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Volume 16, No. 2 Sata uot

Friday, 24th September, 1971

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES
Established 1879

Registered under the Companies Act, 1961.

Patron:
His Excellency the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Arthur Roden Cutler,

V.C., K.C.M.G., K.C.V.O., C.B.E., Kt.St.J.,

COUNCIL, 1970

President:

John Moore Smail,

Vice-Presidents:
Henry John de Suffren Disney, M.A.

Donald Francois, Ph.D
Ronald Strahan, M.Sc.,
Frank Hamilton Talbot,

Edward Stanley Robinson, Ph.D.
Edward Stanley Robinson

Honorary Secretary:
Honorary Treasurer:

Honorary Editor:

John Ronald Simons, M.Sc.,

Bees EDs !Se
LIB.
F.LS.
M.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S.

Ph.D., F.ZS.

Members of Council:

Henry John de Suffren Disney

Ernest Jeffery Gadsden

Donald Francois

Francis McCamley

Basil Joseph Guy Marlow, B.Sc.

Jack Harvey Prince, F.B.O.A.,
F.R.A.O., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S.

Harry Frederick Recher, B.Sc., Ph.D.

Edward Stanley Robinson
Graham Alexander Settle

John Ronald Simons

John Moore Smaii

Ronald Strahan

Frank Hamilton Talbot

Ellis Le oo Troughton, C.M.ZS.,
: E.R.ZS.

Gilbert Percy Whitley

Mrs. Olive Wills -

Mrs. Mary Wray

OFFICERS:

Honorary Solicitor:

Mr. J. J. Francis

Honorary Auditors: Messrs. Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Company.

Assistant Honorary Secretaries:

Mrs.

Olive Wills and Mrs. Peter Johnson

Honorary Librarian: Mrs. M. Wray

Avicultural Section:
Chairman: Mr. B. Read
Hon. Secretary: Mrs. M. Wray

Conchological Section:
Chairman: Mr. F. McCamley
Hon. Secretary: Mr. N.

Entomological Section:
Chairman: Mr. J. d’Apice
Hon. Sec.: Mr.

S. Gomersall

L. C. Van Raalte

Herpetological Section:
Chairman: Mr. F. Hersey
Hon. Secretary: Mr. G. A. Settle

Ornithological Section:
Chairman: Mr. G. Dibley
Hon. Secretary: Mr. H. Battam

Junior Group:
Chairman: Mr.
Hon. Secretary:

Peter A. Foster
Miss M. Record

All correspondence, journals, exchanges, etc. should be addressed to the
Honorary Secretary, Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Taronga
Zoo, Mosman, N.S.W. 2088. Telephone: 929-9733.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES

FOR THE YEARS 1969-70 (Published 1971)

NINETIETH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ROYAL
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES

The ninetieth annual meeting of the Society was held at Taronga
Zoo, Mosman, on 26th September, 1970 and attended by about 150
members, associates and their friends. The President (Mr. J. M. Smail)
occupied the Chair and, after welcoming guests, members and visitors,
read the Annual Report (see below), which was adopted.

Five of the retiring councillors were re-elected and Mrs. Mary
Wray was appointed to Council in place of Mr. L. Courtney-Haines
who had withdrawn.

The Honorary Treasurer's Report and Balance Sheet were read
and adopted (see pages 8-10).

Business brought forward in accordance with Article 45 concerned
Zoo Passes and Concessions. Mr. Ronald Strahan read a report about
these (see page 5, below) and the President invited written submissions
from members.

Dr. Donald Francois introduced the Guest Speaker, Mr. A. Dunbavin
Butcher, Director of the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Melbourne,
whose address to the meeting was entitled “The Community Determines”
(see pages 11-15, plates I-IJ). Mr. G. P. Whitley moved a cordial vote
of thanks to Mr. Butcher which was carried by acclamation.

NINETIETH ANNUAL REPORT (1969-70)

Ladies and Gentlemen,

It is today my pleasant duty to make known the ninetieth annual
report of the Society.
Membership:

At the end of the Society’s year on the 30th June, 1970 the member-
ship stood as follows:

Associate wibenetactorse — 4) jee Oe Ba 2
Honorary Life members Pulte tad eee a gaha 8
ETfEMRINVEIMOCES eter ec See teres oe ia BE 56
Ordinary, members) 2.0%. tee ees) ccs eee 2993
EifevAssociateimemibers 9) 2.9 es ee ee 16
Associate members ... ..._..... i Mey rare 1976
Junior members... CAPM, ARIA Rc) CSUR 56

MROWAW See Oi
During the year the following changes took place:

AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

i)

NEW MEMBERS

Death's onerawiear en rcvah eal eee: 15 Life : bi 6
Resignations i. eae 15 Ordinary ona ILS a stage 6
Removed from register under Associate Py ae lat ens ane ema OAC)

Article 8 . é soir uae 37 Hone) Wifev cosy eee ee ee 1
TOTAL DECREASE te 67 TOTAL INCREASE .... .... 1880

From which it will be seen that our total membership has increased
by 1813.

Our sympathy is extended to the families of all deceased members.
In particular condolences go to Sir Percy Spender in the loss of his
lady and to the family of the late Sir Edward Hallstrom. I feel I cannot
let this meeting pass without referring to the generosity and services to
the Society, Taronga Zoo and to the Scientific and charitable world
generally of our late Vice-Patron. You will have seen in the Australian
Zoologist Vol. XV part 3, p. 403 a full tribute to our late endowment
member to which I can add little but the Society's Amen.

Fees:

You will have by now received the unwelcome news that the Society
has had to increase its fees to keep up with the increased expenses which
are unfortunately a feature of our modern world. Our present fees are:
Ordinary members, $8.00; Associate members, $5.00.

There has also been during the year a review of the conditions of
the issue of free passes to the zoo.

I know there has been some querying of the necessity for the change
in fees and other alterations in conditions of membership but Council
debated the matter at great length before arriving at the present figures.
It is of importance to note that the fees in 1952 were $2.10 for associates
and $4.20 for ordinary members. These figures were unchanged for
ordinary members and substantially unchanged for associates until this
year.

Council:

Eleven Council meetings were held during the year and were generally
well attended. I would like here to thank members of council for their
assistance and serious attention to your Society’s business. There are,
no doubt, a number of items of unfinished business for the new council
to deal with which is as it should be in a society such as ours and
many matters which the Council could have taken up, but all members
work in an honorary capacity and most of them are busy men so that it is
difficult to cram into the limited time available all the matters of interest
which could engage our attention.

The Society and Council during the year have had to weather a
major crisis when our former secretary Mrs. Leone Harford, F.R.Z.S.
was compelled by personal considerations to resign from council and
from: the position of secretary. Mrs. Harford’s services to the Society as
councillor for 20 years and secretary for 14 years are well-known, but
not so well that they should not go unmarked on this occasion. Mrs.
Harford tendered her resignation to the Council on 10th March, 1970
which was accepted with great regret by Council which placed on
record a resolution appreciative of her services. Our former secretary’s
devoted service to the society was recognised in 1967 by the conferring
of the honour of Fellow of the Society. As she was already a life
member there was little else Council could do to mark our appreciation
of her services on her resignation except to make her an honorary life
member accompanied by a small presentation and to wish her well
in her future activities. I should now like, both for myself and on behalf
of Council, to place on record in this report to the Society our great

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 3

appreciation of her unselfish and devoted service to the Society over
the past years

Following Mrs. Harford’s resignation our present secretary who had
already done excellent work as secretary of the herpetological section was
elected to Council and as secretary. It gives me pleasure to record that
he has taken over the by-no-means light task of secretary with great
enthusiasm and we expect that if he continues in office he will be a
worthy follower in Leone Harford’s footsteps.

Delegates:

During the year the society was represented on various conservation
and other bodies amongst which were:

Myall Lakes Committee—J. M. Smail.

Dee Why Lagoon Conservation and Development Committee—
L. Courtney Haines.

Nature Conservation Council—Megssrs. Troughton, Smail, Settle,
and Dr. Simons.

Royal Commission to Inquire into the Barrier Reef—Dr. F. H. Talbot.

Correspondence was also conducted with a number of Conservation
bodies which received our support. In particular support was given to
the Colong Caves Committee although we were unable to be represented
on it.

Symposium:

Although perhaps not strictly within the period ending 30th June,
1970 in view of the fact that it was organised during the year and
took place on 4th July, 1970 I do not feel it out of place to record
here that a Symposium entitled Kangaroos and Men was organised
by Messrs. R. Strahan and B. Marlow on behalf of the Society with
the generous financial aid of the management of Luv Petfoods Pty. Ltd.,
who met all costs without any strings attached and are meeting the
expense of publishing a special number of the Australian Zoologist to
record the proceedings. Nine scientific papers were read and will be
published in the special number. It is considered that the papers which
were by recognised authorities in their fields will be an important
contribution to the further understanding of a subject which has engaged
the attention of many citizens over the past year. Our thanks are due
to both the organisers and to Luv Petfoods Pty. Ltd. for their role of
Maecenas.

Sections:

The increased section activity noted in the last report has continued
and in particular I would like to record the assistance given by the
Avicultural Section to the management of the zoo in relation to the
construction of 16 breeding aviaries and the provision of a selection
of finches hitherto lacking at the Zoo. I note that the Gould League has
now become the N.S.W. Field Ornithologists’ Club but joint meetings
with our Ornithological Section continue. Section reports will appear
in the proceedings.

Taronga Zoological Park Trust:

The Society has continued its liaison with the Taronga Zoological
Park Trust whose generosity in relation to the financial adjustments between
the two bodies is acknowledged.

Publications:
During the year the following have appeared:
The Proceedings, 1968-69, in February 1970,
Early History of Australian Zoology in May 1970, and
Australian Zoologist, Vol. XV Parts 2 and 3.

4 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

In particular I would draw attention to the Early History of
Australian Zoology which was written by our Editor Mr. Gilbert Whitley.
Specially bound copies were presented to and graciously accepted by
the Queen and the State Governor who is our Patron. I acknowledge the
financial assistance given by the Captain Cook Bi-centenary Celebrations
Committee in producing this publication.

Associate Members:

It has been a matter of some concern to Council to produce a
programme of activities which will encourage our new associate members
to take part in Society functions. In the coming year this matter will
undoubtedly be taken up in a constructive fashion. At the moment
this aspect has had to give way to certain pressing problems of
reorganisation.

Public Lectures:

One public lecture was held during the year, by Professor J. H. Prince,
entitled “Finding a Mate in the Dark”.

Thanks:

I have already acknowledged in this report the help received from
Luv Petfoods Pty. Ltd., The Captain Cook Bicentenary Celebrations
Committee, and the Taronga Zoological Park Trust. I would like to
add a further note to the latter for their provision of office space and
secretarial assistance and also to the Director of the Zoo for numerous
acts of assistance and provision of facilities including our meeting here
today, which is very much in the spirit of co-operation between the two
bodies which is becoming an increasing feature of our relationships.
I would like also to thank the Director and Trustees of the Australian
Museum for the use of the lecture hall and other rooms. In particular
the symposium to which I have referred was held in the Hallstrom
Theatre, a facility which was much appreciated.

Our Editor, Mr. Gilbert Whitley, has done an immense amount of
work during the year both in writing the Early History of Australian
Zoology and in editing and seeing our publications through the press.
Our thanks are due to him.

On behalf of Council I thank all members, section officers and
office bearers for all their work on behalf of the Society.

Amongst these I would like to pay tribute to the work done by
our assistant treasurer Mrs. McCamley who has relieved our treasurer
of a great part of the necessarily tedious and thankless work of accounting.

I cannot overlook at this time the splendid work done by our
councillor, Mrs. O. Wills, who has given the greatest assistance during
the year and in particular during the absence of our secretary in the
latter part of 1969 and the inevitable upheaval following the transfer
of our records to Taronga and the installation of our new secretary.
I also wish to record the sterling assistance of Mrs. Doreen Johnson
who has borne the brunt of the office typing as well as assisting in
secretarial work.

—J. M. SMAIL (President)
26th September, 1970

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 5

ZOO PASSES AND CONCESSIONS

In 1915 an agreement was made between the Royal Zoological
Society and the Taronga Zoological Park Trust that up to 250 members
of the Society would be admitted to the Zoo without charge on production
of a current membership card. The Society was further granted the right
to 20 free tickets each up to 250 members but, if passes and tickets
were issued beyond this number, the Zoo required the payment to it
of half of the subscription of such members.

In 1917 the number of members to whom passes and tickets could
be issued was raised to 300.

In 1930 this number was raised to 350 but the Trust retained the
right to reduce this number to 300 “if such course should be found
necessary”.

In 1946, an agreement between the Trust and the Society reduced
the number of tickets to twelve per member and placed a limit of
2,500 on the number of tickets issued.

In 1968 the Trust and the Society approved a draft agreement,
continuing the issue of twelve free tickets to Ordinary Members and
instituting the issue of eight half-price tickets to Associate Members.
Under the agreement, two-thirds of the income from Associate Members’
subscriptions was to be paid to the Zoo. This arrangement came into
Operation for the 1969/70 financial year.

In early 1970, the Council of the Society informed the Trust that
the cost of servicing Associate Members could not be met from its
one-third of the membership fees and requested the Trust to reconsider
the arrangement.

In its reply, the Trust undertook to defer its claim on refunds
due to it, and suggested that the Society’s financial difficulties could
have arisen from unrealistically low membership fees. It drew attention
also to the increased cash-equivalent of the passes and concessions
distributed by the Society and the consequent loss of income to the
Trust. As of November, 1969, Ordinary Members were receiving, for a
subscription of $4.20:

Value

1 Annual Pass (say) ... ... en cA OO
12 Free tickets... .. A : een 2200
1 Parking pass (say) " : . 0.80
Publications (say) ... ie ... 6.00
$22.80

Associate Members were receiving, for a subscription of $3.00:

1 Annual Pass (say) ... .... .... .... 4.00
8 Concession tickets és aS . 4.00
1 Parking pass (say)... ... . .. 0.80
Publications (say) ... ... .. oe E20,

$10.00

The Trust further recommended that, to reduce its large outright
subsidy, Ordinary Members should receive concession rather than free
tickets. On this basis, and assuming an ordinary membership of 800
and an associate membership of 2,000, the Trust estimated its financial
relationship with the Society to be approximately as follows:

6 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

Benefit to:

Members Society Trust
Subscriptions
800 Ordinary members ; 6,400
2,000 Associate members 3,333 6,666
Annual Passes
800 Ordinary members ; 3,200
2,000 Associate members .. 8,000
Concession. tickets
800 Ordinary members ; 4,800 4,800*
2,000 Associate members ; 16,000 16,000*

$32,000 $9,733 $27,466

(*These sums do not represent a net gain to the Trust but a recoup of
50% of the Trust’s subsidy towards the Society’s gift of tickets to members).

OFFICE-BEARERS FOR 1970-71

The following Office-Bearers were elected following the 90th Annual
General Meeting of the Society on 26th September, 1970.

President: Mr. J. M. Smail.
Vice-Presidents: Mr. H. J. de S. Disney, Dr. D. Francois, Mr. R.
Strahan and Dr. F. H. Talbot.

Honorary Secretary: Mr. G. A. Settle.

Assistant Honorary Secretaries: Mrs. O. Wills and Mrs. P. Johnson.
Honorary Treasurer: Dr. E. S. Robinson.

Honorary Editor: Mr. G. P. Whitley.

Honorary Librarian: Mrs. M. Wray.

Honorary Solicitor: Mr. J. J. Francis.

Honorary Auditors: Messrs. Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 7

OBITUARY

ALEXANDER HOLMES (1908-1969)

Alexander Holmes died on 9th December, 1969; he had been born
in Brisbane 61 years before. He was a long-standing member of the
Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales and of many other
societies devoted to the natural sciences, and had been a Councillor
of our Society from 1960-63 and Secretary in 1960. As anxious to learn as
he was happy to impart his extensive knowledge, he encouraged many
youngsters (the writer at one time among them) in natural history and
frequently lectured on those subjects on which he had a_ special
knowledge.

His early interest in natural history appears to have arisen from
a devotion to aviculture—he helped found the aviculture magazine
Bird World and was its editor from its inception through several name
changes until it ceased publication in 1954 under the title Bird World
and Pets Digest. Gradually his interests extended into other fields, with
botany and herpetology taking a special place in his wide ranging
activities. We jointly read a paper on the thermoregulation of a python
before the Linnean Society of New South Wales in 1960. He was a
foundation member of the Australian Reptile Club (now the Australian
Herpetological Society) in 1948 and it was his interest and activity
in this field that led him to devote much of his time to the work of
the Department of Reptiles and Amphibians at the Australian Museum;
he was subsequently appointed an Honorary Associate of the Museum

in 1965.

An energetic man, “Rusty” Holmes was an enthusiastic athlete
and seemed always to be most contented in the open air—whether in
Sydney’s Centennial Park or in the East African bush. Skilled in bushcraft
he was a dynamic and stimulating companion who often devoted long
days and weeks to aiding others’ research. He travelled extensively
throughout all parts of Australia and in 1956 spent many months in
Kenya assisting in the production of natural history films in a team
led by Armand and Michaela Denis. Some biographical details of his
amazingly varied career were given in the Bulletin (Sydney), 4th January,
1956. His delight in his family, in his garden, and in both captive
and wild animals was each a measure of his unique empathy for all
living organisms.

He is survived by his wife, two daughters and a son.
—H. G,. COGGER

ERNEST VICTOR FINCKH (1868-1970)

Our oldest member, Mr. Ernest Victor Finckh, died in his 103rd
year, on 10th October, 1970, at Lindfield. He was always very interested
in the activities of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales and
regularly attended annual meetings until not many years ago. He was
probably the last living person to have known Gerard Krefft, who died
in 1881, for, when a boy, E. V. Finckh used to take specimens to the
Australian Museum for Krefft’s identifications. Mr. Finckh was born
at Neutral Bay, Sydney, on 26th March, 1868. He became an importer
and master jeweller but retired from active business more than half a
century ago.

—G.P.W.

AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

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PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 11

THE COMMUNITY DETERMINES

Notes forming the basis of an address given before the Annual General
Meeting, Saturday, 26th September, 1970.

by A. DUNBAVIN BUTCHER
(Plates I-II)

Man’s preoccupation with matters concerning the environment, as
reflected in the press and journals of the world, in radio and television
coverage, will surely remain as one of the nhenomena of the past
50 years. Apart from wars, I can recollect no other subject which has
received such attention. After something like two years there is no
diminution in the coverage given by the public media. There is danger
in the present publicity because of misuse of terminology, emphasis on
the more obvious impacts on the environment and little attention to
the more subtle problems which, in the long term, present the greater
threat to man.

I offer no apology for speaking on this particular subject today.
Now that there is an awareness of the environment and the problems
presented by its contamination, this awareness will remain an integral
part of man’s approach to his own living and his welfare. We have
undoubtedly entered a new era and this will be well documented in
the years to come.

The simplest yet most complete definition of the overall problem
I have yet come across is from the document* “Restoring the Quality
of our Environment”. ;

“Environmental pollution is the unfavourable alteration of our
surroundings, wholly or largely as a by-product of man’s actions,
through direct or indirect effects of changes in energy patterns,
radiation levels, chemical and physical constitution and abundances
of organisms. These changes may affect man directly, or through
his supplies of water and of agricultural and other biological pro-
ducts, his physical objects or possessions, or his opportunities for
recreation and appreciation of nature”.

The title of the Report refers to our environment and the definition
refers to our surroundings. Man is the focal point and, in fact, any other
approach must be meaningless.

Recently I read a criticism of the Australian Conservation Founda-
tion because the Foundation concerns itself with man. This I cannot
accept. When we refer to conservation we are talking about the con-
servation of man. Man collectively constitutes the community and I
strongly believe that there is one logical basis for assessment of all our
actions—the needs, the welfare of the community.

Conservation is essentially selfish. How otherwise can it have
meaning? How otherwise can man be motivated?

The question of morality has been raised by some people but I
would be hesitant to accept this.

In general, the contamination of the environment in the past has
been within the framework, within the limits acceptable to the community
¢ The Report of the Environmental Pollution Panel of the U.S. President’s

Science Advisory Committee (1965) “Restoring the Quality of our
Environment”.

12 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

and here one can readily think of the industrial areas of Europe and
of the United States of America. This should, perhaps, be qualified.
Cognisance must be taken of the structure of society in the eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries; only a small section of society, even proportionally
in relation to population levels, was vocal. This is emphasised by the
structure of the community as we know it today; major changes have
taken place:

A rising standard of living;
A higher level of education:

A more vocal community whose views are reflected in the public
media and,

Greater leisure time.

These great social changes have resulted in a community which is no
longer a minority. What is accentable to the community is changing
and the community will progressively seek and demand higher standards.

The problem of environmental contamination is recognized because
it has been identified, at least in part.

The fact that the problems of the environment, and conservation in
a narrower sense, have become political reflects this change in outlook
and today we see governmental action throughout Australia.

* * *

Professor Barry Commoner, one of America’s spokesmen on the
problems of the environment has said “the environmental dangers of
human technology are not incidental side-effects but the direct consequence
of technology achieving its stated aims”.

On the other hand, President Nixon has stated “the unexpected
consequences of our technology have often worked to damage our
environment; now we must turn that same technology to the work of
its restoration and preservation”.

Commoner states that the side effects are not incidental; President
Nixon refers to the “the unexpected consequences”. Doesn’t the situation
really lie somewhere between these viewpoints? Our environmental
problems arise from a failure to look beyond our immediate objectives.

I believe that much of our concern arises from this and if each
development is fully examined as to its implications, the end point
will be more satisfactory from the viewpoint of the community.

* * *

Impacts on the environment are many. Some are direct, some
indirect, some are global and others are of purely local concern.

The side effect of chemical controls was, I believe, the first issue
to arouse public interest on a sustained basis and it preceded these past
two years’ preoccupation with the overall problem of environmental
contamination.

Chemical controls still exercise the mind of the community and this
warrants a few minutes consideration as it exemplifies a number of
facets of the overall problem.

_ The development of chemicals in the post-war years to control
disease vectors of man and the insect pests and diseases affecting crops
of all kinds, has been spectacular. No one can question what has been

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 13

achieved in these spheres although there are aspects outside the scope
of this talk (human population questions) which are very relevant.

There is also no question that chemical controls have been abused—
Over-use, unnecessary use, indiscriminate use, use with little knowledge
of the final effects and so on.

Direct kills arising from chemical contamination may be spectacular
and they excite public interest. These, I believe, are of no great concern
and, if the full impact of chemicals generally was confined to this
manifestation, then our problem would be relatively minor.

Neither those who advocate the unrestricted use of these controls,
nor those who talk about the dire results are adequately informed.

Many chemicals, including pesticides, become airborne and this
results in global contamination.

Soil is contaminated and this varies greatly in degree.

The water masses are contaminated and this is of particular im-
portance in the oceans of the world which are contiguous.

Many pesticides are persistent; they have a long life so this is not
a passing contamination.

In many instances surpiuses or obsolete materials cannot be
destroyed without this action resulting in further contamination. (A recent
example in the United States of America was the disposal of military
gases and this has been greatly publicised).

There is little complete knowledge of all the effects of pesticides
beyond the initial specific purpose of their development and, even in
the case of the latter, there have been unexpected results. There has
been no overall assessment, commumnity-wise, world-wise, and there
cannot be, in our present state of knowledge. There can be no balance
sheet to permit the community to arrive at a proper judgement. We will
continue to use chemical conirols but surely this must be accompanied
by more intelligent use and by a continuing investigation on long term
and short term effects.

Other instances of man’s impact on the environment are known to you
all and the problem of waste is the common denominator for many of
them.

Packaging, which is one of the great industries of the world today,
is a massive user of natural resources and a contributor to the problems
of waste.

What is the community need?

Inbuilt obsoletism is one of the features of the last few decades
This is a major contributor to the waste problem.

What is the community need here?

Pollution in the generally accepted sense is essentially a problem
of waste and the legislation of the world is inadequate.

How can industrial pollution be kept within the limits acceptable to
the community in the absence of a knowledge of the receiving environment?

Of what value are standards if they are not flexible and cannot be
varied to meet the different situations created by the total number of
industries in a particular locality? Standards have a very limited value
unless the total pollution load is considered.

14 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

Thermal change is now recognised as pollution and this is yet
another example of waste. Thermal pollution can result in gross changes
in the aquatic environment and this problem could grow very rapidly
if unchecked.

Oil spillages have made the headlines on a number of occasions
in recent years. On the law of averages they must increase and as
yet there is no satisfactory solution.

Urbanization and inadequate planning can, in the aggregate, change
the environment substantially.

The mobility of the community contributes to the environmental
situation. The mere capacity of more people to travel greater distances,
more frequently and more quickly, presents many problems of which
most are unnecessary.

The quarries of the Adelaide Hills, around Perth and Melbourne
(and surely elsewhere) are aesthetically offensive to many people. This
is another impact on the environment.

What is the need of the community, and to anticipate a later question;
is the community prepared to pay the extra cost of the stone if the
quarrying is carried out in less conspicious localities? This question of
cost is seldom posed yet, if it is ignored, our concern with the condition
of the environment is an idle exercise.

One could continue developing this inventory of examples of man’s
waste.

Non-wasteful use of our natural resources is surely a community
responsibility and continuous investigation is needed to provide data
for the interpretation and assessment of the ethical use of resources
to ensure that not only are the proper needs of today’s community met
but, more importantly, that succeeding generations will be given the
opportunity of choosing, and meeting their needs.

* * *

If, as I suggest, many of the less obvious environmental problems
prove to be, in the long term, more significant than some of the
problems which are readily recognisable, research must be intensified
in many directions.

Apart from refinement of techniques of analysis and the identification
of materials in trace quantities; the establishing of monitoring systems
in many situations (lamentably inadequate or non-existent at present—
you can’t turn the clock back to look at 1970 at some time in the future),
physiological and behavioural studies, separately, jointly and in relation
to the environment itself, should be expanded as a matter of urgency.
What changes in reproductive capacity, growth, vigor will take place?
Already there is some evidence of change to be found among certain
animals.

Changes in behaviour, of both individuals and living communities,
can have far reaching effects. This might well require the deliberate
redirection of research efforts; it will most certainly require the provision
of far more money.

_ ,Programmes must, in many instances, be co-ordinated and be inter-
disciplinary and this leads me to the next part of my address.

The community in establishing acceptable standards of quality of
the environment and in demanding goods, services, and all those things
arising from a growing affluence, must recognise that, although it is

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 15

difficult to reconcile these conflicting demands, they are reconcilable
at a cost.

Research by government, industry and universities must be greatly
expanded.

More demanding and costly pollutant standards must be established
on the basis of the receiving environment and the total pollutant load.

The location of quarries must be such that they meet aesthetic
demands.

Who pays?

Industry will say that the cost of meeting these demands must not
be unreasonable and this, I take it, means that industry must be in a
position to allocate reasonable dividends to its shareholders and to
charge reasonable (although higher) prices for the goods or services
it supplies. From the community viewpoint someone must exercise
judgement.

To return to the question as to who pays—obviously it is the
community. The price of goods and services will rise a little and, if
the government increases its financial support for research, by industry
itself, universities and government agencies, then taxes must rise.

It should be unnecessary to state these things as they are so
Obvious but there is apparently little recognition of this all-important
aspect of maintaining an environment which is not unfavourably altered.

I suggest that we are facing one of man’s great challenges and
the climate is good. There is recognition, identification and awareness
of the problem of environmental contamination; there is demand for a
new approach and there is political recognition of the situation.

16 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

REPORTS OF SECTIONS

Avicultural Section Annual Report, 1969-70

Regular meetings held by this Section throughout the year had
an average attendance of 22 members. We were pleased to welcome many
visitors to our lectures and it was particularly gratifying to note the
increased interest in our programme by members of other Sections of
the Society. The time given and the quality of material provided by our
lecturers are greatly appreciated. Highlights of the year included Mr.
Norman Chaffer’s delightful colour film on the Northern Territory and
Arnhem Land. During his trip, covering 11,000 miles, Mr. Chaffer saw
50 species for the first time. Mr. J. Waterhouse supported his talk on
the Birds of Kuring-gai Chase with magnificent slides. Nature photography
enthusiasts found Mr. L. Howes’s practical suggestions very valuable.
We enjoyed Mr. D. Trounson’s discussion on “The National Photo-
graphic Index of Australian Birds Project.” We had the opportunity
to view this wonderful collection at the Australian Museum. Members
were fascinated by the detail of Mrs. Blaxland’s lecture on Parrots. Her
amazing success in breeding these beautiful birds could be readily under-
stood when one realised how meticulously their diet was studied. Provision
of supper at the conclusion of the business gives members and visitors an
opportunity to meet the lecturers and exchange views.

Mr. B. Read and Mr. E. Brown have been the backbone of the
working parties which have operated throughout the year to build 22
aviaries in the Quarantine Section of Taronga Zoo. Perhaps a list of the
occupants of these aviaries would be of interest:-

Scarlet-chested Parrot, Neophema splendida, 2 pairs.
Turquoise Parrot, Neophema pulchella.

Hooded Parrot, Psephotus dissimilis.

Little Blue Bonnet, Psephotus narethae, 2 pairs.

Red and Blue Macaw, Psittacus macao.

Blue and Yellow Macaw, Ara ararauna.

Red and Yellow Macaw, Ara macao.

Superb Parrot, Polytelis swainsoni.

Princess Parrot (Rose-throated), Polytelis alexandrae.
Crimson-winged (Red) Parrot, Aprosmictus erythropterus.
Red-sided Parrot, Lorius pectoralis.

Glossy Black Cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus lathami, 5 pairs.
Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus funereus.
Palm Cockatoo, Probosciger aterrimus.

_ A special “thank you” to Mr. Les Clayton (Head Birdkeeper) and
his offsiders for their courtesy and co-operation.

Birds donated to Taronga Zoo by members of this Section include:-
Foreign
Aurora Finches, Pytilia phoenicoptera.
St. Helena’s Waxbill, Estrilda astrild.
African Fire Finch (Ruddy Waxbill), Lagonosticta senegala.
Cuban Finch, Yiaris canora.
Australian
Pictorella Finches, Donacola pectoralis.
Plumhead Finches, Aidemosyne modesta.
Diamond Finches, Zonaeginthus guttatus.
Long-tailed Grass Finches, Poephila gouldiae.
Red-winged Parrot, Aprosmictus erythropterus.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 17

In addition improvements were made to some of the outside aviaries.
The one housing the Kingfishers and the Pigmy Geese has created
considerable interest.

Breeding Report

From six pairs of Star Finches, Bathilda ruficauda, there are now
approx. 40.

Cuban Finch, Tiaris canora, 7.

Aurora Waxbill, Pytilia phoenicoptera, 4.
Ruddy Waxbill, Lagonosticta senegala, 4.
Diamond Sparrow, Zonaeginthus guttatus, 2.

