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Fs ‘ ‘ ; a Tue Wuire TERRACE IN A STATE OF ERUPTION FAcING Tue Wuire TERRACE . r : - ¥ THE Pink TERRACE ; ? . r 5 Maori Girts BATHING AT WHAKAREWAREWA THe Geystrs, WHAKAREWAREWA r 3 3 Mounr TARAWERA AFTER THE Eruption. ; A Native ‘‘WHARE” Buriep BY THE ERUPTION . THE Ferns oF NEW ZEALAND ‘ ; Tur FLtowrers oF New ZEALAND 4 ; : Tue Town oF NAPIER : F ; ; THROUGH THE SEVENTY-MILE BusH . : ¢ Mount EGMONT FROM THE SEA i ‘ ‘ Tue RecrREATION GRouNDS AT New PLymMourH : THE WELLINGTON Post OFFICE , 5 r WELLINGTON HEAD Z . - & ‘ THE QUEEN’S WHARF, WELLINGTON . = F Tue Ciry oF WELLINGTON ; - - : Sr. ANDREW’'s PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH THE Houses oF PARLIAMENT 4 F ; THE GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS - ‘ - WELLINGTON HARBOUR . ‘ ; ; PLIMMeER’s STEPS z : : ; THe RimuTAKA GORGE 5 > ‘ Tue Town oF Picron AND QUEEN CHARLOTTE SounD 7 ; ; ( ; % THE FRENCH Pass f 5 " : : Tue Hop Harvest In THE Nerson Districr 5 Tue Town oF NELSON i Tue Bunter Roap anD RIvER Loapinc CoAL at GREYMOUTIL Tue INCLINE NEAR WESTPORT Tue Town OF GREYMOUTH . 4 A THe Wire TRAM-WAY OVER THE TEREMAKAU - THE TRAM-WAY BETWEEN GREYMOUTH AND KUMARA THE TERRACE OF THE BEALEY - ‘ THE OvirRA GORGE W - is , Porrer’s Pass, ON THE West Coast Roap Tue CATHEDRAL SQUARE, CHRISTCHURCIL Hicu Srreer, Curisrcuurce ; ; ’ GLOUCESTER STREET, CHRISTCHURCH . > Vicror1A BripGE, AND THE SUPREME CouRT PAGE. 1073 1075 1077 1079 1081 1083 1084 1085 1087 1089 1091 1093 1095 1097 1097 1099 IIol 1103 I105 1106 1107 IT09 III! 1113 1115 1117 I119 1120 I12L 1123 1124 1125 1125 1127 1128 1129 1131 1133 1135 1137 1139 II4l II4l 1143 1144 1144 1145 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 II52 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Tue CATHEDRAL PULPIT ‘ ‘ : 5 THe West Door oF THE CATHEDRAL A ‘ Tue SratruE oF JouN Roperr GopLty Tue HicH ScHOoL, CHRISTCHURCH . 2 ‘i SKELETONS OF A MOA AND A MAORI A REACH ON THE RIVER AVON ‘ : ‘ Tue CHRISTCHURCH MUSEUM . : : ‘ Tue Ascenr OF HocuHsTErTeER DOME FACING THe STATUE OF SUPERINTENDENT MoorHOoUusE Tue Town AND Port or LYTTELTON THe BREAKWATER AT TIMARU ‘ Tue Cave Rock, SUMNER : ‘ - : TIMARU FROM THE WIND-MILL THE MACKENZIE PLAINS J a Lake TEKApPO, MACKENZIE CouNTy . : d Lake PuKakt AND Mount Cook y . é AN AVALANCHE IN THE SOUTHERN ALPS Mount Cook anp tHE Hooker GLACIER. F AN ALPINE CLIMBER : é : Mount SEFTON AND THE HooKER RIVER . F SURMOUNTING A GLACIER . : ; A GuimpesE ON THE Francis JOSEPH GLACIER ¢ A GLACIAL CAVE 4 i é é : THe VALLEY OF ‘THE TASMAN * 7 ‘ In THE PuBLIc GARDENS OF OAMARU 7 % THAMES STREET, OAMARU ‘ 3 - $ Porr CHALMERS * F : ScENES IN AND AROUND DUNEDIN ’ Tue HicuH ScHoo.t, DuNepin’ F Tue INTERIOR OF THE MusguM, DUNEDIN Tue DUNEDIN UNIVERSITY é : é ; Tue Knox PresByreriIAN CHURCH . Tue Crry or DUNEDIN ; 3 2 Tue PRESBYTERIAN First CuurcH . P Tue Roserr Burns Sratur, DUNEDIN P . Mitrorp SouND 3 s : FACING Tue Dunepin Town Hai. 7 ; Tue CARGILL Monument, DUNEDIN . é . Tue Roman Carnoiic CarHeprat or St, Josepi’s HARVESTING ON THE TAERt PLAIN. . 7 ‘ Tue BLurr ‘ . F ¥ : Dee Srreer, INVERCARGILL. . 2 “ fe QuEENSTOWN AND LAKE WakariPpu . d ‘ THE KAWERA VALLEY . 3 4 P ‘ Tue Ascent oF Ben Lomonp é F : Tue Heap or Lake WAKAtIPU x . r ‘THe WATER-FALL NEAR SKIPPER’S ; ; . Tue WILD-FLOWERS OF NEW ZEALAND ; . Tue ENTRANCE TO MILFORD SouND, ON ‘THE West Coast 5 a - 7 3 " Mount Ecmontr ‘ “ TAIL-PIECE ; Suva, oN Naviritevu IsLAND, THE CAPITAL OF THE Fiyis - : . A r . A Woman rrom THE Sourn Cape, New GUINEA . A Port Moressy New GUINEAN 4 ~ ‘| A House or A New Guinea CHIEF é ~ Port Moressy, New GUuINEA P 5 ; A New Guinea TREE-HOUSE . a - ; A New Guinea Girt CarryInG WATER : : A New Guinea Deap-House , : Dr. Str Wittiam MacGrecor : : 3 Tue ‘Dux Duk,” New Brrrain Group . 3 A New Barrratn CANNIBAL FamiLy . ; F Suettinc A Native VILLAGE IN THE Soutn Seas A Native Dance sy Sotomon IsLANDERS . : A Sotomon ISLANDER . a) ie 5 ; Havannaun Harsour, New Hesripes ° . A Lasour Vesset SHIPPING KANAKAS ~ : In tHe Hoip or a Sourn Sea LABour VESSEL. A Trapinc Depor IN THE SOUTH SEAS « ; Narive Drums In THE New HeEsripes : Fi Levuxa, THe IsLanp oF OVALAU, Fij1 Group : / PAGE, 1153 1153 II54 II55 1156 1157 1158 1159 1159 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1I7I 1172 1173 1175 1177 1178 1179 1180 1182 1183 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1189 IIgl 1193 1195 1196 1197 1199 1201 1203 1205 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1215 1217 {219 1221 1225 1228 1231 1235 1239 I24L 1243 1247 1249 1250 1251 1253 1255 A Fiy1an MALE a 6 ‘ a A FIjIAN FEMALE a es : . ‘ A Native VILLAGE OF THE Fijt Group P ; A Fijian Mountain CHIEF * , : i Tue FiytAn Kinc, THAKAMBAU ; . E Kinc THAKAMBAU’s HOUSE ; ‘ “ Kinc THAKAMBAU’s CANOE : ; 4 : Tue Rewa River, Naviritevu Istanp - rn Sir Joun Bares Tuursron, K.C.M.G, ; , Tue BackaA Tree, Fit IsLANDS : - Apia, Upotu Ist.anp, SAMOAN GrouP ’ ¥ A Matt SreaMer at TUTUILA 4 5 2 THE Harsour oF PANGO PANGO, TUTUILA Tue SAMOAN KING, TAMASESE 3 : ; Tue SAMOAN Kinc, MALIETOA ‘ ; i A SAMOAN PRINCESS ‘ ‘ e : ‘ NUKUALOFA, THE CAPITAL OF TONGA 3 7 Tue Srone Arcu, Nivrova, Tonca ; f Kine GreorGE OF TONGA A & Tue Mission CHURCH AT NUKUALOFA é JoHN ADAMS ‘ . . 5 ‘ A ToNGAN BELLE ; 4 s A : THE PRAYER-BOOK USED BY JoHN ADAMS. Orr THE Coasr oF PiTcaAIRN ISLAND 3 F LANDING THROUGH THE SuRF At Norro.k IsLAND Kincsron, Norro.kK IsLAND . ° : i Noumea, THE CAPITAL OF NEW CALEDONIA r Tue INTERIOR OF A NEW CALEDONIAN PRISON s New CALEDONIAN Convicts MAkiInGc Roaps Convicrs WASHING CLOTHES, NEw CALEDONIA ? A Convicr Compound IN New CALEDONIA é A Papuan VILLAGE, NEw CALEDONIA ‘ Kanaka Weapons, New CALEDONIA si ‘ Mutter AND Duconc FisHiInG . § ‘ FIsHING WITH SPEARS. ‘ ; , - Tue Oxpsequirs oF A KANAKA CHIEF : ; Norre Dame Rock 3 ‘ ° ’ r Sitver Wren’s Nest F 2 TAIL-PIECE F Tue SYDNEY OBSERVATORY . om A A OnE OF ‘THE TELESCOPES IN THE SYDNEY OBSER- VATORY : . ; ‘ x ' Tue TrANsIt TELESCOPE IN THE MELBOURNE OBSER- VATORY 3 4 7 ; ? Ture Moon 2 é : ‘ é ‘ A MA.Le ABORIGINAL ; 5 . , ‘ A FEMALE ABORIGINAL . . - : : A Brack Gin anp Her CHILD 4 : ; AN ABORIGINAL WARRIOR “ ; ‘ 4 AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES MAKING A BARK CANOE : A Narive Trooper FOLLOWING A ‘TRAIL J 7 ABORIGINAL MrrHops OF DIsPposING OF THE DEAD . AUSTRALIAN VIOLETS i . “ 3 THE DIANELLA TASMANICA ; Fi . AUSTRALIAN ‘TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS . ‘ . THE SILVeR-BusH 5 . : , ‘ MARIANTHUS BIGNONIACEUS F 2 = 3 AsTeR ASTEROTRICHUS . ‘ i . ‘ TASMANIAN WILD-FLOWERS - ‘ 3 ‘ Epacris IMPRESSA ‘. ‘| P ‘ CuristMaAs BELLS r i . ; : LIMNANTHEMUM EXALTATUM . : : THE WARATAH . r ; ; . y Tue CuristMas BusH . . : x : Tue AUSTRALIAN GRASS-TREE , is ' : A Lity-poot, Mounr Macrpon, VicrorIa . A BASKer OF AUSTRALIAN WILD-FLOWERS . AUSTRALIAN BUTTERFLIES A : ; : THE BUTCHER-BIRD 3 f 4 < ; Some New ZEALAND Birps 5 ' ; Tue WomBAT AND ‘THE PLATYPUS : ; = Tue Biack Duck P F r é Tue Lyre Birp ; ‘ : ‘ A VI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE. Tur WEDGE-TAILED EAGLE ‘ : ; 1353 THE ‘‘Z1G-zAG” ON THE WESTERN LINE, NEw THE OpossuM : . . : ‘ 1353 SourH WALES i ; : ; ; Tue Native Cat - F ; 1353 THe Raitway Line ar Mr, VIcroria : é Tuer NATIVE BEAR : A ‘ 1353 A Back-BLtocks Post OFFICE . : ; ° Tue EmerALp Birp oF PARADISE - . 1354 GATHERING THE MAIL FROM THE PILLAR-BOXES : LEADBEATER’S COCKATOO . 1355 A ‘TELEGRAPH MESSENGER, SYDNEY . : F Tue Riete Biro G 1356 Srone Cairn ON Mount Kosciusko . TAIL-PIECE . THe LAUGHING JACKASS . Z 1357 Initia, Lerrer “G” , x : 5 ; THe Recent Birpd A - 1358 Tue Lawn, GovERNMENtT Housr, SYDNEY . , THe AUSTRALIAN PipING Crow x 1359 THE UNIVERSITIES OF ADELAIDF, SYDNEY AND MEI- KANGAROO HUNTING IN AUSTRALIA, ‘ 1360 BOURNE F . . ‘ : ; RETURNING FROM A KANGAROO HuNT A . 1361 A IIALF-1IME SCHOOL-TEACHER, AND A STATE SCHOOL A Kanaka Donkey Boy 4 TAIL-PIECE . 1362 IN THE BusH “ i : ; 2 InrriaL Lerrer “T” . “ : x 1363 AN AUSTRALIAN STATE SCHOOL IN THE CITY : Epwarp HAMMOND HARGRAVES 5 i 1364 RIVERVIEW, Lane Cove RIVER . , Tue Goin Diceincs ar Opuir, 1851 . . 1365 Sr. Icnarius’ CoLLece, RIVERVIEW, SYDNEY . Tue “Precious” Nuccer : 5 1366 Tue LEADING GRAMMAR SCHOOLS OF MELBOURNE Tue “ Wetcome” Nuccer A “ é . 1366 THE MopeEL SCHOOL, MELBOURNE : - 7 ‘* PROSPECTING” FOR GOLD IN AUSTRALIA. 4307 THE ScorcH COLLEGE, MELBOURNE . i - Tue ‘‘Day Dawn” ReeErF, CHARTERS TOWERS . 1368 Sr. Puiiip’s Or1GINAL CHURCH, SYDNEY - 4 Hypravutic Mininc In New SourH WALES . 1369 Dr. Lano’s CHURCH, JAMIESON STREET, SYDNEY . A Diamond DriL~t ar Work 3 . a ESTE Ciry AND SUBURBAN CHURCHES, SYDNEY - : Tue Tin MINES NEAR EmMAviLLE, New Souru THE INTERIOR OF THE ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL OF Sr. Watrs SE gh ; : ‘ . 1373 ANDREW’s, SYDNEY . : Z : Tue Homes oF NEwcastLe MINERS : wy Nay5 THE Roman CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL OF Sr, Mary’s, COAL-MINING AT NEWCASTLE . : ‘ 1 907. SYDNEY : . - : * ‘ HARGRAVES DISCOVERING GOLD FAcING 1379 A Cuinese ‘‘Joss” House IN AUSTRALIA. F An OLb-rIME SQUATTER ‘ R : + 1379 Sir JAmMes MARTIN : ; % r r Carrain JOHN MACARTHUR 5 : : 1381 MeELBouRNE Cup — RACE-cOURSE FROM MEMBERS’ Dryinc Woo. at A Recetvinc Deror i - 1383 STAND ‘ ; 5 - FAcING SHEEP-SHEARING IN AUSTRALIA * 3 » 1385 Mounted PoLick AND A BLACK TRACKER . 3 A Tar Boy ON A SHEEP STATION . ’ - 1386 ApaMm Linpsrty GORDON ‘ : : 5 Bo.tinpA VALE SravTion, LANCEFIELD ; af SORT Henry KENDALL : : ; ; . LoapING WOOL FOR SHIPMENT AT SYDNEY - 1388 Marcus CLARKE . . : ° ; PressING Woot, FOR SHIPMENT ‘ ‘ . 1389 THE INTERIOR OF THE SyDNEY ART GALLERY ; AN AUSTRALIAN BOUNDARY RIDER F 5 . 1390 THE INTERIOR OF THE Princess THRATRE, MEr- A SHEARER “‘KNocKING Down” His CHEQUE . 1391 BOURNE ; ‘ : ‘ ; ERCILDOUNE SHEEP STATION, VICTORIA é + 1393 THe FLemMincron Lawn on ‘‘Cur” Day , HARVESTING ON THE WIMMERA PLAINS é + 1395 A BicycLe Race AT THE MELBOURNE CRICKET-GROUND A VINEYARD NEAR SINGLETON, New Sour Watts 1397 Rapsir CourstinG IN AUSTRALIA : : . CLEARING LAND BY RING-BARKING TREES. ~ . 1398 Parapinc A “Cup” WINNER 5 : i A CHINESE GARDEN IN AUSTRALIA, 1399 A Yacutr Race 1n SypNEy Harsour . . AN AusrraLiAN ‘‘SUN-DOWNER ” 4 6 . 1400 A Yacut RAcE on tHE Derwent, Hopart, TASMANIA THE TRAVELLING HAWKER OF THE AUSTRALIAN BusH r4or In THE BRISBANE Boranicat, GARDENS . : Tue Union Bank, Pirr Streer, Sypney . . 1403 Tur JewisH SYNAGOGUE, SYDNEY . TAIL-PIECE , PAGE. 1407 1409 I4II 1413 1415 1416 1417 1419 1423 1425 1426 1427 1427 1429 1430 1431 1433 1434 1435 1437 1438 1439 1440 I441 1441 1443 1444 1445 1447 1451 1455 1457 1459 1460 1461 1463 1465 1467 . — ee CO a Captain W. R Russet, M.P THE DELEGATES FROM NEW Sm GerorGe Grey, K.C.B. Sm H. A. Atkinsoy, SPEAKER L C, ZEALAND TO THE FEDERATION CONVENTION, SYDNEY, 1891. pn ie GISBORNE, POVERTY BAY, IN 1890. HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. EARLY DISCOVERY. HE French and Portuguese both claim the honour of discovering New Zealand, but the Dutch are entitled to the distinction. Captain Abel Janszen Tasman anchored in Cook Strait during December, 1642. He had been sent on a voyage of discovery by Van Diemen, the Governor of Batavia, having under his command the yacht Heemskerck and the fly-boat Zeehaen. After visiting Mauritius, he stood to sea on the 8th of September, and discovered Van Diemen’s Land in November of the same year, whence he proceeded to the eastward and sighted land on the 13th of December, 1642, which he named Staaten Land, but which was subsequently named “ New Zealand” by Captain Cook. At sunset on the 18th of the month the vessels ‘cast anchor in Cook Strait, when an hour after, says the journal of Tasman, “we saw several lights on the land, and four vessels coming from the shore towards us. Two of these were our own boats. The people in the other boats called to us in a loud, strong, rough voice; what they said we did not understand; however, we called to them again in place of an answer. They repeated their cries several times, but did not come near us; they sounded also an instrument like a Moorish trumpet, and we answered by blowing our trumpet. Guns were ready prepared, and small arms for an emergency, and strict watch kept.” On the day following, a canoe paddled near the Zeehaen; but, though tempted by the proffer of food and objects of desire, none of the persons in the canoe could be 988 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. induced to venture on board the vessel. On the canoe returning to the shore, seven other double-canoes forthwith proceeded to the /eemskerck, and Tasman, not knowing their intention, sent a boat with seven men to warn his comrades to be on their guard and not to allow too many persons to come on board at once. When the boat had cleared the ship, the canoes paddled towards her, and the foremost of - the natives, ‘with a blunt-pointed pike, gave the quarter-master, Cornelius Joppe, a blow on- his neck that made him fall overboard;” but Joppe and two others swam to the vessel and were taken on board. In the scuffle that ensued three of the strangers were killed and a fourth mortally wounded. A dead man was carried away by the natives, and, without doubt, eaten. Tasman, finding there was small chance of getting supplies, hoisted in the ships’ anchors and called the place ‘Murderers’ Bay.” When the ships were under weigh, twenty-two canoes crowded with natives put off from the shore, but they were greeted by Tasman with a broadside, and a man, in the foremost canoe was seen to fall. The lesson was not lost on his fellows, who fled to the shore. Leaving the Middle Island, Tasman went north and rounded the northern portion of the North Island, calling its western extremity Cape Maria Van Diemen, after the daughter of the Governor of Batavia. He sighted some small islands which he named the Three Kings, it being the anniversary of the Epiphany. A boat was sent to the largest island in | search of refreshments, but returned without landing, the heavy surf forbidding the attempt; while the sight of “thirty-five natives of large size, taking prodigious long strides, with clubs in their hands,” apparently justified the caution. Tasman left the new land with an unfavourable impression of its inhabitants, whom he described as blood-thirsty and prone to hostility without provocation. He had heen off the coast for some three weeks without landing. - : More than a century and a quarter elapsed before another European is known to have visited New Zealand, when Captain Cook, after “having observed the transit of Venus at Tahiti, went to the south in search of new lands, and re-discovered Tasman’s “Staaten Land.” He landed in October, 1769, at a place which he named “ Poverty ” Bay” from the hostility of the natives and their lack of hospitality. He circumnavigated | the main islands, and remained in New Zealand in 1769 and 1770 no less than one hundred and seventy-six days, surveying the coast-line and observing the country and its people. In November, 1769, he touched at a point on. the coast which he named Mercury Bay, where he landed and erected an observatory for the purpose of observing the transit of Mercury—one of the chief objects of his expedition on that occasion. A signal-station was erected on the headland from which Captain Cook took his observa- tion, now known as Shakespeare Head. On the 30th of January, 1770, Cook erected a flag-post on the summit of a hill in Queen Charlotte’s Sound, where he hoisted the Union Jack, and after naming the Bay where the ship was at anchor after the Queen, he took formal possession of the country in the name of his Majesty King George the Third. Cook made three voyages to the South Pacific, during which he visited New Zealand five different times, sojourning there on the several occasions three hundred and twenty- six days. His graphic description of the country and of its aborigines has led to his being generally regarded among English-speaking people as the discoverer. Examination of the east and west coasts of New Zealand proved that it consisted of two or more - HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 989 islands, and was not part of a Great Southern Continent which, in the imagination of geographers, stretched across the South Pacific and extended over some thirty degrees of latitude. Men engaged in commerce became impressed with the value of the various articles which New Zealand produced, and hence of its importance as a market for manufactured goods; while the savant and the scientist regarded with great interest the information recently published respecting a race of people who, while having a° real though hitherto undescribed form of civilization, were yet greedy eaters of human flesh, Cook’s various visits to New Zealand extended from the 6th of October, 1769, to DUSKY SOUND, MIDDLE ISLAND. the 25th of February, 1777. In the second voyage in the Aeso/utzon, Captain Furneaux, of the Adventure, was associated with him, and lost in Cook Strait nine men, who were killed and eaten. Pigs, potatoes, and garden seeds were the memorials of Cook's visits among a race which possessed a land void of all quadrupeds, save dogs and rats. Going north in his first voyage, after leaving the Bay of Islands, Cook named Rangungu “Doubtless Bay.” He crossed its waters on the same day that De Surville, in the S¢. Jean Baptiste, was approaching the land at Mongonui. This early navigator shared the belief that the English had found an island of gold in the South Seas, and came from India to see if he could participate in the golden discovery. He was received by the natives with great hospitality; but finding nothing more valuable than spars for his ship, he proceeded to South America, carrying away in irons the Rarawa chief Ngakinui, who had entertained him and his sick seamen with great hospitality while on shore. Ngakinui pined on ship-board for his native food, and died some 990 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. eighty days after his seizure; while De Surville, eleven days only after the death of Ngakinui, was drowned in the surf at Callao. In May, 1792, Marion du Fresne anchored his two ships, the MJarguzs de Castries and the JJascarin, at the Bay of Islands. Lieutenant Crozet, in command of the King’s sloop Jfascarin, had lost his masts, and the two ships put into the Bay of Islands to refit. Du Fresne was frequently on’ shore during his stay, and habits of intimacy~ begat confidence in the mind of the French commander in the friendship of the natives. Both races lived in harmony for several weeks. “They treated us,” Crozet said, “with every show of friendship for thirty-three days, with the intention of eating us on the thirty- fourth.” On the 12th of June, an attack was made on the French, when twenty-eight of the party and the commander were killed and eaten. A boat's crew had desecrated the sacred places of the tribe, and the payment for the sacrilege was the lives of the strangers. Crozet, who had a party of men engaged getting spars on the Kawakawa River, was also in danger of being entrapped by the treacherous savages; but being forewarned, he was enabled to punish those who had killed his companions and sought his own destruction. Here he refitted the ships, and after a stay of sixty-four days in the Bay of Islands, prosecuted his voyage. INTERCOURSE WITH SYDNEY. In 1787 the colony of New South Wales was proclaimed. It included in the wide expanse of its territorial limits not only New Zealand but all the islands in the Pacific Ocean within the latitudes of Cape York and the southern portion of Van Diemen’s Land, as far east as the hundred and _ thirty-fifth degree of longitude. In 1792 inter- course with New South Wales was established, and the first Europeans became located in New Zealand. Mr. Raven of the 4rtannia, placed a sealing gang under the command of Mr, Leith, the second mate of the ship, at Dusky Bay. It was not until more than a year had elapsed that Mr. Raven went to look for Leith and his companions. He found that they had collected some four thousand five hundred skins, but had been “ principally occupied in constructing a vessel to serve them in the event of any accident happening to the Arztannza.” The vessel was, although nearly completed, left behind by the Arztannia. The sealers reported that they had received no molesta- tion from the natives, who were apparently as sparse as when Cook visited them, and that the part of the Islands where they had resided for over a year offered but few advantages for commerce or settlement. In September, 1795, Mr. Bampton, of the ship Ezdeavour, in company with the Fancy, \eft Sydney Cove for India, but on reaching Dusky Bay found his vessel so leaky that she was run on shore and scuttled. The vessel that had been built there by the sealers now came into request, and being found in the same state as she had been left by Mr. Leith, was completed and launched by Mr. Bampton. Collins tells us “that in addition to the large number of persons which Mr. Bampton had permission to ship in Sydney, nearly as many more found means to secrete themselves on board his ship and the Fancy.” For these, as well as his officers and ship’s company, Mr. Bampton had now to provide a passage from New Zealand. He accordingly, after fitting as a schooner the vessel he had launched, and naming her the Providence, sailed with HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 991 her and the Fancy for Norfolk Island, having on board as many of the officers and people as they could contain, leaving the remainder to proceed in a vessel which one Hatherleigh, formerly a carpenter's mate of HAZ.S. Szrzus, undertook to construct out of the Lxdeavour's long-boat. Hatherleigh was, however, unable to bring away all who were left behind by Mr. Bampton, and the fate of those remaining on the shore is unknown. The vessel he constructed at Dusky Bay was named the Asszstance, and sold in Sydney for the sum of two hundred and fifty pounds sterling. The skins of the seals caught by Mr. Leith and his fellows were the first articles of export the produce of any part of the colony of New South Wales, and the _first- THE REV. SAMUEL MARSDEN LANDING At THE BAY OF ISLANDS. fruits of the Australian seal-trade which proved so lucrative to the settlement, until the unrestricted slaughter of the animals, between 1800 and 1820, caused their capture to be no longer regarded as a generally lucrative enterprise. The two vessels, the Providence and the Asszstance, built in New Zealand, were the earliest essays at ship- building in Australasia. The merchants of Sydney soon learned from visitors to New Zealand that timber from the Hauraki Gulf could be obtained and carried to the Cape of Good Hope and India, and disposed of at a profit; and thus, before New Zealand waters became celebrated for the abundance of whales, amicable relations sprung up between the Maori people and the colonists of New South Wales. Two New Zealanders were brought to Sydney in 1793, and sent to Norfolk Island to teach the people there the Maori mode of dressing flax, and Captain King, when accompanying them to their homes later in the year, gave them maize, wheat, peas and a quantity of garden seeds, besides pigs and hardware. 992 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. Some of the sailors on King’s ships were sufficiently charmed by the prospect of a semi-savage life among the Maoris to be readily induced to throw in their lot with the tribe and remain in the country. There were from time to time a good many settlers of this class, of whom George Bruce was one. When the chief Te Pahi was returning from his voluntary trip to Sydney, this sailor had shown him considerable kindness during his illness on the voyage, and on the chief's arrival in his own country he easily persuaded young Bruce, with the offer of his daughter and a large piece of land, to leave his ship and remain. The young Englishman allowed himself to be tattooed, and conformed in every respect to the customs of the tribe. When he learnt the language he made himself very useful to the whalers by interpreting between them and the natives, by whom he was held in high estimation, until the arrival of an English vessel, the General Wellesley. Captain Dalrymple persuaded the lad, on the faith of a solemn promise of return, to come on_ board with his wife and assist in the search for gold near the North Cape. The search was not successful, and Dalrymple carried off his guests. He left Bruce at Malacca, but conveyed his wife away with him in his ship, selling her after- wards to the captain of another vessel at Penang. Bruce found her here after persistent search, THE REV. SAMUEL. MARSDEN. and by invoking the aid of the authorities suc- ceeded in getting his wife restored to him. They were given a passage to Calcutta, where they hoped to find a ship going to Sydney; but at this point the story losés them, and the daughter of Te Pahi and her husband returned to her native land no more. Captain Enderby has recorded that whalers visited the dependency in 1794, and from that date to the present time the New Zealand waters have been frequented by the whaling vessels of many nations. In the full flush of the whaling trade, over a hun- dred vessels called at the Bay of Islands during the year, and Pomare, the grandfather of Hare Pomare, for whom Her Majesty. became godmother, kept at one time ninety- six slave girls, who were in the habit of forming temporary unions with whaling visitors. Thus, each successive industry established in New Zealand—the sealing, felling and ship- ment of timber, whaling, the preparation of flax—each of which required the presence of European workmen on shore for considerable portions of time, led to the establish- ment of friendship between the Europeans and natives, resulting in- unions which were sometimes of life-long continuance, and thus gradually prepared the country for those amicable relations which so much facilitated the first establishment of a small number of European settlers in a country possessing so large and warlike a native population. Earty Missionary ENTERPRISE. During the latter part of the days of Governor King, from 1805 to 1807, the first natives voluntarily went to England and to New South Wales. Te Pahi, the famous ’ ' ’ , ee eee Te enemies ~r tion. From the time HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 993 Bay of Islands chief, was the most notable of these. Ruatara was another. While quite a lad he joined one of the whalers that touched at the coast in 1805, and after spending four years at sea he reached London in 1809. He came back with the Reverend Samuel Marsden, at that time the senior chaplain of the settlement at Port Jackson, and after spending a year there returned to New Zealand by way of Norfolk Island, where he was detained for some time. He visited Sydney again in 1814, and when Mr. Marsden with his missionaries went to New Zealand he accompanied the expe- dition. But perhaps the most famous of all, or only second to the ill-fated Te Pahi, was Hongi Hika, of the Ngapuhi nation. He was known among his own people as a brave warrior and a powerful chief. In 1814 he accompanied Ruatara to Sydney, and stayed for some time at the house of Mr. Marsden, observing the manners. and customs of Europeans, and, we are told, embracing the Christian teaching. However, the models of Christian life and conversation brought under his notice in the convict times of the mother-colony do not appear to have influenced his character very beneficially, for we find him, soon after his return to New Zealand, as the pioneer of Christianity, engaging in destructive and successful wars with the tribes in the neighbourhood of Roturua, Hoki- anga, Whangaroa, and : the Bay of Plenty. Some years later, as we shall presently see, Hongi Hika went to England, with another chief, and was pre- sented to George IV. These visits brought Australia and New Zealand nearer to- gether, and it only re- mained for missionary enterprise to establish a permanent connec- of the senior chaplain’s THE FIRST MISSION HOUSE, WAIMATE. first acquaintance with these Maori visitors he seems to have entertained the project of instituting a mission to New Zealand, and from the date of the visit of Te Pahi and four of his sons in 1806, Mr. Marsden, to his death in 1838, never ceased his efforts to Christianize the New Zealanders. Between the missionary and the Maori chief a very warm friend- ship existed, and it was Te Pahi’s innate nobility of soul, singular intelligence, and natural suavity of manner, that kindled in Mr. Marsden the desire to bring under the influence of the Gospel a race which he felt could not be otherwise than superior when it produced so fine a type. Te Pahi was the lion of his day in Sydney. He was féted at Government House, shewn the sights of the city, and returned to his people impressed with the wondrous power of the white man, and anxious for the 994 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED, introduction of his religion. He did not benefit, however, by his connection with the English. They stole his favourite daughter, his most promising son died from a disease contracted in England, and though the survivors of the Boyd massacre were rescued by him at the peril of his life, the Europeans, who took a blind and_ indiscriminating revenge for that deed of blood, destroyed his village, put his people to the sword, and severely wounded himself. He died at the hands of the Whangaroa natives for his act of humanity in saving and protecting the survivors of the Boyd affair. In 1807 Mr. Marsden accompanied Governor King to Europe, and enlisted the aid of the Church Missionary Society in establishing a mission settlement in New Zealand. On his return to the colony in 1810 he brought with him two lay catechists for his mission, Messrs. King and Hall were both craftsmen, who expected to follow their useful and most honourable callings—carpentering, and the working in iron—and by their life and conversation to teach the natives the arts of civilization as well as the truths of Christianity and its benefits. It was not until his return to Sydney that Marsden heard of the disaster to the Foyd. This vessel, bound to England from Port Jackson, and carrying many passengers, had been burned to the water's edge at Whangaroa, about the end of November, 1809, and over seventy persons killed and eaten. Four only of all the passengers and crew were spared—a woman, a_ cabin-boy, and two little damsels, both natives of New South Wales. | It had been pur- posed by the merchants in Sydney about this time to form a New Zealand Company in f * New South Wales, and ‘e& My the preliminary ar- om 7 by 4 bi | rangements had been ; completed before news of the massacre came to Port Jackson; but when the tragedy was made known the idea was abandoned, and THE SCENE OF THE ‘‘ BOYD” MASSACRE, the catechists for the New Zealand Mission proceeded to. Parramatta, to wait for a time when the public indigna- tion had cooled. Local feeling ran so high that it was hardly safe for a Maori to be seen in the streets of Sydney. Meanwhile Mr. Kendall came to join the Mission, but he also was sent with his wife and family to Parramatta until continued peace on the New Zealand Coast begat confidence. During the time of the disorder in New South Wales, consequent on the Governorship of Captain Bligh and his successors, a disastrous license — a CC — - HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 995 appears to have been taken by the ship-masters trading from Port Jackson to New Zealand, which provoked reprisals on the part of the natives, entailing some loss of life. In 1814 Governor Macquarie gave Mr. Marsden leave of absence to go to New Zealand to establish his Mission, provided the natives on the east coast of the North Island were reported to be in a peaceful condition. To obtain the necessary information Mr. Marsden dispatched the brig Acteve to the Bay of Islands, under the command of Mr. Peter Dillon, who subsequently became celebrated for his discovery of the remains of La Pérouse and his expedition to the New Hebrides. Mr. Kendall accompanied the brig, | and several native chiefs returned in her to’strengthen the chances of Mr. Marsden’s visit. -On the Governor being satisfied of the report, the chap- lain departed on his three months’ leave of absence. He was accom- panied by the catechists, Messrs. King, Hall and Kendall—the last of whom had been appointed Resident Magis- trate of the Bay of Islands—and a Mr. Nicholas. Mr. Marsden opened his spiritual crusade at the Bay of Islands on Christmas Day, 1814. The natives had made rude preparations for the event by enclosing half an acre of land with a fence, erecting a pulpit and reading-desk in the centre, covered with native mats dyed black, and using as seats for the Europeans some bottoms of old TE PAHI, CHIEF OF THE BAY OF ISLANDS, canoes, which were placed on each . side of the pulpit. A flag-staff was erected on the highest hill. Mr. Marsden writes :-— “On Sunday morning when I was up on deck I saw the English flag flying, which was a pleasing sight in New Zealand. I considered .it as the signal and the dawn of civilization, liberty and religion in that dark and benighted land. I never viewed the British colours with more gratification, and flattered myself they would never be removed till the natives of that Island enjoyed all the happiness of British subjects.” After the celebration of the service, which was heard with much decorum and attention, Mr. Marsden preached from the passage in St. Luke, “Behold I bring you glad tidings of great joy.” The natives of course knew not what he said, so that the sermon was perhaps more interesting than effective. After it was over they danced their war-dance. Christianity and cannibalism had come into contact. A new and bright morning had dawned on an ancient land. 996 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED, After visiting the Thames, Mr. Marsden returned to New South Wales, leaving the catechists at the Bay of Islands. He did not again visit there until 1819, when an ordained clergyman, the Rev. S. Butler, was appointed. to take charge of the station. The mission brig, the Acééve, which had been purchased by Mr. Marsden in 1814, was, however, kept running between Port Jackson and-the Bay of Islands, so that the catechists were not left forlorn, while the whale-ships frequenting the Bay gave them the protection of their occasional presence. Acting under instructions from Governor Macquarie, Mr. Mars- den explored a con- siderable portion of the northern part of New Zealand. He appears to have been the first European who pub- lished a description of the Hokianga River, which had been made known by Governor King from the map of the North Island drawn by the New Zealanders Tuki and the Governor’s house at Norfolk Island. The year following he THE WAIKATO AT ATEAMURI, visited New Zealand in H.M. store-ship Dromedary, which was sent thither to procure spars for topmasts for the Navy. He remained there for several months exploring the Thames, Tamaki and Kaipara Districts. He succeeded in reaching Katikati, which he considered to be the Mercury Bay of Cook, and was aided in so doing by the store-ship Coromandel being engaged in the Thames District on a similar mission to that in which the Dromedary was employed at the same time farther north. About the time when the Dromedary arrived at the Bay of Islands; Hongi and Waikato, two Maori chiefs, accompanied by Mr. Kendall, proceeded to England in the New Zealander, whale-ship. The object of Hongi was the acquisition of fire-arms, for the purpose of settling a blood feud of some dozen or more years’ standing with the Kaipara natives. Mr, Kendall wanted aid to put the Maori language into a written form, writing being a mode of communicating thought unknown to the native race. Both succeeded in their object. Hongi obtained an introduction to George the Fourth and the leading men of England. He was loaded with gifts, among which was a suit of armour; this he carefully cherished, but on returning to Sydney he disposed: of his other presents and converted the proceeds into muskets and ammunition. Mr. Kendall obtained the assistance of Professor Lee in the construction of a vocabulary and a grammar of the Huru on the floor of * -HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW $ ZEALAND. 997 New Zealand language. Hongi, on his return, settled his feud and killed a large number of his foes, and for the subsequent five years, aided by the superiority of his weapons, earried death and destruction wherever he led the Ngapuhi people and their allies. His ravages extended as far south as the East Cape,’ while in the Waikato some two thousand persons were killed and partly eaten at a fah situated near the site of the present town of Alexandra. Probably ten thousand persons were killed in his various A MAORI WAR-DANCE, raids, though many writers have not hesitated to double the number of this estimate. The New Zéalanders, it may be said, do not appear to have ever been so numerous as Captain Cook, Dr. Forster and others imagined them to have been. Only the harbours were visited by the early voyagers, and the natives being a race of fishermen were found congregating at fishing-stations—from which circumstance their numbers were somewhat disproportionately estimated. Tue FAILurRE oF THE First CoLonizING COMPANY. In 1825 the first New Zealand Association was formed in London. It was composed of men of influence, among whom was Lord Durham. A vessel was fitted out for the purpose of exploring the country and conveying settlers to New Zealand. The command of the ship, called the Rosanna, was given to a Captain James Herd, a seaman well acquainted with the New Zealand Coast. No later than the year 1822 he had been in the River Hokianga in the ship Provzdence, when he witnessed a deed of- conveyance of land from native chiefs to one Charles, Baron de Thierry, who in his absence was 998 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. represented by Mr, Kendall. The expedition arrived in the Hauraki Gulf in 1826, reached the Bay of Islands on the 26th of October of that year, and proceeded thence to Hokianga, where a purchase of land was made by Captain Herd at a place known to the present day as Herd’s Point. A war-dance at one of the places visited by the Rosanna was said to have terrified the colonists, who insisted on being carried back to England, it having been a stipulation between them and the Company before leaving — the port of departure that they should be re- conveyed to England if they disliked remain- ing in New Zealand; and of all the emi- grants—said to be some sixty in number— remain in New Zea- land, Messrs. McLean, Nimmo, Gillis and Nesbet. The Rosanna went to Sydney early in the year 1827, where the stores of the expedition were sold by public auction, and Captain Herd, and land. The cost of the adventure was said to have been twenty thousand pounds. A STAGE FOR A MAORI FESTIVAL. Through the influence of the missionaries who were desirous of seeing some kind of authority established, thirteen of the chiefs of the Bay of Islands applied in 1831 to King William *IV. for British protection, as the Governors of New South Wales, after the régime of Macquarie, no longer regarded New Zealand as one of the dependencies of the colony, while an Act of George III. stated New Zealand to be a place not within his Majesty’s dominions. Representations were about this time forwarded to the Imperial Authorities from the Governor of New South Wales suggesting the appointment of a British Residént; and in the following year Lord Ripon dispatched Mr. James Busby, a civil engineer of New South Wales, who was then on a visit to England, to fill that position. /.IZS. Imogene was employed to carry him to his Residency, where he arrived on the 5th of May, 1833, and stationed t only four elected to’ those of the emigrants — who felt disposed to | ' do so, returned to Eng- * . Islands /7.M.S. Alliga- . where the town of New HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 999 himself at Waitangi, in the Bay of Islands, a short distance from the Paihia Mission Station. His appointment not. answering the expectations formed, Governor Bourke recalled him in 1837. In 1835.Mr. Busby suggested that the New Zealanders should have a national flag enabling vessels built in New Zealand to possess freedom of. trade in British ports, and the proposal being approved, H.M.S. Alligator was sent to the Bay’ of Islands with for the chiefs to select three patterns of flags : | ‘TTT a | i from. The flag was chosen accordingly, and saluted as the standard of an_ inde- pendent country. From ‘the Bay of tor proceeded to the west coast of the North Island to punish the Ngatiruani tribe, who had behaved with in- humanity to the crew of the barque Harriet in April, 1834. This vessel had been wrecked near the spot Plymouth now stands. She was commanded by one Guard, a sealer in Cook Strait, who had been to: Sydney for supplies, accom- Pamee ey ms yEuro- A MAORI SALUTATION. pean wife. According to their general custom the natives attacked the shipwrecked party, and Guard, after defending himself with some resolution, fled with about a dozen of his crew, leaving his wife and two children prisoners, and his dead in the hands of the conquerors. While making their escape, Guard and his followers met a party of another tribe, about a hundred in number, to whom he surrendered. He was sent to the Moturoa, z¢., “The Sugar Loaves,” where the fugitives were hospitably treated. Guard carried the story of the wreck and the capture of the woman and children to Sydney, and Sir Richard Bourke sent by the A/zgator a company of the Fiftieth Regiment to rescue the prisoners. Mrs. Guard and the children were released, two villages crowded with a mixed multitude of men, women and children were cannonaded, the habitations 1000 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. in two fahs, or fortified villages, and their accumulated store of provisions were burned, and the head of the principal chief, who had been slain, was cut off and kicked by the triumphant soldiers and marines as a foot-ball along the beach. The same year ‘Charles, Baron de Thierry, styling himself a sovereign chief of New Zealand, and King of Nukuheva,” one of the Marquesas Islands, laid claim to the rights of a sovereign chief in New Zealand. A meeting of the chiefs took place in response to an address from Mr. Busby, and a declaration of independence on the part of the Maori population was published under the style of “The United Tribes of New Zealand.” In 1837 Captain Hobson was at Sydney in command of //.AZ.S. Rattlesnake. A serious war was then raging among the tribes at the Bay of Islands, and Sir Richard Bourke thought it his duty to request Captain Hobson to proceed thither and_ protect British interests, and to report on the condition of the country. In the report, which attracted considerable attention, Captain Hobson proposed that factories should be established after the manner of the early trading companies of the English and Dutch. When making the recommendation he was probably not aware that the Sydney merchants had, in 1815, made a similar proposal to Governor Macquarie. He also made the humane and sagacious recommendation that a treaty should be made with the New Zealand chiefs for the recognition of the factories, and for the protection of British” subjects and property. Mr. WaAKEFIELD’s NEw ZEALAND ASSOCIATION, In the same year, 1837, a second New Zealand Association was also formed, Mr. Francis Baring being the Chairman. Several of those gentlemen who were in the venture of 1825 were on the Committee, as well as some of those who were active in colonizing South Australia. Mr. Edward Gibbon Wakefield, in his evidence before a Committee of the House of Commons on Colonial Lands in the previous year, had drawn attention to New Zealand as being a field suitable for emigration and coloniza- tion. He said, in 1840, before the Select Committee on New Zealand :—‘‘In consequence of that statement a Member of the Committee spoke to ‘me on. the subject, and after- wards other persons, and we determined to form an Association for the purpose of obtaining if possible from Parliament some regulation both for the colonization and Government of the islands” of New Zealand. Lord Glenelg was willing to grant the Association a charter of colonization under certain conditions, provided the consent of the chiefs could be obtained. One of these conditions was objected to by the promoters. Lord Glenelg insisted that a certain amount of capital should be subscribed and a fixed proportion paid before the Association should assume any authority. Lord Durham said the Association would ‘neither run any pecuniary risk nor reap any pecuniary advan- tage,” and so the negotiation came to an end. : In June, 1838, Mr. Francis Baring obtained leave to bring in a Bill for founding a British colony in New Zealand, and though the first reading was carried by seventy-four votes to twenty-three, it was thrown out on the second reading by a majority of sixty. The Wakefield system of colonization, as it was called, was the establishment of colonies in which the grades of English society might be reproduced. The land, as in HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1001 England, was to belong to the employer, the cultivation of it to the workman, who, however, could easily work up into the position of a proprietor. The public lands were sold at such a price as would preclude their too easy acquisition, and labourers were to be conveyed from the one hemisphere to the other by the proceeds of the sale of the soil. The system was one of the means devised to provide labour and a public works fund, but the discovery of gold-fields in California and in the South Pacific about the middle of the century tended in some measure to destroy its applicability. A month before the rejection of the Association’s Bill a public meeting was held at Kororareka, in the Bay of Islands, to consider the best means of preserving life and THE BREAKWATER, NEW PLYMOUTH. property in the district, when the Kororareka Association was formed on the lines of vigilance committees in America. Soon after the information of the proceedings at Kororareka reached England, the Colonial Office saw that further delay would be fatal to British interests, and the annexation of New Zealand to the Empire was resolved on. Still it proceeded tardily. In December, 1838, it was proposed that a British Consul should be appointed to reside in New Zealand, and Sir George Gipps was _ officially informed of the intention; but it was not until the middle of the next year that the selection of a consular agent was made, and it was determined that “certain parts of the islands of New Zealand should be added to the colony of New South Wales as a dependency of that Government, and that Captain Hobson, R.N., should proceed thither as British Consul to fill the office of Lieutenant-Governor.” In June and July the arrangements were gazetted; in August, Lord Normanby gave the Consul his instruc- tions, and that official at once prepared to proceed with his family in /7.JZ.S. Druzd to Port Jackson, where he arrived on Christmas Eve of 1839. Captain Hobson’s instructions were to establish a form of civil Government with the consent of the natives, to treat for the recognition of her Majesty’s authority over the 1002 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. whole or any portion of the Islands; to induce the chiefs to contract that no lands should in future be.sold except to the Crown; to announce by proclamation that no title to land acquired from the natives of the dependency would be recognized except confirmed by a Crown grant; to arrange for the appointment of a Commission to determine what lands held by British subjects had been lawfully acquired; and to appoint a Protector to supervise the interests of the Maori population. But while the Colonial Office was making the arrangements described, Mr. Wakefield was not idle. After the collapse of the Association of 1837, he had been with Lord Durham to Canada, but returned with his chief to England and formed a New Zealand Land Company, of which Lord Durham was. Governor, and Mr. Joseph Somes