\ t THE AVICULTURAL MAGAZINE BEING THE JOURNAL OF THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIRDS IN FREEDOM AND IN CAPTIVITY EDITED BY DAVID SETH-SMITH, F.Z.S., etc. FOURTH SERIES. VOL. VI. JANUARY. 1928, to DECEMBER, 1928. STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, Ltd. 1928. STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, LTD. PRINTERS, HERTFORD. CONTENTS PAGE Title-page .......... i Contents . . . . . . . . . iii Report of the Council for 1928 ...... iv Alphabetical List of Contributors ..... v List of Plates ......... x Officers for the Year 1928 ...... 1 List of Members ......... 3 Rules of the Avicultural Society .... 21 The Society’s Medal .... ....... 24 Magazine . 1 Index 307 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR 1928 During the year we have received many letters from all parts of the globe telling how much the Avicultural Magazine is appreciated ; this is very gratifying to hear, and we would like to thank those members who have taken the trouble to write. As the years go by and our membership increases, our chief object is to keep the standard of the Magazine at a very high level. This has only been made possible by the excellent editorship of Mr. Seth-Smith, to whom the whole society owe a deep debt of gratitude. With this volume we have published twelve coloured plates, and with a few exceptions they speak for themselves as to their high quality both as regards their execution and their method of reproduction. The main feature of the year has been the formation of various Avicultural Societies in Australasia, showing how keen is the interest taken in keeping foreign birds in captivity in other countries as well as our own. These we hope to see affiliated to the Avicultural Society in the near future, and we wish to extend to them our very cordial support. To all who have furthered the interest of the Society during the past year we beg to offer our very hearty thanks. Especially we would like to mention Lord Tavistock, Mr. G. B. Chapman, Mr. G. H. Gurney, and Mr. H. Whitley for their gifts of plates ; Miss Chawner for her unremitting labours in translating articles, Mr. T. H. Newman for managing the sale and exchange column, and Mr. Hicks for conducting post-mortem examinations. As we go to press we learn with the deepest regret of the death of the Viscountess Grey of Falloden. Lady Grey was a member of our Council and a keen lover of birds, and her death is a great loss to the avicultural world. (Signed for the Council) E. Maud Knobel, Hon. Secretary and Treasurer. December , 1928. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Amsler, Dr. Maurice, B.A., F.Z.S. French. Moult in Budgerigars, 38. Appleby, Joseph. Notes from a Lancashire Aviary, 116. Further Aviary Notes, 169. Bearby, W. R. The Ideal Heating Apparatus, 90. Bennett, Capt. M. G. B., F.Z.S. Breeding Healthy Birds, 120. Bennett, Claude E. Hybrid Lovebirds in Australia, 301. Best, Cyril. Aviary Notes, 141. The Breeding of the Stanley Parrakeet, 158. Boosey, Edward J. Nesting Material for Lovebirds, 24. Many-coloured Redrump Hybrids, 100. Borbidge, Harry M. Gouldian Finches’ Method of Building, 226. A Remedy for Sick Parrots, 302. Misplaced Affection, 303. Borman, Major F. W., M.B.O.U. A Note from Albania, 227. The Giza Zoological Gardens, 228. Bourke, Hon. Mrs. Algernon. Sunbirds, 83. Bradshaw, J., M.Sc., A.I.C., F.C.S. Mendelian Inheritance (?) in Budgerigars, 110. Chawner, Miss E. F. Nesting of the Virginian Eagle Owl, 97. Cannibalism Among Owls, 99. Breeding the Virginian Eagle Owl, 195. Nesting Notes from Wargrave and Odney Aviaries, 277. Christie-Miller, Miss L. Hybrid Lovebirds, 202. Corsan, George Hebden, Sen. Breeding the Blue Goose in Canada, 114. Breeding a Sport Canada Goose, 138. Davis, Godfrey, I.C.S., F.Z.S. Taming Birds, 50. Food’ and Colour Retention, 96. The Breeding of Avadavats, 241. Delacour, Jean, F.Z.S. Ducks, 1. Bird Keeping in Peking, 26. The Tree or Whistling Ducks, 43. Sheldrakes, 60. Surface-feeding Ducks, 62 VI Alphabetical List of Contributors Teal and Shovellers, 86. Diving Ducks, 125. Food and Colour Retention, 167. The Crow of the Red Jungle-Cock, 167. Cariamas, Trumpeters, Sun Bitterns, Courlans and Kagus, 181. A Collection of Living Birds from Central Annam, 212. Bustards, 238. A Greenhouse Aviary, 293. Delacour, Jean, F.Z.S., and Shore-Baily, W. The Small Waders, 268. Rails, 283. Drake, Mrs. F. W. A Small Aviary in Cornwall, 48. Breeding Results from Cornwall, 304. Eustace, H. C. Notes on Webb’s Crowtit, 30. Ezra, Alfred, O.B.E., V.P.Z.S. Swinhoe’s Pheasant- tailed Pigeon, 21. Behaviour of Blue Robins, 48. Colour Changes in Regent Birds, 119. The Breeding of the Pied Grallina, 233. A Visit to some Well-known Aviaries in France, 256. Finn, F., B.A., F..Z-8. The Dodo and Solitaire in Aviculture and Natural Selection, 33. The Ring-necked Parrakeet, 47. Note on the Hybrid Swan Recently at the Zoological Gardens, 50. Notes on the Humming Birds Recently Exhibited at the Zoological Gardens, 92. Method of Feeding in the Sheathbill, 98. An Old Record of the Sulphury Tyrant in European Aviculture, 100. The Ceylon Jungle Fowl, 144. Curious Attitudes etc. of Birds, 165. Stick-Insects as Bird Food, 165. Breeding of White Mallard from Sports, 166. Further Notes on Jungle Fowl, 199. On a Remarkable Recent Development in Fowls’ Eggs, 222. The Blue Touracou and the Beginnings of Flight, 273. Fooks, F. E. Breeding Results at Cleres, 51. Grey of Falloden, Viscountess, F.Z.S. Success with Rock Peplars, 164. Some Notes on a Wiltshire Aviary, 190. A Hawkhead in a Mixed Aviary, 201. Gurney, G. H., F.E.S., F.Z.S. The Crimson-breasted Bush-shrike, 53. The Plumed Jay, 81. Some Notes on Egyptian Birds seen in the Province of Giza, 148. The Virginian Eagle Owl, 251. Renewal of Claws by Birds of Prey, 252. Hamilton, Dr. William. The Keeping and Feeding of Lorikeets and Swift Parrakeets, 160. Alphabetical List of Contributors Vll Hampe, Alex. Cotton-Teal in China, 167. The Two Most Popular Cagebirds of China, 177. Hare, Prof. Tom, M.D., B.V.Sc., M.R.C.V.S. A Proposed Laboratory for Research into the Diseases of Cage Birds, 171. Harvey, S. Turquoisines and Alexandra Parrakeets, 79. Hayley, J. N., F.Z.S. Drumming of Snipe, 123. Housden, James B. The American Mocking-Bird at Home, 41. The Call of the Wild, 209. Macklin, C. H., M.R.C.S. Breeding Gouldian Finches, 36. Milligan, Henry Neal. On the Behaviour of a Tame Thrush, 288. Moody, A. F. An Aged Steppe Eagle and An Elderly American Wigeon, 22. Moore, H. Method of Feeding in Gallinules, 168. Prolific Lovebirds, 252. Patrick, Leon, M.D. The Fine Art of Aviculture, 106. Plath, Karl. My Trogons, 67. Porter, Sydney. Egrets, 68. The Duskv or Cabanis’ Bare-throated Francolin and Hildebrandts’ Franco! in, 82. Hermaphroditism in Birds, 120. The Nesting of the Black-faced Weaver, 132. The Rollers, 248. Prestwich, A. A. Lovebirds, 13. Foreign Birds at the Crystal Palace, 72. The New Bird-House at the Zoo, 102. French Avicultural Medals, 143. A Lovebird Miscellany, 188. French Medal, 202. Notes on Breeding Abyssinian Lovebirds, 295. Breeding Swainson’s Lorikeets, 303. A Hybrid Fischer’s X Masked Lovebird, 305. Prestwich, D. G. Hybrid Black-headed Siskin and Canary, 49. Rattigan, G. E. Breeding Masked Lovebirds, 24. Reeve, John S., F.Z.S. A Catching Cage, 48. Vlll Alphabetical List of Contributors Scott, B. Hamilton. * Starlings and Bees, 168. Cuckoos and Gooseberry Saw-fly Larvae, 281. Seth-Smith, D., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. (D. S-S.) The Migration of Snowy Owls, 1926-7, 11. Review — The Budgerigar, 23. A Blue Variety of the Masked Lovebird, 25. The Society’s Medal, 52. Review — Birds at the Nest, 16. ,, The Heart of a Bird, 77. An Abnormal Gouldian Finch, 79. Avicultural Notes, 95, 196, 224. The Black-headed Partridge, 101. The New Bird-House at the Zoo, 104. The Crimson-breasted Conure, 125. Jungle-fowl, 136. Some Rare Birds at the Zoo, 163. The Regent Bird, 231. The Red-faced Barbet, 283. Seth-Smith, L. M. The Blue Touracou, 186. Shore-Baily, W. Breeding the Pileated Finch, 17. Nesting of the Mexican Barred Partridges, 46. The Breeding of the Indian Coucal, 279. Breeding Hybrids between A gelceus frontalis and Molothrus badius, 29L The Nesting of the Mexican Scarlet-Tanager, 299. Sich, H. L. Bengalese, 253. Fertile Hybrids, 300. Silver, Allen. The Crystal Palace Show, 1929, 281. Southoff, George de, C.M.Z.S. An Abnormal Grey Cardinal, 254. Squire, Cecil W. B. The Malay Falconet, 58. Tavistock, The Marquess of The Breeding of the Masked Lovebird, 18. Foreign Birds at Liberty in Great Britain, 31. Notes on the Masked Parrakeet, 35. The Breeding of Fischer’s Lovebird, 55. Albino Roseate Cockatoo, 77. Masked Lovebirds, 78. Long Flight of a Barraband Parrakeet, 78. Maintaining Stock by Breeding, 121. A Sailor’s Pets, 139. The Importation of Lovebirds, 140. Heating Aviary Shelters, 140. Small Foreign Finches, 140. Hand-rearing a Masked Lovebird, 143. A Hand-reared Masked Lovebird, 164. Some Notes on Lovebirds, Parrotlets, etc., 173. Renewal of Claws and Bill Tips in Birds of Prey, 198. Alphabetical List of Contributors ix Breeding Parrakeets, 198. The Crow of the Red Jungle-Cock, 200. Some Australian Parrakeets, 203. A Preventative of Egg-binding, 226. The Breeding of Brown’s Parrakeet, 234. Hybrid Parrakeets, 250. Nesting of Layard’s Parrakeet, 251. Waxbills at Liberty, 252. The Queen of Bavaria’s Conure, 255. Foreign Birds at Liberty : A Neglected Garden Ornament, 262. Variation in Young Pennant Parrakeets, 280. The Display of the Palm Cockatoo, 291. Tavistock, The Marquess of, and Delacour, Jean, F.Z.S. Cranes, 216. Thomasset, B. C., F.Z.S. White Mallard Sports, 200. Breeding Gouldian Finches, 201. Weston, Denys, F.Z.S. General Management of the Budgerigar, 145. Abnormally Coloured Budgerigars, 183. Workman, W. H., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Zebra Doves, 254. LIST OF PLATES *Carolina Duck, Mandarin Duck . Buddy-headed Goose, Andean Goose . Cereopsis Goose, Bernicle Geese . Snowy Owl ...... *Blue Variety of the Masked Lovebird Bird Market in Peking (2) ... „ „ (4) . . . Catching Cage used by Capt. Beeve *Crimson-breasted Bush-Shrike . *Chiloe Wigeon ...... *Scaup . . *Plumed Jay ...... Maned Goose ...... Andaman Teal ..... ^Baikal Teal, Cinnamon Teal Binged Teal, American Teal Common Wigeon ..... Shoveller ...... ^Black-headed Partridge .... New Bird House at the Zoological Gardens . 55 55 55 5 5 5 5 Flying Blue Geese at Echo Valley *Crimson-breasted Conure .... Common Pochard, Bed-crested Pochard Bosy-billed Duck, Long-tailed Duck . Common Shellduck ..... Teal ....... Tufted Duck ...... * Budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulatus . * Black-cheeked Lovebird, Bed-faced Lovebird * Abyssinian Lovebird, Peach-faced Lovebird *Blue-rumped Parrotlet .... * Blue-crowned Hanging Parrakeet ❖ to face p. 1 3 6 12 55 25 26 55 55 28 48 53 66 66 81 86 86 88 90 92 92 101 103 105 115 125 126 128 132 132 132 145 173 173 173 173 Denotes a coloured plate. List of Plates XI Burmeister’s Cariama, Brazilian Cariama . . to face p. 181 Grey-winged Trumpeter . . . . . . „ 182 Sun Bittern ........ „ 182 Kagus ......... ,, 183 Blue Touracou ....... ,, 186 *Turquoisine Parrakeet, Pennant’s Parrakeet . . ,, 203 *Many-coloured Parrakeet, Barraband’s Parrakeet . . ,, 203 *Queen Alexandra’s Parrakeet, Rock-peplar Parrakeet . ,, 203 Stanley Cranes . . . . . . . ,, 220 Demoiselle Crane . . . . . . . ,, 220 Variation in Eggs of Domestic Fowls .... ,, 224 ^Regent Bird ........ ,, 231 Bower or Playground of the Regent Bird . . . ,, 232 Great Bustard ........ „ 238 Houbara Bustard, Great Cape Bustard . . . ,, 240 *Yellow, or Queen of Bavaria’s Conure . . . „ 255 Cream-coloured Courser . . . . . . „ 268 Red- wattled Lapwing . . . . . . „ 270 Blacksmith Plover ....... ,, 270 Ruff . . „ 272 Black-necked Stilt . . . . . . . „ 272 Young Indian Coucal bred in Mr. Shore-Baily’s Aviary ,, 280 *Red-faced Barbet . . . . . . ,, 283 Grey-backed Porphyrio . . . . . . ,, 286 Australian Rail . . . . . . . ,, 286 * Denotes a coloured plate. THE AVICULTURAL : SOCIETY : FOR THE STUDY OF FOREIGN & BRITISH BIRDS IN FREEDOM & CAPTIVITY Officers for the Year 1928. President A. Ezra, O.B.E., F.Z.S. Vice-Presidents Her Grace the Duchess of Bedford, F.Z.S. The Lady Dunleath. H. R. Fillmer. E. Hopkinson, C.M.G., D.S.O., F.Z.S., M.A., M.B. Council W. Shore-Baily, F.Z.S. T. H. Newman, F.Z.S. Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Major A. E. Snape, O.B.E. H. E. Bright. Capt. H. S. Stokes, F.Z.S. Miss Chawner, F.Z.S. R. Suggitt. J. Delacour, F.Z.S. A. Sutcliffe, F.Z.S. Viscountess Grey of Fallodon, The Marquess of Tavistock, F. Z.S. F.Z.S. G. H. Gurney, F.Z.S. B. C. Thomasset, F.Z.S. J. Spedan Lewis, F.Z.S. Capt. L. R. Waud, F.Z.S. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo, F.Z.S. Sidney Williams, F.Z.S. Executive Committee A. Ezra, O.B.E. , F.Z.S. Capt. L. E. Waud, F.Z.S. T. H. Newman, F.Z.S. The Hon. Secretary and Capt. H. S. Stokes, F.Z.S. Treasurer and the Editor. Hon. Secretary and Treasurer Miss E. Maud K nobel, F.Z.S. Editor D. Seth-Smith, F.Z.S. Pathologist C. H. Hicks. Auditor J. B. Housden. Scrutineer Sydney Porter, F.Z.S. STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, LTD. PRINTERS, HERTFORD. List of Members 1st JANUARY, 1928 NOTICE. — Members are particularly requested to inform the Hon. Secretary of any error in the spelling of their names, addresses or descriptions, so that it may be corrected. Abel, Rev. R. B. ; 83 SS. Peter and Paul’s Clergy House, Gloucester Road , Teddington. (Jan., 1926.) Abenheim, Richard ; 62 Palace Court, W. 2. (Jan., 1928.) Ainsworth, A. ; 7 Samoa Street, Kilbirnie, Wellington, New Zealand. Allen, A. N. ; The Rambles, Salfords, Horley, Surrey. (Sept., 1927.) Allen, M. T., F.Z.S. ; Ravenswood, Northwood, Middlesex. (March, 1925.) Allenby, Field-Marshal the Viscount, G.C.B., G.C.M.G. ; Naval and Military Club, Pall Mall, S.W. (Nov., 1922.) American Museum of Natural History ; 77th Street and Central Park West, New York City, U.S.A. Amsler, Maurice, M.B., F.Z.S. ; Eton Court House, Eton, Windsor. (Dec., 1908.) Anderson, Alistair ; Tullichewan Castle, near Balloch, Dumbartonshire. (June, 1923.) Appleby, Joseph ; Farnley, Great Crosby, Liverpool. (Oct., 1923.) Arnau, Jose Julia (Ingeniero) ; Plaza Constitucion 15, Binisalem, Mallorca. (Jan., 1927). Arnold, J. H. ; 4002 Massachusetts Street, Long Beach, California, U.S.A. (Oct., 1927.) Astley, Mrs. Hubert ; Brinsop Court, Hereford. Atkin, Harold T. ; 105 Psalter Lane, Sheffield. (Jan., 1927.) Atkinson, R. M. ; Flat 7. 34 Emperor’s Gate, Kensington, S.W. 7. (May, 1926.) Bailey, Lieut. -Col. F. G. G. ; Lake House, Salisbury. (Aug., 1926.) Baily, W. Shore-, F.Z.S. ; Boyers House, Westbury, Wilts. (Feb., 1920.) Baker, E. C. Stuart, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. ; 6 Harold Road, Upper Norwood, S.E. 19. (Feb., 1904.) Baldelli, La Contessa Giulia Tommasi ; 4 Via Silvio Pellico, Florence, Italy. (April, 1902.) Baldwin-Webb, Lieut. -Col. J.; Denmark House, Olton, Warwickshire. (April, 1927.) 4 List of Members Bamford, William ; Bridgecroft, Kent Road, Harrogate. (March, 1904.) Barker, Major C. H. ; The Gables, Lvminge, Kent. (Feb., 1924.) Barker, Capt. N. L., O.B.E. ; Chevin House, Otley, Yorkshire. (Dec., 1926.) Barlow, Mrs. ; 45 Bath Road, Swindon. (Sept., 1926.) Barlow-Massicks, Miss F. M. : Kelhara House, Newark, Notts. (1913.) Barnard, T., M.C., F.Z.S. ; Milner Road, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa. (Sept., 1919.) Barnes, A. H. ; 2 Carlton Road, Putney Hill, London, S.W. 15. (Majr, 1921.) Barnett, Walter E. ; Red Hall, Croxley Green, Hertfordshire. (Feb., 1927.) Barr- Smith, Mrs. ; Birkegate, Glen Osmond, South Australia. (Sept., 1926.) Bath, Marchioness of ; Longleat, Warminster. (May, 1921.) Bearby, W. R. ; 34 Church Street, West Hartlepool. (Aug., 1923.) Bedford, Her Grace the Duchess of, F.Z.S. ; Woburn Abbey, Woburn, Beds ; and 15 Belgrave Square, S.W. 1. (Feb., 1903.) ( Vice-President .) Beever, G. ; Brooklyn, Kirkheaton, Huddersfield. (June, 1923.) Belcher, W. J. ; P.O. Box 234, Suva, Fiji. (Aug., 1927.) Bell, W. D. ; Glenrock, Brough, East Yorkshire. (May, 1926.) Bennett, C. ; Park Terrace, Parkside, Australia. (July, 1927.) Bennett, Capt. Montague G. B. ; Fornham Cottage, Fornham St. Martin, Bury St. Edmund’s. (Nov., 1927.) Beresford Webb, G. M. ; Norbryght, South Godstone, Surrey. (May, 1906.) Berry, Thos. R. ; Raylands, Willingham, Cambs. (June, 1927.) Best, Cyril ; Brampton, Ashfield Avenue, Mansfield. (Aug., 1921.) Bigger, Dr. David A., M.D. ; Rock Hill, South Carolina, U.S.A. (Nov., 1927.) Blaauw, F. E., C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U. ; Gooilust, ’s Graveland, Hilversum, Holland. (Nov., 1901.) Blackburn, H. R. ; The Oaks, Wivelsfield, Sussex. (1913.) Blackburn, Miss O. ; Rock End, Torquay, S. Devon. (May, 1922.) Blazer, ; 9 Schiedamschedijk, Rotterdam, Holland. (Aug., 1926.) Bligh, The Hon. Mrs. Noel; Kentwins, Nutfield, Surrey. (Jan., 1928.) Boosey, E. J. ; Brambletye, Keston, Kent. (Feb., 1921.) Borbidge, Harry M. ; 1 Hawthorne Glen, Hawthorne, Victoria, Australia. (Feb., 1925.) Borman, Major F. W., M.B.O.U. ; Watlington, Oxfordshire. (Oct., 1925.) Borwick, Hon. Mrs. ; 51 Charles Street, Berkeley Square, W. 1. (Aug., 1926.) Bourke, Hon. Mrs. Algernon ; 75 Gloucester Place. Portman Square, W. 1. (Feb., 1911.) Bousfield, Miss ; Hazelgrove, New Milton, Hants. (Jan., 1908.) Bowden, H. W. ; Hergest, 13 Hampstead Hill Gardens, N.W. 3. (Sept., 1927.) Boyd, H. Tod ; 80a Fordwych Road, N.W. 2. (April, 1927.) List of Members 5 .Bradshaw, J„, M.So., A.I.C., F.C.S. ; Ruhebank, Sulby Grove, Bare, More- cambe. (Feb., 1925.) Bradshaw, George ; Ingram Road, Wahroonga, Sydney, Australia. (May, 1927.) Bright, Herbert ; Woolton Tower, Woolton, near Liverpool. (June, 1914.) Bright, Mrs. Herbert; Woolton Tower, Woolton, near Liverpool. (Sept., 1925.) Brown, W. Ferrier ; 43 Spencer Avenue, Earlsdon, Coventry. (May, 1924.) Browning, William H. ; 16 Cooper Square, New York City, U.S.A. (March, 1906.) Bruce, Mrs. A. L. ; Brooke Hall, Brooke, Norfolk. (Feb., 1927.) Brunton, J. W. ; Inveresk Lodge, Musselburgh. (June, 1923.) Bryant, Horace H. ; Melrose, Boynden Road, Maidenhead. (Feb., 1924.) Butler, Arthur Larchin, M.Aust.O.U. ; 126 Collins Street, Hobart, Tasmania. (July, 1905.) Buttikoefek, Dr. J., C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U. ; Hallnvlstrasse 32, Berne, Switzerland. (Oct., 1907.) {Hon. Mem.) Calvocoresi, P. J. ; Holme Hay, Croxteth Drive, Liverpool. (Oct., 1936.) Campbell, Mrs. J. P. ; 16 Arney Road, Remuera, Auckland, New Zealand. (May, 1924.) Capern, F. ; Le win’s Mead, Bristol. (Oct., 1907.) Capito, E. L. ; c/o Anglo Persian Oil Co., Ltd., Ahwaz, Persian Gulf. (Dec., 1927. ) "Carpenter, H. H. ; 540 South Hill Avenue, Pasadena, California, U.S.A. (Sept., 1927.) •Carpenter, The Hon. Mrs. ; 9 Hay Hill, Berkeley Square, W. 1. (Feb., 1898.) Carr-Walker, Herbert ; Almsford House, Fulwith Lane, Harrogate. (June, 1917.) Case, Mrs. Alice M. ; Bachelors, Ockham, Ripley, Surrey. (May, 1918.) Cayley, Mrs. ; Carham Hall, Cornhill-on-Tweed, Northumberland. (Jan., 1928. ) Chaplin, E. W. ; The Firs, Great Amwell, Ware, Herts. (Sept., 1903.) Chapman, G. B., F.Z.S. ; 17 Tottenham Court Road, London, W. (Nov., 1922.) Chapman, Miss ; 92 High Street, Birmingham. (April, 1927.) Charters, Major W. C. M. ; No. 6 Civil Lines, Roorkee, U.P., India. (Nov., 1926.) Chatterton, Mrs. ; 3 Kingsend Avenue, Ruislip, Middlesex. (Jan., 1915.) Chawner, Miss ; Thatched Holme, Wargrave, Berks. (July, 1899.) Child, F. R. ; Braemar, Down’s Road, Luton, Beds. (March, 1920.) Christie, Mrs. G. ; Kellas, By Elgin, Morayshire. (Jan., 1913.) Chrxstie-Miller, Miss L. ; Clarendon Park, Salisbury. (May, 1926.) 6 List of Members Clark, Mrs. Alfred ; Warren House, Iver Heath, Bucks. (Sept., 1925.) Clayton, Robert A. ; The White House, Adwick-le- Street, near Doncaster. (July, 1925.) Clemo, J. ; 18 Claremont Road, Redruth, Cornwall. (Oct., 1927.) Clendinnen, Dr. L. J. ; 105 Collins Street, Melbourne, Australia. (Sept., 1927.) Cockell, N. F. ; Durhungah, Coach Road, Newton Abbot, S. Devon. (1922.) C ollin s splatt , Miss Jessie N. ; Brimptsmead, Princetown, Devon. (July, 1927.) Combe, Miss E. D. ; Earnshill, Curry Rival, near Taunton, Somerset. (Feb.,. 1927.) Cooper, Mrs. H. Victor ; 8 Hamstel Road, Southchurch, Southend-on-Sea. (May, 1926.) Cooper, James ; Killerby Hall, Scarborough. (Orig. Mem.) Cooper, Mrs. Norah; 25 Talbot Road, Bournemouth. (Jan., 1928.) Corsan, G. H. The Kellogg Estate, Box 75, Battle Creek, Mich., U.S.A. (Jan., 1928.) Cory, Reginald R., F.Z.S. ; Duffryn, near Cardiff. (August, 1905.) Cottrill, Mrs. H. L. ; Seven Barrows, Lambourn, Berks. (April, 1924.) Cowley, H. ; The Manor House, Rubbenhall, Kenilworth. (Jan., 1926.) Cremer, C. H. ; Am Dobben 130, Bremen, Denmark. (March, 1926.) Cunnington, Mrs. H. J. ; Queenborough, Braintree. (April, 1923.) Currey, Mrs. ; The Pit House, Ewell, Surrey. (Feb., 1906.) Currie, J. ; 54 Netherby Road, Edinburgh. (Aug., 1915.) Curzon of Kedleston, Marchioness, G.B.E. ; 1 Carlton House Terrace* S.W. 1. (March, 1927.) Cushny, Charles ; Bath Club, 34 Dover Street, Piccadilly, W. 1. (Dec.* 1926.) Czarnikow, Horace, F.Z.S. ; Hollington House, Newbury. (March, 1924.) Danby, Norton H. ; 4 Carlton Road, Ealing, W. (May, 1927.) Davis, Godfrey, I.C.S., F.Z.S., 13 Oakeshalt Avenue, Westhill , Highgate, N. 6. (Aug., 1927.) Decoux, A. ; Gery-pres Aixe, Hte. Vienne, France. (April, 1917.) Delacour, Jean, F.Z.S. ; Cleres, Seine Inf., France. (April, 1916.) Dell, Charles ; Ardgye, Sandling Road, Saltwood, Kent. (July, 1900.) Denley, Charles F. ; Rockville, Md., U.S.A. (Jan., 1924.) Dennis, Mrs. Cyril; Oakley Hall, Market Drayton, Salop. (June, 1920.) Dennis, Mrs. H. E. ; Holme Manor, Pulborough, Sussex. (March, 1903.) Denny, Mrs. Henry, C.B.E., Staplefield Place, Staplefield, Sussex. (May, 1924.) Dickinson, Mrs. G. W., Upper Slaughter, Bourton-on-the-Water, Gloucester¬ shire. (Jan., 1918.) Dickson, Miss V. C. ; Bryn Afon, St. Asaph, North Wales. (Oct., 1927.) Diemont, D. E. H. ; Rynvliet, Oudenryn, Holland. (June, 1927.) Director, The; Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts. (1912.) List of Members 7 Donald, C. H., F.Z.S. ; Egerton Hall, Dharmsala Gantt., Kangra District, Punjab, India. (March, 1906.) Donovan, H. B. : 184 Adelaide Street West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. (May, 1925. ) Dooly, Thomas L. S. ; Boyne Lodge, Formby, near Liverpool. (Jan., 1924.) Drake, Mrs. F. W. ; Garrick Cottage, Mylor, Falmouth, Cornwall. (Dec., 1926.) Drake, G. Tyrwhitt, F.Z.S. : Sandling Farm, Maidstone. (June, 1918.) Drewitt, Frederic Dawtrey, M.A., H.D., F.R.C.P., F.Z.S. ; 14 Palace Gardens Terrace, Kensington, W. 8. (May, 1903.) Dudley, H. D. W. ; Stradishall Manor, Stradishall, nr. Newmarket, Suffolk. (Jan., 1928.) Dunleath, The Lady ; Bally waiter Park, Polly waiter, Co. Down, Ireland. (August, 1897.) Dunmore, Oscar E. ; Saxonholme, Oadby Road, Wigston Magna, Leicester¬ shire. (Oct., 1922.) Duveen, Mrs. Geoffrey ; Broadway, Limpsfield, Surrey. (Sept., 1927.) Duyzend, W. C. ; 123 Goudsche Singel, Rotterdam, Holland. (March, 1927.) Edmonds, Harry; The Limes, Tolworth Road, Ipswich. (Jan., 1926.) Edwards, Mrs. A. E. ; Drayton Cottage, Ruislip, Middlesex. (Jan., 1925.) Edwards, J. C. ; 629 So, Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. (June, 1926.) Elliott, F. S. ; Westfield, Kelvin Road, Ipswich, Suffolk. (Nov., 1925.) Elphick, Dr. George ; 118 Harley Street, W. 1. (April, 1926.) Elwes, Mrs. Robert ; Little Congham, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. (Dec., 1926.) Entwhistle, Miss N. ; Oak Tree Cottage, Wash Common, Newbury. (May, 1926. ) Evans, G. ; 85 Parliament Hill Mansions, N.W. 5. (April, 1926.) Evans, R. M. ; Inglewood, Ratcliff© Road, Leicester. (March, 1927.) Evans, Victor J. ; Victor Building, 9th Street Northwest, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. (Oct., 1927.) Eustace, C. H. ; c/o P.O. Box 252, Shanghai, China. (Feb., 1927.) F.yton- Jones, R., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., L.R.E.P.S. ; Holly Lodge, Broadway, Peterborough. (Sept., 1926.) Ezra, Alfred, O.B.E., F.Z.S. ; Foxwarren Park, Cobham, Surrey. (1912.) Ezra, David, F.Z.S. ; 3 Kyd Street, Calcutta. (June, 1912.) Fillmer, H. R. ; Brendon, 22 Harrington Road, Brighton. ( Orig . Mem.) Filmer, Hon. Mrs. Wilson, F.Z.S. ; 27 High Street, W. 1. (Nov., 1920.) Finn, Frank, B.A., F.Z.S. ; c/o Grindley & Co., 54 Parliament Street, S.W. 1. (Hon. Mem.) Fisher, Mrs. C. A. D. ; The Grange, Sutton Road, Erdington, Birmingham. (Sept., 1927.) Flower, Mrs. Stanley ; Spencer’s Green, Tring, Herts. (July, 1926.) Folkestone, Viscountess ; Alward House, Salisbury. (Jan., 1928.) Fox, lett. Miss R. ; 2 Alston Terrace, Exmouth, S. Devon. (Oct., 1926.) List of Members Fooks, F. G. ; c/o Mon. J. Delacour, Chateau de Cleres, Seine Inferieure, France. (Jan., 1926.) Freeman, Mrs. John ; 30 Devonshire Place, W. 1. (Jan., 1928.) Frost, Mrs. E. K. ; Glebe House, Hayes, Kent. (Jan., 1926.) Frost, Wilfred ; 6 Wardo Avenue, Fulham, S.W. 6. (July, 1908.) Fullerton, Alan ; Polshot Farm, Elstead, Godaiming, Surrey. (July, 1927.) Garcke, Mrs. C. ; Wye Lodge, Maidenhead. (June, 1916.) Gambo, Frank; 5 Broadway, Flushing, Long Island, U.S.A. (Oct., 1927.) Gibbins, William B., F.Z.S. ; Ettington, near Stratford-on-Avon. (June, 1895.) Gifford, E. W. ; 1650 Vista Street, Oakland, California, U.S.A. (Aug., 1927.) Gladding, Walter, F.R.H.S., N.R.S. ; Old Mill Gardens, Wannock, Polcgate, Sussex. (Dec., 1926.) Goddard, H. E. ; Birchcroft, Fetcham, near Leatherhead. (Feb., 1899.) Goddard, Mrs. ; The Lawn, Swindon. (Feb., 1923.) Goodwin, T. J. ; 185 Old Kent Road, London, S.E. (Jan., 1920.) Gosse, Philip, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.Z.S. ; Savile Club, Piccadilly, W. (April, 1911.) Gosse, Mrs. James ; 9 Park Terrace, Park Side, South Australia. (July, 1923.) Grainger, Capt. Liddek ; Ayton Castle, Ayton, Berwickshire. (Aug., 1927.) Grant, E. R. ; Hotel Roosevelt, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. (Dec., 1927.) Gray, Henry, M.R.C.V.S. ; 1 Redfield Lane, Earls Court Road, S.W. 5. (June, 1906.) Green, Roland, F.Z.S., The Ruskin Studio, 7 New Court, Carey Street, Chancery Lane, W.C. 2. (Sept., 1926.) Greenshields, J. S. ; 225 East Foothill Building, Pasadena, California, U.S.A. (June, 1927.) Gregory, Mrs. ; Melville, Parkstone, Dorset. (Dec., 1901.) Grey of Fallodon, Viscountess, F.Z.S. ; Mulberry House, 37 Smith Square, S.W. 1. (April, 1926.) Grey, The Viscount of Falloden, K.G., F.Z.S. ; Falloden, Embleton, Alnwick, Northumberland. (1913.) Grossmith, Mrs. J.L., F.Z.S. ; 41 Blenheim Road, Bicldey, Kent. (Jan., 1923.) Grove, Hon. Mrs. Julian ; 57 Tregunter Road, London, S.W. 10. (March, 1917.) Groves, Alfred G. ; 5 Upper East Hayes, Bath. (Aug., 1926.) Guilford, Miss H. ; 23 Lenton Avenue, The Park, Nottingham. (Mar., 1903.) Guillemard, Lady ; Tower House, Tite Street, S.W. 3. (Jan., 1928.) Gulbenkian, C. S. ; 51 Avenue d’Jena, Paris xvie Paris. (Dec., 1908.) Gurney, Daniel ; The Grange, North Runcton, King’s Lynn. (July, 1927.) Gurney, Miss Dl4Na ; North Runcton Hall, King’s Lynn. (July, 1927.) Gurney, G. H., F.Z.S. ; Keswick Hall, Norwich. List of Members 9 Haagner, A. K., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Director National Zoological Gardens ; Box 754, Pretoria, South Africa. (Nov., 1905.) Hall, A. Johtst ; Home Farm, Savernake Forest, Marlborough. (Feb., 1926.) Hall, Walter T. ; 6 Gladstone Road, Sheffield. (Nov., 1926.) Hamilton, Mrs. ; Villa Alexandra, Chernex sur Montreux, Switzerland. Hamilton, Dr. Wm. ; 175 North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia. (Jan., 1928.) Hampe, At.ex. ; c/o Wm. Meyerink and Co., 66 Szechuen Road, Shanghai, China. (Jan., 1927.) Hankey, Algernon, A., F.Z.S. ; 71 Lissenden Mansions, Highgate Road, N.W. 5. (June, 1923.) Hansell, Frank A. D. ; Nairnbank, Nuthill, Perthshire. (May, 1925.) Hargreaves, Miss Molly ; Nazeing Park, Essex. (Nov., 1922.) Harmsworth, Mrs. Cecil ; 13 Hyde Park Gardens, W. 2. (Sept., 1927.) Harper, Edmund William, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. ; c/o Miss A. L. Harper, 20 Howbury Street, Bedford. (Feb., 1901.) Harrison, T. 0. ; 127 Hastings Road, Sunderland. (March, 1918.) Hartley, Mrs. ; Lynchfield, Bishops Lydeard, Somerset. (April, 1897.) Harvey, A. ; Rapparee, Bristol Hill, Brislington, Bristol. (May, 1926.) Harvey, P. T. ; Farleigh, 170 King’s Road, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex. (Nov., 1926. ) Harvey, S. ; Northgate Street, Millswood, Adelaide, South Australia. (Feb., 1925.) Harvey, The Hon. Lady ; Langley Park, Slough, Bucks. (Oct., 1906.) Harwood, Miss K. E. ; The Bungalow, 14 Park Lane, Salisbury. (Jan., 1928.) Hawkins, L. W. ; 20 Norton Folgate, London, E. 1. (June, 1924.) Hayley, J. Newton, F.Z.S. ; Colne Lodge, Cromer. (March, 1924.) Herb, Thomas ; Croft House, Old Aylestone, Leicester. (April, 1914.) Hedges, George ; Courtlands, Beaconsfield, Bucks. (April, 1926.) Henry, William, 3027 Allen Avenue, Chicago, Ill., U.S.A. (Aug., 1927.) Henstock, J. H. ; Market Place, Ashbourne, Derbyshire. (March, 1907.) Heumann, G. A. ; Ramona, Bucroft, Sydney, N.S.W. (Sept., 1913.) Hewitt, T. W. G. ; The Old Hall, Weelsby, Grimsby. (April, 1909.) Hewlins, Miss Mary R. ; The Howe, Saint Ives, Huntingdonshire. (Jan., 1927. ) Heydon, C. ; 5 Corvedale Road, Craven Arms, Shropshire. (March, 1927.) Heywood, Richard, F.Z.S. ; Pentney House, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. (Oct., 1911.) Hinks, Mrs. Arthur ; 31 Sheffield Terrace, Campden Hill, W. 8. (April, 1923.) Hirst, Albert ; 10 Talbot Avenue, Egerton, Huddesfield. (July, 1923.) Hirst, Robert S. ; The Royds, Cleckheaton, Yorkshire. (April, 1926.) Hoboken, J. H. van ; Rotterdamsche Ryweg, 193 Oberschie, Holland. (Oct., 1927.) Hollas, Mrs. K. E. ; Red Scar, Grimsargh, near Preston. (Oct., 1922.) 10 List of Members Hone, Capt. T. N. ; 169d Gloucester Terrace, W. 2. (Nov., 1927.) Hood, Harry S. ; Keith Theatre Building, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A. (April, 1925.) Hooley, Mrs. B. ; 11 Newhouse Road, Grangemouth, N.B. (March, 1927.) Hopkinson, Emilitjs, C.M.G., M.A., M.B.Oxon., D.S.O., F.Z.S. ; Wynstay, Balcombe, Sussex (July to October). Gambia, West Africa (November to July). (Oct., 1906.) Hopson, Fred C. ; Porchester, Newbury. (March, 1897.) Horne, I. S. ; 327 North Garfield, Alhamura, California, U.S.A. (Jan., 1928.) Horsbrugh, C. B. ; Blessington House, Hillsborough, Co. Down. Horsford, D. M. ; Bosvathick Penryn, Cornwall. (Aug., 1922.) Housden, James B. ; Brooklyn, 31 Cator Road, Sydenham, S.E. 26. (Orig. Mem.) Humphries, H. C. ; 29 Pearfield Road, Forest Hill, S.E. 23. (July, 1927.) Hunting, T. Carlton ; Gaybird Pheasantry, Great Missenden, Bucks. (June, 1925. ) Hutchinson, Miss Alice ; Alderton, Chippenham, Wilts. (Aug., 1907.) Imai, Setsuji ; 10 Hatagaya, Yoyohata, Toyotama-Gun, Tokyo-Fu, Japan. (Jan., 1928.) Irvine, W. J. ; 36 Ann Street, Belfast. (June, 1926.) Isenburg, A. H. ; 282 Atherton Road, Menlo Park, California, U.S.A. (Aug., 1926. ) Jabouille, M. P. ; Protectoret de L’Annam, Cabinet du Resident Superieur. (Feb., 1927.) Jackson, B. ; 33 Church Street, Bingley, Yorks. (Jan., 1926.) Jackson, Major A. E. Blythe ; Glenholme, Bladon Drive, Belfast. (Sept., 1924. ) Jardan, I. A. ; Jardan Game Farm, Woodland, California, U.S.A. (Jan., 1928.) Jennison, George, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Barwick Lodge, Disley, Cheshire. (April, 1918.) Joel, T. B. ; Maiden Erleigh, Reading. (Aug., 1927.) Johnston, Robert Percy, Longth waite Road, Wigton, Cumberland. (March, 1925. ) Jopson, D. F. ; Goff Nook, Barrowford, Nelson. (July, 1927.) Kadota, William ; 1016 Geary Street, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. (May, 1927.) Kavanagh, Thomas J. ; Tasker Street Wharf, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A. (Aug., 1927.) Keator, Beverley, R.F.D. ; 12 Westport, Conn., U.S.A. (June, 1924.) Kemp, Robert ; Holne Cott, Stafford Place, Weston-super-Mare. (March, 1926. ) Kerr, J. Ernest ; Harviestoun, Dollar, Scotland. (March, 1927.) Kershaw, Miss Mary E. ; 7 Westcliffe Road, Birkdale, Southport. (June, 1924.) Kewley, Mrs. M. A. ; Barwick House, Yeovil, Somerset. (Sept., 1910.) Kinkead, George, W., F.Z.S. ; 9 Donegal Square, S. Belfast. (June, 1924.) List of Members 11 Kirk, Laurence ; The Sawyers, St. Cornard, Sudbury, Suffolk. (March, 1927.) Knobel, Miss E. Maud, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. ; 32 Tavistock Square, W.C. 1. (Aug., 1916.) {Hon. Secretary and Treasurer.) Lake, Frank ; West Park Road, Cleadon, near Sunderland. (Jan., 1927.) Lambrick, Prebendary M. ; Blagdon Rectory, Bristol. (Jan., 1921.) Lancaster, Mrs. ; 7 Victoria Terrace, Walsall. (Dec., 1923.) Lauder, P. ; 646 Barker Road, The Peak, Hong-kong, China. Law, Satya Charan, F.Z.S. ; 24 Sukeas Street, Calcutta. (1919.) Leach, C. F. ; Vale Lodge, Leatherhead, Surrey. (June, 1914.) Lecallier, Madame, F.Z.S. ; 109 Rue de la Republique, Caudebec-les- Elbeuf, France. (April, 1918.) Lewis, Arthur, F.Z.S. ; Brambleside, Ferndown, Dorset. (Jan., 1926.) Lewis, George; Morning Side, Stockton Lane, York. (March, 1927.) Lewis, J. Spedan, F.Z.S. ; Chairman’s Office, Messrs. Peter Jones, Ltd., Sloane Square, S.W. 1. (Sept., 1924.) Lewis, W. ; 37 Somerset Road, Teddington, Middlesex. (Jan., 1923.) Library International Institut d’Agricolture, Villa Umberto, 1. Rome 10. Lienau, C. H. A. ; Newbury, 23 Victoria Avenue, Unley Park, South Australia. (Oct., 1917.) Lightfoot, J. G. ; The Gables, Upton Heath, Chester. (May, 1927.) Lilford, The Lady; Lilford Hall, Oundle, Northants. (Jan., 1898.) Llewellyn, Hon. Mrs. ; Pew Hill House, Chippenham, Wilts. (April, 1927.) Lloyd, Mrs. ; Greenmore Hill, Woodcote, nr. Reading. (Jan., 1928.) Littledale, Mrs. ; Ravenhurst, Pittville, Cheltenham. (April, 1926.) Lock, R. G. ; Wilcox Street, Adelaide, South Australia. (April, 1926.) Lockey, R. ; Creighton House, Morpeth. (July, 1927.) Lockyer, Alfred ; High Croft, Eversley Park Road, Winchmore Hill, N.21. (Dec., 1905.) Lodge, George E., F.Z.S. ; Hawkhouse, Park Road, Camberlev, Surrey. (May, 1923.) Longdon, Mrs. C. A. ; Arreton, Epsom Road, Guildford. (Feb., 1909.) Loomis, H. B. ; 464 California Street, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. (March, 1926.) Lovelace, The Countess of ; Wentworth House, Chelsea Embankment, S.W.3. (May, 1906.) Lovett, C. ; Glendale Park, Nashville, Tenn., U.S.A. (Dec., 1912.) Lowe, Rev. T. R. ; 115 Wells Street, Camberwell, S.E. 5. (June, 1927.) Ludwig, Herr Otto; Merseburgerstrasse 20, Halle a.d. Saale, Germanv. (Jan., 1925.) Luig, Dr. Bruno; 7 Avenue Eugene, Peasky, Bruxelles. (Nov., 1924.) Lyon, Capt. the Hon. Michael ; Glamis Castle, Glamis, Forfarshire. (May, 1927.) McAshan, H. N. ; 1144 North Central Avenue, Glendale, California, U.S.A. (Aug., 1927.) 12 List of Members McCall, C. Home, C.B.E. ; Primrose Cottage, Walberswick, Southwold.. (June, 1923.) McCormick-Goodhart, Commander Leander, R.N.V.R. Retd., O.B.E.,. F.R.G.S. ; Langley Park, Hyattsville, Maryland, U.S.A. McCorquodale, Mrs. ; Cound Hall, Shrewsbury. (Jan., 1920.) McCullagii, J. C. ; Lismara, Whitehouse, Belfast. (Sept., 1926.) McDonald, Miss B. ; The Cottage, Hollington Park, St. Leonard’s-on-Sea.. (Jan., 1922.) McLintock, Miss M. H. ; The Grove, Catton Grove Road, Norwich. (July, 1927.) Mackay, K. Stewart ; The Manor House, Esher, Surrey. Mackie, Philip C. ; Spe-Cott, Ancaster Road, Far Headingley, Leeds. (Jan.,. 1926.) Macklin, C. H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. ; 90 Dunstable Street, Ampthill, Beds. (May, 1923.) Malone, Mrs. M. L’Estrange ; West Lodge, Malton, Yorks. (Jan., 1902.)' Manchester Public Libraries ; Reference Library, Piccadilly, Manchester. (July, 1913.) Mander, J. D. ; Ash Ghyll, Bromley Road, Bingley. (Aug., 1927.) Marriott, Mrs. ; The Grange, Oddingley, near Droitwich. (June, 1927.)' Map.esi, Pompeo M. ; 36 W. 44th Street, New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (June, 1924.) Marriner, John Sumner ; Newlands Cottage, Eynsham, Oxon. (Oct.,. 1923.) Marsden, J. W., F.Z.S. ; Bank’s Lane, Heysham Harbour, Lancs. (March,. 1914.) Marshall, Archibald McLean, F.Z.S. ; Chitcombe, Brede, Sussex. (Jan., 1906.) Mason, D. ; Anglet, B.P., France. (Jan., 1926.) Mavrogordato, Mrs. T. ; Tanglewood, South Godstone. (July, 1923.) Maxwell, C. T. ; 1 Shardcroft Avenue, Herne Hill, S.E. 24. (Dec., 1908.) Maxwell-Jackson, Miss M. ; Berry End, Knaresborough, Yorks. (Jan., 1913.) Mayer, F. W. Shaw : c/o Australia House, Strand, London ; “ Wulfruna,” 88 Concord Road, Homebush, Sydney, Australia. (Aug., 1922.) Meade- Waldo, E. G. B., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. ; Stonewall Park, Edenbridge, Kent, (Jan., 1895.) Metzger, C. T. ; 6312 So. Ashland Avenue, Chicago, Ill., U.S.A. (1923.) Miller, Rev. T. W. T. ; The Rectory, Southwick, Sussex. (Sept., 1924.) Miller, S. P. ; Northend, Gloucester Road, Teddington. (May, 1926.) Moody, A. F. ; Lilford, Barnwell, Peterborough. (July, 1926.) Mortimer, Mrs. ; Wigmore, Holm wood, Surrey. (Orig. Mem.) Mott, B. ; 1 Lee Bank Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. (Dec., 1926.) Mountain, Capt. Walton; Groombridge Place, Kent. (Feb., 1923.) Mulvey, W. E. ; 5 Qverleigh Road, Chester. (Jan., 1921.) List of Members 13 Muntz, Major A. Irving ; Ecchinswell House, Nr. Newbury. (Nov., 1926.) Murat, Prince Paul, F.Z.S. ; 68 Rue de la Faisanderie, Paris XVI. (Julv, 1923.) Museum of Comparative Zoology ; Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. National Zoological Park (The Superintendent); Washington, Dt., U.S.A. Nelson, Richard, 735 Holderness Road, Hull. (April, 1925.) Nevill, Capt. T. N. C.. F.Z.S. ; 48 Sloane Square, S.W. 1. (July, 1917.) Newman, T. H., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. ; Verulam, Forty Lane, Wembley Park, Middlesex. (May, 1900.) Newmarch, C. T., F.Z.S. ; Carnage’s Ltd., Holborn, W.C. (Aug., 1915.) New York Zoological Society, 185th Street and Southern Boulevard, New York, U.S.A. Nicol, Hamtsh, F.R.C.S., F.Z.S. ; Hillside, Christchurch Road, Hampstead, N.W. 3. (Jan., 1926.) Nichols, Walter B., M.B.O.U. ; Stour Lodge, Bradfield, Manningtree. (Jan., 1907.) Nichols, W. Wallace ; 1263 W. 98th Place, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. (Nov., 1927.) Nicholson, Alfred, E. ; Blenheim, Forthview Terrace, Blackball, Midlothian. (Feb., 1925.) Nops, Ronald A. ; 4 Amherst Road, West Ealing. (March, 1927.) North, W. N. D. ; Meadow Court, Stoughton Drive, Leicester. (Dec., 1924.) Oberholser, Harry C. ; 2805 18th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C., U.S.A. (Oct., 1903.) Ogilvie, Mrs. Brenda ; Bonaly Tower, Colinton, Mid-Lothian, N.B. (May, 1927.) Ogle, Bertram Saville, M.B.O.U. ; Mill House, Steeple Aston, Oxford. (Dec., 1902.) Ohno, Yasushi ; Hankyu Kotoyen Tieryujo-Kita, Nishinomiya Post Office, Kobe, Japan. (June, 1927.) O’Reilly, Nicholas S. ; 144 Eastern Road, Kemp Town, Brighton. (Dec., 1894.) Ormsby, Miss E. M. ; The Cottage Silver fields, Harrogate. (Nov., 1927.) Packer, George F. ; 38 Croydon Avenue, Croydon, Sydney, Australia. (April, 1925.) Painter, K. V. ; 3240 Fairmont Boulevard, Shaker Heights, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. (April, 1926.) Palmer, G. E. ; 83 Park Street, Camden Town, N.W. 1. (March, 1926.) Pam, Major Albert, F.Z.S. ; Wormleybury, Broxbourne, Herts. (Jan., 1906.) Pancoast, The Hotel ; Miami Beach, Florida, U.S.A. (July, 1927.) Patrick, Leon, M.D. ; Smith Grote Building, Orange, California, U.S.A. (Dec., 1926.) 14 List of Members Peart, Miss ; Edgarley, Broomfield Avenue, Palmers Green, N. 13. (March, 1927. ) Penrose, Frank G., M.D., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. ; Woodbury, 9 Grove Road, Eastcliff, Bournemouth. (Dec., 1903.) Perreau, Mrs. G. A. ; 16 Evelyn Court, Lansdowne Terrace, Cheltenham. (Sept., 1916.) Pettigrew, M. ; 6 Fifth Avenue, Kelvinside, Glasgow, W. (Jan., 1920.) Phillips, John C. ; Wenham, Mass., XJ.S.A. (March, 1910.) Pickford, Randolph John ; Etherlev Lodge, Nr. Bishop Auckland. (Feb., 1903.) Pike, L. G., F.Z.S. ; King Barrow, Wareham, Dorset. (1912.) Pilkington, Mrs. ; Dean Wood, Newbury. (April, 1927.) Pithie, Miss D. E. ; 68 Clarendon Road, Southsea, Portsmouth. (Jan., 1918.) Plath, Karl ; 2847 Giddings Street, Chicago, XJ.S.A. (July, 1924.) Poltimore, Lady ; Court Hall, North Molten. (Jan., 1926.) Porter, Sidney, F.Z.S. ; Selwyn House, Old Normanton, DerbjL (April, 1920.) Potter, Bernard E., M.B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.Z.S.; 17 Portland Place, W. Potter, W. H. ; Whetherill, Fitzillian Avenue, Harold Wood, Essex. (July, 1926.) Prestwich, Arthur A. ; Kent’s Farm, Winsor, nr. Southampton. (Jan., 1928. ) Prestwich, Mrs. Arthur A., F.Z.S. ; Kent’s Farm, Winsor, nr. South¬ ampton. (May, 1924.) Princeton University Library ; U.S.A. Procter, Mrs. ; Cullecoats, The Ridgeway, Asten Wood, Gerrard’s Cross. (Sept., 1926.) Purvis, Mrs. C. J. ; West Acres, Alnwick, Northumberland. (Oct., 1920.) Pycraft, W. P., A.L.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., etc. ; British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Road, S.W. 7. (Nov., 1904.) {Hon. Mem.) Pyman, Miss E. E. ; West Hartlepool. (June, 1919.) Quincey, R. S. de Q. ; The Vern, Bodenham, Hereford. (April, 1913.) Rae, Samuel ; 64 Muslin Street, Glasgow. (April, 1927.) Rae, Wm. Oye ; P.O. 59, Kobe, Japan. (March, 1927.) Rattigan, Capt. G. E. ; 7a Croft Terrace, Paignton, S. Devon. (Aug., 1908.) Reeve, Capt. J. S., F.Z.S. ; Jjeadenham House, Lincoln. (March, 1908.) Reid, Alfred Robert ; Curator of the Beaumaris Zoo., Hobart, Tasmania. (Nov., 1925.) Reid, W. J. G. ; Funchal, Madeira. (Feb., 1895.) Reventlow, Axel ; Robmand, Stationsvej 36, Odense, Denmark. (Jan., 1928.) Ricardo, Mrs. ; Colbrook, Aid wick. (July, 1926.) Roberts, H. ; Bagatelle, Market Harborough. (Aug., 1927.) List of Members 15 Roberts, Miss Ida ; Beaumaris, Montpelier Street, Hobart, Tasmania. (Jan., 1923.) Robison, Ansel W. ; 1072 Market Street, San Francisco, U.S.A. (Feb., 1927.) Robinson, John H. ; Sunnycote, St. Mildred’s Road, Ramsgate. (Sept., 1927.) Rogers, H. E., F.Z.S. ; “ Arequipa,” 7 Aigburth Road, Liverpool. (June, 1919.) Rogers, Col. J. M., D.S.O., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. (late Royal Dragoons) ; River- hill, Sevenoaks. (April, 1907.) Rogers, Mrs. ; Keston Mount, Talbot Road, Bournemouth. (Feb., 1925.) Rooper, Mrs. F. ; 11 Maze Hill, St. Leonard’s- on- Sea. (Aug., 1924.) Rothschild, James de ; 34 Park Street, W. 1. (March, 1923.) Rothschild, Lionel de, M.P. ; 46 Park Street, W. 1. (Nov., 1913.) Rothwell, James E. ; 153 Sewall Avenue, Brookline, Mass., U.S.A. (Oct., 1910.) Royal Zoological Society op Ireland ; Phoenix Park, Dublin. (Oct., 1905.) Rudd, W. A. ; 180 Bishopsgate, E.C. 2. (Jan., 1927.) Rumsey, Lacy ; 23 Rua de Serpa Pinto, Villa Nova de Gava, Oporto, Portugal. (April, 1919.) Russell, Mrs. ; Oaklands, Hook, Basingstoke. (Aug., 1926.) Ryan, B. J. ; Executive Engineer, P.W.D. ; Jaipur State, Jaipur, India. (Aug., 1926.) Rycroft, Harry C. ; 34 Duchy Drive, Heaton, Bradford. (July, 1926.) Ryecroft, Mrs. ; Cotwell Court, Cirencester, Glos. (Oct., 1927.) St. Quintin, William Herbert, F.Z.S. , M.B.O.U. ; Scampston Hall, Rillingon, York. (Orig. Mem.) Salkeld, William ; Ravenswood, Kirkoswald, R.S.O., Cumberland. (June, 1922. ) Sand bach, Miss Violet ; 48 Cadogan Square, S.W. 1. (Dec., 1926.) Sawrey-Cookson, Miss June ; 186 Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 5. (Sept., 1923. ) Schmit- Jensen, H. O. ; Veterinary Research Officer, Experimental Station, Isle of Lindholm, Post Box 42, Stege, Denmark. (Dec., 1927.) Schulz, C. ; Arusha, Tanganyika Territory. (July, 1926.) Schutze, Eduard ; Eystrup, Weser, Germany. (Feb., 1927.) Schuyl, D. G. ; Kralingscheweg 332, Rotterdam, Holland. (Jan., 1914.) Sclater, W. L., M.A., F.Z.S.; 10 Sloane Court, S.W.3. (Aug., '1904.) Scott, Capt. B. Hamilton; Hamildean, Ipswich. (1912.) Scribe, Monsieur Rene ; 38 Coupure, Gand, Belgium. (Oct., 1925.) Seppings, Lieut.-Col. J. W. H., F.Z.S. ; c/o Lloyd’s Bank, Ltd., Cox & King’s Branch (K. Section), 6 Pall Mall, London, S.W. 1. (Sept., 1907.) Seth-Smith, David, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. ; Zoological Society, Regent’s Park, N.W. 8. (Dec., 1894.) (Editor.) Shakespeare, Walter : Sefton, St. George’s Hill, Weybridge. (Aug., 1926.) 16 List of Members Shannon, Mrs. W. J. ; c/o Col. W. J. Shannon, C.M.G., D.S.O., Army Head¬ quarters, Delhi, India. Shenstone, Mrs. ; Chantry House, Hurstpierpoint, Sussex. (April, 1925.) Sherriff, A., F.Z.S. ; Edge Hill, 8 Ranulf Road, N.W. 2. (March, 1923.) Shiers, Mrs. P. H. ; Brookfield, Cheadle, Cheshire. (Jan., 1926.) Shinano, K. ; 18 Suchirocho, Kitaku, Osaka, Japan. (March, 1927.) Sich, Herbert Leonard ; Grayingham, Farncombe Road, Worthing, Sussex. (Feb., 1902.) Silver, Allen, F.Z.S. ; 18 Baneswell Road, Newport, Mon. Simpson, Archibald ; Stone Gappe, Bardsey, Yorks. (Feb., 1901.) Simpson, H. W. ; 6 Barry Road, Stonebridge, Willesden, N.W. 10. (Nov., 1924.) Sissons, H. P. ; 8 Potter Street, Worksop, Notts. (April, 1927.) Slade, G. J. ; 34 Milton Road, Fitzhugh, Southampton. (Feb., 1915.) Sleigh, Dr. A. H. ; Denmark House, Holbrook, Ipswich. (Jan., 1928.) Smetz-Mondez, Dr. J. G. ; La Hetraie, Genval, Belgium. (Aug., 1924.) Smith, F. S. Le Blanc ; Cairns, 7 Laburnham Road, Maidenhead. (Feb., 1927.) Smith, G. Oswald ; 19 Hill Street, Mayfair, W. 1. (Aug., 1927.) Smith, H. B. ; 3 Claremont Road, Redruth, Cornwall. (Oct., 1927.) Smith, Paris ; 5 Forest Rise, Whipps Cross, E. 17. Smith, Paul H. ; 11 Parkhill Road, Hampstead, N.W. 3. (June, 1927.) Smith, W. Proctor, F.Z.S. ; Moorlands, Broad Road Sale, Manchester. (Nov., 1917. ) Smith, W. W. ; Cranmer, Dower Avenue, Wallington, Surrey. (April, 1920.) Snape, Major A. E., O.B.E. ; Malvern, Lower Walton, Warrington. (March, 1918. ) Soutiioff, George de, C.M.Z.S. ; 9-11 Via S. Spirito, Florence, Italy. (1921.) {Hon. Mem.) Southport Corporation, Curator of ; Hesketh Park, Southport. (Jan., 1904.) Speed, Mrs. J. E. ; Mearacot, Ruislip, Middlesex. (Sept., 1926.) Sprawson, Evelyn ; M.C., M.R.C.S., F.Z.S., 68 South wood Lane, Highgate, N. 6. (June, 1923.) Sproston, Mrs. ; Elm House, Nantwich, Cheshire. (June, 1917.) Spurway, N. B. ; Glenwood, Stoneygate, Leicester. (April, 1923.) Squire, Rev. C. ; Warblington House, Havant, Hants. (April, 1927.) Stark, J. ; Woods Cottage, Haddington, Scotland. (Jan., 1924.) Stent, Stirling ; Beechlands, Bedhampton, Havant, Hants. (March, 1924.) Sterrett, H. R. ; Roseway, Hoopern Avenue, Pennsylvania, Exeter, S~ Devon. (Feb., 1926.) Stevens, H. ; c/o Midland Bank, Ltd., Tring. (Oct., 1911.) Stewart, John, M.B.O.U. ; The Hermitage, Elstead, Surrey. (June, 1926.) Stileman, G. R. ; Stamford, West Byfleet, Surrey. (Dec., 1925.) Stillman, Paul F. ; 122 Riverside Avenue, Red Bank, N.J., U.S.A. List of Members 17 Stokes, Capt. H. S., F.Z.S. ; Longdon, Stafford. (Oct., 1922.) Storey, Mrs. A. ; Hawling Manor, Andoverford, Glos. (Nov., 1912.) StringfEllow, B ; 2006£ Sixth Avenue, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. (Aug., 1927.) Steuben, Mrs. F. ; Spitchwick Manor, Ashburton, S. Devon. (Jan., 1923.) Stuart, Mrs. F. 0. ; Burnside House, Duff us, Morayshire. (Jan., 1928.) Sturdy, Mrs. Alan ; Carey, Wareham, Dorset. (Aug., 1926.) Sudeley, The Lord ; 8 Rutland Court, S.W. 7. (Dec., 1927.) Suggitt, Robert; Suggitt’s Lane, Cleethorpes, Grimsby. (Dec., 1903.) Suggitt, W. E. ; Suggitt’s Lane, Cleethorpes, Grimsby. (Jan., 1915.) Summerskill, C. C. ; 19 Alma Road, Winton, Bournemouth. (March, 1925.) Sutcliffe, Albert, F.Z.S. ; Beechfield, Grimsby. (Feb., 1906.) Sykes, John; Home Park Cottage, Inveresk, Musselburgh. (Jan., 1912.) Takano, T. Z. ; Koyama, 28 Asagaya, Soginamimachi Toyotamagun, Tokyo-fu, Japan. (Jan., 1921.) Taka-Tsukasa, Prince Nobusuke, F.Z.S. ; 2 Fukuyoshicho, Akasaka, Tokyo, Japan. (Feb., 1914.) Talbot-Ponsonby, C. G. ; Glebe House, Lindfield, Hayward’s Heath, Sussex. (May, 1927.) Tanner, Dr. Frank L. ; Vanvert House, Guernsey. (Jan., 1914.) Taronga Zoological Park Trust ; Mosman, Sydney, Australia. (Aug,, 1913.) Tavistock, The Marquess of, F.Z.S. ; Warblington House, Havant, Hants. (1912.) Tennant, Hon. Stephen ; Mulberry House, 37 Smith Square, S.W. 1. (April, 1926.) Teschemaker, W. E., B.A. ; Ringmore, Teignmouth, Devon. (May, 1904.) The aker, R. G. ; 115 Palmerston Street, Derby. (July, 1927.) Thom, Alfred A. ; Whitewell Lodge, Whitchurch, Salop. (June, 1913.) Thomas, Henry ; 15 Clinning Road, Birkdale, Southport. (Jan., 1895.) Thomasset, Bernard C., F.Z.S. ; Seend, Near Melksham, Wilts. (July, 1896.) Thomson, Dr, ; Bankstown, near Sydney, Australia. (Jan., 1926.) Thompson, Mrs. A. C. ; Glaisdale, Ely, Cambs. (Dec., 1924.) Todd, Horatio ; Bromleigh, Neill’s Hill, Belfast. (Aug., 1924.) Tokuda, S. ; 97 Nakamura-Machi, Yokohama, Japan. (Aug., 1926.) Tomlinson, Malcolm R. ; Shepherd’s House, Inveresk, Midlothian. (April, 1913.) Townsend, S. M. ; 3 Swift Street, Fulham, London, S.W. (Orig. Mem.) Transvaal Museum ; The Director, Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. (Jan., 1921.) Travers, Mrs. J. ; Windmill Cottage, Mayfield, Sussex. (Dec., 1903.) Turner, Herbert J. ; Tremadoc, Keyberry Road, Newton Abbott. (Jan., 1925). Uppingham School ; the School Library, The Old School House, Uppingham. (Nov., 1920.) 18 List of Members Valentine, Ernest ; 7 Highfield, Workington. (May, 1899.) Van Heyst, A. ; Wyk by Duurstede, Holland. (July, 1924.) Venner, Rev. P. K. ; 17 Bisham Gardens, Highgate, N. (April, 1923.) Venning, H. C. ; Willett, Bicknaller, Taunton. (Jan, 1927.) Villiers, Mrs. T. L. ; Steuart House, Colpetty, Colombo, Ceylon. (Feb., 1927.) Vlasto, Mrs. ; Binfield Park, Brackwell. (March, 1927.) Voigt, Walter ; 13, Feodorastrasse, Jena, Germany. (Jan., 1926.) Waddell, Miss E. G. R. Peddie ; 4 Great Stuart Street, Edinburgh. !Feb., 1909.) Walker, Miss H. K. 0. ; Chesham, Bury, Lancs. (Feb., 1895.) Wall, Mrs. ; Meadowside, Marlborough, Wilts. (Nov., 1924.) Warneford, Walter W. H., O.B.E.; The Wyndhams, Torbay Road, Torquay. (Ogt., 1926.) Warneford, Mrs. ; The Wyndhams, Torbay Road, Torquay. (Oct., 1926.) Washington, G. ; Franklin Farms, Mendham, New Jersey, U.S.A. (Jan., 1924.) Waud, Capt. L. Reginald, F.Z.S. ; Falcon Close, Woolton Hill, near Newbury. (May, 1913.) Wavertree, Lady; Sussex Lodge, Regent’s Park, N.W. 1. (Aug., 1926.) Waxman, A. E. Wright de Berri ; Maitai, Murray Road, Beecroft, N.S.W. (Aug., 1914.) Webster, Charles A., the Very Rev. Dean of Ross; The Deanery, Rosseurbery, Co. Cork, Ireland. (Feb., 1927.) Wedge, E. ; Overdale, Chorley WTood, Pdckmansworth, Herts. (Feb., 1915.) Weil, Harry ; 443 West 13th Street, New York City, N.Y., U.S.A. (Feb., 1924. ) Welch, F. D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. ; Hartley, Longfield, Kent. (March, 1920.) Weston, Denys ; 19 Strand, Dawlish, S. Devon. (Feb., 1926.) Whale, Cyril M., F.Z.S. ; 289 Brixton Road, S.W. 9. (Feb., 1925.) Whipham, Mrs. XT. F., F.Z.S. ; 34 Westbourne Park Road, W. 2 ; and St. Loyes, Heavitree, Exeter. (July, 1921.) White, John York ; Celandine, 138 Verdant Lane, Catford, S.E. 6. (Jan., 1925. ) Whitley, Herbert, F.Z.S. ; Primley Hill, Paignton, S. Devon. (Sept., 1923.) Wtldeboer, Dr. H. G. ; B umbrae, Holderness Road, Hull. (1924.) Willford, Henry ; Sans Souci, Havenstreet, Ryde, Isle of Wight. (Nov., 1907.) Williams, Sidney, F.Z.S. ; Oakleigh, 110 Riverwav, Palmer’s Green London, N. 13. (Oct., 1910.) Williamson, T. F. M. ; 580 5th Avenue, San Francisco, California, U.S.A., (Aug., 1917.1 Willis, Mrs. ; Lymecrest, Coleraine Road, Portrush, Ireland (North). (April. 1925.) Wilson, And., F.Z.S. ; 233 Argyle Street, Glasgow. (April, 1927.) List of Members 19 Wilson, Dr. Maurice A. ; Walton Lodge, Pannal, Harrogate. (Oct., 1905.) Winter, Dwight ; Center and Negley Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A. (1922.) Wood, Alexander R. ; 5100 Live Oak Street, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A. (Jan., 1928.) Wood, Dr. Casey, F.Z.S. ; McGill University Library, Montreal, Canada. (Sept., 1922.) Wood, Mrs. Muriel ; 8 Lambolle Road, N.W. 3. (July, 1927.) Wood, Mrs. W. E. ; Rosemullion, West Hill, Kingskerswell, S. Devon, (May, 1927.) Wood, W. Stuart, B.A., B. Dent. Sc. ; 1 Maison Dieu Road, Dover. (Oct., 1927.) Woodward, Kenneth M. ; Chappaqua, New York, U.S.A. (March, 1915.) Workman, William Hughes, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. ; Lismore, Windsor Avenue, Belfast. (May, 1903.) Wormald, Hugh, F.Z.S. ; Heathfield, East Dereham, Norfolk. (Dec., 1904.) Worsley, Rev. H. M. ; Burneston Vicarage, Bedale, Yorks. (May, 1925.) Zoological Society of Philadelphia : 34th Street, and Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Penn., U.S.A. (Jan., 1920.) Zug, Mrs. Charles Gordon ; 925 Ridge Avenue, N.S., Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A. (Jan., 1926.) Buies of the Avicultural Society 21 Rules of the Avicultural Society As amended , 6th November , 1924 L— The name of the Society shall be The Avicultural Society, and its object shall be the study of Foreign and British Birds in freedom and in captivity. Poultry, Pigeons, and Canaries shall be outside the scope of the Society. The year of the Society, with that of each volume of the Society’s Magazine, which shall be known as The Avicultural Magazine, shall commence with the month of January and end on the 31st of December following. 2. — The Avicultural Society shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members, and the latter shall be restricted in number to six, and be elected by the Council. 3. — The Officers of the Society shall be elected, annually if necessary, by members of the Council in the manner hereinafter provided, and shall consist of a President, one or more Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, an Editor, a Treasurer, an Auditor, a Scrutineer, and a Council of eighteen members. The Secretary, Editor, and Treasurer shall be ex officio Members of the Council. 4. — New Members shall be proposed in writing, and the name and address of every person thus proposed, with the name of the Member proposing him, shall be published in the next issue of the Magazine. Unless the candidate shall, within two weeks after the publication of his name in the Magazine, be objected to by at least two Members, he shall be deemed to be duly elected. If five members shall lodge with the Secretary objections to any candidate he shall not be elected, but the signatures to the signed objections must be verified by the Scrutineer. If two or more Members (but less than five) shall object to any candidate, the Secretary shall announce in the next number of the Magazine that such objections have been lodged (but shall not disclose the names of the objectors), and shall request the Members to vote upon the question of the election of such candidate. Members shall record their votes in sealed letters addressed to the Scrutineer, and a candidate shall not be elected unless two-thirds of the votes recorded be in his favour ; nor shall a candidate be elected if five or more votes be recorded against his election. 5. — Each Member shall pay an annual subscription of £1, to be due and payable in advance on the 1st of January in each year. New Members shall pay, in addition, an entrance fee of 10s. 0 d. ; and, on payment of their entrance fee and subscription, they shall be entitled to receive all the numbers of the Society’s Magazine for the current year. Buies of the Avicultural Society 22 6. — Members intending to resign their membership at the end of the current year of the Society are expected to give notice to the Secretary before the 1st of December, so that their names may not be included in the “ List of Members ”, which shall be published annually in the January number of the Magazine. 7. — The Magazine of the Society shall be issued on or about the first day of every month, and forwarded, post free, to all the Members loho shall have paid their subscriptions for the year ; but no Magazine shall be sent or delivered to any Member until the annual subscription shall have reached the hands of the Business Secretary or the Publishers. Members whose subscriptions shall not have been paid as above by the first day in November in any year shall cease to be Members of the Society, and shall not be re-admitted until a fresh entrance fee, as well as the annual subscription, shall have been paid. 8. - — The Secretary, Editor, and Treasurer shall be elected for a term of five years, and, should a vacancy occur, it may be temporarily filled up by the Executive Committee (see Rule 10). At the expiration of the term of five years in every case it shall be competent for the Council to nominate the same officer, or another Member, for a further time of five years, unless a second candidate be proposed by not less than twenty-five Members of at least two years’ standing, as set forth below. In the November number of the Magazine preceding the retirement from office of the Secretary, Editor, or Treasurer, the Council shall publish the names of those members whom they have nominated to fill the vacancies thus created ; and these members shall be deemed duly elected unless another candidate or candidates be proposed by not less than fifteen Members of at least two years’ standing. Such proposal, duly seconded and containing the written consent of the nominee to serve, if elected, in the capacity for which he is proposed, must reach the Secretary on or before the 15th of November. The Council shall also publish yearly in the November number of the Magazine the names of those members nominated by them for the posts of Auditor and Scrutineer respectively. 9. — The Members of the Council shall retire by rotation, two at the end of each year of the Society (unless a vacancy or vacancies shall occur otherwise) and two other Members of the Society shall be recommended by the Council to take the place of those retiring. The names of the two Members recommended shall be printed in the November number of The Avicultural Magazine. Should the Council’s selection be objected to by fifteen or more Members, these shall have power to put forward two other candidates, whose names, together with the signatures of no less than fifteen Members proposing them, must reach the Hon. Secretary by the 15th of November. The names of the four candidates will then be printed on a voting paper and sent to each Member with the December number of the Magazine, and the result of the voting published in the January Buies of the Avicultural Society 23 issue. Should no alternative candidates be put forward, in the manner and by the date above specified, the two candidates recommended by the Council shall be deemed to have been duly elected. In the event of an equality of votes the President shall have a casting vote. If any Member of the Council does not attend a meeting for two years in succession the Council shall have power to elect another member in his place. 10. — Immediately after the election of the Council that body shall proceed to elect three from its Members (ex officio Members not being eligible). These three, together with the Secretary, Treasurer, and Editor, shall form a Committee known as the Executive Committee. Members of the Council shall be asked every year (whether there has been an election of that body or not) if they wish to stand for the Executive, and in any year when the number of candidates exceeds three there shall be an election of the Executive. The duties of the Executive Committee shall be as follows : — (i) To sanction all payments to be made on behalf of the Society. (ii) In the event of the resignation of any of the officers during the Society’s year, to fill temporarily the vacancy until the end of the year. In the case of the office being one which is held for more than one year (e.g. Secretary, Editor, or Treasurer) the appointment shall be confirmed by the Council at its next meeting. (iii) To act for the Council in the decision of any other matter that may arise in connexion with the business of the Society. The decision of any matter by the Executive to be settled by a simple majority (five to form a quorum). In the event of a tie on any question, such question shall be forthwith submitted by letter to the Council for their decision. The Executive shall not have power (i) To add to or alter the Rules ; (ii) To expel any Member ; (iii) To re-elect the Secretary, Editor, or Treasurer for a second term of office. It shall not be lawful for the Treasurer to pay any account unless such account be duly initialled by the Executive. It shall be lawful for the Secretary or Editor to pledge the Society’s credit for a sum not exceeding £15. Should a Member wish any matter to be brought before the Council direct such matter should be sent to the Secretary with a letter stating that it is to be brought before the Council at their next meeting, otherwise communications will in the first place be brought before the Executive. A decision of a majority of the Council, or a majority of the Executive endorsed by the Council, shall be final and conclusive in all matters. 11. — The Editor shall have an absolute discretion as to what matter shall be published in the Magazine (subject to the control of the Executive Committee). The Secretary and Editor shall respectively refer all matters of doubt and difficulty to the Executive Committee. 24 The Society's Medal 12. — The Council (but not a committee of the Council) shall have power to alter and add to the Rules, from time to time, in any manner they may think fit. Five to form a quorum at any meeting of the Council. 13. — The Council shall have power to expel any Member from the Society at any time without assigning any reason. 14. — Neither the office of Scrutineer nor that of Auditor shall be held for two consecutive years by the same person. 15. — The Scrutineer shall not reveal to any person how any Member shall have voted. The Society’s Medal RULES The Medal may be awarded at the discretion of the Committee to any Member who shall succeed in breeding, in the United Kingdom, any species of bird which shall not be known to have been previously bred in captivity in Great Britain or Ireland. Any Member wishing to obtain the Medal must send a detailed account for publication in the Magazine within about eight weeks from the date of hatching of the young, and furnish such evidence of the facts as the Executive Committee may require. The Medal will be awarded only in cases where the young shall live to be old enough to feed themselves, and to be wholly independent of their parents. The account of the breeding must be reasonably full so as to afford instruction to our Members, and must appear in the Avicultural Magazine before it is published or notified elsewhere. It should describe the plumage of the young, and be of value as a 'permanent record of the nesting and general habits of the Species . These points will have great weight when the question of awarding the Medal is under consideration. In every case the decision of the Committee shall be final. The Medal will be forwarded to each Member as soon after it shall have been awarded as possible. The Medal is struck in bronze (but the Committee reserve the right to issue it in silver in very special cases) and measures 2\ inches in diameter. It bears on the obverse a representation of two birds with a nest containing eggs, and the words “ The Avicultural Society — founded 1894 ”. On the reverse is the following inscription : “ Awarded to [ name of recipient ] for rearing the young of [name of species ], a species not previously bred in captivity in the United Kingdom.” The Council may grant a special medal to any member who shall succeed in breeding any species of bird that has not previously been bred in captivity in Europe. CHAPMAN’S r TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD, LONDON, W.l. Telegrams: “ BLACKBIRD PHONE, LONDON." Telephones : MUSEUM 5272, 5273, 5274 and 5275. Cables: “ BLACKBIRD ” LONDON. mmal and Waterfowl Depot : 11 HIGH STREET, BARNET. Telephone: BARNET 2082. karantine Station : 5 SAGE ST., LONDON, E. 1 . East End Depbt : 3 SAGE ST., LONDON, E.l. I OUR NEW BUILDING IS NOW OPEN where the Finest Collection of Birds ever gathered | together may be seen Exhibited in Modern Show Cages under perfect hygienic conditions - - - - — . — - - 1 - - - ; the time of the appearance of this advertisement we shall have actually on view e following very fine collections, besides many others too numerous to be detailed here, id a full List will be forwarded to anybody making application for same. Qhapman’s Zebras. Hamadryas Baboons. Amazon Parrots. Pekin Robins. Macaws. Antelope. Nonpareil Buntings. Snakes. | bis. Spreo Starlings. Eared Owls. Vultures. Emus. Rosella Parrakeets. Yaks. Tanagers. Hartebeeste. |bex. Nyassa Lovebirds. Grey Parrots. Amherst Pheasants. Night Apes. Elephants. Lemurs. Elegant Parrakeet. Pumas. Hyathwche Macaws. Amardillo. Nigger Monkeys. X ouracous. X roupials. Qcelet Cats. Aye-Aye. Qrowned Cranes. Anaconda. Norwich Canaries. Anubis Baboons. Rheas. Yellow Conures. Xrumpeters. Hawk-headed Parrots. Eagles. Hornbills. Orioles. Undulated Grass Parrakeets. Soft-billed Birds. Egrets. Flamingoes. Ostriches. Rhesus Monkeys. Abyssinian Lovebirds. Lizards. Indian Pheasants. Vervet Monkeys. Elk. Fischers Lovebirds. Red Cardinals. Orinocco Geese. Marmosets. CHAPMAN’S 17 Tottenham Court Rd., London, W.l, s the firm for all different species of Live ANIMALS and BIRDS. V “L’OISEAU ” PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE Societe Nationale d’Acclimatation de France, 198 BOULEVARD ST. GERMAIN, PARIS (VIP). A French Magazine on Aviculture, for the study of European and Foreign Birds in captivity and at liberty. With coloured and black and white plates. ONE YEAR - 75 FRANCS. Medals for first breeding of a species in captivity in France or other countries are awarded if a detailed account is sent to the Society. Now Ready. TO BE COMPLETED IN TWO VOLUMES. Volume i. “AVICULTURE” Price 1 5/- net* Order with remittance to— STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS. LTD., Fore Street, Hertford. VI THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY. Members are reminded that the annual subscription to the Avicultural Society (£l) becomes due on January the First. Members who have not already paid are asked to kindly send their subscription without delay to the Hon. Treasurer, Miss Knobel, 32 Tavistock Square, W.C. 1. Cheques should be made payable to the “Avicultubal Society ”. To those members living abroad a money order is the most con¬ venient form of payment. /UVJ-a FOURTH SERIES. VOL. VI. No. 1. JANUARY, 1928. THE Avicultural Magazine &3p y o CONTENTS. PAGE PAGE Officers for the year 1928 1 Breeding the Masked Lovebird, List of Members 3 by The Marquess of Tavi¬ Rules ..... 21 stock . 18 Medal Rules .... 24 Swinhoe’sPheasant-tailed Pigeon, Ducks (with plates), by J. by Alfred Ezra . 21 Delacour .... 1 An Aged Steppe Eagle and an The Migration of Snowy Owls, 1926-7 (with plate), by The Elderly American Wigeon, by A. F. Moody .... 22 Editor . 11 Review : The Budgerigar . 23 Lovebirds, by Mrs. A. A. Prest- WICH . . . 13 Correspondence: BreedingMasked Lovebirds; Nesting Material for Breeding the Pileated Finch, by W. Shore-Baily . 17 Lovebirds ; Rosy-faced Love¬ birds ..... 24 The Price of this Kumber is 5/-. THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY FOUNDED 1394 NOTICE TO MEMBERS The Subscription to the Avicultural Society is £1 per annum, due on the 1st of January in each year, and is payable in advance. The entrance fee is 10/0. The Avicultural Magazine is sent free to members monthly. Members joining at any time during the year are entitled to the back numbers for the current year, on the payment of entrance fee and subscription. ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE SENT TO THE HONORARY SECRETARY AND TREASURER, MiSS Knobel, 32 Tavistock Square, London, W.C.l. All Queries respecting Birds (except post-mortem cases) and all other correspondence should be sent to the Hon. Secretary, at the above address. Any change of address should he notified to her. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS. Rule 1. — A short account of the illness should accompany the specimen. All birds to be sent as fresh as possible to Mr. C. H. Hicks, The Prosectorium, The Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 8. Rule 2. — Should any member require an immediate reply, a stamped addressed envelope must be enclosed with the bird. Rule 3. — No body or skin of any bird will be returned under any circumstances whatever. The Magazine is published by Messrs. Stephen Austin & Sons, 5 Fore Street, Hertford, to whom members should address all orders for extra copies, back numbers for 1917 and after, and bound volumes. Cases for binding the Magazine (in art cloth, with gold block on side) can be obtained from the Publishers, post free and carefully packed, at 3/- each ; or the Publishers will undertake the binding of the Yolume for 5/6, plus 9 d. for packing and postage. Members are requested to state whether they want the wrappers and advertisements bound in at the end or not. Telephone: 46 Hertford. BACK VOLUMES of the AVICULTURAL MAGAZINE previous to 1917. Application for these should be made to the Editor of Cage Birds, 154 Fleet Street, E.C. 4. Ail Enquiries for ADVERTISEMENTS and TRADE SUPPLIES should be made direct to STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, Ltd., FORE STREET, HERTFORD. All communications intended for publication in the Magazine should be addressed to the Editor : — Mr. D. Seth-Smith, Zoological Society, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 8. Miss E. MAUD KNOBEL’S ACCOUNT as TREASURER of the AVICULTURAL SOCIETY. From 1st January, 1928, to 3 1 st December, 1928. (M 00 O 05 CD o CO CD rH CD rH rH O CD CO CO O O rH o U5 O cq CO CO (M lO 00 1 — 1 1 rH rH T— 1 rH rH rH O CO CO CO CO CO i — i rH 1“H o rH CD i — 1 t> O CD rH rH rH 05 rH rH CO 00 CO CM i— i CO EH U1 PH (<=< p o nT © (—1 4-= eg eg Pm © H .2 "-+3 P ‘g o £ eg Vi 2 «4H X © eg CO tq CD © t5J3 o eg CO P eg ; — | fc Sh O h-i CO <33 eg £ &D .9 CO "ci SH o 2 CD &JD c3 rH Vi CD P .2 v< <33 'u £ Vi CO © "$H n0 P CJD Vi eg M3 O 1-g MD KH pq •S -t-3 eg 43 nr <33 H GQ eg ■+3 CO H=> CO '-p r& CD a ’S ■"O > PQ | n f | 05 O o 00 O O 05 rH O rH o 00 O CD o CD * eg P eg l~5 -p CO CD 00 o rH M CM cq CM CO CO Vi 05 OS o* Cfc 05 T— 1 rH t-H t-H t-H © MsJ V o P «+H eg CO M=2 -PS .2 eg 4-=> ffl © *Vi •> P © eg CO M2 1g M2 P CO O EH nr o nO © o rH © © , _ * P © GO .2 -p> n0 bJD P © © © -H> P © _Ph © "o © £ eg 03 <+H © © CO TT © nO eg £_< eg "CD eg PH ‘g> 'v! no P 0 © n0 eg O - © 2 2 2 Examined and found correct. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo, Auditor. 29 th January , 1929. ; ; . : • _ _ HARRODS ZOOLOGICAL SECTION HARRODS make a feature of foreign birds for Aviaries and Exhibitions. Try our Insectivorous Food. Write for List or 5 phone Sloane 1234. HARRODS Ltd LONDON SW 1 GALLOWAY’S Celebrated Insectivorous Food LIFE A Perfect diet for all Insect and Fruit-eating Birds, Foreign Finches, Waxbills, etc., etc. As supplied to Her Grace The late DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON, Her Grace EVELYN DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON, LORD TAVISTOCK, and The Hon. MRS. G. BOURKE. This food is invaluable for feeding foreign seed-eaters given in addition to their seed diet ; Parrot and other Foreign Finches will rear their young almost entirely on it. Used by a great number of leading aviculturists both here and abroad. It will keep good for any length of time if turned out of the bag and kept in a dry place. Prices carriage paid to any part of the United Kingdom : — 11b. 2/6, 21b. 4/8, 31b. 6/10, 41b. 9/-, 51b. 11/2, 61b. 13/4, 71b. 14/10, 141b. 27/4, 281b. 47/10, h cwt. 95/8. No Agents . To be obtained solely from the Maker. Send postcard for descriptive leaflet with testimonials. P. F. M. GALLOWAY, 1 Rectory Road, Caver sham, Reading, England. i REGENT PET STORES (G. E. PALMER, F.Z.S.) 83 Park Street, Camden Town, London, N.W.l ’Phone : Telegraphic Address : HAMPSTEAD 8856. “DOMESTIPET, NORWEST, LONDON.” iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiimiiiiiiiimiimmiimiiiiiiiiiimiimiiimiiimiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiimiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiimiii Importers of Foreign Livestock. i ii i ; tutiii 1 1 1 1 1 inn ii mi in i mi hi i ii in i n 1 1 1 1 1 ii i ii mi hi i in ii i in 1 1 ii i in i mi n i )i i n m mi niiinii mi ii ii!ii!!ifiii]i rn ?rn in n i in i in ii 1 1 1 1 1! 1 1 im 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii 1 1 1 1 ii i ii m Always good selection of Parrots , Parrakeets , Foreign Finches , Monkeys , etc ., on view at reasonable prices. WE SPECIALIZE IN CAGES, AVIARIES & APPLIANCES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AT LOWEST PRICES. Pure Egg Yolk .... Spray Millet (Selected) Mealworms .... Cuttle Fish Bone (Best White) Dried Flies .... Ant Eggs, No. i quality ,, ,, No. 2 „ . . Palmer’s Noted Insectivorous Food (Fi able) for Large Species For Small Species 3/9 lb,, 4 lb. 14/- . 3/- per bundle 6/- lb., 4 lb. 22/- 1/4 lb., 3i lb. 4/- 2/3 lb. 4/6 lb. . . . 4/- lb nest obtain- . 1/6 lb., 7 lb. 6/- 2/- lb., 7 lb. 10/6 1 m m 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11m 1 1 1 if 1 n rnm if 1 m 1 M 1 11 1 11 1 ii 1 11 1 1 1 1 [i 1 m 1 1 1 m i! 1 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiirirriirriKirriiiririiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim We Buy Anything Alive. Exchanges Entertained. 11 OPEN TO THE WORLD. THE GRAND NATIONAL SHOW of Canaries, British Birds, Hybrids and Foreign Birds. CRYSTAL PALACE February 2nd, 3rd and 4th, 1928. THE NATIONAL SHOW COUNCIL Submits 32 well-balanced Classes (also 11 for Budgerigars) FOREIGN BIRDS EXHIBITION Judges : DAVID SETH-SMITH, F.Z.S., ALLEN SILVER, F.Z.S., JOHN FROSTICK (Budgerigar Classes). Your Exhibits are earnestly solicited and will be comfortably housed in the Concert Hall in equable temperature. No restrictions as to size or type of cages. Exhibits may be priced for sale. All specimens will enjoy the expert care of Mr. John Frostick, assisted by Mr. A. A. Prestwich, Mr. T. Goodwin, and Stewards. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ENTRIES CLOSE DEFINITELY SATURDAY, JAN. 21st. A postcard brings a schedule from Show Manager and Sec. — A. W. SMITH, 100 Perry Rise, Forest Hill, S.E. 23. The Show will be opened on Thursday, Feb. 2nd, at 2.30 p.m. Show opens Friday and Saturday at 10 a.m., closing each day at 10 p.m. ADMISSION TO CRYSTAL PALACE AND SHOW, 1/-. Free Passes to Exhibitors staging six or more Exhibits. Catalogues with Awards 1/3 (post free). Guaranteed posted First Day of Show. iii H. E. ROGERS, F.Z.S., “ Arequipa,” 7 Aighurth Road, LIVERPOOL. Telephone: “LARK LANE 467.” Cables and Telegrams: “AREQUIPA, LIVERPOOL.” PARROTS, PARRAKEETS. AVIARY BIRDS (continued) . Most wonderful Talking Grey in England . £20 Other A 1 G rey Parrots £ 3 to £ 1 5 each . Talking Festive Amazon Parrots £3 up. Talking Mealy Amazon . . £5 each. Blue-fronted Talking Amazons £2 1 0/- ,, Blue-fronted Clever Talking Amazons . . . £3 10/- ,, 4 GREATER BLACK COCKATOOS (Microglossus aterrimus) £50 each. MACAWS. Finger-tame full wings and tail Blue and Yellow Macaw, extra fine . . . . £ 1 0 Other Blue and Yellow Macaws from £ 5 Red and Blue also Red and Yellow Macaws . . from £ 5 1 0/- each Rose Cockatoos (special to trade) £1 ,, Rock or Alexandrine Parrots . 2 5/- ,, Ringneck Parrakeets . . .15/—,, 1 pr. of Prince Lucian Parrakeets £3 10/- 1 pr. breeding Redrumps . . £ 4 2 White-crested Cockatoos £3 1 0/- each. Cockatiels . . . . £4 10/- pair. Great Sulphur-crested Cockatoos £2 10 /-each. Tui Parrakeets . . . £ 1 , , Rock Peplars . . £ 1 2 1 0/- pair. BUDGERIGARS: LOVEBIRDS. Adult Breeding Blue Budgerigars £5 0 pair. ,, „ White ,, £125 ,, Young Blue ,, £37 10/— ,, Red-faced Lovebirds . . £ 5 , , Blue-bred Budgerigars, genuine guaranteed records, greens that actually throw blues . £4 ,, Adult breeding Greens . .15/- ,, Young outdoor-bred Greens . 12/6 ,, Adult nesting Yellows . .17/6 ,, Lavender-head Lovebirds . . 10-,, AVIARY BIRDS. Dazzling White Java Sparrows £ 2 10/- pair. Grey Java Sparrows . . .7/6 ,, Pope Cardinals . . . . 25/- ,, Indigo Buntings . . . £ 1 each. Little Bronze Manikins . .12/6 pair. Orange-breast Waxbills . . 10/6 ,, Zebra Finches, excellent . . £1 ,, Dominioan Wydahs . . 12/6 ,, Fire Finches and Java Sparrows. 5/6 ,, Heck’s Long-tailed Grass Finches 4 5/- ,, Yellow-billed ,, ,, ,, 40/- ,, Saffron Finches . . . .7/6 pair. Red Averdavats and Nutmeg Finches . . . . 5/- ,, Chestnut-breasted Finches . 50/- ,, DOVES, QUAIL, WATERFOWL. Peaceful Doves . . . . £ 1 pair. Zebra Doves . . . . 15/-,, Vinaceous Turtle . . £1 ,, Ring Doves .... 12/6 ,, White Doves . . . £1 ,, Stock Doves . . . . 2 5/- ,, Senegal Doves and Collared Doves £1 ,, Jap. Bar-shouldered Peafowl £ 1 2 1 01- ,, Caracara Vultures . . . £5 each. Virginian Horned Owls . . £5 ,, Chinese Purple Galinulles . £5 pair. Crown Cranes . . £2 2 10/- ,, Nicobar Pigeons ( Caloenas nico- barica ) . . . . . £ 4 , , Australian Diamond Doves . £5 ,, CASSOWARIES. 1 Casuarius uniappendiculatus. 1 ,, (unknown), wattleless. 2 ,, ,, two-wattled. SPECIAL ARRIVALS. Asiatic. — Nicobar Pigeons, Green-wing Doves, Black Cockatoos, Cassowaries, Various Lories, 2 Baby Elephants, 1 pair Magnificent Adult Sumatra Tigers, 1 Red Tiger Cat, 8 Orang-Utangs, Black Apes, etc., etc., etc. Australian. — 2 Perfectly Tame Pet Wom¬ bats, Wallabies, Wallaroos, Kangaroos, Nail-tailed Wallabies, Oppossums, Rose Cockatoos, Redrumps, Chestnut-breasted Finches, etc., etc., etc. Canadian. — Tame Pet Teddy Bear Cubs, Porcupines, Ord’s Kangaroo Rats, Wood¬ chucks, Prairie Wolves and Dogs, Odour¬ less Skunks, Badgers, Sousliks, Black and Fox Squirrels, Great Horned Owls, etc., etc. , etc. ' South American. — Falkland Island Gulls, Curassows, Egrets, Herons, Bittern, Ocelots, Pumas, Iguanas, etc., etc. 2 pair Rheas. African. — Blue-necked Ostriches, Crown Cranes, Baboons, West African Monkeys, Zebras, Antelope, Gazelles, Blue Nile, Buffaloes, etc., etc., etc. Russian.— Teddy Bear Cubs. IV Agricultural Aiagazine Carolina duck (AZx sponsa) Mandarin duck (JSx galericulataj THE Avicultural Magazine BEING THE JOURNAL OF THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF FOREIGN & BRITISH BIRDS IN FREEDOM & CAPTIVITY Fourth Series. — Vol. VI. — No. 1. — All rights reserved. JANUARY, 1928. DUCKS By J. Delacqur Ducks are met with all over the globe wherever there is either fresh or salt water to provide them with the means of existence. Generally speaking they abound most in large swamps. Some few prefer damp forests, others streams, while certain species are purely sea birds and some frequent either fresh or salt water according to the time of year. Most Ducks are omnivorous, swallowing with equal readiness grain, grass, insects, and small animals. Those nearest to Geese are in general the greatest grass feeders. Diving Ducks, especially the marine species, feed principally on shell-fish and crustaceans, while the mergansers are fish-eaters. If considered according to their distribution, Ducks may be divided into Arctic, Temperate, and Tropical species. The first named comprise those living in the Northern Hemisphere (Europe, Asia, and North America) where Ducks are very numerous and certain species live all the year round. Secondly, Australian species. Thirdly, South African. Fourthly, South American. 1 2 J. Delacow — -Ducks Ducks living in these tropical countries have well-defined limits. In Asia (India and Indo-China), in Africa, America, and Oceania certain kinds have an enormously wide range, over whole continents. On the other hand a great many species found in the temperate zone come there only for the winter and join forces with the resident tropical kinds. Ducks belonging to the Northern Hemisphere are nearly all migratory and as a rule breed farthest south where they can secure the most favourable conditions. All have more or less a double moult and from June to October the drakes lose their gay plumage and take on the sober hues of the ducks. This is known as the “ eclipse plumage This eclipse is less complete among the diving than with the surface¬ feeding Ducks, and among those kinds where the male and female are alike there is either no eclipse at all or it is scarcely noticeable. The same holds good with Australian, South African, and South American species. Tropical species do not usually undergo eclipse, though there are certain exceptions, e.g. the little Cotton Teal, where the drake only wears his bright colours at the breeding season. Those Ducks which dwell in temperate Australia, South Africa, or America are migratory like the northern species, but to a less degree, on account of their habitat. Their migrations are mostly determined by the greater or lesser amount of water in their localities, and they breed where circumstances permit. The tropical species are sedentary, or at the most” somewhat wandering. When at liberty Ducks are nocturnal, but this habit is imposed on them by fear of their enemies and of mankind in chief. There is no need to point out their skill in swimming, diving, and flying, which varies according to the species. Some have lost or are on the way to lose their power of flight. Ducks are naturally monogamous, they only become polygamous when their instincts are altered by captivity. The greater number nest on the ground, often among reeds by the side of water ; some nest in holes, and a good many in holes in trunks of trees or in old nests of other birds. The tropical species as a rule are the most arboreal. Speaking generally the drakes have a hoarse whistling voice, while Photo D. Seth-Smith \ hoto D. Seth-Smith Ruddy-headed Goose Andean Goose Chloephaga rubidiceps Chloephaga melanoptera J. De lac our— Ducks 3 the ducks quack resoundingly. Very often this is the best way to distinguish the sexes. In the height of the breeding season both drakes and ducks indulge in strange antics which are characteristic of their species, but which we have no space to describe in detail. They are very amusing to watch. They also become quarrelsome, and may injure one another by their violence. For practical study it will be best to divide the Ducks into the following groups : — (a) Perching Ducks, which together with certain genera which we have already discussed among the Geese (Plectroptera) belong to the sub-species of Plectropterinse. They all have long tails, legs placed far forward, and rather small, high, narrow bills. They prefer to perch and often build in holes in trees. They are all tropical and non- migratory ; some kinds have an eclipse plumage. (b) Sheldrakes, related to the Egyptian and Orinoco Geese, having broad, flat bills slightly turned up at the tip, and long tails. They generally nest in holes in the ground and do not perch. They are to be met with in temperate Europe and Asia, Africa and Oceania. They are only slightly migratory, and have no marked eclipse plumage. (c) Tree Ducks ; a very distinct genus having short tails, long necks and bills. Both sexes utter shrill whistling cries, and have rounder wings than other Ducks. They perch occasionally and some¬ times nest in trees, but as a general rule prefer the middle of a reed bed. They belong to the tropics and do not migrate though they may sometimes wander. They do not go into eclipse. (d) Surface-feeding Ducks, which are the true Ducks, are found chiefly in cold or temperate regions ; they are mostly migratory. As a rule they nest on the ground and do not perch. The northern kinds have an eclipse plumage, but the Southern either none or very little ; they live chiefly on the surface of the water. (e) Diving Ducks,' distinguished by being heavier and shorter, and by their legs being short and placed very far back, with very large lobed feet. Their heads and bills are often rather large. They have more truly aquatic habits, are great divers and underwater feeders. They require more animal food than others, and are found in cold 4 J. Delacoui — Ducks and temperate countries. The drakes go into more or less complete eclipse. (/) Mergansers ; having narrow notched bills and living on fish. They are found in the cold and temperate parts of Europe, Asia, and America ; one species is a native of New Zealand, and another inhabits Brazil. To them may be joined the curious river Ducks of New Zealand and New Guinea ; they go into eclipse. Few birds are more desirable in confinement than Ducks, and they are indispensable ornaments of all ponds and pieces of water. If their size and quantity are in proportion to the space provided they neither foul nor spoil it, while nothing can be prettier or more amusing. Ducks can be kept suitably either in practically complete liberty, on a lake, or confined in a garden or small enclosure provided with water. In a large place, provided that the water does not communicate too directly with neighbouring rivers, Ducks may be loosed without much fear of their straying ; but they are not absolutely safe unless the park is either fenced or walled. Such a park, containing a running stream, is ideal. It may be stocked with about 200 Ducks to 2J acres of water, from which it is easy to calculate how many the park or garden in which it is proposed to keep them should contain. If the place is not very large it is wise to keep only one pair of a kind, by which means quarrels may be avoided. In any case, vicious species should be avoided ; these are, however, few, and shall receive special mention when we come to describe them. Individuals may prove aggressive or inclined to cross with other species ; these should be eliminated and replaced. If the pond extends to about an acre or more it will accommo¬ date several pairs of the same species. In order to succeed in either garden or park it is most necessary to exclude all enemies. The worst is the otter, which does frightful slaughter among Ducks. If otters inhabit the neighbourhood, it is important to make all fences at least 6 feet high, preferably with wire netting at the top, and above all to cover every inlet and outlet of the water with a grating. It is scarcely necessary to add that the Ducks must be protected from foxes and vermin. But if the Ducks have access to islands they are fairly safe. Islands are a necessity, for it is there that most of the Ducks will nest. Bats, too, are dangerous, particularly J. Delacour — Ducks 5 to ducklings. All these foes must be destroyed throughout the neighbourhood. When installed after this fashion Ducks will find abundance of natural food as well in the water as on its brink, and it will be quite sufficient to given them one ration of grain (corn, barley, and kibbled maize) daily and a mash made of bran and barley-meal in equal quantities with 10 per cent of meat meal or fish ; more of this mixture is required in winter than in summer. Only under these conditions of semi-liberty can one hope to obtain the maximum breeding results or keep the more aquatic and delicate kinds alive. Failing natural water Ducks can be kept in enclosures provided with ponds either in pairs or several together. In the first case the enclosure should be at least 50 yards square, grass covered, and con¬ taining a pond of at least 10 square yards and bushes. Most species only need a low fence, about 3 ft. high, made of wood or zinc to keep them safely away from the outside world. But such enclosures are necessary to confine aggressive or particularly valuable species which it is desired to keep separate. If the enclosures can be provided with running water so much the better, if not, the tanks should be emptied and cleaned out every week. If several pairs of Ducks are to be kept in one enclosure a sufficient number of ponds must be provided ; it may be calculated that each pair will require 50 square yards of water which should have islands and the banks in places thinly planted with bushes. It is often difficult to persuade adult Ducks to nest in confinement even on a large sheet of water. They frequently will not lay until many years have elapsed, and sometimes never lay at all. But it is, on the other hand, quite easy to obtain broods from young Ducks reared in confine¬ ment. For this reason one should always endeavour to procure these, which also have the additional attraction of being fairly tame, but if they are not to be had the next best plan is to get Ducks reared from eggs laid by wild birds but hatched under a hen and reared in confine¬ ment. If such are unobtainable also one must put up with birds which were adult when caught, and give them plenty of space, but not expect eggs for several years in the majority of cases. 6 J. Delacour— Ducks Ducks kept in a park or a large garden usually go to nest in a natural way and find suitable places for themselves, particularly if they have access to islands. They may also be given wooden nesting boxes. The simplest kind is a box about 3 ft. by 1 ft. 6 in. without a bottom and having one side half open, laid on the ground and hidden among shrubs and grass ; it often proves very attractive. For perching Ducks a similar box but having a bottom, fixed at some height from the ground and approached by a sloping tree-trunk or rough board. Similar boxes, or square ones on feet flush with the water in the pond itself are usually very attractive. It is often risky to allow Ducks to hatch and rear their young. Accidents of various kinds often cause considerable losses ; the young may die from insufficient nourishment and it is difficult, almost impossible, to tend them. But a fair proportion can be reared in this way, and it has the advantage of giving no trouble. It is, however, much wiser to collect the eggs. In spring a daily round should enable one to learn where the birds have hidden their eggs, not always a very easy matter. In order that they may not go and lay somewhere else other eggs must be substituted for those which are removed until the full clutch has been laid. The eggs should then be placed under a Bantam or other small hen, the character of the foster-mother being of the greatest importance. She should be chosen for her gentle, quiet disposition. The eggs are apt to become somewhat damp on straw and nests on the bare ground are desirable. Care must be taken that the ducklings do not leave the nest as soon as hatching takes place, or they will be lost. It is best to set the hens in boxes which can be entirely closed, and to leave the ducklings in the nest for forty -eight hours afterwards ; they and the hen should be kept in a rearing box and given a dish containing food and water. There are two way's of rearing under a hen, and either will give good results. One way is to let the ducklings go to water from the the first, in which case they must be watched to see if they can dry themselves ; the second way is to deny them access to water, giving them drink in such small vessels that they cannot wet themselves. This formerly was the method generally adopted, but at the present day they are usually allowed to go into water at once ; but they require Cereopsis Goose Cereopsis novce — hollandice Photo D. Seth-Smith Photo D. Seth-Smith Bernicle Geese Branta leucopsis J. Delacour — Ducks 7 careful watching to prevent them from staying wet, as if so they will certainly die ; they should be dried in front of a fire whenever they seem to be suffering. Perhaps the best plan is when they are a few days old to allow access to a little enclosure with short grass and a shallow pond. To succeed with ducklings a certain number should be placed in little enclosures of about 6 to 10 square yards, where they are safe from rats, crows and other enemies. They like sun and dislike damp, and they must have shelter from rain. They may be left so until they are about two months old provided that the water is frequently changed. It is very important that these rearing pens should be where they can easily be kept under close observation. Ducklings of the same age and nearly related species can be kept together, but it is unsafe to put strong and feeble ones in the same pen. Their food in the early stages should be a mixture of soaked bread, duckweed, ants’ eggs, and dried insects, crashed biscuit and powdered meat, with custard (eggs and milk whipped and cooked together). Little by little grain should be added, and a simpler mixture made up of barley meal, pollards, grated bread crumbs, biscuit meal, powdered meat or fish. The first should be given in equal quantities, the last in the proportion of 10 per cent. It is a good thing to keep on with the duckweed, which is an indispensable food, as long as possible, later it can be replaced by grass, salad, or any other green food. Ducklings grow rapidly, and are nearly full sized in two months. The sexes can be told by their voices when they are three months old. Swans, Geese, and Ducks should be pinioned, or there is always the fear that they will fly away. This operation consists in removing the tip of the wing bearing the flight feathers. One way to do this is to bind the wing tightly above the thumb, represented by a little protuberance, and to cut it immediately above with strong scissors or pruners. The binding stops the flow of blood. The wound is then cauterized with tincture of iodine ; later the tie will fall off of itself. Another way is to cut off the joint with a knife and mallet and then to let the bird go on the water at once, when the wound quickly heals. The best age to pinion the birds is from three to four weeks while the wing is still rudimentary and the operation therefore correspondingly slight. At this age the joint is cut off with a pair of scissors. A good 8 J. Delacoui — Ducks many of the more sedentary kinds can be left full winged, such as Mandarins, Carolinas, Tree Ducks, etc., if one is not afraid that they will be killed by neighbours, or if the domain is sufficiently large. Ducks are certainly more interesting when they can fly and they breed more freely if they are full winged. Ducks travel well on short journeys of a few days, but not so if they have to be boxed up for several weeks. They soil themselves and their feathers lose their power of resisting water. "When they again have access to water they immerse themselves completely and soon drown or die of cold if they are not dried at once, but as a rule after several consecutive baths and dryings their plumage recovers its water-proofing. Nearly all Ducks once acclimatized are hardy and can spend the winter out of doors provided they have access to unfrozen water. Pekching Ducks This is a group comprising species which are decidedly incongruous and vary much in size. Most of them live on the banks of wooded streams either in small companies or single pairs, perch and often nest in trees. The Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata) inhabits Central America and the north of South America in the wild state, but its domesticated descendants are to be met with in every quarter of the globe. The wild bird is dark brown with very fine green and purple lights and with white wing-coverts. Between its eye and bill are small red wattles which in the domesticated race become large and ugly. The bill is black and rose colour, feet black, iris yellowish brown. The sexes are alike, but the drake is twice as large as the duck. It has a very low voice. They are very beautiful birds, "but unfortunately extremely combative with large Ducks or Geese, and must be kept separate. They are very hardy and breed freely. The Comb-duck ( Sarcidiornis melanonota) inhabits Africa, India, and Indo-China. Its back, wings, and tail are black with very brilliant green and purple reflections ; the rest of its plumage is white more or less black spotted, it has the bill black and grey feet. The drake J. Delacour — Ducks 9 is much larger than the duck and has brighter reflections. His abdomen and sometimes his head are yellowish, and he carries a large caruncle at the base of his bill which becomes much larger in the breeding season. He is silent as a rule, but at times utters loud cries. This species frequents swamps surrounded by trees ; it is pretty freely imported, is hardy and usually inoffensive in confinement, but not a free breeder. Once only a duck belonging to Mr. Blaauw laid, but the eggs were clear. It is a very ornamental bird. S. carunculata is like the preceding save that its flanks are blackish. It is found in Brazil but appears to be rare. It is seldom imported. The White-winged Duck (Asarcornis scutulata), a native of India, Indo-China, and Malaya, in size and habits resembles the Muscovy Duck. Its head and neck are white with black spots, the rest of its plumage is golden brown deepening into chestnut below, having the wings heavily marked with white and blue grey. Its beak is yellow, orange at the base, and speckled with brown, feet orange yellow. It is very rare in confinement, but does not appear to be quarrelsome. Hartlaub’s Duck ( Pteronetta hartlaubi) lives in Guinea and the Congo ; it has never been imported alive. It is a handsome bright chestnut bird with forehead and sometimes the top of the head white, the back of the head and neck are black, the wing-coverts white. The Pink-headed Duck ( Rhodonessa caryojohyllacea) inhabits East India where it has become very rare. Its colour is deep golden brown, with white rectrices ; its bill, head, and neck save for a narrow band in front, are a glorious rose colour ; its feet are brown. The Duck’s head and neck are brown shot with rose colour. This superb Duck has always been rare in confinement. Some were obtained by Mr. Ezra in 1925. The Cotton Teal ( Nettopus coromandelianus) is met with in India, China, Indo-China, Malaysia, and part of Oceania. It is a very small bird with a short raised bill like a Bernicle, and with very short feet. In spring the drake is white with the back of the head black, its back, part of the wings and a narrow collar are fine metallic green ; its tail is grey and the primaries black and white, bill and feet black. During the rest of the year the drake is white with grey spots beneath, grey above and with the top of the head and eyebrows grey. The 10 J. Delacour — Ducks duck is the same except that there is no white in her wings. This species does well in confinement, but on account of its highly aquatic habits is very difficult to import. In Europe it has only made its appear¬ ance at the Zoological Gardens of London, and with Messrs. Astley, Ezra, and Delacour. Mr. Astley managed to keep it alive for nine years. To bring these birds over alive a cage containing a large tank would be necessary, perches would be required, and the birds should be given as much green food as possible. Once landed and acclimatized they can be fed like ordinary Ducks and given the same treatment as small Teals. They can be wintered in the open. There are two other species of about the same size, N. auritus of Africa and N. pulchellus of Australia. The first is metallic green above, with the sides of the head light green bordered with black. Eace and front of the neck are white, as is the abdomen. The breast and flanks are light chestnut, the bill yellow, feet black. The duck’s face and neck are white with grey spots. The second species is green above and on the neck ; it has the sides of the head, the speculum, and abdomen white ; the breast, back, upper tail-coverts and flanks are white streaked with greenish grey. These two species have not yet been imported. The two species of the genus Aix are perhaps the most beautiful of all Ducks ; everybody knows and admires the Carolina and the Mandarin. The Carolina Duck ( A . sponsa) originally comes from North America ; in summer it is found as far north as Canada and in the winter as far south as the Gulf of Mexico and Cuba. It is not necessary to describe it as the reader can study the coloured plate which gives both sexes. The drake goes into eclipse from June to October, but wears a different plumage to that of the duck. The Mandarin Duck (A. galericulata) conies from China, Formosa, and Japan, and goes for the summer to Siberia. Again we bid our readers study the plate and refrain from describing the drake ; the duck is very much like that of the Carolina, but stands higher and always has a distinct white eyebrow, while the colour of the upper parts is lighter. The drake in eclipse resembles the duck, but has a paler face and reddish bill instead of a black one. D. Seth- Smith — The Migration of Snowy Otvls 11 Although, they appear to be closely related it is exceedingly rare for the two species to interbreed. Both Carolinas and Mandarins like wooded streams, frequently perch in trees and nest in hollow trunks. They are hardy and robust in confinement, but at every age have a tremendous capability of climbing, which makes it very difficult to keep them in a small place. They usually stay well in a garden or park, and do not attempt to leave the water, but sometimes they are inclined to roam at the approach of the nesting season. For this reason it is best to keep them unpinioned as they are better able to escape danger when they are roaming, and they can get back more readily. It is most important to give them raised boxes in which to lay. The young can be reared like other Ducks but are somewhat delicate, though with care they can safely be reared. Their parents will rear them if they are kept in small enclosures or even aviaries. Mandarins and Carolinas thrive equally well under all circumstances whether they have complete freedom and power of flight or are kept in an aviary in a small garden. THE MIGRATION OF SNOWY OWLS, 1926-7 In the autumn and winter of 1926 quite a number of Snowy Owls arrived in this country on board steamers coming from North America. They had flown aboard in the Western Atlantic, sometimes several hundred miles from land and generally in a very starved and exhausted condition. Previously to this one had known of rare instances of these Owls being taken in this way, but only a very few cases had been reported during the last twenty years or so. The 1926 invasion of these splendid Owls was quite exceptional and one wondered what could be the cause of so many Owls having wandered so far from their natural habitat. Inquiries were made of the Hudson Bay Company to • ascertain whether there had been any interruption in the supply of rodents such as rabbits and lemmings, the natural food of these Owls, in their far northern home, and their courteous reply was to the effect that the season of 1925 had been an unusually good one for rabbits, but during the latter half of 1926 these rodents had almost disappeared, disease or other obscure cause 12 D. Seth-Smitk — The Migration of Snowy Owls having resulted in their sudden diminution. So here apparently was the key to the solution of the puzzle as to the cause of the erratic movements of the Owls. So much for the few scattered wanderers that were picked up by ships, having lost their way over the face of the waters ; but what of the main stock from which these came ? American ornithologists were alive to the importance of an unusually large southern migration of these birds, and at once sought for records of their appearance both in south-eastern Canada and the north-eastern United States, and the result of the inquiry is embodied in an extremely interesting and valuable report in the October number of the Auk from the able pen of Mr. Alfred 0. Gross. The invasion which commenced in October, 1926, reached its height on 16th November, and thence gradually diminished and ceased in the early part of 1927. It can only be described as vast, the birds travelling in large numbers through south-eastern Canada to the north-eastern United States, following the courses of the rivers and great lakes and congregating along the coast, feeding upon dead fish as well as Gulls and other sea birds, Crows and domestic poultry and so forth. They had been driven south by hunger, only to meet with a very hostile reception, for the American man with a gun is no more sparing of any unusual bird than is his counterpart over here. “ The number of these beautiful and interesting birds that were killed is appalling,” writes the author of the report ; “ they came at a time when there was a maximum number of gunners in the field and every Owl that appeared seemed to be an invitation to shoot. There are few hunters in the far north and hence the Owls, especially the young birds which were in the majority, had but little fear of man. Their habit of feeding in the open also made them conspicuous and easy targets. Many hunters killed them thinking it their duty to protect the game birds, but too often the Owls were killed merely to satisfy a desire to kill or a curiosity to examine a strange bird at close range. A large number of the Owls were thrown aside and wasted and of course were never reported.” In Canada it is estimated that 1,500 Snowy Owls were killed in the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec alone, while no less than 2,363 records were received from the United States, and the author of the Avic. Mag. 1928. [Photo D. Seth- Smith. Snowy Owl. One of a number which took refuge on ships in the Atlantic during the great migration of 1926-7. [To face p. 12. Mrs. A. A. Prestwick — Lovebirds 13 report says that'" from estimates made of conditions in Maine and from reports received from elsewhere I feel that 5,000 is a conservative estimate of the number of Snowy Owls killed in the United States and Canada during the 1926-7 flight.” It would be interesting to know how many, if any, of these splendid birds were spared to return to their home in the far north, and whether any would have returned if unmolested. This was no normal migration, but what might be termed an overflow migration, such as occurs periodically in the case of the small mammals known as lemmings, and would seem to be Nature's way of clearing a district of its surplus population. D. S.