zone Indicators in California, 163; Dabbene on Argentine Forms of the Genera Geositta and Cinclodes, 164; Cory’s ‘Review of the Genera Siptornis and Cranioleuca,’ 164; Chap- man on New South American Birds, 165; Oberholser on Larus hyper- boreus barrovianus, 166; Contributions to the Zoogeography of the Palaearctic Region, 166; Annual Report of the Chief of the Biological Survey, 167; Shufeldt on the Birds of Brazil, 167; The Food of Aus- tralian Birds, 168; The Ornithological Journals, 168; Ornithological Articles in Other Journals, 173; Additional Publications Received, 178. CORRESPONDENCE. International Ornithological Congress, 179; Name of the Red-footed Booby, 180; Ornithological Pronunciation, 181. NOTES AND NEWS. Editorial Note, 182; Obituary: Dr. Charles Conrad Abbott, 183; Obitu- ary: Edward Everett Brewster, 184; Obituary: Barron Brainerd, 184; Recording Migration, 185; Election of Officers of the Nuttall Club, 185; A. O. U. Committee on Nomenclature and Classification of N. A. Birds, 186; Bird Collection of the Ottawa Museum, 186; Oldest Members of the A. O. U., 186; Publications of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 187; The South African Biological Society, 187; Dinner of the D. V. O. C., 187; Vogel der palaarktischen Fauna, 187; Educational Work of the California Fish and Game Commis- sion, 188; Endowment of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California, 188. Contents of Volume XX XVII. NUMBER II. ill Pace A REVISION OF THE GENUS EupsycHortTyx. By W. E. Clyde Todd. (BlstteseVe Ville Meta e Shs each aeRoase dy ce gene oy ap! S89 OBSERVATIONS ON THE Habits oF Birps at LAKE Burrorp, New Mexico. By AlexanderWetmore. (Plates VII-IX) . .. . 221 ADDITIONS TO THE AVIFAUNA OF THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS, ALASKA, IncLupine Four Spectres New to Nortu America. By G. Dallas Hanna MUR USS beaut ve Meats Woald te ni) Salbser ea ay 248 Extracts rrom Notes Mapr WHILE IN Nava Service. By W.T. Helmuth BMT he MOR Vier pik PEN Rihae gly be THe PLUMAGE OF GULLS IN RELATION TO AGE AS ILLUSTRATED BY THE HERRING GULL (LARUS ARGENTATUS) AND OTHER Species. By Jonathan Dwight, M.D. (Plates X-XIV) . 262 THE SUBSPECIES OF BRANTA CANADENSIS (Linn.). By H.S.Swarth 268 DescripTioN oF A New Nortu American Ducx. By Wharton EL ULDC Tae Mee Ahh eRe NIM foe Pep ulicns see) (5 ' ta ds ae as HO Firta ANNUAL List oF PROPOSED CHANGES IN THE A. O. U. CuEcK- List or NortH AMERICAN Birps. By Harry C. Oberholser 274 GENERAL NOTES. A Loon (Gavia immer) Caught on a Fishing Line, 286; Intestinal Caeca in the Anhinga, 286; On the Nesting of the Black Duck in Ohio, 287; The American and European Widgeon in Massachusetts, 288; Whist- ling Swan (Olor columbianus) in Massachusetts, 289; Habits of the Two Black Ducks (Anas rubripes and Anas rubripes tristis), 289; Flight of Water Fowl at Washington, D. C., 291; Nesting of the Greater Yellow-Legs in Newfoundland, 292; Nesting of the Li ttle Black Rail in Atlantic County, N. J., 292; Maggots in the Ears of Nestling Cooper’s Hawks (Accipiter cooperi), 293; Age attained by the Hyacinth Macaw, 293; Curious Habits of the Whip-poor-will, 293; Aeronautes melanoleucus (Baird) versus Aeronautes saxat alis (Woodhouse), 294; A New Name for Phaeochroa Gould, 295; Great Crested Flycatcher in Massachusetts in Winter, 295; The Song of the Boat-tailed Grackle, 295; Clark’s Crow in Denver, 297; Another Occurrence of the Starling Near Montgomery, Alabama, 298; A Flight of Newfoundland Crossbills, 298; Evening Grosbeaks at Valley Falls, N. Y., 298; Evening Grosbeak at Brantingham, Lewis Co., N. Y., 299; The Evening Grosbeak in Monte Vista, Colo., 299; Some Sparrow Notes from Madison, Wisconsin, 299; Zonotrichia albicollis again in Colorado, 300; The Proper Name of the West African Serin, 300; The Louisiana Tanager in Massachusetts, 301; Bohemian Wax- wing in Illinois, 301; The Yellow-throated Warbler in Central New York—A Correction, 302; The Louisiana Water-Thrush Breeding at Graniteville, Aiken County, South Carolina, 302; Hlminia Bonaparte Preoccupied, 302; Toxostoma crissalis versus Toxostoma dorsalis, 303; The Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe lencorhoa) in Eastern Pennsyl- vania, 303; Additional Notes on the Birds of Red Deer, Alberta, 304; Birds of Irregular Occurrence on Long Island, 306; Rare and Un- common Birds at Branchport, Yates Co., N. Y., 307; Unusual Winter Bird Records for Iowa City, Iowa, 308; Notes on Winter Birds of the Missouri Ozarks, 309; Mesa County, Colo., Notes, 310; Some North American Birds Obtained in Japan, 311; The Color of Natal Down in Passerine Birds, 312; Birds and Tent Caterpillars, 312. lv Contents of Volume XXXVII. RECENT LITERATURE. Baldwin’s ‘Bird Banding by Means of Systematic Trapping,’ 314; Chap- man on New South American Birds, 315; Cory’s ‘Catalogue of Birds of the Americas,’ 315; Witherby’s ‘Handbook of British Birds,’ 316; A Geographical Bibliography of British Ornithology, 317; Annual Report of the National Association of Audubon Societies, 317; Bulle- tin of the Essex County Ornithological Club, 318; Hollister’s Account of the National Zoo, 319; Cory’s Review of the Genus Rhynchocy- clus, 319; Recent Papers by Bangs and Penard, 320; Van Oort’s ‘Birds of Holland,’ 320; Kirk Swann’s ‘Synoptical List of the Acci- pitres,’ 321; Dr. Shufeldt’s Bibliography, 321; Stuart Baker on Egg Collecting and its Objects, 321; Economic Ornithology in Recent Entomological Publications, 322; Pine-seed Eaters in British Gar- hwal, 325; The Ornithological Journals, 325; Ornithological Articles in Other Journals, 334; Additional Publications Received, 338. CORRESPONDENCE. An “Occult Food Sense’”’ in Birds, 339; The Search for Food by Birds, 341; Ridgway’s ‘Birds of North and Middle America, Vol. VIII,’ 344. NOTES AND NEWS. Obituary: James Mellville Macoun, 346; A. O. U. Committee on Classi- fication and Nomenclature, 346; Migratory Bird Treaty, 347; Bird Reservations, 347; Modification in Federal Regulations, 347; Pacific Northwest Bird and Mammal Club, 347; Complete Sets of ‘The Auk,’ 348; The Wilson Ornithological Club, 352; Correction, 352; Errata, 352. NUMBER III. PaGE Notes on Some American Ducxs. By Allan Brooks. (Plates XV-XVI) 4 ae haley ate ae Wed: eat races aor RELATIVE ABUNDANCE oF WILD Ducks at DELAVAN, WISCONSIN. By N. Hollister 5 Wie e dt ahaa COU Se ren) AGN ee, ee Oo RecoLtuections or AupuBon Park. By George Bird Grinnell (Plates X VIE X VIEL) gine ee eo ee ee Courtsuire In Birps. By Charles W. Townsend, M.D. . . 380 OBSERVATIONS ON THE Hasits oF Brrps at LAkE Burrorp, NEw Mexico. By Alexander Wetmore . .... .. =. . - 398 Notes oN THE Breepinc Hasits oF THE Rusty BLACKBIRD IN NortHerN New Enauanp. By Fred H. Kennard. (Plates bb. CSO. 0 I, Pee reo sc ee GN Tur GENERA OF CERYLINE KINGFISHERS. By Waldron DeWitt ji OP PA rir in 5 5 fe a Ae Onvrario Brrp Notrs. By J. H. Fleming and Hoyes Lloyd . . . 429 SEVENTEENTH SUPPLEMENT TO THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union Cueck-List of NortH AMERICAN Brrps ... . . 439 Contents of Volume XX XVII. v GENERAL NOTES. Notes on the Black-crowned Night Heron in Western New York, 449; Bittern Displaying its White Nuptial Plumage, 450; The Knot in Montana, 451; Tringa Auct. versus Calidris Anon., 451; Early Vir- ginia Rail in New York, 452; Least Flycatcher in Michigan in April, 453; A New Name for Anairetes Reichenbach, 453; A Raven Pellet 453; The Purple Grackle at Albany, Georgia, 454; Note on the Gen- eric Names Schiffornis Bonaparte and Scotothorus Oberholser, 454; Evening Grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina) in Minnesota in Mid- summer, 455; Evening Grosbeaks Common at Lakewood, N. J., 456; Evening Grosbeaks at Princeton, N. J., 456; The Newfoundland Crossbill in the Washington Region, 456; White-winged Crossbill (Loxia leucoptera) in West Virginia, 457; An Erroneous Kansas Record for Baird’s Sparrow, 457; A Scarlet Tanager at Thirty-fourth Street, New York, 458; Bohemian Waxwing at Seattle, Washington, During the Winter of 1919-1920, 458; Bohemian Waxwing at Salem, Mo., 460; Bohemian Waxwing (Bombycilla garrula) at Rochester, N. Y., 461; Bohemian Waxwing at Rochester, N. Y., 462; Autumnal Stay of the Parula Warbler in Maine, 462; The Blue-winged Warbler (Vermivora pinus) on the Coast of South Carolina, 462; Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrina) at Detroit, Michigan, 463; Penthestes hudsonicus hudsonicus in North Dakota, 463; Labrador Brown- capped Chickadee (Penthestes hudsonicus nigricans) at Rochester, Monroe County, N. Y., 463; Blue-gray Gnatecatcher in the Boston Public Garden, 464; The Blue-gray Gnateatcher (Polioptilla caerulea caerulea) at Quebec, P. Q., 464; The Russet-backed Thrush (Hylo- cichla ustulata ustulata) Taken near Charleston, 8. C., 465; Remark- able Migration of Robins, 466; Some Rare Birds for Yates County, N. Y., 466; Notes from Springfield, Mass., 467; Notes from St. Louis, Mo., 467; Merrem’s Beytrage, 468; Erratum, 468. RECENT LITERATURE. Mathews’ ‘Check-List of the Birds of Australia. Part 1,’ 469; Mathews’ ‘Birds of Australia,’ 470; MacGregor’s ‘ Index to the Genera of Birds,’ 471; Witherby’s ‘Handbook of British Birds,’ 472; Hartert’s ‘Die Vogel der Palaarktishen Fauna,’ 472; Chapman’s ‘What Bird is That?,’ 473; Horsfall on the Habits of the Sage Grouse, 474; Kirk Swann’s ‘Synoptical List of the Accipitres,’ 475; Bibliography of British Ornithology, 475; Brook’s ‘The Buzzard at Home,’ 475; The Nebraska Waterfowl and their Food, 476; Bartsch on the Bird Rookeries of the Tortugas, 476; Bangs and Penard on Two New American Hawks, 477; Kuroda on New Japanese Pheasants, 477; Freeman’s ‘Bird Calendar for the Fargo Region,’ 478; Grinnell on the English Sparrow in Death Valley, 478; Rowan and Others on the Nest and Eggs of the Common Tern, 479; Report of the National Zoological Park, 480; Ornithology of the Princeton Patagonian Expedition, 480; Nicoll’s Handlist of the Birds of Egypt, 481; Sacht- leben on Goldfinches, 481; Carter’s ‘Shooting in Early Days,’ 482; Recent Publications on Conservation and Education, 482; A Fascicle of Papers on British Economic Ornithology, 483; The Ornithological Journals, 485; Ornithological Articles in other Journals, 494; Addi- tional Publications Received, 497. CORRESPONDENCE. A. O. U. Luncheons, 498; Popular Nomenclature, 499; Precellaria vittata Forster is not Halobaena caerulea Gmelin, 505. vi Contents of Volume XXXVII. NOTES AND NEWS. Obituary Notices: Frank Slater Daggett, 508; Horace Winslow Wright, 509; Thomas McAdory Owen, 510; Charles Gordon Hewitt, 511; Johan Axel Palmen, 511; Bird Banding, 512; The Permanent Funds of the A. O. U., 513; Annual Meeting of the B. O. U., 514; Annual Meeting of the R. A. O. U., 515; Annual Meeting of the Swiss Society for the Study and Protection of Birds, 516; American Fossil Birds, 516; Handwriting of Ornithologists, 516; Distribution of Ornitholo- gists, 517; Personal Mention, W. H. Osgood, 517; Alexander Wet- Heke 517; James L. Peters, 517; Washington Meeting of the A. O. U., NUMBER IV. Limicouine Voices. By John Tweadwell Nichols . . . . . . 519 SumMer Birp Recorps rrom Lake County Minnesota. By Charles Eugene Johnson sono In THE Haunts or Carrns’ WARBLER. “By C. W. G. Eifrig eye sail PaTTERN DEVELOPMENT IN TEAL. By Glover M. Allen . . . . 558 Nores ON THE Birps or SouTHEASTERN NortH Carouina. By Edward Fleisher... 565 MIGRATION AND PuystcaL Proportions. A PRELIMINARY STUDY. By Cs Kv Averill: 20% 0 4% ae oe a a GENERAL NOTES. Roseate Tern (Sterna dougalli) Breeding in Virginia, 579; Egret in South Orleans, Mass., 579; The Louisiana Heron (Hydranassa_ tricolor ruficollis) at Cape May, N. J., 580; The Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa) on the New Jersey Coast, 580; Marbled Godwit on Long Island, N. Y., 581; The Willet (Catoplrophorus semipalmatus semi- palmatus) in Nova Scotia, 581; The Willet in Nova Scotia, 582; Breeding of the Semipalmated Plover (Aegialitis semipalmata) in Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, 583; The Cowbird’s Whistle, 584; Dance of the Purple Finch, 584; Breeding of the Evening Grosbeak in Manitoba, 585; A Change in the Nesting Habits of the Common House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), 586; Notes on the Acadian Sharp- tailed Sparrow (Passerherbulus nelsoni subvirgatus), 587; Notable Warblers Breeding Near Aiken, 8. C., 589; The Yellow-throated Warbler (Dendroica dominica dominica) at Cape May, N. J., 591; The Black-poll Warbler and Bicknell’s Thrush at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, 591; The Summer Resident Warblers (Mniotiltidae) of North- ern New Jersey, 592; A Peculiarly Marked Example of Dumetella carolinensis, 593; The Hudsonian Chickadee in New Jersey, 593; The Plain Titmouse, a New Bird for Oregon, 594; The Singing of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus c. calendula), 594; Notes from Seal Island, Nova Scotia, 596; Some Summer Residents of Dutchess County, N. Y., 597; Bird Notes from Collins, N. Y., 598; Additions to the ‘Birds of Allegany and Garrett Counties, Maryland,’ 598 Rare and Unusual Birds in the Chicago Area During the Spring of 1920, 600; Items Relative to Some Costa Rican Birds, 601; Obser- vations of a Remarkable Night Migration, 604. Contents of Volume XX XVII. vii RECENT LITERATURE. Townsend’s ‘Supplement to Birds of Essex County,’ 606; Bannerman’s ‘Birds of the Canary Islands,’ 607; Mathews’ ‘The Birds of Aus- tralia,’ 609; Leavitt’s ‘Bird Study in Elementary Schools,’ 609; Hudson’s Recent Bird Books, 610; ‘Aves’ in the Zoological Record for 1917, 611; Stresemann’s ‘Avifauna Macedonica,’ 611; Wood on the Eyes of the Burrowing Owl, 612; Murphy on the Seacoast and Islands of Peru, 613; Dr. Shufeldt’s Bibliography, 613; Birds of the National Parks, 614; Game Laws for 1920, 614; Peters on a New Jay, 615; Chapman on Ostinops decumanus, 615; Lonnberg on ‘The Birds of the Juan Fernandez and Easter Island,’ 615; Geographical Bibliography of British Ornithology, 616; Spring Migration Notes of the Chicago Area, 616; Nomenclature of the Birds of Bavaria, 617; Van Cleve’s ‘Acanthocephala of the Canadian Arctic Expedi- tion,’ 618; Economic Ornithology in Recent Entomological Publi- cations, 619; The Bird Interest in Iowa Lakes, 620; Bird Liming in Lower Egypt, 621; The Ornithological Journals, 622; Ornithological meee in Other Journals, 631; Additional Publications Received, 33. CORRESPONDENCE. Popular Bird Names, 634; Baker on the Birds of the Pleistocene, 634. NOTES AND NEWS. Obituary Notices: William Dutcher, 636; Herbert H. Smith, 637; Nicholas Alexievich Sarudny, 638; Frederick W. Headley, 638; Henry_K. Oliver, 639; John H. Flanagan, 639; Robert L. Maitland, 640; Note on Biography of Ludwig Kumlein, 640; Government Publications on Birds, 640; Ornithology of the Twentieth Century, 640; Meeting of the Swiss Society for Bird Study, 641; Meeting of the Royal Aus- tralasian Ornithologists’ Union, 641; Gilbert White bicentenary, 641; Rollo H. Beck, personal mention, 641; The Washington Meeting of the A. O. U., 641. ine . aA . XV. i XVI. Contents of Volume XXXVII. Vicinity of Lake Burford, N. Mex. Two views. Wing and tail pattern of Larus philadelphia. Two views. Wing ane tail pattern of Larus argentatus. Two views each. Males of Barrow’s Goldeneye chasing. Barrow’s Golden-eye preening and going through mating actions. ‘¢ . XVII. Mrs. Lucy Bakewell Audubon. s XVIII. John Woodhouse Audubon. - XIX. Nesting sites of Rusty Blackbirds. Two views. i XX. Nest of Rusty Blackbird. Text-Corts. Distribution of Eupsychortyx . Sa oh: Page 192 Bills of Barrow’s and American Golden-eyes 4. Pele dee 360 Skulls of Barrow’s and American Golden-eyes . . . . . «362 Trachea of Barrow’s and American Golden-eyes_ . aay 8 (1364 | Letter from Mrs. Audubon to George Bird Grinnell . . SG Diagram showing pigment areas of a bird’s body . . . . «560 Heads of Teal showing color patterns . . . . ... . “561 OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES OF THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, 1920. Expiration of Term SVAGIR, U@isixy lal, JP alas oclanbocebanacneeenonede acs November, 1920. one Was Vace=Presidents acacia ce 1920. GRINNELL, GEORGE BirpD IP ATuMaDiT. 10S tS SERA none oo 6 oan Ob Oe Homes cms Coe 1920. DD WAGHT JONATHAN, “TTeGSiUren cia 5 sicies visio dks o'er les oe i 1920 ADDITIONAL MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL. DANTE EU UIDELVIEINAS atare,- cic cc ae amen Seieicrias tes cae ciien November, 1920. DGGE R AVNET UAM: Outen. siseaee ies eels tree alee ena: ‘ 1920. (CRINNMIET ed OSHPH neputes cas sian Sete oie le a ne ae easy Y 1920. WUCAS MHREDRRIC HAG 5 4 icc slacnant lorie oanhs clara a sate « ie 1920. OBPRHORSER EAR Ys Ooi ety. reer erecta A tre a ee 1920. PMICHMOND GHARDMS, We. ccieie » cs cide cee ele itis eu shade a 1920. INOBERTS WUHOMAS 9)... eeeees: « Re gee cree ne 1920. JNIUAADIN 9 A]6, WA a dela ee ON eee eA RT Be arr } BATCHMEDER CHARTES Min. seca aceetea vcs dene CCAP MAN ORANG IMs thtcits ovcsno tee sis) ¢ sietee «bese neds WOR @HARTHSE ES sare a.c ea licie acces dl iedaees Aina ese AGEs ENE pe AVEC VEY TUNG. 2 cnsi cpa scare weieiaio via eiaiesc (ss wie: sears RVR TAMER.) FEAR! sooner eevee eae te | INEILSONG LUDWARD Wh. its o wiclobyas wee sate naaidab a-cteis vod | ESUIIGIWIAY PECOB ERT toss Ankit vain aharcts Saiso oRdenarel cr Miko s+ J EpItoriaL Starr or ‘THE AUK.’ STONE VITOR, HAO oe ac. hak casas Oe chose acleness November, 1920. COMMITTEES. Committee on Biography and Bibliography. Patmer, T.S., Chairman DEANE, RUTHVEN ALLEN, GLOVER M. RIcHMOND, CHARLES W. STonr, WITMER Committee on Bird Protection. Fisuer, A. K., Chairman NELson, E. W. RICHMOND, CHARLES W. Committee on Classification and Nomenclature. of North American Birds. Stone, Witmer, Chairman RicHMoND, C. W. OBERHOLSER, H. C., Secretary Dwicut, JONATHAN Pater, T. S. Committee on Publications. SaGcs, JoHn H. STongE, WITMER PatmeER, T. S. DwiGcuHT, JONATHAN x Fellows. FELLOWS, MEMBERS, AND ASSOCIATES OF THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION. APRIL, 1920.1 FELLOWS. Date of Election. AuLEN, Dr. J. A., Amer. Mus, Nat. Hist., New York, N. Y...... Founder INNDHONYs As) Wis lnonsidet@re sn cle tice aeraete tare oieinte ie ener (1885) 1895? Banos, OurrAM, Museum Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. . (1884) 1901 Barrows, Prof. W. B., Box 1047, East Lansing, Mich.............. 1883 BaTcHELDER, CHARLES F., 7 Kirkland St., Cambridge, Mass... . Founder Brzse, C. Wiiuiam, New York Zool. Park, New York, N. Y.. (1897)1912 Bent, ARTHUR CLEVELAND, Taunton, Mass................. (1889) 1909 *BICKNELL, EUGENE P., 30 Pine St., New York, N. Y..........: Founder Bisuop, Dr. Louis B., 356 Orange St., New Haven, Conn..... (1885) 1901 Brown, NaTHAN CLIFFORD, 218 Middle St., Portland, Me....... Founder CHADBOURNE, Dr. ARTHUR P., The Copley-Plaza, Boston, Mass (1883) 1889 CuapmaNn, Dr. Frank M., Amer Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, N. Y. (1885) 1888 *Cory, CHARLES B., Field Museum Nat. Hist., Chicago, IIl...... Founder DEANE, RuTHVEN, 112 W. Adams St., Chicago, Ill................. 1883 DurcHer, WILLIAM, 949 Park Ave., Plainfield, N. J........... (1883) 1886 Dwicut, Dr. JoNATHAN, 43 W. 70th St., New York, N. Y.... . (1883) 1886 Fisuer, Dr. ALBERT K., Biological Survey, Washington, D. C.... Founder Fisuer, Prof. Watter K., Hopkins Marine Sta., Pacific Grove, Calif. (1899) 1905 FiLeminG, JAmMes H., 267 Rusholme Road, Toronto, Ontario. . . (1893) 1916 ForsusH, Epwarp H., State House, Boston, Mass........... (1887) 1912 Furrtss, Louis A., Cornell Heights, Ithaca, N. Y............(1891)1912 GRINNELL, Dr. GrorceE Birp, 238 E. 15th St., New York, N. Y..... 1883 GRINNELL, Dr. JosepH, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. Calif., Berkeley, Calif. (1894) 1901 Jongs, Lynps, Spear Laboratory, Oberlin, Ohio.............. (1888) 1905 Loomis, Leverett M., Cal. Acad. Sci., San Francisco, Calif... (1883) 1892 Lucas, Dr. Freperic A., Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, N. Y. (1888) 1892 1 Members of the Union, and subscribers to Tue Aux are requested to promptly notify Dr. JonatHan Dwicut, Treasurer, 43 W. 70th St., New York City, of any change of address. 2 Dates in parentheses indicate dates of joining the Union. * Life Fellow. Honorary Fellows. x1 MaILuiarD, JosePH, 1815 Vallejo St., San Francisco, Calif... (1895)1914 McAtesx, Watpo Les, Biological Survey, Washington, D. C...(1903)1914 *McGrecor. RicwarpD C., Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I... . (1889)1907 Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, 1919 16th St., N. W. Washington, D. C.. Founder Miniter, WALDRON DeWitt, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, N. Y. (1896) 1914 INFRINGE es Gotha itil actwirustte kis mesh ants cites A - ie 1908 BonFits, FREDERICK G., The Denver Post, Denver, Colo...........1918 BOREANDS Wie (Ge, @ Wall St: New York; ING Y.c..2 -ooe. 2.2. +. 1911 Bosson, CAMPBELL, 30 State St., Boston, Mass. . = oe 906 *Boutton, Wm. B., Morristown Trust Co., Moncatowt n, x ie See 1919 BOURNE Aw EHOMAGS Dyess aaly Un omIN iy Vo eeeerett sa a iorepedaraie ms cielerey-i=) ext olen 1913 BOWDISH PED soe eIMareSbs Nitros acdsee cet etels Seas Gra ciel ordi evereds 1891 BOWDISH Virss bao eMemanresty Nels as osclecmid socciase 5 noes 1902 Bowpritcu, Dr. Haron, 44 Harvard Ave., Brookline, Mass.........1900 Bownircu, James H., 903 Tremont Bldg., Boston, Mass............1918 Boyp, Mrs. Harriet T., 17 Marsh St., Dedham, Mass............. 1917 Boye, Howarts S., Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, N. Y...... 1916 Bracken, Mrs. Henry M., 1010 Fourth St., S.E., Minneapolis, Minn.1897 BRADBURY. WiC. 1440) Raceist., Denver, Coloy.. 22. 8s4.2..0.+- =~ 1915 BRADLEE, THOMAS STEVENSON, South Sudbury, Mass..............1902 BRANDRETH; @COURTNEY, Ossining, Ne Y..;.......:-.-c2+---05--- 1905 SBRANDRETH. MRANKDING OssinineeN. Yoee.s. 52-6 coesse cee ese s- 1889 * Life Associate. XX Associates. BRANDT, HERBERT W., 2025 East 88th St., Cleveland, Ohio......... 1915 BRANNON, PETER A., Box 358, Montgomery, Ala.................. 1919 Breper, Cuas. M., Jr., Inquiry Div., Bureau Fisheries, Washington, I BAM © Aaa are earn eee re ee I le? trois atoms piolodig ao. Se 1919 Brewster, Mrs. WILurAM, 145 Brattle St., Cambridge, Mass........1912 Bripgcs, EpMunp, 52 Wyman St., West Medford, Mass............. 1910 *Bripag, Mrs. EpmMunp, 52 Wyman St., West Medford, Mass.......1902 Briaas, Harry T., 5 Hoffman Ave., Poughkeepsie, N. Y........... 1919 BRIMLEY, H. H., State Museum, Raleigh, N. C.................... 1904 Britten, Capt. G. S., 807 Walnut Ave., Syracuse, N. Y............ 1913 BROCKWAY; ARTHUR. W.,.cladlyme,G@onn.©. - jo s.4.68 peer oer 1912 Brooks, Rev. Earnie Amos, 10 Beacon St., Everett, Mass............ 1892 Brooks, Goruam, 60 State St., Boston, Mass....................- 1919 Brown, Miss ANNIE H., 31 Maple St., Stoneham, Mass............ 1909 Brown, Miss Bertua L., 53 Court St., Bangor, Me................ 1918 Brown, Epwarp J., 1609 S. Van Ness Ave., Los Angeles, Calif...... 1891 Brown, G. FRANKLIN, ‘‘Stonebridge,’’ Needham, Mass............ 1917 Brown, Harry A., 40 Talbot St., Lowell, Mass................... 1912 Brown, Mrs. Henry Tempe, Lancaster, Mass....................1912 Brown, Puiuip G., 85 Vaughan St., Portland, Me................. 1911 BRowN Ox Vee (Boones Nei Cibran cece’ s 4g eee ene a eee 1919 BROWN, STEWARDSON, 20 E. Penn St., Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.1895 Brown, Wo. Jamas, 250.Oliver Ave., Westmount, Quebec..........1908 Brownina, Wn. Hatt, 16 Cooper Square, New York, N. Y.........1911 BRUEN; DRANK, 69. Prospect. St., Bristol, Conn)... aocine ene 1908 BruMBAUGH, CHALMERS 8., 1020 Cathedral St., Baltimore, Md......1916 *Bruun, Cuas. A., 314 Reliance Bldg., Kansas City, Mo........... 1919 BUCHANAN. sROLLING He Excelsior =slViimm' 7c niet hla sde eee eee 1918 BuNKER, CHARLES D., Kansas University Museum, Lawrence, Kan..1916 Buraess, JoHN Kinessury, ‘Broad Oak,’’ Dedham, Mass........ 1898 Burasss, THORNTON WALDO, 61 Washington R’d., Springfield, Mass.1919 Burweieu, Tuos. D., 825 N. Negley Ave., Pittsburg, Pa............ 1913 Burnett, Wiuuiam L., State Agric. College, Fcrt Collins, Colo... .1895 BuRNHAM, STEWART Henry, Hudson Falls, N. Y.................. 1919 BURTCH, VERDI, BranchportcN oY oversee ae it store ne 1903 BusHINGER, Miss Mary G., Monte Vista, Colo.................... 1919 BUTLER: Muss VIRGINIA, ptockbridge.Wiassseemeis iid aici ee eters 1919 BuTTBRWORTH, FRANK SEILER, Choate School, Wallingford, Conn... 1918 Buzznn, Mrs. JAs.C., Vi ibudson'St-) Bangor, Mem .....- 4... .scen 1918 Byrp Mrs: Himaw. Oxfords Miss: crane oeicien eee eee 1918 Capuc, Eucrenet E., 512 Massachusetts Ave., Boston, Mass......... 1910 Capy, Prof. WaLTER Guyton, 49 High St., Middletown, Conn...... 1916 Caun, ALVIN R., 4720 Greenwood Ave., Chicago, Ill............... 1917 * Life Associate. Associates. Xxl CALLENDER, JAMES PHI.ips, 32 Broadway, New York, N. Y........ 1903 Cautvert, Ear W., c/o. J. W. Noble, Harrow, Ont., Canada...... 1919 CaMPBELL, Mrs. Evita S., 263 W. 7th St., Erie, Pa..............1917 CAmPINT, CHaAs A. 154 E 33rd°St., New Yorke N. Y....:.t.0....:. 1919 CANTWELL, Geo. G., 901 W. Main Ave., Puyallup, Wash........... 1916 CAPTING piss -HTHni wos Waseton) Sask. -a4sces 0 a4se 4-420 45. 1918 CARPENTER, Rev. CHARLES Knapp, 1724 Sunnyside Ave., Chicago, WU 5d Peace Sve ORR AN Orns os Coen eRDA CR Ah 3 CU en ahd aah Sin TERA SF Re aR 1894 CARPENTER, GEORGE I., 129 Dean St., Brooklyn, N. Y............ 1907 Carricer, H. W., 5185 Trask St., Fruitvale Station, Oakland, Calif.1913 CarRo.Lu, Mrs. Ottvia GarNnsEy, Rutland, Mass.................. 1918 CarryL, FRANK M., 20 Burnett St., Maplewood, N. J..............1919 CARTER JOHN s luansdowiewmlanarnite omicienaa ies clelsiel< cra ers aicls =: 1907 @AsH HARRY A, 420 Hope St., Providence, R.T.....5.4..0. o2662 00% 1898 CaswELL, Mrs. ARTHUR E., 241 Union St., Athol, Mass............ 1918 CHAMBERLAIN, CHauncy W., 36 Lincoln St., Boston, Mass......... 1885 CHAPNIAN ES Mirsssha Mie inglewOods IN edis src ania t ae semi sc secass > 1908 Cuasg, RicHarp Morton, 164 Westminster R’d., Rochester, N. Y..1919 CHASE. SIDNEY, 2o Ames Blde Boston, Massas.c..0----.--+ +2000: 1904 CHEESMAN, Morton R., 2703 Ocean Front, Ocean Park, Calif....... 1911 Curbs, Henry Everett, 864 Broadway, E. Providence, R. I....... 1919 CiaGcet, Cuas W., Washington College, Chestertown, Md.......... 1918 Criark, AusTIN Hopart, 1818 Wyoming Ave., Washington, D. C....1919 @rARK, CrARENCE H., Lubec, Me.....:......: BER tah Seon te a 1913 CLARK, Jostan H., 238 Broadway, Paterson, N. J........25........:1895 CLARKE, CHARLES E., 51 Summit R’d, Medford, Mass............. 1907 Cuarkk, Miss Harrint E., 9 Chesnut St., Worcester, Mass.........1896 CLARKE, Miss Mary S., Silver Springs, Md...............-+......: 1916 C@rarke, Miss Rowmna Au, Karkwood, Mots.....2.0.¢0.01--++ ese: 1919 Cieaves, Howarp H., Conservation Comm., Albany, N. Y.........1907 CLEMENTS, Miss JENNIE, 508 8S. Main St., Independence, Mo....... 1919 CLEVELAND, Dr. CLEMENT, 925 Park Ave., New York, N. Y........ 19038 CLEVELAND, Miss Litian, Woods Edge R’d., West Medford, Mass...1906 (COA, JsboNge 16G, 1B bed eyael 1efndie UNL Ge ons oe bie dds los ogeemoe ce Gc 1883 Coss, Miss ANNIE W., 72 Oxford St., Arlington, Mass............. 1909 Coss, Paitiep Hacker, Loomis Inst., Windsor, Conn...............1917 COBEy Dra nANnnnYe bonkanogeViassssmiaceie tierce ce erin oe ee 1909 Corrin, Mrs. Perctvau B., 3232 Ellis Ave., Chicago, IIl............1905 Corrin, Ropert L., Mass. Agric’] Exp. Sta., Amherst, Mass........1917 Coaetns, HERBERT L., 2929 Piedmont Ave., Berkeley, Calif.........1913 CoLBurRN, ALBERT E., 806 S. Broadway, Los Angeles, Calif......... 1891 Cote, Dr. Leon J., College of Agric., Univ. of Wis., Madison, Wis...1908 Commons, Mrs. F. W., 608 Chamber of Commerce, Minneapolis, Minn.1902 Cones, Mrs. Henry F., 4 Trinity St., Hartford, Conn...............1917 CONGHR AGLEN © box.oOl Be lansing, Mich. .20.:.5.0.---050-- 1919 ConGcERy PAu SIDNEY Wie, erainlel@U Sac WiSas....cs61654 045 - ae 1918 Xxil Associates. Cook, Freperick W., 1604 East Harrison St., Seattle, Wash........ 1915 Cook, Miss Lintan Grutetrtre, Long Lea Farm, Amherst, Mass...... 1899 Cooker, Miss May THacuer, 1328 Twelfth St., Washington, D. C...1915 Cooper, Pamir T.,.31 Central St., Bangor, Me. ......2 222... 26. 1919 Corr, PRANCIS. RajoR, Dimock; Paves. hor ee eee 1892 CoprLanpD, Miss Apa B., 1103 White Ave., Grand Junction, Colo... .1917 CopELAND, Manton, 88 Federal St., Brunswick, Me............... 1900 Coursun, Buster, Univ of (Chicago, Chicago, UU .4 acerca eee 1918 Court, Epwarp J., 1723 Newton St., N. W.; Washington, D. C...1919 Covet, Dr. Henry H., 1600 East Ave., Rochester, N. Y.......... 1918 Cox, RopMan Daytion, Y. M. C. A., Rochester, N.Y...'...22.07.. 1919 CRAIG. WALLACE, Univ: of MameOrono, Meisaa.cccne se eee 1912 Cram, R. J., 26 Hancock Ave:, W.,.Detroit,; Mich. >. ...:.0.. .s2.cG6e 1893 CRANDALL, Lzur’S., N. Y. Zool. Park, New York, N. Ys: ..220 see 1909 CRANE Miss'Cuarnavlon, Dalton: Masson seraec.csi-feci oe creer ene 1904 GrRANE, Mirs. ZEwas; Dalton, Miass..a./. cei. «+ ocistecle scien ee 1904 Craven, ALLAN B., 3 Spruce: St, Boston; Mass-< 5.c..-6 4. seers 1919 CrIpDLE; NORMAN» Trusbank, Mane? 6220.0 6,-1.0) cre) s cients 1918 Crocknrr Reva.Gro. Re, Dixon os Des sess ace eee Eee 1919 Crospy, MAaunspeni'S:, Rhinebeck, N. Yos2 000 22. os apse en 1904 Cross, ArpertT AsHnny, Huntington, Mass:.........00.-..-.ce5 oo" 1918 Crowrnn, Mass J Onivia Dennis Mass. ss. nt. es cese aah ater ase 1918 CuDWORTH, WARREN H., Assonet, Mass.......00.5.0...05.6:0256% 1919 Cummincs, Miss Emma G:, 16 Kennard Road, Brookline, Mass... . . . 1903 CunnincHaM, J. WALTER, 3009 Dunham Ave., Kansas City, Mo....1919 Currier, EpMONDE SAMUEL, 416 E. Chicago St., Portland, Ore... .. 1894 Currin, Romo P.,'632 Keefer Pl, Washington, D.Cs>.2.2.2- ee 1895 Curry, Hasketu Brooks, 60 Bay State Road, Boston, Mass....... 1916 Curtis, CHARLES P., 244 Beacon St., Boston, Mass................1915 Curtis, Roy Q:,,.Jr, 12. W:...76th:st., NewYork, IN. Y...075.40-ee6 1919 CusHMAN, Miss Auice, 919 Pine St., Philadelphia, Pa.............. 1910 Dann, Mrs. Ernest B., Ches‘nut Hull, Mass............0...0.02 5 1912 Danrortu, Stuart T., 115 N. 6th Ave., New Brunswick, N. J...... 1916 DANIELS, Epwarp §., 3869 A Conn. Ave., St. Louis, Mo........... 1919 Davenport, Mrs. EvizaBets B., Brattleboro, Vt.................. 1898 Day, CHESTER Sessions, 15 Custom House St., Boston, Mass....... 1897 Dean, F. Roy, 3465 8. Spring. Ave:; St. Louis; Mio: 2.302250. tees 1919 Dran, R.H:, 720 'Quintard, Ave. Anniston; ‘Ala? (cee eee cme 1913 DEANE, GEORGE CLEMENT, 80 Sparks St., Cambridge, Mass........ 1899 DEARBORN, SAMUEL S., 9 Massachusetts Ave., Boston, Mass........ 1919 Decker, Harotp K., 1848 Washington Ave., New York, N. Y...... 1916 DeLoacu, R. J. H., 10154 Longwood Drive, Chicago, IIl........... 1910 Densmore, Miss MaBEt, 910 4th St., Red Wing, Minn............ 1910 Dent, Pau, 3714 West Pine B’lv’d, St. Louis, Mo................ 1919 Derrpy, RicHarp, 116 E.. 79th St., New York, N: Yes 5.2.0). er era: 1898 Dewey, Dr. Carus A., 78 Plymouth Ave., Rochester, N. Y.......1900 Associates. Dexter, Prof. Joun Suita, Univ. Sask., Saskatoon, Sask........... Dexter, Lewis, 1889 Elm St., Manchester, N. H................ Dice, Lez Raymonp, Mus. Zool., Ann Arbor, Mich............... Dickey, Donap R., San Rafael Heights, Pasadena, Calif......... Ditie, Freperick M., Niobrara Reservation, Valentine, Neb...... Dines, McCue.uanp, 5715 Enright Ave., St. Louis Mo........... Dionne, C. E., Laval University, Quebec, Canada................ Drxon, FREDERICK J., 111 Elm Ave., Hackensack, N. J........... DIXON, JOSHPHS., Univ. of Call, Berkeley, Calif....00. si) cces. ss. Doane, GILBERT Harry, 113 Second St., Newport, R. I........... Donarun, RALPH) J., Bonner Springs, Kami... oe... ss ee 2 ats Damr, THEODORE; 35 Remsen St., Brooklyn, N. Y............... Drummonp, Miss Mary, 510 Spring Lane, Lake Forest, Ill........ DuBors, ALEXANDER D 560 W. Monroe St., Chicago, Ill......... Dutt, Mrs. A. P. L., 211 N. Front St., Harrisburg, Pa Dunsar, Miss Teen 18, JD ik, Elkhorn, Wis.. DuRAND, Miss Laura B., 11 Oriole Gardens, ‘Toronto: Ont PERL SD Mi DurRFEE, OWEN, Box 125, Fall River, Mass Eaton, Scott Harrison, Box 653, Lawrenceville, Ill Epson, Joun M., Marietta Road, Bellingham, Wash EimsBeck, Dr. Aucust F., New Haven, Mo EKBLAW, SIDNEY E., R. F. D. 23, Rantoul, Ill EvprinGg, ARTHUR 8., South Lincoln, Mass Exrot, Wituarp Ayres, 1011 Thurman St., Portland, Ore Ets, Georce P., Norwalk, Conn Emerson, W. Orro, Hayward, Calif Eno, Henry LANs, Princeton, N. J Ericusen, W. J., 2311 Barnard St., Savannah, Ga Duryea, Miss ANNIE B., 62 Washington St., Newark, N. J......... Dyxe, ARTHUR Curtis, 205 Summer St., Bridgewater, Mass........ Hart, D. Ospourne, 17 Bates St., Cambridge, Mass.............. Hastmuan, Major Francis B., Camp Grant, Ill.................... *Haton, Howarp, Wolf, Sheridan Co., Wyo............02+-2505: Eaton, Miss Mary S., 8 Monument St., Concord, Mass............ Epson, Wm. L. G., 54 Fairview Ave., Rochester, N. Y............ Epwarps, KATHERINE M., Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass...... Exnincsr, Dr. CiypE E., 100 W. Rosedale Ave., West Chester, Pa... Eirric, Prof. C. W. Gustave, 504 Monroe Ave., Oak Park, Ill..... Exsiaw, WALTER Eimer, 713 W. Washington Blv’d., Urbana, Ill... EvLiot, Mrs. J. W., 124 Beacon St., Boston, Mass................ EMMERICH, ROBERT D., 322 W. 100th St., New York, N. Y........ EneutsH, Mrs. T. F., 3631 Campbell St., Kansas City, Mo......... Evans, Dr. Evan M., 550 Park Ave., New York, N. Y............. XX * Life Associate. XXIV Associates. EVANS, Wilaran B:; Moorestown, Nid. ceeises ive eel eee 1897 IDwanph (GO ne tay sl oan abllbeIN dip os amadahocand dheeenn aaomeoabe bc 1918 Faucer, Mrs. Wo., c/o. California Nat’! Bank, Modesto, Calif..... 1918 Faust, CLARENCE, New Middletown, Ohio.....................-0% 1919 Faxon, ALLAN Hart, 7 Edwards St., Southbridge, Mass........... 1916 *Fay, Duprey B., 287 Beacon St., Boston, Mass.................. 1916 HAY 5.-ERESCOTT Vos State it., OSbOMss VlasSnascy | .sasteee teri ete 1907 Fereicrer, Atva Howarp, North Side High School, Denver, Colo... .. 1898 Fruit, Miss EmMa Trego, 1534 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, Pa...... 1903 Fietp, Dr. GrorGcE W., 2807 18th St., N. W., Washington, D.C... ..1910 FisHer, Miss Ev1zABETH WILSON, 2222 Spruce St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1896 Fisuer, Dr. G. Ctypr, American Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, N. Y.1908 FLANAGAN, JOHN H., 89 Power St., Providence, R. I............... 1898 FLEISHER, EDWARD, 539 4th St., Brooklyn, N. Y.................. 1916 KEETCHER: Joyte, Norton, WKWan.y.. .cictackes +c oi.ccseees eres eee 1919 ELEercuurR, Mrs: MARY E:, ProctorsvilleVit... 5... 40...) aeee eee 1898 FiLoyp, CHARLES BEenTON, 382 Wolcott St., Auburndale, Mass....... 1916 Foot, Dr. NATHAN CHANDLER, Readville, Mass................... 1916 Foote, Miss F. Huserta, 260 Valentine Lane, Yonkers, N. Y...... 1897 ForBes, Raupy E., 328 Adams St., Milton, Mass.................. 1917 HoRD; bmn Mi: Box.s; Great Halls sont. s.c5 soe cet eee eee 1919 Forp, Miss Lourse Pretiaru, “The Heights,’’ Aiken, 8. C.......... 1919 Forpyce, Gro. L., 40 Lincoln Ave., Youngstown, Ohio.............1901 HOSTER: HRANCIS A, Hidgartowmn, Wiassa.c- sc: oss <0 0 ocitee ene 1918 HostpRryHRANK 1; Havertord Panc. 2. sain pete ete ee ee 1916 Fow.er, FREDERICK HALL, 221 Kingsley Ave., Palo Alto, Calif....... 1892 Fow er, Henry W., Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.........1898 Fox, Dr. Witu1AMm H., 1826 Jefferson Place, Washington, D. C......1883 FrRANcIS, NATHANIEL A., 35 Davis Ave., Brookline, Mass...........1914 FRASER DONALD Johnstown. wNiYtrseies sciences sistance see een 1902 FREEMAN, Miss Harriet E., 37 Union Park, Boston, Mass......... 1903 HRENCH, CHARLES dd: Canton). Wiasst .mcyacm vee credence ieee eens 1904 WRENCH, Virss CHAS EH. “Cantons: WIASS: 5 a cise et nuemertie east aces nee 1908 Frost, ALLEN, c. 0. Trussell Mfg. Co., Poughkeepsie, N. Y......... 1919 FROTHINGHAM, Mrs. RANDOLPH, 113 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, IMRS'SS 5 35. i126 Bi tea SPRL al ec eee GRRL eee ae ae 1913 Fry, Rev. Henry J., 66 Eagle Rock Way, Montclair, N. J.......... 1916 *Fucuret, Howarpn, 312 Bullitt Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa.............1919 Futuer, Henry C., 1348 Euclid St., Washington, D. C............. 1916 PunvEr, Mrs: P2@1rs, Needham, Masstnnccserre ict tee eee 1909 GABRIELSON, Ira N., 220 P. O. Bldg., Portland; Ore....-....:...2: 1912 GaANIER, ALBERT F., 2507 Ashwood Ave., Nashville, Tenn.......... 1917 * Life Associate. Associates. XXV GARDINER, CHARLES BarNnss, 175 W. Main St., Norwalk, Ohio... . ..1903 GARDNER, ASTON CoLEBROOK, 1805 Market St., Wilmington, Del... .1919 GARDNER, JAMES H., 626 Kennedy Bldg., Tulsa, Okla.............. 1919 Garst, Dr. Juuius, 29 Oread St., Worcester, Mass................. 1916 (GASTON Oras Kee ratte WAM qo hae cued eiciareteritersls. a Sielclinncleteveia « 1919 GertH, WALTER G., 3929 Greenview Ave., Chicago, Ill.............1918 GERTKEN, Prof. SEVERIN, St. John’s University, Collegeville, Minn..1912 (CUANTINGSE @ HAS PAvew Olam clIN wars -ciraeee ria esesaia. siseasrentusteueye.s ers 1911 Gipson, LanpGon, 5 Union St., Schenectady, N. Y................ 1887 CireB mR ip Virss Hie les Wiel pOlew Newel meiiee ccratsierac ene geile) elec a: 1919 CiEMAN Vie RENCH banning |@alae saascere aaecines: ceases « 1907 GLADDING, Mrs. JoHN R., 30 Stimson Ave., Providence, R. I........1912 Gueason, Mrs. C. H., 700 Madison Ave., 8. E., Grand Rapids, Mich.1917 GoELITz, WALTER A., 376 Flower City Park, Rochester, N. Y.......1916 Consanlunwis oe bo0x.97, erattvalles Alas ase oc. «ese sens oe sot 1912 Cooney irs shes sharons WMiasssercerese jeter. sects stereo) 1918 Goopricu, Miss Juniet T., 1210 Astor St., Chicago, Ill............. 1904 Gorpon, Harry E., 307 Laburnum Cres., Rochester, N. Y......... 1911 Gormuny, A. Liegnort, Box 345, Arnprior, Ont.................--- 1918 Gorst, CHARLES C., 28 Beauford R’d., Jamaica Plain, Boston, Mass.1916 COURD OSHEPHE He eAT Camas tl aan neice cee cick cle a etevere sicase scare oyioere 1889 (Ch AETAN MELON Wiad. Aled ow: DIT syeinr fate sien cre) ee arctegen arcs tesa, «lene 1909 GRANGER, WALTER, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, N. Y.......1891 Grant, Mrs. ADELE Lewis, Mo. Bot. Garden, St. Louis, Mo.........1919 (CRANTS WM..W., 600: Castle St., Geneva, N. Yo... 0205543... --: 1910 Graves, Mrs. Cuaruss B., 4 Mercer St., New London, Conn....... 1905 Gray, GHorce M., Box 89, Woods Hole, Mass..........05 22.0... - 4: 1916 GREANOFF, Rey. ALBERT Epwarp, 220 Montgomery Ave., Wksertistonmmebateryrsiat cry ric crarsioeaeyataie cick spalae cies eo sessed ae 1919 GREEN, Horacr Oakes, 114 North Ave., Wakefield, Mass.......... 1917 GREENOUGH, Henry Voss, 1134 Beacon St., Brookline, Mass.......1901 CRHGORY RAYMOND Je erincetons Massi oanye sees cesses a ees a 1917 GREGORY, STEPHEN S., Jr., 2609 Hampden St., Chicago, Ill.........1916 GRIFFEE, WILLET E., Route 3, Corvallis, Ore......:..............- 1919 GRIFFIN, BERTRAM §8., 22 Currie Ave., Haverhill, Mass............. 1917 Crows VirssHuGHNE de. WebanonmwNy Ele se aaeae cls es a2 seis sla 1916 GurinoTte, Judge Jutes E., 1215 Manheim R’d., Kansas City, Mo. .1919 GuntHorpP, Prof. Horace, Washburn College, Topeka, Kan......... 1919 Haas, Rospert C., 504 Swetland Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio......... 1919 ERAD TH Yoe AED ENG Ee Monrovia lade ae.) eters aitit tale 4.2 Sh ostele laa © 1906 UNGAR ee A \larshirel disidall sealVisissiys cyiisi. © seis acetals clsrems lores, © 1914 FUAGHIR GS GC: HOMN Veen) stds IeeLerOOLOs ING telat a2) oes 2 cfeie cl evereis ee 1917 Haitz, H. PENNINGTON, 28 Edwards St., Springfield, Mass......... 1919 FAT Eee eg GREGORY VUlltOMa WiaSesscce saseiee meisian «oats scie «es 1917 Haut, WM. WEBSTER, JR., 15 E. 75th St., New York, N. Y.........1917 HA.Luinan, THomas, 212 Madison Ave., Paterson, N. J.............1919 XXV1 Associates. HALLINGN, JOSEPH H., Coopertown, Okla asec on sce cies 1919 HANnpipy, Cas O- Lewisburgy Wo Vain see eee tics eee 1916 Hankinson, Tuos. LeRoy, N. Y. College of Forestry, Syracuse, 1 epe Gn A et A OR i Re eee tee Ae RA LT PAR hgh 5, “oi6-< 1897 Hanna, G. Datuuas, California Acad. Sci., San Francisco, Calif...... 1919 Hanna, WILSON CrEAL, 1000 Pennsylvania Ave., Colton, Calif..... 1919 Haroisty, ArTHuR H., 2326 First St., N. W., Washington, D. C....1918 HARDON, Mrs Hunry Wis Walton, \Conmi,. |r s.ceiee eee 1905 HARRINGTON, Mrs. 1); JH. Eincoln, Mass... 2.1 teen ee 1919 HaRRINGTON, Raupu M., 595 Ashland Ave., Buffalo, N. Y.......... 1915 *HarRIson, Guo. L., Jr., 400 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa........1919 Harrison, Harry Moraan, 503 Linden St., Camden, N. J......... 1919 Hartwey, Gro. Innuss, 344 W. 87th St., New York, N. Y.......... 1919 HartsHorRN, Haroup Ira, 53 8. 12th St., Newark, N. J........... 1918 Harvey, Mrs Cs: Vernon Hall skinstony NaC... ...2- ac eee 1918 Harvey, Joun L., 3 Moody St.. Waltham, Mass..............:-«. 1916 HASKELL, Miss Santa, 1236 11th St., N. W., Washington, D.C..... 1916 Hataaway, Harry §., Box 1466, Providence, R. I.................1897 HAVEMBEYER, Ele -@5, Mahwallt Ne dhe nts oss. « sosictass Ueno ache eee 1893 HAVEMBYER, E..O. dr. Miahwah, Nedic sc sancsa. eee eet eee 1919 HmAacock, Miss HistHmrs WyNCOte bas ccc). «24s 8.5 0c) 1 Cambridge, Md.i............-..... 1918 Jackson, THomas H., 304 N. Franklin St., West Chester, Pa........1888 JAMES NORMAN. Catonsville; NMiGh cic) oc sree 6 Cacewinrs pads watleoas 1913 JAN VARIN DriHe i: Pe. 515 Park Ave. New York, N. Yo.....4..-.: 1919 JENKSs OHASY Wis Bedtord, Masset 0.2. cic ne ldebicpsie ocrotave 6) owed nie o.e 0 1912 JENNEY, Hon. Cuarzes F., 100 Gordon Ave., Hyde Park, Mass... ..1905 JENNINGS, DriGno; H., Jewett City, Conn. <.... 0566 je.cee. cons 1918 JENNINGS, RicHarp D., 129 Harrison St., East Orange, N. J........1913 JENSEN, J. K., U.S. Indian School, Santa Fe, N. Mex..............1912 Juwarr STaNtmy G.; Pendleton, Ores... os s/c. s o4 00 bee tens oe 1906 Jounson, Prof. Cuas. Euaene, Dept. Zoédl., Kan. Univ., Lawrence, USGS sealed ey CRUE OER ORE CARD en 1919 JOHNSON, FRANK E., 16 Amackassin Terrace, Yonkers, N. Y........ 1888 JoHNSsON, Mrs.Grace Perris, Museum of Nat. Hist., Springfield, Mass.1908 ‘Jones, Dr. LomBarp Carter, Falmouth, Mass.................... 1917 Jionmss Wirmnrann He Norway, MiGs. o 5.6 sac aclu veces ecadeves cas 1918 XXVI1 Associates. JORDAN; A. HB: Everett, Wash’. 4. ccs ee secite nese eee 1888 Jump, Mrs. aca R., 97 Oakleigh Road, Newton, Mass........... 1910 JUNKIN, Francis T. A., ‘Twin Oaks,’? Woodley Lane, Washington, | BS Gee an a, ete) Ae eA CAO Re 1917 KAEDING ;Gnoy i, Battle Mountains Nevan. cere oe eee 1918 Kang, Mrs. Susan Mary, Mich. Club Bldg., Seattle, Wash.........1919 Keays, JAMES Epwarp, 328 St. George St., London, Ontario........1899 Ketioaa, Rapa T., Silver City, N. M.. ve iF el ONS Kauso, Dr. JoHNn E. te Edgewood, ewe er Nitea iiealee B. e eee 1915 KENISTON, ALLAN, Vineyard Haven, Mass...............2..2.000- 1917 KeEnnepy, Dr. Humare: Readwvalle,Viass:.<: nee ae Ze ae eee 1916 Koni Duann Ht47 Westist-. Rutland eVituas: so. 46 serene 1913 Kent, Epwarp G., 2595 Boulevard, Jersey City, N. J.............. 1919 Kent, Epwin C., 156 Broadway, New York, N. Y.................1907 *KiIppER, NATHANIEL [., Milton, Mass...............2.2 +086 see 1906 Kiuecors, Wiuu1aM, Jr., 132 Orlin Ave., S. E., Minneapolis, Minn... .1906 KINGSBURY, FREDERICK S., 97 Oliver St., Boston, Mass............ 1916 King, LeRoy; 20°; 84th St., New York, N.V2.2.22. ce ee 1901 KINGMAN, Rospert H., 11 S. Cedar Ave., Arverne, N. Y............ 1919 KirkHaM, Mrs. eens W., 275 Maple St., Springfield, Mass........ 1904 *KIRKHAM, STANTON D., 152 Howell St. UGunandaivde, N: Yio ee eel Ole KiIRKWOoD, FRANK C., R. F. D., 3, Monkton! Mids cab ston. to ae eno 1892 KORN, ALBERT! J.B. He DS4, Solomons Manse)... ane 1918 KITTREDGE, JosEPH, Jr., Forest Service, Washington, D.C......... 1910 KLOSEMAN, Miss Jessip E., Beal Hall, 20 Charlesgate W., Boston, IMSSSE ig vis actaowae to Manda dace Saln ike. COCe eae eee 1909 Ktots, ALEXANDER, 125 W. 78th St., New York, N. Y............. 1919 KNAEBEL, ERNEST, 3707 Morrison St., Chevy Chase, D. C.......... 1906 KNOLHOFF, FERDINAND WILLIAM, Amityville, N. Y...............- 1890 Kretzman, Prof. P. E., 38337 A Oregon Ave., St. Louis, Mo......... 1913 KusicuHeEk, D. P., Biological Survey, Washington, D. C.............1919 Kusnr, AnTHonNy &., “Bernardsville, Nv... 2.222.555 see eee 1908 Kusnr,. Mrs..Antaony R., Bernardsville; N. 1917 Por, Miss Marcaretra, 1204 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Md....... 1899 Pootz, Eart L., School Admin. Bldg., Reading, Pa..............-- 1916 Port, ALEXANDER, 1013 Beacon St., Brookline, Mass.............- 1919 BORER eUOuISiHe. StamtOrd, COnMe.cen ecm sscieel-t os cine ce sees ome 1893 Post, Wintram §., Bernardsville, N. Ji... 0.005.05 002 e2 eens oe 1911 Potter, Jutian K., 563 Bailey St., Camden, N. J...........------ 1912 Potter, LAWRENCE B., Eastend, Sask..............6.0.022+-02 008: 1919 Prancer, WituraM E., 421 Douglas Ave., Kalamazoo, Mich........ 1892 Pratt, Hon. Gro. D., Telephone Bldg., Albany, N. Y.............. 1917 Pricr, JouN Henry, Crown W Ranch, Knowlton, Mont........... 1906 Puree, LiGon, KR. fF. D:, Dunmore, W.Va... 2.005.052... 086s se 1913 PritcHarD, Mrs. F. A., 203 N. Court St., Medina, Ohio............1918 Proctor, GreorGE N., 35 Congress St., Boston, Mass............-- 1919 Purpy, Jamss B., R. F. D. 4, Ele mouth, Mich.. as ...- 1893 QUARLES, HMM Avuaustus, Southfield Point, eeniards Conn Sider 1918 Q@urcerm, Jaums C., Mcblhattan, Pat. ... 2205. 006-2+ 5 see ee ene 1915 Raker, Miss Mav E., 1484 E. Sherman St., Portland, Ore......... 1918 Rarturr, Hon. Watter §., R. R. B., Box 276, Richmond, Ind... ... 1918 RAVEN, LinNRy CUSHIER, Bayshore, IN. Yo-s.2..sp---2->esse e+ on: 1918 Rea, Pau M., Charleston Museum, Charleston, 8. C.. .. 1912 Reaau, Dr. | Ag Lincoun, 39 Maple St., West Roni, Mass. .1896 Reear, H. Severn, 1400 De Kalb St., Nonriatowi: Paes 1916 Reep, Miss Ciara EVERETT, Brcorreld, Nasser an ere oat 1919 Rean, James A. G., 6033 B Catherine St., Philadelphia, Pa......... 1901 REICHENBERGER, Mrs. Victor M., Hotel Essex, New York, N. Y... .1916 Rew, Mrs. Bruce, Gulf Refinery, Port Arthur, Tex...............1918 RED eR USSHLE, 22 Oth ot. bismarck, IN. Dak. oc... 00 sees ee 1919 Rett, Eqmont Z., 3902 Pecos St., Denver, Colo...............---+ 1917 Ruoaps, Cuarues J., National Reserve Bank, Philadelphia, Pa... .. 1895 Rics, JAMES Henry, Brick House Plantation, Wiggins, S: Cos... 1910 ITCH VAR DWP EVO aC MG alle milan Gliey preter aie eis ehereicfsici cys sheicssiled- 21> = 1913 RICHARDS, Miss Harriet E., 36 Longwood Ave., Brookline, Mass. . . 1900 RicHarpson, W. D., 4215 Penta AvernGnicago plllitin teens: <2 os 1917 Rweway, Joun L., Geological Survey, Washington, D. C........... 1890 RIKER, CLARENCE B., 43 Scotland Road, South Orange, N. J........1885 XXXIV Associates. ROBBINS, ‘CHARLES A.. Onset, Mass 00 5 eee sais | eee 1914 Ropssins, Royau E., 104 Pleasant St., Brookline, Mass............. 1917 ROBERTS; /EREWITT, Conway, Mousses cy eerie ead eee oe ae 1919 Roserts, WILLIAM Ey, 207 McKinley Ave., Lansdowne, Pa....... 1902 Rosertson, Howarp, 157 8. Wilton Drive, Los Angeles, Calif...... 1911 ROBINSON, ANTHONY W.., Elaverlord,: Paes. 26 sca oe cee ee 1903 Rosinson, Mrs. L. K., 1130 8. Franklin St., Denver, Colo.......... 1919 Ropinson, Miss Mary L., Lathrop Trade School, Kansas City, Mo..1919 Ropo.pue, Brother, Christian Bro. Normal School, Laval Rapids, Que.1919 *Rocers, Cuas H., Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, N. Y......... 1904 Rouanp, Conrad K., 1208 DeKalb St., Norristown, Pa............ 1917 ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN DELANO, Hyde Park, N. Y................. 1896 Ross iGHo: H.,.2ecWest ot., Rutland; Vt.coa. . cle eee 1904 Ross, Dr. Lucretius H., 507 Main St., Bennington, Vt............ 1912 Rovsu, Gro. HAroxp, 343 Prospect St., Morgantown, W. Va....... 1919 Row ey, Joun, 42 Plaza Drive, Berkeley, Calif. .................. 1889 Ruae, Harotp Gopparp, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H...... 1919 Rust Henry Je Coeur dAlenes.dahow...) 26 cae ee Cee 1918 Ryver, Mrs. Ropgert O., 1041 Franklin Ave., Columbus, Ohio...... 1919 DACKETP: \CLARBNCE: Hye, IN. Yissdtcb cosas siicls accent Nanette eee 1910 Sace, Henry M., Menands Road, Albany, N. Y.................. 1885 Sacre, Mrs. Mary Sart, 1974 Broadway, New York, N. Y......... 1919 SALYDR, J. Cuark, 2412 Main St., Lexington, Mo.........2...eees 1919 Sampson, Miss Myra M., 30 Green St., Northampton, Mass........ 1918 SANBORN, Corin C,, P:-©,. Box 97, Rutherford, Ni. J:<.se..9. see 1911 *SANFORD, Dr. LuonarD C., 216 Crown St., New Haven, Conn......1919 SANTENS, Remi H., Carnegie Mus., Pittsburgh, Pa................. 1918 SaunpeErs, ArgevAS A., 21 Edlie Ave., South Norwalk, Conn........ 1907 SavaGcn, Manton L., 1338 Orthodox St., Frankford, Philadelphia, Pa. 1919 ScHaEFER, Oscar FREDERICK, 669 Genesee St., Rochester, N. Y.....1916 SCHATER, day POrb aryOn,, Mllcrcs: crete onsale en cml hit eens te aut ee een 1918 ScHantTz, OrpHEuS M., 10S. LaSalle St., Chicago, Ill.............. 1919 SCHANCK,. HRHDERIC, uenox, Wass: «21.5. ..socceers ofc resus ace ee 1912 SCHLEICHERT, ERnest K., Mathias Point, Va.................... 1919 SCHONNEGEL, JULIAN Exiot, 92 Morningside Ave., New York, N. Y.1918 Scuorcer, A. W., 2021 Kendall Ave., Madison, Wis............... 1913 ScHRENCK, Dr. HERMANN von, 4139 McPherson Ave., St. Louis, Mo. 1919 ScoviLLE, SAMUEL, Jr., 415 Lancaster Ave., Haverford, Pa.......... 1916 Scupper, Braprorp A., 146 W. 105th St., New York, N. Y........ 1917 Sears, WILLIAM R., 73 Tremont St., Boston, Mass...............- 1916 SHERRILL, WILLEAM Jy Javertords.Pa), tara. eee mee eee 1916 SEWELL, JAMES W., Jr., 2218 Patterson St., Nashville, Tenn........ 1918 * Life Associate. Associates. XXXV Suaw, Henry S., 78 Cypress St., Newton Center, Mass............ 1916 Suaw, Dr. J. E. Norton, Mattapoisett, Mass....................- 1919 Saw, Witu1am T., 1000 Thatuna St., Pullman, Wash.............. 1908 Sura, DanreL W., Catholic Univ. of Amer., Washington, D.C...... 1917 SHEARER, Dr. AMon R., Mont Belvieu, Tex...................-25- 1905 SHELDON, CHARLES, 3102 Q St., N. W., Washington, D.C.......... 1911 Siemans, JB Miss ID taaeKNey ISIN SG aoe cinco. dak ou euumod otcaccnie ae 1918 SuHEeLtTon, ALFRED C., c/o. Johnson, Shelton Co., Dayton, Ohio...... 1911 Suerwoop, Mrs. THEropore C., 3520 Cherry St., Kansas City, Mo. .1919 Surrey, Lester L., 604 S. 10th St., Vincennes, Ind............... 1917 SHIRLING, ALBERT E., 3849 E. 62nd St., Kansas City, Mo.......... 1919 SHOEMAKER, CLARENCE R., 3116 P St., Washington, D.C.......... 1910 SHOMMAKER ELMNIRY Wie, VicHilhattam (Passes. ao. ae- cess neds. s- 1912 SHOFFNER, CHARLES P., 2011 Wallace St., Philadelphia, Pa......... 1915 SHROSBEE, GEO., Pub. Mus., Milwaukee, Wis! PE bite el OOD, SILLIMAN, O. P., Con Alisal ‘& Riker St., Srlinas: Chis RAL eth Seaton 1915 SILVER, JOHN A. Abend cenmplV cl separa a aeraae hoadieeie st aesnasietsistendl se 1918 Simmons, Gro. Finuay, Univ. Texas, Austin, Texas................ 1910 SIMONDS4 VMassisusmenlae, Hantlands Wish ices ach 2: see esc ee cts oe 1919 SKINNER Mecben Yellowstone Park, Wiyo. sinscesssces65s ees ook 1916 Smitu, AusTIN Pau, 2043 E. 71st St., Cleveland, Ohio.............1911 Smitu, Rev. Francis Curtis, 22 Jewett Pl., Utica, N. Y........... 1903 Situ, Prof. Franx, 1005 West California Ave., Urbana, Ill........ 1909 Smitu, Horace G., 2918 Lafayette St., Denver, Colo............... 1888 Smitu, Dr. Huew M., 1209 M St., N. W., Washington, D.C........ 1886 Smiru, Lester W., 60 Cottage St., Meriden, Conn................. 1916 Smirnu, Narrer, 46 Cotés des Neiges Road, Montreal, Canada.......1915 Smitru, Mrs. Wauuis C., 525 N. Michigan Ave., Saginaw, W.S., Mich.1916 Sumi WENDELE Parris), WellsiRiver, Vt......:...se25.--++- 1919 Smytu, Prof. Etuison A., Jr., Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg, Va..... 1892 Snyper, Exias LeRoy, 1244 N. Emporia Ave., Wichita, Kan....... 1919 SNYDER, LesTeER L., Royal Ont. Mus., Toronto, Ont................ 1919 SnyDER, WILL Epwin, 309 DeClark St., Beaver Dam, Wis.......... 1895 Soper, JosePH Dewey, R. D. 2, Preston, Ont., Canada.............1918 SovuLe, CAROLINE Gray, 187 Walnut St., Brookline, Mass.......... 1917 SrPELMAN, Henry M., 48 Brewster St., Cambridge, Mass........... 1911 Spencer, Miss CLEMENTINA 8., Dept. of Zodlogy, Coe College, Cedar RA DICS BLOW e ene ha PN ake een te tire elaine abate mists 1917 Stanwoop, Miss CorDELIA JoHNSON, Ellsworth, Me................ 1909 STAPLETON, RicHaRD, 219 High St., Holyoke, Mass................ 1916 STEELE, Henry B., 4530 Drexel Boulevard, Chicago, Ill............ 1917 SrepPuens, Prof. T. C., Morningside College, Sioux City, Iowa....... 1909 STEPHENSON, Mrs. Jesse, Monte Vista, Colo..................