Deputy- Governor. The first paragraph in the prospectus of the Company declared its character, and showed that it was not open to the objection made to the Association. It said: “This Company has been formed for the purpose of employing capital in the purchase and resale of lands in New Zealand, and the promotion of emigration to that country.” - The capital was four hundred thousand pounds in four thousand shares of one hundred pounds each, with a deposit of ten pounds per share. Rusden says :—‘ A capital of one hundred thousand pounds was paid up, and a hundred thousand acres of land in New Zealand had been. sold before a title to one had been acquired. They (the share- holders who paid money) drew lots for sections unknown, of lands which the Company was about to seek.” The Zory, a vessel of four hundred tons burthen, was prepared to sail in April with the first body of the Company's settlers, and letters of introduction were solicited at the Colonial Office to Governors of colonies. The answer was that the Queen would be advised to take measures to obtain by cession the sovereignty of the Islands, and that no pledge could be given for the future recognition on the part of the Crown of any titles to land which the Company or any other persons might obtain by grant or by purchase from the natives. Nothing daunted, however, by this rebuff, the 7Zory sailed in May, 1839, under the control of Mr. Wakefield’s brother, Colonel William Wakefield, of the Spanish Legion. Two days after the departure of the TZory the Directors announced to the Government that the Company was formed, and Lord Normanby was informed that preparations for a very extensive emigration were in progress in various parts of England and Scotland. | The Zory, which carried an exploring staff and a cargo of “trade” for barter with the New Zealanders, arrived at Queen Charlotte Sound after a rapid passage, at the time, of ninety-six days; and after wandering about Cook Strait on land-purchasing expeditions, Colonel Wakefield, on the last day of September, 1839, took formal posses- sion of Port Nicholson in the name of the Company, and the New Zealand flag was hoisted under a salute, on an immense staff erected for that purpose. Colonel Wakefield reported to the Company that he had ‘purchased a territory as large as Ireland, extending from the thirty-eighth to the forty-third degree of south latitude on the west coast, and from the forty-fourth to the forty-third degree of latitude on the east coast, in exchange for goods valued at something less than nine thousand pounds. His purchase embraced localities where the Company’s settlements of Wellington, Nelson and New Plymouth were subsequently formed. The interpreter of the Company was a man eS a a ee HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1003 named Barrett, who had been many years in Cook Strait, first sealing and then whaling, and who had “picked up” the usual “ pigeon” Maori in use among the whalers, but was quite unable to render complex sentences into the Maori language, which frequently requires the use of words having several meanings. The deeds of sale were written~ in English, the true meaning of which Barrett could not translate into Maori. After dispatching the TZory, however, the Directors in England, presuming on the success of their agent, actually proceeded, as we have seen, to sell land to the value of more than one hundred thousand pounds, and to send out emigrants before they knew that a single acre had been assigned. In October, 1839, a vessel named the Comdée de Paris, having on board emigrants, left France for Akaroa, in the Middle Island, while the French frigate Z’Auéde was destined for the same port. Tue Treaty or WAITANGI. Captain Hobson left Sydney in A.M7.S. Herald for the Bay of Islands, where he arrived on the 29th of January, 1840. He was accompanied by a Treasurer, a Collector of Customs, a Police Magistrate, two clerks, a sergeant and four men’ of the mounted police of New South Wales. As soon as the Herald left Port Jackson, Sir George Gipps issued three proclamations, the first extending his Government to any territory which had been or might be acquired in sovereignty by Her Majesty, within the group of Islands in the Pacific Ocean, commonly called New Zealand; the second, appointing Captain Hobson Lieutenant-Governor of any territory that might be acquired by Her Majesty; and the third declaring “that Her Majesty would not acknowledge as valid any title to land which either has been, or shall be hereafter acquired in that country, which was not either derived from or con- firmed by a grant to be made in Her Majesty’s name and on Her behalf.” To the Sydney land claimants the latter proclamation was especially obnoxious, as the traders there had bought large tracts for specula- tive purposes. Captain Hobson, on his arrival at the Bay of Islands, issued an invitation to all British subjects to meet him at the Church of Kororareka the next day, where he read two commissions—one extending the limits of New South Wales, and the second appointing him Lieutenant-Governor over such portions of New Zealand as might thereafter be added to Her Majesty's dominions. Two proclama- tions were also read, the first announcing that Her THE TREATY MONUMENT. Majesty’s authority had been asserted over British subjects in New Zealand; and the second that Her Majesty did not deem it expedient to acknowledge as valid any titles to land in New Zealand which were not derived from or confirmed by the Crown. After the proclama- tions had been read, in the “presence of a concourse of persons,” forty of the - settlers 1004 3 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. present signed a declaration descriptive of the day’s proceedings, and on Monday, the 4th of February, an address of congratulation, written by Doctor, now the Honourable Dr. Pollen, M.L.C., was presented to his Excellency by the inhabitants of Kororareka, assuring him of their loyalty and desire to “aid him in establishing law, order and security for life and property in an improving and important colony.” Notices in the native language had been circulated on the Friday previous stating that Captain Hobson would, on the 5th of February, hold a meeting of the chiefs for the purpose of explaining to them the Royal Instructions he had received, and of placing before them a copy of a treaty he would submit for their adoption. This treaty, since known as_ the famous ‘‘Treaty of Waitangi,” on which was based the title of the Crown to the BUSBY HOUSE, North Island, may be thus condensed :—The preamble stated that the Queen of England, in her regard for the Maori people, desiring to preserve for them their rights as chiefs and the posses- sion of their lands, and also—having heard that many of her subjects had settled in New Zealand, and that more were about to follow—to prevent troubles arising between the two races, had thought it right to send William Hobson, Captain in the Royal Navy, to be a Governor for all parts of New Zealand now or hereafter ceded to Her; to carry into effect which object the following articles of agreement are proposed :— I. The chiefs of New Zealand cede to the Queen forever the right of Government over the whole of New Zealand. Il. Her Majesty the Queen of England confirms and guarantees to the chiefs and tribes of New Zealand, and to the respective families and individuals thereof, the full, exclusive and undisturbed possession of their land and estates, forests and fisheries, and other properties which they may collectively and individually possess, so long as it is their wish and desire to retain the same in. their possession. But. the chiefs of the united tribes, and the individual chiefs, yield to Her Majesty the exclusive right of pre- emption over such lands as the proprietors may be disposed to alienate, at such prices as may be agreed upon between the respective proprietors and persons appointed by Her Majesty to treat with them on Her behalf. III. In consideration for consent to the Queen’s Government, the Queen will protect all the Maori people and give them all the rights and privileges of British subjects. Under this Treaty the natives not merely ceded to the Queen the right to purchase rs, HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1005 such land as the owners were willing to sell, but ‘the pre-emptive right of selection over all lands;” and the practical interpretation put upon this by each of the Governors except Fitzroy was that the Queen might have the refusal of all lands the natives were willing to sell, and if that refusal were given no one else would be allowed to buy. This was one of the chief grievances that underlay the Maori disaffection of the future. Soon after Captain Hobson arrived in Sydney, Bishop Broughton, the first Bishop of Australia, wrote to the Rev. H. Williams, who held the greatest amount of influence in the Church Mission, that upon the fullest consideration his judgment inclined him very strongly to recommend Mr. Williams, and through him all other members of the Mission, that ‘their in- fluence should be exer- cised among the chiefs to induce them to make the desired sur- render of sovereignty to Her Majesty. Cap- tain Hobson had, it will be seen, the Mis- sion influence on_ his side, though the British Resident, Mr. Busby, held aloof from sign- ing the address of con- gratulation to his Ex- cellency, and nearly all the land-claimants resi- PLANTING THE BRITISH FLAG AT AKAROA. dent in New Zealand viewed the advent of the Governor with alarm. The Treaty was adopted in great part all over the land by Mission influence, and the singular spectacle was manifested of the Church and Wesleyan societies relinquishing the power it had cost them some quarter of a million sterling to acquire. On the 1st of March the Governor, while looking for a place to found a city to be the seat of his future Government, became partially paralyzed in his right arm and leg. The Rev. Henry Williams had, however, a day or two before, shown him the Tamaki District, and he tells us how “his Excellency was not long in pointing out the spot, the present site of Auckland, seeing immediately its various advantages.” On_ the Governor becoming ill he was taken to the Bay of Islands, and in a Mission family nursed back to health, while the missionaries took up the task of getting the Treaty signed, which may be regarded as their handiwork; for though the -Governor’s suite were witnesses in many places to the signatures of the chiefs, it was the personal influence of their teachers that made-the natives rally round the officers sent them by the Queen of England. On the 21st of May, 1840, the Governor proclaimed the sovereignty of the Queen over the North Island of New Zealand by virtue of the Treaty of Waitangi, and over the Middle and Stewart’s Islands on the ground of discovery. 1006 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED, The New Zealand Land Company meantime had been actively at work. When the proclamations declaring the sovereignty of the Queen were published, there had been landed from the Company's vessels in Port Nicholson more than a thousand’ passengers, who had “formed themselves into a Government, elected a Council, appointed Colonel Wakefield President, and had proceeded to enact laws and appoint magistrates.” As soon as the Governor heard of their proceedings, ‘without one hour's delay” he sent thirty men of the Eighth Regiment, who had been drafted from New South Wales, and Lieutenant Smart with five of the mounted police of that colony, under the command of Lieutenant Shortland, R.N., with instructions to publish a proclamation declaring the Provisional Government of the Company illegal and usurping, and calling on all persons, upon their allegiance to the Queen to withdraw therefrom, and to “submit to the authorities in New Zealand legally appointed.” The settlers informed Lieutenant Shortland that they had formed themselves into a Council only until the Governor was enabled to act. All they had done was to make provision for their own good order and safety in a country possessing no settled form of Government. They had no disloyal intent or purpose whatever, and welcomed his arrival amongst them. The proclamation was read and responded to by both races, while an address of congratulation was carried by Colonel Wakefield to the Bay of Islands and presented to the Governor. Lord John Russell, on receipt of Captain Hobson’s despatch detailing his proceeding, ’ gave his “entire approbation” to all that had been done, and stated that he would soon transmit Letters Patent constituting New Zealand a separate Government, with a commission appointing Captain Hobson the first Governor. The latter pursued his inquiries as to the best site for the seat of Government, and at last determined to select Auckland for various reasons, as set forth to the Secretary of State, namely, on account of its central. position; the great facility of internal water communication; the facility and safety of its port; and finally, the fertility of its soil, which was stated by persons capable of appreciating it, the Governor said, to be exceptionally well adapted for every agricultural purpose. Previous, however, to his fixing the site, he had been assured, in the address presented to him by the inhabitants of Port Nicholson, that they had antici- pated as far as possible the wants of the Government, and set apart the most- valuable sections of land for the convenience of the Public Offices, and the personal accommoda- tion of his Excellency, feeling assured that sooner or later Port Nicholson would become the metropolis “and the seat of Government. The selection of Auckland as the capital disappointed the expectations of the New Zealand Land Company, and apparently deprived the Governor of the good-will of the Company's agents and settlers, the latter of whom had been led to expect that the spot selected by the Company’s agents would be the future capital of the colony. It was also the Governor's duty to report to Sir George Gipps that the title of the Company to Port Nicholson itself was disputed by the natives, and thus to manifest to them his determination to honourably fulfill the conditions of the Treaty, which, on behalf of the Crown, he had concluded with them. A great deal of angry feeling was evoked in consequence of these two circumstances, and the Press, under the influence of the Company, both in Wellington and in England, misrepresented much that the Governor did, impugning his motives and assailing his Administration. Conscious of his rectitude, hi i il {Ml | V | Ht a THE REMARKABLES. HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1007 writhing under the attacks of anonymous writers, and irritated by the petition that had been sent to England for his recall, he wrote to the Secretary of State in May, 1841: “Had I been base enough to prefer my own comfort to what I believed to be the public benefit, I could have established myself at Port Nicholson, when, surrounded by a compact society all identified with the place, I might have left it to the Company’s agents or their Press to answer any censure which might flow in upon me. from any quarter. Or, had I been still more base, and kept in view my ‘pecuniary advantage, there could have been no scheme devised better calculated to ensure my fortune and Za 7 f= Aw that of-my friends than presented itself at Port Nicholson. I needed but to have speculated largely in the Company’s shares, and_ having raised their value by the location of Govern- ment, to have sold off my interest while they preserved their artificial value.” The reply was -a conclusive one. Two other incidents in the Governorship of Captain Hobson are especially worthy of note. The French frigate Z’Aube had reached the Bay of Islands before the Comte de Paris had arrived with the immigrants intended to be placed at Akaroa. Suspecting the captain of the frigate of cherishing designs on the Middle Island inimical to British interests, the Governor sent /7.M7.S. Britomart to Banks Peninsula, ‘- directing the commander to proceed thither with all dispatch, so that before the BISHOP SELWYN, arrival of the Z’Aube or the Comte de Paris possession might be taken. British INstiruTIons. * A Charter for establishing in the colony of New Zealand a Legislative and an Executive Council, and for granting certain powers and authority to the Governor, was signed by the Queen on the 16th of November, 1840, and published in the colony on the 3rd of May, 1841. The Letters Patent described the new colony as consisting of the group of islands lying between thirty-four degrees thirty minutes and forty-seven degrees ten minutes south latitude, and one hundred and sixty-six degrees five minutes and one hundred and seventy-nine degrees east longitude; and declared that the three principal islands known as the Northern, Middle, and Stewart's Islands should in future be desig- nated New Ulster, New Munster, and New Leinster. The New Zealand Association, in 1837, pointed out the necessity for a bishop for New Zealand, and the idea engaged the attention of the New Zealand Land Company ; but early in 1841 the proposal was adopted on an extended. and proper basis by the Church of England, and a Colonial Bishoprics’ Council was formed, which wisely chose the Rev. Augustus Selwyn, curate at Windsor, for the office of the first Bishop of New Zealand. He sailed by way of Sydney about the end of the year 1841, and 1008 A US TRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. landed at Auckland, the seat of his diocese, on the 29th of May, 1842. He soon proved an important factor in the spiritual and temporal affairs of the country. Having lawyers of remarkable ability associated with him, the Governor was able to report that Ordinances had been passed to establish a Supreme and County Courts; for the constitution of juries; for regulating the practice of petty sessions; for estab- lishing municipalities; for promoting religion; for regulating postage; for registration of deeds and instruments affecting real property, and for facilitating its transfer; to render certain marriages valid; for regulating the sale of liquor ; ‘for licensing auctioneers; for securing copyright in books ; and for repealing the Ordinance which gave force in New Zealand to the laws of New South Wales. . . Captain Hobson died on the 1oth of September, 1842, from a paralytic seizure, at the age of forty-nine. years. Few British Governors have had to peacefully acquire the countries they governed. His Treaty of Waitangi was “a Christian mode of commencing the colonization of the colony.” ‘His justice,” said Swainson, his Attorney-General, “was inflexible.” The Maori opinion of his merits was noted in a letter to the Queen from Te Wherowhero, the future Maori King, which said :—‘* Mother Victoria: My subject is a Governor for the Maori and Pakeha in this Island. Let him be a good man. Look out for a good man. A man of judgment. Let not a troubler come here. Let not a boy come here, or one puffed up. Let him be a good man as the Governor who has just died.” Captain Hobson’s monument is the city of Auckland, where he died. Tue Wartrau MASSACRE. Lieutenant Shortland, the Colonial Secretary, assumed the duties of Governor on the death of Captain Hobson, and continued acting until December, 1843, the period of the arrival of Captain Fitzroy, who was appointed Captain Hobson’s successor. The Acting- Governor ruled by proclamation, with the aid of laws already enacted, and avoided calling the Legislative Council together. During his rule there occurred what was known as the “ Wairau Massacre,” when Captain Wakefield, the brother of the Company’s principal agent, and nineteen of the settlers imported by the Company, were killed in the Wairau Valley. The Company claimed to have purchased the land, but the natives asserted that they had not sold it. Surveyors were, however, sent to survey the Valley, and the natives considering their action as preliminary to occupation, burned down the surveyors’ hut by way of protest, after first taking care to scrupulously remove all the property the structure contained. The claim of the Company to the Wairau Valley was of a twofold character.. It assumed direct purchase from Rauparaha and the Negatitoa, who, | however, constantly denied ever having sold it. There is no reason to doubt but that, through imperfect translation, Colonel Wakefield had been misinformed as to the boundaries of the lands the natives agreed to sell, and that the native contention was in accordance with fact. The other claim of the Company to the Valley was the purchase of the rights of a woman in 1839, who claimed to be the wife of a Captain Blunkinsopp. It appears that some time in the year 1831 Blunkinsopp had been whaling in Cook Strait, and during the time of his visit, according to whaling custom, the daughter of Te Pehi, a kinsman of Rauparaha, lived with him as his wife. As payment for her, and the privilege HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1009 of wood and water for his ship, he gave the natives an old cannon, but drew up in English a deed of purchase of Wairau and its neighbourhood, and put the six-pounder into the document as purchase-money. The deed was mortgaged to Messrs. Unwin and Co., solicitors, Sydney, for two hundred pounds, and as Captain Blunkinsopp was not able to redeem the mortgage, the deed of conveyance was forfeited. The captain was drowned in South Australia before the New Zealand Land Company had agents in New Zealand, and the daughter of Te Pehi, on hearing of his death, had gone north to Hoki- anga. There Colonel Wake- field met her in December, 1839, and bought her rights, if any, to the Wairau Valley. Her claim consisted of the copy of the deed of convey- -ance, the original of which was in Sydney. A warrant to arrest two leading chiefs who disputed the sale of the lands (Rau- paraha and Rangihaeata) was obtained, and a Mr. Thomp- son—a police magistrate—eight of the Company’s settlers and forty labourers, accompanied him to aid the service. Thirty- ‘five of the party were armed, but the majority of them were unacquainted with the use of fire-arms, and were useless in such a contest as afterwards arose. The expedition sailed from Nelson, the third of the Company's settlements, and THE CARVED GATE-WAY OF AN OLD “PAH.” anchored in Cloudy Bay on the 15th of June. Two days after landing, Rauparaha was found encamped by a stream with about one hundred followers. A canoe was in the creek, and Captain Wakefield, Mr. Thompson and others, crossed the creek in it to where the natives were assembled. The Police Magistrate told Rauparaha that he had come to arrest him and Rangihaeata for having burned the surveyors’ hut; he had not come about the land, Rauparaha, 1010 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. who as usual was the spokesman, distinctly refused to be arrested, told the Magistrate that the hut was his own property, and desired that the dispute about the title to the land should be referred to the Land Commissioners’ Court for settlement. Thompson was averse to any other course than the arrest of the chiefs, and called on his men to fix bayonets and execute their warrant. Wakefield cried out, “ Englishmen, forward!” and in the rush that followed the command a shot was fired and a woman fell, who happened to be Te Ronga, the daughter of Rauparaha and the wife of Rangihaeata. On this the natives returned the fire, and the English, who had formed into line, broke and fled, and Wakefield and Thompson could not rally them. A white handkerchief was waved in token of submission, and five of the settlers and four of the labourers, who refused to run, surrendered themselves to Rauparaha; but Rangihaeata, who had lost his wife, tomahawked them all. Nineteen bodies were found and _ buried by Mr. Ironsides, a Wesleyan minister, a few days after the slaughter. Four natives were also killed. None of the dead had been mutilated or eaten. The Company’s agents and settlers were anxious to avenge the death of their companions, but Lieutenant Shortland, who held a tight rein on the Company, reserved the question of punishment for the consideration of Captain Hobson’s successor. Lieu- tenant Shortland’s Administration had been beset with difficulties, but his firmness and sagacity preserved the peace of the colony, and the general feeling prevailed that he was entitled to the gratitude of the Home Government and the colonists for the manner in which he had conducted the affairs of New Zealand. When party feeling had worn away, this opinion was generally shared both by his successors and _ others. Emigration to New Zealand was checked by the news of the Wairau conflict. Memorials were sent to the Governors of adjacent colonies for troops, and seven hundred persons petitioned _ Her Majesty to inquire into the condition of the colony. GOVERNOR FITzRoy. In November, 1843, Captain Fitzroy reached New Zealand, and in January ‘of the following year proceeded to Wellington in A.AZ.S. North Star; Captain Sir Everard Home arriving there about the end of the month. From Wellington he went to Nelson, where he publicly rebuked the magistrates who had signed the warrant for the arrest of Raupar ha and Rangihaeata, telling them that “arson” was the burning of another man’s house, while the natives had burned only their own property when they set fire to the surveyors’ hut. The natives had never sold the Wairau. Several of the magis- trates thus rebuked immediately resigned their commissions. From Nelson he went to the northern side of Cook Strait to visit Rauparaha at Waikanae. On this occasion he was accompanied by Mr. Forsaith—afterwards Premier, and at that time a Sub-protector of the native population—as interpreter. At the interview there were several Europeans and some five -hundred natives present.. Rauparaha was seated close to the Governor's chair, and Rangihaeata on the outer portion of the semicircle formed by the natives. Captain Fitzroy told them that he had heard the European version of the causes of © the fray, and he was there to hear the Maori side of the story. Rauparaha was invited to speak, which he did reluctantly. He said the land was the cause of the dispute, it not having been purchased from the rightful owners, and narrated how often he had HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. IOrl warned the Company’s servants not to occupy it. He stated that Mr. Thompson twice ordered his party to fire on the natives, and when, after having been made a prisoner, he appealed to him to save his life, Rangihaeata made him remember his wife, Te Ronga, and added, “A little while ago I wanted to talk to you in a friendly manner, and you would not. Now you say, save me. I will not save you.” When Rauparaha had concluded his narrative the Governor spent some half-hour in consultation with the Europeans, after which he rose and said: “Hearken, O chiefs and elder men, to my decision. . . . In the first place the Pakehas were in the wrong; A CARVED HOUSE IN KING COUNTRY. they had no right to build houses upon the land, the sale of which you disputed, and on which Mr. Spain had not decided; they were wrong in trying to apprehend you who had committed no crime. . . . As they were greatly to blame, and as they brought on and began the fight, and as you were hurried into crime by their miscon- duct, I will not avenge their deaths.” He further told them that a terrible crime had been committed in murdering men who, relying on their honour, had surrendered. They must live peaceably. He would do equal justice, and promised that no land should be taken from them: which they had not sold. The English Government had sent out a Mr. William Spain as a Commissioner to hear evidence as to reputed purchases of land in New Zealand. He arrived in the colony in December, 1841, but his court at Wellington was not opened until May following. The Company averred that they had purchased some twenty millions of acres —a territory, in fact, as large as Ireland. Mr. Spain insisted that the Company, like 1012 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. other claimants, should prove that the signers of the deeds of sale “had a right” to convey the land they sold, In England and in the colony, Mr. Spain’s mode of proce- dure was strenuously opposed by the New Zealand Company and its agents. Colonel Wakefield submitted to the Court six purchase deeds; those of Port Nicholson, Nelson, Taranaki, Wanganui, Porirua and Manawatu, for which he sought to obtain Crown grants. Prior, however, to the taking of evidence as to ownership, Mr. Spain told Colonel Wakefield that to ask the Government for a Crown grant of land, whether the native title was extinct or not, was calling upon it to do that which was totally out of its power to do, as the Crown could not grant that which the Crown did not possess. After many sittings of the Court, Mr. Spain reported in 1843 that the New Zealand Land Company’s agents had bought two hundred and eighty-two thousand acres: seventy- one thousand nine hundred acres in the Wellington District, one hundred and fifty-one thousand in Nelson, and_ sixty thousand at New Plymouth. The latter award Captain Fitzroy objected to ratify, and limited the area he considered the Company had fairly purchased to three thousand five hundred acres. This. decision, which the Governor had power under the law to give, created much discontent among the Europeans of Taranaki. Governor Fitzroy regarded in a somewhat loose manner the Treaty of Waitangi. The spirit of the instrument, in the interests of colonization, consisted in the Crown’s right of acquiring all lands alienated by the natives. By proclamation he allowed private persons to purchase land direct from the natives on payment to the Government of ten shillings an acre royalty on the acreage purchased. The natives, when discussing the Treaty before signing it, said the shadow of the land went to the Queen, but the substance remained with them; now they found the Government wanted the substance, as those who bought land under these conditions impressed on the sellers that the pittance they gave as purchase-money was all they could afford to give, since the Governor got ten shillings for every acre purchased. It is not surprising to learn that. only one thousand seven hundred and ninety-five acres were thus acquired, He then reduced the royalty payable to the Crown to a penny per acre, when ninety thousand acres were purchased, much of which, situated in the immediate locality of the city of Auckland, would have proved of great subsequent value to the public at large if it had been acquired by the Government. In May, 1844, the Governor sanctioned an Ordinance to issue debentures and- make them a legal tender, being sorely pressed for money; but the Ordinance was disallowed as being contrary to the Royal Instructions and the welfare of the colony. In June he amended the Ordinances of 1841 levying custom dues, and imposed a duty of thirty per cent. on guns, gunpowder, or weapons of any description, or “any munition of war.” In September of the same year he passed an Ordinance repealing all customs duties and declaring all the ports in the colony free, and imposing a tax of one per cent. on property, real and personal, over the value of one hundred pounds. The Ordinance of September was, however, repealed by a new law made in April, 1845, which abolished the property tax and the customs Ordinance of the previous year. The sudden changes in taxation arose from the Maori dissatisfaction in the Bay of Islands District and from the decrease of whalers frequenting the Bay. When customs dues and port charges were levied consequent on the establishment of civil Government, whaling-masters found that HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND, 1013 THE MANAWATU GORGE. other places in the South Pacific were less expensive than Kororareka had become, and the cheaper ports of call were chosen as refreshment places. Tobacco became scarce, and new blankets not being easy to acquire, the natives con- sidered that the emblem of British authority—the flag-staff on the hill overlooking the town—was the cause of the decay in their shipping revenue, and, as a writer remarked, the idea arose” in the native mind ‘that if the flag-staff were cut down, the fine old days of Kororareka would return.” On the 8th of July, 1844, a native chief named Hone Heke cut down and burned the Kororareka flag-staff and carried away the signal-balls.5 The Governor sent to Sydney for troops, which arrived in New Zealand early in August. The chiefs, inter- viewing the Governor, promised to maintain peace, and the flag-staff was again erected ; 1014 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. but was again cut down. In March, 1845, it had been erected thrice, and on the 11th of the month was cut down for the fourth time, and the town of Kororareka .destroyed by fire when occupied by the British troops. It contained some four hundred souls, who were sent on board a ship in the Bay and conveyed to Auckland, the settlement being abandoned. About the end of April the Governor proclaimed war against the . g native insurgents, re-inforcements having arrived at Auckland from Sydney. Several expeditions were undertaken against the rebels, in which the British troops suffered great loss without gaining any advantage. These reverses diminished the British prestige, and induced many malcontents who lost faith in the troops’ invincibility to join the insurgents. The war, coupled with the lack of funds for almost any purpose whatever, caused Captain Fitzroy to be recalled by Lord Stanley in May, 1845. GOVERNOR GREY. Captain Grey, who was now appointed Governer, was courteously received on his arrival in Auckland on the 14th of November, 1845, by Captain Fitzroy, from whom he obtained the most valuable assistance and information upon entering on his new duties. He found that some naval and military forces had arrived from China, and that others were to follow. Naval and military men of known ability had been selected with consider- able care to aid him in the difficult circumstances in which he was _ placed. He thus occupied a much stronger position than that in which his pre- decessor had laboured. Among the officers was Colonel Despard, in com- mand of the troops, who had already acquired some experience in Maori war- fare; Commodore Graham, a_ distin-~ cuished naval officer, the brother of Sir James Graham; and Sir Everard Home, who bore a high reputation not only for naval ability but for his scientific attainments. After the Gover- nor’s installation he proceeded to the iii | | Bay of Islands, where the war was Mi Hi i SIR GEORGE GREY. Wl ! NA OA still in progress. He gave thé. natives to understand that after a certain fixed date he expected the belligerents to return to the loyalty which they had promised to observe by the Treaty of Waitangi, the conditions of which he also intended scrupulously to maintain. Returning to the seat of Government before the 13th of December, he passed the “Arms Importation Ordinance,” prohibiting the natives from acquiring arms, gun- powder, or other warlike stores. This step on his part alarmed many people, who ee , td oa ee Otol RY or my QE re ae HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. IO15 feared the Ordinance might affect many neutral tribes to the extent of inducing them to join the chiefs in revolt, especially those who were residing between Auckland and the Bay of Islands. On the rith of January of the year following, the strong fortress of Ruapekapeka was captured by a party while its defenders were engaged in Divine Service, the day being Sunday. Then the northern disturbances came to an end, the natives pledging themselves to maintain for the future an inviolable peace—a promise which has never since been broken. The difficulties in the northern portion of the colony having been thus concluded, the Governor turned his attention to the south, which was in a troubled condition. Several murders had been committed by the natives on settlers who occupied lands of which the titles were disputed. In February +846, the Governor left Auckland for I & LAKE TAUPO, (From a Picture by Mr. Charles Blomfield.) Wellington with all the force at his command. The relations between the two races continued to be unsettled, until in May and June the natives attacked the troops in the Hutt Valley, killing and wounding several. A general feeling of insecurity prevailed. In all the skirmishes occurring between the two races, more soldiers were killed than natives. At the end of July the Governor received information that an attempt would be made to drive away the settlers from Port Nicholson, and that to achieve this purpose the tribes from the Wanganui District would co-operate with those in the vicinity of Wellington. Rauparaha was supposed to be an ally of the whites since his meeting with Governor Fitzroy, but the settlers suspected his good faith and considered that he was aiding the insurgents. At last his intentions were made plain. A Mr. Deighton, one of the New Zealand Company’s settlers, was at this time living at Wanganui, and was fortunate enough to obtain sight of a letter bearing the signature of Rauparaha, addressed to the inland natives up the River, strenuously urging them to rise and join the party. which was harassing the settlers. He communicated the substance of the letter to the Police Magistrate at Wanganui, who, seeing its importance, proposed sending it to the Governor. A few days afterwards, a party of men, over two hundred 1016 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. in number, with fire-arms and ammunition, appeared in the settlement, announcing their intention to go to Wellington to join their chief, who was associated with the party then busily pillaging the settlers. Deighton, learning their intention, told Mr. King that if he would write a despatch he would undertake to deliver it to Captain Grey, accom- panying the natives in their journey to Port Nicholson. The despatch was written with Indian ink on tissue paper, and sewn up in the collar of Deighton’s coat. During their journey he was suspected of carrying letters to the Governor, and was in danger of losing his life in consequence; but, being searched, the despatch sewn in the collar of his coat eluded discovery, and on his arrival at Wellington he was enabled to deliver it to the Governor. Possessed of the proofs of the intention of the natives, the Governor, on the night of the 23rd of July, 1846, caused an armed force silently to surround the abode of Rauparaha, who was found asleep in his bed and conveyed on board A.AZ.S. Calliope, which was waiting in the Porirua Harbour for his reception. It is noticeable that the Authorities always allowed themselves considerable latitude in their dealings with questions in which Maori rights were concerned. Things were sometimes done, whether called for by the exigencies of the time or not it is for the judgment of history to say, that the agents would scarcely allow themselves to do had their opponents not belonged to the coloured races. The capture of Rauparaha is one of these, but it is just possible that in this instance there were adequate extenua- ting circumstances; the general statement may therefore be made here without any invidious effect. The cunning and adroit capture of the most celebrated living Maori warrior instructed the natives that they had now a Governor to deal with whose vigilance they could not hope to elude, and who was swift to execute the plans his sagacity had matured, The capture made a profound impression on Maoridom. Who could be safe if Rauparaha was outwitted and imprisoned? He was given the choice of standing a trial for treason, or of remaining in custody of the British, a prisoner of war. He wisely chose the latter alternative, and the Wanganui natives, after his capture, dispersed without delay to their homes. Shortly after their return to Wanganui, the troops marched on the fah of Rangihaeata, who left the position he occupied, broke up his war-party, and his followers retired to their own district, | Te Heu Heu, the great chief of Taupo, who had long refused his adhesion to the Queen, was, on the 7th of May, 1846, buried alive, with fifty-four of his followers, by a land-slip at Taupo, and the elements of discord in the native population, incident to the change of their condition in having to live- under a_ settled form of Government, seemed to be disappearing one after another. The settlers having drifted into uneasy relations with the natives at Wanganui, a detachment of soldiers was sent to the district in December, 1846. A desultory warfare continued till the end of the year, when the natives, who were cut off from all communication with the sea, and their usual markets, wrote begging for peace, and on the 21st of February, 1848, the principal chiefs met his Excellency the Governor in the presence of Major-General Pitt, who was in command of the troops in the colony, and peace was ratified and a general pardon granted. This was the last occasion during the period Captain Grey was Governor that peace between the Europeans and natives was in any way disturbed, and the people of both races were left free to devote their energies to the development of the resources HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1017 of the country, and the building up of laws and institutions suited to the novel circum- stances existing in the young colony. Immediately on his first arrival at Wanganui, the Governor, while skirmishing was going on between the forces and the natives, received certain official despatches from the Home Government, by which he obtained the first intelligence that Parliament had bestowed a new Constitution on New Zealand, and that new modes of dealing with native land were to be adopted concurrently with the new institutions. The despatches, which had been already published in the London Gazette, contained language regarding the rights of the natives to their lands that was liable to be misunderstood, and similar language it appeared had been used during the debate in Parliament on the new Constitution, and had been republished in newspapers which arrived in the colony at the same time as the despatches. It seemed quite possible to the Governor, therefore, that the intention to deprive the natives of their lands, which appeared to be the new line of policy proposed for adoption, was, in the unsettled state of the country, likely to give rise to a general national combination among all the native tribes, and thus to result in a long-continued, destructive and costly war. For these, and _ possibly other reasons, the Governor thought it his duty to return to the Home Government the despatches, and the Charter which accompanied them, in order that the subject might be further considered in England, and also that delay should be obtained in the promulga- tion and enforcement of documents, which, it was to be feared, would, in their present unsuitable form, give rise to such serious calamities. There were many thousands of armed men residing in the centre of the North Island, who were generically known as the Waikato tribes. At irregular distances along the sea-coasts were isolated and defenceless European settlements. The Tamaki District and the shores of the Manukau formed the road by which the northern and southern tribes went to wage war with one another, and the Governor resolved to occupy this highway of armed men, which was close to the seat of Government. When Kororareka was destroyed, Auckland became panic-stricken at its defenceless condition, and now in the time of peace the occasion seemed opportune to make provision for its permanent safety against attacks from the south. To ensure this purpose the Governor obtained a number of discharged soldiers in England, who were enrolled for seven years’ service in New Zealand, and stationed in four settlements around Auckland. The new force became known as the “New Zealand Fencibles,” and it has been stated by a competent witness that all the old veterans thus humanely provided for who deserved success obtained it. Each man had a cottage built on an acre of land, which became his own, with a claim for five acres more on completing seven years’ service. The first detachment arrived in October, 1847, and in a few months this military colony, with the wives and children, numbered two thousand souls. On the 26th of February, 1848, Lord Grey writing to the Governor said :—‘1 have very great pleasure in communicating to you the information that Her Majesty has been pleased to approve of your being a Knight Commander in the. civil division of the Order of the Bath, for the great ability and success with which you have administered the affairs, both of South Australia and of New Zealand.” Two native chiefs, Waka Nene and Te Puni, were the squires on the occasion of the investiture. In April, 1848, the Ngatiawa tribe, 1018 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. led by William King, with some six hundred followers, migrated from Waikanae, Cook Strait, to Taranaki, locating themselves on the south bank of the Waitara River, which had been from time immemorial their ancestral home. They had gone southwards earlier in the century by pressure from the Waikato tribes, and the desire to obtain land in the vicinity of Cook Strait, where the whale-ships brought guns and ammunition for barter. After the Governor had arrived in New Zealand he received official advice that a sum of ten thousand pounds had been placed to his credit, to be applied to the purchase of native lands for the purposes of colonization. He was thus enabled to secure sites for the settlements of Otago and Canterbury, that were founded in the years 1848 and 1850 respectively. Otago was settled by the members of the Free Church of Scotland, and on the 22nd of March and the 15th of April, 1848, the first emigrant vessels, the /ohn Wickliffe and the Phzljp Lang, arrived at Port Chalmers. Three vessels, with the first body of settlers, under the auspices of the Canterbury Association, the Charlotte Jane, the Randolph and the Sir George Seymour, arrived in Lyttleton Harbour on the 16th and 17th of December, 1850, and were received by the Governor, who was awaiting their arrival. In July, 1850, the New Zealand Company gave their Charter of Incorporation back to the Crown. No clear statement of its financial affairs has ever been published, but the Company appears to have received nearly a million of money, all of which was spent save some thirty thousand pounds, and to have been indebted to the share-holders and the Government at the time of relinquishing their Charter, to the extent of some five hundred thousand pounds. The sum of two hundred and thirty-six thousand pounds owing to the Government by the Company was cancelled, and two hundred and sixty-eight thousand three hundred and seventy pounds was made a charge on the lands of the colony. . PoLiricAL PROGRESS. In 1852, a representative Constitution was granted to New Zealand under the Imperial Act, 15 and 16 Vict. c. 72. It was just about this time that the agitation in the same direction on the part of the mother-colony showed signs of being crowned with success. The long-continued and reiterated representations of the colonists on the subject had at length begun to produce some effect on the Colonial Office, and public opinion in England was being rapidly educated up to recognizing the right of people at the antipodes to govern themselves and make laws to suit their own local circumstances. Sir John Packington, the Colonial Secretary, was mainly guided by Sir George Grey’s recommendations in framing the New Zealand Constitution. Six provinces were created —Auckland, Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury, Otago and Taranaki—the Governor defining their boundaries. Superintendents were to be elective, but the Governor had the power to veto the Bills passed in the Provincial Assemblies. The first election took place in 1853. The General Assembly was to consist of the Governor, a House of Representa- tives, composed of thirty-seven Members, and a Legislative Council, to consist of fourteen persons, the right to nominate all of whom