AS SAAS SAAS SANS SS 7 . BS as oe <== UW» Ni ww We Yl i iy IK fh Whi 2 =! WIFI SiG) UW ih af SD» dif NES ) IN FOREGROUND. AUSTRALIAN VEGETATION 1ACROPHYLLA (MORETON BAY FIG X FICUS | ee ee Sg Lae Sane See = AUSTRALIAN BOTANY, SPECIALLY DESIGNED BOR THE UsE OF SCHOOLS ’ I ! BY wr Re GUILEOV ILE, E-L.S. C. M. ROYAL BOTANICAL SOCIETY, LONDON ; DIRECTOR OF THE MELBOURNE BOTANIC GARDENS; AUTHOR OF THE ‘A B C OF BOTANY, BOC, EVE. second Cyition JAN 2 é& ff ee OP Since the days of LINN.ZUS, who was the great reformer of this part of Natural History, a host of strange names, inharmonious, sesquipedalian, or barbarous, have found their way into Botany, and by the lt is full time, indeed, that some stop ae stern but almost indispensable laws of priority are retained there. should be put to this torrent of savage sounds, when we find such words as, Caluchechinus, Oresigenesa, Finaustrina, Kraschenninikovia, Gravenhorstia, Andrzejofskya, Mielichoferia, Monactineirma, Pleuroschis- matypus, and hundreds of others like them, thrust into the records of Botany without even an apology. . . The author has been anxious to do something towards alleviating this grievous evil, which at least need not be permitted to eat into the healthy form of Botany clothed in the English language.’—T7he Vegetable Kingdon, pp. xv.-xvi., by Dr. LINDLEY, F.R.S., F.L.S., etc. GEORGE VOB ERA SON MELBOURNE,* SYDNEY, BRISBANE, AND ADELAIDE MDCCCLXXXIV. [THE COPYRIGHT OF THIS Book THROUGHOUT HER MAJESTY _ DOoMINIONS IS SECURED BY ENTRY AT STATIONERS’ HALL LonpDon. | - Pera CE. 1 OTE SECOND EDITION. ——— J ——— It cannot but be highly gratifying to the author of any work to find that his efforts have been appreciated, and more especially when that appre- ciation leads to the issue of further editions. I have therefore much pleasure in saying that, owing to the demand for the first edition having exhausted the issue, and from the flattering notices appearing in nearly all sections of the press, it has become necessary to issue this second edition. As already stated in the preface to the first edition, the book does not profess to have any special value to the learned in the science, but to be suited to the mauirements of -beginners- ‘This is all I claim, and if I have succeeded in my intentions, am amply satisfied. While saying so much, attention may be drawn to the fact that the present edition is greatly enlarged, and I venture to hope improved. Altera- tions in the text and additions such as were deemed advisable have been made, and although the first book was to some extent applicable mainly to vi AUSTRALIAN BOTANY. Victoria, the present one has been made, as will be found, to comprehend the requirements of students with regard to Australian botany generally. The first edition, as will be seen by the notices appended at the end of this work, has not only been favourably and generally commented on by the press, but has received the still higher compli- ment of having been reprinted by at least two influ- ential newspapers especially interested in botanical, horticultural, and agricultural matters. For some of the blocks used in illustrating Lesson II, I am indebted to Albert Molineaux, Esq., proprietor of The Garden and Field, Adelaide. I am also indebted: to -G.= P. ‘OO. Tepper, Esq. ieSeamen Ardrossan, S.A., who in the same magazine (1881) edited the first edition of this work to suit the require- ments of South Australian botanical students. I am also indebted to Mr. Tepper for many valuable suggestions of which I have availed myself, and desire to express my obligations. To the editor of The Town and Country Journal, Sydney, who published .the first edition in 1880, I owe my acknowledgments for allusions to certain New South Wales plants. WILLIAM R. -GUILFOYEE: BOTANIC GARDENS, MELBOURNE, 1884. eee: fO THE FIRST EDITION. IN writing this little rudimentary work, which has no higher aim than that of familiarizing the beginner with the principal parts of plants and their manner of growth, the author has endeavoured throughout to keep in view the suggestion of the great botanist whose words are quoted on the title-page. Not- withstanding the importance of Botany in science, art, and commerce, and the great value of at least a general knowledge of its principles in a young country like Australia, its practical alphabet is surrounded by so many difficulties as to remove it from the list of subjects ordinarily taught in our Schools. This unfortunate circumstance is princi- pally attributable to the fact that classical languages have been employed in conferring botanical names. Doubtless this was and is necessary for the higher purposes of the science; since Latin and Greek form a common ground on which botanists of all countries can meet in constructing an universal Vili AUSTRALIAN BOTANY. nomenclature. Very much has been done from time to time by Sir William and Sir Joseph Hooker, Dr. Lindley, Mr. Bentham, and other eminent botanists in bestowing common names. These celebrated scientists, by their labours in this direction, have greatly simplified the study of Botany ; and it has been the author’s aim to follow in the same track with reference to Australia. At present the beginner is discouraged at finding him- self confronted on the threshold of Botany by a bewildering array of long words. He is met by crabbed terms at every point; and discovers that he must combine with his lessons the acquirement of a host of foreign and—as Dr. Lindley calls them—‘ sesquipedalian’ words. Hence one of the most valuable and naturally interesting sciences is creatly neglected. To those who have mastered the Elements of Botany, the scientific phraseology may be comparatively easy of acquisition; but it must be admitted that it is nauseous and over- whelming to a neophyte. It was with the object of divesting the approaches to this science of some of these learned terrors that the subjoined lessons were undertaken. It has been the special study of the author to explain as fully as possible every technical term. He has