---- 1918 Stevens, Prof. G. W., Normal College, Warrensburg, Mo...........1919 STEVENS SD rapebio boxglo4G.sbincolms News sem s-)anee ae oe sea - 1908 Stewart, Mrs. Crectu, 451 Beacon St., Boston, Mass............... 1917 XXXV1 Associates. Stites, Epaar C., 345 Main St., West Haven, Conn............... 1907 Stimson, Dr. ArtHuR M., 414 Raymond St., Chevy Chase, Md......1917 STODDARD, HERBERT Lez, Field Museum Nat. Hist., Chicago, Ill... .1912 STONE, HARRY HERBERT, Jr, Sturbridge, Mass:.....+.....0- sere 1919 Storer, Tracy Irwin, Mus. Vert. Zoology, Berkeley, Calif......... 1916 STREET. J. HLA TCHHR beverl yan Nasa cin eee nn ae 1908 STRUTHERS, Rev. ALFRED L., Townsend, Mass...................- 1918 STuART, Frank A., 118 Green St., Marshall, Mich................. 1915 Stuart, Guo. H., 3rd, e-o Girard Trust Co., Philadelphia, Pa........1913 STURGIS) 97 WARREN. Grotona Viasseeei .) - anion ieee eet eee 1910 STURTEVANT, Epwarp, St. George’s School, Newport, R. I..........1896 SuapENn, ArtHuR W., 35 Concord St., Hartford, Conn..............1913 Surron, Gro. Mixscu, Carnegie Mus., Pittsburgh, Pa............. 1919 Swain, JoHN Merton 113 Main St., Farmington, Me.............. 1899 SwEEney, J. A., Forest Service, Nenzel, Neb...................05- 1916 SWEET, Miss Ora D., 34 Elizabeth St., Auburn, N. Y.............. 1919 SwEnNK, Myron H., 1410 N. 37th St., Lincoln, Neb................ 1904 TATNALL, SAMUEL A., 503 Hansberry St., Philadelphia, Pa.......... 1916 Taytor, ALEXANDER R., 1410 Washington St., Columbia, 8. C...... 1907 Taytor, Horace, 3 Netherlands Rd., Brookline, Mass..............1917 TAYLOR, LIONEL H., Bankhead, Kelowna, B.'@......25....- ss see 1913 Taytor, Dr. WALTER P., 1428 Perry Place, N. W., Washington, D. C.1916 TAYLOR, WARNER, 219 Clifford Court, Madison, Wis...............1916 TEACHENOR, Drx, 3237 Garfield Ave., Kansas City, Mo............ 1919 TERRILL, Lewis Mcl., 44 Stanley Ave., St. Lambert, Quebec....... 1907 Tuomas, Miss Emity Hrnps, Bryn Mawr, Pa............2.2..+++ 1901 THOMAS, GERALD B., 229 Burlington Ave., Billings, Mont...........1919 Tuompson, J. Waucott, 527 East First South St., Salt Lake City, Witalaytd eit aes oes wheats clas, santas pists Ue ee ee 1916 Tuorns, Miss Jutia A., c/o Dr. D. H. Hill, Raleigh, N. C......... 1916 THOWLEsS, HERBERT L., 765 Broad St., Newark, N. J.............. 1919 Tritton, Miss Mase, THurstTon, Vineyard Haven, Mass............1918 TINDALL, CuHas. W., 912 N. Noland St., Independence, Mo......... 1919 TiInKER, ALMERIN D., 1019 Church St., Ann Arbor, Mich...........1907 Tower, Mrs. Kate D., Hotel Bristol, Copley Sq., Boston, Mass.....1908 Townes, Miss ANNIE FLORENCE, Topsfield, Mass.................-- 1918 Towne, Dr. Soton Ropney, Sta. D., Route 2, Omaha, Neb........ 1919 TOWNSHEND, Henry Horcuxiss, 35 Hellbourne Ave., New Haven, COnmnnede aria cats sah hate t Rasa oe oe tea ene & SAE Rac eee 1915 TREAT, WILLARD HLUERY, sliver, Wane, Conn: ..3. s=.84eeces meee 1919 Trecanza, A. O., 522 8. 13th St., E., Salt Lake City, Utah......... 1906 Trotter, WILLIAM Henry, 36 N. Front St., Philadelphia, Pa.......1899 TRUESDELL, JOHN F., 230 Post Office Bldg., Denver, Colo.......... 1918 Truin, Harry S.; 317 Hast 196thi St: New York) Ne Your. ieee 1917 (TRUMBELL, J: HH.,/Plainville-;@onnt jase sect eine chee 1907 TupBury, WARREN C., 1939 Marin Ave., Berkeley, Calif........... 1903 Associates. XXXVI hoes, WOBLE W., Wolfville, Nova Scotia. . i... 6065 cas sees eee 1919 Tutuock, Mrs. GitBERT, 379 Edgewood Ave., New Haven, Conn....1919 TurtLr, Henry Emerson, Lake Forest, Ill............5......60.- 1909 ECC mE Ace Heel at ALAS Kec ota diatsrsls t'.(cige ex stare da k.see Rela cts i LOL hyn OHN Gepuinlocks @alifat secs ss que decree Aes jee a tae 1912 Urrorp, Dr. EUGENE U., 221 Central St., Auburndale, Mass........ 1918 Unperwoop, Wm. Lyman, Mass. Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, Mass.. . 1900 VACHNTING, MissvAINNAJ:, ellefonte, Payio...0-4.-.--cnss-+.6-- 1905 VALLANDINGHAM, Miss Katir, 811 Highland Ave., Carrollton, Ky...1918 *V ANDERGRIFT, S. H., 311 Riggs Bldg., Washington, D. C.......... 1918 VAN FLEET, CuarK C., 446 10th St., Santa Rosa, Calif............. 1919 Van Name, WILLARD G., Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, N. Y....1900 Van Neman, Miss Louta, Westport High School, Kansas City, Mo..1919 VeTTerR, Dr. CHARLES, 67 West 12th St., New York, N. Y..........1898 Viereck, Henry L., Biological Survey, Washington, D. C..........1916 Worms, Dr. Caras. 2, Univ. of Ariz; Tuscon, Ariz.............+- 1918 WapsworTH, CLARENCE S., 27 Washington St., Middletown, Conn... 1906 WALKER, EcBpert Hamiuton, 411 Camden Court, Ann Arbor, Mich.1919 WAD KER HERNHS Tle mn OenixwATIZtereee rciitia selec ates oases 1918 WA KRG HOm Reh ve Deon Vina yas Wua lsc less els. ie ele sis ee 1909 Wa uace, Cuas. R., 69 Columbus Ave., Delaware, Ohio............1913 WALLACE, JAMES S., 12 Wellington St., E., Toronto, Ontario........1907 Watter, Dr. HERBERT E., 67 Oriole Ave., Providence, R. I.........1901 WAUINRS RANK, ol 2o2ordust., gilmhurst, No Ye sh.c.cs2-eee ss a 4- 1902 WARD, FRANK H., 18 Grove Place. Rochester, N. Y................ 1908 Warp, Henry L., 520 Lake Drive, Milwaukee, Wis................ 1906 WARNER, Epwarp P., Langley Field, Hampton, Va................ 1910 WARTEON? ©.1G., .20F Ridout.st., 6. London, Onts2... 2.5.2 ..... 0.1919 Weser, J. A., Moore and Grand Aves., Leonia, N. J...............1906 \yviieistnons3, J Dany (Canranexei0} Aly, Javopd ay IMCS o-oo ggeneaacd ous aopenor 1916 WEBSTER, Mrs. JENNIE E. B., 44 E. 23rd St., New York, N. Y......1917 WEEKS, Rev. LeRoy Titus, Emmetsburg, Iowa..................-. 1917 WEISEMAN, T. WALTER, 226 Beaver Road, Emsworth, Pa............1919 WEISER, CHARLES S., 105 W. Springettsbury Ave., York, Pa....,...1916 *WELLMAN, GorDON B., 46 Dover R’d., Wellesley, Mass............ 1908 Wrst CrAsnObADn mV lariamnds cBLase ecco se auierts ci cis a 2 helo ea. 1919 Wrrvorn, Mrs) EpmunbiHe, Babylon, No Y.5-.....--:--.-+-+:s-+s 1902 Weyaanpt, Dr. CorneEttius, 6635 Wissahickon Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.1907 SVHAR TON pV Villa ioe GrOboms IWasSt sc icte tus acta cs\tomccee « 1907 WHEELER, Rev. Harry Epaear, Fayetteville, Ark................. 1919 WHEELER, JOSEPH RANDALL, Grand Lake, Newfoundland........... 1919 Wuitaker, J. R., Grand Lake, Newfoundland..................... 1919 Waite, Francis Bracu, St. Paul’s School, Concord, N. H.......... 1891 * Life Associate. XXXVIIL Associates. Wuiter, GreorcE R., Dead Letter Office, Ottawa, Canada............ 1903 Wuirte, W. A., 158 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, N. Y............. 1902 Wuitina, ADRIAN P., 163 Sandwich St., Plymouth, Mass........... 1919 Wuirman, F. N., McGraw Hall, Ithaca, N: Y.......:........... 1919 WHITTLE, CHARLES L., 50 Congress St., Boston, Mass..............1916 Waeirrun, Mrs i. Gs Peterboro, NvHiee-e + c.ce eee eee WIEGMANN, Dr. W1LL1AM Henry, 436 E. 5th St., New York, N. Y..1916 WitzurR, AppIson P., 60 Gibson St., Canandaigua, N. Y........... 1895 Witcox, T. FERDINAND, 118 E. 54th St., New York, N. Y.......... 1895 Witey, Miss Lena CatHertne, Buckland, Mass................... 1918 WiLuArD, Bertet G., 1619 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Mass.. .1906 WiILTARD PRANK ©.) HarminodalesN). Yoon seuss eee eee eee 1909 WILLARD, Oscar T., 1444 E. 54th St., Chicago, Ill................. 1919 Wiucox, Prof. M. A., 63 Oakwood Road, Newtonville, Mass....... 1913 Wiuuiams, Miss Betz, Colonia Hotel, Columbia, 8. C............. 1915 WiuuiAms, Enricur Ruiz, Reporto Almendarez, Marianao, Cuba....1918 WinuiaMs, Lamiaw, 152 W. 57th St., New York, N. Y.....-:..-2: 1919 Witurams, Rosert §., N. Y. Botanical Gardens, New York, N. Y...1888 Wiuuiamson, E. B., Bluffton, Ind Wiuuis, Miss Ciara L., 72 Main St., Framingham Center, Mass. ...1915 Witmot, Netson E., Marshall St., West Haven, Conn............. 1916 Witson, Mrs. Erta S., 2 Clarendon Ave., Detroit, Mich............1917 WILSON, Gorpon, 1424 Chestnut St., Bowling Green, Ky.......... 1919 Wine, DeWitt C., 5344 Dorchester Ave., Chicago, Ill............. 1913 WINGARD, Topp ALBERT, 1929 Park Rd., Washington, D. C........ 1918 Wise, Miss Heten D., 1930 18th St., N. W., Washington, D. C.....1919 *Woop, Dr. Casry A., 7 W. Madison St., Chicago, ll... .....-...52 1917 Woop, Georce B., 1830 Spruce St., Philadelphia, Pa.............. 1916 Woop, Netson R., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C...... 1895 Wooprurr, FranKk M., Acad. of Sciences, Lincoln Park, Chicago, Ill.1894 Wooprvurr, Lewis B., 14 E. 68th St., New York, N. Y............. 1886 Woopwarp, FraNK Ernsst, 48 Abbott Rd., Wellesley Hills, Mass. .1919 Woopwarb, Dr. LEMvEL, 52 Pearl St., Worcester, Mass............1917 WoopwortH, Roy C., 204 E. 35th St., Kansas City, Mo............. 1908 Worcester, Mrs. ALFRED J., 314 Bacon St., Waltham, Mass....... 1908 Wricat, Fran« 8., 14'Cayuga St., Auburn, N. Y....0. -.. 2. scene Wraicut, Miss Harriet H., 1637 Gratiot Ave., Saginaw. W.S., Mich.1907 Wricut, Horace WINsLow, 107 Pinckney St., Boston, Mass........ . . 1902 Wyman, Lutuer E., 3927 Wisconsin St., Los Angeles, Calif......... 1907 Youn, Rev. Cuas. JoHn, Brighton, Ont., Canada................. 1918 Youna, Joun P., 1730 Massachusetts Ave., Washington, D. C...... 1911 ZimMeER, J. T., Dept. of Agriculture, Port Moresby, British Papua. . .1908 ZUCKERMAN, JosEPH, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, N. Y........1919 * Life Associate. Deceased Members. DECEASED MEMBERS. XXXIX FELLOWS ATED RICH HART S 5! ta 8 A Satire des AA ck ara! eens tis syne en March 8, 1908 BATRDSORENCHR MULEERTONGE sts te eeteeie s scle sacle ie a « Aug. 19, 1887 BEAL, Foster ELLENBOROUGH LASCELLES................-- Oct. 1, 1916 BENDER ES CHART SULIMILe aya ammmiar ae se ce dale aye. ciis ate ele renate- Feb. 4, 1897 IESG WISILENR yo WVIAC © fut Sie SCR, 2 Sa) s Ae RE RR Te Sagas July 11, 1919 CooKE,) WELLS WOODBRIDGH.....0..-+sseres+a+60- March 30, 1916 COURS MU ETOUES Were one er eisicis tier Leite Scie aieesiois oe ar sionns Dec. 25, 1899 VETO VANTIN: CrTRAUD ia rel cie sie aciiaee satis terse ss aio Dec. 22, 1915 (ClOSS ee NIATHTAINTER EP OTT CKNIEV: Srteiaina alejore ieieietolata er) <1 March 10, 1891 FOUDER WO OSHPH SASS ETDs as-yet ilecisrsieialsaietercreieteie ciel ee) eens Feb. 28, 1888 JHRERIES WOHN ARMORY: seie alta cicltick. saci renee cia March 26, 1892 INCI WAPATED Ee STONDAS) ect ye eds are Se eared eile micveudievcns oie ioe 8 exe Jan. 31, 1903 NMERARINS HD GAREAT MAND ER eit teas ct cpeiee siciae siecle es Nov. 1, 1916 MmR Rin VANES CUSHINGoererbiies selec sirens el cha sicuels 6 seus © Oct. 27, 1902 RURDEE SP EIENRYSAUGUSTUShemeas 4 ac cients a2 acres « March 29, 1911 SENNET? GmORGH BURRITE..........250.5-++-00+0- March 18, 1900 SMR GINNE OAH CURD ON yates lsc tet ore cuctere ose «scare chedeievexcre @eeeus. Dec. 28, 1903 NVAEDEYATONSOHING VASYNINRD) =< sh)a)siase sels oe ache eve eerie ara Jan. 28, 1887 RETIRED FELLOWS ETEDIN Gerla viNA Nereis ere rete satis oracle eens cr Nov. 22; 1917 Cinta hHnODORHENICHOMASs cata eee «eee fe dae. cerns Sept. 25, 1914 Honorary FELLOWS BEANFORDs WaiulUANt MUROMAS is sna. see aeie ocleie ase ee June 23, 1905 BaRBOZA DU BocaGE, José VICENTE.....................-July —, 1908 BHREEPSOHE# EUAN SEVON eis eer ca raecsstots cisin Gael «ve leis eis emir Feb. 27, 1915 BuURMEISTER. KARL HERMANN KONRAD...............----- May 1, 1891 (OABAINTS ro IAIN ITO UT Stnerern idan delevstn eins ci sateie acre ffs.cuels Gc) sess Feb .20, 1906 DRESSER MEIN Yanna emanates sri eis sae ee: Nov. 28, 1915 FINSCH, FRIEDRICH HERMANN OTTO.....................- Jan. 31, 1917 (CeAcTe Kar PEER Hie re ee eens SES aye hen ais, ey spcatey eeiway is Jan. 1, 1897 CTGHIOMIM HM NRICOMEAMIYHR cc tactic ae cists oe ciclsiea Sias os Dec. 16, 1909 COD MANE EH REDERICKs lu ANH aah ii sta siem crete sie s/c stale = Feb. 19, 1919 * Presidents of A. O. U. xl Deceased Members. GURNEYSJOHN HENRY: 5.2 eee en ee ee April 20, 1890 HARTLAUB, [KARL JOHANN] GUSTAV...............-2-2-+ Novy. 20, 1900 HARVIE-BROWN, JOHN ALEXANDER.............0220-00c0: July 26, 1916 UME, SATIEAN:@ CTA VAIN: «cet s neces ce ee eerie erate July 31, 1912 EuUxiny, (MHOMASTHENRY.., case e sae eee en eae June 29, 1895 KRAUS PH ERDINANDeectr sc... fn cts one soe nate Sept. 15, 1890 LAWRENCE: GHORGH NEWBOLD... 260 ge - sia or leeo ee eee Jan. 17, 1895 Miynr ADOLE BERNHARD! 05541 sti oes dae beech oe Feb. 5, 1911 Miainn-EpwARDS; ATPHONSE: «c.cs.oeheee «2s ee eee ee oe April 21, 1900 NEWTON: AT PRED. ean, de cerac asic ae. cities Ae CET Or June 7, 1907 RARKBR A WiLGLEAM ATCT CHENG se ayer 15 crete emesis July 3, 1890 REGZEUN, AUGUSTRAVONeeh ce Goes 2 aise oe eee Sept. 2, 1891 DAUAVENA OSB ERT: 00s © rcys ey accayne 1 coici a) Sve eT ae ee ea June 1, 1898 SAUNDERS; SEO WARD ates A ae ee oe cick se, eres ere eee Oct. 20, 1907 CHIE GHD WEE RNEAININ; Ge aes rises ee a crecesleet tte ote el el eee Jan. 17, 1884 NCLATER Ue BECP GTR Y vo sacts ce latlatactaeh: + cere eee June 27, 1913 DSERBOHM, EMONR Yen.) unc wad ter site een site a ee ee eee Nov. 26, 1895 SHARPE, RICHARD BOWDLER: Asc. e toes & «saws aoe ee Dec. 25, 1909 TaczANowskI, Lapisias [CASIMIROVICH]...............4.- Jan. 17, 1890 WALTACE SATERED RUSSEL sia. e eet occ ete etter Nov. 7, 1913 CORRESPONDING FELLOWS. ALTUM, JOHANN BERNARD THEODOR..............-..0-00085 Feb. 1, 1900 ANDERSON, GUOHN: 2 stack Mone sake ue oe eee Le Ee: Aug. 15, 1900 BaLDAMUS, AUGUSTE KARL EDUARD..............00000 000s Oct. 30, 1893 BUAKISTON a UHOMASVVIRIGH Tis a0) es 1c ree ean oe ae Oct. 15, 1891 Buastus, [PAuL HeInricu] RUDOLPH..............+.6+.- Sept. 21, 1907 Buastus, WILHELM AUGUST HEINRICH...........02.++-00- May 31, 1912 Boapanow, Mopest NIKOLAEVICH................2000: March 16, 1888 BROOKS) WiIRETANE TOD WIN sce ii ete ee eee eee Jan. 18, 1899 BRYANT) WADTER ie TE RG] Hie etirectrn ie aoe ee eee teere eee May 21, 1905 BULLER A WALTER LAWRY..c oie con pre eee eo here July 19, 1906 BULLER SO DWARD ARTHUR on aaice cain ae ee April 16, 1916 CoOlLDETT IROBBRT o.0e cuateeshe coe chs uae Nov. 11, 1913 Miier, OttvE THORNE (Mrs. Harriet Mann MILuER)... Dec. 25, 1918 UATE Hea VVIbGTANE LnGRANGE: coe 5 occ. secs re cele ae cous ne July 8, 1907 MoORRMWEORADEORDS Me ert] fe hice a ane ob ee Se tekae Oct. 7, 1912 VV PTERPANG | CARTES: OTIS S56 Nein seco 2s ss scceutees ecu « Dec. 6, 1910 xhi Deceased Members. ASSOCIATES ACKERMAN OSEPH: MOODYeems ae eee Ciencia ADAMS) CHARTESUHRAN CIS tern ti sears ana ieee May 20, ARLEN CHARLES SLOWER a5 5es.o6 ei acer aero eine Oct. 15, PMG, IDWS IUCHANNI bos gon ooadopepopecsopcugnosoduaue Feb. 6, ATKINS ELARMONPALBROs Gs. \scaeiee etenieine actinic May 19, Nn, WABI NU Id OnofsisiOUNon oe gd hooocomeagoondodo ua. March 11, BATE Yar DBRT: EUW AT Dives snc emis cl sneecnerciel «ones terete ork iees June 22, BATE Ye CHARLES HH aa ss7nb aes donne Sorbie ore roe 5 BAIRD UC Ye ELUNTER een eer ote tenet June 19, BANKS) Miss ViIARTHAIB URES 425 0.200 anes citeseeesiee creer Dec. 13 BARLOW CHESTER Rie seein cman. cescieie cue tems cent erro Nov. 6 BAT HIN; 4 CoE OR GEN eee Ae opr a ee aaron ae ae Ae Feb. 16, Baur, Grore [HERMANN Cart Lupwie]..................Jdune 25, [BUONO EN Poalhy krona sb) by GH (Set tn hy ss Kince Ge ogee aio 60-4 5 Ar Dec. 26, BECKHAM, CHARLES WICKLIFFE:............0...0505020008 June 8, BERTIER DELAGNEL ace ee he ee ee eee Feb. 11, IBEDTSss NI ORALAING 1) VViUTEDee pacts tkeee ste ie oe eke eee eee May 21, BIBT s\C MARTENS eran ir vege: Men eens es as ae STE ne ere ae ee April 14, PIR DWinbie uRANCIS#) OSB PHt eeipiy eat iene er ee eran eee June 28, BOARDMAN: GHORGHE AUGUSTUS: a1 mice eae eile teie oe Jan. 11, BODINE SD ONALDSONS ase er sa RA erica ny ome te aecacnen eee Aug. 26, BOLLES SHRANK 4.4 serceots e eae i hae lcs romero meron aaicates ge eae ree Jan. 10, BRACKETD HOSTER RELODGHS ric aacis ee se ese eee ore tee Jan. 5, BRATNARD. GS ARRONS sia siccuclorsm chance nace case todo ber on meee May 15, BRANTLEY WILLIAM HORBACREAaeascinine oe soe ree eee Sept. 9, BREESE, WILLIAM LAWRENCE......0...5 420.2. - 242052 eo DeCE BRENINGER AGEORGH HWRANK. |» s2 5 seas so ss sie oes eee Dec. 3, BRE NINANAI CHAR IL Sales chemietar per mn Prensit ests one ene ee March 21, BREWSTER EDWARD) HVEREDTDA se 28 ser cece aac July 1, BRIGGS! JOSEREYSTOCKDAT Hr 40 frac eerie niece eee BROKAW aZOUIS) WESTHNe see aoe ie pee ee acter Sept. 3, BROWN] JOKING CLIRRORD acetic cine ene ee eee Jan. 16, BROWNE SMRANCIS]CHARTES ia tele tie oe ee cette eee ene Jan. 9, BROWNSONS WiNLTTANS EU NIR Yao er es eins cients ores ere eienertten Sept. 6, BURKE? WiLniAMsD ARD WHI avy aie ehieloehe cena ee eens April 15, BuRNETT, LEONARD ELMER..........................--March 16, Butter, |THOMAS] JEFFERSON...................+-2: oO) Chez IBiep-asy gies Bb Ore IN Ip Ree Kadam oo en olo a iogecoboo oc March 23, CAIRNS. JOHN SIMPSONMs tae dae ace oon eee June 10, CAuEeAUERE Ya BRENDON SUR oe oe Nov. 20, CAMPRELI “OBERT ARGYE Dien) pine aria eens eee April —, CANFIEED? JOSEPH U BUCKINGHAM... aos cee heen Feb. 18, 1895 1893 1907 1885 1894 1917 1905 1915 1917 1902 1918 1898 1918 1888 1916 1917 1897 1901 1901 1915 1894 1900 1919 1914 1888 1905 1919 1918 1897 1901 1909 1914 1904 1913 1914 1895 1901 1897 1904 Deceased Members. xh (CANE TATE RONG OC YIRUS tee raieyocy salle teenie eve a Savion toile ie, 'o ete as sual oesilee Nov. 15, 1907 OVATIONS DI WHTIN tones oe raictacot oy nex helet stole shen snck ct shee cP ain sketeae.e tages Feb. 3, 1900 Carter, IsaseEL MontietH Pappock (Mrs. Epcar N. Carter) Sept. 15, 1907 CHADBOURNE, ETHEL RicHARDSON (Mrs. ARTHUR PATTERSON (CEPA E OURINE) Scie cick ona ateiay eve ccds eroehel ssi rciens = ete mati oye Oct. 4, 1908 CHART ES MR EDOUIMATAT ar ysinicsaletciars) sectonshaiousira sale simi eitea sees ars May 6, 1911 GUAR KH OHINGNATHANTDDG © ye ciel cicc.cicteaets sateroe caltin= 9 onoiene Jan. 138, 1903 (Cor, \Wanrianeat WWipoiiWin(EbWOIig aoc gecosdcos ooboooo cone ooT April 26, 1885 @orBUORNY WILLIAM WALLACE. 2.02.00 200008 oo coe eis selene oc Oct. 17, 1899 Comet, [CoLuzTte]) ALonzo McGue..................- Aug. 22, 1902 Conant, Martua Witson (Mrs. THomas Oakes Conant). Dec. 28, 1907 CONKiEIN | CHARTESVEDGAR'. 5. 6 oa- Gale oc dem ce soet a6 sorte niet Sept. 8, 1916 CORNING PHIRASTUS Dongs sce ccna o ce aan eee ices April 8, 1893 C@REHORES HREDERIC MORTON... 22.2. cle cere ss cee os = se Oct. 16, 1919 DATING | WATEEDANG (ics odo ss » Atue ede sens de dicia se see o crsciact April 21, 1902 ITDAUKGTIN A OHUING cAI Nietares cescroreiore erence eG orereyetayre eile oentotousiers or ere Feb. 21, 1900 DAIS CHARMS IMMNRY cio csc ie ste foecie als nuns oye Scistns as) ces Oct. 5, 1918 Davis, Susan Louise (Mrs. WALTER Rockwoop Davis)... Feb. 13, 1913 DAVIS SAT TER ROCK WOOD snare ae es face setie se oie. April 3, 1907 DPM Re OHMON | NEWTON a cieiciieee cicitie ce erie = cles isi) July 27, 1901 DODGE UL UANSVLONTGOMMRY. 24 deel disie ees seieerers os ts Nov. 23, 1909 DORN TOR MU OUWESis 6c edsraroleiedshorerchel isos ercherens aiausio's = aisy Sycusts ,1918 DIGINTOP, ERIC BROOKMS so. 2/20 ors rin oo kaos eae alee le ...May 19, 1917 IDKacizan, bine) lke eons pon odobobed a oun oer occ. Jan. 20, 1915 [RTT OMS AIM Wiki Tp ON EUa tee els ayers eee elec eceierel ra miets July 11, 1899 UR CHARTS SAN THON Ys se eerrsrers aciensreie) ale) cliais sycitd on « March 16, 1906 UGE Rs EMO DEY OTT a eyerauesutsiscete ote rene te tetelenaraialetave: shnisiala @.s Aug. 17, 1916 CusNER PABRAHAN IMIGRBER Tyr see ciel iaaeieleryeleioiee esto April 30, 1895 (OSs) SHNIAMIN, HRANKLING 2 erjoh sc 63.c.s[¢ sais 5 ayeie te «ate a July 6, 1893 GRONBERGER GS OVENE MIAGNUS ici: delevsta saterelabalepatel ssc ee aneh April 24, 1916 lalAiiosy, BLO: DIAG PT ads patio na 8 Gea dmlouoas coe tod ao mir Nov. 6, 1913 HATCH ESSE MUAURICB Hs 5 seis 4 cls ese teycustat ehekst te ielei se) ofsie May 1, 1898 AZAR DPaOWIUA NDN GIBSON Mee ratieneta ait sieaicrsia sted a7 ateha Jan. 23, 1918 Hinwitry ©mARrbnS GORDON cciacccido a6 siete ocicrs tel oer March 1, 1920 ELTA VW ALIGN’ R Yar ioe @ xvenctorelepstetotels es el cle, crsctele otasonxs - Oct. 14, 1913 INGE VIPS eA IGOUISAM an teicie asia) cictaiel ol ae ot ation et ol ctian vet cle Feb. 11, 1916 Hircucocx, Mrs. ELEANOR BECKWITH..................-March 3, 1917 LOADER Yay RAD ERICK FODGHS.eecees aes ees sci ce = Feb. 26, 1895 IBM, ION Rona GHEaNKe ito Gnododganen: so Gece nO Osea our May 10, 1906 xliv Deceased Members. HI@OPES, A OSTAHE ac. crrcese Gra siconien eure rere eae rarer iene eae Jan. 16, HowE, HLORENCEVAURELLAL ae acer erie rien e a aioe July 9, HO wWas SMOUISES sneer Rica fees a eT eee Sept. 13, HOWLAND: JOHNISNOWDENE Geo selene mines can ence eee Sept. 19, EUBBARD SARAPANDERSONG eerie iene einen te enn ose July 31, INGAES) CHARTESTEDWARD a-0 ca ier cee ee cee eee tet May 31, INGERSOLL, J OSEPHACARTETON.ceeeeer eo merece ona eer Oct. 1, JENKS JOHN: WHIPPER PLOTTER scant. sc oe ence Sept. 26, EWE TA SICTINDS Fivall OULNNG Horeca teibeetttsrs icie eee eer Sept. 5, JOUNEIE RR EPO UIS: west cr iok coterie ole Pere ee March 22, JUSTICH MEH NR Yann Mere ice beaeaete is cas lariat March 1, IGeEKpRY WHAM. ANTHONY angie acini aise ot ere Feb. 15, FEN APP Virshs Ein Nin, Acer sceersicin, oe... suateasiene aera reece eterna Spring, KSNIGHT. WILBER ChINTONs sci) 0 ceiiae Lech neice ecient July 28, KEINOXA J OHNIC OWING roca tue cee eitaiens ale clatter a cote erent nee June 10, ISO CH AUGUSTE etc ee cathe, anak eee oe ee Feb. 15, ISUMETEN ACG UD WIGS Ss cis cise raters cntbereustaeraiets hernia cae ier armen Dee. 4, KumMiIEn; TaurRE Wupwic) THEODOR... 2.6.06 6. eee oe) sa eB eo, TAKE SIG RSEEE WeATID O)44 ters Someeeiste eee cio che eee ene Feb. 7, ANDZs DAVIDSE RNEST: cares oot terete eee fal te ceo eee ee Oct. 7, IDG oN Gone Qu NieRoyo aaa Bets eee A REA Se nee OTS do otduo.c April 19, IGAW.RENCE VOB HR DME ORs me repens crete cic el er iieme ete cree April 27, BEE WUESLIBZATDXANDERS: 6, - cleus ole cect erate here tenet dare May 20, LEVEY, VWiIbnTAM, CHARLESWORTH ce - rae steve sien cea tee July 5, HINDENS CHARTERS? 200. cs cimavsh echo Wind diets nureun eer eee Feb. 3, EOYD CANDREW: JAMES toni crac pac ce oie eee ee eae June 14, LORD; Wiliam ROGHRS: 2.20.0 ees fee Natok eee neo eee Lebmeas MABBETE GIDE ONEisoacim sora cice cts eae cite enamine Aug. 15, MABBOLIN DOUGHAS CLIRFORD: sant cca eee Sept. 15, MEAT TAIN s AUGESXcAINID Bite see centgees acess cares mice vse cist ker enenie Oct. 25, NALTUAND @ OB T MUBNOM a Ginette fae eee March 11, MARBIN. CHARTS: CHUIRCHDLIsaiisctiae see eietke ciel mencne ce Sept. 10, Mitancy: OlIVER ig case cee cient chee ieee March 19, MARIS; "WILLARD ILORRAINES. cj. cee eerie oleic tered Dee. 11, MARSDEN; (HIENR Ya WARDEINiael tinge. cis ote ote che serene Feb. 26, Mob wan; DANTET CHURCH. «tei cae eee eee eee Nov. 1, MGHATTON,; EURNR Yi eisec isis cette aleurone oe eer asee Pen aiere eeene April 22, IVE GIKGINTOAS SULA INS r-less cirarna Gites elton che casei oiman eater Cea one meter Nov. 30, McMAHON, WALTBR WREBMAN.. 2.0 c- oer iene cere renee Aug. 28, Minan “GEORGE SMITH? scce wigs a net mie tecieetane cient rene June 18, Minot HENRY DAVIS]. isc occinee ctl beta cicero N OMe MORRELL, CLARENCE LEUBINR Witenes sie ce receieeueie cio: Cicer see July 15, NicHots, HowArp GARDNER}. .-1. scenes cic on seein June 23, AS bo (stan Dh oe Ae Gh Geese aa tata tes aba mmo did oo bo 5 March 12, INORTHROP, JOHN ISATAH i> ea peel ciiccsiericia: @ eich eee: June 26, Oxiver, HENRY IOMMBUR 4c ele eo once ore toe: Oct. 25, 1904 1913 1912 1885 1918 1917 1897 1894 1915 1894 1918 1908 1918 1903 1904 1907 1902 1888 1916 1918 1916 1897 1908 1914 1888 1906 1916 1890 1918 1907 1920 1900 1899 1895 1914 1909 Loe 1899 1918 1901 1890 1902 1896 1903 1891 1919 Deceased Members. xlv BAR KAP ATISTIN: MORD severe is sie cise Wiad aes, eieysnele aie 6 1eseerene ove Sept. 22, 1893 AUEMIER RADERICK ©LARK a. © ois «sco crscse® eaiense ste. March 4, 1906 ROMERO YA GRACHEVIRGINTA ac. ae cece cies ee sielels cacus te Sila oi May 14, 1906 IRGMER OYA PEUARR Yon KVAIND)s)5 ys, 21016) -ser+sovcleueus) sseresayeuenssoneiayter< Jan. 27, 1915 IRON, INGE {Shs Min Gees San ee Dao Cm ors ce a aia erica sinc 1918 RUINAMEVEREDERIC WARD. a. 26 sees «sa e+ sess ae dione eas Aug. 14, 1915 IRVAGS D Ati nes GcHORGE ELENIRY’. 5) c1e)eleicis «ea oc oaa ates caers aucnele March 25, 1895 EWAN WATE HMO RUAIN OTS) VWALME DAUM © epee) steeicia a eve aie eloyarevtenaliel © soto: eyreleae June 12, 1911 ERA eg GMORG EH tbln NR Wat. popes vices cise yciere ave oloce erence March 20, 1903 HED CHESTPARUAT BERT sists cc -elepe stcscne eared aigenisy ave e ovctsvaiei aioe Dec. 16, 1912 RICHARDSON AW UENINESS: cieiicict) cnet scien si oeiele cieieciann sols a) slee June 24, 1893 VOB BEINA BV IISS pINVAIN Crys ab ra El pepe ts. sy etevecsss cre Sieearn ee cue sve ehe .hareueecneie 1919 Rosins, JuLIA Stockton (Mrs. EpwarpD RosINs).......... July 2, 1906 SIND eIGIAUS WISE AW ICO Wiser scope cicia such ceoinicns cvehc) onesie: wreueiieneio ke April 20, 1906 SANA OVA ITED GDL) fev y-ieichcrore ile) «aide wid force aiaie nie ai ais. orei Aug. —, 1917 SELOUSMEBR GY SHERBORNs dee seis seieiaciiee sac se an April 7, 1900 SHANNON LLETAMGURD Yap eraets oie cin sirsectereioe oc eee ace Oct. 29, 1916 STS IE He DEO MPA Serene a it ie Scheele coin cp rewersvone or al aventts April —, 1919 SACL EW PATNI Sibel O WHEN Sasrh, usta ai shetsesy ese ie ahars use bio ye ene aie le cere sus) Sts Feb. 22, 1895 SUM VIN HOMASHE:DWARDSaa ribet: seiisist ceicle On Procellaria alba GMELIN. By Leverett Mills Loomis Notes on Seven Birps TAKEN NBAR CHARLESTON, SoutH Carouina. By Arthur T. Wayne Tue STatTus OF THE SuBsPEciFIc Races OF Branta canadensis. By J. D. Figgins BacHMAN’S WARBLER BREBDING IN ALABAMA. By Ernest G. Holt. (Plate IV.) DEsScRIPTION OF A PROPOSED New Race OF THE KILLDEER FROM THE COAST OF Perv. By Frank M. Chapman & : H és ; : é é : DescriPTiONs OF A NEW SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF TYRANNIDAE. By Charles B. Cory . “ S 4 7 é b kK b ‘ “ f Tur THIRTY-SEVENTH STATED MEETING OF THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union. By TZ. S. Palmer ‘ . : i A b : PAGE 1 24 27 29 33 46 49 55 60 78 84 88 92 94 103 105 108 ‘110 GENERAL Notes.— The Black Skimmer on Long Island, N. Y., 126; Another Record of the White Pelicanin New York, 126; A Note on the Southern Teal, 126; Trumpeter Swan (Olor buccinator) in Western Minnesota. A Correction, 127; Wild Swan on Long Island, N. Y., 127; Notes on Some Shore Birds of the Alabama River, Mont- gomery County, Ala., 127; The Black Rail at St. Marks, Florida, 128; Purple Galli- nule in North Carolina, 130; Breeding of the Mourning Dove in Maine, 130; The ‘Status of Harlan’s Hawk in Colorado, 130; White Gyrfalcon (Falco islandus) in Montana, 132; The Hawk Owl in North Dakota, 132; Pileated Woodpecker in Morris County, N. J., 132; Unusual Habits of Chimney Swift, 132; Hmpidonaz griseus in Nevada, 133; The Crow in Colorado, 134; Appearance of the Canada Jay at Moorehead, Minn., 134; Note on the Food of the Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), 135; Harris’ Sparrow in Michigan, 135; American Golden-eye and White-crowned Sparrow in Northern Michigan in Summer, 135; Lanius ludovicianus migrans in North Dakota, 136; Bohemian Waxwings in Chicago, Ill., 136; The Bohemian Waxwing (Bombycilla garrula) at Chicago, Ill., 137; Orange-crowned Warbler (Ver- mivora celata celata) in Massachusetts, 137; Fall Records of Mourning Warbler in Western Missouri, 137; Breeding of the Canadian Warbler and Northern Water- Thrush in New Jersey, 137; 'Hermit Thrush’s Nest in Unusual Location, 138; Peculiar Nesting of Hermit Thrushes, 138; The Bluebird in Cuba, 140; Rare or Uncommon Birds at Rochester, N. Y., 140; Notes from St. Marks, Fla., 142; Bird Notes on the Wisconsin River, 143; Abundance of Periodical Cicadas Diverting Attacks of Birds from Cultivated Fruits, 144; Nomenclatural Casuistry, 145; Supplementary Note on J. P. Giraud, 146. Recent LiteratuRE.— Van Oort’s ‘Birds of Holland,’ 147; Taverner’s ‘Birds of East Canada’ 147; ‘The Birds of North Carolina,’ 149; Hine on Birds of the Katmai Region, Alaska, 150; Witherby’s ‘Handbook of British Birds,’ 151; A Geographical Bib- liography, of British Ornithology, 152; Birds of the Expedition to Korinchi Peak, Sumatra, 153; Swann’s ‘Synoptical List of the Accipitres,’ 154; Burns’ ‘Ornithol- ogy of Chester County, Pennsylvania,’ 155; Mailliard’s ‘Notes on the Avifauna of the Inner Coast Range of California,’ 156; Bailey’s ‘Raptorial Birds of Iowa,’ 156; Mrs. Farwell’s ‘Bird Observations near Chicago,’ 157; Hudson’s*‘ Book of a Naturalist,’ 158; Dixon on Wild Ducks in a City Park, 158; Recent Circulars by Forbush, 159; The Birds of the Albatross Expedition of 1899-1900, 159; Coker on the Guano Birds of Peru, 160; Scoville’s ‘The Out-of-Doors Club,’ 162; Gifford’s ‘Field Notes on the Land Birds of the Galapagos Islands,’ 162; Halland Grinnell on Life Zone Indicators in California, 163; Dabbene on Argentine Forms of the Genera Geositta and Cin- clodes, 164; Cory’s ‘ Review of the Genera Siptornis and Cranioleuca,’ 164; Chapman on New South American Birds, 165; Oberholser on Larus hyperboreus barrovianus, 166; Contributions to the Zoogeography of the Palaearctic Region, 166; Annual Report of the Chief of the Biological Survey, 167; Shufeldt on the Birds of Brazil, 167; The Food of Australian Birds, 168; The Ornithological Journals, 168; Orni- thological Articles in Other Journals, 173; Additional Publications Received, 178. CorRESPONDENCE.— International Ornithological Congress, 179; Name of the Red- footed Booby, 180; Ornithological Pronunciation, 181. Nores anv News.— Editorial Note, 182; Obituary: Dr. Charles Conrad Abbott, 183; Obituary: Edward Everett Brewster, 184; Obituary: Barron Brainerd, 184; Recording Migration, 185; Election of Officers of the Nuttall Club, 185; A. O. U. Committee on Nomenclature and Classification of N. A. Birds, 186; Bird Collection of the Ottawa Museum, 186; Oldest Members of the A. O. U., 186; Publications of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 187; The South African Biological Society, 187; Dinner of the D. V. O. C., 187; Vogel der palaarktischen Fauna, 187; Educationa Work of the California Fish and Game Commission, 188; Endowment of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California, 188. PLADE WI: THE AUK, VOL. XXXVII. VALE CAUK: A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY. VrOl XXX VIL. JANUARY, 1920. No: 1. IN MEMORIAM: WILLIAM BREWSTER. Born July 5, 1851 — Died July 11, 1919. BY HENRY WETHERBEE HENSHAW. Plates I and II. Ir has become the time honored custom of the Union, when one of its fellows has passed on to that undiscovered country from whose bourn no traveller returns, to briefly commemorate his life and services to the Union and to Science. It is peculiarly fitting that this should be done in the case of William Brewster, to whom more than to any other man is due the origin of the American Ornitholo- gist’s Union, and whose services to it began with its birth and terminated only with his death. William Brewster was born in Wakefield, Massachusetts, July 5, 1851. He died in Cambridge July 11, 1919. His father, John Brewster, was born and brought up in Wolfboro, New Hampshire, and subsequently became well known as a successful Boston banker. His mother was Mrs. Rebecca Parker (Noyes), who was born in East Bradford (now Groveland) Massachusetts. It was William’s belief that the origin of the Brewster family was traceable to Elder Brewster of the Mayflower, but he was not much interested in such genealogical matters, and apparently never took the trouble to verify his belief. On February 9, 1878, William was married to Caroline F. Kettell, of Boston, who survives him. 1 2 Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. [ee William was the youngest of four children. His sister and two brothers died in early childhood. They were old enough, how- ever, to attract the notice of the poet, Longfellow, a near-by Cambridge neighbor, and who, no doubt, frequently saw them at play as he passed and repassed the old colonial mansion, shaded by venerable English lindens. It was the early death of the children that inspired the poem entitled ‘The Open Window,’ which begins: “The old house under the lindens Stands silent in the shade.” In 1845 John Brewster bought the Riedesel mansion on the corner of Brattle and Sparks Streets, Cambridge. It was so called because the Baron Riedesel, with his wife, was quartered there after the surrender of Burgoyne. Brewster’s father took pleasure in showing to his guests a window pane, not now in place, on which is scratched with a diamond the family name, Riedesel, presumably the work of the Baroness during her enforced residence. The history of the old house, supposed to date back to about 1750, would make interesting reading, but we may pause here only to note that Sewall, a Royalist, at one time occupied it, and was mobbed there during the stirring events of 1774, when loyalty to King George was treason to the States. Brewster spent his boyhood in the historic mansion, the lower story of which was later replaced by his father with one containing the modern improvements. Later still, about 1887, an entirely new house was built on the site of the old one by Wilham himself. He was educated in the public schools of Cambridge. From the Washington Grammar School he went to the Cambridge High School, taking there the usual preparatory course for Harvard, which, however, he was destined not to enter. Never robust, he suffered much during youth and early manhood from impaired sight, which, sometimes for considerable periods, precluded all reading and study. In consequence, during his last and most important year in school, he was able to read very little, and his devoted mother read aloud to him many of his lessons, which he committed to memory as best he could. Small wonder was it that, under these circumstances, he finally decided to relinquish all idea of a college education. Though he did not underrate the advantages of a scholastic train- Vel eon HensHaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. 3 ing it may be doubted if the lack of it hampered his career to any appreciable extent. Little of the knowledge he himself prized and sought was to be gained in college or gleaned from books. As a boy Brewster appears to have been much like the average lad of his time but of gentler mold than most. Though in no respect effeminate he never cared for rude or boisterous sports, and although occasionally he was a contestant on the football field his was usually the part of the onlooker rather than of the partici- pant. In fact, even in later years, his interest in and know- ledge of games of any sort, as cards, billiards and the like was of the slightest, though he had no objection to them on moral grounds. His-life long friend, Ruthven Deane, informs me that in his boy- hood William was very fond of horseback riding, and that they frequently rode together before breakfast. He must have relin- quished this form of exercise early, since I never saw him on horse- back or heard of his riding after I knew him. Ruthven also recalls the fact that in the early seventies Brewster joined the Cambridge Rifle Club, became fond of target shooting, and for a time was a regular attendant at the contests among the members and with the Harvard Rifle Club. He never greatly cared for the theater, although, on the rare occasions when he went, he showed that he could enjoy a well-acted play, or good concert, as well as most. He attended dancing school as a youth, but apparently cared little for this social accomplish- ment, and after a time entirely gave up dancing. It is always of interest to trace the influences that have induced a man to follow a given career or to take up a certain line of study. Brewster seems to have given no signs of any special bent towards the study of Nature until he was about ten years old, when he made the acquaintance of Daniel C. French who was about the same age. During the next four years he and Dan came to be close comrades, and in that period was laid the foundation of a life time intimacy and friendship. Mr. French has kindly communicated to me some interesting facts in regard to this period of Brewster’s life when they were inseparable chums. William’s father, it appears, in his younger days had been something of a sportsman. When William was about ten his father gave him a single barreled gun, and taught him Auk 4 Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. [ vant how to use it without undue peril to himself and other people. It happened that Daniel’s father, also somewhat of a sportsman, had learned to stuff and mount birds, and in his house were two cases of specimens of his taxidermic skill. These at once attracted Brewster’s attention, and here we have the very beginning of his interest in birds and the genesis of his ornithological career. How natural it was that a little later he and his chums should be keen to utilize the opportunity presented to learn how to stuff birds, particularly since they had the means of obtaining specimens. In his ‘Birds of the Cambridge Region’ Brewster gives us the exact date of his first lesson, and says: “On January 1, 1862, my friend Mr. Daniel C. French called at our house to give me my first lesson in taxidermy, an art known in those days to but very few persons save the professional bird stuffers.” Mr. French no doubt proved a willing teacher and presently we find a number of lads, Will Brewster, Dan French, Ruth Deane, and Dick Dana, all neighbors and of about the same age, on the alert to collect eggs and stuff such birds as their skill enabled them to bring to bag. The other boys soon gave up active ornithological pursuits, one to attain fame in the exacting career of a sculptor, another to suc- cessfully pursue the no less exacting career of a lawyer, the third to devote himself to business pursuits. Other tastes and duties led them to different fields, but Brewster unknowingly had found his life’s work, which he was to follow to the end. He must have set to work to study and collect birds with great ardor, for when I first met him in 1865 he had several cases of birds mounted on stands, the work of his own hands, with many nests and eggs, while his knowledge of local Massachusetts birds was accurate and extensive. It was not until several years later that he learned how to make skins. These were so quickly fashioned and so easily stored that Brewster soon abandoned the mounting of birds when his collec- tion must have numbered several hundred. Brewster’s esthetic sense would not permit him to be content with the unsightly, shapeless bird skins which too often found their way into the museum cabinets of that day. He was a careful col- lector, and the newly shot bird was lifted from the ground tenderly and its ruffled plumage cleaned and gently smoothed as of some precious thing, which indeed it was in his eyes. He soon became Nel a a Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. 5) a cunning craftsman in the art of making skins, and he never begrudged the time and labor necessary to shape the specimen into a thing of beauty. In his eyes it thus served two purposes, as a scientific specimen to be labelled and laid away for study, and as an object of beauty to satisfy the esthetic sense. There were few books on American birds in those days, and the student of the present time with his command of almost limitless literature can hardly realize how difficult to travel were the orni- thological paths of that period. Fortunately in Mr. French’s library was a copy of Nuttall, and Brewster, as soon as his tastes were declared, received from his father a copy of the octavo edition of Audubon. There was little within the covers of these two treatises that he had not soon made his own, so far, at least, as the accounts related to New England birds. Brewster and I became acquainted in 1865, in the Cambridge High School, where we took the same preparatory course for college. Our tastes proved to be very similar, and the acquaintance soon ripened into a firm and enduring friendship, which was interrupted only by his death. The several years that followed 1865 were very happy years for both William and myself. Our studies were not very exacting, and all our spare time was given up to scouring field and forest for birds and eggs. The health of neither of us was on a firm basis, and this fact, which we perhaps made the most of, reconciled our parents to our outdoor life, especially after a college career was closed to us. It was our custom to start for the woods soon after daybreak, often afoot, sometimes in a buggy, for the Fresh Pond swamps (a favorite haunt), or for Belmont, Waverley, Lexington, or Concord. Occasionally we were joined on these trips by Ruthven Deane or Henry Purdie, when they could get away from business. As the result of this activity Brewster’s collection grew apace until it con- tained all but a few of the local species. It ultimately became one of the largest private collections ever made in this country, and in some respects it is by far the most valuable. It is a pleasure to state that in accordance with long cherished plans Brewster left it in its entirety to the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy of Harvard University. ees 6 Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. Jar As in his life time it was always within the reach of the earnest bird student for purposes of study, so he desired it to be after his death. Brewster’s father was, as stated, a keen business man and a very successful banker, and it was natural that he should desire to pass on to his only child a highly lucrative and successful business, the fruits largely of his own energy and sagacity. William was a dutiful son and loved his father who, though no naturalist, sympa- thized with his son’s tastes and was always ready to grant his every reasonable desire. In response to his father’s earnest wish that he should at least give business a trial he entered his father’s office in 1869, when he was about 19, with the understanding that if, after a year’s trial, he found himself unfitted for a business life, he was to have his liberty and follow the bent of his own mind. Otherwise, after he was duly qualified, he was to enter the firm as a partner and ultimately to succeed his father on his retirement. With an aim of mastering the business from top to bottom he started in as messenger, and after a short time was promoted to a more respon- sible position. But it isnot necessary to follow his short business experience further than to say, that in something less than a year he had convinced himself, and incidentally his father, that he had no interest in a business life and was not fitted for it. The experi- ment therefore terminated. Nevertheless I am persuaded that 3rewster possessed the making of a successful business man had necessity compelled him to adopt business as a means of livelihood. In after years he proved himself in his own affairs to be keen and of sound judgment, and to be an excellent judge of character, while his prudence and sagacity enabled him, not only to keep what his father and mother left to him, but to somewhat augment his inheritance. If Brewster’s father was disappointed by the failure of his hopes he showed no signs of it, but ever treated his son with the same invariable kindness and sympathy. This would seem to be a fitting place in which to speak of Brew- ster’s connection with the Brewster Free Academy of Wolfboro, New Hampshire. After due provision for his son and others of his relatives, his father left the balance of his large estate to found and perpetuate this school. He seems to have had a strong affection for the place of his nativity, and to have believed that a well ee YT Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. 7 endowed academy in a rather remote rural district would be pro- ductive of great and lasting good. The plan was not a hasty one but had been in his mind for many years, and had been considered from many points of view. William had long been aware of the disposition his father intended to make of the greater part of his wealth and, while in nowise opposed to his plans, was by no means sure of the wisdom of the act. As time went on, however, he wholly changed his mind, and came to the conviction that his father had shown sound judgment and that, on the whole, his wealth could not have been better bestowed. He served faithfully till his death as a trustee of the Academy, to which his father had appointed him, and always took great interest in the welfare of the school and in carrying out his father’s plans so far as he was able. In the minds of many Brewster is almost as inseparably connected with Concord as Thoreau, but the inception of what may be termed the Concord experiment was largely accidental. Brewster was always fond of the place, and for years its woods, meadows, and its picturesque winding river were familiar haunts to him. He made frequent hunting trips there, often in company with one or the other of his two friends, Dan French and Jim Melvin, both of whom lived in the town. Indeed William and his wife spent two consecutive summers, 1886 and 1887, in the old Manse, redolent with memories of Hawthorne, and which has become immortalized in his ‘Mosses from an old Manse.’ It is of interest to know that this book was written, or at least prepared for the press, in the same apartment in which Emerson had penned his ‘Nature’ six years before, surely enough honor for the little cramped room known as the “Manse study.” About 1890, learning that Davis’ Hill, on the Concord, which was covered with large and venerable pines, was to be sold, he purchased it for the sole purpose of preserving its timber from certain destruction. Charmed with the locality he afterwards acquired the adjoining Ball’s Hill, which is one of Concord’s landmarks and was mentioned by Thoreau, if, indeed, it was not one of his haunts. Subsequently Brewster built several log cabins on the river bank in which he and his friends could camp. Later still he enlarged his holdings by the purchase of the John Barrett 8 Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. ao farm and still later the ‘ Ritchie Place,’ so that finally he possessed some three hundred acres, mostly woodland, which he called col- lectively “October Farm.” Its timber consisted chiefly of pines, oaks and birches, and it was a sore trial to him when, despite a large yearly expenditure in their behalf, the brown tails and ‘gypsies’ killed practically all the oaks. They were his joy and pride, and the place was never quite the same to him after their glory had departed and their bare branches were raised to him as if in mute appeal for aid. Not the least valued of his farm possessions was the old but still well preserved Barrett farm house, which dated back at least two centuries, and between the old house, shaded by venerable elms, and the river camp, on the banks of the classic Concord, no lover of Nature could ask to be more favorably placed. At one time he found much pleasure in canoeing, in which he . became expert, and he made himself familiar with every muskrat house for miles above and below his camp and with the haunts of the rails, bitterns and ducks in the marshes. He was very fond of sojourning for weeks at a time in his log cabin until the river was invaded by power boats, the incessant throb of whose motors proved torture to his sensitive ears. As time went on, too, the water of the Concord became polluted by the refuse of the mills along its banks, which resulted in the practical extermination of its water plants and fish, and he ceased to care for his old river haunts. Later, when in Concord, he lived in the farm house often in company with Henry Purdie, of whom he was very fond. Here, as elsewhere, the comfort of himself and his guests were looked after by “Gilbert,” his factotum and friend, and he came to be very fond of the faithful, zealous, and efficient colored man who for years did his bidding and ministered to his needs. Brewster had furnished the farm house with old fashioned belongings befitting its age. These he collected with great taste and judgment, so that everything looked in keeping and as though a part of its surroundings. The times on the farm which I recall with the greatest pleasure were our daily strolls in the near-by woods, and the evenings, which we spent, each in an arm chair, before the open fire of gray birch THE AUK, VOL. XXXVIL. ILA JU. QD) “ 1. THE BrrewsteER Museum at CAMBRIDGE. 2. Tue Casin at Concorp. poe on wit HensHaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. 