-S. LOVEBIRDS By Mrs. A. A. Prestwich (Concluded from Vol. V, p. 341) Agapornis swindereniana In 1820 Kuhl described and figured in his well-known Conspectus Psittacorum a new Parrakeet from a specimen in the Langier collection at Paris, which he named after the famous Professor van Swinderen of the Groningen University, Psittacus swindernianus . Nothing more was heard of this species until 1876, when Mr. Schweizer re-discovered it in the interior of that little-known country, Liberia, where it frequents the fruit-trees and oil-palms in flocks of from ten to twenty individuals, but is not very abundant. Ten specimens were procured which were divided amongst the Continental museums. No living example has yet reached Europe, but when Mr. Chapman’s collectors “ open-up ” the country perhaps we may be fortunate. As a description has not previously appeared in the Avicultural Magazine, we cannot do better than append Salvadori’s description (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. xx, p. 514) : — “ Adult male. Green, underneath pale ; neck olive brown ; a black collar round the nape ; lower back, uropygium, and upper tail- coverts deep blue ; quills dusky black, green on the outer web ; primary 14 Mrs. A. A. Prestivich — Lovebirds coverts black ; under wing-coverts green ; central tail-feathers green, sometimes with a red orange spot in the middle, the remaining tail- feathers red towards the base, green at the tip, and with a subterminal black band ; tip of the tail underneath verditer blue : iris yellow, upper mandible black, under mandible bluish horn-grey ; feet grey (Biittikofer). Total length 5-2 inches, wing 3-5, tail 1-33, bill 0*55, tarsus 0-42. “ Female : Like the male. “ Young : ‘ The full-grown young male differs from the adult ones by the want of the black collar across the neck, which is only indicated by some black feathers on each side, and by a somewhat duller green colour 5 (Biittikofer).” Agapornis zenkeri Zenker’s or the Black-collared Lovebird, of the Cameroons and Belgian Congo, is very similar to Swinderen’s, but differs in that it has a collar of orange red instead of olive green, and the throat and breast are tinged with orange yellow. The late Dr. Emir Pasha met with this species at Manjema in the Belgian Congo and writes in his last journal, which was published in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society , 1894, p. 599, as follows : “In flocks from three to four these birds may be seen and heard at morning and evening time, when leaving the trees they roost in and returning to them ; their shrill twitter is at those times most loudly heard. During the morning they frequent with predilection the new ripening sesame and the rice-fields, and are often on the soil, where they move quickly enough. They are great friends of water, and the Manyuema tell most earnestly their feeding on liquid mud. At noon they take repose on the best trees, congregating there to 10.15 ; at 2 or 3 o’clock they are oh again in the fields, take then a second time to the water, and turn in to sleep towards sunset. Their flight is rapid and not so awkward as that of Poeocephalus, of which a small species here exists.” Mr. G. L. Bates, writing on the Birds of Southern Cameroon (Ibis, 1911, pp. 496-7) says : — “ Five specimens, all males, were shot with bows and arrows on three successive days, together with some others that were damaged, Mrs. A. A. Prestwick — Lovebirds 15 in a certain etop tree, a small kind of fig, the bark of which formerly- furnished the bark-cloth of the people. The little Parrots had gathered to feed there, along with the common species, A. jpullaria. It is curious that there were no females among the birds that were killed, as this was not the case with A. jpullaria. “ Agajpornis zenkeri seems to be found only where the two species collect to feed in such wild fruit-trees as that mentioned. 5 5 Lovebird Hybrids The following crosses have been recorded. It is to be hoped that any member knowing of any other cross will send particulars to the Magazine. Madagascar Lovebird (Agajpornis cana ) X Budgerigar ( Melojp - sittacus undulatus). This cross was obtained in Germany, in 1890. Dr. Carl Russ writes as follows : — ■ “ In the bird chamber of Baron von Grote is a very interesting hybrid breeding success. A communication from the gentleman mentioned gives a brief account of a hybrid between a Grey-headed Dwarf Parrot and an Undulated Grass Parrakeet hen or Budgerigar. The bird has the shape and markings of the Budgerigar, only the head, neck, and about half the upper surface exhibits the colouring of the young of the Madagascar Lovebird.” (Die Gejiederte Welt , 1890, p. 223.) The late Mr. Wesley T. Page reported partial success ; writing on the Madagascar Lovebird (Bird Notes, 1918, p. 55), he says : — “ A cock mated up with a hen Budgerigar, and one young hybrid was hatched out and lived to leave the nest ; the next day it unfortu¬ nately got into the bath (a large shallow vessel only containing an inch depth of water) and was drowned.” Black-cheeked Lovebird (Agajpornis nigrigenis ) X Budgerigar (Melojp sittacus undulatus). The Editor of Bird Notes writes as follows : — “ Our esteemed member Mrs. Higginbotham has four young of the above cross hatched out and doing well. The male of a pair of Black-cheeks forsook his own mate and paired up with the Budgerigar. Seven eggs were duly laid, of which four duly hatched out, both parents 16 Mrs. A. A. Prestwick — Lovebirds shared the duties of incubation. The Black-cheek feeds the Budgerigar on the nest, but has not been seen to enter the nest receptacle since the hatching of the young. There are pairs of Rosella and Alexandrine ParrakeetS in the aviary, but neither dare go near the nest while the Black-cheek is in the vicinity.” (Bird Notes , 1911, p. 211.) Mrs. Higginbotham was apparently awarded the F.B.C. medal for rearing these hybrids. No further mention is made of them, and it seems probable that they did not live to be independent of their parents. Black-cheeked Lovebird (Agapornis nigrigenis) X Peach-faced Lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis) . Mr. Sumner Marriner bred several pairs in 1924. Two pairs were exhibited at the Crystal Palace Show, February, 1925, concerning which Mr. Seth-Smith writes (Avicultural Magazine, 1925, p. 107) : — “ Second and third prizes were awarded to Mr. Sumner Marriner for pairs of Black-cheeked and Peach-faced hybrids resembling small Peach-faces with dirty faces.” Two such hybrids (possibly Mr. Marriner’s) were in the Parrot House at the Zoo in 1925, and one lived Until about two months ago, when it was killed by a rat. The discovery that these two quite distinct Lovebirds are capable of producing fertile hybrids is of great interest. Mr. Marriner writes (Avicultural Magazine, April, 1927, p. 116) : — “ Last year my hybrid Black-cheeked Peach-faced Lovebirds, breeding inter se, produced two of their own peculiar progeny.” Black-cheeked Lovebird (Agapornis nigrigenis ) X Nyasa Love¬ bird ( Agapornis lilianoe). Mr. H. Whitley reared this cross last year, and exhibited one at the last Crystal Palace Show. Mr. W. R. Bearby succeeded in rearing Nyasa X Black-cheeked Lovebirds in 1927. Perhaps Mr. Bearby will oblige with some particulars ? TV. Shore-Baily — Breeding the Pileated Finch 17 BREEDING THE PILEATED FINCH (COR TP HO SPING US PILEATUS ) By W. Shore-Baily First bred by Williams in 1905, this little bird has not, I believe, been bred here very many times since. I have had the species on several occasions, but last season was the first year a pair has gone to nest with me. My birds have been in my possession now for three years. The cock is a very handsome little bird with its brilliant scarlet crest, but the hen is rather a decrepit looking specimen, having permanently lost half her crest, which in the female is brown instead of scarlet. At the end of May they constructed a rather flimsy nest of dried grass at the extreme end of a branch on a conifer, about 5 ft. from the ground. Three bluish white eggs, unmarked, were laid. Two young were hatched on 12th June, one of which left the nest on the 20th of the same month. This youngster was like the mother, but had a broad white wing bar which was very conspicuous in flight. The young were fed principally on bread and milk, and what insects the old birds could catch, these being very few as the season was very unfavourable for insect life. Whilst still feeding the young the hen again laid in the same nest, but as this was very dilapidated and I feared it would collapse I removed the eggs. About this time I left home for a short holiday. On my return I found the grass in the aviary was nearly knee deep so I had it cut. My man in doing so found two young birds concealed in it, as yet unable to fly. These proved to be two more little Pileated Finches that had evidently fallen from the nest. In a fortnight they were strong on the wing, but a spell of dreadful weather proved too much for them. In September they again went to nest, this time in a privet bush. Thinking the hen had already done enough I removed the eggs once more. However, she was not yet satisfied for on 1st October I found her sitting again on three fertile eggs. Two young were hatched, and these lived about a week, when a deluge of rain drowned them in the nest. The young one, which I believe to be a male, has not developed a crest yet, but has lost the white wing bars. This species is an excellent aviary bird, as it is not quarrelsome, is fairly hardy, and is easy to cater for. Habitat : Brazil. 2 18 Marquess of Tavistock — * THE BREEDING OF THE MASKED LOVEBIRD By The Marquess of Tavistock Agapornis per sonata is certainly the oddest and most striking member of the family, a sort of Puffin among the Parrots ; the Black-cheeked Lovebird over again with all the Black-cheek’s quaint points accentuated. In fact it is my private opinion (unsupportedas yet by any of the scientific ornithologists who write for The Ibis) that the Masked Lovebird evolved through a pair of reprobate Black-cheeks selling themselves to Satan. As a result of this shocking transaction two rather homely little birds, members of a good-natured race, emerged with noses larger and redder than they were before, black heads, huge white eye circles, mustard coloured waistcoats, and pepper and mustard tempers — the most perfect little nigger devils imaginable ! There is something original about the Masked Lovebird’s temper which separates him from other spiteful birds. The Grey Struthidea commits murder because he enjoys the fun of putting things to death ; like the British sportsman, “ What a lovely day,” he says, “ let’s go and kill something.” The Passerine Parrotlet engages in sanguinary conflict because he loves fighting for fighting’s sake when he is feeling fit and happy. Like our friend the dog, once a row is under way, his motto seems to be “ the more we get together the merrier we shall be ”, and pair after pair rush gladly into a general melee. A Broadtailed Parrakeet fights partly also for the joy of conflict but mainly because he is a bird with a strong territorial instinct who believes that trespassers must be, not merely prosecuted, but persecuted to the death. As a general rule birds which fight for fun or for territory are cowed into almost perfect amiability by hardship and misfortune. Their pugnacity increases as their happiness and contentment with their surroundings increase and it declines as they decline. The Masked Lovebird is the exact opposite. As long as he is living in a nice big aviary with plenty of nesting accommodation, he may, unlike his cousin the Peachface, behave with tolerable decency towards his own kind (I would not trust him in mixed company under any circumstances) ; but catch him and make him a close prisoner, cramp him in a .cage and torment him with many journeys and his worst passions are aroused and murder is done. The Breeding of the Masked Lovebird 19 The world is out of joint, 0 cursed spite ! I'll see you dead, you fool, Before to-night. Therefore if you contemplate sending adult Masked Lovebirds by rail, you will be wise to pack them separately and anyhow not to mix pairs. The first four Personata to reach me were among the earliest lot to arrive in England. The short journey from London to Havant was too much for tempers .already exasperated by much voyaging and the opening of the box revealed a torn and dying bird. Of the three survivors two proved to be suffering from a kind of French moult and I wasted several weeks waiting in vain for their flight feathers to grow. July was therefore almost in before I was equipped with four sound birds which are, I think, one cock and three hens. These I turned into one of my movable Parrakeet aviaries 24 ft. X 8 ft. X 8 ft., providing in the flight a couple of hollow logs hung up in a horizontal position. In their calls and general behaviour the birds bear a close resemblance to Black-cheeks, but being excessively wild it was difficult to observe them closely. Early in August they settled down to nesting operations, carrying fine twigs into one of the logs. I cannot be absolutely certain but my impression is that the hen carries the material in her beak and alone incubates, being fed by her mate. In due course the four eggs hatched, and my aviary attendant tells me that the young were almost naked when about a week old. When her family were small the hen and sometimes her mate also used to rush into the log whenever a person approached the aviary, but when the young were nearly fledged they discontinued the habit. After the hatching of the eggs the parents continued to add building material until a sheaf of leafy twigs projected from the entrance hole. The young birds were very silent and I never heard them being fed. About eight weeks after incubation began the first young bird was found on the ground below the nest, fully fledged, but unable to fly. In colour it was only slightly duller than its parents. I put it into the aviary shelter, but I do not think the old birds fed it, nor did it feed 20 Marquess of Tavistock — The Breeding of the Masked Lovebird itself, and it died the following day. The next two I brought into the house. They refused to respond to my efforts at hand feeding, and after thirty-six hours starvation began to feed themselves, eating first small brown bread crumbs. and later cracked soaked hemp and shelled soaked sunflower. On this diet they throve, and it would now be difficult to distinguish them from adult birds. A fourth young one left the nest some days after the rest, but it had apparently contracted a bad chill, and died the next day. Two of the young on leaving the nest had a little black at the base of the upper mandible, but the beaks of the others were wholly red like those of adults. About a month after the first hen began to sit a second took possession of the other log and now has several young. As no cock ever sits at the entrance of her home I am inclined to think that the family are the result of a bigamous union of which the one male is somewhat ashamed ! Unlike her neighbour, the second hen has added no material to the nest since her family arrived, either because her ideas as to what constitutes a sufficiency of bedding are different, or because the bundle opposite is the result of the labours of her neglectful lover. It was rather amusing to notice how early the young Lovebirds developed the irascible temperament of their race. When they were first brought in they spent most of their time sleeping and preening their feathers, but as the hours passed and no parents appeared to feed them they began to get discontented and made strenuous efforts to escape from their cage. As the younger one was trying to scratch his way out at one corner his elder brother accidentally trampled on him. In a moment he turned on him in a perfect fury and there was a fine battle which was not attended by any serious results only because the combatants’ power to inflict damage was by no means equal to their will. A similar display of ill-humour took place a few days later when a young Budgerigar trod on a Lovebird’s tail, and got in his way when he was feeding. The adult birds eat hemp, sunflower, oats, canary, and millet, and, like many Parrakeets, are particularly fond of oats thrown on the ground of the aviary flight to sprout on the damp earth. These are most relished at the early stage when they have become soft but before they have made any growth at all. Alfred Ezra — Swinhoe's Pheasant -tailed Pigeon 21 SWINHOE’S PHEASANT-TAILED PIGEON (MACRO PTGIA SWINHOEI ) By Alfred Ezra In 1926 my friend Mr. Delacour gave me a pair of these handsome Pigeons, which he had brought back from Indo-China. I turned them out into a large aviary, with a lot of other birds, and they did splendidly all last winter, and seem very hardy birds. Last June they built a nest in a basket, which was placed inside the sheltered part of the aviary. As the birds were very wild I left them severely alone, with the result that I was not able to make many observations. Generally I found one bird on the nest, while the other sat close by, but the moment I went into the aviary, both birds flew out. About the end of the month a young bird fully fledged left the nest, but the parents refused to feed it, so I put it in a cage and tried to hand rear it, but without success, and it died after a couple of days. This was a great disappoint¬ ment, as I was afraid I would have to wait till next summer before breeding them. In September, I was surprised to find one of the birds on the nest again. In October a fine healthy young pigeon left the nest, and this time was well looked after by the parents. It seems indifferent to the cold, and is as strong as the parents, and practically the same colour. This fine bird is found in Hainan in French Indo- China and is a darker bird than the typical form from the Malay States, and the M. tusalia from India. In captivity these birds seem to lay only one egg at a sitting. Madame Lecallier bred the Malay form last year, and again this year, and each time only one young. I believe this is the first time this bird has been bred in Europe. The under parts of the male bird are barred chestnut and black. Under parts vinous buff with lilac reflection. Head, chin, and throat buff, neck and mantle with green and violet reflections. In the hen bird the upper parts are similar to those of the cock, but she differs in having the under parts barred with brownish black. 22 A. F. Moody — Aged Steppe Eagle and Elderly American Wigeon AN AGED STEPPE EAGLE AND AN ELDERLY AMERICAN WIGEON By A. F. Moody As of possible interest to readers of the Avicultural Magazine I record that on 21st October there died in the Lilford collection a male Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) acquired during 1886 and therefore 41 years old. There is no record as to whether it was adult or immature when received, but assuming it to be a bird of one year it is at least of the age mentioned. This example, an old favourite, unlike other Eagles living here, was very tame, apparently finding pleasure in following one about the floor of its aviary and allowing itself to be stroked, uttering the while a succession of short barking grunts. Death appeared to take place during' sleep, but it was noticeable that a few months prior to this its eyes became dull and its eyesight defective. As a further tribute to the care of their late keeper, Mr. K. Cosgrave, may I also record that amongst other and older veterans living in the collection, there still thrives a male American Wigeon ( Mareca americana) which has already lived 22 years in this country. This bird, apparently wild caught when in the adult plumage, was one of six newly imported birds (two males and four females) received by Mr. W. H. St. Quintin, of Secrupston Hill, East Yorks, during the autumn of 1905. It was by the writer privately marked before being dispatched from the Secrupston to the Lilford collection on 15th September, 1908. Mr. St. Quintin has recorded in the Avicultural Magazine, N.S., vol. v, p. 203, the breeding of this species for the first time in confine¬ ment in this country, rearing three during the summer of 1906. During later years these birds and their descendants bred freely, and as the writer is unaware of any later importations except four drakes and two ducks imported by Messrs. McLean and Wormald in 1924, the aged male referred to is of special interest as being one of the parents from which the English bred stock of American Wigeon have sprung. Review 23 REVIEW THE BUDGERIGAR The present popularity of the Budgerigar, has called forth a seventh edition of Dr. Karl Russ’ book on this bird, the new edition being edited and brought up to date by Herr Karl Neunzig, and the transla¬ tion by Dr. M. Burgers has been published by Cage Birds (65. net). The book deals exhaustively with the history of this Parrakeet, its wild life in Australia and first importation into Europe, its food, health, ailments, and breeding in captivity, while there is a very useful chapter on the breeding of colour varieties and an explanation of the laws of heredity as brought to light by Mendel’s famous experi¬ ments on sweet peas. It is rightly shown that breeding for colour varieties must be systematically carried out with a definite object in view, and that a knowledge of the laws of heredity must be acquired by those who would succeed, but we may warn our readers that they must not be surprised if the Mendelian laws do not altogether work out as they are expected to do. We know that when breeding from heterozygotes we should obtain 50 per cent of similar heterozygotes, 25 per cent of the dominant, and 25 per cent of the recessive homozygotes. In other words, in a full brood from blue-bred parents there should be 50 per cent of blue-bred green, 25 per cent of pure green, and 25 per cent of pure blue. But in practice we find that some full nests of six or seven birds contain only green birds, while others of perhaps four or five young will contain one or even two blues. But with a number of pairs and over a whole season the percentage will probably be found to be more or less correct. We are advised, and this advice has often been given by others, that no bird should be bred from until it is twelve months old. No doubt this is on the whole good advice, especially if applied to late- hatched birds, but our experience with early-hatched birds has been that the young produced from parents of less than six months old are some of the largest and strongest birds that one has seen. We strongly advise Budgerigar enthusiasts to invest in this book, which contains much that will be found useful. 24 Correspondence CORRESPONDENCE BREEDING MASKED LOVEBIRDS Sir, — It may interest you and members of the “ A.S.” to know that I have a pair of Masked Lovebirds (A. per sonata) which have young about a week old in the nest. These birds are breeding in a large cage, the same in which I have bred other species of Lovebirds and Cockatiels, etc. I only had a very fleeting glance of the younster. I fancy that only one has hatched, but it seems fairly lusty so I hope we may succeed in rearing it. Will let you have further news later. G. E. Rattigan. NESTING MATERIAL FOR LOVEBIRDS Sir,- — I have seen the family Agapornis accredited with using such a curious assortment of nesting materials — leaves, grass, twigs, groundsel, and paper shavings, to mention but a few— that I think it might be of assistance to those who are attempting to breed members of this genus for the first time to mention a reliable material for their nests. I have found young lime branches to be eagerly stripped by Black-cheeks, Peach-faces, Masked and Nyasa Lovebirds, and with these strips of bark they are able to make quite cleverly-constructed nests, probably because it peels easily and in long pliable strips. Lime possesses the additional advantage of being very full of sap, so that its bark tends to keep the nest moist, even in an indoor shelter. A pair of Masked Lovebirds in my possession ignored poplar branches, and seemed only moderately amused with some hazel twigs which they carried up to the entrance hole of their nest-box, but failed to get inside. Finally I gave them some lime, which had had to be fetched from some distance, and this they fell upon at once, stripping it bare and completing a nest of it in a few days. In my letter re Rosy-faced Lovebirds in the December number there occurs the sentence “ as I recently possessed an abnormal pair, of which the hen was not only the larger, which is not usual,” etc. This, I think, is a misprint, as in my original letter I said, or, anyway, intended to say, “ not only the larger, which is not unusual .” Edward J. Boosey. CANDIDATES FOR ELECTION. MRS. N. Cooper, 25 Talbot Avenue, Bournemouth. Proposed by E. Maud Knobel. Mrs. Maurice Gubbay, 30 Hill Street, Berkeley Square, W. 1. Proposed by E. Maud Knobel. J G. H. A. Hellen, 6 Robartes Road, Bodmin, Cornwall. Proposed by A. A. Prestwich. J. A. Jardan, Jardan Game Farm, Woodland, California, U.S.A. Proposed bv H. N. McAshan Major F. Lort-Phillips, Down Grange, Basingstoke, Hants. Proposed by F. S. Elliott. Miss E. Dazrell Reed, Estherwell, West Bay, Bridport, Dorset. Proposed by D. Seth-Smith. Mrs. Norris Snell, 2 Paget Road, Ipswich. Proposed by F. S. Elliott. Lady Sydenham, 101 Onslow Square, S.W. 7. Proposed by Capt. B. Hamilton Scott. Neville Whittingham, Stonefall Hall, Harrogate. Proposed by Herbert Carr-Walker. NEW MEMBERS. Sir Basil Brooke, Bart., Colebrooke, Brookborough, Co. Fermanagh. Mrs. Lucille L. Bryan, P.O. Box 414, Barboa Heights, Canal Zone, Isthmus of Panama. Mrs. Cayley, Carham Hall, Cornhill-on-Tweed, Northumberland. G. H. Corsan, The Kellogg Estate, Box 75, Battle Creek, Mich., U.S.A. Viscountess Folkestone, Alward House, Salisbury. E. R. Grant, Hotel Rossevelt, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Miss K. E. Harwood, The Bungalow, Park Lane, Salisbury. John T. Haworth, 1150 Howe Street, Vancouver, B.C. Dr. Frederick Whewell Hogarth, M.B.B.S. (Lond.), M.R.C.S., 20 Erving Avenue, Morecambe. I. S. Horne, 327 North Garfield, Alhambra, California, U.S.A. Mrs. Lloyd, Greenmoor Hill, Woodcote, near Reading. Arthur A. Prestwich, Kent’s Farm, Winsor, Southampton. Akel Reventlow, Stationsvej 36, Kobmand, Odense, Denmark. Alec Sagar-Musgrave-Brooksbank, Brambletye, Keston, Kent. H. 0. Schmit- Jensen, Experimental Station, Isle of Lindholm, Post Box 42, Stege, Denmark. James Shortt, Burwood, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, A. H. Sleigh, Denmark House, Holbrook, Ipswich. Alexander R. Wood, 5100 Live Oak Street, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A. DONATIONS. £ s. d. Herbert Carr-Walker ... . . 1 2 0 Mrs. A. Hinks . 5 0 Mrs. Mortimer . 2 0 MEMBERS’ SALE AND EXCHANGE COLUMN. The charge for Members' advertisements is one penny per word, and no advertisement must exceed thirty-six words , name and address included. Payment must accompany the advertisement , which must be sent on or before the 20th of the month to Mr. T. H. Newman, “Verulam,” Forty Lane, Wembley Park, Middlesex. All members of the Society are entitled to use this column. SALE AND EXCHANGE. Budgerigars, few pairs Blue-bred, own breeding, £3 3s. pair; young, £2 2s. pair. Also pair Adult Blue, lovely condition, outdoor, £60 pair. Olive ditto, £10. — Lieut. -Col. Baldwin-Webb, Olton, Warwickshire. A member has sent home some Chinese birds, of which the following are for sale: — Chinese Crow-tits, £3 pair; Ruby-throats (cocks), £5 each; Blue- throats (cocks), £3 each ; 1 Chinese Starling, £2 ; 1 Siberian Thrush, £5. — Apply to The Curator, Zoological Society, London, N.W. 8. Wanted, Volumes or Parts of Avicultural Magazine, 1894-8. — “B”, c/o Stephen Austin & Sons, Ltd., 5 Fore Street, Hertford, Herts. Wanted to purchase, copies of the Avicultural Magazine , 1927, January, May and August, at Published prices. — Stephen Austin & Sons, Ltd., Fore Street, Hertford. A GAMAGES SS2 ALWAYS A VARIED STOCK OF Foreign Birds, Parrots, Lovebirds, etc. We can now offer : — Meyers Parrots , Salles Amazons , Dusky Parrots, Sharnahs, Scarlet and Blue Tanagers, Blue Grosbeaks, Hill Mynahs, Lovebirds — Masked, Fischers, Nyassa , Abyssinian, Red-face, Blue-wing Longtail Grass Finches, Zebra Finches. Yellow-rump Mannikens, Bengalese. BEST FOODS . LOWEST PRICES. Mealworms .... 6/- per lb. , 3 1b., 17/- Carr. paid. Spray Millet, large bundles Ants’ Eggs 3/6 each, 1 doz., 36/- ? » • 5/- per lb. ,, 41b., 17/6 y y Dried Flies .... 1/6 f > 71b., 8/6 >> Pure Egg Yolk .... 3/6 t I 41b., 12/6 Insectivorous Food 1/6 $ » 71b., 8/6 - Cuttlefish Bone 1/6 * t 41b., 4/6 y y Specialities in CAGES, AVIARIES, NEST-BOXES and all appliances. AJW. GAM AGE, Ltd., HOLBORN, LONDON, E.C.l. PHONE : HOL. 8484. DE VON & CO. Oar weekly Illustrated PRICE LISTS will interest you. FOREIGN. Golden-breasted Waxbills 12/6 pair. Weavers . . . 4/- ,, Silverbills . . . 6/6 ,, Combassous . . . 4/6 ,, Red-eared Waxbills . 2/6 ,, Avadavafees, full colour . 5/6 ,, Tiger Finches . . 5 /- each. Bibbed Finches . . 1 0/- pair. Madagascar Lovebirds . 10/- ,, Java Sparrows . . 6/6 ,, Blue-winged Lovebirds . 15/- ,, Cock Siskins . . 5/- each. Spicebirds . . . 6/6 pair. Cutthroats . . . 7/ 6 , , Steelfinches . . . 7/6 ,, Cock Shamahs, perfect condition . . £2 10s. each. Pekin Nightingales 10/- each Cocks, 6/6 each Hens, 15/- pair. White-headed Nuns . . 8/6 pair. FOREIGN ( continued ). Large Russian and Siberian Goldfinches 12/6 and Bullfinches 15/- each. Grey Parrots . . £4 each. Whistling African Grey Parrot . . £5 Tame Chattering Blue- fronted Amazon Parrots £3 each. MEALWORMS. — FOODS. Large, clean, fat worms, 1 Od. oz. 3/6 Jib., 6/- lb. ; 4 lbs. , 23/- ; 10 lbs., £2/1 0/0. Postpaid. Best Nightingale and Shama Food, 3/- lb. ; 7 lbs. , 18/6. Best Lark and Thrush Food, 1/3 lb. ; 7 lbs., 7/-. Pure Crop Ants’ Eggs, 4/6 lb. ; 7 lbs., 2 8/6. Cuttlefish, 1/8 and 2/6 lb. All postages paid. New arrival of Beautiful Senegal Finches this week. All Aquatical requirements, including GOLDFISH & FANCY FISH, AQUARIUMS from 3/6, REPTILES, PET MONKEYS, MONGOOSE, ARMADILLOS, GUINEAPIGS, etc. Free Weekly Illustrated Price Lists. 127 King’s Cross Road, London, W.C. 1 . Phone : Museum 0767. Telegrams : Oiseaux, London. FOURTH SERIES. VOL. VI. No. 2. THE FEBRUARY. 1928. Avicultural CONTENTS. PAGE A Blue Variety of the Masked Lovebird, by The Editor (with Coloured Plate) . . .25 Bird Keeping in Peking, by J. Delacour (with Plates) . . 26 Notes on Webb’s Crowtit, by H. C. Eustace .... 30 Foreign Birds at Liberty in Great Britain, by The Marquess of Tavistock . . . .31 The Dodo and Solitaire in Avi¬ culture, by Frank Finn . . 33 Notes on the Masked Parrakeet, by The Marquess of Tavistock 35 PAGE Breeding Gouldian Finches, by C. H. Macklin . . 36 French Moult in Budgerigars, by Dr. Maurice Amsler . . 38 The American Mocking-bird, by James B. Housden . . 41 The Tree or Whistling Ducks, by J. Delacour .... 43 Nesting of the Mexican Barred Partridge, by W. Shore-Baily 46 The Bing-necked Parrakeet . 47 Correspondence (with one Plate) 48 The Society’s Medal . . 52 The Price of this Number is 2/6. THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY FOUNDED 1894 NOTICE TO MEMBERS The Subscription to the Agricultural Society is £1 per annum, due on the 1st of January in each year, and is payable in advance. The entrance fee is 10/0. The Avicultural Magazine is sent free to members monthly. Members joining at any time during the year are entitled to the back numbers for the current year, on the payment of entrance fee and subscription. | ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE SENT TO THE HONORARY SECRETARY I AND TREASURER, MiSS Knobel, 32 Tavistock Square, London, W.C.l. All Queries respecting Birds (except post-mortem oases) and all other correspondence should be sent to the Hon. Secretary, at the above address. Any change of address should be notified to her. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS. Rule 1. — A short account of the illness should accompany the specimen. All birds to be. sent as fresh as possible to Mr. 0. H. Hicks, The Prosectorium, The Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, N. W. 8. Rule 2. — -Should any member require an immediate reply, a stamped addressed envelope must be enclosed with the bird. Rule 3.— No body or skin of any bird will be returned under any circumstances whatever. The Magazine is published by Messrs. Stephen Austin & Sons, 5 Fore Street, Hertford, to whom members should address all orders for extra copies, back numbers for 1917 and after, and bound volumes. Cases for binding the Magazine (in art cloth, with gold block on side) can be obtained from the Publishers, post free and carefully packed, at 8/- each ; or the Publishers will undertake the binding of the Volume for 5/6, plus 9 d. for packing and postage. Members are requested to state whether they want the wrappers and advertisements bound in at the end or not. Telephone: 46 Hertford. BACK VOLUMES of the AVICULTURAL MAGAZINE previous to 1917. Application for these should be made to the Editor of Cage Birds, 154 Fleet Street, E.C. 4. All Enquiries for ADVERTISEMENTS and TRADE SUPPLIES should be made direct to STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, Ltd., FORE STREET, HERTFORD. All communications intended for publication in the Magazine should be addressed to the Editor Mr. D. Seth- Smith, Zoological Society, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 8. GALLOWAY’S Celebrated Insectivorous Food LIFE A Perfect diet for all Insect and Fruit-eating Birds, Foreign Finches, Waxbills, etc., etc. As supplied to Her Grace The late DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON, Her Grace EVELYN DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON, LORD TAVISTOCK, and The Hon. MRS. G. BOURKE. This food is invaluable for feeding foreign seed-eaters given in addition to their seed diet ; Parrot and other Foreign Finches will rear their young almost entirely on it. Used by a great number of leading aviculturists both here and abroad. It will keep good for any length of time if turned out of the bag and kept in a dry place. Prices carriage paid to any part of the United Kingdom : — 1 lb. 2/6, 21b. 4/8, 31b. 6/10, 41b. 9/-, 31b. 11/2, 61b. 13/4, 71b. 14/10, 141b. 27/4, 281b. 47 10, £ cwt. 95/8. No Agents. To be obtained solely from the Maker. Send postcard for descriptive leaflet with testimonials. P. F. M. GALLOWAY, 1 Rectory Road, Caversham, Reading, England. “L’OISEAU.” PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE Societe Nationale d’Acclimatation de France, 198 BOULEVARD ST. GERMAIN, PARIS (VIIe). A French Magazine on Aviculture, for the study of European and Foreign Birds in captivity and at liberty. With coloured and black and white plates. ONE YEAR - 75 FRANCS. Medals for first breeding of a species in captivity in France or other countries are awarded if a detailed account is sent to the Society. i REGENT PET STORES (G. E. PALMER, F.Z.S.) 83 Park Street, Camden Town, London, N.W.l ’Phone : Telegraphic Address : HAMPSTEAD 8856. “DOMESTIPET, NORWEST, LONDON.” Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll IllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllJlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllU Importers of Foreign Livestock Jl 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II HM IIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II I II 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 II Always good selection of Parrots , Parrakeets , Foreign Finches , Monkeys , etc.> on view at reasonable prices. WE SPECIALIZE IN CAGES, AVIARIES & APPLIANCES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AT LOWEST PRICES. Pure Egg Yolk .... Spray Millet (Selected) Mealworms .... Cuttle Fish Bone (Best White) Dried Flies .... Ant Eggs, No. i quality „ „ No. 2 „ . Palmer’s Noted Insectivorous Food (Fi: able) for Large Species For Small Species 3/9 lb., 4 lb. 14/- 3/- per bundle of 50 sprays 6/~ lb., 4 lb. 22/- 1/4 lb., 31 lb. 4/- . 1/9 lb. 4 16 lb. . 4 1- lb nest obtain- . 1/6 lb., 7 lb. 6/- 2/- lb., 7 lb. 10/6 iiiiUiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHMiiiiiiiiiiiuiiimiiHiiiiHiuiniiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuin We Buy Anything Alive. Exchanges Entertained. 11 Now Ready. TO BE COMPLETED IN TWO VOLUMES. Volume i. “AVICULTURE” Price IS/- net. Order with remittance to— STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, LTD., Fore Street, Hertford. CHAPMAN’S 17 TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD, LONDON, W.l. Telegrams: “BLACKBIRD PHONE, LONDON.” Telephones : MUSEUM 5272, 5273, 5274 and 5275. Cables: “ BLACKBIRD LONDON. Animal and Waterfowl Depot : 1 1 HIGH STREET, BARNET. Telephone : BARNET 2082. Quarantine Station : 5 SAGE ST., LONDON, E. 1 . East End Depot : 3 SAGE ST., LONDON, E.l. OUR NEW BUILDING IS NOW OPEN where the Finest Collection of Birds ever gathered together may be seen Exhibited in Modern Show Cages under perfect hygienic conditions - At the time of the appearance of this advertisement we shall have actually on view the following very fine collections, besides many others too numerous to be detailed here, and a full List will be forwarded to anybody making application for same. Qhapman’s Zebras. Hamadryas Baboons. .Amazon Parrots. Pekin Robins. Macaws. Antelope. Nonpareil Buntings. Snakes. |bis. Spreo Starlings, X rumpeters. Hawk-headed Parrots. Eagles. Hornbills. Eared Owls. Vultures. Emus. Rosella Parrakeets. Yaks. X anagers. Hartebeeste. |bex. Ny assa Lovebirds. Grey Parrots. Abyssinian Lovebirds. Lizards. Indian Pheasants. Vervet Monkeys. Elk. Fischers Lovebirds. Red Cardinals. O-inoceo Geese. Marmosets. Amherst Pheasants. N’ght Apes. Elephants. Lemurs. Elegant Parrakeet. Pumas. Hyathwche Macaws. Amardillo. Nigger Monkeys. X ouracous. X roupials. Ocelet Cats. Aye-Aye. Qrowned Cranes. Anaconda. Norwich Canaries. Anubis Baboons. Rheas. Yellow Conures. Orioles. Undulated Grass Parrakeets. Soft-billed Birds. Egrets. Flamingoes. Ostriches. Rhesus Monkeys. REMEMBER CHAPMAN’S 17 Tottenham Court Rd., London, W.l, is the firm for all different species of Live ANIMALS and BIRDS. Avicultural Magazine, 1928. JohnBale,Sons & Danielsson,LLd Blue variety of the Masked Lovebird . ( Agapornis personata ) . Plate presented to the Society by Mh 6 B . Chapman. THE Avicultural Magazine BEING THE JOURNAL OF THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF FOREIGN & BRITISH BIRDS IN FREEDOM & CAPTIVITY Fourth Series . — Vol. VI. — No. 2. — All rights reserved. FEBRUARY, 1928. A BLUE VARIETY OF THE MASKED LOVEBIRD By The Editor On 23rd December, 1927, Mr. Chapman received a collection from Tanganyika in which was a Bine Lovebird. He kindly invited me to call and see it, which I lost no time in doing. I saw at once that it was a Masked Lovebird (Agapornis personata ) in which the yellow coloration of the normal bird was absent, the dark pigment being retained, those areas of the body normally coloured green were blue, while the broad yellow collar of the typical bird was replaced by a white one. The bill was of a rosy flesh-colour and the feet light grey. Mr. Chapman most generously offered to defray the cost of the production of a coloured plate of this rarity for the Avicultural Magazine, and allowed me to take charge of the bird while this was being prepared ; and it is thanks to him, Mr. Rowland Green, and Messrs. Bale, Son and Danielsson that it has been possible to produce this plate and publish it in record time. For a newly imported Lovebird the specimen is extremely tame, which may be due to the fact that it was brought home in a separate small cage. Otherwise one might suppose that it had been bred in 3 26 J. Delacour — Bird Keeping in Peking captivity by some enterprising aviculturist in Tanganyika Territory ; but Mr. Chapman tells me that without doubt it was captured wild, and it may be that in some parts of the range of A. per sonata this beautiful sport is breeding and eventually a blue race of the species may be established. It may be possible to establish such a race in captivity, and every endeavour will be made to do so by the Zoological Society who have acquired’ this very interesting bird. It appears to be a female, but its plumage is. imperfect at present and it will need to moult before it can be expected to breed. BIRD KEEPING IN PEKING By J. Delacour There is no doubt that the Chinese, and particularly the Mandchus, are as fond of bird keeping as any other people in the world, but they are a very special kind of bird lover. Unlike us or the Japanese, they never try to breed birds or to keep them in aviaries — they only keep birds as pets, but in this way they are far ahead of all others. In the streets of Peking almost one man out of three carries a cage, or a perch, on which a bird is tied — for the sole object of taking his pets on “ promenade ”, for fresh air and sun. Naturally all these pet birds, unless freshly caught, are in perfect condition and feather, and exceedingly tame. Only those in such a form are prized in China. In no other country, of course, is so much time devoted to a bird. If many passers-by have birds with them, it is safe to say that every house possesses, at least, one cage which on warm days is hung outside the front door. In China birds are kept and fed in a very different way to that in which they are treated in Europe and even in Japan, and no doubt many of our members will be surprised by the following information. There are two ways of accommodating birds, cages and stands. ' Chinese cages are nearly always round in shape, most skilfully and artistically made of wood or bamboo. Many are adorned with carvings, especially on their doors. Naturally there are exceedingly fine ones, made of precious materials, which are worth hundreds of dollars, but these are outside the scope of ordinary aviculture. Cages are generally rather low, except Avic. Mag. 1928. Bird Market in Peking. Stands and cages. Peking Bird Market. [To face p. 26. J. Delacour — Bird Keeping in Peking 27 for such birds as Laughing Thrushes ( Trochalopterum canorum) and Mynahs. All are meant to hang up by a big brass or wood hook, often prettily chiselled. Cages for seed-eaters have a wooden bottom ; those for insectivorous birds have a barred one, through which refusefallsout. For Larks there is a little platform in the middle, while nestling birds have carefully selected twigs, generally twisted, often with carved ivory or bone tips and covered with shark’s skin, the effect of which is beneficial to birds in giving them a better grip. The middle half of the cage top is of solid wood, and a round piece of paper fixed on canvas is put on the inside of this and sewed to the next bars ; it is decorated with ornamental drawings and changed now and then. Food and water are put into pretty little china pots, of different sizes and shapes, which are most decorative. Water is often hung outside the cage in special brass or china receptacles. The average price of a cage, furnished with all fittings, is' 2s. to 10s. Bird stands are made of small branches of hard wood, about Jin. thick , chosen for their knots, and nicely coloured and shaped, more or less straight, with a rough branch at the top ; the latter is cut about 4 inches long and covered with a cotton or silk string, curled around, so that it provides a soft perch for the bird’s feet. The other end of the stand has a strong brass or steel point, which allows one to stick it in the ground or in a pot. Birds are tied on the stand by a light silk or cotton string, divided in two by a little brass swivel, which prevents the birds entangling themselves, one end of which is fastened on the stand, while the other is tied round the bird’s neck in such a way that it cannot become too tight. All birds kept in China are wild caught, only Mongolian Larks and a few others being taken from the nests. Seed-eaters are caged at once, but insectivorous birds are first kept on the stands, which is a wonderful means of taming them. Food is offered to them on a special bamboo spoon, and I was assured by Chinese bird-lovers that none ever refuses to feed right from the time of his capture. They are fed in this way every ten minutes. It takes about a fortnight to tame a young bird of the year, and one month for an adult. Afterwards they can be put into a cage. But this sort of bird is always put again on the stand for a few hours each day and taken out for a walk, and therefore keeps 28 J. Delacour — Bird Keeping in Peking its necktie all the time. Sometimes the bird is put on a small perch fastened at both ends to two vertical bamboos, which are themselves fastened to a small wood or bamboo box, forming a tray underneath the perch. In Peking one finds only native birds, with the exception of a few Laughing Thrushes and Mynahs. Birds, cages, and the many special implements — food-pots, spoons, stands, etc. — are offered in various markets, some daily, others, more important, occurring at fixed dates. They are most interesting, as not only numbers of birds are brought for sale, but hundreds of fanciers come and look round, carrying their own pets. The autumn is naturally the best season, as numbers of migrants are then caught. It is the time when one replenishes his cages, and we were lucky to be in Peking in October, which is just the right time. Only a few species of birds are kept in North China. The most popular one is the Mongolian Lark (Melanocorypha mongolica). They are brought by thousands as fledglings from the Mongolian plateau in the summer, and are praised for their powerful voice. Fanciers carry them about everywhere, in their low round cages, each covered with a dark blue cloth. When at a suitable place, they uncover the cage and make the bird sing, regular singing competitions being held in the streets and parks. Crested- and Sky-larks are occasionally kept. Among Finches, Siskins are the most popular ; one sees also Chinese Greenfinches ( Chloris sinica), Crossbills, and even Tree Sparrows, although the latter are as common in Peking as our English Sparrow is in London or Paris. A special mention must be made of the Masked Grosbeak ( Eophona per sonata), a fine big grey bird, with black face, wings, and tail, and an enormous yellow bill. Quiet and sensible, they become so tame as to be carried on a stick tied by the leg, and are trained to catch on the wing a seed of hemp. No nicer pet can be seen. Among insectivorous birds, the two most popular are the Red Spotted Blue-throat ( Cyanosylva suecica rohusta ) and the Ruby- throat ( Calliope calliope) ; there are also many Daurian Redstarts ( Phoenicurus auroreus) and some Blue Chats ( Larvivora cyanea), Swinhoe’s Robins ( L . sibilans), Red-flanked Blue-tails ( lanthia cyanura), and Red Warblers ( Acrocephalus orientalis). Great and Avic. Mag. 1928. Peking Bird Market. Cages and food vessels. Peking Bird Market. Stands, spoons, forceps, and other implements. [To face y. 28- Avic. Mag. 1928, Bird Market in Peking. Boy and trained Sparrow- hawk. Seeds, cages, and implements. J. Delacour — Bird Keeping in Peking 29 Coal Tits are also kept, as well as Isabellene Shrikes ( Lanius isabellinus), Blue Magpies (Cyanopica cyanus). Bed-flanked Zosterops (Z. erythropleurus) are also very numerous, and are the cheapest birds in the autumn. Outside the above-mentioned species, birds of prey are the only attractive ones to Chinese, or, rather, Mandchu, eyes. There are always some in the bird markets, hooded and kept on perches. Five species are represented : the Goshawk, the Sparrow Hawk, the Besra Sparrow Hawk, and two Falcons. All are trained to catch birds and mammals. Seed-eaters are fed on a very small millet, with the exception of the Crossbills and Grosbeaks, which receive hemp. Larks are also fed on millet, often husked, green food, and a little paste made of boiled yolk of eggs and soya bean flour. Insectivorous birds are all fed on a mixture made as follows : . Cut up meat (preferably mutton) and put to soak in a little water for several hours, then a powder made of boiled yolk of egg and soya bean flour is added. For newly caught birds the mixture is made rather liquid and no drinking water is supplied. Only at the moulting season a few insects are added. Birds do beautifully on this food, and I have seen Blue and Buby -throats so fed four and five years in captivity, in the best possible health. For Zosterops it is simpler still, as they are fed on nothing but dry soya bean flour, and do very well on it. When we left Peking for Japan we brought with us several dozen of Bed-flanked Zosterops, thirty-five Blue Magpies, a dozen Larks, and as many Blue-throats and Buby-throats, a pet Grosbeak, a tame Shrike, a dozen Chinese Greenfinches, and a few others. To them we added at Dairen (Manchuria) lots of Hemipodes (Turnix maculatus) and five charming North Chinese Babblers (Thopophilus pekinensis). Some of these birds will remain in friends’ aviaries in Japan, while others will, I hope, arrive in France and in England. 30 H. G. Eustace — Notes on Webb's Crowtit NOTES ON WEBB’S CROWTIT ( SUTHORA WEBBIANA) By H. C. Eustace (Shanghai) This little Suthora is kept by the Chinese as a cage bird only on account of its ability to be trained for fighting, as it has neither song nor brilliant plumage to make it attractive to the ordinary Chinese, who usually values a bird upon these two qualities only. The fights usually take place in a tea-house or other public place, and considerable sums of money are bet by the owners and supporters as to which bird will win. The “ sport ” is very popular, and a bird with a known reputation as a fighter will often be valued at over a thousand dollars. The contestants are placed in a cage and allowed to fight until one is so exhausted as to be unable to continue to fight, or is so outclassed that it stops fighting and endeavours to escape. The birds are then returned to their cages and the bets paid. In a wild state the habits of these birds are very similar to those of the familiar English Blue Tit, and small flocks of from four to twenty may be seen in the autumn working their way through thick under¬ growth or along a garden hedge in search of insects and seeds, upon which they feed. The nest is usually built in a bush or reed bed, and often two broods a year are raised, the family keeping together until the following spring. In a cage or aviary these little birds are most attractive, and soon become tame. They are easily fed, and do quite well on small red millet seed and a few insects daily. I also give mine a little moist sponge-cake, which they seem to like for a change, although the Chinese feed them only on red millet and dry bean or corn flour. Unripe seeds, soaked millet sprays, and fruit are also eaten in small quantities. The birds should do well and breed freely in aviaries in England, as they are hardy and able to stand the wet, cold winters of the Yangtze valley, which are very similar to the English winter. I am sending home some of these birds to the London Zoological Society, and I hope they will arrive safely, so that those members who are not fortunate enough to obtain birds for their own aviaries may be Marquess of Tavistock — Foreign Birds at Liberty in Great Britain 31 able to see this bird in the Society’s Garden, where I do not think it has previously been shown. Crowtits are very fond of bathing, and should also be provided with a nesting-box or travelling cage half filled with hay into which they may retire. Although when trained they become very desperate fighters, the wild birds are very peaceable and gentle, and are quite safe inmates for any mixed aviary. Description of Webb’s Crowtit, as given in Birds of the Lower Yangtse Valley , Gee and Moffett : Length, 5J in. ; bill dark brown, lighter on the edges ; tarsus brownish black ; head and neck bright rufous ; upper parts olive brown ; throat and breast rufous, washed with rose, with a darker stripe on every feather ; flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts olive ; lesser wing-coverts olive green. FOREIGN BIRDS AT LIBERTY IN GREAT BRITAIN By the Marquess of Tavistock A not uninteresting side-line in avicultural experience is the varying ability of escaped or strayed foreign birds to fend for themselves when receiving no artificial aid. Insectivorous kinds pick up an easy living almost anywhere as long as warm weather lasts, but the winter usually brings them and their food supply to an untimely end. Gallinaceous birds and Waterfowl, provided they can stand cold, find food with little more difficulty than native species, and survive until they meet a violent end, generally from man or fox. The hardier Cranes get on well as long as the ground is soft, but a severe frost reduces them to serious straits where they can get no artificial feeds of grain. Flamingoes have proved their ability to survive the winter, and, what is more, the persistent attacks of wildfowlers on an English coast. Pekin Robins, whose natural diet closely resembles that of our own Hedge Sparrow, seem equally well able to look after themselves in suitable cover, even in severe weather. Finches, Buntings, and Waxbills can all shift for themselves as long as insects and seeding grass are abundant, but I know of no instance of any tropical Finch surviving 82 Marquess of Tavistock— Foreign Birds at Liberty in Great Britain the winter without artificial aid. Foreign Doves and Pigeons are not often picked up in a starving condition when they stray from home, but, with the exception of the Triangular and South American Spotted Pigeons and one or two of the African Turtle Doves, I do not know of any which have shown noticeable ability to maintain themselves in an entirely wild state. As might be expected, the days of exotic birds of prey which gain their freedom are apt to be few and evil. Either captivity has deprived them of their hunting gifts, in which case they quickly starve, or, by too successful operations against game or poultry, they find themselves in fatal proximity to a gun. Parrot-like birds show great variability in their power of shifting for themselves. Macaws and Black Cockatoos, deprived of artificial food, last only so long as their not inconsiderable powers of fasting permit. Amazon Parrots get on much better, and, though I do not think that an Amazon would survive many days if it made its first escape in winter, there are, I believe, recorded instances of Amazons which have learned their way about during the more genial season, ultimately supporting themselves the whole year round. Both Sulphur- crested and Boseate Cockatoos have, I believe, spent a whole year at complete liberty without artificial feeding, but I should be interested to find out how they manage in heavy snow, as they are not normally bud-eaters. While the little Plum-headed Parrakeet quickly perishes if it escapes from its aviary in winter, there must be quite a number of Ringnecks of independent means in different parts of the country. Two have paid me a visit within recent years, and neither artificial food nor the com¬ panionship of their kind induced them to make a permanent stay. Their big cousin, the Alexandrine, is equally able to take care of himself. A cock turned out of one of my aviaries in December went away the same evening and was not seen for a fortnight, when he was observed 10 miles away on his homeward journey. He came back as hearty and strong as he started, and not in the least starved or tired. KingParrakeets are, during the winter months, dependent for a long time on artificial feeding, but after two or three years at liberty they may learn to keep themselves entirely on wild food. F. Finn — The Dodo and Solitaire in Aviculture 33 Barrabands and Rock Peplars cannot as a rule support themselves, and even in summer are often soon reduced to starvation when their seed supply is lost. The big Broadtails and Blue-bonnets succeed in making a living at almost any time of year, and, being largely bud-eaters, may come through severe weather in better fettle than our own British birds. I have known Adelaides to live and breed for ten years in an entirely wild state. Redrumps and their near allies, on the other hand, can only find food in summer and early autumn, and a Cockatiel that strays in winter is a dead bird within four days. Budgerigars, also, cannot support themselves on genuine wild food in winter, but they have some of the Sparrow’s ability to discover, in times of scarcity, the refuse grain of stable and poultry yard. It would be very, interesting if some sort of census could be made of foreign birds at the present time living in a wild and ownerless state, together with some account of their habits and the time they are known to have been at liberty. I fancy the number and variety would be greater than one would expect. THE DODO AND SOLITAIRE IN AVICULTURE AND NATURAL SELECTION By F. Finn, B.A., F.Z.S. The account of a so-called Dodo, by Sir Hamon Lestrange, who saw the bird exhibited alive in London about 1638, appears really to refer to the Solitaire. He says it was “ a great fowle somewhat bigger than the largest Turkey Cock, and so legged and footed, but stouter and thicker and of a more erect shape, coloured before like a yong cock fesan, and on the back of dunn or deare colour. The keeper called it a Dodo . . It will be noticed that the colour here described is not right for a Dodo, which was also not of an erect shape, and was far shorter- legged than a Turkey. Most important of all, no mention is made of the huge and heavily hooked beak. The Solitaire was a browner bird, in shape fairly conforming to the '34 F. Finn — The Dodo and Solitaire in Aviculture above description, and with a beak which, though powerful, would not attract especial attention — it was not unlike a Condor’s. The bird figured in “ The Hunting of the Dodo ”- — the old Italian feather-picture reproduced in Dr. Casey Wood’s interesting paper in the I his for 1927 (p. 724, pi. xix) — is also evidently a Solitaire, if it be not a mere imaginative adaptation of an Ostrich, which seems to me more likely from the form of the feet, which are not to be taken for any other bird’s. Moreover, the bird is being hunted by a horseman with a scimitar, and is nearly half as big as the horse, so the taxidermist- artist Minaggio evidently made the bird up from his ideas of the Ostrich, to which scientists even long after thought the Dodo to be allied, much as ancient naturalists mixed up the Oryx antelope with the Indian rhinoceros and the narwhal to make the unicorn. That the Dodo and Solitaire should have been confused is only what might have been expected, both being big flightless island birds. We know the Great Auk was the original “ Penguin ”, and that Rheas have been for centuries called Ostriches in their own country. Doubt was recently expressed by a distinguished scientist as to whether the Dodo could have developed by natural selection. I see no difficulty here, and have expressed my views in an article “ The Dodo’s lesson to Democracy ” (Graphic, 6th February, 1926). Briefly my argument is this : The Dodo and Solitaire found them¬ selves in an environment where no enemies existed to make them use their wings and their wits. Hence “ one was as good as another ”, and brute force of beak or knobbed wings was developed by the natural selection of large coarse types, while flight was lost, being unnecessary. Savery’s pictures of the Dodo were evidently drawn from a live captive bird ; that in the picture owned by the Zoological Society is remarkably vivid and far the best of all Dodo portraits ; the bird is shown with the stern facing the spectator, and the head turned round to chew an uplifted foot. It would be interesting to know if the Dodo cleaned its toes as, I believe, some Parrots and Birds of Prey do, or if it played with them like the Great Indian Hornbill now at the Zoo. Marquess of Tavistock — Notes on the Masked Parrakeet 35 NOTES ON THE MASKED PARRAKEET ( TYRRHULOPSIS PERSON AT A ) By the Marquess of Tavistock After an interval of some years I have succeeded in obtaining two more examples of the rarest of the Fijian Parrakeets, Pyrrhulopsis personata, a species which is said to be threatened with extinction through the hostility of fruit-growers and the ravages of the imported mongoose. The Masked Parrakeet is a large bird, whose prevailing colour is a rich glittering green, with blue flights and a blue-green tail the beak and mask are black, while a not very wide strip of yellow runs down the centre of the breast from below the chin and deepens into orange on the abdomen. My first bird — a very old one — had an orange iris, and the eye of the younger of the new arrivals is of the same colour. The other, however, has wonderful ruby eyes, and as it appears from its actions to be a cock, it may be that the colour of the iris is an indication of sex. Now that it is recovering from the effects of its journey, it is becoming lively and sociable, repeating a few words fairly distinctly, and showing special pleasure and excitement at the approach of ladies, whom it attempts to feed. So far the only natural cry I have heard from it is one resembling the soft call sometimes used by P. splendens, but as my old “ Georgie ” screeched hideously in moments of excitement, it is probable that this less agreeable accomplishment js being held in reserve. The second new arrival is shy and in very bad plumage, although it appears in good health in other respects. The Pyrrhulopsis Parrakeets are gorgeously coloured birds, lively in their behaviour, and, when tame, fair talkers and sociable and amusing, if not always gentle, companions. Unfortunately, however, though well adapted to aviary life in more genial climates, they thrive but indifferently with us, usually falling victims to tuberculosis or chronic enteritis in spite of the best of care and attention. Although sometimes classed with the King Parrakeets they bear not the slightest resemblance to this group in their general habits, which are in many ways distinctive and peculiar. The Masked Parrakeet has a peculiar musty and rather goaty odour, pronounced, but not sufficiently so to be actively unpleasant. 36 C. H. Macklin — Breeding Gouldian Finches Since the above was written the orange-eyed bird has unfortunately died and proved, on dissection, to be a female. It would therefore appear that the colour of the iris does indicate the sex. BREEDING GOULDIAN FINCHES By C. H. Macklin, M.R.C.S. In view of their present comparative scarcity, it might interest members to hear about my breeding results with Gouldian Finches (Pcephila mirabilis and P. gouldice). I believe none have been imported for two years. I obtained two pairs in the spring of 1924. Two Black-headed hens, reputed aviary bred in England, a Red-headed and a Black-headed cock, imported. Both pairs nested in August, half filling coco-nut shell nests with grass, moss, small twigs, and feathers. The nests were hung near the roof of the inside shelter of a garden aviary. The Red-headed cock and his mate brought off two youngsters from a clutch of five, the other three eggs being clear. These two young birds died during a spell of wet weather about a month after leaving the nest. The other pair hatched four young birds, which were getting well feathered when the hen died suddenly ; the cock continued to feed, and all four nestlings flew, but the effort was too much for the cock, and they all died. As it was getting late in the year, I brought the three survivors indoors for the winter. This was quite unnecessary, for these three birds have been outside for two winters, and are still in perfect health and feather. In 1925 the same pair, Red-headed cock and Black-headed hen, successfully reared two youngsters, a cock and hen, both good specimens of the Red-headed variety. The odd Black-headed cock helped feed the young after they had left the nest. In 1926 this pair had two nests, rearing two young in August and four late in October. The latter flew during the first week in November, and all turned out healthy birds, which speaks well for their hardiness in this climate. The odd old cock paired up with the 1925 hen, but she would not G. H. Machlin — Breeding Gouldian Finches 37 sit on her five eggs, laid in September. One of the six young birds died during the winter, so that last spring I was left with the three old birds, two 1925, and five 1926 hatched young. In September, 1927, the original pair hatched out a brood of six, and reared five. The other mated pair again refused to sit on two clutches of eggs. On cleaning out the nesting places I found no less than thirty-two eggs, all Gouldians ; I think the reason for their not having been incubated was too many pairs in the same aviary and the young hens being disturbed. I parted with one pair of the 1926 birds, so am now left with a little flock of twelve, seven adult, a delightful sight ; they are very tame and allow even strangers to watch them closely. The old breeding pair have fully reared fifteen birds out of eighteen hatched in six nests in four seasons ; of these there were seven Red¬ headed (three cocks, four hens) and five Black-headed (two cocks, three hens) ; the other three died in nest plumage. The full adult plumage is assumed at the first moult, at about eight months old. The head colour and sex can be distinguished at about three to four months.* The head colours are either pure red or pure black, not intermediate ; the young red cocks are indistinguishable from their wild-bred father. The young birds have been chiefly reared on white and spray millet seed. Soft food was always untouched, but the old birds took a lot of grass, eating the new shoots of lawn turf kept cut short. I never saw insects taken, but one year the hen took very small snails which she found in the turf, hammering them open like a Thrush. I believe that turf kept cut short is the chief reason for success ; the first year, when no young survived, they had none. An interesting point about the nestlings is their luminous mouths ; there are four luminous spots inside the mouth, which give a most curious effect on looking into the dark nest when the young gape for food. I should be very glad if any other member who has bred Gouldians would exchange two or three young ones with me to avoid inbreeding. If one or two would take up the breeding of these most attractive, but less commonly imported Australian Finches, we might become indifferent to the export restrictions now in force. 38 Maurice Amsler — French Moult in Budgerigars [A most interesting experience. It is most desirable that members who keep and breed Gouldian Finches should exchange their young birds as suggested and so help to maintain a healthy stock in this country. The point about short turf is important. Mr. Whitley found that his birds fed their young chiefly upon young shoots of grass from the short turf, and when they could not be obtained the young were not reared. — Ed.] FRENCH MOULT IN BUDGERIGARS By Dr. Maurice Amsler There are various degrees of this disease, some of which are so slight that the young bird recovers and becomes outwardly perfect, while other birds are so extremely affected that it is best to destroy them before they attempt to leave the nest. The following is, I think, a fairly good and explanatory classification : (1) The young bird leaves the nest in apparently perfect condition, but after a few days the long feathers of the tail and wings, including the primaries and secondaries, fall out or snap off, and the bird becomes what is known in the trade as a “ runner (2) The young bird leaves the nest with the body fully feathered, but the primaries and perhaps the secondaries, and also the tail feathers, are absent, and the bird, of course, cannot fly. (3) The nestling at three to five weeks is almost as naked as the day on which it was hatched. There may be a few feathers or quills on the anterior part of the skull. The wings and tail show a few short quills, and the feathers if present are twisted and distorted and soon fall out. My experience has been that birds falling under the headings (1) and (2) often recover completely, though it is doubtful whether it is wise to breed from them, however healthy they may look. I have fortunately had little experience of class (3), but there are some aviaries, which, though well-known, shall be nameless, where birds in all three of the above stages can be seen running about by the score, like a flock of chickens. What is this disease ? Is it hereditary ? If so, why does it not Maurice Amsler — French Moult in Budgerigars Bffi affect the whole nest, and also the first, second, and third nests equally, whereas it is known that the later nests are the most prone to produce imperfect young. The converse does occasionally happen, the early nestlings being weaklings, while those hatched in autumn are healthy. If we consider the condition a “ deficiency disease ” produced by the lack of some essential foodstuff or vitamin, allied to rickets in other animals, we can ask why is not the whole brood and every brood affected, seeing that the feeding conditions and the general surroundings are identical in each case. Many breeders will speak glibly of parasites affecting the quills, and of painting these with paraffin, iodine, etc. All this is, I feel sure, sheer nonsense. I have worked on this subject for the last year or two, and have tried various foodstuffs and drugs, amongst the latter more especially cod liver oil, iron, thyroid gland, and iodine, also preparations, said to be rich in vitamins B and C. I cannot say that any of my experiments have been sufficiently successful to claim any advance on our knowledge of this disease. Observation, however, has taught me a few facts. (1) The young when affected remain in the nest-box longer than they should, and it is 'possible that this causes the parents, who are anxious to nest again, to bite off the quills and otherwise harass the young, thus making bad worse. Feathers so destroyed should, of course, grow again at the next moult. Certain it is that nest-boxes containing such young always show a large number of loose stumpy feathers and quills. (2) After leaving the nest these flightless young birds are con¬ stantly preening their “ wings ” and “ tails ”, or what remains of them, as if there were some constant irritation, and I have seen fully formed and promising feathers deliberately bitten off, leaving bleeding stumps. As I said in the last number of the Magazine, I have of late, in the third round, had my full share of French moult, and not wishing to continue breeding these deformities, I took several fully grown young which were beginning to drop their feathers ruthlessly out of their nests and caged them with their parents. Those that were well fed ceased to moult, but a few who had to fend for themselves continued to drop feathers and quills and became “ runners 40 Maurice Amslei — French Moult in Budgerigars (3) This is the most interesting part of my experience. When catching up my birds at the end of the season I found that two early hatched 1927 hens were on eggs. Their previous nests (two in each case) had given me 75 per cent of weaklings. Without much hope I took their eggs and placed them under two common Green hens, each of which was incubating her first clutch for the year. Much to my delight and surprise, one of these hens has brought off four perfect Blues, which left the nest some ten days ago — the other has two Blues and a Green in perfect plumage, which should fly at any moment. (4) French moult more frequently appears in the autumn than in the spring, and is of more frequent occurrence with very young hens than with those one, two, or even three years old. It is often seen to occur also if the hen is for any reason in partial moult, having dropped a few wing feathers, for instance. My conclusions from the above facts and observations are that the disease in question is due to fatigue on the part of the parent or parents, who cease to feed their young sufficiently fully and frequently. To this must be added the fact that the autumnal days are very much shorter. Possibly there is also an element of boredom and a desire to get the job over and to start a fresh clutch. It is easy to realize that the frequent journeys from the nest to the feeding tray and back, dozens of times daily for weeks on end, must, indeed, be hard labour, especially to a bird which through the lack of two or three flight feathers is a trifle weak in flight. I think I am right in saying that the wild Budgerigar of the Australian bush only breeds for three months of the year. This cannot mean more than two nests at the most, and the same applies at first to such birds when imported into Europe. The tendency on the part of the Budgerigar to breed all the year round if allowed so to do, is therefore an acquired characteristic and may account for the tendency to neglect the young in order to start a new nest. An extreme example of this loss of maternal instinct, combined with an excessive production of eggs, is found in the light breeds of poultry (e.g. Leghorns), who not only make bad mothers, but who very rarely can be induced to sit out the full period of incubation. If my deductions are at all correct, there seems to be only one James B. Housden — The American Mocking -bird at Rome 41 remedy for the trouble in question, namely, sufficient rest, together with every endeavour to build up a really healthy and vigorous strain of birds. Complete rest from all nesting or breeding activities can only be obtained by removing all nest-boxes and separating the sexes for several months, say, from November to March. This will give the birds ample time to rear three broods a year. The use of cages and more especially of artificial heat during the winter, are a mistake. It is important that the birds, more especially the hens, should have as much flying room as possible in order to be thoroughly fit for the coming season. Exercise and exposure to weather are probably the two best preventives of egg-binding, therefore let your birds have the largest possible aviary and a few hours at least in the outer flight each day, unless the weather is really impossible. Should any other member have any definite views on the subject, which I fear I have treated at too great length, I hope the Editor will allow further discussion in the Magazine, if only to help avert the great wastage of young Budgerigars which is at present taking place. THE AMERICAN MOCKING-BIRD AT HOME By James B. Housden After my long railway journey of nearly 3,000 miles, I reached my brother’s home in south-west Texas, near the Gulf of Mexico. I was awake very early next morning, and the first sounds I heard in the forest came from thousands of crickets, cicades, and tree frogs ; and the cries of distant night birds were the sounds that broke the stillness. I was anxious to see the birds in their native haunts, and the first bird I saw near my window was the American Mocking-bird ; this bird was quite tame and had a fascination absolutely its own ; especially when exploring for the first time in a new part of the forest. The Mocker, as this bird is called, is a favourite, being so tame, not only because of his own beautiful song, his powers of imitation, and his pretty ways and elegant form, but also because he loves the society of man, and will build his home near that of man ; 1 have watched this bird many times searching for grasshoppers near my feet on the 4 42 James B. Housden — The American Mocking-bird at Home lawn, He always seems animated and His motions are rapid and graceful. Someone lias said : “ He who has not heard the wild singing of the Mocking-bird has missed one of the richest treats that Nature has in her wonderfully rich storehouse. “ Listen to him when the world is hushed, when the air is heavy with the rich fragrance of orange blossoms and the dewy leaves glisten in the moonlight, it is then his song will thrill you.” The writer has heard him sing in the morning, at midday, in the evening, and often through the night, whenever the light of the moon causes the darkness to wane. As a mimic this bird has very few equals. No bird notes seem beyond his compass. He can perfectly imitate them all, from the screech of the Hawk to the soft and restful notes of the Wood Thrush or the exquisitely sweet song of the Hermit Thrush. The musical talent of the Mocking-bird is by no means confined to mimicry of other birds’ songs. He has notes of his own which are rich and varied which are rapidly delivered with much sweetness and energy. He seems to enjoy his own voice, for his song is accompanied by a movement of the wings, tail, and body. The nest is constructed with twigs, weed stalks, strips of bark, and I sometimes found in the nest rags and pieces of string. It is lined with fine rootlets, cotton, feathers, and other soft substances that may be near at hand. Nests are found in all kinds of strange places ; orange, peach, cedar trees and in vines and shrubberies near houses. One pair of Mocking-birds built their nest near the gate of our garden : the hen was so tame I could almost stroke her as she brooded over 'her eggs, another nest I found near where the cows stood waiting to be milked, while others were discovered away in the forest. I shall long remember one cloudless day of June, when the sun was blazing stiflingly hot, I was exploring a new part of the forest, and I did not take my bearings at the start, and so got almost hopelessly lost ; I came to a most beautiful part which to any lover of the wild in Nature would always have a charm peculiar to itself, for its beauties were many. I came to a log shack, and knocked at the rough door. A coloured girl answered the knock, then the mother came. J. Delacour — -The Tree or Whistling Ducks 43 then an old man who understood me. I asked for some water, and the way out. When he found I was an Englishman, he treated me with true hospitality, there was some charm about him when he brought me a large tin bucket of water, and an iron ladle with a long iron handle ; the water was quite warm, but I was thankful ; it seemed to give all the family great pleasure to watch me scooping it up. He was most kind and was certainly one of Nature's true gentlemen. Near the hut, and where the Texas blue bonnet and other beautiful flowers grew in great profusion, in a small bush I found a hen Mocking-bird brooding over a nest of five beautifully marked eggs ; some distance away I found another nest with young, and throughout the day I found many nests containing eggs. The eggs are four or five in number^ and there are often two broods in the course of the year. They are a beautiful greenish hue, spotted with amber brown. The Mocking-birds are devoted parents, and ably defend their eggs and young, especially from one of their greatest foes, the black snake. Its breeding range extends from Florida all through the Gulf States, several other states, and Mexico. THE TREE OR WHISTLING DUCKS By J. Delacour As we have already stated the Tree Ducks form a very distinct group from the tropical Ducks whether migratory or sedentary. They live in great flocks and fill the air with shrill cries more like Sparrows than Ducks. In their ways and habits the Tree Ducks remind us somewhat of Waders. They swim and dive well, but differently to other Ducks. In very cold places they feel hard frost' and it is wise to shut them up for the winter ; but in the milder parts of France and England they may stay out all the year round except in unusually cold weather. Being as a rule very tame and non-migratory, they may usually be left full- winged and will not abuse the privilege. I must say that all those which I have kept full-winged for years, though they sometimes take flight, never stray away. 44 J. I)e Icicour — The Tree or Whistling Ducks Imported birds (and almost all are imported birds) do not breed readily, but once young can be obtained in confinement, they reproduce themselves abundantly ; each female lays about thirty eggs between April and August. The young are rather delicate and grow slowly. Both adults and young are fed like other Ducks. They do not go into eclipse plumage and the sexes are'identical and impossible to distinguish. As a rule they are inoffensive birds, but a few males may turn bully* which may be tiresome, but is not dangerous. The Tree Ducks are much to be recommended for their tameness, their handsome plumage and amusing ways. They are certainly very intelligent. The White-faced Tree Ducks (Dendrocygna viduata) is found throughout tropical Africa and South America. This extremely curious distribution is without a parallel among birds, save in the case of the Fulvous Tree Duck which is even more remarkable. It has a very short tail. All the front of the head is white, the rest is black, together with the neck, back, wings, and abdomen. The upper portions of the breast, back, and sides are striped black and white, the white fading into yellow towards the breast ; the shoulders are streaked russet and brown, the mantle brown edged with tawny ; the beak black with a grey subterminal mark ; feet bluish grey. This species is common and often imported. It is charmingly tame and artful, breeds readily, and stays well full- winged. The Bed-billed Tree Duck (D. autumnalis) inhabits Mexico^ and Central America. Its tail is not quite as short as the preceding, but it is about the same size. Its head and neck are grey with a brown streak in the centre ; the abdomen and tail black ; wings pale grey with black and mahogany coloured flights ; the rest of its plumage is the same shade, except the subcaudals which are black and whitish ; bill and feet pink. The Grey-necked Tree Duck (D. discolor) which is found through¬ out the north of South America only differs from the preceding in having the upper portion of its back and its breast tawny grey deepening to russet towards the neck, or even mahogany red ; otherwise it is identical in every way and probably constitutes merely a sub¬ species. J. Delacour — The Tree or Whistling Ducks 45 These two ducks are very pretty and delightful in confinement but are possibly rather more susceptible to cold than D. viduata ; they have occasionally bred in captivity but as a rule are not much inclined that way. It is not certain that discolor has bred in Europe . They are pretty freely imported. The Fulvous Tree Duck (D. fulva) inhabits Mexico, the mouth of the Orinoco, the South of Brazil, and North Argentina in America ; the East and South-East of Africa and Madagascar ; India, Ceylon, and Burma in Asia. This distribution is unique among birds and quite inexplicable ; there does not appear to be any difference between individuals from all these diverse regions. It is slightly larger than the preceding species, has a very short tail and the back of its head is slightly crested. Its head is tawny russet, deep brown above and a black stripe runs from the nape to the back ; the sides of its neck are pale tawny streaked with black ; under parts reddish tawny ; the feathers on its flanks are long and wide, deep brown and white ; wings and tail black ; shoulders reddish brown ; mantle very dark grey with russet ; bill and feet dark grey. It is occasionally imported and has been bred in Europe. It is hardy. The Wandering Tree Duck (D. arcuata) inhabit Oceania from Java and the Philippines to S.E. Australia. It is smaller than the preceding by nearly a half, all the tawny colouring is paler and the sides of the breast spotted with brown. The sides are bright russet and the feathers on its black and white flanks are longer and more showy. It is seldom imported and does not appear to have been bred in Europe. It is as hardy as the rest. The Indian Tree Duck (D. javanica) is widely spread throughout India, Indo-China, and the Malays ; it may be known from the preceding by its wholly tawny breast and duller and paler coloration everywhere. The feathers on its flanks are less developed and less strikingly coloured. It is often imported and is very hardy, but does not seem to have bred in Europe. The three remaining species are extremely rare and reach Europe only accidentally. The Black-billed Tree Duck ( D . arhorea) peculiar to the Antilles, has a grey head passing to white under the chin and throat with a 46 W. Shore- Baily — Nesting of the Mexican Barred Partridges black band from tbe vertex to the back ; a white neck streaked with black ; the upper parts of the body ticked dark and light brown ; under parts tawny brown, spotted with black ; flight and tail black ; beak and feet dark grey. It has been bred by Mr. Blaauw and in the Zoological Gardens of Cologne. The Spotted Tree Duck (D. guttata) is a native of New Guinea and the neighbouring islands. Its head is tawny brown, with a dark streak down the neck ; the upper parts of the body spotted light and dark brown ; under parts pale tawny ; beak black ; feet grey tinged with reddish. It is very rare in confinement. Eyton’s Tree Duck (D. eytoni) peculiar to Australia, is perhaps the prettiest of the genus. Its shape is more graceful ; it has a longer tail and smaller bill. Its head and neck are tawny ; the upper parts of the body dark brown checked with pale tawny ; the rump and tail deep brown ; the breast is light chestnut barred with black ; abdomen tawny ; but its chief ornament consists of the feathers on its flanks, which are very wide, long, and tapering, pale tawny yellow edged with black. These feathers form as it were two fans, one on each side of the bird. Its bill is pale pink spotted with black ; feet pink. This pretty Tree Duck is unfortunately rare in our collections and has not been bred in confinement. In its habits and shape it somewhat recalls the Egyptian Goose and the Bernacles of mid- America. NESTING OF THE MEXICAN BARRED PARTRIDGES ( PHILO RTYX FASCIATUS ) By W. Shore-Baily Early in March last year Mr. Chapman imported a few pairs of the Barred Partridge or Quail from Mexico, this being the first importation of the species into Britain and possibly into Europe. I was lucky enough to secure a pair, and was very pleased with my first sight of them. A description and photo of these birds by our Editor appeared in the Magazine last April, so a further description is unnecessary. My birds were turned into a well planted aviary, where they soon became at The Bing -Necked Parrakeet 47 home. They appear to be even more of a tree bird than the Californian Quail, as they were not often seen on the ground except when feeding. It was quite impossible to distinguish between my two birds, and as they took very little notice of each other, I concluded that I had two birds of the same sex. Occasionally I heard them calling, but could not tell whether there was any difference in their notes, as there is in the different sexes of the Californian bird. Their call is not nearly so loud as that of the other tree Quails that I have kept, but I am afraid that I am not able to describe it. Until October there had not been the slightest sign of nesting or love-making between them, and I was very much surprised on returning from a week-end visit to a brother aviculturist to find that the Quails were not occupying their usual roosting place in the trees. A search resulted in my flushing one of them from a nest in a thick tuft of grass,, but to my dismay I found the other dead close to the side of the nest. The survivifig bird, which I believe to be the cock, continued to sit for two or three days and then deserted, the weather being very bad at the time. The eight creamy white eggs, slightly smaller than those of the Californian Quail, were fertile, so but for a bit of bad luck I might have been able to describe the nesting plumage of the first little birds of this species to have been born in captivity. THE RING-NECKED PARRAKEET The Hindu Love-God’s steed am I, Fast as his strong-sped arrows fly I bear him through the tropic sky Beneath the fierce sun’s fire : And in return he grants to me Ever to wear spring’s livery, And take my toll from field and tree Of grain and fruit and spicery, To all my heart’s desire. F. Finn. 48 Correspondence CORRESPONDENCE A CATCHING CAGE Sir,— I enclose photographs of a feeding-trap I invented myself, and which a man in this village makes. One shows the feeder in general use with a bird in it, the other with frame fitted in front ready for patching, and which is put in place two or three days before a bird is to be caught. John S. Reeve. BEHAVIOUR OF BLUE ROBINS Sir, — In the December number of our Magazine Dr. Amsler says that my Blue Robins nested outside. I am afraid this is a mistake, as all my Robins have nested in nest-boxes and flower-pots, hung up inside •the sheltered part of the aviary. All birds prefer nesting outside, but I find, in uncertain weather, it gives the birds a better chance to rear young when they have their nests under shelter. To encourage the birds to nest inside I do not put up any nest-boxes outside. I am sure I would not have been successful in rearing two fine, healthy young Robins as early as the 4th April had the nests been outside. A. Ezra. A SMALL AVIARY IN CORNWALL Sir, — It may interest some of the readers of the Avicultural Magazine to read my experience in keeping a few foreign small birds in this part of the country. Mylor is situated on an estuary of the sea about 2 miles from Falmouth and is fairly well sheltered by hills all round. The climate is very mild and equable, so We do not get either excessive heat or cold ; snow is seldom seen,; but slight frosts occur from time to time. My aviary is unheated, and situated in the garden about 50 or 60 feet above sea -level, and about a quarter of a mile from the sea. The aviary consists of a shed well lit facing east and gets all the sunshine, and is divided into three compartments, each measuring 4 by 6 by 7J feet, with an outside flight of .14 by. 6 by 7| feet. Early in September last I took down a nest-box in the open flight thinking it deserted, when to my great surprise out flew six wee Zebra Finches. My pair of Bichenos immediately took on the duty of feeding all six, and very soon the Avic. Mag. 1928. Catching Cage used by Capt. Reeve, [To face p. 48. Correspondence 49 parents deserted them and went to nest again, the Bichenos still “ carrying on ” until the young rascals were well able to fend for themselves ! I removed them at dusk, when I lost one through escaping into the next aviary, and I think was killed by the Spreos. My Diamond Doves have reared two pairs. I lost my hen Long-tailed Grassfinch with the young, through rats getting into their compartment (which soon afterwards received the punishment they deserved !). Now the male Long-tail has paired with my odd hen Zebra Finch, and there are now (6th November) some dear wee lively mites ready to fly at any moment. I am most anxious to see them. According to Dr. Hopkinson’s book, I am not sure whether the cross has actually been bred and successfully reared. However, I hope mine will live to good old age. The young Orange-cheeked Waxbills made a charming nest in the long grass, but some good Cornish rains came down and showed no mercy to the plucky little birds, who did their best to keep the roof watertight, but when the rain came through into my bedroom I could not wonder at it entering theirs ! The Diamond Finches have been very disappointing, always quarrelling. The Cordons have tried so hard, but always the young die — perhaps someone can help me. My great trouble is I want more aviaries — always the same cry, is it not ? (Mrs.) F. W. Drake. HYBRID BLACK-HEADED SISKIN AND CANARY Sir, — I note with interest in the October number that Capt. Hamilton Scott has bred the above cross. Under the heading “Editorial” in Bird Notes, 1912, p. 321, appears the following: “ Black-headed Siskin ( C . icterica ) X Canary Hybrid : In Mrr Nicolson’s aviary at Walton-on-Thames, several broods of the above hybrid have been reared, and very handsome birds they are, too, the cocks being good songsters ; Mr. Nicolson kindly sent us a pair for inspection. In size and shape they are about the size of a Norwich Canary, but in many respects they favour the Siskin, notably so in all the cocks having dark heads, and in the striations and wing markings, though there are no distinct yellow wing bars. The beak, legs, and feet are Canary-like and of light horn-colour.” Then follows a very complete description. D. G. Prestwich. . 50 Correspondence NOTE ON THE HYBRID SWAN RECENTLY AT THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS Sir, — As the hybrid between the Black and Mute Swans is little known, a few notes on the specimen lately on view at the Zoological Gardens may be worth publishing. Its bill was most like that of the Mute Swan, and had a black “ bean ” at the tip as in that species ; but the red colour extended from it over the bare lores, as in the Black Swan, and there was no frontal knob, but merely a patch of minutely feathered skin invading the beak where the knob should be. The red of the beak was not nearly so bright as one would have expected, being merely salmon-colour, whereas the Mute Swan’s beak is bright orange- red and the Black Swan’s scarlet. I have seen a similar reduction of colour by crossing in another rare hybrid waterfowl exhibited at the Gardens some years ago. This was bred between the Orinoco Goose, which has Vermillion legs, and the Egyptian Goose, whose legs are bright pink ; yet this hybrid’s legs were only dull brick-red. The iris of the hybrid Swan was light brown ; in its curiously mottled plumage I looked for some trace of reversion to an earlier type in black tips to the flights, which occur in the young Black Swan and (only on the first few feathers) in the young Black-necked Swan and in the Coscoroba.1 The hybrid’s flights, however, were completely white, as in both parents. The inner secondaries were almost as smooth and flat as in the Mute Swan, so that here and in the suppression of the knob there was considerable reversion in the cancelling out of parental peculiarities, the Black Swan’s inner secondaries being very noticeably crimped. Frank Finn. TAMING BIRDS Sir,- — Many who love birds must find it difficult at times to keep them always caged, and Lady Grey’s happy experiences with her Rock Pepplars will, I hope, encourage some of our members to endeavour to substitute for captivity — domestication. The poorer Indian, who delights in the companionship of his Grey Partridge, uses the little wicker cage not so much as a prison as a stable 1 What is the cygnet plumage of this species ? I have only seen a few with some brown markings. Correspondence 51 for his pet, and any evening in cantonments in Upper India you can see a tall Sepoy striding along carrying in his hand a wicker cage, while behind trots obediently his Titar, or tame Urey Partridge. Two which I brought home with me and which are again in my possession, and to which Dr. Amsler’s recent article relates, are of this kind, and when, in India, the hen commenced to lay and I placed her in a large aviary, she wandered round disconsolate and refused to sit until I returned her and her eggs to her little cage, when she at once gathered her eggs beneath her and in due time hatched out her young. And after the young were hatched the cock would lead his family out of the little room opening on to the verandah, where the cage was kept, to the tomato patch ; there he mounted guard while the hen brooded her young, or they dusted themselves or fed or basked in the sun, until the Havildar approaching with their cage, all would return to spend the heat of the day in the shelter and coolness of the verandah. And I have no doubt myself that their vigour and health were due to their liberty. But it would take pages to describe all their adventures and pretty ways till all the young safely reared, the parent birds embarked with me for England. When stationed in Belgaum, in the Southern Maratha country, an Indian brought me a young Crested Titmouse. He had endeavoured to rear it on sattoo, or grain flour, and its days appeared numbered ; but the asters in the garden were infested with a smooth green caterpillar, and these, under my instructions, the Mali gathered and fed to the bird ; and it throve and grew wonderfully tame. And when thereafter 1 went on circuit, the Titmouse in his wicker cage accompanied me on my travels. Arrived at the Circuit Bungalow, my Havildar would put the cage on the verandah floor, open the door, and out would fly the Titmouse, to return after a few hours to his cage. So I came to prefer one tame bird to a whole aviary. Godfrey Davis. BREEDING RESULTS AT CLERES Sir, — The following birds were bred in M. Delacour’s park during 1927 : 22 Chiloe Wigeon, 10 Common Wigeon, 10 American Wigeon* 5 Scaup, 5 Lesser Scaup, 4 White Eyes, 8 Redheads, 8 Pochards, 2 Tufted, 8 Chilian Pintails, 10 Chilian Teal, 1 Shelduck, 4 Falcated, 52 The Society's' Medal 3 Gladwell, 16 Japanese Spotbills, 15 Shovellers, 12 African Yellow- bills, 12 Carolinas, 5 Rosybills, 12 Australian, 3 Abyssinian Yellow- bills,! Indian Spotbill, 10 Chestnut-breasted Teal, 2 Ashy-headed Geese, 10 Rheas, 6 Siamese Fireback, 3 Cabots Tragopan, 1 Ternminck Tragopan, 6 Versicolor, 15 Manchurian Eared Pheasants, 8 Horsfields, 4 Bel’s, 3 Imperial, 4 Albo, 2 Elliots, 3 Sonnerats, 20 Bankives, 14 Wild American Turkeys, 1 Specifier Peacock, several Diamond Doves, many Blue, Green, Mauve, White, and Violet Budgerigars. F. E. Fooks. THE SOCIETY’S MEDAL Accounts have appeared in the Magazine, of the breeding of the following species of birds, it is believed for the first time in Great Britain or perhaps in Europe, and it is proposed to award the Society’s Medal. If any member or reader should know of a previous instance of the breeding of any of the following, intimation should be sent at once to the Honorary Secretary. The Hon. Secretary hopes that members living abroad will report any case they may know of any of these species having been bred in any other European country. Capt. John S. Reeve, the Abyssinian Barbet (Trachyphonus mar- garitatus). Mr. Herbert Whitley, the Crowned Wood Partridge ( Rollulus roulroul). Mr. H. L. Sich, the Lepurana Bustard Quail ( Turnix lepurana).1 Dr. Maurice Amsler, the Grey Francolin (Francolinus pondi- cherianus) and the Hermit Thrush ( Hylocichla guttata). The Marquess of Tavistock, the Malabar Parrakeet ( Palceornis per ister odes). The Rev. R. B. Abel, the Blue Tanager (Tunagra cana). Mrs. Goddard, the Blue-rumped Parrotlet ( Psittacula cyanopygia). Mr. Alfred Ezra, Swinhoe’s Pheasant-tailed Pigeon (Macropygia swinhoei). The Masked Lovebird ( Agapornis personata) has been bred by at least three members and it is not certain who was the first to succeed. 1 Previously in Germany. CANDIDATES FOR ELECTION. Mrs. Bellingham, Shearwater, Baily, County Dublin, Ireland. Proposed by J. Stewart. Miss Nellie Blissett, Dover Cottage, Dover Street, Ryde, Isle of Wight. Proposed by The Marquess of Tavistock. F. P. Kell, 32 Grove Street, Unley Park, South Australia. Proposed by S. Harvey. King Bindley, 1194 Boston Avenue, Pasadena, California, U.S.A. Proposed by H. H. Carpenter. Y. Matsunaga, c/o Prince Taka-Tsukasa, 2 Fukuyoshicho, Akasaka, Tokyo-Fu, Japan. Proposed by A. Ezra. R. Okada, c/o Prince Taka-Tsukasa, 2 Fukuyoshicho, Akasaka, Tokyo-Fu, Japan. Proposed by A. Ezra. Clement Ostrehan, Kingston Rectory, Worcester. Proposed by E. Maud Knobel. M. Reich ard, Berlin- Wilmersdorf, Mansfelder St. 12a III, Germany. Proposed by E. Maud Knobel. G. W. Rheam, Yewhurst, Rhyeground Lane, Freshfield, near Liverpool. Proposed by Thos. L. S. Dooly. George P. Yierheller, (Director), St. Louis Zoological Park, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. Proposed by E. W. Gifford. C. S. Webb, 26 Osborne Road, Ashford, Kent. Proposed by D. Seth-Smith. NEW MEMBERS. Mrs. N. Cooper, 25 Talbot Avenue, Bournemouth. Mrs. Maurice Gubbay, 30 Hill Street, Berkeley Square, W. 1. G. H. A. Hellen, 6 Robartes Road, Bodmin, Cornwall. J. A. Jardan, Jardan Game Farm, Woodland, California, U.S.A. Major F. Lort-Phillips, Down Grange, Basingstoke, Hants. Miss E. Dazrell-Reed, Estherwell, West Bay, Bridport, Dorset. Mrs. Norris Snell, 2 Paget Road, Ipswich. Lady Sydenham, 101 Onslow Square, S.W. 7. Neville Whittingham, Stonefall Hall, Harrogate. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. Major F. W. Borman to Godfrey’s Farm, Broxted, Dunmow, Essex. Wilfred J. C. Frost to 1 St. Edmunds Terrace, Primrose Hill, N.W. 8. Miss M. Maxwell- Jackson to Percy House, Scotton, near Knaresborough, Yorkshire. Mrs. J. P. Campbell ... Mrs. Drake . A. Ezra . 41 14 0 Arthur Lewis . 0 0 £ s. d. J. Sped an Lewis 18 12 6 E. G. B. Meade- Waldo 1 2 2 H. L. Sich 1 0 0 H. Whitley 12 12 0 DONATIONS. £ s. d. 10 0 1 0 GAM AGES d22 ALWAYS A VARIED STOCK OF Foreign Birds, Parrots, Lovebirds, etc. We can now offer Meyers Parrots, Various Amazons, Dusky Parrots, Shamahs, Scarlet and Blue Tanagers, Blue Grosbeaks, Hill Mynahs, Lovebirds — Masked, Fischers, Nyassa, Abyssinian, Red-face, Blue-wing Longtail Grass Finches, Zebra Finches. Yellow-rump Mannikens, Bengalese. BEST FOODS . Mealworms Spray Millet, large bundles Ants’ Eggs Dried Flies Pure Egg Yolk . Insectivorous Food Cuttlefish Bone Specialities in CAGES, AVIARIES, LOWEST PRICES. 6 /- per lb., 3 lb., 17/- Post paid. 3/6 each, 1 doz., 36/- ,, 5/- per lb., 41b., 17/6 1/6 „ 71b., 8/6 3/6 ,, 41b., 12/6 1/6 ,, 71b., 8/6 1/3 ,, 41b., 4/6 NEST-BOXES and all appliances. A. W. GAMAGE, Ltd., HOLBORN, LONDON, E.C.l. PHONE : HOL. 6484. MEMBERS’ SALE AND EXCHANGE COLUMN. The charge for Members' advertisements is one penny per word, and no advertisement must exceed thirty-six words , name and address included. Payment must accompany the advertisement , which must he sent on or before the 20th of the month to Mr. T. H. Newman, “ Verulam,” Forty Lane, Wembley Park, Middlesex. All members of the Society are entitled to use this column. SALE AND EXCHANGE. A pair of privately imported Australian Laughing Jackasses (Kookaburras) in perfect condition. What offers, or will exchange for Parrakeets or Lovebirds ? — Brunton, Inveresk Lodge, Musselburgh. Pairs of Many-colour and Stanley Parrakeets, two hen Barnard’s, two hen Stanley’s (aviary bred) and cock Bedrump, all acclimatised, fine condition and outdoor. — H. Cowley, Bubbenhall, Kenilworth. Outdoor (unheated) aviary-bred hen Zebra Finches. — Mrs. Drake, Garrick Cottage, Mylor, Falmouth. Waxbills, Cuba Finches, Singing Finches, Nonpareil, Border Fancy Canaries, Hybrids, etc. Wanted hen Cockatiel, Glossy Starling. — MlSS Follett, 2 Alston Terrace, Exmouth, Devon. Two cock Black-headed (Brazilian) Siskin X Canary Hybrids, good singers. Wanted exchange cock Black-headed Siskin (Chrysomitris icterica) for hen. — Captain Hamilton Scott, Hamildean, Ipswich. Sale from unheated aviaries-; eight Blackcheeks, seven Nyasas, three Peachfaced, mostly paired, hen Pennant, pair Redrumps, what offers? Green Budgerigars, possessing blue blood, 7s. 6 d. each; 70s. dozen. — Smith, 5 Forest. Rise, Whipps Cross, London. American Bluebirds, £20 pair ; Blue Budgerigars, £50 ; Blue-bred Greens, £4 ; Red-crested Finches, 45s. Wanted, hen Adelaide, cock Bauer, or exchange hen for cock. — A. Decoux, G4ry, Aixe, s- Vienne, France. WANTED. A COCK Californian Quail, and a hen Gouldian Finch (Black-headed). — MRS. Cayley, Carham, Cornhill-on-Tweed. At a meeting of the Council it was decided that in future no magazine can be sent to members -until their subscription for the current year shall have been received by the Honorary Treasurer, .Miss E. Maud Tvnobel, 32 Tavistock Square, W.C. 1. FOURTH SERIES. VOL. VI. No. 3. MARCH, 1928. THE Avicultural CONTENTS. PAGE The Crimson-breasted Bush- Shrike, by G. H. Gurney (with Coloured Plate) ... 53 The Breeding of Fischer’s Love¬ bird, by The Marquess of Tavistock .... 55 The Malay Falconet, by Cecil W. R. Squire . . .58 Sheldrakes, by J. Delacour . 60 Surface-feeding Ducks, by J. Delacour .... 62 My Trogons, by Karl Plath . 67 page Egrets, by Sydney Porter . 68 Foreign Birds at the Crystal Palace, by A. A. Prestwich . 72 Reviews : Birds at the Nest ; The Heart of a Bird ... 76 Correspondence : Albino Roseate Cockatoos ; Masked Lovebirds ; Long Flight of Barraband Parrakeet ; Turquoisines and Alexandra Parrakeets ; An Abnormal Gouldian Finch . 77 The Price of this Number is 2/6. THE AVIOULTURAL SOCIETY FOUNDED 1894 NOTICE TO MEMBERS The Subscription to the Avicultural Society is £1 per annum, due on the 1st of January in each year, and is payable in advance. The entrance fee is 10/0. The Avicultural Magazine is sent free to members monthly. Members joining at any time during the year are entitled to the back numbers for the current year, on the payment of entrance fee and subscription. I ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE SENT TO THE HONORARY SECRETARY AND TREASURER, Miss Knobel, 32 Tavistock Square, London, W.C.l. All Queries respecting Birds (except post-mortem cases) and all other correspondence should be sent to the Hon. Secretary, at the above address. Any change' of address should be notified to her. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS. Rule 1. — A short account of the illness should accompany the specimen. All birds to be sent as fresh as possible to Mr. C. H. Hicks, The Prosectorium, The Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 8. Rule 2. — A stamped addressed envelope must be enclosed with the bird. Rule 8. — No body or skin of any bird will be returned under any circumstances whatever. The Magazine is published by Messrs. Stephen Austin & Sons, 5 Fore Street, Hertford, to whom members should address all orders for extra copies, back numbers for 1917 and after, and bound volumes. Cases for binding the Magazine (in art cloth, with gold block on side) can be obtained from the Publishers, post free and carefully packed, at 3/- eaoh ; or the Publishers will undertake the binding of the Volume for 5/6, plus 9d. for packing and postage. Members are requested to state whether they want the wrappers and advertisements bound in at the end or not. Telephone : 46 Hertford. BACK VOLUMES of the AVICULTURAL MAGAZINE pbevious to 1917. Application for these should be made to the Editor of Cage Birds, 154 Fleet Street, E.C. 4. All Enquiries for ADVERTISEMENTS and TRADE SUPPLIES should be made direct to STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, Ltd., FORE STREET, HERTFORD. • 3ij All communications intended for publication in the Magazine should be addressed to the Editor :| — Mr. D. Seth-Smith, Zoological Society, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 8. GALLOWAY’S Celebrated Insectivorous Food LIFE A Perfect diet for all Insect and Fruit-eating Birds, Foreign Finches, Waxbills, etc., etc. As supplied to Her Grace The late DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON, Her Grace EVELYN DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON, LORD TAVISTOCK, and The Hon. MRS. G. BOURKE. This food is invaluable for feeding foreign seed-eaters given in addition to their seed diet ; Parrot and other Foreign Finches will rear their young almost entirely on it. Used by a great number of leading aviculturists both here and abroad. It will keep good for any length of time if turned out of the bag and kept in a dry place. Prices carriage paid to any part of the United Kingdom : — 1 lb. 2/6, 21b. 4 8, 3 lb. 6/10, 41b. 9/-, 51b. 11/2, 61b. 13/4, 71b. 14/10, 141b. 27/4, 281b. 47/10, 4 cwt. 95/8. A large sample wall be sent on receipt of 6d. in stamps. No Agents. To be obtained solely from the Maker. Send postcard for descriptive leaflet with testimonials. P. F. M. GALLOWAY, 1 Rectory Road, Caversham, Reading, England. “L’OISEAU.” PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE Societe Nationale d’Acclimatation de France, 198 BOULEVARD ST. GERMAIN, PARIS (VIIe). A French Magazine on Aviculture, for the study of European and Foreign Birds in captivity and at liberty. With coloured and black and white plates. ONE YEAR - 75 FRANCS. Medals for first breeding of a species in captivity in France or other countries are awarded if a detailed account is sent to the Society. i H. E. ROGERS, F.Z.S., “ Arequipa,” 7 Aigburth Road, LIVERPOOL. Telephone: “LARK LANE 487.” Cables and Telegrams: “AREQUIPA, LIVERPOOL.” PARROTS, PARRAKEETS. Most wonderful Talking Grey in England . £20 Other A 1 Grey Parrots £3 to £ 1 5 each. Talking Festive Amazon Parrots £3 up. Talking Mealy Amazon . . £5 each. Blue-fronted Talking Amazons £2 1 0/- ,, Blue-fronted Clever Talking Amazons . . . £3 10/- ,, 4 GREATER BLACK COCKATOOS ( Microglossus aterrimus ) £50 each. MACAWS. Finger-tame full wings and tail Blue and Yellow Macaw, extra fine . . . . £ 1 0 Other Blue and Yellow Macaws from £ 5 Red and Blue also Red and Yellow Macaws . . from £5 1 0/- each Rose Cockatoos (special to trade) £1 ,, Rock or Alexandrine Parrots . 2 5/- ,, Ringneck Parrakeets . . .15/-,, 1 pr. of Prince Lucian Parrakeets £ 3 10/— 1 pr. breeding Redrumps . . £ 4 2 White-crested Cockatoos £3 1 0/- each. Cockatiels . . . . £4 10/- pair. Great Sulphur-crested Cockatoos £2 10 /-each. Tui Parrakeets . . . . £ 1 Rock Peplars . . £ 1 2 1 0/- pair. BUDGERIGARS: LOVEBIRDS. Adult Breeding Blue Budgerigars £ 5 0 pair. ,, ,, White ,, £125 ,, Young Blue ,, £3 7 10/- ,, Red-faced Lovebirds . . £ 5 , , Blue-bred Budgerigars, genuine guaranteed records, greens that actually throw blues . £ 4 , , Adult breeding Greens . .15/- ,, Young outdoor-bred Greens . 12/6 ,, Adult nesting Yellows . .17 6 ,, Lavender-head Lovebirds . . 10 - ,, AVIARY BIRDS. Dazzling White Java Sparrows £ 2 10/- pair. Grey Java Sparrows . . 7/6 . , Pope Cardinals . . . . 25/- ,, Indigo Buntings . . . £ 1 each. Little Bronze Manikins . .12/6 pair. Orange-breast Waxbills . .10/6 ,, Zebra Finches, excellent . . £1 , , Dominican Wydahs . . 12/6 ,, Fire Finches and Java Sparrows. 5/6 ,, Heck’s Long-tailed Grass Finches 4 5/- ,, Yellow-billed ,, ,, ,, 4 0/- ,, AVIARY BIRDS (continued). Saffron Finches . . 7/6 pair. Red Averdavats and Nutmeg Finches . . . . 5 /— , , Chestnut-breasted Finches . 50/- ,, DOVES, QUAIL, WATERFOWL. £ 1 pair. 15/-„ £1 „ 12/6 ,, £1 ,, 25/- ,, Peaceful Doves . Zebra Doves Vinaceous Turtle Ring Doves White Doves Stock Doves Senegal Doves and Collared Doves £1 ,, Jap. Bar-shouldered Peafowl £ 1 2 1 01- ,, Caracara Vultures . . . £5 each. Virginian Horned Owls . . £5 ,, Chinese Purple Galinulles . . £5 pair. Crown Cranes . . £2210/- ,, Nicobar Pigeons ( Caloenas nico- barica ) . . . . £4 ,, Australian Diamond Doves . £5 ,, CASSOWARIES. 1 Casuarius uniappendiculatus. 1 ,, (unknown), wattleless. 2 ,, ,, two- wattled. SPECIAL ARRIVALS. Asiatic. — Nicobar Pigeons, Green-wing Doves, Black Cockatoos, Cassowaries, Various Lories, 2 Baby Elephants, 1 pair Magnificent Adult Sumatra Tigers, 1 Red Tiger Cat, 8 Orang-Utangs, Black Apes, etc., etc., etc. Australian. — 2 Perfectly Tame Pet Wom¬ bats, Wallabies, Wallaroos, Kangaroos, Nail-tailed Wallabies, Oppossums, Rose Cockatoos, Redrumps, Chestnut-breasted ' Finches, etc., etc., etc. Canadian. — Tame Pet Teddy Bear Cubs, Porcupines, Ord’s Kangaroo Rats, Wood¬ chucks, Prairie Wolves and Dogs, Odour¬ less Skunks, Badgers, Sousliks, Black and Fox Squirrels, Great Horned Owls, etc.,, etc., etc. South American. — Falkland Island Gulls, Curassows, Egrets, Herons, Bittern, Ocelots, Pumas, Iguanas, etc., etc. 2 pair Rheas. African. — Blue-necked Ostriches, Crown Cranes, Baboons, West African Monkeys, Zebras, Antelope, Gazelles, Blue Nile, Buffaloes, etc., etc., etc. Russian. — Teddy Bear Cubs. n REGENT PET STORES (G. E. PALMER, F.Z.S.) 83 Park Street, Camden Town, London, N.W.l ’Phone : Telegraphic Address : HAMPSTEAD 8856. “DOMESTIPET, NORWEST, LONDON.” iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiTiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiimmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiu Importers of Foreign Livestock, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 ii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 j 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 it 1 1 n i it 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Always good selection of Parrots, Parrakeets, Foreign Finches, Monkeys, etc., on view at reasonable prices. WE SPECIALIZE IN CAGES, AVIARIES & APPLIANCES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AT LOWEST PRICES. Pure Egg Yolk ..... 3/9 lb., 4 lb. 14/- Spray Millet (Selected) 3/- per bundle of 50 sprays Mealworms ..... . 6/- lb., 4 lb. 22/- Cuttle Fish Bone (Best White) 1/4 lb., 3i lb. 4/- Dried Flies ..... . 1/9 lb. Ant Eggs, No. i quality 4/6 lb. 35 33 NO. 2 „ ... . . 4/- lb Palmer’s Noted Insectivorous Food (Finest obtain- able) for Large Species . 1/6 lb., 7 lb. 6/- For Small Species 2/- lb., 7 lb. 10 6 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiii We Buy Anything Alive. Exchanges Entertained. Now Ready. TO BE COMPLETED IN TWO VOLUMES. Volume I. “AVICULTURE” Price IS/- net. Order with remittance to — STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, LTD., Fore Street, Hertford. iv . Avicultural Magazine, 1928. Crimson" breasted Bush tjhrike . Laniarius atrococcineus. Plate presented by G.H. Gurney. 'I'll K AviCUL TURAL MAGAZINE BEING THE JOURNAL OF THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF FOREIGN 8c BRITISH BIRDS IN FREEDOM 8c CAPTIVITY Fourth Series ■ — Vol. VI. — No. 3. — All rights reserved. MARCH, 1928. THE CRIMSON-BREASTED BUSH-SHRIKE LANIARIUS ATROCOCCINEUS By G. H. Gurney, F.E.S., F.Z.S. A pair of these very beautiful Bush Shrikes, which are depicted in the accompanying plate, have occupied a large cage in my bird house since April, 1926 ; they are the sole survivors of the small consignment of five or six examples which Messrs. Gamage’s representa¬ tive imported from South Africa in the summer of 1925 ; so that they have been considerably over two years in confinement. As will be seen from the plate, this Bush-Shrike is one of the most gorgeous members of a very beautiful genus of brilliantly coloured birds. The genus Laniarius, which is entirely confined to Africa, numbers nearly twenty species, in which red or green is the principal colour in their plumage ; they are all typical-looking Shrikes, the bill stout and strongly hooked, with conspicuous stiff bristles at the base. The sexes are generally identical, though in some females of atrococcineus the crimson may not be quite so brilliant as in the males. One of my birds measures 8*3 inches in length, of which the tail is 4 inches, so that they are considerably larger than a Red-backed Shrike. They inhabit South Africa, though they are not found near the Cape, but further North in Griqualand and Natal are not uncommon, living in the 5 54 G. H. Gurney — The Crimson-Breasted Bush- Shrike hottest parts of the region in open woods, and amongst dense thorn thickets. It appears to extend north as far as the Zambesi region. The late Charles Anderson, in his Birds of Damara Land, writes of this species as follows : — “ This brilliantly coloured Shrike is pretty generally dispersed over Damara and Great Namaqua Land, also over the Lake regions. It is usually found either singly or in pairs, and is a wary bird, frequenting both open woods and dense thickets, but preferring the latter. In such localities it searches industriously for insects and their larvae, and, whilst thus occupied, occasionally utters pleasant, clear, ringing notes, but with the prelude of a harsh guttural sound. This species builds its nest in the fork of a tree, constructing it roughly of the inner bark of trees, with a few grasses interlaced, but without any softer lining . . . The eggs are white, spotted with light brown, and some¬ times tinged with green.” My birds, which I think are both cocks, occasionally utter, when excited, a loud, clear, and very musical note, which always recalls to me the Bush-Shrikes’ notes I heard in East Africa, coming flute¬ like from the dense thorn jungles, where one could never see the birds, only hear their ringing calls. Unlike so many crimson or red plumaged birds in captivity, mine have kept their brilliant colours, as though they were wild moulted, in fact the only criticism I have to make on the very excellent and life-like plate, which accompanies these notes, is that the crimson is really not brilliant enough, but Mr. Boland Green told me when he was here painting them, that he feared in reproduc¬ tion it would be impossible to get the wonderful brilliance of colours the living birds show. They are very tame, always coming up to the bars of their cage to take a mealworm from my fingers, and like all Shrikes are full of character. They have very fully developed the characteristic habit of the genus of loving to impale a bee, or a piece of a mouse, on one of the nails stuck in a piece of wood, which we provide them with for that purpose ; I gave them a bough with long thorns, but these soon became brittle and broke off, and a small piece of wood hung up with protruding nails, answers the purpose equally well. They are very carnivorous, and cannot do without mice or young sparrows, and in the summer a good supply of larvae, grass- Marquess of Tavistock ■ — The Breeding of Fischer's Lovebird 55 hoppers, and beetles ; they eat as well a lot of my usual insectivorous mixture, and were overjoyed one day when I gave them a small lizard. They do not care much for fruit. They feel the cold acutely, and the higher the temperature, and the brighter the sun, the better they look ; this is only what one would expect, when one knows that their natural habitat is the desert bush in the dryest and hottest part of Africa ; for this reason I have never dared put them into an aviary, for a possible chance of their trying to breed ; our Norfolk climate is far too change¬ able ; and I consider one of the reasons why I have kept them alive bo long is that they have always had a perfectly even temperature ; besides, as I have said before, I believe they are two cocks, and so there would be no point in running the risk. THE BREEDING OF FISCHER'S LOVEBIRD By The Marquess of Tavistock On obtaining six Fischer’s Lovebirds (Agapornis jischeri) from an early consignment I decided to gamble on the hardiness of the genus Agapornis and, although summer was practically over, I turned them straight into an unheated moveable outdoor aviary, 24 ft. by 8 ft. by 8 ft. Three nest logs were hung in the open flight with no overhead protection at all in order that rain might fall on them and provide moisture. jThe birds fell into moult soon after arrival, so no serious nesting was begun until October was well advanced and the first sharp frosts had come. One hen contracted a slight chill and had to be taken into the hospital. On her recovery I turned her into an aviary with a heated shelter but she proceeded to murder two valuable finches, and I was obliged to confine her in a cage. Among themselves, however, Fischers seem to quarrel less than Masked Lovebirds. All three logs were filled with elm twigs and bark, but in only one were eggs laid. The building material seemed to be carried in the beak, presumably by the hens, though I cannot discover any reliable test of sex. After incubation had begun the weather grew extremely bad. Soon after the young bird was hatched there was a spell of bitter east wind, followed by torrential rains; then 56 Marquess of Tavistock — The Breeding of Fischer's Lovebird the wind went back to the east, increasing in coldness and violence, until on Boxing Day it culminated in a raging blizzard, of which, as it faces east, the Lovebirds’ aviary got the full benefit. The Fischers, however, were in no way discomposed. They sat, squeaking cheerfully, at the end of their log, while the snow whirled round them and covered the roof of the flight with a thick white pall. In order, also, that their offspring might not suffer from lack of fresh air they added to the entrance hole two others of their own construction. Like their near relatives, however, they did increase their bedding by carrying in fresh supplies of bark and twigs. When the snow stopped the gale continued for three days more and it never ceased to freeze day or night, then at last there came a chilly and reluctant thaw. Such weather, one would have thought, would certainly have terminated the existence of any young bird less inured to cold than an Emperor Penguin, but on 11th January “Jeremy”, as we afterwards called him, made his appearance fully fledged, but unable to fly. He was an exact rep’ica of his parents save that his frontal band was a trifle paler, and the olivaceous tint extended further round the sides of the neck and down to the green of the mantle. Judging that treatment that had proved satisfactory with young Masked Lovebirds would do equally well for him, we put him in a cage in the birdroom and supplied him with brown breadcrumbs, cracked soaked hemp and shelled soaked sun¬ flower. The same evening he was seen to be feeding and all seemed to promise well. Next evening, however, he did not look so well and his food appeared for the most part untouched and the following morning it was only too evident that he was on hunger strike and beginning to feel the effects. As the day was fairly mild I took him back to his parents in the hope that they might feed him. But although they seemed interested in him they gave him no nourishment. He kept climbing the wire to the top of the aviary and then falling down. No bird seems more easily hurt by a fall than a young Lovebird, and after the third tumble the chances of the shaky and decrepit little object I picked up surviving to be the first young Fischer to be reared in confinement seemed to be more than a little remote. Clearly the aviary was no place for Jeremy, so I brought him back to the house and wondered whether I should be able to oblige him to swallow some Marquess of Tavistock — The Breeding of Fischer's Lovebird 57 raw egg beaten up in milk — an unnatural but nutritious diet which is the last hope for a baby parrot too young and too ill to feed himself. Jeremy, however, required no forcible feeding, but himself drank the liquid with unexpected gusto and fortified by it soon began to eat soaked Indian millet which I provided as a substitute for the despised hemp and bread crumbs. He improved rapidly and on the second day began to eat soaked canary as well. He greatly preferred having his meals on the carpets to eating them in his cage, and regarded the latter -with extreme disfavour, although perfectly happy, as he was allowed to run about the room. For a time Jeremy appeared to be an only child, but five days later to our surprise another young cock Lovebird wTas found on the grass. He had, however, hurt himself by falling from the nest, and died the same morning. Inspection of the log revealed two more little birds, fully fledged, which from the small size of their heads appeared to be hens. To save them from possible injury I decided to bring them indoors. Jemima, as we called her, was a sturdy little thing, and soon began to feed, selecting for her first meal the crushed hemp her brother had so resolutely despised. Jessica, on the other hand, was the weakly baby of the family, and required hand feeding on egg and milk for some days before she began to eat seed, her first selection being millet. Sad to relate, when about a month out of the nest, Jeremy, who had grown into a fine strong bird, able to use his wings, had a bad attack of apoplexy. Starvation, followed by careful dieting, restored him to health for a time, but on the 17th he had another series of fits, which this time ended fatally. His two sisters continue to thrive. Examina¬ tion of the Lovebirds’ nest log showed the reason of their habit of adding material all the time it is occupied by the young. The lower layers of bark were very wet ; almost sopping, but the actual bed on which the nestlings lay was of fresh material, clean, and dry. In this way a supply of moisture is combined with lack of discomfort for the occupants of the log. When the young birds flew I removed the logs and drove the adults into the aviary shelter for the night. Strange to say, this was not at all a success, and two caught bad chills. On their recovery I returned the logs, and the five have thriven as before. 58 Cecil W. B. Squire — The Malay Falconet My adult Fischers are fed on canary, millet, hemp, oats, and sun¬ flower, and they are very fond of oats softened by lying on the damp earth. Their cries and general behaviour very closely resemble those of the Nyasa Lovebird. For some obscure reason Agapornis fischeri has been described as a more sombre bird than its near ally. Not only, however, is it decidedly larger and possessed of a bluish lower rump (quite as bright, if not brighter, in the juvenile than in the adult), but the pinkish and red-gold areas of the head and neck are richer in colour, more extensive and more varied. In my opinion it is the handsomest member of the genus so far imported, though less striking than A. personata. THE MALAY FALCONET (MICR OHIERAX FRINGIL LARIU S') By Cecil W. B. Squire Some time ago the arrival in England of this small bird was announced in the Avicultural Magazine, and, as he is the first Falconet of this type to be kept in captivity in this country, I thought that it might interest some of your readers to hear in what manner he is acclimatizing himself. He arrived in a small oblong box, a wee fierce creature, looking like a miniature of an eagle. His wings and back are shimmering black, his breast a beautiful biscuit colour with here and there flecks of white. He. has bright, black eyes and an exceptionally powerful beak. In comparison with the beak, his claws are almost weak. He showed no fear when his box was uncovered, and displayed a very definite tendency to attack his admirers. We had arranged a long zinc and wire cage, in a fairly warm room, as his future home. Unfortunately his will to leave captivity led him to fly furiously against the wire meshes of his cage, and his tail feathers were damaged. This was the first difficulty demanding solution. Later in the evening we went to see how things were with him, and, to our dismay, found that the Satan of Birds, made classical by Lord Tavistock under the cognomen of Mr. “ X ”, had already begun his assault. The Falconet was sitting, Cecil W. B. Squire — The Malay Falconet 69 quiet and shivering, at the bottom of his cage. Lord Tavistock, suspecting the temperature of the room, carried him to the bird hospital, where there is a constant temperature of 85 degrees F. Here he began to regain all his vivacity. Mr. “ X ” appears to have little power in a temperature. Next we had to consider the question of his feeding. We tried him with mealworms. Hungry as he obviously was, he refused to touch them. On that first day, and on that day only, he ate a grass¬ hopper. He sidled along his perch and snatched the wretched creature o,ut of our fingers and ate it very discriminatingly. Being tried with the same food later again he took it from our fingers, and with a most contemptuous gesture, flung it upon the floor. Nowadays his meal consists of the bodies of small birds or mice, for which he shows great fondness. On the approach of the bearer of his meals he was wont to fly furiously about his cage, and would never attempt to eat until he was alone. Gradually, however, by a process of putting in one’s hand, in which was the mouse or bird, one taught him to fly from his perch on to one’s hand and to eat his meal out of it. He is, really, fascinating to watch, standing upon his prey, both claws firmly holding it, and eating with a quick jerky movement. He will now even fly down, pick the prey out of one’s hand and carry it to the perch at the other end of his cage in a single movement. He and I came into conflict the other day. We had found that a paper-covered tray seemed to induce a sort of indolence, which took the form of a refusal to use a perch or his legs. He would sit all ruffled up, by the electric heater behind his cage, on his tail. To counteract this Lord Tavistock suggested that we should cut turves and put them at the bottom of his cage. This he approved. He would sit sometimes on a hillock, or on his perch. On the day in question I had gone to feed him. He, apparently, liking his game high, had hidden his yesterday’s mouse under a turf. When he saw me lift up the repulsive remains he flew on to my hand and seized his beloved corpse firmly in his left claw, gripping my finger with his right. He then attacked me to some tune, with his beak. I finally made him let go his hold of the remains and of my finger, but he sulked like a small child, and refused to eat his fresh meat. 60 J. Delacour — Sheldrakes We found that, although he had lost all fear with us, he still flew against the bars of his cage when strangers came in. Now he has a very long wickerwork cage with wooden bars, and up to the present the difficulty appears to have been solved. As he is subject to colds and loathes, with some reason, the English weather, he is not permitted to take many baths, and when he does have one, it is warmed. He is about five inches long from the top of his head to the end of his tail. I have been reading the description of Microhierax fringillarius in Herbert C. Robinson’s Birds of the Malay Peninsula and think that my bird must be a hen. SHELDRAKES By J. Delacour Sheldrakes (Tadorna and Casarca) are very closely related to the Egyptian and Orinoco Geese, only differing from these in having shorter legs ; they all interbreed readily, and require a large enclosure with grass and plenty of water. The Common Sheldrake ( Tadorna tadorna) inhabits Central Asia and Europe, and migrates for the winter to North Africa, India, and China. It prefers the sea shore to fresh water and feeds chiefly on small molluscs and crustaceans. It is a handsome bird, slightly larger than a Wild Duck, its head and upper neck, a band across the shoulders, the tips of the wings and tail are all black ; it has a green and red brown speculum, a black stripe across the abdomen and a wide chestnut band round its back and chest ; the remainder of its plumage is pure white. Its bill is red, adorned with a caruncle which is swollen at its base. Its feet are pink. The duck is smaller and minus the caruncle. The sexes are alike in summer, but the colouring of the female is less brilliant ; the drake loses his caruncle, and the duck’s face turns light grey after the summer moult. Sheldrakes nest in holes. In captivity they should be provided with large wooden boxes buried in the ground. They breed freely J. Delacoui — Sheldrakes 61 and lay a large egg for their size. They occasionally bully weaker companions without, however, becoming really dangerous to them. The drake whistles softly, but the duck utters a raucous cackle. If the Sheldrake is not pinioned it soon vanishes. The Rajah Sheldrake (T. radjah) from the Moluccas, New Guinea and Northern Australia, has the head, neck, a band across the back and the wing coverts white ; the mantle and a band across the chest rusty chestnut ; speculum russet and green with a white border, bill and feet rosy. No caruncle. It is a rare and attractive species, but rather delicate. The species belonging to the genus Casarca are larger and have black beaks and feet. Russet and grey are their prevailing colours. Both male and female have very loud and disagreeable voices and are much too fond of making them heard. They are very combative and each pair must be kept separately. The females are the worst and egg the males on to fight. They are very hardy birds. The Ruddy Sheldrake (Casarca casarca) is found throughout Central Asia, Eastern Europe, North Africa, and the South of Spain, migrating in winter as far as India and Egypt. Its head is yellowish white, the whole body bright and shining russet, wings white with green speculum, flights and tail black. The male bird is recognized by his narrow black collar which divides the neck and breast. This species breeds very readily in confinement. The Cape Sheldrake (C. cana ) peculiar to the Cape of Good Hope is distinguished by the male bird having a grey-blue head and the female a white face and throat. It is very rare in confinement and has so far only been bred as a hybrid with the preceding species. The Paradise Sheldrake (C. variegata ) from New Zealand presents a great difference of plumage between the sexes. The male has a black head, neck, wing and tail tips. The wing coverts are white ; speculum green and russet ; the rest of its plumage is grey pencilled with black. The female has a white head and neck and russet body pencilled with black ; her wings and tail are like her mate’s. This species, although perfectly hardy and extremely prolific in confinement, is very scarce at present ; this is much to be regretted, as its numbers are also decreasing very much in its native land. 62 J. Delacour — Surface-Feeding Ducks The Australian Sheldrake (C. tadornoides) is found to the South of the Continent and in Tasmania, the male differs from the preceding species in having a white collar followed by a wide bright russet stripe which crosses the upper back and the breast. The female may be known by her white spotted face. This handsome species does wel] in Europe but does not seem disposed to breed, and up to the present it has not reproduced its kind. SURFACE-FEEDING DUCKS By J. Delacour This group comprises those typical Ducks which generally speaking approach Wild Ducks. The Wild Duck or Mallard (A. boschas) is too well known to need description here, but though so common is a very beautiful bird, as ornamental on a piece of water as any rarer species. For all that it must be eliminated from a collection containing nearly related species as it crosses so freely. Pdre-bred specimens are particularly elegant and well shaped, but many of those which live in confinement or enjoy semi-liberty show traces of domestic ancestry and are heavy and clumsy. The Mallard is the ancestor of all domesticated breeds, of which some, notably the miniature white or grey Ducks, are exceedingly ornamental, but should never be associated with wild species. Certain species very strongly remind one of Mallards, but the drakes are like the ducks and have no bright colours. Some of these have become very rare. They are of little interest from the ornamental point of view, so we will only give them brief mention here The Hawaian Duck (A. wyvilliana), theLAYSAN (A. laysanensis) , the Oustalet (A. oustaleti) from the Marianne Islands, the Dusky Duck (A. rubrijpes) from N. America, which is difficult to breed in confinement, and its neighbours from Mexico (A. diazi) and Florida (A. fulvigula). The Spot-billed Duck (A. jpcecilorhyncha) also strongly resembles the Mallard. It is a non-migratory Indian species. The sexes are alike and there is no “ eclipse ”, which is also the case with the following J. Delacour—Surface-Feeding Ducks *68 nine species. It is a rather large bird, grey and bright tawny, thickly spotted with blackish brown, the back and wings are darker and the latter have a green speculum surrounded with white, and white primaries ; its bill is black with an orange yellow spot at the end and another at the base of the mandibles ; its feet are orange. It is hardy and prolific in confinement. Some have found it quarrelsome, but my specimens are peaceable and do not interbreed with other species. A nearly related species (A. zonorhynchus) is found in China and Japan. It is distinguished by duller plumage, by its tertiary flights being grey edged with white, and by the absence of the yellow spot at the base of the mandibles. It is never imported. The Philippine Duck ( A . luzonica) is greyish brown with head, neck and breast tawny rust colour ; a dark blackish brown line on the occiput and two others across the eyes, the speculum is green shot purple ; grey blue bill, grey brown feet. It has not yet been imported to our knowledge. The Australian Wild Duck (A. superciliosa) is dark brown with the throat and two lines above and below the eye pale fawn, green speculum bordered black. It is hardy in confinement and breeds freely. The Yellow-billed Duck (A. undulata ) inhabits Africa, South of the Equator. It is more elegantly shaped than the preceding, its plumage pale fawn with dark brown spots. Darker above where the feathers have pale borders, the speculum green shot purple surrounded with white ; bright yellow bill with a black spot in the middle, orange feet. It is a pretty and hardy species which breeds freely. The Abyssinian Duck (A. u. ruepelli) is a variety of the yellow¬ billed, rather smaller, much deeper chestnut brown, edged with black, and the bill more intensely yellow. I received a pair in 1923 and had young from them in 1925. All these species which we have enumerated have exactly the habits and voice of the Wild Duck. Those still to come are less like it. The Spotted Duck (A. sparsa) is found in South and East Africa. The sexes are alike, blackish brown, sparsely streaked, the wings and tail are strewn with large light spots which sometimes may be 64 J. Delacour — Surface-Feeding Ducks almost white ; the large green blue speculum is surrounded with white, the bill grey and yellow, the feet orange. They live, in pairs by the banks of hidden streams. In confinement, where though they breed freely they are not common, only single pairs can be kept, as they are very spiteful, the duck especially so, and attack all other ducks. Their cry is lower and harsher than the foregoing. Meller’s Duck (A. melleri) from Madagascar, is rather light chestnut brown with dark brown spots, head grey with black stripes, green speculum, black bill, * orange feet. It has very rarely been imported, but fertile hybrids have been obtained between it and the Wild Duck. The Bronze-winged Duck (A. specularis) from Chili has but rarely been brought to Europe, which is a great pity, as it is a very fine species. It has a dark brown head with large white spots on the face, throat and sides of the neck, its body tawny brown with dark brown spots, the wings are green with purple speculum, bill black and feet yellow. The Crested Duck (A. cristata) ranges from Peru and the Argentine to Tierra del Fuego. Another handsome species, which is all too rarely obtainable here. It is light fawn with brown spots, the wings are greenish and the speculum purple, the very pointed tail is black, the head decked with a kind of mane, bill and feet are black. The Gad wall (A. strepera ) inhabits the Northern Hemisphere, but does not go very far north. When the Drake is in full colour his head and neck are tawny grey speckled with brown ; his body is vermiculated grey and white, as are also the pointed feathers on his back, and edged with tawny ; the lower back and tail coverts are black, wings reddish brown and black with a white speculum, bill grey and yellow and the feet are yellow. The duck and the drake in eclipse plumage resemble the Mallard except for the white speculum on the wings. It has a curious short harsh cry. The Gadwall breeds freely in confinement, but is not a very orna¬ mental species. There is a smaller closely related species confined to the Fanning Islands which is extremely rare. The Falcated Duck (A. falcata) is one of the handsomest of this genus. It breeds in east Siberia and winters in China and Japan. J. Delacoui — Surface-Feeding Ducks 65 The drake in colour has a crest at the back of his head and his tertiary flight feathers are very long, slender, and curved in hoops over his back. The colouring is silvery grey, vermiculated with black ; tail, speculum, and hoops are bronzed green edged with light grey ; head, neck, and crest are green shot with purple, with a little spot on the forehead; the chin, throat, and a patch below the neck are pure white. The drake in eclipse and the duck are chestnut brown with black spots. The bill and feet are grey. They thrive and breed in Europe. The Wigeon have short high beaks, and are more herbivorous than the foregoing. The Common Wigeon (A. penelope) is very common in Europe and Asia, ranging from far north down to India, Egypt, and Senegal. It is also found in a restricted locality on the east side of the United States. The drake is very elegant, with bright, ruddy head and a wide fawn coloured stripe on the crown ; breast vinous red and white abdomen ; the back and sides are grey, streaked with black ; wings and tail mingled black, white, grey, and bronzy green, bill and feet grey. The duck and the drake in summer are brown with blackish spots. She has grey wing coverts in summer, but the drakes are always white, which provides an easy means of distinguishing the sexes. The Common Wigeon is hardy and prolific, it is active and noted for the musical and pleasing whistling of the drake. The American Wigeon (A. americana) winters in the United States, and breeds in North-west America. It- is distinguished from the above by its vinous back and flanks, its head is pale grey with black spots, with a white stripe on the crown, and two bronzy green stripes from the eye to the nape. The duck and the drake in eclipse have greyer heads and backs than the Common Wigeon, and can easily be distinguished by them. This species will live and breed in confinement as freely as the Common Wigeon, and it has the same call. The Chiloe Wigeon (A. sibilatrix) is found from South America to the south of Uruguay and Peru. Its head is white in front, blackish at the back, with a wide green stripe from the eye to the nape of the neck ; its breast dappled black and white, the mantle composed of 66 J. Delacour — Surf ace- Feeding Ducks pointed feathers which are dark grey, edged with white ; its wings and tail are white and black, ruddy flanks, white abdomen, feet and bill grey. The duck is only distinguishable from the drake by her smaller size, slightly duller colouring, and the rump grey instead of white. The drake does not go into eclipse. The Chiloe Wigeon’s call is slightly different to that of its allies ; it is hardy and prolific, and thanks to its amusing habits and pretty plumage all the year round in both sexes, may be considered one of our most ornamental waterfowl. The Pintails are known by their long bills and necks, and their pointed tails. The Common Pintail (A. acuta) is one of our finest ducks. It is found throughout the northern hemisphere. The drake has a beautiful silky brown head and neck, a white line up the sides of the neck, the breast and abdomen white, the back and flanks vermiculated grey and black ; the feathers of the mantle are pointed, bluish black, bordered with white ; grey wings with reddish brown speculum, the flanks yellowish, the tail grey and black, and having two enormously long feathers. The duck and the drake in eclipse are fawn with brown spots. The Pintail drake utters a little tuneful whistle. They do well in confinement. The Chilian Pintail (A. spinicanda) is very common to the south of the mouth of the Amazon. It is like the preceding, but is smaller. Both drake and duck are light fawn, finely flecked with brown ; yellow bills turning to blue grey at the point, and barred with black above it ; the feet are grey. It is a very prolific breeder in confinement. The Kerguelan Pintail (A. eytoni) is browner, and has a dark grey bill. Its importation to Europe is much to be desired. The Bahama Duck (A. bahamensis) is shaped like the Pintails, but its tail is shorter ; it is to be found in the Isle of Bahama, in the east of South America, in Bolivia, and Peru. Its colour is a pretty reddish fawn, with a green speculum ; its chin, throat, and cheeks are white ; its beak is grey with large carmine spots at the sides near the base ; feet grey. The sexes are alike. This is a very pretty little duck, and does well in Europe. The drake’s call is shrill and harsh. The Galapagan Duck (A. galapagensis) is only distinguishable \ Aide ult urn L A1 ggazine Chiloe wigeon < Mareca sibilatrix ) Scaup (Nyr'oca marilat Karl Plath—My Trogons 67 from the preceding by its cheeks being tawny, shading into white at the throat. The Red-billed Duck (A. erythrorhyncha) , which is found in south and south-east Africa, as well as in Madagascar, recalls the Bahaman Duck, but is greyer and darker above and paler under¬ neath, with a fawn coloured speculum ; its bill is rosy red spotted with black. It is rare in confinement, but breeds freely. MY TROGONS By Karl Plath, Chicago, Ill., U.S.A. As Trogons are such unusual birds in confinement a few words regarding mine may not be uninteresting. I have two Cuban Trogons (Prionotelus temnurus) which are doing quite well in a mixed aviary containing the usual aviary birds as well as the more uncommon ones, such as Callistes, Tanagers, Sugar-birds. Superb Spreo, Nyasa Love¬ birds, etc. Trogons are renowned for their resplendent plumage, hence I was somewhat disappointed when mine arrived with defective wings and tails and a generally frowsy appearance. At that time, too, they seemed stupid or indifferent and frequently too slow to take their share in the daily rations of mealworms and insects. However, they were tame enough to take food from my fingers, and it was not long before they commenced to grow their really beautiful plumage and are now in much better condition and appearance than they were, though I think with time they will become even more attractive. In one of the back numbers of the Magazine (August, 1925) one is represented in a coloured plate ; this gives a good idea of the appear¬ ance of the underside with its areas of pure white, delicate grey, rose- pink, etc., but the upper parts show a rich mixture of metallic hues which on the back appears similar to green gilt. The head is shining blue, and the wings and tail black and white, the central feathers of the latter being green, blue, and copper. The bill is red and black on the upper ridge. They frequently sail to the ground, where they are becoming more adept at seizing an insect or other food, and often fly to a branch on which grapes or elderberries are hung, and snatching 68 Sydney Porter — Egrets one, fly to another branch to eat it. One of them is not quite so alert as the other, and sometimes before it has time to swallow the worm a Tanager or Spreo will pull it away. The appearance when animatedly perching is decidedly awkward, and their short legs look as though they were merely “ stuck ” on, as in a poorly mounted bird. The call is a guttural croak, which in one of the birds is a higher pitch, and sometimes when I hold them, they emit a shrill cry, almost human in sound. As in these Trogons the plumage of the sexes is identical, I am wondering if this is a distinction — at any rate, they frequently call to one another. In action they remind me of our American Cuckoos, bowing the head and puffing out the throat with its whisker-like feathers. At night they roost together, but during the day rarely use the same perch. They have been called uninteresting in captivity, but they are always in motion, and while lacking the grace of most birds, their odd appearance is an attractive addition to my aviary. As to food, they eat from the same dish as the other birds, taking it in great mouthfuls, and certainly bolt their food — I have also seen them tear great pieces from a lettuce leaf and cram it into their strong beaks. The month of September was the record for extremes in temperature ; one week the high temperature of 95 degrees was reached, and within eight days it fell to 47 degrees. This did not seem to bother the Trogons, however, which apparently are able to stand a cool climate, as we have had much of it since. EGRETS By Sydney Porter There are surely few birds that can compare with the Egrets where grace is concerned. They have always seemed to me to be the fairies of the avian world. The beautiful curves, the wonderful filmy nuptial plumage and the spotless dress, as white as driven snow, give the birds a very ethereal appearance. In captivity these birds require great attention if one wishes to keep them in perfect condition, both in Sydney Porter — Egrets 69 respect to their food and surrounding ; cleanliness is of the first import¬ ance, or their plumage very soon gets soiled. It is necessary that their aviary should be well sanded or gravelled, and that there is a constant supply of fresh clean water. For food they should have, if possible, a supply of small live fish, frogs, etc. ; if this cannot be constant, cut-up fish and chopped meat will do, though I think that live food is very essential ; birds fed wholly on raw meat never look in good condition, and give one a very erroneous idea of what Egrets are really like in a state of freedom. The amount of live fish that these birds can consume is incredible. It is always best to keep Egrets in an aviary alone unless this be a very large one, for I have found them to be great bullies, not so much in the daytime as at night, for some species seem to be semi¬ nocturnal, and they have a habit of going around and turning the •others birds out of their roosting places, at least that has been my ■experience. I am only familiar with the Snowy Egret in captivity, which is perhaps the most beautiful of them all. This bird has the filmy decomposed feathers on the head, breast, and back. I found it to be a charming pet, •lively and confiding in its demeanour, and very different from the ordinary Herons, which in captivity are usually very stolid and unattrac¬ tive. This species has a peculiar habit of standing in shallow water, and putting one foot under a bunch of water weeds and making a trembling motion with it ; this is no doubt done to drive out any small aquatic insects. I am familiar with most of the European species in a state of freedom, and have spent a considerable time in studying their habits. All of them are found in the vicinity of water, usually in marshy places where the vegetation is rank. I have never seen any of them fish in the same manner as Herons ; they seek their food by the edge of the water or in the marshes or swamps, feeding mainly upon insects, though they will eat almost any living thing which they come across if it is not too large to be swallowed. The Buff-backed Egret, though, will frequent pasture lands, and wait attendance upon the herds of cattle, feeding upon the insects which the cattle disturb out of the grass, which are mainly grasshoppers and locusts ; the birds are remark- 6 70 Sydney Porter — Egrets ably intimate with the huge beasts, walking in and out of their legs as they walk, or perching upon their backs ; sometimes when the birds have finished feeding they will all alight upon the backs of the cattle and rest, thus presenting one of the most unique sights in the annals of natural history. It is said that the birds feed upon the ticks which adhere to the animals, but I do not think that they do so, for the insects usually fasten themselves upon the buttocks or the neck of the beast, in which places the bird cannot reach them. But in cattle- breeding lands these birds are looked on with great favour as tick destroyers, and are never shot or molested in any way, so that it is well not to disillusion their protectors. I have noticed a rather remarkable thing in regard to the bird in question : they seem to know the spot where the cattle will graze, or on the other hand the cattle may go to the Egrets, but invariably the birds will congregate on a spot before the cattle are in sight, and it is almost certain that the cattle will make that place their feeding ground. I have watched very closely, but I have never seen the Egret pick any ticks off the cattle, though I believe they wait until the insects are fully gorged and fall off on their own accord. The Great White Egret is a very shy bird, and this is no doubt due to the persecution that it has undergone, but sometimes, through careful stalking, I have been able to observe it at comparatively close quarters. It seems to suffer from nerves, for the slightest unusual noise will cause it to jump, and the sight of a human being will send it miles away. It seldom gets into a position in which it cannot see the surround¬ ing country, and its long neck, which seems almost too long for the bird, is always stretched above the reeds, the bright yellow eyes con¬ tinually on the look-out for danger. Standing, walking, or flying, the Great White Egret is always the acme of grace, but in captivity, unless given great care, its beautiful white plumage soon gets soiled and the bird seems to get very dejected. I see no reason why, given suitable conditions, Egrets should not breed in captivity, I have never heard of their being bred in Europe. In spite of the protection afforded this bird in Africa, great numbers are still slaughtered for their feathers, and in the Sudan I have seen large bundles of about 100 feathers each offered for 12s. 6 d. by the Arabs. Sydney Portei — Egrets 71 and Indians at the small trading stores. I suppose these would be brought down from the banks of the Nile. One of my happiest memories is of the hours I spent by a roosting place of a large colony of Egrets. The hundreds of these exquisite snowy creatures, contrasting wonderfully with the dark green foliage of the trees and mirrored in the deep dark waters below, as the sun sank down in the west, the white plumage of the birds took on a ruddy hue in the last rays of the setting sun, and changed in the course of a few minutes to ghostly green in that mysterious afterglow which precedes the sunset in the tropics, the mingled perfume of the mimosa and the lotus, the soft evening breeze, the lapping of the waters on the bank, the only sound breaking the stillness of the evening ; leave a picture in my mind which will never be effaced by the passing of time. During the rainy reason when heavy rains fall at night or when there has been a very heavy dew, the Egrets settle on the flat-topped mimosa trees surrounding their roosting place, and for about two hours after sun-up perform a very lengthy toilet before they eventually fly away in small parties to their respective feeding grounds. It is a wonderful sight to see thousands of these birds glistening in the early morning sunshine on the tops of the trees ; in the distance it looks as though there had been a fall of snow over night. In the evenings the birds arrive in tens and twelves, flying abreast between the trees bordering the water, swinging round the sharp curves of the river with delightful grace and ease ; the first-comers arrive about an hour before sunset, and the last stragglers just about dusk. A great deal of squabbling and bickering takes place before the birds eventually settle down for the night, but as soon as every bird is settled, there is absolute silence. It is when having an argument with his neighbour that the Egret looks his best, his filmy plumes are all erected, the long scapular feathers are raised almost at right angles to the back and fall in a filmy cascade, the wings are half open, the head is drawn back between the shoulders and the dagger-like bill thrust out at intervals. The pretty little Squacco Heron, which appears to be superficially an Egret, is usually found either in pairs or solitary in the reed beds 72 A. A. Prestwick — Foreign Birds at the Crystal Palace by the rivers or pools. When disturbed it usually flies into a tree or to some point of vantage, when it draws itself up until it is so thin that it resembles a branch ; when flying it looks white, but when at rest, owing to the long chestnut scapular plumes, it appears to be very dark. FOREIGN BIRDS AT THE CRYSTAL PALACE By A. A. Prestwich The Grand National Show at the Crystal Palace on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th February was a great success. The foreign bird section was quite up to the average, and contained a most interesting collection of birds. The thirty-two classes were on the whole well supported, and contained 210 entries. Mr. H. Whitley once more sent some of the gems of his collection, the best part of seventy exhibits, in charge of his curator — Miss Gladys Salter, and was rewarded by winning the “ National Foreign Bird Trophy,” presented by Mr. G. B. Chapman ; the “ Grand National ” silver medal ; both “ National Challenge ” medals, and all three “ Championship ” diplomas. The class for Lories and Lorikeets contained a very fine Black¬ winged Lory (first) and a nice pair of the rare Versicolor Lorikeets (second), both exhibits owned by Mr. Whitley, while Mr. Frostick was third and fourth with his superb pairs of Yellow-backed Lories and Swainson’s Lorikeets. Amongst the Lovebirds and Parrotlets was a very steady pair of Masked Lovebirds (first) exhibited by Mr. Frostick ; second prize was awarded to a perfect pair of Nyasas, belonging to Mr. Haworth, and Mr. F. Child took third with a good pair of Fischers. Mr. Whitley sent a nice pair of Peach-faced, now somewhat scarce, and a smart pair of unidentified Psillacula, not unlike cyanojpygia, but smaller and of a more yellowish-green. Mr. Whitley won the class for Brotogerys , etc., with a good pair of Orange-flanks, and he was also successful in the class for Common Rosel] as and Common Ring-necks, with a very fine Blossom-headed Parrakeet. The class for Conures (excepting Whitley’s and Golden^ A. A. Prestwick — Foreign Birds at the Crystal Palace 73 was carried off by Mr. Whitley’s Patagonian, a somewhat scarce bird that also won last year. An excellent pair of Prince Lucians gained second prize for Mr. F. Child ; third being awarded to Mr. Frostick’s Green Conure. Another Primley success was registered in the class for Kings, Crimson-wings, Pennants, etc., Mr. Whitley’s fine pair of Kings winning for the third year in succession. Mr. B. Jackson’s equally good Crimson-wings were second, and Mr. Frostick’s Barnard — a very good female — third. The “ All other species of Parrakeets ” class contained only four entries, but all worthy of first prizes. Lord Tavistock was first and third with one of his very rare Queen of Bavaria Conures, in perfect condition, and a good example of the Derbyan Parrakeet. Mr. Whitley occupied the other two “ places ” with a very fine Eed-shining Parrakeet and a little Blue-rumped Parrot, probably the only one in the country. Grey, Timneh, Senegal, and Common Amazons again found Mr. Whitley to the fore with Green-cheeked and Festive Amazons, and a nice little Timneh Parrot. Mr. Whitley was also first, second, and third in the class for White and Rose-breasted Cockatoos, with a perfect White-crested, leading a Triton and a Rose-crested, all three with a beautiful bloom. There were three Black Cockatoos in the class for “ All other species of Cockatoos and Macaws ”, Mr. Whitley being first, second, and fourth with a Great Black, a Banksian, and a Spix Macaw respectively ; Lord Tavistock’s Western Black Cockatoo being second. The “ All other species of Parrot ” class provided the rarest bird in the show, namely Mr. Whitley’s Pesquet’s Parrot,1 a magnificent bird, quite tame ; the same exhibitor’s Baudin’s and Diademed Amazons were third and fourth ; Lord Tavistock’s almost unique Guilding’s Amazon was second. The “ Hybrid and Abnormally-coloured bird ” class was as usual of great interest, and was won by Lord Tavi¬ stock’s remarkable Lutino Blue-fronted Amazon, his hybrid Princess of Wales X Crimson-winged Parrakeet being second. Mr. Whitley showed his Rosy-faced X Masked Lovebird hybrid, very similar to, 1 Those who saw this magnificent bird will learn with regret that it died a few days after its return to Paignton. — A. A. P. 74 A. A. Prestioich — Foreign Birds at the Crystal Palace but larger than, the Black-cheeked Nyasa cross, shows little trace of its Masked parentage ; he also sent a hybrid Mealy Rosella X Barnard, a rather disappointing result, and a Pagoda X Malabar Mynah, Our Editor judged the above classes, so there was little cause for complaint ; in addition, he was called upon for a speech at the Judges5 luncheon, an ordeal which he successfully came through with great applause. Space will not permit of anything like a full report of the many classes that fell to the lot of our genial member — Allen Silver. In the -class for Quails, Partridges, Pigeons, etc.., Mr. Whitley was first with a good Crowned Pigeon (G.coronata), which was awarded the “ National Eoreign Bird Trophy ”, his Black-headed Partridge was second, and a pretty little unidentified Fruit Pigeon third. The next three classes for various Common Finches were won by St. Helena Waxbills (Mrs. Victor Cooper’s) Cordon Bleus (Mr. F. Hawksby’s), and White Java Sparrows (Mr. Whitley’s). The first in the Common Grass-finch class was taken by Mr. Whitley with a pair of Chestnut-breasted Finches, third and fourth prizes going to his Heck’s Long-tailed Grass-finches, until recently very scarce, and his Pectoral Finches ; second prize was awarded to Mrs. Victor Cooper for a specially good pair of Diamond Finches. The class for the rarer Grass-finches and rarer Waxbills was deservedly won by Mr. J. Cranna’s Dufresne’s Waxbills in wonderful condition ; Mrs. Victor Cooper took second and third with Violet-eared Waxbills, excellent male bird, but inferior female, and a good Parson Finch. Mr. Frostick won the class for Buntings, Siskins, Pileated Finches, etc., with an excellent Rainbow Bunting, a species very difficult to keep in anything like show form in a cage ; Mr. Whitley and Mr. Beauchamp were second and third with Red-crested Finches. All species of Cardinals, Hawfinches. First three places : Mr. Whitley with a Black-cheeked Cardinal, Blue Grosbeak, and Rose Cardinal, all excellent birds. As usual, the class for Weavers and Whydahs was a failure and contained but two birds — a Mahali and a Chestnut-backed Weaver— both Mr. Whitley’s. Mr. P. W. Beauchamp gained the premier position in the class for the common Tanagers, with a good Scarlet ; Miss Hughes was second with a Tri-colour, and Mr. Whitley third and fourth with Summer and Black. Amongst the rare Tanagers A. A. Prestwick — Foreign Birds at the Crystal Palace 75 and Sugar Birds, Mr. C. S. Dunstan was first with a good Yellow Tanager, and Mr. Whitley second with a Yellow-winged Sugar Bird. As usual, Mr. Frostick met with success in the class for Shamahs, gaining first and second prizes with a perfect male bird in full song and an equally fine female ; third prize went to a good Mexican Clarino- (Mr. Frostick’s). There were eleven entries of Glossy Starlings, six,, however, “ not for competition Mr. J. Spedan Lewis sent a good series, comprised of Crowned, White-capped, Burchell’s, Green, Lilac,, and Royal. Mr. Whitley was first with a splendid Royal, winner of a 44 Challenge ” medal, while his White-capped was third ; second prize was gained by Mr. C. S. Dunstan’s Purple-headed. The class for Robins was made up of six entries, all Pekins. Mr. H. J. Indge’s bird was by far the best, a splendid colour-fed example. Mr. Whitley’s Temminck’s. Whistling Thrush gained yet another success for Primley in the class> for Thrushes and Fruit-suckers ; Mr. Frostick being awarded second for an Orange-headed Ground Thrush, and Mr. Beauchamp third for a Golden-fronted Fruit-sucker. There was little of interest in the 44 All species of Hangnests and Cassiques class ” ; first prize was gained by Mrs. Victor Cooper, with a Hangnest ; second and third prizes were awarded to Mr. Whitley for a good Black Cassique and Mr. Frost for a Bare-eyed Troupial. Mr. Whitley’s birds were in winning form, and it was only natural that he should win the next class, for Pies, Jays, Barbets, and Toucans, his Hunting Cissa being first, and his Indian Crow third ; Mr. Frostick’s veteran Red-billed Toucan filling the gap. The most disappointing class in the section was that for Birds of Paradise, Motmots, Sunbirds, and kindred species. Out of all the- Birds of Paradise in the country, only one was sent to the 44 Palace ”, an immature Twelve-wired, which gained first prize for Mr. Whitley ; second prize went to his splendid Motmot, which might well have- headed the class. The four other exhibits were all Sunbirds, the best being Mrs. V. Cooper’s Double-collared ; Lord Tavistock’s Purple and Mr. Yealland’s Golden-breasted and Double-collared were all rather rough. The two remaining classes were for 44 All other species of insectivorous and fruit-eating birds, 4 smaller than ’ and 4 larger than ’ a Silver-eared Mesia ”. An exceptionally good Rufous-bellied 76 'Reviews Niltava (Mr. C. S. Dunstan’s) won the former, followed by Mr. J. It. Thomson’s Brown-backed Robin and Mr. Frostick’s Indian Zosterops. The last class went to Mr. Whitley, his Lilac-throated Roller being first, and his Maroon Oriole third ; Mr. Frostick gaining second with a Donaldson’s Touraco. The Show Manager, Mr. A. W. Smith, is to be heartily congratulated on the success of his enterprise. REVIEWS BIRDS AT THE NEST1 Mr. Douglas Dewar, well-known to most of us as a writer on Indian birds, has producd an instructive work on the behaviour of birds during the nesting season, which will be read with great interest by those who aspire to the breeding of birds in captivity, for in it he throws light on the often apparently strange behaviour of birds during this season. The reason, for instance, of birds sometimes neglecting their young before these are able to care for themselves, or even killing those which but a short time before they were labouring so hard to rear. At first sight one is surprised that the subject would yield sufficient to fill a book of 267 pages, but it is larger than it would at first appear to be. One is apt to judge the behaviour of birds from the human standpoint and to forget that the lower animals are governed by a compelling instinct rather than by reason, and Mr. Dewar has set himself the task of showing that this is so and thus dispelling many of the misconceptions that prevail on the subject. Instinct to reproduce its species compels the Swallow to build its nest and to rear brood after brood of young during its few months’ stay in its northern home. But often before the last brood has left the nest the instinct to migrate becomes stronger than that which has previously driven it to feed its hungry brood and it is compelled to depart South leaving its young to starve. 1 John Lane, The Bodley Head, Limited. Price Is. 6d. net. Correspondence 77 The instinct of nest-building is perhaps the most wonderful, for birds taken from the nest before they are fledged and han d-reared will, the following spring, build nests typical of the species, though they can certainly not recollect what the nest they were hatched in was like. These and other matters connected with the nesting habits of birds are ably dealt with by Mr. Dewar, who takes ‘his facts not only from wild birds, but from those in captivity as recorded in the pages of the Avicultural Magazine. THE HEART OF A BIRD1 Mr. Anthony Collett is one of those rare observers of bird life who reasons out the why and the wherefore of the habits of the feathered world, and in this book discusses his theories on such subjects as protective coloration, hereditary instinct and migration. He gives us a chapter for each month of the year, in each of which he shows himself to be a very careful observer and a charming writer. The book contains some beautiful photographic illustrations by Mr. Oliver Gr. Pike. CORRESPONDENCE ALBINO ROSEATE COCKATOOS Sir, — Through the kindness of a friend, I have been fortunate in obtaining two very beautiful abinistic Roseate Cockatoos. All the grey of the normal plumage is replaced by snow white, the head, breast, beak, and soft parts remaining unchanged. The birds are adult, and a true pair, and I have every hope of inducing them to breed, though the young of the first generation will not improbably revert to the ordinary colour. Tavistock. 1 Nisbet & Co., Ltd. Price 10s. 6cZ. net. 78 Correspondence MASKED LOVEBIRDS Sir, — It may be of interest to record that the second brood of Masked Lovebirds, mentioned in my recent article, were successfully reared. Directly they left the nest, I put them in a cage in the birdroom, and fed them on brown breadcrumbs, cracked soaked hemp, and shelled soaked sunflower, which they picked up for themselves as soon as they became really hungry. There were three, and, as in the case of the first brood, the two which, by their more massive heads appeared to be cocks, had perpendicular streaks of black near the base of the upper mandible, while the beak of possible female was entirely red. Both pairs — I think, after all, I have two true pairs — are nesting again, and, although in an unheated aviary, have taken no harm from the recent intense cold and wet. Five out of an original six Fischers’, similarly housed, have proved equally hardy. Tavistock. LONG FLIGHT OF A BARRABAND PARRAKEET Sir,— On the morning of the recent blizzard a large cypress tree in my garden was blown down, unfortunately killing in its fall the youngest of the Sula Island King Crimson-wing hybrids which I had trained as a day-liberty bird. The crash of the falling tree startled a young cock Barraband, bred this year by Madame Lecallier and not trained very many weeks to fly at liberty, and rising high in the air he became confused by the snowflakes and allowed himself to be carried away in a south-westerly direction by the furious gale. Some days later he was seen on the further side of the Isle of Wight, and after being absent over a week, he turned up again, looking not a penny the worse for his adventures. It is difficult to know which is the more extraordinary circumstance ; that a Barraband should be able to survive for nine days of the worst and wildest winter weather we have had for years, when the species, unlike the Broadtail family, is usually quite unable to exist, even in summer, for more than three days without Correspondence 79 artificial food ; or that a Parrakeet not much more than six months old, should be able to find his way home over nearly thirty miles of strange country, including a not inconsiderable branch of the sea, to a place which was not the one in which he had been bred. Tavistock. TURQUOISINES AND ALEXANDRA PARRAKEETS Mr. S. Harvey, of Adelaide, in a letter to our Hon. Secretary, under date 8th November, 1927, writes : “ About 22nd September two pairs of Turquoisines and one pair of Princess Alexandras were sitting. They all seemed to start sitting the same day. After a week one pair of Turquoisines deserted the nest. I removed the log and there was one broken egg. I cleaned the log and put it back in the same position, and after about a fortnight they started again, and are now going along all right. The Princess Alexandras went on sitting for nearly three weeks, and then deserted the nest. They had six eggs, five with young ones, nearly ready to come out. After three weeks they made another start, and have now been sitting nearly a fortnight. The other pair of Turquoisines went on all right, and now have four young ones flying. Oue came out on 6th November, and three on 7th November. The father of these I reared last season, and he is just twelve months old. The hen was aviary-bred about the same time.” AN ABNORMAL GOULDIAN FINCH Mr. Harvey, of Adelaide, had for four years in his aviary a Gouldian Finch, one side of which resembled a male of the red-headed phase, the other side having the plumage of the female. It died last November, and was presented to the Adelaide Museum, the authorities of which made it into a skin. They allowed Mr. Harvey to send it to our Hon. Secretary for inspection, and it duly arrived in this country. Miss Knobel allowed me to exhibit it both at a meeting of the Zoological 80 Correspondence Society and before the British Ornithologists’ Club. It is a gynan- dromorph specimen possessing characters, both external and doubtless internal (though we do not know if these were examined), of both sexes. The plumage is most interesting, being equally divided bilaterally, complete male plumage on the right side and female on the left. Such birds may be capable of actually laying eggs, though it is doubtful if these are ever fertile, and Mr. Harvey tells us that this bird did actually lay eggs last season, but nothing came of them. Some of our older members may remember a similar case of a Bullfinch which was exhibited at a Crystal Palace Show a good many years ago. I remember wondering why a cock Bullfinch was exhibited in the “ freak ” class, as I viewed it standing sideways to me, but when it turned round it presented the aspect of a hen ! D. Seth-Smith. CHAPMAN’S _ _ _ _ _ _ Telegrams: " BLACKBIRD PHONE, LONDON." 17 TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD, Telephones: MUSEUM 5272 , 5273, 5274 and LONDON, W.l. 5275 . Cables: “ BLACKBIRD ” LONDON. Animal and Waterfowl Depot : 11 HIGH STREET, BARNET. Telephone : BARNET 2082. Quarantine Station : 5 SAGE ST., LONDON, E. 1 . East End Depbt : 3 SAGE ST., LONDON, E.l. OUR NEW BUILDING IS NOW OPEN where the Finest Collection of Birds ever gathered together may he seen Exhibited in Modern I Show Cages under perfect hygienic conditions - At the time of the appearance of 'this advertisement we shall have actually on view the following very fine collections, besides many others too numerous to be detailed here, and a full List will be forwarded to anybody making application for same. Qhapman’s Zebras. Hamadryas Baboons. Amazon Parrots. Pekin Robins. Macaws. Antelope. Nonpareil Buntings. Snakes. |bis. Spreo Starlings. T rumpeters. Hawk-headed Parrots. Eagles. Hornbills. Orioles. Undulated Grass Parrakeets. Soft-billed Birds. Egrets. Flamingoes. Ostriches. Rhesus Monkeys. Eared Owls. Vultures. Emus. Rosella Parrakeets. Yaks. X anagers. Hartebeeste. |bex. Nyassa Lovebirds. Grey Parrots. Abyssinian Lovebirds. Lizards. Indian Pheasants. Vervet Monkeys. Elk. Fischers Lovebirds. Red Cardinals. Orinocco Geese. Marmosets. Amherst Pheasants. N'ght Apes. Elephants. Lemurs. Elegant Parrakeet. Pumas. Hyathwche Macaws. Amardillo. Nigger Monkeys. X ouracous. Xroupials. Ocelet Cats. Aye-Aye. Orowned Cranes. Anaconda. Norwich Canaries. Anubis Baboons. Rheas. Yellow Conures. REMEMBER CHAPMAN’S 17 Tottenham Court Rd., London, W.l, #s the firm for all different species of Live ANIMALS and BIRDS. v MEMBERS’ SALE AND EXCHANGE COLUMN. The charge for Members' advertisements is one penny per word, and no advertisement must exceed thirty-six words , name and address included. Payment must accompany the advertisement , ivhich must be sent on or before the 20th of the month to Mr. T. H. Newman, “Verulam,” Forty Lane, Wembley Park, Middlesex. All members of the Society are entitled to use this column. SALE AND EXCHANGE. Two female Monauls, bred in 3925 and 1926. Would exchange one for a good male of same age or older. — W. H. St. Quintin, Scampston Hall, Malton, Yorkshire. WANTED. Cock Turnix tanki, hens Turnix nigricollis, Violet-eared Waxbill, Parrot Finch, Green Avadavat, and hen Harlequin Quail. Will exchange cock or two cocks for other species of Quail. — SlCH, 22 Farncombe Road, Worthing. CANDIDATES FOR ELECTION. W. J. Aisbet, Norwood Road, Burwood, Victoria, Australia. Proposed by Dr. L. J. Clendinnen. Edward W. C. Arnold, Babylon, N.Y. , U.S.A. Proposed by P. M. Maresi. Mrs. David Bannerman, 132 Oakwood Court, Kensington. Proposed by E. Maud Knobel. Alec Cummin, J.P. , 16 Promenade Villas, Cheltenham. Proposed by E. Maud Knobel. Claude P. Dorman, 1677 Chester Avenue, Bakersfield, California, U.S.A. Proposed by C. S. Metzger. Capt. E. F. E. Hammond, 6 Norfolk Mansions, Prince of Wales Road, S-W. 11. Proposed by Arthur Prestwich. L. C. Hasinger, Indiana, Pa., U.S.A. Proposed by C. F. Denley. J. T. Otaki, 48 Pembroke Road, Seven Kings, Essex. Proposed by Frank Lake. Mrs. G. M. Porter, Steephill, Farnham, Surrey. Proposed by E. Maud Knobel. J. Cleveland Pratt, Lansell Road, Toorak, Victoria, Australia. Proposed by Dr. L. J. Clendinnen. C. S. Richardson, Post Office, 202-204 Boundary Road, Walthamstow. Proposed by E. Maud Knobel. H. B. Turner, Malverleys, near Newbury. Proposed by Capt. L. R. Waud. A. E. A. Williamson, 40 Marlborough Street, Malvern, Adelaide, Australia. Proposed by S. Harvey. NEW MEMBERS. Mrs. Bellingham, Shearwater, Baily, County Dublin, Ireland. Miss Nellie Blissett, Dover Cottage, Dover Street, Ryde, Isle of Wight. F. P. Kell, 32 Grove Street, Unley Park, South Australia. King Lindley, 1194 Boston Avenue, Pasadena, California, U.S.A. Y. Matsunaga, c/o Prince Taka-Tsukasa, 2 Fukuyoshicho, Akasaka, Tokyo-Fu, Japan. R. Okada, c/o Prince Taka-Tsukasa, 2 Fukuyoshicho, Akasaka, Tokyo-Fu, Japan. Clement Ostrehan, Kingston Rectory, Worcester. M. Reichard, Berlin- Wilmersdorf, Mansfelder St. 12aIII, Germany. G. W. Rheam, Yewhurst, Rhyeground Lane, Freshfield, near Liverpool. George P. Vierheller (Director), St. Louis Zoological Park, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. C. S. Webb, 26 Osborne Road, Ashford, Kent. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. Ghas. Dell to 31 Courtfield Avenue, Harrow, Middlesex. A. John Hall to Estate Office, Hexton Manor, Hitchin, Herts. John T. Haworth to 21 Bridge Street, Congleton, Cheshire. W. Lewis to 35 Kingston Lane. DONATIONS. £ s. d. W. H. Browning . 10 0 G. B. Chapman . 7 7 0 Dr. Clendinnen . 4 0 Mrs. Denny ... ... ... . 1 10 0 Thos. Hebb . 10 0 E. Valentine . 100 GAMAGES S?p? ALWAYS A VARIED STOCK OF Foreign Birds, Parrots, Lovebirds, etc. We can now offer : — Meyers Parrots, Various Amazons, Dusky Parrots, Shamahs, Blue Grosbeaks, Hill Mynahs, Love¬ birds — Masked, Fischers, Abyssinian, Blue-wing, Zebra Finches. Yellow-rump Mannikens, Bengalese, White Java Sparrows, Virginian Cardinals , Yellow-winged Sugar Birds, Blue-breasted Waxbills. BEST FOODS. LOWEST PRICES. Mealworms ..... 6/- per lb. , 3 lb. , 17/- Post paid. Spray Millet, large bundles . . 3/6 each, 1 doz., 36/- ,, Ants’ Eggs . 5/- per lb., 41b., 17/6 Dried Flies ..... 1/6 ,, 71b., 8/6 ,, Pure Egg Yolk . .3/6 ,, 41b., 12/6 ,, Insectivorous Food . . . . 1/6 ,, 71b., 8/6 ,, Cuttlefish Bone . . . 1/3 ,, 41b., 4/6 ,, Specialities in CAGES, AVIARIES, NEST-BOXES and all appliances. A. W. GAM AGE, Ltd., HOLBORN, LONDON, E.C. 1 . PHONE : HOL. 8484. DE VON & CO. Our weekly Illustrated PRICE LISTS will interest you. FOREIGN. FOREIGN ( continued ). Lavender Finches . 1 0/- pair. Firefinches . . 6/- ,, Weavers . . . 4/- ,, Silverbills . . . 6/6 ,, Combassous . . 4/6 ,, Cordon Bleus . . 6/6 ,, Green Singing Finches 6/6 ,, Red-eared Waxbills . 2/6 ,, Avadavates, full colour 5/6 ,, Java Cockatoo . . £2 10/- Madagascar Lovebirds . 1 0/- pair. Java Sparrows . . 6/6 ,, Blue-winged Lovebirds 1 2/6 ,, Spicebirds . . . 6/6 ,, Cutthroats . . . 6/6 ,, Steelfinches . . 6/6 ,, Pekin Nightingales . 15/- ,, White-headed Nuns . 8/6 ,, Tame Chattering Blue-fronted Amazon Parrots 4 5/- and 5 0/- each. Cactus Conures . . 12/6 each. 1 Tame Illiger Macaw . 3 0/- Whistling African Grey Parrot £ 5 MEALWORMS. — FOODS. Large, clean, fat worms, I Od. oz. 3/- -Jib., 5/6 lb. ; 4 lbs. , 23/- ; 10 lbs. , £2 10/-; 201bs.,£4 15/-. Post paid. We will be pleased to accept standing orders. Best Nightingale and Shama Food, 3 /-lb. ; 7 lbs., 18/6. Best Lark and Thrush Food, 1/3 lb. ; 7 lbs., 7/-. Pure Crop Ants’ Eggs, 4/6 lb. ; 7 lbs., 28/6. Cuttlefish, 1/8 and 2/6 lb. Indian Millet Sprays, large, 4 /- bdle. ; small, 3/6 bdle. All postages paid. New arrival of Beautiful Senegal Finches this week. All Aquatical requirements, including GOLDFISH & FANCY FISH, AQUARIUMS from 3/6, REPTILES, PET MONKEYS, MONGOOSE, ARMADILLOS, GUINEAPIGS, etc. Free Weekly Illustrated Price Lists. 127 King’s Cross Road, London, W.C. 1. Phone : Mushum 0767. Telegrams : Oiseaux, London. APRIL, 1928. FOURTH SERIES. VOL. VI. No. 4. THE CONTENTS. PAGE The Plumed Jay, by G.H. Gurney, F.E.S. (with Coloured Plate) . 81 The Dusky Francolin and Hilde- brandt’s Francolin, by SYDNEY Porter . 82 Sunbirds, by the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke . . 83 Teal and Shovellers, by J. Delacour (with four Plates, one coloured) ... 86 The Ideal Heating Apparatus, by W. R. Bearby ' . . .90 PAGE Notes on the Humming Birds recently exhibited at the Zoo¬ logical Gardens, by Frank Finn, B. A . 92 Avicultural Notes, by the Editor 95 Correspondence : Food and Colour Retention ; Nesting of the Virginian Eagle Owl ; Method of Feeding in the Sheathbill ; A Puzzling Grey Parrot ; Can¬ nibalism among Owls ; Many- colour Redrump Hybrids ; An Old Record of the Sulphury Tyrant in European Aviculture 96 The Price of this Number is 2/6. THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY FOUNDED 1894 NOTICE TO MEMBERS The Subscription to the Avicultural Society is £1 per annum, due on the 1st of January in each year, and is payable in advance. The entrance fee is 10/0. The Avicultural Magazine is sent free to members monthly. Members joining at any time during the year are entitled to the back numbers for the current year, on the payment of entrance fee and subscription. ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE SENT TO THE HONORARY SECRETARY AND TREASURER, Miss Knobel, 32 Tavistock Square, London, W.C.l. All Queries respecting Birds (except post-mortem cases) and all other correspondence should be sent to the Hon. Secretary, at the above address. Any ohangre of address should he notified to her. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS. Rule 1. — A short account of the illness should accompany the specimen. All birds to be sent as fresh as possible to Mr. C. H. Hicks, The Prosectorium, The Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 8. Rule 2. — A stamped addressed envelope must be enclosed with the bird. Rule 3. — No body or skin of any bird will be returned under any circumstances whatever. The Magazine is published by Messrs. Stephen Austin & Sons, 5 Fore Street, Hertford, to whom members should address all orders for extra copies, back numbers for 1917 and after, and bound volumes. Cases for binding the Magazine (in art cloth, with gold block on side) can be obtained from the Publishers, post free and carefully packed, at 3/- each ; or the Publishers will undertake the binding of the Volume for 5/6, plus 9 d. for packing and postage. Members are requested to state whether they want the wrappers and advertisements bound in at the end or not. Telephone: 46 Hertford. BACK VOLUMES of the AVICVLTTJRAL MAGAZINE previous to 1917. Application for these should be made to the Editor of Cage Birds, 154 Fleet Street, E.C. 4. All Enquiries for ADVERTISEMENTS and TRADE SUPPLIES should be made direct to STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, Ltd., FORE STREET, HERTFORD. All communications intended for publication in the Magazine should be addressed to the Editor : — Mr. D. Seth-Smith, Zoological Society, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 8. REGENT PET STORES (G. E. PALMER, F.Z.S.) 83 Park Street, Camden Town, London, N.W.l ’Phone : Telegraphic Address : HAMPSTEAD 8856. “DOMESTIPET, NORWEST, LONDON.” 1 1 1 H 1 1 1 1 ! I > 1 1 1 1 1 S 1 1 !! 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! I III i ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 l!l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 !l! 1 1 ! 1 1 1 ! !! il! 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 III ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IH I H Importers of Foreign Livestock. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiimiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiimiiiimmmiiiiiiiiiiii Always good selection of Parrots , Parrakeets> Foreign Finches , Monkeys , etc ., on view at reasonable prices . WE SPECIALIZE IN CAGES, AVIARIES & APPLIANCES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AT LOWEST PRICES. Pure Egg Yolk .... Spray Millet (Selected) Mealworms .... Cuttle Fish Bone (Best White) Dried Flies .... Ant Eggs, No. i quality „ „ No. 2 „ . . Palmer’s Noted Insectivorous Food able) for Large Species For Small Species 3/9 lb., 4 lb. 14/- . 3/- per bundle of 50 sprays 61- lb., 4 lb. 22/- 1/4 lb., 3 i lb. 4 1- 1/9 lb. 4/6 lb. . 4/- lb* (Finest obtain- . 1/6 lb., 7 lb. 6/- 2/- lb., 7 lb. 10/6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 > 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 n 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m ( 1 n 1 1 m 1 1 ii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m 1 n 1 1 1 n i i m 1 1 1 m 1 1 1 m i m m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 We Buy Anything Alive. Exchanges Entertained. 1 9J “L’OISEAU. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE Societe Nationale d’Acclimatation de France, 198 BOULEVARD ST. GERMAIN, PARIS (VIIe). A French Magazine on Aviculture, for the study of European and Foreign Birds in captivity and at liberty. With coloured and black and white plates. ONE YEAR - 75 FRANCS. Medals for first breeding of a species in captivity in France or other countries are awarded if a detailed account is sent to the Society. Now Ready. TO BE COMPLETED IN TWO VOLUMES. Volume l. Price 15/- net. Order with remittance to — STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, LTD., Fore Street, Hertford. ii Avicultural Magazine, 1928. John Bale, Sons &DanielssanLtA Plumed Jay . Cal loc/tta Formosa . Plate presented by G. H. Gurney. TH E Avicultural Magazine BEING THE JOURNAL OF THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF FOREIGN 8c BRITISH BIRDS IN FREEDOM 8c CAPTIVITY Fourth Series . — Vol. VII. — No. 4. — All rights reserved. APRIL, 1928. THE PLUMED JAY ( C ALLOC ITT A FORMOSA ) By G. H. Gurney, F.E.S., F.Z.S. The very fine pair of Jays or Pies depicted in the accompanying plate were imported from Central America in April, 1927, and were acquired by me soon afterwards. They appear to be the first living examples of this species to reach this country. The excellence of the plate renders a further description of them unnecessary. The genus Callocitta, which only numbers two species, is very closely allied to the Asiatic genera Cissa and Urocissa, which includes the well-known species U. occipitalis. Indeed my C.formosa much more resemble Pies than Jays. Why they are called formosa it is hard to say, they have certainly never been found anywhere near the island of Formosa, which is off the east coast of China. There is, however, a tract of country in Central Paraguay in South America called Formosa ; and it is possible the original type -specimens may have come from there. The British Museum Catalogue of Birds gives the habitat of this species as Central America : Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Pica, Nicaragua, Honduras. When my birds arrived they were in very good condition, and now having moulted are in perfect order. I believe them to be a true pair. They share an aviary with a Black Pie, Cryptorhina 7 82 Sydney Porter — Dusky or Cabanis' Bare- Throated Francolin afra, and I should not dare put any smaller birds with them, as they have all the carnivorus instincts of the Pies ; though they are extremely fond of all kinds of fruit, as well as mice and very small birds. They appear to be fairly hardy, and do not mind the cold. THE DUSKY OR CABANIS’ BARE-THROATED FRANCOLIN (. PTERMSTES INFUSCATUS ) AND HILDEBRANDT’S FRANCOLIN (FRANCOLINU& HILDEBRANDTI) By Sydney Porter I am afraid that any notes on the latter bird will only be in the- form of an obituary notice, for although I possessed three birds, a very fine cock and two hens, only one reached these shores alive, and] lived for about two years in my aviaries, and was eventually sent with a bird of the former species to the Zoological Gardens. Both species of birds came down from the uplands of Tanganyika Territory, and were brought to Tanga, where I received them from my friend Mr. Schulz. The male of the Hildebrant’s Francolin w~as a beautiful little creature and very strikingly coloured, the upper parts, being brown, very finely mottled with black and buff, the lower parts, white with a large heart-shaped black spot near the end of each feather,, the throat white, spotted with black. The females were much smaller than the male, but more or less like him on the upper parts, but the- under parts were a brownish brick colour. The great difference between the two sexes, which is very unusual in the Francolins, has caused con¬ siderable confusion, and male and female have been described several! times as different species. The beak, legs, and feet are a striking coral red.. When in the Red Sea the male one day knocked his head on the top of his crate so badly that he had a fit and was lying in my hands,, apparently dead, when he suddenly came to life and, before I could, grasp him, had flown into the sea and was speedily devoured by the. hungry sharks, much to my chagrin. One of the females succumbed to the cold in the Bay of Biscay, and so only one landed safely here and lived a peaceable life with the little Dusky Francolin. In am Mrs. Algernon Bourke — Sunbirds 83 aviary they were quiet unobtrusive birds, fairly tame and confiding, though by no means interesting pets, apart from their rarity. Both birds had a distinctive crow, which they uttered when perching in the trees. The Francolins, of which about forty-four species are known, inhabit most of the northern, southern, and tropical parts of Africa, by far the great proportion being found in the south and in the Eastern tropical regions, and only one or two species in the northern portion. Three species are found in Asia, one of these extending into Europe, even being found once in Spain and Sicily, but it has long since been exterminated from both places. Two more species are found in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. In their habits and also in appearance, they resemble the Partridges, being for the most part terrestrial, and living in small coveys on the dry bush veldt. They are omnivorous in their diet, feeding upon seeds, insects, berries, roots, buds, and tender sprouting plants. The only exception is the genus Pternistes, the birds of which live in trees usually in marshy places and by rivers, though they find most of their food on the ground. In Matabeleland, in the districts bordering the Kalahari Desert and in the Transvaal, they are very numerous, fifteen species being found south of the Zambesi River, which divides the temperate from the tropical regions. The Coqui Francolin is one of the smallest, but is the most beautiful of all the Francolins. I have kept it in captivity in Africa, but owing to the birds being captured when adult, they were shy and retiring and very difficult to tame, though no doubt hand-reared specimens would make delightful pets. SUNBIRDS By the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke In a few notes on these most interesting birds I only propose to mention those most freely imported in the last few years, beginning with the African Species : — The Malachite Sunbird (Nectarinia famosa), found from Little 84 Mrs. Algernon BourJce — Sunbirds Namaqua Land to the Cape of Good Hope, and along the southern and eastern provinces as high as the Zambesi. General plumage rich metallic green, two long centre tail feathers. Total length about 9 inches. The Southern Bifasciated Sunbird ( Cinnyris mariquensis), dark metallic green, steel blue collar, followed by a broad band of deep red on front of chest. Length about 5 inches. The Amethyst Sunbird (Chalcomitra amethystinus), velvety black, crown of metallic emerald green, throat rich metallic lilac. Length about 5 inches. The Scarlet-chested Sunbird (Chalcomitra gutturalis), dark velvety brown generally, throat and chest rich bright scarlet. Length 5 inches. The Greater Double-collared Sunbird (Cinnyris afer), upper parts metallic green, steel blue collar, entire front bright glossy scarlet, forming a broad belt. Length 5 inches. The Lesser Double-collared Sunbird (Cinnyris chalybeus), similar to above, but smaller. The White -breasted Sunbird (Cinnyris leucog aster), upper parts metallic green, shading on breast to rich metallic violet — black collar, under part white. Length 4 inches The Zambesi Collared Sunbird (Anthothreptes collaris hypodilus), metallic green, with under parts olive green. Length 3 inches. The Indian The Himalayan Yellow-backed Sunbird (Mthopyga seherice), upper parts gorgeous red, yellow patch on lower back, under parts yellowish olive. Length 6 inches. The Purple Sunbird (Arachnechthra asiaticus), dark violet, shaded steel blue, under parts black. Length 4 inches. The Ceylonese Sunbird (Leptocoma zeylonica), metallic bronze green, glossed with lilac ; under parts sulphur yellow. Length 4 inches. Of these I should say the Malachite is the most striking, as well as being the largest. Its song is only a continuous wheeze and it is very pugnacious to any other kind of bird. It is easily tamed and, when acclimatized, hardy and long-lived. I had one for eight years, and it was only killed by accident in my absence. The Purple Sunbird Mrs. Algernon Bourke — Sunbirds 85 has the best song ; loud, cheerful, and continuous. The Double- collared Sunbird, and indeed all those with the brilliant scarlet colouring, lose their brightness in captivity and become a dull yellow, which must be the result of something wanting in their food, as a double-collared that was let out of the aviary by mistake and lived in a neighbouring garden in the herbaceous border for a week in August had already begun to show the red colour coming through the yellow when it returned of its own accord to its cage. It is now eight years old. Most Sunbirds are very vindictive to their own species, even the pairs, and I have known a cock kill his hen, not by fighting but by keeping her away from the food pot. The only way to prevent this would be to have a number of food pots far apart in the aviary, but even then, I believe, those who have had these birds flying loose have found that they do better when caged separately. I find keeping them caged, and let out for a fly round in a garden aviary each in turn for a day in the summer months, keeps them in perfect health and happi¬ ness, but of course this is impossible in a large collection. The food consists of the usual mixture of Nestle’s milk, Mellin’s food, honey, and a speck of Marmite, mixed with boiling water and given fresh twice a day in the summer, with any insects that can be captured ; and some will suck the inside of a mealworm if held up to the bars — one a day is enough. Here is also a recipe from the late Mr. Brooks of Hoddam Castle. To make one pint of liquid food. * 8 tablespoonfuls of water 1 . .. , 8 „ barley /b°llt0gether- add ! teaspoonful of Horlick’s malted milk, £ ,, Mellin’s food, J ,, Marmite, 1 tablespoonful of sugar or honey, crumbled sponge cake, the size of a walnut. The usual recipe is simpler, and quicker to make, and I find my birds like it just as well, and with a cage large enough to give plenty of exercise by flying backwards and forwards, and with a bath hung up every day for an hour in the morning, you will find any Sunbird far easier to keep than a Waxbill or other seed-eater. 86 J. Delacoui — Teal and Shovellers TEAL AND SHOVELLERS By J. Delacour It is customary to call certain small Ducks Teal, but the word does not imply any real distinction. The Common Teal (A. crecca) is very small. It inhabits northern Europe and Asia, migrating south in winter. The male has a slight crest at the back of the head, fine mahogany colour, and a wide green stripe edged with white on the sides. His breast is pale fawn with brown spots ; mantle and sides vermiculated black and white, wings and tail black and white, abdomen white, the speculum and a stripe across the wing are fawn, bill and feet black. It is a hardy species in confinement. The call of the male is like the Pintail’s. The Green-winged (A. carolinensis) of North America is only distinguishable from the preceding by having two white lines encircling its sides and breast. It has lately been imported and has been bred in Europe. The Baikal or Japanese Teal ( A.formosa ) is a charming Siberian species which winters in China and Japan. It is slightly larger than the above. The drake in breeding plumage has his head curiously marked with black, green, fawn, and white ; the remaining plumage is variegated with brown, blue grey, black, and white. Its bill is grey, feet yellowish grey. Both male and female in summer are spotted brown, with the characteristic spots lighter at the base of the bill and at the back of the eye. This is a freely imported species, but is very rarely bred in confine¬ ment. Its short call is very distinct. The Chestnut-breasted Teal (A. castanea) is rather large, and reminds one of the Pintails by its length. The drake has a deep green head and neck, above he is blackish ; his breast, sides, and abdomen are bright mahogany spotted black, there is a white spot near the tail which is black, the wings are dark grey with a green and white speculum. Feet and bill are black. The duck’s plumage is deep brown, edged with tawny, the speculum the same. In summer the drake becomes much browner and his feathers lose their lustre. He goes fully into eclipse. This fine species is very I Aide u l turn / Ala gazine Maned Goose Chenonetta jubata Photo D. Seth-Smith Andaman Teal Anas albogularis J. Delacour—Teal and Shovellers 87 prolific in Europe, but for all that has become very scarce; owing doubtless to too close inbreeding, the percentage of females is very high. The Grey Teal (A. gihberifrons) also comes from Australia. It is found as well in Java and some of the Oceanic islands. Except that they are slightly smaller, both sexes resemble the female of the preceding species, and aviculturally are not of much interest. The Cape Teal (A. capensis) from South Africa is pale grey with brown spots, has yellowish grey feet and a red bill. Neither it nor its neighbour the Madagascan Teal (A. bernieri) have yet been imported. The latter has brownish fawn plumage, a black and white speculum with green reflections, bill and feet red. The Chilean Teal (A. flavirostris), south North America, recalls the Chilean Pintail in miniature, but its plumage is greyer and more finely marked, its bill, which is smaller in proportion, is yellow with a black line above ; the speculum is green and fawn. It is quite hardy and very elegant, but does not breed readily. A. georgica from the island of Georgia and A. oxyptera from Bolivia and Peru resemble the Chilean Teal. The Andaman Teal (A. albogularis) , Andaman Isles, is like the Grey Teal, the only difference being that its face and throat are more or less white. It has been bred in Europe, especially in the London Zoological Gardens, but is not particularly ornamental. The Hottentot Teal (A. punctata) from South, South-West and East Africa is a very pretty little species, which has not yet been bred. It is brown, speckled with black, and its head is pale yellow, black, and blue-grey ; the wings are wholly metallic green. The Necklaced Teal (A. leucophrys) is one of the smallest and probably quite the prettiest of Ducks. It is found in Bolivia, the Argentine, and Brazil. The male, which does not go into eclipse, has a fawn coloured neck and head with a black stripe above ; a rose coloured breast with brown spots ; abdomen tawny grey, often finely striped with black ; sides grey blue ; mantle brown ; wings a mixture of deep green, golden green, white, and black, having the mahogany coloured tertiary flights prolonged, and tail black above, white ringed black beneath ; blue-grey bill, pink feet. The female has a brown head with white marks, a white throat, the body brown above, white with brown 88 J. Delacour — Teal and Shovellers spots beneath, wings like those of the male minus the mahogany tertiaries, tail black, bill brown, feet black. This charming species is hardy, but is a very capricious breeder. The Brazilian Teal (A. hrasiliensis) reminds one of the perching Ducks by its shape and long tail, but the voice of the drake somewhat recalls that of the Tree Ducks, only it is much lower. The male does not go into eclipse, is chestnut, with cheeks and sides whitish tawny, and has a dark stripe at the back of the neck ; black marks on the breast, black back and tail, the wdngs are nearly altogether of a splendid deep green colour, with a white speculum, but they are unfortunately hidden in repose by the chestnut tertiaries. The bill is dark red, feet orange. The female has a dark grey bill, and a brown head, with whitish spots in front and behind the eye ; yellowish grey feet. This pretty species, a native of all east South America from Venezuela to the Argentine, has proved hardy and ready to breed. The Garganey (A. querquedula) , a native of Europe and Asia, is peculiar in that it does not come into full plumage until the end of winter, so that the male is eight months in eclipse. When in colour its head is chestnut striped white, with wide white eyebrows and a dark band on the nape ; its breast is chestnut netted with black, its sides light grey vermiculated wdth black, abdomen pale grey ; mantle dark brown edged with light brown, with pointed black and fawn feathers, tail and coverts brown ; wings blue-grey, with green and white speculum and brown flights. The female and the male in eclipse are tawny grey with brown spots, with the same wings. The bill is black, the feet grey. The Blue-winged Teal (A. discors) takes the place of the preceding in America. It breeds in the United States and Canada, but goes south in winter to Colombia and Venezuela. When in colour the male is brown with black spots with deep blue-grey head and neck, a dark stripe on the head, and a white crescent in front of the eye ; grey blue, green, and white wings, black tail with white coverts ; black bill, orange, and black feet. It is late coming into colour. The female is like that of the preceding species, but less grey and more brown, the bill and feet are washed with orange. This is a rare species in European collections, but it breeds freely. The Cinnamon Teal (A. cyanoptera), habitat Western America, { vicultural Magazine Baikal teal (Nettion formosaj Cinnamon teal (Querquedula cyanopterai J. Delacour — Teal and Shovellers 8<> both north and south. The male, when in colour, is bright red brown, lightly spotted on the mantle, with black. There is a dark stripe on the crown of the head. Its tail is black, wings grey blue and green, some pointed black and tawny plumes, black bill, orange feet. The female is like those of the two preceding species ; she often has a light spot at the base of the bill. Contrary to the two species above mentioned, this handsome Teal does not long remain in eclipse, at most from June to September. It is very ornamental, and a free breeder. The Many-coloured Teal (A. versicolor), which is found to the south of South America, has the crown of the head and back of the neck black, the rest light fawn. Above it is black, barred white, below white blotched black. The upper part of the wing grey blue, speculum green washed with purple, flights brown. Bill grey blue, with a large yellow spot below the nostrils, feet grey. The female resembles the male. This species has become rare in confinement. A nearly allied species (A. puna) inhabits the Andes in Peru and Bolivia, the chief difference is its larger size, and the absence of the yellow spot on the bill. The Marbled Teal (A. augusturostris) inhabits North Africa, and extends to Persia and North-West India ; it is also found in South Spain. Of medium size, it is tawny grey, spotted with greyish white, brown round the eyes ; bill grey blue, feet dark brown. The sexes are alike. It is uncommon and delicate in confinement, but has been bred by the Duke of Bedford. The Shovellers (Spatula) form a very distinct genus, specially noticeable for their enormous bills, provided with wide plates. The Common Shoveller (S. clypeata) is found in Europe, Asia, and America, going down south in winter. The male has a green head and neck, pale blue wing coverts, green speculum, the sides and under parts are chestnut, the back, flights, and tail grey and black, the rest is white, black bill, orange feet. In summer he is light brown, spotted with dark brown. The female is like the Wild Duck. The Shoveller requires animal food, and does not do well in a small place, but, given a large pond, it is hardy, and will breed. Three exotic species inhabit southern countries, and are very like the Common Shoveller ; they are duller and do not go into eclipse. DO W. B. Bearhy-^The Ideal Heating Apparatus The Australian Shoveller (S. rhynchotis) is brown with black spots, has blue and green wings and tail, a grey head, with a more or less distinct white crescent on the cheeks. The Cape Shoveller ( S . capensis) is greyer brown, with darker green wings and tawny head, speckled with black. The Busty Shoveller (S. platalea) from South America is known by its russet black spotted plumage. The females of these species are like that of the European Shoveller, only more spotted. As yet none of them have reached Europe alive, but they are not strikingly ornamental. The Pink-eared Duck (Malacorhynchus membranaceas) of Australia has a large bill like the Shovellers, but is provided as well with long membranes on each side, which give it a comical appearance. It is grey, with head, neck, and under parts striped black and white, a circle round the eye and a stripe behind it are black, and it has a soft pink spot behind the eye ; its bill and feet are grey. The sexes are alike. This species has never been imported. We may mention in passing the Brown Teal op New Zealand (Elasmonetta chlorates), short winged with brown plumage, prettily vermiculated with black, grey head, shading into green behind the eye, with a white line on the breast, feet and bill grey. The female is brown. It appears not yet to have been imported. A species peculiar to the Auckland Isles ( Nesonetta auklandica ) has still more rudimentary wings and cannot fly, its plumage is like that of the Australian Teal. A specimen has been shown by the Zoological Society of London. In conclusion, we may mention to complete the genus a curious Duck from the Argentine and Chili, Heteronetta atricapilla, and the scarce Spotted Duck of Australia ( Slictonetta noevosa) ; neither of them have ever been received here alive. THE IDEAL HEATING APPARATUS By W. B. Bearby For the acclimatization of many species of foreign birds, heat is, if not absolutely necessary, a decided advantage in our erratic English climate. Photo D. Seth Smith Ringed Teal Anas torqu'ata Photo D. Seth-Smith American Teal Anas carolincnsis W. B. Bearhy — The Ideal Heating Apparatus 91 In districts where prolonged periods of very low temperature are frequently experienced, to just keep the frost and damp out of one’s bird room, aviary, or shelter, more especially at night, gives the true aviculturist that feeling of satisfaction that his birds are at least comfortable in the most severe weather. In the case of sick birds or birds showing the least signs of going off colour, the heated bird room is a necessity, where such birds can promptly be placed with an excellent chance of recovery, thereby minimizing one’s casualties and saving money. After exhaustive experiments wdth various methods of heating my bird room with oil stoves, lamps, radiators, and gas-heaters — all having the great disadvantage of emitting fumes and creating an oily “ smelly ” atmosphere, I eventually installed an electrical tubular heater and find this the nearest approach to perfection. The system has the unique advantage of providing warmth over a large area at an even temperature. The tube itself never becoming more than what I might term black hot ”, very little protection is necessary against contact by the birds, netting or gauze answering the purpose admirably. The heaters themselves consist of an electrical element mounted Inside metal tubes of any desired length with a diameter of about 3 inches and can be either clipped with brackets to the skirting or floor or screwed in any desired position. An ordinary adapter or plug is then inserted to the nearest lamp¬ holder or plug point of one’s electrical supply, and by means of a short, or any disused, length of flexible wire is connected to the tube itself. The elements are supplied in any voltage, and the tube manufactured in lengths from 2 feet, rising in 1 foot lengths, to 7 or 8 feet, and placed in position where the even distribution of the heat is most desired. The necessary length of tubing required is naturally dependent upon the heat it is desired to maintain, and the consumption of current necessary to heat one’s bird room or aviary is influenced by several factors — chiefly the size of room or aviary, materials of which one’s room or aviary is constructed, geographical position, outside temperature, etc. 92 F. Finn— Notes on Humming-Birds The elements themselves are supplied loaded to 50 or 60 watts per foot, and for the desired purpose I recommend the lower loading, although, where area is to be considered, the higher loading would naturally reduce the length of tube required. Take, for example, a small, well-conducted bird room or outside aviary where an even temperature of say 55° to 60° would be sufficient to keep one’s birds in a happy and healthy condition ; during a sudden drop in temperature outside a short length of tubing 5 feet would answer this purpose, the tube loaded with 50 watts per foot would mean a consumption of 250 watts per hour. Most electricity undertakings, I believe, supply current for heating appliances at a considerably reduced rate, and presuming, for example, the heating rate to be one penny per unit, it will readily be seen that four hours’ consumption of electrical heat can be obtained for one penny. The tubes themselves are inexpensive, and the cost of installing very little. Any member interested can obtain the name and address of the suppliers from me if they so desire. NOTES ON THE HUMMING-BIRDS RECENTLY EXHIBITED AT THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS By F. Finn, B.A., F.Z.S. A few notes I made on some of the species of Humming-birds exhibited last year at the Zoological Gardens may be worth recording, especially as all, I believe, were new to British aviculture. Probably much of the difficulty in keeping these birds lies in the fact that no species has been “ tried out 55 . The one species of Hermit (Phcethornis) exhibited was remarkable for its extreme energy. At first, though it did not survive long, it was the most frequently on the wing of all the species shown, and the power of its wings was such that when it was in flight at the top of its cage the grass on the turf at the bottom was agitated by the draught produced, which I did not notice in the case of any of the other species shown. In repose the bird constantly moved its tail up and down, unlike any dvicullural Magazine Common wigeon (Mareca penelopei Shoveller (Spatula clypeata > F. Finn — Notes on Humming-Birds 93 of the others. The tail was not raised up to the level of the back, but the motion was very noticeable, in fact, I may say that as far as my observation of the bird went, it was never still, the tail being in action all through the short spells of perching. I once saw it yawn, and then the lower jaw appeared red, the blood-vessels showing through the thin horn of bone. Although the smallest species exhibited, the tiny White-tailed Hummer (Elvira albicauda) was one of the longest livers. It was almost constantly in motion, seldom settling longer than a minute. The bulk of the collection consisted of specimens of Debus’s Humming-bird (Amazilia dubusi), and, as two of these long survived all the rest of the consignment, one being lost by escape, I was able to study this species pretty thoroughly, as I visited the birds about twice a week nearly all the time they were exhibited. Judging by their plumage, the two last birds of this species were hens or young, but they looked very different at most times, because their ways and poses were so different ; in fact, I have never noted so much difference between the individuals of any bird. They differed more than either did from any of the other species except the Hermit, and this is one of the points that go to show that the Humming-birds probably have as much personality as other birds, and are not insect¬ like automata — not that I believe insects are so completely automatic as many naturalists do, for I think personality is practically universal among animals. Dubus A, as I will call the bird which escaped, was almost constantly on the move, seldom settling for more than a minute. When thus settled, it appeared close-feathered and alert, and showed much green in its plumage, though on occasion when I saw it with the plumage relaxed, it had no more than Dubus B, as I will call the other. Although so active, Dubus A, except on one occasion, always settled on the edge of the food-pan when sucking up the food, and did not hover there like all the other specimens shown. On one occasion, after scratching its beak with its foot, it grasped it for a moment in the toes, but I never saw in this consignment any of the deliberate wiping down of the beak with the toes which I observed in some of the Humming-birds brought over before the war by Captain A. Pam from Venezuela. 