Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER September 16, 1920 AUSTRALIAN WHEAT VARIETIES IN THE PACIFIC COAST AREA. By J. Auten CiarK, Agronomist in Charge of Western Wheat Investigations, Davi E. STEPHENS, Superintendent, and Victor H. Fiore, Assistant Agronomist, Office of Cereal Investigations. CONTENTS. Page. Page History of introductions................. ae ad 2 | Plat experiments—Continued. White Australian and Pacific Bluestem. - 2 ResulisitsC NCO pees gee 5s toes to ce 14 Mathyaisdanue sateen ees hs eer oe ce 3 Summ anycOfyleld sei eee ass tice oe 17 Othenvanetiesty 4.657.656 2 ets 3a Water requinement.s 2-2 59222. S855 e025 17 Recent introductions. <: 52:2 2.....-2....: 4 | Milling and baking experiments............- 18 Nursery experiments with Australian wheats 5 Results from samples grown at Moro..... 18 ECCS UES A GSMOLOMs = 2a At ite a8 8 Results from samples grown at Chieo.... 20 Results at Chico........ ee aoe ES Se St 9 Summary of milling and baking results. - 22 Federation group of unusual promise... 10 | Australian wheats susceptible to disease. .... 23 Platiexpenimentss: cet =e ce oe 122: Conclusions:--se.2- 222... roe Oak Arey one kee 24 RCSWIESIS MORO h = san geet ee ha oe Tle UN Oy eee nal AVES ee Pa el eth si 24 Several varieties of Australian wheat are important commercially in the Pacific coast area of the United States. Many others have been or are now under experiment at the agricultural experiment stations in this area. This bulletin gives the history of the introduc- tion of Australian varieties into the United States, describes them briefly, and presents the results of experiments with them at the Sherman County Branch Station at Moro, in the Columbia Basin of Oregon, and at the Plant Introduction Station at Chico, in the ‘Sacramento Valley of California. Results of nursery experiments with 130 lots of Australian wheat recently introduced by the United States Department of Agriculture are presented also. Of these the Federation group, consisting of three varieties, Federation, Hard Federation, and White Federation, appears best adapted. The history and descriptions of these varieties are given, and also the experi- mental results thus far obtained with them in comparison with -com- mercial varieties. Nearly all Australian varieties are white spring wheats. This type in the United States is grown only in the Pacific coast and Inter- 183666°—20—Bull. 877—1 2 BULLETIN 877, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. mountain areas. In Australia all wheat is fall sown. The mild climatic. conditions there are quite similar to those in Calitornia, where all wheat is sown also in the fall. The Australian varieties, therefore, are grown as fall wheats in California. In most parts of Oregon and Washington, however, they can be grown only as spring wheats. HISTORY OF INTRODUCTIONS. WHITE AUSTRALIAN AND PACIFIC BLUESTEM. One variety at least of Australian wheat has been grown in the Pacific coast area for nearly 70 years. The White Australian variety was introduced into the United States from Australia in the early fifties. During the period from 1852 to 18661 its culture became established in California. Since that time it has remained the prin- cipal variety grown in that State. A similar variety has been grown in Oregon and Washington since the early eighties. Accord- ing to Mr. W. P. Church, of Walla Walla, Wash., this wheat came from two introductions received under the name of Purple Straw Tuscan. The first introduction was obtained from Australia in 1884 and the second from New Zealand in 1896. The second intro- duction, he states, ‘‘consisted of 14 sacks and contained a mixture of 10 to 15 per cent of red kernels contained in bearded heads.’’ The seed was distributed to farmers and the variety gained rapidly in popularity, being grown under the name ‘‘Bluestem.”’ It is not known how this name came to be applied to the variety, as it does not have the purple straw common to many varieties of wheat and is not similar to any of the other five varieties grown in the United States under this name. It also is not similar to the Purple-Straw Tuscan wheat of Australia, but is very much like the White Tuscan and Silver King varieties of that country. The White Tuscan was the leading commercial variety of Australia before it was replaced by the Federation. To distinguish this Bluestem wheat from other Bluestem varieties it has recently been called Pacific Bluestem. In Washington and Oregon the Pacific Bluestem wheat became as popular as the White Australian did earlier in California, and until recent years it has been the principal spring wheat grown in the ‘“Tnland Empire.’’ Although only soft to semihard in kernel texture, these two similar or identical varieties have been considered to possess good milling qualities when compared with other white wheats. They are beardless and have glabrous white chaff, do not shatter easily, and have tall, strong straw. Under favorable condi- tions they yield very heavily and for that reason have continued in cultivation. 1 Showrds, Thomas. [Letter.] Jn U.S. Comr. Patents Rpt., 1852, pt. 2, Agr., p.176. 1853. Appleton, F. G. [Letter.] In U.S. Comr. Patents Rpt., Agr., 1854, p. 138. 1855. Dunn, H. D, California—her agricultural resources, Jn U.S. Comr, Agr. Rpt., 1866, p. 586. 1867. AUSTRALIAN WHEAT VARIETIES. 