9 logs. He devoted his evening hours to his always voluminous correspondence, and to writing up his bird notes for the day. But he was never too much engrossed to pause long enough to discuss a paragraph in one of Thoreau’s books, of which naturally Walden was his favorite, or to listen to anything of moment out of the book I was reading. For the writings of Thoreau he had high regard, and was very familiar with them, as he was also with his old haunts by pond and river. ; Being untrained in farming and having no zest for manual labor, Brewster always employed a practical farmer and his wife to care for his poultry, of which he had a fine flock, to look after the cows, and to raise vegetables sufficient for the needs of his own family and for distribution among his many friends. The surplus, never very great, was sold; but he never tried to make the farm pay, or even to make it self supporting. When the birds and squirrels raided his beans, corn and strawberries, his reply to the complaint of his farmer always was; “all right; remember to next year plant more; plant enough for all of us.” For he reckoned his bird and mammal tenants as partners in the concern and, as such, entitled to whatever they chose to appropriate. To meet a gray squirrel homeward bound a half mile or more from Brewster’s corn patch, with a big ear of corn in his mouth, was a frequent occurrence; and the vituperative remarks addressed to the rightful owner by the enraged squirrel at being interrupted in his attempt to make an honest living were, as Brewster used to say, “worth niore than a dozen ears of corn.” The little interest he took in farming chiefly centered in the restoration and care of a small apple orchard, many of the trees when they came into his possession being superannuated and de- cayed. These he doctored and grafted to superior kinds of fruit and sprayed carefully until he brought them into vigorous bearing. He was very proud of his apples. He was also much interested in the construction of roads through the woods, which he laughingly explained were for use when he and his friends became so decrepit as to be unable to walk. Though never a professed botanist Brewster had an excellent speaking acquaintance with the bulk of New England trees and shrubs, and, to a lesser extent, with its flowering plants. He 10 Hensnaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. ant greatly admired shapely oaks and stately pines, and cut many vistas through his woods so as to bring into prominent view trees whose glories otherwise would have been hidden. He also took great pleasure in transplanting to his woods rare shrubs and flower- ing plants from contiguous localities, or from remote parts of the State, and they rooted and grew into his very fiber and became a part of him. He visited them often, and always as shrines before which he gave praise and offered worship. He also cultivated about the house garden-flowers of the old fashioned type, of which he was very fond. Naturally he was very successful with them, so that most of the summer the old home borrowed the freshness of youth from the blaze of floral color around it. It was down the old cow lane back of the house, resplendent on either side with asters, golden rods, and various flowering shrubs, that William most delighted to walk. The lane opened into a winding woodland path which led to the “birch pasture,” a favor- ite resort of the migrating warblers, and he said that, though he followed this path daily, and sometimes several times a day, he never tired of it, and that it was always as fresh in his eyes as if newly discovered. But none of the things mentioned appealed to Brewster’s inter- est as strongly as the birds, and the chief value of the place to naturalists rests upon the bird notes he made here. Nowhere else was the same experiment with bird life ever tried, at least for an equal length of time. For twenty years no gun was ever fired on October Farm, nor a bird or mammal ever molested by man. Hawks, crows, bluejays, skunks, foxes and other birds and beasties, if not equally welcome in Brewster’s eyes, were never molested. Each lived its own life according to its instincts, and Nature was allowed to work out her own problem in her own way. Beyond providing boxes for the hole-building species to nest in and planting seed plants for their sustenance, Brewster interfered with them not at all. The results will surprise many. They certainly surprised Brew- ster. For, at the expiration of some twenty years, there were apparently as many birds on the place as there were at the begin- ning of the experiment, but no more. True, there had been changes in the distribution of the species, since the brushy haunts of the ar Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. il warblers and vireos had grown up, and the shrubbery loving species had shifted their quarters elsewhere. But the number of par- tridges, for instance, had not increased over the original eight or ten, although each year they nested and reared most, if not all, their young. Formany years also a pair of great crested flycatchers nested in the cavity of a certain apple tree and every year brought out a brood of young. Nevertheless only one pair came back each spring, and he was unable to find any in the surrounding territory. So it was with other species. Brewster’s explanation in the case of the partridges was that the old birds, with the authority of vested rights, drove away the younger ones which, had they been allowed to remain, would have overstocked the place according to their own formula. But he found it difficult to thus explain the failure of increase in bird life generally on the farm. He was decidedly of the opinion, however, that his experiment proved that to increase the number of small birds in a given area one must at least do police duty and destroy the predacious birds and mammals, large and small. And this he pointed out had been the experience on the large game estates of England and Scotland, where no small part of the keeper’s business is to keep down the vermin. Brewster greatly regretted that all interest in his Concord place was destined to lapse when he was through with it, and he fre- quently debated some possible use it might be put to. At one time he thought of offering it to the town of Concord, but deemed that its remoteness from the town center would militate against its usefulness as a local park. He also discussed its availability for a duck and game breeding place, or for a bird refuge. But its avail- ability for any of these uses, for one reason or another, seemed questionable, and finally in despair of finding a promising scheme, he dropped consideration of it. Throughout the earlier years of his life Brewster was a keen and enthusiastic sportsman. When a boy in the high school, dawn often found him sculling his skiff over the placid surface of the near-by Fresh Pond in quest of waterfowl. He was a good shot and cherished his gun and dog with an abiding love. He was rarely without a serviceable pointer or setter, which, more often than not, he himself had trained. Hé never wholly outgrew his love for sport and one of the last pictures of him that lingers in my memory was as Auk 12 Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. [ Jan he stood in the old farmhouse one evening after we had been recall- ing past hunting experiences, and, taking from the rack his favorite double-barrel, he threw it to his shoulder and wondered if, as in former days, he could still cut down an old cock partridge as it flew through the brush. He not only loved sport but he loved sports- men, and delighted to exchange experiences with the old hunters he used to meet in Maine or with the “marsh gunners” of the Atlantic coast. As he advanced in years, like many other sportsmen, he ceased to shoot simply because shooting necessarily involved the taking of life, and this finally became impossible for him. When the Cambridge place became his own, on the death of his father in 1886, one of his first improvements was a cat proof fence, upon the construction of which he spent much time and thought. This proved an effective barrier against the tabbies of the neighbor- hood, and insured the safety of all birds that visited the spacious garden, which included something like two acres. Soon there were hosts of birds to whom were born the glad tidings of food and safety awaiting them when they stopped there on their passage north and south, and many of the rarer small birds of the region sooner or later were noted from the windows of his study. A serviceable supply of water for drinking and bathing was provided, as well as berry-bearing shrubs and seed-bearing plants for food, and the “Brewster Tavern” exclusively for the accommodation of birds became very popular among his avian friends. Another important improvement was the museum, which he built in 1886-1887, a small brick and fire-proof structure in the rear of his house for the safe accommodation of his books and of his growing collection of birds, and to serve as a study where he afterwards did his writing. This was the home of the Nuttall Club and here it held its semi-monthly meetings for many years, or until his death. As his library increased in size and his collection of birds grew the routine work demanded more and more of his time, and in 1897 he was so fortunate as to secure the services of Walter Deane, an old and tried friend of whom he was very fond. As Assistant in Charge, he was able not only to relieve Brewster of much of the museum work but to materially aid him with his correspondence. He con- tinued to assist him until 1907. Veh: crea Me Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. 13 It will surprise many who are familiar with Brewster’s writings and have admired his smoothly flowing periods and felicitous methods of expression, to know that he wrote only with great diffi- culty and labor. Whatever success he achieved as an author, and much may be said of the excellence of his literary work, was done with much pain and travail. The standard he set for himself was very high, and frequently, in order to attain it, he had to reshape or rewrite an article several times before he was willing to commit it to print, and then usually not without doubts and pain- ful misgivings. At times, too, he had to contend with ill health which, often for considerable periods, made writing, never easy, doubly difficult or impossible. Thus was prevented the preparation of many papers he had planned to write and publish. Under the circumstances the wonder is not that he published so little but that he published somuch. His wife rendered important aid in his literary efforts, not only by timely encouragement and wise criticism, but by typewriting much of his manuscript. This codperation he greatly prized and it was a direct and an important stimulus to production. Though he never wrote many reviews Brewster, nevertheless, was a model reviewer, being careful, fair and conscientious, always weighing the merits and demerits of a book with scrupulous impar- tiality. That he had the capacity of a successful editor is not open to doubt as was shown when he was chosen to edit Minot’s ‘ Land and Game Birds of New England.’ In dealing with the book he showed wise restraint in the use of the editorial pen, and left the author, so far as possible, to tell his story in his own way. On almost every page, however, he made important annotations in the form of foot notes, which, it is not too much to say, added greatly to the value of the work. His total scientific output amounted to upwards of three hundred papers of all kinds, some of them, as his ‘Birds of Lower California’ and ‘ Birds of the Cambridge Region,’ being volumes of considerable size and forming notable contribu- tions to faunal literature. His productivity was greatest in the period from 1876 to 1900, after which he produced much less, though some of his most import- ant publications appeared after 1900. He published practically everything he wrote in scientific journals, and apparently was never 14 Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. bans ’ tempted to increase the number of his readers by publishing in popular magazines and, indeed, with characteristic modesty, thought he was unequal to this form of writing. As a consequence he is less widely known as a writer than he deserves to be, few indeed outside of the ranks of ornithologists being aware of the literary treasures hidden away over his name in the journals and proceedings of scientific societies. And here a subject may be touched upon that the young orni- thologists of the present day may well take to heart. Brewster began to keep a diary at an early age, and he made it a rule to take as much pains in writing of the day’s happenings as though he were writing for the printer. It is quite possible that this habit resulted from his knowledge of Thoreau’s methods. In any event his day’s tasks were never deemed ended until a page in his diary had been written. And we may be very sure that to his habit of keeping a diary and carefully committing his notes on birds every day to paper were largely due his felicitous style, discrimination in the nice choice of words, and general success as a writer. There is no need here to tell in detail of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, of which he was the president for so many years, or the prominent part he played in its origin and career. It came into being in 1873 as a natural consequence of the enthusiastic interest in birds on the part of a small coterie of young fellows in and around Cambridge, and the interest has grown rather than lessened as the years have gone by. Inspired by the example and success of the Nuttall Club, in due course the American Ornithologists’ Union was established on a national basis, and rapidly grew into a strong organization. Though his interest in and love for the Nuttall Club was in nowise weakened, from the very first Brewster took great interest in the Union, and was one of the three to issue the call for the convention which met in New York, September 26, 1883. After the organiza- tion was effected he was appointed one of the committee of five to assist in a revision of the classification and nomenclature of North American birds. He served until his death upon this important committee, and his extensive knowledge of the birds of New England and of other regions enabled him to perform invalu- able service in connection with it. In 1895 he was elected President Vol. Gt] Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. 15 of the Union and served till 1898. For several years, 1880-1889, Brewster was connected with the Boston Society of Natural History, and had charge of its bird and mammal collections. Later, in 1885-1900, he took charge of the same departments in the Cambridge Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, and, after 1900 until his death, was in charge of the Museum’s collection of birds. His connection with Harvard University throughits museum wasa source of great satisfaction to him, not only because of his congenial duties, but because through them he was brought into personal relations with Alexander Agassiz, for whom he had great admira- tion and regard. Upon his death in 1910, Agassiz was succeeded as Curator of the Museum by Samuel Henshaw, with whom Brewster had long been on terms of intimacy and for whom he had the most cordial regard. Brewster was always greatly interested in the movement for the protection and increase of North American birds, and rendered very important service in connection therewith. In 1886 he was appointed a member of the Committee on Bird Protection of the American Ornithologist’s Union, and as such was one of the organ- izers of the first Audubon Society. He was a member of this Com- mittee for many years, and later became one of the Directors of the National Association of Audubon Societies. Later he served for a number of years as President of the Massachusetts Audubon Society. After serving on the Board of Directors of the Massachusetts Fish and Game Protective Association a number of years, in 1906 he was elected its President, retaining the office for two years. He was much interested in the movement which led to the forma- tion of the American Game Protective and Propagation Association. When this was organized in 1911 he was appointed a member of the Advisory Committee on which he served till his death. Far too modest and doubtful of his merits to push himself into the limelight as a seeker of honors, he was greatly pleased with those which were bestowed on him, and the more so that they came entirely unsought. Ambherst conferred on him the honor of A. M. in 1880, and Harvard that of A. M. in 1889. Brewster had comparatively little of the spirit of the pioneer and explorer. With all the world open to him he liked best to lees 16 Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. Tank follow well beaten paths and to revisit year after year the scenes and localities already endeared to him by familiarity and association. This explains in part why he spent so much time in Concord and why he revisited Umbagog for so many successive years. Because of this habit he was enabled to gather an unparalleled amount of data on the birds of these respective regions, and it is doubtful if the birds of any single locality elsewhere have been so intensively studied as those of Concord and of Umbagog Lake by Brewster. His plans included the publication of several volumes based on these notes. Fortunately his notes and manuscripts were be- queathed to Harvard University, for this justifies the belief that, not only will his ‘Birds of Umbagog Lake’ be published, the first volume of which was left by him practically completed, but that all his voluminous notes made in Cambridge, Concord and else- where will also be printed, so far as this can be done. And what more acceptable and fitting monument than this could be erected to commemorate his life’s long and fruitful activity in the field of ornithology that he loved so well? While thus by preference Brewster cultivated near-by fields, nor cared greatly to penetrate remote districts or the untrodden wilderness, he was by no means content to stay wholly within the limits of New England, much as he loved his native soil. On the contrary he made several journeys far afield and usually in com- pany with one or more friends. Thus he made three trips to England: in 1891, 1909 and 1911, and one to the continent in 1897. He visited Scotland more than once, and spent some time there with Harvie-Brown, to whom he was much attached. Most of the time abroad, however, was spent in England, where he devoted much attention to outdoor observations and to getting acquainted with English birds, which he had hitherto met only in books, and in listening to their songs and studying their habits. He was greatly pleased with England, and his visits there, as he said, were much like going home after a long absence. Apparently in England he never felt like a stranger in a strange land. He specially admired its broad estates, its well kept roads and hedges, and its general air of thrift and tidiness. He was enthusiastic also over the English character and found the men cordial, hospitable and lovable. Vol. ST] Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. 1k In illustration of Brewster’s charm of manner and his ability to enlist the attention and interest of strangers, an incident may be related that occurred when he was at Lyndhurst in the New Forest in the midsummer of 1909. Visiting the smoking room of the Inn the evening after his arrival, he found there several men smoking and reading their papers, each at a separate table. Singling out the one who seemed to him to have the most interesting face, he » made his way to his table and, as the gentleman glanced up to see who the intruder was, he introduced himself, as an American who wanted to ask a few questions about the New Forest. The ques- tions duly answered, a long conversation of a humorous and dis- cursive character followed in which, among other things, the respective characteristics of Englishmen and Americans were discussed, apparently to the great interest and amusement of the other guests. It was not until the stranger had left the room that Brewster learned he had been conversing with the famous author, Kipling. During the following days he met Kipling frequently, found him a most genial companion as well as a most interesting conversationalist, was introduced to his wife, and finally received an invitation to visit them in their English home. It was very fortunate that early in his career Brewster became acquainted with the Umbagog Lake region. He first visited it in June 1870, when C. J. Maynard, Ruthven Deane and Henry Purdie also were there. The region was little known in those. days, save to disciples of good old Isaac Walton, and possessed manifold attractions in its deep forests, its beautiful lake and waterways, abounding in fish and an ample supply of large and small game. In the eyes of a Massachusetts ornithologist it possessed an added attraction in a long list of warblers and other birds which here found a summer home, but elsewhere to the south were known chiefly or only as migrants. Brewster at once became strongly attached to the place, which not only satisfied his longings as an ornithologist but strongly appealed to the artistic and aesthetic side of his nature. For many years he rarely missed sojourning at the Lake during the summer or fall, and here he gathered an unparalleled harvest of notes and data, especially on the water birds, which found in these comparative solitudes ideal opportunities to nest. For several years he maintained a most attractive camp on Pine eee 18 Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. Jann: Point, near the foot of the Lake, where numbers of his ornithological friends visited him. He also had built for service on the Lake a houseboat designed with reference to comfort and his special needs as a student of bird life. He cultivated a wide acquaintance with the guides and lumbermen of the district, and not the least of its many attractions was the opportunity afforded of meeting these men annually on their own ground and hearing from their lips the story of their experiences and of still earlher days in the wilderness. He was particularly fond of canoeing on the Lake and made much use of the canoe in his daily trips. Indeed some of the accounts of birds which he wrote for his ‘ Birds of Umbagog Lake’ were penned as he floated here and there on the Lake’s placid bosom, with the setting of the bird biographies he was engaged upon spread out before his very eyes. With the lapse of time, however, Brewster’s interest in that region lessened, chiefly because of the influx of visitors and campers, who were attracted in ever increasing numbers by the growing fame of the region. Aloofness and solitude had been its chiefest charms, and when these departed little was left to a man of Brew- ster’s temperament, so that during the later years of his life, after 1900, he never revisited it. Brewster made a trip to Ritchie County, West Virginia, in 1874, in company with Ruthven Deane and Ernest Ingersoll. They were there from April 25 to May 9, and the party secured many nests, eggs and bird skins. Brewster published a paper in the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York on the results obtained in this, then little known, region. As was the case with most of his faunal papers, this article contained copious notes on the habits and songs of many of the species included. In April 1878, he visited his friend Robert Ridgway, at Mount Carmel, Illinois, and spent a month or more with him in collecting birds and gathering notes on a number of species until then unknown to him. Notable among the strangers was the beautiful Prothonotary Warbler, which inspired the greatest enthusiasm. For an interesting account of this bird, written in his best vein, the reader is referred to his article in the Bulletin of the Nuttall Club for October 1878. He always dwelt with great pleasure on the incidents of this trip, and spoke fondly of the delightful comradeship of Ridgway. vol ae el Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. 19 In the spring of 1881, Brewster was invited to make one of a party organizing for a trip to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The expedition, as stated by him, was “undertaken partly for pleasure, but chiefly for scientific exploration and the collection of fossil birds, insects and plants.’’ 'The party consisted of the following persons: Professor Alpheus Hyatt, Mr. Samuel Henshaw, Messrs. E. G. Gardiner, W. H. Kerr, N. R. Warren and himself, and sailed from Annisquam, Massachusetts, in the Arethusa, a schooner-rigged yacht of seventeen tons. He published an account of the trip in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. 12, 1882-83, from which the following is quoted: “The trip, as a whole, was attended by about the usual mixture of pleasure and hardship, success and disappointment. Its drawbacks and failure were mainly unavoidable, for our plans had been made with care and forethought, and the vessel equipped to a fault; while the social com- position of our party proved exceptionally pleasant and harmonious. But we started too late in the season and the weather during most of the summer was simply abominable.” Most of the ornithological specimens accruing from this trip were given to the Boston Society. In the spring of 1882 Brewster joined J. A. Allen in Colorado, who was there on a collecting trip undertaken out of considerations of health. He spent six weeks with him, collecting the birds of the region, studying their habits and making notes of the spring migra- tion in this interesting region of plains, foothill and canyon. This is as far west as he ever travelled, and he always looked back with great satisfaction to this journey, rich as it was in new experiences, and to the first hand knowledge he therby gained of the plains region and of its wild life, so unlike that with which he had hitherto been familiar. In May 1883 Brewster visited South Carolina, making his head- quarters at Charleston. His special errand was to look for the Swainson’s Warbler, a species discovered in 1832, but lost sight of for over half a century. In his search he was assisted by Arthur T. Wayne, of whom he became very fond. Although unsuccessful the first season they were entirely successful the two following years, and Brewster was enabled to secure a large number of specimens and to lees 20 Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. cane obtain a very full knowledge of the bird’s song and habits. He also secured its nest and eggs. He was much interested in bird migration, and was an earnest student of its varied phenomena. In 1885 he made a trip to Point Le Preaux in the Bay of Fundy for the express purpose of studying the behavior of birds during the migration as seen from a light house. He remained there from August 138 to September 26, living with the light house keeper, and making notes on migration. It was doubtless largely the interesting data obtained on this trip that stimulated him to produce his only formal paper on bird migration, which was published as the first ‘Memoir’ of the Nuttall Ornithological Club in 1888. This has been well termed a classic. On his return north from Charleston in 1885 he visited Asheville, North Carolina, May 23. From there he made a wagon trip into the mountains, during which were recorded many interesting obser- vations on the habits of the birds. His account of the birds seen on this trip is to be found in the Auk, Vol. 3, 1886. In 1890 (March 19—April 1), he joined Frank Chapman in a trip down the Suwanee River, Florida, in a houseboat. A satisfactory collection of birds was made and many interesting notes obtained of the local and migrating species. The results of the trip appear in a joint paper in ‘ The Auk’ for 1892. Two years later, in 1893, we find Brewster and Chapman in the island of Trinidad, where Brewster was not only introduced to a new fauna but harvested an entirely new crop of experiences. This was his first and only visit to the Tropics. He treasured his experiences there as among the most interesting of his life, and in after years never tired of recalling the varied scenes and incidents of his stay there. Besides the trips mentioned, made for the double purpose of col- lecting specimens and of acquainting himself with the habits of rare or little known birds in their native haunts, Brewster, from time to time sent out, at his own expense, collectors whose chief errand was the exploration of comparatively unknown territory and the acquisition of birds to fill gaps in his collection. Some of these were remarkably successful, and by this means he not only secured priceless cabinet material but added greatly to ornithological knowl- edge. The collections thus made, with the notes made by the col- lectors, furnished the basis of a number of important papers. Vol YN] Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. 2h Thus he sent the well known collector, Frank Stephens, to California and Arizona in 1881 and 1884. In May and June of 1883 George Ower Welsh made a collecting trip for him to New- foundland. In 1883, 1884 and 1885, R. R. McCleod collected for him in Chihuahua, Mexico. In 1887 he sent Mr. Abbott Frazer to the peninsula of Lower California. In January and June of. the same year Mr. John C. Cahoon visited Arizona and Sonora, Mexico, and made extensive collections. In many respects Brewster was unusually well equipped as a naturalist and a student of birds. He did some excellent systematic work. He possessed a keen eye for distinctive differences and described many new species of American birds. So sound and conservative was his judgment in proposing new forms that practically all the birds named by him have proved valid. Nevertheless by preference he was not a closet student but was an outdoor man, to whom the dried skin was merely a symbol and the living creature of infinitely more interest and importance. Naturally deliberate and slow of movement, he was a good and untiring walker in his youth, and possessed excellent eyesight for outdoor work. Indeed his eyesight improved as he grew older, and he was never compelled to have recourse to distance glasses, even during the last years of his life. His hearing was extraordi- narily acute, and his ability to recognize the notes of birds at a distance and amid other and confusing sounds was little less than marvelous, and far exceeded that of any one I ever knew. Along with his phenomenal hearing went a good memory for bird notes and songs, the study and analysis of which always greatly interested him. Indeed he was attracted by the notes and calls of all living creatures, and deemed no time wasted that was spent in tracing them to their sources. Here I cannot refrain from a short quotation from his ‘ Voices from a New England Marsh,’ one of many similar paragraphs in his happiest vein, which illustrates his interest in the voices of his humble friends and the emotions they awakened in his soul. After speaking of the songs of the Rusties and of those of the Song and Tree Sparrows he adds: ees 22 Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. Jan “These voices with, perhaps, the tender, plaintive warble of some passing bluebird or at evening, towards the close of the month, the merry peeping of Pickering’s hylas are the characteristic March sounds of the Fresh Pond marshes as well as of many similar places in eastern Massa- chusetts. How they smooth and refresh the senses after the long silence of winter, breathing to every one of refined sensibilities the very essence of early spring! To those who have long known and loved them they are inexpressibly grateful and precious, touching the chords of memory more subtly than do any other sounds, recalling past associations, albeit often saddened ones, and filling the heart with renewed courage and hope for the future.” He was a patient and untiring observer, and his intense interest in bird and other outdoor life never knew abatement. Summer and winter, in sickness and in health, from youth to old age his interest continued undiminished, and only death itself sealed to him the Book of Nature. Indeed in his last moments, when the voices of the friends about him awakened no response, he roused himself sufficiently to listen to the song of a robin which came to his ears from the linden tree outside his window, fitting requiem to the passing soul of the ornithologist. William Brewster was tall and well proportioned, and when he developed into full manhood was a strikingly dignified and hand- some man. His habitual expression was kindly and engaging, and few people met him who were not at once drawn toward him by his kindly bearing and courteous manners. He did not mature early, but when he came into his own, and his mind expanded, and his experience widened he became a charming and very interesting talker. While Brewster possessed none of the gifts of the orator and made no effort to cultivate public speaking, he was entirely self possessed when he rose to address an audience and spoke inter- estingly and to the point, chiefly perhaps, because he always had something definite and illuminating to say. He had a genius for friendships, and made many friends whom he grappled to his soul with hooks of steel. He had a peculiar reverence for womankind, always treated them with the utmost deference, and always spoke of them with respect. He had a well developed sense of humor and liked to exchange repartee with his friends, and always enjoyed a witty story. But wer eex a Hensuaw, In Memoriam: William Brewster. 23 stories of the grosser sort had no interest for him and were, indeed, abhorrent, and his friendship included none who were given to them, or to gross practices. He was charitably disposed to all, and inclined to judge the delinquent leniently and with forbearance. He never spoke ill of any man. He was generously inclined, and, within his means, gave freely to those less fortunate than himself, though of his beneficence he said nothing, preferring that it should remain un- known. He was calm of manner and temperate of speech, and kept his temper under excellent control. He found his everyday vocabu- lary sufficient for all his needs, and never indulged in oaths or expletives of any sort. He was singularly abstemious, drank neither tea nor coffee, and scarcely knew the taste of wine or other alcoholic liquor. Yet he never inveighed against their moderate use by others. Brewster was sociably inclined and greatly loved the companion- ship of true and tried friends. His sympathies were broad and included an appreciation of and interest in the work and affairs of others, especially of young men, who never sought him for aid and counsel in vain. He possessed the judicial temperament and in his anxiety to be just and make no mistake was sometimes long in making up his mind. Once convinced, however, of the righteousness of a cause, he never after wavered but upheld it with heart and soul and with- out fear of consequences. He was absolutely truthful, habitually refrained from all ex- aggeration, and falsehood and evasion were foreign to his nature. As he was sincere and truthful, so was he honorable and pure minded, and his conversation reflected the thoughts and imaginings of a pure soul. Of him, if of any man, may we say, “blessed are the pure of heart for they shall see God.” The Ontario, Washington, D. C. 24 GEHRING, William Brewster: An Appreciation. Aue WILLIAM BREWSTER — AN APPRECIATION. BY JOHN GEORGE GEHRING. q To appear before this body of Nature Lovers in an attempt to pay loving tribute to the memory of such a man as William Brewster, many of you having had your own relations of intimate friendship with him for years and some from boyhood, might seem like an intrusion under ordinary circumstances; but the circumstances are not ordinary when it is William Brewster of whom I speak! We all knew him to be a man of a wonderfully rich and many-sided character,— and we all know that to merely say how we loved him and shall always revere him, does not lift the weight of an irrepar- able calamity that has befallen us. Nevertheless it seems impera- tive as well as a precious privilege that I, at his own request, may be permitted, through your Journal, to give expression to what lies in my own heart. On the eleventh day of last July William Brewster breathed out his last earthly hour in his tree-embowered chamber in his home in Cambridge. During the last weeks of his final illness it was my great privilege to be many hours by his side, to listen to his words, to return the glances of his friendly and trusting eyes, and to min- ister to him with such little attentions as one who loves his dearest friend, whom he is about to lose out of his earthly life, eagerly desires to bestow. Through all those swiftly passing days the voices of his beloved birds came through the open windows of his chamber, and spoke to him through the ever-receptive senses of his bird-loving soul. Almost to the last conscious hour the notes of the robins never failed to elicit a recognition or some sign of pleasure. Indeed, to the sympathetic few who hovered around him, even after he had ceased to be perceptive of the environment of the room and his friends, it seemed that there still remained open the door that led to his love for the birds, for he ever appeared to be conscious of their movements and their notes, and often his countenance would faintly lighten with the recognition of their calls after he had become too feeble to utter words. Vol. Ot] Guurine, William Brewster: An Appreciation. 29 Lover of birds and animals and flowers,— and equally lover of his kind,— a rare and singularly beautiful soul was William Brewster, and a priceless privilege it was to be permitted to count him as a friend. A man wonderfully modest for one endowed with so great a store of Nature’s lore, and unusually shy and timid in the impart- ing of the seemingly inexhaustible knowledge he so richly pos- sessed. A man who won all hearts that came under the spell of his voice and presence or upon whom his eyes rested with their -message of friendly understanding. “Who is your friend with the kind eyes?” asked of me not infrequently by friends who saw us together, was no unworthy tribute to this man who had the power to make friends by virtue of some subtle innate quality that directly appealed to those fortunate enough to meet him. William Brewster did not need to commune with his friends in words. His was the rare gift of intuitive communion, and to be in his presence was to those who knew him best the privilege of inter- preting a common thought by means of that rarer sense which is far more subtle than anything the clumsy medium of words could convey. What was this potent charm possessed in such marvelous degree by this dead friend of ours? Why were we compelled to love him,— what drew us to him with a feeling of tenderness akin the love of woman,— why did we give our implicit trust as though it - - were a matter beyond question that we should uncover our hearts to this unassuming man? Was it not that William Brewster was one of those men whose innate honesty and sincerity of soul spoke for itself in every act, in every thought he uttered,— that his relations with his fellow men were of the simplest and most direct,— that he had no guile and no distrust,— but interpreted all others by the light of his own transparent soul and heart and imputed to others only that which was mirrored in his own nature? His was a character beautifully free from every taint of coarse- ness. His heart and soul shone through eyes as pure as those of a child. His conversation dealt with things that were beautiful and his soul loved the beauty that is portrayed in Nature with a life-long and all-embracing passion. To be in his companionship was to be at once lifted away from all that had little worth and to dwell upon the beauty and wonder of things that endure. Whoever of his friends had the opportunity of seeing and hearing William Brewster aS 26 GeHRING, William Brewster: An Appreciation. Fan deal and talk with a woodsman, guide or any of the simpler folk in the humbler walks of life with whom he came in contact during the many years wherein he studied birds in their haunts, but felt the » charm with which he made that man feel at ease and upon a level of common manhood. And indeed, this was not manner in the least,— it was but simple sincerity. From all men did he feel that he could learn, all men did he respect, and with all men did he feel as man to man. It was instantly apparent that he was one who took for granted the com- mon manhood between them and who therefor brought out from them only that which was fine and true. The mere mention that one was a friend of his was to open the way to their hearts, and the claim of his friendship anywhere was a title to respectful recogni- tion. What could we more earnestly desire for ourselves than that our own names might be as touchingly inscribed upon the hearts of our fellows as this of our dead friend, who without knowing it, simply because of inherent human kindliness, enveloped himself in an atmosphere of graciousness and good will! As his old-time physician as well as friend, I had watched with growing solicitude a condition of gradual but increasing disability for a period of over two years. The insidious disease, as yet uncon- quered by Science, which brought his earthly life to a close, made the outlook increasingly hopeless. As he sought help from various sources he bore with wonderful docility and patience the failure to He clung to every alleviation as to a buoy by which receive relief. his courage might be upheld, until there came a day and an hour which can never be forgotten, when from lips that loved him came the answer to those gravely questioning eyes! He bore the message bravely, though he longed to live. Then to the one for so many years nearest his life, he tenderly spoke of happy years, leaving messages with her for dear and intimate friends, and affectionately thanked the faithful attendant who had ministered to his comfort. It will suffice to say that with a calm and simple resignation, with the dignity of soul that was his when in the midst of strength and the abundance of life, William Brewster accepted the inevitable, and his last days were mercifully veiled by unconsciousness as he drew near to the portal of the Great Unknown. William Brewster had the Listening Soul! Of all things did he VO ee add NurraLL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB MEMORIAL. 27 receive testimony and to all things did he accord a hearing that was fair and just. He hastened to no conclusions and he was ever ready to modify his opinions in the light of farther evidence. His was a nature innately fair and truthful and whilst ever fearlessly uncom- promising wherever principle was involved, personally he judged not at all! To be as broadly tolerant as this our loved and honored friend, to be as considerate and fair, as intrinsically friendly towards the opinion of all men, regardless of station, has been an ideal to us all since first we knew him. O thou lover of all things true and good, upon what far heights today thy soul doth stand, we rest assured that one so fitted to be immortal,— has found his immortality! Bethel, Me. WILLIAM BREWSTER. At a regular meeting of the Nuttall Ornithological Club held November 3, 1919, the following memorial of Mr. William Brewster was adopted by the Club for entrance in the Records, and the Secretary was instructed to communicate it to “The Auk’ for publication, It was prepared by Mr. E. B. White. William Brewster was one of the founders of the Nuttall Orni- thological Club and its President for over forty years, and when not absent from Cambridge, was found faithfully in the Chair at its meetings. His scientific attainments have made their own permanent record, but the Club wishes to record here the sense of the heavy loss it has sustained and of the intimate personal be- reavement which the members suffer in the death of one who was held by them in such affectionate regard. He presided with an easy control, with no trace of self-assertive- ness, his poise rendering that unnecessary: perfect balance marked his character; he possessed vigor without asperity and sensibility without softness. Tolerant and just, he infused into the meetings ES 28 NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB MEMORIAL. Tae a feeling of mutual consideration, and that without any sacrifice of effectiveness, and at the same time his kindliness and his urbanity created a feeling of fellowship that rendered the gatherings pecu- liarly pleasant. Debatable matters he directed with a notable sense of fair play that assured full hearing for all sides; ornithologi- cal discussion he conducted with patience and acumen. He gave consideration to any observations, desirous that all who were present should participate in proceedings; and he listened to a contributor of even the most trivial notes with an absorbed, respect- ful interest. His sympathetic responsiveness and enthusiasm were sources of inspiration to many a younger ornithologist. We, who have for many years enjoyed his conduct of the meetings, carry ineffaceable in our mind his handsome, mobile countenance, which would light up some remark with an engaging smile of appre- ciative humor, or enforce some searching question with a piercing glance. The fact that Mr. Brewster was never ruffled sprang from good- ness of heart and lack of self-consciousness. He seemed gratified by opportunities to be helpful, and generously gave counsel and information to friends and strangers alike. Wide knowledge he seemed to hold in trust; and personal detachment made his de- cisions worthy of confidence. Very naturally, then, he was con- stantly consulted. Great was the importance to the Club of the ready information which extensive experience and tenacious memory enabled him to supply off-hand. Even greater, because rarer, was the importance to it of the spirit with which he imbued it. The meetings have been held for many years in his private museum and are remem- bered with delight which is measurably due to his gracious bearing; and no occasions are remembered as more significant than those — all too few — when he contributed the formal paper of the evening from the day-to-day entries in his journal. Even then was strikingly felt his gift of felicitous expression, for his style was not only a sound scientific medium but was elegant and vivacious, vibrant with the joy of his chosen pursuits. William Brewster grew upon his friends by intimacy, for even the most intimate discovered no traits save such as increased their love and esteem. po can | Tue WILLIAM BREWSTER MEMORIAL. 29 THE WILLIAM BREWSTER MEMORIAL. - At the regular stated meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union, held in New York City, November 10, 1919, the following communication from friends and co-workers of William Brewster was received and the trust therein described was formally ac- cepted by the Union. [Ed.] The undersigned co-workers and friends of William Brewster, in recognition of the great service which for nearly half a century he rendered American ornithology, present to the American Ornithologists’ Union, as Trustees, the sum of five thousand dollars to establish the “ William Brewster Memorial.” The income of the Fund shall be used to defray the cost of a gold medal, to be known as the Brewster Memorial Medal, to be awarded every two years to the author of what, in the judgment of the Council of the Union, is the most important work relating, in whole or in part, to the birds of the Western Hemisphere, during the period in question. The remainder of the accrued income of the Fund, after defraying the cost of the medal, shall be given to the recipient of the medal as an honorarium. In case the award is made for the joint work of two or more persons, to each of whom credit is due in equal share, a medal shall be given to each of them and the honorarium shall be divided equally between them. In case the Council decide that no work has been produced that is of sufficiently high scientific quality to be worthy of award of the medal, the income accrued during the period shall be added to the principal of the Fund. In case at any future time it becomes the opinion of two-thirds of the members of the Council of the Union, that an amendment of the terms of this deed of gift would result in the better attain- ment of the fundamental purposes of the Memorial — which are the perpetual honoring of the memory of William Brewster, and the encouragement of study of American birds by the bestowal at intervals of a medal and honorarium as recognition of ornitho- logical research of high scientific quality — such amendment may eae 30 Tue Witu1AM Brewster Memoria. ree be made by the same methods then in force for the amendment of the By-Laws of the Union, but in no other way. All details of the administration of this fund shall be wholly under the control of the Council of the Union, any provision of the By-laws of the Union to the contrary notwithstanding. A sketch for the proposed William Brewster Medal has been designed and contributed by Daniel Chester French, which is acceptable to Mrs. Brewster and to us, and we trust will meet with the approval of the Council. It is recommended that the award be made at the meeting of the A. O. U., at intervals of two years, the two-year period to end June 30 preceding the A. O. U. meeting of that year, the first award being made at the meeting of 1921. It is recommended that the President of the Union shall appoint a committee, of three persons, to recommend the award of the medal and honorarium. This appointment to be made during the first week in July preceding the A. O. U. meeting at which the award is to be made. The report of this committee will be pre- sented to the Council at its Stated Meeting for acceptance or rejection. In the event of its rejection the Council shall have power to make the award. Having stated the general understanding under which the fund for the Willia 1 Brewster Memorial was raised, we feel confident that we may leave the formulation of the additional details under which it may be administered to the good judgment of the Council of the Union. [The names of the donors follow.] Allen, Francis H. Allen, G. M. Allen, J. A. Allyn, Alice C. Almy, Charles Ames, Oakes Audubon, Florence Audubon, Maria R. Bacon, Francis L. Bailey, Mrs. Vernon Bailey, Vernon Baily, Wm. L. Baird, David G. Baker, John H. Balch, Agnes G. Bangs, Outram Barbour, Thomas Barrows, Walter B. Bartlett, Alice M. Bartsch, Paul Batchelder, C. F. Beck, H. H. Bent, A. C. Bergtold, W. H. Bicknell, E. P. Bigelow, A. F. Bigelow, Henry B. Bigelow, Homer L. Bishop, Louis B. Bolles, Elizabeth Q. Borneman, Henry 8. Bosson, Campbell Bowditch, H. Bowditch, Sylvia C. Bradlee, Thomas 8. Vol. sal 1920 Brainerd, Barron, in memory of Brainerd, John B. Braislin, William C. Bridge, Mrs. Edmund Brooks, E. A. Brooks, W.S. Brown, Howard K. Brown, Stewardson Burdsall, Richard L. Buttrick, 8. Cabot, Mrs. Arthur T. Carruth, Charles T. Carter, C . M. Carter, John D. Chadbourne, A. P. Chapman, Emily D. Chapman, Frank M. - Chapman, Jane E. C. Churchill, J. R. Clark, A. H. Clark, B. Preston Cobb, Mary F. Cooke, M. T. Copeland, Manton Crosby, Maunsell Culver, Delos E. Curry, H. B. Dana, Richard H. Day, Catherine Hosmer Deane, George C. Deane, Mary H. Deane, Ruthven Deane, Walter Dearborn, Sarah Denton, S. W. Dexter, Mrs. Geo. Dexter, Lewis Dexter, Mary D. Dexter, Smith O. Dewis, John W. Durfee Owen Dwight, Jonathan Eaton, Harriet L. Eaton, Mary S. Eaton, Warren F. Ehinger, C. E. Elliot, Mrs. John Emerson, Edward M. Emlen, Arthur C. Eustis, Richard 8. Evans, Joseph 8. Evans, William B. Faxon, Walter Fay, 8. Prescott Fisher, A, K. Fleming, J. H. Floyd, Charles B. Floyd, F. G. Forbes, W. Cameron Forbush, E. H. Foster, Frank B. Fowler, Henry W. Francis, Nathaniel A. Fuertes, Louis A. Fuller, Eliza W. Gardner, A. C. Gilbert, R. A. . Goldman, E. A. Goodale, Joseph L. Graves, Mrs. F. M. Grinnell, Geo. Bird Griscom, Ludlow Gross, A. O. Hagar, Arthur F. Hager, J. A. Hannum, William E. Harper, Francis Harris, Percy G. F. Harrower, D. E. Hathaway, Alton H. Hemenway, Mrs. A. Henderson, W. C. Henshaw, Henry W. Henshaw, 8. Tue WILLIAM BREwsTER MEMORIAL. 31 Herrick, Harold Hersey, F. Seymour Hill, Alfred C. Hill, Thomas R. Hinckley, George L. Hoffman, Ralph Hollister, N. Hoppin, Eliza M. Horsford, Katharine Hottle, Edward P. Howard, Emily W. Howard, Philip E. Howell, A. H. Hunnewell, F. W. Hurd, Frances. A. Ireland, Catharine I. Jackson He Hei: Jackson, Robert T. Jeffries, William A. Jenney, Charles F. Jones, Lynds Justice, William W. Kennard, F. H. Kidder, Nathaniel T. Knowlton, F. H. Lamb, Charles R. Lawson, Ralph Levey, Mrs. Wm. M. Lewis, Shippen Linton, M. Albert Lothrop, Oliver A. Lucas, Frederic A. Maillard, Joseph Marble, Richard M. Marshall, Ella M. O. Matthews, F. Schuyler May, J. B. Maynard, C. J. MeCall, William W. Merriam, C. Hart MeMiilan, Mrs. Gilbert o2 Miller, Isaac P. Miller, W. DeW. Moore, R. T. Morgan, John Sage Morris, Geo. Spencer Morse, Albert P. Murdoch, John Murphy, Robert C. Natl. Asso. of Aud. Soe. Nelson, E. W. Nelson, George W. Nichols, John Treadwell Nichols, John W. T. Noble, Eleanor G. Noble, G. K. Noyes, James A. Oberholser, Harry C. Osgood, W. H. Osterhout, W. J. V. Paine, C. J. Palmer, T.S. Palmer, 8.C. Palmer, William Parker, Edmund M. Parkers'G> Ee Pearson, T. Gilbert Pepper, William Perrine, K. Peters, James Lee Philipp, P. B. Phillips, J. C. Pickman, Dudley L. Potter, Julian K. Preble, Edward A. THe WILLIAM BREwsTeER MEMORIAL. Pumyea, Nelson D. W. Purdie, Evelyn. Rand, Edward L. Rehn, James A. G. Rhoads, Sam’]. N. Richards, Harriet E. Richardson, Henry P. Richmond, Charles W. Riddle, Robert Riddle, 8. Earle Riley, J. H. Rives, William C. Roberts, Thomas 8. Roberts, William E. Robinson, Anthony W. Rogers, Charles H. Russell, Joseph B. Sage, John H. Sanford, Leonard C. Sangree, Carl M. Saunders, W. E. Schell, John W. Scudder, Grace O. Selliez, Edward A. Serrill, William J. Seton, Ernest Thompson Shaw, Henry S., Jr. Sheffield, Gertrude P. Smith, Louis Irvin Spelman,Henry M. Stejneger, L. Stone, Witmer Street, J. Fletcher Styer, Franklin J. Stuart, Geo. H., 3d. Swales, B. H. law Swasey, Harriet M. Tatnall, Samuel A. Taverner, P. A. Thaxter, Roland Thayer, J. E. Thompson, Lovell Townsend, C. W. Trotter, Spencer Trotter, William H. Tufts, R. W. Turner, Howard M. Tyler, Winsor M. Underdown, Henry T. Underwood, W. Lyman Vosburg, Paul Walcott, Charles F. Walcott, Frederic C. Waleott, Robert — Ware, Robert A. White, F. B. Widmann, Otto Wildman, Edward L. Willard, B. G. Willard, Susanna Willard Theodora Williams, Robert W. Williston, Constance B. Winfield, A. M. Wood, N. R. Woodman, -Walter Woolman, Edward W. Wright, Horace W. Wyman, Margaret C. THE AUK, VOL. XXXVII. PLATE III. pol axe | FisHer, In Memoriam: Lyman Belding. 