94 F. Finn — Notes on Humming-Birds This may be a speciality of Lampornis prevosti, specimens of which lived longest in this lot.1 Dubus B was always sluggish, and was generally sitting still with the plumage relaxed, while A next door was busily buzzing about. Thus it looked very different and much less green. Its tail was often partly spread, and it plumed and scratched itself much, unlike Dubus A. The scratching was done by lifting the foot up between the lowered wing and the body, as by Passerine birds and some other groups. All Humming-birds I have seen scratching themselves scratch in this way, as opposed to the other method of scratching with the hock lowered and wing closed. I mention this, as method of scratching is one of the minor habits which will probably turn out to be a group-character in birds. Although so lethargic as compared with Dubus A, Dubus B always, except when X last saw it shortly before its death, fed on the wing like the other Humming-birds in the lot, and I have seen it pick up objects from the ground — no doubt some of the fruit flies supplied — in this way. I never saw any of these Humming-birds attempt to use their feet in progression ; they either sat still or flew. I have seen Dubus B now and then spread the tail on the wing when executing some manuoevre, but generally all the Humming-birds kept the tail closed when hovering. In fact, a good idea of a hovering Humming-bird’s action may be got by watching Sparrows hawking over high grass in the parks in summer. I believe, however, the Sparrow keeps its feet drawn up in front as in its ordinary flight, while after much watching of the Dubus Humming-birds, especially B, I made out that the feet are kept down with a slight backward inclination, which agrees with what I observed in India in House-swifts ( Micropus affinis) flying in a room. 1 The available evidence seems to show that unspecialized species of fair size live longest. — F. F. Avicultural Notes 95 AVICULTURAL NOTES By the Editor Our member, Mr. J. B. Housden, has just sailed on another trip to America, and hopes to spend some four months in the Gulf States, during which most of his time will be devoted to bird observation. We congratulate Mr. Housden, who is in his 78th year, on his enterprise and wish him all success. A fine collection of Australian Finches has recently reached London in wonderfully good condition. They consist of Gouldians, Long-tailed and Masked Grassfinches, Bichenos, Pectoral, Crimson, and Zebra Finches. Such collections are seldom seen now-a-days, and it behoves, all who purchase these birds to take the greatest care of them, and see if it is not possible to keep them going for many years to come. Long- tails and Masked Finches breed very freely in suitable aviaries, and there is no excuse for letting them die out in this country. Gouldians are less easy to establish, but they are not delicate when once they have got over their first few weeks in this country. An outdoor aviary with a warmed inner compartment and a grass lawn outside suits them well, and with care there would seem to be no reason why they should not be established over here in the same way as the Budgerigar has. been. And why should we not establish a Gouldian Club ? The new Bird House at the Zoological Gardens is now nearing completion, and before this is in print the inside of the house will be stocked, and the old house will be a bird house no more. The outside aviaries, of which there will be seventeen, will not be completed for some few weeks. It is hoped to publish a full account of the house in our next number. 96 Correspondence CORRESPONDENCE FOOD AND COLOUR RETENTION Sir, — M. Delacour in Lis extremely interesting article on “ Bird Keeping in Peking”, referring to the feeding of insectivorous birds, states that he has seen Blue and Ruby-throats fed for four or five years on the food described in the best possible health. I am sure it would interest members if he would tell us if the birds so fed and kept pre¬ served their great distinctive beauty, the blue and ruby on the throat ; for if this be the case it must be a new and interesting fact to avi- oulturists, as I have always understood that the great beauty of these birds is lost after the first moult in captivity. It would be indeed interesting, if the Chinese had discovered the secret of its preservation, .and I am myself convinced that there is between the plumage of birds and the food they live on a close and interesting connexion. The case of the Yellow-breasted Cissa described in the last December number is a case in point. And I myself have come across a most interesting case in India. The Indians keep birds, as do the Chinese, mainly as pets and for fighting, and a favourite is the Red-vented Bulbul. Indians feed insectivorous birds on a mitxure of finely chopped raw kidney, the flour of the parched chick pea, and ghee, which is clarified butter, though the young are reared mainly on grasshoppers. The kidney is first chopped very fine : it is then dipped in the flour and well covered ; the ghee is then heated and the kidney, covered with the flour, is then placed in the melted ghee and mixed till the ghee is absorbed. On this, with a few insects, Shamas and other insectivorous birds are kept in health. But it is curious that when the Bulbul, which is largely frugivorous, is reared and fed on this, as it can be, the beautiful grey mottling of its plumage goes and the red feathers of the vent become tinged with black. The white feathers on the rump, so distinctive a mark, become black, as does the plumage generally : yet when a bird so coloured is moulted out on insects and fruit, it resumes the beauty of its original plumage. The case of the Bullfinch fed on hemp is perhaps analogous. And it may well be that the loss by the Linnet and the Redpoll in captivity of their great beauty, the crimson of the Correspondence 97 breast and head, is due to the absence of some food in captivity. Seeing that the beauty of their plumage is one of the great charms of birds, the relation of food to colour is a matter of great interest to bird lovers and would well repay attention. M. Delacour’s visit to Pekin may help to set us on the way. Would he oblige us with this information about the Blue and Ruby-throats ? Bechstein, writing of the Blue-throat, says : “ It is unfortunate that it gradually loses the fine blue on the breast in successive moultings, when confined to the house, and becomes at length of a whitish grey.” But the Chinese must have kept Blue-throats centuries before Bechstein. Godfrey Davis. NESTING OF THE VIRGINIAN EAGLE OWL Sir,- — A pair of these Owls (Bubo virginicmus) in Mr. J. S. Lewis’ Owlery at Wargrave have dug themselves a scrape in the earth of their shed behind a big log and gone to nest. As in the wild state they usually build or adapt nests in trees they were well provided with baskets, boxes, and hollow stumps, but these they utterly ignored save as hiding places for bits of rabbit. For some time they had been carrying small pieces of dry turf which they arranged in sundry corners, and then paid no more attention to them. It is curious that while this particular pair have several times been moved from one aviary to another and only lately found themselves in their present home, others which were kept carefully secluded in the hope that they might breed, have so far done nothing. A week ago the hen signified her intention of being left to herself by attacking the aviary boy when he went to clean out the shed. She struck her talons through his cap, making a gash on the side of his head, fortunately not a serious wound. She and her mate also took to hooting defiantly when their compartment was approached. As is usual with Owls, she began to incubate at once, and only comes off the nest towards evening for a hurried bath and a stretch ; should anybody come into sight she is back to her scrape in a moment, so it is impossible to say how many eggs there are in her clutch. 8 98 Correspondence According to the books there are usually two, but sometimes three or even four. Incubation lasts four weeks. Meanwhile her mate sits on guard outside the door and carries in food. They are fine birds in beautiful plumage, and have been from three to four years in confinement. E. F. Chawner. METHOD OF FEEDING IN THE SHEATHBILL Sir, — Watching the Sheathbills at the Zoo the other day, I was much interested to notice that they put their feet on pieces of meat in order to hold them steady while they picked at them — a habit which I have not seen recorded, and did not expect in a bird of the Limicoline group. The habit of using the feet for prehension in birds seems generally a very limited and comparatively invariable one — thus, I have only once seen a Starling of any sort holding anything in its feet, and that was a Pied Starling ( Sturnopastor contra) in India, which was carrying a twig to its nest in that way — a genius, I suppose, like Romanes’ horse that gripped with its pastern-joint. E. Finn. A PUZZLING GREY PARROT Sir, — At the end of last year or early in this I saw in the establish¬ ment of Mr. G. Palmer, at Park Street, Camden Town, a Grey Parrot which had the completely black beak of the ordinary Psittacus erithacus, but the dark slaty crimson tail of P. timneh. The plumage generally was also dark, but this is well known to be a variable point in the Grey Parrot. If this bird were a hybrid, it was a remarkable one, with the beak of one parent and the tail of the other ; but, as many years ago I saw a Grey Parrot with one outer tail feather in the scarlet tail slate colour with a splash of scarlet, I take it that erithacus tends some¬ times to vary in the direction of timneh , and that the bird I saw recently Correspondence ■ 99 may have been pure bred. But at any rate, timneh seems not to be a good species, as it only differs in colour of beak and tail from eritlmcus in any case, and is probably only a marked local mutant of a species which is well known to be exceptionally variable locally. F. Finn. CANNABALISM AMONG OWLS Sir, — Examples of this distressing perversity have occurred here from time to time, and it is in the hope that some cause may be suggested that I call attention to it. Small species such as Scops and Glaucidium seem most prone to it, though I once heard of a Barn Owl killing and eating another which was in the same aviary. As, however, they had been fed entirely on raw meat without either fur or feather, the unnatural food may be held responsible for this lapse. No such excuse can be made for the birds here ; they are well supplied with as varied a diet as possible. In each case the culprits were true pairs, had been several months together, and appeared devoted to each other, always sitting side by side, and showing distress if separated for any reason. The Glau¬ cidium were caged, but the Scops giu and Athene hrama were in com¬ partments amply large enough for them to keep out of each other’s way. In the case of the Athene they were sitting close together at 10 o’clock, and by noon one had killed, plucked, and partly eaten the other. A curious feature is that the victim never defends itself. Given a well-matched pair in good health one would expect a struggle before one was overpowered, and that the survivor would show some marks of the conflict by the loss of feathers at least if not a more serious wound, but it is not so. The conqueror, presumably the agressor, never has so much as a feather awry, but sits sleek and complacent above the mangled remains of its late companion and friend. Thwarted sexual impulse does not appear to. have anything to do with it, for the murder may be committed at any time of year. 100 Correspondence Be the cause what it may, the habit is greatly to be deplored, and is a terrible blot on the otherwise high reputation of my favourite birds. E. E. Chawner. MANY-COLOUR REDRUMP HYBRIDS Sir, — I have in my aviaries at the moment a rather interesting clutch of eggs in the process of incubation. The father is a Many- colour Parrakeet, the mother a Redrump, and she was fortunate enough to get her eggs all laid during the recent warm spell. I take it that such an obvious cross must have been frequently bred before, but I should be interested to know what the young hybrids look like, and also whether anyone has taken the trouble to prove if they are fertile or not. Edward J. Boosey. [Though we cannot find any record of the cross, we feel sure that it has been obtained, and that a specimen has been exhibited. — Ed.] AN OLD RECORD OF THE SULPHURY TYRANT IN EUROPEAN AVICULTURE Sir, — In Scopoli’s Annus Historico-N aturalis, i, is given a Latin description of a bird which he saw in the Imperial Menagerie (at Schonbrum, I believe) and called Coracias cartagenensis ; this description can fit nothing but one of the races of the Sulphury Tyrant, and, as this bird, though now and then imported, has never even yet become popular or familiar in aviculture, I thought it was worth while to draw attention to the fact that a comparatively out-of-the-way species like this had been imported into Europe as long ago as the eighteenth century. F. Finn. CHAPMAN’S 7 TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD, LONDON, W.l. Telegrams: " BLACKBIRD PHONE , LONDON." Telephones : MUSEUM 5272, 5273, 5274 and 5275. Cables: “ BLACKBIRD LONDON. nirnal and Waterfowl Depbt : 1 1 HIGH STREET, BARNET. Telephone : BARNET 2082. uarantine Station : 5 SAGE ST., LONDON, E. 1 . East End Dep6t : 3 SAGE ST., LONDON. E.l. OUR NEW BUILDING IS NOW OPEN where the Finest Collection of Birds ever gathered together may be seen Exhibited in Modern Show Cages under perfect hygienic conditions - t the time of the appearance of this advertisement we shall have actually on view le following very fine collections, besides many others too numerous to be detailed here, nd a full List will be forwarded to anybody making application for same. Qbapman’s Zebras. Hamadryas Baboons. Amazon Parrots. Pekin Robins. Macaws. Antelope. Nonpareil Buntings. Snakes. Ibis. Spreo Starlings. Eared Owls. Vultures. Emus. Rosella Parrakeets. Yaks. T anagers. Hartebeeste. Ibex. Nyassa Lovebirds. Grey Parrots. Amherst Pheasants. Night Apes’. Elephants. Lemurs. Elegant Parrakeet. Pumas. Hyathwche Macaws. Amardillo. Ni gger Monkeys. T ouracous. Troupials. Ocelet Cats. Aye-Aye. Qrowned Cranes. Anaconda. Norwich Canaries. Anubis Baboons. Rheas. Yellow Conures. T rumpeters. Hawk -headed Parrots. Eagles. Hornbills. Qrioles. |j n dulated Grass Parraki Soft-billed Birds. Egrets. Flamingoes. Ostriches. Rhesus Monkeys. Abyssinian Lovebirds. Lizards. Indian Pheasants. Vervet Monkeys. Elk. Fischers Lovebirds. Red Cardinals. Orinocco Geese. Marmosets. “ CHAPMAN’S 17 Tottenham Court Rd., London, W.l, ' s the firm for all different species of Live ANIMALS and BIRDS. iii CANDIDATES FOR ELECTION. Harry A. Collin, Tynrodyn, Bangor, North Wales. Proposed by E. Maud Knobel. Dick Dawson. Tawley Manor, Whatcombe, Wantage, Berks. Proposed by Mrs. H. L. Cottrill. Captain Bernard Fuller, Oakfield, Wokingham, Berks. Proposed by Dr. M. Amsler. Miss K. Martin, Oakdene, Otley, Yorkshire. Proposed by Norman L. Barker. Mrs. Peters, Ladies’ Army and Navy Club, St. James’s Place, W. Proposed by Edward Boosey. MRS. S. P. Pope, Briscoe, Wellington, Som. Proposed by E. Maud Knobel. DOUGLAS Previte, Fox Hill House, Keston, Kent. Proposed by Edward Boosey. W. G. Whitehead, Hillsboro, Park Road, West Hartlepool. Proposed by W. R. H. Bearby. _ _ NEW MEMBERS. W. J. Aisbet, Norwood Road, Burwood, Victoria, Australia. Edward W. C. Arnold, Babylon, N.Y., U.S.A. Mrs. David Bannerman, 132 Oakwood Court, Kensington. Alec Cummings, 16 Promenade Villas, Cheltenham. Claude P. Dorman, 1677 Chester Avenue, Bakersfield, California, U.S.A. Capt. E. F. E. Hammond, 6 Norfolk Mansions, Prince of Wales Road, S-W. 11. L. C. Hasinger, Indiana, Pa., U.S.A. J. T. Otaki, 48 Pembroke Road, Seven Kings, Essex. Mrs. G. M. Porter, Steephill, Farnham, Surrey. J. Cleveland Pratt, Lansell Road, Toorak, Victoria, Australia. C. S. Richardson, Post Office, 202-204 Boundary Road, Walthamstow. H. B. Turner, Malverleys, near Newbury. A. E. A. Williamson, 40 Marlborough Street, Malvern, Adelaide, Australia. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. E. L. Capito to 24 Earlsfield Road, Hythe, Kent. G. J. Slade to Shenley, Wilton Crescent, Southampton. MEMBERS’ SALE AND EXCHANGE COLUMN. The charge for Members' advertisements is one penny per word, and no advertisement must exceed thirty-six words , name and address included . Payment must accompany the advertisement , which must be sent on or before the 20th of the month to Mr. T. H. Newman, “Verulam,” Forty Lane, Wembley Park, Middlesex. All members of the Society are entitled to use this column. SALE AND EXCHANGE. Pedigree Budgerigars.— -Blue-bred Olives, £7 10s. pair ; Blue-bred Yellows, £7 10s. ; odd Cocks, £3; Bronze Budgerigars (blue-bred), £12 pair. — J. Bradshaw, Ruhebank, Bare, Morecambe. Budgerigars of all colours for sale during breeding season. Inspection invited. — Mrs. Wall, Marlborough, Wilts. WANTED. Volume III or parts January, February, March, April, June, August, October, Avicultural Magazine. — M. B. , c/o Stephen Austin & Sons, Ltd., 5 Fore Street, Hertford, at publishers’ price. Two cock Monauls, bred in 1927. One male Black-necked Swan, or exchange for female. — A. VAN Heyst, Marienhoven, Wyk by Duurstede. GAMAGES E?P? ALWAYS A VARIED STOCK OF Foreign Birds, Parrots, Lovebirds, etc. We can now offer : — Shamahs, Hill Mynahs, Lovebirds — Masked, Fischers, Abyssinian, Blue-wing , Pekin Robins , Scarlet and Superb Tanagers, Bengalese, White Java Sparrows, Virginian Cardinals . ARRIVAL OF AUSTRALIAN STOCK :—Red Headed and Black Headed Gouldian Finches, Long Tail Grass Finches , Masked Grass Finches, Crimson Wing Parrakeets, Pennants, and Rosellas, BEST FOODS. LOWEST PRICES. Mealworms 5/9 per lb. , 8 1b., 16/6 Post Spray Millet, large bundles Ants* Eggs 3/6 each, 1 doz., 36/- • ft 3/6 per lb. , 41b., 12/9 1 t Dried Flies . 2/- } f 71b., 6/9 >?• Pure Egg Yolk . 3/6 1 f 41b., 12/6 ? t Insectivorous Food . . 1/6 71b., 8/6 f f Cuttlefish Bone • • 1/3 41b., 4/6 p- Specialities in CAGES, AVIARIES, NEST-BOXES and all appliances. A. W. GAM AGE, Ltd., HOLBORN, LONDON, E.C. 1 . PHONE : HOL. 84B4. GALLOWAY’S Celebrated Insectivorous Food LIFE A Perfect diet for all Insect and Fruit-eating Birds, Foreign Finches, Waxbills, etc., etc. As supplied to Her Grace The late DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON, Her Grace EVELYN DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON, LORD TAVISTOCK, and The Hon. MRS. G. BOURKE. This food is invaluable for feeding foreign seed-eaters given in addition to their seed diet ; Parrot and other Foreign Finches will rear their young almost entirely on it. Used by a great number of leading avicelturists both here and abroad. It will keep good for any length of time if turned out of the bag and kept in a dry place. Prices carriage paid to any part of the United Kingdom l lb. 2/6, 2 lb. 4/8, 31b. 6/10, 41b. 9/-, 31b. 11/2, 61b. 13/4, 71b. 14/10, 141b. 27/4, 281b. 47/10, \ cwt. 95/8. A large sample will be sent on receipt of 6d. in stamps. No Agents . To be obtained solely from the Maker . Send postcard for descriptive leaflet with testimonials. P. F. M. GALLOWAY, 1 Rectory Road, Caversham, Reading, England. FOURTH SERIES. VOL. VI. No. 5. MAY, 1928. THE Avicultural CONTENTS. PAGE The Black-headed Partridge, by D. Seth-Smith (with Coloured Plate) ..... 101 The New Bird-House at the Zoo, by A. A. Pkestwich and D. Seth-Smith (with two Plates) 102 The Fine Art of Aviculture, by Leon Patrick . . . 106 Mendelian Inheritance (?) in Budgerigars, by J. Bradshaw . 110 PAGE Breeding the Blue Goose in Canada, by George Hebden CORSAN, sen. (with a Plate) . 114 Notes from a Lancashire Aviary, by Joseph Appleby . . 116 Correspondence : Colour Changes in Regent Birds ; Breeding Healthy Birds ; Hermaphro¬ ditism in Birds ; Maintaining Stock by Breeding ; The Plumed Jay; Drumming of Snipe . 119 The Price of this Number is 2/6 THE AVIGULTURAL SOCIETY FOUNDED 1894 NOTICE TO MEMBERS The Subscription to the Avicultural Society is £1 per annum, due on the 1st of January in each year, and is payable in advance. The entrance fee is 10/0. The Avicultural Magazine is sent free to members monthly. Members joining at any time din ing the year are entitled to the back numbers for the current year, on the payment of entrance fee and subscription. ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE SENT TO THE HONORARY SECRETARY AND TREASURER, Miss Knobel, 32 Tavistock Square, London, W.C.l. All Queries respecting Birds (except post-mortem cases) and all other correspondence should be sent to the Hon. Secretary, at the above address. Any change of address should he notified to her. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS. Rule 1. — A short account of the illness should accompany the specimen. All birds to be sent as fresh as possible to Mr. C. H. Hicks, The Prosectorium, The Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 8. Rule 2. — A stamped addressed envelope must be enclosed with the bird. Rule 3. —No body or skin of any bird will be returned under any circumstances whatever. The Magazine is published by Messrs. Stephen Austin ds Sons, 5 Fore Street, Hertford, to whom members should address all orders for extra copies, back numbers for 1917 and after, and bound volumes. Cases for binding the Magazine (in art cloth, with gold block on side) can be obtained from the Publishers, post free and carefully packed, at 3 /- eaoh ; or the Publishers will undertake the binding of the Volume for 5/6, plus 9d. for packing and postage. Members are requested to state whether they want the wrappers and advertisements bound in at the end or not. Telephone: 46 Hertford. BACK VOLUMES of the AVICULTURAL MAGAZINE previous to 1917. Application for these should be made to the Editor of Cage Birds, 154 Fleet Street, E.C. 4. All Enquiries for ADVERTISEMENTS and TRADE SUPPLIES should be made direct to STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, Ltd., FORE STREET, HERTFORD. All communications intended for publication in the Magazine should be addressed to the Editor : — Mr. D. Seth-Smith, Zoological Society, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 8* REGENT PET STORES (G. E. PALMER, F.Z.S.) 83 Park Street, Camden Town, London, N.W. 1 ’Phone : Telegraphic Address : HAMPSTEAD 8856. “DOMESTIPET, NORWEST, LONDON.” iiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiimiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Importers of Foreign Livestock. H I ! I Ml I !! 1 1 1 1 Ml M 1 1 1 1 M I II 1 1 1 1 M I ! I HI H ! 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 II) 1 1 ! I M 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M Ml 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M I ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 H ! 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 ! H Ml 1 1 Always good selection of Parrots, Parrakeets, Foreign Finches , Monkeys, etc., on view at reasonable prices. WE SPECIALIZE IN CAGES, AVIARIES & APPLIANCES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AT LOWEST PRICES. Pure Egg Yolk . . 3/9 lb., 4 lb. 14/— Spray Millet (Selected) . . . 3/- per bundle of 50 sprays Mealworms ...... 6/- lb., 4 lb. 22/- Cuttle Fish Bone (Best White) . . . 1/4 lb., 3 \ lb. 4/- Dried Flies . . . . . . . 1/9 lb. Ant Eggs, No. 1 quality ...... 4/6 lb. „ „ No. 2 . . 4/- lb. Palmer’s Noted Insectivorous Food (Finest obtain¬ able) for Large Species .... 1/6 lb., 7 lb. 61- Fox Small Species .... 2/- lb., 7 lb. 10/6 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii We Buy Anything Alive. Exchanges Entertained. H. E. ROGERS, F.Z.S., “ Arequipa,” 7 Aigburth Road, LIVERPOOL. Telephone: “LARK LANE 467." Cables and Telegrams: “ AREQUIPA, LIVERPOOL." PARROTS, PARRAKEETS. Marvellous Talking Grey Parrot, uses sanguinary and football language, swears. Perfectly tame and a real companion . . £ 5 0 Other Grey Parrots . £3 to £ 1 5 each. Amazon Parrots, many varieties £2 10/- to £5 ,, Greater Lemoncrest Cockatoos . 5 0/-., Lesser Lemoncrest Cockatoos . £2 ,, Maluccan Salmoncrest Cockatoos £ 6 , , Military Macaw Other Macaws Cerum Lories Massena Lories Rock Peplars Rosellas Redrumps Golden Conures Ringneck Parrakeets Roseate Cockatoos £12 10/- £7 10/- to £10 £5 pair. £5 ,, £10 10/- . £6 ,, £3 10/- ,, . £3 ., . 30/- ,, £2 10/-, : AVIARY BIRDS. Blackcheeked Lovebirds (Aviary bred) . . . . £3 10/-,, Adult Blue'bred Budgerigars (from Blue parents) £2 10/- ,, Green Budgerigars, adult . • 15/-,, Yellow Budgerigars, adult . • 17/6 ,, Red-faced Lovebirds . £2 10/- ,, White Java Sparrows • 2 4/-,, Pied Bengalese . . 12/6 ,, Pope Cardinals . £1 1 /- ,, Blackheaded Gouldian Finches £ 2 10/-,, Redheaded Gouldian Finches £3 10/- ,, Collared Grosbeaks - 15/- ,. Pileated Finches (cocks) . 1 5/- each. Chestnut-breasted Finches .45/- pair. Long-tailed Grass Finches . . 4 5/- „ Nonpareils (either sex) 2 5/- each . Indigo Finches (cocks) • 2 5/- „ Red Cardinals . . 35/- ,. Red-crested Cardinals . 2 5/- pair. Saffron Finches . 10/6 ,, Grey Java Sparrows . • 6/- „ 1 English Jay (cage moulted) . £1 Lavender-head Lovebirds . . 10/6 ,, Senegals, Finches (Cordons, Ribbon Finches, Bishops, Fire Finches, Waxbills, Why- dahs, Combassous, etc.), price on application. WADERS, WATERFOWL, PIGEONS, etc. White Pelicans . . £12 10/- each. Flamingoes (full colour) . . £6 ,, Flamingoes (young) . . . £4 ,, Adult N. Nigerian Crown Cranes £10 to £12 10/- ,, Demoiselle Cranes . £ 6 to £ 7 10/-,, Marabou Storks (Javan) . £ 1 2 10/- ,, Adjutant Storks . . .£4 5 pair. Cassowaries (six varieties) £2 5 to£ 5 0 each. Specif er Peafowl . . £12 10/- AVhite Peafowl Fireback Pheasants Nicobar Pigeons Greenwing Doves Samatran Sand Grouse (lai £20 pair. £ 1 0 each. £2 „ 3 0/- pair. ge.) 1 pair £ 1 0 Chukar Partridges Pr. adult breeding Rheas . .£45 Pr. adult Bluenecked Ostriches .£175 Young Emus . . . .£2 5 each. Stock Doves, Turtle Doves, White Doves, Ring Doves, Zebra Doves, and many other varieties. Vultures, Owls, Eagles, and many other birds of prey. DOMESTIC PETS. Perfect pet baby Orang=Utang, Chim¬ panzees, Spider Monkeys, Marmozets, Apes, Honey Bears, Kangaroo Rats, Wallabies, Kangaroos, Waleroos, Opos¬ sums, Coati Mundies, Woodchucks,. Prairie Dogs, Skunks, American Badgers, Sousliks, American Fox Squirrels, Canadian Bear Cubs, and constant new arrivals. WILD ANIMALS. Royal Bengal Tigers, Leopards, Lynx, Oce¬ lots, Elephants, Tapirs, Bears, Buffaloes, Wolves, Hyenas, Jackals, etc., etc. REPTILES. N. American Alligator Terrapins, Crocodiles, Indian Pythons, Australian Boas, Diamond Snakes and Carpet Snakes. Bluetongue Lizards, Iguanas, Stump-tail and Tegus Lizards, Water Dragons, Giant Tortoises, etc., etc. ii Avicultural Magazine . 1928. Black ~ hea ded Par tridge , Alectoris me/anocephala . Plate presented by Herbert Whitley. TohliBale! Sons & Damelsson,Lt.d THE Avicultural Magazine BEING THE JOURNAL OF THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF FOREIGN 8c BRITISH BIRDS IN FREEDOM 8c CAPTIVITY Fourth Series-~\o\. VII. — No. 5. — All rights reserved. MAY, 1928. THE BLACK-HEADED PARTRIDGE, ALECTORIS MELANOCEPHALA (Rupp.) By D. Seth-Smith This is perhaps the finest of the whole group of red-legged Partridges, and differs from the others in the possession of elongated feathers on the chin and throat, forming a beard, and on the crown, forming a small crest. The tail is also longer proportionately than in the other species. It inhabits Arabia, but, according to Colonel R. Meinertyhagen its distribution is still somewhat obscure. These splendid Partridges are rarely obtainable in Europe and, as a rule, do not survive for any great length of time, unless kept on very dry soil, for being desert birds they cannot stand a damp situation. Mr. Herbert Whitley bred them very freely in Devonshire during the summer of 1927, in a comparatively small, covered aviary, and found no difficulty in rearing the young until they were half grown, when the majority contracted gapes and died. The hen laid altogether upwards of 50 eggs between February and September, and the incubation period proved to be 24 days. Had it not been for the gapes epidemic, doubtless partly accounted for by the exceptionally wet summer, a large number would have been 9 102 A. A. Prestwick — The New Bird-house at the Zoo reared, but as it was, only six were fully reared, and are alive to-day, one having been exhibited at the Crystal Palace show in February. The eggs can be hatched and the chicks reared by small domestic hens, but if the coop is placed on damp soil, and the chicks allowed to run in the open, they are liable to suffer unless the soil is sandy and very dry. Given a prolific species such as this, one sees possibilities of increasing its numbers to almost any extent, if only the right conditions can be. provided, and this should not be impossible of attainment. THE NEW BIRD-HOUSE AT THE ZOO By A. A. Prestwich In the Avicultural Magazine for January, 1927, is an article contributed by Capt. H. S. Stokes, entitled “ The Small Bird House at the Zoo ”. Capt. Stokes ends by writing “ The house is condemned to be pulled down to make way for the large new ape and monkey house, and the birds are to be transferred to the old reptile house, where, let us hope, the authorities will provide as good quarters and as attractive a display as we have at present”. The conversion of the old “ Reptile House ” is now complete, and the new “ Small Bird House ” is open to the public. A remarkable transformation has been accomplished and when the reconstructed house is visited it is difficult to believe that it was once the “ home of reptiles Capt. Stokes’ hopes are surely more than fully realized and the London Zoological Society now possesses a house worthy of containing its superb collection of small birds. Not only aviculturists, but all visitors in general, owe a debt of gratitude to “ Our Editor ” for his untiring efforts in supervising the construction and furnishing of this “ Mecca ” of all lovers of foreign birds. It is the aim of the authorities to exhibit a really representative collection of birds, and this they succeed in doing. Well over five hundred birds — ranging in size from an Indian White-eye to a Great- Indian Hornbill— are now on view. As hitherto the birds are in charge of Tanner, ably assisted by Raggett and Jones. Avic. Mag. 1928 To face p. 103. ] The new Bird House at the Zoological Gardens. South side facing east. _ A. A. Prestwick — The New Bird-house at the Zoo 103 On entering by the western main door the first thing to catch the eye is the fine large aviary, which has been constructed on the site of the old central alligator pool. This is furnished with several large shrubs, and is at present tenanted by a very interesting mixed series, amongst which we noted examples of a Mexican Barred and Grey-throated See-See Partridges, Great-billed, Green-necked, and Senegal Touracous, Indian Coursers, Painted Sand Grouse, Virginian and Thick-billed Cardinals, Superb Glossy and White-bellied Amethyst Starlings, Coach-whip Bird, Yellow Hangnest, Cape Robin-Chat, Long-tailed Roller, Bayard’s Bulbul, Jackson’s Whydah, and Crimson-backed Tanager. Smaller aviaries cover the locations of the two other pools : that on the right housing a miscellaneous collection of Waxbills and Finches, including Golden-breasted, St. Helena, Orange-cheeked, Crimson-eared, Australian and Common Waxbills ; Dwarf, Common Fire, Lavender, Zebra, and Ribbon Finches ; Gouldians, Bronze¬ winged Mannikins, Indian Silverbills, Avadavats, African Spotted Crakes, and Lepurana Bustard-Quail. The aviary to the left is inhabited by a choice selection, comprised of Lesser Superb and King Birds of Paradise, Red-faced and Black- collared Barbets, Red-vented Bulbul, Golden-fronted Fruitsucker, Red-cheeked Scimiter Babbler, Thick-billed Weaver, Great Reed Warbler, Shamah, and Heuglin’s Robin-chat. Ranged round three sides of the house are twenty-two spacious flights, each provided with a fountain, and special lamps to replace the lack of daylight in winter, due to our latitude. These at the time of our last visit were occupied as follows : (1) A Black- winged Stilt and a pair of African Jacanas ; (2) a pair of Guira Cuckoos ; (3) Racket-tailed Drongo and White- crested Hornbill ; (4) Roller (Coracias garrulus) ; (5) a magnificent example of Wallace’s Bird of Paradise ; (6) a pair of Violaceous Plantain-eaters and a Bengal Pitta ; (7-9) examples of Great, Twelve- wired, and Princess Stephanie’s Birds of Paradise ; (10-12) Undulated, Great Indian, and Black and white Hornbills ; (13-15) a pair of Great, a Lesser, and a Twelve-wired Bird of Paradise ; (16) a Bengal Pitta and a Red-crested Touracou ; (17-21) pairs of Red-billed and Green-billed and single Toco, Ariel, and Sulphur-breasted Toucans ; (22) a Tawny Frogmouth and several Chukar Partridges. On the 104 D. Seth-Smith ■ — The New Bird-house at the Zoo fourth side are some thirty-five large and commodious cages. There are a number of Birds of Paradise — Wilson’s, Lesser Superb, King, Hunstein’s Magnificent, and Prince Rudolph’s. Amongst the Tanagers may be mentioned a very good pair of White-capped, also Silent, Blue, and Yellow (Tanagra honariensis), Violet, and Desmarest’s Green. The after-mentioned species are represented, many by pairs. Bluebirds (Siaiia sialis ), Solitary Cuckoo, Larger Hill Mynah, Pied Bush Chat (Pratincola caprata), Bengal Red-capped Babbler (Timilia pileata bengalensis), Chinese Crow-Tit ( Suthora webhiana), Isabelline Shrike (Otomela isabellinus) from the Persian Gulf, Mexican Thrush-Robin (Catharus mexicanus), Blue-throated ( Cyanecula suecica), and Ruby. throated Warblers (Calliope calliope) from China ; White-capped Redstart (Chimarrhornis leucocephalus) from the Himalayas, Blue- billed Weaver (Spermospiza hcematina), Parrot Finches (E. psittacea and E. trichoa), Double-banded and Pectoral Finches, Long-tailed Grassfinches (P. acuticauda and P. hechi)y Fairy Bluebird (Irena turcosa) of Java, Javan Great-billed Barbet (Chotorhea javensis), Yellow-winged Sugar Bird, Verreaux’s Amethyst, and Royal Starlings ; North American Oven-bird, and Nightingale. The foregoing lists are somewhat long and probably of little interest to members who are able to visit the Zoo, but to readers domiciled abroad they will possibly convey some little idea of the great variety of birds on view. Attached to the house are seventeen large outdoor flights which are nearing completion ; when stocked they will add further charm to an already very excellent display. By D. Seth-Smith The old Small Bird House at the Zoological Gardens was presented to the Zoological Society by the late Mr. Czarnikow in 1907, before which there was no house in the Zoo suitable for the smaller foreign birds. For twenty years it has housed a valuable collection, and has been a great attraction not only to aviculturists but to the general public as well. But it was never regarded as anything but a temporary structure. It was built for the most part of wood, covered with asbestos sheeting, Avic. Mag. 1928. To facev. 105.] The new Bird House at the Zoological Gardens. North sir! a fa.cing west. _ D. Seth-Smith — The Neio Bird-house at the Zoo 105 the hollow walls forming a wonderful harbour for mice, which could never be properly kept in check. When, in 1926, the Council decided to build a new house for reptiles, I was asked if the old Reptile House could be adapted to accommodate birds. I had for a long time seen the possibilities of this house, and at once agreed to the suggestion and commenced to make plans showing the necessary alterations that would be required to make it into a first-rate bird-house. Work was commenced last summer and the inside of the house completed and the birds transferred thereto on 22nd March, 1928. The outside aviaries are rapidly nearing com¬ pletion, and when finished will accommodate many of the birds from the Western Aviary as well as those from the old Small Bird House. The house is a very well-built structure, 108 feet by 60 feet, lighted from the roof. In the middle, in the spaces formerly occupied by crocodile and alligator tanks, have been erected three ornamental aviaries, the centre one being 32 feet by 20 feet, the side ones 20 feet by 10 feet. On the north, east, and west sides are a series of aviaries, twenty-two in number, suitable for Hornbills, Toucans, and Birds of Paradise, while on the south side are rows of cages in two tiers for such birds as do best in these. To show themselves to advantage birds need to be surrounded by vegetation, and this has been provided. The large middle aviary contains a number of large bay -trees and some bamboos in tubs, while palms, bay-trees, and hanging baskets of ferns decorate the house. The heating system has been entirely remodelled. It is a low- pressure hot-water system, with the flow pipes carried overhead, returning by means of three rows of 4 in. pipes on the north, east, and west, and radiators on the south side of the house. For large buildings low-pressure hot-water heating has proved itself to be the best and most economical system that has yet been devised. The former vestibule of the house, which is 35 feet long, is being formed into the inside com¬ partments of three large aviaries with wired external flights, new entrance doors to the house being formed at either side of this, where there were windows before. In addition to these aviaries there are no less than fourteen other outdoor aviaries on the south and west sides, the covered portions being of brickwork, warmed by radiators and communicating with open flights planted with turf and shrubs. In 106 Leon Patrick — The Fine Art of Aviculture addition to opening skylights for ventilation, there have been installed in the roof four exhaust fans, which can be switched on as required. In dull weather the house and outside aviaries can be lighted by electricity, special “ Restlight ” lamps, which produce a very truthful imitation of daylight, being provided for all the aviaries. THE FINE ART OF AVICULTURE By Leon Patrick, M.D. (California) Unlike the poet, the real aviculturist is born — and then made. To have been endowed by nature with an inherent love for birds and •a natural aptitude for the care of them is not enough, he needs must add to these essential attributes the knowledge acquired by “experience — both his own and that of others. Just as art is the expression of man’s joy in his work, so is aviculture -one of the rare mediums for the expression of his feelings. And, as we -develop our mentality and finer qualities of heart the urge for con¬ servation evolves into action and aviculture becomes one of our keenest necessities and greatest delights. The evolution of aviculture has been synchronous with the growth and development of mankind. To hark back to the genesis of aviculture is to be confronted with the myths and mysteries of Time. In the cradle of the human race, Asia, we would naturally expect to find indications of primitive care for birds, and so it is. Early records of Asia Minor testify to the use of doves or pigeons for carrying messages, and such use necessitates the maintenance of houses or shelters for the propagation of the birds ; these must have been provided in very early stages of the domestication of the birds, certainly at a remote period. The shelves for swallows in Japanese temples and the feeding towers with nesting places mentioned by the Brahmans of India are no innovation ; on the contrary, they must have, among these nature worshippers, an antiquity going back to the very beginnings of their religions. Leon Patrick — The Fine Art of Aviculture 107 Nowadays, aviculture is imperative, if certain rare and beautiful species are to be perpetuated for the pleasure and benefit of posterity. Those wise children of light who do their own thinking reasoned this out years ago. Others, less thoughtful and more credulous, are labouring under the erroneous idea that the bureaucratic protectionists have the only plausible plan of perpetuating those avian beauties now threatened with extinction. That the facts are against them is common knowledge. The Passenger Pigeon ( Ectopistes migratorius) and the Carolina Conure (Conuropsis carolinensis) have become extinct under the perfectly functioning regime of the protection enthusiasts. Meanwhile, the Wood Duck and the Wild Turkey have been saved from a similar fate by being propagated in captivity. These are but two of the many picturesque and instructive object lessons in conservation furnished by intelligent aviculture. Our age is one that does not readily tolerate the camouflaging of fact by the fog of bureaucracy. As the common denominator of education and intelligence rises, nature lovers become more insistent in demanding of their departmental bureaucrats a candid admission of the processes of pseudo-protection as administered to-day. And, gradually, things are coming our way — slow it they may, but still our way. Another phase of aviculture as a necessity is the opportunity it affords for scientific study and observation. In no other manner can such complete and authentic information be obtained. It is in aviculture that we see birds in some of their most jubilant activities. Many observations which formerly were interesting and curious, but apparently isolated, now seem to fit beautifully into a general scheme. Nature lends her spirit to the feathered world, and what a wonderful story the keen observer can read in these sprightly creatures ! We who are absorbed in aviculture are coming to understand that bird-life forms an ever-changing background for human life — indispensable, yet always fanciful. And we learn why the birds, with their half- million known species, are man’s greatest allies in the struggle for survival. Of equal importance and perhaps even greater significance to the average individual are the amenities of aviculture. As an avocation or 108 Leon Patrick — The Fine Art of Aviculture hobby it is emphatically unique and of paramount consideration- appealing as it does to all red-blooded men and women, regardless of - race, creed, occupation, social rank or financial rating. Aviculture as a pastime or hobby is proving itself an avocation of the highest order. It adapts itself to both indoor and outdoor accom¬ modations. It opens up a field wherein the ornithologist may delve and exercise his apocalyptic capabilities to their full, and gives thousands of nature lovers a never-ending source of delight and information. Educationally and economically its scope is limited only, and in direct ratio, to the amount of time and money spent upon it. It exerts a potent influence upon man’s character, or mental and physical estate. It is, withal, a beneficial and helpful diversion that tends to make a good man better, and a well man more healthy and efficient. The ranks of the intelligentsia are full of aviculturists. But it is not certain whether an intellectual is an intellectual because he is an aviculturist, or is an aviculturist because he is an intellectual. Of course, it is not claimed that all aviculturists are intellectuals. Some are other¬ wise — the argument simply is that they are good men in spite of their hobby. Aviculture usually attacks the youth with a penchant for birdlore. If he was predestined for an aviculturist, the hobby grows on him until it becomes a necessity. The idea of doing something worth while — of propagating rare and perhaps exotic species becomes an obsession. He no longer confines his efforts to the common cage birds. He begins to haunt the big bird stores ; he makes long stops before the flamboyant denizens there displayed, and his whole being thrills with the longing to possess. He walks up and down in a maze at the mysterious allot¬ ments of Providence, that gives so much money to men to spend on their appetites, and so little to men who would spent it in benevolence or upon their refined tastes ! It is astonishing, too, how one’s necessities, multiply in the presence of the supply. One never knows how many birds it is impossible to do without till he visits a real bird mart. One is surprised to perceive at some bird bazaar or importer’s shop,' how many species he really needs. He is satisfied that his life, up until now, has been utterly drab and wholly devoid of desideratum. Suddenly he Leon Patrick — The Fine Art of Aviculture 109 is aware of having lived for years without certain birds which he is now -satisfied that he cannot live without. Then and there is exercised all those -subtle processes by which man contrives to convince himself that he can afford to buy. No artful manager or efficiency expert ever saw through a maze of financial embarrassments half so quickly as an aviculturist can see his way clear to pay for what he wants. He promises himself marvels of retrenchment ; he will go without smokes or shows or drive his automobile less, that he may purchase certain birds to thrill his soul. Yea, he will raise birds, that he may buy more birds. The appetite is insatiable. He is now fairly launched in this, the most amiable of all avocations. He registers the name and address of all those supposed to be avicul- turists, and sooner or later he visits them all. He asks advice — and follows it, more or less — perhaps less. I might go on and on with- this indefinitely, referring to many more typical characteristics that distinguish the aviculturist from the proletarian. Suffice it to say that the true aviculturist is invariably a confirmed bibliophile. Next to the living birds he loves those rare volumes which picture and describe them. Books and birds— birds and books — the two are inseparable ! In the beginning he bought books at random, and without examining them too closely. Little by little his taste is formed and purified ; he becomes fastidious ; he no longer buys without knowing what he is about. Such are the extravagant turns and the follies (not to mention the disheartening episodes) of this passion which we call aviculture. But, nevertheless, this passion, which sometimes degenerates into the mere collecting of birds, which excites the emotions of young and old, which stirs the soul to a point of sacrifice, and which, it must be allowed, is one form of avarice — this passion, I say, has a rational basis, it has a noble origin and a justifiable objective. Aviculture is an elevated avocation, for it has for foundation the love and perpetuation of nature’s feathered aristocrats. 110 J. Bradshaiv — Mendelian Inheritance {?) in Budgerigars MENDELIAN INHERITANCE (?) IN BUDGERIGARS By J. Bradshaw During recent months a keen controversy has existed among breeders of these little Parrakeets as to whether or no the hereditary factors 44 mendelize To be strictly applicable it is required that the crossing of Blue with Blue-bred birds, e.g. should produce among the youngsters 50 per cent Blues, while the mating of Blue-bred with Blue-bred should produce 25 per cent Blue. One school says that the theory works out perfectly correctly, the other maintains that results cannot be fore¬ casted with any certainty. Some enthusiasts insist that the percentages 44 come true every time when clutches are full If by this is meant that every pair of Blue-bred birds produces 25 per cent of Blue, it must be pointed out that theory does not demand such rigid adherence. The results are subject to an error which, it is suggested, is given by the following formula : — where jp1 and jp2 are the percentages of Blue and non-Blue respectively and n is the number of young produced. When n is small, this allows of a wide margin, and the actual production of the theoretical percentage does not prove anything for or against the theory. With regard to the above formula and others of a similar character, it may be stated that, while they are quite all right from the standpoint of the mathematician, even he often regards them as somewhat artificial, while the layman often looks upon them as something in the nature of a 44 wangle It is a pity that so few people have kept breeding records in such a form as to make a critical examination possible, for the matter can only be adequately tested by means of large numbers of examples. In the cases quoted below the Blue-bred birds all possessed one Blue parent, being produced in aviaries where Blue birds of one sex were paired to Blue-breds of the other sex ; and these latter conditions apply when Blues mated to Blue-breds are referred to. Unhatched eggs have been disregarded, as no satisfactory method exists of bringing J. Bradshaw —Mendelian Inheritance {?) in Budgerigars 111 them into account. Their disposal under any system is almost entirely speculation, but perhaps the safest proceeding is to divide them up in the same proportions as the hatched eggs. In quite a number of the «ases, however, they could have no material bearing upon the results. I. Mating Blue x Blue-Bred Number of young .... Theoretical expectation . Error (calculated from formula above) ..... Limits between which number of Blues must lie ... Actual number of Blues produced . 40 20 Blues + 9-6 10*4 and 29*6 2 II. Mating Blue x Blue-Bred Number of young . . . .62 Theory Expects . . . .31 Blues Error . . . . . . + 11‘85 Limits (Blues) . . . . 19*15 and 42*85 Actual number of Blues . - 40 III. Blue x Blue-Bred Number of young . . . .64 Theoretical expectation . . .32 Blues Error . . . . . -j- 12 Limits of Blues . . . .20 and 44 Actual number of Blues . . 46 IV. Blue x Blue-Bred This case is from the aviary of Mr. Porter, of Bristol. Number of young . . . .21 Theoretical expectation . . . 10*5 Blues Error ...... +6*87 Limits ...... 3*63 and 17*37 Actual Number of Blues . . 16 While in none of the cases are the figures even approximately equal do the theoretical, and while in cases 1 and 3 they are outside the limits 112 J. Bradshaw — Mendelian Inheritance (?) in Budgerigars of error, the whole of the figures taken together give an actual yield of 104 Blues out of a total of 187 young, as against a theoretical 93‘5. This, however, is within the limits of error, which are 73 and 114. This procedure, however, suggests jugglery, and the result could be easily upset by the introduction of other examples instead of, or in addition to, one of the cases above. These cases have been selected at random. Cases 2, 3, and 4 combined give a result far removed from theory and well outside the limits of error. The idea that a long line of Blue ancestry is a factor to be taken into account seems to be anathema to Mendelists. It is to be noted that Case 1 above is taken from the records of some years ago, while 2 and 3 relate to a more recent period when the Blue-breds had a longer “ Blue ” heredity. Mr. Porter’s results were obtained from one pair of birds, a Blue cock and a “ pedigree ” Blue-bred hen. The facts need not be taken as conclusive evidence in favour of ancestry, since other factors were at work. But that is another story. A few results from the mating of Blue-bred birds inter se are now given : — I Number of young . . 45 Theory expects 1 1 *25 Blues Error ..... . +8*7 Limits ..... . 2*55 and 19*95 Actual number of Blues . 5 Less than half the theoretical percentage but within the limits. II The parents here included 1 White, the rest Blue-breds. Number of young . . 49 Blues ..... . Nil. Comment unnecessay. Ill Number of young . . 54 Theory expects . 13‘5 Blues Error ..... . ±9-5 Limits .... . 4 and 23 Actual number of Blues . 7 J. Bradshaiv — Mendelian Inheritance (?) in Budgerigars 113 IY Number of young 67 Theory expects .... 16*75 Blues Error ...... + 10*68 Limits ..... 6*07 and 27*43 Actual number of Blues 7 Y Number of young .... 72 Expectation .... 18 Blues Error ...... + 11-1 Limits ..... 6*9 and 29*1 Actual number of Blues 3 VI Number of young .... 40 Theoretical expectation . 10 Blues Actual number .... 10 If we combine the six cases we have a total of 327 birds, with a theoretical expectation of 81*75 Blues. Instead of this we get 32 Blues, and are outside the stipulated limits which, with an error of 23*5 are 58*25 and 105*25. And here, again, it must be stated that case 2 refers to the early stages of the operation. While the mating of Bine with Blue-bred birds has produced in recent years a number of Blues well in excess of the theoretical 50 per cent and even above the limits allowed by theory, the same result has not been obtained with the Blue-breds breeding among themselves. In the latter case there has certainly been an increase in the percentage of Blues obtained, but the expectation of 25 per cent has very seldom been realized and has only been exceeded in isolated cases (e.g. one pair of birds gave 50 per cent). The figure is usually not far removed from the lower limit. The question is often asked : “ Mendelism works with other stock, why not with Budgerigars ? ” Arguments from analogy are never entirely satisfactory. There is no need to attempt an answer until there is sufficient evidence to reach a decision upon the primal question. At present the evidence is conflicting, and it is not surprising that there is a sharp division of opinion. 114 G> H. Corsan — Breeding the Blue Goose in Canada The records from which the above examples are extracted seem to lead to the conclusion that while it is difficult to obtain the theoretical percentage of 25 per cent Blue from Blue-breds, the use of one Blue parent continuously will lead to very satisfactory results. Also that if there is any reality in the Mendelian percentages, they can only apply to such a large number of birds as to render them of little practical utility to the average breeder. I was interested in Dr. Amsler’s remarks in the December issue, and note that he also obtained figures, with thirty birds bred Blue X Blue-bred, which declined to conform to the theory even with its generous margin for small numbers of birds. Perhaps other breeders of Budgerigars may feel inclined to submit data bearing on the question. BREEDING THE BLUE GOOSE ( CHEN CJERULESCENS) IN CANADA By George Hebden Corsan, Sen. Back in 1911, in October, I chanced upon an auction sale of a farm up the Valley of the Mimico, near Toronto, Canada, and charmed with the beauty of the bit of valley, purchased that part of the farm. Huge elms grew along the little creek ; tall white pines stood upon the hillside facing north. This valley became my camping place, and my hobby. In 1912 I secured some Canada Geese and placed them on the creek. Almost immediately thereafter I brought some Snow Geese and some Blue Geese to the little winding stream. Then, in the autumn of 1913, I attended the Canadian National Exhibition at Toronto. Stopping to talk with a man who was a breeder of large numbers of Bronze Turkeys, I discovered he lived on the shores of Lake Huron, on the peninsular that separates this lake from Georgian Bay. As we talked he told me that one day a terrific north-west gale had blown into his farmyard a lesser Snow Gander and a Blue Gander. These birds mixed with his domestic Geese, and one day he closed them in his barn, caught them, and sold them to a bird fancier at Maple, Ontario. Avic. Mag. 1928. o 2 H g u «0 4) m OC Q 8 8 « 5 3 5 03 VC G E To face jp. 115.] One of these Bine Geese, the gander leading, was bom up at the Arctic Circle, or above it ; the others were bred at Echo Yalley. The goose, mother of the younger birds, is on the ground. She cannot fly, as she was wing- wounded when I bought her. Three of these flying blues are still young enough not to have really white heads. The others are a year older. G. H. Corsan — Breeding the Blue Goose in Canada 115 One day I had occasion to go to Maple to purchase a female Black Raccoon, and I recalled the conversation I had had with this Turkey breeder. I called on the man to whom he had sold the Wild Geese, finding him to be a storekeeper and undertaker. I looked at his fowl and saw these two ganders in a pen, and I bought them for $15 (about £3), bringing the birds back to Echo Valley with me. On releasing them I did not think to examine their wings, and was astounded to see them rise from the ground and fly, but, fortunately, they did not fly far, for my other Blues and Snows called them back, and back they came. That Blue Gander, I always noticed, had a dislike for water, so he must, have had a bad experience in some stormy weather. The Snow Gander paired with a Snow Goose, and they had many young, which he always took up in the air for long flights about the valley. He never landed off the place. But one day he flew into a new electric wire and decapitated himself. The Blue Gander, however, is still living. That first year, spring of 1914, he very strangely paired with a Toulouse Goose, instead of with a Blue, and in the autumn when I visited my valley I got rid of that Goose and their young. The next spring, 1915,. this Blue Gander chose a Blue Goose and they were successful in raising their babies. I remember I was quite surprised they did not have white- heads, like their parents, when I returned in the autumn and my game- keeper, Mr. John Huddleston, showed me the pair with their young. During the next few years, from that autumn until 1918 my valley was left to itself a great deal, with only a young lad coming in to feed the birds each day. Then I secured another gamekeeper, who, alas ! was, not as he should have been, although a good bird man. Many of my Blue Geese disappeared in my absence, old ones as well as young ones,, for the Blues continued their breeding. Bendick Bros., of Leduc, Alberta, Canada, have bred Blue- Geese. Mr. H. J. Jager, of Owatonna, Minnesota, ILS.A., bred Blue Geese in 1925 or 1924, and a man who lives south of Mr. Jager,, but whose name and address I have forgotten, also bred Blue Geese previous to Mr. Jager’s success, to be exact in 1922, but they were killed from one cause or another, although they lived to six months of age. The National Zoo at Washington, D.C., U.S.A., also bred Blue-, Geese in 1925 or 1926. 116 J. Appleby — Notes from a Lancashire Aviary My Blue Gander, the leader of the Blue Geese, is still with me, although he has been mated to several Geese off and on, each Goose being killed by mink or other predatory creature. At present he is paired to a Blue Goose without the usual white head, and I am waiting to see what their young this year will be like. NOTES FROM A LANCASHIRE AVIARY By Joseph Appleby The Avicultural Society grows apace, for wdiich all lovers of our feathered pets should be truly thankful. But in reading our Magazine one cannot help noticing that the articles therein confine themselves more to the rare and expensive birds than to those quite as interesting but less costly. Now it seems to me, that though this feature is good in homoeopathic doses, it is not altogether the best method of promoting the interest of aviculture in general, which I presume is the ultimate object of our Society. I think we should achieve greater success and popularity if more attention were paid to the breeding and rearing of the more numerously imported birds. Such items as details of food, conditions of housing, local climatic conditions, are of paramount importance. One shudders at the losses that occur among freshly imported foreign birds. Is it not a laudable desire to diminish those losses, and so to some extent close the mouths of those fanatics who would stop the caging of all birds, and deprive thousands of true bird lovers the pleasure they derive from seeing birds in good condition in real comfort and safe homes. To reach this state of perfection, we as a Society should set an example, and give freely and openly of our losses and successes, our experiments by trial and error. For by such method only is any science advanced. Now for the benefit of those members interested, and who did not see my note in the Magazine last May, pp. 136-8, 1 will recapitulate the conditions under which my birds dwell, and then give a copy of my aviary diary for last twelve months. The shores of south-west Lancashire are very exposed. Nevertheless J. Appleby — Notes from a Lancashire Aviary 117 we have a fairly equitable climate and milder than many places further south. For instance, we have had no snow to speak of this winter. But (and it is a very large but) we have more than our share of wind, fog, and wet sea mists, and a very poor allowance of sunshine in comparison with Dorset and Wiltshire for instance. Conditions, therefore, are not the most favourable for keeping foreign birds in any condition. However, by providing fairly roomy quarters (they have nearly 4,000 cubic feet of space, part of which is warmed up to 50° F. during the months October to April), I have managed to cut down the per¬ centage loss. But it is too high yet. The birds kept range from Pekin Robins, Javas, Buntings, to the small Waxbills. They are fed on canary, white millet, Indian millet, hemp, rice, oats, and grass seeds, Spratts’ C.L.O. food, Lark food, mealworms, earwigs, and other live¬ stock as procurable. They have running water and the floors of the flights are grassed. They are at liberty to sleep under cover or in the open. The Siskins and Grey Singing Finches never sleep inside, whatever the weather. The same applies to a cock Nonpareil and Red-crested Finch. Most of the others do, except under most favourable conditions. Last March I determined not to buy another bird for a year, with a view to seeing if my district was a pneumonia area or not, and also testing the resisting power of birds that had passed one winter under my conditions. Taking things all round they seem to have come through fairly well. Although many nested and laid eggs, few have reared young, generally due to some disturbing influence in the shape of another bird of egg-stealing and nest-robbing propensities. I began the year with 56 birds, and end with 43, and 40 of these have now spent two winters here, are in finer feather and better colour and condition than any freshly imported bird I have ever seen. Diary Notes 1927. Apr. 10. Cock Red-crested Finch died of diarrhoea, and hen Whydah from congestion of the lungs. Sent these birds to Mr. C. H. Hicks for post mortem examination. ,, 14. Hen Zebra died of egg-binding. 10 118 J. Appleby — Notes from a Lancashire Aviary 1927. June 9. 25. „ 26. July 15. 28. Aug. 12. Sept. 1. Oct. 1. Nov. 7. „ 17. „ 28. „ 29. Hen Cordon Bleu found dead in nest box, sitting. Golden-breasted Waxbill killed by cat clawing it through wire netting. Sitting on nest close to top of flight. Old cock Nonpareil Bunting was killed by the young one, which I only let out from two months captivity for assault yesterday. A hen Bronze-winged Mannikin died of egg binding. Three young Zebras flying around shelter. Grey Singing Finch sitting, four eggs. Orange Bishop and Paradise Whydah getting full colour rapidly. Grey Singing Finch robbed. I fancy the Red-crested Finch (hen) is the culprit. Hen Lavender and Cordon Bleu died of cold and wet. Very bad lately. Pekin Robin built and laid one egg, which I find partly eaten on the ground beneath. Pekin Robin built another nest in Berberis bush. One egg in this at noon ; at 2 p.m. find on ground partly eaten. Grey Singing Finch have another nest, with two newly hatched young and one egg. Egg gone and two young dead outside nest. Pekin Robin moulting rapidly. Weather warm but damp. Pink-cheeked Waxbill found dead, poor condition. Two and a half degrees of frost last night on grass. Started heat in shelter. Cock Lavender in perfect plumage dead. C. H. Hicks says head bruised and liver lacerated. Must have flown into something. After thick fog last night, Bichenow Finch that had slept outside all through up to now looked very miserable, so caught up, and took into shelter. Bichenow much better. Caught up Golden-breasted Waxbills, Cordon Bleus, Fire Finches, Pink-cheeked and Orange¬ cheeked, and caged them during this foggy weather. Correspondence 119 1927. Dec. 10. Paradise Whydah commencing to moult. Dropped his two long tail-feathers this morning. Combassous also moulting „ 27. Orange Bishop and Whydah moulting hard. Combassou does not seem to have done much more. 1928. Jan. 17. Released Cordon Bleu and Waxbills caged November 29. A hen Combassou and a Cordon Bleu found dead in cage, had been in poor health for some time. „ 21. Released remainder of birds caged. In cleaning nest-boxes found a young Zebra dead. Feb. 22. Old hen Green Singing Finch died ; very poor condition. Mar. 9. Young cock Zebra killed in fight. Too many cocks. „ 15. Grey Singing Finches have built a nest in fork of Prunus. No eggs yet. „ 19. Grey Singing Finches nest pulled out by some other bird. Must find this robber before more damage done. Suspect Red-crested Finch. Must cage up and see how we go on. In conclusion, I should like to say how pleased I would be if any reader of these notes would point out where I have gone astray in my treatment of these birds. For, in my opinion, it is only by freely exchanging experiences and treatment that we can help on the science of aviculture, and save the lives of our pets. CORRESPONDENCE COLOUR CHANGES IN REGENT BIRDS Sir, — My friend, Mr. G. A. Heumann, of Sydney, an old member of our Society, gives me a lot of details with regard to the colour changes in cock Regent Birds, and I think most of our members will find them most instructive. He says : “ I have bred Regent Birds and have found the following changes. First year the young bird looks like a hen, with a brown bill and a black eye. The second year the eye looks watery and the bill at base greyish. The third year the eye shows a faint yellow 120 Correspondence ring, and the bill at base yellowish. The fourth year the eye has a light yellow ring, and the bill greyish yellow. Fifth year the eye has a dark golden ring, and the bill dull yellow, and the bird comes into full colour that year. I like to see them come into colour, which is most interesting.” If you can publish this in the Magazine I am sure it will be most appreciated by the members. A. Ezra. BREEDING HEALTHY BIRDS Sir, — Birds when bred in captivity require large aviaries, in which it is possible — given the opportunity of a long flight, to keep themselves in a healthy condition. Under these restrictions the whole system of the birds will be working naturally, as in their wild state. The respiratory organs will remain clear ; the lungs filled with oxygen from the air will expel the poisonous carbon from the body, in the formation of carbon-dioxide, a poisonous composition. With flight the heart will continue its beat, consequently keeping the blood in circulation. I consider that in the breeding of birds the health of the individuals is the primary factor. M. G. B. Bennett (Captain), F.Z.S. HERMAPHRODITISM IN BIRDS Sir, — The case of the gynandromorphical Gouldian Finch, the subject of an article in last month’s Magazine, is extremely interesting to those who have studied hermaphroditism in the avian world. We hear from time to time of such things as crowing Hens, Cocks which lay eggs, the assumption of the male plumage by the female or vice versa, and we are apt to be rather incredulous about them or look on them as mere freaks and dismiss them from our minds as such, but in reality they constitute one of those strange natural phenomena which call for long and careful research. Correspondence 121 The case of the crowing Hen, etc., is one of those obvious circum¬ stances which through its special peculiarity is brought to the public notice as also is the case of the Gouldian Finch, but hermaphroditism in its various stages of gynandromorphism, etc., is far more common in birds than we are led to believe, and it is very difficult to detect indeed amongst birds in which there is no difference between the plumage of the sexes. Hermaphroditism is now generally assumed to have been developed in the early embryonic life, and is due no doubt to either of two things or possibly both, that the embryo after developing along the lines of one sex will, for some inexplicable reason, gradually develop along the lines of the opposite sex, thus giving the bird a mixture of both the physical and mental characteristics of both, or while having the external semblance of one sex will have the organic and mental characters of the other. On the other hand, the embryo may develop with a simultaneous mixture of the cells of both sex, thus giving the same result. There is an extremely interesting article in the Transactions of the Pathological Society of London, vol. lvii, part i, 1906, by Shattock and Seligman, pointing out that “ mere atrophy of the ovary cannot account for the appearance in the hen bird of male characters, which are not retrogressive, but progressive ”, argues that such birds are really bisexual or hermaphrodite either by the single ovary being really bisexual, as was the case with a fowl they examined, or that the sexual glands are paired, one being male and the other female, or else that there is misplaced male tissue in a neighbouring viscus like the adrenal or kidney, the male elements asserting themselves when the female elements degenerate. “ Hermaphroditism,” they conclude, “ far from being a phenomena altogether abnormal amongst the higher vertebrates should be viewed rather as a reversion to the primitive ancestral phase in which bisexualism was the normal disposition.” Sydney Porter. MAINTAINING STOCK BY BREEDING Sir, — I have more than once reproached aviculturists — not, I think, without reason — for their lazy and improvident habit of 122 Correspondence depending almost entirely on importations from abroad to replenish the stock of birds in their aviaries. Such breeding as is attempted is often carried on in a desultory and haphazard fashion, with little care to prevent degeneracy in the stock reared. Four species of Lovebirds — Black-cheeked, Nyasa, Masked, and Fischers are being imported by hundreds and there is a very special reason why these importations should not continue, but the market be supplied with aviary-bred birds. All these Lovebirds breed continually with only a short pause for the moult, and there is no reason to suppose that they are any less prolific in a wild state. I wonder how many people realize what this involves in the way of cruelty ? It may safely be assumed that every other pair of adult Lovebirds caught by the trappers — certainly one pair in every three' — have a brood in the nest which must perish miserably of starvation on the loss of their parents. Looked at from this point of view, the trade in live Lovebirds assumes almost as ugly an aspect as the trade in Egret plumes. A pleasanter, if less cogent, reason for more systematic breeding in captivity is to be found in the fact that it is only a question of time for domestication to produce colour variations in any kind of bird or beast. We have seen the interesting and beautiful colours resulting from the domestication of the Budgerigar — not to mention the financial gain of skilful and fortunate breeders — and there is no reason to suppose that the genus Agapornis would yield a less satisfactory return. A Blue Lovebird has already proved a possibility. Tavistock. [There is almost certainly one period in the year when Lovebirds are moulting, and when no breeding takes place, in spite of the fact that under the unnatural conditions of captivity they may continue to breed almost throughout the year. It should be made illegal to capture them at any other than this non-breeding period. In some of the collections of Lovebirds that have come over nearly all were young birds, probably captured just after the breeding season. We have more than once endeavoured to impress upon our members the importance of carefully conserving the stock of foreign birds in this country, by exchanging young birds with others to ensure fresh blood and so forth. There would be no excuse for any of the recently Correspondence 128 introduced Lovebirds to die out in this country even if no more are imported. — Ed.] THE PLUMED JAY Regarding the specific name formosa, of this species, described in our last number, Dr. George de Southoff points out that the word is Latin for “ handsome ”, “ finely formed ”, or “ beautiful ”. It has therefore no reference to locality, but is very applicable to this fine Jay. DRUMMING OF SNIPE Sir, — Many people who have shot and hunted all their lives have only come in contact with their game and quarry during winter months and perhaps, from various reasons, have had little or no opportunity of studying at any rate some, if not all, of their furred or feathered victims during the breeding season ; at all events, such had been my experience in connexion with the subject of my notes until last year. Then while collecting moss and other materials for my aviaries, I found myself near a well-known little stream and a favourite nesting ground for Snipe. I had not been there long before I heard what sounded to me like the bleating of a lamb, and for half an hour I watched through my field glasses a Snipe that the chauffeur had at once located and pointed out to me. A week later I went again to listen and observe with like results. This year, on 5th April, I went again to the same locality, hoping to renew my observations, but fearing I might be too early, as last year my first visit was three weeks later. Much to my surprise and pleasure, however, two Snipe got up in a rough grass field adjoining the road, one to disappear, the other to commence its wide circling in the air, and the bleating sound I had heard for the first time last year. Now was my opportunity for settling in my own mind (only, be it understood) the lifelong discussions I had so often listened to on the subject of how this sound was produced by the Snipe. 124 Correspondence Another good half hour’s watching through field glasses and careful listening convinced me that no sound could possibly be produced by feather or feathers that would carry to the human ear for the distance in space represented by the bird that was barely visible even through glasses, and a very fair breeze blowing into the bargain. Again I noticed that on every occasion that the bird emitted the sound, was when it dipped in its flight, as it constantly did, and then the wings were extended and perfectly still. What I should very much like to know from the experience of others is : — 1. Why is this sound called drumming ? 2. How could it be produced without a sound box ? 3. Why is the sound only heard during the breeding season ? I ask this because, although I have shot many snipe in my time, both walking up and driven, I never once heard the sound before last year. If it be generally agreed that the sound is confined to the breeding season, then am I convinced that it is only the natural call of mate to mate, and is produced internally, and not externally. J. N. Hayley. [The “ drumming ” or “ bleating ” of the Snipe- takes place only on the downward flight and the sound is produced by the two lateral tail-feathers, which are very stiff, and spread at right angles to the line of the body. When rushing swiftly through the air in this position the well-known sound is produced. The sound is frequently heard during the breeding season, but has also, occasionally, been noted in the winter. — Ed.] CHAPMAN’S 17 TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD, LONDON, W.l. Animal and Waterfowl Depot : 1 1 HIGH STREET. BARNET. Telephone : BARNET 2082. Quarantine Station : 5 SAGE ST., LONDON, E. 1 . East End Depot : 3 SAGE ST., LONDON, E.l. Telegrams: “ BLACKBIRD PHONE, LONDON." Telephones : MUSEUM 5272, 5273, 5274 and 5275. Cables: "BLACKBIRD " LONDON. OUR NEW BUILDING IS NOW OPEN where the Finest Collection of Birds ever gathered together may be seen Exhibited in Modern Show Cages under perfect hygienic conditions , lit the time of the appearance of this advertisement we shall have actually on view he following very line collections, besides many others too numerous to be detailed here, Ind a full List will be forwarded to anybody making application for same. Qhapman’s Zebras. Eared Owls. Amherst Pheasants. Hamadryas Baboons. Voltures. fMight Apes. Amazon Parrots. Emus. Rekin Robins. Rosella Parrakeets. Elephants. Macaws. Yaks. Lemurs. Antelope. Xanagers. Elegant Parrakeet. Nonpareil Buntings. Hartebeeste. Pumas. Snakes. |bex. Hyathwche Macaws. Ibis. Spreo Starlings. SSJyassa Lovebirds. Amardillo. Grey Parrots. iNJigger Monkeys. X ouracous. T rumpeters. Hawk-headed Parrots. Abyssinian Lovebirds. X roupials. Eagles. Lizards. Ocelet Cats. Hornbil-ls. Indian Pheasants. Aye -Aye. Orioles. Vervet Monkeys. Undulated Grass Parrakeets. Soft-billed Birds. Elk. Qrowned Cranes. Anaconda. Norwich Canaries. Egrets. Fischers Lovebirds. Flamingoes. Red Cardinals. Anubis Baboons. Ostriches. Orinocco Geese. Rheas. Rhesus Monkeys. Marmosets. Yellow Conures. CHAPMAN’S 17 Tottenham Court Rd., London. W. 1 , * the firm for all different species of Live ANIMALS and BIRDS . GALLOWAY’S Celebrated Insectivorous Food LIFE A Perfect diet for all Insect and Fruit-eating Birds, Foreign Finches, Waxbills, etc., etc. As supplied to Her Grace The late DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON, Her Grace EVELYN DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON, LORD TAVISTOCK, and The Hon. MRS. G. BOURKE. This food is invaluable for feeding foreign seed-eaters given in addition to their seed diet ; Parrot and other Foreign Finches will rear their young almost entirely on it. Used by a great number of leading aviculturists both here and abroad. It will keep good for any length of time if turned out of the bag and kept in a dry place. Prices carriage paid to any part of the United Kingdom : — lib. 2/6, 21b. 4/8, 31b. 6/10, 41b. 9/-, 31b. 11/2, 61b. 13/4, 71b. 14/10, 141b. 27/4, 281b. 47/10, \ cwt. 95/8. A large sample will toe sent on receipt of 6d. in stamps. No Agents. To be obtained solely from the Maker. Send postcard for descriptive leaflet with testimonials. P. F. M. GALLOWAY, 1 Rectory Road, Caversham, Reading, England. “L’OISEAU.” PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE Societe Nationale d’Acclimatation de France, 198 BOULEVARD ST. GERMAIN, PARIS (VIIe). A French Magazine on Aviculture, for the study of European and Foreign Birds in captivity and at liberty. With coloured and black and white plates. ONE YEAR - 75 FRANCS. Medals for first breeding of a species in captivity in France or other countries are awarded if a detailed account is sent to the Society. IV CANDIDATES FOR ELECTION. Mrs. Dalrymple, Bartley Lodge, Cadnam, Hampshire. Proposed by Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke. Mrs. P. Stormouth Darling, Blackwood, Fulmer, Bucks. Proposed by Dr. M. Amsler. Mrs. Greta Fox, Backwoods, Lindfield, Sussex. Proposed by R. M. Atkinson. A. G. Glenister, Ipoh, Perak, F.M.S. Proposed by E. Maud Knobel. W. Jackson, P.O. Box 326, San Mateo, California, U.S.A. Proposed by I. S. Horne. Victor G. Loly, Box i.27, Anaheim, California, U.S.A. Proposed by E. Maud Knobel. Samuel McGredy, Parkmount, Portadown, Northern Ireland. Proposed by A. E. Blythe-Jackson. Dr. Ira E. Nash, 1707 Medical Arts Building, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A. Proposed by W. H. Browning. Herbert Pepper, 21 Bromley Road, Catford, S.E.6. Proposed by E. Maud Knobel Major E. R. Rivers, 29 Lansdown Road, Holland Park, W. 11. Proposed by Henry Gray. Sawakichi Saite, c/o Mitsui & Co., 32 and 33 Lime Street, E.C. 3. Proposed by F. G. Hedges. '■ • , _ _ _ ,■ NEW MEMBERS. Harry A. Collin, Tynrodyn, Bangor, North Wales. R. Dawson, Fawley Manor, Wantage, Berks. Captain Bernard Fuller, Oakfield, Workingham, Berks. Miss K. Martin, Oakdene, Otley, Yorkshire. Mrs. Peters, Ladies’ Army and Navy Club, St. James’s Place, W. Mrs. S. P. Pope, Briscoe, Wellington, Som. Douglas Previte, Fox Hill House, Keston, Kent. W. G. Whitehead, Hillsboro, Park Road, West Hartlepool. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. Frank A. D. Hansell to The Croft, Muthill, Perthshire. W. Lewis to 34 Kingston Lane, Teddington, Middlesex. C. Home McCall, to San Jose, Mount Road, Hastings. B. Mott to 11 Wheeleys Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Lionel de Rothschild to 18 Kensington Palace Gardens. MEMBERS’ SALE AND EXCHANGE COLUMN. The charge for Members' advertisements is one penny per word, and no advertisement must exceed thirty-six words, name and address included. Payment must accompany the advertisement, which must be sent on or before the 20th of the month to Mr. T. H. Newman, “Verulam,” Forty Lane, Wembley Park, Middlesex. All members of the Society are entitled to use this column. SALE AND EXCHANGE. Magnificent Blue Budgerigars, very deep colour, young, £20 pair ; young Olive cock, £2 10s. ; Greens, 15s. pair. All unheated outdoor aviary bred. — Mrs. Fisher, “ Grange,” Sutton Road, Erdington, Birmingham. Hen Barraband, £8 ; Yellow-rumped Parrakeet, £7 ; pair- Crimson Wings, £10 ; pair King Parrakeets, cock slightly hanging wing, £8 ; pair Yellow- bellied Parrakeets, £10 ; all outdoor. — B. Jackson, 33 Church Street, Bingley. Budgerigars of all colours for sale during breeding season. Inspection invited. — Mrs. Wall, Marlborough, Wilts. WANTED. Avicultural Magazine, for January, 1927. — E. Maud Knobel, 32 Tavistock Square, W.C. 1. GAMAGES SS2 ALWAYS A VARIED STOCK OF Foreign Birds, Parrots, Lovebirds, etc. We can now offer : — Shamahs, Hill Mynahs, Lovebirds-— Peach- face, Masked, Fischers, Abyssinian, Blue-wing, Pekin Robins, Scarlet and Superb Tanagers, Bengalese, White Java Sparrows, Virginian Cardinals, Pagoda, Spreo, Royal, and White-capped Starlings, Blue-headed Waxbills, Long Tail Grass Finches, Masked Grass Finches, Crimson Wing Parrakeets, Pennants, Rock Peplar Parrakeets, various Lorys. BEST FOODS. LOWEST PRICES, Mealworms ... 5/9 per lb, ., 3 1b.. , 16/6 Post i Spray Millet, large bundles Ants’ Eggs 3/6 each, 1 doz. , 36/- 9 9 3/6 per lb ., 41b.. , 12/9 ,, Dried Flies . 21- 9 9 71b., 6/9 99 Pure Egg Yolk . 3/6 1 9 41b., 12/6 9 9 Insectivorous Food . . 1/6 9 9 71b., 8/6 9 9 Cuttlefish Bone 1/3 „ 41b., 4/6 ,, Specialities in CAGES, AVIARIES, NEST-BOXES and all appliances. A. W. GAM AGE, Ltd., HOLBORN, LONDON, E.C. 1 . PHONE : HO L. 8484. DE VON & CO. Our weekly Illustrated PRICE LISTS will interest you. FOREIGN. Lavender Finches . 1 0/- pair. Firefinches . . 6/- ,, Weavers . 4/- ,, Bilverbills . . 6/6 ,, Combassous . . 4/6 ,, Cordon Bleus . . 6/6 ,, Green Singing Finches 6/6 , , Red-eared Waxbills . 2/6 ,, Java Cockatoo . . £2 10/- Madagascar Lovebirds . 1 0/- pair. Java Sparrows . . 6/6 ,, Spicebirds . . 6/6 ,, Cutthroats . . • 6/6 ,, Steelfinches . . 6/6 ,, Pekin Nightingales . 15/-,, Tame Chattering Blue-fronted Amazon Parrots 4 5/- and 50/- each. Cactus Conures . . 12/6 ,, REPTILES. Just arrived. Green Tree Frogs, 4d. each ; 3/- doz. Green Lizards . . • 2/- each. REPTILES ( continued ). Wall Lizards Water Tortoises Land Tortoises . Grass Snakes 1 /- each. • 1 /- „ . 2/- ,, • 1/- „ MEALWORMS. — FOODS. Large, clean, fat worms, 1 Od. oz. 3/- i lb., 5/6 lb. ; 4 lbs. , 23/- ; 10 lbs. , £2 10/-; 201bs.,£4 15/-. Post paid. We will be pleased to accept standing orders. Best Nightingale and Shama Food, 3/- lb. ; 7 lbs. , 18/6. Best Lark and Thrush Food, 1/3 lb. ; 7 lbs., 7/-. Pure Crop Ants’ Eggs, 4/6 lb. ; 7 lbs., 28/6. Cuttlefish, 1/8 and 2/6 lb. Indian Millet Sprays, large, 4 /- bdle. ; small, 3/6 bdle. All postages paid. All Aquatical requirements, including GOLDFISH & FANCY FISH, AQUARIUMS from 3/6, REPTILES, PET MONKEYS, MONGOOSE, GUINEA PIGS, etc. 127 King’s Cross Road, London, W.C. 1. Phone : Terminus 3595. Telegrams : Oiseaux, London. FOURTH SERIES. VOL. VI. No. 6. JUNE. 1928. CONT PAGE 'The Crimson-breasted Comire (with Coloured Plate) . . 125 Diving Ducks, by J. Delacoub (with Four Plates — ■ one coloured) .... 125 Nestingof the Black-faced Weaver, ■ by Sidney Porter . .132 Jungle-Fowl, by D. Seth- Smith 136 [NTS. PAGE Correspondence : Breeding a Sport Canada Goose ; A Sailor’s Pets ; The Importation of Lovebirds ; Heating AviaryShelters ; Small Foreign Finches ; Aviary Notes ; French Avicultural Medals ; Hand-rearing a Masked Lovebird 138 The Ceylon Jungle-Fowl . . 144 The Price of this Number is 2/6. THE AVSCULTURAL SOCIETY FOUNDED 1894 NOTICE TO MEMBERS The Subscription to the Avicultural Society is £1 per annum, due on the 1st of January in each year, and is payable in advance. The entrance fee is 10/0. The Avicultural Magazine is sent free to members monthly. Members joining at any time during the year are entitled to the back numbers for the current year, on the payment of entrance fee and subscription. ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE SENT TO THE HONORARY SECRETARY AND TREASURER, Miss Knobel, 32 Tavistock Square, London, W.C.l. All Queries respecting Birds (except post-mortem cases) and all other correspondence should be sent to the Hon. Secretary, at the above address. Any change of address should he notified to her. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS. Rule 1. — A short account of the illness should accompany the specimen. All birds to be sent as fresh as possible to Mr. C. H. Hicks, The Prosectorium, The Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 8. Rule 2.— A stamped addressed envelope must be enclosed with the bird. Rule 3. — No body or skin of any bird will be returned under any circumstances whatever. The Magazine is published by Messrs. Stephen Austin & Sons, 5 Fore Street, Hertford, to whom members should address all orders for extra copies, back numbers for 1917 and after, and bound volumes. Cases for binding the Magazine (in art cloth, with gold block on side) can be obtained from the Publishers, post free and carefully packed, at 3/- each ; or the Publishers will undertake .the binding of the Volume for 5/6, plus 9 d. for packing and postage. Members are requested to state whether they want the wrappers and advertisements bound in at the end or not. Telephone: 46 Hertford. BACK VOLUMES of the AVICULTURAL MAGAZINE previous to 1917. Application for these should be made to the Editor of Cage Birds, 154 Fleet Street, E.C. 4. All Enquiries for ADVERTISEMENTS and TRADE SUPPLIES should be made direct to STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, Ltd., FORE STREET, HERTFORD. All communications intended for publication in the Magazine should be addressed to the Editor :■ — Mr. D. Seth- Smith, Zoological Society, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 8. REGENT PET STORES (G. E. PALMER, F.Z.S.) 83 Park Street, Camden Town, London, N. W. 1 ’Phone : Telegraphic Address : HAMPSTEAD 8856. “DOMESTIPET, NORWEST, LONDON.” iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Importers of Foreign Livestock- iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Always good selection of Parrots , Parrakeets , Foreign Finches , Monkeys , etc.> on view at reasonable prices. WE SPECIALIZE IN CAGES, AVIARIES & APPLIANCES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AT LOWEST PRICES. Pure Egg Yolk . Spray Millet (Selected) Mealworms .... Cuttle Fish Bone (Best White) Dried Flies .... Ant Eggs, No. i quality 55 55 NO. 2 ,, . . 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Order with remittance to — STEPHEN AUSTIN 8c SONS, LTD., Fore Street, Hertford. Avicultural Magazine. 1928. Crimson -breasted .Conure, Pyrrhura rhodogaster. JohnBale, Sons & Dani“lsson.Lt.d THE Avicultural Magazine BEING THE JOURNAL OF THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF FOREIGN 8c BRITISH BIRDS IN FREEDOM 8c CAPTIVITY Fourth Series ■> — -Vol. VI. — No. 6.— All rights reserved. JUNE, 1928. THE CRIMSON-BREASTED CONURE (. PYRRHURA RHODOGASTER) Of the large Sub-Family of American Parrots known as the Conurince perhaps the most attractive species are those of the genus Pyrrhura. There are over twenty of them, many of which have never been imported alive. That represented in our colour plate is surely one of the most beautiful of all, and the pair there figured are probably the first ever brought home alive. They were brought home from the interior of Brazil by Mr. Davidson for Mr. Chapman, in whose establishment I discovered them and secured them for the Zoological Society. The species was described by the late Dr. Sclater in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1864, and illustrated by means of a coloured plate by the late Joseph Wolf. D. Seth-Smith. DIVING DUCKS By J. Delacour The Diving Ducks, which are far more aquatic than the former genera, are heavily built with short legs placed far back, and large feet. There is much difference among them as to the degree of adapta- 11 126 J. Delacour — Diving Ducks tion to an aquatic life. We will begin with those which come nearest to the surface feeding Ducks. The first genera ( Netta , Metopiana, Nyroca) have very short tails. The Red-crested Pochard ( Netta rufina) is about the prettiest of its family. It is found in South-East Europe and the middle of Asia, whence it emigrates in winter to Persia and India. A few come to South-West Europe, particularly France, and breed there. It is rather large, and the male has a shock of long ruddy feathers on its head ; the neck, breast, abdomen and tail are black, the mantle brown, flanks white, as are the shoulders. Bill, legs, and eyes are red. The female and the male in eclipse are wholly light brown, the cheeks, front of the neck, and the abdomen light grey. This bird does not dive much, and does well in confinement, breeding readily and adapting itself to the same treatment as Mallard. The Rosy-billed Duck ( Metopiana peposaca), which inhabits the North Argentine, is like the preceding in its shape and habits, and will readily interbreed with it. The drake’s head, neck, and breast are black with violet lights, his mantle is black, finely vermi- culated with grey, abdomen and sides are streaked with grey and white, sub-caudal feathers white, as is also the speculum. His bill is pink surmounted by a Vermillion coloured tubercle, eyes red, yellow and black legs ; he keeps this colour all the year round. The duck is light brown with whitish underparts, bill and legs grey. This species thrives and breeds very freely in confinement. Pochards are much greater divers. There are three species which are very much alike, two from North America and one, which is inter¬ mediate between them, from Asia. The Red-eyed Pochard (Nyroca valisneria) is very popular throughout the United States under the name of “ Canvas-back It lives in West Canada ; a rather large bird, with very long bill and neck. The head and neck of the male are bright red, the front of the breast and the tail are black, the remainder a very light grey, finely vermiculated with dark grey, the bill is wholly black, eye red, feet black. The female has a light brown head, neck, breast, and tail the rest of the body is pale brownish grey. The Common Pochard (N. ferina) is widely spread over Europe wiciillural /Magazine Common Pochard (Nyroca ferina> Red-crested Pochard (Ne.tta rufina) J. Ddacoui — Diving Ducks 127 and Asia, differs from the preceding by its shorter bill which has a grey stripe down the middle, its compact shape and a wider black band across the breast which extends over the back ; the grey parts are not so light. The female is darker. The Red-headed Pochard (N. americana), also an inhabitant of North America, where it is called the 44 Red-Head ”, is less stoutly built, it has a rounder head and is redder than the foregoing ; it has, too, a shorter bill and grey with a black terminal spot and another white sub-terminal. Its eyes are yellow, the black extends further over the back, sides, and breast, and the grey mantle and upper parts are darker. The female is far more uniformly grey and duller. All these three Pochards do very well in confinement, and are free breeders given sufficient water and room. The two American species were only introduced into Europe a few years ago, but have greatly increased. The males in summer go into partial eclipse, merely a duller form of their handsome breeding plumage. The Tufted Duck ( N. fuligula ) is found in nearly all Europe and Asia, migrating south in winter to North Africa and the Nile Valley. The male is adorned with a slight crest on his nape which is merely indicated in the female. His head, neck, breast and upper part of the back are metallic black, mantle and tail are brownish black ; speculum white, sides and abdomen pure white, bill and feet blue grey, eye yellow. The female and the male when in eclipse are dull brown, with white round the beak, on the speculum and abdomen. This handsome Duck thrives in confinement and breeds freely if provided with sufficient water. The Collared Duck ( N . collaris) of North America, is more like the Pochards ; it has no crest, only a few long feathers on the crown of its head. It differs from the Tufted Duck also in having light grey sides, bordered by a white line, and its beak has a white and black spot at the tip. Although fairly easy to keep in confinement, it has not yet been brought to Europe. The White-eyed or Ferruginous Duck ( N . nyroca ) is found in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, migrating in winter to South Europe and North Africa, Asia Minor, Persia and India. It is smaller than the preceding, chocolate brown washed violet, darker on the back and lighter 128 J. Delacour — Diving Ducks beneath with white eyes. The bills, feet, and speculum grey ; sub-caudal white. The female is distinguished by having brown eyes. The male in summer becomes rather duller. This little Diver does very well in confinement, but it is sometimes rather difficult to rear the young. There are several species of Diving Ducks, all much alike. N. haeri, East Asia, with green head and neck, has been imported. N. innotata, Madagascar, has a purple head. N. australis, Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia, with brown body and purple head and neck. N . erythmphthalma, South and South-East Africa and North-West South America, very dark, breast, abdomen and tail dark brown, almost black, head and neck black with purple lights. Only one specimen has been imported. The Scaup are stouter and shorter than the Pochards, and are marine species. They are less easy to keep and to rear but do well where they have natural ponds. The Common Scaup ( Fuligula marila) is widely distributed through¬ out Europe, Asia, and North America, and winters in North Africa. About the size of a Pochard, it has a dark green head, black neck, breast and tail, pale grey mantle vermiculated with black, sides and abdomen pure white ; yellow eyes, grey feet and bill. The female is brown striped above with grey, breast and abdomen marked with white, and a white band round the bill. The Lesser Scaup (F. affinis), of North America, is decidedly smaller ; its head has purple reflections and besides differs from the above in having its sides finely striped with black. The female has two white spots on either side of her bill. It has recently been imported into Europe and has interbred with the Common Scaup. F. novce-zelandice, which is extremely rare, approaches the Scaups. The male is known by his black-brown mantle and dark russet under¬ parts. The species has never been imported. The Steamer Duck (Tachyeres cinereus) is a curious bird found off the coast of South Chili, Patagonia and the adjacent islands. It owes its name to its habit of running over the surface of the water with great rapidity flapping its wings. It is about the size of our large domestic kinds and is almost, -sometimes quite, incapable of flying ; ashy grey, ivicultural Magazine Photo D. Set'n-Smith Rosy-billed Duck. Me topi an a peposaca Photo D. Seth-Smitli Long-Tailed Duck. Harelda glacialis J. Delacour— -Diving Ducks 129 or brownish according to individuals, with white marks on the head, abdomen, and wings ; bill and feet brownish yellow. The grey form is the larger and does not fly, the brown is smaller and can fly. The female is smaller and has throat and breast tinged with russet. This is an interesting bird and might well be established here. It is rarely imported, but is at present represented in the London Zoological Gardens. The next three have shorter bills, longer bodies and tails than the foregoing, and are even more aquatic, feeding on molluscs and crustaceans. Once acclimatized, they live well on natural sheets of water if given animal food, but to rear and acclimatize them requires great care. The Golden-eye (Clangula clangula) is found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The male has a metallic green head with a white spot on either side of the bill ; back, wings and tail are black with white marks ; all the rest of the plumage is white ; bill dark grey or black, eye yellow, feet orange. The female and the male in eclipse are grey with brown stripes and white abdomen. The Iceland Duck (C. islandica) inhabits Iceland, Greenland and the west coast of North America. It is stouter than the first named, and has a blue-black head, crescent shaped mark at the base of the bill, and a black mantle with white spots. Mr. Wormald has reared this species from eggs sent from Iceland. It is a very fine bird and very hardy when acclimatized. The Buffel-headed Duck (C. albeola) is smaller and confined to North America. Its head is adorned with long bushy feathers, white at the tips, black at the base and in front. Wings and back are mingled black and white, the rest white. The female and male in eclipse resemble the Golden-eye, but have white chins and two white patches behind the eyes. It has bred in confinement in America, but has not reached Europe alive. The Longtailed Duck (0. hiemalis) is found throughout the coasts of the Northern Hemisphere, and frequents the most southerly parts. It has a long, pointed tail ; the male is white in winter with the sides of the head, neck, breast, middle of the back, wings and tail dark brown, bill black and pink, feet black ; in summer the top of his head, hie chin, 180 J. Delacour — Diving Ducks throat, neck, breast, wings, and tail are brown ; the sides of the head, flanks, and belly white ; the feathers of the mantle are brown edged fawn. The female has back and wings brown and the rest of her colouring is white tinged brown on the head, breast, and tail ; in summer the brown prevails, but the sides of the head and round the eyes are white. This is a very abundant bird ; it is noisy and amusing to watch. It has often been reared in confinement from eggs taken out of the nests, but up to date it has always been short lived. The Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) inhabits parts of North America, Greenland, Iceland, and North-East Asia. The male is a very beautiful slaty grey bird, having curious white marks surrounded by black and ruddy ones on the sides and head. Both the male in eclipse and the female are brown with white patches on the head. It is rather uncommon, has sometimes been reared from eggs collected in Iceland, but it proved very delicate. The Scoters (CEdemia) are maritime Ducks whose males are black with bills adorned either with tubercles or coloured skin. They live on molluscs and are difficult to keep alive in confinement. There are six species which may be briefly enumerated. The Common Scoter ( 0 . nigra), with yellow marks on the bill, inhabits Europe and Asia ; its place is taken in America by 0. n. americana, a closely related form. The Velvet Scoter (0. fusca), black with brown, light and orange bill, a white patch under the eye and white speculum, inhabiting Europe and Asia ; it is represented in America by 0. deglandi and in China by 0. stejnegeri. The Spectacled Scoter (0. perspicillata) extends over the whole Northern Hemisphere, it has a white, red, and black bill, a white spot on the nape, and another on the centre of the head. The Eider ( Somateria mollissima) is found on almost all shores of the Northern Hemisphere, and breeds more particularly in the North of Iceland, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, Canada, etc. The adult male has back and breast creamy white, wings, rump, tail, abdomen, and crown of the head black ; the nape is a pretty pale green ; the females and males in eclipse brown with black streaks. J. Delacour — Diving Ducks 131 The males acquire adult plumage at three years old. In most places the Eider is practically domesticated, and is exploited for its down and eggs. Although their natural food is molluscan, Eiders can be reared and kept in confinement if given running water, and will do well on soft food and even grain. The other Eiders, Somateria spectabilis , Heniconetta stelleri, and Arctonetta fischeri, all have their abode in the extreme north and have never been imported. The genus Erismatum contains peculiar little Ducks with long pointed tails often spread out, in whose plumage ruddy tints predominate. There are many species, but one only from North America (E. jamai- censis) has been kept in confinement in its own country. The European species (E. leucocephaia) which is found in the Mediterranean basin and Western Asia, has never been kept in confinement. We can only enumerate here the other species : E . maccoa from South and East Africa ; E. australis from South Australia ; E. vittata from the Argen¬ tine ; E.ferruginea from Peru ; Thalassornis of Africa and Madagascar ; Nomonyx of Central America. The strange Musk Duck (Biziura lobata) of Australia is connected with the above named. It is dark grey streaked with greyish white and red brown breast, a black membrane hangs beneath the bill. It has several times been imported, and is not very delicate ; it appears to be rather quarrelsome. We have not space to do more than mention the curious little river Ducks ( Merganetta ) of the Andes ; they have narrow bills, and long tails, red, white, and black plumage mingled, in the males, with brown and russet ; the females are grey above and ruddy beneath. The various species do not differ much. They have never been imported. The Salvadorina waigiulensis of New Guinea and Hymenolcemus malacorhynchus of New Zealand are two scarce species which belong to this family. Mergansers Mergansers are Ducks which have become adapted to living on fish. They are great divers, have long, thin, notched bills, very suitable for capturing fish. They are sometimes kept in confinement, where they 132 Sydney Porter— The Nesting of the Black-faced Weaver do fairly well if given water and unlimited fish ; they can also be trained to take soft food and meat. But most amateurs find them difficult to keep on account of their requirements. The Smew (Mergus albellus) is a pretty little white bird banded with black. Both male and female are brown and white. It inhabits Europe and Asia, and is delightful in confinement. The Hooded Merganser (M. cucullatus) from North America is another handsome species. Its plumage is a mixture of white, black, and chestnut, and it has a wide white crest bordered with black. The Goosander ( Mergus merganser) is large. The male is white tinted fawn, except the mantle, which is grey ; the tail and abdomen grey, the head, which has no crest, and the neck, are metallic green. The female has a chestnut crest and white chin, the body is grey above, tawny beneath. In eclipse the male is like the female. The bill and feet are red. This species lives quite well in confinement. It is found in the Northern Hemisphere. The Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus senator) inhabits the same locality as the former. The females are practically alike, but the male has a thick crest and is reddish streaked with black on the upper part of his neck. It appears to be rather more delicate in confinement. There are besides three very rare Mergansers : Mergus squamatus of China, M. australis of Auckland Island, and M. brasilianus of Brazil. THE NESTING OF THE BLACK-FACED WEAVER ( HYPHANTORNIS NIGRICEPS) By Sydney Porter They cost me 3s. 6d. in hard cash, for seven of them, that is if one measures their worth by “ filthy lucre ”, and how fond we are of valuing our birds by that method. We say this one is so rare and costly, it cost so much or so much ; but somehow I can never value a bird in terms of £ s. d. To me it is not so much the equivalent of a certain sum of hard-earned cash as an exquisite feathered creature, the most wonderful expression of Nature, a tiny pulsing life with a personality all of its own. No, my little Weavers are above price— 3s. 6d. ! — no, dvicuUiiraL magazine Common shellduck (Tadorna tadornai Teal (Neltion crecca) Tufted duck ( Nyi'oca fuligula) Sydney Porter— The Nesting of the Black-faced Weaver 138 they are worth ten times that sum, nay a hundred times to me for the memories they bring back, not of a stuffy dealer’s shop, of cages of tiny mites straggling against dirt, foul air, bad food, and lack of sunshine, for life. No, when I sit and watch them building their wonderful nests or singing their harsh song my mind goes back to far- off happy days, to a fair coral island set like a jewel in a translucent turquoise sea, of palms mirrored in the blue lagoons, of breezes laden with heavy tropical perfumes, of radiant tropical nights and cloudless days, of a tiny ancient city of dazzling white and faded pink, of the crowds of golden Weavers with their incessant din, nesting in the main avenues, and of my seven little birds which were brought to me in a strong but artistic wicker cage together with dozens of other feathered jewels, rare Weavers, Whydahs, Waxbills, etc. ; lovely birds never before brought to these shores — but of all the gaudy throng, alas, but few remained when months afterwards the ship touched the grey shores of England. Of the others, some escaped, they were the most fortunate, though some with weakened powers of flight found a watery grave. Then there was the ship’s cat ; some of the rarest got stolen by natives at the various ports en route ; the cage collapsed and some fell sick and died, others reached home but the long long journey had been too much for their frail little bodies and they “ passed on ”, But oh ! the love and care that was bestowed upon them. Every morning I was up at five o’clock, many times after a 9 Specialities in CAGES, AVIARIES, NEST-BOXES and all appliances. A. W. GAMAGE, Ltd., HOLBORN, LONDON, E.C.l. PHONE : HOL. 8484. GALLOWAY’S Celebrated Insectivorous Food LIFE A Perfect diet for all Insect and Fruit-eating Birds, Foreign Finches, Waybills, etc., etc. As supplied to Her Grace The late DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON, Her Grace EVELYN DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON, LORD TAVISTOCK, and The Hon. MRS. G. BOURKE. This food is invaluable for feeding foreign seed-eaters given in addition to their seed diet ; Parrot and other Foreign Finches will rear their young almost entirely on it. Used by a great number of leading aviculturists both here and abroad. It will keep good for any length of time if turned out of the bag and kept in a dry place. Prices carriage paid to any part of the United Kingdom : — 11b. 2/6, 21b. 4/8, 31b. 6/10, 41b. 9/-, 51b. 11/2, 61b. 13/4, 71b. 14/10, 141b. 27/4, 281b. 47/10, £ cwt. 95/8. A large sample will be sent on receipt of 6d. in stamps. No Agents. To be obtained solely from the Maker. Send postcard for descriptive Eeafiet with testimonials. P. F. M. GALLOWAY, 1 Rectory Road, Caversham, Reading, England. FOURTH SERIES. VOL. VI. No. 7. JULY, 1928. THE CONTENTS. PAGE Gdftferal. Management of the Budgerigar (with Coloured Plate), '-by Denys Weston, F. Z.S. . . . .145 Some Notes on Egyptian Birds seen in- Province of Giza, by G. H. Gurney, F.E.S. . . 