3 EARLY BAART. With the development of drier areas, earlier and more drought- resistant varieties have been desired by growers. Millers have also desired better milling varieties. These demands have been partly met by the use of the Early Baart variety, which also came from ‘Australia. It was received with four other varieties from Australia (S. P. I. Nos. 5075 to 5079,' inclusive) by the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture in 1900. The commercial distribution of the variety in this country certainly is the result of this introduction. In Australia it has never been a leading commercial variety, although it has been grown by some farmers for many years. It is one of the few varieties grown there which is not of Australian origin. In recent introductions of wheat from South Africa, varieties have been obtained which are identical with Early Baart. The name “ Baart” is Dutch for bearded. It seems probable that the variety was intro- ®uced into Australia from the Orange River Colony or the Transvaal in South Africa and was originally of European origin. The Early Baart wheat first became commercially established in Arizona, but by 1914 it had been grown in Washington and soon spread to Idaho and Oregon. A considerable portion of the Early Baart wheat grown in Oregon is from seed distributed from the Sherman County Branch Station, Moro, Oreg. In the year 1919 Early Baart wheat became established in California when a milling company ? distributed approximately 6,000 tons of seed from Arizona and Washington, or about enough for sowing 175,000 acres. This distribution was made largely for the purpose of improving the milling quality of California wheat. ‘<. OTHER VARIETIES. Many other varieties of Australian wheat have been introduced by the United States Department of Agriculture and other organ- izations, and most of them have been grown in experiments in the Pacific coast area. In 1904 the Department obtained five varieties (C. I. Nos. 2824 to 2828) from Mr. William Farrer, plant breeder, of _ New South Wales, Australia. One of these, the Bobs variety (C. I. No. 2826), has been grown in the cooperative experiments at the Sherman County Branch Station at Moro since 1911, and a pure- line selection has been grown in the plat experiments there since. 1914. The next lot of Australian varieties was obtained by the Department in 1905 and consisted of four varieties (C. I. Nos. 2829 to 2832; S. P. I. Nos, 12883 to 12886) exhibited by New Zealand at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Apparently none of these varie- 1 Accession numbers of the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction ofthe Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2Jones, Robert E. Wheat from the antipodes. Jn Country Gent., v. 84, no. 39, p. 11, 26. 1919. Hodges, R. E. Early Baart ewhat has made good. Jn Pacific Rural Press, v.98, no. 20, p. 1. 1919. 4 BULLETIN 877, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ties was ever grown in the Pacific coast area. In 1907 five Aus- tralian varieties (C. I. Nos. 2990 to 2994; S. P. I. Nos. 21372 to 21376) were presented to the Department by Mr. G. Maurice McKeown, manager of the Wagga Experiment Farm at Bomen, New South Wales. Of these the Silver King, Hudson’s Purple Straw, and Farmers Friend have been included in plat experiments at the Plant Introduction Station at Chico, Calif. The California Agricultural Experiment Station obtained the Cumberland (C. I. No. 4607), Federation (C. I. No. 4609), Jumbuck (C. I. No. 4608), and Sunset (C. I. No. 6253) varieties direct from Australia and erew them in experiments at Davis, Calif., as early as 1911, later furnishing seed to the United States Department of Agriculture. All of these varieties and the others introduced with Early Baart are listed with the more recent introductions in Table I and brief descriptions given where possible. The yields of all the varieties grown in plats are given in Tables II and III. RECENT INTRODUCTIONS. Realizing the advantages which might be obtained from intro- ducing other Australian varieties, the Office of Cereal Investigations of the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agri- culture, decided to obtain all the Australian varieties of wheat in order to give them a thorough trial in the Pacific coast area. The requests for seed were made through the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction of the Bureau of Plant Industry in 1913, and several shipments have been obtained. The Seed and Plant Intro- duction numbers recorded here are all given in the inventories of the office mentioned, and reference can be made to them if desired. In November, 19138, 11 varieties (C. I. Nos. 4116 to 4126; S. P I. Nos. 36577 to 36587) were presented to the Department by Mr. George Valder, secretary and director of the department of agricul- ture at Sydney, New South Wales. In May, 1914, 11 varieties (C. 1. Nos. 4164 to 4174; S. P. I. Nos. 38343 to 38353) were obtained from Mr. E. A. Cook, of Perth, West Australia. A second shipment containing 24 varieties (C. I. Nos. 4718 to 4741; S. P. I. Nos. 41064 to 41087) was obtained from Mr. Valder in August, 1915. In March, 1916, Mr. A. E. V. Richardson, agricultural superintendent of the department of agriculture at Melbourne,- Victoria, presented the Department-with seed of 35 varieties (C. I. Nos. 4979 to 5013; S. P. I. Nos. 42102 to 42136). At the same time a third ship. — ment was received from Mr. Valder, containing 5 varieties (C. I. Nos. 5019 to 5023; S. P. I. Nos. 42205 to 42209) grown at the Cowra Experiment Farm, New South Wales. In 1915 exhibits of wheat varieties were made by New Zealand and Australia at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San | Ee AUSTRALIAN WHEAT VARIETIES. : Eee Francisco, Calif. At the close of that exposition in 1916 samples of 32 varieties were obtained by the Bureau of Plant Industry (C. I. Nos. 5062 to 5069, New Zealand exhibit; C. I. Nos. 5117 to 5140, Australian exhibit). Other organizations also obtained samples of jm these wheats. Several varieties were grown by a milling company at their experiment station near Stockton, Calif. The Bunyip and the Darts Imperial have been increased by them and to a small extent are being grown commercially. In August, 1917, the Bureau of Plant Industry received a fourth shipment from Mr. Valder containing seed of 10 varieties of wheat (C. I. Nos. 5978 to 5987; S. P. I. Nos. 45142 to 45151), grown in New South Wales, Australia. Prof. W. W. Mackie obtained samples of the Hard Federation and Clarendon from Australia while in Mexico, and upon his return to the United States in 1917 brought small quantities of seed of these varieties with him. In November, 1917, an Australian variety called Aurora (C. I. No. 6135; S. P. I. No. 45566) was obtained with other wheat samples from Paris, France. Finally, in December, 1918, samples of 3 varieties (C. I. Nos. 6219 to 6221; S. P. I. Nos. 46794 to 46796) were received from Mr. Edwin Ashby, Wittunga, Blackwood, South Australia, the last two having been bred and grown by Mr. F. Coleman, of Tuela, Saddleworth, South Australia. From 1900 to 1919, therefore, the Bureau of Plant Industry ob- _ tained 157 samples of wheat varieties from Australia either direct, through the California Agricultural Experiment Station, or from the exhibits of New Zealand and Australian wheats at the Panama- Pacific International Exposition. This collection contains a few 4, samples which are not Australian varieties and also contains:-many ~ duplications, but at least 92 distinct varieties (85 of which have names) of Australian origin have been obtained, and most of them have been grown in nursery and plat experiments at several experi- ment stations in the Pacific coast area. NURSERY EXPERIMENTS WITH AUSTRALIAN WHEATS. The yields obtained from Australian varieties of wheat grown in -nursery experiments at the Sherman County Branch Station, Moro, Oreg., and at the Plant Introduction Station, Chico, Calif., are shown in Table I. The varieties are arranged in the order of their Cereal g Investigations numbers, which are in the order of their introduction. _ Several varieties are included from which yields were not obtained. These were either not sown or the seed was not viable. They are included in order to present a complete record of the wheats intro- duced. Brief descriptions are given, showing the class to which the variety belongs and the principal characters of the spike, glume, and kernel. 6 BULLETIN 877, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TasLe I.—Descriptions of 154 introductions of Australian wheats and yields of those grown in nursery experiments at the Sherman County Branch Station, Moro, Oreg., and at the Plant Introduction Station, Chico, Calif., in the years 1917, 1918, and LOD [KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS USED UNDER ‘‘ DESCRIPTION.’’— Class: C=common, D=durum, Pd=Poulard, — Po= Polish, S=spring, Wn=winter. Spike: A=awned, Al=awnless. _Glumes: Bl=black, Br=brown, . _ G=glabrous, Pu=pubescent, W=white. Kernels: R=red, W=white.] Serial No. Yield per acre (bushe!s). Description. ; Sherman County Plant Introduc- Variety. Branch Station. | tion Station. C.I. |S. P.I. : Ker- a Aver- Aver- Class.| Spike.} Glumes. nels. 1917 | 1918 | 1919 age. 1918 | 1919 age. 1697 | 5078 | Early Baart......... Cs A GOW. PW |e1301GLIE8 G22. 4 (aie | ea NG6OSn| Ss DOR All OLA es eee ee CS A G W 1 ea PW Rm one ei eect SS A a 1699 | 5077 | Canning Downs..... CSS] ater saeco We setae BROS eet meters ea eee fs 1702 | 5076 | Steinwedel........-. CS Al GE IWE | WES |S sc Bea Ree Ce eee | ee | een 1746 | 5079 | King’s Early........ CS aes erences We Since see A Cee eee Bey ale ne = DEON eee Riephant see CS Al |G WI] W | 13.0) 24.5, 16.3} 17.9]b42. 4] 18. 2)_.__.. DOR |e ie INonpareilzs sa sese CSieis eee Pasa We es et Seca eS ce | eee| Ee e g aen DEN |e eee BODS 2-2 ee eee CS Al GWE We a See eRe Se Ee ee ee | BN or ee Cootabah=taa= 25. Dia ae sae eee We este | ee sc | pees | Se |e DRS ase te See ss et ee Pd A Pie WS ee | as eS eee | ee er JRO MISS 3S bP @atlis 1a tere ee CS? i eecve ss Sea | cere ee ada seat ees | ae a es pd ae | Pace | | OSS OU ET ORS: | Sea eee ee ee ee CSse cee Sa Fle. oes eee ete eo tao el ee 98317) 12885 | seunitens 43. = -- 5.2. CSS sl eae oes peers Year [re Reece eee (ee Slee | Coe | ape | ne D838 DEL 288 Gu) euSCana yas eee CS Al GWE | EWES ees eS RS ee | 2990 |.21372 | Silver King.......... CS BOT SGP AWE | SS WE ae | Se cle a cree cee at epee | ee or | 2991 | 21373 | Hudson’s Purple | CS Al GE WEE We Sed |x d es ae es ee ee ee : Straw. 2992 | 21374 | Farmers Friend..... CS Al GWE | SWE noe a Recast SS eee 2993 | 21375 | Marshall’s No. 3..-.-- CS Al GW AV al Sees eee eeeeeh Renee Ge tis a ae ete 2994 | 21376 | White Essex......_-. CSM aes al anes WT FW. | ccc ee tees | sear eee eee Bese sae: 4116 | 36577 | Bathurst No. 2...... CS Al GW [SWE RCS o | er ee ee 32. 