33 IN MEMORIAM: LYMAN BELDING. BY A. K. FISHER. Plate ITT. Lyman Bexpine, the Nestor of California ornithologists, died at his home in Stockton, California, at an early hour on the morning of November 22, 1917, at the age of eighty-eight years and five months. Death came as the result of general weakening of the system, the failing of strength and vitality due to the inroads of advanced age. The yellowing of the leaf, as he would say, ad- vanced to a point wherein the stem no longer kept its hold on the tree of life. At the time of his death he was the oldest ornithologist in America and, with a few exceptions, in the world. It was shortly after Mr. Belding took charge of collecting data on bird migration in the district comprising the Pacific coast States for the committee of the American Ornithologists’ Union, in 1883, that the writer, also a member of the committee, first corre- sponded with him. Eight years later, in September, 1891, after the Death Valley Expedition, sent out by the Biological Survey to study life in the deserts of Nevada and California, had disbanded, the two met in San Francisco, and there started a long and endear- ing friendship. The first impression of Mr. Belding was that of a man of reserve tinged with diffidence; but with the mellowing effect of congenial companionship, this quiet, unassuming gentleman without effort entertained his hearers on widely varied subjects of travel, natural history, adventure, music, sports with rod and gun, and the general affairs of State and current events. With this well rounded equip- ment, coupled with his genial and lovable nature, there is little wonder that he was so popular and so eagerly sought after by old and young, especially when found in the outing season in his favorite haunts in the Sierras. It always has been a source of much regret to the writer that circumstances prevented him from joming Mr. Belding in his mountain rambling during the period when he was still active with rod and gun. 34 FisHer, In Memoriam: Lyman Belding. ese In the past decade we have met almost yearly for a friendly visit and an interchange of ideas and opinions. Formerly, while still able to travel with comparative comfort, he would come to some mutually convenient point, but during the last five years of his life, owing to increasing infirmities, all meetings were held at his Stockton home. On various occasions he talked of his early travels and adventures, and told of many interesting things which had occurred in his experiences from whaling in the Arctic to trout fishing in the Sierras. Realizing that much of this necessarily disconnected narrative was of permanent value, he was induced after some effort to prepare an autobiographical sketch for the entertainment of the writer. Fortunately this sketch, comprising nearly fifty typewritten pages of legal cap, was completed a couple of years before his death and before eye weakness forbade any literary effort. Notes from this sketch are the basis of this paper and of one prepared by Dr. Walter K. Fisher and published in ‘The Condor’ for March, 1918. There is little doubt that the stimulative effect of preparing this autobiography, with the necessary delving into the past, was a pleasing diversion for, with the exception of a daily game of whist with a coterie of old friends and an occasional visit to a moving picture theater, there was little to break the monotony of his daily routine, which was of the simplest kind. Lyman Belding, son of Joshua Belding and Rosetta (Cooley) Belding, was born June 12, 1829, at West Farms, Massachusetts, on the west bank of the Connecticut River, not far from Northamp- ton. From the windows of his home he had a plain view of Amherst College, Mount Tom, Mount Holyoke, and other interesting points. The hemely charms of the New England landscape made a deep and lasting impression upon his youthful mind, as shown in later years by comparisons which he liked to draw between them and those of distant lands. When he was about seven years old, his family moved to Kings- ton, Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania. Here, amid mountains and valleys well timbered with deciduous trees, he developed his fond- ness for hunting, which with him as with many of us, proved to be the forerunner of his ornithological career. The following are his words: “My happiest days were in autumn. The Passenger Vol. all : 1920 FisHer, In Memoriam: Lyman Belding. 30 Pigeon was very common and its ete-tete-tete, as it rattled down the acorns upon which it was feeding was delicious music to me. I have seen many millions of pigeons in a single day in spring, when, after their usual northern migration, they were driven back by a cold storm. One morning early I was on Ross Hill near Kingston looking for a deer, the tracks of which I had seen in the snow the previous day. Soon after the sun appeared, millions and millions of pigeons flew south over the valley. The flight con- tinued into the afternoon when patches of bare ground began to appear, affording feeding places for the birds. When driven south by cold spring storms the north branch of the Susquehanna River was a favorite route of travel. “Before I got a gun I often wandered in the woods, sometimes getting home late in the evening, and on one occasion my parents thinking me lost had looked in an open well and other places for me. When I obtained a gun I was out early and late with it, and ne- glected school, though I worked faithfully on our farm when the crops needed me, except in the autumn when I would occasionally steal away and go to the hills for chestnuts.” This love of shooting and of life in the woods and fields endured to the end. He went to Stockton in March, 1856, and of game seen here and in other parts of California he says: “Game was abundant, in- cluding elk, antelope, deer, bear, otter, quail, and waterfowl. Elk have disappeared from the interior valleys of the State excepting a drove on the Miller and Lux Ranch of forty thousand acres in the San Joaquin Valley, and these animals are being captured and distributed to various parks. The elk of this State inhabited the tule marshes mainly, though I have seen many elk horns in the Marysville Buttes, probably left there by elk which came from the marshes of Butte Creek, and I have seen hundreds, if not thousands, of elk horns on the border of the tule swamps north of Stockton. Antelope have entirely disappeared from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys. I saw three in the latter valley a few miles west of Princeton in the summer of 1870 and a single one in Lower California about twenty-five miles south of Tia Juana in the spring of 1887. Deer were mostly in the mountains, with a few along the rivers where there were extensive thickets on bottom lands. They will continue to be common with proper protection. Very Auk Jan. 36 Fisner, In Memoriam: Lyman Belding. [ little of their range will ever be cultivated owing to great altitude and soil that is not suited to cereals — I refer mostly to the Sierra Nevadas. I have seen only a few bears in the forest, probably about twenty, and only one undoubted grizzly bear. This I saw in the summer of 1875 when I was fishing on San Antonio Creek near the Calaveras Grove of sequoias. It crossed the stream below and near me and I had a good view of it. The owner of a drove of sheep that ranged in the vicinity told me that he had also seen it. I have been very near many bears but they would slip away unseen. Several of those I saw was when I was in the saddle. The only one I ever shot at was between the middle fork of the Stanislaus River and Beaver Creek, when I had two wire cartridges in my shotgun. My horse wheeled when I shot and the bear ran in the opposite direction to a dense thicket which I did not enter. “While I was collecting specimens at Crockers, I tried to get a shot at a large bear feeding in a meadow on a plant growing on the border of a rivulet. He had not seen me, and I went to the edge of the meadow, put buck shot in my gun and waited for him to turn to givemeashot. He wasa very large bear and the nearer he came to me, the more I realized his size. I had much time to think as he came slowly toward me, and I remembered the only two buck-shot shells I had were not to be relied on as they were old, and I con- cluded not to shoot at him. When he was about fifty yards from me, he must have smelled me as he turned broadside, sank back on his haunches, held one paw out, cocked his ears forward and sniffed several times. I was greatly relieved when he leisurely walked off toward the river. “Beaver and otter were plentiful in the sloughs and tule marsh about Stockton. Beaver built houses on the marshes as the musk- rats do on the marshes in the prairies of the Middle West. There were several of these beaver houses within three miles of Stockton. They were on land that floated, as much of the peat land does in the tule swamps about Stockton. I shot seven beaver in one day in the flood of 1861 and 1862. I would jar the houses and watch for the cautious appearance of the occupants as they came out to ascertain the cause of the disturbance. They would approach under water to within a few feet of me, just as J had often seen muskrats do when I was a boy, and the only evidence of their presence would be a little circular wave caused by their breathing, Vol. XXNVIT] = Fisuer, In Memoriam: Lyman Belding. 37 with only the tip of their noses even with the surface of the water. The beaver about Marysville burrowed in the banks of the rivers. Beaver and otter became scarce long ago. “T went to Marysville to reside early in October, 1862. Small game was abundant. Myriads of ducks and geese came from the north and east of the Sierras in October and November. Butte Creek attracted most of them. The Wood Duck.was very com- mon on Feather River and was a constant resident. It is now, as in the country generally, quite rare. The Mountain Plover appeared abundantly on the plains in October. At present it is apparently on the verge of extinction. There were a few deer along Feather River below Marysville and a few in the Marysville Buttes. Mountain Quail came down from the mountains near Oroville and other localities on the eastern border of the valley to spend the winter.” In the autumn of 1849, Mr. Belding nearly succumbed to an attack of typhoid fever, and during a tedious convalescence was still further weakened by malarial fever. On account of his de- bilitated condition due to these complications his doctor advised a sea voyage to hasten recovery. After spending nine months with a sister, at Baltimore, Mary- land, to partially regain his strength, he sailed for Boston and arrived about July, 1851. He then went to New Bedford and after a few days shipped on the ‘Uncas,’ which was going to the Arctic for bowhead whales. This voyage lasted three and a half years. The ‘Uncas’ arrived at the Azores (about three weeks’ voyage from New Bedford), and visited Flores and St. Michael for the purpose of completing the crew. The vessel touched at Cape of Good Hope, St. Paul, Amsterdam Island, New Zealand and Guam, and reached Bering Straits in July, 1852. During the cruise in the Arctic the vessel went north to the 73rd parallel and was successful in securing a full cargo of oil from bowhead whales. When the sun went below the horizon the ship turned south on her homeward journey. A stop was made at Petropavlovsk, a Russian penal colony, for water and the purchase of furs. On arrival at Honolulu, 150 whaling vessels were found anchored there, the greater number of which had been in the Arctic at the same time as the ‘Uncas.’ On account of unbearable treatment at the hands of the Captain [Tan, 38 Fisoer, In Memoriam: Lyman Belding. of the ‘Uncas,’ Mr. Belding deserted from the vessel and, after many unpleasant experiences, shipped in the ‘Julian,’ of Martha’s Vineyard, which visited the Cocos Islands, and the Galopagos group for sperm whales. The ship returned to Honolulu in-four months with a cargo of oil. In the spring of 1853 he shipped on the bark ‘Philomela,’ of Portland, which he designated as an old tub, and finally reached home January, 1854. There is no question that from the time he was a small boy, Mr. Belding took a great interest in birds, especially in their native haunts. In confirmation of this he says: “ My love of adventure as well as my admiration of birds was responsible for most of my wanderings. . Bird songs always had a great attraction for me and I copied many songs that had regular intervals and could be ex- pressed by our musical system.” It was not until 1876, when he received a volume of Cooper’s ‘Ornithology of California,’ that his slumbering interest burst forth and his activity as an ornithologist began. This stimulus, coupled with the kindly interest and patient assistance of Prof. Baird and Mr. Ridgway, two men who have helped many a bewildered and discouraged beginner over the rough places in ornithology, started him on his collecting career. He often expressed his gratitude for their kind attention and avowed that his zeal for his work was greatly increased by their combined encouragement. Prof. Baird sent him many valuable books and Mr. Ridgway was most patient and prompt in writing him long, interesting letters concerning specimens he had sent to the Smithsonian Institution for identifi- cation. His success in identifying specimens was due partly to his already good knowledge of birds, partly to the excellence of Prof. Baird’s descriptions in the ‘Ornithology of California,’ and in Volume IX of the ‘Pacific Railway Reports,’ and partly because “north-light subspecies”’ as yet were not in vogue. He found more pleasure in identifying strange birds than anything else, except, perhaps, in collecting material in the Sierra Nevada. He never went out on a collecting trip, especially on a long one, without taking some of his most needed books, and “ volume IX” was always one of them. In the spring of 1881, Prof. Baird and Mr. Ridgway requested him to visit Guadalupe Island. Accordingly he went to San Diego ee | FisHer, In Memoriam: Lyman Belding. 39 to prepare for the trip, but reluctantly gave up the voyage after meeting several sealers back from the island who told him of the withdrawal of the Mexican garrison and of the general unsatis- factory condition there. He then went to the Cerros Island, the second objective, but it was found quite destitute of birds. After a stay of twelve days he went to Secammons Lagoon for the purpose of collecting on the main- land, but the surf was so dangerous he did not try toland. It was here that A. W. Anthony’s schooner was wrecked in 1898. From this point Mr. Belding followed the coast northward, stop- ping at Santa Rosalia and San Quentin Bays. It was a long dis- tance from anchorage at the mouth of the Bay to the collecting grounds, so that the results were disappointing to Mr. Belding. On this trip he collected specimens of a cormorant which later was named the lesser white crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax a. albo- ciliatus) besides a new lizard or two on Cerros Island, and during the latter part of the voyage secured a specimen of the then unde- scribed Frazer’s Oystercatcher (Haematopus frazert). At San Quentin Bay he first secured a specimen of the bird that Mr. Ridgway later named Passerculus beldingi, in his honor. The winters of 1881—82 and 1882-83 found him in the Cape region ot Lower California where he collected from La Paz to Cape San Lucas, excepting December, 1882, and a part of April, 1883, when he was at Guaymas. He enjoyed collecting in the Cape region, though he endured severe hardships due to the scarcity of water in that semi-desert area. He considered that he had made the mistake on the first trip, of collecting too great a variety of things of which he knew little or nothing, instead of confining his energies entirely to birds, thus making a second trip unnecessary. In 1881, he took two nests and eggs of Costa’s Hummingbird at La Paz, the first eggs of the species ever taken. He found San Jose del Cabo the best field in the low country, and the Victoria Mountains the best in the higher parts. He wondered why the sharp-eyed Xantus had not discovered (co- thlyprs beldingi along the San Jose River where he spent much time, and he doubted whether he was ever in the Victoria Mountains, or he would have found Junco bairdi and other common birds of the region. Eee Jan. 40 FisHer, In Memoriam: Lyman Belding. On his second trip, Mr. Belding took only about eighty bird skins for he did not wish many. He consumed nearly a week of time in securing two specimens of Rallus beldingt. He only heard of one man at La Paz who had ever seen one, and several hunters were surprised when he showed them one of the birds. These birds inhabit the mangrove thickets, and both specimens were obtained at low tide while in search of food. Mr. Belding travelled considerably in the northern part of Lower California, and on one of the trips, in May, 1885, collected a speci- men of Sitta pygmea leuconucha which he presented to the National Museum several years before it was described elsewhere. His keen perception caused him. to realize at about this time that it would be almost hopeless to continue the study of orni- thology with the idea of mastering the subject, unless there were available in California a very complete collection of birds for use in comparison. With the idea of building up such a collection he wrote to many of his California correspondents and advised them to send skins to the California Academy, which he believed to be the proper place for such a collection. The lack of enthusiasm on their part to contribute toward the enterprise and the increasing tendency toward the multiplication of poorly defined subspecies undoubtedly were important factors in discouraging further col- lecting. He was very quick to notice differences in plumage and proportions but was little interested in specimens that could only be identified when compared with large series and when the locality and date of capture of the specimen had to be known. It was most unfortunate that he did not come in personal contact with many of the young ornithologists who now are doing such creditable work in the State. Being fond of the companionship of young people it is certain that mutual profit and pleasure would have come from association between this noble gentleman and the young and enthusiastic ornithologists of California. The forests, streams, and meadows of the Sierras were his special delight and after advancing age made it more and more difficult to travel as each year rolled by, he dreamed of the by-gone days and was resigned. Of these mountain playgrounds of his, we may quote from an article of his in ‘The Condor’; (Vol. II, p. 4, 1900) as follows: Ree | Fisuer, In Memoriam: Lyman Belding. 4] “The pleasantest days I have spent since 1876 have been in the mountains of Central California. Since that time I have been in these mountains the most of each summer. I couple deer, grouse and quail hunting with bird study. At first I tried to connect botany with ornithology, but I could not look on the ground for plants and in the trees for birds at the same time. The ornitholo- gist should, however, know the prominent plants at least. During my rambles I have noticed the hardiness of some of our mountain annual plants. I have seen the mercury down to 22 degrees on two successive mornings and no trace of frost afterward, except that a few of the tenderest ferns were killed. I suppose this may be owing to dry air and cool nights, the latter preventing the rapid growth and consequent tenderness of kindred plants grown where both days and nights are warm. “The first eggs I collected were about on a par with my first bird skins. I picked a hole in each end with a pin, never having seen or heard of egg drills and blow-pipes. Eggs of Townsend’s Solitaire and others quite as choice were thus punctured. I believe I took the first eggs of the Solitaire, which were sent to the National Museum. The nest is composed almost wholly of pine needles and can readily be distinguished from any other nest of the Sierras. It is usually on the ground, but I have seen one in a hole in a stump about a foot from the ground. Perhaps there is no part of the world more interesting than the high Sierras of Central California. Neither Heermann, Gambel, or Xantus explored them. Mr. Bell got the Round-headed Woodpecker in Calaveras or Tuolumne county, but this he could have done at an altitude of 2500 feet or less in winter. Prior to 1876 these mountains had hardly been touched by the ornithologist, the route immediately along the Central Pacific Railroad and about Lake Tahoe being the only part that had been visited. Considerable work had been done south of Tehachapi; Newberry had followed the Sacramento River to the Klamath Lakes and northward, and Capt. Feilner had collected at Fort Crook and about Mount Shasta, but the mountains in the central part of the State had been neglected. “Tf any of the young ornithologists of this State have not visited these mountains in summer they should miss no opportunity to do so. My most interesting observations have been those of evenings 42 Fisner, In Memoriam: Lyman Belding. ES Jan. and moonlight nights in some secluded part of the forest where large game was abundant. I have often heard the Pygmy Owl, which Mr. Ridgway correctly says is diurnal and crepuscular and have quite as often heard the Flammulated Owl, which is strictly nocturnal and hard to get. I have only taken one specimen. The Western Barred Owl has never ceased to interest me, for it is quite familiar and seems to have a fondness for talking back! By imi- tating its shrieks and dog-like barkings, I seldom fail to get a response.” Mr. Belding being preéminently a field ornithologist and _pri- marily interested in birds in their native haunts accounts in part for the disparity between the work he accomplished and the amount of material published. One of his earliest and longest papers appeared in the ‘Proceedings of the National Museum’ in 1879, entitled ‘A Partial List of the Birds of Central California’ and included observations made in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys from Marysville to Stockton and on the western slopes of the Sierras. It covered sixty one pages and included annotated notes on 220 species. ‘The Birds of the Pacific District,’ appearing in 1890 as one of the series of “Occasional Papers’ of the California Academy of Science, was one of Mr. Belding’s best-known, and most important publica- tions. It was based on material from California, Oregon, Wash- ington, and Nevada furnished by migration observers of the American Ornithologists’ Union. Although many observers fur- nished data, a very important part of the work was contributed by Mr. Belding himself. His intimate knowledge of the region and his well-known accuracy make this volume one of the standard publications relating to the birds of the Pacific Coast. The manuscript, which contains much material not in the published volume and a similar report on the waterfowl which was never published, are deposited in the Bancroft Library of the University of California. It is only logical that a man who had collected so much zoélogical material, over wide and little-known regions, would have species dedicated to him, and we find five birds and four other vertebrates named after Belding. When the American Ornithologists’ Union was founded in 1883, NOE rhea FisHer, In Memoriam: Lyman Belding. 43 Mr. Belding was elected an Active Member and remained as such until 1911, when at his own request he was made a Retired Fellow. He was elected a member of the California Academy of Sciences, March 4, 1889, life member March 4, 1914, and honorary member of the section of ornithology of that institution, February 7, 1898. He became an honorary member of the Cooper Ornithological Club in 1896. He took a keen interest in these three societies and gave them his warm and substantial support. About 1867 he married the widow of his brother, and a daughter. Josephine M., was born to them. She inherited the tastes of her father, being interested in music, birds, flowers, and all out-of-door life. Her fine nature made her a favorite among relatives and associates. She died January 24, 1917, ten months before her father passed away. To many of the younger ornithologists Lyman Belding, because of his early retirement from active ornithology, is a name and an inspiration only, but to the older men, especially those who have been favored by his friendship and close association with him, his death brings sorrow. This sadness and feeling of loss, however, will gradually fade away and be replaced by fond memories of a departed friend, a stalwart citizen, an ardent sportsman and a nature lover. . His remains rest peacefully in the Rural Cemetery at Stockton, his old home, where much of his active life was spent. Bibliography of Lyman Belding. 1878. Nesting-Habits of Parus montanus. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, April, 1878, pp. 102-103. 1879. A partial list of the Birds of Central California. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., I, March, 1879, pp. 388-449. 1883. Catalogue of a Collection of Birds made at various points along the western Coast of Lower California, north of Cape St. Eugenio. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., V, March 21, 1883, pp. 527-532. (Edited by R. Ridgway.) Catalogue of a Collection of Birds made near the Southern Ex- tremity of the Peninsula of Lower California. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., V, March, 1883, pp. 5382-550. (Edited by R. Ridgway). tet 1883. 1887. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1896. 1898. 1899. 1900. [sen Fisuer, In Memoriam: Lyman Belding. List of birds found at Guaymas, Sonora, in December, 1882, and April, 1883. Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., VI, December, 1883, pp. 343-344. Second Catalogue of a Collection of Birds made near the Southern Extremity of Lower California. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VI, December, 1883, pp. 344-352. (Edited by R. Ridgway.) A Few Words to the Young Ornithologists of California. West Amer. Scientist, December, 1887, pp. 227-230. Description of a New Thrush from Calaveras County, California. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., II, June, 1889, pp. 18-19. The Hummingbirds of the Pacific Coast North of Cape St. Lucas. West Amer. Scientist, VI, September, 1889, pp. 109-110. The Small Thrushes of California. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., II, October, 1889, pp. 57-69. Migrations of the Deer of the Sierra Nevada. Zoe. I, June, 1890, pp. 121-122. Land Birds of the Pacific District. (= Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, II). San Francisco: September, 1890, 8vo, pp. 1-274. Notices of Some California Birds. Zoe. II, July, 1891, pp. 97-100. Geese Which Occur in California. Zoe. III, July, 1892, pp. 96-101. Some of the Methods and Implements by which the Pacifie Coast Indians Obtain Game. Zoe. III, July, 1892, pp. 120-124. Zonotrichia Albicollis in California. Zoe. III, July, 1892, p. 117. Food of the Grouse and Mountain Quail of Central California. Zoe. III, October, 1892, pp. 232-234. Relics from an Indian Burying Ground. Zoe. III, October, 1892, pp. 200-201. On Numenius Borealis in California. Zoe. III, October, 1892, p.-25¢2 The Effect of Climate upon Pacific Coast Birds. Zoe. III, January, 1893, p. 331. Songs of the Western Meadowlark. Auk, XIII, January, 1896, pp. 29-30. The Song of the Western Meadow Lark. Auk, XV, January, 1898, pp. 56-57. Nesting of Hylocichla aonalaschke auduboni in the Sierra Nevadas. Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, I, March, 1899, p. 21. Hylocichla Ustulata Gidica in the Sierra Nevadas. Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, I, March, 1899, p. 29. A Part of My Experience in Collecting. Condor, II, January, 1900, pp. 1-5. Karly Migration at Stockton, California. Condor, II, July, 1900, p. 89. Tape Worm in Young Mountain Quail. Condor, II, July, 1900, p. 91. The White-crowned Sparrow. Condor, II, November, 1900, p. 134. Vol. oo | 1920 1900. 1901. 1903. 1904. 1905. FisHer, In Memoriam: Lyman Belding. 45 Are Blackbirds Injurious or Beneficial? Condor, II, November, 1900, pp. 139-140. Chipmunks. Condor, III, January, 1901, p. 3. May in the High Sierras. Condor, III, March, 1901, pp. 31-32. April and May Bird-life at Stockton, California. Bird-Lore, III, April, 1901, p. 67. Summer Birds of Stockton, California. Bird-Lore, III, June, 1901, pp. 104-105. Parasites in Birds. Condor, III, July, 1901, pp. 104-105. Birds of Stockton and Vicinity. Bird-Lore, III, August, 1901, pp. 137-188. An Additional Specimen of Nyctale from Lake Tahoe. Condor, III, November, 1901, pp. 144-145. Voracity of Albatrosses. Condor, V, January, 1903, p. 17. The Fall Migration of Oreortyx pictus plumiferus. Condor, V, January, 1903, p. 18. The Snowflake and Other Unusual Birds of Marysville. Condor, V, January, 1903, p. 19. Curious Trait of Thick-billed Sparrow. Condor, V, May, 1903, p. 79. Explanatory. Condor, VI, May, 1904, pp. 74-76. Snow-bound. Condor, VII, May, 1905, p. 82. The Irrepressible Oregon Chickadee. Condor, VII, May, 1905, pp. 82-83. Corrections (in regard to Lanius borealis in California). Condor, VII, May, 1905, p. 83. Plegadis guarana at Stockton, California. Condor, VII, July, 1905, p. 112. Date of Arrival of Purple Martin at Stockton, California. Condor, VII, July, 1905, p. 118. U. S. Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. 46 Coss, Birds of the Catskills. PS MIDSUMMER BIRDS IN THE CATSKILL MOUNTAINS. BY STANLEY COBB, M.D. One hundred miles north of New York City the Catskill Moun- tains rise from the west shore of the Hudson River making a circu- lar uplift some 100 square miles in area. Near the little hamlet of Hardenburg on the Beaverkill stream I have spent the first part of July for several years. The altitude in this locality is from 2000 feet in the valleys to 3,800 feet at the summits of the round topped, but steep mountains which are covered with a dense second growth of hardwood succeeding the hemlock forest of sixty years ago. Remnants of these magnificent hemlocks can still be seen all through the woods, for when they were cut their bark was stripped off for the tanneries and the great trunks still lie rotting and moss covered in the damp shade, while the stumps — many of them three or four feet across — stand in the twilight of the forest among the slender second growth like mossy tombstones commemorating man’s wastefulness. Add to this forest land a quantity of lively mountain brooks, many old clearings with ruined houses and decaying orchards, and occasional rough farms with sunny hillside pastures, and you have an ideal place for birds, especially warblers, finches, and thrushes. The most abundant bird in this locality, and the one which always seems to me typical of the old wood roads is the Slate-colored Junco. Here is his summer home, and along the “dug-ways” where the roads are cut into the hillsides, making steep fern covered and mossy banks, their nests are easily found. In one stretch of a half mile of road I have found as many as four, all in similar positions — under some root or fern clump in hollows dug into the little per- pendicular banks. In the first week of July most of the nests con- tained 4 eggs each, but by the twelfth they were nearly all hatched and offered excellent subjects for photography. It was not neces- sary to hide the camera for in less than an hour the mother bird would become so accustomed to it that she would feed her young within 24 inches of the shining lens without apparent fear. The ae 1520" al Coss, Birds of the Catskilts. 47 darkness of the wood roads and the quick actions of the birds, however, made it hard to get good results without the best of lenses, so my efforts with an ordinary stock camera were not very satis- factory. The other finches of the mountains were more conspicuous if less confiding, for the beautiful members of the family, such as the Indigo Bunting, Rose-breasted Grosbeak and Purple Finch, were abundant. At home in Massachusetts I have always thought of the Rose-breast as a comparatively uncommon and shy bird, but in these beech woods it was one of the commonest birds. Every morning and evening their liquid song was a delight, and through- out the day the males flashed from tree to tree eating the canker worms which had nearly defoliated parts of the forest. Indigo Buntings frequented the clearings and old farm lands, nesting plentifully in the underbrush just where the stumpy fields merge into the deep woods. In one such place I found three of their nests within fifty yards of each other. At this season they seemed to be raising their second brood for one of the nests con- tained new laid eggs, while there were many young around just able to fly with ease. While speaking of brilliant birds mention must be made of the Scarlet Tanagers which were even more abundant than the Gros- beaks in the worm infested patches of beech woods. In these bare trees their plumage showed off marvelously, and their throaty “chuck-whee”’ and pleasing song might be heard at all hours of the day. Flyeatchers, too, were abundant; Kingbirds made the pastures lively with their quick sallies and noisy chatter; along the streams the Phoebes silently watched for insects; and from the swampy woods at noon came the drowsy call of the Wood Pewee or the incessant “chebec!”’ of the Least Flycatcher. But the brightest charm of the Catskills for an ornithologist is in the number and variety of warblers. My first morning in the woods I saw eleven species, some of them the handsomest of the tribe. Among the few remaining hemlocks the Black and White, Myrtle, and Parula Warblers explored the lower branches, twitter- ing and singing, while from the higher trees came the soft song of the Black-throated Green, or the insect-like call of the Black- [ser 48 Coss, Birds of the Catskills. throated Blue, both very common. In the thickets along the streams or near the pastures, the Chestnut-sided Warblers nested, associated with the Redstarts and Maryland Yellow-throats. Where tall woods bordered the Beaverkill and the rocks were smooth from many freshets, the Blackburnian Warblers used to amuse us by trying to catch our flies as we fished for trout. They showed little fear and their flame colored throats were a constant pleasure. Beside these abundant species there were two others of which I occasionally caught glimpses: the Mourning and Canadian War- blers. Both of these were rather shy and retiring, seldom singing, though I once heard the Canadian’s song—a loud but sweet medley. Yet when I have not mentioned the thrushes how can I give space to the many other birds which seem so typical of the Cats- kills? To the Winter Wren overflowing with song among the dark fallen hemlock trunks; the Black-billed Cuckoos gliding stealthily through the woods; the Chimney Swifts splashing onto the smooth surface of the lake at dusk; or the Red-tailed, and Red-shouldered Hawks drifting high over the mountains against the deep blue sky and sunny clouds. And now the thrushes! During the day they seem like sedate quiet birds, flying shyly about the shady woods attending to their nests and young. The Wood Thrush is common on the high ground in tall open forest, and the Wilson Thrush or Veery is abundant in the fern floored swamps, while the Hermit prefers the vicinity of brooks and ponds, sometimes singing even at noon — softly, from some cool shade, as if he could not wait till evening. But evening near Balsam Lake is the time for thrushes. As the shadows grow long and stretch down the mountain sides the thrushes begin to tune up, softly at first and at intervals, but as evening draws on the woods resound with most exquisite music, the true music of nature; not like the pleasant jingling songs of finches, or the soft trills of warblers, but strong, rich and mellow notes such as are heard from the sweetest of flutes. From the beech woods comes the slow chime-like song of the Wood Thrush, answered by others in different keys. In the swamps the Veeries join a rolling chorus, sending forth their liquid spirals of sound pee a ar Griscom, Winter Birds of San Antonio, Texas. 49 in quick succession until the woods resound. And then the Hermits — from all sides their songs come, pure and bubbling, not slow and bell-like as the Wood Thrush nor fast and rolling like the Veery, but a perfect blending of bell tones and flute-like trills, soft or loud with the bird’s varying mood. The dusk deepens, and the chorus increases till all the shadowy forest is echoing with deliciously clear music. Then, as darkness falls, they hush one by one; the sky fades over the western mountain; a Great Blue Heron flaps heavily up the lake and over the now silent forest, and far up the valley the “Whoo-hoo-hoo-ah!”’ of the Barred Owl floats down to us, mellowed by distance, telling that night has come. 3840 Adams St., Milton, Mass. NOTES ON THE WINTER BIRDS OF SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS. BY LUDLOW GRISCOM. From December 15, 1917, to March 7, 1918, the writer was stationed at Camp Stanley, Leon Springs, Bexar Co., Texas. As much spare time as possible was devoted to observing birds, particu- larly week-ends of course, but incidental work was possible through- out the week. The life was an absolutely outdoor one in unsettled country. Field glasses were always a proper part of an officer’s uniform, and perhaps I received much more credit for zeal in exam- ining the country for tactical problems than I deserved! The vicinity of Camp Stanley itself was very poor for birds, the barren rocky hillsides with but scant growth upon them, satisfying the requirements of a very limited number of species. The San Antonio River south of the city was a much better place. Several trips were made to the Medina Dam about twenty-five miles to the west. The dam has made a lake over ten miles long by one-half mile wide, where waterfowl were abundant. The hills here were covered with juniper and bayberry, and the bird-life as a result differed markedly. 50 Griscom, Winter Birds of San Antonio, Texas. eae In ‘The Auk,’ for 1892, Attwater gave a list of the birds from the vicinity of San Antonio with mostly very brief and general annota- tions. A list of the breeding birds for all of Bexar Co. is given by Messrs. Quillin and Holleman in ‘The Condor’ for 1918. Lacey published a very complete list for the vicinity of Kerrville, about fifty miles northwest of San Antonio (Auk, 1911, p. 200), and Austin Paul Smith wrote ‘Additions to the Avifauna of Kerr Co., Texas’ in ‘The Auk,’ 1916. A few other short notes have been published, but those are not given as they do not bear on the birds in this article.! The chief excuse for publishing these notes is the discrepancy in the accounts of Attwater and Lacey as to the status of various spe- cies, where the difference in the kind of country and the fifty miles ought not to count. As this is usually due to the lack of adequate observation by a sufficient number of people at nearby contigu- ous stations, my notes are given as supplementary information. It is also, perhaps, worth while to record the effect upon the bird- life of the extreme severity of the winter of 1917-18, which a good many people both in and out of the military service, will remember for years to come. The number of military camps too must have interfered with bird-life, and undoubtedly aeroplanes were respon- sible for the scarcity of many species such as vultures and hawks. In the list which follows all actual or apparent discrepancies are pointed out, as well as new records. Even the commonest birds have been included, so as to give the future observer a definite idea of what he may expect to find. 1. Podilymbus podiceps. Pirp-BitLeEpD GREBE.— Two seen at Medina Dam, December 30, 1917. Not mentioned by Attwater as a winter resident. Called an occasional winter visitor on the Guadeloupe River by Lacey. 2. Mergus serrator. Rep-BREASTED MerrGANSER.— A _ flock of five noted at the Medina Dam, December 30. Another species not men- tioned by Attwater, but called an occasional winter visitant by Lacey. 3. Anas platyrhynchos. Matriarp.— Rather uncommon on the 1 The first paper dealing with the birds of this region is by H. E. Dresser and appeared in “The Ibis’ for August and October, 1865 and January, 1866. It is especially interesting historically as Mr. Dresser stopped with Dr. A. L. Heermann who was living at San An- tonio at the time and who contributed a number of notes to the paper. [Ed.] Mba ae Ne Griscom, Winter Birds of San Antonio, Texas. 51 Medina Lake. Attwater calls all the ducks migrants, and Lacey calls them all winter residents, either occasional or not uncommon. 4. Mareca americana. Batppatr.— A drake on Medina Lake with Mallards December 30. According to Attwater a migrant, according to Lacey not uncommon in winter. 5. Nettion carolinense. GrrEN-wiNGEeD TrAu.— The scarcest of the Anatinz on Medina Lake. 6. Spatula clypeata. Suovetter. Flock of six December 30 on Medina Lake. 7. Dafila acuta. Prnrar.— The commonest of the Anatinee and the tamest. A stray bird seen January 13 on the San Antonio River south of the city at Hot Wells 8. Marila americana. RepHEAD.— Common on Medina Lake. It is not recorded by Lacey, and Attwater calls it a migrant. 9. Marila valisineria. Canvasspacx.— In slightly greater numbers than the Redhead. Not recorded by Lacey. Attwater gives it as less common as a migrant than the last. 10. Marila affinis. Lesser Scaup.—One drake seen January 6. A rare migrant (Attwater); not uncommon in winter (Lacey). 11. Marila collaris. Rinc-Neckep Ducx.— The commonest and tamest duck on Medina Lake. Not recorded by Lacey; a tolerably common migrant (Attwater). 12. Clangula clangula americana. Wuuistiter.— This is one of the species the occurrence of which is probably due to the severe cold weather. Three drakes seen on January 6, at the extreme upper end of Medina Lake. Previously unrecorded. 13. Ardea herodias subsp.? Great BLuz Heron. One or two seen on each visit to the Dam. Not previously recorded in winter. 14. Fulica americana. Coor. Very abundant on Medina Lake. Not mentioned previously as occurring in winter. 15. Oxyechus vociferus. Kituprrr. A few birds in all types of country, their numbers apparently unaffected by the severe weather. 16. Zenaidura macroura carolinensis. Mourninc Dove.— A few birds all winter. 17. Scardafellainca. Inca Dove.— Not uncommon on the outskirts of San Antonio right through the winter. Attwater regarded it as very rare, giving only one record. All later writers agree in its being a common resident, so it must have extended its range northward. As it is extra- ordinarily tame and confiding, and a dooryard bird, it seems improbable that Attwater could have overlooked it. 18. Cathartes aura septentrionalis. Turkey Vuirure.— De- cidedly rare. A few birds seen in the city of San Antonio, and none after the cold wave of January 10. 19. Catharista urubu. Brack VuLtTure.— Decidedly uncommon, except at Medina Lake, where it was quite plentiful. o2 Griscom, Winter Birds of San Antonio, Texas. Eee 20. Circus hudsonius. Marsuy Hawx.— A few birds seen in the flat country near San Antonio. 21. Accipiter velox. SHarp-sHINNED HawK.— Only one bird seen. 22. Buteo borealis subsp.? Rep-raitep Hawx.— A pair at Leon Springs, and another at Medina Dam. ; 23. Falco sparverius subsp.? A few birds in all types of country. 24. Polyborus cheriway. Aupupon’s Caracara.— Attwater gives this species as a resident. In spite of this it was a shock to see one in nippy weather on December 29, looking very miserable and fluffed out. None seen later. 25. Geococcyx californianus. RoapruNNER.— Given as a common resident by everybody, but I saw only one. Non-ornithological natives informed me that it had greatly decreased in the more settled country. 26. Ceryle a. alcyon. Brtrep KinarisHer.— Seen on each trip to the dam, and along the San Antonio River south of the city. Not given by Attwater as occurring in winter, but recorded by Lacey as a resident. 27. Dryobates scalaris bairdi. Texas Woopprecker.— Fairly com- mon. 28. Sphyrapicus v. varius. YrEILOW-BELLIED SapsuckER.— The commonest woodpecker. 29. Melanerpes f. formicivorus. ANT-bATING WoopPECKER.— Ac- cording to Lacey common in winter and breeds near Kerrville, the most eastern record. One bird seen December 15 at Camp Stanley, consider- ably to the southeast. 30. Centurus aurifrons. GoLDEN-FRONTED WooprrckER.— Com- mon along the San Antonio River south of the city. Almost indisting- uishable in color, habits and notes from its eastern relative. 31. Colaptes auratus subsp.? Fricker.— One positively identified at Camp Stanley December 27, and another at Hot Wells, January 1. According to Attwater regular in winter. Unrecorded by Lacey. 32. Colaptes cafer collaris. Rrp-sHAFrreD FLICKER.— Common. 33. Sayornis pheebe. Pxrase.— Common, and apparently unaf- fected by the cold weather. Present even at Camp Stanley, nowhere near any water. 34. Molothrus ater subsp.? Cowsrrp.— A large flock of several hundred birds around the stables at Camp Stanley. Considered common in winter by Attwater and rare by Lacey. 35. Agelaius phoeniceus subsp.? RED-wiNcED Buacksirp. In spite of previous writers only one bird seen with Cowbirds around the cavalry stables at Camp Stanley December 27. It could not be found later. 36. Sturnella neglecta. Western MrapowLarK.— Abundant, singing on warm days. In spite of careful effort I could not find the eastern bird. There is no difficulty in telling them apart, the notes are so diagnostic. 37. Euphagus cyanocephalus. Brewer’s Biacksrrp.— Common. It seems curious that it is unrecorded from the vicinity of Kerrville, when pol. a vet Griscom, Winter Birds of San Antonio, Texas. 53 it is so common at Leon Springs, even farther east and in the same type of hilly country. 38. Megaquiscalus major macrourus. GREAT-TAILED GRACKLE.— A few in the city of San Antonio. Another species which violated previous experience in a warmer climate. 39. Calcarius ornatus. CHEsTNUT-coLLARED Lonaspur.— A flock of these birds appeared on the parade ground at Camp Stanley just after the severe cold wave of January 10. They were so tame that I could walk straight up to them within six feet before they would bother to flit to one side. As soon as the weather moderated they disappeared. 40. Pocecetes gramineus confiris. Western Vesper SPARROW.— A common roadside bird in the flat country near San Antonio. 41. Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus. Western SAVANNAH Sparrow.— Same as the last. 42. Chondestes grammacus strigatus. Weresrern Lark Sparrow. — Very common. ‘The only species that increased after the cold weather, which does not agree with Lacey’s experience. 43. Zonotrichia querula. Harris’ Sparrow.— A few of these dis- tinguished sparrows consorted with White-crowns at Camp Stanley, until the cold weather, when they disappeared. 44, Zonotrichia 1. leucophrys. WuitTr-cRowNED Sparrow.— The most abundant species until cold weather at Camp Stanley, but a few re- mained all winter. Common around San Antonio. Many birds were in full song on warm days throughout the winter. 45. Zonotrichia albicollis. Wuirn-THROATED SPARROW.—Two birds seen at Camp Stanley December 27. Lacey gives only one record for Kerrville, while Attwater calls it a common winter resident around San Antonio, though I could not find it there in ideal country. Smith also gives a winter record. 46. Spizella passerina subsp.? Curiprrnc Sparrow.— A single bird seen with other sparrows on December 27 at Camp Stanley. Lacey calls the eastern bird common in winter, while Attwater only records the western form from San Antonio at the same season! The species did not winter at the Medina Dam, but was present March 6. They were found by following up a song which was quite unrecognizable, and I well recall my astonishment when the singers turned out to be Chipping Sparrows in spring plumage, so tame and confiding that it was impossible to make them any of the more desirable western species. 47. Spizella pusilla (arenacea?) FimLtp SpAaRRow.— Common until the severe cold weather. 48. Junco hyemalis subsp? Junco.— Fairly common. Most em- phatically not the eastern bird, although this form is the only one given. Judging by sight identification alone all birds seen were montanus. There was no difficulty in noticing the paler gray, the larger amount of white in the tail and the amount of pinkish on the sides. Even the notes seemed a little different. less 54 Griscom, Winter Birds of San Antonio, Texas. 49, Amphispiza bilineata. BLAcK-rHROATED SPARROW.— Scarce at Camp Stanley, disappearing with the first cold weather. Not noted anywhere else. 50. Aimophila ruficeps eremoeca. Rock Sparrow.— Another species which apparently disappeared after the cold weather. 51. Melospiza melodia subsp.? Sona Sparrow.— Rather uncom- mon, disappearing after the cold weather. According to Smith, the prevailing form is juddi. All I can say is that my birds looked a little “* off color.” 52. Pipilo maculatus arcticus. Arctic TowHer.—Common. 53. Cardinalis cardinalis canicaudus. Gray-TAILED CaRDINAL.— Common. The female is easily distinguishable in life from the eastern bird. 54. Bombycilla cedrorum. Crpar Waxwinc.— Abundant at Medina Dam; an occasional flock elsewhere. 55. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides. Wuttrr-RUMPED SHRIKE.— Rather common. 56. Vermivora c. celata. ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.— A single bird seen January 1, south of San Antonio. Considered rare in winter by previous writers. 57. Dendroica coronata. Myrrie Warpsiter.— Common around San Antonio and the Medina Dam. Only one noted at Camp Stanley, where there is no suitable country. 58. Anthus rubescens. Pirit.— Common until the cold weather, after which it was found at San Antonio only. 59. Mimus polyglottos leucopterus. WrsTeERN MocKkINGBIRD.— Common. 60. Toxostoma c. curvirostre. CuURVE-BILLED THRASHER.— Two very tame and miserable looking birds seen at Medina Dam January 5. Although unrecorded by Attwater, Quillin and Holleman give it as a com- mon summer resident. According to the A. O. U. ‘ Check-List,’ there is no particular reason why the species should be in this part of Texas at all. 61. Salpinctes obsoletus. Rock Wren.— Noted only at Medina Dam. 62. Thryothorus 1. ludovicianus. CaroLtina WreEN.— Common. 63. Thryomanes bewicki (cryptus?). Texas Wren.— Common. 64. Nannush.hyemalis. Winter Wren.—A single bird seen Janu- ary 1 along the San Antonio River, south of the city. Apparently the only record. 65. Beolophus atricristatus sennetti. Sennett’s Titmouse.—Com- mon. 66. Penthestes carolinensis agilis. PLumMBEOUS CHICKADEE.— This species did not appear until February 8. Early in March it was common along the San Antonio River. 67. Regulus s.satrapa. GoLDEN-cROWNED KinGLEeT.— A single bird seen January 1 near San Antonio. Lacey calls it uncommon in winter, Wel: ee el Brcx, The Occult Senses in Birds. 55 and Smith commoner than calendula in Kerr Co. Attwater calls it a common migrant at San Antonio. 68. Regulus c.calendula. Ruspy-crowNep Krncter.— Common, ex- cept in the arid country around Camp Stanley where it was a surprise to see it at all. 69. Polioptila c. caerulea. Buiun-cray GnarcatcHER.— One bird noted January 1 at Hot Wells, south of San Antonio. 70. Hylocichla guttata subsp.? Hermit Turusa.— Rather com- mon, except at Camp Stanley where it was absent. 71. Planesticus m. migratorius. Rosin. Rather uncommon, except at Medina Dam, where it was abundant in the juniper and bayberry. 72. Sialia s. sialis. Buursrrp.— Not common except at Medina Dam. 73. Sialia currucoides. Mounrain Biursrrp.