was vested in the Crown. Sir George Grey distinguished his term of rule by remarkable zeal in the public service. He arrived in the colony at thirty-three years of age, full of activity, and fresh from his experience as Governor of South Australia. He had already earned a name HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1019 for himself in Australian history by his services in connection with the work of explora- tion in Western Australia, where he received a spear-wound of which the effects remained. Captain Grey published an account of his travels in the interior which is one of the most remarkable contributions to the literature of the story of that once mysterious waste, rivalling the journals of Sturt for vivid word-painting and _ realistic descriptive power. He brought to New Zealand the same qualities of energy and zeal that first earned him the notice of the Colonial Office. He established many boarding- schools for the poor and the destitute children of all races in the South Pacific. There were separate establishments for boys and girls under the control of various religious bodies that had Missions in New Zealand, presided over by married persons who resided on the premises with the children. Supported by endowments, the pupils received an industrial training coupled with religious and secular instruction. They were especially taught English, with a view to making it the standard language of the Pacific; and as this supplemented the efforts of the Mission schools, the result was that in a very few years many of the native population CHRISTCHURCH IN 1852. of the younger generation could read and write, and had the advantage of being trained in European habits. Endowed hospitals were also established in various parts of the colony, on the same principle of being open to all races in the Pacific Islands. His Excellency also devised a constitution for the Church of New Zealand, which has since been adopted in Canada and Ireland. The fact that he had originated the frame-work of the constitution of the New Zealand Church was made known only by the statement of Bishop Selwyn when he was leaving the colony to return to his diocese of Lichfield, in 1867. Sir George Grey left the colony on the last day of the year 1853. Since the Wanganui trouble in 1842, peace had prevailed all over New Zealand. The European population, which numbered twelve thousand seven hundred and seventy-four in 1845, had increased in 1853 to thirty thousand six hundred and seventy-eight souls. The revenue in 1845 was twelve thousand eight hundred and ninety-nine pounds; in 1853 it amounted to one hun- dred and forty-seven thousand eight hundred and twenty pounds. His wise and steadfast rule brought prosperity to the country and he left it in peace. On his arrival in England he was made a “D.C.L.” of the University of Oxford, and the demonstrative undergraduates, when the title was conferred, gaye a round of cheers for the “ King -of the Cannibal Islands.” © | Upon Colonel Wynyard of the Fifty-eighth Regiment, as senior military officer, devolved the Government of the country on the departure of Sir George Grey. He- had lately been elected Superintendent of the province of Auckland, and, according to 1020 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. the Secretary of State, should have resigned the Superintendency when called upon to administer the Government of the colony. By a proclamation dated on the 18th of January, the General Assembly was called together on the 24th of May, 1854. Mr. Charles Clifford, of Wellington, was elected Speaker of the Lower House, and Mr, William Swainson, the Attorney-General, appointed to preside over the Council. As soon almost as the Assembly met, a difficulty arose, as there was no provision laid down in the Constitution Act for what was called Ministerial responsibility, the Act having left it open for the colony to choose the form of its Executive Government. The offices of Colonial Secretary, Treasurer and Attorney-General were ‘held from the Crown, and their holders formed, with the Governor, the Executive Council of the colony. To the demand for responsible Government, Colonel Wynyard replied by adding to the Execu- tive Council Messrs. Edward Fitzgerald, Henry Sewell and Frederick Aloysius Weld, who were influential Members of the Housé of Representatives. But this arrangement — did not work smoothly. Misunderstandings arose between the Executive Officers holding their appointments from the Crown, and the popular Ministers, who resigned, and were succeeded by Messrs. Thomas Spencer Forsaith, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, William Thomas Locke Travers and James Macandrew. The mixed Cabinet, however, did not work satisfactorily, as more than one Ministry resigned office before the 16th of September, on which date the Assembly was _pro- rogued. An address to the Governor expressed a willingness of the House to grant supplies to a Government conducted by the old Executive Council until instructions were received from England respecting Ministerial responsibility; and on this under- standing several Bills became law, the most important of which gave the Provincial Councils the management of the waste-lands of the several provinces. Next year the Assembly commenced business on the 8th of August, when the officer administering the Government informed the Assembly that Her Majesty’s Ministers had no objection to the establishment of responsible Government, provided the Colonial Secretary, the Colonial Treasurer and the Attorney-General were pensioned; and that no enactment was necessary for the formation of responsible Government, as the practice rested on usage only. Colonel Gore Browne, who was to succeed Sir George Grey as Governor, arrived in Auckland on the 15th of September, and prorogued the Assembly. Colonel Wynyard’s Administration, extending over some twenty months, was alike peaceful and prosperous, no events of special moment marking his term. | A new Parliament was chosen, after the sittings of two years, to enable the people to elect Members from whom responsible Ministers could be chosen; it met at Auckland in May, 1856. Colonel Browne visited, in the recess, the settlements of New Plymouth, Nelson, Wellington, Canterbury and Otaga, and found the European population, which numbered some forty-five thousand souls, busily and profitably occupied. The revenue of the colony was one hundred and eighty-five thousand pounds, while when Captain Fitzroy left New Zealand. it was only twenty-six thousand six hundred and forty-five pounds. This was an unmistakable indication of prosperity. In the new House of Representatives, Mr. Clifford, of Wellington, was again chosen Speaker, and three Minis- tries, between the 7th of May and the 2nd of June, succeeded one another. The first passed a Pension Bill, giving to the officers appointed by the Crown two-thirds of their HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1021 salaries as retiring allow- ances, leaving the poli- ticians a clear field for their exercise of “ Minis- terial responsibility.” The third Ministry, known as the ‘ Stafford,” held office for more than five years, and left a permanent influence on the future history of the colony. The Assembly, AUCKLAND HARBOUR FROM CEMETERY GULLY. on its first meeting in 1854, soon made manifest the fact that the politicians were divided into two parties, called the “ Centralists” and the “Provincialists ;’ or those who wished the General Assembly 1022 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. to have control over all affairs, while the ‘ Provincialists” desired that the general and local functions of the colony should be relegated to the Provincial Councils, Mr. Stafford, who formed the first permanent Ministry, was a ‘“Centralist,” but he held no office himself for six months after its formation in June, 1856, until the November following, when he became Colonial Secretary. Mr. Stafford and three practicing lawyers divided the portfolios among them, the lawyers being Messrs. Whitaker, Richmond and Sewell. For ten years the colonists had been clamouring for “responsible Government,” being desirous of escaping from the control of the Colonial Office. It was now to be seen what they would do with it. Thomson tells. us how, before leaving England, Colonel Browne had an interview with Lord Elgin, the ex-Governor General of Canada, who impressed upon him the easy life a Governor led who reigned over a colony and left the ruling part of it to responsible advisers, and it appeared that Colonel Browne intended to follow Lord Elgin’s advice. But the “responsible Ministry” of 1856 was clogged with one restriction which threw the most troublesome portion of the Govern- ment of the colony on the Governor. The purchase of land, and the laws, and all things specially affecting the natives, were to be regarded as matters of Imperial concern, and, as such, under the Governor's especial control. Ministerial responsibility did not yet include responsibility in native affairs. Such were the circumstances under which responsible Government was brought into operation. Tue Native DIFFIcu.ty. About the time when the General Assembly first met in Auckland, and the Govern- ment of the colony was given into the hands of the colonists, there arose in the native mind two desires. One was to provide a local form of Government for the race; the other was to discountenance the sale of native lands. Both were regarded by the ruling colonists as inimical to the welfare and progress of the colony. The native race wanted leading rather than restraint, and Governor Browne was quite unable to direct the “king movement” whither it should have been led. Early in his term of office it began to expand, and though he arranged with his Ministers that he should remain responsible for native affairs, he saw only with their eyes and followed their advice, because he had no other knowledge or experience to guide him in cases of perplexity. The responsibility remained with the Governor, but the control of events rested mainly with his Ministers, who began to sap the power that was divided. In May, 1857, a Maori meeting was held on the banks of the Waikato River, when Te Wherowhero, who had written to the Queen on the death of Governor Hobson, was elected King under the style of “Potatau, King of New Zealand,” and the flag given to the natives by William the Fourth was hoisted as a symbol of his sovereignty. The object of the movement, which was directed by a chief of great intel- ligence named William Thompson, was to obtain law and order, and to replace the power of the chiefs which the advent of the Europeans had almost destroyed. The importance of this movement was at once recognized. “If the Government,” wrote Governor Browne when reporting this meeting to the Secretary of State, “does not take the lead and direction of the native movement into its own hands, the time will pass when it will be possible to do so.” In the following year, 1858, he held a different F fHfISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1023 opinion; as when writing to the Colonial Office he said, “I trust that time and absolute indifference, and neglect on the part of the Government, will teach the natives the folly of proceedings undertaken only by the promptings of vanity and instigated by dis- appointed advisers.” It was not long before his language took a more decided tone, and it became the custom to speak of the Maori desire for a king as a treasonable combination. Meanwhile, a number of acts on the part of the Europeans seemed to indicate whither events were tending. The first Ordinance enacted by Governor Grey on_ his arrival in New Zealand was to regulate the importation and sale of arms. This Ordinance was repealed in 1857, and shops for the sale of warlike stores were opened by Europeans in different settlements. The natives purchased many thou- sand stand of arms, and large quantities of ammunition; ten years of peaceful prosperity having made them compara- tively rich through supplying the Europeans with produce. Thompson, who was a careful observer of what took place, says “every vessel from Aus- tralia brought cheap guns for the Maori trade.” The session of 1858 was indicative of the latent native policy of the Government. It was so hostilely dealt with by the Legislative Council that it was passed only under the threat of Ministerial resigna- tion. Early in 1859 the Gov- ernor visited the settlement at New Plymouth, when he declared to the natives that it was his intention to adopt a new policy in the purchase of native lands, and to treat with individual claimants, dis- regarding tribal rights and the WILLIAM THOMPSON, THE MAORI KING-MAKER. influence of the chiefs; in other words, to impress the English land system of the nineteenth century on a race whose customs regarding land resembled in a great measure those in vogue among the Irish people under the Brehon traditions. When the new policy of land-purchasing was_intro- duced by the Governor, upwards of thirty million acres had been obtained from the native owners for purposes of colonization, of which not more than a quarter of a million were 1024 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. under cultivation. The people of Taranaki considered they were straitened for room to expand, and wanted an extension of territory towards the mouth of the River Waitara, and an individual native was put forward to sell a portion of the tribal estate to the Government. A Maori named Teira offered the Governor a block of land at Waitara for sale: it was some six hundred acres in extent, and endeared to the owners by historical recollections, being the first landing-place of the tribe some twenty-five or thirty genera- tions previously. Areas had consequently been allotted by. their ancestors or the heads of different families, and subdivided into allotments for different persons. Each allotment was marked out by natural or artificial boundaries, and each family knew what belonged to itself and what to others. The chief of Waitara, William King, acting as the repre- sentative of the tribe, opposed the sale, telling the Governor. personally that this land should not be sold, but kept as an inheritance for the tribe. The Governor, however, reported to the Secretary of State that while he did not fear that William King would continue to maintain his assumed right, he had made every preparation to enforce obedience should he presume to do so. William King did, however, maintain his right, and from these events sprang the Taranaki War of 1860, which lingered until May, 1861, and resulted in nothing except the temporary ruin of Taranaki. On the 23rd of the month the Governor was informed that he would be superseded by Sir George Grey, of whom the Secretary of State said, “he should be neglecting a chance of averting a more general and disastrous war if he neglected to avail himself of the remarkable authority which will attach to his name and character as Governor. of New Zealand.” Sir George Grey landed at Auckland on the 26th of September, - 1861, and on the 3rd of October following Colonel Gore Browne left the colony. The new Governor found the natives confident in their united strength of being able to cope with the European settlers, as through the late conflict they had, -by skilfully devised retreats, almost uniformly succeeded in evading defeat, while the damage their warlike and predatory habits inflicted on the settlers was of a most distressing kind. War to a Maori was little more than an occasional interlude in his ordinary life, while to the West of England men by whom the New Plymouth settlement was largely peopled, it was a disruption of all their social and business relations. Nor would the Colonial Office regard with any satisfaction the cost of the conflict, which Sir George Grey found to have.amounted to eighty-seven thousand pounds. The Duke of Newcastle became accus- tomed to write of the conflict as the “Settlers’ War.” One good result of the change of Governors made itself apparent. Colonel Browne had directed that preparation should be made for commencing a war against the Waikato tribes, who had, from. their inter- course with the settlers, acquired a general coating of civilization. They had_ schools and school-masters, places of worship and religious teachers, fenced and tilled lands, and agricultural implements and appliances diffused over a wide area. Sir George Grey, who had been charged some fifteen years before with carrying the spirit of peace into the councils of war, now considered it wiser to establish peace and order than to carry slaughter into such districts. The Stafford Ministry had fallen in July, 1861, and was succeeded by an Adminis- tration formed by Mr. Fox, who had been an emfloyé of the New Zealand Company, and an active agent in the agitation that was fostered among the colonists to promote t HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1025 the establishment of what they called responsible Government. Mr. Fox had long been a political opponent of the Governor. By the commencement of November, 1861, Sir George Grey had formulated a scheme for the local Government of the race, under the provisions of which he proposed to utilize the authority and capacity of the native chiefs, in conjunction with European police magistrates, in making and maintaining laws affecting the social welfare of the Maori. He believed that if a local form of Government of the character indicated were introduced into native districts the causes of contention between the Maori people and the Legis- lature would be con- siderably lessened. Early in his second Government he deter- mined that the divi- sion of authority be- tween the Governor and Ministers should be abolished, and that upon native, as on other affairs, the Gov- MAORI CANOE OBSTACLE RACE. ernor should rely on the advice of his Ministry; and on the 3oth of May, 1862, Imperial control over native affairs was abandoned. , Ever since his return to the colony, his Excellency had regarded with suspicion the purchase of the Waitara block, over the possession of which so much blood and treasure had been expended. Having caused the title to be carefully examined, he learned. to his surprise that’ the land had never been obtained from its rightful, owners, and that even the full amount of the purchase-money promised to the seller had not been paid. Teira, from whom the Government claimed the right to occupy, subsequently avowed that he had no right to sell, and the whole transaction on his part appears to have been a device to obtain satisfaction for a slight put upon him by William King in a private quarrel. The actual merits of this case had been laid bare in a decisive speech by Mr. T. S. Forsaith in his place in the Assembly, in 1860—a speech which led to the defeat of the Ministry of that day. The Governor now accepted the position, and the claim’ of the colony to the land was renounced by .proclamation on the 11th of May, 1863. On the 4th of June following, hostilities were recommenced in the province of Taranaki, and the wider area of the Waikato and portions of the east coast became involved in an insurrection of the native tribes who were desirous of measuring their strength against the Europeans. A narrative of these wars in a connected form will be given later on. It may be here stated that while they resulted in the subjugation of the natives, they had for a time a disastrous effect upon the colonization of the North © Island. The Domett Ministry, which succeeded to office in August, 1862, proposed in the year following, when the insurrection was evidently spreading, to establish military settlements on native lands owned by insurgent tribes. The confiscation of land was an 1026 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. idea familiar to the native mind, as a tribe worsted in conflict often suffered a loss of tribal estate as a consequence of defeat. So well was this mode of punishment under- stood by both races, that when the missionaries, who had much influence in the Bay of Islands, proposed, in 1838, the confiscation of the lands of a Maori malefactor, they found the other natives approving of the suggestion, and aiding its enforcement. In the outbreak of Heke and Kawiti, in 1845, the Rev. H. Williams and Mr. G. Clarke both advised the Governor to confiscate the lands of the insurgents. Insecurity of office, however, prevented the Domett Administration from confiscating land. A Whitaker-Fox Ministry came .into power at the end of October, 1863, and the “New Zealand Settle- ment Act” was passed in the December following. Under its operation three million eight hundred and eighty-four thousand four hundred and_ thirty-seven acres were confis- cated in the provinces of Wellington, Taranaki and Auckland; and, though the Imperial Government looked askance at the Enactment, it was affirmed. In November, 1864, the seat of Government was removed from Auckland to Wellington, Cook Strait, in consequence of an agitation for a more-central position from which to direct the Administration of the colony, there being at that period very few telegraphs, and indifferent and irregular communication by sea. In July, 1866, the Governor announced the cessation of the war, and in the November following Sir G, F, Bowen was appointed Sir George Grey’s successor. With Sir George Grey’s term of office the personal authority of the Governors of New Zealand may be said to have ended, and Ministerial responsibility to have been fully established. When Sir George Bowen commenced his term of Governorship in February, 1868, the Ministry was presided over by Mr. Stafford, who succeeded Mr. Weld, the latter having held office as Premier for about eleven months. In June, 1868, an outbreak took place among the natives, led by Titokowaru, on the west coast of the North Island, resulting in what was known as the “West Coast Campaign.” During the month following some political prisoners confined on the Chatham Islands, led by Te Kooti, effected their escape in a schooner named the Rifleman, and, proceeding to the east coast, commenced a guerrilla warfare which continued two years before it was brought to a conclusion. Among the terrors of this warfare was the “Poverty Bay Massacre,” on the 9th of November, 1868, when twenty-nine Europeans and thirty-two natives were murdered. On the 12th February, 1869, eight people were massacred at the White Cliffs, in the province of Taranaki; the Rev. John Whitely, a Wesleyan preacher, being among the number. Tue Pustic Po.icy. In June, 1869, Mr. William Fox became Premier, having Mr. Vogel associated with him as Colonial Treasurer. The colony had felt the war acutely, and the North was somewhat exhausted by the strain placed upon its capacities. Mr. Vogel, however, in the session of 1870, initiated a new departure in the policy of the country, founded on the belief that the natives could be more easily dealt with by constructing roads and railroads, and by the increase of European population by immigration, than by the old — recognized modes of procedure, while the whole colony would be beneficially affected, he maintained, by the stimulus of the money borrowed for the purposes indicated. He proposed to obtain six million sterling by way of loan for defence, immigration, public HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND, 1027 works and other purposes. His policy was almost unanimously adopted, and the colony entered upon its career of public works and immigration. At the end of the year 1870, New Zealand contained a European population of two hundred and forty-eight thousand, having increased threefold in number since the commencement of the Taranaki War’ in 1860. The revenue at that date, which was four hundred and sixty-four thousand pounds, had expanded in the next ten years to one million three hundred and eighty-four thou- sand. Exports and imports had a corresponding increment, and land under cultivation, sheep, and horned cattle, had increased sevenfold. From the date of the ac- ceptance by the Legislature of Mr. Vogel’s proposals, in August, 1870, to October, 1877, the Administration of the country continued in the hands of the same persons, though some seven different combinations gave cause for a corresponding change in the nomen- clature of Ministries. The public debt, which in 1870 amounted to seven million eight hundred and forty thou- sand pounds, or thirty-one pounds per’ European inhabitant, in 1877 had risen to twenty million seven hundred thou- sand pounds, or fifty pounds per European inhabitant; but the borrowed money had, among other things, enabled the Government to construct over a thousand miles of railway. Meanwhile, SIR WILLIAM JERVOIS. Sir James Fergusson and the Marquis ‘ of Normanby had respectively succeeded Sir George Bowen as Governors, and the provinces, as institutions of the colony, had been abolished. In 1875, Sir George Grey entered the arena of colonial politics, and in October, 1877, succeeded in ousting an Administration led by Major Atkinson, that had earned for itself the name of ‘“ Continuous.” He formed a Ministry composed mainly of young men of great ability, and succeeded in holding office for two years. As a _ noteworthy ripple on the stream of public life, it may be mentioned that Sir George Grey had as a colleague a Mr. John Sheehan, who was the first native of European parentage elected as a representative of the people to the Parliament of New Zealand. His capacity and aptitude for public business afforded evidence of the swiftness of the current of events, the youth of the colony being now qualified not only to take part in its councils but to assist in controlling the public business and policy of the country. The Government having confiscated in 1864 more land than the settlers could utilize, a portion of the alienated territory remained unoccupied, and in the province of Taranaki fell into the possession of the original owners, who built houses, made cultivations, and exercised other rights of ownership thereon. A promise had also been given to the Maori 1028 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. residents of Taranaki that the Government would give them a certain sum per acre as a solatium for the confiscation of their -land, and as time passed and the occupiers remained undisturbed, actual ownership and exclusive possession were at times some- what offensively asserted. Religious fanaticism gave cohesion to the occupiers of the confiscated lands in Taranaki, and caused them to gain adherents from many places, until a large settlement became established in the Ngatiruanui country at a place called © Parihaka, under the leadership of a Maori called Te Whiti. - In 1881, on the anniversary of Gunpowder Plot, the Colonial Forces, under the command of Colonel Roberts, invested the Maori village, took prisoners the two leaders of the movement, Te Whiti and Tohu, dispersed the residents, and destroyed their habitations. In the absence of Sir Arthur Gordon at Fiji, the Ministry of the day carried out the dispersion by methods which his Excellency disapproved of, as he considered them of an illegal character. This was the last .occasion upon which the peace of the colony was in danger of being broken by the Maori people, all the tribes having either become reconciled to the dominion of the European race, or lacking the power and desire to organize a resistance. In the census of March, 1886, there were forty-one thousand six hundred and twenty- seven Maoris and half-castes living as members of Maori tribes; while in 1858, when the first Maori census of the colony was taken, their numbers were declared to have been fifty-six thousand and forty-nine. These figures are those officially furnished by the Government, The State has for many years been active in devising expedients to improve the condition of its people. In the year 1869 an Act was passed enabling the Government to grant life assurances and annuities on the security of the colonial revenue, and the Government Insurance Department is now one of the most prominent institutions in the State. In 1873, there was founded the Public Trust Office, by which it was sought to ensure the faithful discharge of trusts, to relieve persons from the responsibilities of trusteeship, and to substitute a permanent officer of the Civil Service in place of guardians. The office grows yearly in favour with the public. The Government of the colony always manifested a reluctance to divert any of its revenues from colonizing works to costly schemes of coastal defence. New Zealand was more backward in this respect than any of the Australian Colonies, and it is probably due to this fact that the Imperial Government, in January, 1883, appointed Sir William Jervois Governor of the colony. His Excellency, by lectures and personal influence, aroused public atten- tion to the risk which New Zealand would run in the event of an European war, and under his direction the chief ports have been strongly fortified and furnished with effec- tive battery and torpedo defences. As a result of the native wars, there is at the present time a large military element in the population, and New Zealand is now one of the best equipped of the Australian colonies for putting down any insurrection that may arise within its own borders, and also for repelling any attack of foreign foe. Heke’s War. The first serious outbreak on the part of the Maoris» after the proclamation of British sovereignty, took place in the Bay of Islands District in March, 1845, and led to an intermittent warfare of ten months’ duration. From the name of the insurgent a HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1029 chief it has become known as “Heke’s War.” It was the immediate consequence of local discontents arising out of the removal of the seat of Government from Kororareka, coupled with an impatience of the~restraints incidental to the assertion of civilized authority among a warlike and high-spirited people. Coincidentally with the rise of Auck- land, trade began to decline rapidly at the older settlement. The imposition of customs duties, by still further discouraging trade, intensified. the depression. But native sensi- bilities were wounded more deeply by the interdiction of free traffic in land, and the promulgation of the Crown’s right of pre-emption. These enactments carried to their minds the first direct intimation that they were in -a_ subservient position, and that the paramount power of their own chiefs had been superseded. To cap all, the foreign demand for the staple products of timber, flax and kauri-gum fell off very materially. Money became scarce, tobacco, blankets and ammunition were hard to procure, and the Government that forbade the sale of Maori lands to private persons had not the means of purchasing much itself. Finally, the passion of tribal jealousy was stirred into activity in the breasts of the malcontents. They perceived with chagrin that the trade which was now so rapidly disappearing from them had commenced to enrich their bitterest enemies—the Waikato and Ngatiwhatua tribes—who were settled in the neighbourhood of Auckland. A crisis was fast approaching, and with the hour came the man. Hone Heke, though not a chief of the highest rank, had won a position for himself among the martial and Ngapuhi tribe by his marriage with the daughter of the celebrated Hongi—the Napoleon of early New Zealand—and also by his own masterful talents. Deeply imbued with patriotic feeling, emulous of the fame of his great relation, and of a pragmatical turn of mind, he gradually HONE HEKE. acquired considerable influence with both Maoris and Europeans. Baptized a Christian, and appointed a lay reader of the Church of England, his intellectual ability and love of argument led him to contest after a time some of the tenets he had embraced, and he soon came to be regarded as an apostate from the faith, Superadded to his other qualifications, he was possessed of a faculty for diplomacy and a spirit of indomitable courage that eminently fitted him to act as a leader of his tribe. As early as 1841, he had gathered round him a party of followers, chiefly young men, who yielded him implicit obedience. Backed up by these, he consti- tuted himself a kind of champion for the redress, of Maori grievances; and, in some instances, acted as arbitrator between Europeans in their private quarrels. It was but natural, therefore, that such a man should take deeply to heart the declining prosperity 1030 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. of his tribes-men, and the encroachment of the alien race upon the hitherto irresponsible authority and privileges of the aboriginal chiefs. His growing disaffection was fomented by some of the white settlers, a few of whom, being of other nationalities, pointed to the British flag which had been erected on the hill of Maiki, overlooking Kororareka, as the symbol of the new order of things and the sign that the mana (authority) had departed from the chiefs. To the superstitious minds of Heke and his followers it was invested with the significance of all that was distasteful to them, and they became convinced that if it were only removed the good old days that they now so much lamented would magically return. Early in July, 1844, a trivial circumstance precipitated the first overt act against British authority. A Ngapuhi woman, married to a European resident at Kororareka named Lord, cursed Heke and called him a pig. Heke forthwith collected a hundred men, marched to the settlement, plundered Lord’s house and carried off the woman to his own place at Kaikohe. Lord offered a cask of ‘tobacco for her return, and as tu, or payment, for her conduct. Heke promptly sent her back, but Lord declined to fulfill his share of the transaction. The enraged chief again repaired to Kororareka at the head of an armed force, spent Saturday and Sunday in pillaging several stores and menacing the settlers, and on Monday morning, the 8th of July, mounted the hill and cut down the obnoxious flag-staff, carrying away the signal-balls with him to Kaikohe. The news of this act of open defiance was received in Auckland with dismay. There were only a hundred or so of troops in the entire colony, not a single defensible position, and a scarcity of munitions of war, while the primitive respect of the natives for the power and determination of the white man had been rudely shaken by the immunity enjoyed by the perpetrators of the ‘“Wairau Massacre” in the preceding year. Governor Fitzroy saw clearly, however, that to hesitate or temporize would be suicidal, and therefore dispatched thirty men of the Ninety-sixth Regiment to Kororareka. He also made application to Sir George Gipps (Governor of New South Wales) for immediate re-inforcements. In prompt response to this urgent request, one hundred and sixty men of the Ninety-ninth Regiment arrived from Sydney, and these, with a detach- ment of fifty men of the Ninety-sixth Regiment from Auckland, and two light guns, disembarked at Kororareka, the entire force being under the command of Lieutenant- Colonel Hulme, of the Ninety-sixth, //7.4Z.S. Hazard followed with the Governor and fifty seamen and Marines under Commander Robertson. While preparations were being made for the operations against the rebel chief, the Governor held several meetings with the natives, and finding out that the customs duties were a cause of very general dissatisfaction, took upon himself the responsibility of closing the Custom House and declaring Kororareka a free port. The troops had been moved to the mouth of the Kerikeri River, and they were about to march inland to Kaikohe, when Mr. George Clarke (Chief Protector of Aborigines) arrived from Waimate, bearing a message from an assemblage of the principal Ngapuhi chiefs desiring that the troops should not be landed at Kerikeri, acknowledging Heke’s culpability and undertaking to be answerable — for his future good conduct. They also solicited the favour of a conference. The Governor accepted the proffered compromise, and promptly met the friendly native chiefs at — Waimate. They repeated their assurances, agreed that the flag-staff should be replaced; { ieee Mille) SMA _ rr AE Fa ala O Te ANN A ae om ny nis HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1031 and, as compensation for Heke’s wrong-doing, offered to surrender some land or other property. The Governor would accept only ten old muskets, and even these he returned, while in compliance with the compact he ordered the withdrawal of the troops. In order to still further allay discontent, the Legislative Council in October arrived at the deter- mination to permit the natives to sell land direct to settlers. Meanwhile, Heke all this time had been lying at Kaikohe a passive spectator of events. Resenting the engage- ment of the chiefs to keep him in order, and emboldened by the concessions that his demonstration of force had wrung from the Authorities, he made up his mind to again hew down the flag- staff. Accordingly he repaired with his followers to Korora- reka early in January, cut down the flag-staff by night, and after sending word to the magistrate that he would return in two months to destroy the MANGONUI. Gaol and the Custom House, and to send away the officers of the Government, he retired again to Kaikohe. A proclamation was at once issued offering a reward of one hundred pounds for the apprehen- sion of Heke, and Heke retaliated by offering a similar sum for Governor Fitzroy’s head. In February, /7.47.S. Hazard was dispatched to Kororareka with a musket-proof block-house to be erected at the flag-staff, and fifty men of the Ninety-sixth Regiment under two officers to garrison the small fortress. This time the new flag-staff was sheathed with iron, a stockade was constructed, some light guns were mounted, and the settlers were armed and drilled. Everything now presaged a stern conflict. A force of twenty soldiers, under Ensign Campbell, guarded the British flag. Commander Robert- son, with forty Marines, was in charge of a gun commanding Matauhi Bay; half-way between the summit of the Hill and the beach stood the stockade, with two guns in front, and Mr. Polack’s house on the beach was garrisoned with soldiers, Marines and_ settlers.. Nor was Heke idle. He had emissaries travelling through the country as far north as Mangonui, and as far south as Whangarei, inciting the natives to rise. The chief Kawiti joined him with a large body of armed men, and other accessions followed. Early in March, Heke and Kawiti moved with their forces to the neighbourhood of Kororareka, and some acts of horse-stealing on their part led to an exchange of shots with the troops. Lieutenant Philpott of the Royal Navy was captured, but after being detained some time, and having one of his pistols taken from him, he was released and advised to be more careful of himself in future. On the night of the 1oth of March, Heke marched his forces towards Kororareka, 1032 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. posted Kawiti, with some two hundred men, on the road leading into the settlement from Matauhi Bay, so as to cope with Commander Robertson and his detachment of Marines ; and then, climbing the Hill, he lay down in ambush with about twenty men, only one hundred yards distant from the flag-staff. Before daylight on the 11th, Kawiti attacked Commander Robertson's position, and the noise of the firing having drawn Ensign Campbell and his men outside the block-house to ascertain what was going on, Heke and his braves bounded into the stronghold, shot the only soldier who had remained behind, and drove Campbell and the others in disorder down the Hill. Heke then proceeded to cut down the flag-staff. In the meantime, Robertson had been defending his position with great stubbornness, but when he saw the soldiers scampering down the Hill, he spiked his gun and also fell back to Mr. Polack’s house on the beach, where the whole defensive force was now collected. Re-inforced by a party of sailors from the Hazard, which was keeping up an active cannonade, the settlers and troops defended themselves for three hours from the rebels, while the Women and children were embarking on the vessels in harbour. After they had got safely off, the powder-magazine on shore exploded; and, the strength of the enemy, being evidently overestimated, it was then decided to abandon the settlement. In astonishment at a contingency they had never anticipated, the insurgent natives saw the whole of the troops and inhabitants betaking themselves to Her Majesty’s ship Hazard, the United States corvette 7. Lows, the whale-ship J/ate/da and the schooner Dolphin. They offered no molestation, but. when the settlement was quite deserted they began to pillage. Some of the settlers ventured on shore again to secure valuables, and the natives, instead of exhibiting any blood- thirstiness, actually assisted them to remove articles to the beach. Children left behind in the confusion of flight were sent uninjured to their parents; and, earlier in the fight, the wife of the signal-man having been taken prisoner, she was forwarded by Heke under a flag of truce to the nearest British post. In fact, this chief, throughout the troubles, excited a sentiment of admiration by his chivalry and magnanimity. After the town had been looted, the greater part of it was given to the flames; but, by the order of Heke, the buildings at the southern end, comprising the English Church, the Roman Catholic Bishop’s house and printing office, several warehouses (the property of Americans), and the Roman Catholic Chapel to the north, were preserved. During the engagement, Bishop Selwyn (Anglican), and Bishop Pompallier (Roman Catholic), succoured the wounded, and while the looting and burning were going on several of the missionaries visited the settlement with perfect freedom. One of them, the Rey. R. Burrowes, relates that he met one Maori with a bottle of lollies, from which he was regaling himself with great gusto, and that “the noble savage” offered him some of the sweetmeats. In this affair at Kororareka, six seamen, four soldiers and one half-caste child were slain; and twenty settlers, soldiers and seamen were wounded. Amongst the latter were numbered Commander Robertson, whose thigh had been shattered by a bullet, and Lieu- tenant Morgan, both of the //azard. It was computed that about thirty-four of the natives fell, and that between fifty and sixty thousand pounds’ worth of property was destroyed. On the 13th of March, the vessels sailed with the soldiers and inhabitants for Auckland, where their arrival with the news of the evacuation of Kororareka created quite a panic. Barracks were built, block-houses hastily constructed, the settlers called HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1033 out for militia -service, the windows of St. Paul’s Church barricaded, and an earth-work was thrown up near the Roman Catholic Chapel, while an urgent appeal for troops was made to New South Wales. Like precautions for self-defence were taken at Wellington and Nelson. The effect of the fall of Kororareka upon the native mind was disastrous to British prestige. Heke’s fame spread like wild-fire through both Islands, and respect for the military prowess of the English correspondingly declined. All sorts of sensational rumours kept the unfortunate settlers in a state of constant alarm. Heke was reported to have declared his intention of marching, with two thousand men, at the next full moon to Auckland, for the purpose of sacking it. In consequence of this alleged menace, Potatau Te Wherowhero, the chief of the Waikatos, and subsequently King, sent Heke the following warn- ing message :—‘“ Remain at your own settlement. This is my word: you must. fight me (the Waikatos) if you come on to Auckland, for these Europeans are under my protection.” But Heke had other and equally strong reasons for staying where he was. Tamati Waka Nene, the most influential chief of the Ngapuhi, in accordance with the compact made with the Gov- ernor at Waimate, collected his followers at Hoki- anga and marched across to the Bay of Islands in order to take the field against his turbulent compatriot. Some of the missionaries tried to dissuade Waka from at once entering upon active hostilities, and at their advice he dictated a letter to the Governor intimating that he was ready. While awaiting a reply, he encamped at Okaihau, some four or five miles inland, and summoned other chiefs to his assistance. On the 1st of April, Heke, who had three hundred armed men with him, was strengthened by TAMATI WAKA NENE. the arrival of one hundred and fifty natives from Whangaroa, and the same day he moved on to Mawhe, a settlement distant about two miles from Okaihau, and began constructing a fahk there. Heke had been manifesting some desire to effect a peace with the Authorities, but his hopes were frustrated by the commencement of skirmishing between his own forces and those of Waka on the 3rd of April, losses on both sides being the result. Further skirmishing took place on the 8th and the r5th of April, and on the 16th of April the majority of the Whangaroa natives left Heke and returned home. A sharp affray occurred on the roth, and Waka, having learnt that troops had arrived from Sydney, wrote to the Governor urging him to send them on at once. His Excellency immediately complied with the request of his brave ally, and on the 28th of April, H.M.S. North Star and two trans- 1034 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. ports entered the Bay of Islands, with three hundred soldiers of the Fifty-eighth and Ninety-sixth Regiments, and forty volunteers, under Colonel Hulme. On the 7th of May, this force, together with one hundred Marines and sailors under Captain Sir Everard Home, commenced their march towards Waka’s jak. Five days previously, Sir Everard Home committed an act of reprisal which provoked much adverse comment. He took prisoner Pomare, an ally of Heke, while a flag of truce was flying, and burnt his Jak to the ground. On the oth of May the campaign opened, the British officers being filled with contempt, both for their four hundred native allies and for their enemy, but the senti- ment was destined to undergo a speedy and effective revulsion. Heke, on his part, quietly awaited attack, confident of his ability to cope successfully with troops whose power he and his braves no longer feared. His fahk stood on a contracted plain, bordered on one side, and at the back, by a dense forest, and on the other side by a large lake. It was protected by two rows of wooden palisades, with a ditch behind them, the outer row of palisading being covered with flax. Heke had with him about two hundred and fifty men in the fak, and Kawiti, with one hundred and fifty men, was posted in ambush on a small rise within the verge of the forest. The allied forces advanced to within two hundred yards of the Aah, and some rockets were discharged with no appreciable effect. The troops then began firing, while a friendly native named Hobbs led Lieutenant McLeary, and a detachment of one hundred men of the Fifty-_ eighth and the Royal Marines, towards the spot where Kawiti lay in ambush. Kawiti’s forces, armed only with tomahawks mounted with long poles, met the attack with the greatest intrepidity. The soldiers then charged with the bayonet, and Kawiti retreated with a loss of twenty men. A sortie from the pak, led by a chief named Haratau, next engaged McLeary’s force, and after a hand-to-hand conflict the natives fell back. The firing between the main body and the besieged was continued until sunset, when the allied forces were withdrawn to Waka’s camp, the British having lost fourteen soldiers slain and thirty-nine wounded. So terminated the engagement at Okaihau. Colonel Hulme marched back to the Bay, re-embarked with all his forces for Auckland, and on arriving there assured his friends “that the force under his command was indebted to a merciful foe for its safe return.” The Governor sent to Sydney for more troops, and Heke, withdrawing to Ohaeawai, nineteen miles inland from Kororareka, proceeded to erect a strong fah there. Pending — the arrival of these re-inforcements, Tamati Waka Nene kept the field, and frequent