preferred to err in the direction of profuse description rather than by PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 1X leaving any matter imperfectly explained. The intention is to place the lessons in such simple form that any Teacher, though previously un- acquainted with the principles of Botany, may find fio difficulty in comprehending and explaining the — lessons; using a black-board in copying the diagrams, and causing the scholars to dissect some of the specimens mentioned as examples. In this manner the class can be prepared for more ad- vanced botanical studies. When this elementary work has been mastered, the student will have acquired much botanical information in a gradual] and easy manner. He will have ascended the hill of knowledge by gentle gradations. Looking back, he will be surprised at the progress he has made, and will feel encouraged to press onward. The primary object of these lessons being to divest the botanical path of stumbling - blocks in the form of ‘too much learning, it will be readily understood that they do not profess to treat ex- haustively of the seeds, leaves, flowers, etc., of the different orders. A general knowledge of the con- struction of plants having been imparted, the road will be clear for studying the Linnzan and Natural Systems of Botany as given in other works. An out- line of these Systems will be found, however, towards the end of this book. A Glossary is also appended, x AUSTRALIAM BOTANY. giving the botanical term applied to each common name used in the text, accompanied by a short account of every. plant so mentioned. If further information respecting any plant be considered de- sirable, the Glossary will furnish the botanical classi- fication under which it is ranked in more extended works. With a view to placing the lessons under the crucial test of practical experience, the MS. was submitted to the following, amongst other ex- perienced gentlemen :—Mr. Ellery, F.R.S.; Professors Irving, Pearson, Halford, Strong, and Andrew; Mr. Morris (Church of England Grammar School), Mr. Venables (Education Department), etc. It is satis- factory to the author to remark that the opinion given was in every instance highly favourable as to the merits of the work as an elementary book, particularly adapted for the use of Schools. Many very valuable suggestions made by some of the above-mentioned gentlemen have been adopted ; and the author trusts that his little book will achieve its designed purpose. WILLIAM R. _GUILFOYLE; BOTANIC GARDENS, MELBOURNE, March 1878. CONTENTS. BSUS at) PO LeEssON I.—Seeds, : II.—Structure of Plants, ITI.—Roots, 1V.—Stems, V.—Leaves, V1I.—Flowers, : VIilI.—Fruits, . 3 F VIII.—Acotyledons, IX.—Systematic Botany, . : Simple Directions for the Collection and Bicceeys ation of Suaciticn Plants, Examination or eee of Flow ers mae sans. Australian Vegetation, Glossary, Principal Plants a Besabiiie Waa No. I. Nm BW N 93 7: es Plants used as Food, yielding Esculent Roots, Leaves, CtC. 5) - . Plants yielding Edible Brute Nite Cicy . Spice and Condiment Plants, . Medicinal Plants, . Plants yielding Gums, Resins, and Bales ‘ . Fibre Plants used in the Manufacture of Clothing, Cordage, and Paper, . Plants used for Dyeing, Principal Timber Trees of Commerce Wild Plants found around Melbourne, and common in New Soin Wales, Queensland, South Australia, and Tasmania, Natural Orders of Plants represented in Australia, Botanical Index, 5; Press Notices of Previous Books: PAGE AUSTRALIAN BOTANY. Hse ESS ON TE : ; | SEEDS. oS Ayes ee ZZ IN tracing the progress of a plant a we =" through all its stages, and pointing SYREN out the various organs developed at its different periods of growth and their uses, it is desirable to commence with v= the seed, explaining its organization "@\ and gradual change into the young plant ; then showing in succeeding lessons the structure of Root, Stem, Leaf, Flower, and Fruit, the circle will be complete, since the fruit of a plant L ? is the vessel which produces its seed. Seeds, with few exceptions, are found in vessels which, as just stated, are the fruits of the plants which produce them. Wholesome or poisonous, palatable or tasteless, juicy and melting like the orange and nectarine, or wooden and uneatable like the cone of the sheoak and the seed- vessel of the gum-tree, they are all botanically termed /rwzzs ; and they are as varied’in shape, size, substance, and qualli- ties as the plants from which they spring. A cherry, for instance, is a fruit or seed-vessel, the hard stone containing the seed. A pea-pod is another form of fruit, the peas A => 2 AUSTRALIAN BOTANY. being the seeds. Subdivision according to the Natural System of Botany—the one now generally adopted—has placed in widely different orders, plants having apparent points of resemblance ; but it may be stated that the general principle on which plants are classified in the Natural System is by an examination of their fruits. In a future lesson, however, the qualities and component parts of fruits "will be described. Our present business is with the seed. Generally speaking, seeds have two or more coats or skins, though exceptions exist, as in the naked or skinless seeds of Pines and Cycads.t. The outer skin of a seed is termed the Zes¢a (shell) ; the inner skin is the tegmen (cover- ing). The testa may be compared to- the shell of an egg ; the tegmen, to the thin skin lining that shell. This com- parison is frequently made; for as the albumen? or white of an egg nourishes the embryo? or future bird while in the shell, so the albumen surrounding many seed-germs nourishes the embryo plant when it commences to grow, supporting it until it is strong enough to shake off the testa or shell, and draw its own nourishment through its roots. Some kinds of seeds—such as those of the pea, bean, orange, and Eucalyptus or gum-tree—have no albumen surrounding them. Such seeds are termed exalbuminous. Seeds possessing it are albuminous—such as wheat, barley, maize, grasses, and buttercups; in these the albumen is 1 Cycads, which include Zamia, Macrozamia, etc., belong to the order Cycadez, and are in close relationship with Conifers (Pzme tribe). These plants are termed gymnospermous (having naked seeds), because the seeds are not contained in a true ovary. ? Albumen, the nutritious matter stored up with the embryo, called also perisperm and endosperm. 