Finally, “thank you” to all who have contributed in any way to
such a successful and happy year for this Section.

—MARY WRAY, Hon. Secretary.

Conchological Section Annual Report, 1969-70

The year 1969-70 saw the “knockers” at work on shell collectors
generally. Dear me, if only we had all those magnificent Charonia tritonis
in our collections! A great deal of utter rubbish and conjecture have
been printed concerning this so-called predominant enemy of the
crown-of-thorns starfish. Independent surveys and enquiries, from three
months to twelve months duration, made by some members of this
Section, have established that this mollusc does not inhabit the intertidal
zones of the Great Barrier Reef—the area most frequently visited by the
general public and by shell collectors. Consequently, suggestions made
in articles that shell collectors and the general public have seriously
depleted the reef of the triton mentioned throw grave doubts upon the
validity of other assertions made in such articles. However, it is thought
that the present official enquiry into the whole matter will, at the very
least, establish facts. Whilst on the subject of the Great Barrier Reef, it
is pleasing to note that all members are of the opinion that exploitation
of the Reef and coastal waters is a matter of national importance which
should be completely divorced from obolitics and vested interests—a
happening which, unfortunately, is extremely unlikely to eventuate.

Turning to details of the year’s activities, the number of persons
attending meetings averaged thirty.

Families, the subject of lectures during the year, comprised Conidae
(Mr. L. Moore), Patellidae and Fissurellidae (Miss G. Thornley),
Volutidae (Mr. F. Abbottsmith) and Cancellariidae (Mr. T. Garrard).
In addition, Dr. D. F. McMichael lectured on the Great Barrier Reef,
supporting his talk with an excellent film on underwater life found
on the Reef and taken by members of the staff of the Australian Museum.
A shell auction was held under the auspices of Mr. L. Moore and the
Secretary lectured on Practical Shell Collecting and Cleaning. The
remaining evenings were devoted to identification of shells by colour
slides and a display of shells by members.

The Christmas function was again extremely successful. Those
attending were entertained by Mr. E. J. Gadsden who screened colour
slides of Central Australia.

Field days were held at Long Reef, Shellharbour, Gibbon and
Boat Harbour. It was reported that a live specimen of the rare
Cypraea hartsmithi was found at Jervis Bay.

18 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

During the year, Mr. P. Colman was appointed to the Australian
Museum as Technical Assistant in the Mollusc Department, and we
wish him every success in a position he is well qualified to fill.

In conclusion, our thanks are due to the lecturers, the chairman
and others who have given of their time and contributed to a successful
year. On behalf of all members, I extend sincere thanks to the Trustees
of the Australian Museum, to the Director (Dr. F. H. Talbot) and to
Dr. W. Ponder and his staff for the assistance and courtesies extended to
the Section during the past year.

—N. S. GOMERSALL, Hon. Secretary.

(Annual Reports from other Sections had not been furnished at the
time of going to press.—Ed.).

—_—_ Ee

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 19

SERPENTS OF THE SEA

by TOM IREDALE

When I mention Sea-Sernents I can almost hear some doubting
listener remark “There are no such things’, and I agree that this is
usually the comment made when ever this intriguing subject is mentioned.
Yet for hundreds of years reports of strange creatures seen at sea can
be traced through literature and an analysis of such accounts leads to
the conclusion that the sea holds its secrets well. One of the earliest
descriptions of a Sea-dragon reads “July 6, 1734. A most hideous sea-
monster was seen, which reared itself so high above the water, that its
head overtopp’d our main-sail. It had a long pointed nose, out of
which it spouted like a whale. Instead of fins it had great broad
flaps like wings; its body seemed to be grown over with shell-work,
and its skin very rugged and uneven, it was shaped like a serpent
behind, and when it dived into the water again, it plunged itself backwards,
and raised its tail above the water a whole shiv length from its body.
Our eye could rate the measure of its body to be no less than the
bulk of our ship in thickness, and in length 3 or 4 times as long. In
the evening we met with rough weather, and the following day a storm.”

This was written by the Rev. Paul Egede on his voyage to Greenland
and another minister of religion, Rev. David Crantz, commenting upon
this description observed “This partly agrees with what men (one
would think) of credit have related of the great Sea-serpent that is
seen in the Norway seas, though very seidom, and never but in a
perfect calm, in the months of July and August. Its length is computed
at 100 fathom, its thickness the compass of a great winevessel, and its
folds in number from 20 to 100, like great floating casks. Its head is
said to look like a horse’s head, its neck is decked with a long white
mane hanging down, and its body consists of a grey slimy flesh.”

Such a definite description would seem to indicate that some strange
animal was undoubtedly seen and that it was auite unlike the normal
style is just as certain. Curious creatures such as the Walrus were
described and figured by these ancient writers and they are quite
recognisable, however distorted the descriptions may appear to our more
cultured minds today.

Another credible tale was given by the pastor of Eigg, in the
Hebrides, Scotland, who stated that he had seen a Sea-serpent while he
was in a boat about two miles from land. He contended that the
sea-serpent chased the boat, and the minister only got away by running to
shelter. The sea-serpent was described as having a large head and
slender tail with no fins and a tapering tail. It moved undulatingly like
unto a snake on land and was thought to be some seventy feet long.
It was also seen by the crews of thirteen fishing boats who were also
frightened by its appearance and sheltered in the nearest creek. It
must be admitted that this animal could not easily be confused with any
known inhabitant of the sea, and the number of witnesses suggests
some definite basis, not the dream of a single individual.

Then more than one hundred years ago a sea-serpent was seen
by many people off the coast of Norway. One fisherman reported that
while in his boat he saw it twice in a couple of hours, and each
time quite close. Indeed once it came so near that he lay down in
the bottom of his boat with his head just above the gunwale,
expecting every moment to be attacked. However it passed him but
later it returned but, the wind increasing, it sank and disappeared
altogether. He stated it seemed about thirty-six feet long, with a round

20 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

body of about a couple of feet diameter, the head about three feet long,
the eyes sparkling red and round, and nearly six inches across: a
curious fin-like mane began behind the head and spread itself out on
both sides when the animal was swimming; both the head and this mane
were of a dark brownish red colour. The body which looked smooth
moved undulatingly up and down and it varied its movements, increasing .
its pace as it passed him. The movements of the head and body were
shallow, not dipping deep in the water. This account was generally
confirmed by many people including the minister and doctor of the
parishes adjjacent. It should be noted that the most educated people
of the district were able to testify to the presence of some unknown
snake-like beast in the sea. These occurrences are in and about the
North Sea and others with less notable witnesses are on record.

Sea-serpents however are not confined to these northern climes as one
of the best accounts was made from the Frigate Daedalus between the
Cape of Good Hope and St. Helena. This Daedalus sea-serpent was
thus described by the Captain in an official report demanded by his
Admiral. After giving exact details of his position, the weather conditions,
etc. he continued, “Something very unusual was seen by Mr. Sartoris, mid-
shipman, rapidly approaching the ship from before the beam. The
circumstance was immediately reported by him to the officer of the watch
with whom and the master I was walking the quarter-deck. On our
attention being called to the object, it was discovered to be an
enormous serpent with head and shoulders kept about four feet
constantly above the surface of the sea, and as nearly as we could
approximate by comparing it with the length of what our main topsailyard
would show in the water, there was, at the very least, sixty feet of
the animal at the surface of the water, no nortion of which was
to our perception, used in propelling it through the water, either by
vertical or horizontal undulation. It passed rapidly, but so close
under our lee quarter that, had it been a man of my acquaintance, I
should have easily recognised his features with the naked eye, and it
did not, either in approaching the ship or after it had passed our wake,
deviate in the slighest degree from its course to the South West, which
it held on at the pace of from twelve to fifteen miles per hour,
apparently on some determined purpose. The diameter of the Serpent
was about fifteen or sixteen inches behind the head, which was, without
any doubt, that of a snake; and it was never, during the twenty
minutes that it continued in sight of our glasses, once below the
surface of the water. Its colour a dark brown, with yellowish white about
the throat. It had no fins, but something like the mane of a horse, or
rather a bunch of seaweed washed about its back. It was seen by the
quarter-master, the boatswain’s mate, and the man at the wheel, in
addition to myself and the officers above mentioned.” The precision of
the statements officially rendered by a responsible officer make this
occurrence really credible.

The captain in this statement does not mention the mouth but
in the published account, additional data noted, “When it extended its
jaws, which were full of large jagged teeth, they seemed sufficiently
capacious to admit of a tall man standing upright between them.”
Another very full account given by the Captain and officers of the
Royal Yacht Osborne over ninety years ago in the Mediterranean Sea
off the Sicilian coast reads, “The sea being perfectly smooth, attention
was drawn to a ridge of fins above the surface of the water extending
about thirty feet, and varying from five to six feet in height. On
inspecting it by means of a telescope, a head, two flappers and about
thirty feet of an animal’s shoulder was seen. The head was judged to be
about six feet thick, the neck narrower, about four or five feet, the
shoulder about fifteen feet across, and the flappers each about fifteen
feet in length. The movements of the flappers were those of a turtle,

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 21

and the animal resembled a huge seal, the resemblance being strongest
about the back of the head. The length of the head was not clearly seen,
but from its crown or top to just below the shoulder (where it became
immersed) it was regarded as being about fifty feet. The tail end was
not seen, being under water, unless the ridge of fins which first attracted
attention and which had disappeared before the telescope was secured,
were really the continuation of the body from the shoulder to the
tail. The animal’s head was not always above water, but was thrown
upward, remaining above for a few seconds at a time and then
disappearing.” The discrepancies between this and the last mentioned
has given the sceptic a chance to negative both, but this is quite unwise
as no one should attempt to conclude that only one kind of sea-monster
inhabited the seas of the world: it may be that many different kinds
exist, of wide ranging habits.

Now I want to come to a most definite and well authenticated
occurrence reported by two very well known naturalists, Messrs. M. J.
Nicoll and E. B. Meade Waldo. I am sorry to say that both these
gentlemen are dead as they were both excellent friends, and of unim-
peachable verity. The former was later Director of the Zoological
Gardens at Cairo, Egypt, and the latter was a scientific assistant at the
British Museum (Natural History) where I met both men. The official
report written by Nicoll stated “Meade Waldo and I saw a most extra-
ordinary creature about 100 yards from the shiv, and moving in the
same direction but very much slower than we were going. At first all that
we could see was a dorsal fin, about four feet long, sticking up about
two feet from the water: this fin was of a brownish-black colour, and
much resembled a gigantic piece of ribbon-seaweed. Below the water
we could indistinctly see a very large brownish-black patch, but could
not make out the shave of the creature. Every now and then the fin
entirely disappeared below the water. Suddenly an eel-like neck, about
six feet long and of the thickness of a man’s thigh, having a head
shaped like that of a turtle, appeared in front of the fin. This head and
neck, which were of the same colour above as the fin, but of a silvery
white below, lashed up the water with a curious wriggling movement.
After this it was so far astern that we could make out nothing else.”
Nicoll plaintively added, “It must be remembered that such ridicule is
generally bestowed on the revorts of sea-monsters that many persons
hesitate to describe what they have seen. I know myself of several instances
of unknown sea-monsters having been seen by reliable witnesses, who,
to avoid the inevitable ‘chaff’ would not publicly state their experiences.”

I wish to draw attention to the locality where this sea-serpent
was observed, namely about fourteen miles from the coast of Brazil
near Para. That is in the South Atlantic not far distant from where
the Daedalus sea-serpent was recorded. There is some similarity in
the descriptions of the two monsters, and it may be that there were
similar animals. Nicoll suggested that it seemed to him not to be a
reptile but more of the nature of a mammal, but of course this was
mere suggestion from the impression of the animal; it might be noted
however that such impressions by experienced naturalists are often of
great value.

And now what about our Australian sea-serpents?

A brief reference to a sea-serpent seen in July 1875 off Cape
Elizabeth, Portland [presumably in Victoria] appeared in The Town and
Country Journal, July 24, 1875, p. 147, but no definite details were
supplied.

The Australian Encyclopaedia (8, 1958, p. 52) tells us that at least
three occurrences of sea-serpents have been recorded from Australian

LD, AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

waters. On 8 June 1890 lighthouse keepers at Sandy Cape, Qld., saw an
animal with a turtle-like body, a long neck, a head with a mouth full
of teeth, etc. An illustrated account of the event is given in Saville-
Kent’s Great Barrier Reef of Australia (1893) wherein it was rather
facetiously named Chelosauria lovelli. Mr. A. H. Chisholm has the
original colour sketches by Miss S. Lovell of this sea-serpent, and has
kindly supplied the following notes:

THE QUEENSLAND SEA SERPENT

On April 7, 1891, Miss S. Lovell of Sandy Cape, Fraser Island, wrote to
Dr. E. P. Ramsay, Curator of the Australian Museum, Sydney, inquiring if he
could identify a creature known as the Moha Moha, which she had seen. She
said it was not a turtle but ‘‘a compound creature, two parts fish, and even
those two parts resembled two distinct kinds’’. She thought it was perhaps a
link between fishes and turtles. It resembled a turtle only in having a huge
dome-shaped carapace, but that was perfectly smooth until near the fish-like tail,
and was of a dull slate grey, whereas the neck, head and tail were very glossy.

On the back of her letter Miss Lovell provided a sketch of the Moha Moha
lying at full length, and this indicated it to be more than 30 feet long, with the
central hump about 8 feet high. She also said that the blacks stated it had legs
like a crocodile and when standing up was about 5 feet high.

Dr Ramsay in reply asked four questions:

1. Who saw the animal and made the original drawing;

2. Was it in the sea or on shore;

3. Did more than one person see it;

4. Was the sketch made from memory after the animal had swum past.

Under date May 1891 Miss Lovell replied:

1. I sketched the creature from memory as soon as I saw the last of it,
and coloured the sketch at once for fear I should forget the proper shades.
Just as I had finished the drawing a gin came to my door and immediately called
it Moha Moha; she said ‘long fellow, big fellow’ and ran twice up and down
a piece of logging to show its length, which being measured gave 36 feet.

2. The creature was lying at full length along the edges of the shore but just
covered with water except the head and part of the neck which were out of the
water. After some time it put its head down and turned out to sea; then, standing
up, it raised its great dome shape out of the water—I could not see over its
back—it was quite 5 feet high. Its long fish-tail was parallel to me and its length
was about 12 feet and elevated so high that I could have stood under its flukes.

3. It did not swim but after a full half-hour it gave one half twist to its
tail and shot away like a flash of lightning. It seemed to me that I had not time to
breathe once before it was nearly a quarter-mile away, with its tail again in
the air. The Moha Moha is said to have twice attacked the blacks’ camps. The
sea was so dead calm on the day I saw it that there was not a wave higher
than two inches and the bay was alive with fish, dolphins, sharks, etc.

4. During the two days the creature was off shore seven whites and two
blacks saw it. but the blacks and myself were the only ones who saw it on shore.
One old sailor thought it was some kind of whale; a lad of 19 and three girls
thought the head was that of a crocodile; and a man and his wife decided it was
some creature they had never seen before. Not one of the people thought that
the head and the tail belonged to the same creature, especially as the colouring
was so totally different.

Writing again on June 5 (1891) Miss Lovell suggested that the only way to
obtain a specimen of the Moha Moha would be to publish a coloured sketch
of the creature and offer a reward for a specimen. Anyone atten-pting to shoot
one would have to aim at the head, as to shoot at the tail would merely injure
its propelling power and send it to the bottom of the ocean. She added that the
creature was certainly not common, as it had only been on shore at Sandy Cape
twice in eight years. Strangely, it came ashore on two days in June 1890 at the
spot where it had previously attacked the blacks’ camps, so very likely it was
the same creature.

On July 9 1891, Miss Lovell wrote again to tell Dr Ramsay that the Moha
Moha was in the Bay on July 5, but did not come on shore.

“In 1891,” says D. G. Stead (Giants and Pigmies of the Deep,
1933, p. 87), “a diver while at work in the harbour at Newcastle,
reported having seen an enormous sea-monster fully 30 feet long. It had
a dog-shaved head, he said, and large eyes. It was seen later by two men
in a boat. In 1899, a Tasmanian fisherman, while in his boat, was
reported as having been chased by a sea-monster with a long neck
elevated 20 feet out of the water, and carrying a triangular flat head.”

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 23

In 1901, a sea-serpent was seen swimming in the open sea off
Cape Naturaliste, Western Australia, by the masters of the Nemesis
and the Perth, at an interval of twelve hours between the two appearances.

In February, 1925, a sea-monster was reported off Port Stephens
by the steamer Sf. Francois Xavier on a voyage from Noumea to
Newcastle. Again a very circumstantial account is given, and the extract
from the official log reads: “Several officers and a portion of the crew
of the steamer St. Francois Xavier revort having seen, when exactly
abeam of the lighthouse at Port Stephens, a huge sea serpent, of dark
yellow colour, about 60 feet in length, and two feet in diameter. The
steamer was about a mile out from the shore, and passed within a
few yards of the monster. While the vessel was passing it, the serpent
appeared to be asleep, its head and tail being in a horizontal position,
while its body formed five coils. On the centre of the back was a
spike-like fin, resembling a shark’s. Doubtless awakened by the noise
of the propellers, it extended its head several yards out of the water,
the head being turtle-shaped, with a graceful neck. It remained in this
position for several minutes, and then disappeared. The Chinese members
of the crew referred to the serpent as the ‘dragon’, a symbolic monster of
Chinese mythology.” Later, Chevey (Bull. Soc. Zool. France 62, 1937,
p. 294, fig.) figured it and called it Megophias megophias. Here again
note the number of witnesses to the occurrence, a regular feature of all
the best known records, none depending upon a single report.

Charles Anderson (Australian Museum Magazine, 5, 1934, p. 204)
wrote: “Australia, too, has records of sea-serpents, and its latest appear-
ance on the South Coast of New South Wales in 1930 will be fresh in
the minds of our readers. The Bellambi Reef specimen was seen at
fairly close quarters by some courageous fishermen who rowed near it,
and from their description Mr. D. G. Stead concludes that it was
probably a Pike Whale. A day or so later another monster was reported
from Scarborough, a few miles north of Bellambi Reef. In this case
the creature was seen by various reliable observers and was described
as resembling a huge snake eighty or ninety feet long.”

Various other sea-monsters have been revorted from Australia in
later years.

While many explanations of the “sea-serpent myth” have been
suggested none is capable of meeting the cases quoted. These explanations
may be cited as follows: Basking Sharks, Whale Sharks, Ribbon Fish,
Giant Squids or even a shoal of propoises. Let us take these in rotation.
A Basking Shark may be more than thirty feet long, it lies on the
surface of the water, but surely no one could ever make a _ basking
shark look like a turtle-head with a graceful neck and many folds. Still
less does a Whale Shark offer any explanation as it is larger and more
bulky still and of the heavy build of a hippopotamus. The Ribbon fish
would better supply the delicate neck and serpent-like body but then it is
only about twenty feet long and would scarcely fold its rather weakly
muscled body.

Even more unlikely are Giant Squids because they have no head
apparent from the body, and in support of the theory of continued
existence of sea-serpents the Giant Squid could be convincingly cited.
Thus with regard to the Australian reports of the sea-serpent objection
might be urged that these are in a sea well travelled by ships and if a
sea-serpent lived there it should have been seen by someone long before
this year of grace. But Giant Squids occur in this same sea but very
few have been yet reported on this side of the Tasman Sea. On the
New Zealand side specimens have been washed up with bodies ten to
twelve feet long and with long arms measuring fifty feet in length. It

24 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

has even been stated that these occur nearly every year during the
months of June and July, generally mutilated through shark attacks etc.
Were it not for these recognised forms the existence of such giant
animals could easily be doubted. It may even be that squids constitute
the food of the sea-serpents as they undoubtedly do of the Sperm Whale.
The difficulty of determining the truth in sailors’ tales is well known but
when tried and trusted officers give evidence such as I have detailed
there must be something living in the sea that we have not yet received
in our museums. I would recall the suggestion given by Nicoll that
his sea-serpent might have been a mammal: at first sight this seems
more incredible but happenings in the 1920’s did not make this so.
I would refer to the fact that some hundred large mammals, were
washed up on the shores of the North of Scotland, and upon investi-
gation by the officers of the British Museum (Natural History) were
found to belong to a species practically unknown previously through
all the years of whale-hunting in the north.

While this might be regarded as an occurrence scarcely worth
mentioning as confirmatory evidence the Manly capture of a small whale
known as Risso’s Dolphin will bring the truth nearer home. It may be
remembered that years ago a Sawfish was cavtured by the Manly
Lifesavers and upon exhibition such a large sum of money was received
that a new surf boat called the Sawfish was purchased. Soon afterwards
another stranger was seen in difficulties and, bearing in mind the rich
result of the Sawfish, this littlhe Whale was quickly secured. Though
not so spectacular to the layman the second kill proved much more
so to the scientist as the little beast proved to belong to a form never
previously recognised in Australian waters. A little later another of
the same kind was secured at Curl Curl, New South Wales and it
may be that these are common somewhere in our seas, Yet these are
mammals and should be just as easily seen and reported as a mammal
sea-serpent. Also in the 1920’s there was a large wash up in northern
New Guinea of one of the rarer little whales, very like to that from the
north of Scotland.

It may once again be pointed out that there can be no difficulty in
allowing any huge animal the freedom of the sea. While all land animals
are tied to the land and winged animals only float about in the air for a
short time coming to rest and breed upon the land no such restrictions
are laid upon the animals of the sea. They are free to roam through a
medium having three times the surface of the land of the world and with
varying depths down to six miles. Imagine what any land animal
would look like six miles up in the air; the largest known would fade into
insignificance at a few thousand feet, and if such could reach a couple
of miles and stay at the height we on earth would not know of their
existence. Transpose this statement into sea depths, and then it must
be realised that the sea could hold huge animals larger than any sea-
serpent yet recorded in its vastnesses without any fear of our discovery.
It must be appreciated that none of our methods of sea research can
give us any idea of such living animals as these sea-serpents may be. The
only conclusion that the scientific observer can reach is that there may
be many kinds of sea-servents living in large numbers in the sea of
which we have no conception whatever.

SESE

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 25

GEORGE MASTERS, NATURALIST

by G. P. WHITLEY
(Plate III)

As I have been invited to write about the life of George Masters
for the Australian Dictionary of Biography, it may be deemed appropriate
that a modern account of that naturalist’s work should appear in this
zoological publication.

George Masters was born in Kent, England, in July 1837. He was
an expert gardener who became interested in natural history. He emigrated
to Melbourne about 1856 or 1857 and for two years was employed
by Dr. Godfrey Howitt (1800-1873), a botanist and entomologist who
practised medicine in Collins Street and whose collection is in the
National Museum, Melbourne. Masters then visited Tasmania and made a
collection of insects, subsequently purchased by William Macleay. Masters
came to Sydney about 1859 or 1860 and worked as nurseryman gardener
at Shepherd’s Darling Nursery. He visited the Australian Museum to
identify the insects he collected in his spare time. J. J. Fletcher (1929,
p- 214) informs us, “Finding that some of those on view were, as he
thought, incorrectly named, he made himself known to the Curator,
Mr. G. Krefft, and pointed out certain mistakes, and was thanked for
his trouble. At this time, of course, the Curator, who was not an
entomologist, was the only scientific member of the very limited staff.
About this time, William Macleay asked Mr. Krefft if he could
recommend someone who could underiake collecting for him. Mr. Krefft
replied that a young man, who frequently came to the Museum in
search of names for his specimens, would perhaps be suitable; and
offered to arrange for an interview. The interview was satisfactory and
Masters was despatched to Port Denison [Queensland]. An attack of
malaria hastened his return, but William Macleay was well pleased
with the results.”

After his return from Port Denison in July 1862, George Masters
decided to become an entomologist, collecting specimens assiduously.
From January 1863 onwards he regularly exhibited insects before the
Entomological Society of New South Wales. He also collected birds,
skins of which Krefft purchased from him at one shilling each.

Photographs’ of Masters show him as a full-bearded man; he must
have been very energetic and diligent. Froggatt (1913, p. 5) refers to
his kindness of heart, his courtesy and readiness to forward
Australian entomologists’ studies, and to help them, “He was possessed,”
said Froggatt, “of an unrivalled knowledge of the habits, and life-
histories of Australian animals; and it is much to be regretted that his
distaste for the literary side of the subject, has deprived us of much
interesting matter, that it would have been advantageous to us to have
had on record, because so much of it was acauired under most favourable
conditions, when settlement was only just beginning to interfere with
the native fauna.”

+ A. M. Lea, Victorian Naturalist 45, 1928, pp. 165-167, fig.

H. J. Carter, Gulliver in the Bush, 1933, pp. 6 et seq., portrait.

H. M. Whittell, Literature of Australian Birds, 1954, p. 486, plate 27.
Other photographs of George Masters, in his old age, are in the
Macleay Museum, University of Sydney (reproduced here on Plate
III) and in the Australian Museum.

26 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

George Masters was appointed Assistant Curator to Krefft and
Collector at the Australian Museum> in June 1864. His salary was
£200 per annum and he appears in the manuscript register of the
Museum’s employees from 4 June 1864 till 1874. As Collector, he
travelled extensively and collected at least at the following places:

1864. Inland New South Wales (Type of Petrogale longicauda Krefft
from Rylstone, 250 miles north-west of Sydney).

1865. Ipswich and nearby Pine Mountain in April-May, and at Wide
Bay, Queensland. From Sept. to Nov. 1865, in South Australia
(Adelaide, Port Augusta, Port Lincoln and Flinders Range).

1866. Albany and King George’s Sound, Western Australia (281 skins
of birds included the Western Bristle-Bird and Noisy Scrub-
Bird). Also Ulladulla, New South Wales and Tasmania.

1867. March to May in Tasmania (Hobart, Hamilton, etc.) and in
November to Wide Bay, Queensland.

1868-69. King George’s Sound (Dec. 1868-Jan. 1869) and upper reaches
of the Pallinup or Salt River, Mongup (Jan. 1869), Western
Australia.

1869. Lord Howe Island and the Maneroo [Monaro] and Bombala
district, New South Wales.

1870. Snowy Mountains, Queanbeyan and Monaro, in January. Then
in August-Sept. in Queensland to collect lungfishes from the
Burnett River at Gayndah, where he probably acquired “the
preserved skin of a black gin” [i.e. a female aborigine].

1871. In this year, Masters completed and printed the first part of
his Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. The
model for this was Gemminger & Harold’s Catalogus
Coleopterorum (1868-1876).

1872. Collected at Murrurundi, New South Wales, in the summer, with
William Macleay.

1873. Produced ‘Diurnal Lepidoptera’ and ‘List of Australian Longi-
corns. In December, he was on holidays, but returned to
Sydney after the gold robbery at the museum. In his Snakes
of Australia (1869), Krefft praised Masters for finding so
many Australian snakes additional to those catalogued by
Gunther. In the 1870’s and 1880’s Masters contributed papers
and exhibits to the Linnean Society of New South Wales.

Although George Masters was an employee of the Australian
Museum under Krefft, he was also supplying specimens for William
Macleay’s collection. Masters also had his private collection of zoological
specimens and owned considerable real estate. Friction between Masters
and Krefft eventuated. When Masters sent in his resignation as Assistant
Curator at the Australian Museum in January 1874, Macleay offered him
£300 per annum to assist with his collection “with a promise of his
having the curatorship of the Macleayan University Museum on my
death, at the same salary.” Masters accepted this offer and entered upon
his new duties on 6th February 1874.

With John Brazier and E. Spalding, Masters worked on the collections
and books, he went beachcombing around Sydney for marine specimens,
dredged in and outside Port Jackson, and in the ketch Peahen up and
down the coast. In 1874, also, he went to Wagga and Gunning, New
South Wales. Masters shot sea birds and land birds and examined many

Australian Museum Minutes, 2nd June 1864: letter book ii, p. 155;
Etheridge, Rec. Austr. Mus., 12, 1916, p. 393.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 27

animals for their parasites. Some details of his operations are given
by J. J. Fletcher (1929, pp. 220 et seq.). The relaxing and settling of
hundreds of Macleay’s ‘diurnal lepidoptera’ (i.e. butterflies) must have been
an agreeable task as only a year before Masters had published about
these.

In 1875 Masters visited north-eastern Australia and New Guinea
in Macleay’s Chevert expedition, the narrative of which has been related
elsewhere’.

Amongst many specimens, he obtained the first known egg of the
Bird of Paradise, Paradisea, for the Macleay Museum, At Yule Island,
Papua, he saw a mass of Shining Starlings’ nests that completely covered
and bore down the branches and must have weighed over twenty tons.

From 1885 to 1887 his Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of
Australia was produced.

In 1888 the Macleayan Museum was transferred to the University
of Sydney, being opened to the vublic in 1890, and there Masters
looked after it until his death.

George Masters was a member of the Natural History Association
of New South Wales which was inaugurated at the Sydney Mechanics’
School of Arts in July 1887. By April 1890, the Association adopted the
name of Field Naturalists’ Society of New South Wales. George Masters
was a Councillor of that Society and at its first annual exhibition he
showed a large collection of living plants’.

The years 1895 and 1896 saw the appearance of Supplements to
Masters’s Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia, but later
years were marred by illness. A. M. Lea (1928, p. 167) tells us that
towards the end of his life, Masters suffered considerably from nervous
complaints, and he was once in a cataleptic trance for a few days. He
was a man of strong likes and dislikes, always willing to oblige a
friend and fond of a yarn. Reportedly something of a ladies’ man, he
was twice married, but left no children. A holiday trip to England in
his latter years did not bring him much enjoyment because his eyesight
was so poor by then. Yet, in his prime, he had been a splendid shot,
fearless in the bush with natives, and frequently caught reptiles,
including venomous snakes, in his bare hands. More Australian species
of vertebrates and invertebrates were named after Masters than any
other naturalist of his time. A genus of Flycatcher was named Mastersornis
by Mathews in 1917.

The handwritten manuscripts of Masters’s Catalogues are still in the
Macleay Museum, University of Sydney, as well as his published works,
some with his handwritten additions.

Masters was injured in a cab accident on his way to Government
House, and died as a result in Sydney on 23rd June 1912.

* Tllustrated Sydney News, 22 & 29 May 1875, pp. 1, 6 & 7 and 16 Oct.
1875, p. 15. Macleay, Maitland Mercury, 14 Oct. 1875. Sydney Morning
Herald, 22 May 1875, fig. and 16 Oct. 1875, pp. 487-488. Sydney Mail,
22 May 1875. Town & Country Journal, 31 July 1875, pv. 168; 16 Oct.
1875, pp. 614 & 622 and 11 Dec. 1875, p. 946. J. J. Fletcher, Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, 54, 1929, pp. 242 et seq., 262. Salier, Journ.
Roy. Aust. Hist. Soc. 15, 1929, pv. 146. D. S. McMillan, A squatter
went to sea, 1957, pp. 47 et seq., figs.