skirmishes took place between his forces and those of the enemy. In New South Wales Sir George Gipps and Sir Maurice O’Connell, K.C.B., the Commanding Officer, were exerting themselves for the dispatch of effective assistance, and early in June Colonel Despard arrived with two hundred men of the Ninety-ninth Regiment, while Major Wil- mot brought some ordnance from Hobart. Colonel Despard was placed in command of an expedition, and on the 16th of June landed at the Bay of Islands, with a force of six hundred and thirty men and four guns: namely, two hundred and seventy men of the Fifty-eighth under Major Bridge, one hundred and eighty men of the Ninety-ninth, seventy men of the Ninety-sixth, eighty Auckland volunteers, thirty sailors from H.IZ.S. Hazard under Captain Sir Everard Home, and four guns in charge of Major Wilmot. On the HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1035 12th, Waka had engaged the enemy at rather close quarters and had repulsed them, Heke being wounded in the thigh while endeavouring to carry off his friend Kahakaha, and several other chiefs being placed hors de combat. The expeditionary force reached Ohaeawai on the 23rd. This stronghold stood in a clearing of the forest about five hundred yards square, and was very skilfully fortified. A square flank projected on each - side, it was surrounded with three rows of palisades, between the inner and middle fences there was a ditch with traverses furnished with loop-holes, and inside the fah there were huts with bomb-proof excavations. Heke’s forces numbered about two hundred A MAORI CANOE RACE, and fifty men, and were armed with single and double-barrelled guns, besides having two ships’ guns. Active operations were commenced on the morning of the 24th with a cannonade from Major Wilmot’s battery, but it seemed to make very little impression upon the fah. The three following days were uneventful. Colonel Despard wished to storm the Jah, but was dissuaded by the strong representations of Waka and_ others. On Monday, the 30th, a thirty-two pound gun from //MZ.S.. North Star was placed in position and fired with some effect. Next day an unexpected sortie was made from the fah upon a breastwork held by Waka; a soldier in charge of the thirty-two pounder was shot at his post; and a British flag having been captured, it was hoisted underneath Heke’s flag within the fad. This appears to have decided Colonel Despard to storm the jah the same afternoon, although Waka and other friendly chiefs urged that the attempt would be foolish until the thirty-two pounder had made a sufficient breach. Captain Marlow, senior engineer officer, was of the like opinion. At 3 p.m., one hundred and sixty men under Majors Macpherson and Bridge, and forty seamen and volunteers under Lieutenant Philpott, R.N. (a son of the Bishop of Exeter), paraded for this forlorn hope. They rushed on the fah at eighty yards, and amidst a deadly and continuous fire laboured with dauntless courage for fully ten minutes to make a breach % 1036 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. through the palisading. The outer lines were passed, but the inner fence being still intact, and two officers and half the men down, the bugle sounded the retreat. This ill-considered assault cost the British thirty-four killed and ‘sixty-six wounded, among the slain being Captain Grant, of the Fifty-eighth, and Lieutenant Philpott, while Lieutenant Beattie, of the Ninety-ninth, was mortally wounded, and died within a few days after. On the 3rd of July, the enemy hoisted a flag of truce and invited the British to remove their dead. For three days hostilities were suspended, and peace reigned in both camps. On the 7th, the besiegers resumed their cannonade, and kept it up for four days, besides taking care to prevent any supplies reaching the fas. During the night of the roth, the jak was deserted. Heke withdrew to Ikorangi, ten miles away, and Kawiti proceeded to entrench himself at Ruapekapeka, sixteen miles inland. Colonel Despard destroyed the palisades and retired to Waimate, whence his forces returned to Auckland. The settlers felt that the military operations had again proved unsuccessful, while the Maoris, who appraise the issue of a conflict, only by the relative numbers of the slain on either side, and attach no importance whatever to the desertion of a ah, marvelled at the prowess of Heke. His runners went all through the North saying, “One wing of England is broken, and hangs dangling on the~ ground.” Four months passed away, and Governor Fitzroy was about to resume the war when he learned that he had been recalled. In November, 1845, Captain Grey, the new Governor, arrived from Adelaide by the ship dphzustone, and at once repaired to the Bay of Islands, where seven hundred troops were: ascemiien: He wrote to Heke and Kawiti, offering them the same terms of peace that had been tendered by his pre- decessor. The insurgent chiefs replied with a distinct refusal to submit to any terms N which included the forfeiture of land. Fresh troops had now reached the Bay; and, on the 22nd -of December, Colonel Despard set out for Ruapekapeka with a force of one thousand one hundred and seventy-three Europeans, consisting of the Fifty-eighth Regi- ment under Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard, detachments of the Ninety-ninth, the Royal Artillery, the Royal Marines, the East India Company's Artillery, and the Auckland Volunteers under Captain Atkyns. In addition, there were thirty-three’ officers and two hundred and eighty seamen from //.M.S. Castor, North Star and Racehorse, and H.E.1. Company's ship Elphinstone, as well as four hundred and fifty natives under Tamati Waka Nene, Mohi Tawhai, and other Ngapuhi chiefs. A native detachment under Macquarie, a friendly chief, made a feigned attack upon Heke at Ikorangi, so as to keep him employed while the main body of the allied forces concentrated its strength upon the ‘reduction of Kawiti’s fortress at Ruapekapeka. This Aah has been pronounced. a masterpiece of Maori fortification, and the plans of it, now lying among the archives of the Auckland Museum, still compel the admira- tion and surprise of military experts. The bombardment began on the 31st of December, and on the 2nd of January the natives under Waka repulsed a sortie, and on the night of the 1oth Heke arrived with seventy men. Finding the provisions exhausted and the defences partly destroyed, he determined to abandon the place. He withdrew his forces in security ,accordingly, but Kawiti remained. On the Sunday, he withdrew his men from the fah, in order to’ conduct Divine Service. out of the range of the artillery. One of the native allies, who was serving as a scout, gave the signal that the Jak was empty, is —_ ae mk, Nop e e Mie HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1037 and the British rushed in. The Maoris made a desperate attempt to recapture the Aah, but were driven back. The British lost thirteen killed and thirty wounded. After the fall of Ruapekapeka the rebel forces, through lack of provisions, began to disperse, and Heke therefore wrote to the Governor proposing peace. His Excellency, perceiving that the time was now opportune for an honourable reconciliation with a fallen enemy, responded with the proclamation of an unconditional pardon to all who should quietly return to their homes; two hundred soldiers were left at the Bay of Islands and the remainder recalled to Auckland. Thus ended the first and only war between our people and the natives of the district north of Auckland. Thanks to the chivalrous character of Heke, it was singularly free from acts of barbarism. Still, there is the grave suspicion of one act of wanton cruelty at Ohaeawai. On the night after the unsuccessful assault upon that fakh, it is said that the chief Pene Taui lit a kauri-gum fire on the breast of a wounded soldier, and that his cries of anguish were heard in the British camp. In Judge Manning’s book, however (“History of the War in the North of New Zealand”), the Negapuhi chief who supplied the narrative says: “ As the people were mending ‘the fence by torch- light, there was a dead soldier lying near, and they put a torch of kauri-resin on the body to light their work, which burnt the body very much, and caused the report to be spread afterwards, when the body was found by the soldiers, that the man had been tortured; but this was not true, for the man was dead before the fire was thrown on the body.” On the same night a /ohunga, or priest, caused the dead body of Lieutenant Philpott to be scalped, and a portion of the hip to be cut from Captain Grant’s corpse, to be used in divination for the purpose of ascertaining how the war would end. These acts appear to have been committed without the knowledge of Heke. Shortly after the termination of the war, Heke met and_ breakfasted with the Governor at the residence of one of the missionaries (the Rev. R. Burrowes), who had arranged the meeting at his Excellency’s request. The chief was ailing at the time; he fell into a slow decline, and some four or five years later he died of consumption. Kawiti survived him by some years, and gave no further trouble to the Authorities. Tamati Waka Nene received a pension of one hundred pounds per annum for life, and lived at Kororareka, now Russell, until his death in 1871. The monument, raised by the Government over his grave, bears an inscription setting forth that it was erected to the memory of this chief of the Ngapuhi—‘sage in counsel, renowned in war’—by the Government of New Zealand, which he was the first to acknowledge, and which, for upwards of thirty years, he had faithfully served. Tue Hutr DisTurBANnces. Hardly had peace been re-established in the extreme North, than the smouldering embers of disaffection in the far South of the same Island were fanned into flame. The trouble there was agrarian. Colonel Wakefield alleged that he. had purchased the fertile valley of the Hutt, nine miles from Wellington, on behalf of the New Zealand Company, but some of the principal chiefs who had interests in it maintained that they had in nowise been consulted in the transaction, and refused to waive their rights. Governor Fitzroy paid over three hundred pounds to the chief Rauparaha for the purpose of .e 1038 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. extinguishing these native claims, but Rangihaeata—author of the “Wairau Massacre” — contending that he had not received his fair share of this money, resorted to acts of intimidation. Early in 1846, seventeen settlers of the Hutt were plundered, and Colonel Hulme marched three hundred soldiers up the Valley in order to punish the delinquents. They withdrew to an impregnable Aah in the adjacent hills, difficult of approach, and two hundred soldiers were therefore left in the Valley for the protection of the settlers, Meanwhile, Governor Grey collected all his available forces in Auckland, and took them with him to Wellington in 1846; six hundred and eighty men, with two guns and two howitzers, were now posted in the Hutt, and offers of assistance were received from friendly native chiefs. The troops were directed to prevent the supply of provisions to the enemy, and the latter found it necessary therefore to retire still farther into the interior. About the middle of April they eluded the soldiers, made a successful foray into the Hutt, murdered a boy and an old man named Gillespie, and declared that every occupant of the disputed lands would be served in a similar way. As Rangi- haeata was the reputed leader of the lawless party which committed this outrage, two hundred. soldiers were sent to garrison a stockade at Porirua, seventeen miles from Wellington, and in close propinquity to the chief's fastness. An hour before daylight on the 16th of May fifty soldiers of the Fifty-eighth Regiment, stationed under Lieutenant Page at Boulcott’s farm, in the valley of the Hutt, were surprised by seventy natives under Mamaku, and six soldiers were slain and four wounded. Athwart the gloom of this tragic occurrence the simple and yet lofty heroism of a bugler boy named Allen sheds a light akin to that of poetic romance. Struck with a tomahawk on the right arm while about to sound the alarm, with undaunted spirit he raised the bugle with his uninjured left-hand and blew a blast that roused his comrades, but cost him his own life, for the next moment he was felled to the earth with a deadly blow. The impunity with which this incursion was made stimulated the hostile natives to further attempts of a similar kind. On the 16th of June, just a month later, a recon- noitring party of forty soldiers of the Ninety-ninth, under Captain Reed, was attacked in the Hutt, with the result that two men were killed and an officer and five men wounded. This affair was speedily followed by the murder of a settler named Rush. Numbers of out-settlers fled to Wellington in terror, while those who had the hatdiheod: to remain on their lands took up arms and entrenched themselves in stockades. Rangi- haeata’s success was winning over neutral natives, and a feeling of despair began to pervade the European settlements. .At this crisis Governor Grey struck a blow which for a time quite paralyzed the native mind, and which many persons both then and since held to be quite unwarranted. Rauparaha, though nominally an ally, was strongly suspected of playing the Government false, and of secretly aiding the outlaws. It was therefore decided to seize him in_ his pah. The Governor, without informing the cele- brated warrior chief that his friendship. was doubted, sent away AH/.JZ.S. Driver, with one hundred and thirty soldiers, seamen and police on board, to surprise him in his strong- hold. They landed at Porirua before daylight, on the 23rd of July, 1846, surrounded the pah, captured Rauparaha asleep in his bed, and carried him away to the war-vessel in the offing, whence he was conveyed to Wellington. This event created a tremendous sensation throughout the colony, and among the native laments which were freely HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1039 composed at the time, was one of great beauty by Rangihaeata himself. Likening the captive to a gallant war-canoe dashed to pieces in the surf, he thus apostrophized him: My brave canoe! In lordly decoration lordliest far ; My proud canoe! Amid the fleet that fleetest flew, How wert thou shattered by the surge of war? "Tis but the fragments of the wreck Of my renowned canoe That lie, all crushed, on yonder war-ship’s deck. In subsequent verses, equally poetic, Rauparaha’s tribes-men are taunted with desertion of their chief ; he is blamed for trusting in the honour of the fakehas (foreigners); and the lament ends with a declaration of Rangihaeata’s resolve to rescue him. But Rangi- haeata had reckoned this time without his host. The Authorities, fully aware that inaction would hasten some fearful deed of revenge, lost no time in carrying the war into the enemy’s country. While preparations were made to assault the rebel stronghold at Pahautanui, four miles from the British camp at Porirua, a party of friendly natives was detailed to cut off the retreat. In alarm at these measures, Rangihaeata suddenly forsook Pahautanui; and, on the 29th of July, the expedition under Major Last of the Ninety-ninth entered into occupation of it. It was found that the enemy had withdrawn to a strong position in a densely-wooded gorge, six miles up the Horokiwi, and thither they were followed by the entire force of two hundred and fifty men. The attempt to dislodge the rebels failed; and, as it was not deemed prudent to storm the jah while the fire of small-arms and mortars appeared to be harmless, the expeditionary force fell back, with the loss of three killed and eight wounded. Ensign Blackburn, of the Ninety- ninth, was “among the slain. The enemy sustained no loss. Lieutenant Servantes, of the Ninety-sixth, was left in front of the Aah with the friendly natives, and at last the enemy, unable to procure supplies of food, and driven to subsist on tree-fern, dispersed into the interior, whither the troops, police and friendly natives pursued them until a number of rebels were arrested. They were tried by court-martial. One was adjudged insane and exempted from punishment, seven were sentenced to transportation, and a Wanganui chief, related to Rangihaeata, and named Wareitu (baptized Martin Luther), was condemned to pay the last penalty of the law. He met his fate at the gallows with a fortitude that° excited great admiration; and, as his offence consisted merely in joining Rangihaeata for the vindication of a cause which he deemed just and _ patriotic, the military tribunal which delivered him over to death incurred considerable obloquy thereby. The sense of injustice which it caused was confirmed rather than alleviated when the Secretary of State, announcing that doubts existed as to the legality of the tribunal, pardoned the seven prisoners who had been transported to Tasmania. Ruaparaha, after ten months’ detention on board /H/.d/.S. Calliope, was allowed to occupy Te Wherowhero’s house in the Auckland Domain. In September, 1847, he was visited there by two hundred Hauraki chiefs. The old warrior, however, pined for freedom, and at last the Government, yielding to a request, had him conveyed to his home at Otaki in January, 1848, by A.M.S. Inflexible. He died there on the 27th of November, 1849, and a cortege of fifteen hundred persons followed his body to the grave, where a lay European read the Burial Service over it. Rangihaeata, the nephew of Ruaparaha, 1040 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. retired to Pouratawao after the dispersal of his adherents, where he lived quietly until his death in 1855, at the age of seventy years. THe OUTBREAK: AT WANGANUI. The peace which ensued upon the Horokiwi expedition was short and _ illusory. Most of the disaffected natives had gone to Wanganui; and, reasoning from the more lenient treatment of Heke and his followers in the North that desperate and bloody conflicts commanded generous terms of peace, they quietly prepared to resume the field. Towards the end of 1846 some settlers were threatened and plundered, and in December a detachment of soldiers was sent into the district. Nothing of moment, however, occurred till the 16th of April, 1847, when a midshipman of //.47.S. Calliope accidentally shot a native chief through the cheek. The Maoris maintained that the wounded man’s life had been deliberately attempted, and the /ex ¢alzonts was invoked. Two days later, half-a-dozen natives attacked the house of a settler named Gilfillan, six miles from Wanganui, and murdered his wife and four children. Next day, five of the murderers were arrested by friendly natives and handed over to Captain Laye, of the Fifty-eighth. They were tried by court-martial, found guilty, and four of them were executed, the fifth being pardoned on account of his youth. War broke out at once. A _ soldier of the Fifty-eighth Regiment, wandering too far afield, was murdered, and at noon on the igth of May the hostile natives appeared before the settlement, six hundred strong. The British force consisted of one hundred and seventy men, and was quartered in three wooden stockades, from which, with a gun-boat in the River, a close fire of shot and shell was kept up for five hours, The natives, under the chief Mamaku, replied to the fire from the shelter of the deserted houses in the township, and advancing several times to within pistol-range of the troops, they defiantly challenged them to open combat. But the soldiers had grown wary, and remained within cover. During the night the natives pillaged the town, stole and killed cattle, and then retired with a loss of two chiefs killed and ten wounded. Their opponents sustained no loss. The enemy took up a position three miles off, and for a fee of five pounds a settler was found to take a letter with the news of the rising to Wellington. Her Majesty’s ships, Cadope and J/nflexible, immediately sailed for Wanganui with Governor Grey, Lieutenant-Colonel McCleverty, and detachments of the Fifty-eighth and ~ Sixty-fifth Regiments and of the Royal Artillery, as well as the friendly chiefs Te Whero- whero, Tamati Waka Nene and Te Puni, The available British force now numbered five hundred men. On the 4th of June, the enemy appeared before Wanganui, and made a vain attempt to draw the troops into an ambuscade. A _ reconnoitring party of the Sixty-fifth was attacked on the toth, and the enemy lost several killed and wounded. They then withdrew higher up the River, but on the 5th, the roth and the 17th of July they returned, and with the utmost daring advanced in small parties close to the stockades. On the toth, a small party of marauding natives attacked the military outside their stockades, and an action was the result, in which the losses on either side were precisely the same: namely, three killed and ten wounded. Next morning the natives sent a challenge to the troops to go out and fight on the open plain with them, and as it was not accepted they proceeded to break up their encampment, and HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1041 left, saying, “We cannot remain any longer, but must go and plant our potatoes.” So terminated this war, the natives explaining that as an equal number had_ been killed on either side they were perfectly satisfied. They would not humiliate themselves, however, by asking for peace, and the blockade up and down the River was therefore continued. Cut off in this way from procuring such civilized comforts as pipes, tobacco, blankets, tea and sugar, they found these deprivations too great a hardship, and at the end of the year they wrote to the Governor intimating their desire for peace. On the 21st of February, 1848, the leading chiefs met the Governor and Major-General Pitt, the Officer Commanding the Troops in New Zealand, whereupon peace was proclaimed WANGANUI, TO-DAY. and a general amnesty granted. In this campaign the stigma that attached to the insurgents was the murder of the Gilfillans, and that would appear to have been the unauthorized act of six youths, of whom the eldest was not eighteen, who were actuated by a vendetta spirit, the chief wounded by the midshipman being their relative. The boy of twelve, who was pardoned, actually entreated to be hanged along with his com- panions. On the other hand, a colonist who was made prisoner during the trouble was sent back to his friends uninjured; and, upon peace being restored, raided cattle were returned, while the natives were paid a fair price for lands of which the ownership was in dispute, which had formed one of the incitements to the taking up of arms. Minor ALARMS AND OUTRAGES. After the expenditure of nearly a million of money, and with a record of eighty- five soldiers, seamen and militia-men slain, besides one hundred and sixty-seven wounded, 1042 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. from the sacking of Kororareka to the peace at Wanganui, the colony obtained compara- tive repose. That is to say, the normal incidents of life in a new country inhabited by two diverse races marked the time. Murders and alarms were but sporadic, and were easily dealt with under the ordinary processes of the civil law. “ Grim-visaged war had smooth’d his wrinkled front,” and for nearly thirteen years the country progressed and prospered. Honours and rewards were distributed among the leading military officers and friendly chiefs, Governor Grey was knighted—the chiefs Tamati Waka Nene and Te Puni acting as his squires at the ceremony—pensioner settlements were formed in the neighbourhood of Auckland, and the discharged soldiers who took up land in them were formed into a corps called the “ New Zealand Fencibles,” so as to be ready to serve their adopted country should the emergency ever again arise. A portion of the troops finally left for England. The germs of future troubles had hardly begun to sprout, and the time for garnering that deadly crop was yet far distant. Both trouble and danger were incurred in the effort to bring the Maoris under the operation of the ordinary British law, and to subordinate many of their traditional “usages to European methods of dispensing justice. Early in’ 1849, a native named Maroro was sentenced to a term of four months’ imprisonment in Wellington Gaol for robbery. This punishment carried with it to the aboriginal mind indelible disgrace, and the prisoner meditated a terrible revenge. Three days after his liberation he procured an axe, and repairing at night-fall to the house of a settler named Pranks, near the Porirua Church, he murdered the head of the household and two of his children, aged nine and two years respectively. From the scene of the crime he returned to Wellington, and on being arrested at once confessed his guilt. At his trial he explained that the bloody deed was committed solely as utu, or retaliation, for his imprisonment, and upon being led out for execution he met his fate with perfect indifference.. In some instances the Maoris took the law into their own hands, and tried and executed, in rude imitation of the procedure of European tribunals, natives who had committed capital offences in their own settlements. In 1851, an accidental circumstance in the streets of Auckland led nearly to an open rupture between the two races. A Maori was arrested for petty larceny, and in the course of a scuffle over the affair an inoffensive chief was knocked down by a Maori policeman and carried off to the guard-house, whence he was released an hour later. Furious at this unwarrantable insult, the chief hurried to his tribe and passionately told how he had been struck to the earth and disgraced by a mere slave. Three hundred armed natives in thirty-five war-canoes accompanied the insulted chief back to Auckland, and landing in Mechanics’ Bay, almost within a stone’s-throw of Government House, demanded that the offending native policeman should be given up to them. The Authorities felt that to exhibit a spirit of irresolution in face of such a menace would but serve to bring the law into contempt and invite disaster. A stern and determined attitude was accordingly shown. The natives were told that if they did not leave the town within two hours the guns of 4.4/7.8. Fly and of Fort Britomart would open fire upon them, and in the meantime the “ Fencibles” marched in from Onehunga. Overawed by the determination thus manifested, the Maoris wisely recognized that discretion was the better part of valour, and therefore withdrew, and two days after- wards, in order to prove that their intentions were peaceable, a number of the » of HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1043 chiefs laid at Governor Grey’s feet meres and spears as symbols of their submission. Three years later, some discontent, which for a time threatened to culminate in a rising, was caused by the alleged inadequate punishment of a man named Huntly, who struck a Maori woman dead in the town of Auckland. The jury brought in a verdict of manslaughter, but the natives clamoured for the execution of the criminal, on the old principle of blood for blood. How- ever, the Authorities were inflexible, and the Maori feeling gradually sub- sided. Next year a more turbulent demonstration, caused by a somewhat similar crime, was only allayed by the criminal paying the extreme penalty. In a fit of Acc MOUNT RUAPEHU., delirium tremens, a settler named Marsden murdered a native woman, and the prisoner was con- victed on trial and duly sentenced ROTO AIRA. to death. Unusual delay in carry- ing out the sentence gave rise to a report that the life of a Maori was not regarded as of equal value with that of a European; and the native mind becoming inflamed by another murder of a Maori at the hands of a drunken settler, three hundred men belonging to the tribe of the murdered woman came to Auckland, and threatened to cut down the flag-staff which carried the British ensign. In February, 1856, Marsden was hanged, and the natives were satisfied. Meanwhile, native land troubles, originating in official disregard of immemorial custom among the Maoris, and destined to end in bloodshed and devastation, had begun to attract attention at Taranaki, on the west coast of the North Island. 1o44 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. As early as 1843, disputes between the settlers of New Plymouth and the Maoris, as to the ownership of certain lands, led to a decision by Governor Fitzroy that territory acquired by a tribe through conquest did not altogether pass away from the conquered, but that they still had some rights in it. As a consequence, the original fugitives from Taranaki, dispersed in prehistoric times by Te Wherowhero’s incursion, began to migrate back again. Among others came Wiremu Kingi te Rangitake (William King), chief of Ngatiawa, with six hundred people from Otaki, and settled down on _ their ancestral lands on the southern bank of the Waitara River, ten miles from New Plymouth. These returned emigrants were characterized by a strong disinclination to part with their patrimony to the Europeans, who were correspondingly eager to buy. The native community of ownership formed another and very prominent ingredient of the difficulties which arose. The Taranaki tribes formed an Anti-land-selling League; and, in order to invest the compact with due solemnity, buried a Bible in the earth, and raised a cairn of stones over the spot. In 1854, a chief named Rawiri Waiaua, who held aloof from the League, probably for the very practical reason that he drew a salary from the Government as an assessor, offered to sell a portion of the Hua block which belonged to him. As he was interested, in common with the principal Leaguers, in the remainder of the block, the Government Commissioner urged him to sell out his entire rights, remarking that the portion he offered was too small to be worth buying. Rawiri pointed out that in the bulk of the block he had only a joint interest, and that his co-owners were strongly averse to a sale. The Commissioner, however, was insistent, and -Rawiri, yielding at last against his better judgment, announced his decision to sell. Waitere Katotore and the other owners warned him that if he attempted to bring the surveyors chain on the land he would have to come armed, as they were resolved to resist him. Rawiri assembled his forces and took the chain to the land. Katatore, who was present in command of sixty armed followers, requested him to desist, and, as Rawiri declined, ordered his men to fire a volley. The order was obeyed, and Rawiri and seven of his men were slain, while ten others were wounded. Both settlers and friendly natives appealed to the Government, but the Authorities were slow to act. Not so the natives. Arama Karaka, Rawiri’s successor, was already on the war-path, and a conflict between his forces and those of Katatore resulted in twelve men_ being slain and sixteen wounded. The disturbance spread far and wide, and a panic having seized the settlers, the Government, in August, 1855, sent four hundred and fifty soldiers of the Fifty-eighth and Sixty-fifth Regiments, under Major Nugent, to New Plymouth. Governor Grey had left for England at the end of 1853, and Colonel Wynyard, the officer administering the Government, followed the troops to New Ply- mouth, accompanied by Tamati Waka Nene, Te Wherowhero and Te Puni. After investigating the circumstances of the affair, he declined to avenge the murder of Rawiri, holding that that chief was killed for offering to sell land which did not belong to him. Two hundred and fifty soldiers of the Sixty-fifth were left at New Plymouth to protect the settlers. The inter-tribal strife was resumed without inter- ference from the Government, and, at last, Katatore and his half-brother were foully murdered by a chief named Ihaia (Isaac), who was also allowed to escape free. This HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND, 1045 guerrilla warfare lasted for two years, and, after sixty. Maoris had been slain and one hundred wounded, a truce was made between the parties in December, 1856. The Government saw that it had erred in not interposing, and the head chiefs of the North Island were invited to a .conference on native affairs with the Governor, at Kohimarama, in the outskirts of Auckland. About fifty attended, but as the inaugural address was in large part a special argument in support of the sale of land, the chiefs regarded the whole proceeding as a crafty attempt to hoodwink them, and little good was effected by the meeting. The League was up- held, and a few years later the land question was fated to be the cause of a bloody war. In August, 1857, agra- rian troubles broke out in the province of Hawke’s Bay, on the east coast of the North Island. Two divisions of the Ngatikahungunu tribe quar- relled over the distribution of money received from the Government for the sale of land; and, both sides taking up arms, a battle was fought, in which eight men were killed and sixteen wounded. Te Hapuku the leader of one party, entrenched himself in a Aah on land to which his title was doubtful, and Moanui, leader of the rival party, besieged him there. After the siege had continued for several months, the Governor, Colonel Gore Browne, fearing that the beleagured forces would be massacred, sent two hundred and fifty men of the Sixty-fifth, under Colonel Wyatt, to Napier, in February, 1858. Moanui at once moderated his demands, and through the good offices of THE CONSTABULARY STATION, PUKEARUHE. Mr. (afterwards Sir) Donald McLean, a fort- night’s armistice was arranged, which resulted in Te Hapuku being allowed to march out with the honours of war. Subsequently, peace was proclaimed, and the belligerents exchanged presents in token of amity. ” “THe Kinc MoveMENT While these warlike distractions were keeping portions of the North Island in a state of unrest, a great movement, fraught with the utmost importance, was silently 1046 AUSTRALASIA. ILLUSTRATED. working and winning its way among the Maoris. The spirit of nationality and federal unity was asserting itself. It was conceived in the purest intentions, and was shaped by the loftiest motives. The chiefs saw that, concurrently with the decline of their mana or authority, their people were imbibing. the worst vices of the Europeans. Drunkenness and its concomitant evils were becoming alarmingly prevalent, tribal dis- sensions were frequent, the land was rapidly slipping from their relaxed grasp, and though .in the eye of the law they were said to be equal with their European fellow- subjects of the Queen, they were, in reality, looked down upon as an inferior and subjugated race, and treated by many of the settlers with contumely. The flowing tide of immigration threatened to .engulf them, the privilege of the franchise was, to all intents and purposes, withheld from them, and their petitions for the interdiction of the liquor traffic in purely Maori districts produced no tangible result. True, an Ordinance was at last passed making the sale of strong’ drink to natives a misdemeanour, but it was so openly and flagrantly evaded that, from the’ very outset, it proved inoperative. The neutrality observed by the Government during the internecine warfare on the west coast, brought about by the unwise action of one of its own officers, was not by any means a solitary evidence that, in the face of contrary professions, there -was one law for the Pakeha and another for the Maori. The natives were apt and shrewd enough to mark these things, and to make logical deductions from them. Their best men pondered the matter, and gradually came to a conclusion to set up some form of Government of their own that should exist side by side with the authority of the Queen, bind the two races together in brotherly love, and allow them to advance pari passu. As long back as 1853 the movement was beginning to take form. In that year a chief named Matene Te Whiwhi fused its hitherto inchoate elements; and, setting out from Otaki with several other leading chiefs, he visited Taupo and Rotorua to obtain the consent of the more powerful tribes to the appointment of a king, and the constitution of some kind of recognized Government in the central parts of the North Island, where the white man had not yet penetrated. Jealousy of his own assumed pretensions to the kingly dignity defeated the success of the Otaki chief's project. Te Heu Heu, the great Taupo chief, whose authority had never been brought into collision with that of the distant European, and who was determined to brook no rival in his own domain, declined to associate himself with the movement. At Maketu and Rotorua it failed to evoke enthusiasm. The time was hardly ripe for it, and the ramanga, or conference, of chiefs, met to consider the proposal, issued the following letter to the tribes :—‘ Listen all men: The house of New Zealand is one; the rafters on one side are the Pakeha; those on the other, the Maori; the ridge-pole on which both rest is God. Let there- fore the house be one. This is all!” Still, the necessity of some mode of Government in the districts inhabited almost exclusively by themselves, if they were not to be abandoned to complete anarchy, pressed itself more and more upon the minds of the leading Maoris. Even the European settlers could not deny the force of the contention. So entirely was the extensive and populous Waikato District neglected, that the Rev. Mr. Ashwell, a missionary stationed at Taupiri, stated before a Committee of the New Zealand House of Representatives, that during nineteen years prior to the “king ? movement” he could not remember more than three or four visits to the Waikato by HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1047 officials. Other districts had not received even that scant measure of attention. In a memorandum, dated the 25th of May, 1861, Governor Gore Browne placed on_ record the statement that “some of the most populous districts, such as Hokianga and Kaipara, have no magistrates resident amongst them; and many, such as Taupo, the Ngatiruanui, Taraniki, and the country about the East Cape, have never been visited by an_ officer of the Government. The residents in these districts have never felt that they are the subjects of the Queen of England, and have little reason to think that the Government of the colony cares at all about their welfare.” Sir George Grey bears similar testimony. Writing to the Secre- tary of State on the 6th of December, 1861, he says :—‘ Ten years since, the urgent neces- sity of introducing simple municipal insti- tutions among them (the Maoris) was pointed out, and the first step taken to in- duce them to refer their disputes to our THE MISSION STATION, WAIKATO RIVER. Courts. But, though various proposals have been made for facilitating a further advance towards these objects, the matter has been practi- cally left nearly where it then was.” In other words, the obligations undertaken in the Treaty of Waitangi had been quietly ignored. ‘ The Measure, spoken of by Sir George Grey as the first step taken to induce the Maoris to refer their disputes to European Courts, was an Ordinance for appointing resident magistrates to exercise jurisdiction in civil cases between Europeans and Maoris, where the amount sued for did not exceed twenty pounds. But, then, no means were provided for enforcing the magisterial decisions in cases where the Maori was the losing party. For dealing with cases between the Maoris themselves, a number of chiefs were appointed assessors, each party to the suit being at liberty to select one assessor to sit in judgment conjointly with the magistrate. But unless the assessors concurred in their opinion after the hearing, nothing could be done. Such a Measure was stamped from the outset with the impress of failure. It says much for the Maoris’ desire for some kind of tribunal to settle their disputes, and it attests their inherent love even of the semblance of justice, that the Measure did work after a fashion, though some of the native methods of carrying out judicial functions were very ludicrous to the civilized mind. Mr. (now Sir) J. E. Gorst relates several cases in point. For instance, Ti Oriori, of Maungatautari, whose legal acumen would do credit to Lincoln’s Inn, was accustomed to assign an hour to the hearing of each case; when time was up he 1048 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. promptly cut short the pleadings or the evidence, and gave his decision. In one case, where his judgment was palpably wrong, the losing party expostulated after the sitting of the Court, and explained the rest of his cause. Ti Oriori said he was very sorry for him, but he never allowed a case to be re-heard. This chief apparently was not troubled with what the French call a mauvatse honte, for he was quite willing to act as his own bailiff, and made himself very useful to Europeans by enforcing their claims against natives in his own Court, recompensing himself for his trouble by charging a commission on the amount recovered. Heteraka Nera, who held a court at Raglan, appears to have acted in much the same way. Apart from this short-lived and rather comical juridical system, the Government hardly made even a pretence of governing the natives. The Colonial Authorities shrank from the cost of the undertaking—all the revenues were required for the settlers’ purposes; and, on the other hand, the Imperial Government, thinking the cost of the military establishment a sufficient contribution to the ‘expense of managing the country, urged that it had no funds to spare. Therefore the policy pursued was one of absten- tion from purely native affairs. At the same time, by liberal distribution of blankets, sugar, flour, and other European commodities, as well as by pensions, it endeavoured to win over and attach the affections of the leading chiefs. This has passed into history as “The Flour and Sugar Policy,” and it is still disputed whether it worked more harm or good. After a time it became matter of common reproach that turbulent and notoriously hostile chiefs received more indulgences than those whose friendliness had never been doubted. All these things were conspiring to give form to the aspiration after unity and self- government. Tribal wars had become so common that a thoughtful chief described them as “a river of blood” flowing through the land. Drunkenness was increasing, despite the strenuous efforts of the chiefs to check it. Wiremu Tamihana Tarapipipi (William Thompson), head chief of the Ngatihaua, saved his tribe from demoralization only by causing every European settled in his territory to sign a bond to pay one pound for every Maori found drunk on his premises. Notwithstanding Matene te Whiwhi’s failure to secure the definite acceptance of his proposals in 1853, the movement rapidly progressed, and in May, 1854, another grand runanga Was convened to discuss it at Manawapou, in the country of the WNgatiruanui. A council-hall was erected, one hundred and twenty feet long and thirty feet wide, with two entrances, and it was called “ Taiporohenui,” or the finishing of the matter. There a league for the preservation of native lands, similar to that at Taranaki, was formed, and a tomahawk was passed round to signify that all would agree to put to death the individual who should depart from its purpose. In 1856, Te Heu Heu summoned another vunanga, the French ‘flag was hoisted, and several schemes for the maintenance of Maori autonomy were discussed without any conclusive decision being arrived at, although it was distinctly proposed thereat that Potatau te Wherowhero, the great chief of the Waikato tribe, should be king. At the beginning of 1857, an incident happened that quickly led up to a settlement of the course to be pursued. Wiremu Tamihana Tara- pipipi, to whom reference has just been made, visited Auckland in order to see the Governor, represent to him the lawless state of the country, urge the necessity of some remedy, and obtain a promise that a European magistiate should be stationed at his HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1049 own village. He was coldly received, and rudely refused access to the Governor's presence by some subordinate official, while his application for a loan to erect a flour- mill was not entertained by the Native Secretary. Hitherto he had not identified himself with the “king movement,” though he was known to be favourable to it, but on his return to the Waikato he issued the following circular :—“ February 12th, 1857. To all Waikato, This is the agreement of Ngatihaua for Potatau to be king of New Zealand. Friends—Our desire is great that Potatau should be set up in this very year. Do not delay. Hasten the assembling of the runangas. Hasten the establishment of the scheme, and when it is done the documents will be collected, and the day will be fixed for instituting him. Be speedy. You will writé to the remote tribes that they may hear. From Wiremu (Tamihana) Tarapipipi and all Ngatihaua to Waikato, to Kereihi, Pukewau, Harapata, Toma, Ruihana, Waata Tengatete. Be speedy.” The choice of Te Wherowhero as sovereign was politic. He did not aspire to be proclaimed king, but offered to act as arbitrator in land dis- putes. Tamihana was resolved to overcome the old chief's scruples, and the Waikato tribes were therefore summoned to meet at Rangiriri in April, 1857, to install their King. Recognizing the political importance of this gathering, Governor Brown made up his mind _ to attend it, and accordingly set out for the Waikato, accompanied by Mr. McLean, the Native Secretary, and Mr. TE WHEROWHERO. Richmond, a Member of the Cabinet. He arrived at Rangiriri simultaneously with Te Wherowhero. In the latter's presence the leading chiefs made speeches to the Governor. They asked for ranangas, a European magistrate, and laws. In reply the Governor promised to send a magistrate to reside in the Waikato for the purpose of periodically visiting the various settlements, and, with the assistance of the native assessors, of administering justice. He also promised to cause a code of laws, ap- plicable to native requirements, to be framed. The people waved their hats and_ cried “Hurrah.” Te Wherowhero announced that he would be guided by the advice of the Governor. His Excellency returned to Auckland convinced that he had settled the “king movement,” and Mr. F, D. Fenton, a well-known solicitor, was appointed Resident Magistrate of Waikato and Waipa, in fulfillment of his promise. But the mind of the Governor and that of the chiefs had been travelling on different lines. He regarded his offers in the light of a substitute for the “king project.” They, on the other hand, accepted them evidently as a complement to it, for they saw nothing incompatible between the procla- mation of their own nationality under a Maori king, and the continuance of the Queen's supremacy over the colony. Many of the Europeans holding responsible positions in the colony were of a like opinion; while others regarded the ‘king movement” as abso- lutely inconsistent with the Queen's sovereignty. After the Governor's return to Auckland, the meeting at Rangiriri proceeded. The 1050 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. guests arrived in fifty canoes, and the conference was inaugurated by the men of the Ngatihaua tribe, forming four deep, and planting in the centre of a large open space, the chosen Maori emblem of sovereignty—a white flag, bordered with red, bearing as device two red crosses, symbolical of Christianity, and also the inscription, ‘ Potatau, King of New Zealand.” About two hundred natives were present. The Union Jack was hoisted side by side with the new flag, and the speakers emphasized the assurance that the movement was in no sense a demonstration of hostility towards the Queen. One chief, Rangiawahia, declared that if aught were done unfriendly to the Queen he would himself hew down the King’s flag. After several days’ talk the entire party adjourned to Ihumata, a native village on the Manukau, about eight miles from Auckland, where another meeting was held, at which Bishop Selwyn and other clergymen were present. It ended in the acceptance of Potatau as King, and at the end of the year the new potentate, abandoning his settlement of Mangare, just across the Manukau River from Onehunga, went to live in the Waikato,.among his most zealous subjects. In July, 1854, Mr. Fenton entered upon his magisterial duties, but the absence of power to enforce his authority, together with the dual, sometimes conflicting, control of native affairs exercised by the Governor through his native office and the Colonial Ministry, defeated his usefulness, and, after making two circuits, he was relieved of his duties. The attempt to govern the Maoris was then relinquished, and the field left clear for the Maori King. It was thought by the Governor that the surest way to discredit the movement would be to treat it with absolute contempt and indifference, but Mr. Fenton’s withdrawal from the Waikato disheartened the friendly natives, and threw most of them into the arms of the King. In April, 1858, at Ngaruawahia, the native capital, Te Wherowhero was formally proclaimed King in the presence of about two thousand people, and saluted as Potatau the First. Singularly enough, his pension ‘continued to be paid up till the 31st of March, 1860, or within a few months of his death, which took place on the 25th of June, 1860. Even then the Government contributed towards his funeral expenses. In May, 1860, a great meeting was held at Ngaruawahia for the complete establishment of the monarchy, a system of native police, and the nucleus of a standing military force were formed, a parliament, or rananga, of chiefs was called, village vanangas for the administration of justice were instituted, and funds collected for the foundation of a Maori newspaper. After the death of Potatau the First, his son, Matutaera, was proclaimed King by Tamihana, under the title of Potatau the Second. In later times he changed his name to Tawhiao, by which he is now generally known. For the next twenty years the “king movement” was destined to form a_ leading factor in native affairs. Tue First Taranaki War. While the agitation for Maori self-government engrossed the attention in the central districts of the North Island, serious trouble was brewing on the West Coast. The settlers were annoyed at the steady refusal of the aboriginal owners of the soil to sell any more land, the influence of the Anti-land-selling League, presided over by Wiremu Kingi, being actively exercised to discourage all sales. In 1858, the Taranaki settlers fruitlessly memorialized the General Assembly to set aside the tribal right to land, and ‘ a } } HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1051 permit such natives as were willing to dispose of their individual rights in common land to do so, Early in 1859, Wiremu Kingi notified the Governor that no more land was to be sold in the district extending from New Plymouth to Mokau, and asking him, therefore, to pay no heed to any offer of land within those limits. Immediately after- wards the Governor visited New Plymouth, and at a meeting with the natives he stated that he never would con- sent to buy land without an undisputed title, but that he would not permit any one to interfere in the sale of the land who did not own part of it. The natives misappre- hended his meaning, and understood that his inten- tion was to start a new policy by treating with individual claimants, dis- regarding the mana of the chiefs, and setting aside the tribal right. Accordingly, a native named Teira (Taylor) got up and offered the Governor his land at Waitara for sale, and on the offer being pressed, Mr. McLean, the Native Secretary, on behalf of the Governor, replied that he would buy provided a good title could be made out. Wiremu Kingi, head chief of the Waitara, or Ngatiawa tribe, and rep- resenting some sixty claim- THE NIKAU PALM. ants to the land, then rose and said: “Listen, Governor! Notwithstanding Teira’s offer, I will not permit the sale of Waitara to the Pakeha. Waitara is in my hands. I will not give it up—Never, never, never! I have spoken.” Whereupon he and his followers abruptly withdrew. After nearly a year spent in investigating Teira’s title, Mr. Parris, the District Land Purchaser, reported that the same was good, and the sale was completed in due course. On the 20th of February, 1860, surveyors were sent to mark the boundaries, and by way of protest the natives directed some of their women to pull up the pegs and 1052 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. * cut the chain. No violence was offered. Ten days later martial law was proclaimed, and a body of troops under Lieutenant-Colonel Murray marched to the Waitara block, ten miles from New Plymouth, for the protection of the surveyors. During the night Kingi’s party built a pak commanding the road, and stopped an escort. The Governor replied with the following manifesto :—“ To the chief who obstructs the Queen’s road. You have presumed to block up the Queen's road, to build on the Queen’s land, and to stop the free passage of persons going or coming. This is levying war against the Queen. Destroy the places you have built; ask my forgiveness, and you shall receive it. If you refuse, the blood of your people be on your own head. I shall fire upon you in twenty minutes from this time if you have not obeyed my order.