3 Embryo, the young plant contained in the seed. ~ eo te SEEDS. Peg starchy or-farinaceous. _ The. seeds “of the castor oil plant are remarkable for their abundant albumen, which is of a fatty nature, and produce the castor oil of commerce. The germination (growth) of a seed is the starting into action of the principle of life which, if sound, it possesses. In other words, it is the commencement of growth in the sleeping germ of the future plant. Heat, moisture, and air are necessary for the proper ger- mination of seeds. Many interesting experiments may be performed to show the effect which the absence of one (or more) of these elements has upon the progress of a germi- nating seed. When totally deprived of them, seeds have been known to preserve uninjured their power of germina- tion for very many years. Reliance must not, however, be too readily placed on all of the wonderful tales related respecting the germination of seeds after the lapse of centuries. The history of botany contains sufficient won- ders to astonish and delight the student, without the intro- duction of imperfectly authenticated or romantic assertions. When fully developed, the infant plant consists of— 1. Cotyledon or cotyledons (seed-leaves). 2. Plumule (bud, or first stage of growth). 3. Radicle (starting-point of the root). - Cotyledons are the seed-leaves or lobes of the young plant. Flower-bearing (Phanerogamous) plants are divided into two great classes, according to the number of cotyledons possessed by their seeds. Thus, plants belonging to the monocotyledons have only ove seed-leaf. Those belonging to the dicotyledons have ¢wo seed-leaves. By differences in seed, root, leaf, and stem, these two classes can generally be determined. Monocotyledons, for instance, may usually be 4 AUSTRALIAN BOTANY. known by the vezation or marking of their leaves, which have straight or curved unbranched lines running almost or quite parallel with the midrib, which is a continuation of the leaf-stalk, as a rule running through the middle of the leaf. Monocotyledons include grasses, palms, aloes, rushes, the ordinary garden lilies, and many other species. They are also termed endogens or ‘inside growers.’ Most dicoty- ledons, on the contrary, have their leaves marked with a network of veins, branching more or less over the leaf. The plants belonging to this class are also termed exogens or ‘outside growers.’ A further explanation of the terms endogen and exogen will be given in a future lesson. The PLUMULE is the bud in the embryo or first stage of growth, indicating the future stem. In some seeds, as in the pea, it is plainly perceptible ; in others it is very indistinct. At the summit or apex of some seeds, as of the Orange, Almond, or Pea, a brown spot is observed, formed by the union of certain vessels which proceed from the hilum ; this spot is the cha/aza, and it is connected with the hilum, or dase of the seed, by a vessel which passes alone the face of the seed, and is termed the zaphe. The RaDICLE (0, fig. D) is situated below the plumule (A, fig: D), and is the germ (starting-point) of the root. It always points to the mzcropyle or foramen (3, fig. A), which is a small hole in the Azlum (umbilicus) or scar through which nourishment is conveyed to the young seed or nucleus! by the fwniculus (cord) attaching it to the A/acenfa of the seed- case. The hilum, like the plumule and radicle, is distinct or obscure in different plants. It is plainly marked in the ~ pea and bean; indistinctly in the wattle. 1 Nucleus, a central mass or kernel. SEEDS. 5 It should be noticed that while the micropyle constitutes the organic apex of the ovule, the chalaza indicates that of theseed. In order to examine the mode of germination or growth in seeds belonging to each of the two great classes of flowering plants (monocotyledons and dicotyledons), obtain a common. garden pea, as representing the dicotyledons. A reference to diagrams A and D will indicate the principal parts mentioned. 4 Fig. A. Fig. D. Fic. A.—A, a pea, enlarged. 1, the /esfa, torn to show 2, the éeg- men. 3, the micropyle or foramen. 4, the hilum. . Fis. D.—D, a pea, split in halves. A, the pluntule. 0, radicle or vadicula. CC, cotyledons or seed-leaves. Bis. i. Fic. E represents a /egame or pea-pod, split open. I is the dorsal or back suture (seam or joint) or rib running along the back of the pea. —— 2 is the placenta or part to which the pea is attached by the /fwzculus or cord, 3. 4 is the wentral or belly suture or cord-like junction of the lower part of the pod. The dorsal and ventral suture bind together the two halves—termed valves—of the pod. Having thus acquired a knowledge of the organs of growth, let a practical experiment be tried by soaking a pea 1 Sometimes called Endopleura. 6 AUSTRALIAN BOTANY. in water for several hours, and then examining it, when it - will be found larger and heavier—it has commenced to grow or germinate. If left in water for a still longer period, its outer skin will burst, in consequence of the swelling of the seed-leaves. Ifsown in the ground after having been well soaked, and carefully taken up for examination after several days have elapsed, the plumule and radicle (starting-points) will have become well developed between the cotyledons. The radicle is the first to strike out, growing downwards to form the root. The plumule speedily follows, springing upwards to form the stem. From this time, if undisturbed in the ground, the young plant will make rapid progress. The cotyledons (seed-leaves) will gradually collapse as the growing plant drains them of their substance, until they are quite dried up in the testa, by which time the plant’s roots will be vigorous enough