* Sydney Morning Herald, newspaper, 3rd April 1891 and Field Nat.
Soc. Ann. Rept., 1890-91 (1891), p. 10.

28 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

Bibliography :-

George Masters’s published writings may be epitomized as follows.

Exhibitions of [various] insects.
Trans. Ent. Soc, N.S.Wales, i, 1863, p. x; 1864, pp. xvii, xx
& xxi, xxiii & xxiv, xxv, xXxvi & xxvii; i, 1864, p. xxviii
et ibid., i, 1865, pp. XXxviii, xxxix & xli; i, 1866, pp. li,
ii, Ix & Ikxi.

A list of the Australian Longicorns, chiefly described and arranged
by Francis P. Pascoe, Esa., with additional localities and corrections
by George Masters, Esa., Assistant Curator of the Australian Museum,
Sydney. Sydney: F. White, Machine Printer, William Street, 1868, 8vo.,
Preface [i page] + 1-27.

Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia by George Masters.
Part I. Cicindelidae, Carabidae, Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Hydrophilidae,
Staphylinidae.

Price, 2s. 6d. Sydney: F. White. Machine Printer, William
Street. 1871. [Prefaced 83 Hill’s Terrace, Riley Street, Sydney,
Nov. 29th., 1871. 8vo. The set in Public Library, Adelaide, has
apricot-coloured paper covers]. Preface + pp. 1-64 [Reviewed
by Krefft, Sydney Mail, 9th. Dec. 1871, p. 1298; another review
in Evening News (Sydney), 31st Jan. 1872].

Part II. Pselaphidae [etc., etc..... ], Buprestidae.
1872, pp. 65-128.
Part III. Buprestidae . . . . Tenebrionidae.

1872, pp. 129-192.

Part IV. Tenebrionidae . . . . Curculionidae.
Price 2s. 1872, pp. 193-246.

Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia by George Masters.
21 Albert Street, Potts Point, Sydney.

Part V. Curculionidae, Scolytidae, Brenthidae, Anthotribidae, Ceram-
bycidae, Bruchidae.

Price 2s. 6d. Sydney: Printed by Frederick White, 166,
Pitt Street, 1874, pp. 247-312 [Apricot-coloured paper cover].

Catalogue of the described diurnal Lepidoptera of Australia.
Sydney: Frederick White, 1873, 8vo., pp. i-iv + 1-24.

Exhibit: Batocera wallacei from Hall Sound, New Guinea.
Proc. Linn, Soc. N.S.Wales, (1) i (1), Feb. 1876, p. 40.

Zoology of the “Chevert”, Ornithology, Part i.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (1) i (1), Feb. 1876, pp. 44-64.
[Whittell (1954) states, “Refers to birds collected in Australia.

Part 2, which was to cover birds collected in New Guinea,
was never published.”]

Exhibit: Geobasilius reguloides and G. chrysorrhous with nests and

eggs of each. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (1) i (4) March
1877, p. 361.

Exhibit: Nest of Gerygone albogularis with eggs of its own and of a

bronze cuckoo. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (1) i (4), March
1877, p. 362.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 29

Exhibit: Skull of an aboriginal female. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (1)
ii (1), July 1877, p. 30.

On Bruchigavia longirostris, a new species of gull from King George’s
Sound. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (1) ii (1), July 1877,
pp. 113-115.

Exhibit: Bruchigavia, and a gigantic petrel captured at Sydney Heads.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (1) iit (1), July 1877, p. 122.

Exhibit: Collection of spiders, specially mounted. Sydney Morning Herald,
31st July 1877, p. 4 and Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (1) ii (2),
1877 (Jan. 1878), p. 142.

Notes on a collection of birds from Port Darwin.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (1) ii (3), 1877 (May 1878),
pp. 269-276.

Exhibit: Voluta turneri and V. flavicans. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales,
(1) ii (3), 1877 (May 1878), p. 288.

Exhibit: Two crabs (Maia). Sydney Morning Herald, 28th March, 1877,
p. 4 and Proc, Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (1) ii (3), 1877 (May
1878), p. 288.

[Now comes a long series of exhibits of specimens before the Linnean

Society of New South Wales, as listed below, followed by the series,
volume, part, date of publication and pages in that Society’s Proceedings:-]

Albino specimen of the common magpie (and other birds differing
in plumage from the typical forms). P.L.S.N.S.W., (1) iii (1),
Sept. 1878, p. 14.

New cerned petrel shot near Sydney Heads. (1) iii (1), Sept. 1878,
Dace

Phyllosoma from Port Jackson and Trachurus trachurus.

(1) ii (4), 1878 (May 1879), p. 413.

Species of Sauloprocto, Meliornis and Rhipidura. (1) iv (1), 16
June 1879, p. 107.

Shells from Manly. (1) iv (1), 16 June, 1879, p. 116.

New species of Serranus and Percis from Fiji Islands. (1) iv (2),
6 Oct. 1879, p. 244.

Two heads of Malicolo chiefs showing lengthened skulls. (1) iv (2),
6 Oct. 1879, p. 244.

A ee Paradolepas neptuni. (1) iv (4), 1879 (May 1880),
p. j

Note on effect of heat in the development of insects. (1) iv (4),
1879 (May 1880), p. 408.

Preserved specimen of Doris. (1) iv (4), 1879 (May 1880), p. 409.

Heterodontus philippii and H. galeatus. (1) iv (4), 1879 (May

1880), p. 471.
Puffinus gavius and Arses telescophthalmus. (1) v (1), Aug. 1880,
p. 49

Monkey from Borneo. (1) v (1), Aug. 1880, p. 49.
Phaenorhina goliath. (1) v (1), Aug. 1880, p. 105.

Large wooden fish hook used by natives of Fiji. (1) v (2), 22 Nov.
1880, p. 184.

Antechinus fuliginosus with young. (1) v (2), 22 Nov. 1880, p. 192.
Egg of Paradisea raggiana. (1) ix (3), 29 Nov. 1884, p. 681.
Ibacus antarcticus from Newcastle. (1) ix (3), 29 Nov. 1884, p. 865.

30 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

Rare Australian beetles. (1) ix (4), 1884 (4 March 1885), p. 946.
Native swords and club. (1) x (1), 4 June 1885, p. 76.
Xenica kershawi and Heteronympha digglesi. (1) x (2), 31 July
1885, p. 187.
Ornithoptera brookeana. (1) x (3), 21 Dec. 1885, p. 342.
Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Part i. Cicindelidae
and Carabidae. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (1) x (3), 21 Dec.
1885, pp. 359-444.
Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Part ii. Dytiscidae—
Heteroceridae. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (1) x (4), 1885
(3 April 1886), pp. 583-672.
Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Part iii. Lucanidae
and Scarabaeidae. Proc, Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (2) i (1),
25 May 1886, pp. 21-126.
Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Part iv. Trixagidae—
Oedemeridae. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (2) i (2), 23 August
1886, pp. 259-380.

Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Part v. Curculionidae.
Proc. Linn, Soc. N.S.Wales, (2) i (3), 17 Nov. 1886, pp. 585-686.

Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Part vi. Scolytidae—
Cerambycidae. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (2) i (4), 22 Feb.
1887, pp. 979-1036.

Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Part vii. Chrysomelidae
—Corylophidae. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (2) ii (1), 18 May
1887, pp. 13-94.

[Exhibits, continued. Some of the following exhibitions before the

Linnean Society of New South Wales are out of chronological order, so

that the above references to the Catalogue of the described Coleoptera

should not be disrupted. See, however, 1896 supplementary references

to Coleoptera, below].

Moths from the caterpillars feeding on Coccus. (1) x (4), 1885
(3 April 1886), p. 853.
Chick with four legs. (2) i (1), 25 May 1886, p. 127.

Hive of bees destroyed by Achraea grisella.
(2) 1 (1), 25 May 1886, p. 164.
Seed vessel of Trapa bicornis. (2) i (1), 25 May 1886, p. 164.
Land shells from Cairns. (2) i (2), 23 Aug. 1886, p. 477.
Collection of insects from Cairns. (2) i (2), 23 Aug. 1886, p. 578.
Phyllurus inermis. (2) i (3), 17 Nov. 1886, p. 853.
Papilio androgeus. (2) i (3), 17 Nov. 1886, p. 853.
Nyctalemon orontes from Cairns. (2) i (3), 17 Nov. 1886, p. 882.
Eggs of painted snipe. (2) i (3), 17 Nov. 1886, p. 882.
Butterflies from Cairns. (2) i (4), 1886 (22 Feb. 1887), p. 1062.
at ae Port Douglas. (2) i (4), 1886 (22 Feb. 1887),
p. :
Nest of Dicaeum hirundinaceum (from Port Douglas, Queensland).
(2) i (4), 1886 (22 Feb. 1887), p. 1123

Ornithoptera victoriae from Solomon Islands.
(2) i (4), 1886 (22 Feb. 1887), p. 1207.

Collection of entomogenous fungi with an explanatory note.
(2) ii (1), 18 May 1887, p. 109.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 31

Common opossum (Phalangista vulpina) and other species.
(2) it (1), 18 May 1887, p. 142.

Living specimen of Cyclodus nigro-luteus from Mount Wilson.
(2) ii (1), 18 May 1887, p. 174.

Undescribed Pielus from Lawson (for Mr. Prince).
@)eie 2) se silieAue S872 ope 4s:

Platycercus eximius and P. pennantii, and a_ hybrid.
Q)imieG@) 5S ONNove 1887. ps 450!

Insects from Derby. (2) ti (3), 30 Nov. 1887, p. 557.

Species of Hoplocephalus in Macleay Museum.

(2) it (4), 1887 (21 March 1888), p. 978.
Mammals from Derby. (2) ti (4), 1887 (21 March 1888), p. 981.
Danais petilia and D. chrysippus with a note.

(2) ii (4), 1887 (21 March 1888), p. 1076.

Catalogue of the known Coleoptera of New Guinea, including the islands
of New Ireland, New Britain, Duke of York, Aru, Mysol, Waigiou,
Salwatty, Key, and Jobie. [Part iJ.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (2) iii (1), 5 June 1888, pp. 271-334.

Catalogue of the known Coleoptera of New Guinea . . . [etc.]. Part ii.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (2) iii (3), 7 Dec. 1888, pp. 925-
1002.

Exhibition of living plants.
Sydney Morning Herald, 3 April 1891; Field Nat. Soc. N.S.Wales
Ann. Rept., 1890-91 (1891), p. 10.

Exhibit: Collection of Coleoptera from Blackheath.
Proc, Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (2) x (2), 18 Nov. 1895, p. 341.

Exhibit: Collection of Coleoptera from Western Australia.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (2) x (3), 1895 (31 Jan. 1896),
p. 409.

Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Supplement. Part i.

Cicindelidae and Carabidae [Title only]. Issued separately as a Supple-
ment to Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, (2) x (3), 1895 (31 Jan.
1896), pp. 1-48.

Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Supplement. Part ii.
[Title only]. Issued separately as a Supplement to Proc. Linn.
Soc. N.S.Wales, xxi (1), 16 July 1896, pp. 49-108.

Acknowledgements

My grateful thanks are tendered to the Librarians of the Public
Library, Adelaide, South Australia; the Mitchell Library, Australian
Museum, Linnean Society of New South Wales and the Royal Zoological
Society of New South Wales, in Sydney, for access to their books and
papers; to Dr. Peter Stanbury, Curator of the Macleay Museum,
University of Sydney for advice and access to manuscripts, specimens
and books of his predecessor, George Masters.

Works Consulted

Anderson, J., 1965.—The Macleay Museum at the University of Sydney.
Austr. Nat. Hist., 15(2), pp. 47-51, illustr.

32 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

Carter, H. J., 1933.—Gulliver in the bush (Sydney: Angus & Robertson),
pp. 6 et seq., portrait.

Fletcher, J. J., 1929.—The Society’s heritage from the Macleays. Part ii.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, 54(3), espec. pp. 214, 217, 218,
220-230, 233, 235 & 239.

Froggatt, W. W., 1913.—Presidential address. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales,
38, pp. 1-42 (Obituary of Masters, pp. 2-5).

Krefft, G., 1868.—Notes on the fauna of Tasmania. (Sydney: F. White),
14 pages and preface, photos.

Lea, A. M., 1928.—Notable naturalists, George Masters.
Victorian Naturalist, 45, pp. 165-167, fig.

McMillan, D. S., 1957.—A squatter went to sea. (Sydney: Currawong),
pp. 1-166, illustr.

Mathews, G. M., 1925.—The birds of Australia: Bibliography. (London:
Witherby),- p. 88.

Musgrave, A., 1932.—Bibliography of Australian Entomology, p. 219
(with refs., q.v.).

North, A. J., 1901-1914.—Nests and eggs of birds found breeding in
Australia) and Tasmania (Sydney: Austr. Museum Special
Catalogue 1, 4 vols., 4to).

Serventy, D. L. & Whittell, H. M., 1948.—Birds of Western Australia
(Perth, W. Austr.: Patersons Press), p. 35.

Whittell, H. M., 1954-—The literature of Australian birds. (Perth,
W. Austr.: Paterson Brokensha), p. 486, plate 27.

Also manuscripts of Gerard Krefft, written about 1874 and G. P. Whitley’s
manuscript History of the Australian Museum, chapters 7 and 8.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 33

AN INTERESTING BROINOWSK| PROSPECTUS
by K. A. HINDWOOD
(Plate IV)

In an earlier paper (Australian Zoologist, vol. 13, 1966, pp. 357-369, pls.
11-13) I discussed three prospectuses issued by Gracius Joseph Broinowski
after the completion of his Birds of Australia in 1891. None of the three
proposed books was ever published.

A prospectus relating to the Birds of Australia is printed on the back
covers of the forty parts of that work, but no separate, single-sheet prospectus
seems to have been recorded until recently. In June 1970 Mr. Ron Maria,
of Sydney, was going through a pile of printed matter in a cluttered dealer’s
shop in a small lane off Charing Cross Road, London, when he came across
such a prospectus. The dealer, noticing Mr. Maria’s interest in the item,
immediately doubled its price. A protest elicted the reply, “Yes, but that
was marked a long time ago and prices have risen since then”. Another
copy was in the heap and this was obtained a few weeks later by Mr. Maria
who kindly passed it on to me for my interest.

The prospectus measures 18” x 11”. The letterpress, extolling the book,
is printed in brown in a panel represented by a scroll held by an owl, within
a coloured border of Australian birds with a scenic background, and it occupies
a space 11” x 7”. The surrounding coloured border is some two inches wide
except for the three inch head.

No imprint is on the prospectus which may have been done by S. T. Leigh
& Co., the printers of the forty parts of the Birds of Australia and a firm
still flourishing in Sydney.

The title, “Birds of Australasia”, mentioned in the prospectus differs
from that of the published work, the Birds of Australia, which does, however,
figure some fifteen species from beyond Australia, i.e. New Zealand, New
Guinea, Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island.

It is mentioned in the early part of the prospectus that the “Birds of
Australasia” was to be published in the centennial year (1888) of the colonization
of Australia. Later on it iss tated that “The First issue will appear in August
of this year, and will commence with volume III .’. The early parts
of that volume appeared in 1887, so the words “this year” in the prospectus
indicate that it was printed in 1887. Publication of the Birds of Australia
was halted through lack of funds but was resumed in 1889 and completed in
1891. No explanation of the change of title from Australasia in the prospectus
to Australia in the published work is available.

The “Australasia” prospectus mentions that Broinowski would be assisted
by “Signor Giulielmo Autoriello, of Naples (whose name is associated with
some of the most brilliant recent productions of Italian skill) and Baron
Charles de Malsburg, Doctor of Philosophy of the Vienna University” and
that “Mr. W. J. Stephen, M.A., Professor of Natural History, Sydney University,
and Mr. Charles W. De Vis, M.A., Curator of the Brisbane Museum, have
consented (in the interests of science) to revise the nomenclature and classification,
and that none but gentlemen of known ability will be engaged upon any
portion” of the book.

None of the names mentioned appears in the less elaborately worded
prospectus printed on the back covers of the Birds of Australia. Mr. Lech
Paszkowski, of Melbourne, informs we that Dr. Charles Ignatius de Malsburg

34 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

graduated in 1877 from the Polytechnical University of Lvov (at that time in
Austrian Poland) in the faculty of chemistry. Subsequently he completed
agricultural studies in Vienna and then went as a post-graduate student to
the University of Leipzig in Germany, there taking his diploma as Doctor of
Philosophy in the field of natural history. Dr. Malsburg spent seven years in
Australia. S. Zielinski, in his Small Dictionary of Polish Pioneers in the Colonies
and at Sea (Warsaw, 1932, pv. 293) describes him as an “ornithologist and
traveller’ who, in the years 1885-1892, explored Australia. G. Brzek states
(Memorabilia Zoologica, vol. 3, 1959, p. 109, p. 160) that the Zoologist Museum
in Warsaw received many specimens from Polish explorers, travellers and
collectors, among whom was Charles Malsburg.

Following his return to Poland Malsburg lectured at the Agricultural College
of Czernichow and later taught at the Agricultural College of Dublany, near
Lvov. He was well known as an expert in cattle raising. His death occurred
in 1942 in Poland at the age of 86.

Although Malsburg is mentioned in the “Australasia” prospectus as an
assistant to Broinowski there is no evidence that he was associated with the
production of the Birds of Australia in any way despite the fact that he
was in Australia during the years of its issue. Broinowski, a fellow countryman
was born in 1837 at Walichnowy, near Wielun in what was at the time,
Russian held Poland.

A statement appears in the prospectus to the effect that the illustrations,
after being lithographed in colour, would be finished by hand colouring. A
similar remark was published in the Sydney Morning Herald of March 28, 1887,
in an announcement about the impending publication of the Birds of Australia.
Many years later Gregory M. Mathews said (Emu, vol. 41, 1942, p. 198) that
“The illustrations were produced by chromo-lithography, and were then washed
over with water-colours”. I have examined several sets of the Birds of Australia
without finding any evidence that the plates were finished by hand painting.

The wording of the “Australasia” prospectus may not be clearly readable
in the illustration (Plate IV) accompanying these notes. It is, on that account,
and also because of its interest, given hereunder in full.

The BIRDS OF AUSTRALASIA, Published in the Centennial Year
of the Colonization of Australia, illustrated and described by Gracius J.
Broinowski, (Author of “An Illustrated Historical Sketch of the Origin
and Progress of London,’ “Birds and Mammals of Australia” for Public
Schools, &c., &c.,] comprising Three Hundred Full Page Coloured Illustrations
of the Indigenous Birds hitherto discovered in the Australian Colonies, New
Zealand, Tasmania, and some of the adjacent Islands—together with about
Nine Hundred Letter-press Pages descriptive of the habitats and characteris-
tics of each species.

The illustrations will be executed in the highest style of Modern
Chromo-Lithographic Art, by Mr. Broinowski, assisted by Signor Giulielmo
Autoriello, of Naples (whose name is associated with some of the most
brilliant recent productions of Italian Skill) and Baron Charles de Malsburg,
Doctor of Philosophy of the Vienna University.

Each plate will be finished by Hand-colouring so as to faithfully
display the various features of the natural beauties of the living species.

So far as Generic and Artistic Combinations will permit, each Plate
will exhibit the characteristic pose of the species described—which will
be grouped in such a manner as to enable the entire work to be comprised
within 300 Illustrations—measuring 1 ft. 3 inches by 11 inches, together
with the Letterpress accompaniment of corresponding size.

The work will be divided into Six Volumes, arranged—so far as
practicable—into successive families, which will be issued ONLY TO

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 35

SUBSCRIBERS in Thirty-Six Monthly Parts—each Part to contain Two
Numbers of Four Coloured Plates each, together with Four to Ten
Letterpress pages. In the last Twelve Numbers of the Work the Plates
in each will be increased to Five, with proportionate Letterpress.

The Price per Number will be 5s. or per Monthly Part—10s.

The First Issue will appear in August of this year, and will commence
with Volume IIJ., and end with Volume I., which will contain an
Introduction, Index, and a Twenty-page Glossary of Scientific Nomenclature
and Classification.

In order to convey some idea of the scope and merits of this Work,
it is necessary to remark that it is the outcome of Twenty-eight years
personal observation and acquaintance with Australian Bird Life, and the
materials necessary for its production were the accumulated gatherings
of travels extending over every known part of the colonies—during which
every opportunity for obtaining reliable information has been availed of
and contributions from eminent ornithologists in various parts have been
eagerly sought.

The mass of information so obtained has been carefully digested and
verified by comparisons drawn from the best known works upon Australian
Ornithology; and when to this are added the gratifying facts that Mr. W. J.
Stephen, M.A., Professor of Natural History, Sydney University, and
Mr. Charles W. De Vis, M.A., Curator of the Brisbane Museum, have
consented (in the interests of science) to revise the nomenclature and
classification, and that none but gentlemen of known ability will be
engaged upon any portion, the public should feel assured that the work
will merit . deservedly high place in the ranks of Australian literature.

In submitting the results of his labours to the educated classes, the
publisher would hope that a share of the liberal support which is accorded
to the literary and artistic productions of English and Amreican publishers,
may be extended to him also: not only on the ground that his work is
purely Australian in subject and execution, but because he deems that
it is an indispensable accessory to modern education, inasmuch as no
comprehensive and popular work upon Australian Ornithology has been
hitherto placed within reach of the general public.

The accuracy of this statement cannot be impugned, by the fact
that Gould’s famous work unon Australian birds has been in existence
some forty years. The original price of that work was £100, and it is
questionable whether a copy would be procurable now at much less than
treble that amount, therefore—magnificent and invaluable as Gould’s work
really is—it might as well, so far as the general public are concerned,
have never been printed, its expensive price clearly placing it olutside
the means of any but wealthy societies and individuals.

Moreover, Gould’s book contains all that was known about Australian
birds forty years ago, and nothing new has since been added to it; but
during that long interval of years other species have been discovered,
fresh facts have been gleaned, and a wider and more accurate knowledge
of the whole of Australian Ornithology has been obtained.

In view of these circumstances, therefore, it is thought that no
apology is needed for seeking a generous support in the endeavour to
perpetuate the varied forms and beautiful colours of our feathered tribes,
many species of which are being ignorantly exterminated. The publisher
feels that he may justly claim to be the first to introduce—at so low a
cost as to place it within reach of the most moderate means—the most
comprehensive Australian Ornithological work hitherto published, and which
will posses a degree of artistic and literary merit that should render it
both entertaining and instructive to the ordinary reader, necessary to the
student, and of great value in the education and refinement of the youth
of both sexes.

36 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

The work will be respectfully dedicated to the people of Australia
in grateful recognition of the enjoyment of the gift of liberty, and the
privileges of a British subject, by G. J. Broinowski.

Sincere thanks are extended to Mr. Ron Maria, of Sydney, for his
generosity in the matter of a rare item of Australiana; and to Mr. Lech
Paszkowski, of Melbourne, for bibliographical information abuvut Dr. Charles
Ignatius de Malsburg.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 37

OBITUARY

(Plate V)
KEITH ALFRED HINDWOOD (1904-1971)

The sudden death of Keith Alfred Hindwood on March 18th, 1971,
at the early age of 66 years was a severe loss to ornithology in Australia
and overseas.

He was born on the 3rd of July 1904 at Willoughby near Sydney and
educated at various state schools. Later he had his own business, K. A. Wood
Pty. Ltd., Stationers and Printers in Sydney. Besides being an ornithologist
and nature photographer, he was a conservationist, historian and bibliophile.

He collapsed and died while observing his birds with friends in Royal
National Park, Sydney, a favourite haunt of his, where he had taken over
the years many visiting celebrities, including State Governors, famous actresses,
Professors and other anxious to see some of the unique Australian birds.

My own introduction vo Australian birds in 1962 would have been far
harder without the unfailing help from Keith Hindwood in his knowledge of
the birds themselves, relevant references to consult and his knowledge of the
Australian Museum collections in which many of the specimens, particularly
rare sea birds, had been donated by him or through people sending them to
him to identify. He was Honorary Ornithologist to the Museum for forty
years, having been appointed in December 1930, at the age of 26.

Rarely a week passed without him visiting the Museum either to check
up on some identification or problem he was investigating or just to see if
there was any problem he could help with at the museum.

Many is the time he has said “I will see what I have on that”. A day
or two days later one would receive a little note giving either his personal
observations or a reference to some book or journal.

He was ever ready to help anyone whether he was a beginner or expert,
and join them in going out to confirm some sighting they had reported either
to him or at one of the monthly ornithological meetings of the Zoological
Society.

Through his expert knowledge of bookbinding and printing he was able to
describe old books as a professional bibliographer. His notes and articles on
early naturalists and the identification of early illustrations of Australian fauna
are most useful records.

A close friend of some forty years writes “I never heard a derogatory
word spoken against him. He was most generous in helping colleagues with
his photographs and notes. He courageously defended birds in the field from
vandals. We were both interested in the early history of Australian Zoology
and only this year I made enquiries in the libraries in Cape Town and elsewhere
on his behalf. We planned to investigate the Banks papers, and other matters
relating to early Australian ornithology.”

He joined the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales in 1928.
He served on the council from 1935-48, he was President 1939-40 and was
elected a fellow in 1939.

He was made a corresponding Fellow by the American Ornithologists’
Union in 1938. He was President of the Royal Australian Ornithologists’
Union from 1944-1946 and made a Fellow of the Union in 1951. In 1959
he was awarded the Australian Natural History Medallion.

38 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

He was an Honorary Life Member of the Gould League of Bird Lovers
of N.S.W. He was a member also of many of the other ornithological and
natural history societies in Australia.

He published his first paper in 1924 in the Emu and his first in the
Australian Zoologist in 1940; his last in this latter publication is in this issue.

H. M. Whittell (1954) in his Literature of Australian Birds lists 154
papers between 1924 and 1950 and others in joint authorship with McKeown,
Prof. Ernst Mayr, Dr. D. L. Serventy and M. S. R. Sharland. Some early
articles and photos were published in the old ‘Sydney Mail’. An almost
complete list of his publications since 1950 follows. It includes one or two
omitted by Whittell in his publication.

He was author or joint author of several books, all notable for his
clear and informative text, giving much information which is not readily
found except by searching through the literature.

His paper, later reprinted as a book entitled ‘The Birds of Lord Howe
Island’ is a necessity for anyone studying the history of the island and its fauna.

Usually anyone doing serious work on Australian birds either here or
overseas would, sooner or later, if he did not meet Keith Hindwood, have to
write to him or refer to his works.

In 1936 he married Marjorie Goddard and he is survived by her, his
son and daughter. His son is married and took over the firm of K. A. Wood
Pty. Ltd. on his father’s retirement in 1970.

H.J. de S.D.

Bibliography of Keith Alfred Hindwood
From 1950.

1940. The Birds of Lord Howe Island. Emu, Vol. 40(1): pp. 1-86 pls,
maps photos.

1950. a. Notes on the Birds of Lord Howe Island. Emu, Vol. 50(1):
pp. 23-35, pls. 4-5. Hindwood and J. M. Cunningham.
b. Is My Face Yellow? Wildlife, Vol. 12(8): p. 370, fig.
(The above articles were omitted by Whittell in his bibliography of
Keith Hindwood from 1924-1950).

1951. a. Bird/Insect Relationships: with particular reference to a beetle

(Platydema pascoei) inhabiting the nests of finches, Emu, Vol.
50(3): pp. 179-183, fig.

b. ee White-throated Honeyeater. Emu, Vol. 50(3): pp. 183-188,
3 figs.

c. Flower Petals and Bird Display. Emu, Vol. 50(3): pp. 208-9.

d. Grey-crowned Babbler and Pied Butcher Bird near Sydney. Emu,
Vol. 50(3): pp. 209-10.

e. Moth Larvae in Birds Nests. Emu, Vol. 51(2): pp. 121-33, figs. A,

B, b, and 1-5.
f. Notes on the Nesting of the Blue Wren. Emu, Vol. 51({2); pp.
135-36.

g. A Tree-Creeper Comes to Town. Emu, Vol. 51(3): p. 298.

1952. a. The Noddy (Anous stolidus) along Coastal N.S.W. Emu, Vol.
52(3): pp. 155-58, pls. 15-16.
b. Kookaburras and Louse-flies. Emu, Vol. 52(3): p. 221.
The White-tailed Tropic-Bird in Australia. Emu, Vol. 52(4):
pp. 257-59.

©

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 39

1953.

1954.

1955.

1956.

1957.

1958.

1959.

1960.

a.
b

River Pollution and Birds. Emu, Vol. 53(1): pp. 90-91.

The Purple-crowned Pigeon in South Eastern Australia and
Tasmania. Emu, Vol. 53(4): pp. 303-304.

The Channel-billed Cuckoo in New Caledonia. Emu, Vol. 53(4):
p. 334.

The Distribution of the Coucal (Centropus phasianinus) in
Australia. Emu, Vol. 54(1): pp. 1-6, pl. 1, fig.
The Noddy Near Sydney. Emu, Vol. 54(2): pp. 145-46.

A Little Shearwater in Eastern Australia: a Third Record. Emu,
Wal, “SSCs es & Wie

The Brown Gannet: a N.S.W. Record. Emu, Vol. 55(2): p. 159.
Red-tailed Tropic-Bird in South East Australia. Emu, Vol. 55(2):
pp. 160-61.

Buller’s Shearwater: a New Bird for Australia. Emu, Vol. 55(3):
pp. 199-202.

Sea Birds and Sewage. Emu, Vol. 55(3): pp. 212-16.

Long Use Of Nest by Lyrebird. Emu, Vol. 55(4): pp. 257-58.
Bird/Wasp Associations. Emu, Vol. 55(4): pp. 263-74, pls. 16-17.
The White-headed Petrel: N.S.W. Records. Emu, Vol. 55(4):
p. 274.

Clustering of Wood Swallows. Emu, Vol. 56(3): pp. 165-6, pl. 18.
The Mangrove Honeyeater in N.S.W. Emu, Vol. 56(5): pp. 353-56.
The Migration of the White-naped and Yellow-faced Honeyeaters.
Emu, Vol. 56(5): pp. 421-25, figure.

The Coucal or Swamp Pheasant. Aust. Mus. Mag. Vol. 12(6-:
pp. 176-182, six figs.

New South Wales Records of the Grey-faced Petrel. Emu,
Vol. 57(3): pp. 211-14, figure.

The Lesser Frigate Bird (Fregata ariel) in Coastal N.S.W. Emu,
Vol. 57(4): pp. 285-86.

The Arctic Tern in Australia. Emu, Vol. 58(4): pp. 259-63, pl.
20, fig.
Feathers in the Lining of Lyrebirds Nests. Emu, Vol. 58(5):
p. 419.