—T. Gore Browne.” The natives evacuated the Zak, and the troops destroyed it. A few days WAITARA. ~ afterwards a party of some seventy natives returned and built a stockade on the land. H1.M.S. Niger had just arrived with a re-inforcement of the Sixty-fifth Regiment, and on the 17th of March, Colonel Gold marched out with a detachment of artillery and three guns, two hundred and ten men of the Sixty-fifth, a party from the Vzger with a rocket-tube, twenty mounted volunteers and a company of the Royal Engineers. The natives were summoned to surrender, but refused, and the troops opened fire with shot and shell. | On the night of the 17th, the stockade was found to be abandoned, but the Maoris were entrenching themselves in stronger positions, and the restriction on the sale of arms having been foolishly removed in 1857, they were well supplied with munitions of war. The settlers abandoned their homesteads and sought refuge in the township of - New Plymouth, whither the troops followed them, and the natives, on their part, ravaged the whole country-side. Kingi had hitherto held aloof from the “king movement,” but he now gave in his adhesion to it, and about the same time the Ngatiruanui tribe joined in the rising, On the 3oth of March, a fak on Waireka Hill was assailed by sixty sailors of the Mzger, eighty-four men of the Sixty-sixth, and one hundred and sixty volunteers. The volunteers were the first to arrive, but were obliged to seek cover after a hot engagement, while the military were in danger of being cut off and ] é HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1053 surrounded. Meanwhile, Captain Cracroft and his sixty blue jackets stormed the pah, and crying “ Make a back,” one after another vaulted on each other's backs until they were level with the top of the fence, and thus found entrance to the stronghold. They were unsupported, however, and had to retire, the entire force returning to New Ply- “THE SIEGE OF PUKERANGIORA. 1054 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. mouth the same night. The British loss was light, while that of the natives was said to be rather heavy. After this engagement the troops burnt the houses, mills and goods of the enemy wherever they found them, and the. enemy made such effective reprisals that, excepting New Plymouth, the settlement was practically destroyed. In the township the crowding of troops and settlers produced much sickness, and eventually nearly all the women and. children had to be deported to Nelson. Kingi had written to the “Kingites” for assistance, but a meeting held at Ngaruawahia in May, 1860, showed that the Waikatos were not disposed to, take up arms. Still, parties of the more turbulent natives quietly went off to Taranaki on their own account, and swelled the ranks of Kingi’s forces until he had about one thousand seven hundred men. Troops, too, were ordered from Australia and England, and before the end of the year there were two ‘ thousand three hundred of them in the field. This number included volunteers, After some inconclusive operations, two hundred and forty-five men of the Fortieth Regiment, under Major Nelson, together with parties of the Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers and Royal Marines, early in June, attacked the Puketakauére, or “L” fat, so called from its shape, situated one thousand four hundred yards from the Waitara Redoubt, and sustained a severe defeat. A breach having been effected with a couple of howitzers, the Grenadier and light companies of the Fortieth rushed forward with the bayonet, but were driven back by a desolating fire. Then a party of natives crept out of the bush and fell upon-one of the ‘divisions in the rear of the Jah, and almost cut it to pieces. The main body was retiring towards the camp when the natives next charged the guns, but were received with a deadly discharge of canister. However, the troops were forced to retreat, leaving their dead and wounded on the field. The British loss was thirty-four killed and thirty wounded out of a total of three hundred and forty- eight rank and file, and the enemy’s loss was. about six killed and eight wounded. Although his Zak was subsequently evacuated and burnt, as well as several others which were found empty by the troops, New Plymouth was in the condition of a town invested by the enemy. A dense forest was adjacent to it, and yet fuel had to be procured from Australia. Major-General Pratt now arrived from Melbourne and _ super- seded Colonel Gold in the command of the troops. He brought with him the remainder of the Fortieth. On the 3rd of September, a night march was made to Burton’s farm for the purpose of surprising a body of the enemy, but on arrival there the Maoris were found to have decamped. On the 12th of September, the light company of the Fortieth, under Colonel Leslie, came unexpectedly upon a handful of natives in ambush behind a ditch within a peach-grove, and a volley from the Maoris produced such a panic among the troops that they retreated in headlong flight, with a loss of one killed and four wounded. During September and October, Jaks were destroyed at Oakura and Kaikihi, but the enemy evacuated them in each case in safety. A more decisive engagement took place at Mahoetahi, between Waitara and the Bell Rock. One morning it was found to be occupied by one hundred and fifty natives just arrived from the Waikato, under Wetini Taiporotu, a chief of Ngatihaua. General Pratt sent out a force against it on the 6th of November, and after some firing a company of the Sixty-fifth and the Taranaki Volunteers carried the position at the point of the bayonet. The Maoris lost thirty-four killed and fifty wounded, and the British four killed and sixteen wounded, HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1055 The war closed a little later with the siege of Pukerangiora, This was a_ strong- hold on the proper right bank of the Waitara River, protected at the rear by a precipice. Having resolved to reduce it by means of a sap, General Pratt sat down before it in February, 1861, with a considerable force of artillery and infantry; but after some brisk work, and before he had time to complete the capture, Wiremu Tamihana made his appearance from the Waikato on a mission of peace, and through his mediation peace was proclaimed, the dispute which origi- nated the war being left for the law to decide. The terms were that the title to the Waitara should be further investigated, the survey com- pleted, all plunder restored, and that the in- surgents should submit to the law. Waitara was eventually surrendered to the natives. It was computed that the Europeans had lost sixty- seven killed and one hundred and forty-three wounded, but many of the latter died of their wounds while over-crowding in New Plymouth, and exposure carried off upwards of a hundred settlers. About one hundred and fifty of the GENERAL CAMERON. enemy were killed. The war cost the Imperial Government something like five hun- _dred thousand pounds, the colony incurred an expense of two hundred thousand pounds through it, and the direct losses of the settlers were estimated to amount to about one hundred and fifty thousand pounds. Tue Waikato War. Governor Browne was succeeded by Sir George Grey, in September, 1861; and Major-General Sir Duncan Cameron, who had been in command of the troops in Scotland, relieved Major-General Pratt. The new Governor promulgated a plan of Government for the Waikato, and as the tribes there had not joined in the friendly demonstration on his arrival, he paid a visit to their district in December, but without producing any good result. During 1862 the relations between the two races were becoming strained, and the feeling of dissatisfaction more general. The opening of 1863 was signalized by quite a coup de théétre on the Governor's part. Journeying rapidly and unexpectedly from Auckland, he landed at Ngaruawahia unrecognized, and early next morning was found by the astonished natives standing reflectively by the tomb of Potatau, his old friend. He was cordially received, but his announcement that a steamer was coming to trade on the Waikato intensified the feeling of mistrust that had long set in. The still unsettled Waitara dispute was another very potent source of trouble, and the “ Kingites” themselves were divided with respect to it. One party, led by Tamihana, and countenanced by the King, was desirous of a peaceful settlement, and therefore did its best to obtain the assent of the tribes to the investigation of the title in the manner proposed by the Government, namely, by 1056 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. a mixed tribunal of Europeans and Maoris. Wiremu Kingi, however, insisted upon the retrocession of the Waitara block, and Rewi, head chief of the warlike Ngatimaniapoto tribe, with whom Kingi was living, warmly espoused his cause and counselled war. All this time the Ngatiruanui tribe had been in armed occupation of a block of Government land at Tataraimaka, fifteen miles. south of New Plymouth, and they ‘were resolved to hold it until Waitara had been returned, Finding parleying to be of no avail, the Governor resolved upon decisive action, and accordingly, in the beginning of March, 1863, he left for Taranaki with General Cameron and a strong military force, with the intention of retaking Tataraimaka, and of settling the title to Waitara) The Waikatos accepted this step as the prelude to war, and Rewi and his party at once made reprisals. They seized the Police Barracks and a newspaper office, and dismissed the Resident Magistrate. Meanwhile, at Taranaki, the Governor had investigated the title to the Waitara, and finding it defective had determined to give up the block. Unfortunately he proceeded to retake Tataraimaka before proclaiming his decision with respect to Waitara. On Saturday, the 4th of April, the troops took possession of Tataraimaka, and began to build a redoubt. From the turbulent division of the Waikatos the Taranaki natives received the laconic message, ‘Begin your shooting,” and the shooting immediately began. On Monday, the 4th of May, an escort of the Fifty-seventh Regiment, on its way from Tataraimaka, was surprised by a Ngatiruanui ambuscade at Oakura, and Lieutenant Tragett, Dr. Hope and six men were shot down; one man escaped. On the ‘rith, the Governor issued a proclamation renouncing his claim to Waitara, the troops were withdrawn from it, and the war which had been pending so long commenced. ; On Sunday, the 12th of July, General Cameron crossed the Maungatawhiri with three hundred and eighty men of the Twelfth and the Fourteenth Regiments, whom ‘he placed in a redoubt on the Koheroa Heights, overlooking the Waikato River, only five hundred yards distant. On the previous day the Waikatos had set out from Ngaruawahia in two columns. One, composed of the Ngatimaniapoto, and led by Rewi, betook itself to the Hunta Forest, where a harassing guerrilla warfare was kept up with the colonial levies, to the advantage of the Maoris and the loss of the settlers. The other column, composed of the Ngatihaua, and led by Tamihana, adopted European tactics. It advanced straight down the Waikato River with the view of resisting the invasion. On the 17th of July, Rewi’s force, having worked its way to the rear of the troops, attacked an escort of the Eighteenth (Royal Irish) Regiment which was marching under Captain Ring from the Queen’s Redoubt to Drury, fifteen miles from Auckland. ‘After a smart engagement, the escort, overpowered by numbers, retired to a settler’s house with a loss of four killed and ten wounded. On the morning of the same day, the force stationed at Koheroa inflicted a defeat upon a section of Tamihana’s party. Observing a body of natives in the ranges in front, Colonel Austin marched out from the redoubt with five hundred men of the Twelfth, the Fourteenth and the Seventieth Regiments. The enemy retired upon several lines of rifle-pits, which were defended so stoutly that the Fourteenth was ordered to advance with the bayonet. The troops were met with a galling fire, and they wavered. The General, who had just arrived, immediately placed himself at their head, and, urging them on, carried the position with a rush, The HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND, 1057 British loss was one killed and eleven wounded. Convinced that he had no. timorous enemy to cope with, the General determined to make more formidable preparations before advancing further, and a delay of fifteen weeks therefore ensued, during which the Maoris entrenched themselves at Mere- mere, which commanded the River. Meanwhile, in September, 1863, a party of the enemy, about two hundred strong, was encountered by Captain Lusk and his Forest Rifle Volunteers, in the dense bush which environed Mauku, a settlement about thirty- four miles from the Manukau, and after a fight from tree to tree the enemy retreated with a loss of six killed. Another affair of slight importance took place at the Puke- ‘kohe Church, some eight miles distant, on the 15th. The series of skirmishes ‘culminated on the 23rd of October, in a desperate action which has _ been termed the “Battle of Bald Hills.” Three hun- dred of the Ngatimania- poto, under two of Rewi’s relatives, together with fifty of the Ngatiporou, eluding the vigilance of the British forces which confronted the enemy at THE BATTLE-FIELD OF MAUKU. Meremere, passed safely down the Waikato River, and landing below Tuakau, avowed their determination to kill all the settlers between that place and Auckland. Fortunately, the Mauku Stockade was garrisoned by Captain Lusk and his company of Forest Rifle Volun- teers, besides twenty men of the First Waikato Regiment, under Lieutenant Per- cival, while at the Church farther up the valley were thirty men of the same _regi- ment under Lieutenant Norman. Captain Lusk, in reconnoitring, came upon a party of the enemy evidently intent upon shooting cattle. He sent for assistance, and meanwhile entrenched himself in the Church Redoubt. After waiting about six hours without any sign of activity on the side of the enemy, Lieutenant Percival determined to make a bold push and compel the Maoris to show their hand. He therefore brought on an engagement, and Captain Lusk moved out to his support. The enemy retired to the edge of the forest, where it subsequently transpired the rest of their force lay concealed. 1058 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. However, the ruse was suspected, and the volunteers were ordered to change front. The entire body of natives immediately broke from their cover and charged, while their opponents, in unbroken order and maintaining a well-directed fire, fell slowly back upon the shelter of the bush. After a very smart engagement, in which part of the enemy assailed their foe hand-to-hand, the Maoris retired with a loss of thirty-two killed, besides many wounded, The volunteers lost eight killed, the first to fall on the side of the assailants being Lieutenant Percival. By the 3oth of October, General Cameron had been provided with two bullet-proof steamers, one of which, the Aangerzr?, was built in Sydney for the New Zealand Government, and he therefore prepared to besiege Meremere. The natives, however, evacuated it, and retired upon Rangiriri, about twelve miles distant, on the right bank of the Waikato. It was flanked on the other side by the Waikare Lake and Swamp, and had been strongly fortified. On the 20th of November it was attacked by two divisions. One of them, numbering seven hundred and seventy men, with two Armstrong guns, proceeded by land; the other, consisting of five hundred men of the Fortieth, embarked in one of the iron-plated steamers, which was accompanied by five small gun- boats. The enemy was between four and five hundred strong. The main force was to operate from the front, and the River detachment from the rear, A delay of an hour and a half was caused by the steamer running on the sand-bank. Meanwhile shot and shell were being poured into the entrenchments at a range of six hundred yards. Then followed four separate assaults, each of which was repulsed. The first was led by the Sixty-fifth, and it drove the enemy into a central redoubt. Captain Mercer and _ thirty- six of the Royal Artillery next assaulted the redoubt, and the gallant officer received his death-wound in the attempt. One hundred volunteers of various regiments also stormed the citadel, but their scaling-ladders were found to be too short. Finally, Commander “Mayne, of //.4/.S. Lelepse, advanced at the head of ninety men of the Naval Brigade, but was also driven back. By this time the Fortieth had landed in the rear, and rushing the rifle-pits on that side drove their occupants into the Swamp, where they were shot down. Darkness did not interrupt the operations. A sap was opened and hand-grenades were poured into the devoted citadel, with the unfortunate result that a hut containing wounded was set on fire, and several poor wretches were burned alive. The enemy replied with a desultory fire. In the morning, seeing that they were completely surrounded, they hoisted a piece of calico on a spear and capitulated. The King and the chief Tamihana had effected their escape, but one hundred and eighty- three men and two women, and one hundred: and ‘seventy-five stand of arms, fell into the hands of the British, ‘These prisoners were sent on to Auckland. The casualties on the English side were two officers and thirty-five men killed, and thirteen officers and eighty- : five men Wounded, while the Maori losses have been variously estimated at from fifty’ to one hundred and fifty. Colonel Austin, of the Fourteenth, Captain Phelps and Ensign Ducrow, as well as Captain Mercer, died of their wounds, | The Governor declared that he would dictate terms of peace at Ngaruawahia, and, — as if to pave the way for that intention, the. enemy fell back from their capital, allowing General Cameron to march in and occupy it without a struggle. But the expected terms of peace were not proclaimed, and the war continued, Tamihana had HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND, 1059 been beaten. Rewi, however, was still unsubdued. From the 8th of December till the 27th of January, 1864, General Cameron lay at Ngaruawahia awaiting supplies. He then established himself at Te Rore, and threw out an advanced post within fourteen hundred yards of Paterangi, forty miles up the Waipa, where the Maoris had strongly entrenched themselves. A sharp skirmish at Waiarei was marked by the gallant rescue of a wounded soldier by Major Heaphy, who won the Victoria Cross thereby. As Paterangi was too strong to be stormed without heavy loss, General Cameron marched out of Te Rore on the night of the 20th of February with a force of one thousand men, and, guided by a settler named Edwards, appeared before daylight at Te Awamutu, where the Maoris were surprised in their beds. From Te Awamutu he pushed on to Rangiaohia, where he similarly took the natives by surprise. A run- ning fight, however, was maintained among the huts of the village, where Colonel Nixon and other officers of the Colonial Defence Corps were mor- tally wounded. The natives were dis- lodged. General Cameron withdrew his forces for the night to Te Awa- mutu, but early next morning it was found that the enemy, to the number of about four hundred, had evacuated Paterangi, and were entrenching them- selves at Rangiaohia. A. detachment of the Fiftieth Regiment was imme- diately sent forward, and, charging with the bayonet, routed the enemy from the cover of an old bank fence, whither the Mounted Defence Force drove them into the swamp and bush. The main forces of the military were next REWI MANI POTO, concentrated at Pukerimu for the reduction of the hill stronghold of Maungatautari, on the Horotiu, about fifteen miles north-east of Te Awamutu. Here the enemy had assembled in force, the position being considered almost impregnable. It was also regarded as their only remaining fortification in the Waikato proper. Rewi, however, had abandoned the Hunua Forest, and was fortifying himself at Orakau, about three miles from Kihikihi, where he made a stand that has _ shed imperishable lustre upon his race, and which will always be memorable as the scene of one of the most notable instances of Maori heroism. On the 30th of March, Brigadier- General Carey, the Eighteenth Royal Irish, reconnoitred the position and determined to attack it. Collecting a force of about one thousand men, with three guns, he made a night march and appeared before the jah at day-break, when he so disposed his men as to completely surround the enemy. He thus placed the Maoris at a serious dis- 1060 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. advantage, of which he hastened to avail himself to the utmost by completing his measures to cut off all chance of escape. The fak was constructed with the usual ditches and parapets, with an outer circumvallation of posts and rails, protected by outlying rifle-pits. It was defended by about three hundred men, women and_ children, ‘but was badly provisioned for a siege. General Carey unwisely resolved to commence operations by storming the fak. After two assaults by the Eighteenth Royal Irish and Forest Rangers respectively, led by Captain Ring .of the Eighteenth, and Captain Fisher of the Fortieth —in which the former officer fell mortally, and the latter severely, wounded—and after a third assault, led by Captain Baker, of the Eighteenth, these tac- tics were relinquished, and the construction of a flying sap was begun, while a continuous fire of shot and shell was kept up, as well as a es aeers F: perfect hail of mus- ketry, no less than forty thousand rounds of cartridges being served out to the troops. During the afternoon a relief force of from one hundred and fifty to two hundred natives appeared in sight, but could get no nearer than the edge of a bush some nine hundred yards to the rear of the British outposts. General Cameron arrived with re-inforcements, which brought the strength of the investing force to upwards of two thousand men. | By the 2nd of April, the flying sap which had been commenced had broken into the enemy's outworks, and while canister was fired from two Armstrong guns into the pah at a distance of a few yards, the fire of the doomed garrison was silenced by hand-grenades: thrown into the entrenchments. Impressed by their indomitable courage, and desirous of saving the women and children, General Carey now sent forward an interpreter, Mr. Mainwaring, to the head of the sap, with the message: “ Friends, hear . the word of the General—Cease your fighting; you will be taken care of, and your lives spared. We have seen your courage; let the fighting stop.” Instantly an old tattooed chief mounted the breastwork, and, in a clear ringing voice, shouted the intrepid reply: “Friends, this is the reply of the Maori—We shall fight on, ake, ake, ake, (for ever, for ever, for ever).” ‘If you are determined to die,” replied the General, “give up your women and children, and we will take care of them.” The defiant answer was, “Who is it that is to die? Wait a little; our women also fight.” “Let your word be repeated,” persisted the General. ‘ Enough,” was the chief's response, ‘this, ake, ake, ake, is our last word; we shall fight on for ever!” Can the bloody annals of war furnish an episode to excel this for its patriotism and dauntless spirit? The soldier felt that in the half-civilized savage he had a foeman worthy of his steel. But the full it i : iA obi fe ay AISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND, yim ? \ 1061 THE CHARGE OF THE NEW ZEALAND CAVALRY AT THE BATTLE OF ORAKAU. 1062 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. horror of the enemy’s situation was not known till afterwards. When they thus elected to die rather than surrender, they had been three days without a drop of water, and had nothing to eat but a scanty supply of dried ¢awa berries and raw maize! Imme- diately after the firing was resumed, a soldier of the Eighteenth, throwing his cap over a partial breach, rushed after it, and was followed by Captain Hertford and twenty men of the Colonial Defence Force. The enemy, packed into a corner, received them with a withering volley, before which the officer and ten men fell. Shortly afterwards the Sixty-fifth and the militia made an assault on the opposite side of the works, and were also repulsed. The enemy, having now exhausted their ammunition, left the jaz on the side which was invested by a double line of the Fortieth, under Colonel Leslie, and jumping over the trench concealing the first line, were actually through the second line before they were discovered. The column of natives—with the women, the children and the leading chiefs in the centre—marched as steadily towards their place of refuge as if no danger threatened them; but, as soon as the yells of the troops proclaimed that the retreat had been discovered, they quickened their pace and made with all speed towards a neighbouring swamp. A body of colonial cavalry and mounted artillery, together with the Colonial Forest Rangers, under Captains Jackson and Von Tempsky, however, headed them as they emerged from the swamp, and under a deadly fire the little band was almost decimated. The Maoris lost about two hundred. Upwards of one hundred bodies were picked up on the field, and twenty were said to have been buried in the entrenchments. Twenty-six wounded and seven unwounded were taken prisoners, and of the wounded twelve were women and children. Rewi, with a small party of seven or eight, escaped. The British loss amounted to sixteen killed and fifty-two wounded. General Cameron returned to Pukerimu to resume operations against Maungatautari, but, on the morning of the 5th of April, he found that it had been evacuated. This practically ended the Waikato War, in which an able general, at the head of twenty thousand men, had been fighting an enemy whose numerical strength did not exceed one thousand men; a war, too, which involved the colony in a debt of three million pounds, besides Imperial claims incurred on account of military expenditure. To this may also be added the devastation of prosperous settlements, and general hardship consequent upon all the able-bodied men in Auckland being kept under arms and forced to perform military service, to the unavoidable detriment of their customary avocations. To the Ngatihaua tribe the war brought ruin, for almost all their lands were included in the general confiscation scheme, while the Ngatimaniapoto tribe, which had practically provoked hostilities, lost very little territory. The new frontier line was drawn from Raglan, on the west coast, through the rich plains of Upper Waikato to Tauranga, and the lands confiscated by the Government were settled with military and volunteer settlers. Tamihana died of consumption in December, 1866. Tue East Coast CAMPAIGN. But though peace once more reigned in the Waikato, the insurrection had not been quelled. Tauranga, in the Bay of Plenty, is only forty miles distant in a straight line from Pukerimu; it is virtually the port of the Waikato; and large bodies of its natives HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1063 were known to have assisted in the war. In the middle of January, 1864, General Cameron had written to the Governor urging him to send an expedition thither. The result was that Lieutenant-Colonel Greer, of the Sixty-eighth Regiment, was posted with five hundred men at Te Papa Mission Station. The east coast tribes were reported to be preparing a large invading force, but for a time they were held in check by the friendly Arawa tribe. After the fall of Orakau, those of the Tauranga natives who had been engaged in the war, began to return, accompanied by parties of Waikatos, and to entrench themselves in a strong position about three miles from Te Papa. It was situated on a narrow neck of land flanked by swamps, and received the name of the “Gate ah.” It contained a redoubt, was well palisaded, and was also defended by rifle-pits, But its garrison, numbering not more than three hundred—according to their own account only one hundred and fifty —had no artillery and no water. Colonel Greer having asked for »”» THE GATE “ PAH AFTER THE CONFLICT. re-inforcements, Gen- eral Cameron moved his head-quarters to Tauranga, and, on the night of the 27th of April, the fas was surrounded by a force of one thousand seven hundred rank and file, while artillery was planted in four batteries at distances ranging from eight hun- dred to one hundred yards from the works. On the morning of the 28th, the garrison discovered the skirmishers of their opponents, and fired a volley at them. The four batteries then opened fire, and kept it up with unslackened vigour until late in the afternoon, one who was present declaring subsequently that the rain of shot and shell was “enough to have smothered Sebastopol.” By four p.m. one corner of the jak had been breached, and one hundred and _ fifty seamen and Marines, with an equal number of the Forty-third Regiment, were told off .to make the assault. One hundred and seventy men of the Seventieth were extended as a covering party, and three hundred seamen, Marines and men of the Forty-third, followed as a reserve. As the storming party, headed by Commander Hay, of //4Z.S. Harrier, and Colonel Booth, of the Forty-third, entered the breach with a cheer, the Maoris attempted to escape by the rear, but finding the Sixty-eighth closing in there they turned back and faced their assailants. The cry arose that the natives had been 1064 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. re-inforced, and, seized with a panic, the men rushed headlong out of the breach, crying out, “There’s thousands of them!” Captain Hamilton, of A/.J17.S, sk, rushed up with the reserve of the Naval Brigade in order to rally the fugitives, but he was shot through the head as he mounted the breach. The enemy poured in their fire on the flying column with terrible effect. Most of the officers were shot down, and both leaders of the storming party were mortally wounded. Of the various acts of individual heroism which relieve the gloom of this unfortunate affair, the most notable was that performed by Samuel Mitchell, captain of the foretop of AALS. Harrzr. Seeing Commander Hay struck down by a rifle shot, the gallant fellow did not hesitate a moment amid the pitiless hail of lead to encumber himself with the body of the wounded officer, and at his own extreme peril to bear it back to the British lines. But Commander Hay was past all human succour. The enemy’s bullet had lodged in the abdomen, and he expired a few hours later. Mitchell's intrepidity was duly recognized, and he was recommended to the Admiralty for the: Victoria Cross. A line of entrenchments was now thrown up, by order of General Cameron, within one hundred yards of the works. About midnight the Sixty-eighth were heard firing at the rear of the jah, and on examination the stronghold was found to have been abandoned. Some of the British wounded were in it, alive, and with no complaint to make against the enemy. The British loss amounted to twenty-seven killed and sixty-six wounded, of whom several died of their wounds. Only ten Maoris were found dead in the jah, but it was stated that some others had been carried off. The natives now entrenched themselves at Te Ranga, about three miles inland from the Gate Pah, and here they were followed on the 21st of June by Lieutenant-Colonel Greer with a detachment of the Forty-third, Sixty-eighth and the First Waikato Regiment, besides a corps of cavalry and some artillery. The enemy had not completed their works, and were therefore in a state of unreadiness. An artillery fire was opened upon them, and then the troops advanced with the bayonet, the Forty-third leading. A hand-to-hand fight ensued in the trenches, while those of the enemy who tried to escape were sabred by the cavalry. The assault proved a complete success, and the Maoris were almost annihilated. They lost one hundred and nine in killed, and nineteen in wounded, of whom twelve died of their wounds. Only eleven unwounded prisoners were taken. The New Zealand troops lost eight killed and thirty-nine wounded. The remnant of the Ngaiterangi submitted, and though the rest of the enemy retreated to the hills bordering the Waikato, and made no overtures for peace, the campaign was ended. Tue “ Hauuau” FAnNATICISM. Before proceeding further we must now return to the events of the second Taranaki War, which followed the massacre of the escort at Oakuru. That unfortunate occurrence took place in May, 1863, and, on the 3rd of June, General Cameron marched out from_ New Plymouth, with detachments of the Fifty-seventh and the Seventieth, besides artillery, and successfully stormed a native redoubt on the Katikara River, with a loss of one | killed and five wounded, while twenty-four of the enemy were slain. After this the troops were recalled to Auckland for the invasion of the Waikato, but a portion of the Fifty-seventh was left behind under Colonel Warre to garrison New Plymouth, The HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1065 latter half of 1863 passed away quietly on the west coast, a few trifling brushes ’ with the enemy serving but to keep the garrison on the gw vive. In March, 1864, an “attempt, under Major Butler, to take a fah at Kaitake, was repulsed with a loss of one killed and six wounded. In April, a more serious reverse was sustained, Captain Lloyd, with fifty-three men of the Fifty-seventh, and forty-one Mel- bourne volunteers under Captain Page, was out foraging and destroying the enemy's crops at a native village called Ahuahu, when he was surprised, and after some firing his men retreated in disorder, leaving their dead and wounded behind. The casualties amounted to seven killed and ten wounded. When the bodies of the slain 'were recovered they were stripped nearly naked and decapitated —a_barbarity hitherto unheard of. Strangely enough, this savage mutilation of the dead proved to be one of the rites of a new re- ligion that had just arisen, and which was destined to achieve AN INCIDENT AT THE GATE “PAH.” considerable notoriety under its name of Hazhauzsm,: although its votaries at first called it “Paz Marre.” This religion was evolved from the inner consciousness of a native of weak intellect named Te Ua, who either believed, or pretended, that he had received a revelation from the Angel Gabriel. After pondering over the various religious beliefs with which he was acquainted, he compounded a curious jumble of the leading forms of Christianity, Judaism and Paganism, gave it a name, and promulgated among its distinctive tenets free love, ‘disregard of the Sabbath and the Scriptures, hostility to Europeans, angelic guidance for its believers, and invulnerability in battle by the utterance of the magical 1066 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. word “Hau,” accompanied by mesmeric passes of the hand. Finally, its priests and prophets were endowed with superhuman powers. Part of its ritual consisted in dancing round a lofty pole called a “Vu,” chanting gibberish, interspersed with the names of Jehovah, the Virgin Mary, Gabriel and Joshua, whose spirit led them in battle. Their enemies were decapitated in order that their heads might be hung upon the “ Vzz.” Captain Lloyd’s head was embalmed and carried about as an oracle or medium of communication with Jehovah. On Saturday, the 3oth of April, 1864, the Hawhaus tested their boasted invulnerability by attacking the Sentry Hill Redoubt, six miles north of New Plymouth. They advanced in a close column, four deep, throwing their arms about, and yelling the word “au,” with an effect which resembled the barking of dogs. The garrison—seventy-five men of the Fifty-seventh, under Captain Short— received them with a destructive volley, backed up by a discharge of grape. For some time the enemy stood this deadly fire, but at last they turned and fled, leaving thirty- four killed and wounded. ‘ Despite this check, the singular frenzy spread. Fortunately for the settlers of Wanganui, the friendly Maoris in that district resisted the progress of the Hlawhaus down the River, and invited them to a pitched battle on the island of Moutua. The Flauhaus, to the number of three hundred, accepted the challenge, and the fanatics were cut to pieces, losing, among others, the prophet Matene. The Provincial Government of Wellington raised a monument to the memory of its allies who had fallen in this encounter. For the rest of the year the colony enjoyed repose, which was not even interrupted by the escape of two hundred and fourteen Rangiriri and other prisoners from the island of Kawau, near Auckland, in September. With the opening of 1865, operations were resumed on the west coast, the disaffected natives having opposed the construction of a road between Wanganui and New Plymouth, and closed the Waitotara block. In January, General Cameron set out with a force of two thousand men from Wanganui, and marched along the coast-line to the Waingongoro, to the derision of © the enemy, who attacked him boldly at Nukumaru, on the south bank of the Waito- tara, where he would have been defeated with loss but for the timely arrival of a reserve of friendly natives. He declined to penetrate inland, owing to the refusal of the Governor to apply for re-inforcements of two thousand men, without which the General maintained it was impossible to open up communication, or to reduce a strong native pah at Wereroa. In consequence of his strained relations with the Governor, which were marked by a very acrimonious correspondence, the General went into winter quarters in April. Thus thrown upon his own resources, Sir George Grey collected a force of three hundred and nine friendly natives under Major McDonnell, and one hundred and sixty-four Forest Rangers and Wanganui Cavalry under Major Rookes, and accompanied them to the dreaded Wereroa Pah, which fell into their hands on the 21st of July without a struggle, fifty Mawhaus being taken prisoners. After this, Major Brassey was relieved at Pipiriki, where he had been beleagured. The line of coast from Wanganui to New Plymouth had also been opened from end to end after Cameron's departure from Auckland, and, as early as February, the Wanganui friendlies, under Hoani Wiremu Hipango, had defeated the Hauhaus severely at Okotahi, but the brave chief himself fell. On the ist of August, General Cameron resigned command of the troops, and was MAIL STEAMER LEAVING AUCKLAND, _— ——————————— i is HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1067 succeeded by Major-General Trevor Chute. On the 2nd of September, peace was pro- claimed to all west coast rebels, excepting the murderers. While the troops remained at Wanganui there was work of a crucial character on the east coast for the Colonial Forces to undertake. Thither had proceeded the Hauhau fanatics from Taranaki, and on the 2nd of March, 1865, a party of them signalized their arrival at Opotiki by hanging the Rev. C. S. Volkner, a Lutheran missionary, who had joined the Church of England. They then drank his blood, while their leader, Kereopa, intensified the horror of the atrocity by gouging out and swallowing his victim’s eyes. Four . 17 months later, another party of Hauhaus at Whakatane, on the same coast, murdered the cap- tain and crew of a small schooner, and a half-caste Government interpreter named Falloon. So shocked were the great body of the Maoris by these excesses that Tami- = hana wrote to Colonel Greer, tendering submis- sion on behalf of himself and the King. Two expeditions were sent to the disturbed district— one of one hundred THE SOLDIERS’ GRAVES AT TAURANGA. From a Sketch by E. Gouldsmith Europeans, which arrived at Waiapu in August, to co-operate with the four hundred or five hundred natives who had already begun the campaign under the chiefs Mokena and Ropata Wahawaha, the other of five hundred and eighty men from the Colonial Forces and Native Contingent, which went from Wanganui to Opotiki in September. This latter expedition, under Majors Brassey and McDonnell, effected a speedy conquest of the Opotiki District, and, in November, was recalled to Wanganui. The Waiapu Expedition, under the joint command of Majors Fraser and Biggs, and power- fully supported by Ropata’s strong body of Maoris, achieved still more signal results. Late in September the Hauhau stronghold of Hungahungatoroa surrendered, and two hundred Ngatiporou, with three hundred women and children, were made prisoners. In November, a force of one hundred and ten Europeans, and two hundred and fifty Maoris, besieged the fortified fak of Waerenga-a-hika, and, after an engagement in which the enemy lost seventy or eighty men, carried the position, and made three hundred prisoners. 