6| 21.2) 26.9 Ata sSO51S LCCC ala eee eee CS Al GQ@ W Re i SS BSS arlene 22.3) 16.8] 19.6 4118 | 36579 | Cleveland..-.......-- CS Al GW. WE es Sal ees es eee 26.3} 12.0} 19.2 4119 | 36580 | Cowra No. 3...-.-..-- CS Al G W W | 20.0} 24. 5) 14.1] - 19.5) 29.3) 9.3) 19.2 4120 | 36581 | Genoa..........- Peaecs Al Ge We Wir | Saale eee sars so] eee 25. 7| 13.8] 19.8 49:91" |°36582-| John Brown... =... CS Al G Br W | 14.5/026.0) 12.9} 17.8) 38.3) 24.9] 31.6 At2251=36583) |) Jonathan see) ==. CS Al G W W 15. O|- 19. 0] 12.9} 15. 6} 33.5} 14.2) 23.9 4123 | 36584 | Wagga No.19..-...-- (Os) Al G W R 13. 8] 19.5) 17.8) 17.0) 43.7) 15.7] 29.7 4125 | 36586 | Rymer-....-2.2-..-- CS Al G W W | 11.0) 12.5] 13.6] 12.4) 38.3] 5.9) 22.1 AN Ga |e S658 (ese Re ween eee CS Al G W W 15.5] 1555] 1226) 45 |227- 2] tole oon. ANG4a1 38343 Alphae saeco se2e se ee CS Al GW? | WE |b 225/1620| 1557)" aie s bl ali(n2ls 26 sa ATG5 18388440 @bayahte: =a 45 =e CS Al G Br W 13. 5} 18. 5| 15.4] 15. 8) 37.8) 10.9) 24.4 NGG | SsB¥G | leben Ayo soocccosess CS AM) Go Wetl We 1655) 195 5) eS TESS" SIE asl eaotae 4167 | 38346 | Comeback....-..---- Cs Al G W W slick oe] asec ees | eee ee 4168 | 38347 | Federation...........| CS Al GerB ies Weer Seer eee D682 een 3S: 6le te Siseeoee A1G693\238348)|Shirbankssss--soeeeee CS Al G W W | 15.0} 15.0) 16.5) 15.5) 27.5} 19.3} 23.4 4170 | 38349 | Florence...........-- CS Al G W W | 15.0) 15.5) 15.4) 15.3) 34.3] 25.4] 29,9 4171 | 38350 | Gluyas Early........ CS Al G@ Br W | 15.0) 18.0} 16.1] 16.4) 22.5) 24.4) 93.5 4172 | 38351 | Steinwedel........... CS Al G W W | 12.0} 19.0) 16.4) 15.8) 32.1) 10.5} 21.3 ANT 39 SS83520l- Wartenas see cess CW Al G W We i Sc Sek bes Rese Se eae ea ee nee 4174 ; 38353 | Yandilla King....... CS Al G W W 9.0) 17..5| 21.1} 15.9; 38.1} 8.8} 23.5 AGO Ve) aee ees Cumberland.......--. CS Al GW Wek ee ee ee ee AGOSH ene Jum Wek eee ee Cs OX Gow eat eames are re ee gs | Ie ol te ee | ce ml re eS se AGOGS| ae Hederation=---.-2-- CS Al GQ Br SWée sheesh | eee |e 47.1) 22.7} 34.9 ATi Sale 4OG4 3 BNO a4 ers eee ee CS Al G W W | 17.5} 17.0! 15.0] 16.5] 22.5] 24.3! 23.4 AVA) EAN ee | IN, Mes scsascoseouess CS Al G-W W | 14.0} 14.0} 19.2} 15.7} 33.1) 20.4) 26.8 ADD || ZUR INIO@s Bs ccadooeccacsasé Cs Al GS Br |) We | 2200 24. Oa 12 Fiet7. bl aconG 22a AG 2M ala OG 7a NOR ase ee CS A GW W 11.5) 17.0) 17.1] 15.2) 36.4) 21.7} 29.1 OPN COCR) INOsssaa+sncasacasess Cs Al G W! W | 18.5) 16.0) 25.5] 18.3) 37.2) 25.2) 31.2 A235 4 OG OE EEN Ong ll tens ee see CS Al G W W | 10.5} 16.0} 16.3] 14.3] 34.0} 22.8) 28.4 ARIAS ANOZOE NO 2 ate Renee eee Cs Al G W W | 15.0) 17.0) 15.7| 15.9] 27.4) 31.7) 29.6 AOS We Coal! \WwehereiNee. ssooasesccs CS Al G W W 13.0] 16..0} 16.1} 15.0) 36.9) 31.4) 34.2 4726 | 41072 | Marster’s Perfection.) PdS A G W Riese eel Pate eee 29. 3) 14.4] 21.9 | Ai Die 410 738| eharkaroneeeeecees ee Cs Al G W W 12.0] 15.5) 14.7) 14.1) 39.1) 19.0) 29.1 a A238) |, 4074s |e SUNSCleen eee CS Al G W W | 19.5! 9.0) 23.4) 17.3) 23.5) 16.6) 20.1 4729 | 41075 | Jumbuck cross.......| CS Al G W Wi «|: 1355) 14.5) 1624 Tass roi ce Ose eee 4730 | 41076 | Camberra...-.-------- CS Al G Br! W | 12.0) 18.5] 21.8] 17.4) 34.4) 30.2) 32.3 AVE Ne HO? |P lexoot0ts = Se soecoscce CS Al G W eS Rae 2 | eee eee 43. 9} 23.6) 33.8 4732 | 41078 | Cleveland..-.--.-..<- CS Al G W W | 12.5) 15.5] 14.2) 14.1) 30.5) 22.9) 26.7 4733 | 41079 | Hard Federation..... CS Al Gant W | 15.0) 21.0) 25.8} 20.6) 46.3) 29.4) 37.9 4734 | 41080 | Federation........... CS Al G Br W | 14.0} 26.0} 29.5} 23.2) 50.7) 24.9! 37.8 4735 | 41081} Steinwedel.........-. CS Al G WI! WwW 4.0] 15.5] 21,7] 13.7) 38.7) 16.8) 27.8 a Average yields of the three highest yielding check rows. b Adjacent to vacant or thin row. ¢ Poor stand. AUSTRALIAN WHEAT VARIETIES. i Tasie I.—Descriptions of 154 introductions of Australian wheats and yields of those grown in nursery experiments at the Sherman County Branch Station, Moro, Oreg., and at the Plant Introduction Station, Chico, Calif., in the years 1917, 1918, and 1919—Continued. Seria! No. Czle or S (=) 00 Yield per acre (bushels). Description. Sherman County Plant Introduc- Variety. Branch Station. tion Station. C:ass.| Spike.| Giumes.| “@™ | 1917| 1918 | 1919 | 4¥@"| 1918| 1919 | AVe™ Bares : ‘|nes age. age. Purple Straw....--.-- CS Al G W W 13.0) 14.5] 21.2) 16.2) 35.8) 17.1} 26.5 Cedars 42s eee CS Al G W R 9.5) 18.0} 17.5} 15.0} 28.9} 11.6] 17.8 Cowra No. 16. ---.----| DS Al G Br W 13.5) 20.0) 16.8} 16.4) 19.2} 10.2) - 14.7 Jonathaners Sees Al GQ Wi aE 0) 16 25-0720 1459)2 2325) 42-7) 181 Wionencels. 325s es CS Al G W YATES ol is Siar ee | a hea ee Seer 29.9) 17.3) 23.6 INOW Saco ee CS Al G W W: 7.0) 15.0} 18.5} 13.5) 25.1) 20.3) 22.7 Federation.........-- CS Al Grab W | 19.0} 21.0} 25.6) 21.9} 46.4} 17.5] 32.0 Hard Federation..--.| CS Al Gre Br W 15. 5| 22.5] 27.5} 21.8) 36.7] 25.1] 30.9 White Federation....| CS Al G W W | 21.0) 21.0) 24.7) 22.2) 34.4) 28.1) 31.3 Cunrawasee eee Cs Al G W | W | 18.5) 20.5] 22.7) - 20.6) 33.1) 7.9] 20.5 Commonwealth...... CS Ad G Br] W | 19.5} 22.0] 19.6} 20.4) 44.5] 19.4! 32.0 Ma Onsa eens nes CS Al G W W . | 24.0) 21. 5| 22.2) 22.6)-41.9) 26.6] 34.3 INardoosssscsse2ese CS Al G W W- | 19.5] 15.0] 19.0} 17.8} 22.8) 16.8) 19.8 Canberra =. ee CS Al G Br W | 23.0] 17.0} 22.4] 20.8] 39.0] 30.2] 34.6 Crossbred 28.......