The Nesting of Birds in the Nests of Social Insects. Emu, Vol.
59(1): pp. 1-36, pls. 1-7.

The Mangrove Honeyeater: an Extension in Range. Emu, Vol.
59(1): pp. 57-58.

The Purple-crowned Pigeon in South East Australia. Emu, Vol.
59(3): pp. 219-20.

The Birds of Sydney. Aust. Mus. Mag., Vol. 13(8): pp. 241-45,
photos.

Feeding Associations Among Birds. Vict. Nat., Vol. 77(4): pp.
92-95, photo.

Two Eggs and ‘Second’ Eggs in Lyrebirds Nests. Aust. Bird Watcher,
Vol. 1(4): pp. 94-96.

Nesting Habits of the Indian Turtle Dove. Aust. Bird Watcher,
Vol. 1(4): pp. 112-14, pls. 22-23.

The Painted Snipe and its Nestlings. Aust. Bird Watcher, Vol.
1(3): pp. 66-69, pl. 12.

The Little Bitterns near Sydney. Aust. Bird Watcher, Vol. 1(3):

p. 84.

A List of Birds Observed in Centennial Park, Sydney between
1929 and 1959; prepared by K. A. Hindwood. Aust. Wildlife, Vol.
3(5): pp. 15-17.

40

1964.

1965.

1966.

1967.

1968.

1969.

1970.

ore

AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

Birds Caught by Octopuses. Emu, Vol. 64(1): pp. 69-70.

‘George Raper’, an Artist of the First Fleet. Journ. Proc. R. Aust.
Hist. Soc., Vol. 50: pp. 32-57.

Birds of the Coral Sea Isles. Aust. Nat. Hist., Vol. 14(10): pp.

305-11.

The ‘Sydney’ Bird Paintings. Aust. Zool., Vol. 13(2): pp. 83-92,
pls. 8-9.

Obituary. Theo Athol Everitt. Aust. Zool., Vol. 13(2): p. 217.
The Black-winged Petrel; an Australian Specimen Record. Emu,
Vol. 64(2): p. 104.

The Grey Noddy: Australian Records. Emu, Vol. 64(3): p. 171.
John Hunter: a Naturalist and Artist of the First Fleet. Emu,
Vol. 65(2): pp. 83-95, pls. 5-8.

The Bird Life of Centennial Park, Sydney. Gould League Notes,
Vol. 31: pp. 12-15, photos.

Gracius Joseph Broinowski: his Books and his Prospectuses.
Aust. Zool., Vol. 13(4): pp. 357-69, pls. 21-23.

Australian Birds in Colour. pub. by A. H. and A. W. Reed,
Sydney, 112 pages, 52 col. pls.

They ‘Walk’ on Water (Lotus Birds). Aust. Wildlife, Vol. 3(5):
pp. 132-35, photos.

Nectar Feeding Birds near Sydney. Birds (Sydney), Vol. 1(1):
pp. 4-5.

Birds and Mangroves. Gould League Notes, Vol. 32: pp. 8-11.

The White-winged Widow-Bird near Sydney. Birds (Sydney),
Vol. 1(6): pp. 1-2.

Ring Doves near Sydney. Birds (Sydney), Vol. 2(1): pp. 2-3.
Crested Grebes near Sydney. Birds (Sydney), Vol. 2(2): pp. 13-14.
Birds That Seek Nesting Material from Living Mammals. Birds
(Sydney), Vol. 2(3): pp. 21-22.

Notes on the Grey Butcher Bird. Aust. Bird Watcher, Vol. 3(2):
pp. 40-42, pl. 6.

Birds and Ants. Birds (Sydney), Vol. 1(4): p. 2.

Three Early Natural History Books. Aust. Zool. Vol. 14(3):
pp. 251-57.

Piracy by Wood-Swallows. Birds (Sydney), Vol. 3(3): p. 20.
The Mountain Duck near Sydney. Birds (Sydney), Vol. 3(2):
pp. 9-10.

The Naturalists Pocket Magazine, 1798-1803. Proc. R. zool. Soc.
N.S.W. 1966-67 (1968): pp. 25-27, pl. 4.

The White-winged Widow-Bird. Proc. R. zool. Soc. N.S.W. 1966-67
(1968): pp. 27-29, pls. 5-6.

The Birds of Montagu Island. Proc. R. zool. Soc. N.S.W. 1967-68
(1969): pp. 46-52, pls. 4-6.

Birds Opening Milk Bottles. Proc. R. zool. Soc. N.S.W. 1967-68
(1969): pp. 53-54.

Tower Nesting Ravens. Aust. Wildlife, Vol. 6(2): pp. 63-64,
photos.

The Australian Dotterel. Birds (Sydney). Vol. 3(4): pp. 25-27.
The Red-kneed Dotterel in Coastal N.S.W. Birds (Sydney).
Vol. 3(4): pp. 31-32.

The Making of a Book—Some Useful Australian Birds. Aust.
Bird Watcher, Vol. 3(5): pp. 155-57.

Bird Life Supplements and the Gould League. Birds (Sydney),
Vol. 3(6): pp. 43-44.

The ‘Dobroyde’ Ornithological! Collection. Aust. Zool., Vol. 15(3):
pp. 231-32.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 41

1971.

Hindwood and

1951.

1953.

1954.

1955.

1956.

1958.

1960.

1963.

b.

a.

b.

Leith’s Parrots (1883), Campbell’s Nests and Eggs (‘1883’),
and the Southern Science Record. Aust. Zool., Vol. 15(3): pp.
227-30, pl. 11.

The ‘Watling’ Drawings, with incidental notes on the ‘Lambert’
and ‘Latham’ drawings. Proc. R. zool. Soc. 1968-69 (1970): pp
16-32, pls. 3-6.

Some Notes on the White-breasted Wood-Swallow. Birds (Sydney),
Vol. 4(4): pp. 28-29.

Buller’s Shearwater in Eastern Australia. Birds (Sydney), Vol.
4(4): p. 35.

The Spangled Drongo in South East Australia. Birds (Sydney),
Vol. 5(2): pp. 11-13.

The Regent Bower Bird near Sydney. Birds (Sydney), Vol. 5(3):
pp. 21-24.

White-capped Noddy, a specimen from N.S.W. Emu, Vol. 70(1):
DeSses

Possible Derivation of the Name ‘Soldier Bird’. Birds (Sydney),
Vol. 5(5): p. 55.

Unusual Occurrences of Coucals. Birds (Sydney), Vol. 5(5):
p. 56.

The Birds and the Bees. Birds (Sydney), Vol. 5(4): p. 37.

Co-Authors.

Sea Birds and Cyclones: Some Interesting N.S.W. Records, Emu,
Vol. 51(2): pp. 169-71. M. T. Goddard and Hindwood.

The ‘Derra Derra’ 1950 Camp-Out of the R.A.O.U. Emu, Vol.
50(4): pp. 218-38, pls. 21-27, fig. Hindwood and A. R. McGill.

The Wood Sandpiper in Australia. Emu, Vol. 53(1): pp. 1-13,
pls. 1-2, map. Hindwood and A. R. McGill.

Wood Sandpiper; Corrections and Additional Records. Emu, Vol.
53(3): pp. 265-66. Hindwood and A. R. McGill.

The Waders of Sydney (County of Cumberland) N.S.W. Emu,
Vol. 54(4): pp. 217-55, pls. 27-37, map. (reprinted in book form
1955). Hindwood and E. S. Hoskin.

The Waders of Sydney (County of Cumberland) N.S.W. Reprinted
from Emu, Vol. 54(4). (see above 1954.a.); 39 pgs. illus. 250
copies only printed.

Sea Bird Mortality in Coastal N.S.W. during July 1954. Emu,
Vol. 55(2): p. 148-56. Hindwood and A. R. McGill.

Grey Thrush Eating Pygmy Glider. Emu, Vol. 55(2): p. 161.
Hindwood and H. A. Salmon.

The Mangrove Warbler—Extension in Range. Emu, Vol. 56(2):
p. 145. Hindwood and A. R. McGill.

What Bird is That? First edit. 1931 by N. W. Cayley. 2nd edit.
1958; 348 pgs, 37 col. pls., revised and enlarged by A. H. Chisolm,
Hindwood and A. R. McGill.

The Birds of Sydney (County of Cumberland) N.S.W. Sydney,
R. zool. Soc. N.S.W. Hindwood and A. R. McGill.

Breeding of the Short-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris)
and other Sea Birds on Broughton Island, N.S.W. Emu, Vol. 60(3):
pp. 147-54, pls. 10-12. Hindwood and A. F. D’Ombrain.

Birds of the South West Coral Sea. Div. Wildlife Res. Tech.
Paper No. 3. C.S.1.R.O. Hindwood and D. L. Serventy.

1964.

1965.

1966.

1968.

1969.

1970.

AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

Occurrence of the Common Tern in Australia and the South
West Pacific. Bird Banding, Vol. 35(3): p. 204. Hindwood and
W. B. Hitchcock.

The Swift Parrot. Emu, Vol. 63(4): pp. 310-26, figs. 1-6.
Hindwood and M. S. Sharland.

Fairy Tern near Sydney. Emu, Vol. 64(4): pp. 335-36. Hindwood
and E. S. Hoskin.

Additional Notes on the Birds of Lord Howe Island. Emu, Vol.
64(2): pp. 79-97, pl. 6, photo. J. L. McKean and Hindwood.

The Buff-breasted Sandpiper: a Second Australian Sight Record.
Emu, Vol. 65(4): pp. 291-93, fig. E. S. Hoskin and Hindwood.

A Portfolio of Australian Birds. A. H. and A. W. Reed, Sydney;
62 pgs, 25 col. pls. W. T. Cooner and text by Hindwood.

Captain Cook in Australia. (the journals of Captain Cook).
Editor A. W. Reed, Sydney; 192 pgs, photos, figs, maps. Hindwood
was the bird identification specialist.

The Colours of the Soft Parts of Australian Egrets. South Aust.
Orn., Vol. 25(4): pp. 95-96. Hindwood, R. Grieves and L.
Holland.

The White-eared Flycatcher in N.S.W. Emu, Vol. 70(4): pp.
200-201. Hindwood and S. G. Lane.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 43

JOHN STANISLAW KUBARY—NATURALIST AND ETHNOGRAPHER
OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS

by LECH PASZKOWSKI

(Plates VI-VII)

It is perhaps a touch of irony that John Stanislaw Kubary, who was so
proud of Australian naturalization, seems to have been completely neglected
in the literature of this country. Even the landmark named after him in New
Guinea became mis-spelt on Australian maps. Another striking point is that
he is known to the world as an ethnographer, while in his naturalization
papers he described himself as a ‘naturalist’.

As this paper was written especially for the Royal Zoological Society of
New South Wales I have tried, perhaps for the first time in the existing
literature, to place some stress on Kubary’s achievements in the field of
natural history. For the same reason I have limited the auantity of the
available ethnographic material. However it has been impossible to separate
Kubary the naturalist from Kubary the ethnographer. It has been impossible
to give the picture of Kubary the naturalist without the general background
of his whole life.

In His Native Warsaw

He was born on 13th November, 1846, in Warsaw, Poland. His father,
Stanislaw, was butler to an Italian opera vroducer, Jan Quatrini, who was
well known in Warsaw. John’s mother, Telka (née Schur), was a native of
Berlin, but she had lived in Warsaw since childhood. Her husband died when
John was six and later she married a Pole named Tomasz Marcinkiewicz,
who was a bootmaker by trade. Marcinkiewicz owned a small footwear factory
in Warsaw. So, John Kubary was actually brought up by his stepfather,
who was also active in Polish politics.

Dance Among Swords

In January, 1863, when Kubary was a student in the sixth form of
high school the uprising against Russian domination started in Poland. As a
member of a ovatriotic organization he joined the insurgents. The rallying
point for his unit was in a forest near the frontier of East Prussia. The
group consisted of forty men, but their fighting equipment was completely
inadequate and consisted of only two rifles, one double-barrelled, and twenty
converted scythes. The rest of the volunteers were provided with wooden
staves. Such a situation demoralized the sixteen years old boy, and, as he
wrote to his mother: “. . . realizing that to wage a war in this manner
invites only a beating, I proposed to my colleagues, Kapica and Jasinski, to
run away with me to Prussia. As they did not wish to do so, I secretly
left the camp on 4th February, 1863, and managed to escape across the
border”.

He stayed in Berlin with his uncle until the end of March, 1863. Later
he returned to his high school in Warsaw, where he also met his two previously
mentioned colleagues. But the patriotic spirit and pressure of public feeling
in Warsaw created such an atmosphere that Kubary decided, for the second
time, to leave his native city. As he was rather short-sighted he asked for
an assignment in the civil organization of the insurrection. At the end of
May, 1863, he was assigned to the Chief Administrator of the Cracow Province,

44 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

then a part of the Austrian Empire. Kubary was entrusted with important
tasks, for example, to make an inquiry into the confiscation of imported arms,
destined for the insurgents and seized by the Austrian authorities. Subsequently,
he was attached to the Commissioner for the National Government (underground)
at Cracow, where he received an order to collect taxes. Being unable to
carry out such a difficult task he submitted his resignation and was eventually
dismissed.

In April, 1864, Kubary went to Dresden in Germany. There, according to
the Polish historian, Janusz Iwaszkiewicz, he broke down morally, went to
the Russian Consulate and made a statement concerning the role he himself
had played in the insurrection. He promised to serve the Russian Government
faithfully, asking for nothing more than the right to return home. Kubary
returned to Warsaw in June, 1864, provided with Russian documents, but he
was immediately arrested by the Commission of Inquiry. He again made a
statement revealing the entire organization of the insurgents acting in the
District of Cracow. After that he was released and entered the Faculty of
Medicine as a student. His freedom did not last long, as he was summoned
to the Chief of Russian Police in Warsaw; he was ordered to proceed to
Paris in order to watch the activities of the Polish political refugees. Kubary
was supposted to go to France and there persuade one of his associates
from his high school, named Alexander Zwierzchowski, to fulfil the impious
role of an agent provocateur.

This period of Kubary’s life can be described as a macabre dance among
swords. When Zwierzchowski succeeded in bringing back several prominent
emigrants from France and led them into the trap of the Russian police,
Kubary decided to counter his plans and warned the insurgent authorities,
at the same time disclosing his own unsavoury part. As a result of this,
he was arrested by the Russians and after three months in prison was singled
out for deportation to the interior of Russia. Thanks to the intervention of
his mother, through her family in Germany, and renewed promises of faithful
service to the Russian Government, Kubary was released. Again he returned to
his beloved medical studies, but he had to repay with the denunciations of his
colleagues.

The Turning Point

About this time there came a turning point in the life of the young man.
Kubary braced himself to take a mature decision: he made up his mind
to leave his native city, his beloved mother and sister, his dreams of university
study, and to start a new life.

In March, 1868, he escaped from Warsaw without bidding his family
farewell. He left only a despairing letter for his mother, in which he wrote:
“.. . here you would sooner see my death than a good solution . . . for the
love I bear you I coerced myself to remain, I smiled in spite of great
suffering . . . all my life here, since 1863, has been only one of sorrow”.

He reached Berlin on foot but this time his uncle refused any help,
so Kubary was compelled to earn his living. He became an apprentice in a
stucco works in Berlin and later in Altona. For a short while he stayed
with a London stonecutter, Lambert, but soon returned to Hamburg. While
living in this city Kubary visited the Godeffroy Museum dedicated to the
natural history and ethnography of the South Seas. In March, 1869, the
curators of the Museum, Dr. J. D. E. Schmeltz and Dr. R. Krause, introduced
him to Johann Caesar Godeffroy, the founder of this establishment and
owner of the famous trading company bearing his name. Godeffroy was
impressed by the intelligence and linguistic abilities of the young man and
offered him a contract for a period of five years as a collector on behalf of
his Museum.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 45

Samoa—The Land of Dreams

Kubary sailed from Hamburg on Ist May, 1869, aboard the Wandrahm,
and after 130 days at sea arrived in Apia, Samoa, on 8th September. He
stayed there for a short time, living at the Godeffroy Station, where Dr. Eduard
Graeffe gave him some basic instruction in his calling. Later Kubary lived at
Fangamalo, in Matautu Harbour, Savaii, with Mr. Pratt, a missionary, but
soon established his own household with a Samoan housekeeper named Nosi.

The young man was enchanted with the islands: “At first Samoa appeared
to me as the land of dreams’—he wrote to a Warsaw weekly, but after some
time he became very critical of the Europeans, particularly of the missionaries
and their attempts “to civilize’ the Samoans.

Kubary lived at Samoa for about six months. During this period he
interested himself in ornithology. He learned the Samoan language rapidly
and started an ethnological study of the natives. These three pursuits, namely
natural history, languages and ethnography became lifelong associations. He
sent a collection of creatures from Samoan waters, e.g. a sea-cucumber
Holothuria pertinax Ludwig to the Godeffroy Museum.

He also made a voyage to Fiji and Tonga, but we have little information
concerning this excursion, apart from the fact that it lasted for about two
months. However, it seems that Kubary made an anthropological collection
of skulls at Viti Levu and acquired some knowledge of the Tongan language.

The First Discovery—Pareudiastes pacificus

One of his first discoveries at Savaii was an unknown type of wood
rail or gallinule, named Pareudiastes pacificus, described by Dr. G. Hartlaub
and Dr. O. Finsh in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,
1871, pp. 21-26, in an article “On a Collection of Birds from Savaii and
Rarotonga Islands in the Pacific’. A fine plate was attached to the latter paper
with a coloured picture of the Pareudiastes pacificus. Kubary collected a
number of birds on Savaii, including the rare species Lobiospiza notabilis, and
from Upolu the remarkable Didunculus strigirostris. James C. Greenway Jnr.
(Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World, 1958) thinks that the Pareudiastes
pacificus may now be extinct, but the opinions of ornithologists are divided
in this matter. W. von Bulow (Jnt. Arch. Ethn., vol. XIII, p. 189) noted that
the Pareudiastes pacificus discovered by Kubary was occasionally found on the
natives’ menu list, thus this fact probably contributed to the scarcity of the
bird.

Exploration of the Ebon Group in the Marshall Archipelago

In April, 1870, Kubary sailed on board the Sofia for the Marshall Islands,
also visiting Ellice and Gilbert Islands en route. After twenty days he arrived
in the Ebon Group where he stayed for about five months.

There Kubary observed the rich and unusual peculiarities of the local
marine life. He collected about 160 different shells, obtaining for the first
time from this area, species similar to the marine life of the Indian Ocean,
e.g. Potamides obtusum Lam., Conus tessellatus Born, and Cypraea variolaria L.
He was also the first to collect samples of a deep-water coral, Pavonia papyracea
Dana, from the Pacific Ocean. Kubary made a man of the Ebon Group, a ring-
like chain of twenty-one coral islands.

Incidentally, his apprenticeship with the stucco workers proved to be of
great value to anthropology as, while on the Ebon Group, and also in Samoa,
Kubary started to take life masks of the natives cast in plaster of Paris.
This collection later grew to hundreds of masks of the natives of the South
‘Sea Islands.

46 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

He also devoted his efforts to the ethnological study of the natives and
compiled a vocabulary and grammar of the Ebon Islands dialect. The results
of his explorations were published in the Journal des Museum Godeffroy, No. 1,
(Hamburg) 1873, under the heading “Die Ebongruppe im Marshalls Archipel”,
supplemented by his map, and two illustrations made from Kubary’s photographs.
In the same issue there were also three illustrations from his photographs
taken in Samoa.

In the introduction to that article Dr. E. Graeffe said that Kubary’s work
was the most important contribution to the knowledge of the Ebon Islands
since the Russian expedition of Captain Otto von Kotzebue and the exploration
of his German naturalist Adelbert von Chamisso in 1817.

Dr. J. Schmeltz pointed out in the International Archiv fiir Ethnographie,
vol. X (Leiden), 1897, pp. 133-34, that Kubary’s valuable vocabulary attached
to the latter article was published six years before Hernsheim’s Beitrag zur
Sprache der Marshall-Inseln, which was hailed by many as an epoch making
event, although it actually brought nothing new after Kubary’s work.

On the Islands of Yap

In the middle of August, 1870, Kubary sailed on board the brig Susanna,
arriving after eighteen days at the Islands of Yap and by 2nd September he
was already collecting birds there and devoting himself to observations of
the fauna.

In the article “On a fourth Collection of Birds from the Pelew and
Mackenzie Islands” (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 87) by Hartlaub and
Finsch we read: “This collection was formed by Mr. Kubary on the island
of Uap (sic), of the Mackenzie group, and by Capts. Heinsohn and Peters,
masters of vessels belonging to Mr. Godeffroy . . . Thanks to the zeal and
diligence of these gentlemen, we are now in the pleasing situation of being able
to give a far more complete account of the ornithology of these interesting
islands. Not only do we become better acauainted with some little-known
species, but the total number of species has been increased.”

In the Catalog V, Museum Godeffroy, 1874, p. XXI, Schmeltz stated,
referring to the aforementioned article, that Kubary collected twenty-two species
of birds on Yap, among them, four new ones were described, while Dr. Otto
Finsch in his work “Zur Ornithologie der Sitidsee-Inseln: Die Vogel der
Palau-Gruppe” (Journal Mus. Godeffroy, No. 8, 1875, p. 3) wrote that on this
island Kubary collected twenty species, among them five new ones. The latter
probably included Falco peregrinus L., which was captured by Kubary during
the north-east monsoon in November, 1870; Ardea sinensis Gml., captured
on Yap at the beginning of October, 1870, and Actitis incanus Gml. However,
these birds were already described and known in other parts of the world,
so that actually, they were “new” only in the sense of the ornis of this
region and as new numbers on the checklist.

On Yap, Kubary also interested himself in entomology and, according to
Schmeltz (l.c.), collected a number of butterflies and a new beetle. In No. 2
of the Journal des Museum Godeffroy, 1873, there was a large plate with twenty
beautifully coloured drawings of caterpillars and chrysalises from Yap Island,
fourteen of the drawings being done by Kubary himself. Georg Semper in
his article “Auf der Insel Yap gesammelte Schmetterlinge” (J.M.G., No. 2)
listed twelve species of butterflies collected by Kubary on Yap _ between
September and December, 1870.

Not many fishes were observed there by Kubary and he provided a list
of only thirty-one species. But he sent many interesting specimens of crustaceans,
shells, molluscs and corals to Hamburg.

Regarding Kubary’s ethnographical work on these islands, Dr. Wilhelm
Muller, the author of a monumental monograph, Yap (Hamburg, 1917),
said that “although he was not scientifically prepared, this man did more

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 47

for the exploration of Micronesia than anybody before him and after him
until the arrival of the Hamburgian South Sea Expedition” (p. 4).

As a result of his stay on Yap a paper was published in the Journ.
Mus. Codeffroy, No. 2, 1873, pp. 84-130, under the heading “Die Carolinen-
Inseln Yap oder Guap”’, written jointly by Alf. Tetens and J. Kubary. In
this paper Kubary described, among other things, a strange monetary system,
which was in use on these islands; the money was in the shape of huge discs
of coral stone, similar to miilstones, with a diameter ranging from a yard
to three and half yards.

Apparently he left the island of Yap in January, 1871.

The Islands of Palau

On Ist February, 1871, Kubary arrived in the Palau Group and took
up residence in a splendid community house, given to him by a local chief of
the Koror, one of the smaller islands. Eighteen days later Kubary organized
an expedition in three boats and in the company of fifteen armed warriors
sailed along the west shores of Babelthuap, the largest island of the archipelago.

At the end of March he again set out for the smaller islands of the
Group in his own boat and with a hired crew. However, on the return trip
he was caught by a storm and forced to throw overboard a valuable collection
of objects of natural history and ethnography. Relations with the local chieftains
were sometimes strained, but in general Kubary knew how to handle the
natives and override distrust. Some of the chiefs favoured the young explorer
and showed him genuine friendliness. Consequently, he was compelled to play
the skilful role of diplomat in order to gain good opportunities and, at
the same time, not to antagonize others during his visits to the numerous
islands of the Group.

In spite of the interesting voyages among the exotic islands his spirit
was not at ease, as ome can see from a letter written to his mother, dated
20th April, 1871: “On Ist April, thank God, two years of my contract have
elapsed! I say thank God . . . and I am also adding a request that the remaining
time will pass as quickly, or, what would be still better, that he will release
me as soon as possible. Here I am losing five of the best years of my life,
am aging quickly, and for that this wealthy gentleman pays me disgracefully.
On several occasions here I have had several offers of quite different employment,
but I have not wanted to accept, deceiving myself into believing that in the
next letter from Herr Godeffroy I shall get a considerable improvement in my
situation”.

In January, 1872, the Palau islanders faced the scourge of influenza, which
took a hevy toll of the population and did not spare the chieftains. Kubary,
as a former student of medicine, successfully fought the epidemic, which
brought him great esteem and the absolute confidence of the natives throughout
the whole of the Palau Islands. He was told many secrets and admitted to
many rites, all of which enabled him to study their customs freely, as no one
before him had been able to do. His stay at the Palaus is described with
much detail by Florence M. Spoehr in her book White Falcon: The House
of Godeffroy and its Commercial and Scientific Role in the Pacific (Palo Alto,
Calif., 1963, pp. 69-98).

His Contribution to Knowledge of the Palaus

Schmeltz and Kramer stated that the zoology of the Palau Islands became
known thanks to Semper and Kubary. Beside the previously mentioned twenty
species of birds collected on Yap, Kubary acquired another twenty-seven in
the Palaus. The total number of birds from the Palaus reached 57 in the
check list of 1880.

48 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

He found about 180 species of fish in the waters around the Palau Islands
and collected at least three freshwater species in Lake Ngardok for the
Godeffroy Museum. It seems that the work done by Kubary helped Albert
Giinther with his monograph “Andrew Garrett’s Fische der Siidsee”, published
in the Journal des Museum Godeffroy, vol. 2, Hamburg, 1873-75. However, he
mentioned Kubary’s name only on p. 62, referring to the fish Symphorus
spirulus Gunther, plate 67.

Kubary collected a lot of molluscs and sea-creatures on the reefs and
lagoons of the Palaus. Some of them were named after him like the nudibranch
Nembrotha kubaryana Bergh, found by Kubary on the Ngaderrak Reef in
March, 1873, or a sea-cucumber Holothuria kubaryi Ludwig. He sent a
particularly rich collection of snails, corals and starfishes, e.g. Choriaster
granulatus Ltk., to Hamburg. The size of his entomological collection gathered
on the Palaus is not known, but a local stick insect has been named Phybalosoma
kubaryi. Probably, it was only by chance that Kubary caught a crow indigenous
to Guam in the Palaus. It was later named Corvus kubaryi (A. Reichenow,
Journal fiir Ornithologie, 1885, p. 110; R. Meinertzhagen, “Introduction to a
Review of the Genus Corvus’, Novitates Zoologicae, vol. 33, 1926, pp. 61,
63-65, 68, 73, pl. III).

While on the Palaus he gathered a few plants and helped to add at
least thirteen native names to the local botanical index.

Dr. Arthur Wichmann in his article “Zur geologischen Kenntnis der
Palau-Inseln” (Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 8, 1875) stated that Kubary sent
an “interesting and valuable” collection of stones and rocks from the Palau
Islands for the Godeffroy Museum. This collection was handed to him for
examination and checking. A survey of this material and Kubary’s notes
resulted in an important study, and using Wichmann’s own words, a “not so
small” contribution to geological knowledge, not only of the Palau Islands,
but also of the conditions of many other groups of islands in the Pacific
Ocean.

In April 1872, Kubary climbed the highest mountain on Babelthuap,
about 2,000 feet above sea level. He produced a very accurate map of the
Palaus, which was published in Hamburg, in 1873, by L. Friederichsen. It
served as a standard map for the next thirty years at least. He also prepared
a paper of 57 printed pages, under the heading “Die Palau-Inseln in der Siidsee”,
published in the Journal des Museum Godeffroy, 1873. In it he gave his
impressions of life in the Palau Islands in 1871-72, together with a physical
description of the area, customs and religion of the islanders.

The Island of Ponape

In May, 1873, Kubary sailed on board the /Iserbrook and visited the
islands of Ngulu, Ulithi, Woleai, Nukuoro and Mortlock. He landed at
Ponape in August, 1873.

He intended to stay on this island for several months, as indicated in a
letter to his mother, dated 23rd October, 1873: “Mr. Godeffroy writes that he
wishes me to continue to travel for him, until 1879. He will pay me 1,000
thalers annually and a final gratuity of 2,000 thalers. I virtually agree with his
plan, but I feel the need to see you and to breathe freely again in order to
have the strength for the plunge into the abyss of the South Seas. Consequently,
I have the intention to start my return journey at the end of this year and
hope that, by the middle of 1874, I will be able to kiss your little hands, if
the Almighty will permit”.

However, his. stay on Ponape was prolonged to a full year. Perhaps
he was attracted by an interesting exploration of the mysterious ruins which
are situated on the Island of Nanmatal, off the eastern coast of Ponape. The

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 49

ruins consist of a very impressive complex stretching for almost nineteen
miles. The walls have an average thickness of 9 feet and a height sometimes
reaching 30 feet, these are constructed from rough blocks of basalt. Some
of the buildings have square foundations measuring from 55 to 100 feet,
while the largest are from 27 by 125 feet to 51 by 420 feet. Later many
scientists such as Ernest Sarfert, F. W. Christian, Willard Price, MacMillan
Brown, Edwin H. Bryan, K. P. Emory and Paul Hambruch discussed who
had constructed them, by what technical means it was possible to erect such
mighty walls, and which civilization had created them, all without any satis-
factory answers.

To Kubary must go the credit for the first systematic exploration and
description of the ruins. He also provided a plan of the basalt ‘city’, which
was published in the Godeffroy Museum Journal. As Florence M. Spoer
remarked in her book (p. 93) “It was no easy task to slash through the
jungle in the territory of a suspicious and superstitious people’. During his
investigations he also found some crypts, which he named “The Royal Tombs’.
Besides skulls and human bones, he collected many ornaments and implements
from them. Kubary published the results of this exploration in the Jnl. Mus.
Godeffroy, under the heading “Die Ruinen von Nanmatal auf der Insel Ponape”,
and also in French “Les Ruines de Nanmatal dans Vile de Ponapé (Ascension)”’,
La Nature, (Paris) 23.9.1876.

In passing, it is interesting to note that the first information on these
ruins was published in Australia by Dr. John Lhotsky in the New South Wales
Literary Political and Commercial Advertiser (Sydney), Feb. 1835, in the
Sydney Gazette, March 26, 1835, and also in the Hobart Town Courier.
However, Lhotsky did not visit Ponape, but collected his information from a
seaman.

In 1873, Kubary published his first article in Polish about his impressions
of Samoa, in Tygodnik Ilustrowany (The Illustrated Weekly, Warsaw).