1068 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. The worst characters were transported to the Chatham Islands, amongst them being the subsequently notorious Te Kooti, who, although professedly on the British side, was suspected of being a spy, and punished accordingly without any form of trial. About the same time the Arawa tribe, under Major Mair, inflicted a crushing defeat upon the Hauhaus at Te Teko, near Matata, in the Bay of Plenty, and took upwards of eighty prisoners, including the prophet Te Ua, and twenty-eight natives alleged to have been concerned in Falloon’s murder. Meanwhile, trouble had arisen in the Wanganui District. The disaffected Ngatiruanui, in October, murdered the envoys of peace that were sent to them, and at the end of December, General Chute marched against them from Wanganui with a small force of the Fourteenth and of the Royal Artillery, strengthened by two hundred of the Native Contingent under Major McDonnell. He took his way through the enemy’s country, and, re-inforced by detachments of the Eighteenth and Fiftieth, penetrated through the bush to New Plymouth, where he received quite an ovation. He then marched by the coast to Patea, where the campaign ended on the 7th of February, 1866. This was the last occasion on which Imperial troops were actively engaged in New Zealand. The strength and spirit of the enemy had by this time been broken by their repeated reverses, although a kind of desultory warfare was kept up with Colonel McDonnell until the end of October. TiITOKOWARU’S OUTBREAK. During 1867, the colony again tasted the blessings of peace; but by the middle of 1868 the North Island was once more convulsed in the throes of war. Titokowaru, a leading chief on the west coast, and an acknowledged Hauhau, rose in rebellion, and, after some pillaging and murdering in the Patea District, a section of his forces attacked the Turuturumokai Redoubt, where twenty-five men were stationed under Captain Ross. They surprised the garrison on Sunday morning, on the tr2th of July, and cut it to pieces, Captain Ross and nine. of his men being killed. The rest escaped, five of them being wounded. Major Von Tempsky and his Forest Rangers held the field until the arrival of Colonel McDonnell with re-inforcements. On the 21st of August, the latter officer attaked the stronghold of Te Negutu-o-te-manu (‘The Beak of the Bird”), and captured it with a loss of four killed and ten wounded. Early in September a disastrous repulse was sustained at Ruaruru, Titokowaru’s own fastness. It was assailed by Colonel McDonnell with a force of two hundred and fifty Europeans and one hundred Wanganui natives. The enemy, protected by the dense scrub, and with their marksmen posted amid the branches of a clump of vata trees within the palisading, did such terrible execution that the assailants were compelled to beat a retreat, leaving behind them nineteen killed and twenty-five. wounded. Among the slain were the gallant Von Tempsky and Captains Buck and Palmer, and Lieutenants Hastings and Hunter. Shortly after this action, Colonel McDonnell gave up the command, and was succeeded by Colonel (now Sir George) Whitmore. Under this officer another repulse was met with at Okutuku, or Moturoa,-on the 7th of November. He engaged the enemy with a mixed force of two hundred and _ sixty-six Europeans and eighty Maoris, and, after a hard fight of five and a half hours, was obliged to retire, the casualties being Major Hunter and six men killed, twenty wounded, and twelve missing. Titokowaru now AISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1069 approached Wanganui, burning settlers’ houses and creating general consternation, which was intensified by the news of the massacre by Te Kooti at Poverty Bay. At this juncture, Colonel Whitmore was ordered with all his available forces to Poverty Bay, and Titokowaru was thus left in possession of the field. One hundred of the Armed Con- stabulary, with two hundred and ninety militia and volunteers, were entrusted with the protection of Wanganui and the preservation of the Kai-iwi frontier line. In January, 1869, Colonel Whitmore returned and resumed his operations against Titokowaru, who retired to the forests beyond Moturoa, where his last victory had been won. He planted ambuscades, and one of these succeeded in surprising ten of the volunteers who were gathering peaches in a grove, and shot down seven of them. ‘Meanwhile, the undaunted Kepa te Rangihiwinui and_ his brave Wanganuis were scouring the country near Putahi, and ren- dering the colony yeo- man service. On the 13th of February, 18609, a war-party of the Ngatimaniapoto from Rb cicsiepounticade tale VOLKNER’S CHURCH. the British redoubt at Pukearuhe, or the White Cliffs, thirty-six miles from New Ply- mouth, and massacred Lieutenant Gascoigne, his wife and three children, as well as two other Europeans. Just after the tragic deed had been perpetrated, the Rev. John Whiteley, a Wesleyan missionary, was seen approaching on horseback. The Maoris shouted for him to go back. He held on his way, however, and was then shot down. This was never avenged. Colonel Whitmore and Major Kepa pursued Titokowaru to the Upper Wanganui, where he rémained safe from further molestation. Tr Koott AND THE Poverty Bay Massacre. Incidental reference has been made to Te Kooti and the frightful massacre with which his name will for ever be associated. It is at this stage of our narrative that the salient episodes in which he figured must be introduced. Expatriated to the Chathams merely on suspicion, he seems to have given very little trouble to his guards, while over his fellow-prisoners he gradually established an ascendancy by professing to be inspired. The promise had been held out to the exiles that, if they conducted them- selves well, they would be allowed to return home in two years. But when this period had elapsed the hope of release seemed as remote as ever. It was then that Te 1070 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. Kooti mooted the subject of escape. The plan was feasible, for the garrison had been reduced to fifteen men. On the 3rd of July, 1868, the arrival of the schooner Rifleman with stores presented the desired opportunity. The captain was on shore the following day, and a party of the prisoners was assisting to discharge cargo, when at a preconcerted signal from Te Kooti, they rose, clove in the skull of the only guard who offered resistance, overpowered and bound the rest, boarded the vessel, seized the crew, and ordered the mate on pain of death to navigate them to New Zealand. He consented to do so, and no further violence was exhibited. The women and children on the Island were not interfered with. Te Kooti possessed himself of the contents of the treasury, which amounted to within a few shillings of four hundred pounds, secured about forty stand of arms and ammunition, shipped the one hundred and _sixty-three prisoners with their sixty-four women and seventy-one children, and, in order to prevent pursuit, cut the cable of the ketch Florence, the only other vessel in port, and sent her crew ashore. Sail was made from the Island the same evening, and on the toth of July, the Azfeman arrived at Whareongaonga, six miles south of Gisborne, then known by its native name of Turanganui. Here, the fugitives landed with their plunder, and the mate and crew were sent off to resume their voyage. With strange indifference to the security of the settlers, they sailed away for Wellington, two hundred and fifty miles distant, instead of promptly giving the alarm at the nearest settlement. At this time Poverty Bay was occupied by about four hundred and fifty natives and two hundred Europeans. On the 11th of July, Major Biggs, the Resident Magistrate, was apprised of the presence of armed natives in the district, and on the 12th, he set out in pursuit with a force of eighty Maoris and forty Europeans. He came up with the escaped prisoners at Whareongaonga, and summoned them to surrender. Te Kooti scornfully declined to submit, but intimated that he would not molest anyone unless his freedom were threatened. Major Biggs retired, and, while collecting re-inforcements, dispatched his avail- able forces under Captain Westrupp to watch Te Kooti, who was now at Paparatu. This officer engaged the enemy, and was forced to retreat with a loss of two killed and ten wounded, leaving all his horses, saddles, baggage, swords and accoutrements, to a value of one thousand two hundred pounds, in his adversary’s hands. Although encumbered by his women and children, as well as goods, Te Kooti cut his way through the forest, and repulsed a small force under Captain Richardson, besides fighting an inde- cisive engagement with Colonel Whitmore at Puketapu, forty-five miles inland, after which the leader of the Colonial Forces fell back with loss. The enemy then remained encamped where they were until the 28th of Ottober, receiving continued accessions of disaffected natives. Colonel Whitmore returned to Waitotara with his forces, and Poverty Bay was left virtually defenceless. The settlers appealed to the Government for protec- tion, but the Authorities seemed determined to court disaster, for they ordered the discontinuance of a strong redoubt which the loyal natives had began to erect at Mata- whero. This proved to be an act of suicidal folly. On the night of the gth ‘of November, Te Kooti marched from his /retreat, surprised the village of Matawhero, and with cold-blooded ferocity, butchered the settlers in detail, the work of blood being continued during two days throughout the whole district. The particulars are revolting. Suffice it to say that twenty-nine Europeans and thirty-two loyal natives were massacred, HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1071 not even the decrepitude of age, the distress of women, ‘or the innocence of childhood moving the murderers to compassion. Captain Wilson and Major Biggs were among the first victims. A lad named Charles James escaped to relate the dreadful news. The settlers fled in all directions, the women and children in Gisborne were shipped off to Auckland, and the deserted homesteads of Poverty Bay were given by Te Kooti to the flames. Laden with booty he retired once more to his forest retreat, and the traces of his bloody deeds marked his progress. At length Ropata discovered his hiding-place, perched on the loftiest point of the forest-clad peak of Ngatapa, where he had constructed the most impregnable Aah ever seen in New Zea- land. Without waiting for re-inforcements the heroic Ropata assaulted him there and inflicted a loss of sixty-five men. Lack of ammunition and weakness of support ultimately compelled him to fall back. Then Colonel Whitmore arrived, and the combined forces invested the Aah. Ro- pata stormed it with fifty men, and possessed himself of the first line of defence. While a sap was being pushed forward to the second line, Te Kooti, under cover of darkness, drew off his forces and escaped. Ropata pursued him, and captured about one hundred and twenty MAJOR-GENERAL TREVOR CHUTE. prisoners, all of whom were summarily shot. Three years of guerrilla warfare followed. The name of the fugitive chief became a synonym for rapine and terror. Ever pursued and ever on the move, he emerged from the forests at intervals, swooping down on _ isolated settlements, plundering and cutting off small parties of Europeans and friendly natives, and in his turn sustain- ing loss at the -hands of his pursuers. Through the highlands of the savage Uri- wera, over Hawke's Bay, and by way of Taupo, he was dogged to the Waikato, where the King would have nothing to do with him. In despair, he sent word to the Europeans of his desire for peace, but the Government replied by setting a price of five thousand pounds on his head. In 1870, the chase was left almost exclusively to the Maoris under Ropata, Topia, Henare Tomoana, and Kepa te Rangihiwinui. Te Kooti fled back through the Bay of Plenty to the almost impenetrable forests south of Opotiki, where his Aah of Maraetahi was besieged in March, 1870, by four hundred friendlies under Kepa, Topia and Wi Kingi. After a desperate action, in which the arch-marauder barely escaped with his life, the assailants carried the pak, recovered two hundred and eighteen captives, and took prisoners thirty-five men and seventy-six women and children. Eighteen of the enemy were killed. Te Kooti now crept from lair to lair in the forest solitudes, tirelessly pursued, and with his followers diminished to a score. Emaciated with hunger, feverish with thirst, unable to rest through fear of capture by the indefatigable Ropata, he regained at last the King country, and there found sanctuary in 1872. Years later he was pardoned, and since then has led a quiet 1072 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. life. He has often wished to revisit Poverty Bay, but the stern hostility of the settlers has wisely caused the Government to restrain him. In 1871, the Ngatiporou seized Kereopa, Volkner’s murderer, and he was duly tried and executed. Te Wutiris Lanp AGITATION. The name of Te Whiti, prophet, orator and leader in a remarkable land agitation, figures prominently in the history of New Zealand during the past twelve years. Had he been of bellicose instincts, he wielded the power to have provoked a war of races which would have drenched the country in blood. But, happily, he was a man of peace, and of rare force of character. In 1865, he restrained his people from embroiling them-* selves in war, and in 1868, he prevented them giving countenance to Titokowaru. From his village of Parihaka, between Mount Egmont and the sea, he exercised a_ beneficent influence, exhorting his people to peaceful pursuits, prohibiting any traffic in drink within his settlements, inculcating temperance, and preaching love between the races. He assumed the functions and pretensions of an inspired prophet, and at monthly meetings harangued the tribes with great eloquence upon passing events. In 1877, the first signs of agrarian trouble were manifested. For twelve years the Authorities had allowed the confiscation scheme of 1865, so far as it related to Taranaki, to remain in abeyance, and the Maoris had long-ago concluded that it had been abandoned. This opinion was strengthened by the fact that, between 1872 and 1875, no less than one hundred and eighty-five*thousand acres of land within the bounds of the Waitotara and Waingongoro Rivers had been purchased from them, no question being raised as to the validity of their title. Neither had any step been taken to proclaim the reserves which were to accompany confiscation. In 1877, the dream of security was rudely disturbed. The Govern- ment made preparations to survey the confis- cated Waimate Plains, now dotted over with native settlements and cultivations. Despite the protests of the aboriginal settlers, the survey was commenced in August, 1878. The pegs mysteriously disappeared after they were put down, and finally, in March, 1879, the surveyors - MAJOR ROPATA. having taken a road line through a large en- closure belonging to Titokowaru, were courteously conducted off the Plains, with an inti- mation that the survey could not go on. The Government advertised sixteen thousand acres for sale, and in May unarmed bodies of Maoris began ploughing lands which the Government had given to military settlers. Armed settlers removed one party of the dusky plough-men, but they quietly returned and resumed operations. On the 3oth of June, seventeen plough-men were arrested by the Armed Constabulary, while the settlers made violent threats of shooting all Maoris who again attempted to plough. During July the HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND. 1073 Maoris in small bands continued to plough, and the Constabulary to make arrests which were never resisted, until at the end of the month one hundred and eighty men were in custody. Forty were sentenced to two months’ imprisonment for malicious injury to property, but the rest were never brought to trial. Notwithstanding the declaration in Parliament of the Hon. J. Sheehan, then Native Minister, that “from the White Cliffs down to Waitotara the whole country is strewn with unfulfilled promises,” and that “grants have been kept back until the people have come to the conclusion that the whole thing TE WHITI'S VILLAGE OF PARIHAKA, is a sham and a delusion, the promised reserves had not been proclaimed. Te Whiti went on preaching passive resistance, counselling his followers to abstain under all provo- cation from anything in the shape of violent reprisals. Parliament on the other hand continued to pass Measures authorizing the Government to detain without trial the arrested plough-men. In July, 1880, the untried prisoners were still detained in custody. Meanwhile, the Armed Constabulary had been carrying a road through the Parihaka District. In May it was taken without warning through a fenced field held under culti- vation by some of the natives. The fence was repaired by the Maoris, and for three weeks thereafter fences were being continually taken down by the Constabulary, and with singular imperturbability were being re-erected by the natives. At the end of July the fencers began to be arrested; but as soon as each party was drafted off another party was found with cheerful alacrity to take up the work. The patience and _ self- restraint of the Maoris compelled even the admiration, while it excited| the annoyance, of the Authorities. By the end of August two hundred and _ sixteen arrests had been made in the two months, and fifty-nine Maoris were sentenced, under the Maori Prisoners’ 1074 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. Detention Act, to two years’ imprisonment. In November, the Maori fencers began to substitute slip-rails for fences, and these the . Government allowed to remain. In_ the March preceding, a Royal Commission, which had been investigating the native grievances, reported “that the Plains will never be occupied in peace until proper reserves are made and marked out upon the ground. . . . To do this is an imperative necessity.” This Royal Commission, which consisted of Sir W. Fox and Sir F. D. Bell, persevered in its task; and in a final report recommended that, of the one hundred and twenty thousand acres enclosed between the Rivers Oeo and Waingongoro, twenty-five thousand acres should be reserved for the Maoris, and that of the one hundred and twenty-five thousand acres embraced by the Parihaka District, from twenty to twenty-five thousand acres should be similarly reserved. The reserves were accordingly laid off; and, to the dissatisfaction of the Maoris, the Crown retained the seaward side of Parihaka. Te Whiti maintained~ his inflexible attitude, which was from the first entirely one of almost passive resistance, while the patience of the Government was being rapidly exhausted. A serious contributing cause to this was the resignation of the Native Minister, now the Hon. John Bryce, owing to reluctance on the part of his colleagues to sanction the arrest of the leading agitators. Matters were approaching a climax, when the Governor, Sir A. Gordon, left on a visit to Fiji. In his absence, the Acting-Governor, Chief Justice Prendergast, recalled Mr. Bryce to office, and issued a proclamation calling upon Te Whiti and his adherents to signify within fourteen days whether or not they would accept the proffered reserves, and intimating that in the event of non-assent they would be withdrawn, and their settlement broken up. In the interim Mr. Bryce assembled an .armed force of some two thousand five hundred volunteers and Constabulary under Colonel Roberts, and held himself ready to march on Parihaka. The fortnight’s grace expired without any sign from Te Whiti, and on the 5th of November Mr. Bryce marched with his forces to Parihaka, where, in the marae, or meeting-place, Te Whiti and his henchman, Tohu, were found seated in the midst of two thousand men, women and children, counselling peace and self-control. The leaders quietly allowed themselves to be arrested, and Te Whiti, as he was led away, emphasized his extraordinary forbearance by saying to his people: “Be of good heart and patient. This day's work is not my doing. It comes from the heart of the /akeha. On my fall the VPakeha builds his work; but be you steadfast in all that is peaceful.” Fifteen hundred men, women and children were taken into custody; the settlement was broken up, the wares (huts) were dismantled, and the native population for sixty miles round were deprived of their fire-arms. The charge against Te Whiti and Tohu was that of making use of seditious language, but at the Supreme Court, to the expressed surprise of Mr. Justice Gillies, the Crown Prosecutor entered a nolle proseguz, and Parliament passed a Bill authorizing the detention of the prisoners without trial. Te Whiti and Tohu were consequently retained until March, 1883, when they were deported back to Parihaka, and placed on their reserves. In the meantime, the Crown lands had been sold and settled, and since then, under the restraining influence of Te Whiti, the natives have given no trouble. Little remains to add to this narrative. The situation is at present one of profound and settled repose; the Queen’s Writ runs uninterruptedly through the length and breadth of the colony, and there is every assurance for the hope that native wars in VD. EALA Wy OF NE EVIE W RE AL ‘ORIC 4 HIS FALLS, TE HUKA THE AND SPRINGS HOT THE WAIRAKEI 1076 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. New Zealand are at an end. In 1870, Rewi, the hero of Orakau, visited Auckland for the first time in twenty years, and was lionized by the citizens. Early in 1882, Tawhiao, the King, also visited Auckland, where all sorts of honours were lavished upon him. He subsequently visited England, and is now living quietly at his home on the Waikato. At the beginning of 1888, he held a meeting at Maungakawa, at the invitation of the Ngatihaua tribe, when the following lines of policy were affirmed :—“ That the Maoris and Pakehas shall be as one people; obey the laws of the Queen, and respect them in every way as loyal subjects; and that every native acting contrary to the Queen’s laws shall undergo the same punishment as the /akeha; that all natives avoid intoxication and other abuses; that no objection be offered to the Native Lands Court selling or otherwise so long as it is done legally.” With this declaration the long dispute between the two races, which had lasted from the very beginning of colonization, at last ceased. When the term of office of Sir William Jervois came to an end he was succeeded by Lord Onslow. The British Government has been trying the experiment of. substituting for professional governors young noblemen of promise, who are sent to the colonies to | dispense vice-regal hospitalities, and at the same time to learn the art of governing. Lord Carrington was the first with whom the experiment was tried, and Lord Kintore, Lord Onslow and Lord Jersey have followed in his wake. Towards the close of the year 1890, the hold of the Premier, Sir Harry Atkinson, on the country had visibly weakened. His health had failed, and he was not equal to the fatigue of leading the House. A general election left him in a small minority, and — he resigned. Sir Harry Atkinson was able, before he relinquished the political leadership, to publish a financial statement showing that he had succeeded in establishing an equilibrium in the finances, and had left behind him a clear surplus. The achievement of this task was really the great work of his Administration, and it was made possible only by severe taxation, and. still more severe retrenchment. He has been succeeded in the Premiership by Mr. Ballance, the leader of the Opposition, who has indicated a disposition to adopt a radical programme in politics, especially as regards the incidence of taxation. As indicating the degree of development to which New Zealand has already attained, it may be mentioned that at the end of 1889 its population was six hundred and twenty thousand seven hundred and eighty souls; that its shipping inwards and outwards was one million one hundred and ninety-five thousand eight hundred and eighty-six tons; that its total trade inwards and outwards was fifteen million six hundred and thirty- six thousand three hundred and sixty-two pounds; that its export of domestic produce was valued at nine million and forty-two thousand and eight pounds; that it depastured- fifteen million five hundred and three thousand two hundred and sixty-three sheep, eight hundred and ninety-five thousand four hundred and sixty-one head of cattle, and one hundred and eighty-seven thousand three hundred and eighty-two horses; that it had one million three hundred and eighty-six thousand two hundred and eighty-seven acres under crop ; that its revenue was three million nine hundred and ninety-one thousand nine hundred and nineteen pounds; that the deposits in its banks were thirteen million seven hundred and eighty-six thousand and fifty-five pounds ; and that it possessed four thousand eight hundred and seventy-four miles of telegraph, and one thousand nine hundred and twelve miles of railway. A FLEET OF WHALERS IN THE BAY OF ISLANDS, DESCRIPTIVE SKETCH OF NEW ZEALAND. ee AUCKLAND. \ JEW ZEALAND, from its insular position and long, narrow and irregular outline, possesses, in proportion to its area, a far more extensive coast-line than any other part of Australasia, measuring, as it does, upwards of three thousand miles. For similar reasons, coupled with the fact that the trend of the Islands is from south-east round to north-east, it embraces a_ considerable diversity of climatic conditions, products and resources, as indeed would be indicated by the mere statement that it runs for nearly one thousand miles through more than thirteen degrees of latitude. Its oceanic environ- ment imparts a singular mildness and equability to the. climate, tempering the subtropical warmth of the far North, and qualifying the winter cola of the extreme South. Within its area of one hundred and four thousand four hundred and three square miles nearly every variety of climate is to be found represented, the temperature being variable enough and sudden in its changes. Droughts are rare, and are never excessive; floods are seldom very serious. The colony comprises the North, South and Stewart Islands, the two former being separated by Cook Strait, and the latter by Foveaux Strait. It is bountifully endowed by Nature with most of those gifts which require only an adequate population to ensure national prosperity. Gold had been heard of in New Zealand from the time the territory was first made known to Europeans, although the discovery for practical purposes dates only from 1861. Copper also has been. found, as well as certain quantities of silver, tin, iron, coal, oil, sulphur, marble, graphite and antimony, besides some small diamonds. In vegetable products New Zealand is exceed- ingly rich, and its soil will grow anything produced in Great Britain. There are, about one hundred and twenty varieties of indigenous forest trees, and about one hundred and thirty species of ferns. Of the flora of the Islands it is said that two-thirds of the species are peculiar to the group, while twenty-six of the genera are not to be met 1078 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. with in any other place. The most valuable vegetable product is the kauri pine, furnishing timber and gum, which constitute the staple of a lucrative foreign trade. Possessing such advantages, and magnificently situated in the midst of the greatest expanse of ocean in the world, in the direct water-way between America and Australia, its future is assured, and it is not surprising that its people should be inspired with patriotic expectations, or that its public men should give rein to the imagination as they attempt to cast the horoscope of their country. On entering the port of Auckland, the traveller recognizes at once that the pano- rama and the conditions under which it is presented are singularly prepossessing. The approach to Auckland Harbour is one of the noblest in the world, for the city lies on the south-western shore of the great Hauraki Gulf. The ship’s course must necessarily be from the direction of the north, because the Gulf is flanked on the east by a long peninsula which forms its shore on that side. The Great and Little Barrier Islands lie just off the entrance to the north, and form there a» partial breakwater, though they do not enclose the Harbour. The Gulf proper begins in the thirtieth parallel of latitude, between Cape Colville and Kawau Island, where it is about twenty-five miles wide. The course to Auckland lies south till vessels pick up on the right hand the Tiritiri Light-house, which stands on a small grassy islet, separated by a deep and safe channel from the Whangaparaoa Peninsula—a long jutting promontory, which runs -out eastward from the land, and forms a north-westerly breakwater for the rest of the passage. The Great Barrier Island lies thirty-five miles in the rear, and its hazy outlines are just discernible over the ship’s stern. Onwards from Tiritiri the navigation is in smooth water, the course is straight and broadly defined, there are no impediments or dangers to necessitate cautious navigation, and the vessel is steered steadily on towards the spacious Rangitoto Channel, which leads right into port. This channel lies between the Rangitoto Island and the main-land, which is in this part a low-lying peninsula stretching obliquely across the bow, and permitting the eye to see over it and catch glimpses of the distant city rising gradually from the water's edge, and disappearing over a ridge behind which isolated hills of volcanic action rear themselves at intervals. Entering the Channel, Lake Takapuna, with its broad, shelly beach, its villas, orchards and gardens, lies to the right rear; and the hinder portion of the transmarine suburb of Devonport, with its curving shore, numerous trim white cottages and _ stores, its neat race-course and its picturesque Mount Victoria, belted with pine-trees and crowned by a signal-station, is on the right, front. Away to the left, the Channel is flanked by the magnificent volcanic island of Rangitoto, with a substantial beacon of stone off the reef at its foot. Rising with an extensive sweep, it culminates at the centre in a triple-peaked volcanic mount, nine hundred and twenty feet high, symmetrical in its proportions, sharply clear in its contour, and sombre in its colouring. It is destitute of forest, but densely clad to its immediate base with undergrowth and native shrubs, of which about four hundred varieties are to be found on the Island. The scaling of the Mount is a far more formidable undertaking than its height would lead one to imagine, for the place is thickly overlaid with loosely piled blocks of scorie, Behind Rangitoto lies the grassy park-like island of Motutapu, stocked with sheep, cattle, winged game and herds of deer, and owning the undisputed sway of Messrs. Reid > DESCRIPTIVE SKETCH OF NEW ZEALAND, 1079 Brothers. Its tempting little coves and retired bays are the favourite resort in sum- mer-time of yachting parties which repair thither on Saturday afternoons to camp out over the Sunday. Beyond Rangitoto and Motutapu, and trending right across the entrance to the Waitemata Harbour, lies an archipelago of islands which completely fills in the picture on that side—among them Motuihi, with its beautiful sandy beach and its quarantine building; and Waiheke, with its numerous indentations and diversified conformation of vale, hill and woodland; behind them all, the lofty summits of the Thames and Coro- mandel Ranges, faintly traceable in the lighter azure of the sky. With ample sea-room about us, we are yet encompassed by the land, for the southern shore sweeps behind the islands far remote from the vision, and inland the well-timbered Hunua Ranges close the prospect in that direction. The northern shore advances and ends in a rounded hill styled the North Head, under whose lee the vessel passes into port. The sides and summit of this headland are mined, trenched, counterscarped and embattled for defensive operations, and there are quarters for a permanent force of artillery-men. There is another Fort at Point Resolution, on the eastern flank of the city, while submarine mines are also laid down in the Harbour, and a torpedo-boat forms a part of the warlike equipment. Far out from the North Head lies the small Brown’s Island (Motu- korea) couched like a weasel, and straight in front is the Bean Rock Light-house, right in the fair-way of the Harbour, and commanding an uninterrupted view of the port and city. Auckland, from its unrivalled maritime position on the narrow isthmus over- looking both coasts, has been well-named the “Corinth of the South,” and from its surpas- sing beauty the “ Naples of New Zealand.” The view bursts suddenly upon the sight. With an almost imperceptible curve, the THE QUEEN STREET WHARF, AUCKLAND. 1080 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. bosom of the Waitemata—‘‘ The Shining Water”—extends its generous width away to the point where the Titirangi and Waitakerei Ranges, westward of the city, bound the horizon. It opens out there into an expansive sheet, and then, sweeping round Kauri Point on the northern shore, it runs fifteen miles further to Riverhead. The southern shore, from the mouth of the Tamaki River to the foot of the ranges beyond the city, lies low, and advances and recedes in regular alternation, forming a close succession of pretty bays, around whose margin and gentle slopes, villas, embosomed amid trees, are springing up in great number. Just off Bean Rock lies St. Helier’s Bay, with its broad expanse of beach, its hotel and temperance accommodation house, its long jetty and extensive avenue of trees. Directly opposite is Kohimarama Bay and its Training School for neglected and destitute boys. A solitary sandstone cone, known as the Bastion Rock, stands off its nearest point. A little higher up the Harbour, the land retreats into Orakei Bay, which is sacred to the remnant of the Maori tribes that once densely peopled the isthmus, and the traces of whose /ahs axe still to be found in its volcanic hills. At Orakei resides the chief Paora (Paul) Tuhaere and his tribesmen, well-to-do, indolent, and thoroughly Anglicised in manners and in dress. Over the ridge from the Bay, distant only a short walk from the eastward, is an interesting relic of bygone times, when Auckland was in its swaddling clothes—the small stone Maori church of the Tamaki. On the opposite shore of the Harbour lies the charming little borough of Devonport, with its couple of wharves, between which and the city a fleet of well-appointed ferry- steamers—constructed after the fashion of American river-boats—ply at _half-hourly intervals from either side. Higher up is the Calliope Graving Dock, with men-o'-war anchored out in the stream not far from it, and vessels of every rig and from every clime lying motionless at their moorings in mid-channel, or berthed at the various wharves. Right in front sits the city, her feet in’ the sparkling water, her right arm formed by the curvature of Mechanics’ Bay, half reclaimed from the sea, and her left - arm bent round Freeman’s Bay to the breezy plateau of Ponsonby on the west. Across the mouth of Freeman’s Bay stretches a breastwork, and the inner area, like that of the other Bay, is in process of reclamation. Opposite the city on the northern side, the shore recedes for miles into the deep concavity of Shoal Bay. On its eastern side is the low peninsula across which is visible the first glimpse of Auckland from the sea. The further arm of the Bay ends in Stokes’ Point, within whose shelter lies the North- cote Wharf, affording access to the suburb of the same name, rusticating amid. its strawberry gardens and dairies. Hardly a mile beyond, the eye lights upon the borough of Birkenhead and its wharf, and more remote still is Chelsea, with the brick buildings and tall chimneys of the,New Zealand Sugar Company’s refinery, and its wharves in the foreground, and at their back the double line of trim cottages which climb in close order the slope of the hill. These are the comfortable homes of the Company's employés. Auckland already ranks as one of the five or six leading cities of Australasia, and from present indications the chances are in favour of her soon disputing Adelaide’s title to precedence. For capacity, combined with the utmost facility of entrance by — night or day, the Port is without rival in these seas. Vessels of the largest size may fearlessly enter at any state of the tide. Off Tiritiri Light-house an anchorage is afforded of from twelve to sixteen fathoms, and thence to Rangitoto the depth is from eight to DESCRIPTIVE SKETCH OF NEW ZEALAND. 1084 nine fathoms. The _ en- trance between the North Head and Rangitoto is fully two miles wide, and the depth from eight to ten fathoms, with safe anchorage in six to seven fathoms in any kind of weather, while opposite to the city the anchorage is from seven to nine fathoms for a breadth of a mile and a half, and six miles THE AUCKLAND FREE LIBRARY AND ART GALLERY. further up the depth is four fathoms. The least depth of the Harbour is thirty-six feet at dead low-water springs, to which may be added from ten to sixteen feet for rise and fall. The working ship-channel, with its average depth of thirty-six feet, varies in breadth from a maxcmum of two miles to a mznimum of not less than a mile between the limits of the North Head at the immediate entrance and Kauri Point, where the Waitemata sweeps away to Riverhead. Of the quays the principal are the Queen Street Wharf and the Railway Wharf. The former, which lies to the side of the city, is the longest in the colony. For a considerable distance outward from the fore-shore there is an extension of solid stone breakwater, with an outer projection and lateral tees powerfully built of wood. This wharf runs out sixteen hundred and eighty feet into the stream, the Railway Wharf being one thousand and fifty feet long. Beyond the Queen Street and Hobson Street Wharves lies a commodious graving-dock, which was solidly constructed of stone in 1878, measuring three hundred feet in length, forty-four feet across at the entrance, . 4082 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. and having a depth of thirteen feet at average spring-tides. But this is now devoted merely to the use of coasting vessels, for on February, 1888, his Excellency the Governor, assisted by Rear-Admiral Fairfax, opened on the northern side of the Harbour the Calliope Dock, which ranks as the largest in the colonies. Its dimensions are five hundred feet long, eighty feet wide at entrance, and thirty-three feet depth of water on the sill at high-water. It is provided with a temporary head, so that in case of necessity the Dock may be lengthened, Its capacity and solidity have been sufficiently tested by the fact that, on the day of: opening, //.17.S. Dzamond and Calliope were both received into it, and remained for several days. The next largest docks in Australasia are the Fitzroy Dock at Sydney, the Alfred Dock at Melbourne, and the dock at Lyttelton, which are four hundred and fifty feet long, and have much less depth of water on the sill. The Calliope Dock cost the Auckland Harbour Board one hundred and thirty-five thousand pounds for construction, and the machinery required for it will involve an outlay of twenty-six thousand pounds additional. It is a fortunate thing for Auckland that its Harbour Board is the wealthiest corporation of the kind in New Zealand. With an endowment of fifteen miles of fore- shore it has made extensive reclamations on the city-front, and derives a considerable revenue from leasehold rents, while its resources will develope. with the growth of the place. Its handsome offices, three storeys high, and crowned with numerous small turrets, stand on reclaimed ground between the Queen Street Wharf and the smaller dock. Hard by is the Sailors’ Home, erected in 1887 out of moneys bequeathed for the purpose by an old and wealthy resident of Auckland, named Mr. Edward Costley. This man, with his frugal habits and simple mode of life, amassed great wealth, which at his death he left to be divided among seven public institutions of his adopted home, viz., the Free Library, the Museum, the Sailors’ Home, the Old People’s Refuge, the Training School for Neglected Children, the Parnell Orphan Home and the Hospital. His estate, when. realized, brought in a sum of twelve thousand seven hundred and fifty pounds for each of.these schemes, and the bulk of the money has been invested for their benefit. The Queen Street Wharf is the seaward extension of the main thoroughfare of the city. Although the conformation of the ground has undergone considerable alteration for the purposes of traffic, it is still evident from the slope of the lateral streets that — Queen Street was originally the hollow between two hills. It has a straight run back from the water of upwards of half a mile, and then taking a slight bend to the west- ward, and increasing its gradient, it reaches the top of the ridge along which the Karangahape Road extends itself. It is a handsome street of shops, stores and hotels of varying height, of many architectural designs, and of durable material, brick with stucco being most used. In fact, Auckland may be said to have completed its transi- tion from the wooden age, and to be well advanced in the age of brick. Within the building area of the city proper—and its limits have been enlarged—the City Council will not now permit the erection of wooden structures. The most striking and imposing edifices in Queen Street are the Palmerston Buildings, a four-storey pile at the entrance — to the Wharf; the new offices of the Mutual Life Association of Australasia, built of yellowish stone and four storeys high;—the New Zealand Insurance Company’s buildings, surmounted by a tower containing the town clock with large dials on three of its sides ; _ a DESCRIPTIVE SKETCH OF MA a i Hil il! HK NEW ZEALAND, HILL. TOWARDS WIND-MILL LOOKING AUCKLAND, QUEEN STREET, 1084 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. and the Victoria Arcade, which extends along the entire front between Fort and Shortland Streets, and comprises four storeys furnished with a patent lift. It is built of red brick, picked out artistically with white stone, and the style of architecture is a modernized Gothic. At the opposite corner of Shortland Street stands the head office of the South British Insurance Company, crowned by the erect figure of “ Britannia.” On the other side of Queen Street, from the South British, is reared the head office of the Bank of New Zealand, solid, square and massive, as becomes a_ substantial monetary institution. A little beyond, on the opposite side of the street, stands the new office of the Mutual Life Assurance Society of Victoria, surmounted by its emblematic group of statuary. Three of the four corners which Victoria Street makes in intersecting Queen Street are occupied respectively by the Union Bank of Australia, whose office is built in the Grecian style with a row of columns in front; the City Hall; a three- THE OLD WIND-MILL, storey building with shops abutting on the street frontage; and the extensive offices of the Aus- tralian Mutual Provident Society. Between this and the intersection of : Queen Street and Wellesley Street one passes the Working Men’s Club, the Auckland Savings’ Bank, solidly built and with pilasters of polished granite; and Mc- Arthur and Co,’s extensive warehouse; while in Wellesley Street West stands the Opera House, with sitting accommodation for some two thousand two hundred and fifty persons. It extends to the corner of the next street, up the slope from Queen Street. Still higher up this slope the spacious four-storey brick and stucco edifice of the Young Men’s Christian Association occupies a commanding corner site. It comprises a library, reading-rooms, lecture and social halls, a gymnasium, and quarters for the Young Women’s Christian Association. About fifty yards up Wellesley Street East, and with the Albert Park immediately at its back, stands the Free Library and Public Art Gallery, and Auckland enjoys the proud distinction of being the only large city of the colony which possesses such institu- tions. They form a handsome pile of buildings, crowned by a cupola carrying a flag-staff. The space is so ample that, pending the erection of the proposed Town Hall, the Corporation finds room here for its various departments and for the fortnightly meetings of the City Council, to which each of the six wards of the city return three ~ members. Throughout the week—Sunday included—the Free Library is kept open for the benefit of all who may desire to consult its stores. Of especial value and abounding interest to the reading public is the very fine library, comprising many rare and curious books, which Sir George Grey has presented to the city. To him also it owes many objects of extrinsic interest, collected by him in his long career as a traveller and as a colonial official To the Art Gallery—opened by Governor Jervois in 1888— he presented his own valuable collection of pictures, comprising some good works by the old masters. The Gallery is open to the public every week-day. DESCRIPTIVE SKETCH OF NEW ZEALAND. 1085 Other striking buildings out of Queen Street are Sargood, Ewen and Co.’s fine four-storey warehouse in Victoria Street, the General Post Office and Telegraph Office and Telephone Exchange in Shortland Street, with heads of royal and vice-regal per- sonages and Maori chiefs sculptured out of freestone; and, higher up the same street, the offices of the Auckland Star and the New Zealand Farmer. In Prince’s Street, on the top of the ridge just to the eastward of Queen Street, stand the Museum, the Masonic | THE ALBERT PARK, AUCKLAND. Hall, the Northern Club and the Jewish Synagogue. The Museum is well furnished with natural curiosities, inclusive of a complete skeleton of the gigantic moa and a_ superb Maori canoe and a carved house, and round the sides on the ground-floor are ranged the various plaster-cast fac-similes of the most celebrated figures and groups of ancient sculpture. The Supreme Court is a capacious building with rather squat towers, and is situated in Waterloo Quadrant, about five minutes’ walk farther to the eastward. Within a glass case above the judge’s bench are the battle-torn colours of the Fifty-eighth Regiment, the first unfurled in the colony. They were presented by Major Bridge to the city of Auckland. Just across the road stands the substantial Presbyterian Church 1086 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. of. St. Andrew's, and about twenty yards nearer Queen Street is the Government House, a mansion of wood surrounded by park-like grounds where flourish the English oak, the American maple, the Australian blue-gum, the semi-tropical palm, and some of the most attractive trees of New Zealand. Behind it lies the Metropolitan Ground, wherein volunteer displays and foot-ball matches are not infrequently held. Alongside this reserve, and fronting Symonds Street, stands the Choral Hall, with its broad flight of stone steps and its colonnade. Customs Street cuts Queen Street at right angles near the Wharf. Here are the head-quarters of the New, Zealand Timber Company and the Auckland Timber Company, corporations which own saw-mills all over the province, and find constant employment for hundreds of men. There are other companies of the same kind in -the place, but these are the largest, and one has but to make a cursory inspection of their establish- ments in order to comprehend how large a share the timber industry plays in the social and commercial economy of the city. In travelling through the province to the north of Auckland, and in the Coromandel Peninsula to the east of it, one is frequently brought face to face with the seats of this kauri pine industry. At Tairua, Whitianga, Whangaroa, Mangonui, Hokianga, and at various points on the Northern Wairoa, may be seen all the processes of felling the stately timber, deporting it thence by tram-way to the River, and then rafting the logs down to the mill, In Auckland an_ interesting hour or two may be spent in seeing how the timber is worked up into the different forms required for the market. A few yards farther on are the Public Salt-water and Fresh-water Baths. The water for the latter comes cool and refreshing from the practically inexhaustible Western Springs, which are situated some three miles farther afield. From this convenient source the Corporation supplies not only its own burgesses but also such of the neighbouring boroughs as may choose to pay for the water. The means of locomotion are quite commensurate with the importance of the place. From the Wharf a tram-way line runs up Queen Street as far as Wellesley Street, where it diverges to the east and west, one link striking off to Newmarket and thence to the foot-ball arena at Epsom, within two or three miles of Onehunga, and the other passing through Newton to the farthest limit of Ponsonby. At present Epsom and Onehunga are connected by the Tram-way Company’s services of omnibusses, but the extension of the tram-line to the latter township is in contemplation. The street nomenclature is suggestive of a loyal and patriotic population. Running parallel with Queen Street on one side is Albert Street, and on the other side is Prince's ~Street, while Victoria Street is the chief intersecting thoroughfare. Vice-regal magnates are commemorated by Grey Street, Shortland Street, Hobson Street, Wynyard Street, Bowen Street and Jervois Road; while British historical characters give their names to Drake Street, Wyndham Street, Wellesley Street, Nelson Street, Wellington ' Street, Howe Street, Havelock Street, Curran Street, Grattan Street, Franklin Road, Pitt Street, Sheridan Street, Grafton Road and Napier Street. Anthony Trollope remarks that Auckland is redolent of New Zealand. He is right ~ in saying that it is the most representative city of the colony, The Maori with his picturesque raiment of garish colours may still be seen peddling his fruit in its streets, although the intrusive Pakeha has almost entirely deprived him of the market which he DESCRIPTIVE SKETCH OF NEW ZEALAND. 