to support it. By sowing a number of peas, and taking them up periodically for examination, this operation may be inspected in all its phases. Next examine the process of germination or growth in a grain of wheat representing the great class of monocotyle- dons. Unlike the pea, this grain is albuminous (containing albumen). The embryo or future plant is a mere speck in the end of the grain, the rest of the seed-case being filled with albumen for its support during germination. The seed has only ove cotyledon or seed-leaf, forming a sheath (covering) around the plumule. When the embryo com- mences to germinate or grow, it feeds upon the albumen. The great difference between this seed and that of the pea is, that instead of the seed-wheat radicle or young root elongating in a downward direction, thus forming the root, THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. G, it remains stationary, while from its lower end small fibrous _ (thread-like) rootlets issue, protected by sheaths at the points where they spring from the radicle. A representa- tion of this kind of root will be found. in Plate I. fig. 2, p. 15, showing a root of wheat. These differences in the parts of seeds, manner of growth in the root, and number of seed-leaves, must be remembered as indicative of the two great classes to which the pea and the wheat respectively belong. The vegetable kingdom, according to the Natural System of Botany, is arranged in two great divisions or Sub- Kingdoms, viz. 1. Phanerogamous or ‘ Flowering plants,’ and 2. Cryptogamic or ‘ Flowerless plants.’ The two classes of division 1—namely, Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons— have been mentioned. The second division or third class —namely, Cryptogams or Acotyledons (without seed-lobes) —comprises flowerless plants. In the plants belonging to this class are included many species of Australian vegeta- tion, amongst which are the extensive families of ferns, mushrooms, and mosses. The acotyledons, however, will form the subject of a separate lesson. During this and subsequent lessons, occasional recapitulations should be made of the botanical terms used and their signification. Only those words are given which are absolutely indispensable. LESSON II. THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. In germinating,—starting into active life,—the seed, as we saw in the previous lesson, developed two parts, the one pointing upward (plumule), the other downward (radicle). 8 AUSTRALIAN BOTANY. From this small beginning the most complex and wonderful organism, called a ‘plant,’ is gradually evolved by continual additions to its substance from without, partly from the soil and partly from the air. These substances are changed within the plant into something totally unlike their former appearance. To understand the mode in which this is carried on, we have to learn what is the structure of the organism. If a very young part of any plant be viewed under a high- power microscope, minute bladders will be noticed, formed of a very thin skin, filled with a peculiar matter, which in living plants is in continual motion. These minute bladders are called ce//s, and the enclosed matter frofo- plasm, which seems to be the real living matter of the plant, to which all the rest forms either the framework or the food. The tissues of plants may be simply divided into two kinds—Cellular or Parenchyma, and Woody or Prosen- chyma. The following diagrams, A and B, show parenchyma or thin-walled cells—cellulares or plants multiplied by spores— greatly magnified, — 4 showing spherical loose cells; B, cells closely packed (polyhedral). Plants formed of these alone, like the yeast plant, moulds, mushrooms, mosses, liverworts, etc., are called cellular plants. The spaces between the veins of leaves, the pith of stems, and all the softer portions of the plant, including 1 Protoplasm, ‘first- formative matter,’ a general term for the living substance of plants and animals; strictly speaking, ‘a clear viscid substance from which tissues are made. It contains nitrogen as an essential ingredient, in addition to the three elements—carbon, oxygen, . and hydrogen.’—SNAITH and FIELD. THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS, 9 the pulp of fruits, etc., are termed parenchyma or cellular tissue. Diagram C shows prosenchyma or woody tissue—1, woody fibres ; 2, same showing interior. Prosenchyma consists of woody fibres (lignine) closely packed. It is formed by the gradual thickening of the cell-walls, and close union of several into bundles, which are of various lengths, overlapping each other, but always terminating at both ends in a point. These long thick- walled cells are in fact the woody substance of the plant. The inner bark (liber or bast), the nerves and veins of Io AUSTRALIAN BOTANY. leaves in all ordinary flowering plants (vasculares), are prosenchyma. . ‘Flowering plants are composed of cellular and vascular tissue combined. Between the woody fibres are found spaces filled with air, mostly small, but sometimes forming regular tubes or air passages (lacunze) comparable to chimneys, and are always observable by cutting across any part of a plant. Plants composed of cellular tissue alone increase very rapidly in size and number. Several species of the mush- room tribe have been known to multiply to nearly a hundred millions of individuals in a minute. The yeast plant is one of these, a single cell of which is said to he soo Part of an inch across. The cells of some plants contain crystals of lime and iother salts called raphides, in which case starch, chloro- phyll, oils, sugar, and other granular structures are absent. Those cells actively assisting in the vital processes are surrounded in higher plants by fibres, winding spirally around definite groups, thus forming ducts for the sap to rise or descend in. Each cell is closed all round, and without any opening. ‘Thus the contents can only get through the cell-wall by a mysterious process of oozing through, termed endos- Cellular tissue, showing—a, ose (ingoing) and exosmose (out- a, a, air passages or lacun. going), produced by forces which, THE STROCTURE OF PLANTS. II though only acting upon the most minute particles (mole- cules), are still sufficient to produce the ascent of the sap from the lowest root fibre to the highest twig of the most gigantic tree. The above diagrams illustrate various ducts or vessels —$, annular fibres; ¢, spiral fibres; @, scalariform vessels ; é, lactiferous vessels containing a fluid called latex, abun- dant in the dandelion, thistle, and other composites. By the increase of cells, in number and size, is produced the growth of the plants. The cells, when mature, mys- teriously exhibit first a slight contraction in the middle, growing gradually deeper, until at last completely divided into two, in each of which the same process is repeated successively for a certain time, viz. as long as the cell- wall remains thin enough. As the older ones thicken by deposition of lignine, each dies, and only serves afterwards to strengthen and support the organism, while new and 12 AUSTRALIAN BOTANY. active ones continually form at either extremity. Upon the uninterrupted continuance of this process depends their vitality. When it ceases, the individual des. This occurs either at definite periods, as in annuals (plants living one year, or a part thereof) and biennials (dying in the second year); or not, as in perennials, plants which vegetate several years, viz. from three or four to a thousand and upwards. Every part of plants being formed of cells, either as such or with a metamorphosed (changed) state, they are said to consist of cellular tissue. Wherever this is exposed to the air, whether root, stem, leaves, or any other part, it is covered by a skzx or epidermis, and closely packed cells inwardly, so as to prevent contact of the interior with the outer air except through very minute openings of peculiar structure, called stomata or pores. These latter are principally found on the soft and green parts, as the under side of the leaves, the flowers and fruits, and also the stems of herbs, grasses, etc. According to the locality in which cells are situated, their functions differ in such a way as to ensure the required results. Thus in the leaves they are fitted to absorb carbonic acid with the air and moisture of the atmosphere. The former they decompose under the influence of light. Its carbon is retained and changed into wood substance. The charcoal of the wood is pro- duced almost entirely from this source. The oxygen, so indispensable for animal life, is again exhaled. This accounts for the invigorating effect of a walk in the woods or green fields. At the tips of root fibres, again, the cells are fitted to times for closely-related species. THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. 13 take up substances contained in the soil, in a form soluble iz water, and in such proportions as are required by each individual species of plant, which differ widely for different orders, and even some- As each plant requires a certain fixed number of mineral ingredients, and also a fixed GS2ER Ege of each, fis eRe, ene the absence (or insufficience of uncovered cellsand fibrils, supply) of even a single one of which absorb the moisture : : and salts from the ground. them prevents their blooming or seeding, and causes ultimate death. This explains why, for example, wheat yields less and less seed on fields cultivated for a number of years. Some of the mineral substances of the soil assisting in its structure have become exhausted. Thus we see how important some knowledge of the structure of plants is to every one. Want of infor- mation may bring about the ruin of thousands. The only remedy is replenishment of the wanting substances. The juices or sap collected by the roots ascend towards the top; those gathered by the leaves descend by means of the forces mentioned above, not in separate channels, like arteries and veins, but penetrating each other in every individual live cell, each appropriating its own share of the nutriment passing. ‘This process is most actively carried on by the cells and fibres of the inner white bark next to the wood in dicotyledonous plants and the inner soft layers of monocotyledons, and explains why the former grow gradually thicker and the latter not; layers of cells being continuously formed under the covering of the 14 AUSTRALIAN BOTANY. - epidermis around the outside in the first, which increase the diameter successively, while in the latter the increase of cells takes place interiorly, narrowing the hollow of the stem, but not changing the original dimensions laterally. This is the reason why the terms Exogens (outward growers) and Endogens (inward growers) are applied to these two great divisions. Having now learned something about the internal structure of plants, and thereby gained some insight into their economy, the technical description of the various parts of plants, with their varied modification of external form, will prove more intelligible and interesting, especially if we turn into the fields and examine for ourselves, when we will find that the more we become familiar with the actual appearance of the various forms, the more delight we will find, while the horrors of ‘sesquipedalian’ terms vanish before we are aware of the fact. LESS ON EEE ROOTS. THE Roots of plants, though not so diversified as the upper growth, have many important differences in shape. The broad signification of the word foot is that portion of the plant which grows beneath the ground, holding firmly in the soil, and absorbing or taking up nourishment for its sustenance. There are exceptions to this, as to many other botanical rules. The ivy, for instance, as shown in Plate I. fig. 3, throws ‘8 FG POH Axial. . Adventitious. Aerial. . Fibrous, ROOTS. 5. Fusiform. g. Corm. 6. Soboles. 10. Tunicate Bulb, 7. Tuberous. 11, Rhizome. 