-- CS Al G W | W | 18.5} 15.5} 20.8} 18.3) 33.8] 19.8] 26.8 F1Onenc@s- ee eee cs Al G- W | W | 16.0) 17.5) 25.1]° 19.5) 27.4) 25.7} -26.6 Wed aie sae Sees: CS Al G W R 24.0} 16.0) 16.4] 18.8) 24.7) 9.6] 17,2 IBOLOSE coaNEeee Sees Cs Al G W Wes 5 2520| 21655 | 22252 = Qi Sie Oh 23 | a2er a @omeback=—s-= =.=... CS Al G W | eW | 20.0! 14.5} 17.2] 17.2] 29.1) 29.3) 29.2 Huguenot.......-... D Al G Bl;| W 955] 1250155 Ost 252 \52625| ho. ool CUNyan soe ee ee CS Al G W W_ | 22.0) 16:5} 18.3] 18.9) 50:1) 17.9] 34.0 Wardens.) ss ass--* CS Al G W W | 18.5} 13.5} 16.7} 16.2) 45. 7| 22.6) 34.2 Marshall No. 3.-...-- CS Al G W WwW PSO P75] LOG beso |e S85 OV 135-7225. 9 Dart’s Imperial...... CS Al G W | W |} 18.5} 16.0} 21.0} 18.5] 41.0} 26.6] 33.8 Yandilla King....... CS Al G W W | 11.5} 14.0] 22.0] 15.8) 48.4] 26.5] 35.0 College Eclipse... -..- CS Al G Br W | 15.0} 17.0} 19.8] 17.3) 22.5) 27.5) 25.0 Correll’s No. 3.-...-- CS Al G Br W | 17.5) 15.5) 21.4) 18.11 31.8] 20.3) 26.1 INNO CS: Sa S ee CS Al G W W | 19.5} 16.0] 18.4} 18.0! 28.6) 25.9} 27.3 Wiallaceeetets. sea CS Al G W W | 12.0) 11.0] 17.9} 13.6} 40.3) 20.3) 30.3 IBEW: sae oe ee CS Al G W W 15.0} 16.0) 21.0] 17.3) 40.2} 28.2) 34.2 ARs ubTIap eee ee CS Al G W W | 11.0) 6.5) 13.8) 10.4] 24.1) 19.2) 21.7 Purple Straw. ....... CS Al GW: W | 13.0] 15.0] 21.7] 16.6} 41.3) 11.4] 26.3 College PurpleStraw| CS Al G Wy W | 12.0) 15.0} 20.6) 15.9) 41.6) 21.2) 31.4 Guuly asses ae. eae CS A G Br W 19. 0} 17.0) 20.5} 18.8] 37.1] 17.2} 27,2 Gamma S235. 2.2 CS Al G Br We= | 19 5121355] -205 5) 15-21 36571 083|= 2335 [Bayi Piece ee es, CS Al G Br W 17. 5} 17.5) 19.5| 18.2) 32.4)°19.7| 26.1 Valkan gcse es ltls CS Al GI SBr |S We Sts 0) 1445 |=2622) = 1836s 39nh| 2452] 9 S17 White Tuscan....... CS Al G W W | 12.5) 15.5) 20.2} 16.1) 43.0} 17.0) 30.0 Zealand Blue.......- CS Al Pu W WE le 50355] aso |S 4 SSS NOs 2256 ISELON Al Nmseeecesaosos cS | Al G W | W | 13.0) 20.5] 24-8] 19.4} 19.2) 25.4) 22.3 Hinbankee ars sass sce. CS Al G W W: | 22.5!-17. 0] 24.0] 21. 2)'@37. 0)434. 5)...... Galland’s Hybrid...|PdW)| Al G W a Ysa tas aoe a ee 3 ae | aS Ss Seeaal eae aliGssana Nevertire......- eee ead D) Al | Pu W W 42D Ss Ole a Os |e 6=9| 550 EII0 Blout’s Lambrigg...| CS Al G Wi] W | 18.5) 18.0} 17.3) 17.9] 40.2) 3.2) 21.7 INialeanesa ae ee CS Al G W W ‘¢37.0| 21.5] 18.9] 620, 2)¢37. 4) 28. 4)...... Polishes ee oe Po A G W Vs ear | Se ee |e Ti sae S| eres | Re IBODSS Ssss-2 eee ee CS Al G W A 6Sg ee een ae bake ae ce Oa laaseelsooase Bordier. ass Se CS Al G W!] W 6.0) 24.0) 17.6] 15. 9]256.6] 18.5]...... Marshall White...... Cs Al GEaSWar | FEWe *|S22 25 se alesis: 10.5} 10.2} 10,4 Caneiee oss oon aoe CS AT fel ea a= Va eV | aoe ea eC ee ico ee S| Ne Velvet Ear.......... CS3eee bee eee gee te eee eae Se (ECS Se es eel eaaaal eSese Purple-Straw Tuscan| CS Al Ge Wess eV 1 rege ees | eee ae rab ea | ee ae AVOC GC Hatt te es | Sas ee oe Re ee VV ene |e | ee | ee coud i8solacaces White-Straw Tusean.| CS Al G W Wey | 1325/15, Ole 1: 75.3)) 15. 3|263..4]- TGl- 35. 2. Petatz Surprise...... CS Al Cee WEAeW= SS roe te eee | Se Ee 20. 7| 24.9} 22.8 Federation.......... CS Al Ga Bte a Weer se Pile) ee 24. 8} 20.2} 22.5 IDI ES a Se eee a CS A GS BES 2Wi se eclao e ee Se 31.5) 24.5) 28.0 Wika fis Se CS Al G Br W 5. 5} 24.0) 24.1] 17.9) 46.4) 29.2) 37.8 “Turkey Red’’...... CS Al G W W | 16.0} 17.5} 18.1] 17.2) 24.2) 17.6] 20.9 Muguenot =. ..c..-2: D Al G@ Bl | W 6.5) 12.0)-18.9] 12.5) 15.1! 19.6) 17.4 Cleveland. .......... CS Al G W! W } 12.5) 24.0] 17.0} 17.8)¢47. 4]. 20.1)...... IBODSSes== o eee CS Al Gas Wises Wee | een aera [ee eS CED |eece a5 sictelors BUND eee 2 eck CS Al Gi W22| SWE © eshecice od eee ES er CrnOl E22 pecs Steinwedel. ......... cs Al G Wi W 6.0} 23.5} 19.4] 16.3/¢65. 4] 21.7)...... Yandiila King......- CS Al G W Ws cess pete [ES Se] soe @46. 5) 21.4'. 22.2. Dart’s Imperial...... CS Al CCV eee VY ec pr | eal ee ee a CEG esas ecins ‘Hlorence. 5.22 ae CS Al G W VF eens |e ee a ea | ae ee S Dalia eo cmcc = John-Bro wiles 52-2 CS Al GQ Br WislinOnole24cOll eal losied 7h 10: 0)-- 3. a Adjacent to vacant or thin row. b Average for 1918 and 1919. ¢ Poor stand. 8 BULLETIN 877, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLE 1.—Descriptions of 154 introductions of Australian wheats and yields of those grown in nursery experiments at the Sherman County Branch Station, Moro, Oreg., and at the Plant Introduction Station, Chico, Calif., in the years 1917, 1918, and 1919—Continued. Serial No. Yield per acre (bushe’s). Description. 2 Sherman County Plant Introduc- Variety. Branch Station. tion Station. Coro |SsP.i Class.| Spike.| Glumes.| ®& | 1917 | 1918| 1919 |4Y©"| 1918 | 1919 | Aver nes. age. age. GWEN eee se i HaynessBluestem 5 4|) Sis) 22 oes |ee eee Bis 2 |e eal aise'al| eee are Sates (ape ees | eee S RISO gee es IRhew ss: oe ek hs ee ose Loge fa Caer at cn eee dE OS Fe ea a asker se eee: ISB Woe see | Cedarts a Sees | CS Al G W Reisse Early Baart-.... 1,500 | 71.8 | 10.7 /)17.7] ¢ .2-| 57.4 | 2,000 489 | 90.5 | 94.5 | CrGr Pacific Bluestem.| 1,500 | 66.1 9.0 | 26.3 | ¢1.4] 55.9 | 1, 740 480 | 85 87 VCr&Gr Fortyfold......-. 1, 500 65. 5 UA Te | Os Ih 53) 53.8 | 1, 470 457 | 80 85.5 | CrGr eKehharkOfess: AGe- = 1,500 |} 71.38]. 14.5-] 16:7 | ¢2.5 58 8 | 1, 760 495 | 88.5 | 92 Cr Margtise: <== 1, 500 69.9 LOSE a Sle EGS. 0 58.5 | 2, 280. 