1087 once had at his command. In Mechanics’ Bay the hostelry still exists which a conciliatory Government provided for his accommodation when he chose to sojourn in the city. Even now, as of yore, the digging of kauri-gum—that peculiar product of North New Zealand—forms a never-failing means of making a good livelihood when other employ- ment fails, and its value to the province may be gauged when it is stated that in 1887 no less than three hundred and eighty-five thousand pounds’ worth was exported abroad. A day’s journey by rail or by water will still carry one into the forest primeval or into the haunts of the quondam owners of the soil; or will take him into that mar- vellous region of hot springs and geysers which one writer has not hesitated to pro- nounce as fit to be styled the first wonder of the world. There is one noticeable feature of a sub- tropical character A COALING-STATION IN THE BAY OF ISLANDS. beneveriooked— the prevalence of verandahs in connection with than cannot well the shops and places of business. One may traverse almost the entire length of the busier side of Queen Street without leaving the ‘grateful shade of the verandahs except when crossing the intersecting streets. These shade projections cover the whole width of the footpaths. Auckland does not lack public parks and other reserves for recreative purposes. First there is the Domain, covering one hundred and ninety acres of gently undulating land, and lying between the city proper on the east and the suburban borough of Parnell. One goodly division, enclosed with a separate fence, constitutes the Acclimati- zation Gardens. Another division is laid off, and has been prepared at great expense, for the purposes of cricket. It offers one of the best wickets to be obtained in the colony, and the slope of the ground on all sides of it, planted as it is with umbrageous trees, forms a natural amphitheatre from which thousands of spectators may watch the 1088 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. progress of the game. The Albert Park is an elevated plateau of land, eleven acres in extent, in the very heart of the city; it occupies the site of the whilom Albert Barracks, and affords the most easily accessible view of harbour and city, the broad waters of the Waitemata gleaming in front of it, and on the other sides the net-work of streets, with a picturesque old wind-mill in the foreground. Sometimes, however, the band gives its performance in the Western Park, a pleasant tract of thirteen acres of ground planted with trees, chiefly conzfere, and situated on a sunny slope within the south-eastern confines of the Ponsonby Ward. In addition there are some half-dozen triangular miniature reserves, which are railed in and planted with trees. At Ellerslie, about five miles out of the city, lies the property of the Auckland Racing Club, with its two grand-stands, its two totalisators, its saddling paddock and other appurtenances. The circuit of the racing track is one mile and a distance. The main grand-stand is a handsome edifice of two flats, built to accommodate five thousand persons, but with a sufficient capacity for eight thousand, and provided with flights of steps to a beautiful lawn equipped with comfortable lounges and rows of pot-plants. One thousand people can be accommodated in the second or Derby stand. The Club holds four meetings per annum, the chief events being the Auckland Cup and Derby during the Christmas and New Year holidays, and the Great Northern Steeple-chase which is run in midwinter. Here, likewise, the Pakuranga Hunt Club holds its annual race meeting in the spring of the year. With churches and schools the district is amply supplied. Perhaps the most preten- tious structure of all is St. Patrick’s Roman Catholic Cathedral, which is built of brick and the omnipresent stucco. It occupies a commanding site near the fore-shore, and its shapely steeple, crowned with a brazen cross, is a conspicuous object from the Harbour. So too is the fashionable Anglican Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which overlooks the port from the elevated ground from which the city gently slopes to the water’s edge. In Upper Queen Street stands a massive pile, known as the Baptist Tabernacle, whose pulpit was once regularly occupied by the Rev. Thomas Spurgeon. The head-quarters of the Anglican Church are situated in Parnell, where the Bishop resides. There also it carries on its own Grammar School and Orphanage. Its college for theological students is passed on the way to St. Helier’s Bay. On the western flank of the city the Church of Rome owns a large estate upon which she finds accommodation for the Bishop, besides convent schools and an orphanage that afford scope for the talents and energies of the Sisters of Mercy. Other convent schools exist at Parnell and Onehunga, and the Marist Brothers provide instruction for the boys. The State on her part has made ample provision for the equipment of her youth. In the province of Auckland no less than two hundred and forty-eight schools have been established, and of these the city and suburbs of Auckland possess seventeen, the largest being the one known as the Wellesley Street School, which contains the names of one thousand pupils on its roll. The District Hospital is a handsome pile of stone, built on a commanding site within a large reserve adjoining the Domain. The Lunatic Asylum and its auxiliary occupy a site, well planted with trees, some three miles westward of the city. They are under the direct control of the general Government, which keeps a resident medical man in charge. The Mount Eden Gaol is likewise a Government institution. It is a collec- DESCRIPTIVE SKETCH OF NEW ZEALAND. 1089 tion of rather unstable wooden buildings, surrounded by a massive stone wall, and_ is situated in the Grafton Ward. The convicts who are confined here are chiefly employed in breaking stone, extensive quarries of which, at the base of Mount Eden, lie all around the Gaol and its precincts. The industries of Auckland comprehend numerous timber-mills, several foundries, boot factories, kauri-gum establishments, glass works, fibre works, potteries, frozen meat and butter works, soap, candle and oil works, a tobacco and cigar manufactory, coach and carriage ‘factories, wine and cordial manufactories, bis- cuit factories, flour- mills, breweries, bar and pig iron works, a sugar refinery, a cartridge factory and a woollen fac- tory, the two latter industries being carried on at One- as a hunga. In addition there is a flourish- ing ostrich farm in the Tamaki District. The field of journalism is occupied by one morning and one evening paper, in addition to which there are five weeklies, and a number of other periodicals, In dealing with the city, incidental reference has been more than once made to the suburbs and their institutions. Parnell, which is virtually the eastern part of the city, although it has its own borough council, is the oldest of all the suburbs, and for many years was the recognized abode of the fashionable part of the population. In this it has somewhat fallen from its high estate, and now presents rather the appearance of decayed gentility. Beyond Parnell lies the Borough of Newmarket, with its three breweries. From its Railway Station the Northern and Southern Lines diverge. Farther east still, we penetrate to the pretentious suburb of Remuera, with Mount Hobson on its southern flank, and the broad bosom of the Waitemata glittering at the extremity of a long slope beneath it. Between Newmarket and the south-western limits of the city, the pretty suburb of Mount Eden, so-called from its volcanic hill, extends itself amid ’ trees and gardens. Mount Eden is one of the recognized “lions” of the place, and no visitor thinks of missing the opportunity to feast his eyes on the lovely prospect which it offers. More distant from the city than Mount Eden, stand in close company three rather squat volcanic hills styled the “Three Kings.” They derive interest from the fact that they were the sites of prehistoric Maori faks, and that the caves with which they abound were places of Maori sepulture. In fact, skulls are not infrequently found in them still. They are well worth a visit. The Waitakerei Ranges, lying to the westward of the city, are a popular holiday resort, for their forest recesses contain not only 1090 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. a noble kauri forest, and a chain of small lakes, but also the beautiful Waitakerei and Nihotopu Water-falls. Onehunga, six miles from Auckland, commands the western side of the isthmus, which in time will be cinctured by a canal linking together the Waitemata and the Manukau. It is a straggling little town, much frequented for its bracing westerly breezes and its salubrity. It possesses gas-works, two iron-works, in addition to a factory for the manufacture of bar-iron and wire from the Manukau iron-sand, a saw and _ planing mill, three tanneries, and the North New Zealand Woollen Factory. Auckland’s trade with the west coast is carried on from this port, and steamers also ply to Waiuku. A substantial bridge spans the Manukau and connects Onehunga with the farming district of Mangere, where Te Wherowhero, the first Maori king, resided before he assumed the purple. Tue Far Norra. The country north of Auckland may be most conveniently reached by taking passage in one of the Northern Steamship Company’s fine vessels, which, leaving Auckland in the late afternoon, reaches early the following morning the expansive estuary of the Bay of Islands lying between Capes Wiwiki and Brett, eleven miles apart. So spacious is the entrance, and so deep is the water-—so free from hidden dangers—that one may enter at will at any time and anchor close up to the lovely shores without risk of stranding. It is, in truth, one of the finest harbours in the world. For facility of entrance it equals Auckland; with its manifold natural charms it even transcends that beautiful haven; while for depth of water and perfect security even Port Nicholson must yield the palm. The town of Russell, so called after Lord John of that ilk, has its places of worship, hotels and Custom House, its Lloyd’s Agency, a United States Consulate—for American whalers still frequent its anchorage—its Post and Telegraph Offices and other Govern- ment establishments, its Town Hall, and a steam-service with Auckland. The signal-station immediately’ at its back is that on which Heke cut down the flag-staff with its symbol of British sovereignty. Kororareka—signifying ‘‘Sweet Penguin”—was a considerable place in those days. At times as many as one hundred and twenty whalers have lain together off its beach, and money was freely spent and little regarded there. Laving the side of Russell is the Kawakawa River, and four miles from its mouth on the opposite bank is springing up the embryo town of Opua, where vessels of the largest tonnage proceed for coal. There is a regular ferry-service between Opua and Russell, and a line of railway extends from Opua to Kawakawa, eight miles farther up the River. The town of Kawakawa has been built at the coal-mines; its streets are regularly laid out, and its coal is in general request throughout the province. Man- ganese mining is carried on opposite Opua, and the district likewise exports timber, kauri-gum, flax, oil, oysters, fish, etc. Still farther north is the harbour of Whangaroa, where Nature seems to have ‘run riot in her effort to pile up rocky scenery in the most grotesque and fanciful forms. Passing through the contracted entrance, a splendid haven is soon entered. The township reclines immediately in front of us, and from its ship-building yards have been launched many of the fastest clippers among “the mosquito fleet” of Auckland and the South Pacific. Mangonui is the most DESCRIPTIVE SKETCH OF NEW ZEALAND. 109! northerly township on the east coast, and it is reached by a few hours’ steaming from Whangaroa. The land in the immediate vicinity of the settlement is generally of poor quality for pastoral or agricultural purposes, but its barrenness is compensated for by prolific deposits of kauri-gum—the crystallized exudation of the kauri pine—which THE WAIRUA FALLS, denotes that at one time the district was the site of a dense forest. In fact, timber still abounds, and the presence of a saw-mill with good wharfage accommodation shows that it is duly utilized. But the land is not all of inferior quality. LAWN, GOVERNMENT HOUSE, SYDNEY. 1420 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. tive Councils were constituted. In 1830, another demonstration of those in favour of Responsible Government was held in Sydney; a memorial to the same effect was sent Home on the accession of William IV.; and in 1833, a large public meeting was held which advocated the same object. A body known as the Patriotic Association was formed to direct the popular movement on this question, and at a meeting for the pur- pose, held in 1841, a strongly-worded manifesto of the people was drawn up, defining the claims of the colonists to control their own political affairs. Another meeting was convened six months later in the same year, and in 1842 an Act was passed by the English Parliament granting a new Constitution to New South Wales, with a Council composed of twelve nominee Members and twenty-four to be elected by the people. This was the first recognition of the elective principle in Australia. The Act reached Sydney in January, 1843, and by June in the same year the first election took place under its provisions. This Constitution remained in force for about thirteen years. It merely satisfied the popular aspiration for the moment, and formed a temporary step between the nominee Council of the previous and the elective Parliament of the succeeding periods. For the next few years, the public mind was occupied chiefly with the anti-transportation movement. The social conditions of the colony had by this time so far developed that the new race which had grown up was no longer content to receive the outcasts of the civilization of the older parts of the Empire. But the settlement of both this and the Constitution question was precipitated in an unexpected way by the brilliant discovery of gold that marked the opening of the second half of the century. How that discovery was made has already been told, and it concerns us here only in regard to the effect it had in changing and re-modelling the social conditions of the Australian people. Immigration up to this time had been fitful at the best. In the time of Bourke and Gipps, encouragement was given to the process by assisting intending colonists to make the passage to Australia. Land was sold, and the prices obtained funded to form an “Immigration Reserve” for this purpose; but the utmost that was done in this way dwindled into insignificance beside the extraordinary effect which the news of the Australian gold discoveries suddenly exercised over the minds of men in all quarters of the globe. The spirit of enterprise and the lust of adventure and gain were every-where aroused. The movement was not confined to men trained to work the earth for a livelihood. The younger sons of wealthy families, young doctors and barristers and University men, who found their diplomas and degrees of little service to assist them in passing the portals of the over-crowded professions to which - they had been trained to belong, seemed to have hailed with unanimous enthusiasm the unexpected chance that now offered to try a new field, and “make the best of the limited competition of a new country. Adventurers, too, from the Pacific Slope of the United States, who had been disappointed in their hopes of a golden fortune in Cali- fornia, began to pour into the two elder colonies, as well as thousands of other active spirits from all quarters of the world, whose very presence in Australia showed them to be people of restless habit and active mind. Victoria had separated from New South Wales in 1850, so that by the time the gold discovery was made known, the southern portion of Eastern Australia was just entering on its career as an independent colony. The dazzling reports of mineral wealth at Bendigo and Ballarat drew a large proportion POLITICAL AND SOCIAL. 1421 of the new population to these centres, with the result that Victoria advanced towards prosperity by leaps and bounds, and the characteristics of the new element in the Australian population began to make themselves more plainly visible in that colony than in any other of the Australian Group. Tasmania and South Australia—the stories of which have been told in their proper places—were not directly affected by the new element, while Queensland, which became an independent colony only as late as 1859, inherited its results in due course. The population then in Australia, as well as its leaders, failed to estimate at anything like its real importance the effects of this sudden influx of new blood into the country. The older colonists had grown up from year to year, and from father to son, in the midst of their familiar surroundings, far removed from contact with the stream of Old World life, and to all practical intents and purposes cut off from anything like intimate communication with the rapidly-developing thought and opinion of the mother- country. They belonged, as it were, to a past age, and it was only recently that, with the establishment of a public Press and the spread of popular opinion, they began to feei or to think for themselves. Their leaders had come to Australia at a time before English liberalism as we now know it was invented—before the first Reform Bill of Lord John Russell, or any of that long succession of popular Acts and Measures of the House of Commons that had put the rank and file of the more modern population of England on a much more elevated plane than that occupied by their fathers of even a generation before. The wealthier inhabitants of the colony, and those, consequently, who should have been the natural leaders of the people, had been trained in a state of things of which the spirit was that of the days of a by-gone generation, and long before even the upper classes at Home had been educated by the march of events into their later sympathy with the wants and wishes of the hitherto unrepresented portion of the English people. It can be easily understood, then, that the sudden avalanche of humanity that now descended on the Australian coast really revolutionized public opinion and stimulated the public spirit of the country into more healthful activity. Most of the new-comers were men in the vigour of youth, or in the prime of life, physically able to make their influence and numbers felt in a new country where the stream of life had been accustomed to run so slowly, and mentally active enough to assert that influence as occasion required. Few countries in the world’s history, with the single notable exception, perhaps, of California, have passed through the same singular experience as that which now fell to the lot of the Australian colonies. Every one of the immigrant ships that crowded Hobson’s Bay and Sydney Harbour in the early fifties brought with it a cargo of muscle and manhood that was soon to be used in carving the destinies of the new country, and nothing at the same time could have better served the interest of Australia, or acted more usefully in the work of its development. It is true that the bulk of the new-comers had but little conception of the nature of the political problem they were to work out in their new home. Those taken from the operative and agricultural classes of the United Kingdom had never in the home they had left polled a vote. Little thought had they for sociological or economic theories, or political privileges, or rights of responsible representation. But they had always the advantage over the population whose character they came to change, that they had been in touch with the 1422 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. working of free Parliamentary institutions, had seen the development of popular opinion at Home, and had grown up with the growth of modern liberalism in England. Almost every ship that came to Australia in those days carried in it men who were to take part during: the next thirty years in the first stages of responsible legislative effort in one or other of the colonies, and the remark has passed into a truism that the seething ‘tween-decks of these crowded craft contained more than one raw and inexperienced youth who was to grow up with the country, and who would, later on, be called upon to govern as a responsible Minister of the Crown, Several of the men, who have been Premiers of Colonial Administrations since 1856, came to Australia in this way and at this time, the long list including most of the easily recognizable names of leaders of local political action. Of course their labour, so far, has of necessity been an experimental one. Untrained to the discharge of the duties they were called upon to undertake, they have earned their experience at the cost of the country, teaching themselves and the country by their own mistakes, while unconsciously or consciously working out from day to day the stages of Australian progress, and making way for its future. Undoubtedly, the greatest political event since the introduction of Responsible Govern- ment has been the movement in favour of federation. Tasmania, New Zealand, Victoria and Queensland were separately detached from the mother-colony of New South Wales, and South Australia and Western Australia were founded independently. Each colony was a separate sovereignty,~ controlled only by the mother-country, the exercise of whose authority was very slight. Hostile tariffs, and even hostile railway systems, developed themselves, and, as a re-action on. separation, grew up a feeling in favour of re-union. This first took shape in the passing of the Federal Council Act, but though New South Wales had been represented at the Intercolonial Conference, at which that Act was passed, its Legislative Assembly refused to adopt it, and even South Australia hung back for some time, and entered the Council only tentatively, and for a limited period of three years. The Federal Council met three or four times at Hobart, but its influ- ence was feeble, and its labours were not very important. Still the movement was a beginning in the inevitable direction, and when, in 1890, Sir Henry Parkes proposed another Conference for the purpose of framing a complete Federal Constitution, the Parliaments of all the colonies passed resolutions expressing approval, and each appointed seven Delegates to a Convention. New Zealand, however, which was doubtful of the suitability of federation to its isolated position, appointed only three. The Convention met in Sydney in March, 1891, and, after six weeks’ earnest and well-sustained debate, a draft Constitution was adopted to be submitted for approval to the several colonies. It will thus be seen that the process of the formation of the Australian social and political condition of to-day divides itself into certain clearly defined and easily distinguish- able stages. The first stage was that of the naval Governors up to William Bligh, who may be looked upon merely’ as the gaolers of a penal settlement. With the coming of Macquarie, order and law began to take shape, and these were systematized under the wise rule of Bourke. From that time, to the date of the calling together of the first partly elective Legislative Council, was the next stage, succeeded by the period that closed with the introduction of Responsible Government in 1856, when Australia really entered on the demo- cratic epoch of the present day. Whether or not the Constitution drawn up by the men of POLITICAL AND SOCIAL, 1423 #5 THE UNIVERSITIES OF ADELAIDE, SYDNEY AND MELBOURNE, 1424 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. a generation ago will be found in the course of years to be exactly fitted to the wants of the Australian people under their altered conditions of education, wealth, and the growing national spirit, is one of those interesting problems that must be left to history to solve. The natural resources and wealth of the colonies have been such that the task of self- government has hitherto been a comparatively easy one. But every year shows indications of its own that interests are growing up and rapidly solidifying themselves that will make the business of politics here as complicated as in most of the older countries of the world. In the earlier years of Responsible Government, these interests were in their rudi- mentary stages, the mechanism of politics was in its simplest form, and the factors stood at their lowest concrete expression. The political conditions of Australian public life thus presented material for a curious study—such as that of which De Tocqueville was enabled to follow out the fascinating processes in the United States, nearly fifty years ago, and of which the Australian colonies furnish just now the most interesting and instructive example. EDUCATION. HEN the Church and School Corporation, under the authority of the Colonial Office, was constituted in 1825, the provisions of the charter were all in favour of one system of education, as they were all on the side of one Church. Yet a good work was commenced, inasmuch as the educational interest in the colony began, at least, to take definite shape. Up to that,time the task of the instruction of the youth of the settlement had been undertaken in a hap-hazard way. Here and there a minister of religion, or occasionally some educated convict, might be found instructing children in the crudest rudiments of what is now known as a common-school education; still the work of education as an affair of State concern cannot be said to have properly begun till 1825. Dr. Lang established his Scotch College soon after, without State aid, and schools in connection with the Roman Catholic body existed from a comparatively early period, but the administration of the charter, solely in the interests of the Church of England, had the effect of discouraging all the other denominations. The seventh part of all public lands made a princely endowment to the Church of England for church and school purposes, and the other religious bodies felt very keenly their exclusion from participation in this appropriation. A grant of this kind had been made in a similar way for church and school purposes in Canada, and when a precisely similar difficulty arose there, and the question was submitted to the Courts for their ruling, it was held that all religions tolerated by the State within the Dominion of Canada were equally entitled to partici- pate pro rata in the grant set aside for purposes of religion and education. Up to Governor Darling’s time the official tendency was distinctly against the recognition of any such general claim in Australia, and it was not until the arrival of Governor Bourke that this matter was placed on its proper footing, both as regards education and religion. In a remarkable despatch, to which we shall presently have occasion to refer, Bourke dealt with both these questions together, for at that time they each formed part of what was really one and the same question. He aimed, however, at dissociating the two interests, and at making the educational system of the colony a State affair, without the control of any one of the Churches. He therefore recommended to Lord Stanley hs POLITICAL AND SOCIAL. 1425 the introduction of the Irish National School System. On the receipt of the official reply to this report, and its suggestions from Lord Glenelg, who had in the meantime replaced Lord Stanley, it was found that, although expressing a preference for a system which allowed of the reading of the authorized Scriptures in the schools, that official gave his consent to the introduction of the National System where practicable. When Bourke made the contents of this Home despatch known, it was vehemently opposed on the ground that the system proposed was infidel and un-Christian, and in order to pacify the opposition, and reduce the proposal to a practical shape, the system of Denominational Education was introduced. By this system the recog- nized religious denominations in the col- ony were aided from the Public Funds. \ Each body had its own schools, in which bi : s Es aie the work of religious education went for- ward side by side with that of secular instruction. In 1844, a Select Committee appointed by the Legislative Council reported in favour of the National Sys- tem, and against De- nominationalism. © On the question being sub- mitted to the House, it was carried in favour of the former ; but the proceedings were ve- toed by the Governor, Sir George Gipps, who directed that the De- nominational System should be continued, and this was accord- ingly done. The advo- . “ cates of the National —— System succeeded, — however, in having a er sum of £2,000 appro- - priated for the pur- ama eee pose of experiment. A HALF-TIME SCHOOL-TEACHER, AND A STATE SCHOOL IN THE BUSH. The two systems con- tinued to work in competition with each other for nearly twenty years, or ten years after the granting of Responsible Government, when the Public Schools Act was passed in 1866. This Measure acknowledged the existence of two classes of schools—one purely secular, and the other denominational, both supported by the State and controlled by the Council of 1426 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. Education. Fourteen years later, another Measure was passed in the Parliament of New South Wales, under the operation of which the denominational system: of education was entirely abolished so far as the control or assistance of the Government was concerned, and a system established which made the State education of the youth of the colony entirely secular—except so far as the reading of the Scripture extracts in the Irish National School books was concerned—and compulsory up to a certain age. The ministers of the different denominations, by the provisions of the Act, are, however, allowed access to the schools during a certain allotted period of each day, for the purpose of affording instruction in religion and morality. Under this Act of 1880, the old. system of denominational education came to an end. At the same time the care of the adminis- tration of the Act and of the school system of the colony was % fee tah RR Th, anil taken out of the hands of the ok NT Oy al ee Council of Education and placed in those of a responsible Cabinet Minister, the new port- AN AUSTRALIAN STATE SCHOOL IN THE CITY. folio of Public Instruction being created for the purpose. The passing of the Public Instruction Act, which came into force in New South Wales in 1882, marked a new era in the State system of education. The Measure was not carried without a strong fight on the part of the advocates of “ religious education,” the opposition being, however, confined almost exclusively to the Roman Catholic and the Anglican bodies. The Roman Catholic prelates, supported by the clergy and laity, expressed their determination to carry on their own schools, whatever- the cost or sacrifice might be, with the result that the seventy-five Roman Catholic schools which were in existence in the colony under the State aid system in 1882, were, by the beginning of 1891, increased to three hundred and_ thirty-four, this number including two hundred and thirty primary schools and eight colleges. The total number of children attending these religious schools—almost without exception conducted by — religious teaching Orders of Nuns and Brothers—at the close of 1890 was thirty thou- © sand six hundred and ninety-nine. In the neighbouring colony of Victoria, the returns from the Roman Catholic self-supporting schools showed a total of twenty-seven thousand three hundred and sixty-seven pupils, while the estimated total for the whole of Australasia was eighty-six thousand. The denominational schools in New South Wales, other than Roman Catholic, had, in 1891, dwindled down to less than seventy—mostly Anglican—an evidence that, with one exception, the Churches have given up the fight against. the ‘popular system. The Roman Catholics—upon whom, in all the colonies, falls the heavy cost of carrying on their “religious” schools—have, on the plea of relieving the Government of a large annual expenditure, strenuously sought, but unsuccessfully, for State recognition in the form of payment by results. The primary public schools in the POLITICAL AND SOCIAL. 1427 colonies, exclusive of denominational and private establishments, numbered, in 1891, nearly six thousand, and these State schools were attended by more than a million children, What has been said of New South Wales applies, of course, in the earlier stages, ST. IGNATIUS COLLEGE, RIVERVIEW, SYDNEY. RIVERVIEW, LANE COVE RIVER. to the whole of the colonies. But the existing system was introduced into Victoria by the Education Act of 1872, about eight years before a somewhat similar Measure passed the Legislature of New South Wales. It came into active operation on the first day of January, 1873, and, being after- wards amended by a supple- mentary Act in 1876, provides 1428 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. free primary instruction of a secular character to all children taught in the State schools, and prescribes a certain standard of attainment for all children whether so schooled by the State or not. In Queensland, the Act of 1875 regulates the educational interest. Among the first Enactments of the Legislature after the separation from New South Wales, were an Act to provide for primary education and an Act to provide for the establishment of grammar schools, both of which received the Royal Assent in 1860. Under the former a Board of General Education, under the Chairmanship of a Minister of the Crown, was called into existence to superintend the primary school system of the colony. The Act did away with future State aid to denominational education, but this provision was so earnestly argued that the regulation was soon after relaxed so as not to exclude denominational schools established subsequent to the passing of the Act. At the beginning of January, 1870, public education was made free of charge in all the primary schools of the State. In 1874, a Royal Commission was appointed to inquire into the working of the educational system, and in the following year the present Act was passed by Sir Samuel Griffith, constituting education secular, compulsory and free. In South Australia, the system first adopted was that of payment by results. The Churches had begun to establish schools before the State thought of interfering, and when it entered the field, it did so simply to supply what was deficient in the labours of the Churches; in other words, it offered payment for results. Schools containing a certain number of children, and where’the teaching was reported to be up to a certain grade, were proportionately subsidized. After six years of experiment, however, it was found that under this system the colony was drifting behind its neighbours, and that if the State was to do anything effective in the way of education it must do something more than merely inspect and subsidize; and accordingly a system in which the State acted more directly in the maintenance of schools was substituted. In Western Australia, the elementary Education Act now in force was passed in 1871. It is administered by a Cen- tral Board, aided by District Boards elected by the franchise-exercising population, The Act acknowledges Government schools, which are undenominational, and assisted schools, which may be conducted by any religious body. - In the State schools the education is secular, but not free. In Tasmania, the Education Act of 1886 regulates the system of State instruction. It is administered by the Minister of Education, and the instruction given is purely secular. Attendance is compulsory on three days out of the week, and fixed fees are charged. In New Zealand, definite recognition of the duty of the State with regard to the instruction of the people dates from the establishment of the Provinces in 1853. From that time until the abolition of the provincial form of Government at the end of 1876, it was left to each Province to fix its own system of public instruc- tion. One of the first Acts of the General Assembly after that date was to make temporary provision for carrying on this work until a Measure adapted to the general wants of the people could be passed. This was done in 1877, when a Bill was put through which provided for a Department of Education under a responsible Minister. It will thus be seen that one of the principal objects to which the Australian colonies devoted their attention since the introduction of Responsible Government has been the public instruction of the children of the people. For some years the interest in public education remained at a low ebb. Even in the centres of population, while POLITICAL AND SOCIAL. 1429 the wealthier classes were always fairly well provided for in this respect, the children of the working classes were in a large measure neglected. But in the sparsely-peopled districts in the interior, _where the indications of settlement were few and far between, and children, perforce, grew up as wild almost as the kangaroos that settlement had displaced, the prospect was for many years a dismal one indeed. Such teaching as went on was. unskilful and in- effectual, being without supervision, and, of course, without method. The school-master was ordinarily a man who had failed at everything else, and the person who had proved his inability THE, LEADING GRAMMAR SCHOOLS OF MELBOURNE. to take care of sheep or of himself, was often tacitly taken to have proved his capacity to undertake the charge of children. With the spread of the successive systems of State education, all this passed away. School buildings, of a more or less pretentious but always | serviceable order, were opened in every village centre. Where the population was sparse, provisional schools were opened—and to-day every child in the land has the advantage of a sound primary education, literally forced upon him or her by the State. While the principal educational work has consisted in covering the country with primary schools, so that no future citizen should be destitute of elementary knowledge, the higher education has not been neglected. To provide for the requirements of primary education, and thus whet the appetites of the growing population for a wider range of knowledge without providing adequate means for its gratification, would have 1430 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. been, in some measure, to stultify the work of the State in this connection. This was recognized at a very early period, and, though a few colleges and higher schools already existed, efficiently conducted by the religious denominations and by private teachers, it was felt that the imperative duty of the State called for an extension of the State system in this direction as well. Hence grammar schools were established in every colony, but they are not all constituted on the same plan. Some of the earlier in Sydney were purely private institutions, though mma 2 one of them—the King’s College, at Parramatta a ; Ps —was a Church of England institution, with an ff . Saee ~ endowment of land. Its establishment was fol- 7 . lowed, not many years after, by the Sydney Grammar School, the management of which was placed in the hands of trustees. This has been from the first a purely unsectarian institution, and receives a moderate annual endowment. Lyndhurst College, a Roman Catholic institution, came after. Of late years, the different Churches ~ me roused themselves, and established numerous THE MODEL SCHOOL, MELBOURNE, colleges and grammar schools, thus increasing ; the competition, and also the facilities for educa- tion. In all the large cities of the colonies there are to be found fine buildings con- nected with the various Churches—notably, the Roman Catholic—in which the work of- higher education is effectively carried on. Some of the most costly and conspicuous edifices in the different .Australian capitals and provincial towns, not devoted to public purposes, are thus used, and the leading colleges of the more important religious denominations are really splendid monuments to the zeal of these bodies in the cause of education. In point of architectural beauty and picturesque situation, the Jesuit College of St. Ignatius, on the Lane Cove River, Sydney, is one of the best examples. In Victoria, there is no national grammar school; the great Churches have each established one of their own, and have received grants of land for the purpose. In South Australia, too, the principal grammar schools are ecclesiastical. In Queensland and New Zealand, the people have given their preference to State grammar schools, and in both these colonies provision has been made at the public expense for the higher education of girls as well as of boys. In some of the colonies, provision is made for franking clever children from the primary schools through the higher institutions, and in New South Wales high schools are established at which the education is only half as costly as at the grammar school. It will thus be seen, that there is no absolute uniformity in the grammar-school systems of the different colonies, but in every one of them a first-class education is obtainable at a moderate rate. No young person of good capacity, and with a passion for learning, can want for opportunity. The means are within the reach of all who care to appropriate them. The rising talent of the colony has abundant opportunity for training itself. All the colonies have been liberal, almost lavish, in their educational expenditure, but there is a strong, almost intense, feeling that the chances should be free to the poor as well as to the rich, and that the humblest child who is willing to POLITICAL AND SOCIAL. 1431 climb should get his foot upon the ladder. In all the colonies, except Queensland and Western Australia, there are local universities. All the universities are well equipped with educational apparatus, and each has a full staff of competent professors. At Melbourne and at Sydney there are medical schools, in which the number of students is annually increasing. The latest development in the direction of the higher education of women is the establishment of a woman’s college in connection with the Sydney University. The Sydney University, which was incorporated in 1851, has a roll of nearly eight hundred students, and receives noble support every year from the Government, and the list of private benefactors includes the late John Henry Challis, whose bequest amounted to £200,000. There are three affiliated colleges—St. Paul’s (Anglican), St. John’s (Roman Catholic), and St. Andrew’s (Presbyterian). The affiliated colleges correspond in some measure to the colleges within the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. In the. colonies they belong to the various denominations, and are aided by the State. Some of these collegiate buildings have been erected out of funds provided partly by the State and partly by subscriptions, and in one notable instance—that of the Ormond College, in Melbourne—the expense has been borne by the munificent liberality of one man. The interests of general education and culture in the colonies receive attention at the hands of the State in various ways other than through the instruction given in primary and higher schools. Schools of Arts—or Mechanics’ Institutes, as they are sometimes called—have been widely established throughout all the colonies, so that nearly every Australian township throughout the Continent can now boast of its local institution of this kind, where lectures are given, and educational influences of a popular kind regularly brought to bear. ‘Each such institute has its public library, aided in New South Wales THE SCOTCH COLLEGE, MELBOURNE. by a judicious system of book- lending on the part of the State. Free public libraries are found in the chief metro- politan cities, those of Sydney and Melbourne being admirable institutions of their kind, and noble testimonials to the intellectual curiosity and literature-loving tastes of the people as a whole. In Sydney, besides the Public Library proper, there is an efficient lending-branch, from which the public are allowed to borrow books without charge, subject only to the rules of the institution, It is from this lending library that the provincial Schools of Arts are from time to time provided with parcels of books, in addition to their own stock. These parcels are renewed when done with, and so a continual interchange of literature is kept up even with the outlying districts of the colony. Not the least of the active educational agencies of the Australian Colonies are the technical schools that flourish and carry out an excellent work in many of the larger 1432 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. cities. These valuable institutions apply themselves to the duty of providing instruction to all who may care to avail themselves of their benefits, in the practical occupations, trades and professions of life. The number of persons who are found to co-operate with the advantages thus offered is a large and ever-increasing one, and the results as shown in the yearly exhibitions of these Technical Schools are in the highest degree encouraging, RELIGION. HE circumstances attendant on the first steps at Australian colonization were not exactly such as to favour any very marked religious developments, and the settle- ment for some time might have been searched in vain for any very encouraging evidences of this kind. The first minister of religion, it is true, came out ‘as chaplain of the First Fleet, but the conditions of primitive settlement. were apparently adverse to the efficacy of his ministrations, for in the early records frequent mention is made of the antagonism of the Rev. Richard Johnson to the official element, and the difficulty he experienced in his endeavours to enlist its interest in the work on which he was engaged. His chief trouble was the building of a church, in which task he vainly sought the Governor's assistance. The usual reply to his solicitations was to the effect that the housing of the population and stores claimed first attention. He therefore undertook, after a time, to build a church himself, and in 1793 he opened a small building for Divine Service on the east side of Sydney Cove. This primitive structure was built of wattle and plaster, and covered with thatch. It was seventy-three feet long by fifteen feet wide, and had a transept measuring forty feet by fifteen feet. Little sympathy subsisted between the chaplain and the officials, it would seem, for the former is reported as preaching a sermon—after the arrival of Governor Hunter to relieve the temporary military Administrators of the Government—in which he denounced in no measured terms the extortion and debauchery of the officers, whom he accused of driving the settlement to ruin by charging twelve hundred per cent. for the, goods they retailed. The chaplain left the colony in 1802, having amassed a considerable fortune by agricul- ture. The same year that saw the erection of Mr. Johnson’s church witnessed the laying of the foundation stone of the first St. Philip's Church, Sydney; and in the following year the Rev. Samuel Marsden came to the colony, where he continued to be connected with the development of the denomination to which he belonged for upwards of sixty years. The Church of England remained the only recognized State Church of New South Wales up to the time of Governor Bourke—that is to say, 1833. The ministers were, like Samuel Marsden, usually civil magistrates as well, and some strange stories are told of the effect of this novel combination of offices in a penal settlement. Some order was introduced into the religious system of the infant settlement in 1825, when the Church and School Corporation was established by Royal Charter, under which one-seventh of the whole of the lands of the colony were set aside in perpetuity for the purposes of religion and education in connection’ with the Church of England. In the same year the Rev. Thomas Hobbes Scott was appointéd the’ first Archdeacon of Australia, and from this time the religious interest in the colony may be said to have been definitely established. The corporation lasted only until 1833, when POLITICAL AND SOCIAL: 1433 it was dissolved by Order in Council, the trust reverting to Government, and a system was introduced under which every religious denomination represented in the colony was to receive support in proportion to its numerical strength. Bitter complaints had been made from time to time by the adherents of other religions, of the injustice of recognizing only one church in the colony, and of subsidizing that one by a heavy tax on the whole of the community—for the expenses of church administration were chargeable from year to year against the Treasury, until the land-grants became reproductive—while the others were left at the mercy of the official whim of the hour. The liberal and _ politic spirit of Bourke was not slow to perceive the anomalous nature of the existing arrange- ment. He drew up a despatch for the infor- mation of the Secretary of State for the Colo- nies, Lord Stanley, in which he set forth the facts of the whole question as it offered itself to his own judg- ment. After dwelling on the expediency and necessity for the pro- motion of religion and good Government, that ST. PHILIP'S -ORIGINAL CHURCH, SYDNEY. the State should extend its countenance and support to the dispensation of the ordinances of religion, he went on to lay down the following principles:—That the State aid should be administered so as not to render ministers of religion independent of their people; that the exclusive endowment of any one body of professing Christians was impracticable; that instead of extending State aid to one Church, and casual assistance to two or three others, it was expedient to extend the countenance of the Government to all the Churches indiscrimi- nately. He then proceeded to offer a detailed suggestion as to the way State aid should be administered in future. At that date the Church of England received £11,542 per annum, the Catholic body £1,500, and the Presbyterian communion £600. Bourke now proposed to give a contribution to every church building in the colony, propor- tionate to the amount publicly subscribed, and to appropriate salaries to ministers of religion proportionate to the size of their congregations. Two years were allowed to pass before any reply was forthcoming to this State Paper of Governor Bourke, and in the meantime Lord Stanley had been succeeded at the Colonial Office by Lord Glenelg. One of the first acts of that official’s authority was to accept these recommen- dations of Sir Richard Bourke, and the State Church of Austialia soon became, practi- cally, a thing of the past. The public appreciation of Bourke’s Administration took the form of a statue, which now stands as an‘historic land-mark in the Sydney Domain. The account thus given of what was done in the early days represents what, in the judgment of the mother-country, was the religious policy best suited to these young 1434 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. colonies. But when they weré endowed with self-government, that question was handed over to them, with others, and left to their own determination. The first colony to move in the matter was South Australia, which, at the very first election under the Consti- tution Act, returned a majority of members pledged to abolish State aid to religion. Amongst the early immigrants to that colony there was a strong infusion of the Noncon- formist element, and that gave a tone to public opinion on the question. The decision arrived at, therefore, was never reversed, and the other colo- nies, though somewhat slowly, followed suit. Saving the personal rights of old re- cipients of State aid, all the Churches in Australia are now, and have been for many years, dependent on voluntary contributions. The period from the foun- dation of the colony up to DR. LANG'S CHURCH, JAMIESON STREET, SYDNEY. 