The Shipwreck

On 30th August, 1874, Kubary left Ponape aboard the iron brig Alfred,
taking with him a hundred crates containing the results of five years of collecting.
Unfortunately, on 19th September, the ship was wrecked during a storm on a
reef off the island of Jaluit in the Marshall Group, and only a small part of
the collection was saved, despite Kubary’s risking his life in the salvage
operation. The loss was irrecoverable, for not only the treasures of “The Royal
Tombs’ went to the bottom of the sea, but also 200 stuffed birds, only
twenty-two of which were recovered, among them being five subspecies which
had been discovered by Kubary and never previously described. Dr. Otto
Finsch named them in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,
1875, pp. 642-44, in the paper “Characters of six new Polynesian Birds in the
Museum Godeffroy”. The five birds discovered by Kubary on Ponape were:
Zosterops ponapensis (now listed as Zosterops cinerea ponapensis); V olvocivora
inseparata (the wodern name is Edolisoma tenuirostre inseparatum, known as
the Cicada-bird); Myiagra pluto (the name now in use is Myiagra oceania
pluto or the Micronesian Broadbill); Rhipidura kubaryi (now listed as Rhipidura
rufifrons kubaryi, or Rufous Fantail) and Aplonis pelzelni (Ponape Mountain
Starling). Another bird from this area was named Phlegoenas kubaryi (the
modern name is Gallicolumba xanthonura kubaryi, or White-throated Ground
Dove). We will never know how many new species were lost during the
shipwreck and perhaps subsequently credit for discovery will be attributed to
some other collectors.

Among the salvaged crates were collections of snails and insects in spirits.
It is worth stressing that the lost items included some from the Solomon
Islands and New Britain. Evidently Kubary during this neriod, also paid a short
visit to Melanesia, which was never recorded by his early biographers.

50 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 197:

After the shipwreck, Kubary remained for several weeks on Jaluit
hurriedly collecting what he could to make un the loss. Eventually he made his
way to Samoa, where he filled 23 crates, which he despatched to Europe.
According to K. Wypych (See bibliography, 1968, p. 77) part of this collection
has been preserved up to the present time in the Museum fiir Volkerkunde
in Leipzig.

Kubary in New Zealand

In December, 1874, he boarded the schooner Kenilworth, which traded
between Upolu, Savaii and other islands. The Kenilworth sailed from Savaii
on 2nd January, 1875, and called a Tonga, where it took on a cargo of maize.
The schooner weighed anchor on 6th January, and after experiencing light
winds and calm periods throughout the trip, reached Auckland on the morning
of 23rd January. Kubary disembarked and stayed in New Zealand for nine
days while waiting for a shiv to Australia. He busied himself making excursions
and took an interest in the Maoris. Mr. Slabczynski has stated in his book
(see bibliography), that Kubary met the chiefs Te Kooti and Titokawaru and
was presented with a specimen of the kiwi. He also visited the Museum at
Wellington, Lake Rotomahana and Mt. Tarawera.

The R.M. Steamer Mikado, which he was awaiting, arrived in Auckland
from San Francisco and Honolulu at midnight on 30th January, 1875. She
had to onload only a box of gold for Australia. Kubary embarked the next
day as a saloon passenger and the Mikado sailed for Sydney at daybreak
on Ist February.

Kubary in Australia

On 6th February, 1875, Kubary arrived in Sydney on the Mikado and
applied for naturalization, which he received six days later. On the Certificate
of Naturalization he is described as: “John Stanislaw Kubary, a native of
Poland, 28 years of age, a Naturalist, residing in the city of Sydney”. Although
he had a German born mother and had himself worked practically all his
life for the Germans, he still preferred to be naturalized in Australia and he
was proud of the fact.

Little is known how Kubary spent those days in Sydney. There is no
doubt that he visited the Australian Museum. According to W. Slabczynski,
Kubary made a short excursion to the Blue Mountains. We also know that
Kubary was interested in the Australian Aborigines and took some photographs
of them.

After ten days in Australia he sailed for London on the Parramatta
leaving on 16th February.

Among the Naturalists of Europe

He arrived in Hamburg on 31st May, 1875, and, in spite of the loss
of his collection, he was very well received by his employer and the curators
of the Godeffroy Museum. He also had a joyful reunion with his mother
and sister Julia. According to the Polish historian Janusz Iwaszkiewicz, J. C.
Godeffroy and the Russian consul in Hamburg, Count Cassini, pleaded with
the Governor-General of Warsaw, and Kubary was granted a permit to visit
his native city.

W. Slabezynski has said, that after enjoying a stay in his family home
Kubary directed his first steps to the Zoological Museum, which was attached
to the University of Warsaw, established in 1816. There he met Ladislaus
(Wladyslaw) Taczanowski, the famous Polish ornithologist and author of
the monumental monographs Ornithologie du Pérou, Faune Ornitologique de
la Sibérie Orientale and many other works. Taczanowski was not only curator

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 51

of the Museum but also an inspiring spiritus movens among the Polish
naturalists. As Poland had been wiped off the political map of Europe, he
urged all Polish scientists to make an effort to maintain a name for Polish
learning throughout the world. In the evenings, his office attracted all the
Warsaw and visiting zoologists of both the younger and old generations. The
atmosphere of the meetings was exciting as the foundations of modern Natural
History had already been laid down and there was a race to complete the
building. Kubary met professor August WrzeSniowski, Dr. Jan Schnabel, an
entomologist, with whom he later corresponded, a young ornithologist Jan
Stolzmann and many others there. It is said that Taczanowski advised Kubary
to go back to the South Seas.

The Second Congress of Polish Physicians and Naturalists

At this time Kubary received an invitation to attend the Second Congress
of Polish Physicians and Naturalists at Lvov. The Congress started on 19th
July, and Kubary was elected as one of the four secretaries, representing
Warsaw. At it he delivered a ‘Report on Scientific Observations gained during
Journeys in Australia (sic)’, chiefly describing his stay and work on Samoa. He
exhibited stuffed svecimens of the Pareudiastes pacificus from Savaii and
Didunculus stringirostris from Upolu. Later he lectured about his observations
while on the Ebon Group, the exploration of the coral reefs and his language
studies. He talked at length about the ornithology of Yap and the local
ethnographical features. He subsequently described the Palaus and Ponape,
as well as his shipwreck misadventure. At the end of the lecture he occupied
himself with the classification of the languages of Polynesia, Melanesia and
Micronesia. His address was warmly applauded by the Congress. After a
lecture by Dr. Julian Ochorowicz ‘On Old Peruvian Skulls’ he took part in
discussion on the artificial modifications of the shape of skulls among the
natives of Samoa and Polynesia.

Kubary enjoyed the friendly atmosphere of the Congress and it in turn,
welcomed Kubary’s lectures, fresh, as they were, from a distant field of
exploration. He returned to Warsaw for a few days, where he left the stuffed
Pareudiastes pacificus with his mother. It later found its way to the Warsaw
Zoological Museum. He also sold a few other birds, some of them to Count
Konstanty Branicki, the protector of the zoological collection at the Warsaw
University.

Return to the South Seas

In Hamburg, Kubary signed a new contract with J. C. Godeffroy for
five years. He bought a new camera and extensive equipment comprising one
hundred crates of books, scientific instruments and many objects for barter
with the natives.

On 25th August, 1875, he was visited by a young Polish ornithologist,
Jan (John) Stolzmann, who was going to Peru to join another eminent Polish
ornithologist, Konstanty Jelski. Kubary invited Stolzmann to stay with him
and during the next three days he helped his countryman to obtain the necessary
equipment, gave him much advice and showed him the museums, Zoological
Gardens, and the harbour of Hamburg. On 28th August he bade farewell
to Stolzmann, who boarded a ship sailing for London.

In the middle of September, Kubary was appointed a corresponding
member of the Hamburg Geographical Society. Shortly afterwards he sailed
for Samoa.

He stopped at Ponape where, on the northern shore, he established a
planation and built a house as his permanent headquarters at a place called
Mpomp. This residence is illustrated in P. Hambruch’s book Ponape (Hamburg,
1932). According to his own statements he devoted the first few months to
zoological investigations.

nr
nN

AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

The Mortlock !slands

In February, 1877, Kubary set out for the islands of Nukuoro and
Mortlock where he stayed till the end of May. He observed the local fauna
and flora, also devoting much time to ethnographic and anthropological studies
of the natives. On this subject he later published a paper of 76 pages entitled
‘Die Bewohner der Mortlock Inseln (Karolinen, nordlicher Grosser Ozean)’
in the Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft, Hamburg, 1880. In the
same periodical there were also published two mans: Die Mortlock Inseln
after Lutke and J. Kubary, to the scale of 1:200,000, showing population
statistics and some information on the depth of the sea and the flora of the
islands; and Karte zur Uebersicht des heimatlichen Gebiets der jetzigen Bewohner
der Mortlock Inseln, to the scale of 1:2,250,000, which also included population
statistics.

The Islands of Truk

In 1878, Kubary set out for the islands of Truk, where he lived for
about fourteen months, from May, 1878, until August, 1879. He investigated
the avi-fauna of these islands and Dr. Otto Finsch in his article “A List of the
Birds of the Island of Ruk in the Central Carolines’ (Proc. Zool. Soc. of
London, 1880, pp. 574-577) stated: “During my stay on Ponapé it was my
privilege to inspect a considerable series of birds collected by Mr. J. Kubary,
who spent fourteen months in investigations and collections on this island
of Truk. I have thought it useful to give a short notice of this collection—
the more so as Mr. Kubary has kindly furnished me with a list of all the
species observed or obtained by him; so that the following list will contain
a full enumeration of the birds of Ruk. Of the total number of 29 species,
only two are peculiar to the islands (Drymophila rugensis and Myiagra oceanica).
The species marked in the subjoined list with an asterisk I did not inspect
myself, but insert on the authority of Mr. J. Kubary”. The birds indicated
by an asterisk numbered fourteen items and the above quotation shows the
esteem in which the famous ornithologist, Finsch, held Kubary. Kubary also
sent a collection of birds from the Truk Islands to Professor Anton Reichenow
in Berlin.

According to Hartert’s List of Birds (Catalogue of Birds of the British
Museum, London, 1893, p. 599) one of the local pigeons was named Phlegoenas
kubaryi. The Japanese ornithologist Tokutaro Momiyama, in his book Birds
of Micronesia, published in 1922 by the Ornithological Society of Japan,
also used the name Phlegoenas kubaryi Finsch (p. 138, pl. IV), but Mr. Keith
Hindwood has kindly pointed out to me, that the modern name for this
White-throated Dove is now Gallicolumba xanthonura kubaryi.

Kubary investigated the marine life of the reefs, particularly sponges and
cuttle-fish. In the field of botany he noted six or seven varieties of ferns and
many more of the taro plant. Checking on geographical names, and also on
their geological features, he made a cartographic survey of the islands’ shores,
while visiting islands of the group such as Tol, Param, Polle, Fefan, Iman and
Eteu.

The Crash

In the last-named island he received the unexpected news that the firm
of Godeffroy had released him from their contract, due to a financial crash
of that house. Thus, he was left out in the midst of the Pacific without either
the means for a livelihood, or money for a return to Europe. This situation
forced him to abandon the Truk Islands. He sailed from island to island in
a native canoe, displaying outstanding seamanship and correcting the local
maps. A cyclone drove him to the Marshall Islands. From Jaluit he reached
Ponape on a Spanish shiv and started intensive work on his plantation,
cultivating coffee, cocoa, lemons, pineapples, tobacco, coconuts and _ betel-nut

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 53

palms. It was there he married Miss Anna Yelliott, the daughter of an
American missionary and a Micronesian woman.

In spite of all its troubles, the year 1880 was a very favourable one as
regards his literary output and he wrote five large articles, which were
published in Poland two years later. The subjects covered the Nukuoro
Islands, his voyages in Micronesia, the money of the Palau Islands, and the
navigation and commerce of the natives of the central Carolines and the
Truk Islands. However, it seems he was also homesick during this period.
In a letter to the editor of Wedrowiec (The Wanderer) in Warsaw he wrote
on 14th November, 1881: “I cannot miss this opportunity . . . of ending the
isolation from my native country, which has weighed heavily upon me for
so long, even if only by regular receivt of several of our periodicals. As
regards their selection, I must admit it is a difficult task after thirteen
years of absence from Warsaw. Firstly I would like to have a periodical
covering the everyday life of Warsaw, always dear to me, and secondly
periodicals to acquaint me with the general intellectual life of our country .. .”.

In the meantime, Kubary was visited by Dr. Otto Finsch, who was
accompanied by a German writer, F. Hernsheim. The travellers were particularly
interested in the ruins of Nanmatal. Later, in his book Stidsee-Erinnerungen
(Berlin, 1883), Hernsheim described Moomp and sightseeing on the island and
among the ruins under the guidance of Kubary.

The Anthropological Aibum

In 1881 L. Friedrichsen published Siidsee Typen: Anthropologisches Album
des Museum Godeffroy in Hamburg. Florence M. Spoehr called it “one of
Kubary’s most interesting contributions”.

The album consists of more than 400 mounted original photographs
of which Kubary himself took the great majority. The notes in the album
were also mainly based on Kubary’s measurements, explanations and des-
criptions. In some cases even the pulse rate of the natives was noted by
Kubary. His photographs included the natives of Samoa, Ponape, Yap, Truk,
Mortlock or Lukunor (dated 1877), Kaniet and Pingalop Island.

The quality of his photographs was so good that some of them were
published in the third volume of Kramer’s Palau as late as 1926. As Kubary
started his photographic work in 1869, in Samoa he was certainly one of
the very first photographers of the South Seas and his dark-room in the
‘Royal Tombs’ at Ponape, perhaps the first photographic laboratory in the
Pacific Islands.

A copy of this most interesting and rare album is held by the State
Library of Victoria, Melbourne.

In Japan

Early in 1882, Kubary’s plantation was destroyed by a hurricane, and,
to make matters worse, the remaining coconut palms were attacked by a
plague of beetles. In an attempt to improve his material position, he sailed
for Japan and worked for a while for the Museum at Yokohama and later
for the Tokyo Museum, but was soon dismissed. His stay in Japan lasted
only about four months, between April and August, 1882.

The author of this paper made an inquiry in Tokyo in 1966, asking for
information referring to Kubary’s employment and dismissal, but received no
reply. Thus, the only explanation of the brevity of his service in Japan is to
be found in a letter of Ladislaus Taczanowski to Benedykt Dybowski, dated
in Warsaw, 18.8.1882: “Kubary .. . set out for Japan. Thanks to the
influence of the German consul he obtained a temporary position at the

54 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

Museum of Yokohama. The entire staff of this Museum absolutely did not
want to admit any European, therefore it was necessary to use great pressure
to obtain this position. He writes that he has excellent relations with
everybody and is trying his best to be needed there and so stay permanently.
But it is the great question whether or not he will succeed.”

For some reason the Japanese ornithologist T. Momiyama in his Birds
of Micronesia (1922, p. 1) honoured Kubary by using the generic name of
Kubaryum, given to a snecies of White-eye (oleogineum) of the Island of
Truk. This bird was formerly placed with the genus Zosterops, but is now
placed with the genus Rukia, thus Kubaryum becomes a generic synonym of
Rukia, ;

Frustrations and Hopes

Kubary returned to Ponape via Hong Kong. At Mpomp he received a
letter from Dr. Schmeltz, who wrote that the Dutch museum at Leiden
had the intention of engaging him as a collector. Kubary, filled with enthusiasm,
did not wait for an agreement but borrowed money on account of his future
earnings and set out for Palau, where he started to gather exhibits together.
He also intended to go to Guam, but he again received an unexpected blow.
In a second letter Schmeltz advised him that, in snite of his efforts and
persuasions the director of the museum did not want to sign the contract.
At this moment of disappointment the natives of Palau came to his aid.
He was made an honorary chief and a splendid community house was offered
to him as a gesture of gratitude for his past services during the epidemic
of influenza. In spite of this difficult position he continued his explorations
in the topography, geography and geology of the Islands. He made the
very important discovery of a rich deposit of phosphate on the little island
of Angaur, which is mined to the present day.

He also wrote with great energy. He sent an article om the funeral
rites of the natives of the Palaus to Poland. He contributed a chapter entitled
‘Die Religion des Palauer’ for the book by Adolf Bastian Allerai aus Volks-
und Menschenkunde. Kubary also sent two articles to the Journal of the
Berlin Museum: “Die Totenbestattung auf den Palau-Inseln’ and ‘Die Verbrechen
und des Strafverfahren auf den Palau-Inseln’ (1885).

King Arraklye’s Ambassador

On 8th July, 1883, a daughter, Izabella, was born to him. One month
later the British ship H.M.S. Espiégle, Cantain Cyprian Bridge, visited the
Palaus. One of the members of scientific expedition on board, G. R. Le Hunte,
described in these words the meetings with Kubary:

Thursday, 9th August, 1883.

“This evening we were most agreeably surprised by the arrival of Mr.
Kubary, the Polish Naturalist, from Malegojok. He came as King Arraklye’s
fully accredited Ambassador to the Captain, to treat with him in any matter.
He was a short, dark man, with black hair and beard, and uses a considerable
amount of gesticulation. He is however a naturalized British subject in
Australia, and prides himself greatly on being on of our Queen’s subjects.
He wore snectacles, the rims of which he had made himself of tortoise-shell;
they were of prodigious size and gave him a very ludicrous appearance. The
only other thing remarkable about him was the peak of his cap, which was
a magnificent piece of tortoise-shell. I need not say we were very glad to
welcome him as the only representative of science and higher civilization we
have met in our cruise. He came down from the north in a canoe, and his
crew were entertained on board by us, as they would probably have been
decapitated had they gone ashore in Korror. As, besides settling the matter
of the ‘wrecking fine, we were anxious to try and effect a peace between
the kings and stov this wretched internecine war, it was decided that we

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 a5

should get Abba Thule to come with us to meet Arraklye on board the ship
at Malegojok. So, after another day’s investigation, &c., we all sailed together
on Saturday morning.

Saturday, Ilth August.

“We steamed along the coast inside the reefs, feeling our way amongst
the multitudinous coral patches, until we found ourselves opposite a village
a short distance to the south of Malegojok. Here we anchored, and Mr. Kubary
went off to the shore to get his chiefs together, and, in the meantime,
Ommanney and I went off together, as we generally do, to sound about the
anchorage, and to find a passage out to the open sea. We found one,
but it was not a good-enough-one to risk except in an emergency—so we
shall have to go back the way we came; at any rate, for the best part of the
way. By and bye Mr. Kubary reappeared with his northern chiefs in their large
war canoes

“

. When the chiefs came up, we arranged that they should all come
the next day to sign a treaty of peace with the south, and then they
returned to their village. That evening, while we were smoking, Mr. Kubary
gave us some of his experiences of the actions of white men in the Pacific.
Some of them were too dreadful to believe, if one had not seen evidences
of the same things oneself. He prefaced his account with ‘Gentlemen, I ask
you to listen to what I shall tell you; you will not believe it, but listen.
If his diaries are ever vreserved, they will be found to contain some very
curious information.

Sunday, 12th August.

. . While we were talking, Mr. Kubary appeared, and suggested we
should walk across the side of the hill to Malegojok, a proposal which we
gladly accepted—a walk being a rare luxury to us. Just where we were,
there was a raised square sort of platform of stones overshadowed by some
beautiful trees, evidently a sacred place; at each corner of the side of the
square facing the sea stood a large black stone, and Mr. Kubary told us that
the people always gave offerings of leaves picked from these trees to the god
of the stone, who holds the fates of voyagers or fishers from this place
in his hands

ss

“

. We then came to a house where Abba Thule and Arraklye were
staying with their men, and we met a whole body of men, girls, boys, &c.,
carrying a feast of many dishes... .

. Next we came to an old club-house, with its attendant shrine close by,
which was a great stone, the ‘seat’ of the god, the shrine being his ‘basket’
(very Fijian). In the big house there was nothing but Mr. Kubary’s photographic
apparatus, with which he had been doing some work down here. . .

“ce

. . The open country was singularly pretty, the bright grassy slopes
of the hills being studded with clumps of feathery bamboo and clusters of
dark-foliaged trees. The summit of the hill had exactly the appearance of one
of those old Roman or Danish fortifications which Archaeological Societies
are so fond of making an excuse for champagne luncheons. Indeed, both the
Captain and I were certain that it must have been an old fortress; but
Mr. Kubary explained that it was entirely due to the formation of the
underlying rock (‘tufa formation’ he called it), and the action of the water
flowing beneath the soil, which is gradually formed into the ramparts and
sloping terraces which conveyed so strongly to our ignorant eyes the idea
of fortification. Turning the shoulder of the hill, we have the beautiful view
of the shore stretching both north and south of us, and re-enter the forest—its
edge is the boundary line of Malegoiok. Mr. Kubary here drew our attention
to a basket hanging from a branch of a tree: this contained two human heads!
recent victims. He expressed so much anxiety lest the Captain want them (!)

56 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

that we neither of us had much doubt in our minds as to what their ultimate
destination would be, and if in future years either of us ever visit the
University of Leyden, we may come across them again. It appears that when the
head of an enemy is brought in, various ceremonies are performed over it,
and when every one is tired of it, it is thrown out at the boundary stones,
for the birds of the air and other common kind, as a mark of the utmost
contempt; and Mr. Kubary having waited his chance, had no doubt picked
them up, and strung them up, until they could be placed amongst other
objects of interest in his own house. We declined to disappoint him, and to’ his
great relief did not ask for them, and went on our way towards the village... .

“We descended to the site of the village. Alas, what blackened ruins
met our eyes! Not a house had been left, and, worse than all, the oldest and
finest club-houses in the island had been blown un. Letting alone their intrinsic
value, which was considerable, the loss is otherwise irreparable. It made us
feel so sad, because it was so unnecessary. If one of the Captains from the
Australian station had been employed, it would never have been done; but
what do the China ships care for our islanders or the associations connected
with these places?

. . . We came to a fresh running stream, where is Mr. Kubary’s bathing-
place. Just beyond this, at the point, was his house, a native one with three
rooms, the centre one being his studio. We were introduced to his wife, such
a nice pretty little woman. She was a quadron, and was born in Ponape,
where he had resided some years ago. We were shown a little tiny baby
a few weeks old, which, or perhaps I should say ‘whom’, Mr. Kubary was very
anxious to have registered as a British subject. He showed us some of his
collection of birds, beasts, photographs, &c., and presented each of us with a
chief’s lime stick for betel chewing . . . I noticed certain bundles and baskets
hanging to the roof, which I expected contained the remains of departed
Pelewites for future exhibition in Europe. Amongst the men who were waiting
in the ‘anteroom’ was a devil-priest, to tell us whether we should have a
fair wind or not; but he was quite up to the trap, and replied with a polite
bow that a Captain of a fireship could go where he pleased without reference
to the direction of the wind. So he ‘scored one’. Mr. Kubary spoke very
feelingly about his relations with these people, and I feel sure that had he
not been away in Japan as the China man-of-war came, he would have
saved all the trouble...

“<c

. . When we got on board we found the chiefs assembled, and
the Captain explained to them his wish to effect a treaty of peace between
them, and to save them from the fatal results of their quarrels. He impressed
on them especially the fact of our having made peace between the chiefs
of two other places, and this seemed to have decided weight with them.
He urged them very strongly to give up the practice of decapitating their
captives, and they promised they would do so. Then I drew up a short treaty
which Mr. Kubary and Mr. Gibbons (the West Indian who had come with us
from Korror) translated into Palao language, and which Abba Thule and
Arraklye signed as two superior chiefs of the group

“

. . . The matter of the payment of the wreck-compensation was also
settled, the Captain taking account of the great loss which the people had
sustained by the destruction of their villages and club-houses, and, finding
on a careful investigation that the original claim of the owner of the vessel
was excessive, reduced the amount still outstanding, and ordered the native
money to be returned as soon as a certain amount more had been paid in
native produce, copra, pearl-shell, &c. The poor people were greatly cheered
by this decision, and I have no doubt, with Mr. Kubary to advise and help
them, they will not be long freeing themselves from this burden. Then we
sent them away in their canoes, and after a really touching farewell to
Mr. Kubary, whose great spectacles seemed to get strongly dimmed as we
exchanged a long steady grip, we steamed away; and soon, beautiful Palao, with

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 57

the strange community of chiefs, warriors, diplomatists, priests of Odin, and
savants of Europe, its ancient customs and new-formed trials, faded out of sight,
but the impression left on our minds will never be effaced. I think both
my skipper and I would give a good deal to see the place once more.”
Quotations from Six Letters from the Western Pacific by G. R. Le Hunte,
Colombo, 1884.

The afore-mentioned ‘wreck-compensation’ referred to the destruction of
Malegojok and other villages by a punitive expedition of the Royal Navy
ships from the China station. Kubary always praised Admiral Cyprian Bridge
as the first naval officer, who really endeavoured to correct the cruel mistakes
of his predecessors in this area.

Shortly after the departure of H.M.S. Espiégle, Kubary sailed with the
natives for Yap. There he explored some mysterious ruins, different from the
‘basalt city’ of Nanmatal, but which are also a product of high civilization.

Under O’Keefe’s Sails

On 13th January, 1884, Kubary boarded the brig Swan, owned by the
well-known Pacific trader, D. O’Keefe. Three days later the Swan called at
the Island of Sonsorol. In spite of a very short stay on the island Kubary
made many interesting observations, concerning the health, language, building
construction and customs of the natives. According to Dr. Annelise Eilers,
the author of the monograph Westkarolinen (Hamburg, 1935) his description
of Sonsorol was the first since Captain Carteret visited the island in 1767.

O’Keefe’s brig also called at Merir and on 21st January, dropped anchor
off Mapia. Kubary stayed there for several days. During this short trip
he collected many objects of ethnographical interest, corrected the maps of
Sonsorol, Merir and Mapia, and compiled small vocabularies of the islands
of Sonsorol and Mania. On the latter island he also gathered some botanical
specimens (See Flora Malesiana: Cyclopedia of Botanical Exploration in
Malaysia, Ed. Dr. C. G. Van Steenis, Djakarta, 1950, vol. 1, pp. XCIX, 302).

On the 4th February, 1884, the Swan returned to Yap and once again
Kubary sailed for the Palaus. Arthur Wichmann pointed out in his Entdeckungs-
Geschichte von Neu-Guinea (p. 330), that Kubary made a mistake when, in
the Ethnographishe Beitrdge, he gave the year of this voyage as 1885. This error
has confused several biographers, but Wichmann has referred to a document
signed by Kubary on Mapia Island and later 24th January, 1884.

In the meantime Kubary forwarded life masks of the natives, which he had
cast in plaster of Paris, to the Australian Museum in Sydney.

Happy Months and Bitter Disappointment

In June, 1884, he completed the first part of his most important monograph,
Ethnographische Beitrége zur Kenntnis des Karolinen Archipels (Ethnographical
Contributions to the Knowledge of the Caroline Archipelago), and again
sailed for Yap. About this time he received most welcome news from Dr.
Schmeltz, to the effect that the Ethnographical Museum in Berlin had engaged
him as a collector. His financial troubles eased, at least temporarily, and he
worked at collecting and wrote with great zeal.

In February, 1885, he completed the second part of his Ethnographische
Beitrdge . . . In the middle of March he set out for Hong Kong in order
to despatch an extensive collection to the Museum fiir Voolkerkunde in Berlin.
It comprised 277 objects from Yan, 58 from Sonsorol, 8 from Mapia, 26 from
Merir and 56 without indication of locality. Kubary returned to Yap in
May and worked with enthusiasm until the beginning of September, when he
received notice of_termination of the contract, being accused of ‘fraternization

58 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

with the natives and extravagance in relation to them’. Once again he was
left without a means of livelihood.

In New Britain

Incidentally, on 12th September, 1885, the German warship Albatros
dropped anchor off the Yap Islands and its Captain, Max Pluddemann,
persuaded Kubary to accept a post as interpreter. Thus, Kubary and his family
sailed from Yap three days later on board the Albatros. The task of the
warship was to raise the German flag on the following islands: Errai, Mogeloyok,
Woleai, Truk (Sept. 30), Ponape (Oct. 11), Pingelap (Oct. 16) and Kusaie
(Oct. 18).

The Albatros then steamed to New Britain, and Kubary landed at
Matupi in the present Harbour of Rabaul. He took charge of a plantation,
Kurakakaul, situated on Matupi and belonging to the German consul, Eduard
Hernsheim.

Kubary again became busy making excursions, this time to the Gazelle
Peninsula, climbing volcanoes and collecting plants and birds (See Flora
Malesiana and Novitates Zoologicae, vol. 8, pp. 82, 104, 130, 138; vol. 10, pp.
114, 210; vol. 14, p. 443; vol. 31, p. 195; vol. 32, p. 129; vol. 33, p. 129).

He also worked on his monograph Ethnographische Beitrdge and other
writings. Probably, during this period he prepared the Chapter ‘Das Tatowiren
in Mikronesien’ for the book by Wilhelm Joest Tatowiren (Tattooing). In
the foreword to this work Joest stated that Kubary was “undoubtedly the
leading expert in the islands of Micronesia and a celebrated and well-known
investigator of nature” (p. VIII).

In the Service of the New Guinea Company

After one and a half years in New Britain, Kubary signed on agreement
with the New Guinea Company as the manager of the trading station and
plantations at Constantinhafen in Astrolabe Bay. Already in April, 1887, he
had undertaken some exploration in this area with the missionary J. W. Thomas,
but his official appointment was dated 8th July, 1887. The German writer
Hugo Zoller said that here he led “a happy life with his wife, and daughter
Bella”.