494 | 91.5 | 89 CrG@r ee epi vistions under “‘ Grade:’’ D=dark, H=hard, N=northern, S=spring, Sm=smutty, Wh=white, n=winter. b fee under ‘‘Shade:’’ Cr=creamy, Gr=gray, R=red, V=very. ¢ alin, ; 20 BULLETIN 877, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The results for 1918 show that Hard Federation excels all other white wheats in weight per bushel, percentage of moisture, crude protein in the flour, yield of flour, absorption of water, and in volume, weight, texture, and color of loaf. Marquis exceeded it in crude protein in both wheat and flour and in volume of loaf. Kharkof had a greater weight per bushel. Federation proved to be inferior to Hard Federation, but it compared favorably with Early Baart and Pacific Bluestem and was much superior to Fortyfold. In 1919 Hard Federation again ranked high in weight per bushel, crude protein content, yield of flour, absorption of water, and in volume, weight, texture, and color of loaf. It was exceeded by Marquis in volume and by Kharkof and Early Baart in weight per bushel. It was exceeded in crude protein content by Pacific Blue- stem because of the very low bushel weight of the latter. It was exceeded also by White Federation in weight per bushel, yield of flour, and in the texture and color of the loaf. Federation slightly exceeded Hard Federation in volume of loaf, but yielded a relatively low percentage of flour. Photographs of loaves of bread made from 340 grams of flour of Hard Federation, White Federation, Karly Baart, Pacific Bluestem, Marquis, and Kharkof wheats grown at Moro, Oreg., in 1919, are shown in Plate III. The two years’ results would indicate that Hard Federation srown in the Columbia Basin of Oregon will produce grain of better milling and bread-making quality than the white wheats now grown and also better than Kharkof winter wheat and that it compares favorably with Marquis. Federation compares favorably with the commercial white wheats but is not significantly superior to them for milling and bread making. In the one year in which it has been grown White Federation has compared favorably with Hard Federation. RESULTS FROM SAMPLES GROWN AT CHICO. In the Sacramento Valley of California the wheat-growing industry has declined in recent years, partly because of the poor milling quality of wheat grown. Millers have claimed that the White Australian wheat has deteriorated in milling quality, and it was largely for this reason that the Early Baart variety, was so extensively introduced into that section during the past year. The Sonora wheat is con- sidered a poorer milling variety than White Australian, and the flour is not much used for bread making. The results obtained from mill- ing Hard Federation, White Federation, and Federation in compari- son with these wheats and Marquis and Kharkof grown at Chico, Calif., in 1918 and 1919 are shown in Table VIII. In 1918 Hard Federation exceeded the commercial white wheats in absorption of water and in the texture and color of loaf. It was slightly exceeded by White Australian in yield of flour, crude protein content of wheat and flour, and volume of loaf, iy cd Bul. 877, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III. We eo > S1X LOAVES OF BREAD MADE FROM VARIETIES OF WHEAT GROWN AT Moro, OREG., IN 1919. These varieties, with the average loaf volume, are as follows: Hard Federation (A), 2,110 c. c.; White Federation (B), 2,070 c. c.; Early Baart (C), 2,000 c.c.; Pacific Bluestem (D),1,740¢. c.; Marquis (E), 2,280 c. c.; Kharkof (F), 1,760 c. c. AUSTRALIAN WHEAT VARIETIES. al TasLeE VIII.—Descriptive data and results of milling and baking tests of eight varieties of wheat grown at the Plant Introduction Station, Chico, Calif., in 1918 and 1919. [Data obtained in cooperation with the Bureau of Markets, United States Department of Agriculture.] DESCRIPTIVE DATA OF WHEAT AND FLOUR. Bushel Composition (per cent). weight (pounds). Moisture content. | Crude protein ee | Screens = (N X 5.7). be. ees . 1. | Lab. ings Theat. Season and variety. Non | Ne Grade.a | (per ch Be- | Af- | cent). (7 as fore | ter Be-| Af- our. c'ean-|clean-! fore| ter- | Flour. ing. | ing. tem-| tem- Wheat.| Flour. per- | per- ing. | ing. Crop of 1918: : Hard Federation. .| 4980} 4768} 2HWhSm; 58.4!) 58.4 2.6) 12.4 15 11.9 11.6 11.1) 0.48 - White Federation.| 4981] 4764) 2HWhSm) 58.7| 58.6 2.6) 12.0 14 12.0 10.9 10.3 - 5d Harly Baart=s.5-=— 1697| 4770} 3HWhSm| 56.9] 57.2 AS ile QE 14 eel (07, ise 9.6; .47 White Australian .| 3019) 5039] 2HWhSm| 49.7} 60.0 3-5] 9.0) 14) 11-4 1278) oe ee 58 Sonora ss—e-- ess 3622} 5040) 1WhCSm| 63.0) 63.3 Ave O VAN e122 10. 3} R48 |beta 48 Kharkofss<26 = 52 1442) 4766 2DHWn| 59.4) 60.0 3.8} 10.4 15 LOE? see 12 eo 106 Marquis. 2:2 5s2: =: 4158} 4765 INS} 62.0} 61.7 20} e1OjO) a2 <15| 24 10.3 9.5, .66 Crop of 1919: Hard Federation. .| 4980) 5612 1HWh)| 62.2) 62.3 IEA Sb TEN ag 1) 9.1) 7.6) —.44 White Federation.| 4981) 5622 1HWh| 61.0) 60.5 SD dee, 14 12.6 7.9] 7.0 300 Federation. .....-- 4734| 5618 2HWh| 59.4) 58.9 Sel 10h Me IANS e256 7.9) 6:5) _. 44 | Early Baart_-.---- 1697} 5629 2HWh] 62.2) 62.6 3.8] 10.8) 14) 12.4 8. 4) 7.6) .50 White Australian .| 3019} 5621) 2SWh| 59.5] 59.8 222) 10F3|=2214)— = 1323 7. 2) 5.4) .40 Sonora os see 3622] 5628 IWhC] 63.6} 64.2 1.3) 10.4; 14) 13.4 6. 7| Ge Ihe BY7/ Kharkoie sass. 1442) 5613} 2YHWn| 59.7] 60:8) 1.4) 11.4 14 13.3 4.9] 6.4) _ .42 Marquise .=5=-=-52 4158) 5628 1RS} 60.1) 60.9 Sol edd= S| a1 5) = s14S0) = 7. 7] G05 weal | RESULTS OF MILLING AND BAKING TESTS. Milling tests. Baking tests. Loaf. we sg i ree ; eason and variety. | tity ‘ milled. ESOS 3 Flour.