— A species whose appearance in this region was probably due to cold weather. Three birds seen December 17, and a male with sialis December 27, both at Camp Stanley. Lacey recorded it in only three winters in twenty-nine years around Kerrville considerably farther north and west. It is apparently previously unrecorded near San Antonio. Amer. Museum Nat. Hist., N.Y. THE OCCULT SENSES IN BIRDS.! BY HERBERT H. BECK. TuHaT animals below man, in the accepted biological line, have retained in efficient form much that has been greatly reduced or nearly lost in the process of developing Nature’s master product — is a fact of common knowledge. The senses the human mind of sight, smell and hearing in man are almost rudimentary when compared with the same senses as developed in the hawk, the setter dog, and the fox. It is not so generally recognized, though none the less perhaps a fact, that certain senses widely or selectively a part of animal life, are absolutely gone in man. So thoroughly are these senses atro- phied or lacking in the human mind that man with all his highly 1 Presented before the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club. 56 Breck, The Occult Senses in Birds. ee developed imagination cannot even vaguely visualize the subtle processes by which they operate. In bird life one of these occult senses, the homing sense, exists to a remarkable degree. The complex phenomena of migration, often over trackless regions, the homing acts of pigeons, and the speedy returns over unfamiliar sea courses of Sooty Terns taken a thousand miles from their nests, cannot adequately be explained on the basis of acuteness of vision or persistence of memory in the birds that make these wonderful flights. There apparently is something entirely apart from human consciousness or subconsciousness that holds the bird to a true course between widely separated points. The homing sense is broadly, though somewhat selectively, dis- tributed among animals. It is exhibited by many insects and by some mammals. It only finds its greatest development in birds. Nor is there anything supernatural about this seemingly occult faculty. It probably is only a common trait of animal life strongly carried through in certain groups. i See ee pis ee ee es © Age eho ta ae Nae ek » THE AUK: A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY. Vou. XXXVI. OcToBER, 1920. No. 4 LIMICOLINE VOICES. By JoHn TREADWELL NICHOLS. Tue Limicole or Shore Birds appeal to the imagation as do few other groups. Their wide migrations, flocking habits, and the uncertainty which attends their movements at all times contribute to the charm of their pursuit. Their calls, usually short, are often ringing and musical, ‘and express well the temper of their haunts, marsh and shore, and so forth. These notes are generally diagnostic and stick well in the memory. With these few introductory words I will say that the voices of these birds have been studied from several different view-points. The first has been to learn the difference between those of different species, as an aid primarily in identifying the species by ear; en- tailing a more or less careful study of the range of calls of each kind. The investigation with the greatest philosophic possibilities has perhaps been to determine, so far as possible, the significance of each note of a given species, the circumstances under which used, what it meant to the individual using it, and more especially to other individuals; in short, to get some idea of the “language”’ of the species. These two lines of study have led imperceptibly to a comparison of the notes of one species with those of another, and speculation on homologies (identification of the note of one species with the note of like derivation in a related species) and 519 loen : Oct. 520 Nicuots, Limicoline Voices. analogies (determining what note of one species has the same significance with what note of another which may or may not be its homolog). One of the first things apparent is that the notes of species with similar habits are analogous, those of allied species more or less homologous, but often with very little analogy. In view of the philosophic interest of the subject it is surprising how few records the literature of ornithology contains of careful observations made to interpret the language of birds and to de- termine its extent and precision. In Chapman’s Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America (1912 ed., p. 60, ete.) we find summarized in a few paragraphs the principal facts about this language obvious to the field naturalist. Ordinarily no attempt is made to go beyond these, indeed to do so involves difficulties calling rather for experimentation than for casual observation. Most of the writer’s observations on Shore Birds have been made under what are almost experimental conditions. More or less perfectly concealed in a blind, he has observed the birds, many of them in active migration, passing decoys (called “stool” in his locality). There are under such circumstances a limited number of simple acts open for them to perform, each rather easily in- terpreted, and each repeated over and over in the course of time by birds of the same and related species. It is conclusions from correlation of the birds’ cries with their actions under these conditions that he hopes will make a slight step in advance into a difficult subject and be of value to later observers. The Black-breast, Golden, Kildeer, Ringneck Plover, have each a characteristic diagnostic flight-note, respectively “pe-oo-ee,” “que-e-e-a,”” “ke-he,” “tyoo-eep.”’ Though different all these notes have the same rolling character; in fact, are so much alike that they certainly have a common origin, as the birds have,— that is, are homologous. Also, they are used by each in the same way, have the same significance,—that is, are analogous. Migratory Shore Birds in general have each a diagnostic flight- note analogous with the flight-notes of these Plovers. The flight- note of the Willet (“kiyuk’’) is sufficiently plover-like to be con- sidered homologous, were the Willet a Plover. I hesitate to use the term “homology” in this case, however, and will therefore call it a note of the same group, and the Plover and Willet notes viol se val Nicuois, Limicoline Voices. 521 flight-notes of group A (rolling notes). The Willet also has a note of less importance homologous with the “whew whew whew”’ of the Greater Yellow-legs, but lower pitched, which is not its flight- note. The “whew whew whew” of the Greater Yellow-legs is the flight-note of that species, a flight-note of group B (polysyl- labic notes). The Greater Yellow-legs also has a more or less plover-like rolling note of group A, “toowhee toowhee toowhee.”’ The commonest flight-note of the Lesser Yellow-legs, though fre- quently monosyllabic, is clearly homologous with that of the Greater. This intermediate condition in the Lesser Yellow-legs favors consideration of the monosyllabic flight-notes of the Kriek- er, etc., as group B rather than group A. The Lesser Yellow-legs, Krieker and Semipalmated Sandpiper have short, snappy, flocking notes which may be considered of group C. There seems to have been an evolutionary tendency for notes of less importance to rise into prominence and replace notes of a preceding group as the diagnostic flight-note of the various species. Before judging of this hypothesis, it will be well to re- view the calls of the different species studied, which are taken up in the order of the A. O. U. ‘ Check-List.’ Northern Phalarope (Lobipes lobatus). On taking wing, this species utters a chipping note suggesting somewhat that of the Sanderling, either monosyllabic, “tchip”’ or “tchep,” or in two or more syllables. Woodcock (Philohela minor). This solitary, wood inhabiting more or less nocturnal species, is perhaps the most silent. A “twittering” as the bird takes wing is produced by the modified wing feathers. It is almost invariable as the bird takes wing and sometimes heard in full flight, but not as a rule. Species well concealed on the ground which trust to their concealment, and flush only at close range, throwing concealment to the wind as they do so, usually have an analogous striking note at that time, doubtless of value as a signal to others that may be near-by. It corresponds to the whirr of the Ruffed Grouse or the grunting of a startled Bittern, and thus may be mechanical, though usually vocal. Such sounds are very serviceable to the observer as identi- fication marks. lore Oct. 522 Nicuots, Limicoline Voices. The Woodcock has a well-known crepuscular song, which accompanies the nuptial performance, periodic Night-hawk-like “peents” on the ground, followed by rhythmical wing-twittering as the bird mounts in spirals into the air, followed by series of short, sweet descending whistles as it makes its earthward plunges. The Woodcock and Spotted Sandpiper are the only species that I know as breeders, and although probably most have something analogous with song, I must leave it to other more fortunate ob- servers to describe them.* Wilson’s Snipe (Gallinago delicata). The Snipe, like the Wood- cock, usually flushes at close range. It calls a harsh “scape,” as it goes off, and this note is frequently given or repeated by it when in full flight. Two birds moving east to west over the meadows back of the beach at Mastic, Long Island, on the morning of August 23, 1919, were calling in this manner as they stopped to circle and then went on. As the bird goes out almost from under foot, the “scape” is at times replaced by a series of short hurried notes of similar character. Taken together these two notes are analogous with the wing “twitter” of the Woodcock. They are homologous, on the other hand, with the Woodcock’s nasal ““peent.” It is interesting to find in the Wilson’s Snipe this imperfect differentiation of a note uttered at the moment of taking wing from one uttered when in or approaching full flight,—as it is a condition slightly different from the calls of other more social Shore Birds which trust comparatively little to concealment, take wing while danger is still at a distance with hurried minor notes, so soft as to readily escape notice, and have each a loud diagnostic flight-call of much service in their identification. The harsh “scape” of the Wilson’s Snipe at one end of our series, in keeping with the voices of unrelated marsh birds, frogs, etc., and the discords of close-by marsh sounds continually in its ears contrasts with the peculiarly clear mellow whistle of the Black-breast at the cther end, with carrying power over the open distances of that plover’s haunts. The connecting series, through *See numerous references to the songs of northern breeding species in the vol- umes of ‘The Auk.’ ek ri | Nicuots, Limicoline Voices. 523 reedy calls of marsh loving species and ringing notes of those which spend more time in the open, leaves little doubt tbat there is some correlation between hakitat and quality cf voice. We will merely point cut that carrying power of voice is an asset to the wide- ranging species of the open, and call the reader’s attention to the interesting, if fanciful, remarks of Rhoads on the mimetic char- acter of bird language in ‘The American Naturalist’ for 1889. Dowitchers (Macrorhampus griseus griseus and M. g._ scolo- paceus). The flight-note of the Dowitcher resembles that of the Lesser Yellow-legs but is recognizably different,—less loud and more hurried, usually suggesting the bird’s name: “dowitch,”’ or “dowitcher,’”’ sometimes of a single syllable. This call is subject to considerable variation. When used as a regular flight or recognition note I believe it is most frequently two-syllabled, clear and full. This at least was true of one or more birds observed on the north gulf-coast of Florida, September 6, 1919. One was certainly the Long-billed race, but I detected nothing unfamiliar in its voice and infer that that of the two races is the same. When the call becomes more abrupt and emphatic and the last syllable is multiplied it seems to indicate that the bird is excited rather than to have especial significance, “ dowicheche.”’ A flock mancuevered about the stool with single unloud low- pitched “chup’’s (Mastic, Long Island, August 25, 1919). A low rattle from this species dropping down to alight (Mastic, May 18), and a startled “chee” from an extra tame Long-billed Do- witcher in Florida flushed by being almost struck with something thrown at it, completed, until recently, the writer’s knowledge of the Dowitcher’s calls, except that variations of the flight-note have not been fully described. On September 28, 1919, however, I met with the Long-billed Dowitcher for the first time on Long Island. Two birds of this race stopping on a meadow where there was favorable feeding ground, when coming or going on the wing, when pausing from feeding to call to Yellow-legs which decoyed to them readily, or when standing alert and suspicious of me before flying, kept “pip!” suggestive of one of the calls of the Solitary Sandpiper, though less loud and metallic. This note was calling a short sharp loca 524 Nicuots, Limicoline Voices. Oct modified somewhat, perhaps occasionally to “pup” coming in to decoys, or to “peep” at other times. In flushing they sometimes had an unloud chuckling call, short or prolonged. Except for recent experience with that race in Florida, ineli- nation would be to consider these notes characteristic of the Long-billed Dowitcher, but the chances are there is no significant difference in the calls of the two races. The “pip” note of the Dowitcber corresponds, J take it, to the flocking “kip” note of the Lesser Yellow-legs. When flocks of Lesser Yellow-legs have been present and gone, a few birds still remaining tend to use the flocking note more than their numbers would warrant, fer several days. The two Long-billed Dowitchers under consideration had likely been associated with members of their own kind immediately before the migration which brought them to Long Island. Prev- ious unfamiliarity with the flocking note in the eastern bird is accounted for by its small numbers in recent years; we know it to have been highly gregarious when abundant. Stilt Sandpiper (Micropalama himantopus). The common flight-note of the Stilt Sandpiper is very like the single “whew”’ of the Lesser Yellow-leg, but recognizably lower-pitched and hoarser. An unloud, reedy “sher’’ has been heard from a pair of birds when flushing (Long Island, July 26, 1919). The resemblance of flight-notes of Dowitcher and Stilt Sand- piper to notes of the Lesser Yellow-legs is too striking to be passed without comment. They are species whose habits of flight differ least from it, and which are most generally associated with it in the same flocks, though their feeding habits are different. The resemblance of notes may be explained in several ways. One explanation would be of racial homology, that these are special- ized descendants of the Lesser Yellow-legs not related to Gallinago which they resemble in form and near which they are convention- ally placed. It is more reasonable to suppose the notes have been to some extent borrowed back and forth between the three. We are dealing here with flight notes, which in the two Yellow-legs certainly have shown a tendency to deviate rather than to come together, but then the flight-habits of those two are more contrast- ed. As the matter stands, the notes of the three (Dowitcher, Mok aa el Nicnots, Limicoline Voices. 525 Stilt Sandpiper, Lesser Yellow-legs) are sufficiently different for identification and perhaps the very lack of close relationship in the birds has facilitated convergence cf their calls. The findings of W. E. D. Scott relative to acquisition by imita- tion versus inheritance of passerine bird notes has no real bearing on the subject matter of the present paper save possibly at this point. They make it not unreasonable to suppose an influence of the calls of customarily associated species upon one another. Knot or Robin Snipe (7ringa canutus). The flight-note of the Robin Snipe is a low-pitched whistle, frequently in two parts, with a peculiar lisp or buzz in it: “tlu tlu.” Krieker or Pectoral Sandpiper (Pisobia maculata). The habits of the Krieker are, in a sense, intermediate between those of the Wilson’s Snipe and of other species to which it is more closely allied and resembles more nearly in habits. On the wing, it assoc- iates in flocks which migrate by day, often mixed with other species. On the ground it frequently scatters singly among the grass, and, trusting to concealment, does not take wing till ap- proached very closely. Its notes are neither as hoarse and heron- like as the Snipe nor as clear and ringing as those of most other species, having a reedy character. The flight or identification note analogous with the three ringing “whew’’s of the Big Yellow-legs analogous and probably also homologous with the “cherk” of the Semipalmated Sandpiper, is a loud reedy “kerr,” resembling the latter more than any other Shore Bird call. In being flushed, the Krieker often has hoarse hurried cheeping notes, analogous with similar harsher notes of the Snipe. Rarely in flight the “kerr” is varied into or replaced by a diag- nostic near-whistled “krru.”’ A chorus of short snappy “tchep’’s or “chip’’s has been heard from a flock of birds, alert and on the move. This call is probably analogous with the short flocking notes of the Lesser Yellow-legs. To my ear the Krieker’s flushing note is more or less a combination of its flight-note and flocking note, and it is likely a combined expression of the mental states most commonly associated with these two. The flocking note communicates alertness to near-by laze 526 Nicuors, Limicoline Voices. Oct. members of a flock, the flight-note is used most emphatically by singles that have become separated from their companions or are in active flight and disposed for companionship. On being flushed, the bird is signalling to possible companions, but as it has been feeding singly, concealed from such others as there may be, by the grass, their distance is uncertain. White-rumped Sandpiper (Pisobia fuscicollis). The flight- note is a squeaky mouse-like “jeet,’’ quite unlike any other Shore Bird note. This seems to be its only call in southward migration. Least Sandpiper (Pisobia minutilla). The identification flight- note of this species is a loud diagnostic “kreep.” It 1s occasion- ally varied to resemble somewhat the “weet”’ of the Spotted Sand- piper, or the flight-note of the Ring-neck, though it is neither whistled nor melodious. It is seldom used on the ground, but on August 9, 1919, at Mastic, I made an observation on its use by an alighted bird to call in another individual from the air. About four Kriekers, a couple of Solitary Sandpipers, and about five Least Sandpipers were alighted on a bit of dead meadow. One of the latter called repeatedly, a very fine high clear “kreep,”’ apparently corresponding with a faint husky “kreep”’ from another somewhere in the distance, presumably a bird which presently appeared hovering and dropping down to alight with the others. In flushing, a Least Sandpiper sometimes utters a string of short unloud notes with or without the ee sound, “ quee-quee-quee-que, ” or “queque,”’ to be followed almost immediately by a variation of the flight call, as it gets more fully underway. The flight-note varies down to “che” and “cher,” not readily, if at all, distinguishable from similar calls of the Semipalmated Sandpiper. When a flock are up and wheeling about a feeding spot to alight there again almost at once, they have sometimes a confiding little note “chu chu chu chu,”’ ete., with variations, which has also ‘been heard from the first bird of a flock to alight, when already on the ground. This is suggestive of the “yu yu” note of the Lesser Yellow-legs, analogous with notes No. (6) or (7) of that , species. er Fonte veel NicuHoxs, Limicoline Voices. 527 The Least Sandpiper has a whinny, a little less clearly enun- ciated than that of the Semipalmated, but almost identical with the same. American Dunlin or Red-backed Sandpiper (Pelidna alpina sakhalina). The flight-note is an emphatic near-whistled “chu!”’ or “chru!”’ resembling some of the calls of Krieker and Semipal- mated Sandpiper. The species very likely has other calls with which I am not familiar, as I have had little field experience with iit. Flushing note, of a single, a fine “chit-l-it”’ (Florida, 1919). Semipalmated Sandpiper (Frewnetes pusillus). The Semi- palmated and Least Sandpipers, our smallest species, are very generally found associated and some of their varied lesser calls are almost identical, the more definite ones, however, are absolutely distinct. It is noteworthy that the calls of the Least Sandpiper are less similar to the Krieker’s than are those of the Semipalmated. Such dissimilarity between flight-notes of closely allied species seems to be the rule rather than the exception. We may note the difference between the calls of the two Yellow-legs, and that the note of the White-rumped Sandpiper is entirely different from that of allied Krieker and Least Sandpiper. The flight-note of the Semipalmated Sandpiper is a rather loud “cherk,”’ softer and less reedy than the analogous Krieker “Kerr.” It is commonly modified to a softer “cher” or che,” which, with much variation, becomes the conversational twitter- ing of members of a feeding flock. Soft, short, snappy “chip’’s are characteristic of flocks man- oeuvering about decoys, and less frequently heard from singles or two or three birds together,—analogous and homologous with the short flock note of the Krieker. Hurried cheeping notes (“ki-i-ip’’) on being flushed, are sug- gestive of the same note of the Krieker. This seems to be a varia- tion of the short, flocking note; at other times the Semipalmated Sandpiper flushes with what appears a variation of the flight-note, as “serup cherp cherp,”’ (Mastic, August 23, 1919). I have heard the former from a bird on a meadow, loosely associated with Kriekers. This suggests the probability that borrowing of notes (cn 528 Nicuots, Limicoline Voices. Oct. between species which associate has had some part in the evolution of their calls, or that there is a tendency for certain analogous notes of such species to approach one another. That the analo- gous loud flight or identification note of each is so distinct indi- cates that the opposite tendency is at work, which in turn, supports the hypothesis that such calls have identification value for the birds themselves, as they will soon come to have for any field stu- dent who takes up the group. It seems scarcely probable that the short flocking note of Krieker and Semipalmated Sandpiper have any true homology with the analogous note of un-allied Lesser Yellow-legs, but from seeing Lesser Yellow-legs and Kriekers flocking together on meadows, equally favorable feeding grounds for each, I suspect some such borrowing may have taken place between these two. A clear ringing whinny, from a bird in a flock or otherwise, on the ground or in the air, usually heard in the spring, is probably in some manner associated with the breeding season. Western Sandpiper (Hrewnetes mauri). Though some of its calls seem indistinguishable, in general the notes of this species (as studied on the north Gulf Coast of Florida, September 1919) are unlike those of pusillus. Its most common loud call is variable and may be written “cheé-rp, cheep!” or “chir-eep.” This note has the “ee” sound found in the “kreep” of the Least Sand- piper, but has a plaintive quality suggestive of the note of the Sanderling, and it also suggests the squawk of a young Robin. Its closest resemblance to that of other small species is to the un- loud “serup” heard from pusillus when flushing, and which varies into the regular flight “cherk” of that bird. It seems to be the corresponding flight-note of the Western Sandpiper, and is also used by a bird on the ground calling to others in air which alight with it, just as the flight “whew” of the Lesser Yellow-legs is so used. Birds in flushing had a second dissimilar note “sirp” or at another time, “chir-ir-ip,’’ which heard also in a medley of varia- tions from a flock already on the wing, may be more or less anal- ogous with the short flocking note of the Semipalmated Sand- piper, and suggested the notes of the Horned Lark. Vol. ea 1920 Nicuois, Limicoline Voices. o29 Surf Snipe or Sanderling (Calidris leucophaea). The note of the Surf Snipe is a soft “ket, ket, ket,” uttered singly or in series. I have heard it from birds taking wing but am not sure just how generally it is used or what its analogies are. This species is rather silent at all times. The notes of the Shore Birds allied to the Tattlers have no apparent homology with those of the species so far treated. The Greater and Lesser Yellow-legs are the Tattlers whose voices have been most closely studied. A rather careful compilation has been made of the notes of these birds as heard in 1918, the same com- pared with earlier data, and conclusions checked up by observa- tion the present year (1919). Greater Yellowlegs (Totanus melanoleucus). The varied notes of the Yellow-legs are perhaps the most familiar of any, and fre- quent reference is made to them in discussion of other species. For convenience they are numbered serially. (1) The yodle (a rolling “t6owhee t6owhee”’ etc.) is commonest in a flock, from birds remaining in one locality, not travelling. I think I have heard it from a single bird in the fog. It is charac- teristically given in the air, generally with set wings, by birds which seem to contemplate alighting. It advertises birds tarry- ing in one general locality, and has probably the function of loca- tion notice. It is doubtless homologous with the gather call of the Spotted Sandpiper with which it has little analogy. (2) Loud ringing 3, “wheu wheu wheu.” The characteristic cry of the species, spring and fall. It is commonly given by pass- ing or leaving birds. It advertises the species,—and a change of policy in the individual according to its loudness. Analogous with notes of other species spoken of as flight-notes or identifica- tion notes; occasionally heard from an alighted bird. This call is subject to considerable variation, when heard from a bird about to drop down and join others feeding it is comparatively low- pitched and even, leaving or about to leave a feeding ground, highly modulated. (3) Four “whew’’s, heard as follows, seem to have a rather definite significance: Low hurried descending, heard from a bird leaving companion. Short clear four, by a following bird. Loud 530 Nicuots, Limicoline Voices. Och four, bird without intention of alighting, trying to flush decoys. This may be called a recrwiting call. (4) Twos, (“whew whew’’) seem to be characteristic of a re- cruit. A “gentle’’ bird which comes nicely to decoys is apt to call in twos when approaching and coming in. (5) Rarely, in taking wing in the presence of an intruder, a single bird utters a string of unmodulated “whew’’s which breaks up into threes or fours as it goes off. This is likely a note of pro- test, which would be more common in the breeding season. (6) Conversational murmuring, from a flock dropping in, ex- presses companionship and confidence. (7) Conversational “chup”’’ notes from birds about to alight, also heard from birds alighted, moving about at ease. The alighting note. (8) Unloud “chup’s”’ identical with the preceding but more hurried, given by a small flock of birds as they take wing. The flushing note. (9) “Kyow,’’—common in spring, only rarely heard in south- ward migration; probably associated with the breeding season; seems to express suspicion. Lesser Yellow-legs (Tolanus flavipes). When on the ground in flocks, the Lesser Yellow-legs is usually silent. The same is true frequently of single birds coming in. In the air it is more or less noisy and has two common distinct notes:—“ whew” and “kip” or “keup,’’ which seem to be used rather indiscriminately on var- ious occasions and which vary into one another. Wandering ‘whew’ more, often ‘ singles and small companies seem to use the double. The combination “whew hip” is frequent. From large companies, especially in uncertainty, one may hear a chorus of ets (1) The yodle probably corresponds in significance with that of the Greater Yellow-legs—location. It is certainly its homolog and scarcely, if at all, distinguishable from it. (2) The “whew” is a regular flight-note, likely advertisement. Generally silent birds alighted, sometimes call an occasional single “whew” (at such times particularly soft and mellow) be- fore others drop in to join them, as if in welcome. ie 1930 a Nicuoits, Limicoline Voices. 5381 When double, this note of the lesser Yellow-leg is at times clear and full, difficult to differentiate from that of the larger species, and apparently likewise characteristic of a “gentle” bird, which will join decoys, or others alighted. (5) Whereas the “whew”’ note of the Lesser Yellow-leg is most frequently single and very seldom more than double, I have heard a variation of it in series from one of an alighted flock (Mas- tic, July 13, 1919) “hyu-hyu-hyu-hyu-hyu” ete. Presumably this was in protest at my presence, corresponding to the similar note of the larger species. (6) Soft, unloud murmuring of a flock in chorus, “yu yu yu” ete., characteristically heard, as on August 10, 1919, from a flock moving leisurely over the meadows, after having been flushed, to shortly alight again, expressive of companionship and confidence. (7) When dropping down to alight, often hovering over decoys, a flock of Lesser Yellow-legs has soft short “cup, cup, cup,” ete. notes. (8) At the instant of flushing almost the identical notes as above given hurriedly with more emphasis. This for the Lesser Yellow- legs is a rough analog of the cheeping note of the Krieker, but in view of the different habits of the two species, can not be said to be strictly analogous with same. (10) An unloud chuckle or series of short notes suggesting a very distant Jack Curlew, heard sometimes, not very frequently, when one or more birds take wing. Should probably be considered a flushing note or signal to take wing. Seems like the attempt of one individual to reproduce the preceding, which is often from several birds of a flock. (11) The “kip” is likely one bird calling to another close-by. It is typically a flocking note, otherwise used almost exactly as is note No. (2). A variation,—‘keup,” with broader sound, ap- proaching the “whew,”’ expressing attention, is frequent. It has been heard from a flock of birds which had been resting and bath- ing, just before taking wing (Mastic, September 15, 1918). (12) An infrequent note of quite different character from the Lesser Yellow-legs’ ordinary calls is very high and clear, “ queep.”’ It is subject to much variation, as “peép-quip,” “ characterized by the high “ee”’ eep!”’ but is sound. It has been heard from DoZ Nicuots, Limicoline Voices. foen birds alighted, more particularly when their companions, alarmed or for some other reason, move on, and is thought of as the tarry- ing individual’s note. On August 17, 1919, I had picked up decoys preparatory to leaving a pool in the meadows when a single Lesser Yellow-legs came down to the pool calling a similar “kee-a” on the wing, though I was in full view. It went on without alighting with “whew” notes characteristic of the species. Probably this was an individual which wanted to stay, from a small company which had left the meadow. (13) Wounded birds, on being pursued and captured, have a harsh scream of fear, “cheerp.”” I have noticed this from birds of the year in southward migration only, not from adults under the same circumstances. Thus six of the ten notes assigned to the Lesser Yellow-leg are interpreted as analogous with six of the nine of the Greater, namely, location, flight, protest, companionship, alighting and flush- ing notes. With the exception of the flight-note these seem also strictly homologous, and little differentiated intraspecifically. The flight or identification note if homologous is divergent, as utility requires that it should be. It is homologous with the Greater’s flight-note series—Nos. (2), (3), (4), and (5). Setting aside note No (9) of the Greater, likely associated with the breed- ing season, the two for which nothing to correspond has been found in the Lesser are recruiting and recruit calls, Nos. (3) and (4), differentiations of the flight-note. As a matter of fact a variation of the Lesser’s flight-note is very close to the recruit note, and the condition may be summed up by saying that the flight-note of the Greater has to a greater extent than that of the Lesser been broken up into different notes of specialized application. Setting aside No. (13), which the Greater probably also possesses, though I have not heard it, there are three notes of the Lesser for which nothing to correspond has been found in the Greater. Of these the flocking note, No. (11), correlates with its more gregar- ious habits. From knowledge of the voices of the two to date it seems that the more individualistic, intelligent and wary Greater has calls with more precise significance than the more social Lesser, something more closely approaching a true language, whereas the voice of the Lesser has undergone a longer evolution, Neh ris | Nicuots, Limicoline Voices. 533 and it has acquired greater dissimilarity of calls. The specialized notes of the Greater are largely variations of the flight-note stem, which occurs in its simplest form in the Lesser, not its primitive form, however, if such is as we suppose, polysyllabic. The habits of the Lesser are less adaptively specialized in detail than those of the Greater, yet more specialized taken as a whole, a condition paralleled by the respective notes of the two. In the majority of cases there is no difficulty in identifying either Yellow-legs with certainty from its ordinary louder notes; except that the analogous as well as homologous “whew whew” common with both and the rare occasions when the Greater uses a single “whew,” require a keen ear to detect the difference in quality of voice. Nevertheless, just this last year (1919) there have been two instances in the field on Long Island, where with a little less training my ear would have assigned Lesser Yellow-legs calls to the other species. In both instances, the first in May, the second in late September, a small number of the Lesser Yellow- legs were associated with a larger number of the Greater, reversing the ordinary condition. My suspicions that in default of its own kind the Lesser was endeavoring to copy the calls of the other with which it was associated, aroused by the first observation, which was unsatisfactory, were confirmed by the second, a thoroughly satisfactory one. A flock of birds containing a couple of Lesser and perhaps five Greater Yellow-legs was flushed by a Marsh Hawk from a pool where my decoys were also placed. All went off to the north with the exception of one Lesser which promptly returned and alighted with the decoys. It called “whew” and “eep!’’ repeatedly, and flushed again with an unloud Jack Cur- lew-like series, all notes characteristic of the Lesser, and highly appropriate to the circumstances, then followed the direction the other birds had taken. Its notes now should have been a some- what more abrupt “whew” or “whew-hip,” or short “kip’’s, had it been recently associating in flocks of its own kind, but to my astonishment they were ‘“whew-whew”’ and “whew-whew- whew,”’ trisyllabic! not at all abrupt and unusually loud for the Lesser; I think it was not my imagination which made them sound strained. The situation was not without its humorous side as a Greater Yellow-legs under similar circumstances would have been 534 Nicuots, Limicoline Voices. loge apt to use four syllables, and if three, these highly modulated and ringing, the Lesser’s three approaching most nearly that of a Greater about to alight. I think I am correct in homologizing the ringing wnistled voices of the Yellow-legs with comparatively sharp piping voices of Soli- tary and Spotted Sandpipers. The difference is related to the more wide-ranging and flocking habits of the former. Solitary Sandpiper (Helodromas solitarius solitarius). The flight-note of the Solitary, “peep weep weep,” is often difficult to differentiate from notes of the Spotted Sandpiper, but probably always differentiable. It is a cleaner-cut sound, less variable, more suggestive in accent than are those of the Spotted Sandpiper of the whistle of the Greater Yellow-legs. In August, 1919, sev- eral Solitarys were living on the meadows at Mastic, Long Island. They were frequently found feeding, flushed or observed making longer or shorter flights at no great heights. In these cases the note was double “peep weep,” rarely single. When a bird is changing its grounds the same note is more often three, some- times two-syllabled, and so given when definitely leaving a locality or by wandering birds which ordinarily fly high. A quite dissimilar call, less frequently heard, is a fine “pit,” “pit pit,” or “chi-tit.””. This may have no significance other than being a reduction of the preceding, when the bird is less de- finitely on the wing, but seems to depend on there being another individual fairly close by. There is likely homology between it and the short flocking call of the Lesser Yellow-leg, and if correctly determined, a certain analogy thereto is also established, perhaps as much as possible with this non-social species. Of similar quality was a peculiar “ kikikiki” from one of two birds in company which came to decoys nicely (Mastic, August 10, 1919), as they went out past me without alighting. A third note, isolated “pip’’s, suggesting the call of the Water- thrush, is expressive of excitement when a bird is on the ground, as when just alighted. Willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus races). The identification flight-note of the migratory Willet is a far-reaching, gull-hke “kiyuk,’’ repeated at intervals. On the breeding grounds in Vol. om | 1920 : Nicwors, Limicoline Voices. 5839) spring there are several variations of this note, one “ki-yi-yuk,”’ much like the loudest, most ringing call of the Greater Yellow-legs. A less frequent note resembles the “whew whew whew”’ of the Greater Yellow-legs but is much lower pitched, not loud. It is homologous but not analogous with this Yellow-legs note. It has been heard from a bird hanging about a pool in the meadows. “Ply-wly-wip, ply-wly-wip,”’ corresponds to song; it is the common loud note on the southern breeding grounds in spring; its author most frequently poised on quivering wings above the meadow. “ Kuk-kuk-kuk-kuk-kuk” ete., in tern-like series from two mating birds is probably homologous with the alighting and flush- ing notes of the Yellow-legs, Nos. (7) and (8). Loud high “kree-uk”’ infrequent in spring on the breeding grounds, suggests No. (12) of the Lesser Yellow-legs with which it may be homologous. Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia). The Spotted Sand- piper is the only species of which the calls, while nesting, are thor- oughly familiar to the writer, and it should be borne in mind in comparing them with those of the others treated that the compari- son is not a fair one; these others doubtless have breeding calls with which he is unfamiliar. “Hoy, hoy, weet, weet, weet, weet weet weet weet” is a pro- longed call frequently heard in the early part of the nesting season, in toto or in part, suggesting in that respect the songs of the cuck- oos. It doubtless has value as advertisement or location notice and something the significance of a very generalized song. A series of loud “weet’’s, heard also at other times of year, the most far-reaching call of the species, doubtless serves as location notice. Towards sunset on July 16, 1919, Oyster Bay, N. Y., the weather still and foggy, one at the shore was so calling repeatedly, I felt sure in an effort to locate another of its kind. “Pip! pip! pip!’ is a note heard between adult birds in the breeding season which seems to be of polite address, or possibly impolite, as it is almost identical in form with a note of protest by old birds when nest or young are threatened. This last is perhaps shorter and dryer. Something very like the former has been heard from an old bird when with her young. [oct: 536 Nicuots, Limicoline Voices. A rolling note, “kerrwee, kerrwee, kerrwee,’’ now loud, now very low and distant, has been heard from an adult with the evident purpose of assembling her young. Though with different, special- ized application, it is pretty surely homologous with the location notice, No. (1) of the Yellow-legs. Young birds that have taken refuge in the grass, presently if danger seems passed, begin to call “pip wip,” perhaps the note most like that of the Solitary Sandpiper, to advertise to one another and their parents what and where they are. The “pit- wit-wit”’ frequently heard from adults as a note of departure may best be considered a variation of this one as also the “peet weet weet” or “weet weet’? most frequent a little later in the season as little companies of birds start cut over the water for longer or shorter distances. The third variation is the most characteristic note of the species, frequently heard from passing birds, and a very good analog of the flight-identification notes referred to under the transient species. From it is constructed the latter part of the scng. The initial notes of same likely have some homology with the rolling note compared to No. (1) of the Yellow-legs. An old bird, surprised near her brood and fluttering off playing wounded called “cheerp cheerp,”’ a sort of scream as of pain and fear, doubtless the impression it was intended to convey, and a indicative of its dire extrem- d young bird, captured, cried “ seep,’ ity. Hudsonian or Jack Curlew (Nwmenius hudsonicus). The flight-note of the Jack Curlew resembles that of the Greater Yellow-legs from which it is rather easily distinguished, being less modulated and usually lower pitched. It commonly consists of four short whistles, but is frequently prolonged even into a trill. The more prolonged calls are usually the dryer, and seem char- acteristic of the noisiest birds, flying highest or with most un- certainty. Black-bellied or Black-breast Plover (Squatarola squatarola). The flight-note of the Black-breast is a clear, ringing “ pe-oo-ee” although shortened and otherwise varied at different times, this note is the only one ordinarily heard from single individuals or small flocks of this species. In general it may be said tbat the Vol: oii at Nicuous, Limicoline Voices. 537 diagnostic flight or identification note of Piovers is used more generally than in Yellow-legs and other species, for instance, and that they seem to have less variety of calls. A second, flocking note, is a soft mellow “quu-hu”’ (from about 15 birds together, Flcrida, September 6, 1919) heard both in air and on the ground, and in chorus when a flock was flushed, cirl- ing and hovering in uncertain manner. A dissimilar untoud “cuk cuk cuk, cuk, euk, :uk cuk cuk euk”’ heard from a single bird alighted with decoys and running about (also Florida, September). Golden Plover (Charadrius dominicus dominicus). The flight- note of the Golden Plover is a ringing “que-e-e-a”’ less clear and whistled than that of the Black-breast, with a suggestion of the Kildeer in it. Kildeer Plover (Oxyechus vociferus vociferus). The common note o: the Kildeer used in flight and at other times is a sharp “ke-he!.’’ When the bird is flushed it is characteristizally varied to “ki-i-he.”” About its breeding grounds, where it is very noisy, the note is commonly “ke!” cr “kehe!”’. Semipalmated or Ring-necked Plover (Aegialitis semipalmata). The flight-note of the Ring-neck is a short, whistled “tyoo-eep.”’ The birds have a variety of lesser notes which are not so often heard, and mest frequently in the spring. A little company of probably wintering birds (Florida, late March) called “kup, kup,” as they were flushed and flew a few yards to alight again. The flight-note is sometimes replaced by rougher cacking notes in small flocks on the wing. Piping Plover (Aegialitis meloda). The plaintive piping notes of tbis species are so characteristic of its breeding grounds, they are evidently associated with the nesting season, and perhaps corre- spond to song. At other times the birds are rather silent. Wilson’s Plover (Ochthodromus wilsonius wilsonius). The com- monest note on the ground and on the wing (Florida, late March, apparently on breeding grounds) is a tern-like “ quip,’’ sometimes double “qui-pip.”’ Less frequently, on the ground, a surpris- ° $ “ce s 9 ingly human whistled “whip. [oce: 538 Nicuots, Limicoline Voices. Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres morinella). The com- mon flight-note of the Turnstone is a lew cackle. This note is not very broadly used as flight-notes go, being most common from birds that are leaving the vicinity. A much rarer loud plover- like “kik-kyu”’ I have heard from a bird when coming te decoys or flying along the edge of favorable meadows. *The above is a pretty comprehensive resumé of the calls of the different species as definitely noted to date. Attempts te render each call by letters are at best unsatisfactory and prcbably no two people would do so in a like manner, but a field student of the birds will in most cases have no difficulty in following this classification of notes, and it is my only way to give any idea of their variety and character. It should be understood that it is only in the majority of cases that the calls :orrespond to circumstanzes to which they are assigned. No more could be expected in view of the doubtless rapidly changing psychic processes of the birds, of which we know nothing. The amount to which each note varies, and they vary into one another, should not be lost sight of. In the writer’s opinion comparatively little of the birds’ “ vocabulary” is lost, however, by incomplete knowledge of these variations, whereas a great deal is lost by imperfect differentiation of inflec- tion and tone His hypothesis is that the form of the call, limited by the species to which the bird belongs, is correlated with num- bers, environment and behaviour, especially present but also past or future; that its quality depends largely on emotion or state of mind, as alarm or confidence, restlessness, sociability, ete., ete. Less indication than presupposed, has been found of distinct and dissimilar calls corresponding to emotional states. A “note of alarm” has proved particularly elusive. Alarm, easily intro- duced experimentally, shows as determinant of the bird’s actions, but the accompanying notes (if any) are such as accompany similar actions when it is obviously not alarmed. One other thing is very striking; birds in the air are extremely sensitive to the calls of others on the ground, and only in a less degree to imitations of them. Birds on the ground are equally sensitive to the calls of others in the air, but pay astonishingly little attention to any imitated notes. Nol aoe a Nicuots, Limico.ine Voices. 539 Whether one calls them language or not, the calls of other individuals of each kind of Shore Bird and associated kinds, are unquestionably an important part of the life of every member of the more social species, and one of the chief factors which direct its behaviour. In the consideration of obscure details there is danger of omit- ting the obvious thing which would be of most interest to some readers. It is certain that an individual recognizes the flight- note of its own kind as such, as who can doubt who has had a Black-bellied Plover, too wary to come to decoys, yet circling round and round answering each imitation of its ery? As certainly in some cases birds recognize the flight-notes of other species for what they are, the Turnstone will decoy particularly well to the whistle of the Black-breast, a species of similar habits to its own, with which it likes to associate. From the point of view of general contour and of habits (and taking the characters which separate the Limicolee from other groups as criteria) the Plovers are our most generalized end, and that of Gallinago the most specialized end of the series here considered. Without assuming that this superficial viewpoint corresponds with the true philogeny of these birds in any way, it is to be expected that the notes, which are intimately related to habit, will be most readily classified in a parallel manner. The analogies between dissimilar notes and lack of analogy between certain evidently homologous notes of related species, implies that these calls are not stereotyped for each, but in process of change in a manner allied to that cf human language. Studied mostly in migration, all species seem to have primarily a flight, identification or adver- tisement note, calls less loud and striking, and sometimes still louder and more ringing notes, allied to, but with less definite application than the identification note. It is my hypothesis that there is a more or less definite evolutionary tendency for lesser calls to replace the flight-note, which becomes still louder and far-reaching as it loses particular value and becomes less frequent. By this hypothesis, the differing but evidently homologous flight-notes of the Plovers (Black-bellied, Ring-necked, Kildeer, Golden) correspond to the “kik-kyu” of the Turnstone, which 540 Nicnots, Limicoline Voices. loon they resemble, and which is being replaced in the Turnstone as a flight-note by the characteristic rattle of that species. Simi- larly the Yellow-legs’ yodle has been derived from a_plover-like flight-note, and the Greater Yellow-legs and Jack Curlew flight- notes correspond to the Turnstone rattle. The flight-note of the Willet seems to correspond rather to those of the Plovers than to those of the Yellow-legs. On the other hand the single “whew” of the Lesser Yellow-legs is evidently homolo- gous with the “whew whew whew” of the Greater, and the flight- notes of the Krieker, etc., may as well correspond to it, or to that of Willet and Plovers. J ADDITIONAL Data 1920 The notes of two Oyster-catchers (Haematopus palliatus), forced to take wing: “‘crik, crik, crik,” ete., once a longer ‘‘cle-ar” inter- polated, which suggested flight-calls of Willet and Black-breast Plover (North Carolina, April). A Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa), flying towards decoys, gave a single unwhistled note, “hank,” likely the flight-note of the species in migration. Alighted, it had a short unloud note, a goose-like “honk,” especially when other Shore Birds swung by it (Long Island, August). A single Dowitcher on the ground, when a flock of Lesser Yel- lowlegs were flushed a little way off, called a mellow plover-like “cluee?,”” and when these departed took wing with more ordinary Dowitcher calls and followed after. The peculiar cry |suggested the tarrying individual’s note of the Lesser Yellowlegs, with which it is likely analogous (Long Island, July). When a flock of a half dozen Lesser Yellowlegs came to decoys, one bird alighted first, had a low-pitched unfamiliar “ too-dle- hoo-hoo, too-dle-hoo-hoo, too-dle-hoo-hoo,”’ before the others, still on the wing, came back and alighted with it. Though probably of similar derivation, this note was quite different from the yodle of the species, and is probably more of a gather call (Long Island, August). American Museum of Natural History, New York City. Vol. Heche 1920 Jounson, Birds of Lake Co., Minn. 541 SUMMER BIRD RECORDS FROM LAKE COUNTY, | MINNESOTA. BY CHARLES EUGENE JOHNSON. THE records here presented were obtained chiefly during the summers of 1912, 1914 and 1915, while conducting expeditions sent out by Mr. James Ford Bell of Minneapolis, for the purpose of collecting specimens and obtaining photographic records of big game and other mammals in the northeastern wilds of Minne- sota. In order to accomplish the main objects of the expeditions only a small part of the time could be devoted to the bird life of the territory visited and therefore the records listed, far from complete, are such as were made as opportunity offered in the course of other work. It had been my intention at another time to make a more thor- ough study of the birds of Lake County before submitting my list for publication. Because of a number of unforeseen developments, however, this plan had to be abandoned and since leaving the Uni- versity of Minnesota I have thought it advisable to submit the list in its present form in the hope that it may perhaps serve as a basis for further work by others who may find opportunity to add to it and carry it nearer to completion. So far as I am aware no list of birds from the region covered by these notes has before been published. The territory concerned may be roughly defined as lying be- tween White Iron Lake on the west and Perent Lake on the east; the Kawishiwi river and its northern fork or North Kawishiwi forming the northern and the Isabelle and Island rivers forming the southern boundary. The names of lakes, rivers, portages and other features are those given on the maps of the Federal and the State Forest Service. The Clear Lake mentioned is the one found in Township 63 N., and Range 10 W., and not the lake of the same name in Township 62 N., and Range 9 W. Effort has been made to designate all localities where records were made with as much accuracy as brevity of description per- mits. 542 Jounson, Birds of Lake Co., Minn. lore Podilymbus podiceps (Linn.). Prep-BiLLED GreBE. The only re- cord I have for this species is one for August 18, 1914, when a single in- dividual was seen in the Isabelle River about a mile below Rice Lake. Gavia immer (Brunn.) Loon. During the month of July Loons were occasionally seen or heard in Farm Lake and in Gabro and Bald Eagle lakes. During August and early September they were plentiful in the Isabelle Lake region, where we were encamped at that season. Larus argentatus Pont. Herrinc Guiu. 1912: August 5, a Herring Gull was seen at Lake Bald Eagle. 1914: During the first week of July a pair of Herring Gulls was daily seen ona flat rock near the south shore of Clear Lake. By the time we had made our portage into this lake these birds had apparently left the locality, but on the rock was found a large nest of mosses, grasses and small twigs, which had the appearance of hav- ing been recently abandoned. In the month of August several Herring Gulls were seen on one occasion on a small rocky island in Lake Isabelle. Mergus americanus (Cass.). AMERICAN MERGANSER. 1912: June 27, two newly hatched ducklings were taken from among a brood of eight or ten, on the North Kawishiwi River at the lower end of the long rapids below the fork. July 1, a brood, with the female, was observed near the North Kawishiwi-Clear Lake portage; August 29, an adult male and two females were shot on the Isabelle river a short distance below Isabelle Lake. 1914: One brood of young and several adult birds were seen dur- ing the first week of July, near ‘Dead Man’s Rapids”’ on the North Kaw- ishiwi; July 28, a female with a large brood of young somewhat more than half-grown was observed at the rapids at the upper end of Lake Gabro. 