In a letter dated 7th July, 1957, the late Senior Sister Hombeline, Kubary’s
daughter, described this period to the author of this paper in the following
words: “I was seven years old if not younger when we went to New Guinea.
We were in German New Guinea, we went to British New Guinea then
back again . . . Father was always so busy and most of his time was spent
in his office writing. He sent lots of things to Europe. Mother used to pack
big cases. We had big plantations and hundreds of labourers to work there
but they were natives brought from other islands. They had to be trained
as they were savages. They had to line up near our house and go through
some drill every morning before going to their work. Father was severe with
them but just. They liked him and would have done anything for him.
Father spoke many languages, Polish, German, English etc., and some native
languages out here. He often spoke of going to Europe. His mother and sister
were the only close relatives still living. They were in Poland. This Dr. von
Lukowicz you speak of I remember father mentioning his name many times
but I cannot remember in what language they spoke. I do not remember
the dates of my brother’s birth nor death. He was about a year older than me
and he died in Ponape. Mother remained in Ponape for the rest of her life
after father’s death. She died at the age of 72 but how she spent her life
I do not know. As a child I was very happy with my parents. Father tried
to please everybody. At Christmas he would dress up as Father Christmas
and amuse everyone. Father and mother understood each other so all was
pleasant’.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 59

It seems that he started his work in the New Guinea Company with
his usual zeal and energy. In the Nachrichten iiber Kaiser Wilhelms-Land
[Quarterly news], vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 60-64, there is a description by Kubary of
his excursion in a boat to Maraga (Gorima) Hook, Gogol River Plains, Gum
River and Bili Bili Island in Astrolabe Bay, which he undertook between
8th and 10th November, 1887. The main purpose of this trip was to gain
knowledge of the little exnlored shores of Astrolabe Bay. In this article, which
perhaps was the last one of his scientific writings, Kubary made his usual
interesting remarks on the topography, vegetation and geology, as well as a
description of the natives and their languages. After exploring the mouth
of the Gogol River he returned to Constantinhafen visiting Bili Bili Island
en route. According to many sources he was everywhere loved and venerated
by the native peoples of the Western Pacific and New Guinea. For example,
in the Collected Writings by the well-known Russian explorer, anthropologist
and ethnologist, Nicolas Miklouho Maclay (vol. 2, p. 749, Moscow, 1950),
there is mention of an old tale among the natives of Bili Bili Island ending
with the words: “And so said Maclay, and also Kubary”.

At the end of January, 1888, he again went to New Britain and in the
northern part of the Gazelle Peninsula hired seventy-one labourers for the
Company. On 6th February, he arrived in Finschhafen on board the Isabel
and landed thirty-five men, taking the rest with him to Astrolabe Bay. His
plantation in Constantinhafen was considered to be the best managed in the
New Guinea Company.

The Kaniet (or Anachorites) Islands

On 13th November, 1880, on Ponape, Kubary completed a small monograph
in the Polish language entitled “A Contribution to the study of the Anachorites
Islands’. This manuscript found its way to the collection of the Polish
Ethnological Society, established in 1895, and was published as late as 1962,
in the organ of the said Society, Lud (The People), vol. 47, pp. 7-42.

This group of six small islands is situated north of the Ninigo Group
and north-west from Manus Island. Although the monogravh deals mainly
with their ethnography, anthronology and language, it also contains his remarks
on zoology and ornithology. Kubary stated that he gained a good knowledge
of these subjects only because he had seven servants, natives of these islands,
who served him during ten years in his voyages. He learned their language
and extracted all necessary information.

However, in his book Dreizig Jahre in der Siidsee (Thirty Years in the
South Seas], Stuttgart, 1907, pv. 435, Richard Parkinson, who knew Kubary
personally, stated, that “Kubary visited these islands over a period of many
years . . . (Kubary, der diese Inseln vor Jahren besuchte . . .”). Therefore
it is certain that Kubary, after writing the fore-mentioned monograph, sailed
for the Kaniet Islands during his stay in New Britain, and service with the
New Guinea Company.

Collecting in New Guinea

Kubary devoted his spare time to collecting ethnographical material and
natural history specimens, resulting in a valuable collection of butterflies,
shells and stuffed birds.

His main ethnographical collection is now in the State Ethnographical
Museum of Leiden (Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde). He sent it a very
extensive collection of spears, bows, arrows and other weapons of the natives
of Astrolabe Bay. These collections were described by Dr. J. D. E. Schmeltz
in the Internationales Archiy fiir Ethnographie, vol. Vil, Leiden, 1895, in the
paper ‘Beitrage zur Ethnographie von Neu-Guinea’, Chapters IV and V, ‘Ueber
Bogen von Neu-Guinea’ (pp. 238-44, pl. XVI) and vol. IX, 1896, Chapter

60 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

VI, ‘Ueber eine Sammlung aus Konstantinhafen, Astrolabebai’ (pp. 113-125,
pls VII-IX). Schmeltz stated there that “Mr. J. S. Kubary, an untiring and active
traveller, to whom the exploration of Oceania owes so much, did not spend
the opportunities of his prolonged stay in Kaiser Wilhelms-Land unprofitably.
He not only enhanced his zoological collections and knowledge of nature in
those areas, but also contributed in many ways to his ethnographical
collection . . .” (vol. VII, p. 241). However, in contrast to this opinion
Dr. Schmeltz complained in vol. IX, p. 113, that Kubary’s notes were not
in a satisfactory order; evidently he had no more enthusiasm and energy
for scientific work under the stress of a very oppressive climate, his official
duties and acute attacks of malaria and dysentery. Every year the latter
disease decimated the sparse European population of German New Guinea, so
that, by 1895, twenty-five Europeans lay buried in Stephansort cemetery alone,
not counting other settlements.

According to information supplied by Dr. P. H. Pott, Director of the
Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde at Leiden (letters to the author of 4th and
19th July, 1968), the New Guinea collection of Kubary consists of 137
objects. The most important item in this collection is the wooden ancestor
figure ‘Telem Mul’ from Bongu, mentioned in the previously quoted vol.
VIII, p. 244, pl. XVI.

The Ornithologica! Collections

W. Slabezynski noted in his book, when referring to the letter by Izabella
Kubary of 12th August, 1954, that “Kubary had in his house a true ornitho-
logical and entomological museum full of birds of paradise, butterflies and
other specimens of natural history”. His “huge collections” were bought by
German naturalists of Dresden: the birds by Count Hans von Berlepsch and
the butterflies by Dr. Staudinger. The latter collection is still preserved
in the Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde in Dresden. A part of the birds held
by Count von Berlepsch was sold, or exchanged with the Tring Museum, near
London, owned by Lord Rothschild. The author of this paper found not
less than sixty references to the birds from New Guinea and New Britain,
collected by Kubary, which were in the Tring Museum. The majority of these
birds were listed in the “Notes on Papuan Birds” by W. Rothschild and
E. Hartert, Novitates Zoologicae (London), vols. 3 (1896), 8 (1901), 10
(1903), 14 (1907) and vol. 22 (1915). After Rothschild’s death his collection
of birds was sold to the American Museum of Natural History in New York.

Dr. Adolf Meyer in the /bis, 1890, pv. 414, named a Kingfisher Sauromarptis
kubaryi but the name is now a synonym of Sauromarptis gaudichaud gaudichaud
or Gaudichaud’s Kingsfisher of New Guinea. Tom Iredale in his Birds of
New Guinea, vol. 1, p. 198, made this comment on the subject: “It ranges
throughout New Guinea and shows little local variation so that although
specimens have been separated from the Aru Islands (aruensis), and also
those from the north coast have been named kuwbaryi, no tangible characters
have been determined, the seasonal variation in the depth of colouring and
the white head markings obscuring the facts”.

“A First Class Expert on the Flora of New Guinea”

Wilhelm Wendland, in his book 7m Wunderland der Papuas, Berlin, 1939,
p. 28, said that, beside his anthropological interests, Kubary was in the first
instance a first rate exvert on the flora of New Guinea. According to the
Flora Malesiana: Cyclopedia of Botanical Exploration in Malaysia his botanical
collections were in the Hamburg Herbarium and part of his New Guinea plants
might have been sent to the Herbarium of Berlin and were classified by Dr.
Karl Schumann. Strangely enough in Die Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiete
in der Stidsee by Dr. K. Schumann and Dr. K. Lauterbach, Leipzig, 1901,
Kubary’s name is mentioned only once, on pb. 283, under Ficus du. As the

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 61

Berlin Herbarium was burnt out by incendiary bombs in 1943, Kubary’s
collections were apparently lost.

When in October, 1890, Lauterbach arrived in Constantinhafen in order
to explore the vicinity of the Gogol River he profited greatly from Kubary’s
information and advice relating to the local topography, natural history and
linguistics. Kubary, in a “most friendly’ way, helped Dr. Lauterbach to
organize the expedition and gave him a large sailing boat. After six weeks,
on 7th December, Kubary sent his assistant to the Gogol River with a boat
containing supplies. While there, Lauterbach collected a very large number
of botanical and zoological specimens, particularly insects.

W. Slabczynski in his latest article on Kubary “A New Contribution to
the Biography of Jan Stanislaw Kubary”, 1968, mentioned that he also assisted
the Hungarian ethnographer Samuel Fenichel. Dr. E. F. Kunz in his book
Blood and Gold: Hungarians in Australia (Melbourne, 1969, pp. 148-149),
wrote that “In December 1891, Samuel Fenichel, the first of a line of
Hungarian scientists interested in New Guinea, arrived there with Grubauer’s
German expedition. While the expedition progressed in New Guinea, misunder-
standings and ill-feeling developed, and Fenichel left Grubaer’s company.
Staying behind, Fenichel spent nonetheless fourteen fruitful months alone,
mainly in the Finisterre region of German New Guinea, investigating anthro-
pology and zoology of the area, and sending valuable collections of birds
and ethnographic objects to the Hungarian National Museum. He died at
Wilhelmshafen on 12 March 1893”. Slabczynski also noted that Kubary
met a Hungarian zoologist, Lajos Biro, there. Dr. Kunz informed me that
Biro arrived in New Guinea at the end of 1895, therefore his contact with
Kubary must have been very brief.

The Malacological Studies

The previously mentioned author Dr. W. Wendland remarked that later
Kubary fell back on studies of crustacea.

The well-known malacologist Dr. O. F. von Mollendorf published an
article “On a Collection of Land-Shells made by Mr. J. Kubary in German
New Guinea” in the Proceedings of the Malacological Society, London, 1895,
vol. 1, pp. 234-238. In this article we read: “The material for the present
memoir was furnished by Mr. J. Kubary, well known for his ethnological
and zoological researches in the Caroline and other islands of the Pacific
region. Most of the shells were collected in the neighbourhood of the German
colonial station of Constantinhafen, situated in Astrolabe Bay, Kaiser Wilhelms-
Land; some came from the hills at the foot of the Finisterre Mountains.
Small as the collection is, it contains some interesting novelties, and confirms
entirely Mr. Hedley’s view that the molluscan fauna of New Guinea is
essentially Malayan. To this theory I consider the discovery of a true
Cyclophorus \ends very important support”. Thus, Mollendorf named _ this
new shell Cyclophorus kubaryi and another two: Papuina kubaryi and Helix
kubaryi.

C. F. Ancey referred to these shells in the article “On some New or
Hitherto Little Known Shells from New Guinea and Adjacent Islands” in
the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. X, Sydney,
1896, pp. 377-378, 380-381, pl. XXVI.

Mount Kubary

During an expedition into the Finisterre Mountains, in October, 1888,
the German geographers named Kubary-Berg, describing it as about 780
metres high. On the Australian maps the name became misspelt as Mt. Kubari,
but the height is now given as 6120 feet (Australian Geographical Series:
Lae, SB-55, 1965). The position of Mt. Kubary seems to be the same on the

62 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

German and Australian maps, but the difference in height seems to be strangely
out of proportion: nearly three times as much.

The Last Voyages

In New Guinea, Kubary found a friend in the person of Dr. Max Lukowicz,
Chief Medical Officer of the New Guinea Company, who was a Pole by
origin, a native of Chojnice near Danzig. Dr. Lukowicz cared for his health,
but advised him to leave for Europe, or “choose a grave in New Guinea”.
After one year of service Dr. Lukowicz himself left the Company and settled
in Australia.

In 1892, Kubary set out with his wife and daughter for Germany. In
spite of a flattering reception and welcome at the Geographical Society in
Hamburg and at the Berlin Museum, there was no employment for him.
In Lvov, during the Sixth Congress of Polish Physicians and Naturalists,
he delivered a lecture, but likewise in Poland no one offered him a position.
He returned to New Guinea where he worked till the end of 1895. After the
dissolution of the contract he had to sail to Ponape. He took his only
daughter, Izabella, to Singapore and placed her in a school run by French
Catholic nuns. Subsequently, he went to the Governor’s office in Manila in
an attempt to clear up his rights to the plantation at Ponape. In the Philippines
he fell ill of heart trouble and spent several months in hospital. When he
returned to his home in the middle of 1896, he found that his plantation had
been completely devastated during a recent uprising of the natives against
the Spaniards. A few months later, on 9th October, 1896, Kubary was found
dead on the grave of his only son, Bertram.

The Opinions of Scientists

Kubary had led a strange life spending twenty-seven years of it in the
South Seas. He left Europe as a twenty-two year old political refugee without
any significant scientific training, but he had proved himself to be a man
of great ability, intelligence and many talents, who was deeply devoted to the
sciences. His contributions to human knowledge in the fields of natural
history, ethnography, anthropology, cartography and linguistics were remarkable
and praised by many scholars. Some opinions of J. D. E. Schmeltz, E. Graffe,
G. Hartlaub, O. Finsch, W. Muller, A. Kramer, A. Wichmann, A. Eilers,
G. R. Le Hunte, W. Joest, have already been quoted. Similar, or even
more outspoken praise was given by A. Bastian, L. Friedrichsen, R. Andrée,
J. Hastings and others.

Dr. August Kramer admitted that Kubary’s works influenced him in
his decision to visit Palau. Consequently, the first volume of his splendid
monograph in five books, Palau, was dedicated to “Johann S. Kubary pioneer
investigator of Palau”.

Professor Ludwik Krzywicki of the Warsaw University, when writing an
obituary of Kubary in 1897, said: “Perhaps this and that is known about
him in our country, but I doubt whether we appreciated the full value of
his explorations. This ethnographer had a renowned name in the scientific
world, but not to the extent he deserved . . . Therefore Kubary, like Morgan
or Howitt, Fison or Codrington, did not live to see the esteem which would
one day surround their names in future. The studies of our countryman...
are contributions to science which will remain for ever. We say quite definitely:
‘for ever’, fully conscious of the meaning of this expression . . . The future
investigator will find there a description of conditions deserving confidence,
and at the same time providing the key to understanding what is inaccurate,
obscured, or misrepresented in the hundreds of volumes on Polynesia’.

Famous Professor Bronislaw Malinowski, the author of the Argonauts
of the Western Pacific, who spent six years in Australia, New Guinea and

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 63

the Trobriand Islands, called Kubary “a concrete methodologist” (A Diary
in the Strict Sense of the Term, London, 1967, p. 155).

Kurt Schmack in his monograph of the House of Godeffroy stated that
“Dr. Graffe, Amalie Dietrich, Kleinschmidt and Hiibner, they all conducted
ethnographical studies; but the most valuable work in this field was accomplished
byarKolbany ac.)

Dr. Kurt Danneil, in his article on the St. Matthew Islands, said that while
other explorers spent a lot of money achieving very meagre results, Wallace
in the Malayan Archipelago and Kubary in the Carolines showed that
ey work could be done in this field (Internat. Arch. Ethnogr., vol. 13,
ps 126)

Rollin H. Baker in The Avifauna of Micronesia (Kansas Univ., 1951,
p. 18), remarked that Kubary was “perhaps the most famous collector” of
his period.

The Epitaph

The last European who saw Kubary, barely two days before his death,
was F. W. Christian, author of the book The Caroline Islands (London,
1899). He described this last meeting on pp. 227-228 of his book: “Kubary,
hale and hearty as ever, had just returned from a long tramp over the hills
collecting landshells, his latest hobby. The reader can guess how two enthusiasts
sat far into the night in earnest discussion upon the mystery of the strange
lands around them .. . In my mind’s eye I see my bluff host sitting in
his great cane chair, spectacles on nose, with his specimen-cases, instruments,
books and pamphlets around him, peering keenly into the hieroglyphs of
some huge German tome of science to wrest therefrom some happy illustration
of his theme. And this was the last I saw of Kubary, ablest and sturdiest
of . .. pioneers of science in Pacific waters”.

Nothing seems to be more suitable for Kubary’s epitaph than the
last page from Christian’s preface to his Caroline Islands:

“For many years in these remote lands he devoted a grand and
tireless energy to clearing up problems which have troubled so many
European scientists who, from an arm-chair in their studies at home,
are sometimes inclined to settle offhand, with a few indifferent
strokes of the pen, questions the weight of which they have only
tested with a crooked finger. Only too often, those who have borne
the burden on their shoulders are pushed aside into unthanked oblivion.
Those can sympathise best who have endured the scorching heats of
the Line, the inclement rain-torrents of the wet season, fever and
bad food, thirst and sleeplessness, the opposition of superstitious natives
abroad and the indifference of men at home, such measure as the
world metes out to the man who ventures to seek out new facts
or new methods of arranging facts. Such men as Kubary during
their lives receive scant thanks, but their praise should be a grateful
duty to all who honour pluck and enterprise. And though Kubary
be no countryman of ours, Science knows no such narrow boundaries,
such slender distinctions as race or birth-land, and bids us render
honour to one of her most faithful servants whom the evil day
found girt and harnessed to his task”.

The Monument

In 1898, a Committee was formed in Berlin to provide a monument to
Kubary. Among the forty-eight persons present there were many celebrities
of the scientific world such as Professors Baessler, Bastian, Buschan, R. Koch,
Kramer, Schmeltz, Thilenius, Virchow, Volkens and prominent persons like

64 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

J. C. Godeffroy, Captain Pluddeman, R. Parkinson, the brothers Hernsheim
and others. There were also from Warsaw Julia Swiatlowska, Kubary’s sister
and Boleslaw Mstusinski, a lawyer.

In a publication by the Committee, printed in Berlin in 1901, it was
said:

“This honour was bestowed on Kubary as the ethnographer who
penetrated with deep understanding into the mentality and customs
of the native population and through this, rendered invaluable service
to Science; and as the naturalist who collected and described numerous
varieties of animal and plant life of the islands. This man who
proved himself to be versatile and who gained honour in the cause
of exploration of the South Seas, shall now have a monument erected
to eternal memory, plain and simple as was Kubary himself”.

The monument was erected at Ponape in the shape of a pyramid and
formed from basalt blocks. On its top an impressive boulder was placed
bearing a large bronze plaque on which a portrait of Kubary was sculptured
and the following words: “Joh. Stanislaus Kubary, 13 Nov. 1846-9 Oct.
1896”.

When, in 1906, Kubary’s grave was opened it was found to be empty.
W. Slabcezynski has speculated that his body was secretly removed by the
natives and placed in a sacred graveyard reserved for the great men of Ponape.

Acknowledgements

Sincere thanks for kind assistance and advice are extended to Mr. C. A.
McCallum, former Chief Librarian of the State Library of Victoria, and the
staff; the Mitchell Librarians, particularly Miss Phyllis Mander Jones and
Miss Jean F. Arnot, Sydney; the Librarians of the Alexander Turnbull Library,
Wellington, New Zealand; Mr. W. Slabczynski and Miss Krystyna Lopus-
zynska of the National Library, Warsaw, Poland; Mr. J. Dabrowski of the
National Library, Canberra; Mr. K. A. Hindwood of Sydney, for invaluable
notes on ornithological problems; Miss Patricia Reynolds, La Trobe Librarian
and her staff, Melbourne; Mr. Thomas A. Darragh, Curator of Fossils, Mr. Alan
McEvey, Curator of Birds, and Miss Joyce M. Shaw, Librarian, of the National
Museum of Victoria, Melbourne; Mr. I. C. J. Galbraith, British Museum
(Natural History), Department of Zoology, London; Mr. J. H. Willis, Assistant
Government Botanist of Victoria, Melbourne; Dr. P. H. Pott, Director of
Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden, Netherlands; Dr. E. F. Kunz of the
Australian National University, Canberra; Miss Nona D. Lucas of Box Hill,
Vic., for kind help in preparation of the typescript.

I am also greatly indebted to the late Senior Sister Humbeline (Izabella
Kubary) of Singapore, deceased in November, 1961, for her letters and
information about her father.

BIBL!LOGRAPHY

Works by J. S. Kubary in German
1873 “Die Ebongruppe im Marscnhall’s Archipel”, Journal des Museum
Godeffroy (Hamburg), No. 1, pp. 33-47, pls. 4-6.

1873 (Kubary and A. Tetens) “Die Carolineninsel Yap oder Guap”, Journal
Mus. Godef., No. 2, pp. 84-130, pls. 3-8.

1873 “Die Palau-Inseln in der Stidsee”, Journ. Mus. Godef., No. 4, pp.
177-238, pl. 1.

1873 “Die Ruinen von Nanmatal auf der Insel Ponape (Ascension)”,
Journal Mus. Godef., No. 4, pp. 123-131, pl. 5.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 65

1875
1880
1885

1885

1885

1885
1887
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1889-95

1900

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1873

1875

1876
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“Weitere Nachrichten von der Insel Ponape”, Journal Mus. Godef.,
No. 8, pp. 261-267 (10 illustration).

“Die Bewohner der Mortlock-Inseln”, Mitteilungen der Geographischen
Gesellschaft in Hamburg, 1878-1879, pp. 224-300 (8 illustrations).
Ethnographische Beitriige zur Kenntnis der karolinischen Inselgruppe
und Nachbarschaft, Berlin, 150 pp., part 1: “Die sozialen Einrichtungen
der Palauer”.

“Die Totenbestattung auf den Palau-Inseln”, Original-Mitteilungen aus
der Eethnologischen Abteilung der kgl. Museen zu Berlin, vol. 1,
No. 1, pp. 4-11.

“Die Verbrechen und das Strafverfahren auf den Palau-Inseln”,
Original-Mitt. aus der Ethnol. Abt. der kgl. Mus. zu Berlin, vol. 1
No. 2, pp. 74-98 (25 ills.).

“Aus dem samoanischen Familienleben’, Globus (Braunschweig),
vol. 47, pp. 70-72, 86-88.

“Das Tatowiren in Mikronesien speziel auf den aCrolinen”, in, W.
Joest, Tdtowiren, Berlin, pp. 74-90.

“Die Religion der Palauer’, in A. Bastian, Allerlei aus Volks- und
Menschenkunde, vol. 1, Berlin, pp. 1-69.

“Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ruk-Inseln”, Mitt. Geogr. Ges Hamburg,
1887-88, pp. 53-62.

[Description of an Excursion to Gorima Hook, Gogol River Mouth
and Bili Bili Island in November 1887], Nachrichten tiber Kaiser
Wilhelms-Land und den Bismarck-Archipel (Berlin), vol. 4, No. 2,
p. 60-64.

Ethnographische Beitradge zur Kenntnis des Karolinen Archipels,
Leiden, x + 306 pp. + 55 pls.

“Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Nukuoro- oder Monteverde-Inseln”, Mitt.
der Geogr. Ges. Hamburg, vol. 16, pv. 71-138; published also as a
separate booklet by Friedrichsen, Hamburg, 68 pp.

“Die Totenbestattung auf den Palau-Inseln” in A. Bastian (Ed.),
Die Mikronesischen Kolonien aus Ethnologischey Gesichtpunkten,
Supplement, pp. 37-48, Berlin.

>

Works by J. S. Kubary in Polish and French

“Obrazki z wysp Zeglarskich na Oceanie Wielkim zebrane w 1870 r
[Pictures from the Navigator Islands in the Pacific Ocean collected in
1870]”, Tygodnik Illustrowany [The Illustrated Weekly, Warsaw], vol.
2, No. 288.

“Sprawozdanie z zdobyczy naukowych osiagnietych podczas kilkoletnich
podrézy w Australii [Report on Scientific Observations gained during
the Voyages in Australia]”, in Pamtetnik II Zjazdu Lekarzy i
Przyrodnikéw Polskich [Memoir of the 2nd Congress of Polish
Physicians and Naturalists], Lvov.

“Les Ruines de Nanmatal dans l’Ile de Ponapé (Ascension)”, La
Nature (Paris), 23 Sept.

“Wigilia Bozego Narodzenia na Oceanie Spokojnym [A Christmas Eve
in the Pacific Ocean]’, Tygodnik Illustrowany [Warsaw].

“Pieniadze na wyspach Pellewskich [The Money of the Palau Islands]”,
Wedrowiec [The Wanderer, Warsaw].

“Zegluga morska i handel miedzywyspowy Karolinczyké6w Centralnych
[The maritime navigation and commerce of the Central Carolines],
Wszechswiat [The Universe, Warsaw].

“Wyspy Nukuoro — z podrézy po Oceanie Spokojnym The Islands
of Nukuoro — from Voyages in the Pacific Ocean, Afeneum [Warsaw].
“Wyspy Ruk na Oceanie Wielkim [The Islands of Truk in the Pacific
Ocean]”, Tygodnik Illustrowany.

“Z podrozy po Mikronezji. Notatki zebrane w latach 1870-1880
[From Voyages in Micronesia. Notes collected in the Years 1870-
1880], Wedrowiec.

66 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

1885 “Obrzadki pogrzebowe Palauczykow [The Burial Rituals of the Natives
of Palau], Ateneum.
1962 “Przycznek do znajomosci wysp Anachorites [A Contribution to the

Knowledge of the Anachorites Islands]”, Lud [The People, Organe
de la Société Polonaise d’Ethnologie, Wroclaw], vol. 46, pp. 7-48.

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PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 67

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68 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

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70 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

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Wypych, K., Jan Stanislaw Kubary w 70-ta recznice zgonu (John Stanislaw
Kubary—The Seventieth Anniversary of his Death), Lud: Organe
de la Société Polonaise d’Ethnologie (Wroclaw), 51 (1966), pt. 1,
pp. 165-180.

Wypych, K., Zycie i zaslugi naukowe Jana Stanislawa Kubarego (The Life and
Scientific Contributions of John Stanislaw Kubary), Studia i Materialy
z Dziejow Nauki Polskiej (Warsaw), No. 13, 1968, pp. 67-101.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 71

DR. JAMES CHARLES COX—CONCHOLOGIST (1834-1912)

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NATURAL HISTORY PAPERS WITH AN INDEX TO HIS SCIENTIFIC
NAMES

by
JAY E. RICHARDSON,
Division of Applied Mineralogy, C.S.I.R.O., Melbourne

(Plate VIII)

James Charles Cox, born on 21st July, 1834, was the fifth son of
Edward Cox of Mulgoa. He was a grandson of Captain William Cox, paymaster
of the New South Wales Corps, who came to Australia in 1800 and was in
charge of the Irish “Rebels”. The Cox family was prominent in the early
history of Australia and there are many records of their pioneering efforts.
Captain Cox is well known for the part he played in opening up the western
plains of Sydney, for in 1813 Governor Macauarie gave him the task of
constructing a road over the Blue Mountains to the town site now known
as Bathurst.

There are perhaps two bibliographies that could be written for James
Cox—that of the Medical Practitioner and that of a person primarily interested
in conchology with an overall love of natural history. His love of nature is
especially shown in the “Notes and Exhibits” that he contributed to the
Linnean Society of New South Wales.

Cox’s early history is described in a speech he gave at the Australian
Club, Sydney, in 1909 to celebrate the 50th year of his membership there:

“As to my early life, I was born at Mulgoa, Fern Hill, near Penrith.
I remember quite well being christened in the wool-shed by the Rev.
Thomas Hassall, from Cobbitty.

I was sent to a day-school that was opened by the Rev. Thomas
Makinson, father of Mr. H. M. Makinson, a member of this Club, and one
of the oldest living friends I have. We were boys together in pinafores,
socks and shoes, which buttoned round our ankles. When I was 13,
I was sent to the King’s School, Parramatta, under the Rev. Robert
Forrest. I was there from 1847 till 1850.

My real career of life began in 1850, the year before Victoria
separated from New. South Wales. Early in life I evinced a great love
of natural history, especially as to the nesting habits of birds, the
breeding of native animals, the transformation of caterpillars into butterflies,
and I became a collector and preserver of flowers. It was this love of
natural history on my part that determined my father to make me a
medical man.

When leaving the King’s School to enter on the study of medicine,
I had to be apprenticed to a doctor. It was necessary in those days
for this to be done, before you could enter on professional studies.

I was apprenticed for three years to Dr. Henry Gratton Douglas,
who was physician to the Sydney Hospital. I was entered at the Hospital
as a Student. The first student who left Sydney to study medicine was
Dr. MacVittie, a pupil of Dr. Wallace’s. There were at the Hospital
with me four other medical students—Lumsden, Grills, Phelps and Milford.
When I went there I became a clinical clerk, under a very able surgeon,
Dr. Donald McEwen, and Dr. Alleyne, physician.

I was most kindly taken by the hand by the resident Medical
Superintendent, Dr. William Huston; he made me work at the dispensary

72 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

dispensing medicine, bleeding patients, dressing wounds, and assisting
him with post-mortem examinations. I was taught anatomy by a Dr. Lynch.

During my last year of apprenticeship, I was taken on by Professor
Smith as his assistant in his course of Chemistry at the University
lectures, which were then held in the Grammar School, College Street.

An incident I should like to mention was that I assisted Dr. McEwen
and Dr. Alleyne in Phillin Street to distil the first chloroform that was
ever in Australia. The distillation was most successful, and I was present
and assisted at an operation on a young girl to whom this chloroform
was administered by Dr. Alleyne at the Sydney Hospital for the first
time in Australia.

The Museum at that early date was my delight, and I had a share
in preparing the skeleton of the first great whale set up by Wall, and
prepared the first perfect skeleton of a South Sea Islander ever made,
in conjunction with Dr. Lynch, I articulated and set up for the Museum.

My apprenticeship having expired, I was sent to Edinburgh to study
medicine at the University, and graduated there in 1857 taking a diploma
of Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Before
leaving for Australia in 1858, I was proposed by Professor Lyne as a Fellow
of the College, then being the youngest Fellow ever elected, and through
the lapse of time I am now the fourth or fifth from the top of the list
of living members in seniority.”

Shortly after his return to Sydney in 1858, Cox began his medical
practice and also his molluscan work. Among the official positions which he
filled for many years were: Lecturer in Medicine at the University of Sydney,
Honorary Consultant at the Sydney Hospital and Chief Medical Officer to
the Australian Mutual Provident Society. He was elected to the Board of
Trustees of the Australian Museum in 1865, and for a number of years
until his death he was Chairman of this Board. He was also President of the
N.S.W. Board of Fisheries and took great interest in the fishing industry,
and was one of a number of authors who jointly put out reports on fisheries.

Cox was an active sunporter of Sir William Macleay in initiating and
carrying on the work of both the Entomological Society of New South Wales
and the Linnean Society of New South Wales; he was a foundation member
of both societies.

During the period from 1862 until his death he wrote 137 papers on
natural history, mostly on conchological subjects. However excluded from this
list are those papers which specifically dealt with his medical career and also
small articles discovered in the newspaper, the “Sydney Mail”. Some 35 of
his papers contain original descriptions of molluscan species, mainly of Australian
and Pacific Island land-shells, with a few descriptions of marine molluscs.

Like those of many other Australian conchologists, Cox’s works appeared
in Overseas journals or in private publications, as at that time newspapers
were almost the only other local avenue available for scientific writing.
However with the Linnean Society of New South Wales publishing its
Proceedings, Cox wrote principally for this journal from the first volume
in 1876 to volume 24, 1899. It is curious to note that Cox’s next publication
was not until 1905 and privately published by himself, as were those of
1907 and 1909, but in 1910 and 1912 his papers were contributed to journals,
and these were his last works to include original descriptions of molluscs.