8. Scaly Bulb. 16 AUSTRALIAN BOTANY. out a succession of fringe-like shoots from its stem, which are termed aerial roots, from the fact of their growing in ~ the air—in this instance often in the crannies of walls and buildings, acting as supports, especially where the structure is decaying; and frequently covering the whole surface with the plant. Parasitical plants—that is, plants living upon the nutri- ment gathered by the roots of those upon which they are fixed—have no true roots, their cell structure being so infinitely blended with those of their host that these organs. are not necessary. The various species of Loranthus (native mistletoe) which grace many kinds of trees, and Cassytha (native scrub vine) rendering the Mallee scrub occasionally almost impenetrable, are familiar examples. The roots of many water plants (aquatics) do not reach the ground. In every case, however, the roots point down- ward. Plate I. shows diagrams of the principal kinds of roots, as follow :— Fic. 1. AXIAL—a fag or true root of gum-tree (Eucalyptus). An axial root, strictly defined, is a lengthening of the radicle into a tap or main root. In some cases merely delicate fibres issue from it; in others—especially the aged tap-roots of large trees—the fibres attain ~ a great size. The axial or tap-root, however, maintains throughout its character as the chief root. Dicotyledons (producing two cotyle- dons or seed-lobes), except in a very few instances, have axial roots. Fic. 2. ADVENTITIOUS root of wheat. When a root is not axial, it is said to be adventitious.1 Monocotyledons (producing one cotyledon or seed-lobe), not possessing tap-roots, have adventitious roots. The ivy, though its aerial roots are adventitious, belongs to the 1 Adventitious — differing from the natural state of anything; organs produced in abnormal positions, as roots arising from aerial stems. ROOTS. 17 dicotyledons from its other characteristics, and is therefore classed with them. In most.cases adventitious roots are fibrous, springing from the unelongated radicle (young root). Roots of this kind often become additionally branched by other fibres issuing from them. Grasses in general have adventitious roots. Fic. 3. AERIAL root of ivy. Other examples of this kind of root are found in the mangrove, screw-pine, Moreton Bay and New South — Wales fig-trees. Fic. 4. Fiprous root of kangaroo-grass. This description of root is generally stringy or thread-like. Most annuals have fibrous roots. Fic. 5. FUSIFORM root of radish. A spindle-shaped tap-root, and therefore an axial or true root. The native yam and native parsnip are examples. Fic. 6. SOBOLES or creeping stem of swamp-weed. 045,| CXLI. Centrolepidez, 207. 153, 154,°159;. 172, CXLII. Restiacez, 207, 208. 177. CXLIII. Cyperacez. CXXVIII. Pontederacez. CXLIV. Graminez, 130, 132, CXXIX. Philydracee. 151,157, 170, 180, CXXX. Xyridez, 207. 208, 200. * Cuiass. I1].—ACOTYLEDONS. ORDER CXLVII. Filices,- 111, 116; 118, 124, 133, 137, 177, 209. ORDER CXLV. Lycopodiaceze, 209. | CXLVI, Marsileaceze (Rhizo- spermee). BOTANICAL INDE X: —_ 0 ——_- AG Biennials, 12. ABNORMAL, 16. Bifd, 32. Abortive, 18, Bisexual, 46. Achene, 54. Bracts, 34, 35. Achlamydeous, 46. Acorn, 51, 53: Acotyledons, 7, 20, 56. Acrogenous, 20, 59. Acrogens, 57. Branches, 23. Branchlets, 23. Bud, 3, 4. Bulb, 17. CE Aerial, 15, 16, 17. Calyx, 39, 40, 49. /Estivation, 44. Capitules, 34, 46. Albumen, 2, 6. Capitulum, 34. Albuminous, 3, 6. Capsule, 53.~ Algze, 59. Carpels, 39, 50, 51. Alternate, 26. Caryopsis, 54. Amentum, 42. Catkiny;42: Andrecium, 39. Cauline, 26. Annuals, 12. Cells, 8. Annular fibres, II. Cellular, 8. Anthers, 42. Cellular tissue, 9, 10, 12, 21. Apetalous, 42. Central rib, 29. Apiculate, 31, 32. Centrifugal, 33. Apocarpous, 50. Centripetal, 33. Ascent, 13. Chalaza, 4. Assimilation, 25. Chlorophyll, 10, 22, 26. Axial, 15, 16. Chromogen, 26. Axis, 23. Chromule, 26. Circumcissile, 52. Cirrhi, 18. Classes, 66. Cleft calyx, 40. Climbing stem, 18. Cluster, 35. Cohesion, 44. 23 BE: Bacca, 53. Bark, 22, 23. Bast, 9, 23. Berry, 53- Adhesion, 44. | Adventitious, 15, 16. Calycifloral, 45. Bidentate, 32. 214 AUSTRALIAN BOTANY. Collecting ferns, 58, 70, 74. Collecting plants, 58, 70. Colouring matter, 22, 26. Composite, 34. Compound, 27. Compound leaf, 27, 28. Compound umbel, 38. Cone, 55- Cordate, 30, 31. Corm, 15, 17. Corolla, 39, 41, 49. Corollifloral, 45. Corymb, 35. Corymbose, 35. Costa, 29. Cotyledon, 3, 5, 6. Creeping stem, 19. Crenulate, 26. Crown; 57, 23,-57- Cruciform, 41. Cryptogamia, 64. Cryptogams, 20, 21, 57, 61. Culm, 19. Cuneate, 31, 32. Cuneiform, 31, 32. Cyme, 38. 1D: Decandria, 63. Deciduous, 25, 42. Definite inflorescence, 33. Dehiscent, 50, 52. Dentate, 26. Dentate calyx, 41. Descent, 13. Diadelphia, 63. Diandria, 62. Diandrous, 39. Dichlamydeous, 46. Dichotomous cymes, 38. Diclinous, 46. Dicotyledon, 4, 7, 20, 61. Didynamia, 63. Digynous, 39. Dicecia, 64. Dicecious, 46. Disepalous, 39. Disk, 44, 49. Dissection, 74. Dodecandria, 63. Dorsal suture, 5. Double flowers, 39. Drupe, 53. Drying ferns, 71. Drying plants, 72. Ducts, 10, II. Duramen, 22. Elliptical, 30. Embryo, 2, 6. Endocarp, 51. Endogen, 4, 14, 21, 22. Endogenous, 20, 22. Endopleura, 5. Endosmose, 10. Endosperm, 2. Enneandria, 63. Entire calyx, 41. Entire leaf, 26. Epicarp, 51. Epidermis, 12, 23. Epigynous, 43. Epipetalous, 43. Epiphytal, 58. Erect branches, 23. Erect stems, 18. Evaporation, 25. Evergreen, 25. Exalbuminous, 2. E: Examination of plants, 74, 76. Exocarp, 51. Exogen, 14, 21. bn hss. BOTANICAL INDEX. 215 Exogenous, 20, 21. Exosmose, 10. | Ele Falcate, 32. Family of plants, 66. Fern drying, 71. erms..57, 74; Fertilization, 46. Fertilizing organs, 40. Fibres, 9, 10. Fibrous, 15, 17. Filament, 42. Fleshy, 19. Floral whorls, 39. Florets, 34. Flowerless plants, 57. Flower leaves, 25. Flowers, 33. Foliage leaves, 25. Follicle, 53,755: Foramen, 4, 5. Fronds, 58. Fruit classification, 56. Fruits, 1, 48, 49. Fungi, 59. Funiculus, 4, 5, 45, 55- Fusiform, 15, 17. G, Gamopetalous (monopetalous), 41. Gamosepalous (wonosepalous), 42. Genera, 66. Genus, 66. Germ, 324. Germen, 44. Germination, 3, 5, 6. Glabrous, 28. Gland, 28. Glandular hairs, 28. Glans, 53. Glumes, 42. Gymnospermous, 2. Gynandria, 64. Gynandrous, 44. Gyncecium, 39. Isic Hastate, 30, 31. Head, 34. Heptandria, 62. Herbaceous, 18. Hermaphrodite, 48. Hesperidium, 55. Hexandria, 62. Hilum, 4, 5. Hirsute, 29. ‘Hollow stems, 19. Horizontal, 23. Hybrids, 48. Hypogynous, 43. 