148 The Breeding of the Stanley Parrakeet, by Cyril Best . 158 The Keeping and Feeding of Lorikeets and Swift Parrakeets, by Dr. William Hamilton . 160 Some Rare Birds at the Zoo . 163 PAGE Correspondence : A Hand-reared Masked - Lovebird ; Success with Rock Peplars ; Curious Attitudes, etc. , of Birds ; Stick- Insects as Bird Food ; Breeding of White Mallard from Sports ; Food and Colour Retention ; The Crow of the Red Jungle- cock ; Cotton-Teal in China ; Method of Feeding in Galli- nules ; Starlings and Bees ; Further Aviary Notes . . 164 A Proposed _ Laboratory for Research into, the Diseases of Cage-Birds .... 171 The Price of this Number is 2/8. THE AVS CULTURAL SOCIETY FOUNDED 1894 NOTICE TO MEMBERS The Subscription to the Avicultural Society is £1 per annum, due on the 1st of January in each year, and is payable in advance. The entrance fee is 10/0. The Avicultural Magazine is sent free to members monthly. Members joining at any time during the year are entitled to the back numbers for the current year, on the payment of entrance fee and subscription. ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE SENT TO THE HONORARY SECRETARY AND TREASURER, Miss Knobel, 32 Tavistock Square, London, W.C.l. All Queries respecting Birds (except post-mortem cases) and all other correspondence should be sent to the Hon. Secretary, at the above address. Any change of address should he notified to her. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS. Rule 1. — A short account of the illness should accompany the specimen. All birds to be sent as fresh as possible to Mr. C. H. Hicks, The Prosectorium, The Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 8. Rule 2. — A stamped addressed envelope must be enclosed with the bird. Rule 3. — No body or skin of any bird will be returned under any circumstances whatever. The Magazine is published by Messrs. Stephen Austin & Sons, o Fore Street, Hertford, to whom members should address all orders for extra copies, back numbers for 1917 and after, and bound volumes. Cases for binding the Magazine (in art cloth, with gold block on side) can be obtained from the Publishers, post free and carefully packed, at 3/- each ; or the Publishers will undertake the binding of the Volume for 5/6, plus 9 d. for packing and postage. Members are requested to state whether they want the wrappers and advertisements bound in at the end or not. Telephone : 46 Hertford. BACK VOLUMES of the AVICULTURAL MAGAZINE previous to 1917. Application for these should be made to the Editor of Cage Birds, 154 Fleet Street, E.C. 4, All Enquiries for ADVERTISEMENTS and TRADE SUPPLIES should be made direct to STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, Ltd., FORE STREET, HERTFORD. All communications intended for publication in the Magazine should be addressed to the Editor : — Mr. D. Seth- Smith, Zoological Society, Regent’s Park, London, N.W, 8. REGENT PET STORES (G. E. PALMER, F.Z.S.) 83 Park Street, Camden Town, London, N.W.l ’Phone : Telegraphic Address : HAMPSTEAD 8856. “DOMESTIPET, NORWEST, LONDON.” M III! It] III til I II 1 1 1 1 1 1 II I II I II 1 1 lil I II 1 1! 1 1 1 II 1 1 ! I [I I II I II 1 1 1 1 ]]>] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1] II 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 111 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1IIIIIIIIIIIIIU Importers of Foreign Livestock. iiiiii]iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Always good selection of Parrots, Parrakeets, Foreign Finches, Monkeys, etc., on view at reasonable prices . WE SPECIALIZE IN CAGES, AVIARIES & APPLIANCES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AT LOWEST PRICES. Pure Egg Yolk . Spray Millet (Selected) Mealworms .... Cuttle Fish Bone (Best White) Dried Flies .... Ant Eggs, No. i quality „ „ No. 2 „ . . Palmer’s Noted Insectivorous Food able) for Large Species For Small Species 3/9 lb., 4 lb. 14/- 3/- per bundle of 50 sprays 6/- lb., 4 lb. 22/- 1/4 lb., 3i lb. 4 1- 1/9 lb. 4 16 lb. . . 4/- lb- (Finest obtain- . 1 /6 lb., 7 lb. 6/- 2/- lb., 7 lb. 10/6 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii We Buy Anything Alive. Exchanges Entertained. u H. E. ROGERS, F.Z.S., Arequipa,” 7 Aigburth Road , LIVERPOOL. Telephone: “LARK LANE 467.’ Cables and Telegrams: “AREQUIPA, LIVERPOOL.’ PARROTS, PARRAKEETS. Marvellous Talking Grey Parrot, uses sanguinary and football language, swears. Perfectly tame and a real companion . .£50 Other Grey Parrots . £ 3 to £ 1 5 each Amazon Parrots, many varieties £2 I 0/- to £5 Greater Lemoncrest Cockatoos Lesser Lemoncrest Cockatoos Jendays Conures Eclectus1 Lories . . £5 Port Lincoln Parrakeets . £ 2 Military Macaw Other Macaws £7 5 0/- £2 £3 10/- 10/- £12 10/- 1 0/- to £ 1 0 £5 pair. £10 10/- „ • £6 „ £3 10/- ,, • 30/- „ £2 10/-,, . £10 Cerum Lories Rock Peplars Bosellas Redrumps Ringneck Parrakeets . Roseate Cockatoos 1 Venezuelan Parrot . Yellow-bellied Parrakeets, Platy- cercus flaviventris .£12 Black Lories, Chalcopsittacus ater Bluenaped Lories, Domicella cyanauchen . . .£15 Eorstens Lories . . £7 10/- Rubra Lories, Domicella rubra . . . £ 12 10/- 10/- . £25 AVIARY BIRDS of above Orange Cheeked Waxbills Senegal Waxbills Spice Birds Black Headed Nuns . Grey Java Sparrows . Chocolate Manikins . Combassous 6 assorted pairs Pin Tail Whydalis Shaft Tail Whydahs . Brilliant Cordon Bleus Fire Finches Golden Breast Waxbills Pied Bengalese . Bishops Ribbon Finches Grey and Green Singing Finches Strawberry Finches Blackcheeked Lovebirds (Aviary bred) .... £3 Aduit Bluebred Budgerigars (from 6 /-pair. 5/6 ,, 5/6 ,, Si- ,, 4/6 „ 4/6 ,, SI- „ for 3 0/-. 15/- ,, 12/6 ,. 6/6 ,, 6/- ,, 10/6 ,, 10/6 ,, 10/6 ,, 5/6 ,„ 7/6 „ 7/6 ,, 10/- Blue parents) White Java Sparrows Pope Cardinals . Collared Grosbeaks Chestnut-breasted Finches £2 10/- 2 4/- £11/- 15/- 45/- Nonpareils (either sex) Indigo Finches (cocks) Red Cardinals . Red-crested Cardinals Saffron Finches 2 5/- each. • 25/- ■ • 3 5/- . 2 5 /-pair. 10/6 Senegals, Finches (Cordons, Ribbon Finches, Bishops, Fire Finches, Waxbills, Why¬ dahs, Combassous, etc.), price on application. WADERS, WATERFOWL, PIGEONS, etc. White Pelicans . . £12 10/- each. Flamingoes (fuli colour) . . £6 ,, Flamingoes (young) . . . £4 ,, Adult N. Nigerian Crown Cranes £10 to £12 10/- ,, Demoiselle Cranes . £6 to £7 10/— ,, Marabou Storks (Javan) . £ 1 2 10/- ,, Adjutant Storks . . .£4 5 pair. Cassowaries (six varieties) £ 2 5 to £ 5 0 each. Specifer Peafowl . . £12 10/-,, White Peafowl .... £20 pair. Fireback Pheasants . . .£10 each. Nicobar Pigeons . . . £2 ,, Greenwing Doves . . . 3 0/- pair. Samatran Sand Grouse (large) 1 pair £ 1 0 Chukar Partridges Pr. adult breeding Rheas . .£4 5 Pr. adult Bluenecked Ostriches .£175 Young Emus . . . .£25 each. Stock Doves, Turtle Doves, White Doves, Ring Doves, Zebra Doves, and many other varieties. Vultures, Owls, Eagles, and many other birds of prey. DOMESTIC PETS. Perfect pet baby Orang=Utang, Chim¬ panzees, Spider Monkeys, Marmozets, Apes, Honey Bears, Kangaroo Rats, Wallabies, Kangaroos, Waleroos, Opos¬ sums, Coati Mundies, Woodchucks, Prairie Dogs, Skunks, American Badgers, Sousliks, American Fox Squirrels, Canadian Bear Cubs, and constant new arrivals. WILD ANIMALS. Royal Bengal Tigers, Leopards, Lynx, Oce¬ lots, Elephants, Tapirs, Bears, ' Buffaloes, Wolves, Hyenas, Jackals, etc., etc. REPTILES. N. American Alligator Terrapins, Crocodiles, Indian Pythons, Australian Boas, Diamond Snakes and Carpet Snakes. Bluetongue Lizards, Iguanas, Stump-tail and Tegus Lizards, Water Dragons, Giant Tortoises, etc., etc. Avicult/ural Magazine 1828. ■John Bale, Sons & Danielsson.L*-.^ Budgerigar. ; Me/opsittacus undu latuS. with yellow and oln/e varieties. THE Avicultural Magazine BEING THE JOURNAL OF THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF FOREIGN 8c BRITISH BIRDS IN FREEDOM 8c CAPTIVITY Fourth Series , — Vol. VI. — No. 7. — All rights reserved. JULY, 1928. GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF THE BUDGERIGAR By Denys Weston, F.Z.S. Our Editor has had many requests for articles upon common birds, and no variety can answer this description better than the Budgerigar. To describe this bird would be superfluous after we have admired the beautiful coloured plate by Mr. Roland Green which accompanies this article. The subject of this essay is extremely hardy, easy to breed, and requires little attention. Budgerigars can be kept either in a cage or aviary, indoors or out, but they undoubtedly thrive better in a large garden aviary. The design of their home must, of course, depend upon the length of one’s purse or accommodation, but two warnings are necessary. The wire netting should be beyond reproach, many deaths having occurred through birds biting off lumps of soft solder. The second danger is lack of shelter from the sun. Some protection must be given against •direct rays, or fits and paralysis will be caused by sunstroke. If glass is used, either in cage or aviary, it should be covered by netting, or the birds will endeavour to fly through it. I can, from personal experience, recommend “ Yitaglass ” which admits the ultra-violet rays, and 13 146 Denys Weston — General Management of the Budgerigar costs little more than ordinary glass. It is scarcely necessary to add that this should never be used in a room which has other windows through which the source of light has already been filtered by ordinary glass. The cock Budgerigar is easily distinguished when adult by the cere or fleshy substance above the beak, this being purple whereas in hens it varies from pale blue to deep brown. This latter condition is erroneously described as “ breeding condition ”. In my opinion, the deeper shade of brown a hen’s cere is, the nearer she is to going out of condition. I have only seen hens eggbound in this condition . never with either a pale blue or light brown coloration. The young are rather harder to sex by the tyro, as the cere in both sexes appears blue. Closer inspection will reveal a deep purple-pink tint under the outer skin in the cock, whereas that of the hen is of a pale buff shade. Food can consist of a staple diet of canary seed 1 part, Italian white millet 1 part, Indian millet J part. Pintail groats can be supplied as an extra when feeding young or in cold weather. Cuttlefish, old mortar, and sea sand should be supplied as grit. The sea sand should be about the coarseness of Demerara sugar. Water is necessary. Although they seldom bathe they appreciate a shower or a roll in wet turf. A warning is necessary when discussing green food. This should never be supplied in a frost-bitten condition, or diarrhoea will follow. I use lettuce all the year round, keeping a whole lettuce in water for them to peck at. Chickweed, groundsel, dandelion, and all seeding grasses are appreciated. Rye-grass (perennial rye) and green oats are specially valuable food. My birds rave over the latter, and the young always leave the nest a week earlier when these are in season . It should be remembered that green food contains little carbohydrate, and should be used freely if hens are too fat. Naturally, if their crop is half full of green food, they eat less corn. The Budgerigar is undoubtedly the most prolific foreign bird in captivity, but we must remember that they are gregarious, and that is why a pair, kept alone, will usually refuse to nest. I have never been successful in breeding in cages, but know plenty Denys Weston — General Management of the Budgerigar 147 of breeders who do so. Undoubtedly an outdoor aviary is the ideal method. Budgerigars build no nest but simply scrape out a cocoanut husk, or use the concave bottom of a wooden box to lay in. I prefer a wooden nest as it is easier both to clean and inspect. Nests should be hung about 5 ft. 6 in. high, facing the light. The birds also soon destroy husks. The most suitable nesting boxes are formed of J inch wood, outside measurements being 7J inches high by 5 inches square. The bottom is formed of 1|- inch wood which is hollowed out to form a concave receptacle for the actual egg-chamber. The entrance hole is 1J inches in diameter, the top of the hole being about one inch from the top. Just below the entrance hole a short perch is inserted. The top of the box should be hinged for inspection and cleaning, and a strong wire loop at the back serves for hanging the box to a nail. Care should be taken to see that the bottom of the box is thick. The commercial article usually purchased is useless without an extra piece of wood, as the birds soon scratch a hole through the bottom, and the eggs chill from underneath, causing dead, in shell. Overcrowding should be avoided during the breeding season, and two or three nesting receptacles provided for each pair or fighting will be experienced. Avoid an odd hen like the plague when breeding. Actuated by jealousy she will do incalculable damage to other hens, eggs, and young. April is quite soon enough to put the nest boxes up, and the first egg should be laid about the eighth day if birds are in condition. In fact it is useless pairing birds until they are fit, or eggbinding, delicate young, etc., will be the result. Eggs are laid on alternate days, until the clutch of five or six is complete. Incubation commences from the first egg, and lasts 17 days. The young require no special soft food, nature supplying the parents with a yellow fluid which is pumped into the crop after the manner of pigeons. This “ pigeon’s milk ” becomes coarser until the young are weaned. They leave the nest, fully feathered, at about a month old, and quickly fend for themselves. Breeding should be stopped by removing the nests about October, or the parents’ vitality will be sapped, and the young delicate. 148 G. H. Gurney — Some Notes on Egyptian Birds in Giza Trouble need not be experienced if good robust stock be purchased. Fits, enteritis, and eggbinding are the most likely sicknesses to be encountered. Enteritis can be cured if taken in time, by filling the mouth with powdered bismuth carbonate and keeping the bird warm. This should be administered twice daily. Provided plenty of grit and cuttlefish is available, and the birds are fit and take plenty of exercise, eggbinding should not occur. First season hens are usually the victims, and the third egg seems the most critical time. The patient should be put in a small cage, in front of a hot fire, when the egg will usually be laid. If not forthcoming, and the egg can be felt, and the bird is obviously dying, I usually adopt a method advised by my friend Mr. Miles of Norwich Canary fame. This consists of holding the bird firmly with one hand, and squeezing the egg with the other towards the vent, until it is broken, and then expelled. This is a desperate remedy, but has never failed with me. Young birds are usually very mischievous, and should be separated from their parents when able to fend for themselves. If allowed to remain, they will soon go to nest and ruin their constitutions. I have always emphasized that no Budgerigar should be allowed to nest until twelve months old. I have never experienced “ French moult This either takes the form of curly feathers or lack of flight and/or tail feathers. It is very prevalent, and, in my opinion, nothing more than debility caused by inbreeding, overbreeding, or immature stock. For this reason I have not referred to it under my paragraph on diseases. The remedy is obvious. With the kind permission of the Editor, I shall deal with colour production in a future issue. SOME NOTES ON EGYPTIAN BIRDS SEEN IN THE PROVINCE OF GIZA By G. H. Gurney, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. I have recently returned from Egypt, where I spent last February and March, and our Editor has asked me to write an account of some of the birds I saw in that wonderful land of blue skies and brilliant G, H. Gurney— Some Notes on Egyptian Birds in Giza 149 sunshine. I am afraid the paper must necessarily be more ornithological than purely avicultixrah Egypt, as everyone knows, rejoices in a perfect winter climate, rain is almost unknown, and each succeeding day is hot and cloudless ; its splendid monuments and wonderful tombs and temples are unrivalled among the marvels of the world. The scenery, too, is unique in its way, the golden desert stretching away on either side, the arid rocky wadis or ravines, the broad shining Nile flowing placidly between wide strips of brilliant green cultivation, the groups of waving palms, and the shady lebek trees, combine to form pictures of never ending beauty. The population, too, is at once intensely interesting and picturesque, for the Egyptian felaheen of to-day have much the same customs and habits as their ancestors in the times of the ancient Pharaohs. The shadouf and the zakeyeh (water-wheel) still groan on the river banks, the women still winnow com in the wind and grind it in stone mills, fish are caught in the same kind of nets, and birds are snared in the same shaped traps as in the days of Seti and Eameses the Great. To the ornithologist Egypt is one of the most interesting countries he can visit ; the Nile valley has been from time immemorial one of the great migration routes for birds of all descriptions, which in early spring, or returning in the autumn, pass in myriads up the course of the river. When we were at Mena at the end of March, and during the first week in April, we came in for the height of the northward spring migration, and an intensely interesting experience it was. The hotel garden would be full one day of some species, Wrynecks for instance, and the following day there would be hardly one to be seen, they had all passed on. Immense flocks of migrating Wagtails, Finches, and many other small species would be seen passing overhead, and such birds as Merlins, Blue-cheeked Bee-eaters, and Cuckoos would pass over, or be seen resting in some grove of trees, only to be gone next day. But the subject of bird migration. in Egypt is of much too wide a character to be more than touched on here. I was also tremendously interested in the numberless paintings and drawings of birds done by the ancient Egyptians in the temples and tombs, many of them drawn four and five thousand years ago, and depicted in the most life-like way, so that it is easy to recognize birds and animals which were common 150 G. H. Gurney — Some Notes on Egyptian Birds in Giza in the land in those remote ages, as the predecessors of the identical species which one sees in the same localities to-day. Among some of the more interesting ones, is an undoubted portrait of two Bed¬ breasted Geese, they are half the size of life, and are painted with White-fronted Geese upon a stone slab found at Meydoun; they are supposed to be older than the Pyramids themselves, and are extra¬ ordinarily life-like.1 On the walls of some of the tombs at Sakkara are wonderful drawings of Cranes, being fed by hand, no doubt birds which were being kept in captivity, and fattened until they were plump enough to be killed for the Pharaoh’s table ; while on a tomb at Beni-Hassan it is easy to make out the Spoonbill, Barn Owl, the Masked Shrike, and others. I also saw wonderful drawings of the Night Heron, Pintail Duck, Buddy Shelduck, Hoopoe, Avocat, Dove, Pelican, Ostrich, and Sacred Ibis. With regard to this latter bird, Ibis cethiopica, much has been written ; it will always remain a vexed question why this particular species should have been made by the ancient Egyptians one of the objects of their worship, and venerated to a tremendous degree. I believe it was Plutarch who gave the three following reasons, viz. that its black and white plumage resembled the colour of the moon and the surrounding sky at night, that the space between its legs resembled an equilateral triangle, and that it was supposed to make a medicinal use of its beak, but Plutarch is notorious for his plausibility. It was always supposed that the Sacred Ibis was, in ancient times, a very common Egyptian bird, but it was probably never a common wild bird, in fact, I. consider that it must always have been a rarity, and that they were imported from the south, else why should they have become extinct if they were ever natives ? They were probably domesticated, became totally dependent on man, and when Egypt was conquered by another nation, and the hand of protection withdrawn, the breed died out. However, whether the species was found in Egypt or not, the Sacred Ibis has always been, and still is, the bird par excellence for the tourist to see and for the dragoman to romance about ; the ignorant and unsuspecting traveller is shown them to-day, by unscrupulous guides, stalking about in the fields between Cairo and Mena. I heard one loquacious dragoman 1 Figured in this journal, 1927, page 66. — Ed. G. H. Gurney — Some Notes on Egyptian Birds in Giza 151 dilating on their beauty and interest to a small party of credulous Cook’s tourists, who were obviously thrilled at long last seeing the venerable Ibis of antiquity. The birds which are made to do duty for them are, of course, Buff-backed Herons. The only other birds sacred to the ancient Egyptians, or venerated by them in worship’ besides the Ibis were the Griffon Vulture, the Banner, the Goose, and the Night Heron. Birds of Prey are extremely numerous in Egypt, and the commonest is the Egyptian Kite, Milvus parasiticus. These birds swarm nearly everywhere, and very bold and fearless they are ; they abound in Cairo, and frequent every village, and indeed any place where there is a chance of their obtaining offal. They had all started to breed by 20th March, often choosing a sont-tree ; two nests which I climbed up to had no eggs on 18th March, they were large, untidy structures, and contained rubbish of every description, pieces of paper, bits of rag, in fact any oddment the birds happened to notice. Their wailing cry is not unpleasing, and I was never tired of watching them sailing gracefully backwards and forwards over the hotel terrace. Kestrels ( Cerchneis tinnunculus) , too, abounded ; this was another bird the ancient Egyptians made sacred, they frequent the villages very much, building in the walls of the houses ; if we selected a bird to deify, we might choose the House Martin, in the same way, perhaps, the old Egyptians chose the Kestrel from its affecting the haunts of men, the Kite would have been too much of a scavenger, the Sparrow was too insignificant, while the Buff-backed Heron, an equally abundant species, consorted with beasts and not with men. I saw Egyptian Vultures, Neophron percnopterus , on a few occasions, one got up from a dead donkey in the desert very close to me one day, a magnificent, fully adult male, and other big Vultures and large Hawks . wTere often seen far off, soaring very high up in the sky, but impossible to identify at that distance. For several weeks I stayed at Helouan, a delightful place, some thirty miles south of Cairo, and right on the edge of the Libyan desert. In the hotel garden a pair of White-vented Bulbuls ( Pycnonotus arsinoe) were generally to be seen in some large tamarisk bushes ; three weeks later this species was quite common, and singing beautifully at Mena, and evidently about to breed. Thanks to protection in recent years 152 G. H. Gurney — Some Notes on Egyptian Birds in Giza (there is a good Egyptian bird protection society), certain birds have now become much commoner than when I was last in Egypt before the war. The exquisite Little Green Bee-eater, M erops viridis, hadbecome quite rare, owing to perpetual persecution, at Luxor boys used to catch them alive, tie a string to one leg, which was generally broken, and whirling them round their heads, try and sell them to tourists, in every case the birds were nearly dead from exhaustion and fright ; however, all this has now been put a stop to, and this lovely tropical-like species may be seen commonly, often little parties of three or four, sitting together on the fronds of a palm leaf, one or other continually dashing off to catch a passing insect ; they are resident in Middle Egypt throughout the year. Another lovely species of Bee-eater, which is migratory, is the Blue-cheeked, M erops cegyptius. I first saw a small flock of these birds on 13th March passing high overhead, and during the following days I saw others ; curiously enough the Common Bee-eater, M. apiaster , is the last of the family to arrive from the South, and is not generally seen before the middle of April. A very characteristic bird, wherever there is any water, is the Pied Kingfisher, Ceryle nidis , their wonderful, rapid, hovering flight, as they hang head and beak pointing downwards looking for their prey, has often been described ; if they see a fish they fall on to it like a stone, with a resounding splash, which one would .think would frighten all the neighbouring fish miles away. I watched many fishing, and I am bound to say they did not appear to be very successful, but if they missed they were up again in a moment and hovering over a different part of the water. In Egypt, as everywhere else, the presence of water always means interesting birds, and amongst other species which I noted, generally near ponds or reedy marshes, were Red-spotted Bluethroats, Cyanecuia suecica, which were often very common; they are nearly always on the ground, and may be recognized immediately by their tails, which they always hold straight up, yet it is extremely difficult to get a sight of the breast spot, as they invariably turn their backs upon you. Another most characteristic Egyptian bird, which I often saw in the vicinity of water, was the Spur-winged Plover, Hoplopterus spinosus , so conspicuous in their black and grey and white plumage. They stand erect watching one, moving their G- H. Gurney—Some Notes on Egyptian Birds in Giza 158 bodies with spasmodic jerks, they have a loud and varied cry, and are altogether most attractive birds, the native name for them is “ Tak- tak balad ”, they start breeding in March, but I did not find any nests. Round the edges of the marsh one will see Green Sandpipers, Tringa ocropus, Ruffs and Reeves, Machetes pugnax, and plenty of Kentish Plover, Charadrius alexandrinus , and if the water is of large enough extent many other Waders, while perhaps a Marsh Harrier, Circus ceruginosus, will come sailing round, or a flock of Ruddy Sheld-duck, Tadorna tadorna, fly over, and always the beautiful Oriental Chimney Swallow, Hirundo savignii, with its purple-red breast will flit backwards and forwards over the water. The curious Painted Snipe, Bhynchcea capensis, are found more often in marshy fields ; it is a very peculiar bird, totally different from any other species of Snipe, having more the appearance of a kind of Sun Bittern, it would make a most interesting inmate for our aviaries. On several occasions I motored, or rode, far into the desert to some of the distant Wadis ; these are absolutely arid and rocky ravines or gorges between the hills, practically destitute of vegetation, and where the sun’s rays beat fiercely dowm until they become veritable suntraps. What birds there are in these remote spots are always extraordinarily interesting. The splendid form of Egyptian Eagle Owl, Bubo ascalaphus, may be found in caves and holes in the mountains : a pair of Brown-necked Ravens, Corvus umbrinus , will croak mournfully at the intruder of their solitude before flapping away. Beautiful black and white Chats (Saxicola) of different species fly hurriedly from boulder to boulder, on the top of which they perch for a moment to gaze at the stranger before flying off, with a flick of their tails. Unless one handles them, it is sometimes difficult to identify the species correctly, but they are always most showy birds, their contrasting colours of jet black and snowy white showing up conspicuously against .the yellow arid rocks. A bird I was specially pleased to see in the Wadi Risheid was Heys Rock Partridge, Ammoperdix heyii, as I had never come across it previously in a wild state, though I had a charming pair alive some years ago in one of the aviaries ; they are great runners, and those I saw ran straight up the almost perpendicular side of the gorge, jumping upwards from rock to rock. No wonder it is difficult to keep 154 G. H. Gurney — Some Notes on Egyptian Birds in Giza alive in confinement, in our damp wet climate, birds which live in such a torrid, dry spot, roasted by the blazing sun every day. Colonel Meinertzhagen told me that a few weeks previously he had found the species common half-way up Mount Sinai, and living right amongst the snow, but as all aviculturalists know, some birds will stand any amount of dry cold and die at once from damp. On the sandy bottoms of the wadis were small flocks of that charming bird the Trumpeter Bullfinch, Erythrospiza gitaginea ; they were rendered easier to see by their bright red bills and pretty pink plumage, it has too a wonderfully clear tinkling note ; here again would be a most delightful bird for our aviaries, but it is all too seldom imported. They bred in Mr. Mead- Waldo’s aviary many years ago, I believe. But perhaps the rarest bird I identified in the Wadi Risheid was the tiny Scrub Warbler, Scotocerca inquieta, a minute brown bird with a very long tail ; it occurred singly in some of the grey-coloured bushes which grew sparsely along the bed of the wadi, and was very shy. This species is only known in Egypt in the Wadi Risheid and the adjacent Wadi Hof. Coming home across the desert, one saw a few Desert Larks (Amomonanes), of what species I am unable to say, as I did not shoot any, so could not identify them ; and on the more stony parts we disturbed a pair or two of Stone Curlews, (Edicnemus senegalensis a fine large spotted form, differing considerably from our British species. In certain places in Egypt this species has adopted the very remarkable habit of perching, and even breeding, on the flat roofs of the houses. I climbed up on to the roof of a large factory at the Delta Barrage, and on the top were no less than seventeen Stone Curlews running about ; they were quite tame, and allowed a very near approach before flying off. It was the most remarkable sight to see a bird which one had always considered, and previously seen, as entirely a ground bird, living on the flat roof of a building, where there was considerable, noise from machinery continually going on and numbers of people passing backwards and forwards below them ; though the manager who accompanied us on to the roof told me that no one ever went up there, and that consequently the birds were never disturbed. He said that in ten days time (my visit was on 4th April) they would all be breeding on the roof. One would immensely like to know what reason > G. H. Gurney — Some Notes on Egyptian Birds in Giza 155 in the first instance, made them desert their natural habitat and take to what was apparently such an unnatural mode of existence, and that, although the desert, their true home, ran up to within a mile or so of the houses (for there were several others there) which they were inhabiting. It cannot be for any sense of protection, or avoiding possible dangers, as one would imagine they were far more liable to have many eggs taken by the swarms of Kites and Hooded Crows which were continually flying round the houses. The last weeks of my time in Egypt were spent at Mena, at the foot of the mighty Pyramids ; here I noted other birds which I had not seen at Helouan. The Rock Thrush, Monticola saxalilis, and the Blue Rock Thrush, M. cyana, both occurred. The beautiful Cretzchmar’s Bunting, Emberiza caesia, was seen near the golf links, further along the Rufous Warbler, JEdon galactodes, appeared on 2nd April; the reed beds surrounding some large ponds were full of very noisy Clamorous Sedge Warblers, Acrocephalus stentoreous, and occasionally a solitary Lesser E gret, Herodias garzetta, would be seen there too ; while always innumer¬ able Buff-backed Herons, Ardeola russata, dazzlingly snow-white, stalked solemnly about in the fields, closely attending the buffaloes and picking the gnats off their legs. In the hotel garden, Hoopoes, IJpupa epops, had already young in their nests by 5th April. Bulbuls, P. arsinoe, were singing blythely from the orange-trees, and a pair of lovely little Black-headed Warblers, .Sylvia melanocephala, were evidently about to breed in a tamarisk hedge. A largs company of about forty Night Herons, Nycticorax g rise us, roosted by day in the tops of some tall acacia trees at the bottom of the garden. One morning I heard two shots fired and saw the whole flock of Herons flying wildly about over the tops of their trees ; going down to investigate, I found three freshly killed birds lying underneath the trees, which their murderer had not even troubled to pick up after slaughtering them ; hearing from a native gardener that the German manager of the hotel was the aggressor, this gentleman was presently interviewed, and it was explained to him that, as he no •doubt knew, he was breaking the law in shooting a protected bird, •and that for no reason, such as requiring it to eat, or for a collection, 156 G. H. Gurney — Some Notes on Egyptian Birds in Giza but out of sheer wanton cruelty, and it was gently indicated that it would not look well if an account shortly appeared in the local Press to the effect that the well-known manager of a well-known Hotel had been summoned for thus heinously breaking the law. This threat had the effect of immediately producing a ten pound note from the gentleman’s pocket for the Egyptian Bird Protection Society if no more was said about the matter ! Many more rare and interesting birds were seen, including a wonderful company of Flamingoes on Lake Menzaleh, but these notes are already long enough, but before ending I should like to give a very brief account of the Cairo Zoological Gardens, which are situated at Giza, just outside the town, and are renowned as some of the best gardens there are. I had last visited them when they were under the control and most able management of Messrs. Flower and Nicoll, both very fine ornithologists, and' to-day they are administered entirely by the Egyptian Government, and the whole staff is Egyptian, the under- keepers being Soudanese. One must not criticize, but there was a very marked difference in the general appearance of the Zoo. The gardens are most beautifully laid out, with wonderful flowering trees and shrubs, plenty of open water, and groves of natural trees and bushes which were swarming with passing migrants during the first week of April. The number of birds and animals now in the Gardens appeared to me to be very considerably larger than formerly, and are a wonderful collection, mainly African types. The larger Mammals made a very fine show, especially the splendid series of big Antelopes, Hartebeestes, and Gazelles ; the big Carnivora, too, were very fine, and the Apes and Monkeys, of which there is a fine representative collection, all living in outdoor wire cages, with no shelter at all beyond a roof, and in some cases a box for the animals to go into. There is no artificial heat of any kind in the Gardens, except in the Reptile House, and delicate tropical birds are out the whole year round, with nothing more than a small open shelter to go into ; some of the aviaries containing Orioles and Rollers had not even a real shelter. A huge flight contained a magnificent series of African Vultures of various species, all looking in perfect condition G. H. Gurney — Some Notes on Egyptian Birds in Giza 157 though against this some of the smaller Hawks (Kites and Falcons) were badly housed in very small places and did not look well. A large enclosure contained three Balceniceps rex, which were quite tame, a whole flock of Large Bustards, which I supposed were Eupodotis arahs, with various Cranes, Crested Screamers, and other birds, the whole making a very fine display. The larger piece of ornamental water in the middle of the Gardens was covered with Ducks, mainly Shovellers and some Teal ; these are all full-winged birds, and are perfectly wild, and go off to their feeding grounds every night, returning at daybreak. They know they are perfectly safe in this sanctuary, and are very tame, and yet if one saw the same birds on a lake outside, they would be up and away before one could get within gunshot ; otherwise the series of pinioned Ducks is very poor, and not at all representative, though the masses of wild birds cover the water, and fill in the picture. The present Director, Doctor Kadri, and his assistant, Yousef Sabit, were most courteous, giving me every facility for seeing all I wanted to, and before I left kindly presented me with several live birds, some Buff-backed Herons, a pair of Abyssinan Helmeted Guineafowl, Numida ptilorhyncha, and some nice Starlings, the Beautiful Spreo, Spreo pulcher, which in spite of its name I do not consider such a fine species as Spreo superbus ; it is rather larger in size perhaps, and the red of the breast, though much duller in tint than in Superhus, extends further, the back is a very peculiar shade of dark oily green. It is a species which is seldom imported, and will make a nice addition to my series of Glossy Starlings. The Cairo Zoological Gardens is not a paying concern, and this perhaps is hardly to be wondered at, as admission to the Gardens is only Id., though a small additional charge is made to go into the Reptile House. It was always nicely filled with middle and lower-class native visitors, and on Sundays was crowded, with a good sprinkling of Europeans as well. I will conclude these notes by quoting the following rather amusing story I was told while in Egypt : A tourist, visiting the country for the first time, was anxious to air his then slender stock of Arabic. Wishing to order a hot bath, he called the “ boy ”,and gave, as he thought, the order in good, well-pronounced Arabic. After waiting for a very 158 Cyril Best — The Breeding of the Stanley Parrakeet long time, the “boy” reappeared, not with the expected bath, but with a freshly cooked roast pigeon and a bowl of sugar, much to the gentleman’s surprise. Explanations, of course, ensued, and the waiter proved himself to have only obeyed orders, for the gentleman had asked for Hamdm-sukkar (pigeon, sugar) instead of for Hammam sukkn (bath, hot). THE BREEDING OF THE STANLEY PARRAKEET By Cyril Best My aviary is a lean-to affair, consisting of a wooden shelter 7 ft. by 4 ft. and a wire flight 7 ft. by 5 ft., the whole being 6 ft. 6 in. high. The shelter is constructed of f inch matchboarding and is well lighted by two large windows. The floor is of concrete, covered with two or three inches of builders’ sand. Round the bottom of the interior of the shelter I have nailed about six inches of J inch mesh wire netting, and this, together with the concrete floor, makes it, I think, reasonably rat-proof (though it has never been called upon to stand the test). The flight is built over a small plum-tree, which provides all the perching accommodation necessary outside. Inside the shelter I have, of course, fixed up several branches. The ground space of the flight is turfed over. I find it necessary to returf about three times a year, as the Parrakeets are very fond of nibbling the growing shoots. This, then, was the aviary into which I put my pair of Stanley Parrakeets when I received them in September, 1921. They were beautiful birds, and when adult were very similar to a small Rosella. They very soon settled down and in a couple of months were so tame that they would perch upon my hand and take a piece of apple from my fingers. Needless to say I was very pleased at this, and had great hopes of breeding from them in 1922. My hopes, however, were not realized, for though I frequently noticed the cock feeding the hen in May, they got no further, and I had to wait as patiently as I could for another spring. However, this year the cock showed signs of a desire to nest very early, for in March he began to chase the hen violently Cyril Best-— The Breeding of the Stanley Parrakeet 159 round the aviary. At first she would have nothing to do with him, but in April I noticed she began to accept his attentions, and later on I frequently saw them inspecting nest boxes together. They eventually chose an oblong box, 18 in. long by 6 in. by 6 in., with a 2 in. diameter hole in one end, and straightway began to scrape out the sawdust which I had put in to prevent the eggs rolling about. (I have boxes with concave bottoms now.) I was rather surprised that they chose this box in preference to barrel nests, which were in the aviary. I was away from home on holiday from 1st to the 14th May, but on the day I returned I found the hen apparently sitting very closely in the nest box. When at last I managed to catch her off the nest. I was very disappointed to find it empty. The next morning, however,. I was surprised to find two eggs in the box. On the 17th there were three, and on the 22nd four. After the third egg was laid, the hen very rarely left the nest, so I do not know the exact date on which the- fourth egg was laid. She never even left the nest to feed, so I conclude the cock must have fed her all through the period of incubation. On 7th June, twenty-three days after the first egg. was laid, I noticed the hen off the nest, and a hurried examination showed that, two of the eggs had hatched. A third hatched the following day, and the fourth was infertile. The young were lovely little things at first, for they were covered with long white down. As they sat in the nest together they looked just like a ball of fluff. After about a fortnight, however, pen feathers, began to grow on the head and wings and they became ugly little things. They grew fairly quickly, but did not feather as fast as I expected, and at five weeks old, though the wings and head were fully feathered, they had scarcely a feather on their bodies. I will now give a word of warning to my readers. It was just at. this time that I decided to clean out the nest box. This I found was a great mistake, for the young would not afterwards stay in the nest, and repeatedly crawled out and fell to the floor below. Eventually I was compelled to leave them out and place branches on the shelter- floor to prevent them from catching cold, as none of them could fly more than two or three feet. They made use of these fairly readily,. 160 W. Hamilton — The Feeding of Lorikeets and Parrakeets but the smallest must have spent a night on the floor, for a day or two later I found it dead. I then covered the shelter floor with sacks and had no further trouble. The survivors, a cock and a hen, gradually learned to use their wings, and three "weeks or a month later were flying about the aviary as strongly as their parents. The old birds did not attempt to nest again, though Lord Tavistock has since informed me that they are normally double brooded. He also explained why the young were so long feathering and learning to fly. The reason for this is lack of stamina in the old birds through insufficient exercise, or to an unsuitable nest box. The best type of nest for these birds, in fact for most large Parrakeets, is a natural hollow tree trunk standing on bare earth in the open flight, and I intend introducing two of these into my aviary this year (1928). Stanleys are not difficult to cater for. All they require is a mixture •of canary and white millet seed, sunflower and oats, with a little hemp in winter, and green food ad lib., particularly whilst they are feeding young. Mine were also supplied with soaked stale bread squeezed dry at this period, but this is not to be recommended. They are very iond of most fruits and should have a little whenever possible. They are not noisy, and are perfectly hardy and require no additional attention even in the most severe weather. Mine have never had a day’s illness in the seven years I have kept them. They have never harmed Cockatiels, Budgerigars, Lovebirds, or Ribbon Finches, which have at times been kept with them, but would, I think, prove spiteful if permanently kept with finch-like birds. In conclusion, I might say that I have always found them to be desirable aviary birds in every way and can thoroughly recommend them to my readers. THE KEEPING AND FEEDING OF LORIKEETS AND SWIFT PARRAKEETS By Dr. William Hamilton (Adelaide) These remarkably interesting and, in many cases, gloriously coloured birds seem to be neglected by most aviculturalists ; mainly, I think, because they are rather difficult to keep alive and seem to be subject W. Hamilton— The Feeding of Lorikeets and Parrakeets 161 to fits. This is because their diet in an aviary is generally unsuitable, most people making the mistake of trying to get them on to seed. Of course this can be done, but a great many birds will be lost, and of those that survive — the majority, sooner or later, will die from fits. In their natural state they are honey eaters, following the flowering gums which, all over Australia, flower at different times and seasons. They also do a fair amount of damage to the fruit trees ; pears and plums, etc., in fact any fruit that is soft and sweet. I used to have the usual difficulty in keeping them alive, and, as there is little demand for them on this account, it is rather difficult to obtain them from the dealers as they are seldom caught. Their cry is rather harsh and. unmusical, though some kinds are not as unpleasant as others. They are all very neatly shaped birds with smooth close-fitting plumage. When one realizes that their digestive system is designed to function on nectar and honey, one can see that the attempt to make them digest seed, etc., is not going to be successful. Whereas once I regarded Lorikeets as almost impossible to keep, I now consider them the hardiest birds in my aviary. I feed my birds entirely on scalded stale bread, cooled off with cold water, which is poured off, and the soft bread is then covered with milk, and enough sugar added to make it sweet. On this diet I have never lost a Lorikeet, and have never had one throw fits. It is fascinating to see how soon they know their food, and how they come down and wait while I fill their tins with tood — some in their eagerness getting on my hand while I hold the tin. When the tins are all set out the excitement begins. They squabble and argue about it without doing any damage. Some one gets a foot nipped, or perhaps gets pulled off the tin. As an instance of success with this food may I mention my experience with some varied Lorikeets which I obtained over twelve months ago . These birds (to my mind the most fascinating and beautiful in my aviary) were young uncoloured birds, trapped in the north of Australia, and arriving in Adelaide in December, 1926. That, of course, 14 162 W. Hamilton — The Feeding of Lorikeets and Parrakeets is our summer time, and they were put in a pen 11 ft. by 6 ft. by 3 ft., with 3 ft, square shelter at one end, entirely closed but for a small opening 12 inches wide extending the height of the shelter. They thrived exceedingly, and when coloured were magnificent. Their colouring is difficult to describe, as the birds need to be seen to be appreciated. Though tropical birds, I left them untouched in their pen all the winter. (They were the only birds left in the small pens, the others being let out into the main flight where they could get more protection.) They moulted twice in the one year, their own season first and later with our own birds. I had twelve of them, and they all lived and are still alive. I did not expect to breed them, nor have I done so, but as they have now come to the same moulting period as our southern birds this side of the continent, I hope to do so next year. They are friendly and keep together in small flocks. The native name of “ Mother Red Cap ” is most apt, as they resemble little spectacled old women with white rings round their eyes and the little red cap perched on the top of their heads. On a cold day to see twelve of them sitting huddled together on a perch with each little red head resting on the next bird’s shoulder, is a sight that is not easily forgotten. The trimness of their shape and their brilliant plumage is a constant source of amazement and delight. The Blue Mountains, Scaly - breasts, Purple - crowned, Musk Lorikeets, Varied Lorikeets, and Swifts all feed together, and are now mixed with the larger parrots in the one flight. The other parrots, after the Lorikeets have dined, come down and greedily gobble up the bread and milk. I think they are the healthier for it, and since I have allowed the honey-eating parrots in with the seed eaters, I have not had a death. Twelve months ago I lost 176 parrots in a season, the daily procedure being to go out to the aviary in the morning to see who was dead. It became a positive nightmare. Now I never expect to see any dead at all. I have come to the conclusion that sugar in some form is necessary Some Bare Birds at the Zoo 168 for bodily warmth to the parrot family, and the vitamines in fresh milk tend to keep them healthy. Swifts fed on seed will die for no apparent reason. They seem in the best of health, and when picked up dead are as fat as butter and with no sign of disease. I have lost them on seed, but never since using bread, milk, an d sugar. I almost forgot the most important remark of all, which is- that it is of the utmost importance that the vessels into which the bread and milk is poured should be enamel or porcelain, or phina of some sort. Galvanized iron or soldered receptacles will be fatal to the birds, due to the action of the milk and sugar on the lead and zinc. SOME RARE BIRDS AT THE ZOO The collection at the Zoological Gardens has recently been enriched by some very rare birds, mostly from French Indo-China. First, M. Delacour presented a fine cock Rheinard’s Argus Pheasant ( Rheinardius ocellatus), a wonderful species not previously represented. Then the Messrs. Webb, who had been collecting with M. Delacour, but on behalf of Mr. Spedan Lewis, arrived home with a fine collection, and Mr. Lewis very generously presented several to the Zoo. Amongst these is a Chaulet’s Cissa ( Cissa hypoleuca chauleti), a bird with con¬ siderably richer yellow plumage than the Yellow-breasted Cissas recently figured in this journal. It was only discovered quite recently and named by M. Delacour. Then there is a pair of Fork-tailed Magpies (Crypsirhina varians), pretty little glossy black fellows, and a pair of Diard’s White-crested Jay Thrushes ( Garrulax leucolophus diardi), a subspecies of the Himalayan bird. Finally, a beautiful specimen of the Blue Touracou ( Corythceola cristata) was brought from Uganda by my brother, who will I hope give us some notes on it in our next number. It is a hand-reared bird and perfectly tame. A valuable collection, consisting of about 120 birds, belonging to the late Mr. Dan Mason, has been presented to the Zoological Society by his Trustee. It contains no very great rarities, but several of very considerable interest and value. D. Seth-Smxth. 164 Correspondence CORRESPONDENCE A HAND-REARED MASKED LOVEBIRD Sir, — The Masked Lovebird described on page 143 is now quite grown-up and a fine specimen. She is an amusing and intelligent, though mischievous, pet. Her favourite amusement is to settle on my shoulder and bite my ears, not viciously, but with an earnest and persistent desire to test their consistency which is not entirely pleasant ! While so engaged she will let me take her in my hand without biting and hold her upside down, while I give her a lecture on the general depravity of her conduct and morals. On being released she flies back instantly and resumes operations ! At other times she walks about on the letter I am trying to write and bites my fingers and the pen, and were it not for the fact that she is also fond of climbing about the cages of the other birds in the room and insulting the occupants, work would be wholly impossible when she is loose. She is rather afraid of women, but is quite ready to sample the ears of male guests to whom she has taken a fancy ! Tavistock. SUCCESS WITH ROCK PEPLARS Sir, — Again this year my pair of Rock Peplars have bred, hatching three young ones. Two of these I have reared by hand, and the one left in the nest is just about to emerge from it ; this makes twelve young birds produced by this pair during the three years they have been in my possession. The father bird is liberty trained, and flies out every day. I have not had such good fortune with my pair of Crimson- winged Parrakeets. The hen laid seven eggs, but appeared to lose interest in them, and was most inconstant during the first ten days of incubation. I left the eggs in the nest, and now after some lapse of time she is sitting well. Whether the eggs will prove good still is, I fear, doubtful. I regret that my two Pennant Parrakeets are male birds ; both appear eager to nest. Should any of your readers have an extra female of this breed, I would be glad to effect an exchange. Pamela Grey. Correspondence 165 CURIOUS ATTITUDES, ETC., OF BIRDS Sir, — It is only through watching living birds that one can correctly ascertain how their plumage is worn, so to speak. I have noticed at the Zoo that the crest of the Boat-bill ( Cancroma ), though so like that of the Kagu, is displayed differently ; instead of merely standing straight up, it also expands at the sides. The crest of the Gardener- bird (Amhlyornis) is also displayed in an unexpected manner ; it is horizontally radiated, so as to look like a huge orange-coloured dandelion flower-head. Another curious trait in an allied bird seems to deserve mention, though it may have been individual. A pair of Manucodes at the Zoo used to sit side by side, one, I believe the male, clasping the other’s foot in his lovingly. Perhaps the queerest performance I ever saw in Zoo birds, however, was that of two Ground Hornbiils, a male and female but of different species. They were in the Eastern aviary, and used to play “ hide-and-seek The male would run indoors and push the door of the inner compartment out enough to get behind it ; the female would then come and peep at him through the crack of the hinges, when he would rush playfully out at her. Another game I have seen played — a “ solo ” one — was by a cock Kaleege in a paddock, which bent down a twig of a bush with his beak and then sparred at it with his feet as it sprang up. F. Finn. STICK-INSECTS AS BIRD FOOD Sir, — Indian Stick-insects ( Dixiphus morosus) are now advertised for sale, and as we have long kept them at the Horniman Museum, and they belong to the Orthoptera, like grasshoppers — the favourite insects of many birds — it seems worth while to draw attention to their possibilities as food for birds. They will live and breed at ordinary indoor temperatures, and our stock has always been fed on privet — the common green variety, not the golden. We have never had a male, this sex being very rare, and the breeding taking place without it. The eggs are dropped on the ground, and look as much like seeds as the parents do like sticks. The young resemble the adults (which are wingless) except in size, but have no distinctive colour and look rather 166 Correspondence like wingless gnats. The adults grow to about two inches long and the thickness of a straw ; thus at different ages they would suit birds of very different sizes. The only drawback is that the eggs are said to take more than half a year to hatch, and the growth may for all I know be slow, but we always have plenty of specimens. For the benefit of those who are interested in variation generally I may say that, during the last two years, a black or dark-brown variety has appeared in addition to the ordinary light-green and light-brown forms. Sometimes several are present, sometimes but one, or none, and they have the inside of the thighs pink like the ordinary specimens. They look the most stick-like of all. F. Finn. BREEDING OF WHITE MALLARD FROM SPORTS Sir, — Apropos of the White Canadian Geese reported in the June issue of the Avicultural Magazine, the following facts, from an account by Teebay on pp. 349-50 in the second edition of Tegetmeier’s Poultry Booh (1873) may be worth re-publishing, as the book is probably rare — I have only seen one copy of the edition in the Dulwich Public Library. I believe, however, the British Museum Library has it. A pair of pinioned Mallard, normal in colour, and hatched from eggs taken from different wild nests, produced two broods — one of ten normal birds and one white one, a female, and a second of ten normal birds and two white ones, a pure white male and a female which when young was white with a black spot on the head and black tail-coverts. This bird moulted pure white, but had some black speckling on the beak, which was otherwise orange ; the other two white ones had pure orange beaks, and all had orange feet with dusky webs. The white birds were not pinioned and flew about freely all that autumn and early winter, but were believed only to alight at home. Next year the pure white male and female were paired and had a brood of eight young, five pure white and three white with the same black markings as their aunt had had ; but as they matured the black was diminishing. The aunt was paired with a normal Mallard Drake ; she had two nests destroyed, but had four young, which before feathering looked Correspondence 167 as if three would be pure white, while one had black on head and tail like the mother. Meanwhile the old normal pair had a brood of eleven normal birds and one white one. Here the account ends. One is naturally inclined to suspect a previous White Call -duck Cross, but the white birds are stated to have been very slim and of the true Wild Duck form. I have seen such birds, I believe of a new strain. F. Finn. FOOD AND COLOUR RETENTION Sir, — In answer to Mr. Godfrey Davis’ interesting note in the April number, I understood when writing that the Blue-throats and Ruby-throats were kept in perfect condition for several years, that their plumage was perfect. Their throats were of the bright pink or blue of the wild birds. Certainly insects, which are given in the moulting season only, are in great part responsible for it ; also probably the soaked raw mutton meat. Food has a great influence on feather's I have seen several times in Indo-China that wild Cissas, at the end of the dry season and before the moult, were becoming blue, their feathers having faded as in caged birds. At that time of the year insects and fresh fruit are very scarce. J. Delacour. THE CROW OF THE RED JUNGLE-COCK Sir, — I should like to point out that the crow of the wild Red Jungle-cock is not quite identical with that of the domestic bird. It starts in the same way but is much shorter and stops, so to say, abruptly. It is one of the best characters by which to distinguish the real wild birds from others. It may also be pointed out that pure-bred cocks go into an eclipse plumage in May and June for a couple of months at least, losing all their hackles which are only replaced later on. Sonnerat’s Jungle-fowl also goes into an eclipse plumage. J. Delacour. COTTON -TEAL IN CHINA Sir, — As a few of our members are now so lucky to keep the Cotton- Teal, it may be of interest to them to hear that this Duck, which as far as I know is imported from India, nests in a good many pairs in 168 Correspondence China. The birds arrive in our and the neighbouring province, Kiangsu and Kiangsi, about the beginning of May. As at this time of the year the shooting season is over, the birds are not molested, and in consequence are very tame, coming to the villages and looking for suitable sites for their nests, which they some¬ times construct in the chimneys of Chinese houses. One of my friends whose garden adjoins a lake near Kiukiang (Kiangsi Province) hung up nesting boxes in trees which the Cotton- Teal readily adopted and used for several years in succession. Alex. Hampe. Shanghai. METHOD OF FEEDING IN GALLINULES Sir, — With regard to Mr. Frank Finn’s observation of the Sheath- bill’s mode of eating by holding the food in its foot, may I be allowed to state that my Chinese Purple Water Hens always hold their food with one foot, Parrot-like. More than this, they wash almost every mouthful. Worms with them have a particularly rough time, for they hold them with one foot and bite small sections off. These sections are then carefully washed and swallowed. H. Moore. STARLINGS AND BEES Sir, — Do Starlings capture and eat Honey Bees ? Perhaps some member may be able to answer this question definitely. It is quite a common sight on a hot summer’s day to see Starlings hawking the large flying ants which come out and take wing at that season of the year. They may be seen doing it all day, emulating Swallows and Swifts, but performing their aerial movements in a much more awkward and laboured way. This year four or five Starlings have been noticed on some of the few bright days we have had this month (May) going through the same kind of actions. Now it is very much too early for ants, and as the scene of the Starlings’ operations is confined to a comparatively small area, over our garden, and over that part where the beehives are, the only con¬ clusion one can come to is that they are catching bees ; in all probability Correspondence 169 the slower flying and more heavily laden ones on their return flight. A Starling was found dead in some fruit bushes about 20 yards from the hives some days ago — that was before we suspected them of this habit — and unfortunately the body was thrown away without being examined. Is it not possible the bird may have made a bad shot or swallowed a bee without killing it and was thus stung to death ? I know that to have been the ultimate fate of a Spotted Flycatcher which was an inveterate bee-catcher. We can spare some bees for the Flycatchers, but must draw the line at a host of Starlings ! B. Hamilton Scott. FURTHER AVIARY NOTES Sir, — My thanks are due to Lord Tavistock and Mr. Best for the information and support given in response to my queries in the notes sent to you in May. Although I have kept birds of one kind or another from Budgerigars to Sparrow-hawks since 1909, in fact commencing with the House- sparrow in 1880, I still feel a beginner in the art of real aviculture, which of course includes the rearing as well as the care of birds. And it was with the object of acquiring more first-hand knowledge from interested and expert amateurs that I became a member of our Society. I have books galore and pore over them for any little tit-bit of advice or help to be picked up from the description of their native haunts and habits. Most of them contain excellent descriptions and details from the ornithologist’s point of view, but few go into the character, weaknesses, and little foibles of the various species which would help the aviculturist. The most useful tome is an old book by Dr. W. T. Greene, Notes on Cage Birds , published in 1899. Of course, Aviculture , vol. i, is excellent but it does not give the details one would like. In fact the only man who could give these details is the man who collects and catches the birds. Now, Sir, I say with Mr. Best that an account of anyone’s “ few poor birds ” is of interest to some one of our members. At any rate, when they have appeared they have appealed to me. And . it may be that many of our members are a bit diffident in the presence of such 170 Correspondence august writers as our Magazine contains in putting their experience before other members. Please don’t conclude that I blame either you or your predecessors. I don’t think anyone could have done better in the times we have experienced. Perhaps this letter will encourage others to do likewise. I do what I can though I may show my ignorance. The cold dry sunny weather of the last two months up here has suited my birds, and all the old stock are in beautiful condition. I have kept heat on in the bird-room shelter between 55° and 60° day and night and even now keep it on at night. The majority sleep under cover, and I have not been bothered with cats, though an owl pays a visit now and then and a Siskin has lost some of her head feathers in consequence, but it sleeps out always. I got a few fresh Lavender Finches and Cordon Bleus in March. They were in fair condition on arrival, but I kept them caged till 3rd May, feeding them on white millet, millet spray, and canary seed, with a few small mealworms daily and water to which was added Parish’s Chemical Food (| oz. to 8 oz. water), and every other day, instead of water, they had weak Bovril, an eggspoonful of Bovril to 8 oz. water. This treatment pulled up the Cordon Bleus tremendously, and as they were the weaker lot, I was very pleased with the result. I also got some Gouldian and Grass Finches. The latter were in excellent condition on arrival, but I kept them up and gave them all the same treatment, keeping the bird-room temperature up as stated above. Now they are all out with the other birds and most of them with their feathers “ as smooth as paint ”, as the old fanciers used to say. I have to thank someone but I don’t know who for that tip about Bovril, and I do so here and now, for it’s going to prove a valuable pick-me-up for poor conditioned birds and those newly imported. I am just now treating some Indigo and Rainbow Buntings with the same medicine. My Grey Javas nested in April, laid two eggs, then deserted after sitting ten days. I wonder if the absence of unhulled rice from their diet was a contributory cause. Its difficult to get nowadays. The White Javas have done nothing, in fact are very lazy and rather weak on the wing, so as polished rice is supposed Proposed Laboratory for Besearch into Diseases of Cage Birds 171 to be a cause of “ beri beri ” in humans, it may be a cause of weakness in birds that live naturally on wild rice. The Pekin Robins, after building three nests in various places and pulling them to bits (I think because the “ lady ” did not like the situation), finally built in the same barberry bush as last year, laid three eggs, and hatched three chicks on 3rd June, and now I’m hard put to it to find live food for them, though of course mealworms are a standby. The Zebra Finches have had several nests and eggs, but so far have only reared two, which are now getting their first plumage and their beaks are still black. They are untidy nesters and several eggs have been kicked out. A pair of Masked Grassfinches have built a nest, but so far only use it as a dormitory : it is a domed structure beautifully built of coarse grass lined with fine grass and bits of rope fibre which I cut up for nesting purposes. I have had a deal of trouble with a Nonpareil Bunting cock : he would not leave a hen Red-crested Finch (Coryphospingus cristatus) alone, also a green hen Canary ; he bullied them so much and caused such a commotion in the aviary that I caught him and kept him on canary seed and water for a month, but as he did not improve his manners on release I adopted rather drastic treatment and clipped the primaries of one wing. This does not prevent him flying but is just sufficient handicap to stop him doing harm to anyone, and in appearance he is much the same and not disfigured. Taking things all round and the mixed lot I have, I don’t think there is much to complain about, for I know Lord Tavistock is right in saying that if one wishes to breed, separate and small aviaries are indispensable. Joseph Appleby. A PROPOSED LABORATORY FOR RESEARCH INTO THE DISEASES OF CAGE BIRDS Professor Tom Hare, M.D., B.V.Sc., M.R.C.Y.S., of the Department, of Pathology, Royal Veterinary College, writes : — “ It is proposed to establish and endow two laboratories in the Department of Pathology of the Royal Veterinary College, one for the research into the diseases, of Poultry, Pigeons, and Cage Birds, the other for research into the 172 Some Parts of “ Bird Notes ” Wanted diseases of Rabbits and other fur animals. For each laboratory a sum of £10,000 would be required. At the present moment we are engaged in seeking the approval to such a scheme from the various societies and associations interested in such birds and animals. For example, for the birds we have already received encouraging support from the National Poultry Council and the Editor of Poultry , and we are now in communication with the National Pigeon Association. Later on in the year it is proposed to call a meeting of representatives from each one of the associations welcoming the scheme in order to discuss the ways and means of organizing an appeal to the country for funds, so that at the present juncture I should be very grateful if you would make known the general scheme to your Society, and I hope that it will be possible for your Society to appoint a representative to assist in the organization of the appeal.” SOME PARTS OF BIRD NOTES WANTED The Librarian of the Zoological Library of the Natural History Museum, South Kensington, is very anxious to obtain some missing parts of Bird Notes to complete the series in the Library. The Foreign Bird Club presented all the other parts, but there is no record of the receipt of the following : — Yol. YI, 1907-8. Number 11 to end of volume, Title-page, Index, and Contents. Yol. VIII, 1909-10. Number 10 to end of volume, Title-page, Index, and Contents. N.S. Yol. II. Number 10. October, 1911. N.S. Yol. VIII. Numbers 2, 3, and 4. 1917. Ser. Ill, Yol. I. Number 11, 1918. It is most essential that the Library should possess a compltee set of this publication, and if any member of this Society can supply the missing parts he will be rendering a great service to the National Museum. Heating Aviary Shelters. —A correction : On page 140, for Zyonnaise read Lyonnaise. CHAPMAN’S 17 TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD, LONDON, W.l. Telegrams: “BLACKBIRD PHONE, LONDON.' Telephones : MUSEUM 5272, 5273, 5274 and 5275. Cables: “BLACKBIRD:’ LONDON. Animal and Waterfowl Depbt : WITHDEAN HALL, BRIGHTON. Quarantine Station : 5 SAGE ST., LONDON, E. 1 . East End Depot : 3 SAGE ST., LONDON, E.l. VISITORS TO LONDON who are interested in Aviculture should not fail to make, a point of calling upon us, as they will be able to see the Finest Collection of Different Varieties of Foreign Birds which can be seen under any one roof throughout the whole World. The First Place of Call of all Aviculturists, Naturalists, Dealers and Hunters visiting London from all over the World is 1 7 Tottenham Court Road. Within a week or so of the appearance of this advertisement we shall be opening our New Premises at 17 Tottenham Court Road, which will be The Finest Emporium for the Sale of Live Animals and Birds in the World. At the time of the appearance of this advertisement we shall have actually on view the following very fine collections, besides many others too numerous to be detailed here, and a full List will be forwarded to anybody making application for same. INDIAN SPECIES. Shamas, Niltavas, Pittas, Drongos, Fruitsuckers, Whistling Thrushes, Bulbuls, Barbets, Babblers, Scarlet Minivets, Blue Flycatchers, Woodpeckers, Blue Rollers, etc., etc. CENTRAL and SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES. Penguins, Rare Ducks, Rainbow Buntings, Nonpariel Buntings, Indigo Buntings, Red-crested Finches, Pileated Finches, Blood-stained Finches, Virginian Nightingales, t Blue Grosbeaks, Troupials, Cassiques, Pope Cardinals, Mexican Yellow Buntings, Amazon Parrots, Macaws, etc., etc. AUSTRALIAN SPECIES. WHITE COCKATOOS. Leadbeaters Cockatoos, Rock Pepplar Parrakeets, Crimson-wing Parrakeets, King Parrakeets, Rosella Parrakeets, Meally Rosella Parrakeets, Redrump Parrakeets, Blue-bonnet Parrakeets, Long-tailed Grass Finches, Zebra Finches, Diamond Sparrows, Chestnut-breasted Finches, Yellow-rumped Mannikins, Bicheno Finches, Pectoralis Finches. REMEMBER CHAPMAN’S 17 Tottenham Court Rd., London, W.l, /s the firm for all different species of Live ANIMALS and BIRDS . in GALLOWAY’S Celebrated Insectivorous Food LIFE A Perfect diet for all Insect and Fruit-eating Birds, Foreign Finches, Waxbills, etc., etc. As supplied to Her Grace The late DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON, Her Grace EVELYN DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON, LORD TAVISTOCK, and The Hon, MRS. G. BOURKE. This food is invaluable for feeding foreign seed-eaters given in addition to their seed diet ; Parrot and other Foreign Finches will rear their young almost entirely on it. Used by a great number of leading aviculturists both here and abroad. It will keep good for any length of time if turned out of the bag and kept in a dry place. Prices carriage paid to any part of the United Kingdom : — 1 lb. 2/6, 21b. 4/8, 31b. 6/10, 41b. 9/-, 51b. 11/2, 61b. 13/4, 71b. 14/10, 141b. 27/4, 281b. 47/10, £ cwt. 95/8. A large sample will be sent on receipt of 6d. in stamps. No Agents. To be obtained solely from the Maker. Send postcard for descriptive leaflet with testimonials. P. F. M. GALLOWAY, 1 Rectory Road, Caversham, Reading, England. “L’OISEAU.” PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE Societe Nationale d’Acclimatation de France, 198 BOULEVARD ST. GERMAIN, PARIS (VIIe). A French Magazine on Aviculture, for the study of European and Foreign Birds in captivity and at liberty. With coloured and black and white plates. ONE YEAR - 75 FRANCS. Medals for first breeding of a species in captivity in France or other countries are awarded if a detailed account is sent to the Society. IV CANDIDATES FOR ELECTION. Evelyn W. Barclay* Whitwell Hall, Reepham, Norwich. Proposed D. Seth-Smith. E. Howard Collins, 45 Parliament Street, Westminster, S.W. 1. Proposed by E. Maud Knobel. Saxon Cook, Lastridge, Blackpill, Swansea, Glamorgan. Proposed by R. M. Atkinson. « €. Gordon Maynard, Springfield, North a., w, Potters Bar. Proposed by G. Brnee Chapman. Hon. Mrs. Vivian, Mas des Chenes, Vence, A.M. France. • Proposed by E. Maud Knobel. NEW MEMBERS. B. Ho wet T Lodge, F.Z.S., 175 Alexandra Mansions, Judd Street, W.C. 1. H. Moore, Chapel Road, Tadworth, Surrey. Robert T. Moore, 1420 East Mountain Street, Pasadene, California, U.S.A. Cart. C. Scott-Hopkins, Low Hall, Kirbymoorside, Yorks. Mr. Thompson, 13 Bowes Road; Palmers Green, N. Dr. M, R. Winton, Citrus Exchange Building, Tampa, Florida, TJ.S.A. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. Mrs. Cunnington to Gosfield, Halstead, Essex. Dr. E. Hopkinson to Wynstay, Balcombe, Sussex. Capt. L. R, Waud to Bradley Court, Chieveley, near Newbury. MEMBERS’ SALE AND EXCHANGE COLUMN. The charge for Members' advertisements is one penny per word, and no advertisement must exceed thirty-six words, name and address included. Payment must accompany the advertisement, which must be sent on or . before the ,20th of the month to Mr. T. H. Newman, “ Verulam,” Forty Lane, Wembley Park, Middlesex. All members of the Society are entitled to ■use this column. SALE AND EXCHANGE. Avicultural Magazine complete from beginning to date, except vols. 1, 3 ■and 4 ; bound half morocco, perfect condition ; what offers? — Bowden, 18 Hampstead Hill Gardens, London, N.W. 3. Budgerigars, Blues, Whites and Blue-bred Greens for Sale, from unheated outdoor aviaries ; strong healthy birds. — Mrs. Goddard, The Lawn, Swindon, Wilts. Budgerigars of all colours for sale during breeding season : inspection invited. “Mrs. Wall, Marlborough, Wilts. Pedigree Budgerigars, 1928 hatched ; Whites, Blues, White-breds and Blue breds ; full particulars on application. —Norton H. Danby, 4 Carlton Road, Ealing, W. 5. Female Crestless Fireback ( Acomus crythrophtha Imus ). — A . van Heyst, Marienhoven, Wyk by Duurstede, Holland. GAMAGES IZi ALWAYS A VARIED STOCK OF Foreign Birds, Parrots, Lovebirds, etc. We can now offer : — Shamahs, Laughing Jackass, Lovebirds — Masked, Fischers, Blue-wing, Peach Face, Bengalese , White Java Sparrows, Virginian Cardinals, Nonpariel , Indigo, and Rainbow Buntings, Black Headed Gouldian Finches, Yellow Wing Sugar Birds, Clarinos, Crimson Wing Parrakeets, Cockatiels, Blue Budgerigars, Amazon Parrots, Grey Parrots, Macaws, Rock Peplar Parrakeets, Meyers Parrots. BEST FOODS. Mealworms Spray Millet, large bundles Ants’ Eggs Dried Flies Pure Egg Yolk . Insectivorous Food Cuttlefish Bone LOWEST PRICES 61- per lb., 3 lb., 17/- 4/6 each, £ doz., 25/- Post paid. 3/6 per lb. 2/- 2/6 1/6 1/3 41b., 12/9 71b., 6/9 41b., 9/- 71b., 8/6 41b., 4/6 Specialities in CAGES, AVIARIES, NEST-BOXES and all appliances. A. W. GAM AGE, Ltd., HOLBORN, LONDON, E.C. 1 . PHONE : HOL. 8484. DE VON & CO. Qur weekly Illustrated PRICE LISTS will interest you . FOREIGN. Lavender Finches . 10/- pair. Firefinches . . 6/- ,, Weavers . . 4/- ,, Silverbills . . 6/6 ,, Gombassous . . 4/6 ,, Gordon Bleus . . 6/6 ,, Green Singing Finches 6/6 ,, Red-eared Waxbills . 2/6 ,, Java Cockatoo . . £2 Java Sparrows . . 6/6 Spicebirds . . . 6/6 Cutthroats . . . 6/6 Sfceelfinches . . 6/6 Tame Chattering Blue-fronted Amazon Parrots 4 5 /-and 50/- Orange-cheeked Waxbills 6/- Beautiful Aviary-moulted Indigo Buntings . 2 5/- Illigers Macaw . . 3 0/- reptiles. Green Lizards . . • 2 - each. 10/- pair. each. pair. each. REPTILES ( continued ). Wall Lizards . . 1 /- each. Water Tortoises Land Tortoises . Grass Snakes 1/1 21- 1/1 MEALWORMS. — FOODS. Large, clean, fat worms, l/-oz., 3/6 |lb., 6/6 lb. ; 4 lbs. , 24/- ; 101bs.,£2/l 7/6. Post paid. We will be pleased to accept standing orders. Best Nightingale and Shama Food, 3/- lb. ; 7 lbs. , 18/6. Best Lark and Thrush Food, 1/3 lb. ; 7 lbs., 7/-. Pure Crop Ants’ Eggs, 4/6 lb. ; 7 lbs.,. 28/6. Cuttlefish, 1/8 and 2/6 lb. Indian Millet Sprays, large, 4/- bdle. ; small, 3/6 bdle. All postages paid. A!! Aquatical requirements, including: GOLDFISH & FANCY FISH, AQUARIUMS from 3/6, REPTILES, PET MONKEYS, MONGOOSE, GUINEAPIGS, etc. 127 King’s Cross Road, London, W.C. 1 . Phone : Terminus 3595. Telegrams : Oiseaux, London. FOURTH SERIES. VOL. VI. No. 8. THE AUGUST, 1928. Avicultural Magazine CONTENTS. PAGE Some Notes on Lovebirds, Parrot- lets, etc. (with Coloured Plate), by The Marquess of Tavistock .... 173 The Two Most Popular Cagebirds of China, by Alex. Hampe . 177 Cariamas, Trumpeters, Sun Bit¬ terns, etc. (with Three Plates), by J. Delacour . . . 181 Abnormally Coloured Budgerigars , by Denys Weston, F.Z.S. . 183 The Blue Touracou (with Plate), by L. M. Seth-Smith . . 186 A Lovebird Miscellany, by A. A. Prestwich .... 188 PAGE Some Notes on a Wiltshire Aviary, by The Viscountess Grey of Fallodon . . .190 Breeding the Virginian Eagle Owl, by Miss E. F. Chawner . 195 Avicultural Notes, by The Editor 196 Correspondence : Kenewal of Claws and Bill-tips ; Breeding Parrakeets ; Further Notes on Jungle-fowl ; The Crow of the Bed Jungle-cock ; White Mal¬ lard Sports ; Breeding Gouldian Finches ; A Hawkhead in a Mixed Aviary; French Medal ; Hybrid Lovebirds . . . 198 The Price o-F this Number is 2/6. THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY. FOUNDED 1894 NOTICE TO MEMBERS The .Subscription, to the 'Avicuifcural Society is £t per annum, due on the 1st of January in each year, and is payable in advance. The entrance fee is 10/0. The Avicultural Magazine is sent free to members monthly. Members joining at any time during the year are entitled to the back numbers for the current year, on the payment of entrance fee and subscription. ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE SENT TO THE HONORARY SECRETARY S AND TREASURERs Miss Knobel, 32 Tavistock Square, London, W.C.l. | All Queries respecting Birds (except post-mortem cases) and all other correspondence should be sent to the Hon. Secretary, at the above address. ■ Any change of address should be notified to her. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS. Rule 1. — A short account of the illness should accompany the specimen. All birds to be sent as fresh as possible to Mr. 0. II, HlCKS, The Prosectorium, The Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, N. W. 8. Rule 2.— A stamped addressed envelope must be enclosed with the bird. Rule 3.— No body or skin of any bird will be returned under any circumstances whatever. The Magazine is published by Messrs. Stephen Austin & Sons, 5 Fore Street, Hertford, to~ whom members -should address all orders for extra copies, back numbers for 1917 and after, and bound volumes. Cases for binding the Magazine (in art cloth, with gold block on side) can be obtained from the Publishers, post free and carefully packed, at 3/- each ; or the Publishers will undertake the binding of the, Volume for 5/6, plus 9 d. for packing and postage. Members are requested to state whether they want the wrappers and advertisements bound in at the end or not. Telephone : 46 Hertford. BACK VOLUMES of the AVICULTURAL MAGAZINE previous- to 1917. Application for these should be made to the Editor of Gage Birds, 154 Fleet Street, E.C. 4. All Enquiries for ADVERTISEMENTS and TRADE SUPPLIES should be made direct to STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, Ltd., FORE STREET, HERTFORD. All communications intended for publication in the Magazine should be addressed to the Editor Mr. D. Seth-Smxth, Zoological Society, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 8. REGENT PET STORES (G. E. PALMER, F.Z.S.) $3 Park Street, Camden Town, London, N.W. 1 ’Phone : Telegraphic Address : HAMPSTEAD 8856. “ DOMESTIPET, NORWEST, LONDON.” iiiiiiiiiimiiimmiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiimiiiMMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiHi Importers of Foreign Livestock. iiiiiiitiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiimiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Always good selection of Parrots, Parrakeets, Foreign Finches, Monkeys, etc., on view at reasonable prices . WE SPECIALIZE IN CAGES, AVIARIES & APPLIANCES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AT LOWEST PRICES. Pure Egg Yolk .... Spray Millet (Selected) Mealworms .... Cuttle Fish Bone (Best White) Dried Flies .... Ant Eggs, No. i quality 55 55 NO. 2 „ • Palmer’s Noted Insectivorous Food (F able) for Large Species For Small Species 3/9 lb., 4 lb. 14/- 3/- per bundle of 50 sprays 6/- lb., 4 lb. 22/— 1/4 lb-5 3i lb. 4/- . 1/9 lb. 4/6 lb. . 4/- lb. nest obtain- . 1/6 lb., 7 lb. 61- 2/- lb., 7 lb. 10/6 MiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiimmiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii We Buy Anything Alive. Exchanges Entertained. “L’OISEAU” PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE Societe Nationale d’Acclimatation de France, 198 BOULEVARD ST. GERMAIN, PARIS (VIIe). A French Magazine on Aviculture, for the study of European and Foreign Birds in captivity and at liberty. With coloured and black and white plates. ONE YEAR - 75 FRANCS. Medals for first breeding of a species in captivity in France or other countries are awarded if a detailed account is sent to the Society. Now Ready . TO BE COMPLETED IN TWO VOLUMES. Volume l. “AVICULTURE” Price 15/- net. Order with remittance to — STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, LTD., FORE STREET, HERTFORD 11 Avicultural Magazine. JohnBale.Sons & Danielsson.L1^ Black-cheeked Loved/ rd (Aoapornis nigrigenis). Blue -romped Parrot let, (Ps it t a cola cyanopygia). Red- faced Lovebird, (Apullar/a). Blue - crowned Hanging Parrakeet fLoriculus ga/gu/us). Abyssinian Lovebird, (A.taranta). Peach- faced Lovebird, (A . rose/col/is). THE Avicultural Magazine BEING THE JOURNAL OF THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF FOREIGN 8c BRITISH BIRDS IN FREEDOM 8c CAPTIVITY Fourth Series- — Vol. VI. — No. 8. — All rights reserved. AUGUST, 1928. SOME NOTES ON LOVEBIRDS, PARROTLETS, ETC. By The Marquess of Tavistock Black-cheeked Lovebird. — This species, imported in great numbers before the war, was allowed to become nearly extinct as an aviary bird until again brought over in hundreds a few years ago ; since when it has been bred in all parts of the world where aviculture is practised. Were it not for the fact that the eggs are apt to hatch badly in the unnaturally dry environment of a bird-room or aviary shelter, the Black-cheeked Lovebird would exceed the Budgerigar in prolificacy, for, while the Budgerigar is apt to be a slow starter in a new home, no pair of these Lovebirds ever hesitated to endeavour to reproduce their species at the earliest possible moment with the least possible encouragement. The cock has the iris light yellow-brown ; the hen yellow-brown ; otherwise the sexes are alike. The behaviour of the birds also provides a speedy and sure indication of sex. If you have pairs they will nest at once : if hens only, they will lay at once — double clutches of infertile eggs : it is a menage composed solely of cocks that alone does nothing. The Black-cheeked Lovebird lines its nest with strips of bark or other material — lime twigs being the favourite. Fresh bark is added while the young are being reared, the object being to 15 174 The Marquess of Tavistock — Some Notes on Lovebirds , etc. provide the nestlings with a clean dry bed on a wet substratum of damp material. Owing to this habit of continuous building it is important that the nest should be large. The Black-cheek’s extreme prolificacy, combined with the fact that it is apt to do badly if deprived of a log to sleep in, renders it a little difficult to manage in cold climates in winter. On the whole the best policy is to put the logs in a heated shelter and allow the hens to go on laying, even if they do not hatch or rear many young. If the logs are left outside they are apt to get egg-bound in severe weather, but separation of the sexes will not stop laying and the birds do not thrive in cages. The Black-cheeked Lovebird does well on any seed mixture containing plenty of millet and canary. Green food may be offered, but is little relished. The species agrees well with its own kind and some have found it safe with Budgerigars, though others have had a contrary experience. The Black-cheek hybridizes readily with other Lovebirds and the hybrids are fertile. In order to overcome the difficulty of lack of moisture in the nest some indoor breeders recpmmend a false bottom filled with damp sponge or sphagnum moss and separated from the actual material of the nest by wire gauze or perforated zinc. Red-faced Lovebird. — Although as hardy as its allies once it has fully recovered from the exhaustion of the voyage and grown the flight feathers that have usually been cut by the catcher, this Lovebird seems to have registered a vow to atone for the almost indecent haste in reproduction shown by its relatives, by an abnormal unwillingness to go to nest at all. A record of completely successful breeding has not, I believe, been achieved in the United Kingdom, and even at complete liberty I failed to induce Red-faces to undertake j domestic duties. The hen has less red on the face than her mate and her under wing-coverts are green and not black. The young show very little red at all. I have found the species quiet and gentle, with a weak, sibilant cry. Like all Lovebirds it is unsuited to permanent confinement in a small cage. i The Marquess of Tavistock — Some Notes on Lovebirds, etc. 175 Abyssinian Lovebird. — Another species, formerly rare but now common in aviculture. Females and young have entirely green heads. The Abyssinian Lovebird is not exactly a free breeder but young have been reared on several occasions: little building seems to be done. It is a perfectly hardy bird with a weak, inoffensive call. Experience varies as to its disposition, some pairs proving harmless to their associates ; others very savage. They are fonder of green food than their allies. Blue-rumped Parrotlet. — The little South American Parrots of the genus Psittacula or Forpus are commonly called Lovebirds in the trade. Needing warmth and care when newly imported, they become quite hardy when acclimatized, and can be wintered out of doors. Their nesting habits resemble those of Budgerigars as they use no building material. Females are wholly green, but young males* even in first plumage, show some trace of blue colouring. Inoffensive towards other birds, the Blue-rumped Parrotlet fights savagely with its own kind and pairs must be kept separate. The species is unsuited to close confinement and is of a nervous disposition. Unless terrified their calls are not unpleasant. The food should be that of Lovebirds with the addition of stale bread or plain cake slightly moistened with water. Blue-crowned Hanging Parrakeet. — This species is not often imported nor much esteemed by reason of its uninteresting appearance when young and the extra trouble involved in feeding and cleaning. It is, however, one of the most beautiful of the small Parrots and an adult pair are well worth the trouble their management may entail. An old male is an indescribably gorgeous little fellow and his quaint actions and courtship display are most amusing. Hanging Parrakeets will live on almost any kind of sweet soft food but do best on sunbird mixture (one teaspoonful each of honey, Mellin’s food, and malted milk in half a teacup of almost boiling water) together with sweet grapes and other fruit. Hens lack the red throat patch and have the blue on the crown and the yellow patch on the nape very faintly indicated. Young birds of both sexes are even more sober in colouring. Hanging Parrots require warmth and care when newly imported,, but when acclimatized have, in healthy districts, been wintered in an 176 The Marquess of Tavistock — Some Notes on Lovebirds , etc. unheated bird-room. On the whole they are better kept indoors from October to May. They do well in large box cages, though their claws tend to become overgrown and need regular cutting. As they never willingly venture on the ground, food, water and bathing dishes should be suspended from the wires. Their normal breathing is curiously heavy, so that it is not always easy to see whether they are sick or well, until one is used to their ways. For aviary life it is very important to have only birds that are reasonably tame and steady. Wild ones hide constantly in the shelter or injure themselves by flying against obstacles. Blue-crowns are very gentle with Finches, and I have never known them to injure small birds. So far, infertile eggs only have been produced in this country, but American breeders may have been more fortunate. The nest log is lined with green leaves or grass. Peach-faced Lovebird. — Although the Peach-face is one of the handsomest and most prolific members of the genus Agapornis it unfortunately possesses two serious drawbacks ; it has the worst temper of all the Lovebirds and it is the only Lovebird with an unpleasant voice. The sexes are alike in colouring, and although the male is usually brighter, this rule is by no means invariable. Birds in first plumage have the peach areas replaced by a dull tint, but adult dress is quickly assumed. As with other philoprogenitive Lovebirds the difficulty of distinguishing male and female by their plumage is largely made up for by the facility with which they can be sexed by their behaviour, hens, mated or unmated, going to nest at the first opportunity. Peach- faces line their nest logs with strips of bark from slender twigs, the building being done by the female who collects a load of the material in the feathers of her rump. The male feeds her while she is sitting, and spends a good deal of time in the log. As many as ten eggs have been known to be laid in one clutch, and several broods are reared in a season. Peach-faces do well on millet, canary, and oats, and will eat a little green food when rearing young. As already hinted, they are dangerous with weaker birds, even those larger than themselves, and fight savagely with their own kind, it being impossible to induce two breeding pairs to share an aviary in harmony. Alex. Hampe—The Two Most Popular Cagebirds of China 177 The writer has found the Peach-face sensitive to very bad weather, but many aviculturists have wintered it without heat. If thoroughly accustomed before release to the type of artificial nest-box provided for it in the garden it can be kept at liberty during the summer months. THE TWO MOST POPULAR CAGEBIRDS OF CHINA By Alex. Hampe A lovely morning early in October, Shanghai is at its best. The air is fresh and crisp, one feels good after a cool, restful night and is glad that the Shanghai summer with its hothouse climate is over. Also my good China pony, the faithful friend of all the sporting people in Shanghai, is evidently glad of the change in the temperature. Eagerly he scratches the ground while I mount him and when I turn him to the velvety turf of the race track he steps out like a thoroughbred. We halve only ridden half a mile, when my companion, a newcomer to the East, turns his head in surprise to the left and asks me : “ Have you bird concerts here in the morning ? ” Indeed we have, for on the trees outside the course hang about fifty cages, all of the same type, and in each of them sings a modestly coloured brown bird, as if he wanted to get first prize in a singing competition. Underneath the trees stand the admiring owners of the songsters, as modestly clad as their feathered friends, for they all belong to the lower classes of the Chinese Republic. Small shop-keepers, workmen, house servants, grooms, etc., have got up early in order to give their pets an airing and to hear them sing. It is the “ Hwamee ”, the flowery eyebrow (Hwa — the flower, Mee — the eyebrow) to which we owe this concert. But only a few of my fellow-members will know the bird by the Chinese name, let me therefore mention that it is the Brown Laughing Thrush ( Trochalopteron canorum), a bird about 9 inches to 10 inches long, crown and back olive rufous with dark shaftlines to the feathers, back and rump dark olive, underparts bright yellowish rufous with dark shaftlines to the feathers of the chin and 178 Alex. Hampe — The Two Most Popular Cagehirds of China throat and upper breast, the middle of the abdomen ashy grey, tail and wings dark olive-brown. Round the eyes there is a white circle, the white extending posteriorly as a stripe, hence the Chinese name of the bird. Male and female are of the same colour and size. The bird has a very wide range, for it has been recorded from the following provinces : Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Chekiang, Fokien, Kwantung, and, I believe, also from Yunnan and Szechuan. As a song-bird it is one of the very best I have heard, in my opinion even beating the much-prized Shama. It has two kinds of song, a very loud one which is to be heard in the early morning and which is continued until noon, and a lower one, a mezzo voce, which it sings in the afternoon from about 3 o’clock. The morning song may be a bit too loud and vigorous for indoors, but to listen to the demi-loud song of a good Hwamee is delightful, there Is not one unmelodious sound in it. And further, to hear the flute¬ like tones of our friend when up-country amongst the beautiful hills of Fokien or Chekiang is for me, and I should think for every lover of nature, a gift of the Far East. Besides the bird is a great mimic and produces the song of many Chinese birds. Is is generally in the early autumn, beginning of October, that hundreds of Hwamees reach the Shanghai bird market. Each bird is in a tiny cage made of matting, for they cannot be put together in large cages, they would fight desperately. Piles of these cages are to be found in or rather in front of nearly every bird-shop in the native city and before them we see the would-be owners in order to select a bird. Many a cage is taken up for inspection, put back, taken up again, the son of the Celestial Empire (alas ! now a Republic) takes his time and is in no hurry when selecting a bird. Finally he has mhde his choice, now to the price. “ What ! one dollar half for a fresh Hwamee, very dear, how can you ask such an exorbitant price, impossible to do business with you.” But the shopkeeper smiles and with a sweet mouth talks to pacify his customer. Finally they settle the price at a dollar and are both happy. The bird is now transferred to a somewhat larger but still very small cage made of bamboo, where he remains until absolutely steady and accustomed to be carried about when his owner takes him out for an airing. When he is rather tame and has lost all nervousness, he is put into the typical A lex. Hampe — The Tivo Most Popular Cagebirds of China 179 Hwamee cage, a cylindrical affair with one perch only and covered with a dark-blue cotton cloth which usually is only lifted when the owner hangs the cage somewhere on a tree to listen to the song of the bird. The bottom of the cage is also made of bamboo bars, underneath which is a removable board. When the Chinaman wants to give his bird a bath, he removes the board and puts the cage into a flat vessel filled with water, so that the Hwamee can take its ablution. No European bird-lover would keep a bird in such a cage, which to my opinion is uncomfortable for both bird and bird owner, and I Teally cannot understand how people can admire Chinese or Japanese made cages ; they are very unpractical, as artistic as they may look. For food the Hwamee gets rice immersed into egg yolk and then dried or rather toasted, besides a few insects. The birds thrive on it and sing well, but I doubt whether they like it. When at a certain time (during my camp life in Japan during the war) I had to eat beans and pea-soup six times a week, I was in good health, but I did not enjoy my meals. Probably a good insectile food with plenty of ants’ cocoons would be much preferred by our friend. Anyhow, thousands of Hwamees are kept in the way described above, have been kept for hundreds of years, and will be kept for another hundred years, for the Chinese fancier is conservative and hates changes. In the south the Hwamee is also used for fighting, viz. for gambling. For this purpose young birds taken from the nest are trained, but their song is of little value. As already mentioned the Hwamee is the bird of the lower classes ; indeed, it would not do for a respectable Chinese of the old school to carry a Hwamee. Its song is too loud, its manners are too coarse for genteel people. A few weeks ago I had searched the local bird market in company with my ever obliging bird dealer for rarer Chinese birds. We could not find much, but had bought two hen Hwamees. Then my dealer proposed to visit a tea-house, where the Chinese fanciers take their pets in the afternoon to enjoy their song together with a cup of tea and a friendly gossip with a brother fancier. When we entered the tea-house with our Hwamees, everybody stared at us. Indeed, a breach of etiquette unheard of and only possible for one of those barbarians from over the 180 Alex. Pampe — The Two Most Popular Cagebirds of China sea who have such strange manners, to bring a Hwamee to a respectable tea-house. I wondered that the waiter did not tell us politely to “ clear out ”. Luckily our birds, being hens, kept silent. There were only White-Eyes and Crowtits, and as we did not want those, we soon paid for our tea and left. The bird of the refined Chinese fancier is the little Zosterops, the Chinese White-Eye, and indeed one can hardly find a more genteel bird than this little songster. I think it is quite safe to recommend him to the most nervous person as a pet. Although far from being dull, he does not jump about incessantly in his cage and his song is not loud but very sweet. Besides he gets very tame and attached to his owner and can be trained to take a flight into a garden and to return to his cage. A bird of the Japanese race which I kept in Japan would have an outing and a hunt for insects while I cleaned his cage, returning happily when house¬ cleaning was over, and when I was deferred to another camp and not allowed to take my pet with me, it was really difficult to make him give up captivity. In colour the Zosterops is a simply dressed bird, olive green above, greyish white underneath ; around the eye there is a distinct wThite circle which gives him his name. The Chinese call the bird “ Beautiful Eye ”. Zosterops simplex, of which I am speaking here, is distributed all over central and south China. In the north he is replaced by Zosterops erythropleura, which is prettier, having a bright yellow throat and the sides of the abdomen reddish brown. Also his song is by far the best of the three kinds of Zosterops I have kept (viz. simplex, erythropleura, and japonica). Erythropleura is generally, during the early autumn, for sale in the Shanghai bird market, but the local native fanciers do not appreciate him very much. While freshly caught birds can be bought for a few cents, selected singers with certain notes in their song fetch high prices up to £5 and even more. The Chinese keep the White-Eyes in neat but rather small bamboo cages and feed them mainly on Soya bean powder mixed with hard-boiled egg yolk. Besides this staple food the birds get many titbits in the form of fruit and alive insects of which they are very fond. Daily the bird is given a bath, for which purpose he is transferred A \ncidturat Alagcizine Photo D. Seth-Smith Burmeister's Cariama Chunga bunneisteri Photo D. Seth-Smith Brazilian Cariama Cariama cristata J. Delacour — Cariamas, Trumpeters, Sun Bitterns , etc. 181 to a special bathing-cage, and daily his owner takes him along when he goes for a walk. The birds very soon get accustomed to the noisy traffic of Shanghai, and it is a curious sight to see a Chinese gentleman of the old school wending his way through the overcrowded streets and holding in his hand a small cage in which gaily twitters our little Zoster ops. CARIAMAS, TRUMPETERS, SUN BITTERNS, COURLANS AND KAGUS By J. Delacour In this chapter are grouped together some very peculiar Waders, belonging to separate families, which each consist of only one or two genera containing very few species. They are very individual birds, having little relationship with one another or with other families. All are very interesting and some are among the prettiest and most charming birds that can be had. Cariamas or Seriamas There are two kinds of Cariamas — the Crested ( Cariama cristata ) of Brazil, and Burmeister’s Cariama ( Chunga burmeisteri) of the Argentine. Their plumage is light brown streaked fawn ; their short hooked beaks remind one of birds of prey. They are long legged. The first named has a more developed frontal crest than the second, and has a red beak while the other’s is black. They chiefly feed on reptiles and in looks and habits resemble the Secretary Bird, which is a true bird of prey. Seriamas do well in confinement and have been known to breed ; they live on meat, mice, etc. They move slowly and are not very interesting, but are strong and fairly hardy. Trumpeters The Trumpeters (Psophia) are a highly interesting group of South American Waders which more nearly approach fowls. They have short beaks rather like Pheasants’ ; their legs are long and slender with rather short toes. They are the same size as common fowls. All the species have black heads and necks with short velvety plumage and metallic reflections on the front of the neck and underparts. 