1915: Two broods of young were seen July 8, on the South Kawishiwi opposite Clear Lake. August 30, several small flocks, evidently separate broods, were observed on Lake Isabelle. Lophodytes cucullatus (Linn.). Hooprp Mercanser. 1912: June 27, two adult females were shot on the North Kawishiwi near the Clear Lake portage trail; August 29, a male and female were shot on the Isabelle river midway to Lake Bald Eagle. 1915: August 7, a female with a brood of half-grown young was seen on the upper Perent river; August 30, a number of flocks of Hooded Mergansers, one of which contained 25 to 30 birds, were seen on the Isabelle river a short distance below Isabelle Lake. Clangula clangula americana Bonap. Go.upEN-ryE. 1912: July 1, an adult female was shot on the North Kawishiwi river about three miles west of the Clear Lake portage; July 17, two females with broods were seen at the rapids of the Gabro Lake outlet; July 23, a female with a brood of nine young was seen on the South Kawishiwi opposite Clear Lake; August 20, an adult male was shot on the Isabelle river near Rice Lake, and another near Lake Isabelle. 1914: July 11, an adult female was seen at the Gabro Lake outlet; July 20, a young female was shot from among a brood of three accompanied by the female, near the long rapids of the North Kawishiwi river. 1915: July 9, a female with a small brood uel, oriadea| JoHNSON, Birds of Lake Co., Minn. 543 was seen on the South Kawishiwi river opposite Clear Lake; July 16, a female with her brood was seen at the west shore of Lake Bald Eagle. Anas platyrhynchos Linn. Matuarp. This species occurred in small numbers in all parts of the region visited. Females with broods were seen in July, 1914, along the southwest shore of Lake Bald Eagle, on a small stream entering this lake from the west, and on the South Kawishiwi river near the Clear Lake portage. 1915: July 25, a female with five young was seen at the Rice Lake outlet. Anas rubripes tristis Brewst. Biack Duck. 1912: August 28, a flock of 13 Black Ducks was observed along the east shore of Lake Isa- belle. August 7, 1915, a single specimen was seen on the upper sources of the Perent river. Aix sponsa (Linn.). Woop Duck. A single specimen of this species was seen in July, 1915, along the Isabelle river about midway between Rice Lake and Lake Bald Eagle. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montag.). Brirrern. The only Bitterns seen at any time were observed at the mouth of the Isabelle river. One was seen in that locality during the first week of August, 1913, another was seen July 31, 1914, and two days later, August 2, two Bitterns were seen at the same place. Ardea herodias herodias Linn. Great Biun Heron. This heron was common along the watercourses in all parts of the region visited. In 1912, a heronry of about a dozen nests was found on July 5, about three hundred yards south of the North Kawishiwi at the upper end of the large lake-like expansion occurring some distance above Farm Lake. This heronry was visited again, early in July, in 1914 and in 1915. My notes under date of July 22, 1914, state that “there is quite certainly another heronry located some distance north of the Kawishiwi at a point about a mile east of the long rapids; heard squawking and croaking in this direction, July 30.”’ Porzana carolina (Linn.). Sora. My only records for the Sora are for August 16, 1914, when one was seen along the Isabelle river just below Rice Lake, and another at a beaver dam on a small stream entering the Isabelle about a mile and a half below the lake mentioned. Gallinago delicata (Ord.). Wutson’s Snipz. August 12, 1912, a single individual of this species was seen along the Isabelle river at the second portage above Lake Bald Eagle. Pisobia minutilla (Vieill.). Least Sanppiper. August 11, 1914, two of this species were shot from among a flock of six on a mud-flat along the Isabelle about a mile below Rice Lake. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmel.). GREATER YELLOW-LEGS. A single individual was seen September 2, 1914, on a small island at the east end of Lake Isabelle. Totanus flavipes (Gmel.). Yetutow-Lecs. One was shot August 8, 1914, on the northeast shore of Lake Isabelle; another was seen in this locality August 8, 1915. 544 Jounson, Birds of Lake Co., Minn. fous Helodromus solitarius solitarius (Wils.). Sorrrary SANDPIPER. During the month of August, 1914, this sandpiper was seen rather fre- quently in the region of Rice Lake and Lake Isabelle. August 9, 1915, one was seen on the northeast shore of Lake Isabelle and one along the lower Perent river. Actitis macularia (Linn.). Sporrep Sanpprper. August 20, 1912, three specimens were shot along the Isabelle river just above the first rapids. Canochites canadensis canace (Linn.). CANADA SPRUCE PARTRIDGE. 1912: August 5, several were seen on the Bald Eagle and Gull Lake Trail. 1913: In August two young specimens were shot on the trail mentioned; they were among a brood of several accompanied by the female. 1914: July 14, a female and eight young were seen in a sphagnum bog near the South Kawishiwi river just north of the Gabro Lake outlet. Bonasa umbellus umbellus (Linn.). Rurrep Grouse. Common throughout the region, but during the summer of 1915, it was observed that the species was unusually scarce. July 1, 1912, a female with a brood of eight or ten young was seen on the north shore of Clear Lake: August 5, a number of immature birds were seen in a bog one-half mile east of Lake Bald Eagle. Cathartes aura septentrionalis Wied. Turkry Vu.tture. A single individual of this species was seen July 20, 1914, at the east end of the long rapids of the Kawishiwi river. Circus hudsonius (Linn.). Marsa Hawk. In July, 1914, two hawks of this species were seen in the vicinity of Clear Lake, one at Rice Lake, August 22, and one at Lake Isabelle August 24. In 1915 two were seen at the month of the Isabelle river, July 14, and one at the west shore of Lake Bald Eagle on July 16. Accipiter velox (Wils.). SHARP-SHINNED Hawk. Occasionally seen along the Isabelle river and adjoining territory. July 2, 1914, a female was shot on the North Kawishiwi-Clear Lake portage. Accipiter cooperi (Bonap.). Cooprr’s Hawk. August 14, 1914, one of this species was seen at Gabro Lake. Buteo borealis borealis (Gmel.). Rep-rairep Hawk. July 16, 1914, a pair of Red-tailed Hawks was found nesting near the Gabro Lake outlet. The nest was situated in a tall dead birch, and the young were large enough to be plainly visible from the ground. August 4, 1915, two red-tailed hawks were seen along the Perent river. Buteo platypterus platypterus (Vieill.). Broap-wincep Hawk. August 24, 1912, several were seen along the Isabelle river, at the second portage above Lake Bald Eagle, and August 4, 1915,.a number were observed along the Perent river. Falco columbarius columbarius (Linn.). Picron Hawk. August 19, 1912, a specimen was shot along the Isabelle river above the second portage; September 3, another was shot at camp at the first rapids of the Isabelle. Vol. 27 Jounson, Birds of Lake Co., Minn. 545 Falco sparverius sparverius Linn. Sparrow Hawk. In 1912, spar- row hawks were observed in the following localities: June 29, North Kawishiwi-Clear Lake portage; July 13, Gabro Lake portage; July 15, South Kawishiwi river; August 27, Lake Isabelle. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmel.). Osprey. July 18, 1912, a nest containing young large enough to be seen from the ground was found in a tall dead pine about a mile south and the same distance west from the forks of the Kawishiwi river. Both parent birds were at the nest. Three old nests were seen in the vicinity, the same pair of birds having probably nested in the locality for a number of years. On July 2 and 20 an osprey was seen at the long rapids of the Kawishiwi, and Aug. 14 a number were seen at Lake Gabro. In 1915 one was observed on the Perent river August 4, and one at the east shore of Lake Isabelle on Aug- ust 31. Bubo virginianus virginianus (Gmel.). Great Hornep OWL. Common. July 1, 1912, an adult female and one of her brood of three were shot on the south bank of the North Kawishiwi about two miles west of the Clear Lake portage. July 13 and August 3 adult birds were shot along the South Kawishiwi opposite Clear Lake and on an island near the southeast shore of Lake Bald Eagle, respectively. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wils.). Buack-Bintep Cuckoo. One was seen on the North Kawishiwi-Clear Lake portage July 10, 1914; several had been heard since the first of the month. In 1915 one was heard July 3, in the same locality. Ceryle alcyon alcyon (Linn.). Betrep Krnerisner. In 1912 many Kingfishers were seen June 20, along the North Kawishiwi westward from the Clear Lake portage; on August 27 one was seen on the Isabelle at the second portage. My notes for August 9, 1915, state that one was seen at the east shore of Lake Isabelle, but that prior to that date only an occas- ional one had been seen in that region. After August 12, however, this species was seen daily up to our departure in September. Dryobates villosus villosus (Linn.). Harry WooprrecKker. 1912: A specimen was shot June 24, in a mixed woods of spruce, pine and birch along the North Kawishiwi river near the long rapids; June 27 another was shot on the Clear Lake portage. 1914: A specimen was shot July 16, in the burnt-over hills bordering the South Kawishiwi near the Gabro Lake outlet. 1915: July 3, my notes refer to the hairy wood-pecker as numerous in the region of the Clear Lake portage. Picoides arcticus (Swains.). Arctic THREE-TOED, WOODPECKER. 1912: June 19, two specimens were shot among some tamaracs, one on the north shore of Clear Lake, the other on the shore of the North Kawish- iwi. June 27 and July 26 a specimen was shot in dry open woods respect- ively on the North Kawishiwi-Clear Lake portage and on the bank of the North Kawishiwi opposite. 1914: July 16 one was taken on the burnt- over hills between the South Kawishiwi and the Gabro Lake outlet. 1915: Two were seen August 1 in open woods on the first portage of the Isabelle above Rice Lake. 546 Jounson, Birds of Lake Co., Minn. roms Sphyrapicus varius varius (Linn.). YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER. July 1, 1914, a Yellow-bellied Sapsucker which evidently had nestlings was observed making frequent visits to a hole in a dead poplar on the east shore of Whitie Iron Lake. July 5, 1915, a nest with young about half grown was found in the same locality: Phloeotomus pileatus abieticola (Bangs). NorrHerNn PILEATED Woovrrcker. June 18, 1912, one was seen on.the North Kawishiwi- Clear Lake portage, and June 20 one was observed on the north shore of Clear Lake. During the remainder of June the species was seen occas- ionally along both the north and south forks of the Kawishiwi. In July, 1914, a specimen was shot at camp on the south fork near the Gabro Lake outlet. Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs. Norrupern Friicker. 1912: June 12 and 22, Flickers were seen in the vicinity of the Clear Lake portage, and on the latter date a nest was found in this locality. 1915: July 3, two were seen on the Clear Lake portage, and on July 30 and August 4 several were seen respectively at Rice Lake and at Lake Isabelle. Antrostomus vociferus vociferus (Wils.). Wurip-poor-wiLLt. A single specimen was seen July 19, 1915, at the first rapids of the Isabelle above Rice Lake. Chordeiles virginianus virginianus (Gmel.). NigHrTHawk. Abun- dant in the latter part of June and in July along the north and south forks of the Kawishiwi. July 8, 1914, two well edged young were found on the banks of the north fork near ‘‘Dead Man’s Rapids,’ and in a nearby locality a third young one of about the same age was found. These young lay on a scantily moss-covered and stick-strewn rock out- crop in a district that had been burned over some years before. Archilochus colubris (Linn.). Rusy-rHroateD Hummincsirp. July 13, 1914, one was seen at the first rapids of the Isabelle above Rice Lake; a number had been seen earlier in the month in the territory bordering the north and south forks of the Kawishiwi, August 31, 1915, a humming- bird was seen at camp on the east shore of Lake Isabelle. Tyrannus tyrannus (Linn.). Kincpirp. Frequently observed in June and July along the White Iron and both forks of the Kawishiwi rivers. June 20, 1912, a nest with four eggs was found along the North Kkawishiwi half a mile east of the Clear Lake portage. July 26, 1915, a kingbird was seen along the Isabelle at Rice Lake. Sayornis phoebe (Lath.). PHorsr. Frequently seen along the South Kawishiwi in July, 1914; a young specimen was shot July 23. July 8, 1915, a female with young able to fly was seen on the Gabro Lake portage. Nuttalornis borealis (Swains.). OLive-stipEp Fiycatcuer. In July, 1912, and 1914, this flycatcher was frequently seen and heard along the north and south forks of the Kawishiwi in the Clear Lake region; a speci- men was shot August 8, 1914, on the Isabelle river above the first rapids. July 6, 1915, the Olive-sided Flycatcher was again heard in the Clear Lake region. Mol enti . a Jounson, Birds of Lake Co., Minn. 547 Myiochanes virens (Linn.). Woop Pewsrr. June 18, 1912, one was seen on the Clear Lake portage. In 1914 it was occasionally seen and heard along the South Kawishiwi during the month of July; on July 4 one was shot on the North Kawishiwi. Empidonax flaviventris Baird. YELLOW-BELLIED FLycaTcHER. One was shot July 15, 1914, along the South Kawishiwi west of the Clear Lake portage. Empidonax minimus (W. M. & 8. F. Baird). Least Fiycatcuerr. Several seen during July, 1914, along the Isabelle between the first and second portages. Cyanocitta cristata cristata (Linn.). Biurn Jay. Common in all parts of the territory visited. Perisoreus canadensis canadensis (Linn.). Canapa Jay. 1912: One was seen June 23, on the north shore of Clear Lake; August 19 sev- eral were seen along the Isabelle above the first portage, and August 24 two specimens were shot in this locality. 1914: The first specimen seen since entering the field July 1, was shot on the 23rd, at camp on the South Kawishiwi near the Gabro Lake portage. 1915: A Canada jay appeared at camp on the Clear Lake portage July 3; none was seen thereafter until August 4, a rainy day, when several of these birds appeared at our camp on the east shore of Lake Isabelle. Until we left this region on September 6, they were now seen frequently. Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm. Crow. 1912: Several were seen August 14, at Gabro Lake. 1914: July 1, several were observed at White Iron Lake and along the White Iron river; further east crows were seen only occasionally and in small numbers. 1915: July 3, two were seen at Gabro Lake August 1, two were seen near camp on the east shore of Lake Isabelle, and on the 5th two adults accompanied by young birds were seen in the same locality. Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus (Linn.). Rep-wincep Buack- BIRD. 1914: July 1 and 10, a small number of Red-wings, apparently nesting, were observed at some marshy places along the North Kawishiwi just above ‘‘Dead Man’s Rapids.’”’ 1915: A few birds were seen in the first mentioned locality July 6; adults with young barely able to fly were found July 21, on a small creek entering the Isabelle about three-fourths of a mile above Lake Bald Eagle; July 26 a brood of young unable to fly was found at the outlet of Rice Lake. Quiscalus quiscula aeneus Ridgw. Bronzep GRaAcKLE. 1912: June 20, a nest with young in pinfeathers was found along the North Kawishiwi just below the first rapids. 1914: July 6, small numbers, apparently nesting, and July 24 young birds were observed in the same locality. Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina (W. Coop.). EvEntina Gros- BEAK. 1914: A male and female were observed August 3, along the Isabelle river about two miles above Lake Bald Eagle; August 13, and 548 Jounson, Birds of Lake Co., Minn. [cn again on the 17, a male was seen near camp on the first portage of the Isa- belle above Rice Lake. 1915: July 28 and 30, a male was seen at the Rice Lake outlet. Carpodocus purpureus purpureus (Gmel.). Purpeite Fincn. 1914: In July a young specimen was shot on the South Kawishiwi near the Ga- bro Lake outlet: August 4 two of these finches were seen along the Isa- belle two miles above Bald Eagle Lake, and on August 8 a specimen was taken in the same locality. Astragalinus tristis tristis (Linn.). Gotprincn. My only record is for July 27, 1914, when a male was observed at the Section 30 Iron Mine. Spinus pinus pinus (Wils.). Prine Siskin. In 1912 this species was found rather common during July, in the vicinity of Clear Lake, and along the South Kawishiwi. Pooecetes gramineus gramineus (Gmel.). VESPER SPARROW. 1915: A Vesper Sparrow was observed July 6 on the northwest shore of Clear Lake; July 10, a specimen was shot from among a number seen on the north fork of the Kawishiwi near its junction with the south fork. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmel.). WuHitrr-THROATED SPARROW. 1912: July 13, common along the South Kawishiwi and on the Gabro Lake port- age. 1914: July 3, many observed along the North Kawishiwi and in the vicinity of Clear Lake; August 3, a nest containing two eggs and one newly hatched young was found on the second portage of the Isabelle above Lake Bald Eagle. 1915: July 1 and 3, White-throated Sparrows common along the White [ron River. Spizella monticola (Gmel.). TREE Sparrow. One was observed July 18, 1915, on the west shore of Lake Bald Eagle. Spizella passerina passerina (Bech). CuHipprnc Sparrow. One observed August 4, 1915, on the east shore of Lake Isabelle. Junco hyemalis hyemalis (Linn.). SiarE-coLtorep Junco. 1912: July 23, a specimen was shot on the North Kawishiwi-Clear Lake portage. 1914: Several were seen July 17 and 19 near the Gabro Lake outlet. Melospiza melodia melodia (Wils.). Sona Sparrow. 1912: Many seen June 18 and 20 in the vicinity of the North Kawishiwi-Clear Lake portage. 1914: July 7, a specimen was shot in the same locality. Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linn.). Rosr-BREASTED GROSBEAK. 1914: A male was seen July 1 at White Iron Bridge; another male was seen July 7 on the Clear Lake portage. 1915: A male and female were seen in the last named locality July 3, and a male again on July 6. Piranga erythromelas Vieill. Scarter Tanacer. 1914: A male was seen July 8 at the North Kawishiwi-Clear Lake portage, and another at White Iron bridge, July 27. 1915: A male was observed July 4 at the North Kawishiwi—Clear Lake portage. Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieill.). Trae Swattow. 1912: A nest was found June 22 in a hollow tree in the flooded area of the North Kawishiwi below the first rapids. The species was abundant along the river men- Nol Para val Jounson, Birds of Lake Co., Minn. 549 tioned, as far as the first rapids which marked the limits of a flooded area in which dead timber furnished numerous nesting holes. 1915: July 5 a nest containing well-fledged young was found near the site of the first mentioned nest. July 21 Tree Swallows were observed flying about in great numbers over the small tributary of the Isabelle just below the first rapids. Bombycilla cedrorum Vieill, Crpar Waxwine. 1912: Common along the north and south forks of the Kawishiwi and in the vicinity of Gabro Lake, during the months of June and July. June 28 a Cedar Wax- wing was observed on its nest in a pine near the long rapids of the North Kawishiwi. Vireosylva olivacea (Linn.). Rep-ryrep Vireo. 1912: June 18 and 20 many were seen and heard in the Clear Lake region. 1914: Very common in the same locality; July 25 a Red-eyed Vireo was found on a nest containing three eggs, situated in a young birch tree on the shore of the South Kawishiwi near the Clear Lake trail. 1915: During early August the Red-eye was heard at intervals along the Isabelle river in the Rice Lake region and on the 18 one was seen at Lake Isabelle. Lanivireo solitarius solitarius (Wils.). BLuE-HEADED VirEo. July 24, 1914, a female was shot at camp on the South Kawishiwi below Gabro Lake outlet. Mniotilta varia (Linn.). Buack anD WHITE WARBLER. 1914: July 20 a male was shot at camp on the South Kawishiwi. 1915: July 15 one was observed near the mouth of the Isabelle river. Vermivora peregrina (Wils.). TENNESSEE WARBLER. 1914: One was taken July 8 and one July 10 near the Gabro Lake outlet. Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens (Gmel.). BLACK-THROATED Buiue WarRBLER. July 17 a male specimen was shot from among several of this species accompanied by chickadees, in a grove of spruce and pine on the north bank of the South Kawishiwi near the Gabro Lake outlet, on August 21 another male was taken along the upper course of a small stream entering Rice Lake on the east shore. 1915: A male was observed August 30 on the east shore of Lake Isabelle. Dendroica coronata (Linn.). Myrrte Warsier. A young speci- men was taken July 16, 1914, on the burnt-over hills bordering the South Kawishiwi near the portage to Gabro Lake. Dendroica magnolia (Wils). MaGnotia WarBLER. 1914: July 16, a male specimen was shot in dense woods along the South Kawishiwi near the Gabro Lake outlet; the species had been seen a number of times since the first of the month. 1915: A male was observed August 4 on the east shore of Lake Isabelle. — Dendroica pensylvanica (Linn.). CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER. 1914: A pair was seen July 1 at White Iron bridge; July 2, the species was frequently observed along the North Kawishiwi eastward as far as the Clear Lake trail; July 13, this warbler was seen again on the Gabro Lake trail. 1915: Several were observed July 5 at White Iron bridge. 550 Jounson, Birds of Lake Co., Minn. lee Dendroica fusca (Mill.). BrackBuRNIAN WARBLER. 1914: Two were observed August 15 on the first portage of the Isabelle above Rice Lake. 1915: August 17, several were observed in a grove of spruce on the east shore of Lake Isabelle. Dendroica vigorsi (Aud.). Pins Warpier. A specimen was shot August 15 at camp on the Isabelle river portage above Rice Lake. Seiurus aurocapillus (Linn.). Oven-pirp. 1914: One was observed July 6 on the North Kawishiwi—Clear Lake portage; had been heard several times in that locality since the first of the month. 1915: One was seen August 16 on the east shore of Lake Isabelle, and September 7 two were heard on the Clear Lake portage. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ridgw. GRrINNELL’s WATER- TurusH. July 4, 1914, a male specimen was shot along the south bank of the Kawishiwi about two miles east of Farm Lake. Oporornis philadelphia (Wils.). Mourninc WARBLER. One was seen July 3 on the north shore of Clear Lake, and July 23 a male specimen was shot at camp near the Gabro Lake outlet. Geothlypis trichas trichas (Linn.). MAryLAND YELLOW-THROAT. 1912: June 17 to July 4 several were seen on and about the North Kawish- iwi Clear Lake trail. 1914: August 11 a number were seen along the Isabelle river above the first portage. 1915: July 21 several were seen along the tributary stream near the mouth of the Isabelle; July 26 a male was seen at a small stream entering the Isabelle about a mile and a half below Rice Lake. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). Repsrart. July 1, 1914, a male and female were seen at White Iron Bridge, and August 15 a female was seen near the outlet of Gabro Lake. Troglodytes aedon aedon (Vieill.). Houszs Wren. June 20 and July 15, 1914, the House Wren was found to be common along the north and south forks of the Kawishiwi in the Clear Lake region. Nannus hiemalis hiemalis (Vieill.).§ Winrmrr Wren. August 6, 1914, a specimen was shot at the third portage on the Isabelle above Lake Bald Eagle; another was seen in that locality August 14. Certhia familiaris americana (Bonap.). BrowN CREEPER. Aug- ust 15, 1914, several were seen on the first portage of the Isabelle above Rice Lake. Sitta canadensis Linn. Rep-sreastep NutuatcH. 1914: July 25 a female specimen was shot at the narrows of the South Kawishiwi south- west of the Clear Lake trail. 1915: August 11 this species was several times seen in the region of Lake Isabelle. Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus (Linn.). CnHickapEr. Com- mon throughout the region. Observed on North Kawishiwi—Clear Lake trail, July 5 and 6; one specimen was shot on the Gull Lake trail August 18, 1914. Penthestes hudsonicus hudsonicus (Forst.). Hupsonian Cuick- ADEE. 1914: One specimen was shot August 18 midway on,ythe Gull Vol. Poe | 1920 Errric, Haunts of Cairns’ Warbler. 551 Lake trail, August 21 another was taken from among a flock of several along the small stream entering Rice Lake from the east. Regulus satrapa satrapa Licht. GoLpEN-cROWNED KINGLET. July 22, 1914, a male specimen was shot on the east shore of Lake Isabelle. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi.). Otive packEep THRUSH. 1912: Common in the region about Clear Lake during latter June and early July. 1914: Frequently seen and heard again in the first men- tioned locality; August 21 an Olive-backed Thrush was caught in a mouse- trap set under an old log in deep woods at the first rapids of the Isabelle above Rice Lake. The same say another specimen was shot at a small lake one mile east of Rice Lake. Hylocichla guttata pallasi (Cab.). Hermir Taurus. Common in the region about Clear Lake during July, 1914. On the 7th a nest with four eggs was found by one of my companions, Prof. N. L. Huff, in a small sphagnum bog sprinkled with low spruces and tamaracs, along the old unused portage trail around the first two rapids of the North Kawishiwi river. July 11, a male bird was shot on the Clear Lake trail opposite these rapids. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. IN THE HAUNTS OF CAIRNS’ WARBLER BY C. W. G. EIFRIG. Every ornithologist, professional or otherwise, knows with what joyous anticipation one from time to time returns to the scenes of former explorations. There is a halo of romance around the places and the time of one’s early efforts in ornithology, where his first love and enthusiasm led him forth on many trips, always eager, expectant, and on the verge of new discoveries. This was the writer’s state of mind, when June 14, 1918, he once again found himself at Oakland, near the south-western corner of Maryland, in the so-called glade region of the Maryland Alleghanies, his ultimate goal being Accident, a quiet hamlet about twenty miles north, but still in Garret County. Nature had on her most engaging smile as I set out for my destination over the fine new state road, that connects Oakland with the Old National Pike at Keyser’s Ridge. A walk or drive over this road reveals the 552 Errric, Haunts of Cairns’ Warbler. Auk beauties of this charming region; it winds through fine woods, showing quite a different type of vegetation from the prairies around Chicago, then it runs along the hillsides giving one glimpses of small farms, changing off with tamarack, spruce and alder swamps in the valley, and beyond that, line upon line of the peculiar long-drawn out hills and mountains of the Alleghanies, stretching out to the horizon in bewildering fashion, until lost in blue haze. The shallow valleys here are from 2000 to 2400 feet above sea-level; the surveyor’s plug before my host’s house at Accident shows 2395 feet, while the highest hill nearby, Georges Hill, is marked 3004 feet. To a westerner this will seem a negli- gible elevation, but it is here enough to produce Canadian condi- tions of climate; just a little lower down along the stream valleys are of course distinctly southerly conditions, producing an over- lapping and odd intermingling of Canadian and Carolinian faunae and florae, an eldorado for the nature-lover and naturalist. As there is also an abundance of pure, cool air, and a dearth of mos- quitoes, it is at the same time an ideal region for the tired vaca- tionist from the large cities. To see what changes, if any, would be observable here since my former rambles over this region, and to add new species, if possible to my list of ‘Birds of Allegany and Garret Counties’ (Auk, Vol. XXI, pp. 234-250; XXXII, p. 108, etc), the next month was spent in tramping over the hills and prowling through the ravines and thickets of this section, and through those of the neighborhood of Cumberland, Allegany County. In company with a friend, who is at once a mountaineer, keen observer and student of nature, I would set out early in the morning and return in the evening tired and bedraggled, but happy. In the cool, dark ravines along the brooks, as well as on the mountain tops, where a primeval stand of tall white pine, black spruce and hemlock is still found in a few places, and where the rhododendron flourishes, is the favcrite habitat of Cairns’ Warbler (Dendroica c. cairnsi). In my last communication on this region (Auk, XXXII, pp. 108-110), I had expressed my conviction that this subspecies should be eliminated from the ‘Check-List’ as indistinguishable from D. c. caerulescens, but I am now “fully persuaded.’’ The females are more distinguishable than the Vigk ao yan Errric, Haunts of Cairns’ Warbler. 55a males, although the difference is so slight, that the bird must be had in the hand to appreciate it. Here, in the mossy, fern-covered banks under the rhododendron, as well as in its almost impenetrable thickets the nests are located, and here the song, a rapid, explosive, ascending dill dill dree, may be heard on all sides. This song is indistinguishable from that of D. c. caerulescens. In the same places, but staying higher up in the tall hemlocks above the rhododendrons, the Black-throated Green Warbler holds forth, here as during migration, a companion of the Black- throated Blue. But since subspecies must be made, here it seems is where a new one should be introduced. Since my first visits to this region about 1900, I was struck by the dingy appearance and small size of most of the males, though some were of normal, intense coloration. At first, I ascribed it to wear and moult, but in June warblers are at their best in appearance, and further- more, the olive on the back seems darker, while the song is weaker. So here are differences that can be perceived when the bird is in bush or tree. In the same habitat is found the Magnolia Warbler, only in smaller numbers. Its song here as in Canada, sounds to one like weelsi weetsi weetsi, accent on the next to last syllable, whereas D. virens seems to say dee dee dee ah di, accent on the antepenult. Even less abundantly than the Magnolia is found the Black- burnian Warbler (D. fusca), in the same habitat. It is especially partial to the tops of hemlocks. On the 15th of June. we saw a male gathering nesting material on the edge of the much traveled state road, at Bear Creek Hollow. We watched it and saw that he took it inte a hemlock, about 35 feet up, ten feet out on a large, horizontal limb, where with the glasses we could make out the form of a tiny nest. A week later we got it down with much labor, only to find it empty. It is built of the thinnest dry twigs of hemlock, a little bast and fiber, and lined with horse hair; its diameter is three and a half inches over all, the cup one and three quarter by one and a half inches deep. The song cf the Black- burnian is low and remarkable for its nasal and ventriloquial quality. One sang a monotonous tsi tse tse tsnnn, another dell dell dell tsit tsit tsitnn, sometimes tender then again strangely muffled. A distinct surprise among the warblers was furnished by the Canada Warbler. Since my last visit four years previously it 554 . Errric, Haunts of Cairns’ Warbler. laee had increased strikingly in numbers. During a brief walk on the afternoon of my arrival, we saw and heard about twenty in the same habitat as the preceding four species, and everywhere we went we found it common, in all kinds of woods, evergreen and hardwood, second growth brush, along creeks and on dry moun- tain crests. Their coarse, loud, unwarbler-like alarm note was one of the commonest sounds heard. Many were carrying food, showing that the young were already out of the eggs. The old birds would fly closely about one, with their sparrow-like chirp, scolding the intruder out of their nesting range. Similarly ob- trusive and solicitous were the Ovenbirds, likewise found in all kinds of woodland habitat. Two warblers had moved in since my last visit, the Yellow- breasted Chat, and the Golden-winged Warbler. Two pairs of the former had taken up their stand in small brushy second growth, where the primeval pine, spruce and hemlock had been cut out, moving in from lower down, where it is common. A pair of the Golden-wings were observed in Kolb’s Hollow, having also fol- lowed the clearings. This is a good instance of how man’s interference with and changing of natural conditions promptly influences flora and fauna. In the fringe of alders along Bear Creek and in swampy corners of the farm, the Maryland Yellow-throat can be heard, and along the creeks the two Water-Thrushes are found, Seiwrus motacilla, and S. n. noveboracensis. One of the former we saw carry food. Besides these, the Chestnut-sided Warbler is common, in the same places as the Canada and its song wi di di dereea almost becomes monotonous. The Yellow Warbler, however, is rare; I noticed only one pair and those in my host’s orchard, where one of them sang once as late as 9 o’clock in the evening. In the same place where the odd notes of the Chat were first heard, a Catbird struck up its song and amused us greatly by suddenly weaving in the call of the Whip-poor-will. This was the only time that I beard the Whip-poor-will song during my stay, whereas formerly the hollows and _ hillsides resounded with it every evening. There is a sad decrease in the numbers of this bird, and I may add, the same holds good for all places where I have been of late years in Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois, every- ee ed Eirric, Haunts of Cairns’ Warbler. 555 where a decrease from former numbers. Let us hope that it has correspondingly increased elsewhere in its range. The Brown Thrasher, Red-eyed Vireo, and Wood Pewee also seemed much less common than formerly. Prairie Horned Larks are not uncommon breeders here. They are absent in summer below 2000 feet. A pair could usually be seen at certain places on the roads, always at the same ones. Of flyecatchers the Crested is found, the Kingbird more commonly, and each orchard generally barbors one pair of the Least, also a pair of Baltimore Orioles. Bobolinks are more numerous now than formerly, as it is to be expected when agriculture spreads out at the expense of the forest. At Thayerville, at the house where President Cleveland spent his honeymoon, an Alder Flycatcher was seen in the alders lining Deep Creek. The former Lake Cleveland has disappeared and is changed into fields. Meadow- larks are common, Redwings, less so, because cattail swamps are absent; and they have to frequent the alder-bordered natural meadows. A nest of a vair was found 20 feet up in an apple tree in an orchard adjoining one of these meadows. Nearby the call of the Kingfisher could be heard over Bear Creek, as well as the song of the Cardinal. One of the commonest songs here now is that of the Scarlet Tanager. It frequents the tops of wooded ridges, from where its strident notes could nearly always be heard, but sometimes is found in the woods on the slopes and even in hollows. It is decidedly on the increase. In the finch and sparrow tribe, the Goldfinches are common, Indigo Buntings not rare, Vesper, Song, Field and Chipping Sparrows plentiful. With three Vesper Sparrows we had a unique experience. Coming home one evening from where I had forgotten my glasses under the Blackburnian’s nesting tree, a new song made us stop below a Vesper Sparrow on a telephone wire. It was loud and musical, entirely different from the usual Vesper performance. A day or two later, on the road to Negro Moun- tain, I heard the same song from one of the same species, and a little farther on another one. I made sure it was the Vesper Sparrow but the song was plainly that of Bewick’s Wren! My theory is that a family of Vespers was raised near the nest of a [oct: 556 Errric, Haunts of Cairns’ Warbler. Bewick’s Wren, where they heard that bird’s song all the time and learned it instead of their own. We met with no Bewicks this time, but a few are here, at least were until lately. The House Wren is increasing in numbers, and very probably Mr. Ridgway is correct when he says that the House Wren drives out Bewick’s Wren. The colony of Winter Wrens, which we dis- covered in 1914 on Negro Mountain, was no longer there. Grass- hopper Sparrows are common in alfalfa and timothy fields, as are the Towhees in the brushy second growth on the hills. The most interesting member of the finch tribe here is the Carolina Junco, which also seems to me to be growing less common. Still it can not be called rare. It is equally distributed over the rocky slopes and tops of mountains, as well as in mossy hemlock stands, but not below about 2500 feet. Families of old and young were seen, the young being heavily streaked on the breast, some- thing like young Chipping Sparrows. While watching the noisy antics of a pair of Ovenbirds on the road to Negro Mountain, a Junco dropped out of her nest in an invisible pocket in the low bank, opposite where a road had been cut along the hillside. The nest under overhanging roots and moss contained three eggs in the morning, in the afternoon, when I returned, only two, so I took it along. The nest, made of moss, lichen and a few plant stems on the outside and rootlets and horse hair on the in- side, measures five inches in diameter, the cup two and three quarter by one and a half inches deep. The eggs are pale bluish, with a wreath of pale lavender and brown spots near the thicker end, much like those of J. h. hyemalis in Canada. These pockets in low or higher banks along wood roads are characteristic nesting places, also for the northern form and the nest would rarely be found, if the owners would not drop out of them and fly away at one’s approach. I never found a nest on the level, chestnut- covered tops of the mountains. The song of the southern form is more sonorous and alto than that of the northern, it sounds much like the second part of the song of the Towhee. They breed twice in a season. Of the woodpeckers we saw a few Hairy, Downy, and Red- headed, also Flickers and Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers. The Pil- eated and Redhead are decreasing in numbers. Mr. F. Burk- ser jog. et) Errria, Haunts of Cairns’ Warbler. 557 hard, my companion, told me that during or after a late. snow- storm in the previous April, several Flickers had been found dead, showing that even such a large and hardy species sometimes succumbs to inclement weather. Raptores are decidedly rare here, because people shoot all they can. We saw only two Redtails in Glotfelty’s primeval piece of timber in Negre Mountain, where we have seen them at each visit, probably always the same pair. Twice I saw a Sharp- shinned Hawk furiously pursued by a Kingbird, — that fairly screamed with rage. Turkey Vultures are still common. The old hollow logs and the many cavities between the rocks along the tops of the mountains offer good nesting sites for them, and the sheep, killed by roving dogs, no doubt furnish them with sustenance. Among gallinaceous birds the Ruffed Grouse is_ still fairly common. Once we startled several, together with a Rose-breasted Grosbeak, out of a large shadbush, where they had been busily feeding on the luscious berries. I was told that foxes are a great scourge to the Grouse, killing quite a few on the nests or at least destroying the nests. The Bobwhite has sadly dwindled away; we heard its call only once, and the Wild Turkey is almost gone. Since there are no water bodies here beside the bush-covered creeks, there are few water birds to be found. At two small artificial ponds I saw a family of Killdeer and a Spotted Sandpiper. In the house of the owner of one of the ponds, I saw mounted specimens of Pied-billed and Horned Grebes, as well as a Lesser Scaup, which occasionally drop into the pond during migration. The only addition to the avifauna of the region covered by the list in volume XXI of ‘The Auk,’ was made at Cumberland, whither I went from Accident. The old trails on Savage Moun- tain to Wolf Gap and Finzel, on Will’s Mountain to the Mason and Dixon line and others, added the warblers of the lower country to the list, such as the Hooded, Worm-eating, Prairie and Pine Warblers, and the Redstart, which should have been met with in the mountains, also Cooper’s and the Broad-winged Hawk. The Swan Ponds—not Swamp Ponds as given in my former list— on the West Virginia side of the Potomac, I found ditched and drained and turned into corn fields. However, we found a family 558 ALLEN, Pattern Development in Teal. lage of Upland Plovers there. Thus does man’s activities play havoc with the finest natural homes of certain species of birds. The colony of Ravens, formerly located in the romantic Rocky Gap, six miles east of Cumberland, was also no more. As if to miti- gate this disappointment, however, I found on July 9, a family of Blue Grosbeaks (Guiraca ec. caerulea) on Knobley Mountain, making at least one species, and that an interesting one, to be added to the birds of western Maryland. Oak Park, Illinois. , PATTERN DEVELOPMENT IN TEAL. BY GLOVER M. ALLEN AN article by Mr. Frederic H. Kennard in* The Auk’ for October 1919, describing and naming the Southern Blue-winged Teal as a distinct subspecies, brings out a point of considerable evolu- tionary interest, which it seems to me is worth emphasizing. The chief mark of the newly recognized race is the presence of a white superciliary stripe continuing the white crescent between the eye and bill, characteristic of the common Blue-winged Teal, and the two stripes, one on each side, meet at the back of the head and are continued medially to form a white nuchal patch of varying extent. This unusual extension of the white crescentic mark is found in the adult males only and is characteristic of the completely de- veloped nuptial plumage in the Southern birds. A_ similar, though often irregular line, is sometimes seen in partially white domestic pigeons and ducks. The formation of a definite pattern of pigmented (7. e., colored) and pigmentless (7. ¢., white) areas, particularly in birds and mammals, is a subject which has greatly interested me, and in an article in the American Naturalist (vol. 48, p. 385-412, 467-484, 550-566, 1914) I have endeavored to establish that in these two classes of vertebrates, white markings when present tend to occur in certain definite places. This is due to the fact that the surface pep xx va ALLEN, Pattern Development in Teal. 559 of the body may be divided into some eleven areas from whose individual centers the tendency to produce pigment in the epi- dermal structures (hair or feathers) tends to become less and less as the periphery of the particular area is reached. These areas may bear some as yet unrecognized relation to the distribution of nerves. The borders of contiguous areas may overlap, and the details of their topography in different mammals and birds may vary, but in general their outlines are fairly definable as follows: (1) a median crown patch, in birds pigmenting the top of the head from base of beak to occiput above the eyes; (2) an ear patch on each side covering the side of the head and upper throat from the level of the eye to the median line above and _ below; (3) a neck patch on each side pigmenting the area from the upper throat to the shoulders; (4) a shoulder patch on each side pigment- ing the feathers of the wing and a narrow area at its base from center of back to center of breast; (5) a side patch on each side of the body which includes the area from shoulder to rump; and (6) a rump patch on each side which pigments the posterior end of the body, the tail, and most or all of the hind leg. These patches are outlined in the accompanying diagram (Fig. 1). I have called these color areas primary patches. They may break up further to form complex patterns. The definition of these patches is sometimes complicated by two (or three?) other types of pigmentation which in some species co-exist with this centripetal type—namely, a diffuse pigmentation from many small independent centers, producing the spotted effect seen for example in the Dalmatian Coach Dog, and a cen- trifugal type, which produces black “points” at tips of nose, ears, limbs or tail in certain species. A black median area on the spine is perhaps a manifestation of this same type. These three types of pigmentation behave differently in heredity and have been studied lately by several geneticists. It is likely that the median crown patch, very small in mammals, may really consist of two bilateral centers, here in close juxtaposition for in birds it is fre- quently divided by a white median line, though in the few mammals where I have seen it (e. g., dogs) it is not so divided. From a study of pied individuals of species which normally have complete pigmentation, it is found that the white markings laze Oct. 560 ALLEN, Pattern Development in Teal. tend to occur at the peripheries of the pigment centers as above defined, and result from the failure of pigment to develop at the edges of these centers. The more the pigmentation is restricted, the greater is the amount of white between the respective centers. If each patch or center were to be slightly reduced, a series of five pigment spots on each side, and one on the crown would result, bounded by white lines—a median white line from the occiput to tail, and cross stripes separating the five patches of each side. A much greater but regular restriction of each patch would result in reducing the pattern to a series of five small spots on each side with a single median one on the crown; and still further reduction brings about a pure white condition with black eyes—(possibly =e fa w'L d Figure 1.—Diagram showing chief pigment areas of a bird’s body, from above. the eyes being in part of ectodermal origin, should themselves be regarded as an additional pair of pigment centers). Such white animals with black eyes occur as artificial breeds in a number of species, and on account of their possessing a potential pigmenta- tion, act as pigmented individuals in crosses with true albinos which do really lack the pigment-producing factor. Actually there is great variation in the amount of reduction, for not only Vol Pets ea ALLEN, Pattern Development in Teal. 561 does each spotted individual differ in the extent of its pigmented “areas, but corresponding areas of opposite sides vary in the amount of reduction in the same individual, so that often the contiguous patches of one side may show a white break between them, while those of the opposite side retain contact. Figure 2.—Head of Blue-winged Teal, to show pattern. In this and the other heads, the approximate outline of crown patch and the boundary between ear and neck patches, are shown by a heavier dotted line. Figure 3.—Head of Southern Teal, showing extension of white pattern through restriction of ear patch dorsally and posteriorly. Figure 4.—Andaman Teal (Polionetta albigularis) showing slight re- duction of ear patch. Figure 5.—White-cheeked Andaman Teal (P. a. leucopareus) showing incomplete formation of a white collar by failure of ear patch to meet the upper end of neck patch. But to return to the Teal, the point of interest is that the white crescentic mark of the normal bird is due according to this view, to a restriction of the ear patch (whose ultimate center is the aural region) at its front end, so that a pigmentless area is left at the base of the bill (Fig. 2). The head pattern of the common Blue- [oct 562 ALLEN, Pattern Development in Teal. winged Teal has developed no further. In the Southern Teal, however, (Fig. 3) a further restriction of the ear patch has taken place, producing a complete line of separation between it and the crown patch, so that a white superciliary line results from the failure of these two patches to develop pigment at their common border; and in those individuals that show a white nuchal area, this restriction has involved also the posterior extension of the ear patches of opposite sides so that a white streak results when they fail to meet along the median line of the neck. Obviously this condition, with its more complex pattern, represents a more highly evolved plumage than that of the Common Blue-winged Teal. It is, therefore, not unexpected that it should occur only in the most highly developed or nuptial plumage, at the time when the bodily vigor is most intense. It may be well to add here that the presence of albinistic or white areas does not imply, as many suppose, an impaired bodily vigor, but merely a specialized condition of the factor producing pigment in the epidermis. The fact that the amount of white in the pattern of many natural species is very variable, indicates, I presume, that its areal develop- ment has not come under a strong selective force so that the bound- aries of the white areas have not become fixed. That the white head-marking of the Southern Teal is of a fairly definite nature, may show, conversely, that it has become a factor in this bird’s welfare and is tending to be symmetrically developed as part of a definite pattern. For this reason the extension of the usual white area is of value as a diagnostic mark of the more southerly breeding Teal. On my expressing to Mr. Kennard an interest in this bird, he has kindly called my attention to an observation of Mr. Stanley C. Arthur (since published in ‘The Auk’) who has for three years past kept in confinement in the flying cage of the Audubon Park, New Orleans, one of these Southern Teal, showing the character- istic “necktie” marking. In the spring following its capture, this drake molted into the nuptial plumage, but the white super- ciliary line and nape patch seemed less definitely white than Mr. Arthur’s recollection of them the year before. In the next year, however, when the bird again assumed its spring plumage, neither the white line nor the white nape patch was apparent. The bird’s Vol. rl 1920 ALLEN, Pattern Development in Teal. 563 death occurred shortly after, in April of that year. This interest- ing case only serves to emphasize still further that this “necktie” pattern is a newly acquired character in the phylogeny of the race, and in the growth of the individual is assumed at the time of its highest physiological development. The fact that the captive bird finally lost this marking may have been due to impaired vigor, either as a result of old age or as a result of the abnormal condi- tions of captivity, which as is well known, nearly always result in interrupting the usual course of physiological processes. If due to senescence, it is paralleled by numerous other cases in both vertebrates and invertebrates. A familiar one is the “going back” of deer antlers in old males. The Southern Teal is not the only duck that might be cited as a case of formation of a distinct geographical race through the differential development of white areas in the plumage by res- triction of pigmentation. Mr. Outram Bangs has called my attention to the case of the Teals of the Andaman Islands, Pol- ionetta albiqularis, in which (Fig. 4) the ventral side of the throat and a spot just below the eye are white, showing thus only a shght restriction of the ear patches ventrally and about the eye. In one of two specimens from the same locality, however, white feathers appear at the base of the bill, and the white mark below the eye is much larger than in the other, indicating that the pattern is still in an unstabilized condition. The development of white areas thus begun, is carried still further in the race P. a. lewcopareus from North Reef Island, in the same group, in which the restrict- ion of the ear patches is so extensive (Fig. 5) that the upper throat and side of head to the level of the eye are white as far back as the ear opening, and a white collar has resulted through failure of the ear patch to reach the upper edge of the neck patch. Behind the ear, the crown patch is still united with the ear patch except at the occiput, where a very small white spot occurs in one of the two specimens seen. One might conceive of a further stage in evolution of this pattern, whereby the crown patch would persist intact, but the ear patches dwindle perhaps to a very small spot over the ear opening. Such a pattern is found in the Old-squaw female in winter. A subsequent loss of the crown patch would then leave a head pattern similar to the adult male Old-squaw. lore 564 ALLEN, Pattern Development in Teal. Oct. Dr. John C. Phillips tells me that the Congo Teal shows very beautifully in a series of specimens from the same general region, a variation in the degree of restriction of the individual pigment centers. The common Mallard as I have shown in the article above cited (Am. Nat., 1914, vol. 48, p. 483) frequently shows under domestication, the development of white superciliary lines that correspond in position with white areas which have in other species become a permanent part of the pattern. The normal male Mallard has in the fully developed plumage, a white collar at a point bounding the upper limit of the wine-colored neck. ‘This is merely the development of a white area at the point of contact between the ear patches covering the sides of head and upper throat, and the neck patches pigmenting the lower throat. (Here the two sets of patches are of different colors.) In the domesti- cated Black Mallard this white ring is often absent, on account of the complete development of the two sets of pigment patches. I have also seen a female Mallard in which a white half-ring was present as an albinistic spot in just the place where it 1s com- pletely developed in the male, showing that this is one of the con- tact points between two pigment centers, a place of least color formation, where, if restriction of pigment areas takes place, a white mark will first result. Indeed the Anatidae seem especially favorable for a more intensive study of this method of pattern formation, and well merit special investigation as to the develop- ment and transmission of partial pigmentation. Already careful studies of rats, mice, guinea-pigs and rabbits have been made by geneticists on these lines, and it is to be hoped that comparative studies on birds will follow. Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. vel — Nat) FiersHer, Birds of S. EH. North Carolina. 565 NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF SOUTHEASTERN NORTH CAROLINA. BY EDWARD FLEISHER DurinG the week beginning April 13, 1919, I visited that section of North Carolina lying between Wilmington and the mouth of the Cape Fear River, thirty miles to the south. Throughout this region the soil is sandy, with here and there muddy bottoms in which grow the great bald cypresses and live oaks with their draperies of Tillandsia “moss.” The coastal region at the mouth of Cape Fear River, and, more particularly, Smith’s Island, approach the sub-tropical in both climate and flora. Here such trees as the cabbage palmetto, the magnolia and the prickly ash are found. Many of the Smith’s Island palmettos, however, were killed or injured in the cold winter of 1917-1918. Smith’s Island, off the mouth of the Cape Fear River, is roughly in the shape of an arrow, the point of which, Cape Fear, is the southernmost point of North Carolina and at about the latitude of Atlanta, Ga. The flanks of the arrow consist of sandy beaches of a total length of about fifteen miles. In the central part are extensive grassy marshes bordered by dense woods. One end of the beach terminates in a narrow spit of sand separating the ocean from Buzzard’s Bay. It is here that the sea birds formerly nested, though I doubt whether they still do so in large numbers, as herds of semi-wild cattle wander over the island and their tracks can be seen in the sand. On the east side of Cape Fear the sea is gradually cutting into the woods, and the shore presents a wild aspect. The beach is covered with a tangled mass of prostrate and semi-prostrate trees, and the breakers seethe about those still standing. Here and there, lagoons of salt water are bordered and dotted with gaunt trees. It was on top of one of these trees that I discovered a Roseate Spoonbill (Ajaza ajaja), a thorough surprise and the best find of the trip. I had the bird under observation for only two or three minutes, though of course there was no mistaking him after the 566 FuieisHer, Birds of S. E. North Carolina. lees first glance. I was rounding a “point 0’ woods” on the beach early in the morning of April 15 when I caught sight of a great pink bird about 100 yards away. I had barely time to feast my eyes on him through my 8—power binoculars when he discovered me and flapped off, flying directly past me toward the sea, then turning and making for another part of the island. According to Chapman, these birds in the eastern United States, are “ con- fined to the most inaccessible swamps in Florida.’’? However, when I told Captain Willis of the Smith’s Island Life Guard Sta- tion of my find, he said that he had seen two of these birds “last summer.”’ He could not remember just when, but he gave me a good description of the birds and a circumstantial account of the conditions under which he had seen them. They had impressed him as they were the only large pink birds he had ever seen on the island. The only herons observed on the island were the Great Blue Heron (Ardea h. herodias), the Louisiana Heron (Hydranassa t. ruficollis) and the Little Blue Heron (Florida caerulea), a few of each; and there were no indications that herons had nested there recently. Although I saw eleven species of Limicolae, it was apparently too early for large flocks like those that occur on Long Island, New York, a few weeks later. Nor did I realize my expectation of meeting the great north-bound army of warblers and other ‘migrants. In fact, with few exceptions the transients observed were those that usually occur in the latitude of New York during the last week in April, 7. e., about a week later. Rivaling Smith’s Island in interest for me was my trip to the heronry on Orton Lake. Lying about midway between Wilming- ton and the mouth of the Cape Fear River is this beautiful body of water with its temples of buttressed cypress trees. The owner of the lake, a typical Southern gentleman, takes great pride in his herons, and I was not at all offended when he told his colored servant, who was to be my guide, not to leave me alone with the birds. I must have been rough-looking in my dusty clothes and knapsack. Accompanied by two servants and the ubiquitous Ford, I was quickly driven to the edge of the lake and then rowed and poled between trees. The heronry, or what I saw of it, con- sisted of two parts: The Great Blue Herons and some of the ee =| FuersHer, Birds of S. E. North Carolina. 567 Egrets (Herodias egretta) in one place and the smaller herons in another. All except the Snowy Egrets (Egretta c. candidissima) were busy with nesting. The young of the Great Blue Herons could be heard calling from the nest in the tops of the taller trees. The Egrets were sitting, and in their part of the lake the little Blue and Louisiana Herons left off their nest-building operations to scold us at our approach. Some of the nests in the small trees about us had their clutches of blue eggs, but as no birds approached the nest near us I was unable to determine to which species the eggs belonged. A conservative estimate of the number of each species seen is the following: Great Blue Heron, 150, Egret, 20, Snowy Egret, 8, Louisiana Heron, 50, Little Blue Heron, 75, Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax naevius), 1. The actual number of herons in the lake area was probably much greater than these numbers would indicate. In answer to a question, I was informed that “ Dey all goes away in winter, excuse a few of de big ones.” I spent practically all the daylight hours during the week in the field. With the exception of a few light showers one day, the weather was most favorable, though usually very warm. In the annotated list which follows, I give a conservative esti- mate of the total number of individuals of each species seen dur- ing the week. Gavia immer. Loon. One individual seen in Cape Fear River, April 15. Larus argentatus. Herrinc Guuu. Three, off shore. Larus atricilla. Laucguina Guuu. Nine of these birds were seen, most of them on the river. [Sterna maxima. Royat Tern (?). A large tern seen off shore appeared to be of this species. ] Sterna antillarum. Least Tern. With the exception of the above, these were the only terns observed. There were about 150 of them on the beaches of Smith’s Island, April 14 to 16. Rynchops nigra. Brack Skimmer. A compact flock of 24 flew to a mud flat on my approach and were still there, motionless, when I returned an hour later. Phalacrocorax auritus, subsp. DouBLE-cRESTED CORMORANT. A flock of five in the river on April 14, and another bird on the 17. Pelecanus occidentalis. Brown Prrican. The pelicans, I was in- formed, occur regularly along the Smith’s Island shore but rarely go much further north. I saw three flocks of nine, twenty-seven and four birds 568 FueisHer, Birds of S. E. North Carolina. love respectively. I was talking to Captain Swann of the light house when I saw the twenty-seven. He remarked that he had never seen so large a flock before. The birds were all flying south, toward the cape. April 15. Mergus serrator. Rep-BREASTED MeprGanser. Three birds, April 14, one definitely identified as serrator. Anas rubripes. Briack Duck. Four. Charitonetta albeola. Burriuennap. A female, probably a belated migrant, April 15th. Oidema americana. American Scorer. Four, April 15. Oidema perspicillata. Surr Scorer. One, April 15. Ajaia ajaja. RosmaTe SPOONBILL. One. Ardea herodias herodias. Great Buur Heron. Besides the 150 mentioned above, a few individuals were seen on Smith’s Island and along the shore of the Cape Fear River. Herodias egretta. Earnur. The twenty birds seen were in and about their nests and I assumed that the nests contained eggs or young though I was unable to verify my belief as my time was limited and the nests were difficult of access. Egretta candidissima candidissima. Snowy Earer. Only five of these beautiful birds were seen. They were apparently not nesting yet. They may have been the vanguard of a larger flock. Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis. Louistana Hpron. Many of these birds and those of the next species seen in Orton Lake on April 17, were carrying sticks, and some had completed nests. These were in small trees above the water, and a few of those near the row-boat were seen to contain four eggs. Lack of time prevented me from ascertaining to which species the eggs belonged as the birds kept their distance. The dates given by Chapman for the nesting of this species and the next for South Carolina are April 20, and 23, respectively. Florida caerulea. Lirrie BLur Heron. All the Little Blue Herons that I saw at Orton Lake were in the adult plumage, and all appeared to be nesting or building. Five of the nine seen at Smith’s Island were in the white plumage. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius. BLAcK-cROwNED NicHt Heron. A single bird in adult plumage flying over Orton Lake. Pisobia minutilla. LeasrSanppiper. Three on the beach at Smith’s Island, April 15. Pelidna alpina sakhalina. Rep-sAackrep SANppipEeR. A flock of 20. A few showed traces of reddish in the back and of black on the belly. The rest were in winter plumage, April 15. Calidris leucophaea. Sanperuina. Hight individuals, a few showing the beginnings of the summer plumage. April 15. Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus. Witter. About 15 of these handsome but noisy birds were observed along the beech. April 15. ok ema FueIsHer, birds of S. E. North Carolina. 569 Actitis macularia. Sporrep SanppiperR, Three, April 15. Numenius hudsonicus. Hupsonian Curtew. Seven in all. April 15. Squatarola squatarola. BLAcK-BELLIED Puiover. A single bird. April 15. Aegialitis semipalmata. SemrpaLMATeD PLover. One lone ring- neck was seen with large flocks of the next species. Ochthodromus wilsonius. Witson’s PLover. This was by far the commonest shorebird, and the chirping, unplover-like note was heard everywhere on the beaches. One hundred and fifty is a very modest estimate of the number seen. April 15. Arenaria interpres morinella. Ruppy Turnstone. A flock of 18 showing various stages of plumage. April 15. Haematopus palliatus. Oyster CarcHrer. These queer birds were quite common (50), and the small clumps of oysters on the mud flats showed evidence of their work. In most cases, the smaller mollusks on the outside of the clumps were the ones that were opened and the larger ones were left alone. The natives call them ‘‘Oyster Birds’”’ which is a better name than Oyster Catcher, inasmuch as these ‘luscious bivalves” are not noted for agility. They, the birds, are said to be permanent residents. April 15. Colinus virginianus virginianus. Bos-Wuirn. Two coveys of about 12 each in Sunset Park near Wilmington. [Meleagris gallopavo silvestris. Witp Turxksy. According to all accounts these birds are still found in numbers in the unsettled regions back of the Cape Fear River. I was not able to locate any.| Cathartes aura septentrionalis. Turkey Vuttrure. I found this bird much commoner than the Black Vulture. About 18 of the present species were noted as compared with 4 of the next. Catharista urubu. Brack VULTURE. Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus. Baup Eacur. There were 2 Eagles over the Cape Fear River on April 14 and 2, possibly the same, on April 17. These were the only Buteonidae observed. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis. Osprey. Two pairs of birds with nests at Smith’s Island, and about 15 birds at Orton Lake. The nests of the latter were on the tops of the tall stumps of cypress trees that rose here and there from the waters of the lake. Cerylealcyon alcyon. Brutrep KinGrisHer. TwoatSmith’s Island. Dryobates pubescens subsp. SouTHERN (?) Downy WooppPEcKER. One. Dryobates borealis. Rep CockapEp Woopprrecker. Commoner than the preceding, but the relative absence of woodpeckers was notice- able. I observed a total of 10 birds of four species during the week altho the region is generally wooded. Centurus carolinus. Rep-BELLIED WooppecKER. ‘Three together near Orton. 570 FieisHer, Birds of S. E. North Carolina. laze Colaptes auratus, subsp.? Fricker. Only one bird seen. Antrostomus carolinensis. CHucK-WILL’s-Wipow. A note heard repeatedly in the night of April 17-18 was undoubtedly that of this species. I did not see the bird nor had I heard the note before. Antrostomus vociferus vociferus. Wurp-poor-wiLu. I flushed a whip-poor-will on April 17 at Southport. Chaetura pelagica. CuimNey Swirt. Two at Southport, April 17. Archilochus colubris. Rusy-THROATED HuMMINGBIRD. One at Wilmington, April 14. Tyrannus tyrannus. Kincsirp. Ten at Southport, April 17. Eight at Orton, April 18. Myiarchus crinitus. Crrestep FiycatcHer. About as common as the preceding. This was one of the few passerine birds seen at Smith’s Island. I was told, however, that the woods were frequently ‘‘full of small birds.” Cyanocitta cristata cristata. Buiur Jay. Seen only at Southport. (About 15.) Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos. Crow. This species was less common than the next, the ratio being about 1 to 4. Sixty-five crows of the two species were noted. Corvus ossifragus. FisH Crow. Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus. Rrp-wINGED BLACKBIRD. One seen at Smith’s Island. Sturnella magna, subsp.? Mrapowxark. A flock of 10 near Orton. Icterus spurius. OrcHARD ORIOLE. Three at Southport, April 17. Megaquisculus major major. Boat-TAILED GRACKLE. About 12 in the salt marshes at Smith’s Island. The notes appeared to me more pleasing, or rather less discordant, than those of the Purple Grackle. Passer domesticus domesticus. Housr Sparrow. In the towns. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna. SAVANNAH SPARROW. One, on Smith’s Island. Passerherbulus henslowi henslowi. HbrNsLow’s Sparrow. One, at Southport. Zonotrichia albicollis. Wuitr-THROATED Sparrow. About 50 in all. Spizella passerina passerina. CHIPPING Sparrow. Saw only 2 at Wilmington. Spizella pusilla pusilla. Fir_tp Sparrow. Only 4 seen. In fact, the absence of Fringillidae as compared with the number present at this season about New York was apparent. The notes were louder, less whistled, more bell-like than those about New York. Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus. Towurr. A few. Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis. CarpinaL. Twelve. Passerina cyanea. InpiGo BuntTING. A male in transitional plumage with a flock of migrating warblers, April 14. ver ears vat FueisHer, Birds of S. E. North Carolina. 571 Piranga erythromelas. Scarter TanaGcer. Wilmington, April 14. One. Piranga rubra rubra. Summer TanaGer. Three in song, April 17. Southport. Three at Orton, April 18. Progne subis subis. Purrte Martin. A colony in Southport. Hirundo erythrogastra. Barn SwaLLow. Six. Iridoprocne bicolor. TREE SwaLtow. Three. Stelgidopteryx serripennis. RouGH-wINGED SwALLow. Two. Vireosylva olivacea. Rep-EYED Vireo. Not as common as the White-eyed. Lanivireo solitarius solitarius. BLUnE-HEADED VIREO. Two. Vireo griseus griseus. WHuiTn-kYED VirEO. Generally distributed throughout this section. About 20 noted. Protonotaria citrea. PRorHoNoTARY WARBLER. I had barely re- covered from the thrill of my first Egret when I saw one of these gems on the swollen base of a cypress tree, not 10 feet from the boat. I still think that it was the most beautiful bird I have ever seen. Six in all were noted, in swampy sections. Compsothlypis americana americana. ParuLA WARBLER. These birds and probably also C. a. usneae were common wherever there was “Spanish Moss.’’ I saw about 50. Dendroica aestiva aestiva. YrLLow WarBLER. Wilmington, April 14. One. Dendroica coronata. Myrtte WarBLER. Ten, Wilmington, April 14; two, Southport, April 17; eight, Orton, April 18; ten, Wilmington, April 19. Dendroica dominica dominica. YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER. These were somewhat commoner than the Prothonotary Warblers and more generally distributed. Dendroica virens. BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER. Song heard at Orton Lake. Dendroica vigorsi. Prine WARBLER. Fairly common in the long-leaf pine. Twenty-eight. Dendroica discolor. Prartrig WARBLER. Occurred with the pre- ceding but not so common. Geothlypis trichas, subsp.2 YELLOW-THROAT. One at Wilmington, April 19. Mimus polyglottos polyglottos. Mocxrna Birp. Not nearly as common as I had anticipated. I saw not more than 25 individuals. Dumetella carolinensis. Carsirp. Two. Toxostoma rufum. Brown THRASHER. Two. Thryothorus ludovicianus ludivicianus. CaroLinaA WREN. light. Troglodytes aedon aedon. House Wren. One, April 18. Sitta canadensis. Rep-sreastep NutuatcH. One bird at Wil- mington, April 14, an unexpected find. lara 572 ’ AveriILL, Migration and Physical Proportions. Oct. Sitta pusilla. Brown-HEapED NutHatcH. In company with the preceding and with Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. Five. Baelophus bicolor. Turrep Tirmouse. Fifteen. Penthestes carolinensis carolinensis. CAROLINA CHICKADEE. Twenty. Regulus calendula calendula. Rusy-crowNrep KinGuer. A sing- ing male at Orton, April 18. Polioptila caerulea caerulea. BLure-GRAY GNATCATCHER. Five. Hylocichla mustelina. Woop Turusu. Song heard at Wilmington, April 19. Silalia sialis sialis. Buursirp. Three. Eastern District School, Brooklyn, N.Y. MIGRATION AND PHYSICAL PROPORTIONS. A PRE- LIMINARY STUDY. BY C. K. AVERILL Iv is a matter of common observation that birds most capable of long sustained flights are long winged. Such are the swallows and swifts on land and the terns, plovers and sandpipers along the shore. A bird flying 35 miles per hour passes through the air at the rate of 51 feet per second and the form of the tail evidently has much to do with the resistance offered by the air. It is evident that the stream lines that pass under the body of the bird will converge at the rear of the body, striking against the tail and causing undue pressure. In birds of superior power of flight—terns, swallows, swifts, gulls, kites, the tail is either forked or it is short, in either case there is little tail beyond the end of the under tail coverts in the median line.* It is the mechanical function of the under tail coverts to fill in the angular space where the tail joins the body where without the coverts an area of reduced pressure would be formed increasing the resistance. The tail of the barn swallow, “In the soaring hawk or eagle the large broad tail forms one of the three planes which support the body. Nol: oe | AVERILL, Migration and Physical Proportions. Me deeply forficate, is part of Nature’s ornamental scheme and such tails occur in terns, kites, swallows, where elegance of form and beauty and great ease of flight are combined. We shall find that among similar birds the species with the longer wings has a shorter or more emarginate or forked tail. These two points, long wing, and tail of small area we may ob- serve in the flying bird, but if we hold our bird in the hand, be it swallow or swift, we also notice that it has small feet and legs. Apparently Nature takes pains in reducing all superfluous weight and carefully considers all trifles. Among the economies the elimination of the hind toe appears to be included. Thus in the true snipe represented by the woodcock, Wilson’s Snipe and Do- witcher the hind toe is present. In the sandpipers which are much longer winged it is much smaller and in the Sanderling which seems the lightest and best formed of these birds and which makes an annual flight of 2000 miles across the ocean to the Sandwich Islands, the hind toe vanishes entirely. Again in the plover family it is present in the Lapwing and Surf-bird, rudimentary in the Black-bellied Plover and is obliterated in the Golden Plover, whose migratory flights so astonish us. In the petrels, those long winged birds of the sea, the hind toe is minute or lacking entirely. Can these instances be regarded as fortuitous? Along the same line we notice that the bill of our swallow or swift is extremely small although we cannot see that a larger bill would interfere with the capture of the insects which these birds feed upon. What we see is the cutting out of all surplus material. In the terns the feet are reduced in size very much as compared with the gulls. The bill, however, cannot be reduced and be effect- ive in catching fish. Reduction is possible only when not inter- fering with the life of the bird. We have then four points of a good flier,—long wing, short tail, or tail of small area, small bill and small legs as shown by length of tarsus. It is one object of this paper to show that the better equipped birds in these respects, in any group, have a greater migratory range. We will tabulate the genus Helminthophila from Ridgway’s ‘Birds of North and Middle America,’ using measurements of 574 lore AVERILL, Migration and Physical Proportions. Oct. the male bird always. The first column contains the name of the bird, the second a brief statement of its range, the third the wing length, the fourth the tail length, the fifth column the differ- ence between wing and tail lengths. It is this column that shows at a glance that the bird making the long migration, is also best proportioned for flight. Measurements in millimeters. HELMINTHOPHILA. Species Range Wing} Tail | Diff. | Cul. |Tars. Tennessee Warb./E. N. A. N. E. New York to |64.5)42.5/22.1/9.6 |16.8 to Alaska. In winter to Venezuela Bachman’s So. States to Cent. Am. 58 .9/44.2)14.7/11.4/17.3 Blue-winged S. N. Eng. to Guatemala 60. 2/46.0)14.2)10.7/17.3 Golden-winged |Mass. to Colombia 62. 2/46. 2)16.0)10.7/17.5 Nashville Saskatchewan to Colombia 59 .2/43.9)15.3] 9.5)17.0 Calaveras Brit. Col. to Mexico. 60. 2/45.5/14.7]) 9.6/16.8 Virginia’s Mt. Dist. Color. to Mexico 61.2/46.0)15.2) 9.4/17.0 Lucy’s Arizona and Mexico 52.1/38.6)13.5) 8.4/15.5 Orange crowned |Alaska to Mexico 62.2/50.0/12.2) 9.6/17.8 Lutescent Pacifie Coast—Alaska to 59.9/47.0)12.9) 9.4/18.0 Guatemala Dusky Calif. Santa Barbara Is. and |59.2/49.8) 9.4)11.4/18.3 adjoining mainland. Here we see by the figure opposite the Tennessee Warbler, At the 22.1, that it is the bird making the longest migration. end of the list is the Dusky Warbler, 9.4, showing the longest tail of all and the shortest wing relatively. We notice that it carries a larger bill and tarsus than the Tennessee in accordance with what we have already said. In the same way we may compare the Orange-crowned, Lutes- cent and Dusky, three races of the same species and note the better flying characteristics of the two birds that reach Alaska. Let us in the same way make a table of the genera Oporornis and Geothlypis. These six birds are arranged in order of their relative wing and tail lengths. With the exception of the Kentucky they also come in order of the extent of their migratory range. While the tail and wing vary greatly the bill and feet remain very much alike ae aay vat) AvERILL, Migration and Physical Proportions. 575 in size. It is evident from this table and the preceding that the important features are wing and tail. The increase in wing length is mostly in the primaries so that the long wing is a pointed wing as in the Connecticut and Kentucky, and the short wing is a round wing as in the Yellow-throat. With the round wing goes the round tail while the long wing accompanies the even tail. OpoRORNIS AND GEOTHLYPIS. Wing| Tail | Diff, | Cul. |Tar. Connecticut EB. N. A. North Mich. to Bra- |73. 1/49. 8/23.3)/11.9)21.3 Warb. zil Kentucky E. U.S. Hudson Valley to 70. 1/51.0/19.1)11.9)22.3 Colombia Mourning E. N. A. Canad‘an Zone, 61.5/49.0)12.5)11.4/20.8 winters from Nicaragua to Ecuador (or) op) = = Te iw) — (or) Macgillivray’s |W. U.S. Breeds from Brit. |62.2)55.6 Col. So. to New Mex. In winter from Lower Calif. to Colombia. Northern Yel- |So. Canad. to Costa Rica. 55.1/49.2) 5.9)11.4/20.5 low-throat. Florida Yel. th’t./Gulf States. Winters in W. I.|55.2|53.0| 2.2)11.5!20.7 Y ELLOW-THROATS. Wing| Tail | Diff. | Cul. |Tars. Maryland Atlantic Coast districts of {52.9/49.3) 3.6|10.5/20.1 U.S. Winters in W. I. Northern N. E. U.S. and S. E. Brit. 55.1/48.2) 5.9)11.4/20.5 Provinces. In winter to Guatemala. Florida Gulf States. Winters in W. 1./55.2/53.0) 2.2)11.5)20.7 Western Arid regions of U.S. In 57.5/55.8| 1.7/11.3/20.9 winter to Mexico. Pacific Pacific Coast—Brit. Col. to |55.8/52.6} 3.2/10.3/20.4 Calif. Winters in Cape St. Lucas. San Blas Mexico only. 55.3/51.1| 4.2/11.4/20.8 Salt Marsh California 52.6/48.3] 4.3]10.2/19.9 Japala, Mexico 61.2/60.2} 1.0/11.2/21.0 576 AVERILL, Migration and Physical Proportions. foot Of these eight geographical races the longest migration is made by the Northern Yellow-throat which has the shortest tail in re- lation to wing. It is important to notice that the southern, western and Mexican birds are all longer tailed with the exception of the salt marsh race. We often read in the text books that western races have longer tails, but it is seen in this table as well as in the others that it is the bird of limited range that has this characteristic, rather than the bird of any particular region. It will be of interest to tabulate the whole genus Dendroica on account of the number of species and because we have great dif- ferences in length of annual journeys each year to zero. from thousands of miles DenprRoica I. BREEDING IN HUDSONIAN AND CANADIAN ZONES. IN WINTER IN SoutH AMERICA. W. ibe Diff. Culm. Tars. Blackpoll Warbler 74.2 51.3 2.9 10 19.1 Bay-breasted (3.4 53.1 20.3 ° 10:40 81853 Blackburnian 67.8 48.3 19.5 929) Bie5 Yellow 62.5 44.4 18.1 LOS 18.6 Average 69.5 49.3 20.2 10.1 18.4 Denproica II. Breepinc IN SouTHERN STATES. WINTER IN S. A. W. dhe Diff. Culm. Tars. Cerulean 65.5° 45.0) ~2055 9.9 1655 Denproica III]. Axtaska TO LaBRapor. NOT BREEDING 8. OF CANADIAN ZONE. WINTERING U. S. To PANAMA. Myrtle (AN 56.27 U729 10. 19.6 Denproica IV. BREEDING IN CANADIAN ZONE. NOT REACHING SOUTH AMERICA IN WINTER. Cape May 66.3 47.2 19.1 Serpe bytes Yellow Palm 67.1 54,:6°> 12.5 9.9 20.0 Black-throated Blue 65.2) Die ae 9.45 Siz Black-throated Green 63.8 47.8 16:0) * 1020S. Magnolia 60.1 48.7 11.4 O20 ves Average 64.5 49.9 14.6 953 lsr3 ae I JS s ‘ ' Mol: at vate AVERILL, Migration and Physical Proportions. SHLl DenpDRoIcCA V. BrREEDINGS. OF CANADIAN ZONE. NOT REACHING S. AMERICA IN WINTER. Prairie 57.6 47.8 9.8 OFAT alsa Kirtland’s Va OSES 12.6 ES 2255) Pine W259 54.4 Uf 10.9 18.5 Yellow-throated 6629) 5087 16.2) 13.8) 14 Chestnut-sided (Gey | GOs 1 118}, O16, LS Averase | 16604. 52:3 14:2 1.1 17.9 Denproica VI. West Inp1ANn Species. Not MIGRANTS. W. Does Dit. se Cul war: Jamaica Yellow G5EO ee SOnon 47, 10.6. 22085 Guadaloupe 5nd 4555) 12,9" WO;4 | 19 Panama GGnON 4925 1625) LI0F 20: Adelaide’s 50. AP ei ONO) 1 As: 6 Santa Lucia 56. Bill ESO) Ona | aes Cuban 58.9 AQ 4 9.5 10.3 16.4 Vittelline 56.8 51.0 Fe Sie AOR LORS Plumbeous G19 5451 (eo lO 20E3 Streaked S208 olen lee lesa S eS Average 59.5 49.4 10.2 10.6 19.1 Taking the genus Dendroica the difference is almost entirely in wing length, the tail does not differ as it does when comparing geographical races, nor do the bill and tarsus differ much. In this genus as in the others preceding we can certainly “ pick the winner” by relative length of wing and tail. The Blackpoll is one of the most famous of all passerine birds as a migrant. Quoting from Cooke “the shortest journey any blackpoll performs is 3500 miles while those that nest in Alaska have 7000 miles to travel to their probable winter home in Brazil” and we find it showing the maximum difference between length of wing and tail 22.9. The Bay-breasted, Blackburnian and Yellow Warbler all of which reach South America in their flight show a difference of 20.3, 19.5 and 18.1 respectively. We note that the Cerulean Warbler although it does not go far north is well proportioned for flight (difference 20.5) and it will be found that the shorter winged species neither go far north nor to South America. I have tabulated measurements for birds of other families and the same principle seems to hold good in nearly every case, though lata 578 AVERILL, Migration and Physical Proportions. Oct. of course in birds such as swallows and swifts and others especially adapted for continuous flight the points I have called attention to are not noticeable. It would be useless to multiply examples as the other tables simply emphasize what I have shown in the Warblers. SUMMARY. We have seen that the longest migrations in any group of simi- lar birds are made by those with longer wings, smaller tails, and smaller bills and feet, and from observation of birds of highly developed powers of flight we conclude that flight is easier for birds so proportioned. We know that migratory flights are a tax on the strength and endurance of birds, that they cross considerable bodies of water that in order to arrive in spring with the punctuality which many of them attain, they fly under unfavorable conditions, against adverse winds, in stormy weather, and are often found exhausted by the struggle. Perhaps if we recall some of the cases of warb- lers in distress we have witnessed or read of we remember that such long winged species, as Blackpolls, Myrtles, Yellows, Oven birds, Water-Thrushes, fared better than the shorter winged Yellow throats, Parulas, Redstarts. It is logical to conclude that by natural selection nature develops the characteristics of good flight and the fittest survive. If birds extended their range by sudden expeditions to some distant point then we might suppose the long winged birds had simply beaten the short winged. Perhaps to some extent this has happened. We may suppose that the Starling with its excellent wing and tail for flight will extend its range more rapidly than some bird of poor flight power. But when we look at the table of Yellow Warblers or of Parula Warblers the differences in physical propor- tions are so slight that it seems they could not be, as they are, important factors in acquiring range. They seem rather to be incipient developments that will increase with time. The forked tail accompanies the longer wing in our North American migrants and is an evidence of good power of flight. The birds of the west, those of and beyond the Rocky Moun- tains, while they may go far north to breed, many of them to Nol a | General Notes. 579 Alaska, do not go far south in winter since the climate of our southwestern states and that of Mexico is such that food cannot be procured at that season. Their migratory flights are so much shorter than those of our eastern birds that they have generally poorer proportions for flight these conditions being particularly noticeable in the birds of the southwestern states, where so many are resident. This region then is the metropolis for long-tailed, sbort-winged, large-billed and large-legged birds. The Florida races are of the same sort but much fewer in numbers. Life for the bird is mainly a struggle for food, and this implies a struggle for room, for extension of feeding grounds and breeding places. In this struggle those with good flight abilities and vigor are found to have the widest distribution for it is written in the book of birds that the longed-winged shall inherit the earth. 406 Stratford Ave., Bridgeport, Conn. GENERAL NOTES Roseate Tern (Sterna dougalli) Breeding in Virginia.—While spending six weeks during the spring of 1920 along the coast of Virginia, I visited every island from Cobb’s to Cape Charles, and was surprised and gratified to find the Roseate Tern breeding on three of these islands, namely, Cobb’s, Wreck and Isaac’s. They were in small groups of three or four pairs in company with Common Terns. I found them to be much more pugnacious than the Common Tern, and while darting at an intruder, would come so close that there was no doubt as to their identity. As Bailey, in his ‘Birds of Virginia’ does not mention this as a breeding bird of the State, I deem this fact worthy of record.—B. R. Bauss, M.D., Circleville, Ohio. Egret at South Orleans, Mass.—Mr. E. B. Mecarta, of Harwich, has given me the following facts in regard to the capture of an American Egret (Herodias egretta) at South Orleans, Mass. On July 26, 1920, Mr. John Kendrick saw a large white heron in a small pond near the state road, and on July 29 the bird was again noticed in the same pond flapping vio- lently as if injured. Upon investigation the heron proved to have had one foot nearly severed probably by a snapping turtle, and was captured from a boat. Mr. Mecarta amputated the foot, and delivered the bird alive to the Curator of the Franklin Park Museum, where it was left in apparently good health on August 2. Strong southwest winds which had 580 General Notes. [oct prevailed for ten days may have carried the bird north. About the same time four “Portuguese Man-o-War’” were picked up on South Beaches near Chatham.—R. Heprer Hows, Jr., Chatham, Mass. The Louisiana Heron (Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis) at Cape May, N. J.—On August 1, 1920, about a mile west of Cape May, N. J., I flushed a small flock of herons containing five individuals of the Little Blue Heron (Florida caerulea) and one of the present species. The birds settled in a shallow pond and were flushed again at closer range. On both occasions the coloration of this bird could be distinctly seen both with the naked eye and with the binoculars, and as I am familiar with the species in the South I recognized it at once. Messrs. J. Fletcher Street and Samuel Scoville, Jr., of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club, were with me at the time and also satisfactorily identified the bird. During the rest of the month the Little Blue Herons were seen almost daily as well as individuals of the White Egret (Herodias egretta), twenty of the former and eleven of the latter being present, but on no occasion did the Louisiana Heron again appear. New Jersey has always been in- cluded in the range of this heron on the basis of the statements of Audubon and Turnbull, that it occasionally migrated that far north, but so far as I know there is no specimen extant from the State nor any definite record of its occurrence. The above record therefore is of considerable interest and is perhaps a further illustration of the benefits to be expected from the protection that is being afforded these birds on their breeding grounds on the Gulf coast. The present summer seems to have been a good one for ‘‘ White Herons,”’ as my friend, John Treadwell Nichols, informs me that both the Little’ Blue and the Egret reached Long Island during August.—WITMER STONE, Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. The Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa) on the New Jersey Coast.— On August 9, 1920, about a mile west of Cape May, N. J., a Marbled Godwit flew past me at close range, coming from one of the small ponds on the salt meadows and making for the beach. It was disturbed however by some people walking there and did not alight, keeping on down the coast just inside the surf. About half an hour later it returned and settled on the edge of a shallow pond directly before me where I had an excellent opportunity of studying its markings. As I can find no recent records of its capture or occurrence on the New Jersey coast this observation seems worthy of record. Old gunners of twenty-five or thirty years ago speak of shooting Godwits, but it is not always clear which of the two species they had obtained. We have two specimens of the Marbled Godwit in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia shot at Wildwood, N. J., by Dr. W. L. Abbott, September 14, 1880, but several more recent Godwit records are all the Hudsonian.—WITMER STONE, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Vol. Pert | 1920 General Notes. 581 Marbled Godwit on Long Island, N. Y.—On August 14, 1920, we had snipe-decoys set in a pool on the mainland marsh bordering Moriches Bay at Mastic, Long Island. It was about mid-morning, and hot, with a brisk southwest wind. A Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa) came in from the north, alighted with our decoys, where it spent about ten minutes, chiefly preening itself, a stone’s toss in front of us, then took wing and went on to the south. Its long bill was rose-pink for about the basal half, the rest seeming black; its legs were lead-gray in color. Coming in it called a single pecu- liar squawk or honk; alighted, and especially when other shore-birds flew by, it had an unloud, very goose-like honk. In view of the rarity of this bird on Long Island, and the interest as to whether some of the extirpated species are again becoming less rare, the occurrence seems worth recording.—J. T. Nicnouts anp CHARLES H. Roaers, New York City. The Willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus) in Nova Scotia.—Dr. Spencer Trotter recorded (‘Some Nova Scotia Birds,’ ‘The Auk,’ Vol. XXI, No. 1, pp. 55-64, Jan., 1904) that not long before, presumably in the summer of 1903, he had found Willets conspicuous about the salt marshes near Barrington, Shelburne County, Nova Scotia, and that, although he had found no nests of the species, his son had there shot a fully fledged young Willet on the wing early in July. In 1910 the 8rd edition of the A. O. U. ‘Check-List’ said of the Willet: “Breeds from Virginia (formerly Nova Scotia) south to Florida and the Bahamas.” On what evidence it was then supposed that the Willet had ceased to breed in Nova Scotia between 1903 and 1910 I do not know. E. Chesley Allen, in ‘Annotated List of Birds of Yarmouth and Vicin- ity, Southwestern Nova Scotia’ (Trans. N. 8. Inst. of Sci., Vol. XIV, Part 1, pp. 67-95, Jan. 5, 1916) states of the Willet: ‘‘Summer resident, but more common during the fall migrations. They show all evidence of breeding in our locality, though I have not yet found nest or young. First appearance (5 years) May 4.” Finally, in a list of Migratory Birds Convention Act prosecutions, published in ‘The Canadian Field-Naturalist,’ Vol. XXXIV, No. 2, p. 36, Feb., 1920, it is stated that two residents of Central Argyle (Yarmouth County), Nova Scotia, had been convicted of shooting Willets. My own experience with Nova Scotian Willets is practically confined to the lower valley of the Chebogue River, in Yarmouth County, where, on the extensive salt marshes and the neighboring upland fields and swamps, Willets are not uncommon, as I have known since 1911, if not earlier. The only Willet which I have seen elsewhere was one observed from a train window, June 25, 1913, when it was flying over the salt marshes at Pubnico Harbor, Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia. I have occasionally searched for the nests or the young of the Willets, but without success until June 8, 1920, when I found a nest with four eggs 582 General Notes. [Set of this species, in an open swale in an upland pasture, about a quarter of a mile from the nearest salt marsh or salt water, at Arcadia, Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, on the western side of the Chebogue River. The nest was near the junction of the River Road with Argyle Street, and was about 150 yards from each of those much-travelled highways, which were in full view from the nest-site. Several cattle occupied the pasture at the time when the nest was found. The swale in which the nest was placed was of considerable extent and was of the kind preferred as a breed- ing-place by Wilson’s Snipe; in fact, a pair of those birds were evidently nesting there. The Willet’s nest was a slight hollow in the damp ground, lined with a few dead rushes. It was surrounded by growing rushes, cinnamon fern, low blackberry bushes, and wild rose bushes, and was well concealed. The eggs agreed with standard descriptions of Willets’ eggs. They and the nest were left undisturbed. The sitting Willet flushed from the nest at my very feet, and in appear- ance and cries was of course unmistakable. So fast did it tear through the low growth around the nest that it left me, as further proof of its identity, two of its feathers, one of which is being forwarded to the Editor of ‘The Auk’ with this note. On June 14, 1920, I found another Willet’s nest, containing four eggs, at Cook’s Beach, at the mouth of the Chebogue River. This nest was scantily lined with dry grass and ‘‘eel-grass’’ and was in a slight hollow on top of a dry, grassy knoll, about fifteen feet above high-tide mark, which was about fifty feet distant. The sitting bird was surrounded by short growing grass and strawberry plants, and by two or three small plants of Iris. It flushed from the nest at my feet, and by loud cries at- tracted its mate and its neighbors, so that I soon had the pleasure of seeing six Willets in the air together near me. I estimate that there were about a dozen pairs of Willets breeding along the Chebogue River in 1920, and the species is apparently to be considered not uncommon in suitable areas in southwestern Nova Scotia. When scolding an intruder, Nova Scotian Willets seem to prefer to perch on the very top of some spruce or fir tree, where they appear strangely out of place. They also perch readily on buildings, telephone poles, and fences. For such large game birds they are not very shy, and I have seen one perch on top of a telephone pole close beside the road until I, riding along the road on a bicycle, was directly opposite it, when it flew. Canada is making special efforts, under the provisions of the Migra- tory Birds Convention, to give the Nova Scotian Willets such effectual protection as shall result in their rapid increase in numbers.—HARRISON F. Lewis, Quebec, P. Q. The Willet in Nova Scotia.—In the last edition of the ‘Check-List’ of the American Ornithologists’ Union, under the head of Willet (Catop- trophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus), it is stated that “Breeds from ~ Virginia (formerly Nova Scotia) south to Florida and the Bahamas.” I am glad to be able to state that this bird still breeds in Nova Scotia. Nok iors a General Notes. 583 On July 6, 1920, I saw a Willet flying over the salt marshes at Pubinco, two more on the same day at Wood’s Harbor—these records were made from the railway train—and on July 9, one at Barrington Passage, all in southern Nova Scotia. On July 18, on the sand flats of Barrington Bay, near Coffinscroft, I found a flock of ten Willets, and on July 25, at the same place, Dr. Spencer Trotter and I counted twenty-six of these birds. Dr. 8. K. Palten, of Boston, formerly of Yarmouth, tells me that Willets were shot in considerable numbers in the marshes at Comeau Hill, about twelve miles southeast of Yarmouth, every year. He heard of twenty- two being shot there in 1917. In 1919 some were shot and the offender prosecuted and fined at Yarmouth under the Migratory Bird Convention Law. Mr. Harrison F. Lewis, as will be seen by his note in this number, has given the final proof of the Willets’ still breeding in Nova Scotia by the discovery of two nests with eggs—Cuartes W. Townsenp, M.D., 98 Pinckney St., Boston, Mass. Breeding of the Semipalmated Plover (Aegialitis semipalmata) in Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia.—On June 14, 1920, at Cook’s Beach, at the mouth of the Chebogue River, Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, I found a nest and four eggs of the Semipalmated Plover (Aegialitis semi- palmata (Bonap.)). The nest was a short distance above ordinary high- tide mark, at a point where the beach consisted of smooth gray stones of moderate size, among which had lodged enough soil to support a very scanty growth of fine, short grass. The four eggs, which corresponded in appearance with the description of the eggs of this species contained in Chapman’s ‘Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America,” 1912 edi- tion, lay, points ‘nward, on a few bits of seaweed, in a slight, circular depression, apparently made by the bird. They were wholly without shelter, yet so well did they blend in appearance with their surroundings that I bad previously searched the beach carefully for three hours without finding them. I finally discovered them by seeing the parent Plover run to them and incubate them while I sat motionless beside some lobster- traps which were piled on the beach a few rods away. After incubating for about ten minutes, the Plover became uneasy, left the eggs, and, with short runs and frequent pauses, repeatedly approached within eight feet of me on the open beach, giving me the best of opportunities to see in detail the characteristic markings of the species. I have been familiar for many years with the appearance and notes of both the Semipalmated Plover and the Piping Plover, and, under the circumstances, could make no error in this identification. There were at least five pairs of Semi- palmated Plovers at Cook’s Beach on the day of my visit, all apparently breeding there, but I found one nest only belonging to that species. The nest and eggs were left untouched. The 1910 edition of the A. O. U. ‘Check-List’ says that this Plover “breeds from Melville Island, Wellington Channel, and Cumberland 584 General Notes. lace Sound to the valley of the Upper Yukon, southern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, and Gulf of St. Lawrence.” The Gulf of St. Lawrence does not extend south of latitude 45° 35, N., while Cook’s Beach is in latitude 43° 44, N., so that it is evident that the breeding-range of this bird extends farther south than was supposed.—Harrison F. Lewis, Quebec, P. Q. The Cowbird’s Whistle.—During a visit of five days at Jamestown, R. L., July 3-7, 1915, I frequently heard a male Cowbird (Molothrus ater ater) whistle in the following manner. He gave two long whistles, inflected upward, followed by three short, quick whistles on a lower pitch. His only variation was to omit one of the long whistles. This bird inter- ested me not a little, for in Lexington, Mass., where the Cowbird is com- mon—especially in the spring and early summer—I have noted a remark- able uniformity in its note. The Lexington birds give one long whistle followed by two short ones—never more and never less. I should not have ventured to call attention to this Jamestown bird, if the matter had not been brought to my memory by another Cowbird (presumably another one) at exactly the same spot in Jamestown. On May 2, 1919, as I was passing the corner of the road where I had heard the bird four years before, a Cowbird uttered a long whistle, then two short ones, and concluded the series with another long whistle. This performance was not exactly the same, to be sure, as that heard in 1915, yet it was similar to it, and, at the same time, very different from our Lexington birds. During the spring of 1919 I noticed repeatedly a similar extension in the whistling of another Cowbird, two or three miles away in Saunderstown, R. L., although other Cowbirds near at hand whistled as the Lexington birds do. A small matter, all this, perhaps, yet in the light of Mr. Saunders’ il- luminating demonstration in his article on Geographical Variation in Song (‘The Auk,’ 1919, pp. 525-528) the thought suggests itself that there may be many minor variations in bird-songs, slight in direct proportion to the distance separating varying birds. Possibly these Rhode Island Cowbirds presented a variation of a longer song of which I am ignorant, but which may be heard in the southern states—Wrnsor M. Tyter, M.D., Lexington, Mass. Dance of Purple Finch.—The following description of the ecstatic movements of a Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus purpureus) is inter- esting in the light of recent discussion. At six-fifteen (Eastern Time) on the afternoon of May 16, 1920, my wife called my attention to a male Purple Finch fluttering among the branches of our cherry tree. A female Purple Finch was soon discovered sitting quietly in the same tree. The male remained about five feet from the female, taking short, nervous flights, raising his crest and softly uttering the call note. In a few mo- ments the female flew down to the ground. At once the male followed and became violently excited, drawing his quivering wings out in an are VO te er General Notes. 585 until the ends of the primaries swept the ground. For about four or five minutes this prancing dance was continued while he drew nearer the passive female. And now when he was about two inches from and:in front of her he picked up a straw, dropped it and picked up a piece of grass which hung from each side of his bill. This seemed to be the signal for the greatest agitation on his part; with ecstatic dance, full song and vi- brating wings he moved slowly on beating feet, back and forth before the female; then he rose six inches in the air, poured forth glorious song notes and dropped to the ground at one side of the female. He landed on his feet but instantly took a most dramatic pose by holding stiffly his spread tail to the ground and tilting back on that support with head held high, the raised crest and carmine ruff adding to the effect. Then like a little tragedian he rolled over on his side, apparently lifeless; the song ceased and the straw fell from bis bill. Up to this time the female had remained oblivious as far as outward manifestation showed, but now she turned quickly and gave the male as he lay “‘dead”’ a vicious peck in the breast, whereat he came to and flew up in the tree, a normal bird once more, and was soon singing in the usual deliberate fashion from a high perch. The female busied herself about the spot where he had just danced and soon finding the straw and grass which he had dropped she picked them up in her bill and flew into the tree where she went searching from place to place for a spot to start a nest. I have had one other similar experience with a Purple Finch which included the dance and the straw, but without this dramatic ending. The birds which I have described above were already mated. What relation does this dance of the straw bear to the starting of the nest? At first glance it appears to the reason of man to be an elaobrate attempt to stimulate the female to start building the nest.—Gorpon Borr WELL- MAN, 4 Dover Road, Wellesley, Mass. Breeding of the Evening Grosbeak in Manitoba.