Cox did very little field collecting himself, but relied on the exchanging
and buying of shells to compile his famous collection (Letters, Mitchell
Library, Sydney). There were many rarities in his collection, mostly of the
genera Voluta, Cypraea, and Conus. Perhavs it was the sale of the bulk
of his collection which accounts for the break in his molluscan writing.
The two catalogues put out by the London auctioneer Mr. J. C. Stevens

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 73

included a sale of 351 lots on 13th July, 1904 and 249 lots on 13th February,
1905. Fortunately the British Museum bought many of these and the remaining
and perhaps the more scientifically important portion of his collection went
to the Australian Museum on his death.

Some of the better known snecies which he described in his marine
studies are Voluta australiae, V. brazieri, V. coniformis, V. harfordi, V. kingi,
V. macgillivrayi, V. nodiplicata, V. sclateri, Cypraea coxeni, C. irvineanae and
Recluzia hargravesi. The greater part of his land-snail work for which he is
most widely known, is contained in his famous A Monograph of Australian
Land Shells (1868).

In the obituary, published by the Linnean Society of New South Wales,
Charles Hedley wrote of Cox: “Dr. Cox deserves to be held in kindly
remembrance by all of us in this State, interested in biology, for his untiring
efforts to advance Natural Science and for honourable and long record of
service extending over a full half century”.

Dr. James Charles Cox died at Mosman, Sydney, N.S.W., on 29th
September, 1912, at the age of 78.

NOTES ON PUBLICATIONS AND SPECIES

Cox’s publications contain a number of anomalies, including duplications
of new descriptions and conflicting references to publication dates. These
occurred mainly in the pre-Linnean Society period, from 1862 to 1876, when
Cox was publishing privately, contributing articles to local newspapers such
as the “Sydney Mail”, or sending manuscripts to overseas journals. Much
of the confusion apparently originated in delays in communications between
Cox and overseas editors and authors. Delays in the transmission of letters,
notifications and journals could extend to a year or more at that time.

The following notes summarize the main points of confusion:-

Papers 3 and 4. The same 26 species are described in both these papers
which were published in the same year, the only excention being the re-naming
of Helix costulata (described in Paper 3 but found to be pre-occupied) to
Helix saturni (Addendum and Corrigenda, Paper 4). Iredale in his “A Basic
List of Land Mollusca of Australia”, Atralian Zoologist (1937-1938),
quotes Paper 4 as the original source but both references are given in the List
of Species.

Paper 4. Species numbers 134-136 are described on three un-numbered
pages at the end of this paner. They are also described in Paper 6; however
Cox renamed only species numbers 135 and 136 as these were preoccupied
names.

Paper 5. The same descriptions also appear in Paper 4.

Papers 7 and 8. Here he duplicates new species names and descriptions.
One exception is that in Paver 7 the same species appears as Helix nautiloidea
and in Paper 8 as Helix nautiloides.

Paper 14. Cox refers to “H. cochilidum Cox, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.”
but there appears to be no record of this svecies being described in this
Journal.

Papers 20 and 26. Once again duplication of new descriptions and names,
the two species involved being Voluta coniformis and Voluta kingi.

Papers 25a and 25b. The species described are attributed to Cox IN
Legrand, not as Iredale quotes, ex Cox MS for these species in his “A Basic
List of Land Mollusca of Australia”.

For the species Helix petterdi described by Cox, Legrand on receiving the
description was aware that the name was preoccupied and changed the name
only to Helix allporti.

74

AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NATURAL HISTORY PAPERS

References marked with an asterisk (*) are papers containing the original

Nm

* 16.

* 20.

publication of a new name

1862
List of Australian Land Shells, pp. 1-6. Copies in The Australian
Museum and in private libraries. Mitchell Library (5943/PA1).

1864
On a Supposed New Species of the Genus Helix from north-eastern
Australia. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1864: 40, Text figs., June 24, 1864.
Description of Twenty-six New Species of Australian Land Shells.
Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 14 (3rd ser.): 180-185, September, 1864.
Catalogue of Specimens of the Australian Land Shells in the Collections
of James C. Cox. Sydney: Printed by J. A. Engel, 1864, pp. 1-46, some
copies have an additional two pages unnumbered.

1865
Description of Two New Species of Australian Land Shells. Proc. zool.
Soc. Lond., 1864: 486, Text figs. 1-3, May 2, 1865.
Description of Four New Species of Australian Land Shells. Proc. zool.
Soc. Lond., 1864: 594-596, May 2, 1865.

1866

Description d’especes nouvelles provenant d’Australie et des iles Salomon
et de Norfolk. J. Conch., Paris, 14 (3e ser.): 45-47, January, 1866.

Description of Seven New Snecies of Australian Land Shells. Proc. zool.
Soc. Lond., 1865: 695-697, April, 1866.

Characters of Six New Australian Land Shells. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond.,
1866: 373-375, September 5, 1866.

On the Wambeyan Caves. Trans. phil. Soc. N.S.W., 1862-1865: 97-204,
Publ. 1866.

1867
Characters of Four New Species of Australian Land Shells. Proc. zool.
Soc. Lond., 1967: 39-40, May 23, 1867.
Oysters. Acclim. Soc. N.S.W. 6th Ann. Rep., 1867: 43:49, Publ., 1867.

1868

On Some New Snpecies of Australian Land Shells. Proc. zool. Soc.
Lond., 1867: 722-726, April 3, 1868.

A Monograph of Australian Land Shells. Sydney: Printed by William
Maddock, 1868, pvp. 1-111, Pls. 1-20. Reviewed, Sydney Morning
Herald, May 9, 1868.

Dr. James C. Cox’s Exchange List of Land and Marine Shells from
Australia and the Adjacent Islands. Sydney: Printed by F. Cunning-
hame & Co., 1868, pp. 1-81.

1869
On a New Soecies of Haliotis from New South Wales. Proc. zool. Soc.
Lond., 1869: 49, Pl. 26, June 21, 1869.
On Three New Species of Australian Marine Shells. Proc. zool. Soc.
Lond., 1869: 358-359, Pl. 26, September 8, 1869.

1870

Descriptions of Seventeen New Species of Land Shells from the South-
Sea Island in the Cabinet of Mr. John Brazier of Sydney. Proc. zool.
Soc. Lond., 1870: 81-85, June 2, 1870.

Description of Eight New Species of Shells from Australia and the
Solomon Islands. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1870: 170-172, Pl. 16,
November 11, 1870.

1871

Description de deux especes nouvelles de Voluta et observations sur
la V. punctata Swainson. J. Conch., Paris, 19 (3e ser.): 74-77, Pl. 4,
Ist January, 1871.

PROC.

21.
ne Popes

Ss

724.
IAL

25b.
P26:

* 27.

a2;

33.

34.

35):
36.

38.
39.
40.
41.

42.
43.
44,

ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 75

Australian Volutes I. Sydney Mail, 1871: 346, May 13, 1871.
Descriptions of Seven New Species of Australian Land Shells. Proc.
zool, Soc. Lond., 1871: 53-55, Pl. 3, June 12, 1871.
Australian Volutes II. Sydney Mail, 1871: 491, June 17, 1871.
Australian Volutes III. Sydney Mail, 1871: 526, June 24, 1871.
Descriptions by J. C. Cox, IN “Collections for a Monograph of
Tasmanian Land Shells,’ by W. Legrand. Tasmania: Printed by
W. Legrand, Ist Edition June, 1871, 39 unnumbered sheets, Pls. 1-12.
ibid. 2nd edition, September, 1871, 41 unnumbered sheets, Pls. 1-2.
Description of New Species of Land and Marine Shells from Australia
and the south-western Pacific. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1871: 323-325,
Pl. 34, August 16, 1871.

1872

Description of a New Volute and Twelve New Species of Land Shells
from Australia. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1871: 643-647, Pl. 52, May 2,
1872.

Descriptions of new Land Shells from Australia and the South-Sea
Islands. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1872: 18-20, Pl. 4, June, 1872.

Distribution of Australasian Volutes. Sydney: Printed by Alexander W.
Douglas, 1872, pp. 1-22.

1873
Description of New Land Shells from Australia and the Solomon Islands.
Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1873: 146-152, Pl. 16, June 1873.
Descriptions of New Species of Land and Marine Shells from Australia
and the Solomon and Louisiade Islands. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond.,
1873: 564-569, Pl. 48, November, 1873.

1876
On Stone Implements of Australia and the South Sea Islands. Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1: 21-29, February, 1876.

1877
Exhibits: New species of Leda; Shells of Trigonia strangei: Specimens
of Aspergillum. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 2: 122, July, 1877.

1878
Drawings by Australian Aboriginals. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 3: 155-160,
Pl. 15 & 16, December, 1878.

1879

Exhibits: Wood carving from the Solomon Islands. Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S.W., 3: 413, May, 1879.

Exhibits: Young coconuts and dates from Port Mackay, Q’ld. Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 4: 107, June 16, 1879.

On Two New Species of Helix from the Louisiade Archipelago. Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 4: 114-116, Pl. 16, June 16, 1879.

Exhibits Turbinaria crater attached to Pearl oyster shell; Flower of
Haimanthus tiginus. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 4: 116, June 16, 1879.

Exhibits: Vegetable caterpillars from Kurrajong. Proc. Linn, Soc. N.S.W.,
4: 312, December 1, 1879.

Notes of the Genus Cypraea. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 4: 385-387,
December 1, 1879.

Exhibits: White Cypraea umbilicata from Tasmania; Ovulum gigas from
Victoria; Striated fruit of Lisbon lemon; also malformed navel orange.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 4: 387, December 1, 1879.

Notes and Exhibits: Fossil teeth of Diprotodon: Maori Mask. Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 4: 408-409, May, 1880.

Notes and Exhibits: Crustacean (Astacopsis) and three fish (Galaxias)
from Mount Wilson. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 4: 471, May, 1880.

Notes and Exhibits: Live specimens of Asfacopsis from Mount Wilson.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 5: 105, August, 1880.

66.

67.
68.

AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

Notes and Exhibits: White ant’s with two eggs of large Iguana; Fungus
(Mylita australis) used by the blacks. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
5: 192, November 22, 1880.

Notes and Exhibits: Stone axe heads from the Nepean Flats. Proc. Linn.
Soc. N.S.W., 5: 271-272, November 22, 1880.

1881

Notes on the Moore Park Borings. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 5: 273-280,
Pl. 12, February, 1881.

Notes and Exhibits: Core raised by the Diamond Drill to illustrate his
paper “Note on the Moore Park Borings”. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
5: 285, February, 1881.

Notes on Some of the Habits and Customs of Australian Natives in
Queensland. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 5: 633-636, May 20, 1881.
Notes and Exhibits: Stone axe heads and other articles of aboriginal
manufacture from the Cloncurry River. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,

5: 637, May 20, 1881.

Notes and Exhibits: Fossil seeds from Forest Diggings; Record of
Leucosia splendida from Tweed River. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
6: 196-197, September 12, 1881. .

Notes and Exhibits: Cypraea princeps from Torres Strait; Ancient
carving from Solomon Islands. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 6: 539,
December, 1881.

On the Nomenclature and Distribution of the Genus Pythia Bolten.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 6: 587-622, December, 1881.

Notes and Exhibits: Series of Pythia illustrating Cox’s paper, “On the
Nomenclature and Distribution of the Genus Pythia Bolten”. Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 6: 626, December, 1881.

1882

Notes and Exhibits: Albino variety of Platycercous pallidiceps. Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 6: 729, March 20, 1882.

Australian Octopodidae. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 6: 773-789, March 20,
1882

President’s Address. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 6: 847-872, March 20,
1882.

Notes and Exhibits: Account of hairy ball believed to be shark’s or
ray’s castings; Axes made from Tridacna shell from Caroline Islands.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 6: 790, March 20, 1882.

Notes and Exhibits: Ethnological specimens from the South Sea Islands.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 6: 836, March 20, 1882.

Notes and Exhibits: Bowl from the San Christoval Island. Proc. Linn.
Soc. N.S.W., 6: 846-847, March 20, 1882.

Notes and Exhibits: Club from Solomon Group. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
7: 65, May 23, 1882.

Notes and Exhibits: Moth of family Liphosidae. Proc, Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
7: 91, May 23, 1882.

On the Edible Oysters found in the Australian and Neighbouring Coasts.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 7: 122-134, May 23, 1882.

Notes and Exhibits: Block of wood from shaft at Penrith. Proc. Linn.
Soc. N.S.W., 7: 134-135, May 23, 1882.

Notes and Exhibits: Latirus strangci from Bulli; Fossil nuts and seeds
from Forest Reefs, Orange. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 7: 328, October
28, 1882.

Notes and Exhibits: Stone Hatchet. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 7: 329,
October 28, 1882.

1883

On the Edible Oysters found on the Australian Coast. Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S.W., 7: 555-560, April, 1883.

Notes and Exhibits: Oysters from Swan Bay near Cape Hawke; Native
torch from Duke of York Island. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 7: 560,
April, 1883.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 iil

69.
70.

Wile

UPA
Tk
74.

Sse
76.

Wile

78.

9:

80.
81.
82.
83.

84.

85.
86.
87.
88.

89.

90.
we QI

President’s Address. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 7: 675-684, April, 1883.

Notes and Exhibits: Ironstone nodule from Liverpool Plains, Remarkable
blenny (Cristiceps) from Broken Bay. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 8: 417,
October 19, 1883.

1884

Notes and Exhibits: Conus nodulosus and C. abbas; Rocks with globules
of water enclosed; Cypraea lynx; Deformed hen eggs; Silk-worm cocoons
gall of a Coccus. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 8: 441-442, February 21,
1884.

Notes and Exhibits: Skull of a rabbit wit helongated incisors; Fossil
Encrinite stems. Proc. Linn, Soc. N.S.W., 8: 464, February 21, 1884.

Notes and Exhibits: Collection of aboriginal implements etc. from
New Guinea. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 8: 534, February 21, 1884.

Notes and Exhibits: Collection of books received from Royal Malaco-
logical Society of Belgium. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 9: 386, August
9, 1884.

Notes and Exhibits: Cluster of large mud oysters. Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S.W., 9: 508, November 29, 1884.

Notes and Exhibits: Latiaxis mawae Gray exhibited. Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S.W., 9: 682, November 29, 1884.

1885

Notes and Exhibits: Collection of fibres; Banded specimens of Helix;
New species of land shell. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 9: 846, March 4,
1885.

Notes and Exhibits: Mushrooms grown at Pott’s Point; Dried specimens
of Eriostemon coxii. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 9: 1206, March 4,
1885.

Notes and Exhibits: Oyster (O. edulis) from Port Jackson; Plant in
which flowers had been succeeded by bulbils; Femur of Dinornis
robustus. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 10: 75-76, June 4, 1885.

Notes and Exhibits: Iron stained sandstone nodule; A large Sepia.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 10: 189, July 31, 1885.

Notes and Exhibits: Note on Sub-fossil exhibited by Mr. Wilkinson.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 10: 245-246, July 31, 1885.

Notes and Exhibits: Observations on the migrations of the maray.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 10: 343, December 21, 1885.

Notes and Exhibits: Cup made of coconut. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
10: 448, December 21, 1885.

1886

Notes and Exhibits: Teeth and bones of horses from deep alluvium;
Fossils near Maitland; Flower and fruit of Eucalyptus ficifolia. Proc.
Linn, Soc. N.S.W., 10: 853, April 3, 1886.

Notes and Exhibits: New Caledonia sling stones. Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S.W., 1 (2nd ser.): 127, May 25, 1886.

Notes and Exhibits: Native cap made from cobwebs. Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S.W., 1 (2nd ser.): 854, November 17, 1886.

Notes and Exhibits: Cypraea decipiens Smith. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
1 (2nd ser.): 881-882, November 17, 1886.

Notes and Exhibits: Helix (Rhagada) kooringensis Angas from South
Australia. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1 (2nd ser.): 974, November 17,
1886.

1887
Notes and Exhibits: Fruit of Eugenia jambosa; Collection Lepidoptera
from Perak. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 2 (2 ser.): 144, May 18, 1887.

1888
Notes and Exhibits: Lepidoptera from Victoria; Cast of Datris hecateia.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 2 (2nd ser.): 979, March 21, 1888.
Contributions to Conchology, No. 1. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 2 (2nd
ser.): 1061-1064, Pls. 20-21, March 21, 1888.

78

92:

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

98.
99.
100.

101.

*102.
103.

104.

105.
106.
107.

*108.

109.
110.

AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

Notes and Exhibits: Living specimens of Helix maconelli from Queensland,
H. falconari from Richmond River; Living specimens of Trigonia
strangei from Port Jackson. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 2 (2nd ser.):
1075, March 21, 1888.

Notes and Exhibits: Ancylus irvinae from Tasmania; Tertiary fossil
(Thylacodes decussatus). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 3 (2nd _ ser.):
894, September 10, 1888.

Notes on Two Wax Figures Obtained from an Aboriginal Camp at
Miriam Vale near the Head of Baffle Creek, Rockhampton. Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 3 (2nd ser.): 1223-1226, Pls. 25-26.

Notes and Exhibits: Land and freshwater mollusca from near Narrabri;
Carboniferous fossils from the Goulbourn River. Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S.W., 3 (2nd ser.): 1253-1255, December 7, 1888.

Conchology IN Handbook of Sydney. Aust. Assoc. Advanc. Sci., Edit.
W. M. Hanlet, pp. 80-87, 1888.

1889

Notes and Exhibits: Record of regularity of appearance of green cicada
near Sydney. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 3 (2nd ser.): 1508, March 22,
1889.

Notes and Exhibits: Crustacean (Squilla sp.). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
3 (2nd ser.): 1559, March 22, 1889.

Note on Cypraea venusta (Sowerby). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 4 (2nd
ser.): 187, Pl. 15, May 29, 1889.

Notes and Exhibits: Millstone used by natives near Copper’s Creek;
Photographs of Turbo jourdani showing operculum; Deformed Cypraea
vitellus. Proc, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 4 (2nd ser.): 188-189, March 29,
1889.

1890

Notes and Exhibits: Sea snake (Pelamis bicolor) from Botany Bay;
New limpet (Ancylus) from Port Hacking; Drawings of new Cypraea.
Proc. Linn, Soc. N.S.W., 4 (2nd ser.): 633, February, 1890.

Descriptions of Two New Species of Australian Molusca. Proc. Linn.
Soc. N.S.W., 4 (2nd ser.): 658-660, Pl. 19, February 3, 1890.

Notes and Exhibits: Albino specimen of Dacelo gigas; Fossil Equisetum
from North Shore; Remarks on plague of mice at North Shore.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 5 (2nd ser.): 294, September, 1890.

Notes and Exhibits: Attention called to time of appearance of the
cicada near Sydney. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 5 (2nd ser.): 656,
December 16, 1890.

1891

The Chairman’s Address. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 5 (2nd ser.): 899-
918, March 2, 1891.

Notes and Exhibits: Rock lily with remarkable bud. Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S.W., 6 (2nd ser.): 125, September 9, 1891.

List of Cypraea as arranged by S. Raymond Roberts in Tryon’s Manual
intended for Facilitating Exchanges and Labelling specimens in the
Collection of James C. Cox, M.D. Sydney: Printed F. Cunninghame
& Co., 1891, pp. 1-19.

1892

Descriptions of Some Species of Pulmonata Mollusca from Australia
and the Solomon Islands. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 6 (2nd _ ser.):
565-570, Pls. 20-21, May 23, 1892.

Notes and Exhibits: British snail (Helix ericetorum) naturalized in
Australia. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 6 (2nd ser.): 577, May 23, 1892.

Notes and Exhibits: Specimen of Purpura textilosa from Brewarrina.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 7 (2nd ser.): 20, September 1, 1892.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 79

111. Notes and Exhibits: C ollection of star-fish, sponges and Gorgonias
from N.W. Australia; Specimens of the prawn, Palaemon ornatus in
Hunter River; Photograph of angler-fishes and a Siamese twin shark
from New Zealand. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 7 (2nd ser.): 41,
September 1, 1892.

112. A Label List compiled from Tryon’s Manual of Conchology of Australian
and Pacific Island. Pulmonata Volume I—1885. Sydney: Printed by
F. Cunninghame & Co., 1892, pp. 1-20.

1893
113. Notes and Exhibits: Dendrobium speciosum showing budding. Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 8 (2nd ser.): 43, July 28, 1893.

1894
114. Notes on the Occurrence of a Species of Plecotrema and other Species
of Mollusca in Port Jackson. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 8 (2nd ser.):
422-429, April 13, 1894.

1894
115. Notes and Exhibits: Herring (Elops saurus) Linnaeus; Voluta mamilla
from Tasmania. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 8 (2nd ser.): 436, April 13,
1894.
116. Notes and Exhibits: Species of fungi infesting caterpillars and other
larvae. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 9 (2nd ser.): 362, December 10, 1894.

1895

117. Notes and Exhibits: Lamellibranch (Matra) from White Cliffs, partly
replaced by opal; Ornamented boomerang club. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
9 (2nd ser.): 467, March 26, 1895.

118. Notes and Exhibits: Aboriginal Shield from W. Australia. Proc. Linn.
Soc. N.S.W., 9 (2nd ser.): 708, March 28, 1895.

119. Notes and Exhibits: Specimens of Chiton sinclairi, Gray with a note on
list of Australian Acanthochitidae. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 9 (2nd
ser.): 709-710, March 28, 1895.

120. Observations on a Cytherea found in Bass Straits. Sydney: Printed
by F. W. White, 1895, pp. 1-8.

1897

121. Notes and Exhibits: Living specimens of Terebratulina cancellana
from Cape Hawke; Myochama woodsi Petterd from Derwent River.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 21: 505, May 31, 1897.

122. Notes and Exhibits: Sole from Richmond River, N.S.W. Proc. Linn.
Soc. N.S.W., 21: 817, May 31, 1897.

123. Nautilus pompilius in Southern New South Wales, Nautilus, 11 (4):
43-44, August, 1897.

1898
124. Notes and Exhibits: Specimens of Cypraea and Trivia. Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S.W., 22: 578, February 11, 1898.

1899

125. Note on Voluta bednalli, Brazier. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 23: 648-649,
May 19, 1899.

*126. Notes and Exhibits: Note on Thersites pachystyla Pfr. var. subfusco-
zonata var. nov. from Queensland. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 23:
650-651, May 19, 1899.

127. Notes and Exhibits: Specimens of varieties of Thersites bipartiate. Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 23: 651-652, May 19, 1899.

*128. Description of a New Species of Liparus from West Australia. Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 24: 435-436, December 9, 1899.

129. Notes and Exhibits: Land molluscs described in his paper “Description
of a New Species of Liparus from W.A.” Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
24: 477, December 9, 1899.

80 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

1905
130. An Alphabetical List of Fishes Protected under the Fishes Act of
1902 with Remarks on each Species. Sydney: Printed by F. W. White,
1905, pp. 1-11.

1907
131. A List of Sub-Class Pulmonata, found in Australia, Part I. Sydney:
Printed by F. W. White, 1907, pp. 1-23.
132. A List of Cyclophoridae found in Australia, New Guinea and Adjacent
Groups of Islands. Sydney: Printed by F. W. White, 1907, pp. 1-28.
1909
133. Speech at Dinner. Australia Club, (Sydney), 1909, pp. 1-16.
134. An Alphabetical List of Australian Land Shells, Part I. Sydney: Printed
by F. W. White, 1909, pp. 1-84.

1910
136. Description of a New Species of Voluta from Western Australia. Proc.
malac. Soc. Lond., 9: 146, Pl. 3, June, 1910.

1912
137. An Index to the Land Shells of Victoria. Mem. natn. Mus. Melb.,
4: 5-14, Pls. 1-3, 1912.

LIST OF NAMES

All the new generic, subgeneric, specific and subspecific names proposed
by Cox plus those that were in collaboration with Charles Hedley are listed
in strict alphabetical order and in cases where there are more than one
similar specific name, these are alphabetically arranged by genera.

The first number following each name is that of the publication in the
bibliography in which the original description appears, the second is the page
of that paper. However in some of the publications the pages are unnumbered;
in such cases the species number is given instead.

An asterisk beside a name indicates that it was figured in the original
description.

*apnewi, Helix (Discus), 25a: sp. *austrinus, Helix (Planispira) 25a:

no. 27

albanensis, Helix, 13: 723-724

*albumenoidea, Helix, 14: 11

alexandrae, Helix, 4: 35-36

*alfredi, Helix, 26: 323

allasteri, Helix, 31: 564

allecta, Helix, 18: 81

allporti, Helix (Planispira) see notes,
above.

*andersoni, Helix, 27: 644-645

antelata, Helix, 18: 83-84

*aperta, Succinea, 14: 90-91

*aquila, Vitrina, 14: 109

ardua, Helix, 18: 22

aridorum, Helix, 7: 47-48, 8: 695

*arthuriana, Helix (Camaena), 31:
564

assimilans, Helix 4: sp. no. 135,
6: 575

*“atkinsoni, Helix (Discus) 25a: sp.

no. 62

*australiae, WVoluta (Amoria), 27:
643-644 = australis, Voluta,
24: 526

sp. no. 22
avidorum, Helix, 13: 724
*balcombei, Helix (Corasia), 31: 565
*barneyl, Helix (Camaena), 30: 148
*bellengerensis, Helix, 22: 54
belli, Helix, 3: 180, 4: 22
*belmorei, Helix, 27: 647
*bidwilli, Bulimus, 14: 72
*bitaeniata, Helix, 14: 50
*blackmani, Helix, 14: 45
blanda, Helix (Geotrochus), 30:
147-148
blomfieldi, Helix, 3: 180, 4: 19
brazieri, Cyclostoma, 18: 85
brazieri, Diplommatina, 18: 84-85
brazieri, Helicarion, 30: 151
*brazieril, Helix, 14: 14
*brazieri, Truncatella, 14: 93-94
*brazieri, Voluta, 31: 568
camillae, Helix (Charpoa), 25b: sp.
no. 74
*cerata, Helix, 14: 38 (nom. nov.
pro H. cerea Cox 1864)

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 81

cerea, Helix, 4: 36-37 (nom. nov.
pro. H. forbesii Cox 1864

*cerealis, Helix (Discus), 30: 147

*challisi, Helix (Camaena), 31: 565

*chancei, Helix, 19: 171

*chapmani, Helix (Geotrochus) 31:
115-116

*circumcincta, Helix, 14: 3 (nom.
nov. pro A. marmorata, Cox
1864)

clarencensis, Helix, 6: 595-596
(nom. noy. pro H. graftonensis
Cox 1864)

*cochlidium, Helix, 14: 13

*coepta, Helix (Discus), 25a: sp.
no. 4

*coesus, Helix (Charopa, Albers),
25a: Sp. no. 21

*compacta, Paryphanta, 137: 8-9

*compluviatus, Helix, 27: 646

*coniformis, Voluta, 20: 74-75, *26:
324

conoidea, Helix, 3: 181, 4: 21

Cono-voluta, 23: 491

conscendens, Helix, 9: 374

*convicta, Helix, 19: 171-172

corticicola, Helix, 9: 374

costulata, Helix, 3: 183 (= dH.
saturni Cox 1864)

*coxeni, Cypraea, 31: 568-569

*coxeni, Helix, 22: 54

*creedi, Helix, 14: 110

*croftoni, Helix (Helicostyla), 28: 18

crotali, Helix, 4: 18 (nom. nov.
pro H. inconspicua Forbes 1851)

crustulum, Helix, 30: 150

*cuniculinsulae, Bulimus
(Placostylus), 28: 19

*cuprea, Helix, 14: 22

*daveyensis, Helix (Discus), 25a:
sp. no. 35

depsta, Helix, 18: 84

*derbyi, Helix (Hadra), 108: 566

derelicta, Helix, (Discus), 25a: sp.
no. 11 (nom. pro H. similis Cox
1868 )

diemenesis, Helix, 13: 723

diversicolour, Helicina, 9: 375

dryanderensis, Helix (Trachia), 28:

19
*dubitans, Helix (Patula), 25a: sp.
no. 29
ducani, Helix (Videna) 25a: sp.
no.
*duralensis, Helix, 14: 46
*edwardsi, Helix, 14: 109-110
*elenescens, Flammulina, 137: 12-13
eucalypti, Succinea, 4: 38, *5: 486
exagitans, Helix, 18: 83
*exocarpi, Helix, 14: 44
*expeditionis, Helix, 14: 37

*fatigata, Helix, 30: 149

fenestrata, Helix, 9: 374

ferruginea, Truncatella, 14: 94

flosculus, Helix, 7: 48, 8: 695

*forbesii, Helix, 2: 40

*fulgetrum, Helix (Paryphanta), 25a:
sp. no.

*fulgurata, Helicina, 14: 107

*funerea, Helix, 14: 16

*fusco-radiata, Helix (Discus), 25a:

sp. no. 61
*gelata, Helix (Geotrochus), 30:
149-150

gladstonensis, Helicina, 3: 183, 4:

graftonensis, Helix, 4: sp. no. 137
= H. clarencensis Cox 1865

*oratiosa, Helix, 22: 53-54

*eratwicki, Buliminus (Liparus),
128: 435-436

greenhilli, Helix, 7: 46

*guadalcanarensis, Helix, 27: 645-

646

*purgusti, Helix (Geotrochus), 37:
114-115

halli, Helix (Rhyssota), 25a: sp.
no. 34

hamiltoni, Helix, 13: 722-723

*hardfordi, Voluta, 17: 358

*hargravesi, Bulimus, 26: 323-324

*hargravesi, Haliotis, 16: 49

*hargravesi, Leptopoma, 30: 151

*hargravesi, Recluzia, 19: 172

*harriettae, Helix, 14: 29-30

helice, Helix (Charopa), 25a: sp.
no. 20

helva, Helix, 18: 82

*hilli, Helicarion, 30:151

*hindei, Cochlostyla, 91: 1063-1064

*hobarti, Helix, 14: 22

*hobsoni, Bulimus (Placostylus) 108:
567-568

howinsulae, Helix, 30: 148-149

*hunteri, Helix, 27: 646-647

*hystrix, Helix, 14: 48

*inusta, Helix, 14: 13 (nom. nov.
pro H. nautiloidea Cox 1866)

irvinae, Helix (Charopa) 25b: sp.
no. 71

*irvineanae, Cypraea, 102: 695-660

*jacksonensis, Achatinella, 14: 77

jacksonensis, Bulimus, 3: 185, 4: 25

*jana, Helicina, 27: 647

juliformis, Helix (Discus), 25a: 32
= (Discus) macdonaldi, Cox
1871)

*kempseyensis, Helix, 27: 645

kingi, Pupa, 3: 183, 4: 28

*kingi, Voluta, 20: 76-77, *26: 324

*kingstonensis, Helix (Discus), 25a:
sp. no.