1 Icosandria, 63. Incomplete inflorescence, 39. Indefinite inflorescence, 33. | Indehiscent, 50, 53. Inferior ovary, 43. Inflorescence, 33. Insertion, 43. Interior, 42. Internodes, 23. Involucre, 34. Inward growers, 14, 22. Irritable, 28. | Juices, 13. L. Lactiferous, IT. Lacune, Io. Lanceolate leaves, 31, 32. Lateral branches, 23. 216 AUSTRALIAN BOTANY. Laterally, 23. Latex, II. Leaflets, 27. Leaves, 25. Legume, 5, 54. Liber, 9, 23. Lichens, 59, 64. Lignine, 9, II. Limbs, 23. Linear leaves, 31, 32. Linnean system of classification, | 62. Lobe root, 17. Lomentum, 54. M. Membrane, 54. Mesocarp, 51. Metamorphosed, 12. Micropyle, 4, 5, 48. Midrib, 4, 29. Monadelphia, 63. Monandria, 62. Monochlamydeous, 46. Monoclinous, 46. Monocotyledons, 4, 7, 13, 20, 22, 61. Moneecia, 64. Moncecious, 46. Monopetalous, 41. Monosepalous, 40, 42. Mounting plants, 75. Multidentate, 32. Multifid, 32. Multilocular, 50. N. Natural system of botany, 66, 68. Nodes, 23. Notched, 40 Nucleus, 4. Nut, 53- O. | Oblong, 30, 31. | Octandria, 63. | Operculum, 4o, 52. Opposite leaves, 26. | | Orbiculate, 30, 31. | Order, 66. | Organs, I, 5, 25, 44. | Oval, 30. Ovary, 43, 44, 49. | Ovate, 30. | Ovule, 5, 45. | | P. | Panicle, 34. | Papilionaceous corolla, 41. | Parasitical, 16, 59. | Parenchyma, 8, 9. | Partite calyx, 41. Pedicel, 33> 34, 35: | Peduncle, 34. | Peltate leaves, 30, 31. _ Peltate palmatifid leaves, 31. | Pendulous, 23. | Pendulous raceme, 35. | Pentandria, 62. | Pepo, 53. Perennial, 12, 57. | Perfoliate, 30, 31. _Perianth, 45, 46. | Pericarp, 49, 52. | Perigynous, 43. | Perisperm, 2. | Persistent, 26, 48. Persistent calyx, 55. | Petals, 25, 41. | Petiole, 29. | Phanerogams, 21. | Phyilode (Phyllodium), 27, 30, 31. | Pinnapartite, 29, 31. | Pinnate leaves, 29, 31. | Outside growers, 4, 22. BOTANICAL INDEX. Pinnatifid, 32. Pistil, 39, 44, 49. Pith, 22. Placenta, 4, 5, 45, 55- Rlumie, 35 455,60, 7: Pod; 5, -54. Pollen, 42, 47. Polyadelphia, 63. Polyandria, 63. Polyandrous, 39. Polygamia, 64. Polygamous, 46. Polyhedral, 8. Polypetalous, 41. Polysepalous, 39, 40. Pome, 53. Pores, 12; 52. Porous, 52. Preseryation of plant specimens, 70. Primary axis, 34. Primary veins, 29. Prosenchyma, 8, 9, I0. Protoplasm, 8. Putamen, 53. Pyrenes, 53. Raceme, 35. Races, 66, 67. Radical, 26. iadicle, <3, 4;°5, 6, 7: Ramose, 26. Raphe, 4. Raphides, Io. Reniform, 30, 31, 33. Reproductive organs, 39. Respiration, 25. _ Reticulate, 29. Retroserrate, 26. Rhizome, 15, 17, 58. Rhomboid, 30, 31. Rings, 22. Rootlet, 7. Roots, 14, 15. Rosaceous, 41. Runners, 19. Si Sagittate, 30, 31. Samara, 53. Sap, 13. Sarcocarp; 54. Scabrous, 29. Scalariform, Il. Scales, 17, 55. Scaly bulb, 15, 17. Scape, 35. Scapose raceme, 35. | Sean, A | Secondary veins, 29. Secund, 38. Seed leaf, 3. Sensitive, 28. Sepals, 40. Serrate, 26. Sessile, 26, 42. Setose, 29. Sheathed leaf, 26. -Shrub, 19. Silicula, 54. Siliqua, 54. Simple fruits, 50. Simple leaves, 27. Single flowers, 33. Sinuate, 30, 31. Soboles, 15, 17. Solid stems, 19. Sori, 58. Sorus, 58. Spadix, 35. Spathe, 35. Spathulate, 31, 32. Species, 66. | Spheres, 17. 218 AUSTRALIAN BOTANY. Spike, 34. Spikelet, 34. Spines, 23. Spiral fibres, 11. Spongy, 19. Sporangia, 58. Spores, 8, 58. Sports, 40. Stamens, 39, 42, 49. Stems, 18, 19, 20. Stigma, 44. Stipules, 26. Stomata, 12, 27. Stone, 2. Strobilus, 55- Style, 44. Sub-class, 66. Succulent, 19, 51. Superior ovary, 43. Suppression, 44. Suture, 5, 52. Syncarpous, 50, 51. Syngenesia, 64. Systematic Botany, 60. (be Taproot, 16, 17. Tegmen, 2, 5- Tendrils, 18. Terminal leaf-bud, 23. Ternate, 30, 31. Mesias 2.5; Tetradynamia, 63. Tetrandria, 62. Tetrasepalous, 39. Thalamifloral, 45. Thorn, 23. Thyrse, 38. Tissue, 21, 22. Toothed calyx, 40. Torus, 54. Trees, 19. | Triandria, 62. Triandrous, 39. Trifid, 32. Trigynous, 39. Trilobed, 30, 31. Trisepalous, 309. Trunk, 19. Tuberous, 15, 17. Tubular corolla, 41. Tunicate bulb, 15, 17. Twigs, II, 23. Twining stems, I9. U. Umbel, 35, 38. Umbilicus, 4. Underground stems, 17. Undulate, 30, 31. Unidentate, 32. Unilocular, 50. Unisexual, 42, 46. Ne Valve, 5, 45. Valvular, 52. Varieties, 47, 66, 67. Vascular bundles, 10, 22. Vasculares, 10. Veins, 8. Venation, 4, 27. Ventral suture, 5, 53- Vernation, 27. Vessel, II. W. Whorled, 26. Whorls, 23. Winged seed, 53. Woody, 8, 19. Woody stem, 18. Woody tissue, 9. ERRATA. Page 48, line 5.—For tamens, vead stamens. Aceraskey 33 79) 33 95> 5 LOI, by) 104, Be Teds >] 195, 9) 5.—For page 70, read page 74. 21.—For Machorhyncha, vead Macrorrhyncha. 14.—For page 91, vead page 92. 16.—-For page 92, vead page 89. 17.—For page 3, vead page 2. 20.—For Umbrelia, vead Umbrella. 12,—For Freycenetianum, vead Freycinetianum EXTRACTS FROM PRESS NOTICES OF THE Pies! BOOK OF AUSTRALIAN BOTANY (FIRST EDITION, 1878), BY Weeben G ULMER OV ILE, -6.1.S:.) C:M-R.B.S: Lonp; 0 ‘ A little rudimentary work on the botany of Australia has been pre- ered by Mr. W. R. Guilfoyle, the Director of the Melbourne Botanic ardens. . . . The design of the writer is to direct the eye of the beginner to the principal parts of plants, and to explain the manner of growth. . . . The present publication will enable the reader to overhaul trees, shrubs, and plants with considerable effect.’ . —Melbourne Argus, 5th August 1878. ‘A book on the botany of Australia, such an one as which, while avoiding, on the one hand, the massiveness, not to say cumbrousness, of the many-tomed works on the subject . . . and, on the other, having a character entirely distinct from the meagre and eminently unsatisfactory articles on the subject appearing in some school-books . such a book, we are glad to say, we have now before us... . _ In conclusion, it is not a word too much to say that the work is a valu- - able addition to the literature of botany, and that it is one of the very best that can be placed in the hands of students.’