|Shorts.) Bran.) Loss. | tion of Color. : water. | Vol- : Tex- ume Weight ture. Score.| Shade. 6 Crop of 1918: GMIS= | ieeCiae| le Ct |e Cb. | =. Ch|| ECt-. |e Gms |-Bs ct. ct: Hard Federation...| 1,100 | 74.4} 13.5] 10.6 | 1.5 60.9 | 1,960 497 | 92.0 | 91.5 | SIGr White Federation. -| 1,300 | 73.1] 13.9] 10.4) 2.6 60.0 | 1,610 A497 | 82.0 | 88.5 | Gr Hanrly-paanbe=s saan 1, 200: |} 67:9 |° 12.8 | 13:5 | 5:8 57.4 | 1,710 497 | 87.5 | 89.0 | Gr White Austratian...| 1,300 75.4 W257 | AAT -8 57.9 | 2,100 480 | 87.5 | 85.5 | VGr SONOMA seo =e Ae SO00F 275-04. G25 | 10.6) 2¢7 1 57.6 -| 1, 850 479 | 86.0 | 85.5 | CrG@r Aétiarko tse 1,400 | 69.8) 17.0] 11.4] 1.8 67.7 | 1,860 514 | 87.5 | 88.0 | RG@r Mand gis 2s ses s5: TANG = 7654) 412565) 1d? |) ce 2 59.1 | 2,000 481 | 92.0 | 94.0 |} SlGr Crop of 1919: Hard Federation. ..| 1,290} 72.6 | 17.2 | 11.9 }¢1.7 58. 5_| 1,930 502 | 94.0 | 97.0 | SlCrGr White Federation. .| 1,250] 73.2] 16.0] 10.7 il 58.5 | 1,920 508 | 93.5 | 95.0 Federation.....-..-- f250) pole 1445) 12582 Se3 53.8 | 1.960 487 | 91.0 | 93.0 | Cr xi Early Baartd ..-.-- 2, 800 74.1 10592 (aed ite 2a 54.2 | 1,977 488 | 91.7 | 93.7 | Cr + White Australian...) 1,280 |- 73.4 | 14.0] 12.5 ail 52.9 | 1,920 483 | 92.5 | 95.0 | SlCr SONG eh ee ee 1,300 68. 2 TO eile bel aL O259 tie 710 484 | 88.5 | 92.0 | VCr WGHArKOl 2 =a ese 1, 280 71.6 SSO Biel ye eeCead 56.5 | 1,940 495 | 89.5 | 93.5 | SlCrGr WPATGUIS=2 sem soe s = ME SUOs eeeieen| eetile lal OP Aeiic 257 52.9 | 1,720 487 | 86.0 | 89.5 | Cr a Abbreviations under ‘‘Grade:’? C=club, D=dark, H=hard, N=northern, R=red, S=spring, Sm= smutty, Wh=white, Wn=winter, Y=yellow. b ee ualions under “Shade:’’ Cr=creamy, Gr=gray, R=red, Sl=stightly, V=very. ce Gain. d@ Average of two milling and three baking tests. 22 BULLETIN 877, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. White Federation produced unfavorable results. The large yield of 50 bushels per acre would ordinarily reduce the milling value of the grain somewhat. This is possibly one cause for the unfavorable results. | In 1919 Hard Federation exceeded the commercial varieties in crude protein content of both wheat and flour, in absorption of water, and in weight, color, and texture of loaf. It was exceeded in weight per bushel by Sonora, in yield of flour by Early Baart and White Australian, and in volume of loaf by Early Baart. White Federation _ gave very favorable results, indicating a milling and bread-making value equal to that of Hard Federation. Federation also produced a high percentage of flour and a good loaf volume, but was lower than Hard Federation and White Federation in crude protein in the flour, in absorption of water, and in weight, color, and texture of loaf. Both Hard Federation and White Federation yield a higher per- 4; centage of shorts and a smaller percentage of bran than Karly Baart. Hard Federation and White Federation are shghtly exceeded in yield of flour by Early Baart and White Australian, but the higher percentage of crude protein, absorption of water, and weight, color, and texture of loaf obtained from both Hard Federation and White Federation offsets this advantage. _ The experiments for two years, 1918 and 1919, indicate that Hard Federation grown in the Sacramento Valley of California will produce grain of better milling and bread-making quality than the white- kerneled varieties now grown there. Hard Federation also is a better milling and bread-making wheat than Marquis and Kharkof when the latter are grown in California. SUMMARY OF MILLING AND BAKING RESULTS. Milling and baking results from samples of Hard Federation flour representing four station years are available by combining C. I. No. 4733 and C. I. No. 4980. These can be compared with comparable samples of Early Baart, Kharkof, and Marquis and also of Pacific Bluestem by combining the results of White Australian with it. For other varieties data from only two or three station years are available. In the three station years in which the Hard Federation can be compared with White Federation and in the three station years when Hard Federation can be compared with Federation, * i 4 A ra Hard Federation evidently was the best milling and bread-making a wheat of the three. All three are much superior in milling and baking value to the Fortyfold and Sonora varieties. White Federa- tion and Federation both compare favorably in milling and baking value with Early Baart and Pacific Bluestem. ‘The averages of the- more important factors in the value of the varieties that can be directly compared in the four station years are shown in Table IX. AUSTRALIAN WHEAT VARIETIES. 93 TasBLE I1X.—Summary of milling and baking tests of five varieties of wheat grown at the Sherman County Branch Station, Moro, Oreg., and at the Plant Introduction Station, Chico, Calif., in 1918 and 1919. z Variety. Grade protein Loaf. Y. nats Bushel ( a ) Yield oD eens Oa ee eee a ct Out water! | Wolke tex. une ANS ENC” ENON. No. Wheat.| Flour. ume. | ture. : White wheats: Pounds.| Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct. Cie ))\ Perch | Pen ck Hard Federation. .......-. Wee \ 9) 126 | ie | 72.8 61.0) 2.070 | 925 93-4 Early Baan. ae ees 1697 58.9 11.5 10.1 70.6 56. 4 2,035 |- 89.8 91.0 Eee eae \ 558i 108i, 137d 4) 56.2 | e963 |) Syoul 87.9 Red wheats: — Mar Quilsis See pes a ao 4158 f5 0) 1255 TALES) 72.5 58. 0 2,150 90.3 90.3 EW ARKO aes tee eee 1442 60. 1 11.0 9.7 70.4 61.3 1,915 88. 