182 J. Delacour — Cariamas, Trumpeters , Sun Bitterns, etc. The feathers of the back and lower wing-coverts long and filamentous covering the whole of the body above. Trumpeters live in forests and roost at night ; they feed on insects, berries and worms. They make delightful pets owing to their confiding natures their handsome plumage, and their amusing ways. They are susceptible to cold and require heat in winter. Their wonderful tameness enables them to be kept at liberty, but they are inclined to follow people about and so are sometimes lost. They should be fed on insectivorous mixture, fruit, bread and milk, and a little meat. Notwithstanding their tameness they have never nested in confinement. Owing to their habit of teasing they sometimes become dangerous to other birds of their own size, but do not usually take any notice of small passerine birds, though they will occasionally attack and even eat these. The Common Trumpeter (P. crepitans) of Guiana is pearly grey on the back and the feathers in front of the neck are metallic blue-green. The White-Winged Trumpeter (P. leucoptera) from the Amazon and Peru has the wing-coverts white and is purple in front of the neck, with the primary coverts metallic blue and green. The Green- winged Trumpeter (P. ochroptera) from the north of the Amazon has the upper part of the body yellowish green. Sun Bitterns Sun Bitterns ( Eurypyga ) are fascinating little birds which inhabit creeks in the forests of South America. They have a peculiar charm. Their dead-leaf coloured plumage is ornamented on the wings with beautiful yellow and bronzy-red markings. The only species imported ( E.helias ) does very well in confinement ; it is completely insectivorous. This is almost the most beautiful of all the Waders. It requires heat in the winter. They should be fed on insectivorous mixture, chopped meat, and ants’ eggs. In South America this bird is often kept in courtyards where it catches flies in quantity. Kagus There is in New Caledonia a fine Wader which is allied to both Herons and Cranes. This is the Kagu, the only species of its genus Ac ul turn l Magazine Photo D. Seth Smith Grey-winged Trumpeter Psophia crepitans Photo D. Set'n-Smith Sun Bittern. Eurypyga helias ■ Kagus Rhinochetus jubatus Denys Weston— Abnormally Coloured Budgerigars 188 (. Rhinochetus jubatus). Its colour is pale blue grey with oral red feet and legs, and it has a thick crest on its head. The Kagu does not fly although it has good wings ; it indulges in very strange antics and is in every way a most interesting bird. It does well in confinement, living on chopped meat and worms. It has not yet 'bred in Europe but successfully in Australia. Kagus are hardy and only require an unheated shelter in winter. COURLANS Courlans (Aramus) resemble both Storks and Kails and are a special genus. They are large chocolate coloured birds with green reflections, with white streaks on the head and neck in the case of the South American species (A. scolopaceus) . A. giganteus , which is found in Florida and the Equator, is a little larger, with white spots on the back and wing. They are uncommon in confinement ; they should have the same treatment as Herons, but are not particularly interesting. ABNORMALLY COLOURED BUDGERIGARS By Denys Weston, F.Z.S. In dealing with colour production I quite realize that I am treading upon dangerous ground, and have no wish to provoke controversy, or in any way force my opinions upon others who may not agree with me. I am indebted to Consul-General Cremer and Dr. Duncker for their extensive experiments in colour-breeding for my facts, which have been checked not only by me, but by numerous friends. As my readers are aware, the original wild Budgerigar is green. Yv7e now have blue, cobalt, mauve, olive,- white, yellow, and different shades of these colours. I shall endeavour to show how most of these can be produced by the novice with a minimum outlay. To digress for one moment. The human race consists of white, mulatto, and black-skinned people. This pigmentation is caused by a brown colouring matter called melanin, and is absent in white races, present in small quantities in half-castes, and in large quantities in negroes. 184 Denys Weston — Abnormally Coloured Budgerigars Now we have this same factor in green forms of Budgerigars, i.e. green (no melanin), laurel green (little melanin), and olive (much melanin). A similar condition exists in all colours : pale, daffodil, and olive yellows ; sky, cobalt, and mauve in blues ; and the white class with tints of pale blue, cobalt blue, and mauve. It will therefore be seen clearly that if it is required to produce a mauve from blue varieties, a bird containing much melanin must be introduced. A yellow is simply a green Budgerigar lacking the blue factor, and a blue Budgerigar one lacking the yellow factor, whites have both these pigments missing. These were doubtless first obtained as freaks, but obviously must have bred true as, if the factor is missing, how can they produce it in their offspring ? When these facts are grasped it will be seen that nothing new or striking has really been produced : only certain colour-pigment& have been eliminated. In producing the different colours, we can apply Mendel’s Law, and the following instructions will be a guide to simple colour selection. It is obviously impossible to publish full details of every possible cross in so short an article. A word of warning is necessary. Although Budgerigars pair for life, they are notorious for their infidelity, and it is impossible to obtain definite results in a mixed aviary. I suggest that all cocks be of one colour in each aviary or cage. The hens can consist of whatever colour the breeder desires. As an example : if we have five blue cocks with green, yellow, blue, mauve, and white hens, we shall be certain that the male parent of any offspring is blue. Green, paired to blue, will produce a green coloured young, which will possess the property of being blue-bred, or, as I shall describe them, green-split-blue. These young, paired inter se, will throw about 25% blue; 50% green-split-blue, and 25% pure green babies. The trouble with this cross, and others, is that the green young cannot be distinguished from the green-split-blue in appearance, and must be tested by pairing back to blues. Pairing the young green-split, blues to pure blues will produce 50% blue and 50% green-split-blue- Denys Weston — Abnormally Coloured Budgerigars 185 so it will be seen that there is no waste in such pairing and no “ green 55 young need be tested. Blue, paired to yellow, will again produce green coloured young, provided that the yellow is pure and not produced from other colours. These young are green-split-blue-yellow-white, and paired to each other will throw : — Pure yellow, pure green, green-split-yellow, pure blue, blue-split-white, yellow-split-white, green-split-blue, white, and green-split-yellow-blue-white. All these birds will have to be tested. This again is a complicated matter, and it would be better to pair them to blues, as all young with one blue parent would be blue-bred (split-blue). These green-split- blue -yellow- white birds should produce one white in sixty babies when paired together. White, paired to yellow, should produce similar results as the green to blue cross. We should expect first 100% yellow-split-white young, which paired together should produce 25% white, 50% yellow-split- white, and 25% pure yellows. Pairing these split birds to a pure white we should obtain half whites and half-yellow-split-whites. The same principle applies to green plus yellow, white plus blue, etc., etc. Bearing in mind the results from these crosses, we can now introduce melanin by a similar cross, using either a darker green (olive) or darker blue (mauve), remembering that the percentage of blue or green chicks will have the same characteristics, except for the extra melanin introduced. This will simply make the blues or greens produced darker or lighter, according to how much melanin is transferred. The entire principle will now, I hope, have been grasped, and I shall deal briefly with a few crosses, introducing melanin to illustrate my remarks. Providing we have a deep olive bird we can easily introduce melanin from this bird, by various crosses, into whites, yellows, greens, or blues. Thus : Ordinary dark olive paired to sky blue = 100% laurel- green-split-blue. These laurel-green-split-blue will contain a medium amount of melanin. If the dark olive had been paired to a mauve (both would contain much melanin) the young would all have been deep olive in colour, possessing the split characteristics, and saturated with melanin like their parents. Had the olive been paired to a cobalt 186 L. M. Seth- Smith — ■ The Blue Tour aeon (small melanin) we should expect 50% olive-split-blue and 50% laurel- green-split-blue young. It will be gathered that the melanin naturally gets divided. 4 The aforesaid remarks, about green birds containing much, little, or no melanin, also apply to the yellow and white groups. The appended crosses will give some idea as to a few results obtained : Dark olive X mauve = 100% olive-split-blue. J50% olive-split-blue. [50% laurel-green-split-blue. Dark olive X sky blue = 100% laurel - green-split -blue . (50% mauve. [50% dark olive-split-blue. '25% mauve. 25% cobalt. 25% dark olive-split-blue. .25% laurel-green-split-blue. (50% cobalt. [50% laurel-green-split-blue. It will be noted that the minimum number of birds to produce the above colours will be one each of green, yellow, blue, olive, and Dark olive X cobalt = Dark olive-split-blue X mauve Dark olive X cobalt = Dark olive X sky blue = mauve. THE BLUE TOURACOU (CORYTHAR OLA CRISTATA) By L. M. Seth-Smith This beautiful bird is common in the forests of Uganda, and its resounding wild notes can frequently be heard, more especially in the evenings. It is commonly seen flying from one forest to another, one bird following another at intervals of perhaps half a minute or more. When flying from one tree to another they always fly from near the top of one tree and land about halfway up the next, then ran and hop up the branches until they reach the top, when the process is repeated to another tree. Usually when one bird is just leaving, the next is just arriving. Avic. Mag. 1928. Photo D. Seth- Smith. Blue Touracou, Corythanola cristata. This large and beautiful Touracou inhabits Central and West Africa. The photograph represents a specimen now in the London Zoological Gardens, described on page 186. [To face v- 186. L. M. Seth- Smith — The Blue Touracou 187 In spite of living close to their haunts and seeing them daily for seventeen years, I had never found a nest until March of last year. While having tea in the garden I noticed a bird fly across an opening, singly and without uttering a note. This was repeated the next evening, so I thought it might be nesting nearby, but a thorough search revealed nothing. The next morning I saw it flying the other way, and settle in a tree, but in spite of watching for half an hour it did not move on. In the end I felt sure that its nest must be in a high isolated tree covered in creepers, in fact I could see the nest but could not be sure that it was one even with powerful glasses, - until one day I saw the bird’s head move. On 14th March, 1927, I sent a native up and the young birds were just the right age to rear. There were two, one much larger than the other. I reared them on all the fruits I could get, mainly paw-paw, the larger bird always growing much faster than its mate. For this reason I put them down as male and female. Unfortunately, at one period fruit became very difficult to get, and I had to try unripe paw-paw, and this I fear was the cause of the death of the smaller bird, which, however, actually died from parasitic worms on 26th September. By a curious coincidence a native brought me another young one on the very day that this bird died. He had got it out of a nest at the top of a Para rubber tree, but it only lived a few days. It is interesting to note, however, that there appear from this to be two breeding seasons, one in March and another in September. In November I had to move to a house where I was able only to give a small cage to the bird, so I used to let it out quite frequently to have the run of the garden. I rather expected it to fly away as there was a forest about half a mile away where its species could often be heard, and when it was away for two nights and a day I quite thought I had seen the last of it, and was greatly relieved to see it back one morning. In spite of it being out always from this time till I brought it with me to England in April this year, it became tamer and tamer, and was really a nuisance in the house and had to be driven out continually. When having tea in the garden it always sat on the 188 A. A. Prestwick — A Lovebird Miscellany back of our chairs and one could stroke it and do anything with it. One day when my wife was pouring out tea it came and began drinking a*s the tea came out of the teapot and this became its daily amusement, so we gave it its own cup of tea and it ate soft bread and butter, salmon and shrimp sandwiches, crystallized cherries, sponge cake, etc., with gusto. When I was carpentering the bird was a perfect nuisance : it would come and seize the hammer or saw which I was using, and I was terrified of hurting it ; in fact we came to the conclusion that it must have been a carpenter in its previous incarnation. To show its real affection, I must mention one more story about it. I had been away the whole day, and on returning went into the nursery. The bird heard me talking and very excitedly went and looked into all the rooms : at last he spotted me through the slightly open door and made a bee-line for me to welcome me back. While free, I still fed it on paw-paw, etc., but it ate large quantities of leaves from the surrounding trees, and without doubt leaves form much of their diet in nature. It would be interesting to know whether Plantain Eaters become tamer than many other birds, as I have known Musophaga rossce to be kept in the same way in Uganda, quite free but always coming down at the sound of the gong for meals and allowing itself to be bathed by its mistress. This bird unfortunately came to a sad end, as is so often the case with tame wild birds. A LOVEBIRD MISCELLANY By A. A. Prestwich The unique example of a Blue Masked Lovebird (A. per sonata), recently acquired by the London Zoological Society, has proved to be a male, and is not a female as was at first thought. This charmng little bird mated with a female of standard type, and in due course three eggs were laid. All went well for about a fortnight, when the female either tired of sitting or was disturbed by the vast crowds of visitors to the “ Parrot House ”, for she deserted the nest. It was a very great pity as the eggs contained well-developed embryos. Perhaps the next attempt will be crowned with complete success. A. A. Pres'twich — A Lovebird Miscellany 189 Aviculturists seem to be taking quite a modicum of interest in the production of hybrids between the various species of Lovebirds, and up to the present the following interesting crosses have been successfully accomplished : — A. nigrigenis X A. roseicollis. J. Sumner Marrmer. X A. liliance. H. Whitley. X A. 'per sonata. H. Moore. A. liliance X A. nigrigenis. W. R. Bearby. X A. roseicollis. H. Whitley. A. roseicollis X A. per sonata. H. Whitley. # In addition to the above, A. cana has been crossed with the fiomely Budgerigar with complete success abroad by Baron von Grote, as long ago as 1890 ; and with partial success in England by the late Mr. Wesley T. Page. Mrs. Higginbotham is supposed to have reared young from the A. nigrigenis X M. undulatus cross, but this would seem to be lacking confirmation, although the Foreign Bird Club Medal was apparently awarded for the event. Many aviculturists do not care about breeding hybrids, being under the impression that such are invariably inferior as regards colouring and beauty to the parent birds. That there is ample cause for such belief cannot be gainsaid, but a view of Mr. Whitley’s A. roseicollis X A. per sonata hybrid should do much to break down the prejudice of even the most biased. Even in immature plumage it would seem to be an improvement on any existing recognized type of Agapornis, and when fully adult should be an extremely beautiful bird. I wonder how many aviarists have observed Rosy-faced, or any other species, carrying nesting material tucked under the upper tail- coverts. This is, of course, a recognized mode of conveyance and has been observed by several recognized authorities. Few birds, however, seem to adopt this method in captivity. Probably the necessity does not arise on account of the easily accessible positions in which nest receptacles are usually placed. Although I have had numerous pairs of all species, I have never 16 190 The Viscountess Grey of Falloden — seen material carried otherwise than in the beak. It would be of interest if members would state which species they have noticed conveying material in this manner. Recently, while discussing Lovebirds, Mr. Whitley observed that it was curious that the three species which present no difficulty as regards sexing — A. cana, taranta, and pullaria — should be so shy and timid compared with their five congeners about which there is usually a fair modicum of doubt as to sex. 9 SOME NOTES ON A WILTSHIRE AVIARY By The Viscountess Grey of Falloden From time to time in the pages of this Magazine there occur articles telling of some aviary and its inmates, and these I find most enjoyable ; so, although I cannot claim to possess any ^very rare birds, perhaps a short account of the aviary we have may be of interest to others ? The chief enclosure here measures 60 feet long by 30 feet wide ; the centre is sown with grass, and planted with box and rosemary bushes, some yews, a Judas tree, and bay bushes. It is further furnished with the large ivy and fern-grown heads of pollarded willows. These are cut off just below the top and placed leaning, with all their tall, pliant branches providing excellent perching places, high in the vaulted wire roof. The supporting larch poles are given each a clematis or honeysuckle, protected from the parrots by a wire surround. A sunk pool, 3 feet by 2 feet, made in cement, has large flat stones laid round its margin. A path, also in cement, is carried round the enclosure, 4 feet from the wire walls, the space between left in soil for herbaceous plants, such as golden rod, Michaelmas daisies, succory, sunflower and teasel, polyanthii and double daisies ; these get well eaten down. A green seat and garden chairs furnish one end, and there are portions of felled trees, and a pile of faggoted sticks for shelter for the ground birds. A construction of four posts, 2 feet high, with wire stretched over the top, and a second stage of wire, one foot from the ground, receives a shake-down of fresh hay at intervals, and is a favourite hiding and Some Notes on a Wiltshire Aviary 191 resting place, particularly prized by the birds in winter, when the ground is sodden and cold. The central part of the roof is thrown up into the form of a wire tunnel, the full length of the aviary, 10 feet 6 inches from the ground, and lateral beams 3 inches wide and deep are set across it at intervals. This higher portion provides good flight room and meets the danger of collapse under snow. Wind shelters are made by boarding up the comers of the place outside, each corner thrown up into a wooden gable, lined with tarred felt and rubberoid. Two of these shelters have stoves in them, that bum carbotron fuel, when needful. * The place has been rendered rat and weasel proof, but who can hope to keep the mice away ? They run in and round, up, through, about, and over everything, even rearing their little impudent families in the very nest-boxes of the birds. The campaign against mice;, should be incessant, if it is to be successful. Most of the birds have come to this aviary from less happy circum¬ stances. Shop-weary birds get here, rather than gay ones, they have so much less chance of being bought than the smart Parrots. In this aviary, and in some enclosures adjoining it, live a G-rey African and two Blue-fronted Amazon Parrots, an Orange-winged Amazon, a Hawk¬ headed Parrot, and a pair of Crimson Wings ; two Guiana Parrotlets, four Rock Peplars, two pf which breed every year ; Masked Doves, Emerald Spotted Doves, a Senegal Parrot, two Plumed Ground Doves, Nonpareil and Indigo Buntings, Bullfinches, Goldfinches, Siskins, Indian White-eyed Tits, Java Sparrows, Cordon Bleus, Senegal Finches, Firefinches, Combassous, two pairs of King Parrakeets, a pair of Pennants, and, I hope my readers will not curl the lip of scorn, a host of Canaries. These sit in the bare boughs of the Judas tree, and make it look as if it were covered with alamanda blossom. Only those who have heard a quantity of Canaries singing on a sunny day in January, sending sheaves of crystal notes out upon the keen winter air, can know how lovely the glittering sound can be¬ lt is very like the massed effect of Skylarks singing. Both the Nonpareil and Indigo Buntings uplift their voices, something in the manner of a Dunnock’s song ; but the song of the Indigo Bunting is sharper ; there is almost a touch of dentristy about it. The sweetest 192 The Viscountess Grey of F alio den — call-note I know among the foreign Finches, is that of the Firefinch, and Long-tailed Grass Finch. The Cordon Bleu has an exquisite utterance, like the packet of singing needles in the Fairy Tale that made the Princess’ task so pleasant. I think it must be such notes as these that W. H. Hudson writes of in the pages of Far Away and Long Ago, when he is describing the host of small Finches con¬ gregating melodiously in the orchards of blossoming peach-trees ; a memory of his youth. My Bullfinch has had three nests in all, but so far her eggs have been clear. I first noticed her inclination to build by seeing her fly repeatedly into corners, perch a moment, looking from side to side, and so continue, appearing in turn eagerly expectant and blankly disappointed, and concerned. So I furnished one of these corners with a mass of pea-sticks, and threaded dark layers of cedar boughs among them. Then I filled a basket with the top sweepings from a neighbouring wood, after which I cut a hank from the mane of the garden horse, which hair I cut again into shorter lengths, so that no slender feet should get entangled in that extraordinarily strong stuff. These materials I scattered, and within ten minutes she had commenced building. All her movements were alert, joyful, dexterous. She swung her black tail laterally, setting her ebon cap sideways as she chose her twig. She built without ceasing till the nest had taken form, in its early stage, of a small raft of twigs. Then she rested. Next day by noon, she had formed the cup shape and reached the point of lining it with horsehair. She would take a bit, rearing her head back, on tiptoe to loosen the hair from its moorings. She would hop daintily backward till it was freed. Then away she darted with it in sudden furtive flight, or catching sight of the cock Bullfinch, she would, with tuft of building material still in her beak, chase him with speed and animus. The cock Bullfinch in aviary life takes no part in the building. I do not know if this is so when living under natural conditions. Once I was aware of his song, and found him close beside my chair, on the soil by the golden rod. This song is so seldom heard in wild life because of its exceeding softness. Bullfinches trained to pipe, abandon their native song, exchanging it for something more commonplace ; for the woodland song of the Bullfinch is a very special Some Notes' on a Wiltshire Aviary 198 thing ; it is so intimate and yet so remote. Almost like something “ Kilmeny ” might have heard when she entered upon that other plane of finer consciousness. The call note of the Bullfinch on the other hand, though soft, is very noticeable. The first nest the Masked Doves made was a case of clever hiding. The slightest fabric, a few straws of withered grass, was placed on the roof of a Dove’s cage that had been thatched with straw. This nest passed unnoticed by the aviary attendant and myself till the pair of young were fully quilled. We have reared Californian Quail in this aviary, and all the more ordinary of the foreign Finches. The Bock Peplars breed each year in one of the tall wooden nests, built after Lord Tavistock’s instructions, and for the last three years most successfully. I rear some by hand every year. The mating instinct of birds kept under artificial con¬ ditions sometimes leads to curious developments. The Bock Peplar that I first reared, now a fine young cock bird of three years, has given his affection to Edith, the Bing-Dove ; who finds her place in this collection by reason of her great use in brooding — if occasion arises — more valuable eggs than her own. He champions her against the whole Parrot group, utters her call-note, the inane laughing sound that is one of the Bing-dove’s utterances ; he whistles a ditty when she alights on the perch beside him, and unlike Lord Byron who could not bear to see his wife eat, he evinces the greatest contentment and vigilance while the Bing-dove is enjoying the white bread-crumbs that she loves. A pleasant feature in this aviary are the .stone feeding-tables, made out of the old rick “ staddles ”. These originally supported granaries to render them rat-proof. But in the aviary the upper piece or cap is placed with its larger plane uppermost. These make fine weather-proof furniture. There is also a feeding-board of slatted wood set up high, on wooden posts, to hold the green food, seeding grasses, with their roots, and all the large family of fresh plants supplied to the birds. The slats let all the moisture through so that nothing rots or decays there. Most of the birds are tame in this aviary. A Dove will fly the full length of the place and alight upon me to spread her wing in a sun- 194 The Viscountess Grey of Falloden — attitude. The Rock Peplar perches on anyone’s shoulder ; he loves to steal a posy or drink a crystal ear-ring ; and three of the Parrots have the freedom of the garden. Indeed, I believe more could be done generally with Parrots in this way. Ours show the greatest intelligence in dealing with their liberty. But it is essential for success that the cage to which they have been accustomed be put out for them in some prominent position, and there need be little fear of their safe return. When we pay our morning visit to the aviary, basket of titbits in hand, it is not long before the birds arrive upon us. The Amazon Parrot approaches ponderously, wondering if one is going to prove worth a journey or not ; he lays a jargoon eye upon the basket ; if it contains cake or raisins, he has no doubt in the matter. The Crested Ground Doves give their muted call, and the Emerald Spotted Dove sounds its note profoundly. Surely this is the most mournful of the Dove tribe ? Andrew Marvell, who tells us at once so beautifully and accurately that “ The Nightingale does here make choice To sing the trials of her voice, Low shrubs she sits in, and adorns With music high, the squatted thorns.” Says elsewhere of the Dove’s notes — “ But why should two such lovers mourn That in such equal flames do burn ? ” But, alas, the flames that consume the Doves, feed on all the passions, envy, hatred, and all uncharitableness, if not the more insidious malice. To such a pass has this brought them here that now, having reared five young and being a company of seven, with two male birds among them, owing to their own constant interference with each other they frustrate any attempt at breeding ; so they are going to be given the freedom of the trees. The mournful note of the Emerald Spotted Dove reminds one of the saying “ A dule of Doves ”, this occurs among those pleasant old terms descriptive of birds in companies ; such as a spring of Teal, a sute (or suite ?) of Mallards, a nye of Pheasants, a fall of Woodcock, a building of Rooks, an exaltation of Skylarks, and a dule of Doves. It seems to me that this may be Miss E. F. Chawner — Breeding the Virginian Eagle Owl 195 derived from the French word “ deuil ” for mourning. The list may be found in Strutt’s Country Sports and Pastimes. Only one of these terms is used by Gilbert White, though he no doubt knew them all. He writes of a “ charm of Goldfinches Sitting among all these creatures, one finds delight in the colours of their plumes, the diversity of their ways, their fleet games in curving flight, their joy in water. The various and interesting character of their respective Spring display during the mating season, and, if once they are tamed, their affection towards those who own them. One sees the Parrot’s rain-dance, rhythmic and measured, the noble wings set in static gesture ; like some design in wrought iron. And on those days when the outer world presses less hardly, one can share with the birds, gratefully, the unbroken quiet of their noonday repose. BREEDING THE VIRGINIAN EAGLE OWL (BUBO VIRGIN I ANUS ) By Miss E. F. Chawner It was recorded in the Avicultural Magazine for April that a pair of Virginian Eagle Owls belonging to Mr. J. S. Lewis had gone to nest and were incubating two eggs, but it was greatly feared that the eggs were infertile. The female Owl sat steadily from 1st March to 21st April, and hope fell to zero. On the 21st, however, she left the scrape to fetch a young rabbit which had been thrown towards her, and revealed a nestling about three days old by the side of an addled egg. She was back again in a flash, but we could see that the nestling was covered with greyish fluff and had a conspicuously black beak. We did not see it again until the 27th when it had nearly doubled in size and was able to stand. Its mother still brooded it, but stood over it when feeding and allowed it to try and pull morsels for itself. Two days later it was seen to walk towards her uttering squeaks while she fetched food. Unlike what I have observed when B. ignavus has young, the male bird did not carry food to the scrape but confined himself to standing on guard glaring and snapping fiercely at intruders. By the 15th May the nestling was no longer brooded ; its wing feathers were showing and it could walk about the shed, but its parents 196 Avicultural Notes would not allow it to come into the flight. They perched above it and redoubled their vigilance, even threatening intruders in the next aviary. The chick was first allowed in the flight on 20th May, but was called inside when a shower came on. It was still in down, but its face was feathered and its flights about half grown. It flew to a perch on 2nd June, and from then onward was not much on the ground, it fed itself to a certain extent but still relied on its mother for the bulk of its nourishment. It grew and feathered very fast. It first made its appearance on a perch in the flight on 5th June, sitting between its parents, and nearly as tall as they. It snapped as loudly and fiercely and pounced down on its portion of rabbit, carrying it into the inner compartment. By the end of June it was fully fledged and had lost most of its down. It is rather paler than the old birds, but not noticeably so. The ear tufts are indicated but as yet (9th July) not visible above the down. The old birds still watch over and protect it, but it is quite independent and able to take its own part. It is believed that it is the first of its kind to be bred in captivity. Virginian Eagle Owls are very large handsome birds, fierce and fearless in disposition and very powerful. They are armed with formidable talons and in the breeding season have no fear of man at any rate in an aviary. It can easily be imagined how a pair of these Great Owls will harry a country side when they have young to feed and what toll they will levy on poultry farms and farm yards. AVICULTURAL NOTES By The Editor The Budgerigar Bulletin for June contains a summary of results in hereditary experiments on Budgerigars by General-Konsul C. H. Cremer. General Cremer has probably studied the subject more thoroughly than anyone. He enumerates no less than twelve distinct colour-breeds, namely, (1) olive, (2) dark green or laurel green, (3) light green, (4) yellow olive, (5) dark yellow, (6) light yellow, (7) mauve, (8) cobalt, (9)|light or sky blue, (10) white with mauve tinge, (11) white with cobalt tinge, (12) white with light-blue tinge. Avicultural Notes 197 General Cremer has worked out elaborate formulse for the breeding of the various colours, and those who are able to follow him should be able to produce what colour they desire within certain limits, providing they have the stock to work with, but the deeper one goes into the subject the more complicated does it become. Every breeder of Budgerigars, however, if he wishes to produce colour varieties will find much that is helpful to them by carefully digesting the results of General Cremer’s very thorough work. Mr. M. T. Allen gives an interesting account of experiments in the winter breeding of Budgerigars. He installed into his aviaries a system of electric lighting, one lamp to each compartment, controlled by a time switch which was set to give light from 5.30 to 8 a.m. Hatching became general about the 1st of December and was most- successful, the same happening with the second broods which left the nest in February. All of the birds were rare colour-varieties — cobalts bred with cobalt-bred olives. All left the nest in a perfectly fit state in the regulation twenty-eight days. No green food was available, the birds subsisting entirely upon white and spray millet and canary seed. Among birds recently imported were some very fine Pileated or Bed-capped Parrakeets ( Porphyrocephalus pileatus) from Western Australia, a species that has not been seen in this country for many years past. It frequents the wooded country of the south-west, flying up from the grassy sides of the track as one drives past in a buggy, or from the open glades amongst the gum-trees. It was one of the birds that delighted me when there in January, 1908, the other Parrots one came across being Baudin’s Black Cockatoo, the Stanley Parrakeet, and the exquisite Purple-crowned Lorikeet. A Cock-of-the-Bock arrived recently also and some examples of the Chilian Conure (Microsittace ferruginea), both being species that have not been seen here for many years. The Chilian Conure should be a hardy bird and a most desirable species. 198 Correspondence A White Chaffinch is surely not a common bird, though it has doubtless been seen at times at our great bird shows. One was brought into the Zoo the other day and is a very beautiful bird. It has dark eyes and its plumage is snow-white with the exception of some distinct tinges of canary-yellow on the back and wings. It would pass as a Chaffinch-Canary hybrid, a cross which I believe has never been obtained, but this bird was taken from a Chaffinch’s nest in North Italy and reared by hand. CORRESPONDENCE RENEWAL OE CLAWS AND BILL TIPS IN BIRDS OF PREY Sir, — Judging from observations on a limited number of species it would appear that Nature attends to the repair and renewal of the beaks and claws of birds of prey more carefully than to those of other kinds less dependent on the perfection of such equipment for a liveli¬ hood. If an ordinary bird has a claw broken or torn off at the root it is usually not replaced and the blemish lasts until death. When Mr. Squire’s little Malay Falconet arrived it had two or three claws entirely missing and it was with some surprise that I noticed the other day that, at the completion of the moult, the lost members had been replaced. The tip of the upper mandible, which had grown rather long, also broke off quite short during the moult. When I kept Little Owls I noticed that the tip of the upper mandible also broke off annually with great neatness and regularity, the new short tip being perfectly shaped after the old one had been discarded. It would be interesting to know whether all birds of prey can renew a lost claw and how many have an annual shortening of the tip of the beak. Tavistock. BREEDING PARRAKEETS Sir, — As confirming previous experience as to the necessity of providing a perfectly natural nesting site in a damp situation for the entirely successful breeding of certain species of Parrakeets in certain districts the following complete record of the Correspondence 199 breeding operations of a pair of Crimson- wings, over a period of three years, may be of interest. First season : wooden nest-box in aviary shelter ; young all badly affected with rickets. Second season : first nest in portion of a rather draughty log standing on earth in the aviary flight ; young died at a few days, apparently of chill ; second nest in hollow, earth-filled tree-trunk standing in dry part of aviary flight, with protection of overhanging roof ; one strong nestling ; remainder rickety. Third season : earth-filled tree-trunk in open flight fully exposed to the rain ; all members of brood strong and healthy. The parents have been in the same movable aviary and have received exactly the same food and treatment all the time. I have also been able to confirm my belief that certain districts are, for no obvious reason connected with soil or climate, unhealthy for certain species of birds which, with precisely similar treatment, will flourish elsewhere. Having kept Brown’s and Hooded Parrakeets without the slightest difficulty in Bedfordshire and found the former species difficult and the latter impossible at Havant, I tried the experiment of sending a few of both to a friend in Kent who fed and managed them as I directed. Although they had been most troublesome and needed constant coddling with me to keep them alive at all, they have flourished in their new home and are in unheated outdoor aviaries. I may add that I also tried fresh-air treatment — with the most disastrous results, even in perfect weather. Tavistock. FURTHER NOTES ON JUNGLE-FOWL Sir, — The crow of the Red Jungle-fowl can fairly be likened to that of the domestic bird, if the latter be a Bantam. In both Bantam and Jungle-cock the crow ends abruptly — “ cock-a-doodle-don’t ” instead of “ cock-a-doodle-doo ” — and is pitched much higher than in ordinary fowls ; in fact, I would not undertake to distinguish Jungle- cock from Bantam by the crow. While on the subject of Jungle-fowl, I would like to add a few further notes. In two hybrids, both cocks, between the Grey Jungle - cock and hens of the common species — one a Jungle-hen and the other a mongrel Rose-combed Bantam hen, blackish above and whitish 200 Correspondence below — the peculiar sealing-wax-like feathering on neck and wing was lost, and the general colour was ginger-red, with a purplish-bronze tail, though the streaky character of the plumage of the grey bird was evident. The ginger-red on the breast was particularly interesting, being so widely different from the black of the common bird and the grey of the other. The hybrid from the Bantam mother had the rose comb. Both these birds were on view at the Zoo. With regard to the Ceylon Jungle-cock now there, I note that he has a small dewlap between the wattles, and a fold indicating the ear-lobe ; also that he flaps his wings before a series of crows, whereas the green bird flaps after crowing, and the grey not at all then. In the pair of green Jungle-fowl shown last year at the Zoo, I obseryed that both had yellow eyes, those of the hen being of a brighter hue than the cock’s. Her comb was only indicated by a bare blackish streak. In the hybrids between green cock and red hens bred at the Zoo some years ago, the combs of the cocks were red, plain-edged or slightly undulated, those of the hens minutely serrated. The cocks had very small wattles, or none, but well-developed ear-lobes and also red dewlaps. The hens had no wattles, but a small patch of red skin where the ear-lobe should be. F. Finn. THE CROW OF THE RED JUNGLE-COCK Sir, — I can corroborate Monsieur Delacour’s statement that the crow of the wild Jungle-cock differs from that of domestic breeds. If we take the popular “ cock-a-doodle-doo ! ” as a rough representation of the challenge of a normal barndoor rooster, the crow of the Jungle- cock may be rendered, by comparison, “ cock-a-doo-do ! ” Tavistock. WHITE MALLARD SPORTS Sir, — With reference to Mr. F. Finn’s letter concerning White Mallard sports, for a good many years I kept and bred Wild Ducks, and, on two occasions, these pure white sports occurred. There was no cross with the White Call-duck, and the white birds had the slim form of their parents. I did not keep them for breeding. Correspondence 201 I fancy that sporting is not rare in domesticated Mallards. It is mentioned by Charles St. John in his delightful book, Wild Sports and Natural History of the Highlands. B. C. Thomasset. BREEDING GOULDIAN FINCHES Sir, — Several of our members appear to be breeding Gouldian Finches. I would advise them to supply their birds with bunches of Perennial Rye-grass in seed. At one time I bred a large number of Gouldians and the young were reared almost entirely on this food. No other grass seems to be so much appreciated. B. C. Thomasset. A HAWKHEAD IN A MIXED AVIARY Sir, — An amusing incident happened in the aviary here when I released my Hawk-headed Parrot among the other birds. There fell a moment of tense silence ; this was followed by a gradual assembling of the entire collection upon perch, twig, rod, and bar, and every available place close to the new arrival. Then, that noise began of massed chirping in agitation, which when heard in a thicket tells one that an Owl is being mobbed. The Parrot was obviously taken for a Hawk, and so concentrated was the gathering about it, that I could for the first time easily count how many foreign Finches there are in the collection, for they all sat close as beads upon a string, ejaculating surprise and annoyance. The affair looked like a picture drawn in the nursery, when far too many birds are shown on one perch, and of all sorts and sizes. In the midst of the racket sat Judy turning her Tarquin profile to the crowd, and dominating the situation. The spell lasted, and the clamour was sustained. Then Judy, laid an unexpected “ card ” upon the table ; she erected her hood, and with a lovely sound of the rushing of wings the company dispersed, trying to hide from themselves and others, doubtless, that what they had taken for a “ chef de police,” armed with authority had proved to be simply an old lady in a Salvation Army bonnet ! Obviously, 202 Correspondence they were saying, “ how could the mistake have occurred ? 55 All except the Grey Parrot. She maintained, with cryptic eye, that intelligent silence which, both in human nature and Parrots, is so much more forceful than speech ? Pamela Grey. FRENCH MEDAL Sir,- — The latest recipient of the Silver Medal of La Societe Nationals d’Acclimatation de France is our well-known member Dr. M. Amsler, for successfully breeding the Grey Francolin ( Francolinus pondi- cherianus) for the first time in Europe. A. A. Prestwich. HYBRID LOVEBIRDS Sir, — A nest of three hybrid Lovebirds hatched out in my aviary on 10th June. They are the progeny of a cock Black-cheek (A. nigrigenis ) and a hen Masked (A. per sonata). The young birds are now fully fledged and are almost exactly like the Black-cheek cock, only they seem slightly larger and the white ring round the eyes is bigger and more conspicuous. I should be very interested to know if this cross has ever been bred before in captivity. [See page 189.— Ed.] I find an absolute necessity in breeding Lovebirds is to have green vegetables such as cabbage and spinach always in the aviary. I take the overgrown plants from the garden and stand them in tubs of water. The green leaves of these plants, with which the birds line their nests, seem to supply the necessary moisture, and certainly this year I have been very successful in breeding from all my Lovebirds. Lavender Christie -Miller. CHAPMAN’S 71 TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD, LONDON, W.l. Telegrams: " BLACKBIRD PHONE, LONDON." Telephones : MUSEUM 5272, 5273, 5274 and 5275. Cables: "BLACKBIRD.” LONDON. Animal and Waterfowl Depbt : WITHDEAN HALL, BRIGHTON. Quarantine Station : 5 SAGE ST., LONDON, E. 1 . East End Depot : 3 SAGE ST., LONDON, E.l. VISITORS TO LONDON who are interested in Aviculture should not fail to make a point of calling upon us, as they will be able to see the Finest Collection of Different Varieties of Foreign Birds which can be seen under any one roof throughout the whole World. The First Place of Call of all Aviculturists, Naturalists, Dealers and Hunters visiting London from all over the World is 1 7 Tottenham Court Road. Within a week or so of the appearance of this advertisement we shall be opening our New Premises at 1 7 Tottenham Court Road, which will be The Finest Emporium for the Sale of Live Animals and Birds in the World. At the time of the appearance of this advertisement we shall have actually on view the following very fine collections, besides many others too numerous to be detailed here, and a full List will be forwarded to anybody making application for same. INDIAN SPECIES. Shamas, Niltavas, Pittas, Drongos, Fruitsuckers, Whistling Thrushes, Bulbuls, Barbets, Babblers, Scarlet Minivets, Blue Flycatchers, Woodpeckers, Blue Rollers, etc., etc. CENTRAL and SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES. Penguins, Rare Ducks, Rainbow Buntings, Nonpariel Buntings, Indigo Buntings, Red=crested Finches, Pileated Finches, Blood=stained Finches, Virginian Nightingales, Blue Grosbeaks, Troupials, Cassiques, Pope Cardinals, Mexican Yellow Buntings, Amazon Parrots, Macaws, etc., etc. AUSTRALIAN SPECIES. WHITE COCKATOOS. Leadbeaters Cockatoos, Rock Pepplar Parrakeets, Crimson=wing Parrakeets, King Parrakeets, Rosella Parrakeets, Meally Rosella Parrakeets, Redrump Parrakeets, Blue=bonnet Parrakeets, Long=tailed Grass Finches, Zebra Finches, Diamond Sparrows, Chestnut=breasted Finches, Yellow=rumped Mannikins, Bicheno Finches, Pectoralis Finches. REMEMBER CHAPMAN’S 17 Tottenham Court Rd., London, W.l, /s the firm for at/ different species of Live ANIMALS and BIRDS . MEMBERS’ SALE AND EXCHANGE COLUMN. The charge for Members' advertisements is one penny per word, and no advertisement must exceed thirty-six ivords, name and address included. Payment must accompany the advertisement, which must Joe sent on or before the 20th of the month to Mr. T. H. Newman, “Vertjlam,” Forty Lane, Wembley Park, Middlesex. All members of the Society are entitled to use this column. SALE AND EXCHANGE. Pedigree Budgerigars from outdoor aviaries. This season’s early youngsters. Whites -£30 pair, Blues £11 pair. White-bred Blues /15 pair. Cobalt-bred Olives £7 10s. pair, White-bred Yellows and Greens /10 pair. Olive are direct from coloured parents. A few adult 1927 Blue-bred Olives £7 10s. pair, odd cocks £3. — J. Brad¬ shaw, Ruhebank, Bare, Morecambe. Mrs. Chatterton is selling her valuable stock of Pedigree Budgerigars and miscellaneous Foreign Finches ; also Freehold House, modern, compact, large garden with aviaries, orchard, with old established fruit trees. — Particulars, Mrs. Chatterton, Talodi, Kings End, Ruislip, Middlesex. Surplus imported birds : pair Green Budgerigars 10s., hen 6s. ; pair Yellow Budgerigars 13s. 6d. ; two pairs Bengalese 7s. 6 d. pair. — Chaplin, Am well, Ware. Adult Diamond Doves, young Diamond Doves, Long-tailed Grassfinches, Zebra Finches, Bengalese (fawn and white). Gold-breasted Waxbills, Green Budgerigars. All bred in outdoor, unheated aviaries ; healthy birds. — Mrs. Drake, “ Carrick,” Myior, Falmouth, Cornwall. Budgerigars, Blues, Whites, and Blue-bred Greens for sale, from unheated outdoor aviaries ; strong healthy birds. — Mrs. Goddard, The Lawn, Swindon, Wilts. Hen King Parrakeet £ on view at reasonable prices. WE SPECIALIZE IN CAGES, AVIARIES & APPLIANCES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AT LOWEST PRICES. Pure Egg Yolk . Spray Millet (Selected) Mealworms (no dirt) Cuttle Fish Bone (Best White) Dried Flies Ant Eggs, No. i quality „ „ No. 2 „ 3/3 lb-3 4 lb. 12/- 3/6 per bundle about 100 sprays 6/6 lb. 1/4 lb., 3* lb. 4/- 2/- lb. . 3/6 lb. . 3/- lb- Palmer’s Noted Insectivorous Food (Finest obtain¬ able) for Large Species For Small Species All Post Paid. . 1/6 lb., 7 lb. 6/- 2/- lb., 7 lb. 10/6 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 11 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 h 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m 1 1 1 1 m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 We Buy Anything Alive. Exchanges Entertained. H. E. ROGERS, F.Z.S., “Arequipa,” 7 Aigburth Road, LIVERPOOL. Telephone: “LARK LANE 467.” Cables and Telegrams : “ AREQUIPA, LIVERPOOL.” PARROTS, PARRAKEETS. Grey Parrots . . 70 /-to £5 0 each Amazon Parrots . 5 0/ Lemoncrest Cockatoos Rose Cockatoos . Alexandrine Parrakeets Port Lincoln Parrakeets Rock Pepplars . Pennant Parrakeets . Redrumps Gold-fronted Tui Parrakeet Lineolated Parrakeets Orange-flank Parrakeets Golden Jendays Macaws Black Lories Rubra Lories Cerum Lories Black Cockatoos . £2 £4 £2 £2 £3 £3 £7 pair. • to £5 . 5 0/- . 2 5/- . 3 5/- 10/- £5 55/- 1 ol¬ io I- „ 10/- „ 10/- „ 10/- „ 1 0/-each. £20 pair. £7 ,, £7 pair. £45 ,, AVIARY BIRDS. Cobalt Budgerigars . £2 5 pair. ,, ,, (young) . £16 ,, Adult Blue Budgerigars £15 ,, Young ,, . £10 ,, Adult White Budgerigars . £30 ,, Olive Budgerigars Cobalt-bred and Blue-bred Green £6 ,, Budgerigars . £6 ,, Yellow Budgerigars . 17/6 ,, Adult Green Budgerigars . 15/- ,, Lavenderhead Lovebirds . Blackcheek, Nyassas, and Peach¬ 10/6 ,, faced Lovebirds, Indigo Finches cocks £ 1 , hens 10/- each. Pied Bengalese 8/6 pair. Cock Nonpareils £ 1 each. Golden Breast Waxbills . 10/6 pair. Pintailed Dominican Whydahs 12/6 „ Paradise Whydahs . 8/6 ,, Cordon Bleus .... 6/6 ,, Fire Finches .... 6/- ,, Red Avadavats . . Orange-cheek Waxbills, Senegal 6/6 „ Waxbills, Bronze Mannikins, Java Sparrows, Combassous, Green Singing Finches . 6/- „ Red-crested Cardinals 1 2/6 each. Saffron Finches 1 2/6 pair. WATERFOWL, WADERS, PIGEONS, etc. Wells Ground Doves Diamond Doves, nesting . Elegant Zebra Doves Yinaceous Turtle Doves . Ring Doves Fantail Pigeons, in varieties Yellow-wattled Plovers Spurwing Plovers Nicobar Pigeons Nobilis Fireback Cocks Argus Pheasants Green wing Doves White Peafowl . Specifer Peafowl Crested Californian Quail Cuban Tree Quail Crown Cranes . White Pelicans £3 10/- pair. £3 , , £1 ,, £1 ,, 10/6 ,, 12/6 ,, £3 10/- ,, £3 10/- ,, £2 10/- £10 each. £40 pair. 30/- £20 £20 £2 £2 £20 to £25 . £12 10/- each. Golden-necked Marabou Storks £12 ,, Cassowaries . . £2 5 to £ 5 0 each. Adult breeding Rheas . . £45 pair. Adult Ostriches . . £180 ,, DOMESTIC PETS. Chimpanzees, Honey Bears, Brown Teddy- j1 bear Cubs, Ringtail Monkeys, Marmozets, !| and others, Kangaroos, Wallabies, Rac- | coons, Porcupines, Skunks, Wood- \ chucks, Hairy-footed Jerboas, harmless I Snakes and Reptiles. WILD ANIMALS. Tigers, Leopards, Lynx, Wolves, Hyenas, :1 Jackals, etc. 1 REPTILES. I Giant Pythons, S m all Pythons , Dahls Snakes , 1 Boa Constrictors, Sand Boas, Alligators, | Monitors, Teguexins, Alligator Terrapins, 1 Giant Tortoises, etc., etc. Fresh arrivals weekly. Avicultural Magazine JohnBale Sons &.Danielsson.Lt.i Turcj uoisine Parrakeet , (, A/eopbema pu/cfief/a). Pennants Pkt., (PJatycercus e/eoansj. Many- coloured Pkt., (Psephotus multicolor). Barraband’s Pkt., (Po/yteHs barrabandi). Queen Alexandra's Pkt., (Po/yte/is alexandrae). Rock -pep far Pkt., (Po/yte/is melanura). THE Avicultural Magazine BEING THE JOURNAL OF THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF FOREIGN 8c BRITISH BIRDS IN FREEDOM 8c CAPTIVITY Fourth Series- — Vol. VI. — No. 9. — All rights reserved. SEPTEMBER,. 1928. SOME AUSTRALIAN PARRAKEETS By the Marquess op Tavistock The accompanying coloured plate represents some of the most beautiful and attractive of the Australian Parrakeets, most of which are, however, rarely imported nowadays, partly owing to their increasing rarity in their native country and to the unsympathetic attitude of the authorities in Australia towards aviculture, by means of which, there is little doubt that certain species could be saved from becoming extinct. The Turquoisine. — This very beautiful little Grass Parrakeet was at one time, as is well known, widely kept and freely bred both in England and on the Continent and young were reared in America also. It was, however, neglected and allowed to die out, and as it was no longer observed in a wild state, it was thought to have become extinct. Of recent years, however, it has reappeared in very small numbers and a few have been captured, one or two pairs nesting successfully in Australian aviaries. The future of the species appears very precarious. The causes of its grave diminution are imperfectly understood, and it is quite certain that they cannot effectively be dealt with by legislation. Yet Australian bird protectionists, who appear gifted with more enthusiasm than sense or avicultural know- 17 204 The Marquess of Tavistock — Some Australian Parrakeets ledge, are putting every obstacle in the way of the catching of the rare Grass Parrakeets, and their keeping in confinement, even in their native land — the one method by which, with proper management, they could certainly be preserved. In an unhealthy district the Turquoisine, like other Grass Parrakeets 9 is a hopeless proposition, but in a reasonably healthy one its manage¬ ment presents no serious problems. Its food should consist of millet and Canary-seed, with groundsel and seeding grass. Hemp is injurious, but oats soaked in clean water are much appreciated. Torquoisines should not be exposed to great cold ; an unheated bird-room probably represents the maximum degree of exposure to which they can be subjected with safety, while warmed winter quarters are preferable, especially as they are late moulters. Turquoisines, like their near allies, have a fatal habit of dashing against the roof of their cage or aviary flight when suddenly alarmed. For this reason it is prudent to provide the former with a false top of taut canvas, and the latter with a false roof of string netting : the netting will require regular attention or it will stretch slack and become useless. As Turquoisines are very sensitive to infectious disease, and while amiable with other birds are intolerant of the presence of their own kind, a movable aviary for each pair is desirable. While there is i no doubt that the species could be perpetuated in captivity as success¬ fully as the Budgerigar, it is most important to realize that it cannot be managed successfully by the same methods and at the same low cost as that gregarious species which is uniquely tolerant of stale ground and close confinement. On account of the simple nature of their diet, Turquoisines travel well if their special requirements in the way of cleanliness are observed. It is absolutely essential that the travelling boxes should have movable perches and sliding sand trays, which are washed daily, and that not more than two birds should be placed in each box. If these precautions are neglected the birds are almost certain to be infected with incurable enteritis or eye disease. The latter malady may not develop for some weeks, or even months after arrival, and the victim may linger for the best part of a year, but the end is always the same. The Marquess of Tavistock — Some Australian Parrakeets 205 The hen Turquoisine is of a duller and softer green than her mate, and she lacks the red wing bar. The blue on her head is restricted to the forehead and edge of the cheeks, and the upper part of the breast is green. Young cocks resemble the females, but show a few red feathers even in first plumage. Adult plumage is assumed when they are about six months old. . Turquoisines are easily suited in the matter of nests, preferring a box or log that is not too deep as they are not great climbers. Their habits when breeding resemble those of Rosellas. In a wild state they appear to be single-brooded, but in confinement there are records of very prolific pairs which have reared two or three families of four or five in a seasons The cry is weak and inoffensive, and the bill is not strong enough to break the skin if the bird be handled without gloves. Pennant’s Parrakeet. — A handsome and freely imported broadtail, which, when acclimatized, can be wintered in an outdoor aviary. The species is the least quarrelsome of the big Platycercinse, but this should not be taken as indicating that it is always safe and amiable with other birds. The sexes are alike in colour, but the hen has a much smaller head and beak. Young birds are mainly green in first plumage, but there are instances of the crimson dress being taken on from the nest. Adult plumage is assumed with the first complete moult, though a considerable sprinkling of red feathers appear earlier during the first autumn and winter. A hollow natural tree trunk or tall bottomless box filled with earth and mould to within 18 inches of the entrance hole makes the best nest, care being taken to see that the interior is climbable. The hen alone sits, being fed by her mate, who also feeds the young. The species is often double-brooded. Pennants require plenty of apple and green food, and are usually fond of peanuts. Their call is not unpleasant. They are not suited to cage life. The Many-coloured Parrakeet.— Though easy to feed, ready to go to nest, and when acclimatized, not particularly sensitive to a low temperature, this beautiful ally of the Redrump does not, unfortunately, share its relative’s all-round hardiness. In an unhealthy district it is an impossible bird : in a healthy one it may thrive and breed for two or three seasons, but unless the aviary be movable, success over a 206 The Marquess of Tavistock — Some Australian Parrakeets longer period is very rarely achieved. Many-colours are extraordinarily sensitive to infectious diseases, the most common complaint being a form of septicoemia affecting the blood. Death may be very sudden, and an unskilful post mortem examiner usually reports cerebral haemorrhage as the cause. There is no cure for the complaint, and no prevention other than scrupulous cleanliness and a change of site for the aviary at least once a year. The Many-colour’s sensitiveness to disease also makes it a bad traveller, and the mortality is very high when the birds receive no more care and attention than is considered sufficient for Redrumps and Rosellas. Treated in the manner recommended for Turquoisines, they would, however, come over without loss. The hen Many-colour is mainly greenish-brown, with a red wing-bar instead of an orange one. Cocks in first plumage have a red wing-bar, but they are always green enough for their sex to be discernible. They assume adult plumage by a complete moult which is finished during their first winter. Until the first moult is over young birds are rather subject to chills. In disposition and breeding habits the Many-coloured Parrakeet resembles the Redrump. The food should be that recommended for the Turquoisine, with the addition of apple. The cry is quite musical and bears a striking resemblance to that of the Nuthatch. Many-colours, like Grass Parrakeets, are rather apt to kill themselves by flying against the roof of cage or aviary, for which reason the cage should have a false top of canvas, and the birds should be shut into the aviary shelter at night, as it is during night alarms that accidents most often occur. The Many-colour is quite unsuited to permanent confinement in a small cage. Barraband’s Parrakeet is a very charming species, and perfectly hardy in a healthy district, though apt to give trouble in an unhealthy one. It is one of the most amiable of the larger Parrakeets, and seldom quarrels seriously with companions of its own or other species. It is quite ready to go to nest, but unless kept in very large or movable aviaries the cocks are often unfertile and young cocks reared in small, fixed aviaries are invariably useless for breeding. Barrabands, when newly caught or imported, are subject to paralysis and eye disease. The former complaint appears to be due to gorging on dry seed after a period The Marquess of Tavistock — Some Australian Parrakeets 207 of starvation due to fear ; the latter is induced by insufficient cleanliness and can always be prevented by daily cleaning of the trays and perches of the travelling boxes and by not putting several birds in one box. Sometimes the trouble starts immediately after capture owing to the dirty receptacles provided by the catchers. Of Barrabands affected with eye disease, about a third eventually recover if kept in very clean quarters with perches disinfected daily and droppings constantly removed. The cure is, however, lengthy and troublesome, and may take over a year. It is important that the nest should stand in the open flight, a tall hollow tree trunk, not too large, or a bottomless wooden box about 6 feet high giving the best results. The box should be filled with mould to within 18 inches of the entrance hole and the interior should be rendered climbable with wire netting. The breeding habits resemble those of Rosellas, but only one nest is produced in a season. Hen Barrabands are of a softer green with greyish throats, pink under the tail, and no red or yellow. Young cocks resemble females, but from the first show a pinkish tinge on the throat where the red will one day appear. They assume full plumage with the first complete moult, and long before they are a year old show some yellow on the head and give further indications of their sex by chuckling and crooning to themselves when at rest, a ha*bit not indulged in by hens. Barrabands should be fed on millet and Canary seed with a little sun-flower. They are very fond of soaked oats and appreciate sweet fruit and green food. Their flight is wonderful, and they make charming liberty birds, but must be induced to enter an aviary every night in districts where Brown Owls occur. Only the cocks of mated pairs whose hens are confined and young home-bred males of the year can with safety be released. The call of Barraband’s Parrakeet is unpleasantly loud and shrill in a confined space, though not disagreeable in the open. Queen Alexandra’s Parrakeet. — Although there is no special reason to believe this lovely bird to be unduly rare in its native habitat, the inaccessibility of its desert haunts in Central Australia and the uncertainty of its movements, combined with the unique beauty of its soft colouring, have combined to render it exceedingly rare in collections 208 The Marquess of Tavistock — Some Australian Parrakeets and terribly expensive to buy. At the present time there is probably only one female in Europe, and about five males, with little prospect of further importations. Possibly because it receives greater care on the voyage, Queen Alexandra’s Parrakeet is a good traveller, and seems little subject to the importation diseases that cause so high a mortality among its allies. Although delicate individuals are sometimes met with, and young birds are the better for artificial heat during their first winter, the species can stand a fair amount of cold and wet if obliged to make use of a snug shelter at night. The sexes are alike in colour, but the hen has a shorter tail, is of a more slaty blue on the crown and rump, and lacks the curious spatules borne on one primary feather of each wing by the male. Hen Queen Alexandra’s are quite ready to go to nest, but good breeding cocks are more difficult to come by, partly because males are easily rendered infertile by stale ground and lack of flying exercise and partly because they are subject to eccentric and misguided love affairs which cause them to scorn their proper brides. If the first brood comes to grief, a second clutch of eggs is often laid. The species is easily fed, requiring only the usual seed mixture with fruit and green food. Most individuals are fond of mealworms. No Parrakeet is naturally more fearless than the Queen Alexandra or more easy to tame. Pet birds will learn to repeat a word or two or whistle part of a tune. Nesting accommodation should be the same as that of the Barraband. None of the Polyteline Parrakeets are flattered by their portraits in the plate, the beak being much smaller than is represented in proportion to the rest of the head, with the result that the expression is much less “ Parroty ” and more refined. The Eock Peplar or Blacktailed Parrakeet. — A handsome, though not gaudy species which in many respects resembles its near ally, the Barraband. It is a very hardy bird, though the cocks in unhealthy districts are rather subject to pneumonia in spring and autumn, being apparently more delicate than their mates, which are very seldom ailing. Treatment should be the same as for the Barraband,' but pairs will not agree together in the breeding season. Hemp seed can be given with safety. Hen birds are olive green where the J. B. Housden- — The Gall of the Wild 209 cocks are yellow and their tails are green. Immature males resemble the female, but some yellow feathers appear before the first winter is over, and full plumage is assumed with the first moult. Adult males vary greatly in colour, some being almost as olive as hens all their lives, though they acquire the blue-black tail. Hen Rock Peplars are apt to be very fussy arid hard to please in the matter of a nesting site. If a tree-trunk or tall bottomless box in the open flight does not satisfy them they may take to a log or box with a long, slanting spout for an entrance, or they may fancy an entrance shaped like a chimney pot. Ordinary entrance holes should always face north, an aspect all Parrakeets prefer for their doorway. Cock birds, also, are sometimes tiresome and eccentric, refusing to fertilize the eggs, either from indifference to their mates or excessive anxiety to drive them into the nest and keep them there while the eggs are being laid and incubated. Nestlings are exceedingly intolerant of anything artificial in their surroundings, and I have never been able to rear those which were hatched in an aviary shelter or in a box with a wooden floor. They must be in the open and on soil or natural decaying wood. Tame Rock Peplars make nice pets, and will learn to whistle or repeat a few words in a hoarse indistinct tone. The species is charming at liberty, its flight being unrivalled for speed and grace. The same precautions as to management must be observed as with the Earraband. THE CALL OF THE WILD By J. B. Housden To be once again in the beautiful groves and virgin forests of Southern Texas (after a very stormy voyage across the Atlantic ; and after being held up for some hours in the tail end of a train wreck ” and cyclone in Oklahama on my long journey) is a very delightful change. The watching of the spring migration here, in March and April, gives special pleasure to the bird lover. It is a fascinating pursuit, when opportunity occurs, to watch the hosts of birds on their line of migration. 210 J. B. Housden — The Call of the Wild Quite a number winter in the Gulf States, but large numbers, including many species, seem to come by the all-land route through Mexico and Southern Texas during the spring migration. Many seem to prefer to fly across the Gulf of Mexico, while others take the easier route through Cuba and other islands of the West Indies to Southern Florida. This route affords convenient resting places to break the long journey. The flight from Cuba to the Florida Keys is only about 100 miles, yet one may see many flocks of small migrants flying low over the water, some appearing very exhausted. The first arrivals, often in flocks of thousands, are Cedar Waxwings, Bluebirds, Robins, Redwing Black¬ birds, Song Sparrows, Meadow Larks, Purple Martins, and many others. The beautiful groves of muskeet-trees near here, in Southern Texas, form a mighty gathering place for the hosts of feathered creatures returning in the spring from their winter quarters. During these times they are literally alive with thousands of Purple Crackles and Waxwings and the smaller Warblers, but in two or three days all this great feathered congregation is gone, and their places taken by Woodpeckers, White-breasted and Red-bellied Nuthatches, Brown Creepers, and others. Troops of Redbirds (Virginian Nightingales) and others are to be seen. Blossoms perfume the air, the eye is delighted and the ear enraptured and held with song ; tropical insects and bees are humming and birds wildly singing ; all these adding to the fascination of the place. Our house is on the border of the virgin forest, and one can go down what is a mere cow-track and soon be amongst the swarms of lovely little green and gold lizards darting across one’s path and hiding in the banks and crevices of the rocks. One sees those strange heaps that look like soot, which are really the nests of countless swarms of red and black ants, while birds of brilliant plumage are everywhere. One of the best posts for bird observation is our gallery (verandah), near which are some large hackberry-trees, a resort of all kinds of birds. The other day I sat reading and watching two pairs of Mocking-birds building their nests in a hedge of roses near by, Purple Grackles were making a great noise and feeding their young in the trees ; Red Birds (Cardinals) and lovely Hangnests, Nonpareils, and other bright- plumed birds were flying about in the brilliant sunshine ; I was re*minded of some lines of an American writer J. B. Housden — The Call of the Wild 211 “ I hear the Blue Bird’s warbling note, And in the garden-bowers I see the flashing Buby-throat Hang poised before the flowers.” I had just received from home the April and May numbers of the Avicultural Magazine (two excellent numbers), and was reading Mr. F. Finn’s interesting account of the Humming Birds lately at our own Zoo ; I noticed two or three of these lovely little birds flitting from one flower to another, suspended as if by magic, and soon after one of these little Hummers came and settled on a telegraph-wire above my head in a most inquisitive and fearless way ; they have a very interesting way of turning the head and looking at the visitor with their small black eye. A great attraction for them is to put some miniature bottles, about 2 inches long, covered with some bright-hued paper (red and yellow are the colours we use) to represent flowers, and filled with sugared water, fixed among the plants and flowers on the gallery. These are soon found out, as these little birds investigate all bright objects on the gallery ; they soon become tame and on friendly terms, and will even take the sweetened water from the finger. Feathers of the Ruby-throat flash in the sunlight with the many colours of the rainbow. Red and black ants and bees soon find out the sweetened water and cause trouble that way. Hummers are amongst the most fearless of all birds, and despite their size they will attack Hawks and other large birds. The nest is very beautiful, about an inch or less in diameter, and the same in depth. When I arrived in New York I saw in Bronx Zoological Park a pair of Ricordi’s Emerald Humming Birds that had spent a winter there, having been in the bird-house eleven months. Since coming to the Gulf States I have made Southern Texas my headquarters. I have had for a companion a nephew who is a true naturalist. He has taken me in his automobile some two thousand miles into the wilds of Texas and other parts, and has been a great help to me in the study of bird life in those parts. A detailed and connected account of all our journeys is beyond the compass of this article, but in another chapter I am including some of the interesting incidents of those long journeys. {To be continued.) 212 J. Delaconr — A Collection of A COLLECTION OF LIVING BIRDS FROM CENTRAL ANNAM By J. Delacour When in 1927 Mr. J. Spedan Lewis very generously became interested in my coming fourth expedition to Indo-China, and so enabled the British MuseunTto’share in the results as on previous occasions, he suggested that we might try as well to get, for himself and for myself, a collection of living birds from Annam. We decided to share the additional expenses and engaged Mr. C. S. Webb to come over and join me. On 29th February, 1928, Mr. Webb and his brother arrived at Hue, and when I knew what his requirements were, I decided to establish his camp at Thua-Luu, between the towns of Hue and Tourane, on the railway line between the sea and the foot of the mountains (Chaine Annamitique). It is a most convenient spot, where the mountain forests, close at hand, are the home of some of the rarest and most beautiful birds in the country. We had made a fine collection of skins, including several novelties, at this same place the year before. I returned home at the end of April, having left Tourane on •19th March and brought back with me a number of birds alive, mainly game birds : Eastern Sarus Cranes, Bheinardt’s Argus, Edward’s and Bel's Pheasants, Chigi’s Polyplectron, Tree-Partridges, Benauld’s Ground Cuckoos, etc., as well as a pair of fine new Pheasants from Cambodia, which I have described since as Lewis’s Pheasant (Gennceus lewisi). At Singapore I added Malayan and Bornean Argus, Noble Pheasants, Java Jungle Fowls, one young Malayan Polyplectron, a rare bird, etc. Messrs. Webb, however, stayed behind and left Annam at the end of April, landing at Marseilles on 25th May, with a fine collection. They worked continuously at Thua-Luu, trapping birds most skilfully and establishing them with the greatest care and patience. In fact, no one else can capture and acclimatize difficult insectivorous birds better than they do. They brought home, in the best of condition and in spite of many difficulties, forty species of birds from Central Annam, twenty- two of which were landed alive in Europe for the first time. A list of Living Birds from Central Annam 218 these birds, with a few notes, may be of interest to our members. I shall only mention, however good they may be, the game birds and a few others which I have already brought back during these last years, giving details only of the birds new or little known to aviculture. Five Rheinardt’s Argus ( Rheinardtius ocellatus). Four Edward’s Pheasants ( Hierophasis edwardsi). Two G-higi’s Polyplectrons ( Polyplectron c. ghigii). Three Merlin’s Tree Partridges ( Tropicoperdix merlini). Two Laotian Rufous-throated Hill Patridges (Arborophila rufogularis ticJcelli). A fine Partridge, whose different sub-species are always found on the tops of the mountains. They have a rufous throat, spotted with black, and a slaty-grey breast, with rufous markings on the flanks. Upper part olive-brown, marked with black and reddish chestnut. Black bill and crimson legs. First importation. Three Edward’s Blue Porphyrios ( Porphyrio edwardsi). Three Banded Crakes (Rallina super ciliaris). First importation ; a pretty little Rail living in the thick forest and perching a great deal. Rufous chestnut head, neck, and breast, with black and white belly and olive brown under parts. One Brown Crake ( Porzanaf . erythrothorax), a tiny little bird, olive brown above, rusty below. Two Oriental Fish Owls ( Ketupa ceylonensis orientalis), a dark form proper to Indo-China. Two Yellow-legged Fish-Owls (Ketupa ketupa). Four Oriental Scops Owls (Otus bakkamcena lettia). One La Touche’s Owl (Atlnenoptera s. latouchii). One of the rarest •of Owls ; only three skins collected so far ; a tiny bird, with a small head and long wings. Reddish brown, with a most delicate feather pattern and hue. The small Owls of this genus live in the thick forest, near the ground, and I found them generally on the roots of some big tree. Twelve Renauld’s Ground Cuckoos (Carpococcyx renauldi). One Indian Cuckoo (Cuculus micropterus) . First importation. One Black-capped Kingfisher (Halcyon pileata). Imported for the first time. A common bird in the Far East and very beautiful ; crown black, mantle brilliant cobalt blue ; under parts whitish buff, passing to rufous buff on the abdomen and flanks. Red bill and feet. 214 J. Delacour — A Collection of Four White-breasted Kingfishers ( Halcyon smyrnensis fused). Another common, but very fine bird. Throat and breast white ; head and remainder of under parts chestnut brown ; mantle and tail shining greenish blue. Ked bill and feet. One Armstrong’s White-collared Kingfisher ( Halcyon chloris armstrongi). A smaller bird, white below with the crown and upper parts sea-blue. Very handsome, and imported for the first time. Resembles rather the better-known Sacred Kingfisher from Australia. Two Green Bee-eaters (M crops viridis). First importation, and one of the handsomest species of this wonderful genus : crown and upper back rufous chestnut ; a black band over the eye ; throat, lower back and tail bright silky blue ; rest of the plumage green. The two central tail feathers are very long and pointed. Two Burmese Lineated Barbet ( Thereiceryx lintermedius) . Green, with head and neck streaked greyish buff and white. A very common, not particularly pretty bird. Two Striated Barbets (Thereiceryx faiostr ictus) . Imported for the first time ; darker green than the above, with a smaller bill ; head striated dark grey and greenish white ; two reddish spots in front of the neck. Three Annamese Pittas (Pitta n. soror). First importation. A big bird, with a blue and violet crown and rump ; back green. Face and under parts rich buff with a mauve tinge. Two Swinhoe’s Pittas (Pitta nympha). First importation ; the migratory Pitta, which sometimes reaches as far north as Japan. A glorification of the well-known Bengal Pitta, larger, with very much brighter colours. Three Elliot’s Pittas (Pitta ellioti). First importation of one of the most beautiful and rarest birds in Asia ; found in Indo-China only. The cock is of a love^ pale green above, tinged with blue on the wings ; tail bright blue ; a broad black band over the eyes ; throat whitish ; breast pale green ; rest of under parts with black and golden yellow streaks, and the middle of the belly of an intense indigo blue. The hen differs in its buffy-brown head and breast, it lacks the blue patch on the belly. Living Birds from Central Annam 215 It is extremely difficult to accustom all these Pittas to captivity, especially Elliot’s Pitta. Six Finlayson’s Bulbuls (Pycnonotus finlaysoni). A pretty bird, haunting the thick vegetation ; olive grey, with pretty golden yellow streaks on the head and throat ; a pale yellow vent. Imported for the first time. One Black-headed Bulbul (Microtarsus melanocephalus). A very handsome bird, imported for the first time. I bought this specimen in Cambodia, and brought it up to Annam. Rather small ; bright olive green, with a black head ; tail marked with black and yellow bands . Cobalt blue eyes. Three Fries’s Scimitar Babbler ( Pomatorhinus t. friesi). A bird described by me two years ago. One of the tickelli group, with a white breast ; size rather large. I often heard it whistle in the forests of Annam. It has one of the most wonderful voices that I ever heard, full, deep, and mellow. First importation. Ought to make an excellent cage-bird. Eight White-cheeked Jay Thrushes (Dryonastes chinensis). Nine Diard’s Jay Thrushes ( Garrulax diardi), which differs from the better-known White-crested Jay Thrush in having the whole of the under parts white. Four Pasquier’s Jay Thrushes (Garrulax pasquieri). One of the necklaced ones. Two Hainan Orange-headed Thrush (Geocichla c. aurimaculata) . These are peculiar to Annam, and to the Island of Hainan ; where they were first discovered. A smaller bird than the ordinary Orange¬ headed Thrush, of a deeper yellow below, and with brown bars on the face. One Japanese Ouzel (T urdus cardis). A fine songster, migrating to Annam in the winter. Two Eastern Shamas (Kittacincla malabarica interposita). A slightly darker variety. One Paradise Drongo (Dissemurus paradiseus). Five Chaulet’s Yellow Cissas (Cissa hypoleuca chauleti). One of the gems of the collection and of the Indo-Chinese avifauna. They resemble in' shape the Yellow-bellied Cissas, which has been figured last year in 216 The Marquess of Tavistock ancl J. Delacotir — Cranes this Magazine, but is of a much richer yellow below, while the whole of the upper parts are washed with a golden tinge. So far the type specimen only had been found. A local and rare bird, very difficult to obtain. Twelve Black Backet-tailed Magpies (Chrypsirhina varians )• Imported for the first time. Small dark green birds with coppery reflections ; bill rather thick and curved ; tail long and spatulated. Eyes cobalt blue. A common bird in open country. One Black-necked Mynah (Gracupica nigricollis). One Mangin’s Bed Sunbird ( Mthopyga siparaja mangini). A small bird with red back, neck, and breast ; yellow lower back ; violet tail and forehead, grey belly and olive wings. Imported for the first time, and resembling rather the Indian Bed Sunbird (JE. s. seherice). Two Hainan Sunbirds (Leptocoma rizophorce) also imported for the first time ; brown above, pale yellow below, with the forehead, chin, throat and upper breast metallic purple, a metallic red band across the breast, and two orange-yellow axillary tufts. Some of these birds have been presented to the London Zoo, and to Mr. A. Ezra, while the others remained in Mr. Lewis’s or my own collections. They all arrived in perfect health and feathers. It is to be hoped that they will have a long life with us, and also that we shall have later on details on their behaviour in captivity in the coming numbers of this Magazine. CRANES By the Marquess of Tavistock and J. Delacour Anyone who has a park or large space at his disposal will find Cranes extremely interesting to keep. Their large size, majestic deportment, and beautiful plumage are all points in their favour ; besides which they are easily fed, most are hardy, and the probability that they will live at least half as long as their owner. Cranes are large waders, not nearly as aquatic as Swans ; they feed on insects and small animals, and to a great extent on grain. They are monogamous, pair for life, and thrive best when kept in pairs, though The Marquess of Tavistock and J. Delacoui — Cranes 217 single birds are easily tamed, show warm affection for their master, and are very intelligent. Usually, however, tame Cranes become attached to one person only, and are aggressive and even dangerous with others. If a tame Crane is paired it often becomes spiteful to human beings and a nuisance if one has occasion to go through its paddock, for it is not easy to defend oneself against its powerful bill without injuring the bird. Cranes make excellent parents ; both sexes take the greatest care of their young, feeding them on insects, etc., from the bill. If young Cranes are to be hatched in an incubator or under a hen, they should be fed by hand until they are strong enough to pick up their food off the ground. To induce a pair of Cranes to breed they must be turned into a large quiet paddock containing a pool surrounded by rushes. The nest will most likely be built at the water’s edge, and the normal clutch contains two eggs. Quite a tiny pond is sufficient to persuade Cranes to nest provided that there is reedy covert round it and no exposed patches of very soft mud where young birds might stick. The paddock, however, must be really spacious, for there is small likelihood of rearing young if the ground is even slightly fouled. In Japan, where Manchurian Cranes are bred in great numbers, they are generally kept in small pens and fed on grain, earthworms, and small fish, but conditions in Japan would appear to be different to ours. Young Cranes are most sensitive to polluted ground, as their food for the most part consists of earthworms, which contain much earth and any parasites which may be present therein. If the presence of gape worms be suspected, the soil must be disinfected in spring with agricultural salt. Young Cranes stay with their parents until they are nearly a year old. If there are two from the same clutch they are nearly always a pair and mate on reaching maturity. If the eggs are infertile for two or three seasons in succession, and the birds cannot be given more room or more stimulating food, the only thing to do is to change the male. When breeding, Cranes are more or less quarrelsome among them- selVes, but do not generally molest other birds, but unless they can 218 The Marquess of Tavistock and J. Delacour — Cranes be given a very large park it is better to enclose breeding pairs in separate paddocks. Adult Cranes kept in roomy enclosures only need corn and maize to supplement the natural food which they pick up for themselves, but if more closely confined should receive in addition dog biscuit and a little chopped meat or fish. In times of drought young birds should be given some animal food, either meat or fish ; they are very fond of mussels. Cranes have, as is well known, an amusing habit of dancing in a style which is at once graceful and comic. This is not, as has mistakenly been said, a love dance, rather is it an expression of gaiety and well being. The sexes are alike save that the females are slightly the smaller, have shorter necks and the bare skin of the head less brightly coloured. The Common Crane (Megalornis grus ) is a migratory species breeding in Northern Europe, and wintering in North Africa. It is ashy grey, rather browner on the back. Its secondaries are very large and curved, hiding the tail ; the head and neck are black with white sides, and the head is adorned with a patch of bare bright red skin on the top. The beak is greenish-grey, legs black. It is hardy in confinement, but in very cold weather it likes to be sheltered from the wind and to be given some straw to stand on and keep its feet from contact with the frozen ground. A full-winged bird, as a rule, will not leave its pinioned companion if they are mated. Two young birds reared at Woburn stayed all through the winter with their parents, and when they were adult themselves reared two chicks. But all four departed that autumn. Had the young ones had their wings clipped their parents would most likely have stayed with them as in the two preceding years when they had only the pinioned pair for company. The Common Crane has a pretty habit of raising the ornamental wing feathers under the influence of excitement, which gives it the appearance of having a tail like a cock, but in reality its tail is small and concealed. Like all the family, it gives vent to loud cries which recall the sound of a trumpet. Both male and female have the habit if excited by the sight of other Cranes, or just in order to express pleasure, The Marquess of Tavistock and J. Delacour — Cranes 219 of standing side by side, and bursting into a noisy duet, during which the male droops his flight feathers. It is most amusing to watch Cranes who dislike each other but do not intend to fight, defying one another. They turn away their heads a little and walk round and round each other with measured tread, frequently assuming the most comical and affected poses. Lilford’s Crane (M. g. lilfordi), which nests in Siberia and winters in India and Indo-China, is only distinguished from the Common by having deeper black neck and wings. It is freely imported. The Mexican Crane ( M . canadensis mexicana ) is rather small, entirely grey, with a lighter head, and the top of the head bare and red ; its bill is greenish, its legs black. It is one of the least ornamental and at the same time the most delicate species ; and requires shelter through the winter. It has not yet been bred in confinement, but has been crossed with the Wattled Crane. It is a native of the Southern United States and Mexico. The Canadian Crane (M. c. canadensis) is smaller and browner than the above, nesting in the North of Canada and wintering in the United States. The Hooded Crane (M. monachus), of Siberia, which winters in China and Japan, rarely arrives here. It also is small, dark grey, and has the front of its head black, the crown is red, the remainder and neck are white ; its bill is pale yellow, its legs black. It is very hardy, but has not yet been bred in Europe. The Black-Necked Crane (M. nigricollis), one of the rarest, is very pale grey, with black head and neck, as are also the ornamental, greatly developed, secondary flights. The top of the head is red, and it has a white line under the eye ; the bill is greenish, legs black. It breeds in Central Asia, winters in Tonquin and in North China. So far one pair only has been brought to Europe. It is dangerous to other Cranes and to Ducks. The Manchurian Crane ( M. japonicus) is decidedly one of the most handsome of the genus. It is large and white, and the ornamental plumes are black ; the throat, forehead, and sides of the neck are dark grey ; the top of the head red, legs black, bill greenish. This is the Crane so often depicted by Japanese artists, and in Japan it is largely 18 220 The Marquess of Tavistock and J. Delacour — Cranes bred and is sold at a high price. It nests in Siberia and winters in Corea, China, and Japan. It is among the hardiest and most pleasing species and breeds readily. The young are light brown at first. The American Crane (M. americanus), from North America, now almost extinct, is equally large and extremely beautiful, entirely white save for the black plumes and nape ; the cheeks and crown of the head are red ; bill yellowish, legs black. Its imminent extinction is the more to be regretted in that it is hardy and could with a little care, have been domesticated and preserved. The White Asiatic Crane (M. leucogeranus) is also white, with black flights. Unfortunately its face, which is red and bare, is. not attractive. Its bill is yellowish red, legs red. It is hardy, but needs more animal food than the other kinds. It swallows ducklings with the avidity of a Stork, but those living at Cleres have never done this. The species has laid in confinement, but no young have yet been reared. It is asserted that the sex may be known by the colour of the hairs growing on the bare portion of the head, black on a male,, white on a female. This species has a particularly weak voice. The Sarus Crane (M . antigone antigone) is the largest of all ; it is pale grey, with the lower neck and tips of the wings whitish ; the upper neck and head are bare and red, but the summit of the head is. grey and there are black hairs on the nape and sides of the neck ; bill grey, legs red. This stately bird is hardy, lives well in confinement, and has been bred ; it sometimes turns vicious in the breeding season. A full winged bird will not leave its pinioned mate, but if both are full- winged they may take their departure. The Eastern Sarus Crane ( M . a. sharpei) very rarely imported. It differs from the preceding in having entirely grey and darker plumage- and the bare skin of the neck extends lower down. The Australian Crane (M. australasiana) is like the two last- mentioned, but is smaller and pale grey all over and the neck feathered ; it has a black wattle hanging below its bill, and its legs are black. It has bred in confinement, but is not as robust as the Sarus. The White-necked Crane ( M . leucauchen) of Siberia, which winters in China and Japan, is a very fine species, dark grey beneath, lighter above, fading into white at the tip of the wings ; the feathered part of jjft; [cultural Magazine Photo D. Seth-Smith Stanley Cranes Anthropoides paradisea ' - . . ' ■ - .. ti , ; .• . , . I ■ I lAvicaltural Magazine i1 Demoiselle Crane Anthropoides virgo Photo D. Seth-Smith The Marquess of Tavistock and J. Delacour — Cranes 221 its head, back of its neck, and upper back, white ; the forehead and sides of the head are bare and red, the bill greenish and legs pink. This is a very hardy species, breeds freely, and does not attempt to leave. A full- winged pair bred at Woburn did not leave the park even when their own young could fly. Individuals have been known occasionally to kill young Ducks. The Wattled Crane' (Anthro'poides carunculata) belongs to a different genus, with a weaker shorter bill and greatly prolonged secondaries. It is large, dark grey, and has the sides of the head, the nape, upper back, and breast white. Under its yellow bill hang two partly feathered wattles ; their bases and that of the bill are red legs black. This splendid Crane inhabits Central and South Africa. It is but rarely imported. It is hardy, has laid in confinement, and has crossed with other species. The Stanley Crane (A. paradisea), also known as the Paradise Crane, is blue-grey, and has such long plumes in its wings that they touch the ground, dark grey shading into black ; its head is completely covered with long feathers, which make it look swollen. The crown of the head and the chin are very pale grey, its bill is flesh-coloured, and its legs are black. This handsome bird is a native of South Africa. It is hardy ; young have been hatched in confinement, but not reared in Europe. It has been crossed with other species. The Demoiselle Crane (A. virgo ) is the smallest and best known species ; it is also one of the most beautiful. It is pale grey, with the tips of the long plumes and the front of the head and neck deep slaty grey shading to black ; from either side of the neck spring a bunch of long white feathers ; the bill is flesh colour, and the legs are black. It is a native of Southern Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. This is a very migratory Crane, and a full-winged male will even desert his pinioned mate ; young birds will also leave their parents in autumn. It needs a certain amount of shelter during winter. It does not dig in the earth as much as other Cranes, so can be kept in gardens. It breeds fairly readily. The Crowned Cranes ( Balearica ) differ altogether from the other Cranes. They have short bills, and their heads are adorned by a splendid 222 F. Finn — Recent Development in Folds' Eggs round crest or crown, composed by thread-like yellow and brown feathers, which look as though they were gilded. There are two species, the Black (B. pavonina) and the Grey ( B . regulorum) . The first-named is very dark, almost black-grey, with white and maroon coloured wings ornamented with yellow filamentous feathers., The head is velvety-black above ; the cheeks are pink and black, with a white spot on the top, and there is a small wattle under the throat. It is a native of West and Central Africa. In the East there is a smaller darker race (B. p. cecilice). The second species (B. regulorum) is a native of South-east Africa. It is larger than the Black, and its plumage a fine blue-grey ; its cheeks are white, but have a pink spot towards the top. The wattles at the throat are larger, and red. The Crowned Cranes are very striking, their plumage is very fine, and they are extremely active and amiable. Unfortunately they feel cold, particularly the black species, and only the most vigorous among them can pass the winter out of doors. The Grey is a little hardier. Young of the Black have been hatched in confinement, but not reared. The Grey has been bred in confinement. ON A REMARKABLE RECENT DEVELOP¬ MENT IN FOWLS' EGGS By F. Finn The peculiarities in the eggs of common fowls to which I wish here to draw attention, do not concern fowls as poultry, for they are evidently the result of simple variation, and have not been encouraged by the efforts of breeders either of fancy or utility stock. The colour of the Jungle-fowl’s egg is cream or pale fawn, and in domestication this has varied to white in one direction, and more or less deep fawn or brown in the other ; brown eggs have been selected for, no doubt, as the public fancy them, but I have never heard that anybody wanted variegated ones. Yet of late years eggs with speckled or spotted shells have become quite common, and often resemble those of other birds of the same F. Finn — Becent Development in Folds' Eggs 223 family as the fowl, such as the Guinea-fowl and Turkey, and also of birds of distinct families, ■ such as Rails, and even birds of prey. Other remarkable abnormalities besides spotting occur, as may be seen from the illustration which depicts eggs nearly all obtained from the same shop : the breed supplying them, in the case of the brown ones, must have been one of the modern Asiatic crosses, known as “ general purpose fowls”, since only these and their Asiatic ancestors lay brown eggs. Very interesting abnormalities in shape are also found. Figure 1 shows eggs marked in different ways with brown on buff. Figure 2 shows in A a white egg shaped like a Guillemot’s, and rotating in the same way ; in B an egg with a thin limy incrustation like a cormorant’s egg, and in C one with lime in little patches, somewhat as in the egg of the Guira Cuckoo ; both these have a fawn ground. D is buff with spots shading from brown to mauve, the mauve spots turning brown temporarily when wetted. The difference in size in the two sets of eggs is merely incidental to the method of photographing them. Speckled eggs are normal in the Ceylon Jungle-fowl, and occasional in the grey species, but though these no doubt have been occasionally crossed with the Red Jungle-fowl, from the early days of its domestica¬ tion, their blood cannot account for the recent appearance of these spotted eggs, which exemplify what Darwin called the principle of analogous variation, by which one species may assume a character belonging to another. Moreover, the chalk-coated and strange-shaped eggs, and the map-marked egg in the centre of Figure 1, are quite off the line of any species of Jungle-fowls. Another point in which the tame fowl has shown a tendency to assume the character of one of the undomesticated species is in the fuller development of the lateral upper tail-coverts — the “ side-hangers ” of poultry fanciers— which are only really long in the Green Jungle-fowl. This is crossed with the domestic fowl at the present day, but it cannot have influenced domestic poultry generally, whatever local influence it may have in the Malay islands. Moreover, as in the case of the chalk-coated eggs, only in an infinitely more widespread manner, the common fowl has evolved in a line of its own in the development of wattles in the hen as well as the cock, and 224 Avicultural Notes the increase of the size of the comb in both sexes, especially in the hen. A similar case is that of the Muscovy Duck, in which the domestic female, unlike the wild one, usually has the space round the eyes, extending to the beak, bare as in the drake, while in both sexes, in specimens bred in hot countries, this bare skin may be warted or carunculated round the edges. Also, in the last volume of the Zoologist (1916), I recorded a Muscovy drake which had bare skin all over the sides of the head, and extending some distance down the neck ; and a similar bird was illustrated from a photograph, in the Feathered World, this year. Here we have a Duck imitating a Vulture. It is plain, then, that these are some of the new peculiarities which may arise suddenly, and in some cases be propagated without the aid of either natural or artificial selection ; as I said above, nobody has bred fowls for variegated eggs, which were so rare about half a century ago that as a schoolboy I preserved one as a curiosity, and have only become really common during this century. Nor, is it likely that early poultry keepers cared whether hens had wattles, or female Muscovy Ducks have faces. All we know is that under man’s protection evolution can proceed along certain lines beyond what is possible under natural conditions. AVICULTURAL NOTES By The Editor The Blue Masked Lovebird which was illustrated in this journal in February last, and referred to last month by Mr. Prestwich, is a male, and is mated to a normally-coloured female, which by the way is considerably the larger of the two. There have been two clutches of fertile eggs, but in neither case did they hatch, probably owing to the fact that the birds were kept in a cage in the Zoo Parrot House. The restrictions of a cage were necessary at first, as the blue bird could not fly, his wing feathers being very frayed and broken. Now he has to a great extent regained his power of flight, and the pair have been Avic. Mag. 1928. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Variation in Eggs of Domestic Fowls. [To face p. 224. Avicultural Notes 225 transferred to a compartment of the Pheasantry, where, being undisturbed, they should produce a brood. The moving of these birds was a very simple matter. The hen was sitting on four more eggs, but I thought it worth while to risk the move in spite of this. The cock-bird, most obligingly, went into the box with his mate. A hand was placed over the entrance, and the box carried across to the Pheasantry and hung in its new position. The birds did not come out for some hours, but when they did they seemed to take their new surroundings as a matter of course, and the hen continues to sit steadily. The Ceylon Jungle-fowl referred to in the June number have successfully reared three chicks. Four were hatched and the chicks thrived until they were half-grown, when one died of an injury, pre¬ sumably caused by a cat prowling over the Pheasantry at night, and unfortunately this one was a pullet, while the three that have been reared are cockerels. One of the most useful items of food used in the rearing of these chickens consisted of small red ants, their cocoons and grubs which were dug in the country and conveyed to London by car two or three times a week. The Long-tailed Grassfinch is sometimes a dangerous companion for smaller or weaker birds, and should be carefully watched in a mixed collection. One of our members had a valuable hen Peters’ Fire-finch murdered by one of these, which pounced upon it and pecked through its skull. Since the Bengalese has recently been imported in abundance, I wonder if any of our members have tried the Japanese method of using these little birds as foster-parents for Ornamental Finches. They breed well in cages and are said to be used most successfully for hatching the -eggs and rearing the young of Gouldians and such-like. 226 Correspondence CORRESPONDENCE # A PREVENTATIVE OF EGG-BINDING Sir, — Some time ago one of our members recommended gin and glycerine (a teaspoonful of each in a teacup of water in place of the ordinary drinking-water) as a preventative of egg-binding. Though very sceptical at first, I must say that I am now in a fair way to be converted as to the value of the mixture. I have never had a hen egg- bound while receiving it, and I have given it to quite a number that one would have expected to suffer from the annoying complaint. Tavistock. GOULDIAN FINCHES’ METHOD OF BUILDING Sir, — I have read Mr. Macklin’s very interesting article on the Gouldian Finch and would like to add, with your permission, a few notes and observations. The habits of this bird vary somewhat from those of other Australian Finches. I think I am right in saying that the nest is never built in a bush, as are most other Finches, but always in the hollow limb of a tree. Its method of building is distinctive ; each little bundle of grass being held in the beak at the middle and carried to the nest by the male. Other Finches usually carry one single piece of grass, held at the very tip of the stalk end — the seed end streaming behind the bird as it flies. Obviously the difference in the methods of building is due to the fact that whereas the bird building in a log is not likely to meet with any obstacles in which the nesting material may catch, the bird building in a bush has a better chance of getting one piece of grass through the bushes if carried longwise. It seems strange that in all kinds of Finches the nest should be built by the male alone ; the female taking no part except to place the material in position and possibly give encouragement, for most of the work is done when she is in the nest. The male also takes his share .’n the hatching of the eggs. His “ hours ” are during the day and at this time the hen may be seen sunning herself and taking things easy ; but should her mate be chased off the nest, immediately she sees him she will show signs of anxiety and return as quickly as possible. Correspondence 227 A very curious fact is the way in which the parents are guided in feeding by the four little knobs at the base of the bill of the young bird. These knobs are like “ Mother of Pearl ”, and show as four phosphorescent blue dots in the dark. I am sure numbers of members must have lost birds through their habit of roosting outside instead of in the shelter. They usually choose a tree with the foliage on it. I tried the experiment of putting a green leafy branch inside the shelter. This has had the desired effect, for since then they have always gone to roost inside and cases of chill now never occur. Harry M. Borbidge. Toolern Yale, Victoria. A NOTE FROM ALBANIA Sir, — I regret that I am unable at present to contribute much of avicultural interest in connexion with this small and primitive Albanian seaport town, where I first landed on the 4th July. The only captive birds I have come across so far have been a Canarjq most appropriately exhibited in the Kafe Kanaria, another one of the same species which was offered to me in the street as a wonderful singer, but which the hopeful vendor, on being questioned, admitted was a hen, and two Eagle Owls— I think Bubo b. bubo — maintained at this Legation. By far the commonest wild bird in the town is the Jackdaw, which is resident, breeding in the chimneys and under the tiles of the houses, and acting as the town scavenger ; the Barn Swallow comes next, or, I should say, came next as, during the past week the vast majority have departed southwards. This Swallow favours generally Chelidon r. rustica, but I have seen individuals which appear to be nearer C. r. transitiva. The House Sparrow (I have not yet determined its race) coming a poor third. There were a few Swifts when I first arrived, but these have since left. The only other bird seen within the precincts of the town is a Little Owl. I have so far had few opportunities of exploring the surrounding country, but from the little I have seen it would appear to hold out most interesting prospects for an ornithologist. F. W. Borman. •Durazzo, Albania. 228 Correspondence THE GIZA ZOOLOGICAL GAKDENS Sir, — It is in no controversial spirit that I offer a few comments on Mr. G. H. Gurney’s most interesting article “Some Notes on Egyptian Birds seen in the Province of Giza ”, published in the June number of your magazine. But, having resided in Egypt, and been a student of the bird-life of that country for over ten years, and, after the retire¬ ment of Major Stanley Flower (who was almost entirely responsible for the formation and, for many years, the direction of the Giza Zoological Gardens) and the early and greatly to be lamented death of that eminent ornithologist Mr. Michael J. Nicoll, having been in charge of those Zoological Gardens to which Mr. Gurney makes allusion, I thought that, perhaps, this contribution might be of interest to your readers. The Egyptian Yellow-billed Kite (Milvus migrans cegyptius) commences to lay early in February, and I have seen young on the wing at the end of March. The Blue-cheeked Bee-eater (Merops p. persicus) is a summer resident in Egypt and breeds both north and south of Cairo though not in the immediate vicinity of that city. The Scrub Warbler ( Scotocerca i. inquieta) is to be found in many other wadis of the Mokattam Hills besides the Wadis Kasheid and Hof, and its wonderful wren-like nest is not difficult to find in the sparse vegetation of that arid district. There are two species of Stone- Curlew resident in Egypt : one, Burhinus oedicnemus saharce, frequents the desert’s edge and the semi-cultivated areas adjacent thereto, laying its two eggs in a scrape on the bare sand or earth, while the other, Burhinus senegalensis, so far as has yet been ascertained, deposits its eggs only on the flat roofs of buildings. The Sardinian Warbler (Sylvia m. melancephala) has not, I believe, been known to breed in Egypt, but it may frequently be heard singing in the Cairo district during the winter and early spring months. With regard to the Giza Zoological Gardens, the keeper staff last year was, with one exception, entirely Egyptian, the vast majority of the members of which had been trained to their present state of efficiency by Major Flower and the other experienced British officials on his staff. Correspondence 229 The large piece of ornamental water in the middle of the Gardens — known as the Tea Island Lake — to which Mr. Gurney refers, is indeed a sanctuary for the wild duck visiting Egypt during the winter months. In a good duck year as many as 3,000 Shoveller and Teal have been on that lake at one and the same time, the greatest number usually in mid-February. During the winters of 1925-6 and 1926-7, in addition to the last-named species, the following from time to time were observed on the lake in question : — Tufted Duck ( Nyroca fuligula ), White-eyed Pochard (Nyroca n. nyroca), Common Pochard ( Nyroca f. ferina), Wigeon (Anas penelope), Garganey (Anas querquedula) , and Pintail (Dafila acuta). A few arrive in the Gardens as early as the beginning of September — a lone male Shoveller was noted on 30th August, 1925 — and nearly all have left there and the country before the end of April, on their northward migration. The tameness of these duck while in the Zoological Gardens is amazing, they are in no wise scared by the noisy though otherwise — for those who appreciate eastern music — excellent band which plays there twice weekly within 50 yards of their sanctuary, and particularly the Shovellers ; they fight for the bread and other food thrown into the pond by the visitors taking refreshment on the Tea Island. Unless the collection of live duck had been decimated between the date (1st July, 1927) I relinquished the directorship of the Gardens and that of Mr. Gurney’s visit, I must take exception to his statement that “ the series of pinioned Duck is very poor, and not at all repre¬ sentative ”. On the date named the following species of pinioned or otherwise captive Anseres were on exhibition — White-eyed Pochard, Common Pochard, South African Pochard (Nyroca erythrophthalma) , Tufted Duck, Shoveller, Mallard, Gadwall (Anas strepera), Wigeon, Teal (Anas c. crecca), Garganey, Anas undulata rupelli , Pintail, North American Summer Duck (Aix sponsa ), Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata), Lesser White-fronted Goose (Anser finmarchicus) , Egyptian Goose- (Alopochen cegyptiacus), Spur-winged Goose (Alectropterus gambensis ), Canada Goose (Branta canadensis), Ruddy Shelduck ( Casareaferruginea) , and Mute Swan (Cygnus olor). Not, I submit, a poor list, especially when it is remembered that fifteen of the species named are naturally unused to such a temperature as that of Cairo during the summer U30 Correspondence months, and that the vast majority of the individual specimens com¬ prised in that list had weathered several Egyptian summers. I am indeed delighted to hear that my friends and late much valued assistants, Dr. Kadri and Youssef Sabit, are maintaining these Gardens in the best of condition. The Beautiful Starling ( Spreo pulcher ), specimens of which were presented to Mr. Gurney, breeds regularly in the aviaries — in some years rearing three broods. It is also good reading that there is now a Bird Protection Society in Egypt ; up to July, 1927, no such society existed and all the great work that had been done in the country in that connexion was initiated by Major Flower and controlled by him with the able assistance of the late Messrs. Nicholl and Bonhote and other members of the staff of the Egyptian Government Zoological Service — a service which has now been most unfortunately disbanded. Early in 1927 a few other foreigners and myself, with a minority of enthusiastic Egyptians, formed the Egyptian Zoological Society, the main objects of which were the study and the protection of the fauna of the country, and if the society which Mr. Gurney writes of has sprung from that source and is doing good work, it is a matter for much congratulation. F. W. Borman. Dtjrazzo, Albania. CHAPMAN’S 17 TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD, LONDON, W.l. Telegrams: " BLACKBIRD PHONE, LONDON." Telephones : MUSEUM 5272 , 5273 , 5274 and 5275 . Cables: 44 BLACKBIRD, LONDON Animal and Waterfowl Depbt : WITHDEAN HALL, BRIGHTON. Quarantine Station : 3 and 5 SAGE ST., LONDON, E. 1 . We are the PIONEERS of Aviculture. What we impart this year others MAY import next. A FEW OF THE SPECIES WE HAVE IMPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME. The Masked Lovebird, The Nyassa Lovebird, j The Blue Masked Lovebird, The Fischer’s Lovebird, j The Red=Breasted Conure, The Chilean Conure, The White-breasted Touracou, The Rare Whitley’s Conure, Psittacula modesta, etc., etc. NEW SPECIES ALWAYS BEING RECEIVED, We have ALWAYS ON EXHIBITION at Our Magnificent Showrooms at No. 17 Tottenham Court Road The FINEST COLLECTION of LIVING BIRDS FOR SALE THROUGHOUT THE WHOLE WORLD. MAGNIFICENT BRAZILIAN COLLECTION JUST ARRIVED including : Giant Anteaters, Paccas, Tapirs, Agoutis, Capybaras, Coatimundies, Spider, Wooley and Capuchin Monkeys. Rare White-faced and Common Marmozet Monkeys, Rare Lizards, Snakes, and other reptiles. Queen of Bavarias Conures* Blue and Yellow, Red and Yellow and Hyacinth Macaws, Rare Toco and other Toucans, Rare Conures, Canary Wing, Tul and other Parrakeets, Ducks, Geese, Trumpeters, 4 00 Blue-fronted Amazon Parrots. REMEMBER CHAPMAN’S 17 Tottenham Court Rd., London, W.l, is the firm for all different species of Live ANIMALS and BIRDS. GALLOWAY’S Celebrated Insectivorous Food LIFE (with or without egg flake). A Perfect diet for all Insect and Fruit-eating Birds, Foreign Finches, Waxbills, etc., etc. As supplied to Her Grace The late DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON, Her Grace EVELYN DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON, LORD TAVISTOCK, and The Hon. MRS. G. BOURKE. This food is invaluable for feeding foreign seed-eaters given in addition to their seed diet ; Parrot and other Foreign Finches will rear their young almost entirely on it. Used by a great number of leading aviculturists both here and abroad. It will keep good for any length of time if turned out of the bag and kept in a dry place. Prices carriage paid to any part of the Un ited Kingdom : — 1 lb. 2/6, 21b. 4/8, 31b. 6/10, 41b. 9/-, 31b. 11/2, 61b. 13/4, 71b. 14/10, 141b. 27/4, 281b. 47/10, 4 cwt. 95/8. No Agents. To be obtained solely from the Maker. Send postcard for descriptive leaflet with testimonials. P. F. M. GALLOWAY, 1 Rectory Road, Caversham, Reading, England. “L’OISEAU ” PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE Societe Nadonale d’Accliniatation de France, 198 BOULEVARD ST. GERMAIN, PARIS (VIIe). A French Magazine on Aviculture, for the study of European and Foreign Birds in captivity and at liberty. With coloured and black and white plates. ONE YEAR - 75 FRANCS. Medals for first breeding of a species in captivity in France or other countries are awarded if a detailed account is sent to the Society. CANDIDATE FOR ELECTION. Lector-Pastor Andersen, Kongevejen, 98 Sonderborg, Denmark. Proposed by E. Maud Knobel. MISS Jane Port, Twisby, Catsfield, Battle, Sussex. Proposed by A. Nelson Allen. NEW MEMBERS. L. Cura and Sons, Bath Court, Warner Street, Rosebury Avenue, E.C. 1. Miss Garford, 10 Rutland Gate, S.W. 7. Douglas Percy Horne, Cornwalls, Feldon Lane, Boxmoor, Herts. Miss M. H. Knobel-Harman, 6 Sackville Street, Piccadilly, W. 1. E. H. 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Budgerigars, Yellow and Green, from outdoor aviary ; 12s. pair, carriage Is. 6d. — S. McGredy, Royal Nurseries, Portadown. Budgerigars, Blues, Whites, and Blue-bred Greens for sale, from unheated outdoor aviaries ; strong healthy birds. — Mrs. Goddard, The Lawn, Swindon, Wilts. Budgerigars, strong healthy birds from large unheated outdoor avaries. Breeding controlled, pedigrees given, inspection invited. Blues, Cobalt, Mauves, Whites, Blue-bred Greens. — Major Lurt-Phillips, Down Grange, Basingstoke, Hants. Budgerigars, early 1928, from unheated outdoor avaries ; fine specimens for sale at very moderate prices ; White, Cobalt, Blue, Mauve, Yellow, also Blue-bred Greens. Inspection invited any day by appointment. — H. Roberts, Bagatelle, Market Harborough , Leicestershire. Strong, healthy, fully feathered Budgerigars. Outdoor avaries ; Blues, Cobalt- bred Blues, Olives, Cobalts from two Cobalts, from White and Cobalt, from Mauve and Cobalt, from Blue and Cobalt, etc. Inspection invited. — Mrs. Wall, Meadow- side, Marlborough, Wilts. For Sale, unbound numbers of Bird Notes complete from 1916 to 1921, Avi¬ cultural Magazine 1925 Sind 1927. Clearing out Pedigree Budgerigars: Blues, Whites, Blue-bred Greens and Olives. — Mrs. Chatterton, Kings End, Ruislip, Middlesex. Impeyans, Swinhoes, Brown Eared and other young fancy Pheasants. Wanted, pair Elliot’s 1928. — A. VAN Heyst, Marienhoven, Wyk by Durstede, Holland. Sale, 1927, Soemmering Cock Pheasant ; quite healthy. — Capt. Scott- Hopkins, Kirbymoorside, Yorks. Budgerigars for sale ; Cobalts, Blues, Olives, Blue-bred Greens or Yellows ; strong, healthy birds, outdoor aviaries. — Mrs. Rycroft, Cirencester March hatched Black-Cheek x Masked Love-Bird hybrids in perfect feather and condition, from unheated outdoor aviary, 42s. each. — H. Moore, Chapel Road, Tadworth, Surrey. GAMAGES SS2 HAVE ALWAYS A VARIED STOCK OF Foreign Birds, Parrots, Lovebirds, etc. We can now offer : — Shamahs, Lovebirds — Masked, Fischers, Blue-wing, Black Cheek, Nyassa, Bengalese, Nonpariel, Indigo , and Rainbow Buntings, Black Headed Gouldian Finches, Guano Parrotolets, Whydahs — Queens, Giant, White-wing, Calefornian Quail, Diamond Doves, Masked and Longtail Grass Finches, Crimson Wing Parrakeets, Cockatiels, Blue Budgerigars, Amazon Parrots, Grey Parrots, Macaws, Rock Peplar Parrakeets, Meyers Parrots. BEST FOODS. Mealworms Spray Millet large bundles Ants’ Eggs Dried Flies Pure Egg Yolk . Insectivorous Food Cuttlefish Bone Specialities in CAGES, AVIARIES, LOWEST PRICES . 6/6 per lb. , 3 lb., 1 8/8 Post paid. 5/~ each, J doz., 27/- ,, 5/- per lb., 41b., 17/6 2/- „ 41b., 7/- 2/6 ,, 41b., 9/~ 1/6 ,, 71b., 8/6 1/3 ,, 41b., 4/6 NEST-BOXES and all appliances. A. W. GAM AGE, Ltd., HOLBORN, LONDON, E.C.l . PHONE : HOL, 8484. DE VON & CO. 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Pure Crop Ants’ Eggs, 4/6 lb. ; 7 lbs., 28/6. Cuttlefish, 1/8 and 2/6 lb. Indian Millet Sprays, large, 4 /- bdle. ; small, 3/6 bdle. All postages paid. All Aquatical requirements, including GOLDFISH & FANCY FISH, AQUARIUMS from 3/6, REPTILES, PET MONKEYS, MONGOOSE GUINEAPIGS, etc. 127 King’s Cross Road, London, W.C. 1. Phone : Terminus 8595. Telegrams : Oiseaux, London. FOURTH SERIES, VOL. VI. No. lO OCTOBER, 1928. THE CONT PAGE The Regent Bird (with Coloured and Uncoloured Plates), by D. Seth-Smith . . . .281 The Breeding of the Pied Grallina, by Alfred Ezra . . . 283 The Breeding of Brown’s Parra- keet, by The Marquess of Tavistock .... 234 Bustards (with two Plates), by J. Delacour . . . 238 ENTS. PAGE The Breeding of Avadavats, by Godfrey Davis . . . 241 The Rollers, by Sydney Porter 248 Correspondence : Hybrid Parra- keets ; Nesting of Layard’s Parrakeet ; The Virginian Eagle Owl ; Renewal of Claws by Birds of Prey ; Waxbills at Liberty; Prolific Lovebirds; Bengalese ; Zebra Doves ; An Abnormal Grey Cardinal . 250 The Price of this Number is 2/6. THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY FOUNDED 1894 NOTICE TO MEMBERS The Subscription to the Avicultural Society is £1 per annum, due on the 1st of January in each year, and is payable in advance. The entrance fee is 10/0. The Avicultural Magazine is sent free to members monthly. Members joining at any time during the year are entitled to the back numbers for the current year, on the payment of entrance fee and subscription. | ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE SENT TO THE HONORARY SECRETARY | AND TREASURER, Miss Knobel, 32 Tavistock Square, London, W.C.l. 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Order with remittance to — STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, Ltd., Fore Street, Hertford. ii Avicultural Magazine, 1928. 1 vjy John Bale Sons A Bamelsson.L^ Regen t B ird . Sericulus melinus (Lath.) THE Avicultural Magazine BEING THE JOURNAL OF THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF FOREIGN & BRITISH BIRDS IN FREEDOM & CAPTIVITY Fourth Series.-- -Vol. VI. — No. 10.— All rights reserved. OCTOBER, 1928. THE REGENT BIRD ( SERICULUS ME LINUS) By D. Seth-Smith When in full adult plumage the cock Regent Bird is a most beautiful bird, clad as he is in brilliant gold, orange, and deep black ; the hen is a mottled brown bird with dark patches on the head and throat, and the young cock is like her, and moreover he remains like her until he is three or four years old. Most of the Regent Birds imported are in the female or immature plumage, so that it is difficult to tell their sex. It is an extremely active bird, and thrives in an outdoor aviary provided this has a large warmed shelter for the winter, for the species is somewhat susceptible to cold, coming as it does from the subtropical coastal scrub country of Southern Queensland and the northern parts of New South Wales. To the late Mr. Reginald Phillipps belongs the honour of having been the first to breed this fine species in captivity. Mr. Phillipps, in his later years, devoted himself to his birds, and his success with them in his small wired-over London garden, which communicated with a room in the house, was extraordinary, and perhaps his greatest achievements were the successful breeding of the Regent Bird and the Australian Blue Wren ( M alums ), achievements which, so far as I am aware, have never been repeated. And, not only was he very successful, 19 232 D. Seth-Smith — The Begent Bird but be was a very careful observer, and the pages of the Avicultural Magazine contain many excellent articles from bis pen which show his skill as an observer and a recorder of his observations. In our magazine for 1906 he wrote three long articles on the Regent Bird, in which he records the successful rearing of a young bird. The Regent Bird is one of the true Bower Birds, and the male constructs a bower very much like that made by the Satin Bower Bird, though smaller. This is always built in some shady spot, generally under a bush. Here he dances for the edification of his wives who sit on the branches above admiring him. Mr. Phillipps has pointed out how very conspicuous he is when viewed from above, from which, position his yellow colouring shows to the best advantage, but as he sits in a high tree and is looked at from below only the black colour is visible and the bird is most inconspicuous. The Regent Bird does not seem to be so free a bower-builder as the Satin Bird, and I have heard doubt expressed as to whether the bird ever does construct a bower. Campbell publishes a photograph of the bower in his Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds , but it might be thought that this, taken in the bush, was really the bower of the Satin Bird. Mr. Phillipps noted that his bird constructed a bower in his aviary, and I am publishing a photograph that 1 took myself, of a bower built in the Summer Aviary at the Zoological Gardens in 1924. There were no other bower builders in the aviary, and I frequently wTatched the cock Regent Bird at the bower. The Regent Bird is an adept at hiding himself, like most very conspicuous birds, whereas the dull-coloured female makes no effort to hide, and this doubtless accounts for the fact that adult males are said to be rarely seen in the wild state. The food of the Regent Bird consists of fruit, leaves, insects, and grubs, fruit apparently forming its chief diet except when rearing young. Mr. Phillipps says, “ the more I know of the bird the more I am satisfied that, in confinement, it should be fed chiefly upon a fruit and vegetable diet. Even with fruit one must be careful. For instance, one autumn I threw some unripe, perhaps exceptionally hard and unripe, grapes into the aviary, and two of the Regents were seized with severe fits. ... It very freely eats the leaves of growing Avic. Mag. 1928. [To face p. 232. Bower or Playground of the Regent Bird. Photographed in the London Zoological Gardens. Alfred Ezra — The Breeding of the Pied Grallina 283 trees, and care must be taken that no injurious ones are planted in the aviary.” The nest of the Regent Bird, according to A. J. Campbell, is usually situated in dense scrub, at a height of from 12 to 25 feet from the ground, and consists of a flat structure, slightly concave, and loosely constructed of coarse twigs or dead branchlets lined with long wire-like stems of climbing plants. The eggs are usually two in number with fine texture and light stone-colour “ marked with blotches and spots of sienna or olive-brown, but chiefly with remarkable hair-like markings of the same colour, as if a person had painted on the shell fanciful shapes and figures with a fine brush. Intermingled are a few dull greyish streaks.” THE BREEDING OF THE PIED GRALLINA (i GRALLINA PIC AT A) By Alfred Ezra, O.B.E., F.Z.S. I purchased two pairs of these attractive birds three years ago. Each pair W'as turned out into a large aviary, and seemed quite harmless with smaller birds. After a couple of months one hen bird died, but the other three have done very well indeed. They are very hardy, and quite easy to keep, and make most attractive birds in an aviary. The birds did nothing in the way of nesting the first year, but last year they got as far as building a nest. Even the odd cock, who was in a separate aviary with other birds, built a nest. The nest is rather interesting, being cup-shaped and built of mud and grass and perfectly finished. This year the pair built a nest on the beam inside the aviary shelter as early as April. There were two eggs in this nest, but after a few days’ incubation both were thrown out. They again had two eggs in the same nest, and this time two young were hatched. In a couple of days both these disappeared, and as no signs of them were to be seen anywhere, I presume they were eaten up by the parents. I may mention that there were only small birds in this aviary, and nothing that could take the young or eggs of these birds. On the 3rd June I again found the hen sitting on two eggs in the same nest, and on the 14th one young bird was found dead on the floor, and the 234 The Marquess of Tavistock — The Breeding of Broivn's Parrakeet other one was missing. This was the third failure this year, and I w'as beginning to feel anything but hopeful about rearing any this year. To my surprise I found the hen incubating two eggs on the 29th June, and again in thQ same old nest, which they had repaired. On the 11th July one young was seen in the nest, and the parents were feeding it mainly on mealworms and grasshoppers, of which I gave them a liberal supply. They also fed with flies and other insects they caught in the aviary. On the 3rd of August the young one left the nest in perfect plumage, and almost as large as the adults. It almost at once started picking up and eating mealworms, and in a couple of days was feeding well, and without any help from the parents. I am sorry to say the young bird was found dead three weeks after from some foot trouble. As far as I could see the hen bird did most of the incubating, and she was a very shy sitter. Whenever the cock bird saw anyone approaching the aviary he uttered his very shrill whistle, and out came the hen bird at once. The eggs were very pretty, being sandy coloured with a pinkish tint, and dark spots and blotches at the large end. The plumage of the young was similar to the parents, but had the markings of the hen bird. Needless to say, I was delighted to have succeeded at last to breed this delightful bird after trying for three years, and only wish it would have lived longer. I believe this is the first time this bird has been bred in Europe. THE BREEDING OF BROWN’S PARRAKEET By The Marquess of Tavistock Records of the successful breeding of this Platycercus browni are few : indeed, I believe there is only one for the United Kingdom and that is many years ago. For one thing Brown’s are not often imported ; the species is not quite so hardy as the Rosella ; cocks are apt to be much scarcer than hens, and, like the Hooded Parrakeet from the same region, Brown’s are very apt to cling with annoying pertinacity to Australian seasons, moulting in late spring and coming into breeding condition in October. The Marquess of Tavistock— The Breeding of Brown's Parrakeet 235 During the years before the war when Brown’s were not infrequently imported I kept a few at liberty. On one occasion young were hatched and partly reared in mid-winter, but they died as soon as their mother ceased to sit on them continuously, and the hen herself perished of egg-binding when attempting a second nest. After that, the only cock I could get hold of was too old for breeding. He lived at liberty in my garden for several years and for a time he also enjoyed complete freedom in a friend’s garden in Kent. His violent death at the hands, or rather, beak, of the ally of a crafty rival has been recorded in a former article — “ The Diplomat.” The two hens who have successfully reared families this season were imported as adult birds about 12 or 14 yeais ago. As they appear as trim and young as ever they did it looks as though a Broadtail, when properly managed, ought to live at least 30 or 40 years in captivity — I wonder how many do ? For a long time the two females had to remain unmated until, by the kindness of Madame Lecallier, I obtained the loan of a cock. Two or three seasons were wasted in the difficult task of acclimatizing him to this wretchedly unhealthy district (which, thank goodness, I hope shortly to leave) and in making it plain to his wife that late November is not the time of year when ne wly-fl edged Pa rrakeets have any chance of survival. Finally she condescended to hurry up a bit after her usual spring moult and laid four eggs in July ; unhappily I did not know as much about nests as I do now and I gave her a wooden box in the aviary shelter. For a time all seemed to be going well. Then one morning my nose was assailed by that sinister odour which indicates all too plainly young birds dead in the nest. As voices were still audible from the box it was evident that the catastrophe was not complete, so I determined to remove- the corpse and give the survivors a foot or more of moist earth to rest on. The hen entirely refused to leave her family. I tapped the box gently ; then shook and banged it, all to no purpose. Finally I had to take it down bodily, carry it into the flight and empty the contents on to the ground, these consisting of various debris, one dead bird, half-grown, three others, alive, but sadly rickety and the devoted mother herself. Having made the necessary changes I shut the old birds into the aviary shelter with 286 The Marquess of Tavistock — The Breeding of Brown's Parrakeet the survivors of their brood, devoutly hoping that they would overlook the unconscionable amount of disturbance to which they had been subjected. They did. Parrakeets are the best of parents and rarely indeed are they guilty of misconduct towards, or neglect of, their children,. In most cases where we read of old birds “ refusing to feed ” it is the owner who has killed the brood by providing an unsuitable nest which has caused the nestlings to get ill and refuse nourishment. One more young Brown’s died a few days later : the other two lived to leave the nest and feed themselves, but they were always cripples and did not survive many weeks. Next summer, after no little trouble and expense, thanks to the insanity of present-day restrictions on the export of Australian birds, even for the most legitimate purposes of aviculture, I obtained a second cock Brown’s. He was a fine specimen and I had great hopes of breeding from him, but the moment I introduced the hen into his aviary he attacked her with the utmost ferocity and I had to remove her to save her life. My hopes immediately sank to zero, for once a cock Broadtail takes a dislike to a hen, in 99 cases out of 100 he will never change his mind, do wdiat you may to induce him to behave decently. However, there was nothing for it but to attempt the improbable. I put him and the hen in adjoining aviaries for several months and when I thought he seemed a little more friendly and inclined to feed her I let them go together again. Nothing doing ! Within a very few minutes he was persecuting her as savagely as ever. Finally in disgust I turned him loose and some weeks later he began paying addresses to a married hen Yellow-Rump with so much success that I had to re-confine him to prevent the necessity for a divorce. I tried him once more with the Brown’s, but he treated her as badly as ever and not long afterwards he died. His unlamented departure to, I hope, the Parrakeets’ purgatory, was followed by the welcome arrival of a third cock, also a very nice bird. Once more my hopes rose, but directly I put him with the hen he went for her as though he were the re-incarnation of his impossible predecessor ! Another long wait and another introduction produced just the same result. The first pair did nothing all the second summer and only came The Marquess of Tavistock— The Breeding of Brown's Parrakeet 237 into breeding condition in late September. I weakened in my resolve to allow no autumn breeding and gave them a nest in the heated shelter. Two eggs hatched and the young survived into the bad weather of late November when one died and the other was killed by mice while still unfledged. In March four more eggs were laid and three hatched : one young bird died after a few days and another when half-grown. The third lived to leave the nest and was quite a nice specimen, but a few days later I found it in extremis on the floor of the shelter, very thin and suffering badly from enteritis. It seemed as good as dead, but I put it in the hospital at a temperature of 85° and fed it with raw egg and milk from a paint-brush. Though nervous, it drank this beverage freely and began to mend. After some days it started to eat soaked seed and the milk was discontinued and eventually it made a complete recovery. About this time I decided I would subject the unreasonable cock to the discipline reserved for impossible bullies and cut his wing sufficiently to render it out of the question for him to overtake and injure his companion. The plan was successful beyond my wildest hopes, for not only was he as meek as Moses on his first meeting with the lady, but he soon began to feed her and from that day to this has been a model husband and father. In May, as usual, the Brown’s dropped into heavy moult, but strange to say came into breeding condition at the same time and pairing took place and eggs were laid while they were still covered with half -grown feathers. A perpendicular natural log, partly filled with mould, was placed in the shelter, and proved a good nest. Three young birds were hatched and flew early in August. The first, a fine little cock, was rather clumsy and inclined to get down in the grass, so, fearing he would catch a chill, I decided to hand-rear him. Though wild, he soon began to take egg and milk and moistened brown bread and in a few days started to eat soaked seed. He seemed to be getting on so well that I stopped hand feeding too soon, for one morning to my great regret I found him dead on the cage floor with no previous warning of illness at all. The two I left with the parents, after passing through the stage of knocking them¬ selves about in early efforts to fly, have grown into nice, strong birds 238 J. Delacour — Bustards The old pair seem disposed to nest again, but as it is getting late in the season I think I shall remove the log. In no Broadtail is the juvenile plumage so little different from that of the adult. A young Brown’s is a slightly duller replica of its parents. BUSTARDS By J. Delacour Bustards form a very distinct group of Waders ; anatomically they are nearest to the Plovers, but in appearance they recall the Gamebirds, as far as beak, head, and body is concerned, and the Coursers by their long powerful legs and three short, thick toes. Their size varies from that of a Partridge to that of a Turkey. Bustards are natives of Europe, Africa, and Asia and one species is found in Australia. They frequent downs, bare or covered with grass and bushes, but avoid woods and marshy places. They live in small companies which sometimes unite and form a large flock after the breeding season. The tropical species are usually non-migratory, but those breeding in the temperate zone such as the Great and Little Bustards of Europe migrate to the South in winter or wander far afield. Bustards run fast ; their flight is heavy but swift and well sustained. They are shy and mistrustful, and their deliberate ways make them appear stupid. The males are very quarrelsome and apparently monogamous ; in spring they display something like Turkeys, showing off their tufts of ornamental feathers, crests or collars which are developed on the heads and necks of the different species at this time of year. They often fight fiercely. Their food consists chiefly of leaves, shoots, grain, berries, and insects, which last are indispensable to the young, which are hatched covered with down, and able to run. Bustards are rather delicate in confinement. Their worst enemy is damp, against which they must be carefully guarded. On account of this they have often to be shut up at night in a very dry place and kept in throughout rainy periods. Only really well acclimatized birds may be left out in all weathers. Chicks hatched under a hen become tame, but adult subjects are extremely refractory, frequently refuse dvicuttural Magazine Photo D. Seth Smith Great Bustard. Otis tarda J. Delacour — Bustards 239 food, and have to be forcibly fed, and some time elapses before they will begin to feed naturally. It is a good thing to put a tame bird of the same size with them, as seeing it eat may induce them to follow its example. Their food should be grain, bread, a mixture of bran and biscuit, with plenty of green stuff and a little chopped meat. It is rare to come across Bustards in confinement, which is a great pity, for they are fine birds and very ornamental. Once acclimatized they are long lived and the two European species have bred in a park. The more space can be given them the better they thrive. The Great Bustard ( Otis tarda) is found from Spain to India and in China a related form takes its place. It is also a native of North Africa. At one time it was plentiful in France and England, but it has disappeared and only occasionally a few individuals appear on migration in the former country ; such was particularly the case in 1926. Spain, Russia, and Hungary are the three countries where these birds are most plentiful. The male is as large as a fine Turkey ; its head, neck, and upper portion of the body is pale grey; its back, lesser wing coverts and tail are light orange streaked with black. Its chin is adorned with a long tuft of feathers on each side ; it takes three years for it to reach its full stature and colouring. The female is about half the size; her plumage resembles that of the male, but she has no long feathers under her chin. It is not easy nowadays to procure this species and it commands a high price. In our damp countries it is delicate and it is wise to keep it in the dry for the first year at least. It is a splendid ornament in a park. The Little Bustard (0. tetrax) is fairly common in certain parts of France during summer ; it migrates to North Africa for the winter. The male is about the size of a small hen, russet streaked with brown above, white beneath, black neck and breast with two wide white stripes. In winter its head and neck turn russet with brown spots, which is also the colour of the female, she is nearly as large as her mate. This species inhabits the same country as the former, it is rarely kept in confinement, though, once acclimatised, it is not difficult to manage. 240 J. Delacour — Bustards Vigor’s Bustard ( Heterotetrax vigorsi), known in South Africa as the Vaal Knorhaan, is 30 inches in length ; it is light brown streaked with earthy brown, lighter below, with black on its throat and nape and on the wings. Its whole plumage has rosy lights. A pair was represented in the Zoological Gardens of London some years ago. Ludwig’s Bustard or Ludwig’s Paauw (Neotis ludwigi ) from the same country is larger and has also been shown in London. It has a reddish brown back, wings and tail, thickly spotted with dark brown, and with white spots on the median coverts, its head and front of the neck are grey brown with white streaks, the sides of the neck and the under parts are white, but the back of the neck and upper part of the back orange red. The female is smaller than the male. The Kaffir Bustard ( N . caffra), also known as the Stanley Bustard or Veld Paauw, inhabits South and East Africa. It somewhat resembles the preceding, having the top of the head black, a white throat, cheeks and front of the breast and neck pale grey ; the sides of the neck white and the back orange red ; the upper parts of the body are brown, finely vermiculated with deeper brown. The wings and tail are blhck with white spots. A closely related sub-species ( N . denhami) from the Soudan has also been imported and is represented in the London Zoo at the present time. The Senegal Bustard ( Eupodotis senegalensis), also found in North-East Africa, is only half the size of the preceding species. It is reddish with brown vermiculations, with grey blue head and neck, except the front of the neck and a spot on the throat, which are black ; the face and sides of the neck high up are white. The under parts are white with russet breast. The Bengal Bustard (Sypheotis hengalensis) is even smaller. The adult male has the neck and under parts of the body black, the wings are white and the upper parts tawny spotted and streaked with dark brown. The female and young are light brown with dark brown streaks and have two reddish stripes on the head. The Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulata) from the Mediterranean is the size of a large hen. It is a very beautiful bird, orange red vermiculated and spotted with dark brown above, white tvicidlural Magazine Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis undulat'd Hioio D. Seth-Smitli Great Cape Bustard Choriotis kori Godfrey Davis — The Breeding of Avadavats 241 beneath, having a white crest on its head and black bands on the side, of the neck. The hen is much smaller. MacQueen’s Bustard ( C . u. macqueeni) from India is similar but for finer vermiculation, a black and white crest and grey blue front of the neck instead of white. Houbaras do quite well in confinement but are rarely seen. Dr. Arnault has a pair which he captured adult in Algeria five years ago. They did not feed of their own accord for several months. They are always kept in a glass house in company with Sandgrouse. The Arabian Bustard (Choriotis arabs), also to be met with in North and North-East Africa, is a large bird. It is light brown delicately vermiculated above with black. Its wings have white spots ; the crown of the head is white, streaked black, and encircled with a black band on either side ; eyebrows and round the eyes white ; the rest of the head is pale grey with black markings ; under parts white. It is represented in the London Zoo at the present time. The Kori Bustard or Gom Paauw ( C . Jcori), East and South Africa, is a larger edition of it and may weigh as much as 50 lbs. It has lived in the Zoological Gardens of London in recent years. The Indian Bustard ( C . edwardsi ) is smaller. It is tawny brown, finely vermiculated with black above, with black and white wings, top of the head black, white face and under parts, with a black band across the breast and grey streaks above. The Australian Bustard ( E . australis) strongly resembles the above-mentioned ; it is slightly darker and greyer above, and the front of the neck and throat are greyer and more heavily streaked with black. It is known in Australia by the misleading name of “ Wild Turkey ”. THE BREEDING OF AVADAVATS By Godfrey Davis I have four young Avadavats in a nest. They are fifteen days old and the wing feathers have burst through the quills, so I expect they will leave the nest in a week. I cannot, however, wait to write till then as I am going away in a few days. As, however, I have learned a lot about these little birds in the last few months and members are 242 Godfrey Davis — The Breeding of Avadavats asking other members to write about common birds I thought an account of the breeding of these birds, as they have bred in a cage, might be of interest. In April, 1927, I brought with me from India a large number of . Avadavats. They were quite clearly young birds. There was no cock in breeding plumage among them. Many I gave away soon after I landed. Some a member kindly kept for me during the summer of 1927 and I kept through the winter of 1927-8 some two dozen. I lost only three and this was on the first night I brought them home. The night was cold and though a fire had burned in the room during the day, in the morning I found three looking very chilled and sick, and despite a good warming they died. Thereafter I kept a hurricane lantern burning at night and a warm rug thrown over the cage and I lost no more. I found afterwards I had but few hens, the cocks greatly exceeding the hens in number and I am told this is commonly the case with these imported Finches. At the beginning of April I placed the birds in a small garden house which I kept comfortably warm by means of an electric radiator when the weather was chill outside. I kept the birds in a large French triple breeding cage, which was 39 J inches long, 15f inches wide, and 20 inches high. I mention these details because I am convinced what success I have attained is largely due to this cage. During April some of the cocks began to come into breeding plumage and. there was so much fighting I had to separate the cocks in breeding plumage from the other birds and put them in another of the French cages till I could discover which of the other birds were hens or cocks not in breeding plumage. I left one hen in with about six cocks coming into colour as this hen seemed attached to a particularly forward cock. During May I used, when I had time, to gather the small green caterpillars which infested the silver birches, the lime trees, and the young elms on the heath nearby, and on which the migrant warblers were busily feeding ; and these caterpillars the Avadavats squabbled and fought over. Early in June the cock to which the hen appeared attached started to fly about with grass in his beak. I caught him and the hen and Godfrey Davis — The Breeding of Avadavats 243 put them in one of the French cages and I put what I hoped to be three hens with three cocks coming into colour in another cage. On fine days I placed the cages out on the lawn and I think these frequent airings made all the difference. The sun will not penetrate far into a room on the ground floor unless there is glass in the roof. On the end of the cage in which I had placed the cock and the hen I tied a Harz Mountain wicker cage, removing the bars at one end and the feeding vessels and I pulled down three of the wires of the big cage to allow the birds entrance to the nesting cage, and I placed a perch running across the cage just beneath the nesting cage. The cock and hen would sit side by side in the sun and she would follow him from perch to perch. They were quite clearly in love. The cock started to build. At first he would pick up grasses and drop them, but then came one or two days of fine weather and I put the cages out in the full sun all day. This seemed to be what they wanted and I am convinced without direct sunlight little is to be hoped for in the way of breeding from these foreign Finches. The paired birds sat side by side in the sun on the floor of the cage. These little birds seem to favour the ground much, and in India more often than not I have seen little flocks breeding on the ground. I have seen the cock pair with the hen not only on the perch but upon the ground. After this treatment with real sunlight the cock bird started to build in earnest. I did not see the hen assist in any way and the cock built in the early mornings and evenings only : he did not work during the heat of the day. The nest was composed of the stems of the seeding grass I had put in for them to feed on. In two days it was complete. It was domed with a small round entrance hole in the front and lined with feathers. The hen laid no eggs but started to sing. ‘£ So,” I thought, “ I have been fooled. This hen is a cock in eclipse plumage,” and foolishly, as I afterwards discovered, I deprived the cock of his mate and gave him what I hoped to be another hen. He spent most of his time chasing her about the cage. In the meantime events were developing in the cage in which I had placed my forward cocks and hens. And I would here remark that when in breeding condition the hen not only sings but the feathers of the belly are bright sulphur yellow, almost orange. 244 Godfrey Davis — The Breeding of Av ad av at s It was clear that two cocks and hens had made matches. Each cock sat side by side with his hen upon the ground, sunning themselves and preening each others’ feathers. The odd cock and hen quarrelled. But of the paired birds each cock fought the other cock and each hen the other hen till the one cock drove the other cock through the bars of the Harz Mountain cage. Twice the cock came back and was caught and it was not till the third time I saw how it escaped and why : and the third time it did not return. It was flaming red in colour and tame, and I suspect a local cat. After the bird had flown I placed a muslin cover round the nesting cages (I had fastened one on each end of the cage) and so the second hen was not driven out. But she had a poor time. I, therefore, removed the odd birds and left the pair alone. It was clear two pairs would not breed in one large cage. The hen then began to sing, started to pick up grass in her beak, and bow before the cock. The cock bird lifted up one wing and then another in the most absurd way. I left the hen alone because I thought if that hen was a cock in eclipse plumage all my hens were cocks. The cock bird again built unaided by the hen and he built with amazing rapidity. I am not exaggerating when I say that between 6.30 one evening and 8.30 the following morning he built the nest. On the 27th June when taking the cage out on the lawn I saw one egg in the nest. My hen, then, though she sang, was a hen and I now know the hen Avadavat does sing and it is a sign that she is in breeding condition. Her song is shorter than the cock’s. But it is a distinct song. The following day there was another egg, oval and quite white, and I then thought I had better leave the cage inside and the birds alone. The hen did not seem much concerned with the nest and eggs but the cock was constantly in the nest and until the last few days of incubation I should say the cock sat more on those eggs than did the hen. At night both slept inside the nest. Both birds sat alternately, until on the 11th July I saw the cock leave the nest, peck furiously at the lettuce and fly back to the nest. “ Eggs hatched ”, I thought, “ and in record time,” but as in the after¬ noon there seemed no feeding of young I thought it was time to look. I had put soft food in the cage and hard-boiled egg and Madeira cake moistened with milk and I could not go on doing this for nothing and Godfrey Davis — The Breeding of Avadavats 245 for long. The cock was sitting in the nest and would not move until I took the nesting cage right off the cage and I saw five eggs in the nest. I tied the cage on again and waited. On the afternoon of the 14th I looked again. I saw young just hatched and two eggs ; on the morning of the 15th I looked again and saw young but no eggs. “ How, then, can I rear these young ? ” I thought. Soft food, hard-boiled egg, Madeira cake the parent birds did not touch nor seeding grass, and they kept searching all round the floor of the cage for something. I had arranged for a supply of live ants’ eggs, but they did not come as promised. The only hope was aphis flies. Fortunately, it was Sunday and I had the time. I got all the aphis flies I could and these the parent birds attacked at once. I saw them also eating lettuce and Indian millet. I have found Avadavats very fond of lettuce of a particular kind : the inside tender leaves of cabbage lettuce. Cos lettuce is too coarse. I could not go on all the week collecting aphis flies, so early on the Monday I bought some mealworms and gave the smallest. These the birds eat at once, running the worms through the bill and leaving the hard skin : and on Tuesday the ants’ eggs arrived. These were really what the parent birds were waiting for and they eat them greedily and flew up to the nest. Foolishly I continued the mealworms. I had heard that they were heating — but I thought a dozen or so a day would not matter. It did, because on the Friday morning when I went to the birds I saw the hen jumping lightly from perch to perch with a naked young one in her beak. “ This,” I thought, “ is the effect of mealworms and slender are my chances of success.” She dropped the young and I took it out of the cage. It had been a sturdy little beast, but having been suspended by the neck, was dead. I stopped the mealworms and that night I drew the curtains of the bird room to keep out the early morning sun. The hen clearly wanted something to subdue her. When I went to the birds on Saturday morning both were on the nest. The young for the time being were safe. From that time all has gone well but for the irregularity of the supply of ants’ eggs and the birds will only look at live ones, and during the last week I have had to give mealworms sparingly, a dozen a day.. 246 Godfrey Davis — The Breeding of Avadavats But the young are now so big I do not think the hen can carry them about suspended b\ the neck but time will show. Without live ants’ eggs or an abundant supply of aphis flies I do not think Avadavats would rear their young : and I am not sure the lack of ants’ eggs during the past week has not retarded their growth. To-day, 29th July, I can see the young in the nest plainly. Their eyes are open, their beaks are black and the wing-feathers have burst through their quills, and they should, I think, be out of the nest in a week’s time, that is, three weeks from hatching. Still, even if they should meet with disaster, I have learned a lot and I would summarize what I have learned as follows. These birds should be kept in a little flock of say a dozen so that they can choose their own mates. The cock bird I separated from its mate was never afterwards suited. Only one breeding pair can be kept in a large cage. The cock is not ready to breed until he has the full red breast. The hen is not ready to breed until she sings. Direct sunlight is essential to stimulate the birds to activity. The large French triple breeding cage is the minimum space the birds require and the top perches should be placed far apart, one at each end of the cage, to allow active flight. None of the pairs I kept in smaller cages showed signs of breeding, yet when I placed all the odd pairs in a very large flight cage, preparatory to my going away, one of the cocks showed off to a hen and at once paired with her. My first nest-building cock had probably found his mate. Lettuce and small green caterpillars and aphis flies help to get the birds in breeding condition. On my next leave I hope to breed aphis flies and the small green caterpillars which infest rose trees, in a green¬ house. Live ants’ eggs appear essential to feed the young. The parent birds will not touch soft food or egg food. They prefer Indian millet and white millet soaked 36 hours to any soft food. After the first few days the parent birds used, I think, to feed millet to the young by regurgitation. Provided the birds are kept in large flight cages they do not seem to lose their vigour. In fact, they are most quarrelsome and one cock Godfrey Davis — The Breeding of Avadavats 247 bird in breeding condition will keep a whole cageful in turmoil. My birds were young when caught. They spent the summer, winter, and spring of 1927-8 in cages, and in the summer of 1928 a hen laid five eggs and hatched five young. It is desirable to get the birds into breeding condition as early in May or June as possible. I have already seen my breeding cock pair with the hen again so I see no reason why she should not again go to nest. But if the first young were hatched in August the second brood would have little fine weather left to grow strong in. Also I think these tiny Finches must do better inside the house than in outside aviaries with cats, cold, and rain ; and I remarked one chilly afternoon when the birds in the outside aviaries in the bird house in the Zoo showed no signs of breeding, a cock Firefinch inside was showing off to a hen Avadavat. It might be possible then to breed these tiny Finches as men now breed Canaries. I, at least, when I have the opportunity, intend to try. Since the above was written I have been away, and my birds were kindly looked after by Mr. Hobbes, of Holloway Aviaries. From his notes I see that one of the young Avadavats left the nest on 2nd August, and by the 4th all the four young were flying about their cage. On the 25th the hen Avadavat laid an egg, but as the parent birds became spiteful towards the young and there was no large flight cage available for them, the nest and egg were removed. Owing to the house being unoccupied it was not possible to put the cage out in the sunlight on the lawn. Before I left I had placed another pair of Avadavats which seemed inclined to pair in the only remaining French triple breeding cage I had. The hen laid one egg, but became egg-bound with the second. The egg was removed, but thereafter she laid no more. I feel certain that if it had been possible to place the cage in the sunlight this hen ^ould have laid her full clutch. The four young are strong and well grown. Their bills are lead-colour and their plumage dull brown. There are two faint white lines on the wings. I might mention that the cages I have used were purchased from Hubert Stores, Guernsey. 20 248 Sydney Porter — The Boilers THE ROLLERS By Sydney Porter Everyone, at least everyone who has the slightest pretension to be called a naturalist, knows the Pollers, those gay denizens of the tropics whose colours run through every known shade of blue — sea blue, sky blue, from the pale blue of the tropical morning to the deep blue of the tropical night, the blue of every known flower and the blue of every precious stone. There are few birds possessed of such a galaxy of harmonious colours. No wonder then that they are so well known in the tropical countries of the Old World (for they are absent from the American continent). Alas, their beauty, like that of many another of the gorgeously plumaged birds of the tropics, makes their skins a desirable souvenir to bring back from the tropical lands when it is stuffed and with a profusion of dried grasses it is put under a glass shade to reign supreme in the parlour of many a home where a soldier or sailor son has seen service abroad and we are told that “ Our Tommy was so fond of birds that he shot this one himself ”. And, sad to relate, in the days when the remains of birds were considered a necessary impedimenta to women’s headgear, tens of thousands of skins of these lovely birds arrived in this country annually. But I am wandering from my subject, it is the Poller in the flesh that we want to talk about and not the one on the parlour cabinet or in a hat — that great blue butterfly-like creature known to all in the hot climes as the “ Blue Jay ”. There are many species of these birds, but, excluding the strange Ground Rollers of Madagascar, they form a very homogeneous family with no close allies, though we are told by various authorities that they have certain affinities to the Bee-eaters, the Kingfishers, and the Crows. I forget how many species there are, but all are arrayed in wondrous garb, some may be sombre but none dull. A large species from the Philippine Islands is a uniform shade of glorious “ cornflower blue ”. In form they closely resemble each other, being about the size of a Pigeon, with a large head seeming almost too large for the size of Sydney Porter — The Boilers 249 the bird, big expression ate eyes, a fairly broad beak and large butterfly¬ like wings, coloured usually with alternate bands of brilliant light and dark blue ; the tail is usually narrow, sometimes long and sometimes short, often the outer tail-feathers are elongated and twice the length of the others, the feathers are also varying shades of blue. There are few birds possessing such a marvellously light and bouyant flight and owing to the fact that the Roller spends most of his time in the air he is not a very good subject for captivity unless he can be given a large outdoor aviary in the summer and a heated aviary in the winter where he can exercise his wings, for that is the only form of exercise that the Roller takes. The legs and feet are very small, in fact they seem quite out of proportion to the size of the bird, and it is due to this fact that it never moves about the trees like other birds and when it settles it remains stationary and if it settles on the ground it does not walk but hops in a rather clumsy manner. One usually sees it perched in some conspicuous position such as the top of a dead tree or a telegraph post or wire or on the top of an ant-hill waiting and watching for its prey, for the Roller is entirely insectivorous, slightly carnivorous, feeding upon all manner of insects, especially locusts, grasshoppers and beetles, also small lizards and mice ; most of the food is captured in the air. They cast up pellets of the indigestible portions of their food. Owing to their structure Rollers should npt be placed in an aviary too thickly planted with trees but one with a few stout natural branches of about the same height ; this is most essential, because if there is one much higher than the other the Rollers will stay there and take no exercise. Rollers nest in holes in trees, usually rather high up and far out of reach, they lay four or five glossy white eggs rather like those of a Parrot. In captivity they require unremitting care and attention or they soon begin to look “ off colour ”. I have never seen my birds either drink or bathe, but I think that it is advisable to give them water, for some writers say that they have seen the birds bathe. In regard to food Rollers are rather difficult subjects for those 250 Correspondence who live in a town ; they require a good insectivorous food, freshly minced raw meat and fish, but a more natural food is small mice, which are swallowed whole, beetles, cockroaches, grubs, etc. I believe that two species have been bred in captivity in this country and to me this seems a great accomplishment. In a cage a Roller appears to be an awkward and heavy creature and cuts a rather pathetic figure, reminding one of a caged Swallow, in fact, I think that it is gross cruelty to keep any of these birds in cages ; in an aviary where they can indulge in their light butterfly-like flight in the sunshine and catch passing insects they are happy. The name “ Roller ” is given to these birds because of their strange habit of rolling and tumbling in the air, they behave somewhat like Tumbler Pigeons, but are much more graceful. Seeing one of these birds going through its antics for the first time one would think that it was in some kind of a fit ; suddenly turning several somersaults, then regaining its equilibrium for a second or two, only to go through the same performance again and again until it is tired, this bird presents one of the most remarkable aerial feats performed by any feathered creature. But the voice of the bird surely bears out the common notion that gaudy plumaged birds have raucous voices (this is not always true, for some of the brightest plumaged birds are splendid songsters, the Superb Spreo Starling for instance), but the Roller’s vocal accomplish¬ ments consist of a series of harsh croaks and a call which somewhat resembles the “ laugh ” of the Laughing Jackass of Australia. CORRESPONDENCE HYBRID PARRAKEETS Sir, — My three hybrid Sula Island King x Crimson-wing Parrakeets bred in 1927 have now practically completed their first moult. They have not changed very much, but the red on the abdomen has run higher up the breast and they now have a patch of red on the crown. The parents nested again this year : the .first brood were killed by the bitterly cold weather in May. The second have just flown. There is a curious amount of variation in the nesting plumage of the different families. The first three were green with red thighs and abdomens ; they are, I think, of both sexes. A single bird belonging to the last brood Correspo?idence 251 of 1927 was red halfway up the breast. This year one of the young ones has red only on the thighs, while the other has hardly any red at all; just an odd feather or two on the legs. The Alexandra 'X Crimson-wing hybrid, as one would expect from his age, has altered very little this moult, but he has more pinkish red on the breast and there is a distinct attempt at a spatule at the tip of one primary in each wing. He is a very lovely bird and likely to be the only one of his kind for some time to come, as his father is getting old and infertile, and the Crimson-wing has had clear eggs this season and last. Tavistock. NESTING OF LAYARD’S PARRAKEET Sir, — A hen Layard’s parrakeet in my collection, mated to a Plum-head, laid three eggs this spring in a log in the aviary flight. She sat very steadily, being fed by the Plum-head, but the eggs were infertile. I believe this is the first instance in which the species has nested in captivity. Tavistock. THE VIRGINIAN EAGLE OWL Sir, — I have just been reading, in the August number of the Magazine, Miss E. F. Chawner’s interesting account of the successful breeding of this fine species in Mr. J. S. Lewis’s aviary. On looking up some old notes in my grandfather’s ornithological diary, I find that this Owl was bred in his aviaries at Catton Hall, near Norwich, as long ago as 1873, though whether the young were actually reared to maturity F cannot say ; as beyond the fact of the eggs hatching no further mention of them is made. As the notes in the diary are very short, I have copied them out, and reprint them here ; the first entry being for 3rd March, and reads as follows : — “ The Virginian Eagle Owls have certainly two eggs, and the hen bird has been sitting steadily for 2 weeks.” On 30th March there is an entry which says “ saw the Virginian Owl off her eggs to-day for the first time.” 3rd April : “ George (the attendant) tells me there are two young Virginian Eagle Owls.” 5th April : I saw the two young Owls to-day, when the hen was off 252 Correspondence the scrape feeding.” This is the last entry about them in the journal, . but this may be accounted for by the fact that my grandfather apparently went to London very shortly afterwards for several weeks. G. H„ Gurney. RENEWAL OF CLAWS BY BIRDS OF PREY Sir, — With regard to Lord Tavistock’s note on page 198,. I have on several occasions noticed amongst the Birds of Prey kept here that a broken claw (I cannot say about a beak) may be replaced or grown again and that, in some cases, fairly rapidly ; an instance has occurred this summer. I had reason to catch up a large and rather wild South American Falcon, which was put Into a basket, and taken to the Norwich Museum for purposes of identification. While there it was taken from the basket, and during its struggles lost two claws off one foot, and a single one off the other. Although this occurred only three months ago, the claws are now rapidly growing again. However, it is not always the case, for a Kolb’s Vulture lost two claws last winter, I believe from the very severe frost, though its feet were not affected, and there is no sign of the claws growing again. G. H. Gurney. WAXBILLS AT LIBERTY Sir, — After keeping the species at liberty for several summers I have at last succeeded in breeding the Common WaxbiJl, two young birds having made their appearance at the feeding tray. They are a pale, huffish colour with black beaks and no trace of red or pink. I have now bred at liberty all the freely imported Waxbills except the St. Helena — viz. Common, Orange-cheeked, Orange-breasted, Avadavat, Firefinch, Lavender Finch, and Cordon Bleu. Of the seven the Lavender Finch has given the best all-round results. Tavistock. PROLIFIC LOVEBIRDS Sir,— Re my A. nigrigenis X A. per sonata hybrids hatched in March last during most inclement weather, I should like to state that they have not been sick nor sorry for a single hour since their hatching. The same parents have now hatched out a further nest of five, so I now have nine all flying together. They remain in the nest until Correspondence 253 almost as large as their parents, and even when they left their original nest their mother constructed another nest in an empty receptacle for their sleeping quarters. She took only a few minutes in constructing this, and I found them all crowded into it at night. The first nest was a great surprise, for I had just returned from a four months’ tour in Africa and discovered the youngsters when about to clean out the nest boxes which had been hanging in the open all through the winter. How African birds could breed and rear young so early in the year and in such a climate as ours is puzzling to me. The later nest of five have, of course, appeared under totally different conditions, having had the recent fine spell in which to mature. They have had no special attention or feeding, but I have discovered that all my Lovebirds are extremely partial to bread soaked with milk. I regret I am not expert enough to sex these hybrids, as the old-time coon-song asserts “ they all look alike to me.” As yet they have not been handled at all. H. Moore. BENGALESE Sir, — Last year I tried breeding Bengalese in cages, with a view of using them as foster-parents. They proved most unsatisfactory. I had two pairs in two cages which I made similar to one in which I had successfully bred Ribbon Finches a few years before, so they ought to have been suitable for Bengalese. Between them they nested about seven times, laying five or six eggs, on which the hens did most of the incubation and hatched out most of the eggs ; these they concentrated all their attention on. Generally one, sometimes two, of the young were twice the size of the others, who were slowly starved to death and had to be removed when dead. I also found it necessary to clean out the nest and re-line it at least once during the rearing of what ought to have been a brood of young birds, but usually ended in a single offspring. Another member wrote to me that in his case the parents let the young starve as soon as they left the nest. If one is going to trust them with valuable eggs, the only way seems to be to try with several pairs first and then keep any which are capable of rearing a brood of their own young. H. L. Sich. 254 Correspondence ZEBRA DOVES Sir, — For the last year or two I have been trying to breed Zebra Doves. They make a delightful little nest of a very few sticks on a ledge, lay their two eggs, sit splendidly and eventually hatch out their two chicks, wdiich grow well and become fully feathered and seem to be well cared for till they leave the nest and fly or drop on to the saw¬ dust covered floor of the aviary. Then one dies off and then the other. Now can any reader help me with advice as to feeding ? The old Birds get access to Canary, millet, Indian millet, and hemp, besides which I have given them a mixture of broken biscuit and Lark food with a few ants’ eggs through it, but they don’t seem to care for it and as far as I can see never touch it at all. My Barbery Doves bring up their young all right on ordinary Dove mixture with extra hemp and dry biscuit, to which I have added, just lately, bread-crumbs as recommended by Viscountess Grey in her most interesting article on her aviaries. W. H. Workman. [The trouble is that the young birds fall to the ground before they can fly strongly and the parents refuse to feed them there. Boughs of trees with plenty of small branches should be fastened just below the site of the nest, so that the young birds can climb on to these when first leaving the nest. — Ed.] AN ABNORMAL GREY CARDINAL Sir, — I bought from a local bird dealer a Grey Cardinal (P. cucullata) which is nearly black all above, except the crest which is red as usual. Underneath it is dark grey, mottled with dirty white. The bird was received some months ago in the same plumage and has been fed normally, with a little hemp seed, but not much. I want to know if it is a melanistic form or an abnormal colouration, which will disappear at the next moult, provided the bird is well kept and managed. I have seen hundreds of Grey Cardinals, some dark grey and others light grey, but never a bird like this, without any white at all. George de Southoff, C.M.Z.S. CHAPMAN’S 17 TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD, LONDON, W. 1. Telegrams: " BLACKBIRD PHONE, LONDON." Telephones : MUSEUM 5272, 5273, 5274 and 5275. Cables: “ BLACKBIRD , LONDON.” Animal and Waterfowl Depbt : WITHDEAN HALL, BRIGHTON. Quarantine Station : 3 and 5 SAGE ST., LONDON, E. 1 . We are the PIONEERS of Aviculture. What we import this year others MAY import next. A FEW OF THE SPECIES WE HAVE IMPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME. The Masked Lovebird, The Nyassa Lovebird, The Blue Masked Lovebird, The Fischer’s Lovebird, The Red = Breasted Conure, The Chilean Conure, The White=breasted Touracou, The Rare Whitley’s Conure, Psittacula modesta, etc., etc. NEW SPECIES ALWAYS BEING RECEIVED. We have ALWAYS ON EXHIBITION at Our Magnificent Showrooms at No. 17 Tottenham Court Road The FINEST COLLECTION of LIVING BIRDS FOR SALE THROUGHOUT THE WHOLE WORLD. MAGNIFICENT BRAZILIAN COLLECTION JUST ARRIVED including : Giant Anteaters, Paccas, Tapirs, Agoutis, Capybaras, Coatimundies, Spider, Wooley and Capuchin Monkeys. Rare White-faced and Common Marmozet xMonkeys, Rare Lizards, Snakes, and other reptiles. Queen of Bavarias Conures, Blue and Yellow, Red and Yellow and Hyacinth Macaws, Rare Toco and other Toucans, Rare Conures, Canary Wing, Tui and other Parrakeets, Ducks, Geese, Trumpeters, 400 Blue=frontedAmazon Parrots. REMEMBER CHAPMAN’S 1 7 Tottenham Court Rd., London, W. 1 , is the firm for all different species of Live ANIMALS and BIRDS. f ... /V ;-i. ' • ■ . • • • . • ■. • i ' I. ' ' . '■ ' ’ ' : * . - CANDIDATES FOR ELECTION. Miss Cathleen Colyile, Magpie Cottage, Chalford Hill, Stroud, Glos. Proposed by E. Maud Knobel. Lady Drummond Chaplin, G.B.E., Noord Hoek, Cape Province. Proposed by Sir David Ezra. Henry R. Greenwood, Woodbank, Harden, Bingley, Yorks. Proposed by E. Maud Knobel. C. W. Humble, 86 Bundle Street, Adelaide, South Australia. Proposed by C. H. A. Lienau. NEW MEMBERS. Lector-Pastor Andersen, Kongevejen, 98 Sonderborg, Denmark. Miss Jane Port, Twisby, Catsfield, Battle, Sussex. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. Mrs. Marriott, to 21 Carpenter Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. MEMBERS’ SALE AND EXCHANGE COLUMN. The charge for Members' advertisements is one penny per word, and no advertisement must exceed thirty-six words, name and address included. Payment must accompany the advertisement , which must be sent on or before the 20th of the month to Mr. T. H. Newman, “Verulam,” Forty Lane, Wembley Park, Middlesex. All members of the Society are entitled to use this column. SALE AND EXCHANGE Budgerigars, Yellow and Green, from outdoor aviary ; 12s. pair, carriage Is. 6d. — S. McGredy, Royal Nurseries, Portadown. Budgerigars, early 1928, from unheated outdoor avaries ; fine specimens for sale at very moderate prices ; White, Cobalt, Blue, Mauve, Yellow, also Blue-bred Greens. Inspection invited any day by appointment. — H. Roberts, Bagatelle, Market Harborough, Leicestershire. Strong, healthy, fully feathered Budgerigars. Outdoor avaries ; Blues, Cobalt- bred Blues, Olives, Cobalts from two Cobalts, from White and Cobalt, from Mauve and Cobalt, from Blue and Cobalt, etc. Inspection invited. — Mrs. Wall, Meadow- side, Marlborough, Wilts. To clear at reasonable prices, pairs Barnards and Stanley Parrakeets, cock Redrump, two hen Stanleys, cock Manycolour, three Blackcheeks, all healthy and acclimatized. — H. Cowley, The Manor House, Bubbenhall, near Kenilworth. For Sale, Zebra Finches, Blue-headed Parrot Finch, Diamond Finch ; all cock birds from unheated outdoor aviaries. — Mrs. Drake, “ Garrick,” Mylor, Falmouth. For disposal, young birds : Swinhoes, Siamese Firebacks, Crossoptilons, Germani’s, grey Polyplectrons, Monauls, Satyr, Versicolor, Elliots, Corean Ringnecks (P. karpowi), Reeves, Bels, Horsfields, Golden, Amherst Pheasants, Redheads, Pochards, Abyssinian Yellowbills, Japanese Spotbills, Shovellers, Chilian Teal, Chestnut-breasted Teal, Bahamas, American Wigeons. — Fooks, Cleres, Seine, Inferieure, France. GAMAGES m HAVE ALWAYS A VARIED STOCK OF Foreign Birds, Parrots, Lovebirds, etc. We can now offer : — Blue-throated and Orphean Warblers, Lovebirds — Masked, Fischers, Blue-wing, Peach-face, Nyassa, Bengalese, Nonpariel, Indigo, and Rainbow Buntings, Avadavats, Guano Parrotolets, Whydahs, Pintail, Paradise, White-wing , Calefornian Quail, Diamond Doves, Masked and Longtail Grass Finches, Crimson Wing Parrakeets, Cockatiels, Blue Budgerigars, Amazon Parrots, Grey Parrots, Macaws, Rock Peplar Parrakeets, Meyers Parrots. BEST FOODS. LOWEST PRICES. Mealworms 6/6 per lb. 3 lb. , 18/6 Post paid. ! f Spray Millet large bundles Ants’ Eggs 5/- each, \ doz., , 27/— . . 5/-; per lb. , 41b., 17/6 ? f Dried Flies • • 2/- 3 } 41b., 7/- J 1 Pure Egg Yolk . 2/6 5 f 41b., 9/- 5 » Insectivorous Food . . 1/6 5 J 71b., 8/6 5 ? Cuttlefish Bone 1/3 41b., 4/6 Specialities in CAGES, AVIARIES, NEST-BOXES and all appliances. A. W. GAM AGE, Ltd., HOLBORN, LONDON, E.C. 1 . PHONE : HOL. 8484. GALLOWAY’S Celebrated Insectivorous Food LIFE (with or without egg flake). A Perfect diet for all Insect and Fruit-eating Birds, Foreign Finches, Waxbills, etc., etc. As supplied to Her Grace The late DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON, Her Grace EVELYN DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON, LORD TAVISTOCK, and The Hon. MRS. G. BOURKE. This food is invaluable for feeding foreign seed-eaters given in addition to their seed diet ; Parrot and other Foreign Finches will rear their young almost entirely on it. Used by a great number of leading aviculturists both here and abroad. It will keep good for any length of time if turned out of the bag and kept in a dry place. Prices carriage paid to aiiy part of the United Kingdom : — 1 lb. 2/6, 21b. 4/8, 31b. 6/10, 41b. 9/-, 51b. 11/2, 61b. 13/4, 71b. 14/10, 141b. 27/4, 281b. 47/10, | cwt. 95/8. No Agents. To be obtained solely from the Maker. Send postcard for descriptive leaflet with testimonials. P. F. M. GALLOWAY, 1 Rectory Road, Caversham, Reading, England. FOURTH SERIES, VOL. VI. No. 1 1 THE NOVEMBER, 1928. Avicultural CONT PAGE The Queen of Bavaria’s Conure (with Coloured Plate), by The Marquess of Tavistock . 255 A Visit to some well-known Aviaries in France, by Alfred Ezra, O.B.E. . . . 256 Foreign Birds at Liberty, by The Marquess of Tavistock . 262 The Small Waders (with three Plates), by J. DelacouR and W. Shore-Baily . . 268 The Blue Touracou and the Beginnings of Flight, by F. Finn, B. A. . . . . 273 ENTS. PAGE Nesting Notes from Wargrave and Odney Aviaries, by Ethel F. Chawner . . . 277 The Breeding of the Indian Coucal (with Plate), by W. Shore-Baily . . . 279 Correspondence : Variation in young Pennant Parrakeets ; The Crystal Palace Show, 1929 ; Cuckoos and Gooseberry Saw-fly Larvae . . . 280 Election of Officers for the Year 1929 . . . .282 The Price of this Number is 2/6. THE AV1GULTURAL SOCIETY FOUNDED 1894 NOTICE TO MEMBERS The Subscription to the Avicultural Society is £1 per annum, due on the 1st of January in each year, and is payable in advance. The entrance fee is 10/0. The Avicultural Magazine is sent free to members monthly. Members joining at any time during the year are entitled to the back numbers for the current year, on the payment of entrance fee and subscription. ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE SENT TO THE HONORARY SECRETARY AND TREASURER, Miss Knobel, 32 Tavistock Square, London, W.C.l. All Queries respecting Birds (except post-mortem cases) and all other correspondence should be sent to the Hon. Secretary, at the above address. Any change of address should be notified to her* POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS. Rule 1. — A short account of the illness should accompany the specimen. All birds to be sent as fresh as possible to Mr. C. H. Hicks, The Prosectorium, The Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 8. Rule 2. — A stamped addressed envelope must be enclosed with the bird. Rule 3. — No body or skin of any bird will be returned under any circumstances whatever. The Magazine is published by Messrs. Stephen Austin ? Vinaceous Turtle Doves . . £1 ? i Ring Doves . 10/6 9 9 Fantail Pigeons, in varieties . 12/6 9 9 Yellow-wattled Plovers £3 10/- Spurwing Plovers £3 10/- 9 9 Nicobar Pigeons £2 10/- 9 9 Nobilis Fireback Cocks . £ 1 0 each. Argus Pheasants . £40 pair. Greenwing Doves . 30/- 1 9 White Peafowl . . £20 t 9 Specifer Peafowl . £20 9 f Crested Californian Quail . £2 ,, Cuban Tree Quail . . £2 9 9 Crown Cranes . . £20 to £2 5 ,, White Pelicans . .£12 1 0/- each. Golden-necked Marabou Storks £ 1 2 ,, Cassowaries . . £2 5 to £ 5 0 each. Adult breeding Rheas . . £4 5 pair. Adult Ostriches . . £180 ,, DOMESTIC PETS. Chimpanzees, Honey Bears, Brown Teddy- bear Cubs, Ringtail Monkeys, Marmozets, and others, Kangaroos, Wallabies, Rac¬ coons, Porcupines, Skunks, Wood¬ chucks, Hairy-footed Jerboas, harmless Snakes and Reptiles. WILD ANIMALS. Tigers, Leopards, Lynx, Wolves, Hyenas, Jackals, etc. REPTILES. Giant Pythons, SmallPythons, Dahls Snakes, Boa Constrictors, Sand Boas, Alligators, Monitors, Teguexins, Alligator Terrapins, Giant Tortoises, etc., etc. Fresh arrivals weekly. REGENT PET STORES (G. E. PALMER, F.Z.S.) 83 Park Street, Camden Town, London, N.W. 1 ’Phone : Telegraphic Address : HAMPSTEAD 8856. “ DOMEST1PET, NORWEST, LONDON.” iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu Importers of Foreign Livestock. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiimiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiJiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiimi A FEW BARGAIN OFFERS. Rhesus Monkeys, very small £2 10 0 Woolley Monkeys ..... . £12 12 0 Capuchin Monkeys ..... • £4 10 0 Bonnet Monkeys ..... £3 10 0 Black Mangaby Monkeys .... . £8 10 0 Marmoset Monkeys ..... All the above are tame. £i 15 0 Tame Red Squirrels ..... 15 6 Ring-tailed Lemurs, tame .... • £6 10 0 Kinkajous ....... £7 10 0 Jackdaws, tame ...... 10 6 Armadillos ...... £3 10 0 Bear Cubs ...... . £20 0 0 Leopard Cubs ...... • £30 0 0 Crested Cardinals ..... 12 6 Pope Cardinals ...... 8 6 Good Talking African Greys, from £7 10 0 Talking Amazon Parrots, from . £4 10 0 Red-handed Tamarin (Marmoset) . £3 10 0 JUST ARRIVED. Russian Bullfinches. Russian Goldfinches. Russian Siskins. n Avicultural Magazine 1928 Yellow , or Queen of Bavaria's Conure , Conurus quarouba ( 6m John Bale Sons &. DamelssoaL1^- THE Avicultural Magazine BEING THE JOURNAL OF THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF FOREIGN 8c BRITISH BIRDS IN FREEDOM 8c CAPTIVITY Fourth Series*— -Vol. VI.— No. 1 1— All rights reserved. NOVEMBER, 1928. THE QUEEN OF BAVARIA’S CONURE By the Marquess of Tavistock The Queen of Bavaria's Connie, though known to aviculture for a long period, has always been very, rare in. captivity. During the past few years, however, eight birds have been secured by Mr. Chapman, four of which are at present living in my collection. The plumage of the adult is a glorious deep golden yellow, with dark green flight feathers. The bill -is pinkish white, and the feet pink. Young birds have more green in their plumage, though there appears no certain information as to the colour of a nestling in first feather. The Queen of Bavaria is a typical Conure in all its habits, being possessed of a horrible voice and a playful disposition. Male and female show great attachment to each other, and are continually cuddling and caressing and preening each, other's feathers. At times they have great games together, hanging upside down from a slender twig by one foot and seeing which can push the other off first by the use of the beak and the free foot. They are very gentle in their play and never nip one another nor lose their tempers as many Parrots do. The sexes are alike in colour but the hen is not difficult to distinguish by her smaller and rounder head. 21 256 Alfred Ezra — A Visit to some well-known Aviaries in France Queen of Bavarias are not particularly destructive. They enjoy nibbling a branch but they do not chew up their perches nor destroy exposed boards in their aviary, nor bite through ordinary wire-netting. Unfortunately, of all Parrakeets, they appear to be the most prone to the vice of feather-plucking and with the least excuse. For this reason they are best fed on a very plain seed mixture, with plenty of sweet grapes and sweet apple. Birds imported on hemp and sunflower need to be gradually accustomed to canary seed by slowly reducing the proportion of the former. One of my hens has been a tiresome, delicate bird, but I think the species is normally hardy, and could be wintered out of doors in an aviary with a snug shelter. Two of my birds paired this summer, and the cock fed the hen, but no eggs were laid. I have more hopes of the other pair eventually breeding, but they are at present in importation plumage. This fine Conure inhabits the North-east of Brazil. A VISIT TO SOME WELL-KNOWN AVIARIES IN FRANCE By Alfred Ezra, O.B.E., F.Z.S. It has always been my desire to visit some good aviaries in France, and this August I was able to do so. Leaving Le Touquet by car on the 9th, my friend, M. Delacour, and I started off in the after¬ noon and after an easy run of just over three hours reached Cleres in time for dinner. The country through which we motored was lovely, the crops of wheat, barley, oats, and sugar beet looked most promising, and were being harvested in ideal weather. Men, women, and children were working in the fields, and do so, I believe, from sunrise to sunset. The roads were in good condition, and delightfully straight for miles. We stayed two nights at Cleres, in M. Delaeour’s old chateau, a perfectly lovely place, parts of which were built in the fifteenth century. It is most picturesquely situated in a valley, through which flows a fast¬ running stream, and the heights all round are beautifully wooded with fine beech trees. Here I saw the finest collection of Waterfowl I have ever seen. There were seventy-five species of Ducks and Geese, among them the Emperor, Ashy-headed, Ross’s Snow Geese, Blue Snow Geese, Alfred Ezra — A Visit to some well-known Aviaries in France 257 Blue-winged, Red-breasted, Red-beaded, Hutchins’ and Cackling Geese, Steamer Ducks, Eider, Paradise, and Rajah Shelldrakes, Versicolor, Ringed Teal, and Cotton Teal. In the park there were Bennett’s Wallabies, Chinese Water Deer, Reeves’ Muntjacs, a fine herd of Black Buck, White Rheas, North American wild Turkeys, Gibbons jumping from tree to tree, all wandering about at liberty, and looking most happy and contented, also a flock of fourteen Egyptian Flamingoes in perfect colour, and pinker than any I have ever seen ; this being probably due to a great quantity of natural food they get in the stream. There were the following Pheasants at liberty in the park : Eared Pheasants, Kaleej, Bel’s Pheasants, a very tame Cariama, and a perfect specimen of the Scarlet Ibis in marvellous colour, Specifer Peafowl, Jungle Fowl, Demoiselle and Crowned Cranes. In the aviaries I saw a lovely pair of Queen Alexandra’s Parrakeets, Rock Peplars, Stanley’s and Barnard’s Parrakeets, also White-breasted and Donaldson’s Touracous, Lidth’s Jays, Jay Thrushes, different Starlings, Blue Magpies, other Jays, Nicobar Pigeons, Renauld’s Ground Cuckoos, Black-headed Fruit Pigeons, Budgerigars, Blue-headed Pigeons, Metallic Pigeons, White-breasted Ground Pigeons, different kinds of Japanese Thrushes and Buntings and Uragus in colour, and different Rails (Rallina superciliaris , Porzana fusca) . In the Pheasantries there were the following birds : Argus and Rheinardt’s Pheasants, Germain’s, Ghigi’s, Chinquis, and Malayan Polyplectrons, Javan and Sonnerat’s Jungle Fowl, Temminck’s, Cabot’s, Satyr Tragopans, Imperial, Edwards’, Bel’s, Berlioz’s, Lewis’, Elliot’s, Ijima’s, Soemmerring’s, Mikado, Noble, Vieillot’s and Delacour’s Firebacks. In the bird gallery I saw Motmots, Chaulet’s Cissa, a Pileated Kingfisher and a White-breasted Kingfisher, Superb and Royal Starlings, Scarlet Tanagers, Finlayson’s Bulbuls, and a Fries’s Scimitar Babbler. In some very old ruins there was a lovely pair of Snowy Owls. The greenhouse of stove plants contained Red-sided Japanese Zosterops, Arthus’s and Blue- winged Tanagers, Pittas, Sunbirds, Sugarbirds. On the 10th in the afternoon we motored to Madame Lecallier’s place at Caudebec-les-Elbeuf, a distance of about twenty miles, and were very warmly welcomed. Madame Lecallier was moving into a new 258 Alfred Ezra — A Visit to some well-known Aviaries in France house called Chateau de la Villette, where she has a nice park of about 30 acres and a piece of running water. In this place she intends to keep birds and animals at liberty. She already has a good collection of Waterfowl, including rare Teal, also Screamers, Demoiselle and Crown Cranes, White Peafowl, Black Buck, Lesser Koodoos, Yellow- rumped Duiker and a flock of Soay sheep. In another garden about a mile from her new house she is completing a large series of aviaries for Parrakeets, Pigeons, and Pheasants, and more than half the birds have already been housed there. In this garden, which is fenced in, she has Black Buck, Barbary Sheep, Fallow Deer, different kinds of Ducks and Geese, Specif er Peafowl, North American wild Turkeys, different species of Pheasants, and a very tame Gibbon. In her old house there are still a large number of birds, including Bartlett’s Bleeding-heart Pigeons, Caniceps (with three young), Chrysias, the very rare Marquesas Island Pigeons (with seven young), Smith’s Bronze-winged, Grayson’s Doves, and Long-tailed Pigeons. The Parrakeets were a fine lot and included Blue-winged, Yellow-bellied, Yellow-mantled, and Norfolk Island. Of Finches she had Gouldians, Parrot Finches, and Tricoloured Parrot Finches. There were thousands of Budgerigars of different colours, green, yellow, blue, cobalt, mauve and white, all in perfect condition. She also has some very good Pheasants, including Argus, Edwards’, Bel’s, Crestless Firebacks, Germain’s Polyplectron, and Elliot’s and Soemmerring’s. On the 11th we started off again at eight in the morning and after a delightful run of about 170 miles we arrived at Rocheplatte, the old chateau of Prince Paul Murat, near Pithiviers, Loiret, in time for lunch. This is a charming old chateau, with a moat all round it. On the moat we saw a big collection of Ducks and Geese, and there were some Flamingoes on the canal. In a large wired-in enclosure close to the house there were Black Buck, Duiker, Soay sheep, Agouti, Sarus, White Asiatic and Demoiselle Cranes, also some White Rheas and North American wild Turkeys. In his aviaries he has Pigeons, Curassows, Guans, and a good many Budgerigars and Finches. We stayed the night at Rocheplatte, where Prince and Princess Paul Murat spoilt us with kindness. On Sunday morning, the 12th, we motored to Bourges, about 80 miles, and were entertained at lunch by Canon Alfmed' E&rgtr- -A Visit to ■. iopie^ wShhnown ■ 'Apiaries •, in.. Frayide^ 259 Foucher, a great entomologist. After a sumptuous lunch, he showed us his wonderful collection of butterflies and insects, and then took us all over the cathedral, which is considered one of the finest in France. The stained glass was the finest I have ever seen. After saying goodbye to our kind host, we left Bourges at 4 p.m. and motored 75 miles to Limoges, where we stayed the night. The next morning we motored to Gery, a distance of five miles, and were given a hearty welcome by Monsieur Decoux, who has a lot of aviaries full of small Finches, Soft-bills, Pigeons, and Parrakeets. The first aviary consisted of six compartments with shelters (not heated), and I noticed the following birds in them : Budgerigars, Barrabands, and Yellow-bellied Parrakeets, Brush Bronze-winged, Caniceps and Bleeding-heart Pigeons, American Blue Birds with five young ones. Of small birds, there were Parrot Finches, Australian Finches, Bose Cardinals, Olive, Blue, and Superb Tanagers, and Silver-eared Mesias with young. The following were in eight moveable aviaries : Stanley’s and Bauer’s Parrakeets with young ; Budgerigars, Masked and Fischer’s Lovebirds, Ornate Lorikeets, Adelaide, Mealy Bosellas, and several pairs of Pigeons and Doves. Each aviary contained one pair of Parrakeets, with one pair of Pigeons, or one pair of Diamond Doves. Another large aviary had a mixed collection of Doves, including Crested, Blue-headed, and Chrysia, all breeding, also Red-crested Grosbeaks, Cardinals, and a pair of Scarlet Tanagers which were breeding. In a series of eight small aviaries were some Marquesas Ground Pigeons ( Gallicolumba rubescens), Peale’s Parrot Finches, Crimson-backed Waxbills, Jameson’s Fire Finches (all breeding), and some Blue-winged Parrakeets. One large aviary was full of Tanagers, many kinds of Finches, all of which were breeding, also some Venezuelan Cardinals, Sivas, and Blue Birds. Seven small aviaries were full of different kinds of Parrakeets. In his bird room he has some fixed aviaries and cages, containing Black-cheeked and Nyasa Lovebirds, Spot-billed Toucanets, Zosterops, rare Tanagers (Spotted, Blue-winged, and Arthus), Sugar Birds, one of which Monsieur Decoux has had for twelve years in perfect condition, a Canary and Hooded Siskin hybrid, Bengalese and Shamas. All the birds were in show condition, and were most beautifully kept. Monsieur Decoux, who is well-known for his success in keeping and breeding 260 Alfred Ezra — A Visit to some well-known Aviaries in France rare birds, takes the greatest interest possible in his pets, and it gave me very great pleasure to see his aviaries. After a wonderful lunch with Monsieur Decoux, we drove off to La Roche-sur-Yon, Vendee, a distance of 157 miles. We stayed the night at the Hotel de FEurope, which was most comfortable, and we were very well looked after. At nine in the morning of the 14th we visited Monsieur E. Plocq, who has one large garden aviary, measuring roughly 100 X 40 ft. The garden is full of flowering shrubs, with a small pond in the middle, and looked lovely with delightfully tame birds. As soon as we entered the aviary, a Shag and several Hoopoes came to receive us, and it was difficult to walk for fear of treading on these tame birds. The following birds were kept in this aviary : Cuckoos, Hoopoes, Lesser Pied Wood¬ peckers, several species of Warblers, Blue-throats, Nightingales, some Weavers, Diamond Doves, Wrens, Stilts, Avocets, Swallows, Shore and Woodlarks. Most of these birds were taken by Monsieur Plocq from the nest and hand reared. A Hoopoe which settled on his shoulder he picked up and gave to me, also a beautiful Nightingale. When I complimented him on the condition and tameness of his birds, he said “Wait till you see my Swallows ”. Two Swallows which were in the aviary, on hearing Monsieur Plocq whistle, came and settled on his finger. With these, he walked out of the aviary into the street, when the Swallows flew away, and were seen flying with dozens of other Swallows. I thought this would be the end of them, but it was not so. After we had walked about, and had seen some more birds, M. Plocq whistled, and the two Swallows flew back and perched on his finger, and were then taken into the aviary. I believe Monsieur Plocq once took a couple of his pet Swallows in his pocket to Paris and let them out in the Bois. After a few minutes’ liberty he whistled, and they came back on to his finger. I must say I was astonished to see the condition of all his birds, most of them being delicate and hard to rear. They seemed so robust and happy here. He also had an aviary, with six compartments, adjoining the garden one, with Malayan Hornbills (Anthracoceros malayanus), Blue Birds, Little Bustards, Budgerigars, some Glossy Starlings, Hill Mynahs, Rollers, Seed-eating Finches and Californian Quails. In a rough large aviary in another garden, he had Alfred Ezra — A Visit to some well-known Aviaries in France 261 some Lesser Egrets, Terns, Ducks, etc. I have never enjoyed a visit to aviaries more than I did to Monsieur Plocq’s, and I really think he is the most marvellous man with birds I have ever met. He will only keep difficult things. Madame Lecallier sent him a pair of Blue Birds in the spring from which to try and breed. He had five grown-up young ones from them, and there were five more in the nest doing splendidly. We left Monsieur Plocq at 11 o’clock, after a most interesting visit, and motored to Angers, where we lunched, and then went to La Fleche, Sarthe, a distance of about 106 miles from La Koche-sur-Yon. As soon as we reached the town, the car broke down, luckily near a garage. Leaving the car to be attended to, we went off to Monsieur E. Pannetier, who was very pleased to see us and showed us round. In his garden he has two very tame Yulturine Guinea Fowl in perfect plumage and condition, also a few Pheasants, Carolina and Mandarin Ducks. In one large aviary was a mixed lot of Waxbills and Australian Finches, and a tame breeding pair of Bleeding-heart Pigeons. A dozen small aviaries, each with one pair of Gouldian Finches, and one pair of Diamond Doves. All the Gouldians had young in the nest, and some of the young were flying about, and the parents were nesting again. I have never seen Gouldians look so happy, in fact, all Monsieur Pannetier’s birds looked in perfect show condition. The aviaries were kept spotlessly clean, and there was not a single sick bird in the place. Here again there were the larger aviaries with White Javas, Australian Finches, and different Pigeons. In a second garden close to his house there were four aviaries, with Parrot Finches and Rufous-tail Finches, all breeding. In a third garden, he had eight fine aviaries, full of hundreds of blue, mauve, and white Budgerigars. All the birds in the aviaries could be seen from the outside, as none of the aviaries were planted with shrubs. Monsieur Pannetier very kindly presented me with two pairs of Bleeding- heart Pigeons, and two pairs of Cuban Finches, also some blue Bud¬ gerigars, all his own breeding. This was the end of our visits, and now we walked back to the garage to see what was happening to our car. It seems that the ball-race of the near hind wheel was broken, and as nothing to fit it could be found here, one had to be sent for from London. In the meantime Monsieur Pannetier came to the rescue, and offered and in fact insisted on lending us his car to take us to Cleres the next 262 The Marquess of Tavistock — day. We were overwhelmed with his kindness, and as there was no alternative, we willingly accepted his kind offer. We stayed that night at a hotel, and left next morning at 7.30 for Cleres, where we arrived soon after three in the afternoon, having stopped for lunch at Elbeuf. The distance was about 160 miles. I stayed the night with Monsieur Delacour at Cleres and motored on to Le Touquet the next morning, having enjoyed a most wonderful trip and learnt a great deal. FOREIGN BIRDS AT LIBERTY : A NEGLECTED GARDEN ORNAMENT By The Marquess of Tavistock While the ornamental value of foreign Waterfowl has long been recognized and turned to account, not only by private individuals but also by public bodies, it is strange how completely the possibilities of exotic perching birds as garden ornaments have remained unappreciated and unexplored. This would appear to be partly due to discouraging first ventures made by people who did not understand the important matters of right selection of species and right manage¬ ment ; partly to an exaggerated estimate of the destructive pro¬ pensities of cats, armed neighbours, and hostile British birds. The keeping of exotic perching birds at controlled liberty is certainly a science, like gardening itself. There is a right and a wrong way of doing things in both, the former spelling success, the latter complete failure. But just as the gardener need not grow discouraged with gardening because no attractive floral display has followed an attempt to establish plants in "the wrong soil and in the wrong situation, so the aviculturist need not think of liberty birds as hopeless because he or others have failed through going to work in the wrong way. From the point of view of the liberty aviculturist, England is blessed with a singular paucity of birds and beasts of prey, and foreign birds, coming for the most part from regions where both are far more abundant, are usually pretty smart in avoiding diurnal enemies and in selecting a roost where climbing prowlers are unlikely to find them. Generally speaking, cats are not a serious danger. It is true that a cat of pronounced fowling propensities who is privileged to conduct. Foreign Birds at Liberty • A Neglected Garden Ornament 263 by day, undisturbed operations in the garden, might make the place rather unhealthy for Fire Finches and newly imported Waxbills still at the weak and confiding stage and perhaps even for such pronouncedly ground-feeding Parrakeets as Redrumps. But the nocturnal cat and the diurnal feline visitor aware that its presence is unpopular and likely to provoke measures of eviction, is not greatly to be feared ; while to a very large number of highly ornamental birds whose habits are almost entirely arboreal cats can hardly be said to constitute a danger at all. The man with a gun, lamentable as are the crimes he commits through curiosity, stupidity, and ignorance, is seldom so destitute of good feeling as deliberately to shoot what he is aware to be the property of another. Let it be freely known to all your neighbours that you have exotic birds loose, and it is not likely that you will have to fear loss from human agency. The propensity of our wild birds to persecute a bright-coloured foreigner has also been enormously exaggerated. Rooks and Jackdaws will very occasionally show an inclination to mob Parrakeets, but a shot or two will speedily teach them to mind their manners for many a day. I have never myself known Sparrows to attack Finches, though I believe there are a few authenticated instances of their doing so. If ever I were unfortunate enough to find myself in a place where Passer domesticus was so much above himself I should be greatly surprised if, with a gun and some traps, I did not reduce him to order in an uncommonly short space of time. Other British birds take no more notice of foreigners than they do of each other ; occasionally, perhaps, a Chiff-chaff or Willow-Wren will show an inclination to chivvy flying Waxbills (possibly the warblers’ winter sport ?), but no serious harm is likely to be done. A certain amount of suitable cover is, of course, a necessary condition to success. You can hardly expect the larger Parrakeets to survive a winter in a garden which does not contain some tall evergreen trees and shrubs which provide a fairly efficient shelter in a bad snowstorm. You cannot either expect a large stock of Waxbills to stay in a place where there is not a certain amount of dense cover, deciduous and evergreen, while for Weavers a pond 264 The Marquess of Tavistock — partly surrounded by a tangle of thorns, brambles, or bamboos, is highly desirable, if not a necessity. People who want the minimum of trouble in management, expense in upkeep, and risk of loss by straying, and who desire birds that will give colour to the sober tints of a winter garden will get satisfactory results by liberating cocks of mated pairs of any of the following Parrakeets : Pennant, Adelaide, Yellow-rump, Yellow-belly, Barnard, Bauer, Yellow-nape, and King. All these species when acclimatized are absolutely indifferent to cold and will never desert their mates, nor range very far from the garden which contains them. The hens should be confined in suitable aviaries, moveable for choice, in a place where the aviaries will not be unsightly and will yet cause the cocks to show them¬ selves freely where they will be most seen. The cocks, before release, should be trained to the use of a trap feeding-box so constructed that no wild bird will be able to see the seed from the entrance hole. This prevents an enormous waste of food. If the owner or neighbours are particular about their orchards the birds should be confined from the end of July to the beginning of October, and from the time the fruit buds begins to swell until the spring foliage appears on the common trees. Assuming that the cocks are also put with their mates for breeding this will mean that they are loose from October until about the end of February, giving to the sombre winter garden a touch of radiant colour which somehow never looks incongruous nor out-of¬ place. Any bird whose mate dies while he is at liberty must be caught up until she has been replaced ; otherwise he will stray and be lost. People who are attracted by tiny and dainty forms in a summer garden, should buy, as soon as the night frosts of May are over, a number of healthy pairs of the cheap and freely imported Waxbills — Fire Finches, Lavender Finches, Common Waxbills, Orange-cheeks, Avadavats, Cordon Bleus, and Orange-breasts. Of these the first two are very good stayers, the second two usually good stayers ; Avadavats stay well through the summer, but may leave in October ; while Cordon Bleus and Orange-breasts are a bit uncertain, though delightful when they do decide to settle down. The birds should be kept for a fortnight in an aviary with a cosy shelter and an outside flight and trained to feed on Indian millet from a dish over which is a Foreign Birds at Liberty : A Neglected Garden Ornament 265 kind of dish cover of inch mesh wire netting which admits them but excludes British Finches. For Lavender Finches and Cordon Bleus it is sometimes necessary to enlarge slightly a few of the meshes as they are not quite so slender as the other species. Four or five feeding places should be arranged about the garden in situations inaccessible to mice and not within springing distance of an ambushed cat. About the middle of October the feeding places should be converted into trap-feeding places and all the birds caught up and sold as acclimatized specimens, a new lot being bought the following spring. People who are willing to incur more trouble or expense and find pleasure in careful observation and management can try their luck with day-liberty Parrakeets, i.e. species which are liable to be devoured by Brown Owls and cannot be permitted to roost out with safety. In this category come Barrabands and Rock Peplars, Crimson-wings and Redrumps. The two first give pleasure not only by the beauty of their colouring but also by the amazing speed and grace of their flight. Cocks of breeding pairs and young cocks of the year are suitable for release, their training being quite a simple matter. Crimson-wings are very ornamental and excellent stayers, but their quarrelsome disposition makes it difficult to have more than one cock of a breeding pair and his children of the year loose by day. Their propensity for exploring chimneys also necessitates the placing of moveable caps of wire netting over these too-seductive openings. A pair of Redrumps make charming day-liberty birds and are easily trained, but their unsociable temperament necessitates their reigning in solitary state. Where Owls are not too numerous, Budgerigars will sometimes make a pretty show at liberty during the summer months. They should be released about the time of the Cuckoo’s arrival, fed on trap-feeding trays, and provided with artificial nest-boxes with entrance holes 1 J inches in diameter, too small for Starlings to enter. The young birds must be caught up directly they begin to feed themselves ; otherwise they stray and are lost ; but if kept in an aviary until the following spring they settle down and become the parents of another generation. To stop late nesting all the breeding cocks must be caught up early in August and the hens with their second broods when the latter have flown. 