1835 had not elapsed, how- ever, without certain unmis- takable developments of the religious systems of the colony outside the Church of England. During these forty-eight years the Roman Catholic and _ Presbyterian Churches had established themselves and built up valuable interests. The latter, under the vigorous direction of Dr. Lang, had rapidly grown into wealth and influence, as the kirk on the hill to the left of Sydney Cove soon rose to witness. This old- fashioned edifice still stands, a relic of the early colonial days. Dr. Lang’s immigration labours had also a very important influence in giving strength to his Church. He saw what a fine opening the colony afforded for frugal and industrious Scotchmen, and wishing also to balance the somewhat disproportionate immigration from Ireland, proceeded to exert himself with great energy and success to promote immigration from Scotland. The history of the Roman Catholic Church in Australia may be said to have commenced with the arrival of three priests in 1799, Father James Dixon, Father William Harrold and Father Peter O'Neill. The three priests named, did not come, however, as missionaries, but as prisoners. They were transported under the penal laws, with an Irish Protestant clergyman, the Rev. Mr. Fulton, during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. Father O’Neill was released on a free pardon within six months of his arrival, and returned to Ireland, but his less fortunate companions, who were also pardoned after the lapse of some five years, ministered as best they could, during that period to the prisoners of their faith, the majority of whom had been, like the priests them- selves, transported for participating in the Irish Rebellion. From 1809 till 1817, there was no Roman Catholic priest in Australia, and Arch-priest Jeremiah O’Flinn, who arrived in November, 1817, to undertake the duties of chaplain, was, after a few months, ~, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL. 1435 sent back by the Government on the ground that he hdd not been “authorized” to come to the penal settlement. In May, 1820, two legally appointed Roman Catholic chaplains, Arch-priest John Joseph Therry and Father Philip Connolly, arrived. Arch- deacon McEncroe and Dr. Ullathorne followed in 1832, and Archbishop Polding in 1835. The first Roman Catholic church in Australia was commenced in Sydney, on the site now occupied by St. Mary’s Cathedral, on the 29th of October, 1821. At the present day, the Roman CITY AND SUBURBAN CHURCHES, SYDNEY. Catholic body can boast of 1200 churches, including 15 cathedrals, throughout Australasia. The two prominent denominations may be said to have grown up together. The original St. Philip’s Church was destroyed by fire in 1798, and the second building was opened’ in 1809. Other Anglican churches sprang up at Windsor, Parramatta, Newcastle, and elsewhere, and in 1822, St. James’s, Sydney, for many years the principal sacred edifice belonging to the Church of England, was opened for public worship. In 1820, the first steps were taken for the erection of St. Mary’s Roman Catholic Cathedral, Sydney. A meeting was called in the Court House, and all classes in the community united in subscribing towards the cost of the proposed building, while ‘the Governor promised a subsidy from the Treasury. The foundation stone was laid the next year by Governor Macquarie, and the Cathedral was blessed and opened by Archbishop Polding in 1836. This edifice, upon which £60,000 had been spent, was destroyed by fire in 1865, and the new building has, up to the present time, cost £150,000. Dr. Broughton, who had 1436 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. succeeded Archdeacon Scott, was consecrated first Anglican Bishop of Australia in 1836, the ministry-roll, meanwhile, having been added to by the arrival of Archdeacon Cowper. The foundation stone of St. Andrew's English: Cathedral, Sydney, was laid by Governor Bourke in 1837. Bishop Selwyn, of New Zealand, arrived in the same year; Dr. Nixon, of Tasmania, was consecrated in 1842; the first Bishop of Brisbane in the following year; Dr. Perry, first Bishop of Melbourne, in 1847; and Dr. Short, the first Bishop of Adelaide, reached his diocese in the same year. The erection of the Roman Catholic Cathedral in Melbourne was commenced in 1857; Dr. Goold, who arrived in 1838, having been consecrated first Bishop in 1848. The first Roman Catholic Bishop of Adelaide took charge of his diocese in 1844; the diocese of Hobart Town was formed in 1842; that of Perth in 1845; and Brisbane in 1859. In the See of Sydney, Bishop Broughton was succeeded by Dr. Barker, Dr. Barry and Dr. Smith; and John Bede Polding, the Roman Catholic Archbishop, by Roger Bede Vaughan and Cardinal Moran, the latter being created first Cardinal of Australia in 1885, a year after his appointment to Sydney as Archbishop. In Melbourne, Dr. Moorhouse succeeded Dr. Perry, and was in turn followed by Dr. Goe. Dr. Carr is Archbishop Goold’s successor. The Presbyterian Church in Australia practically dates from the coming of Dr. Lang, in 1823, although service had been held as early as 1809, on the Hawkesbury, where a small church had been erected. In 1824, a Presbyterian Church was opened in Hobart Town, and the first clergyman of that body, the Rev. James Forbes, arrived in Victoria in 1838. Progress in ,the other colonies rapidly followed the advance of settlement, until Presbyterianism became the power in the religious world of Aus- tralia that we find it to-day. The Wesleyan communion was represented in Australia as early as 1815, by the Rev. Samuel Leigh, although the first recorded class-meeting dates from 1812. The first service was held in Hobart Town in 1820, by the Rev. B. Carvossa, and at Port Phillip by the Rev. Mr. Orton, in 1836. Since these dates the Wesleyan organization also has spread itself over the face of the Australian Continent, in the religious system of which, as well as the Islands of Polynesia, it plays an in- fluential and highly important part. | In the missionary work among the natives of the Islands of the Southern Seas, it may be stated that a keen rivalry has for many years existed between the Wesleyans and the Roman Catholics. The work of the Roman Catholic Church in this’ direction has been carried on during the past fifty years chiefly by the French Order of the Society of Mary. ‘The missionary field of the Marist Fathers embraces Central Oceanica, Navigator's Islands and Fiji, with three Vicars Apostolic, having episcopal powers in charge. According to the -returns for 1891 from these missionary centres, the number of priests was sixty; the number of nuns in charge of the native schools, fifty; and the total Roman Catholic population nearly thirty thousand. In New Guinea and New Britain the work of the missionaries of the Sacred Heart—another French Order—is under the direction of Archbishop Navarre and two Vicars Apostolic. t It is impossible to form any just estimate of the social progress .of the Colonies — unless the influence of the different denominations is taken into account. Originating, in the first instance, with the most humble beginnings, and fostered by the loyal zeal of earnest and self-sacrificing men, the religious bodies expanded and grew in POLITICAL AND SOCIAL. Ge ™ numbers, and in their influence for good, with the growth of the population, until to-day we every-where see in Australian cities tall spires. lifting their towers against the sky, and imposing buildings adding to the beauty of our streets, and proclaiming in the most EMRE GE, ATR Ae { . i ‘ ; 6 . THE INTERIOR OF THE ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL OF ST. ANDREW'S, SYDNEY. substantial way the reality of the faith of those who erected these splendid monuments. The earlier descriptive pages of this book give in detail the results of all this zeal and enterprise, since in every centre of population we find the religious element variously 1438 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. represented, and the evidences of actively energetic influence on Australian life every- where apparent. The Anglican and Roman Catholic Cathedrals in Sydney and Mel- bourne are worthy imitations of. noble examples of ecclesiastical architecture elsewhere, and many of the sacred edifices in the larger country towns are not far behind these in importance. If we contrast the state of religion to-day with that of fifty years ago, the progress and vitality of the Churches must be at once acknowledged. It is important to point out that all the Churches are not only centres of religious instruction, but of general education and charitable activity. The Sunday-school system of England has been thoroughly naturalized, and fully two hundred thousand children are taught in this way, the services of more than ten thousand teachers being enlisted in the work. Many of the Churches, especially in the towns, have established literary and de- bating societies attached to them, besides Bible classes for special instruction in Scripture. Attached to all the Churches, too, is a great va- riety of societies for relieving distress, and each Church prides itself on not neglect- ing its own poor. Most of them have agencies for sup- _ porting their own branches in the more thinly populated as missionary societies for sus- taining religious work abroad. Taken as a whole, the Churches are important agencies in the intellectual, social and practical life of the community, and though un- aided by the State, of which the policy, as we have seen, is one of consistent non-in- terference, they relieve it of much that would otherwise devolve upon it. The general affairs of the Church of England in the Aus- tralian Colonies are regulated by a General Synod of the Dioceses in Australia and Tas- THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL OF ST. MARY’S, SYDNEY. mania, meeting every four years under the presidency of the Lord Bishop of Sydney, as Primate of Australia. This institution was called into being at a general conference held ‘in Sydney in 1872. Provincial and diocesan synods deal with the ecclesiastical affairs of the different colonies and dioceses in regard to their own immediate affairs. The Roman parts of the colony, as well: POLITICAL AND SOCTATL. 1439 Catholic Church in Australia has at its head His Eminence the Cardinal, Archbishop of Sydney, who is empowered as Delegate Apostolic to call a plenary council of Bishops of the various dioceses together, as occasion requires, for purposes of consultation. Diocesan affairs are managed by clerical conferences and synods. The Presbyterian Churches of the colonies are all ecclesiastically independent of each other, though their tests are the same and their polity identical. A Federated Union of the churches of the various colonies held its first meeting in Sydney in 1886. Each Church is presided over by its own elected Moderator. The Wes- leyan Church of Australia has en- =< a joyed practically independent govern- Pe ~— ment since 1855, up to which date A it had been a mission of the British : Conference. From that time until / 1873, the Church held the sfatus / of an Australian Conference, but in | the year named the British Con- | ference acknowledged. its independ- | ence by a resolution of that body. A Triennial Conference of all the churches governs the Wesleyan body in Australia, which is subdivided into four conferences, each under its own elected presi- dent. The Congrega- tional Unions of the A CHINESE “ JOSS” HOUSE IN AUSTRALIA, various colonies govern the local affairs of the denomination under the direction of an elected chairman and a committee. The different colonial branches of most of the other religious bodies are similarly independent of each other, each pursuing its own work in the light of the special circumstances in which it finds itself placed. The Jewish Church is represented by its rabbis in the respective colonies. It is impossible to do justice to the religious interest in Australasia without advert- ing to the great gain which has accrued to the social and _ intellectual life of the colonies from the presence and influence of those leaders of the more important denomi- nations who have, from time to time, taken up their residence amongst us. The prominent churchmen, whose eloquence, scholarship and administrative ability have been placed at the service of the colonies by a succession of fortunate events, are so well- known that it is unnecessary here to go over the bead-roll’ of honoured names. Our debt as a people is great, not only to the individuals, but to the organizations which sent them to labour amongst us. It may be, that in the course of time, we shall desire to see the higher offices in the different churches, like the higher political and professional posts of service, filled by Australians rather than by candidates brought 1440 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. specially from Home for the purpose. Such a state of things will, doubtless, come in due course, as one of the stages of Australian development. But the colonies must continue to rest under a debt of gratitude for the intellectual aids of growth supplied by the presence amongst us of scholarly and disinterested men in the early period of our intellectual awakening. THE LEGAL INTEREST it ee legal interest in Australia has been an affair of very gradual growth. When Phillip landed his party of soldiers and convicts in 1788, one of the first acts was to proclaim martial law in the Settlement, and though shortly after that a kind of regular tribunal was established, it remained for some years a military court rather than anything else. Wild stories have been told of the rough-and-ready proceedings of the irre- sponsible rulers of these strange early days, but in 1800 the first regular Judge Advocate was appointed in the person of Richard Atkins, in succession to Captain Collins, the first “nominal holder of that office. After the rule of the New South Wales Corps came to an end by the action of its officers in the Bligh affair, Governor Macquarie brought out to Australia with him a new Judge Ad- ‘vocate, Elias Bent, who arrived in 1809. This official was recalled in 1814, and his successor Geoffrey Hart Bent, introduced a new Charter of Justice, which. though crude enough in itself, was at least a sign that the affairs of the Settlement were emer- ging from chaos into some distant resemblance to order The charter established three Courts. The Gover- nor’s Court dealt with civil matters involving sums of money up to £50, the Judge Advocate and two magis- trates adjudicating, The Supreme SIR JAMES MARTIN. Court consisted of a judge appointed under the Sign Manual and two locally appointed magistrates; while the Lieutenant- Governor's Court sat in Tasmania, under the presidency of the local Judge Advocate, with two of the inhabitants nominated by the Governor. Judge Barron Field came in 1817, and, on his departure from the colony, was succeeded, in 1824, by the first Aus- tralian Chief Justice, Sir Francis Forbes. This. notable colonist brought with him the first real Charter of Justice the colony possessed, and its Jiberal and expansive pro- visions were due to his own broad sense of public justice in drawing it up—a task that was committed to his hands by authority before leaving England. The eminent ——_ | . STAND. RACE-COURSE FROM MEMBERS MELBOURNE CUP. 4 POLITICAL AND SOCIAL. 1441 services of this remarkable man have not yet received their full measure of acknowled (f- > ment, but it is to him that the people of to-day have to look back for the beginnings of b 5” , the social and political privileges they now enjoy. The freedom of the Press and trial by —é MOUNTED POLICE AND A BLACK TRACKER. jury are both directly traceable to his action. On the arrival of Sir Francis Forbes, his Charter of Justice was formally proclaimed in Sydney on the 17th of May, 1824; and about ¥-P yane} 7 ) 4 the same time arrived in the colony a great many of those whose names have since become part of the legal history of the mother-colony. In that year, too, the first attempt to 1442 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. separate the professions was made, on the motion of Messrs. Wentworth and Wardell. This was not effected, however, until 1829, when the barristers and attorneys then prac- ticing were allowed to make choice of the branch they preferred to follow. The first Supreme Court Jury dates from 1825. In 1827, arrived Mr. Justice Dowling, afterwards second Chief Justice of New South Wales, and the next year the Supreme Court buildings in King Street, Sydney, which had been commenced in 1820, were opened. In the same year, ‘“‘Emancipists,” who had hitherto been excluded from the exercise of the jury-right, were for the first time here admitted to that privilege, on the ruling of the Chief Justice, although their absolute right thereto was not formally acknowledged by the Full Court until 1833. In 1837, Judge Forbes retired, having done a work in the colony second to that of no other servant of the State and of the people. In all matters pertaining to jurisprudence the colonists, as in politics, worked their way steadily, though not without difficulty, from the earlier colonial rég’me to the condition enjoyed by ‘their brethren in England. They always had before them the English Constitution as a model to work to, and they never rested until society in the colony was established on an English basis, The first Court was opened at Port Phillip in 1841. The first Supreme Court Judge in South Australia was appointed in 1839, and the first Supreme Court of New Zealand opened in 1842; and in 1844, Mr. Alfred Stephen was appointed to succeed Chief Justice Dowling in New South Wales. Sir William a’Beckett, first Chief Justice of Victoria, was appointed in 1851; Sir Valentine Fleming was nominated Chief Justice of Tasmania in 1856; and in 1857, the first Supreme Court was opened in Brisbane, although the first Chief Justice, Sir James Cockle, was not appointed until 1862, after the separation of the two colonies. Sir Archibald Caul Burt became first Chief Justice of Western Australia in 1861. The second holder of the office of Chief Justice of Victoria was Sir William Foster Stawell, who was on his retirement succeeded by the present Chief Justice, His Honor Mr. Justice Higinbotham. In New South Wales, Sir Alfred Stephen retired from office in 1873, and was succeeded by Sir James Martin, on whose death, in 1886, the post—being declined for the second time by the Right Honourable William Bede Dalley, was conferred on Sir Frederick Matthew Darley. The present Chief Justice of South Australia is His Honor Samuel James Way. In Tasmania, Sir William Lambert Dobson holds that position; in Queensland, Sir Charles Lilley; in ~ New Zealand, Sir James Prendergast; and in Western Australia, His Honor Alexander Campbell Onslow. As soon as the local Bar was strong enough to furnish competent judges, there naturally grew up an indisposition to the importation of lawyers to fill the higher offices. For many years past none but local men have been appointed, except in the Crown colonies of Western Australia and Fiji; and the local Bars have proved quite equal to the task of providing judges. Western Australia has lately been granted Responsible Government, and henceforth the custom of the other colonies of Australasia will doubtless be followed in this as in other matters. Political preferences have, in many instances, influenced the appointments; but, taken as a whole, the Bench of Australia has commanded the respect and confidence of the people. The Judges have emulated the seriousness, the dignity, and the impartiality that distinguish the English Bench. It is almost unnecessary to say that, except in certain details, the law of the Australian colonies is in substance identical with that of England,—one of the more noticeable of the POLITICAL AND SOCIAL. 1443 exceptions being the legalization of marriage, in certain of the colonies, with a deceased wife’s sister. The peculiar boast of Australians in legal matters is, of course, Torrens’ Act, for the expediting of the transfer of real estate. Sir R. R. Torrens was for some years Collector of Customs at Adelaide, where his duties brought him in contact with the shipping interest. He was led to apply the method of the transfer of shipping by registration to the transfer of land. It took many years to perfect the theory, which was not definitely accepted by the South Australian Legislative Assembly until the year 1858. LITERATURE AND ART. HE conditions of colonization in Australia for many years after the date of the -first settlement were not such as to favour any remarkable development either in the field of literature or of art. We have seen that fortunately for the material progress of the colonies, they received the kind of population best suited to do the pioneer work of colonization, rather than a cultured or. leisured class with the time and taste to cultivate the more polished graces of life. The rough-and-ready duties which the first colonists were called upon to dis- charge, and the lives of toil and active effort they were compelled to lead, were more favourable to the development of a hardy race of practi- cal men than to the pursuit of those studies that have their issue in either literary or artistic performance. In this, of course, the Australian colonies only followed the example of the older countries of the world. It was necessary that the Continent should be made habitable by the labour of men’s hands before a population could be settled within its borders. We have seen that the first comers proved themselves capable of the discharge of this pioneer duty, ADAM LINDSEY GORDON. and it was not to be expected that in the midst of such a population that the finer flower of civilization would show itself until some time after the preparatory stages had been passed. Wealth and leisure came _ after- wards. Fathers left to their sons the heritage of the results of their original effort. The labours that confronted the first comers were passed on to the succeeding generation in the shape of results ready to its hands, and the sons of those who first reclaimed the primeval wastes for settlement found that they could enjoy the leisure and means of which 1444 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. the enterprise of their forefathers had laid the foundation. But although this process of evolution was always oing on, its results did not come either with the first or g the second generation. The continual influx of immigrants kept the colony for many years in its initial stage. The demand in the new country was for employment rather than for culture, and each decade brought its contribution of colonists who left the old land and sought the new, not so much to find the comforts of life as its necessaries, and to seek leave to toil for bread rather than to enjoy those intellectual luxuries of which literature and art are the outcome. It would, however, not be correct to assume that amongst the new-comers to this new land there were none _ pos- sessed of great talents and high culture. The history of our po- litical institutions convince one of the contrary. Leichhardt has borne witness to the culture of many of the early pioneers, whose stations he visited on his overland journeys. Sir Thomas Mitchell, the cele- brated explorer, was a man of varied learning, whose translation of the Portuguese poet, Caméens, is still consulted by scholars. Again, there can be little either of liter- ature or of art without a strong in- HENRY KENDALL. spiration derived from national pride and belief in a_ national future. Our first pioneers had so little, that one of the most admired productions of Australian verse, “A Voice from the Bush” voices only a vain regret for the land where the poet had his birthplace. As, moreover, the social conditions of the mother- colony evolved themselves, the popular mind had enough to engage its attention in the formation of its political and legal systems, in the development of its religious institu- tions, in the adaptation of the machinery of State education to the wants of the growing community, and, in general, in building up that semblance of nationality which should one day grow into the empire, whose hopes and aspirations are beginning to fill the dreams and nerve the efforts of Australian artists and authors. And until these various interests had time to solidify themselves, the day had not come to look beyond them. It is our boast as a people that the demands of the masses of the populatign for educational facilities have ever been met with promptness by the State, and now that its duty in this respect has been efficiently discharged, we may be said to have entered . POLITICAL AND SOCIAL. 1445 fairly upon that stage of social development when the leisured classes of the community are called upon to assist by their co-operation and sympathy in the development of fe higher standards of taste, and in the encouragement of Australian literature and art. It is only within the past thirty years that even the feeblest efforts have been made at the production of what may be termed a native literature. The profession of letters, more than any other, perhaps, lives on the sympathy and interest of the cultivated classes in the population. Amongst a people whose culture was small, therefore, it can be readily understood that little or no effort was put forth in this direction, while the one or two dreamers, who really made any attempt at fine literary work, have found the only issue of their day-dreams in obscurity and wretched- ness. This is the sad story told of most of those whose names have come into prominence in connection with the work of the pen in Aus- tralia. Now and again men have come to the colonies—like the Howitts, Henry Kingsley, and the author of “Orion”—with the capacity, which they have proved sooner or later, for different kinds of literary work; but no field for their talents. existed in these new countries, and what they have done has gone to enrich the stock of literary wealth elsewhere. Again, we have had workers who have cast in their lot with us, and sought to live by the product of MARCUS CLARKE, their pens in the midst of a community en- grossed with the practical pursuits and business cares of life. These have remained with us, but no demand offered for the better work of which they may be supposed to have been capable. Such men as these have been only a degree better in their circumstances than the occasional man of fine taste and exquisite capacity, who, bred in the colonies under their then unfavourable conditions, yet showed in several instances touching indications of the rarest. promise, that were destined to wither under the cold breath of popular neglect before they had time to develope into something tangible and real. Among such was the ill-fated Daniel Henry Deniehy, whose literary remains evidence the possession of a fine critical faculty and delicate scholarship, as well as the most remarkable range of information that has fallen within the record of Australian experience. No one who has, by accident or otherwise, been fortunate enough to have the opportunity of reading the fugitive papers of this frost-bitten genius can repress the tribute of a sigh to such wasted gifts and ill-acknowledged merit. As a writer of graceful and sympathetic verse, again, Henry Kendall stands in the first rank of Australian “¢¢érateurs. He was quite a young man when, having sent some of his verses to the London A¢heneum for review, that magazine spoke in the most favourable terms of his talent and of the promise it gave that the silent Continent would one day have a literature of its own, which might express in some articulate 1446 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. way its unspoken mystery, and pourtray the new life and colour of the antipodes. From that time onwards Kendall continued to write and to publish volumes of verses. His “Poems and Songs” and ‘Leaves from Australian Forests” have attained a wide Australian circulation; and, though wanting perhaps in fibre, they have been taken to express the spirit of familiar places and the poetic side of incidents known to Australian life, and to have set their music to lyric words. His latest volume, “Songs from the Mountains,” was well received shortly before his death, which occurred in Sydney in 1882. His life cannot be said to have been a success, Unfitted for the practicalities of life in a community where its practical side was necessarily everything, he was debarred by pressure of evil circumstances from giving his talents their fair exercise; so that, in common with the rest of the small band of Australian workers, his literary capacity is a matter to be estimated rather than assessed. In Victoria, the name of Marcus Clarke is entitled to mention. His novel, “ For the Term of His Natural Life,” has been extensivély read in England and America as well as throughout the colonies, and was recently quoted by a critic in the Unzversal Review as the only work of genius in the whole range of literature worthy of comparison with ’ the immortal “Zes Af%serables” of Victor Hugo; and besides being translated into several European languages it has been more than once successfully dramatized. Its incident is taken from that sensational period of Australian history, .the convict times; and the author's vivid descriptions from authentic records of the penal terrors of early New South Wales, Van Diemen’s Land and Norfolk Island, are graphic and realistic in the extreme. Adam Lindsey Gordon, a Victorian writer of spirited verse, has also published one. or two volumes which have a high degree of merit and considerable popularity among Australian readers. The topics treated, being mostly what are known as charac- teristic “bush” subjects, are full of local colour and ‘verve. The career of this writer, and its termination, present another example of the unfortunate lot of literary workers in Australia. Gordon committed suicide at Brighton, near Melbourne, without ever having received any appreciable acknowledgment in his lifetime of the pleasure his verses have before and since afforded to thousands of readers with an éye for Australian colour and character in literature. Besides those writers named, the Australian drama has been enriched by the produc- tion in London and America of “Captain Swift” from the pen of Haddon Chambers, a young Sydney writer. In the domain of fiction there are few names better known among modern novel-readers than that of Rolf Boldrewood, whose “Robbery Under Arms,” and other works, enjoy almost a European reputation. Mrs. Campbell-Praed, “Tasma” and “A.C.,” are also widely-read Australian novelists. There have, of course, been, and are, many others, whose pens have produced good work, as well as some who have published noteworthy volumes both in prose and in verse. The columns of the daily and weekly Press in Australia have, from time to time, contained fugitive pieces of fine literary work, of which the merits have been acknow- ledged by republication in England and America. Among the writers of these may be named Mr. Brunton Stephens, of Brisbane, whose “Convict Once,” published in the form of a volume, has been received with praise by English and other critics. The “ Ranolf and Amohia” of Mr. Alfred Domett, of New Zealand, has also been well received in POLITICAL AND SOCIAL. 1447 England. To continue the list of living writers would, however, be invidious. Our efforts at the formation of an Australian literature, so far, have been tentative, and our performance up to the present, it may be said with all respect, has not been commensurate with our promise. The reasons for this have already been indicated. A great deal of effort has been put forth in the name of Aus- tralian literature, partly by local writers, but still more by casual visitors, which THE INTERIOR OF THE SYDNEY ART GALLERY. 1448 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. has done more to retard progress than to advance it, and by which outside critics and observers of our progress may easily be misled into a hasty error of judgment. Other writers, again, whose education and mental training have been obtained under other than Australian skies, have settled in the colonies and produced literary work of varied quality there. They have brought with, them their old habits of thought, influenced by natural and other associations of a kind entirely different from our own. These literary producers have never done characteristically Australian work, for this one all-sufficing reason: and to this cause, indeed, if to no other, may be attributed the ab- sence, so far, of a distinctive school of Australian literature. The real literary workers of Australia have been very few, and anything in the shape of an anthology must for the present be misleading. Any attempt of the kind, therefore, whether proceeding from want of judgment or a less excusable motive, is to be deprecated by those who desire to see an Australian literature form itself under fair conditions. We have said already that the practical exigencies of life in Australia have to an extent precluded any hope until very recently of anything like a distinct school of literature. Another cause has been the absorption by the newspaper Press of most of the literary capacity of the colonies. Those who desire to live by the pen in Australia find that the flourishing metropolitan newspapers, which provide so generously for the reading wants of the people, offer what is really the only market for their literary wares; and continuous newspaper work is proverbially fatal to characteristic literary effort. The Press of Australia had its origin in the old Sydney Gazette, published: in the early stage of settlement. It was followed by the Auwstralian, issued by Messrs. Wentworth and Wardell in the time of Governor Darling; and the M/onztor, established by Mr. Sydney Hall, a little later on. The action of these papers brought on a conflict with authority, which led to several prosecutions for libel, and an attempt to place a_pro- hibitive tax on newspapers which was frustrated only by the public-spirited action of Sir Francis Forbes, then the Chief Justice of the colony. Governor Bourke recognized the freedom of the Press, and shortly afterwards the Sydney Sferald—now the Sydney Morning Herald—was established in 1831. Other papers continued to appear, and in 1843, the Sydney Gazette, the oldest paper in the colony, was published for the last time. Among the more noticeable of the new journals was the A¢/as, perhaps the most remark- able newspaper Australia has yet produced. It was contributed to by the most capable men of the day, among others being Robert Lowe, now Lord Sherbrooke; Sir James Martin, late Chief Justice of New South Wales; and the owners of such well-known Australian names as Forster, Deniehy and Butler. The Lmpzre followed in 1850, edited by Mr. Henry Parkes, and this journal, afterwards incorporated with the present Avening News, — engaged the services of the most prominent men of what was known as the Liberal party of the day. The first issue of the Melbourne Avzgus under that name appeared in 1846. The Melbourne Age dates frém 1854; the South Austrahan Register from 1837; and the Aresbane Courter from 1846. Other metropolitan papers in the colonies and New Zealand were founded from time to time. The efficiency of the newspaper Press” of Australasia, one of the acknowledged marvels of the colonies, is due, in the first instance, to the enterprise of the proprietors of the great journals of Sydney and Mel- bourne, and to the high ideal of journalistic achievement at which they aimed. Our POLITICAL AND SOCIAL. 1449 rapid growth in wealth and increase of population have, of course, fed this enterprise lavishly, and generously aided toward the realization of the standard at which the founders of such papers as the Sydney Morning Herald and the Melbourne Argus aimed. But the colonies have been so far fortunate in the fact that the interests of journalistic enterprise have fallen into the hands of men with large views not only for the imme- diate present but for the future—men who have ever made it their first endeavour to ensure a healthy tendency and an honourable tone in the newspapers they conducted, at first with such varying fortunes, but eventually with such signal success. The chief cities of all the Australian colonies can, therefore,‘ boast of the possession of influential organs of _public opinion, of the character of which the two oldest papers just named may be taken as fitting representative types. Beside the more important metropolitan journals there are in all the colonies a large number of provincial and suburban papers which cater for the wants of the reading public in the country as well as in the neighbourhood of large cities. Every country town has at least one, often two, and sometimes three newspapers of this kind, many of them efficiently conducted and well printed, and all earnest advo- cates of the local interests of the town or district they represent. Some of these provincial organs, like the J/aztland Mercury in New South Wales, for instance, and the newspapers of Ballarat and Sandhurst, are old-established and valuable properties, com- manding a wide influence and an extensive circulation. The provincial journal usually iden- tifies itself with the characteristic pursuit or interest of the people in whose district it is established. and its first object is, of-course, to provide the desired information on this particular subject. But to this is added a keen interest in the politics of the country and an eager discussion of the test questions of the day, among which some phase of the land law almost always finds a place. In the smaller townships the local paper is usually conducted by a practical compositor, on somewhat of the same lines that are followed in parts of the United States, and from very humble beginnings these some- times develope with their surroundings into papers of considerable importance to the district in which they are published. In this way the settled parts of the colonies are well covered by the newspaper Press in one or other of its forms, and even the most sparsely inhabited portions of the country are not left without some medium of public opinion. One result of this state of things is to be traced in the lively interest taken in public affairs throughout the colonies, and the close acquaintance of the people at large with contemporary politics and the current events of the time. The causes that have operated to retard the formation of a distinct school of Australian literature have been equally active in repressing the development of Australian art, The art of a country is the outcome of its culture and of its leisure, and we have seen that for the first three-quarters of a century the Australian colonies had but little of the one and nothing of the other. Artists occasionally found their way to the antipodes, and some of them, like Sir Oswald Brierley and a few others, have since won a fame in England that the Colonies could never have given them. But these were merely fugitive visitors, and their presence in Australia in those days was never remarked. Yet for many years a good deal of quiet artistic effort went on in an unob- trusive way, and now and then men of means and culture who had found their way to Australia brought good pictures to the colonies, and by their taste and appreciation 1450 AUSTRALASIA ILLUSTRATED. encouraged these silent workers. Art galleries have been founded in most of the colonial capitals, but they consist in the main of collections of specimens of the work of foreign artists, with a few pictures painted by some talented Australians; but these collections of pictures can no more be regarded as evidencing the progress of Australian art, than the public libraries of the various colonies can be regarded as evidencing the advance of Australian literature. The first colony to bring together a noteworthy collection of pictures into a_ public gallery was Victoria, and for a long while the National Art Gallery in Melbourne was the centre of artistic interest in Australia. The National Art Gallery in Sydney grew out of the institution known as the New South Wales Academy of Art, established in 1871, which now and then brought together the works of local men in that and the neighbouring colonies for purposes of public exhibition. The Government aided it with a grant of £500 in 1874, and another of £1,000 \in 1875. From the International Exhibitions in Sydney and Melbourne in 1879 and 1880, however, really dates the awakening of anything like an intelligent public interest in the progress of art in Australia. The fine collections of pictures by leading European artists which were then for the first time exhibited to a colonial public, directed the popular taste in these matters, and brought those who had hitherto known of the world of art only through books into actual contact with the foreign artistic achievement of the age, and thus_ stimulated local efforts. The first sign of this awakening of taste was the purchase of some of the best pictures for the Sydney and Melbourne Galleries, and from this point ‘the National Gallery of New South Wales dates its origin proper. The new institution absorbed the old Academy of Art, and with the best of its pictures, added to judicious purchases at the Exhibition, and subsequently of pictures and statuary through a selec- tion committee of leading artists in England, developed in the course of a few years into the present promising collection, which is now valued at upwards of £50,000. The vote of Parliament for Art purposes is administered* by a board of trustees, under whose authority the subsidy allotted for the purpose is carefully expended. The Galleries in Melbourne and Sydney are continually ‘being added to by the purchase of new pictures, and every year these national collections become more valuable and more _ intrinsically interesting. Several of the other colonies have also made praiseworthy efforts in the same direction, and some of the provincial towns, like Ballarat in Victoria, have achieved some progress towards the formation of galleries of art. Here and there in the larger Australian cities, too, there have for years past been private citizens of wealth and taste who have given money and time to the collection of works of art, and who have in times past allowed the public free access to their galleries, or by gifts to public institutions increased the art-wealth of the colonies. From time to time, also, collections of valuable pictures have been gathered from the selections at Home and sent out to Australia, where the opportunity thus offered the people of the colonies to see what is going on in the art-world has done much to educate the popular taste and cultivate the artistic perceptions. In this way the work of the development of this side of the Australian character has gone on, until the prospect of its further development in the future has arrived at its present promising stage. A result of this awakening of the artistic taste in Australia has been the formation * POLITICAL AND SOCIAL. 1451 of several flourishing art societies in Sydney, Melbourne, and elsewhere. The artists of the Colonies work cordially together to advance the interests of their common calling > and to develope the public taste in this direction. One of the most popular means to this end is the annual exhibition held in these two cities, to which art-workers all over the Colonies send their pictures and other evidences of effort. After a judicious process of selection by an accredited committee, the best work of the year is exhibited to the public, and the growing taste of the population is abundantly evidenced by the interest taken in these annual exhibitions, as well as by the increasing sale which the better artists obtain for the pictures brought directly under the notice of the people at large, As in the case of literature, so in art, it has been remarked that so far the work of 3is ul