6 90.6 The average data show that the Hard Federation exceeds Early Baart, Pacific Bluestem, Marquis, and Kharkof in practically all of the important milling and baking factors. In weight per bushel it is exceeded by Kharkof, in crude protein of the wheat by Pacific ‘Bluestem, and in volume of loaf by Marquis. In all other compari- sons Hard Federation ranks highest. The two years’ data therefore indicate that Hard Federation is a better milling and bread-making wheat than Early Baart, Pacific Bluestem, or White Australian, is better than Kharkof when grown in these two sections of the Pacific coast area, and better than Marquis when grown in California. The results obtained by the grain company and the flour company referred to from samples of wheat grown in 1919, at Moro, Oreg., and Chico, Calif., respectively, are in close agreement with our own experiments. AUSTRALIAN WHEATS SUSCEPTIBLE TO DISEASE. Experiments have shown that Federation, Hard Federation, and White Federation, as well as most other Australian varieties of wheat, are susceptible to black stem rust (Puccinia graminis), to the yellow stripe rust (Puccima glumarum), and to the leaf rust (Puccinia triticna). ‘They are also susceptible to bunt or stinking smut (Tilletia foetens and Tilletia tritict). In Australia they are also very susceptible to flag smut (Urocystis tritici) and to take-all (Ophww- bolus graminis). In the drier portions of the Pacific coast area black stem rust rarely occurs and, therefore, is not a factor in wheat production, as it is east of the Rocky Mountains. The yellow stripe rust, however, frequently occurs, but heavy infections have been noted without par- ticular reduction of yields. There has never been a serious epidemic of stripe rust in the United States, although it is frequently very destructive in Europe. Some leaf rust generally occurs in the Pacific coast area, but it also is not destructive. : 24 BULLETIN 877, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Bunt, or stinking smut of wheat, is the most destructive wheat disease in the Pacific coast area. In general, the Australian varieties are susceptible. Of all the varieties under experiment only Florence, Cedar, and Genoa have shown marked resistance. In Australia the two diseases known as flag smut and take-all are very destructive. They have been found only recently in the United States in limited areas.! Flag smut has thus far been found only in one county in Illinois. Take-all has been found in Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri. They have never been found in the Pacific coast area. In order to prevent the further introduction of these diseases into the United States a quarantine regulation was established August 15, 1919, preventing the importation of wheat except under permit from coun- tries in which the diseases are known to exist. CONCLUSIONS. As a result of these investigations of Australian wheats in the matter of yields, water requirements, millmg and bread-making value, and diseases, it has been decided to increase the stock of seed of the Hard Federation wheat at both Moro, Oreg., and Chico, Calif. White Federation also is being increased at Chico, because of its higher yield at that point. In 1920 both varieties will be under test at the agricultural experiment stations in several other sections of the Pacific coast area, and if favorable results are again obtained the increased quantity of seed will be distributed for commercial growing in the sections where the varieties appear to be best adapted. SUMMARY. The White Australian and Pacific Bluestem varieties of Australian wheat were long since found adapted to the Pacific coast area of the United States. These earliest grown varieties have been replaced in many sections recently by Early Baart, an earlier maturing, more drought resisting, higher yielding, and better milling Australian wheat. Preliminary nursery experiments with about 130 lots of Australian wheats recently introduced give striking indications that Federation, Hard Federation, and White Federation are probably the best adapted of all varieties in two sections of the Pacific coast area. These have been compared with the leading commercial varieties for two years and have produced higher yields. Hard Federation has produced the larger yields in Oregon, while White Federation has outyielded it in California. One cause for the higher yield of Hard Federation over Early Baart is shown to be a lower water requirement in proportion to the grain produced. 1 Humphrey, H. B.,and Johnson, A.G. Take-alland flag smut, two wheat diseases new to the United States. U.S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 1063, 8 p., 3 fig. 1919. : ¢ ~ AUSTRALIAN WHEAT VARIETIES. 25 Experiments indicate that Hard Federation is superior for milling and bread-making purposes to the leading commercial varieties now grown in the Pacific coast area and also to Federation and White Federation wheats. The Australian varieties in general are susceptible to most cereal diseases, but as many of these are not destructive in the Pacific coast area this is not considered a sufficient reason for not increasing their production. The supply of the seed of the Hard Federation and White Federation is being increased for commercial distribution in those areas where each has been found best adapted. ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D.C. AT 10 CENTS PER COPY V test iS Re a aa . oy. a