82

kreffti, Helix, 3: 182, 4: 21

*Kreftii, Bulimus (Charis), 28: 19

lamproides, Helix, 13: 722

*leei, Helix, 31: 565-566

*le grandi, Helix, 14: 23

le grandi, Succinea, 25a: sp. no.
Succinea 2

leichardti, Helix, 4: 35

*leucocheilus, Helix, 14: 54 (nom.
nov. pro H. mariae Cox 1864)

*leucophaea, Helix (Geotrochus), 28:
20

limula, Helix (Charpoa), 25b: sp.
no. 72

lincolnensis, Pupa, 11: 39

lirata, Helix, 4: 38

*lizardensis, Helicine, 14: 107-108

*luteo-fusca, Helix, 14: 52

lyndhurstensis, Helix, 3: 181, 4: 21

macdonaldi, Helix (Discus), 25b:
sp. no. 32

macfarlanei, Helix (Geotrochus),
31: 567

macgillivrayi, Pupinella, 3: 184, 4:
32

macgillivrayi, Succinea, 3: 183, 4:
27
*macgillivrayi, Voluta, 31: 568
*macgregori, Helix, 19: 171
*macleayi, Heleya, 108: 568-670
macleayi, Helix, 4: 36, *5: 486
*macquariensis, Helix, 27: 645
marcenscens, Helix, 13: 724-725
*marchianae, Helix (Discus), 25a:
sp. no. 25
*margaretae, Pupa, 14: 80
margatensis, Helix (Patula), 25a:
sp. no.
mariae, Helix, 4: sp. no. 134, 6:
594-595
marmorata, Helix, 3: 182, 4: 20
mastersi, Bulimus, 11: 39-40
mastersi, Helix, 3: 181, 4: 19
mastersi, Pupa, 4: 29
*mastersi, WVitrina, 14: 86
*medianus, Helix (Camaena), 25a:
sp. no. 19
*megastoma, Vitrina, 14: 87
*melbournensis, Helix, 14: 22
mendanae, Helix, 30: 148
*meraca, Flammulina, 137: 13-14
*microcosmos, Helix, 14: 3-4
microscopica, Helix, 3: 181-182, 4:
21

*millicentae, Helix, 26: 323

*minima, Helix, 14: 10-11

minor var. Pupina grandis, 31: 567-
568

mister, Helix (Geotrochus), 30:
146-147
mitchellae, Helix, 3: 181, 4: 19

AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

*mixta, Helix (Rhyssota), 25a: sp.
no. 36

*moretonensis, Pupa, 14: 81

morti, Helix, 3: 181, 4: 22

mucosa, Helix, 13: 725

*mulgoae, Helix, 14: 38-39

*murphyi, Helix, 4: 37

*namoiensis, Helix, 14: 29

nautiloidea, Helix, 7: 47 «= H.
nautiloides, 8: 696-697

nelsoni, Pupa, 4: 29

*nodiplicata, Voluta, 136: 146

nortoni, Succinea, 3: 183, 4: 27

*novae- georgiensis, Helix, 19: 170-
171

*occultus, Helix (Discus), 25a: sp.
no.

*o’connellensis, Helix, 22: 55

officeri, Helix (Discus), 25a: sp.
no.

onslowi, Bulimus, 3: 185, 4: 24-25

*oscarensis, Helix (Hadra), 108:
565-566

pachystyloides, Helix, 13: 725

*pampini, Helix (Connulus), 14: 111

paradoxa, Helix, 4: 21

parramattensis, Helix, 3: 183, 4: 20

*parsoni, Helix (Hadra), 28: 18-19

*parvisssima, Helix (Conulus) 25a:
sp. no. 29

patescens, Helix, 18: 84

*peasei, Partula, 27: 644

penolensis, Helix, 13: 724

petterdi, Helix, 25a: sp. no. 18
see notes

pexa, Helix, 13: 725-726

pineticola, Pupina, 7: 375

planilabris, Vitrina, 7: 45-46, 8: 697

*plexus, Helix (Planispira), 25a: sp.
no.

porteri, Helix, 9: 373-374

*positura, Helix (Rhyssota), 25a: sp.
no. 42

*praetermissi, Helix (Camaena), 14:

1

*pudibunda, Helix, 14: 4

*pyrrhostoma, Blanfordia, 14: 95

quaestiosa, Helix (Videna), 25a:
sp. no. 59

quintalae, Helix, 18: 82

quirosi, Helix (Geotrochus), 30:
147

quoyi, Bulimus, 4: 23 (nom. nov.
pro Bulimus trilineata Quoy
1832)

*rainbirdi, Helix, 19: 170

*ramsayl, Helix, 14: 30

ramsayi, Pupa, 3: 184, 4: 28

*ramsgatensis, Helix (Discus) 25a:
sp. no. 33

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 83

*rawnesleyi, Helix (Camaena), 31:
564-565

*redempta, Helix (Geotrochus), 31:
566-567

reardata, Helix, 18: 84

retipora, Helix, 11: 39

rhodostoma, Succinea, 3: 183, 4: 27

*robusta, Pupina, 14: 101-102

rockhamptonensis, Helix, 30: 151-
152

*ruga, Helix (Videna), 25a: sp. no.
24

*san-christomvalensis, Bulimus, 19:

sansitus, Helix, 18: 83

*sarda-labiata, Helix, 22: 54-55

saturni, Helix, 4: 35 (nom. nov,
pro H. costulata Cox 1864)

scalarina, Truncatella, 11: 40

*scalteri, Voluta, 17: 358:359

*scandsens, Helix, 27: 645

scotti, Bulimus (Eumecostylus), 30:
152

scotti, Helix, 4: 36

scrupulus, Helix (Charopa), 25b:
sp. no. 76

*sellersi, Belimus, 27: 644

*sellersi, Helix, 27: 646

serena, Helix, 30: 149

*similis, Helix, 14: 23

sitiens, Helix (Discus) 25b: sp. no.
60 (nom. nov. pro H. hobarti
Cox 1968)

*smithi, Ancylus: 102: 658-659

sororia, Helix, 18: 83

spectra, Helix (Discus), 25: sp.
no. 54

spinei, Helix, 14: 111 (nom. nov.
pro H. hystrix Cox 1868)

splendenscens, Helix, 7: 48, 8: 696

spoliata, Helix (Charopa), 25b: sp.
no. 75

*stephensi, Helix (Patula), 25a: sp.
no. 26

strangeoides, Helix, 3: 182, 4: 20

stroudensis, Helix, 3: 182, 4: 20

subfusco-zonata var. Thersites
pachystyla, 126: 650-651
*submurrayana, var. no. 137: 9-10
superba, Vitrina, 22: 54
sydneyensis, Helix, 4: 37
tabescens, Helix (Paryphanta), 25b:
Sp tlOuy
*tasmaniae, Helix, 14: 22
*thatcheri, Cypraea, 17: 358
*thatcheri, Helix, 19: 170
thompsoni, Helix (Charopa), 25b:

sp. no. 73

*trajectura, Helix (Rhyssota), 25a:
sp. no.

*tranquilla, Helix (Microcystis), 25a:
sp. no.

turriculata, Helix, 13: 724

tutuillae, Helix, 18: 83

umbraculorum, Helix, 4: sp. no.
136 = H. wilcoxi Cox 1865)

urarensis, Helix 7: 46-47, 8: 696

vannae-lavae, Helix, 18: 82-83

vexanda, Helix (Patula), 25a: sp.
no.

*victoriae, Helix, 14: 37

*vigens, Helix (Discus), 25a: sp.
no.

*vinitincta, Helix, 14: 18

vitrinaformis, Helix, 25a: sp. no.
58

wakefieldiae, Achatinella, 14: 78

walli, Bulimus, 3: 185, 4: 24

wanganensis, Helix, 18.: 82

waterhousi, Helix, 14: 3

wellingtonensis, Helix, 13: 723

*wesselensis, Helix, 14: 110
*whartoni, Helix, 22: 55

whartoni, Pupinella, 3: 184, 4: 32

*wilcoxi, Helix, 6: 595 (nom. nov.

pro H. umbraculorum Cox 1864)
wilcoxi, Pupina, 3: 183-184, 4: 34
wisemani, Diplommatina, 18: 84-85

*yatalaensis, Helix, 30: 149
*yorkensis, Truncatella, 14: 93
*zelina, Helix (Geotrochus), 30:

150-151

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Although it is not usual to include acknowledgements in a Bibliography
I would like to express my thanks to the Mitchell Library, Sydney, which
assisted with allowing access to papers, notes and other documents belonging
to Cox. The following people have all given advice, help and encouraged me
to finish this work, Mr. Tom Iredale, Dr. D. F. McMichael, Dr. W. F.
Ponder and Mr. G. P. Whitley, of Sydney, Dr. Brian Smith, Mr. Tom Darragh,
Mr. R. Burn and Mr. W. J. Bichardson of Victoria.

84 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

STUDIES ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE URINOGENITAL
ORGANS OF FRESHWATER FISHES: Gudusia chapra (Ham.)
and Setipinna phasa (Ham.)

by
DEVENDRA KUMAR SINGH and GOPALJI SRIVASTAVA

Ichthyology Lab., Department of Zoology
University of Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur, India

INTRODUCTION

Most of the experimental studies of teleost kidney have been made on
Lepidosteus (Muller, 1884; Hyrtl, 1855). Meckenzie (1884) studied the
urinogenital system of Ameirurus catii in detail and gave a good account of
the development of excretory organs in teleosts. Pfeiffer (1933), Parker (1942,
1943) and Braungart (1951), also worked on the urinogenital system in
teleosts, but the fishes they selected for their work are not available in the
freshwaters of India. A good deal of work on the urinogenital system in
teleosts was done by Sedgwick (1905) whose findings are mainly based on
the work of Balfour and Parker (1882). In India, Nadkarni (1959) worked
on a good number of marine fishes to study the urinogenital system. Sinha
(1961), Kamalaveni (1961), Lall (1963) and Rastogi (1966) also worked
on this system in certain freshwater species.

An extensive study of the morphology of the urinogenital organs has
been carried out in the present work on Gudusia chapra and Septipinna phasa,
locally named “Suhia” and “Phansi’ respectively, belonging to the Order
Clupeiformes. The impact of these findings on the taxonomy of Clupeiformes
is under study. ;

The above mentioned fishes are widely distributed in the freshwater rivers
and ponds of Northern India, and provide a delicious proteinous food to the
fish-eating population of this region.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fishes of both genera were obtained from Ramgarh Lake situated nearby
the University campus. Fresh fishes, for working out the details of the
morphology of the urinogenital organs were brought to the research laboratory,
dissected, studied and then preserved in 10% formalin. Actual measurements
of the body and systems were taken prior to preservation of the fishes and
diagrams were sketched freehand.

OBSERVATIONS
1. Gudusia chapra (Ham.)

Excretory Organs:
(1) Kidney

The excretory organs consist of paired kidneys which are mainly responsible
for the elimination of water and nitrogenous waste products (Figs. 1 & 2). The
excretory system of G. chapra shows many similarities with that of Hilsa ilisha
(Ham.). Both the kidneys are elongated and remain intimately fused with
each throughout their length along their inner margins, thus giving the
appearance of being single, but the line of suture is well marked. The kidneys
extend from the cardiac region to the hind end of the body cavity. In freshly

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 85

dissected specimens jthey are deep red in colour, but within a few days of
preservation in 10% formalin, this gradually fades and changes to dull cream
colour.

Morphologically each kidney is differentiated into two parts, the anterior
part, or the head kidney, is knob-shaped and is comparatively much smaller
in size than the other part of the kidney.

(2) Ureters and Urinary Sinus

The distinct and paired ureters arise from the inner posterior region
of the kidneys and unite into a common ureter immediately after running
a short distance. The common ureter dilates to form a bladder-shaped structure
Known as urinary sinus, or receptacle, which tapers posteriorly and, after
receiving the common genital duct, opens into the cloaca.

Genital Organs:

Sexes are separate. Gonads are paired and lie on either sides of air-bladder,
within the abdominal cavity. Morphologically they are very similar to those of
H. ilisha. The genital ducts communicate with the distal part of the urinary
sinus, after uniting with each other to form a common duct.

(1) Male Genital Organs:

Testes are paired, cylindrical, elongated and creamy white in colour in
mature specimens (Fig. 1). They remain suspended in the body cavity by the
delicate and thin mesorchium and a few blood vessels are seen on their surface.

The paired vasa deferentia arise from the inner anterior margins of the
testes, run along their whole length and then unite posteriorly to form a
common duct, which joins the distal part of the urinary sinus which, in turn,
opens into the cloaca through .a common urinogenital opening behind the
abdominal pore.

(2) Female Genital Organs:

Ovaries are paired, saccular and yellowish, but the dense network of
blood capillaries on the surface, imparts a reddish tinge to them (Fig. 2).
The ovaries remain suspended in the body cavity by the delicate thin mesovarium
and are situated dorsal to the alimentary canal but ventral to air-bladder.
During the breeding season, i.e. in June and July, the ovaries become very
conspicuous, and occupy most of the body-cavity, on the contrary during the
“off-season”, i.e. in Oct. and Nov., they become much reduced and smooth.
Both the ovaries unite posteriorly from where arises a single, short but wide
oviduct. It opens into the terminal part of the urinary sinus which, in turn,
Opens into the cloaca through a common urinogenital opening, behind the
abdominal pore.

Cloaca:

The cloacal structure is similar in both the sexes. It is slightly deep
but oval in outline and is situated anterior to the anal fin. The cloacal chamber
has three openings, the anterior one is that of the alimentary canal, i.e. the
anal aperture; middle one is that of air-bladder, i.e. the abdominal pore;
and the posterior one is that of urinogenital duct, ie. the urinogenital pore.

2. Setipinna phasa (Ham.)

The body cavity of S. phasa is much reduced, hence the urinogenital
organs have also undergone proportional diminution in size as compared to
G. chapra.

86 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

Me IS Gul YD) oy

Guédusia chapra ( Hamm.).

Selipinuna phasa ( Ham. ve Setipinna phasa ( Ham. 5,
A., Anus. K., Kidney. U., Ureter.
AP., Abdominal pore. O., Ovary. UGP., Urinogenital pore.
OV., Oviduct. é 5
C., Cloaca. R. Resin, US., Urinary Sinus.

HK., Head kidney. T., Testis. V.D., Vas deferens.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 87

Excretory Organs:

(1) Kidney

The excretory organs consist of paired and deep red kidneys, which
remain intimately fused with each other along their inner margins, throughout
their length, giving the appearance of being a single structure (Figs. 3 & 4).
The head kidneys of S. phasa are much developed and differentiated as
compared to that of G. chapra and H. ilisha, and appear to be a_bilobed
structure.

(2) Ureters and Urinary Sinus

Arising from the inner posterior region of each kidney, are the paired
ureters, which unite to form a common ureter. This common ureter dilates
to form a bladder-like urinary sinus, similar to that of G. chapra, which at its
distal part receives the common genital duct and then opens into the cloaca
through a urinogenital opening.

Genital Organs:

Sexes are separate. Gonads are paired structures, occupying much of the
space in body cavity, and morphologically resemble those of G. chapra.

(1) Male Genital Organs:

Testes are elongated, tubular structures, and are creamy white in colour
(Fig. 3). They remain suspended by delicate and thin mesorchium in the
body cavity. The testes are supplied with few blood-vessels. The two vasa
deferentia, arising one from each testis, run along their inner margins and
then unite to form a common duct which joins the terminal part of the urinary
sinus which, in turn, opens into the cloaca through a common _ urinogenital
opening.

(2) Female Genital Organs:

The ovaries are paired and tubular structures, suspended in the body
cavity by mesovarium (Fig. 4). These are light pinkish in colour, having a
rich vascular supply, and densely packed with ova. Both the ovaries gradually
taper and unite posteriorly, from where arises a single short oviduct. It opens
into the terminal part of the urinary sinus which, in turn, opens into the
cloaca through a common urinogenital opening.

Cloaca:

Structurally, the cloaca is similar in both sexes, but with only two
Openings, the anterior one, that of the alimentary canal, i.e. the anal opening,
and the posterior one, that of the urinogenital duct, i.e. the urinogenital
opening. Cloaca is situated just anterior to the anal fin, and is slightly deep
but oval in outline, similar to that of G. chapra.

DISCUSSION

The urinogenital organs of G. chapra and S. phasa agree in principle to
the general type observed in teleostean fishes and further support the findings
of Kamalaveni (1961).

The paired kidneys in both the fishes examined by the present authors
are not separate and double, but intimately fused along their inner margins,
throughout their entire length, as in H. ilisha (Kamalaveni, 1961), except that
in S. phasa these are well developed and bilobed anteriorly.

Sedgwick (1905) referred to the occurrence of head kidneys in all the
teleost fishes and in the present work also, the head kidney is found to be well
differentiated in both cases.

88 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

Sedgwick, Goodrich and Bridge, (ioc. cit.) reported the ureters as being
invariably paired, united posteriorly and arising from the hind end of the
kidneys, dilating to form a single ‘urinary bladder’. A similar condition was
also observed in G. chapra & S. phasa. Kamalaveni (1961) reported that
in H. ilisha (family Clupeidae), the ureters may be paired or single, but no
such variation was found in G. chapra (family Clupeidae) and S. phasa
(family Engraulidae).

The ‘urinary sinus’ at its terminal end unites with the common genital
duct and then opens into the cloaca; on the contrary in H. ilisha, the urinary
duct and common genital duct remain separate and open independently into
the cloaca. Further, in both fishes, there is no connection between the urinary
ad genital organs, except that the gonadial and excretory products are discharged
into the cloaca through a common opening. The urinogenital sinus was found
to be absent in both fishes.

As described by most of the previous investigators, in both the fishes,
ovaries are paired, being similar in structure to that of A. ilisha.

The male genital organs and their ducts have been found to further
support the descriptions given by Sedgwick, Goodrich and Kamalaveni.

The authors feel that these findings would also help in the taxonomy
of Clupeiformes.

SUMMARY

The excretory organs in G. chapra and S. phasa, consist of a pair of
kidneys, a pair of ureters and a urinary sinus.

In both fishes, the head kidney is well differentiated from the rest of
the kidney.

The two kidneys, in both fishes, remain intimately fused with each other
along their inner margins.

The female genital organs consist of a pair of ovaries which unite
posteriorly, from where arises a single oviduct. This duct later joins the
distal part of the urinary sinus, which in turn opens into the cloaca through
a urinogenital opening.

The male genital organs consist of a pair of testes and a pair of vasa
deferentia, which unite posteriorly with each other and then join the distal
part of the urinary sinus, which in turn opens into the cloaca through a
uringogenital opening.

The male genital organs consist of a pair of testes and a pair of vasa
deferentia, which unite posteriorly with each other and then join the distal
part of the urinary sinus, which in turn opens into the cloaca through a
urinogenital opening.

Cloaca is oval in outline.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are grateful to Dr. H. S. Chaudhry, Professor and Head of
the Department of Zoology, University of Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur, for his
constant encouragement, constructive suggestions and for providing necessary
laboratory facilities to carry out these investigations. The assistance given by
Shri. Arvind Kumar in the preparation of the manuscript is thankfully
acknowledged.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 89

BIBLIOGRAPHY

*Balfour, F. M. and Parker, W. K., 1882.—On the structure and development
of Lepidosteus., Phil. Trans., London, 173 (2), p. 359.

Braungart, D. C., 1951.—A comparative study of the reproductive systems of
several teleost fishes, Copeia (3), pp. 203-204.

Goodrich, E. S., 1930.—Studies on the structure and development of vertebrates,
pp. 657-715, New York (Dover Publications, Inc.).

*Hyrtl, J., 1855—Ueber den Zusammenhang der Geschlechts- und Harnwerk-
zeuge bei den Ganoiden; S.B. Akad. Wiss Wien., Math. Naturwiss. K1.,
Wien). 13d 125555 p) 179:

Kamalaveni, S., 1961.—Morphology of the urinogenital syste min some
Indian teleostean fishes; Rec. Indian Mus., Delhi, 59, pp. 83-118.

Lall, M. B., 1963.—Studies on the urinogenital organs of the Mahasheer, Tor
putitora (Ham.).; Ichthylologica, vol. Il (1-2), pp. 45-50.

*Meckenzie, T., 1884.—The blood vascular, ductless glands and the urinogenital
system of Ameirurus catii; Proc. Cand. Inst. Sci., n.s. (2), pp. 418-443.

*Muller, J., 1884—Uber den Bau und Grenzen der Ganoiden., Abh. K. Akad.
d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 117.

Nadkarni, V. B., 1963.—Structure of the kidney of marine fishes in relation
to their habitat; Recent Ady. in Zoology in India, pp. 157-169.

Parker, J. B., 1942.—Some observations on the reproductive systems of the
yellow perch (Perca flavescens); Copeia (4), pp. 223-226.

Parker, J. B., 1943.—The reproductive system of the Brown Trout (Salmo
fario); Copeia (2), pp. 90-91.

Pfeiffer, C. A., 1933.—The anatomy and blood supply of the urinogenital
system of Lepidosteus platystomus Rafinesaue. J. Morph., Philadelphia,
54, pp. 459-472.

Rastogi, R. K., 1966.—On the urinogenital organs of the Indian Mud-eel
Amphipnous cuchia (Ham.).; J. Zool. Soc. India, 18 (1 & 2), pp.
69-74.

Sedgwick, A., 1905.—A student’s Text Book of Zoology, pt. II.

Srivastata, G. J., 1968.—Fishes of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, pp. 3-15, Varanasi
(Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan).

* Not consulted in original.

90 AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST, 16(2), 1971

AUTOMATISM OF THE ISOLATED HEART OF THE
FRESHWATER MUSSEL, Lamellidens corrianus

HARI SHANKER CHAUDHRY
and
ARUN SHANKER NARAIN

Department of Zoology,
University of Gorakhpur,
Gorakhpur, U.P., India

(Plate IX)

The extensive physiological interest accorded to molluscan hearts comes
next only to that shown towards vertebrate hearts, probably because of the
remarkable parallelism between cardioregulation in molluscs and vertebrates,
and is exhaustively outlined in the reviews of Krijgsman e Divaris’, Ripplinger”
and Hill & Welsh’.

In the present investigation, the automatic activity of the isolated heart of
Lamellidens corrianus has been studied as an initial step for developing it
as a suitable test object for elaborate electrophysiological and pharmacological
studies.

The isolated L. corrianus heart was suspended in a bath of 6% artificial
sea-water formula of Harvey*. The antero-posterior mode of suspension, as
employed by Ladd & Thorburn’ for Tapes turgida heart, was preferred for
reasons stipulated by these authors; and appropriate tension was provided by
means of a properly counter-weighed Gimbal heart lever.

The heart stops beating during the isolation operatoin, remains quiescent for
15-30 minutes, then beats with an irregular rhythm, and normalises after
a rest of some hours (Plate IX). Maintenance of rhythm for as long as 48-60
hours after its isolation, and the observed absence of neurons in its tissue
seemingly makes the heart of ZL. corrianus fall in line with other molluscan
hearts that are generally believed to be myogenic on the basis of similar
evidence.

The cardiac contraction wave of JL. corrianus is neither peristaltic in
nature nor has a localised origin, suggesting automatism to be a property
of every part of the myocardium, and thus implying accord with the generally
agreed upon diffuse pacemaker concept. But, preparations containing the
anterior aortic junction beat faster and stronger than those in which this
portion is ligatured or excluded. This, though indicative of the possible
existence of an activity gradient within this heart, does not appear to be due
to the pacemaker being restricted to the aortic junction, specially because

> Krijgsman, B. J. & Divaris, G. A. (1955), Biol. Rev., 30: 1-39.

* Ripplinger, J. (1957), Ann. Sci Univ. Besancon, Zool. et Physiol., 8: 3-179.

‘ Hill, R. B. & Welsh, J. H. (1966), In ‘Physiology of Mollusca’ (K. M.
Wilbur & C. M. Yonge, eds.), Vol. II, pp. 126-174. Academic Press,
New York & London.

Harvey, H. W. (1945), Recent advances in the Chemistry and Biology of
sea water. Cambridge University Press.

5 Ladd, R. J. & Thorburn, G. D. (1955), Austr. J. exp. Biol. med. Sci., 33

(2): 207-214.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 91

exclusion or damage of this region is not seen to prevent the isolated heart
from regaining and maintaining its contractions. It may, however, be that
muscle fibres of this area of the heart possess the most rapid rhythm, as
suggested by Krijgsman & Divaris for cases where the rhythm of the heart
is affected by some of its parts.

Heart preparations of L. corrianus left unstretched after isolation have a
delayed resumption of contraction, and beat feebly; tension having a positive
inotropic, positive chronotropic and regularising effect on their beats within
optimum limits. This conforms with the general belief that tension is an
important but not causative factor for the automaticity of moluscan hearts.
Furthermore, internal perfusion of the heart has not been found to render
any noticeable advantage over external stretch, which is in accordance with
the contention of Hill & Welsh that whereas gastropod hearts generally
require internal perfusion for maximum rate and amplitude, external stretching
alone can be sufficient for bivalve hearts.

Whole hearts as well as preparations not including the auricles were
observed, and were not found to behave differently from each other. The
heart of L. corrianus thus appears to be different from that of Cochlitoma
zebra and Helix pomatia, in whose case the auricles have been shown by
Divaris & Krijgsman® and Jullien, Ripplinger and Cardot’ respectively to
exert a marked inhibitory influence on the ventricle.

Ample evidence is now available to establish that cardiac nerve stimulation
liberates some ACh like substance which inhibits the heart, particularly if
released suddenly, and can be destroyed gradually by cardiac tissue. It may
be that the acute nervous disturbance caused by severance of cardiac nerve
supply during isolation of heart releases some cardioinhibitory substance that
would stop the heart rhythm, thus seemingly accounting for the quiescent
period following isolation. It has also been pointed out that the pacemaker
mechanism of molluscan hearts involves a metabolite which may be the
releasing stimulus for cardiac contraction, and which the threshold for heart
muscle activation is considerably lowered by tension on the heart. In view of
this, another force tending to initiate the cardiac muscles into contraction
would also be operating within an isolated stretched non-beating heart. In that
case, the state of quiescence would imply a masking of activator force by
inhibitor force. In due course of time, however, the inhibitory substance
would be destroyed by cardiac tissue to a degree where it can no longer
override the activating mechanism, enabling the heart to resume its beating.
In an unstretched isolated heart, the activator force would be much feebler,
and more time would be required to remove dominance of the inhibitor
force on it. A longer period of quiescence, as observed in case of unstretched
isolated heart preparations of L. corrianus, may then be expected.

Divaris, G. A. & Krijgsman, B. J. (1954), Arch. int. Physiol., 62: 211-233.
7 Jullien, A., Ripplinger, J. & Cardot, J. (1955), Ann. Sci. Univ. Besancon,
Zool. et Physiol., 4: 59-94.

ah

mys ote |

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 (1971) PLATE I

Wrecked car yard

Copyright photo.—Fisheries and Wildlife Department, Melbourne.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 (1971) PLATE Il

Quarry on the outskirts of Melbourne

Copyright photo.—Fisheries and Wildlife Department, Melbourne.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 (1971) PLATE III

George Masters (1837-1912)

Photo. by courtesy of the Macleay Museum,
University of Sydney.

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 (1971) PLATE IV

#2 BIRDS+OF+ AUSTRALASIA,

Peblesbed im the Centennial Grar of the Colonization of Australia,
ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIBED
RY

GRACIUS J BIROINOWS KA,

fAather of “As Tancmrusrse HE

Three Hondred Euli Page 2
Colonies, New Zealand. soma sdjpces F ar with shout Nine Hondre
of each spacie

View, Gh, yer

fur Poer ren Yownen wees me oe.
eh ren Movesy Pony + 40%,

“BIRDS OF AUSTRALASIA”

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 (1971) PLATE V

KEITH ALFRED HINDWOOD (1904-1971)

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 (1971) PLATE

VI

John Stanislaw Kubary in Samoa. A woodcut by A. Regulski after
a photograph taken in 1869. From TYGODNIK ILLUSTROWANY
(The Illustrated Weekly, Warsaw), 1873, No. 288. By courtesy of the
National Library, Warsaw.

:
c

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 (1971) PLATE VII

Kubary’ss monument in Ponape. Photo: P. Hambruch. From the
book Ponape by P. Hambruch (Hamburg, 1932). By courtesy of
the State Library of Victoria.

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PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 (1971) PLATE VIII

DR. JAMES CHARLES COX

PROC. ROY. ZOOL. SOC. N.S.WALES 1969-70 (1971) PLATE IX

TIME AFTER
ISOLATION

30 MIN.

2 HRS.

4
ed
te

4 HRS.

6 HRS.

REST S&HRS.

—

60SEC.

Kymograph recording of the heart-beat of Lamellidens corrianus
in vitro.

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ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES

MEMBERSHIP
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3 9088 0
Page
Ninetieth Annual’ Meetings 2-5 cee ys eee cee 1
Annual: Report,! 1969270): 0s SAS at Rte en NU 1
Z00..: Passes) |and!\Concessionsty) 25)... Me meU UL Ce att ee nee 5
Office.’ Bearers ) for) 197071 fis eee aE A re 6
Obituary:
Alexander Holmes (1908-1969), by H. G. Cogger ..................... 7
Ernest Victor Finckh (1868-1970), by G. P. Whitley ............ i
Keith Alfred Hindwood (1904-1971) by H. J. de S. Disney .... 37
Balance: Sheet 03005.) 35 eh eo Pes 8
ACCOUMES fs SUE Be AE RECs TU. Se LAR UAE NA ea 10
Address:
The Community Determines, by A. Dunbavin Butcher ............ 11
Reports of Sections:
Avicultural/Secttomi 310 ci, VARA eanseh heap ane MOUs ssi a eae 16
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Papers:
Serpents) (ofthe seas) by wiamitedalee rss ert ro eee 19
George Masters, naturalist, by G. P. Whitley .........0..0..000.04. 25
An Interesting Broinowski Prospectus ...............-.:cccccceecccseseeeeees 33
John Stanislaw Kubary—Naturalist and Ethnographer of the
Pacific Islands by Lech Paszkowski ....................0:c0ccccseeeee 43
Dr. James Charles Cox—Conchologist (1834-1912) by
Jay) (E.. Richardson’ cs: eee aah cpa aa oh otra ee ee 71

Studies on the Morphology of the Urinogenital Organs of
Freshwater Fishes: Gudusia chapra (Ham.) and Setipinna
phasa (Ham.) by Devendra Kumar Singh and Gopalji
Srivastava yc 20. eee SAC ame ah oc RT 84

Automatism of the Isolated Heart of the Freshwater Mussel,

Lamellidens corrianus by Hari Shanker Chaudhry and Arun
Shanker }Naraini()20.5.0: Gnesi Oyen et ae a tn dian EN eco 90

Plates I-IX

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