—During the week-end of May 29-June 1, while collecting at Gimli, Lake Winnipeg, I secured several specimens of the Evening Grosbeak. Besides the fact that this was a very late date for the birds in this part of the Province, I was interested to note that they all appeared to be paired, with the one exception of a male which was apparently courting a female Rose-breasted Grosbeak. They were present during the whole of the week-end and from their behaviour I judged that they were mating and preparing to nest. Knowing that I should be unable to visit the locality again before August, I mentioned the facts to my friends, Messrs. A. G. Lawrence and Harrold, of this city, asking them if they could run up in the meantime and keep their eyes open for the birds. Mr. Harrold managed to visit Gimli on July 1 and found the:birds there as expected. He tells me they were fairly plentiful, but he found no nests as his time was very limited. Early in August I was myself back in Gimli, again found the Evening Grosbeak plentiful, and on August 9 collected a juvenile bird. There is therefore no doubt that they bred here. 586 General Notes. lon Mr. Lawrence visited Pine Lake on the borders of Manitoba and On- tario (actually in Ontario) on July 3. He found the Evening Grosbeak in some numbers but found no nest. Since returning to Winnipeg, Mr. Lawrence tells me that one of the orchardists at the Agricultural College told him that he had actually found the nest of an Evening Grosbeak near the college grounds. Mr. Lawrence promptly went out to see it, but the man was unable to locate it again and supposed that it had been destroyed. “My own time, from the middle of June to the beginning of August, was spent at the Manitoba University Biological Station at Indian Bay, Shoal Lake, Lake of the Woods. Indian Bay is in Manitoba, a few miles from the Ontario boundary. I saw no signs of Evening Grosbeaks till July 23, when I heard the note on one of the islands in the bay. To my surprise I found an old bird accompanied by a single young one clam- ouring for food. To my great regret I failed to secure either of them, as they were almost at once lost to view in the growth and were not seen again till leaving the island and out of range. On the 26th, however, on the mainland and not far from the Biological Station, I again heard the note and this time found a family of three or four being fed by the parents. I shot two of the young, but one was lost in the dense growth. Later in the day I came across yet another family of young and collected one of these. There can be no doubt that these birds were bred in the immediate vicinity as the youngest of the two I secured could not have been long out of the nest. They may have been reared on one of the is- lands, though the forest is so dense that they more probably had their homes on the mainland and escaped observation earlier—Wm. Rowan, Department of Biology, Alberta University, Edmonton, Alta., Canada. A Change in the Nesting Habits of the Common House Sparrow (Passer domesticus).—After its introduction into the National Capital, the House Sparrow bred the following spring and summer in many places. Hundreds of them made their nests in the vines on churches and elsewhere; while it was no uncommon thing to observe from three to half a dozen of their big, bulky nests in one of the street maples or other trees. They were all the more conspicuous for the reason that the birds bred so early that their nests were in evidence long before the selected trees had fully leafed out. Then, in a year or so, followed the ‘“sparrow-war’’—a persecution to the death of these birds, carried on in the most merciless manner. Their nests were pulled out of trees and other places more rapidly than they could build them; great nets were thrown over vines on churches, houses, and other buildings after roosting time, and thousands of others fell vic- tims to the law ordering their extermination. Various other devices were resorted to in order to destroy this poor, little, introduced feathered ““pest’’; but the House Sparrow had come to stay, and, owing to his long, long training in the cities of many countries and among all nations of men, Vol. PERV IL General Notes. : 587 he had learned a whole lot about a good many things—especially about the importance of the matter of propagating his own species. Here in Washington, only a few years ago, he quit building, communal style, in the vines covering such “sacred edifices’ as churches; he also practically gave up nesting in trees that lined the streets and avenues in all directions. As a matter of fact, the sparrow gave up his housekeeping in any such public places. Now this year (1920) I have given especial attention to the nesting of this species here in this city, and the interesting fact has come to my notice that the bird has not built out in plain sight anywhere. I have been unable to observe the presence of a nest within the city limits. That they are nesting in as great numbers as ever there can be no doubt; for, as the weather warms up, one may note the males courting the females as usual, and both sexes gathering and flying away with materials for nest construction. However, both males and females have become ex- tremely secretive; and whatever place a pair selects for a nesting-site, they make more than certain that no part of the nest is allowed to stick out beyond the entrance. On several occasions I watched a bird with some nesting material in its beak, to note where it flew, and thus dis- cover where a nest would be later on. Every time I did so, however, the bird would drop what it had; in an unconcerned manner take up some- thing else, or fly up into a tree until I took my departure. I have not seen a House Sparrow’s nest ina tree in Washington this year; while twenty- five or thirty years ago one could count as many as half a dozen in a single tree, sometimes, on any of the busiest thoroughfares.—Dr. R. W. Suo- FELDT, Washington, D. C. Notes on the Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow (Passerherbulus nel- soni subvirgatus).—On June 12, 1920, inasmall salt marsh near Bunker’s Island, at the southern end of Yarmouth Harbor, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, I found the occupied nest of a pair of Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrows. The nest proper was a neat, round cup of fine, dry, dead grass, with some horsehair in the lining. Its foundation consisted of some small masses of “eel-grass” and roots. Its dimensions were: inside diameter, 2.5 in.; outside diameter, 4.5 in.; inside depth, 1.5 in.; outside depth, 2.375 in. It was elevated above the general surface of the marsh by being placed on the top of a low, grassy ridge, about fourteen inches high, formed from material thrown up when a ditch was dug across the marsh, many years before. During some storm a mat of dead “eel-grass’’ had been left on top of this ridge, and this had later been lifted by the growing marsh grass, leaving several inches between it and the ground. The nest was placed at the northwest edge of this mat, about half of the nest being under it, while the other side was sheltered and concealed by grass about six Inches high. The nest was not sunk in the ground at all. Two young Sharp-tails, partly feathered, and nearly ready to leave the nest, were in their snug home, while the dried body of a third young 5S8 General Notes. lace bird, which evidently had died soon after hatching, lay on the front edge of the nest. The living birds had their eyes open and feathers partly covering the head, back, chin, and the sides of breast and belly. A stripe over each eye and one in the center of the crown were buffy; the rest of the upper parts were fuscous, the feathers tipped with buffy; the sides of the throat were buffy, the sides of the breast whitish, streaked with fus- cous, and the sides of the belly whitish. They were still so young that, when touched, they would open wide their bright red, yellow-edged mouths. The nest was found after I had quietly watched the parent Sparrows for about an hour, while they were bringing food to their young. Most of the food appeared to be obtained on the salt marsh, within a rod or two of the nest, but the birds visited also an upland hayfield nearby. The old birds never alighted at the nest nor took flight from it, but de- scended and arose at various points distant from one to two yards from their home. On one occasion one of them was observed to carry off a white sack of excrement. The male sang from time to time from a piece of driftwood on the marsh about 30 feet distant from the nest. When I was examining the nest and the young birds, the parents made no demon- stration for some minutes, but later they came near and uttered chip’s, much like those of Savannah Sparrows. There was no difficulty in identi- fication, as these birds, with which I have been familiar for some ten years, differ markedly in appearance and song from Savannah Sparrows or any other birds to be found in Nova Scotia. On June 17 I again visited this nest, found it empty, and collected it. It has since been presented to the Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa, Ontario. When collected, the nest was thoroughly wet, evidently as a result of having been flooded by the high spring tides then occurring, there having been a new moon on June 16, for norain had fallenat Yarmouth in the interval between my two visits to the nest. There were, of course, spring tides about June 1, the date of the previous full moon, when the nest probably contained eggs, but these would not be as high as the spring tides of the new moon, and may not have reached the nest. There is no apparent reason, however, why the spring tides accompanying the new moon of May 18 should not have been as high as those of the new moon in June and flooded the nest-site. Probably the nest was built immedi- ately after those spring tides subsided. It would be interesting to know if this was a mere coincidence or if these birds, when nesting in salt marshes, take into account the variations in the rise and fall of the tides, and thus, indirectly, the phases of the moon! Mr. W. H. Moore has described (Cat. of Can. Birds, Macoun & Macoun, Ottawa, 1909, pp. 507-508) some nests and eggs of this subspecies from fresh-water marshes along the St. John River in New Brunswick, but, so far as I have been able to ascertain, the present is the first description of a salt marsh nest of this species, and the first definitely identified nest Vol. aN) General Notes. 589 of the species recorded from Nova Scotia, where these birds are common in suitable localities in the breeding season. On June 12, a fine, bright, windy day, Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrows frequently delivered their flight-songs all about me during the time that I remained in their marsh, from 10.060 a. m. to 4.00 p. m. When about to sing his flight-song, the male Sharp-tail rises, on fluttering wings, diagonally upward from the marsh to a height of 25 or 30 feet, uttering meanwhile a slow ser‘es of chip’s. He then spreads his wings and, as he sails slowly downward, utters once bis husky sh-sh-sh-ulp, then flutters downward a few feet, with frequent chip’s, then sets his wings and sails and sings a second time, and finally, with more fluttering and more chip’s, descends to his perch, where he continues to sing, but is silent in the inter- vals between songs.—Harrison F. Lewis, Quebec, P. Q. Notable Warblers Breeding Near Aiken, S. C.—The Swainson’s Warbler (Limnothlypsis swainsoni) is known to nest abundantly along the swamps of the Savannah River near Augusta, Ga. The hills rise steeply on the South Carolina side of the river towards Aiken, eighteen miles away and six hundred feet above sea level. The surrounding coun- try is rolling, sandy, farming land, with numerous small streams, and d few large mill ponds. The creek bottoms are generally heavily woodea and contain patches of dense tangled underbrush and cane (Arundinaria tecta). We found the first Swainson’s Warblers on April 23, 1920, two together in open woods near a mill pond. On and after May 7 we always heard two birds singing in this particular neighborhood, but were unable to find a nest. One of these birds sang continuously in a narrow strip of woods between a railroad and a high-road, paying no more attention to passing trains or trucks than did the Hooded Warblers or White-eyed Vireos. Everywhere the singing birds paid very little attention to oue presence. It was our experience in every instance that we could locajr and approach a singing bird without much difficulty, and that he would continue singing uninterruptedly. After May 8 we found one or more Swainson’s Warblers in every suit- able locality; that is, in damp woods near running water or ponds where there were thick undergrowth and cane. On May 23 we found a nest. It was on the side of an embankment, ten feet below a carriage road, and the same distance from a small stream. We were crossing the stream on a fallen log when we looked down and saw the bird sitting on her nest about four feet away. She watched us with no sign of fear, and slipped off her nest after we had been moving about for several minutes. There were three eggs in the nest, which was fastened securely in the tops of several stalks of cane bent over, so that the nest was four and a half feet from the ground. We returned the following mid-day. One bird was on the nest, and the mate soon ap- proached, singing as he hopped leisurely along, and took a bath in the 590 General Notes. love stream. We walked out on the log and took several pictures of the bird on the nest. Not even the click of the camera made her move or show fear. Unfortunately the pictures were not good. Another day when we arrived no bird was on the nest, but while we were watching, about twelve feet away, she returned and settled herself on the nest. May 30 two eggs were hatched. June 2 three tiny young ones were in the nest. Some tragedy occurred that night, for the following morning the nest was empty, though apparently undisturbed, and the male was singing in the distance. Miss Ford found another nest on July 19, about a quarter of a mile away from the first nest. It was in a tangle of cat brier vine and gall berry, about three and a half feet from the ground almost on the edge of a creek, and close to a big fallen pine, against a bank of kalmia and cane. The nest contained three young birds very nearly fledged. Both parents were fluttering and chipping nearby, but they went about their business, and during the next half hour were seen to feed the young. On July 1, Miss Ford also watched two very young birds being fed. They were hiding on the ground in very thick underbrush, and were fed by both parents. She was attracted to the spot by the singing of the parent. The fervent singing of Swainson’s Warbler was a constant pleasure this spring. As Mr. Wayne says, “Its notes are full of sweetness, and at times it is really inspiring.”’ A delightful experience was on the evening of June 29. Miss Ford was with a party of friends having picnic tea on the banks of a creek, when suddenly a Swainson’s Warbler burst into song. He was in plain sight about forty feet away, over the high road, on the edge of the woods. He started a chorus of song from Prothonotaries, Hooded Warblers, and White-eyed Vireos, which lasted for ten minutes, until a passing auto- mobile broke up the concert. Kentucky Warblers (Oporornis formosa) were found on June 6, and again on June 7, while looking for Swainson’s Warblers. They must be shy birds, for we had not found them before, nor did we hear their song. We found two families, in deep swampy woods, eight miles apart, and in each instance we saw the birds at close range, and watched both parents feeding young birds. This is unusually far east for the Kentucky Warbler to be found nesting. Louisiana Water-Thrushes (Seiucrus motacilla) we found to be rather abundant. Last year Mr. Wayne recorded our finding a pair breeding at Graniteville, S. C., five miles from Aiken. This spring we saw and heard them in every suitable locality around Aiken. On April 13 we found a pair while on May 23 in exactly the same spot we saw two adults feeding and followed by their very young birds. On May 9 we found a nest partially completed and watched the bird building it, but later visits showed that it had been abandoned. On June 1, and on June 4, in different swamps we saw adults followed by young birds.—Marion J. PELLEW AND Louiss P. Forp, Aiken, S. C. Vol. | General Notes. 591 The Yellow-throated Warbler (Dendroica dominica dominica) at Cape May, N. J.—While examining the Pitch Pine trees in the woods at Cape May Point at the southernmost extremity of New Jersey, on July 13, 1920, in a search for some young of the Pine Warbler (Dendroica vigorsi), T noticed the terminal portion of a small branch in violent agitation and focusing my binoculars upon it was astonished to see an adult Yellow- throated Warbler (D. dominica dominica) emerge from among the needles. I watched it feeding in this tree for some little time, hoping that it might lead the way to a nest or brood of young, but it seemed concerned entirely with obtaining food for itself. Finally it disappeared behind the main trunk of the tree and apparently flew off on the far side, as further search failed to discover it anywhere in the neighborhood. Two days later a careful search was made and after about an hour the bird was seen again in the same vicinity and was secured. It was a male with sexual organs only moderately developed and as no trace of other individuals of the species, either adult or young, could be found during the remainder of the summer, it seems probable that this was simply a stray individual that had wandered a little north of its regular range. As the Blue Gray Gnat- catcher occurs regularly in the same woods and the Mockingbird not in- frequently, it would not be surprising if this species occurred there occa- sionally as a breeder. One specimen of this species was secured somewhere in Cape May County by the late Harry Garrett, of West Chester, and was obtained from him by Charles J. Pennock. It is now in the collection of the Phila- delphia Academy, but I have not been able to learn the exact locality of its capture. These constitute, so far as I know, the only specimens that have been obtained in the State. My specimen is now also in the Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.—WitmreR Stone, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. The Black-poll Warbler and Bicknell’s Thrush at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia.—It appears to have escaped general notice that Mr. E. Chesley Allen, in a paper entitled ‘Annotated List of Birds of Yarmouth and Vicinity, Southwestern Nova Scotia’ (Trans. N. 8. Inst. of Sci., Vol. XIV, Part 1, pp. 67-95, Jan. 5, 1916), stated that the Black-poll Warbler (Dendroica striata) and Bicknell’s Thrush (Hylocichla aliciae bicknelli) are regular summer residents on the West Cape, at the entrance to the harbor of Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, and doubtless breed there. The West Cape is an island at high tide, but is connected with the mainland by a highway bridge. My attention was first called to the presence of these birds at this point by Mr. Allen. On the afternoon of June 18, 1920, I spent two hours at the West Cape and, although a clouded sky and a high, chill easterly gale made con- ditions unfavorable for observing song-birds, I noticed six Black-poll Warblers and one Bicknell’s Thrush in song. Ihave no doubt that I should have found many more of the warblers, which seemed to be plentiful, 592 General Notes. love had I not spent most of my time in a small area of dense spruce woods, searcbing for Bicknell’s Thrush, which proved to be extremely shy, al- though I finally obtained an excellent view of it—Harrison F. Lewis, Quebec, P. Q. The Summer Resident Warblers (Mniotiltidae) of Northern New Jersey.—The past summer’s field-work has added three northern war- blers to the known summer resident avifauna of New Jersey,—the Nash- ville (Vermivora ruficapilla), Blackburnian (Dendroica fusca), and Black- throated Blue (Dendroica caerulescens). There was already reason to suspect the breeding of these species in this region as for two or three years past I had observed them the very end of May and, several years ago, had seen a male Blackburnian Warbler in June. The ten days from June 11-21, as well as June 27-28 were spent in the mountains near Moe, west of the southern end of Greenwood Lake. Bearfort Mountain and the parallel ridge immediately northwest reach a height of 1400 feet, the narrow valley separating them lying about 1100 feet above sea level. The Nashville Warbler is a common bird in this region. Eight indi- viduals, mostly singing males, were observed between June 12 and 20, and no doubt many more could have been found had special effort been made. The white birch (Betula populifolia) groves bordering the heavier timber are their chosen haunts. A male Black-throated Blue Warbler was seen on June 21, by the road up the mountain from Greenwood Lake to Moe. One has been noted in the same spot on May 31. This species proved to be fairly common in a tract of mixed hemlock and hardwood on the ridge northwest of Bearfort Mountain. Here also several male Blackburnian Warblers were found in full song and one female was observed. This spot was visited on two occasions, the 19th and the 27th. Altho no nests of any of these species were found all the circumstances indicate that they breed in the region. The Chestnut-sided, Golden-winged, Black-throated Green and Can- ada Warblers and the Northern Water-Thrush are all common summer residents here, though the last named is very local. The species of more southern or general distribution are the Black-and-White, Worm-eating, Yellow, Hooded and Northern Parula Warblers, the Northern Yellow- throat, Redstart, Ovenbird and Louisiana Water-Thrush. As only a single Northern Parula was observed (on June 17) the exact status of this species js uncertain. A Yellow-breasted Chat was heard singing at the southeast foot of Bearfort Mountain near West Milford, on June 28. There can be no further doubt that the Northern Water-Thrush (Seturus noveboracensis) breeds in New Jersey. This species was common in two swamps on the mountain northwest of Bearfort, and a full-grown young bird was seen on June 27. The haunts of the two Water-Thrushes are distinct, the northern species inhabiting the swamps while its southern mel Pri ye General Notes. 593 relative is found along the rocky mountain brooks. On the other hand the Hooded and Canada Warblers are commonly observed together, though the latter is largely restricted to the thickets of rhododendron which is not the case with its congener. The Canada Warbler is now known as a summer resident in three widely separated localities in northern New Jersey—Budd’s Lake, Morris County (cf. Aux, April, 1917, p. 214), Bear Swamp, Sussex County (cf. Auk, Jan., 1920, p. 137) and the region here described in the northwestern part of Passaic County. Two errors in the note published in ‘The Auk’ for January, 1920, may here be corrected. Bear Swamp was stated to be near ‘Crusoe Lake”; — this should read ‘Lake Owassa formerly known as Long Lake.’’ In the last line of the first paragraph, for “p. 24”, read “p. 214.”—W. DrW. Miter, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. A Peculiarly Marked Example of Dumetella carolinensis.—In speaking of the female Catbird, Mr. Ridgway says (Birds of North and Middle America, Vol. IV, p. 218): ‘‘chestnut of under tail-coverts more restricted and broken through greater extension of the basal and central slate-gray.”’ An extreme case of the restriction of the chestnut of these feathers is presented by a specimen recently captured by the writer at Washington, D. C. At first glance, the bird presented an almost unbroken gray appear- ance relieved only by the black cap. This grayness was particularly noticeable on the lower tail-coverts, and it was only upon closer scrutiny that the fact was revealed that these feathers were not of solid color. Basally, there was no trace of chestnut, which was present only in the form of a very narrow edging (in no place as much as a sixteenth of an inch in width) beginning about midway of the feathers and continuing around the tips. An examination of the specimens of this bird in the National Museum and Biological Survey collections reveals the fact, as noted by Mr. Ridg- way, that while “restricted and broken” there is generally at least a ter- minal one-third or one-fourth of the characteristic chestnut color. In the extensive series examined, no specimen was found that even approached the one in question. The bird was otherwise normal.—FrRepERIcK C. Lincoun, Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. The Hudsonian Chickadee in New Jersey.—The writer has re- cently examined a small collection of skins of local birds made by the late Charles R. Sleight of Ramsey, New Jersey. The only specimen of unusual interest in the collection is a Hudsonian Chickadee (Penthestes hudsonicus hudsonicus) taken at Ramsey, on November 1, 1913, and now in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History. Dr. Charles W. Townsend has examined this specimen and agrees with me that it is true hudsonicus. In general coloration it agrees closely with 594 General Noies. lore birds from Homer, Alaska, except that the rump is somewhat less gray. It cannot be matched by a single skin of littoralis, of which I have com- pared a good series from Maine, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. In the majority of these birds the cap and back are conspicuously lighter, more buffy, brown. In P. h. nigricans these parts are decidedly darker than in the Ramsey specimen. It will be recalled that there was a notable southward flight of brown- capped Chickadees in the fall of 1913, the first being recorded on October 29, at South Sudbury, Massachusetts. The species was also observed in Connecticut and Rhode Island (cf. Wright, Auk, 1914, p. 236, and Griscom, l. c., p. 254). According to Dr. Townsend (Auk, April, 1917, p. 160) both of the eastern races of this Chickadee, P. h. littoralis and P. h. nigricans, were represented in this migration. The specimen here recorded is the first individual of this race ever taken or seen in New Jersey, so faras we know. In ‘The Auk’ for April, 1917, p. 218, the writer recorded a specimen of P. h. nigricans taken near Plainfield on December 31, 1916, which at that time was the first record of the species from the state. Other individuals observed during the same winter at various localities as far south as Princeton, were probably of the same race. Incidentally it may be well to note that the tail of the Plainfield specimen is very imperfect, and the measurement given by Dr. Townsend (Auk, l. c., p. 163) is incorrect. P. h. littoralis is as yet unknown from New Jersey.—W. DreW. Mitier, American Museum of Natural History, N.Y. The Plain Titmouse a New Bird for Oregon.—Among a number of bird skins recently presented to me by my friend, Professor W. M. Clayton, of Santa Ana, California, who lived at Ashland, Oregon, from 1899 to 1902, there is a skin of the Plain Titmouse (Baeolophus inornatus), a male shot on April 17, 1900, at Ashland, Oregon, in oak scrub. While there is really nothing unusual in the fact that the bird should be found there, since it is found in Siskiyou County, California, just south of the Oregon boundary line, yet so far as I know it has never been recorded from Oregon. Neither the A. O. U. ‘Check-List,’ ‘The Auk,’ nor the ‘Birds of Oregon’ make mention of it so far as Oregon is concerned. I have no access to the last volume of ‘The Condor’ and can not say whether a record is there to be found or not. As long, however, as no proof is forth- coming to the contrary, I believe I am entitled to hail this species as a new bird for Oregon.—W. F. Hennincer, New Bremen, Ohio. The Singing of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus c. calendula). In an interesting paper entitled ‘‘Geographical Variation in the song of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet’”’ (‘The Auk,’ Vol. XXXVI, pp. 525-528, October, 1919), Mr. Aretas A. Saunders has brought to the attention of the readers of this journal a constant difference which he has observed to exist between the songs of migrant Ruby-crowned Kinglets in the north- Wel Pr aeaa| General Notes. 595 eastern part of the United States and the songs of individuals of the same species breeding in Montana. Mr. Saunders has represented the two types of song graphically and has explained that the variation occurs in the third, final, and loudest part of the song. He says: “Eastern birds sing it as a series of triplets, the notes of each triplet rising in pitch, and the last note accented, that is, both loudest and longest in duration. Western birds sing a series of double notes, all on the same pitch, the first note of each double being the accented one.” In many widely-separated localities in the province of Nova Scotia, where this Kinglet is on its breeding-grounds, the final part of its song invariably, in my experience, corresponds with Mr. Saunders’ description of the same part of the song of eastern birds as heard by him in migration farther south. Using written syllables in place of Mr. Saunders’ graphs, with which I am not familiar, I should give the Nova Scotian type of ending, as wud-a-weét, wud-a-weél, wud-a-weél, wud-a-weét. About Quebec, P. Q., which is the only place outside of Nova Scotia where I have heard the song of this bird, the species is a transient migrant only, and the songs differ much in type of ending. My interest having been aroused by Mr. Saunders’ paper, I recorded the type of song-ending used by each Ruby-crowned Kinglet which I heard singing about Quebec during the spring migration of 1920. As the birds were transients, there was no way of determining identity of individual birds heard on different days, and each bird heard each day was therefore recorded as a unit. The first record was made on May 2, the last on May 31. At the close of the migration the records were grouped by classes and totalled, with the fol- lowing results: TyPE OF SONG-ENDING. 1. wud-a-weél, wud-a-weét, etc. (3 syllables, accent on third).. 1 record 2. pul-é-cho, pul-é-cho, etc. (3 syllables, accent on second).... 2 record 3. jim-in-y, jim-in-y, etc. (3 syllables, accent on first)........ iO) 4. you-eét, you-eét, etc. (2 syllables, accent on second)........ i 5. pé-to, pé-to, etc. (2 syllables, accent on first).............. OMe Total number of singing birds recorded................. Gey It will be observed that: 1. All possible classes of single-accented two-syllable and three-syllable phrases, including both of those noted by Mr. Saunders (Nos. 1 and 5,) were recorded. 2. The type of phrase (No. 1) recorded by Mr. Saunders in the eastern United States and by myself in Nova Scotia was noted but once at Quebec. 3. The type of phrase (No. 5) recorded by Mr. Saunders from Mon- tana only was the second in frequency of occurrence at Quebec. 4. The majority of the songs heard at Quebec are of a type (No. 3) not noted in Montana, Nova Scotia, or the Atlantic seaboard of the United States. 596 General Notes. love Mr. Saunders suggested that the difference in songs noted by him might be of subspecific value. The evidence presented above, showing five types of song in one northeastern locality, renders doubtful the exis- tence of any relationship between these song-types and true subspecific characters. It is possible, however, that these differences in song may be of use in determining the migration routes of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Song- type No. 1, and no other, has been recorded by Mr. Saunders from “ Ver- mont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Alabama,”’ and by myself from Nova Scotia, but it is very rare at Quebec. Apparently, then, few of the Ruby-crowned Kinglets which migrate northward in the United States east of the Alleghany Mountains pass near Quebec; ’t is probable that nearly or quite all of them breed farther eastward, some of them in Nova Scotia. This tends to confirm what might be expected, for, although Quebec is about as far east as Boston, the breeding-range of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet extends more than eight hundred miles to the eastward of Quebec, and this great terri- tory should easily accommodate in the breeding season all the individuals of the species which have migrated along the narrow Atlantic seaboard of the United States. Furthermore, if the birds which pass Quebec have not come from the eastern side of the Alleghanies, they must have come from the western side. Those who have the opportunity to compare songs of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi with the records made at Quebec can assist in determining this. It seems probable that there can be proven in the case of this species a strong northeastward movement from the basin of the Mississ‘pp’ to tide-water in the vicinity of Quebec; a movement which I believe to be participated in by many other species in whose cases the evidence is not yet so clear.—Harrison F. Lewis, Quebec, P. Q. Notes from Seal Island, Nova Scotia.—In 1884, in Volume I of ‘The Auk,’ J. H. Langille published an interesting account of the recently described Bicknell’s Thrush as found by him breeding in Seal Island, a low, spruce-covered island, twenty miles off the southeastern point of Nova Scotia. Since then the island has been visited by Bent, Job (‘ Wild Wings, 1905, Chanter X), Bishop, Cleaves and other ornithologists. I stayed there from July 10 to 14 of this summer (192C) and have thought it worth while to record the present status of the birds of this interesting island. Black Guillemots, formerly so common, have dwindled to less than a dozen pairs and Puffins are entirely extirpated. Fully a thousand Herring Gulls nest there and possibly a few Common Terns, while the burrows of Leach’s Petrel are everywhere to be seen in the peaty soil of the island. Counted twenty-seven Eiders, which we disturbed from under spruce bushes and one with a brood of four downy young. Two or three pairs of Semipalmated Plover were breeding and the downy young seen. Spotted Sandpipers were common. Vol. | 1920 General Notes. 597 Of land birds I found the following, all evidently breeding: Kingbird, Northern Raven, Crow, Cowbird, Savannah Sparrow, White-throated Sparrow, Slate-colored Junco, Song Sparrow, Barn Swallow, Tree Swal- low, Yellow, Myrtle and Black-poll Warblers, Maryland Yellow-throat, Redstart, Winter Wren, Acadian Chickadee, Bicknell’s and Olive-backed Thrushes and Robin. Black-poll Warblers were abundant. I found only two Olive-backed Thrushes. Bicknell’s Thrush was very common in the low spruce woods Its song always suggests to me the song of the Veery but it is more thin and wiry, as if it were played on the strings of a zither. I found the bird very tame, and I frequently watched it from a distance of five or six yards. Mr. John Crowell, the keeper of the light for many years, and his elder daughter, Mrs. Bernice Meredith, have taken great interest in the birds of the island and their conservation, and have made a small collection of specimens which they have mounted. Among these the following are worthy of record: Purple Gallinule, Saw-whet Owl, Long-eared Owl, Mourning Dove, Black-billed Cuckoo, Scarlet Tanager and Summer Tanager. It is to be hoped that the island will be made a Bird Reserva- tion by the Provincial Government.—CHaARLES W. TowNsEND, 98 Pinck- ney St., Boston, Mass. Some Summer Residents of Dutchess County, N. Y.—With a view to listing the resident species for Dutchess County, N. Y., and with the purpose of eventually making a zone map of these birds, the writers spent June 12, 25 to 29, and July 11 and 13, 1920, in the eastern part of the county and found conditions very different from those existing in the lower altitudes along the Hudson River. This was especially true with regard to the Mniotiltidae. At Whaley’s Lake (altitude 690 feet) in the southeastern part of the county and not more than sixty miles from New York City, we found two Bald Eagles—one fully mature bird and an immature specimen. They were seen several times flying to and from Mulkin’s Hill (1200 feet) but a search failed to reveal any nest. Mr. Eaton, in ‘Birds of New York,’ mentions the Bald Eagle as breeding at ‘‘Whelby Pond,” and it is thought that this place is undoubtedly meant. On Niggerbush Mountain (1810 feet), near Mt. Riga Station, lin the extreme northeastern corner of the county, another Eagle in dark plumage was observed. The Warblers were especially numerous about Whaley’s Lake. On about one acre of scrubby growth on the easterly slope of Mulkin’s Hill at an altitude of about nine hundred feet the following were observed: Black and White, Worm-eating, Blue-winged, Golden-winged, Nashville, Chestnut-sided, Ovenbird, Maryland Yellow-throat, Canada and Red- start. About a hundred feet higher a fine Brewster’s Warbler was dis- covered and in a swamp on the summit a Water-Thrush, presumed to be 598 General Notes. [oee the Louisiana, was heard scolding. Near the lake shore, at seven hun- dred feet, were the Yellow Warbler and Yellow-breasted Chat. On the east side of Whaley’s Lake, opposite Mulkin’s Hill, where a number of hemlocks grow, the Black-throated Blue and Black-throated Green Warblers were found. These two species were, however, much more common in Turkey Hollow, in the north-eastern part of the county, and were usually met with at an altitude of about eight hundred to a thousand feet, the Black-throated Green only when there were plenty of hemlocks about. In the Harlem Valley, between Pawling and Wingdale, on the banks of Swamp River, less than five hundred feet above sea level, a Brown Creeper was found singing both on June 27 and July 11. On top of the Niggerbush, mentioned above, no less than five Hermit Thrushes were found singing. The following species have therefore been added to out list of probable breeding species in this county: Bald Eagle, one pair and one individual. Blue-winged Warbler, one male and one fledged young. Brewster’s Warbler, one male. Nashville Warbler, four males and one female. Black-throated Blue Warbler, fifteen males, several females and young. Black-throated Green Warbler, twelve males. Canada Warbler, twelve males and several females. Brown Creeper, one male. Hermit Thrush, five males. ALLEN Frost AND MAUNSELL S. CrosBy. Rhinebeck, N. Y. Bird Notes from Collins, N. Y.—A male Cerulean Warbler (Den- droica cerulea) appeared here on May 16, 1920, the first one to be recorded for seven years. During February two Northern Pilated Woodpeckers (Phloeotomus pileatus abieticola) visited the hospital woods, the first record for the species. White-winged Crossbills (Loxia leucoptera) were present during February and until March 3. Cardinals (Cardinalis c. cardinalis) con- tinue to be seen every year on the Cattaraugus Reservation, seven being the greatest number observed in a single season. A female Red-bellied Woodpecker (Centurus carolinus) was recorded May 9, the first since the winter of 1916-17, when one was reported two miles from here. There was at no time a great wave of migration during the spring and many species usually seen were absent or extremely scarce.—Dr. ANNE E. Perkins, Gowanda State Hospital, Collins, N. Y. Additions to the ‘‘Birds of Allegany and Garrett Counties, Mary- land.’’—In Volume XXI of ‘The Auk,’ pp. 234-250, I published a list of birds bearing the above title, adding several species from time to time, Hol: vox vet General Notes. 099 as subsequent visits to this beautiful region or observations of corre- spondents enabled me to do. Such added species were the Barn Owl, Savannah Sparrow, Mockingbird (X XVI, p. 488), and later the Winter Wren as a breeder in the highest parts of Garrett County. My last two visits in 1918 and the present year, besides revealing many interesting changes, enable me to add the following species to the list: Guiraca c. caerulea. Biur Grospeax.—On July 9, 1918, while going up the bush-bordered path on one of the hills at Cumberland, I saw a family of old and young of this species, which I had never encoun- tered in Maryland before. As if to obviate the necessity for me to ex- plain away the objection that they might have been Indigo-birds, a fam- ily of this species started up at the same place and joined in the commotion going on. Sturnus vulgaris. Sraritine.—In its westward invasion the Starling has now reached Cumberland. Under date of February 27, 1920, my friend, Mr. John A. Fulton, of Cumberland, wrote me that he had for sev- eral weeks noticed a flock of apparently new and strange birds about the city, but since they were silent and always flew high, he could not make them out. About this time they commenced to make their head- quarters in the court house tower and in the vines on the Episcopal church, where they were recognized as Starlings. To make matters certain, the janitor of the church knocked one down with a stick, which specimen was brought to Mr. Fulton, who in turn was so kind as to send it to me. There were about 100 in the flock. Later in the spring they would spend the day along the edge of the Potomac, but for the night they would re- turn to the above-mentioned buildings. Iridoprocne bicolor. Tree Swattow.—During my residence at Cumberland with the numerous excursions into various parts of the two westernmost counties of the state, together with the several subsequent visits I had never once seen this species, not even as a migrant—probably an oversight. Therefore I was much surprised to find it this summer as a summer resident. J saw three repeatedly at Crellin, near Oakland, a mile from the West Virginia line, on June 29 and the following days. They entered holes in dead trees, which had been killed by the damming of the Youghiogheny River for sawmill purposes, resulting in a pond-like widening out of the river, which otherwise here is merely a creek. No doubt the mates were in the holes incubating eggs. The Rough-winged Swallow, which I had so far only seen in the lower parts of the region, nested in the same trees. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna. SavaNnNnaH Sparrow.—I was surprised to find this bird in numbers at Accident, in the higher parts of Garrett County. I had seen it once only, in 1906, near Oakland, and here it was this year plentifully. It was not here in 1914 and 1918, be- cause I am certain I could not have overlooked it. Compsothlypis americana usneae. NorTHERN PARULA WARBLER. I had never seen this bird as a summer resident in the higher parts of 600 General Notes. roe the region, but I saw and heard a male at Crellin, June 29, and one at Accident, July 8, 1920. Melospiga georgiana. Swamp Sparrow.—In a large bog between Negro and Meadow Mountains, near Accident, I found a breeding colony of Swamp Sparrows and heard their song from a small swamp near Oak- land, on June 28 of this year. This extends the breeding range some- what from that given in the ‘Check-List,’ where western Maryland is not included.—G. E1rria, River Forest (Oak Park P. O.), Ill. Rare and Unusual Birds in the Chicago Area During the Spring of 1920.—The spring of 1920 has been unusual to say the least. Many common birds were unaccountably rare, and many very rare ones were observed. The severe winter and heavy snowfall in Canada drove many birds such as the American Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra minor), Bohemian Waxwing (Bombycilla garrula), Redpoll (Acanthis linaria), ete., down from the north. These have been recorded by Mr. Coale and myself. Early in March we had some fine weather, and, as a consequence, a large migration of about sixty varieties of birds literally poured in from the twentieth to the thirtieth of March. Now, however, the weather took a sudden turn and we had snow-storms every few days. This of course retarded the migration dreadfully. Since the twentieth of April, how- ever, the weather has been nice, and the migration more or less regular. A list of the rare and unusual birds which I have observed this spring follows: Aristonetta valisineria. Canvaspack.—On April 10, I saw one male of this species on Wolf Lake, about twenty miles south of Chicago. On April 24, I saw a flock of six birds of both sexes at the same place, and was informed by a farmer that he had seen the same flock there for two weeks. This formerly common bird is rapidly becoming rarer in our area. Grus canadensis. Sanpuitt Crane.—On April 22, while looking for birds on the Wooded Island, Jackson Park, Chicago, I saw a large bird about fifty feet above my head, attempting to fly west against a very strong wind. I immediately looked at the bird through my glasses and was able to study it for the space of twenty minutes. It continued to struggle against the wind, but to no avail, and at last was blown out of sight to the south. The bird came within thirty feet of me at one time, and of course its identity was unmistakable. It flew with legs and neck outstretched, I was even able to discern the red on the head, and the brownish on the wings. This bird is an exceedingly rare and irregular migrant. Some weeks after seeing the bird, I met a gentleman who had observed and identified the bird on the same day. Macroramphus griseus scolopaceus. Lonc-BitLep DowiTcHER.— On May 14 I observed several birds of this species flying with a large flock of Yellowlegs (Totanus flavipes), at Hyde Lake. I shot into the flock and secured a fine adult female Dowitcher, which proved to belong to the Vol. | General Notes. 601 subspecies scolopaceus. Both Dowitchers are rather rare migrants here, but I think the Long-billed is the commoner bird. The bird mentioned above is now in my collection. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.— On April 24, I saw a flock of about fifty birds of this species in the rushes in Hyde Lake. More arrived later and to a large extent supplanted the Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius pheniceus). These birds were at one time very abundant in the marshes and sloughes south of Chicago, but since the advent of the large factories and chemical plants, many of their best nesting grounds have been destroyed. At the present rate, the birds will be very rare in a few years. Spizella pallida. Criay-cotormEpD Sparrow.—On May §&, several friends and I noticed a small sparrow unlike anything else we had ever seen, at Wolf Lake. The bird was very tame, and allowed us to study it at very close range. Unfortunately I had no gun, but the brown on the sides of the head and the markings in general were so well defined and distinctive as to leave no room for doubt as to the bird’s identity. This bird is an accidental straggler from the west, and has been taken in the Dunes by Mr. Stoddard. Spiza americana. DicKkcisseL.—This bird breeds locally west of Chicago, but I have included it in this list because of the peculiar cir- cumstances under which I saw it. On May 10, I was walking along Lake Park Ave., on my way to Jackson Park, at about five o’clock in the morn- ing, when I noticed a flock of English Sparrows (Passer domesticus) across the street, and although one of the birds impressed me as very light, I paid no heed and went on. Hardly had I gone twenty yards when the birds flew across the street and two of them lit on a small tree. Now to my great surprise, one commenced to sing. I immediately retraced my steps and saw that the bird which was singing was a male Dickcissel. It seems strange to meet this bird of the fields and meadows in the heart of the city. Dendroica discolor. Prati WarsLier.—On May 6, I saw one male of this species. The Prairie Warbler is always regarded as a rare migrant, but I have seen several in the Park.—NartuHan F’. LEopo.p, JR., 4754 Greenwood Ave., Chicago, Ill. Items Relative to Some Costa Rican Birds. Catharista urubu braziliensis.—Apropos the articles in recent numbers of ‘The Auk,’ bearing on the subject of the power of the various senses of the Black Vulture. I may be allowed to record an incident, concerning the Central American form of the species, that came under observa- tion of the writer and his wife, while located near Juan Vifas, Costa Rica, in April, 1920. We occupied a house, which was of con- siderable pretensions, and in good repair but had not been occupied, other than temporarily, for several years. Soon after settling there, we noted a particular Vulture, that came almost daily to the garden, surrounding the house, where it was usually to be seen perched on a fence [oct 602 General Notes. post, or on the roof-ridge of the house itself. One of the windows of the kitchen was usually left open. On two or three occasions the Vulture alighted on this window-ledge. but seeing some one within, quickly de- parted. When we were away from the house it was our custom to close the window. However, one morning, we overlooked doing so. On this occasion we left a good fire burning in the cook-stove, on which was placed a stew-pan, with cover, containing a piece of meat and portions of several kinds of vegetables. Returning from our tramp, we were surprised to find that our pro- spective dinner had entirely disappeared, even to the liquid; although the pan yet remained on the stove. The cover was on the floor nearby. The stove-top had not entirely cooled when we reached the house. All too reliable evidence as to the identity of the intruder was to be found in the droppings deposited on stove and floor. After this experience, our precautions were more rigorous, yet this bird, on one occasion thereafter, got inside the room, but we were present and nothing happened. Picolaptes affinis neglectus.—This is one of the commonest Tree- Creepers (Dendrocolaptidae) over the wooded uplands of Costa Rica. The individuals of the species that came under attention here were found on the south slope of the Volcano Irazu, at about 10,000 ft. altitude, while camping there during May, 1920. and <. “505, “ 15, for what read that. “508, “ 10, for 1895 read 1894. “508, “ 12, for 1912 read 1910. 515, “ 19 from bottom, for Australian read Australasian. DATES OF PUBLICATION. Vol. XXXVI, No “ XXXVII, No XXXVII, No XXXVII, No . 4—October 31, 1919. . 1—January 20, 1920. . 2—April 15, 1920. . 3—July 14, 1920. “ce cc THE AUK A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology ORGAN OF THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Edited by Dr. Witmer Stone ACADEMY OF NATURAL ScIENCES, LOGAN SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA, Pa, To whom all articles and communications intended for publi- cation and all books and publications for review should be sent. Manuscripts for leading articles must await their turn for publi- cation if others are already on file, but they must be in the editor’s hands at least six weeks before the date of issue of the number for which they are intended, and manuscripts for ‘General Notes,’ ‘Recent Literature,’ etc., not later than the first of the month preceding the date of issue of the number in which it is desired they shall appear. Twenty-five copies of leading articles are furnished to authors free of charge. 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The attendance of other classes of members in recent years averages over 100. ton, D.-C., 1883, Sept. 26-28 1884, Sept. 30—Oct. 2 1885, Nov. 17-18 1886, Nov. 16-18 1887, Oct. 11-13 1888, Nov. 13-15 1889, Nov. 12-15 1890, Nov. 18-20 1891, Nov. 17-19 1892, Nov. 15-17 1893, Nov. 20-23 1894, Nov. 12-15 1895, Nov. 11-14 1896, Nov. 9-12 1897, Nov. 8-11 1898, Nov. 14-17 1899, Nov. 13-16 1900, Nov. 12-15 1901, Nov. 11-14 1902, Nov. 17-20 1903, May 15-16 1903, Nov. 16-19 1904, Nov. 28—Dee. 1 1905, Nov. 13-16 1906, Nov. 12-15- 1907, Dee. 9-12 1908, Nov. 16-19 1909, Dec. 6-9 1910, Nov. 14-17 1911, Nov. 138-16 1912, Nov. 11-14 1913, Nov. 10-13 1914, Apr. 6-9 1915, May 17-20 1916, Nov. 13-16 1917, Nov. 12-15 1918, Nov. 11 1919, Nov. 10-13 Ist New York 2d New York 3d New York 1st Washington 1st Boston 2d Washington 4th New York 3d Washington 5th New York 4th Washington 2d Cambridge 6th New York 5th Washington 3d Cambridge 7th New York 6th Washington 1st Philadelphia 4th Cambridge 8th New York 7th Washington Ist San Francisco 2d Philadelphia 5th Cambridge 9th New York 8th Washington 3d Philadelphia 6th Cambridge 10th New York 9th Washington 4th Philadelphia 7th Cambridge 11th New York 10th Washington 2d San Francisco 5th Philadelphia Sth Cambridge 12th New York 13th New York Total Fellows} Mem- Present} bership 753 775 808 860 750 850 888 866 897 887 929 992 1101 1156 830 891 953 1024 The next regular meeting—the 38th Stated—will be held at Washing- November 8-11, 1920. ri £8 aren VE ae Me i oe \ , ie a iy pr Phi, PO Ramen LiL ST TTTATTTT RENE Fre Wainy, te he , fag pores Sere yey aS eA Re! 4 a . aus’ “NeAL “a nea? 00 Ry = ne . ne sme, = 7 $ ‘se ma ye f tm fi am, ze, : laa TY Bla rrr tt HY DORRTRRLORas lesa. he {WAT on hae nS i 3 ge a ees | 2 Baa a98 ol | Lb *v ) AeRARER 77 WARA jamane aa, Pa! | pets, _ aballul a aenice Suenos ‘ eee es 2US & SS ee ® Meecha cron Hill besos Coa aes Bin! || Aa Te a ‘ ae x 2 é RAL mama ~~ al t al mi ~ ne ASR aw Sha ane : ] RRRAR ARS R | eel 7) SpA ~ me ell 4 alee? ee ~~ ~ : | BeRpo > SAUL A, a 1 eae mt A, | Tr pe LL HITED 501 iitoone tna ha 7 fe 1 ~ : A! 4 | $2 Baars, anh et M2 Ty de Deepa po Fi : a Aw s ee ‘ i LN = i > ~ se BSPAAR\ 2 ae ten ~ he ht SRN mye SOAS oe, ee bee eet “2 i oe aa ode. ae its Ya we \ ree sa LILLE Pil Pt tek yr aan aa a QS TTT Ty] : eel | | RaSh