— Zown and Country - Fournal, Sydney, 24th August 1878. * Australian Botany, designed specially for the use of Schools, by W. R. Guilfoyle, F.L.S., C.M.R.B.S. London, and Director of the Melbourne Botanic Gardens, is the unpretending title of a really useful and valuable primer on botany, as connected more especially with the Australian flora. . . . The book is really admirable so far as it goes, but can only be regarded as initiatory, and, it is to be hoped, will be followed by others.’ . . .—Castlemaine Representative, toth Augt. 1878. . ‘The first book which has reached us is profusely illustrated, and is arranged in a very clear and interesting manner. . . . The ’ work cannot fail to be of great value to teachers and pupils.’... —Ballarat Star, 26th August 1878. . ‘ We have especial pleasure in recommending this work, which is sure to become a text-book for the use of schools.’— Warrnambool Cuardian and Examiner, 14th August 1878. 219 220 ‘It is a highly creditable production, written in a popular style for easy reading, and will, no doubt, be appreciated by public and private school instructors. *_Geelong Advertiser, 1oth August 1878. . ‘It must be highly encouraging to Mr. Guilfoyle to receive © from Mr. Ellery, Professors Irving, Pearson, Halford, Strong, and Andrew, Mr. Morris of the Church of England Grammar School, and Mr, Venables of the Education Department, opinions highly favour- able of the merits of the book.’ . . .—Awstralasian, Melbourne, 21st September 1878. ‘On the whole, it is a work well calculated to smooth the w ay for the first steps in this most delightful science.’— 7he Queens- lander, Brisbane, 7th September 1878. Also numerous other press notices and highly flattering letters from several literary and scientific gentlemen. A FEW EXTRACTS FROM NUMEROUS NOTICES IN THE PRESS OF THE AB CO RS Oa (First EpDITION).! 0 ‘Mr. Guilfoyle’s 4 2B C of Botany is just such a book as was wanted for the purposes of elementary teaching in the science to which it relates. He traces the progress of a plant from its germination until it has accomplished the purpose of its existence by fructification, and relates to the processes involved. Mr. Guilfoyle has aimed at simpli- city and intelligibility in his modest little manual for the use of schools.’ —Melbourne Argus, 7th February 1880. ‘Mr. Guilfoyle, F.L.S., Director of the Melbourne Botanic Gardens, has forwarded to us a very useful little work entitled 7ze A BC of Botany. . . . After looking through the 4 BC we can safely say that Mr. Guilfoyle has admirably succeeded in the pleasant task he undertook.’—JZelbourne Daily Telegraph, 31st January 1880. . ‘It isnot only an A B C easy of comprehension and devoid of crack-jaw terms, but it is an alpha and omega of the rudiments of botany, which, mastered, enables those wishing to do so to comprehend ? Samuel Mullen, 29 and 31 Collins Street, Melbourne. 221 all the important facts about a charming study.’—JZLellourne Herald, 1oth February 1880. . ‘Mr. Guilfoyle is to be congratulated on the completion of the most valuable first book of botany which has come under our notice. —Castlemaine Representative, 1oth February 1880. ... ‘It is entitled Zhe A B C of Australian Botany, and un- like many—we might say most—so-called elementary works, is really what it professes to be, and is so simply written that the most unin- ‘formed upon the subject can understand it.’—Horsham Times, 11th June 1880. ‘In this unpretentious little work the Director of the Melbourne Botanical Gardens has embodied some elementary lessons of the science of botany. To those teachers who cannot find attraction in the more elaborate works of Balfour, Hooker, and Baron von Mueller, the book will be of service. —Australasian Schoolmaster and Literary Review, 17th March 1880. . ‘The little brochure now before us is entitled 7he A BC of Botany, and is intended as a simpler guide to the science than the First Book. It is, in fact, a child’s handbook, with which he—or the maturer student who has neglected to make himself acquainted with the fascinating mysteries of the plant world—can, without assistance, learn the rudiments of botany as effectually as if Mr. Guilfoyle himself was his personal instructor.’—AZelbourne Advice Note, 8th June 1880. , . ‘Mr. Guilfoyle, Director of the Melbourne Botanic Gardens, has written not only one of the best elementary works on the subject, but also one of considerable use as a work of reference.’—Sydney Telegraph, 7th February 188o. . . ‘As an instruction book for the school pupil, and even as a manual for the maturer student, the work leaves little to be desired. While following a thoroughly scientific method, the author successfully disentangles intricacies, explains nomenclatures, and metamorphoses the definitions of philosophers into language that may be understood by the least scientific of minds.’—S. A. Advertiser, 17th February 1880. ‘Mr. Guilfoyle is the author of a larger work—A First Book of Australian Botany—to which the little book under notice may be con- sidered as an introduction. ‘The title of the book is an indication of its nature and object, which is simply to enable the young student to master the elements of that most interesting science—botany. .. . The publication of books of this class in the colonies is a gratifying proof of the existence of a demand for healthy and useful literature. —7Zhe Colonies and India, London, 21st August 1880. .. ‘It is a small elementary book of one hundred pages, fully illustrated with drawings from Australian plants, and aptly designed asa rudimentary botany, and a most excellent introduction to the first Book of Australian Botany ; also a School Botany, by the same author.’ L, B. Case’s Botanical Index, Indiana, U.S. America. n ae) 10) (<2) ~ 6Q y Lal Q fy) " Q a 10) QA A at a o} 72) Lael 4 (2-4 S me PRINTERS TO HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE. a | The LY he an . . . ‘ ’ Det . ra ’ + , f