266 The Marquess of Tavistock— Orange Weavers are perhaps the most ornamental of all the" Finches, the cocks in their flame-coloured wedding dress looking lovely as they flit about a garden. When in breeding condition they are rather fond of defoliating the shrubs which are their favourite perch, but as they nearly always select common, hardy plants that receive no permanent damage, the slight mischief in no way counterbalances the contribution they make to the beauty of a garden. Weavers must be fed on trap--- feeding trays during the summer, any Sparrows that begin to steal the food being caught and killed. For the purpose of distinguishing at a distance Sparrows from hen Weavers a pair of field glasses must be employed by the person trapping. In some gardens Weavers have a curious habit of leaving in May for a summer holiday to return again in August and September. A supply of millet must always lie ready on the trays to welcome their return, even if many weeks have elapsed since the last bird was seen feeding. This year the writer released about twenty Weavers in May. By the end of the month the birds had practically disappeared. After eight weeks’ absence he returned to a still Weaverless garden. About the end of August a cock in colour appeared ; then a hen ; then two of three more of either sex till by mid-September the whole lot were back, apparently with an increase of young into the bargain. In the middle of October the Weavers should be fed, by gradual stages, into the shelter of the aviary from which they were first released, the inward-pointing wire funnel method being employed to compel the birds to remain inside for the night. From then onwards until May the Weavers should be released for the day only and not when the thermometer is below 42° Fahrenheit unless there be a prospect of bright sunshine. The funnels should be put in about 12 o’clock when the days are short and the aviary shelter must be comfortably warm. With a little extra trouble and expense Waxbills can be kept through the winter instead of being bought and sold off annually. Lavender Finches should be treated like Orange Weavers, but, no matter how tempting the weather, on no account should they or any other Waxbills ever be allowed to roost out before the first spell of warm nights after May 15th. They need a rather large shelter or shelters, preferably somewhat divided up, as they come into breeding condition earlier than Foreign Birds at Liberty : A Neglected Garden Ornament 267 their allies and after the end of April the stronger birds are inclined to persecute their companions when close confined with them for the night. Of all very small liberty birds they are the best for combined beauty, good staying qualities, prolificacy, and, by reason of their insectivorous nature, utility in the garden. Even the Blue Tit is scarcely as graceful and commendable, hunting green fly on the verandah roses, as the dainty little African Waxbill with his sweet, mournful call-note and plumage of exquisite soft grey set off by a crimson rump and tail. Fire Finches are the tamest of the Waxbills and the most constantly in the picture by reason of their habit of frequenting paths round the house. In hot summers, or rather hot autumns, they are quite free breeders. The sexes must be separated in October and the hens confined in an aviary with a heated shelter until hot nights set in after the middle of the following May. Otherwise they will die from egg¬ binding. The cocks in winter can be treated as day-liberty birds on the lines already mentioned. Cordon Bleus and Orange-breasts should be wintered like Fire Finches, the sexes being separated ; Zebra Finches, likewise. Orange-cheeks and Bib Finches can be treated like Lavenders. Common Waxbills are best confined in aviaries altogether after October and a sharp look-out must be kept for egg-bound hens in late winter and spring. Avadavats require similar treatment to Common Wax- bills. If not caught up in good time they are apt to migrate as October advances and some care and judgment is needed to get hold of them before they leave and yet not before their last broods have left the nest. In addition to beauty of plumage the cocks possess a very sweet little song. As many “ hens ” are males out of colour it is well to buy twice as many brown birds as red ones. A single pair of Dominican Cardinals and Red-eared Bulbuls can be kept in a garden as summer-liberty birds, the Bulbuls being trap-fed on banana. The young of both must be caught up and disposed of as soon as they feed themselves as the old birds will not tolerate their presence in the garden once they are independent. Both species have a brief, sweet song, and the Cardinals are decidedly handsome. They can be wintered without heat. 268 J. Delacour and W. Shore-Baily — The Small Waders THE SMALL WADERS By J. Delacour and W. Shore-Baily Here are included several families of small waders, chiefly belonging to the Plovers and Sandpipers (Charadriidce) . Although they actually differ widely they may be grouped together in this chapter because their requirements in confinement are practically the same. Apart from certain exceptions, these small waders inhabit the vicinity of water and feed on insects, worms, and molluscs. All fly well and the majority are migrants. They are nearly all hardy in confinement and should be kept in fairly large aviaries with a shallow pool and as much turf as possible. They are usually sociable and a number can be kept in one aviary, which must be cleaned very frequently, as they soon foul the ground if any quantity are associated together. Their food should consist of insectivorous mixture, earth worms, meat, or fish finely chopped, and if possible small crustaceans and molluscs. Some species will also eat small seeds. If pinioned these small waders may be let loose in a garden provided that it is enclosed and safe from cats and other foes. There they will keep themselves and destroy quantities of insects, thereby rendering great service. Whether in a garden or an aviary these waders are very ornamental, thanks to their elegant shapes, beautiful plumage, and pretty and pleasing ways. Nearly all our indigenous species have been fairly successfully kept in confinement. We can only mention them here without describing them, in order not to prolong this chapter unduly. Any book on birds will furnish a description of them. The Stone Curlews ( (Edicnemus ) come between the Bustards and Plovers. They have thick three-toed feet, are nocturnal and migratory, frequenting chalky or sandy plains, and feed on insects worms, molluscs, and even reptiles and mice. In confinement they need a dry and sandy place strewn with stones, where they do well, but their brown streaked plumage, large yellow eyes, and slow movements render them somewhat interesting. Besides the native species (CE. cedicnemus) the following species j Ancultural Magazine Cream-coloured Courser. Cursorius cursor J. Delacour and W. Shore- Baily —The Small Waders 269 may be included in the collection : (E. senegalensis from West Africa ; CE. histriatus , GE. superciliaris from South America, and Burhinus grallarius from Australia. This last species has often bred in confinement in its native country. The Stone Curlews are unsafe with little birds. The Pratincoles have very short beaks, rather short legs, long wings and tails, which last are deeply forked. Their colouring is olive brown with white under parts. The throat is white bordered by a black line; the base of the lower mandible is red. They are found along with Plovers and live well in confinement. Our native species (Glareola pratincola) is sometimes kept in aviaries, and in Asia we kept G. maldivarum for a long time on a mixture composed of paste, earth worms, and little shrimps. Galactochrysea ocularis from the Orient has been imported. Coursers are distantly related to Pratincoles ; both have short and slightly curved beaks, but the former have short square tails and longer legs. They are insectivorous, and like Stone Curlews inhabit stony desert places and steppes, they hate damp and must be given a dry shelter to protect them from cold in winter ; they become very tame and are extremely pretty. If kept under favourable conditions they are certain to breed. They require mealworms in addition to soft- billed mixture. The Cream-coloured Courser ( Cursorius gallicus) is light fawn coloured with white eyebrows, underlined with black, the flight feathers are black, and the tail is white tipped. It is found in North Africa and South Europe. The following species have been imported : C. coromandelicus from India ; C. temminicki, Rhinoptilus hicinctus, and R. chalcopterus from Africa. The Egyptian Plover ( Pluvianus cegyptica) is a scarce bird from North Africa, found from Senegal to Abyssinia. It has pale grey wings and tail with black and white marks. Its back, crown and sides of the head and a pectoral collar are bronzy black ; throat and brows white ; under parts tawny yellow. It has lived in the Zoological Gardens of London. In the tropics are found certain peculiar little birds known as 270 J. Delqcour and W. Shore- Baily — The Small Waders Jacanas with short sharp beaks and disproportionately long toes, living in swamps and running over the lotus and water-lily leaves. In many particulars they approach Rails. They are remarkably angular and slight, and in addition have very gaily coloured plumage. Unfortunately they are very difficult to import and to keep alive. They require to be kept in an aviary containing pools planted as far as possible with floating plants and to be fed on minced meat and insects in quantity as well as the insectivorous mixture. They must be given heat in winter. Up to the present two or three species have been imported : the South American Jacana ( Jacana jacana ), which is black with lemon yellow and chestnut wings, red and yellow wattles ; it is about the size of a small Water Rail. The Water Pheasant or Pheasant-tailed Jacana (Hydrophasis chirurgus) of India, Indo China, and the Sonde Islands is larger and has a long pointed tail, has a breeding plumage of bronzed chocolate brown variegated with black and white. In winter it turns brown with black and white ; much duller than in spring, and loses its long tail. The African Jacana (Actophilus africanus) is mostly rich chestnut and white and inhabits suitable localities throughout the greater part of Africa. Under the term Plovers we will group the whole family of the Charadriidce, that is to say, besides the true Plovers, we will include Sand-pipers, Woodcocks, Snipe, Phalaropes, and other related species. The indigenous species are more usually kept in confinement, for taken together they are prettier than the foreigners, but we will name those which have set foot in our aviaries. The Turnstone ( Arenaria interpres) stands confinement about the best ; it is long lived on a diet of soft-bill mixture mixed with chopped meat and wheat. The Oyster-catcher (Hcematopus ostralegus) does equally well in the aviary or the garden and will be found to be very hardy. H.palliatus from East America has been imported, it is brown above, white beneath, but has a black head and neck. H. niger from West America is chocolate brown with black head and neck, and H. unicolor from Australia and H. moquini from Africa are black. The Wattled Plovers ( Labivanellidce ) are occasionally imported ; I cultural Magazine Photo D. Seth-Smith Red-wattled Lapwing Sarcogrammus indicus Photo D. Seth-Smith Blacksmith Plover Hoplopterus speciosus J. Delacour and W. Shore- Baily— The Small Waders 271 all the species are exotic. Lobiplura malabarica from India has been seen in Europe ; it is light brown with white on the wings and ramp ; the crown of the head is black, as is also a band on the breast ; its under parts are white ; its wattles and legs are yellow, beak black. Microsarcops cinereus of Asia is pale grey with black markings on the breast, white rump, and yellow wattles ; Lobivanellus lobatus from Australia is brown above with wing tips, crown of the head, and back of the neck black ; the under parts white ; yellow wattles ; red legs and the wings armed with a spur. The Spurred Plovers resemble the preceding save in the arrange¬ ment of scales on their tarsi. Sarcogrammus indicus from India is sometimes imported, which is brown, white, and black, and has red wattles ; Zonifer tricolor from Australia is also brown, black and white, with small red wattles, yellow bill, black legs, reddish above the tarsus. Belonopterus cayennensis, which resembles our Plover on a larger scale, and which is found in South America ; Hoplopterus speciosus from S. Africa is pearl gray and black, with a white collar and crown of the head, and black legs. Hoplopterus spinosus from North Africa and South-eastern Europe comes over here from time to time ; they have laid in confinement. The Common or Green Plover (Vanellus vanellus) of Europe and Asia is delightful in either garden or aviary. The Crowned Plover (Stephanibyx coronata) of Africa, which is brown mingled with black and white, legs and beak red, is a charming but rarely imported species. The Golden and Grey Plovers (Charadrius and Squatarola) live very well in aviaries and eat a certain amount of grain. The smaller species of the genus Eudromias and Mgialitis are more tender, but once established do pretty well. The pretty M. tricollaris has recently been imported from South Africa. The Stilts ( Himantopus ), which are easily distinguished by their long legs, do fairly well in aviaries. H. melanurus from Brazil and H. mexicanus from North America have been brought over. The Avocet (Recurvirostra avocitta) has a remarkable upcurved bill and webbed feet. It thrives and has even bred in confinement. It is not very susceptible to cold. 22 272 J. Delacour and W. Shore-Baily — The Small Waders The Curlews (Numenius) do as well in gardens as in aviaries. They are in shape like the Ibis. The Californian (N. femoralis) has been imported. An allied species, Mesoscolopax minutus from the Asiatic Coast of the Pacific and from Australia, has been imported. The Godwits ( Limosa ) likewise thrive and are very ornamental on lawns. Redshanks ( Totanus ) are charming and fairly good doers in aviaries. The Red-footed Redshank (Tringa totanus ) has been bred in confinement. The Ruff (Pavoncella pugnax) is, without exception, the most interesting of our small waders. It is easily kept, as it feeds on grain as well as insectivorous mixture. It is a hardy bird and soon becomes reconciled to confinement. A quantity may be kept together in an aviary or a garden and they will never hurt themselves against the wire and never seem ill or out of sorts. The males in spring develop their handsome ruffs and breeding plumage, and no two are ever alike, which is practically unique among birds. Their ruffs may be black, white, russet grey, or all combined ; even the females differ from each other, particularly in the colour of their legs, which may be grey, yellow red, or flesh coloured, which diversity seems even more peculiar than that of the male plumage. The species is made even more interesting by the liveliness of the males, who ceaselessly fence together especially in spring. These are, however, merely mimic combats and they never hurt each other, for one or other of the birds always gives in soon. Ruffs have been bred in confinement. The Knot (Tringa canutus ) is very hardy in an aviary and feeds largely on grain ; it becomes very tame, but is liable to panic in the night ; on this account it is better to clip one wing. The Sanderling ( Caledris arenaria) is like the preceding in miniature and is more delicate. All the Sandpipers are strongly recommended, for they feed chiefly on seed and are charming with their swaying walk. The Dunlin ( Tringa alpina) in particular will live for a long time on soaked biscuit and corn only, and becomes very tame. The Common Sandpiper ( Totanus hypoleucus) is as easily kept. The Snipe are not nearly as easy to keep. They need large supplies Avicalturat Magazine Photo D. Seth-Smith Photo D. Seth-Smith Ruff Black-necked Stilt Philomachus pugnax Himantopus mexicanus 1 F. Finn — The Blue Touracou and the Beginnings of Flight 273 of worms and insects as well as vermiform strips of meat. They require even more than the preceding species, damp earth, grass and mud which they can probe with their bills. The Painted Snipe ( Roslratula capensis) has been imported. The Woodcock ( Scolopax rusticola) is delicate in confinement, but has been successfully kept for a fairly long time. The Pharalopes (Phalaropus) . These curious little swimming waders with semi-palmated feet, and which spend part of the year on the high seas, may also be kept in the aviary, but with difficulty. The Seed Snipe constitute a curious family of little South American waders, having short bills and legs. One species ( Thinocorys rumicivorus) , a Southern form, has been imported and did well. It was fed on grain, ants’ eggs, and green stuff. These birds require dry and clean earth. The males are tawny with darker brown spots, forehead, sides of the head and breast grey blue, throat white, surrounded by two black lines which join together in the middle of the breast and separate again to make a band across the breast. The under parts are white washed with fawn. The female has neither grey blue nor black. The Sheathbills ( Chionis ) are peculiar birds from the Antarctic. Chionis alba is white with greenish beak and sheathed nostrils. The beak and webless feet are short, the tail rather long. The bird strongly resembles a pigeon. The skin round the eyes is bare and covered with yellowish scales. It feeds on molluscs, seaweed, and eggs. It has been imported, as has also C. minor from the Kerguelen Islands, which is smaller and has the skin of the face and beak black. C. alba was illustrated in the Avicultural Magazine for 1927 (p. 245). THE BLUE TOURACOU AND THE BEGINNINGS OF FLIGHT By F. Finn, B.A. The Blue Touracou now in the Bird House at the Zoo is not only a very attractive bird in looks and ways, but has unusual scientific interest, for there is something very old-world and reptilian about it ; 274 F. Finn — The Blue Touracou and the Beginnings of Flight not only the deep gape and forwardly placed nostrils, but the way in which it often sits across several small twigs instead of gripping a single thick perch. The last time I interviewed it, at the end of September, it treated me to an exhibition which exemplified the two theories about the origin of flight. First it ran about the floor flapping its wings or for a moment or two holding them motionless and expanded : this would suit those who believe that ratite birds like the Ostrich have never flown but are developing flight. Then, more than once, it sprang on to the netting, ran flapping up it for a few feet, and took off in flight with this start. It is very light on the wing — the lightest flyer of its size I have ever seen — and on this occasion I saw it do a very nice glide as well as the usual flapping. So must early birds have flown according to the view which regards them as tree-creatures which first sprang from bough to bough and passed into flight through the parachuting stage in which some creatures such as flying squirrels still remain. The two saururan or lizard-tailed birds that have been found fossil appear to me to be true ancestral birds, although it has been objected that they are specialized on a line of their own, and that their long weak pinion-bones would not allow of the strain of flapping. This argument is, I think, unsound, for bats’ long wire-like fingers stand the strain perfectly well, including that of turning in flight, which bats do far better than most birds. The long pinion-bones of these short-quilled Saururans have, I must say, always puzzled me, for in living birds long pinions carry long quills, and short-quilled birds have in some cases, such as the Toucans, pinions as short as a reptile’s forepaw. The fact that the Saururan’s wing-digits are provided with claws bigger than those on the toes has also puzzled me, for it seems to me unlikely that these early birds moulted all their quills at once, as has been said, and needed these claws for climbing at this time. The birds that now moult in this way and become flightless for a time are not the most primitive ; ratites do not moult in this wholesale manner, and the birds that do are generally highly specialized and no doubt comparatively modern in evolution. The Blue Touracou, with its flapping run up the wires, has given, I think, the solution. Bunning up wire-netting is all very well, but it would take an expert specialized climber like a Woodpecker to run up F. Finn — The Blue Touracou and the Beginnings of Flight 275 a tree trunk with the feet only, unless the trunk were inclined, very rough, or creeper-clad. So it seems to me probable that the earliest birds ran up trunks on all fours with the aid of their large-clawed pinion-digits, just as parachuting mammals do now ; that they used these claws much among boughs and twigs seems unlikely, as the quills would be then in the way, though not in ascending the trunk. This leaves the length of the pinion unaccounted for, but it might have had some flexibility, the paw-pinion having presumably had the toes joined only by skin like those of a Kingfisher’s or Hornbill’s foot. And it is possible that in the early days of evolution of the pinion length could only be secured by lengthening the whole segment, the quills being possibly at that time short. Parachuting birds probably only had the secondaries well developed, the pinion and its primaries making the true wing, just as the long webbed fingers do that of the bat. The shortening of the pinion was no doubt a later economy and consoli¬ dating process, just like the compression of the long chain of tail-bones into the modern “ Pope’s nose The modern tail is not only handier and lighter, but if seized is apt to part with its feathers, whereas a Saururan, if seized by its lizard-like tail, was no doubt a lost bird. The most primitive living bird in its anatomy is the Ostrich, which not only is the only one with the hip-bones joined below as in reptiles, but has two claws on the wing throughout life, and the pinion- skeleton so like a paw in its digits that a few strokes of a bone-saw between the second and third of these would make a paw of it. Nevertheless, I do not believe that Ostrich and Co. are ancient amateur aviators. The Ostrich at speed is said to drop its wings and not use them, the Rhea only raises one as a sail, and Darwin’s Rhea not even that. That the patagium or web in the front of the wing is wanting in the ratites, and also the interlocking mechanism in the feathers, is no argument that these birds never had such structures. The hind-toe has disappeared in many birds, but only in Albatrosses has any trace of it been found, and the reduction of the webs in many Waterfowl show that these skinny expanses are unstable. The ratites are admittedly the most ancient living birds, and so they have had a longer time in which to degenerate than other flightless kinds. 276 F. Finn — The Blue Touracou and the Beginnings of Flight It is a pity that we have no pre-Saururan fossils showing a stage intermediate between feathers and scales, for feathers certainly make the bird ; but important links like this always are missing — there are no fossils intermediate between bats and other mammals, or pterodactyls and other reptiles, for instance. It has been suggested that such important intermediates were local and hence not likely to be found ; this seems reasonable, for a type with new means of locomotion would soon spread. Bats are very widely diffused and common, but the Cobego (Galeopithecus), which, though not a link, comes nearer to them than does any other parachutic mammal, only exists as two species in a few East Indian islands. The link, too, may have been widely diffused but not so abundant as the specialized form. The Moorhen, now, is a very perfect link in habits between land-birds and water-fowl, the Coot a complete water- bird. But though the Moorhen, allowing for subspecies, is found in all quarters of the globe, it is not sensationally abundant like some of the Coots, of which the species are also far more numerous. Thus, if both Moorhens and Coots became extinct, the latter would be far more likely to be found fossil. Moreover, the link may have been short-lived as evolution goes, and soon superseded by its specialized descendants, just as the old square-fronted motor built on the lines of the horse- vehicle was only to be seen for a few years. The TouracoUs, especially the large blue species, show us, I think, what the earliest birds were like better than any others living, both in form and movements. Their skeletons may not be particularly primitive, but external form and movements may at times remain the same, while anatomy alters ; thus lizards and the more primitive tribe of newts are very much alike, though their anatomy differs widely, and rats, specialized as rodents are, no doubt retain the general form of the earliest mammals. Ethel F. Chawner — Notes from War grave and Odney Aviaries 277 NESTING NOTES FROM WARGRAVE AND ODNEY AVIARIES By Ethel F. Chawner Apart from the rearing of a young Virginian Eagle Owl already recorded in the Avicultural Magazine, this has not been a successful season at Wargrave. A good number of birds showed signs of wishing to breed, but failed from one cause or another. As, however, Owls are not often kept under conditions which make for breeding it may be of interest to give a list of species which attempted to propagate their species though they did not succeed. European Eagle Owl. Three eggs laid and all hatched ; the third nearly a week after the others. All went well for six weeks and a plentiful supply of rabbit was given twice daily. But just as the nestlings had begun to feather and were using their wings they all “ went light ” and died in a few days. Turcoman Eagle Owl. Dug two “ scrapes ” and the hen occupied both in turn but did not lay. Ural Owl. As these were under a year old they were not expected to nest, but a European hen mated to a Chinese cock laid one egg and incubated it steadily. The egg was infertile, owing no doubt to the youth of the birds. Complete success may be hoped for next year, as both birds are clean moulted and in first-class condition. They went to nest in a large barrel. The Bed Sea Little Owl ( Carina noctua spilogaster) dropped an egg from its perch and seemed inclined to nest in a barrel, but nothing more came of it. White-eared Scops ( Otus leucotis granti) became very savage and laid four eggs in a nest box. Both birds were continually at the nest, and it is believed that one egg hatched, but if so the nestling either died or was killed by its parents. The other eggs were infertile. The cock was very anxious to try again, but the hen steadily refused. European Scops (Otus giu). Two eggs laid in a barrel and the hen incubated them for just on three weeks, then was found dead in the flight. For some unknown reason a large and apparently normal casting had gone to the vent which it was unable to pass. Both eggs 278 Ethel F. Chawner— Notes from Wargrave and Odney Aviaries were fertile, one would have hatched in a couple of days ; the other perhaps a week later. Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia). Two eggs laid above ground in a hollow. One hatched in three weeks and two days. The hen alone incubated and was so unsteady that there seemed little prospect of any result, but one chick appeared, a very lively little bird much like a white Bantam Chicken. Unfortunately it was trapped next day in a burrow and smothered by the well-intentioned digging of its parents, who were sorely distressed at losing it. The other egg was infertile. Striges from the West Indies, Brazil, and Madagascar all went to nest. The West Indians laid ten eggs between them, but both being hens naturally nothing came of them. The Brazilians and Madagascans are still (9th September) sitting on about six eggs to the clutch laid in the usual Strix fashion of two eggs and a pause, two more and another pause, and so on. It is thought that some eggs are fertile in each case. It may be of interest to note that all these Barn Owls have chosen to lay on the bare ground though provided with barrels, boxes, and baskets. The hens sit very closely, the cocks do not take any part beyond threatening intruders with voice and gesture. The notable event in the newly started aviaries at the Odney Club Estate (Cookham) is the rearing of a young Occipital Hunting Pie ( TJrocissa occipitalis). The pair had already begun to nest at Wargrave when it was decided to move them to Odney, but nothing daunted they began a fresh nest within twenty-four hours. Three young were hatched but only one lived to grow up, the parents ate the others before they were fledged although regularly supplied with animal food such as mice. Sparrows, frogs, etc. The surviving youngster is now nearly as large as its parents and fully feathered. Eight young Long-tailed Grass Finches and any number of Bengalese have been reared and Superb Starlings have well-feathered young nearly ready to fly. Three young Monauls were reared under a hen, but the Tragopan and Javan Jungle Fowl’s eggs were infertile. W. Shore- Bai ly — The Breeding of the Indian Coucal 279 THE BREEDING OF THE INDIAN COUCAL (CENTROCOCCYX RUFIP ENNIS) By W. Shore-Baily Nearly two years ago I received a pair of these handsome birds in exchange from the Lilford Aviaries. They were placed in one of my aviaries in which Eagle Owls had been formerly kept. This aviary was a fairly roomy one, as it was 30 ft. X 10 ft. X lb ft. high. But it had no natural cover. Last season they played about at nesting, but nothing happened, and it looked as if similar results would be secured this year. Towards the end of June I had a welcome visit from our member, Mr. Gerard Gurney, and on my calling his attention to the Coucals, he told me that in East Africa he had found the allied species nesting freely in the swamps. After this information I decided to transfer the birds to one of my Waders’ aviaries, containing a number of Rails. These the Coucals promptly went for, driving them from pillar to post. I succeeded in removing two of them, a Cayenne and an Ypacaha, the others evaded capture, and I have not seen or heard them since, and the only thing that makes me believe them to be still alive is that their food disappears at night. Thoroughly masters of the aviary, the Coucals at once started nest building, choosing a thick thorn hedge on the edge of the pond as a nesting site. A large nest of twigs was made, something like a Pigeon’s, but about 6 inches deep. Three nearly round white eggs about the size of Barn Owls’ were laid. After the hen commenced sitting, the cock domed the nest, with other twigs and roots. Both birds shared the incubation, the cock by day and the hen by night. The eggs, proving infertile, were deserted, and another nest commenced, this time in a dense clump of bullrushes. This was about the size of a large football, and was a much more finished structure, being com¬ pletely domed before the first egg was laid. Sticks and rushes were the material used, rendering the interior completely watertight. Three eggs were again laid, and both birds sat well after the third egg was laid on 21st July. On 8th August I noticed the hen off the nest, and on looking in saw one young bird probably a couple of days old. It was in colour bluish-black covered sparsely with a long white down. 280 Correspondence Both the old birds, the hen especially, now began to lose a great deal of their shyness, and would meet me at the door of their aviary, asking for food. They have a curious habit of raising one wing and then the other over the back and I notice that the young bird also does this. For food we gave them all the mice and Sparrows we could get and when these were not forthcoming raw meat. Biscuit meal and bread and milk were also provided, but I think that this was not given to the young bird. On 15th August the youngster was about the size of a Blackbird, and still covered with long white filaments. A week later it had grown to the size of a Jackdaw ; its head and shoulders were still ornamented with white filaments which stuck straight up on end as it looked out of the entrance hole of the nest, giving it a somewhat alarming appearance. On the 28th it left the nest and disappeared into the dense reeds, which it appeared to negotiate as easily as a Moorhen. In colour its under parts were dark blackish-grey, the wings and upper parts bright reddish chocolate, every feather lightly barred, making it a really pretty bird. I believe that this is the first time that this species has been bred in captivity in England. CORRESPONDENCE V ABIATION IN YOUNG PENNANT PAKKAKEETS Sir, — I have a brood of four young Pennants which are interesting in that no two are coloured alike. One cock and hen are mainly green with a little red on the throat, breast and fore part of the crown ; the other cock and hen are mainly red with a little green on the mantle. The green cock is also redder on the rump than the green hen and the red cock is bluer on the mantle than the sister that most resembles him. I have had a brood of young Pennants all of which were wholly crimson in nestling plumage, and another aviculturist records a pair which had some crimson and some green young in each brood. It is therefore evident that P. elegans is in the very middle of evolving from a bird whose young have a primitive green dress into one where the green dress is dropped and adult plumage taken on from the nest. Tavistock. Avic. Mag. 1928, Young Indian Coucal bred in Mr. Shore-Baily’s aviary. [To face p. 280, Correspondence 281 THE CRYSTAL PALACE SHOW, 1929 Sir, — The Grand National Show of Cage Birds which is to be held on 2nd, 3rd, and 4th February, 1929, is providing next year no less than thirty-three separate classes for exotic birds, and twelve to fourteen classes for the various kinds of Budgerigars. This exhibition is open to the world, and the birds will be judged by Messrs. David Seth -Smith and Allen Silver, Mr. R. J. Watts doing the Budgerigars. Mr. John Frostick, one of our most experienced foreign bird keepers, will super¬ vise the feeding and treatment of the foreign bird section, so that intending exhibitors need have no fear that their exhibits will be in any way neglected. Aviculturists are at the outset usually attracted by these exhibitions to their subsequent recreation, and it is to be hoped foreign bird keepers will respond to the especial provision made by sending birds for competition where the differences between ordinary and exceptional specimens can best be demonstrated. I shall be only too pleased to supply any information required to members of the Society as to how to safely show their birds in suitable cages. All particulars, schedules, entry forms, etc., can otherwise be obtained from Mr. R. J. Platon, manager of the Crystal Palace Bird Show, 51 Crofton Road, Plaistow, London, E. 13. Allen Silver. CUCKOOS AND GOOSEBERRY SAW-FLY LARViE Sir, — This year many of our gooseberry bushes have been badly affected by the larvae of the gooseberry saw-fly. These are objectionable greenish caterpillars which appear in great numbers — in some cases entirely stripping the bushes of their leaves and exposing all the fruit to view ; this in turn has been attacked by Song Thrushes and Black¬ birds, though neither of these birds ordinarily do a great deal of damage to gooseberries, except in very dry weather. It is generally believed that the larvae of this saw-fly are unpalatable to insectivorous birds. During the dry spells at the end of July a strange visitor to our garden was seen to dash out of the bushes on hearing the crunching of footsteps on the gravel path. It was a Cuckoo. The question arose — was it after gooseberries or caterpillars. As the weather was very hot and dry we suspected it was the fruit ; unfortunately 282 Correspondence the bushes are so situated that it is impossible to observe what the bird was doing. It was continually there ; after being disturbed it would make a circuit of the garden and reappear as soon as all was quiet. We afterwards discovered there were two of them, though they were never both in the bushes together. After all the gooseberries had been gathered they still continued to come, which I think definitely proved that they were after caterpillars and, further, one was seen in some young bushes which had had no fruit on them, but which were covered with larvae. Much as I was pleased to be able to add another good mark to the Cuckoo’s character, I cannot say, however, that I welcomed their presence in the garden, for they created a “ state of nerves ” among the aviary birds. In one aviary, not far from the bushes, a flock of various-coloured Budgerigars would be contentedly feeding on a heap of seeding-grass, when a Cuckoo would flash past on his way to the bushes. There would be one terrific whirr of wings and the whole flock would hurl themselves into the inside house, where they would sit motionless and silent for quite a considerable while ; a curious thing about these sudden alarms was that in this aviary there are two cock Cockatiels, usually the most “ panicky ” of Parrakeets, but they were the least affected birds. The Budgies doubtless mistook the Cuckoo for a Hawk, and its sudden appearance over the wall and rapid flight past their aviary must have been very terrifying to them. Even now after the Cuckoos have left there is a noticeable nervous¬ ness amongst the Budgerigars. It only requires an old cock Sparrow to give his short chirping alarm, or a Robin to “ wheeze ” to send the whole lot inside in a second. Hamilton Scott. ELECTION OF OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1929 The Council propose that the following two members of Council retire under the rules : Mr. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo and Mr. H. G. Bright, and that the following two members be elected in their place : Dr. M. Amsler and Mr. E. J. Boosey. Also that Mr. E. G. B. Meade- Waldo be elected as Auditor and Mr. J. B. Housden as Scrutineer for the coming year. CHAPMAN’S ^ Telegrams: “BLACKBIRD PHONE, LONDON'* 17 TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD, Telephones : MUSEUM 5272, 5273, 5274 and LONDON, W.l. S275‘ Cables: “BLACKBIRD, LONDON Animal and Waterfowl Depbt : WITH DEAN HALL, BRIGHTON. Quarantine Station : 3 and 5 SAGE ST., LONDON, E. 1. We are the PIONEERS of Aviculture. What we import this year others MAY import next. A FEW OF THE SPECIES WE HAVE IMPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME. The Masked Lovebird, The Nyassa Lovebird, The Blue Masked Lovebird, The Fischer’s Lovebird, The Red -Breasted Con tire, The Chilean Conure, The White-breasted Touracou, The Rare Whitley’s Conure, Psittacula modesta, etc., etc. NEW SPECIES ALWAYS BEING RECEIVED. We have ALWAYS ON EXHIBITION at Our Magnificent Showrooms at No. 17 Tottenham Court Road The FINEST COLLECTION of LIVING BIRDS FOR SALE THROUGHOUT THE WHOLE WORLD. MAGNIFICENT BRAZILIAN COLLECTION JUST ARRIVED including : Giant Anteaters, Paccas, Tapirs, Agoutis, Capybaras, Coatlmundies, Spider, Wooley and Capuchin Monkeys. Rare White-faced and Common Marmozet Monkeys, Rare Lizards, Snakes, and other reptiles. Queen of Bavarias Conures, Blue and Yellow, Red and Yellow and Hyacinth Macaws, Rare Toco and other Toucans, Rare Conures, Canary Wing, Tui and other Parrakeets, Ducks, Geese, Trumpeters, 400 BIue-frontedAmazon Parrots. REMEMBER CHAPMAN’S 17 Tottenham Court Rd., London, W.l, is the firm for all different species of Live ANIMALS and BIRDS, in GALLOWAY’S PINKO The Great Remedy for Gastroenteritis, Going Light, all Gastric Disturbances, and all Internal Inflammation in Birds of ail species and a splendid Tonic at any time during Moult, etc. I hold remarkable testimony from many of the Principal Avicultunsts and Exhibitors, etc., in various parts of the country as to the immense value of Galloway’s Pinko for birds of all kinds, small and large. Pinko is a real boon to Aviculturists and to Poultry and Pheasant raisers. The Honble. Mrs. G. Bourke writes :■ — “ I can most highly recommend Pinko.” Mrs. E. Kathleen Goddard writes : — “ 1 find it absolutely invaluable.” Obtainable only from C. F. GALLOWAY, 1 Rectory Road, Caversham, READING. Sole Maker and Proprietor of the celebrated Insectivorous Food Life, supplied to many leading Aviculturists all over the world. No agents. Prices of Pinko 2/3, 3/3, 5/3 per bottle (post free United Kingdom). Highly concentrated. Special terms quoted for large quantities. “L’OISEAU.” PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE Societe Nationale d’Acclimatation de France, 198 BOULEVARD ST. GERMAIN, PARIS (VIIe). A French Magazine on Aviculture, for the study of European and Foreign Birds in captivity and at liberty. With coloured and black and white plates. ONE YEAR - 75 FRANCS. Medals for first breeding of a species in captivity in France or other countries are awarded if a detailed account is sent to the Society. IV CANDIDATES FOR ELECTION. A. Buchanan, 105 Victoria Terrace, Dunfermline. Proposed by J. Currie. Lady Westmacott, 6 rue Bel Respiro, Monte Carlo, Principante' de Monaco. Proposed by D. Seth-Smith. NEW MEMBERS. Miss Cathleen Col vile, Magpie Cottage, Chalford Hill, Stroud, Glos. Lady Drummond Chaplin, G.B.E., Noord Hoek, Cape Province. Henry R. Greenwood, Woolbank, Harden, Bingley, Yorks. C. W. Humble, 86 Bundle Street, Adelaide, South Australia. CHANGES OF ADDRESS. Major F. W. Borman, to British Legation, Durazzo, Albania. Miss V. C. Dixon, to Lea Croft, Crawley, Sussex. Mrs. Arthur Hinks, to The White Cottage, Royston, Herts. POST WANTED. Gentleman, educated, 34, highly experienced foreign Birds, Budgerigars, with aptitude and keen interest wild animals, reptiles, etc., seeks Post with extensive Aviculturists, Zoological Society, or Livestock Dealer. Home or abroad. Having had commerical business career, could undertake supervisory or secretarial duties. — “ Aviculture,” care of J. W. Bearby, 34 Church Street, West Hartlepool. MEMBERS’ SALE AND EXCHANGE COLUMN, The charge for Members' advertisements is one penny per word, and no advertisement must exceed thirty-six words, name and address included. Payment must accompany the advertisement, which must be sent on or before the 20th of the month to Mr. T. H. Newman, “Vertjlam,” Forty Lane, Wembley Park, Middlesex. All members of the Society are entitled to use this column. SALE AND EXCHANGE. Three pairs Abyssinian Blue-winged Geese, bred in Holland, also American Dusky Ducks. — F. E. Blaauw, Gooilust, ’s Graeveland, Holland. Cock Orange-headed Ground Thrushes, Olive, Cobalt, Blue, Blue-bred, Cobalt- bred Greens, White-bred Yellow Budgerigars, Stanley Parrakeets. Wanted, Cock Swift Lorikeet, pair Barnard, hen Many-colour, hen Orange-headed Ground Thrush. — A. Decoux, Gery, Aixe, Hte Vienne, France. Wanted to exchange, cock Satyr 1928 for hen 1928, hen Impeyan 1927 for cock 1927, hen Swinhoe 1928 for cock 1928. For Sale, Carolinas £3 10s. pair, Red- crested Pochards £6 pair. — A. van Heyst, Wyk by Dourstede, Holland. Young Budgerigars, Blue-bred, Olive or Yellow. — Mrs. Lancaster, Victoria Terrace, Walsall. One cock Cockatiel 25s., four very pretty Nyasaland X Blackcheek 40s. each from unheated aviary or exchange for Blue Budgerigars or Rosellas. — S. McGredy, Royal Nurseries, Portadown. Budgerigars, early 1928, from unheated outdoor aviaries, fine specimens, for sale at very moderate prices ; White, Cobalt, Blue, Mauve, Yellow, also Blue- bred Greens. Inspection invited any day by appointment. — H. Roberts, Bagatelle, Market Harborough, Leicestershire. Sale, pair Nicobar Pigeons, splendid condition, approval, £2. — C. Scott- 14 op kins, Kir by moor side, Yorks. Strong, healthy, fully feathered Budgerigars, outdoor aviaries, Blues, Cobalt- bred Blues, Olives, Cobalts from two Cobalts, from White and Cobalt, from Mauve and Cobalt, from Blue and Cobalt, etc. Inspection invited. — Mrs. Wall, Meadow- side, Marlborough, Wilts. Silver Pheasants, Yellow Budgerigars, both 1928 stock, also Lavender¬ headed Lovebirds, pair Quakers, all from unheated outdoor aviaries. — Whitting- ham, Stonefall Hall, Harrogate. Pair Pekin Robins, tame, cage moulted, hen Goldfinch, four cock Roller Canaries. — Wood, 8 Lambolle Road, N.W. 3. WANTED. One Pair Bombay Avadavats ; state price. — Miss Kershaw, 7 Westcliffe Road, Birkdale, Southport. GAMAGES Dept. ' HAVE ALWAYS A VARIED STOCK OF Foreign Birds, Parrots, Lovebirds, etc. We can now offer : — Blue-throated and Orphean Warblers, Lovebirds — Masked, Fischers, Blue-wing, Peach-face, Nyassa, Bengalese, Nonpariel, Indigo, and Rainbow Buntings, Avadavats, Guano Parrotolets, Whydahs, Pintail, Paradise, White-wing, Calefornian Quail, Diamond Doves, Virginian, Pope Red-crested Cardinals, Crimson Wing Parrakeets, Cockatiels, Blue Budgerigars, Amazon Parrots, Grey Parrots, Macaws, Rock Peplar Parrakeets, Redrumps, Tuis, and Canary Wings. BEST FOODS. LOWEST PRICES. Mealworms 6/6 per lb. ., 3 lb. , 18/6 Post paid. Spray Millet large bundles Ants’ Eggs 5/- each, % doz. , 27/- . . 5/-; per lb. , 4 lb.. 17/6 Dried Flies 2/- f 1 41b., 7/- Pure Egg Yolk . 2/6 9 9 41b., 9 /- Insectivorous Food 1/6 9 1 71b., 8/6 Cuttlefish Bone . . 1/3 9 9 41b., 4/6 ,, Specialities in CAGES, AVIARIES, NEST-BOXES and all appliances. A. W. GAM AGE, Ltd., HOLBORN, LONDON, E.C. 1 . PHONE : HOL. 8484. DE VON & CO. Our weekly Illustrated PRICE LISTS will interest you. FOREIGN. Firefinches 6/- pair, Weavers 4/- „ Silverbills . 6/6 ,, Combassous 4/6 ,, Cordon Bleus 6/6 ,, Avadavats . 5/6 ,, Red-eared Waxbills 2/6 „ Java Sparrows 6 h „ Spicebirds . 6/6 „ Cutthroats . 6/6 ,, Steelfinches 6/6 ,, Tame Chattering Blue-fronted Amazon Parrots 4 5/- and 5 0 /- each. Orange -cheeked Waxbills 6/- pair. Indian Brown Buntings 10/- ,, REPTILES. Grass Snakes . . . 1 /- each. Black & Yellow Salamanders 1/6 ,, FANCY FISH. Golden Orfe . . 9d. ,, Dogfish . . . 6d. ,, FANCY FISH {continued). Mirror Carp . . 6d.each. Paradise Fish . . 1/6 ,, Catfish . . . 6d. ,, Goldfish . . 3d. to 10/- ,, 1" to 10//. All aquatic requirements. MEALWORMS. — FOODS. Large, clean, fat worms, l/-oz., 3/6 i lb., 6/6 lb. ; 41bs., 24/-; 10 lbs., £2/1 7/6. Post paid. We will be pleased to accept standing orders. Best Nightingale and Shama Food, 3/- lb. ; 7 lbs. , 18/6. Best Lark and Thrush Food, 1/3 lb. ; 7 lbs., 7/-. Pure Crop Ants’ Eggs, 3/6 lb. ; 7 lbs., 22/6. Cuttlefish, 1/8 and 2/6 lb. Indian Millet Sprays, large, 4/- bdle. ; small, 3/6 bdle. All postages paid. All Aquatical requirements, including GOLDFISH & FANCY FISH AQUARIUMS from 3/6, REPTILES, PET MONKEYS, MONGOOSE, GUINEA PI GS, etc. 1ST King’s Cross Road, London, W.C. 1. Phone : Terminus 3595. Telegrams : Oiseaux, London. . DECEMBER, 1923. ■ 'fourth SERIES. VOL. VI, No. 12 THE CONTENTS. PAGE The Red-faced Barbet (with Coloured Plate) . . . 283 ; Rails, by J. Delacour and W. Shore-Baily . . . 283 ! On the Behaviour of a Tame Thrush, by Henry Neal Milligan .... 288 The Display of the Palm Cockatoo, by The Marquess of Tavistock . . . .291 Breeding Hybrids between Agelceus frontalis and Molothrus badius, by W. Shore-Baily . . 291 A Greenhouse Aviary, by J. Delacour .... PAGE 293 Notes on Breeding Abyssinian Lovebirds, by A. A. Prestwich 295 Correspondence .... 299 Index to Subjects 307 Title Page ..... iii Contents ..... V Report of the Council for 1928 . vi Alphabetical List of Contributors viii List of Plates .... X The Price of this Number is 2/6. THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY FOUNDED 1894 NOTICE TO MEMBERS The Subscription to the Avieultural Society is £1 per annum, due on the 1st of January in each year, and is payable in advance. The entrance fee is 30/0. The Avieultural Magazine Is sent free to members monthly. Members joining at any time during the year are entitled to the back numbers for the current year, on the payment of entrance fee and subscription. ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE SENT TO THE HONORARY SECRETARY AND TREASURER, Miss KnoUISL, 32 Tavistock Square, London, W.C.l. All Queries respecting Birds (except post-mortem cases) and all other correspondence should be sent to the Hon. Secretary, at the above address. Any change of address should be notified to her. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS. Rule 1. — A short account of the illness should accompany the specimen. All birds to be sent as fresh as possible to Mr. C. H. HlCKS, The Prosectorium, The Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 8. Rule 2. — A stamped addressed envelope must be enclosed with the bird. Rule 8.'— No body or skin of any bird will be returned under any circumstances whatever. The Magazine is published by Messrs. Stephen Austin Sc Sons, 5 Fore Street, Hertford, to whom members should address all orders for extra copies, back numbers for 1917 and after, and bound volumes. Cases dor binding the Magazine (in art cloth, with gold block on side) can be obtained from the Publishers, post free and carefully packed, at 3/- each ; or the Publishers will undertake the binding of the Volume for 5/8, plus 9 d. for packing and postage. Members are requested to state whether they want the wrappers and advertisements bound in at the end or not. Telephone: 48 Hertford. BACK VOLUMES of the AVICULTURAL MAGAZINE previous to 1917. Application for these should be made to the Editor of Cage Birds, Link House, 4-8 Greville Street, E.C. 1. Ail Enquiries for ADVERTISEMENTS and TRADE SUPPLIES should be made direct to STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, Ltd., FORE STREET, HERTFORD. All communications intended for publication in the Magazine should be addressed to the Editor : — Mr. D. Seth-Smith, Zoological Society, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 8. Importers of Foreign Livestock Always a good selection of PARROTS, PARRAKEETS, FOREIGN FINCHES, MONKEYS, etc., on view at reasonable prices. We specialize in AVIARIES, CAGES and APPLIANCES of every description at Lowest Prices. Our New Branch : CHISWICK PET STORES, 534 High Rd., Chiswick, London, W.4. REGENT PET STORES (G. E. PALMER. F.Z.S.t 83 Park Street, Camden Town, LONDON, N.W. 1. Phone : Hampstead 8856. Telegraphic Address : “ Domestipet, Norwest, London. 1 An Appeal is earnestly made TO LOVERS OF FOREIGN BIRDS cfc <8> ^ (IN BRITISH ISLES AND OVERSEAS) ^ Y TO REVEAL THEIR V t WONDERFUL SPECIMENS I ❖ ❖ TO AN INTERESTED PUBLIC ❖ ❖ ❖ ALL possessing birds that will add to that ^ <£> gorgeous collection staged annually, should ^ <$3 take heed of the opportunity now afforded $3 ® them to exhibit at the l I 1 GREAT CRYSTAL PALACE NATIONAL SHOW To be held on 7th, 8th, and 9th FEBRUARY, 1929. iiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimimimiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiii 33 CLASSES PROVBDED FOR FOREIGN BIRDS. ALL CLASSES GU ARANTEED-SPEC! AL PRIZES FOR EACH. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Judges: D. SETH-SMITH, ESQ., F.Z.S. ALLEN SILVER, ESQ., F.Z.S., F.B.S.A. Feeding and care will be under the personal and capable supervision of Mr. JOHN FROSTICK. NOTIFY YOUR INTENTION AND SCHEDULE WILL BE POSTED YOU. Organizer and Manager : A. J. PLATON, 51 Crofton Rd., Plaistow, London, E. 13. 11 AvicuTtural Magazine John Bale. Sons & Doruelsson.L1.'1 Red- faced Barbeb, Lybius abyssinicus (Labh)- THE Avicultural Magazine BEING THE JOURNAL OF THE AVICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF FOREIGN & BRITISH BIRDS IN FREEDOM 8c CAPTIVITY Fourth Series • — Vol. VI. — No. 12. — All rights reserved. DECEMBER, 1928. THE RED-FACED BARBET The handsome Barbet which forms the subject of our coloured plate is one of a large genus all of which are African. As its specific name ( Lybius abyssinicus) implies, it is confined to north-east Africa, and it was unknown to aviculturists until quite recently, when several arrived with a collection of Abyssinian birds. So far it has not been bred in captivity, but there should be no great difficulty in inducing it to do so. It breeds in hollow tree-trunks after the manner of a wood¬ pecker, and a log nest should suit it. These birds thrive on a diet of good insectivorous food, with the .addition of fruit and insects. The sexes are alike. D. S-S. RAILS By J. Delacour and W. Siiore-Baily Kails are very interesting to the aviculturist. They are all pretty birds, more or less aquatic, and their long toes are well adapted to walking on floating herbage, climbing reeds and bushes. They live on insects and small animals, shoots and seeds. They are mostly hardy and easily kept, also readily induced to breed in confinement. The draw¬ back is that they are spiteful to each other and to other kinds of birds. 23 284 J. Delacour and W. Shore- Baily — Bails In fact, very few of them can be kept safely with small Passerines, unless their aviary is very large, even then they would probably destroy any fledglings as soon as they left the nest. It is accordingly wiser to keep them separately or with such birds as are strong enough to protect themselves. They will also devour eggs, and it is unsafe to let them loose in a paddock with nesting birds for this reason. The Water Kail (Rallus aquations ), of Europe, is very pretty and not dangerous to small birds, being wholly insectivorous. R. longirostris, from Guiana, has been imported ; it is olivaceous, with brown spots above, isabelline beneath, and its flanks are barred with ashy brown and white. R. abhotti, from Assumption Island, has also been brought over ; it is greyish brown above, the head and under- parts chestnut. The throat and upper chest are white, the abdomen black with white markings. These Rails have long, thin, bills. The Limnopardalis , of South America, are near relatives of the preceding; L. maculatus and L. rytirhynchus have been brought to Europe. The Hypotcenidia have shorter bills. The Pectoral Rail {H. philippinensis), of Australia, has several times bred in aviaries. It is like our Water Rail, but has a tawny yellow pectoral band. H. brachypus, also of Australia, is smaller and duller. H. celebensis, of Celebes, has a black throat barred with white. H. striata, south-east Asia, is brown, with slaty grey neck and breast, and flanks streaked with black and white. All these birds are easily managed in confinement, and are occasionally imported. Cabalus sylvestris from Lord Howe’s Island, is a rar& species, red brown above, slate beneath ; it has been shown at the Zoological Garden of London. Eulabeornis castaneiventris, from Australia, is large, olive-brown above, vinous beneath ; the head and back of the neck are grey, the bill is green. E. pcecilopterus, of the Fijean Isles, is smaller, only the front of its head is grey. Tricholimnas lefresnayanus, from New Caledonia, has silky plumage and the wing-coverts very long ; it is brown above, grey beneath. The Green-billed Rails (Aramides) of South America, come over fairly often. They are large birds, rather like the above, but with shorter J. Delacour and W. Shore-Baily — Bails 285 tails. They live well and breed freely in confinement, but are unsafe with other birds and destroy their nests. They become very tame ; the males fight perpetually after the fashion of cocks, and when one gains the upper hand it chases the other round the aviary without ceasing ; which appears to amuse them. Their call is a loud, rather pleasing whistle, which can be heard from afar. They are hardy, but in severe winters their feet may get frozen, and they are safer in shelter. Azara’s Rail (A. chericote), which is found in Brazil and Colombia, has an ashy-green mantle and part of the wings, the rest is a fine chestnut-red ; the head and neck are grizzled, the nape is brown, and the chin blue ; the tail, lower back, and belly are black, legs pink, bill green at the tip, orange at the base. The Cayenne Rail (A. cayanea) is very similar, but has a grey nape. The Mexican Rail {A. albiventris) differs only in having a browner nape and the lower breast whitish. The Saracura Rail (A. saracura ), from Brazil, is distinguished by its slatey grey under parts. The Ypacaha Rail (A. ypacaha) is larger than the preceding species. It inhabits Southern Brazil and the Argentine. Like the above, it has a green mantle, russet wings, and black tail ; but in addition its upper neck and head are rosy fawn ; its cheeks, front of the neck, and breast light grey, its throat white. Its under parts and sides are rosy fawn. It is a dangerous bird, and is best kept by itself ; it is bold and daring. The Weka Rails ( Ocydromus ), of New Zealand, are large terrestrial birds and semi-nocturnal, chiefly inhabiting woods. They hide during day in holes or in cavities which they have dug for themselves. Their beaks and legs are short and their plumage is brown. They closely resemble gallinaceous birds. At one time they were freely imported and they bred readily in confinement, but now they are very rare. There are three closely allied species : 0. australis , from South Island, which is yellowish-brown streaked with dark brown, having the eye¬ brows, cheeks, throat, and lower breast grey, and striped sides ; 0. brachypterus, from the same locality, very closely allied ; and 0. earli rather darker, from North Island. Castanolimnas canningi, from the Andaman Islands, has been 286 J. Delacour and W. Shore- Baily — Bails imported, and doubtless several species of Rallina from Asia and Oceania, little short-beaked Rails usually russet, black, and white. The Land Rail (Crex crex ) is well known among us, and generally distributed ; it has bred in confinement. It is an interesting bird, but unsafe with small birds, such as Larks. The Crakes ( Porzana ) are small Water Hens, charming and harmless in an aviary. Two European species, P. porzana and Baillon’s Crake (P. pusilla) and the Carolina Crake from America are often kept in confinement. Ortygops notata, an Argentine species, is occasionally imported ; it is nearly related to the preceding genus. Its plumage is chocolate, with black and white spotted centres to the feathers. The under parts whitish with brown spots. The Cayenne Rail ( Creciscus cayennensis) , from Brazil and Guiana, has recently been imported several times. It is chestnut-brown above and bright russet underneath, with red eyes and legs. A pair in Captain Stokes’ aviary built a large spherical nest of dry grass in a bush about a yard above the ground, but did not lay. These birds live on soft food and corn, and are liable to become overfat. Limnocorax niger is a miniature black Water Hen, with yellow bill and red legs ; is occasionally imported. It has laid in confinement. Neocrex erythrops , from South America, is another little Water Hen, olive brown, having pale grey forehead, sides of the head, and under parts ; its sides and abdomen are dark brown with white stripes. Mortier’s Water Hen (Tribonyx mortieri ) is a large Water Hen, olive-green above, blackish grey beneath, with white sides and black tail, green bill and legs. It is found only in Tasmania, where it is known as the Native Hen. The Black-tailed Water Hen ( Microtribonyx ventralis ), of Australia, is a most attractive species, with upstanding tail, like a bantam-hen, and red legs. It has bred in the London Zoological Gardens, but is, unfortunately, very rarely imported. The rare Porphyriornis nesiotis, from Tristan da Cunha, has also been imported. It is black, with a little white on the sides and sub- caudal feathers. It has a red bill, with a yellow tip, and its legs are yellow. hie nil lira l Magazine Photo D. ietu Suiitn Grey-backed Porphyrio Porpliyrio poliocephalns Photo D. Seth-Smith Australian Rail Rallus pectoralis J. Delacour and W. Shore-Baily — Bails 287 The true Water Hens ( Gallinula ) are all like our own species. G. tenebrosa, from Australia, and G. galeata, from America, have been brought over. The Crested Water Hen (Gallicrex cinerea), of Asia, differs only in having a fleshy top-knot and in being larger. Allen’s and the Martinique Porphyrios ( Porphyriola alleni and martinica), the former from Africa and the latter from America, are very pretty little Water Hens, with blue and green hues. They are very delicate in winter. The Porphyrios or Imperial Hens (Porphyrio) are magnificent birds, easily recognizable by their largely blue colouring, thick bills, with red frontal plate and their large feet. They are powerful birds, and with the exception of certain species, require protection in winter. They breed rather readily in confinement, but must be watched lest they destroy eggs or small birds, for they are not to be trusted. The Blue Porphyrio or Purple Gallinule (P. coeruleus), a Mediterranean species, is wholly blue. It is hardy. The Green-backed Porphyrio, P. porphyrio , of Africa, has a green mantle. It is one of the most beautiful, the hardiest, and most powerful species. The Grey-headed Porphyrio (P. poliocephalus), from India, is blue, with greenish wings and pale grey head. It is not very hardy, and is liable to get frozen feet. Edwards’ Porphyrio (P. edwardsi), from Indo-Cochin, is like the above, but has a black mantle. The Black-backed Porphyrio (P. melanonotus), from Australia, is the hardiest, it is blue with black head and back. The Coots (Fulica) are distinguished from all other Rails by their short legs and lobed feet ; they are very aquatic. Everyone knows our common Coot (Fulica atra). Several foreign species have been imported. The Crested Coot (P. cristata), of Africa, with its frontal plate ornamented with dark-red excrescences. The Australian Coot (P. australis), with grey blue legs and bill. The Slaty Coot (P. ardisiacea), of Peru, and the neighbouring countries, grey with greenish lights above, black head and neck, yellow bill ; and P. armillata, from Argentine and Chile, which differ only by having a higher frontal plate and red at the base of the culmen. 288 Henry Neal Milligan — On the Behaviour of a Tame Thrush The American Coot ( F . americana), of North America, having a white bill with a brown tip and red-brown frontal plate. The White¬ winged Coot ( F . leucoptera), from Central South America, is like the above, but is darker, and has a yellow frontal plate. These various Coots often figure in Zoological Gardens, and have not yet been bred in Europe, but doubtless they easily could be. They are harmless to other birds, and very easy to keep alive. ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF A TAME THRUSH By Henry Neal Milligan A few notes on the behaviour of a Thrush (T urdus ?nusicus) may be of interest to readers of the Avicultural Magazine. The Thrush (seemingly about three weeks’ old) was found in the road, and, as it was in danger from vehicles and prowling cats, it was picked up, brought into the house, and fed. No attempt then or afterwards was made to prevent it from going away if it wished, but it paid no attention to the outside world, and if it ever looked out of a window or door it did so with indifference. It was quite unafraid when picked up, and, indeed, soon began to show a thirst for human companionship truly astonishing. If we left a room, it followed, keeping pace. If it was left alone in a closed room for a few minutes, it greeted the first person who entered with a succession of chirps, uttered so loud and fast as to sound like a long scream, running to him and jumping on and around his feet in such a way as to put its limbs in danger. I disliked the thought of confining the creature in any way, and I suppose I let it have more liberty than it ought to have had. It quickly made itself free of my library, for example, where, as may easily be imagined, its presence was not conducive to cleanliness, and it even went so far as to make a daytime resting- place on the tall vellum folio volumes of my copy of the Opere of that most learned old Venetian, Cardinal Pietro Bembo. But much had to be forgiven to such a bird, and Chippie (as he was named) went unrebuked. Henry Neal Milligan — On the Behaviour of a Tame Thrush 289 I soon saw that Chippie had a way of paying marked attention to whatever happened (a great point, the value of which is well under¬ stood by all experienced animal keepers). He observed steadily, and seemed to be storing things in his memory. I believe that in his way he was a great experimental philosopher, perhaps a sort of avian Darwin, for he could not even be on the breakfast table (as he usually was) without turning objects over and examining them minutely, and once, having looked hard at a cup of tea and found it puzzling, he deliberately sat down in it. He would walk round a singing kettle, and chirp to it. He was fond of sitting on the edge of a wash-tub during laundry operations, chirping rapidly, and seemingly enjoying the heat and steam. (I notice that the dear old naturalist-hero of our young days, the Rev. J. G-. Wood, whose first-hand observations are always good, mentions this steam-loving peculiarity of a thrush.) And Chippie well knew how to amuse himself. Always at about four o’clock in the afternoon (Parliament time) he began to rollick, dancing on the floor and chirping incessantly. Then he would take it into his head, perhaps, to fly up to a pin-cushion, taking out the pins one by one, and accumulating them under a certain chair ; or he would tug and tug at a carpet ; or he would turn out the contents of a work-basket, and play with the reels of silk and balls of wool ; and sometimes he would sit on a maid’s lap in the kitchen and tug persistently at her apron. He loved to play with lace. (The Rev. J. G. Wood mentions that a Thrush carried off a lace cap, which it built into its nest.) But Chippie’s chiefest delight was in a five-foot tape-measure. If somebody trailed the tape along the floor, going thus along passages and from room to room, Chippie followed, uttering loud cries, pecking all the way at the tape, and occasionally trying to jump on it. At such times his behaviour strongly resembled that of a kitten ; indeed, people who saw the bird usually commented first on its amazing familiarity and then on the resemblance of its behaviour to that of a domestic mammal. (Chasing the tape-measure had nothing to do with hunger : the bird played as readily after food as before.) My wife, who was perhaps Chippie’s favourite (for he made distinctions between persons), was in the habit of pretending to “ tickle his ribs ”, 290 Henry Neal Milligan — On the Behaviour of a Tame Thrush an action which he obviously enjoyed, and at intervals she would say, in a mock-threatening voice, “ I’ll have that old beak, I will, I will, I will ! ” Then she took hold of his beak, and gently pulled it, and Chippie would dance away, and then return to begin the game afresh. The bird was terrified of goldfishes, and would never go near them. It showed marked fear of the slough of a grass-snake, and also of a Pacific Island necklet of yellow shells. It seems remarkable that it feared the slough and the necklet but not the snake-shaped tape- measure. In the course of its gambols it once arrived in front of a vivarium, in which, near the glass front, there were two toads. The bird stopped, and stared. The toads, startled, suddenly raised them¬ selves high on their legs and puffed out their bodies, in their characteristic “ warning ” way, and the bird at once leapt backwards. The defensive value of the toads’ “ warning ” was here very clearly demonstrated ; though the bird quickly learned that the toads could not reach or hurt it. I may add that Chippie was almost certainly a male. It will readily be believed that Chippie was in request, and as for various reasons I found it difficult to keep him, I let him go to a kind home where I knew he would have his accustomed freedom. I am told that his latest humour is to swing by his beak from a dresser- hook, and that a light-minded hen Canary, neglecting the mate provided, makes point-blank love to him. In the foregoing notes I have not thought it needful to mention details, such as those of food and feeding, which will be known to all readers of this Magazine, but only those points which seem worth recording. The point to which I wish to direct chief attention is, that this thrush is evidently one formed wholly for human society. It is curious to speculate upon what sort of a race of domestic Thrushes might be evolved if breeding were carried on with one or more pairs of birds so endowed. W. Shore-Baily — Breeding Hybrids 291 THE DISPLAY OF THE PALM COCKATOO (MICROGLOSSUS ATTERRIMUS) By The Marquess of Tavistock I have had a pair of Palm Cockatoos in my collection for about a year. In the spring they were turned into a large aviary, but they have been so shy and secretive, spending nearly all their time in the shelter, that, like the child’s guinea-pig, one might almost have said of them that they “ had no habits This afternoon, however, they were both in the flight and the hen, who is now in perfect plumage, began to make advances to her companion. With her crest partly erect, she walked up to him in a jaunty manner, and when quite close puffed out the feathers of her breast. She then faced in the same direction as the cock and stamped with either foot alternately, posturing and bowing and cocking her head in a ridiculously affected manner which she evidently considered very becoming. The performance was enlivened by two distinct calls — a kind of snarling croak and a crescendo scream which I can only describe as indistinguishable froip. that uttered by a housemaid engaged in badinage with her swain. During the performance the bare skin on the hen’s face became a much deeper pink. The cock, who is not in quite such good plumage as his companion, did not respond to her advances, but made no attempt to drive her away. The Palm Cockatoo is at the best of times a very odd-looking creature, and its courtship is more comical than that of any other bird I have watched with the exception of the Little Owl. BREEDING HYBRIDS BETWEEN AGELAEUS FRONTALIS AND MOLOTHRUS RADIUS By W. Shore-Baily Two years ago my Bay Cowbird hen mated with a cock Brown¬ headed Starling, and fertile eggs were produced. Last year I provided the Cowbird with a male of her own species, and she went to nest two or three times, but the eggs in every case but the last laying were infertile, and these I unfortunately removed without examining until 292 W. Shore-Baily — Breeding Hybrids too late. This year, her mate having died in the winter, she reverted to her old love, the Starling. He built her a typical Troupial nest in an ivy-covered conifer. The Cowbird’s own nest is a shallow cup like a small edition of that of a Blackbird, whereas the Brown-headed Starling’s is a deep cup, suspended from three or four ivy stems, and much more compactly woven. In this nest four eggs were laid, all of which duly hatched some time in May, only to disappear three or four days later. They went to nest again early in June, the Starling again building the home. Once more the young hatched, and my hopes rose high, but once more they disappeared when only a few days old, this time, I think, the victims of either a weasel or a rat. These vermin caused us a lot of trouble in the aviary at this time, killing, amongst other birds, two large Tinamous, whose size should have rendered them safe. Not daunted by their failures they again went to nest towards the end of August, and young were again hatched early in September. The weather at this time was very fine, and the little ones grew well. The old birds appeared to be feeding them mainly on crawling insects, which I supplemented with mealworms. With so many other birds, hungry for mealworms, in the aviary, this was rather difficult to manage, but I finally arranged it by suspending a shallow box near the nest, into which I put a few worms several times a day. The cock, although I have never seen him feeding the young, took good care to see that no other birds came near them or the box containing the mealworms. On 11th September the young left the nest, although neither could yet fly. The old birds became very agitated, and attacked everything big or small that came near the little ones while they were on the ground, a pair of Cayenne Plover getting a particularly rough time. In two or three days the young birds were able to fly a few yards, and took up their home in a thick laurel, and at the time of writing they are quite strong on the wing. In colour they are a dirty brown, with white wings, giving them a rather curious appearance. If they survive the winter it will be interesting to see which of their parents they most resemble after their first moult. J. Delacour — A Greenhouse Aviary 293 A GREENHOUSE AVIARY By J. Delacour Before the war, at Villers-Bretonneux, I used to grow a number of orchids and stove plants in four special hot-houses. It had long struck me that conditions which suited tropical plants, i.e. constant heat and dampness, should also suit the delicate birds which live among these in their native countries. At Villers I had for a time a small aviary, about 4 by 2 feet, built in a corner of an orchid house. I kept there with some success a few tropical Finches and small Tanagers, but the latter did not live very long, dying in fits of apoplexy, due to lack of exercise through insufficient space. After the destruction of my birds and plants in Picardy, I could not afford to take up hot houses any more, and until last summer one greenhouse which existed at Cleres was left empty. During my stay in the Far East last year, I suddenly thought that I could make use of it without much expense, altogether to grow some of my favourite stove plants and at the same time to experiment in a new way of keeping delicate tropical birds such as small Tanagers, Sugar Birds, Sunbirds, and Pittas. As soon as I arrived home, I had the greenhouse done up, new pipes laid in to increase the heat, and I undertook to make of it a small tropical garden. The house is built on a wall facing south and is 40 feet long and 10 feet wide. All windows and straight pieces of glass were wired over, and a wired partition put up 12 feet from the entrance door, thus leaving a compartment that people could enter, with chairs to watch the birds in the next part of the house without disturbing them. Both compartments were laid out as miniature and old-world gardens, with pools, paved paths, and dry walls, while some artificial trees made of cork bark, in the entrance, enabled us to dispose orchids, bromelias, and other epiphytic plants as naturally as in their native lands. With the exception of some ornamental vases, no pots what¬ soever can be seen in the house, tropical plants being planted in the walls and on the top, as in an outdoor garden, while the walls are covered with creepers. The pond is planted with blue water-lilies and other aquatic beauties, and Japanese and Chinese long- 294 J. Delacour- — A Greenhouse Aviary tailed fishes swim among them. Now that all was planted and beginning to grow beautifully, the question was which birds to try, which would live, and which would not damage the vegetation or spoil the place ? I started in August by putting in a few Zosterops and two small Tanagers, one Blue-winged and one Arthur’s, that M. Decoux kindly gave me. From the beginning they did well, but the Zosterops soon proved to be a real nuisance, puncturing the young tender leaves, and had to be removed. After a few weeks, when I was certain that conditions suited the birds, I bought in Paris and Havre some Blue and Yellow-winged Sugar-birds, Green, Violet, Superb, and Tri-coloured Tanagers ; at the same time Mr. Ezra sent me a Hooded Pitta, Tri-coloured, Yellow, and Festive Tanagers, while Mr. Spedan Lewis presented me with a pair of Red-backed Tanagers, one Hainau ( Leptocoma rizophoroe), and one Beautiful (Nectarinia pulchella) Sunbird, and Mme Lecallier a tame Blue-Throat. After two months all these birds (two dozen in number) are in perfect con¬ dition, as bright as at liberty, and their lovely plumage shows at its best among the wonderful leaves and flowers of the luxuriant tropical vegetation. They all agree very well together. None of them do any harm to the plants, except the Blue Sugar-birds, which had to be removed. The disposition of a few twigs and perches at proper places helps to prevent too much soiling ; in fact, with very little keeping, it is impossible to notice any trace of uncleanliness on the leaves. There is no doubt that the secret of the good health of all these birds is in the warm temperature, which never goes below 60° at night and rises up to 85° or 90° in the day, and in the exercise that they are able to take. As food, they have the usual Mellins’ food, honey, milk mixture, of which the Tanagers partake very freely, plenty of bananas and grapes, and a little insectivorous mixture with some yolk of egg. Such food, in a cage, would be fatal to small Tanagers, while in the present almost natural conditions, they do beautifully on it. The only casualty so far has been one Blue-winged Sugar Bird, which arrived in poor con¬ dition and was found dead two days later. It will be interesting to see the results over a longer period. If, as I believe, it continues to be a great success, I hope that zoos and bird-lovers will try this most attractive way of keening delicate tropical A. A. 'Prestwick — Notes on Breeding Abyssinian Lovebirds 295 species, which usually do poorly or require incessant care in ordinary cages and aviaries. Many of our members may have greenhouses or conservatories which could easily be turned into perfect greenhouse- aviaries. The only point is to know how to grow stove-plants, which is very easy indeed if planted as I have done, with sufficient heat and moisture. I wish that I could soon have a chance of trying Humming¬ birds ; they would very likely do exceedingly w^ell ; also Birds of Paradise, but the latter unfortunately are too big for my house, except perhaps King and Wilson’s, which I hope to procure soon. If pairs of birds could be isolated under such conditions many rare and delicate species would probably nest and breed quite easily. Of course, similar experiments with a lower temperature could be tried with different birds and different plants, and would certainly prove very attractive and successful. I should like to add that the total expense of refitting and planting the hot-house has been about £200. NOTES ON BREEDING ABYSSINIAN LOVEBIRDS (AGAPORNIS TARANTA ) By A. A. Prestwich The Abyssinian Lovebird is sadly neglected by the majority of aviculturists. Five of the eight imported species of Agajpornis enjoy an enormous popularity, but the remaining three — cana, taranta, and pullaria — are more or less outcasts, and are looked upon with general disfavour. Of the three, taranta is probably the most un¬ welcome, closely followed by the species which hails from Madagascar, but either must seriously rival the Quaker Parrakeet as being the most unpopular member of the Parrot tribe. Very probably the Quaker has numerous enthusiastic admirers, but perhaps they have never had four together in an aviary, as was my lot several years since ; maybe I am unduly prejudiced against M. monachus. Very charming examples undoubtedly exist, and possibly a single pair would be endurable, nevertheless I maintain that no one could tolerate more for any length of time. On the slightest provocation the quartet 296 A. A. Prestwick — Notes on Breeding Abyssinian Lovebirds would start screeching and chattering, and would keep it up almost interminably. One pair, however, made some attempt to atone for their vociferousness, and had the grace to construct a very large untidy nest and furthermore duly produced several eggs, which mysteriously disappeared, almost certainly devoured. Except for the damage they do and the noise they create, Quakers would be rather interesting birds to keep on account of their nest-building propensions. Enough, however, of this digression. There are numerous reasons why taranta — the largest member of the genus — is not a universal favourite. It is a rather stolid bird, and possesses few of the amusing and endearing mannerisms of the Nyasa or Blackcheek ; is not very active ; usually somewhat timid, and immediately on the approach of anyone scuttles away into a nest-box, and so is undesirable from a display point of view ; spiteful towards weaker birds, especially while breeding operations are in progress, and to do really well a pair requires an aviary to itself. In addition it is not considered a free-breeder, so taken all round on first appearance the Abyssinian seems an altogether undesirable acquisition. There is a trite proverb which says, “ First Appearances are often deceptive,” and this is very true in the case of the little Ethiopian Lovebird. Many are its faults, but it has much to recommend it. Once acclimatized it is very hardy and stands the winter outdoors well, provided the aviary is dry and draught-free ; tolerably long-lived ; quiet, not possessing the ear-piercing shriek common to so many Kosy- faced ; of pleasing and neat appearance, and presents no difficulty as regards sexing. Although not as prolific as some of its congeners, examples of which will commence breeding operations within a few weeks of arrival, its breeding presents little difficulty provided thoroughly well- established birds are used for the attempt. Abyssinians are often imported in a very poor state and take a considerable time to recover from the effects of their capture and journey, and consequently to attain that high state of health and vigour so necessary for reproduction. They are unlikely to take on domestic duties until their second or even third year in captivity, and it is this lengthy settling-down A. A. Prestwick — Notes on Breeding Abyssinian Lovebirds 297 that prompts aviculturists to lose patience and dispose of them before they have given their birds a really fair trial. Hence, recorded breeding successes are few. The first to be fortunate was Mr. A. G. Groves, who had one youngster reared in 1925. A couple were reared in the aviaries of Mr. W. Lewis a few weeks later. In 1926, Mr. W. Shore-Baily had four from one nest — a truly great achievement. Last year Mr. M. T. Allen bred two, but they both died, presumably of paralysis contracted as the result of sitting out in a July deluge. There are probably other instances, but I cannot recall any to mind. During the present year I have managed to breed from one pair, and have obtained partial success with a second. Each pair had one of my standard 22 feet aviaries to itself, and was disturbed as little as possible. The first pair had had over two years outdoors without showing any inclination to nest, and the other pair was put out this last May, but was composed of very mature examples, having gained premier honours in their class at the Crystal Palace Show, 1924 ; so that at the present time they are probably between six and seven years old. I did not hope to breed with the latter pair, not on account of their age, but because they were exceedingly tame, and tameness is not usually conducive to good breeding results. Once in an aviary, however, they very quickly lost their confidence, and are now even more retiring than the pair which has enjoyed three years’ comparative freedom. This species usually lays four eggs — sometimes three — measuring approximately 19 by 25*5 mm. The male does not appear to take any part in the incubation, which would seem to require nineteen to twenty days, but being somewhat timid and secretive birds it is inadvisable to interfere with them, and it is difficult to ascertain the exact duration. While incubating the female leaves the nest only for an occasional short spell, which she spends in taking exceedingly vigorous exercise. Once the young are hatched, however, the periods are larger and more frequent. In the day-time the male is only allowed in the nest-box for the purpose of feeding his sitting-mate — a duty performed with the greatest diligence, but he is allowed into the box at night. The young leave the nest when some five weeks old, and are 298 A. A. Prestwick — Notes on Breeding Abyssinian Lovebirds indistinguishable from the female parent, except that the beak instead of being red, as in the adult, is orange suffused with black. In size they are almost, if not quite, equal to the female. The youngsters start to fend for themselves when about ten days out of the nest, but are still fed by their parents for a seemingly unnecessarily long time. Both pairs fed their young almost exclusively on flowering and seeding grasses, supplemented by white sunflower. Millet and canary were left untouched, as also were various insectivorous foods, soaked sponge-cake, mealworms, fruit, etc. The w'hole family retires into the nest-box at night, the male bubbling over with anxiety in his efforts to coax in his offspring. The adult plumage is assumed at the first moult, in the case of my birds when they were little more than four months old. Regarding the nest-making propensity of this species, experiences are bound to differ to a considerable extent. It is almost impossible to generalize where birds are concerned, as they vary so greatly in temperament, also the conditions under which they are kept play such an important part. It has been stated that this Lovebird does not construct a nest, as do the other species of Agapornis, but “ the female plucks feathers from her breast at the outset of breeding and uses these as a nest foundation ”. Such may be the case, but my experience was totally dissimilar. The “ Palace ” wdnners made no attempt whatever at a nest, but laid their eggs in the shallow depression at the bottom of their box. There were certainly numerous feathers in their box, but I would hesitate long before asserting that these had been deliberately plucked, and were not merely the stray feathers to be found in any Parrakeet nest-box. The other pair wrought great havoc with the woodwork of their aviary, and carried a large quantity of splinters and short slivers into their nest-box, so that the bottom had a covering to a depth of over an inch. Feathers again were present, but not so numerous as in the first case. A pair of Abyssinians which nested in America constructed a nest of pieces of paper and canvas which they pulled off the front protection Correspondence 299 of their aviary. From the foregoing it will be seen that this species adopts one of a variety of methods when contemplating reproduction. Little seems to be known concerning their nesting habits in the wild state. It has been suggested that A. taranta takes possession of the nests of a species of Weaver, in a similar manner to which A. roseicollis is said to be accustomed ; also it has been averred that rocky crevices form the site. An expedition, under the leadership of Major J. A. Coats and Mr. “ Babe ” White (the noted American big-game hunter), is shortly leaving for Abyssinia, the object being the collection of zoological specimens for the Field Museum, an American institution. It is to be hoped that a fair share of attention will be bestowed on the birds of the country, in which case further information on Agapornis taranta should be forthcoming. In conclusion, some members have probably wondered why A. taranta is so called. The explanation is to be found in A Voyage to Abyssinia and Travels into the interior of that Country in the Years 1809-10, by Henry Salt, F.R.S. He writes : “ Psittacus taranta — the Abyssinian Parroquet. As this bird is probably a new species, the only one that was seen in Abyssinia, and most numerous about the Pass of Taranta, I have ventured to attach to it the above names.” CORRESPONDENCE THE NESTING OF THE MEXICAN SCARLET TANAGER Sir, — Imported for the first time in 1927, Pyranga bidentata has not yet been bred in Europe, and when my pair went to nest early in May this year, I had great hope of being the first to breed them. They selected the very top of a cypress for their nesting site, and built a nest of grass and roots. This was so flimsily constructed that the eggs could be seen through the bottom. The hen sat steadily enough for ten days, when I examined the eggs and found them to be infertile. In colour they were a light green, thickly speckled all over with minute reddish brown spots. The clutch was three. The cock, which was a brilliant scarlet when imported, changed at the moult to yellow. Whether this lack of colour meant a lack of vitality and the consequent 24 300 Correspondence infertility of tlie eggs I do not know, but tbis is the first bird in the many hundreds I have kept that has failed to maintain its natural colour. Later in the year they again nested, but no eggs were laid, which makes me suspect that I have an elderly pair. This species is quite easy to cater for, as they will eat bread and milk, biscuit meal, banana, currants, and a good deal of mixed seed, and they take, of course, all the insect food that they can get. W. Shore-Baily. FERTILE HYBRIDS Sir, — Finch hybrids have such a name for sterility that few persons ever try to breed from them, but the cock hybrid produced from a Hooded Siskin and a Canary seems to be an exception. I have such a bird bred in 1925 in my aviary. This bird shows no Canary colouring except that the red of the Siskin is replaced by a very dark orange. Its shape is that of a Canary. I have another bird bred in the same nest marked like the hen Hooded Siskin which has shown no inclination to nest, but I once saw it feeding a hen bird, another hybrid, evidently a Siskin X Canary. In 1926 there happened to be a rather feeble hen Canary in the aviary with this cock Hooded Siskin X Canary. These two birds mated and produced about six young out of two nests. Nearly all these young suddenly died a few days after I had caged them up in the autumn, either owing to quarrelling among themselves or to a feeble constitution. Last year I turned a hen Goldfinch into the aviary. The only thing that happened was the nearly total destruction of all the shrubs. The two birds took no notice of each other. They ought to have been caged together for a few weeks at first. This year I mated it up to a Canary again. The first nest built in a Hartz cage in the shelter produced two young. These are more Canary than Siskin in colour. The second nest, built in a pine tree in the flight, produced four young out of seven eggs : one of these is very much like the first two, a second has a yellowish breast and several whitish feathers in its tail, the third is very like the hybrid father at the same age. The Correspondence 301 orange colouring only appeared when the bird was about four months old. The fourth young bird is much the same, but has a greenish tinge and a few white feathers in its tail. Out of the six eggs laid in the Hartz cage again only one was hatched and reared. This bird is mostly Siskin, but the white tail appears again and a greenish patch on one side of the head. Two, hatched out in the fourth nest in the pine tree, were killed by the rain at a few days’ old. A fifth nest in the Hartz cage in early October she deserted after incubating for a week, but all the eggs were clear. I tried to avoid getting a Canary with a white tail, as I found in 1926 that all the young inherited that partial alienism, but the first hen I got was no good and I had to fall back upon a very badly marked hen whose only recommendation was her vigour. The result is not so bad, as my aim is to keep the most Siskin-like of the young and pair them up with other Finches next year. H. L. Sich. HYBRID LOVEBIRDS IN AUSTRALIA Sir,- — It has been my good fortune to have had some little success with Lovebirds, and one of my friends, Mr. S. Harvey, has persuaded me that readers may be interested to know of my experiences. Early in 1927 I secured two Blackcheeks and two Nyasas. The Black- cheeks were a pair ; but the Nyasas proved to be hens. The Nyasas both laid, sat closely, and one died in the log. The hen Blackcheek was rather young, so the male, rather than pay the bachelor tax, made advances to the remaining Nyasa hen. She willingly accepted the Blackcheek’s proposals, and they started housekeeping. After what seemed to me an interminable period, which nearly exhausted my patience, one young one appeared ; but he was very disreputable, only being clothed on the head and wings. He soon became respectable, however, and was very pretty, having a black face, a red forehead, and a salmon crescent on the breast. The next nest produced four young ones. I would like to mention here that the Blackcheek male, while his Nyasaland wife sat faithfully in the log, flirted violently outside with the young Blackcheek hen. Sometime later he paid the 302 Correspondence penalty of his misdeeds, through the agency of a cat. I was then unable to breed any more half-breeds ; but this year one of the half- breeds mated with the Blackcheek hen, and the union produced one young one, which in colour favoured the Blackcheek ; but the head, instead of being black, was inclined to be dark purple. It looked as if there was red underneath, covered by a black mantle which could not quite obscure the red. The parent birds are now nesting again. One of the other half-breeds mated with the Nyasa hen, which had become a widow. This union produced two young ones ; but one disappeared, and the other is now a very pretty bird. The top of the head has all the red of the Nyasa, and the back of the neck is pale green. The face is not black ; but is of a dusky purple colour. I exhibited these two young birds at the monthly meeting of our Avicultural Society, and they were very much admired. You will see now I have quite a variety, Blackcheeks, Nyasalands, Half-breeds, and Threequarter-breeds each way, and they are all very happy together. Claude E. Bennett. A BEMEDY fob sick pabbots Sir, — Parrots seem to be fairly susceptible to a complaint brought about by any sudden change of diet, and as I have just succeeded in curing a bird thus affected, I think it may be worth while publishing the details. The bird, by the way, was a hen Nyasa Lovebird, and I had previously lost one from the same cause. The symptoms were a sickly appearance and severe diarrhoea. I first gave about five drops of paraffin oil and then put the bird in a small cage with some soaked seed and a little bisurated magnesia in the water (about 3 grains to \ oz. water). The change in this case was from canary seed to panicum, so the soaked seed first given was canary and then by degrees soaked panicum, and then the dry seed. The change from one seed to another was carried over about a week. Under this treatment the bird was quite normal again by evening. Harry M. Borbidge. Correspondence MISPLACED AFFECTION 303 Sir, — A reference in a recent number of the Magazine to the mis¬ directed mating instinct of a Parrot prompts me to quote the rather amusing case of a cock Budgerigar. This bird spent all its time trying to win the affections of a Java Sparrow. He would warble to it, bobbing his head up and down, and every now and then taking a rapid flight round it. The more he was repelled by pecks the more animated he seemed to become ; but his greatest delight was when the Java had got thoroughly bored and gone to sleep by the side of its mate, to nibble the feathers of its neck. One Java was apparently as good to him as another, but he only paid his attentions to one at a time, and both birds were cocks ! After the Javas were removed he turned his attentions to a pair of Diamond Finches and again to the total exclusion of his mate. She tried to recall him with offers of food, but without success. I have heard of a cock Rosella placing his affections on a Red¬ headed Cardinal, where there certainly is some resemblance ; but where the resemblance exists between a Budgerigar and a Java or Diamond Finch I can’t imagine. Harry M. Borbidge. BREEDING SWAINSON’S LORIKEETS Sir, — In a letter dated 27th October, Mr. John Frostick writes : — “You will be interested to know that my pair of Swainson’s had two young birds hatched on the 17th inst. They are doing well in their cage 30 in. by 30 in. by 15 in.” The well-known Blue Mountain Lorikeet has, of course, been bred on numerous occasions in the past, but never, I imagine, in a cage of the small dimensions of the present case. It would seem from the various published accounts that Trichoglossus novce-hollandice is a somewhat prolific species. Mention may be made of a few outstanding instances. A pair at the old Blackpool Aquarium and Menagerie reared young “ year after year for some four years previous to 1890 ” (Avicultural Magazine, 1902, p. 167). Miss Rosa Little met with considerable success in 1907-8, rearing numerous youngsters in a “ cage ” 5 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 5 feet high. 304 Correspondence A more recent case is that of Sir Leo Chiozza Money, who writes concerning his Swainson’s : “ This is the third brood of this pair since the Spring of 1919 ” (Bird Notes, January, 1920, p. 21). But the aviculturist to be most successful with this Lorikeet is our member, Dr. Amsler, whose record at one time, I believe, stood at sixteen young reared from a single pair in three years ! In Bird Notes, 1921, p. 232, Dr. Amsler writes : — “ My Swainson’s Lorikeets which have been here since 1916, have a small separate aviary and rear from three to five couples of young each year. They never stop nesting, in fact I have never had clear eggs in winter, whereas both this summer and last there has been one clutch which was infertile. “ So far this season six young have been reared (two is the invariable clutch with me), and the birds are again sitting.” So that members in search of profitable birds could do worse than obtain a pair of Swainson’s. In connection with the fore-mentioned Blackpool Lorikeets, Mr. W. Osbaldeston makes a rather interesting observation, as follows : — “ One year a very curious, handsome, ‘ sportively ’ plumaged bird was reared. The head was red with lacings of white, and the shoulders were tinted with green. The greater portions of all other parts of wings, body, and tail were of a bright chrome yellow, intermixed with green feathers here and there ; and the tail feathers were tipped with red ; making a really handsome, showy, and rare bird. It was a young bird in May, 1891, and was alive some three years afterwards to my knowledge ” (Avicultural Magazine, 1912, p. 168). A. A. Prestwich. BREEDING RESULTS FROM CORNWALL Sir, — The following birds were bred in my small aviary in Cornwall this season (February-October) : — From 2 pairs of Zebra Finches, 34 young reared. 1 pair Golden-breasted Waxbills, 6 young reared. 1 pair Diamond Doves, 3 pairs reared and 2 killed. (Unfortunately a parent bird since killed by Falcon.) 1 pair Long-tailed Grassfinch and Zebra (hen), 7 reared. (Very uninteresting cross, so parted with them.) Correspondence 305 1 pair Long-tailed Grassfinch (yellow and red-beaked), 4 died by accident and 4 living now. 1 pair Bengalese, 6 reared. 1 pair Pekin Robins, 2 (died after 2 days). 1 pair Cordon Bleus (freshly imported), young died. 1 pair Firefinches (freshly imported), young died. 1 pair Budgerigars (first time nested), 3 reared. Total reared, 66. At present nesting : 1 pair Avadavats (procured in September) ; Zebras ; also two pairs Bengalese. Blue-headed Waxbills have had three nest, but no eggs hatched : now they have changed the position of their nest. Peter’s Spotted look like nesting ! In superb condition. I noticed in October Magazine mention is made of too many meal¬ worms causing the parents (Avadavats) to murder their young. Now with my Long-tailed Grassfinches I lost a nest of four just previous to the present one, and after the first nest, through my running short of mealworms. I could only spare about six a day for two days, but the young (a week or ten days old at that) were killed one at a time and brought out to the entrance of the nest too big to pull through. The first nest they had heaps of mealworms and all went well. I went away for my holiday and found they had not been removed — hence killed. This last nest has a sturdy lot of birds also. Even the Zebra Finches feed their young on a lot of mealworms. So did Goldbreasts. Breeding in cages may cause the difference. The Avadavats are now chewing mealworms for all they are worth ! K. Drake. A HYBRID FISCHER’S X MASKED LOVEBIRD Sir, — To the list of hybrid Lovebirds given in the August number of the Magazine should be added the A. fischeri X A. personata • cross, recently obtained by Mrs. Alice Miles, of Chichester. Only one youngster was reared. It is not known how many eggs were laid, but one infertile was thrown out. A second nest of eggs has been successfully incubated : the number of young is as yet unknown. 306 Correspondence Besides assisting in the production of the young hybrid, the Fischer’s mated with a female of its own kind, in the same aviary, and two of their offspring, about a fortnight younger than the hybrid, are on the wing. In the same aviary there is a second female Masked now sitting on eggs, but whether the Fischer’s has committed trigamy remains to be seen. It is somewhat unusual for a male Agapornis to mate with two, and possibly three, females, as Lovebirds are prevalently regarded as strong supporters of monogamy. A. A. Prestwich. Sir, — In a recent letter our member, Mr. W. R. Bearby, writes as follows : “It will interest you, and add to your data on Lovebirds that the hybrids of A. liliance X A. nigrigenis have proved fertile, both sexes having related back to one or other of the original species. The young, however, are practically indistinguishable and so now lose interest.” It will be recalled that Mr. Sumner Marriner’s hybrid A. nigrigenis X A. roseicollis, breeding inter se, produced two of their own peculiar progeny. A. A. Prestwich. BENGALESE A Correction.— Mr. H. L. Sich writes : “ Owing to a misprint or to my writing you have made me say on page 253, ‘ These they concentrated all their attention on,’ etc. It should read, ‘ Of these they concentrated all their attention on one, sometimes two, which in about a week were twice the size of the others.’ ” INDEX TO SUBJECTS Abnormal Gouldian Finch, 79. ,, Grey Cardinal, 254. Abnormally Coloured Budgerigars, 183. Abyssinian Barbet, 52. ,, Duck, 63. ,, Helmeted Guineafowl, 157. ,, Lovebird, 175, 295. ,, Yellowbills, 52. Acrocephalus orientalis, 28. ,, stentoreous, 155. Actophilus africanus, 270. Adelaide Parrakeet, 33, 259. JEdon galactodes, 155. AEgialitis, 271. ,, tricollaris, 271. Mthopyga seherice, 84. , , si par aj a mangini ,216. African Jacanas, 103, 270. ,, Spotted Crakes, 103. ,, Turtle Doves, 32. ,, Yellowbills, 52. Agapornis cana, 189. ,, fischeri, 55, 143. ,, liliance, 189. ,, nigrigenis, 189, 202. ,, personata, 4, 18, 25, 52, 143, 202. ,, roseicollis, 189, 298. ,, swindereniana, 13. ,, taranta, 298. ,, zenkeri, 14. Aged Steppe Eagle, 22. Aix galericulata , 10, 229. ,, sponsa, 10, 229. Albania, Note from, 227. Albino Roseate Cockatoos, 77. Albo Pheasant, 52. A lector is melanocephala ,101. Alectropterus gambensis, 229. Alexandrine Parrakeet, 32. Allen’s Porphyrios, 287. Alopochen cegyptiacus, 229. A Lovebird Miscellany, 188. Amazilia dubusi, 93. Amazon Parrots, 32. Amblyornis, 165. American Bluebirds, 259. ,, Coot, 287. ,, Crane, 220. ,, Mocking-bird at Home, 41. ,, Wigeon, 22, 51, 65. Amethyst Sunbird, 84. Ammoperdix heyii, 153. Amomonanes, 154. An Aged Steppe Eagle and an Elderly American Wigeon, 22. Anas acuta, 66. ,, americana, 65. ,, albogularis, 87. ,, augusturostris, 89. ,, bahamensis, 66. ,, bernieri, 87. ,, boschas, 62. ,, brasiliensis, 88. ,, capensis, 87. ,, castanea, 86. ,, carolinensis, 86. , , crecca, 86 ,, c. crecca, 229. , , cristata, 64. ,, cyanoptera, 88. ,, diazi, 62. ,, discors, 88. , , erythrorhyncha, 67 . ,, eytoni, 66. , , falcata, 64. ,, flavirostris, 87. ,, formosa, 86. ,, fulvigula, 62. ,, galapagensis, 66. ,, georgica, 87. ,, gibberifrons, 87. ,, laysanensis, 62. ,, leucophrys, 87. ,, luzonica, 63. ,, melleri, 64. ,, oustaleti, 62. ,, oxyptera, 87. ,, penelope, 65, 229. ,, poecilorhyncha, 62. ,, puna, 89. ,, punctata, 87. ,, querquedula, 88, 229. ,, rubripes, 62. ,, sibilatrix, 65. ,, sparsa, 63. ,, specularis, 64. ,, spinicauda, 66. ,, strepera, 64, 229. ,, super ciliosa, 63. ,, undulata, 63. ,, ,, ruepelli, 63, 229. ,, versicolor, 89. ,, wyvilliana, 62. ,, zonorhynchus, 63. 308 Index to Subjects Andaman Teal, 87. Annamese Pittas, 214. Anser finmarchicus, 229. Anthracoceros malayanus, 260. Anthropoides carunculata, 221. ,, paradisea, 221. ,, virgo, 221. Anthothreptes collaris hypodilus, 84. Aquila nipalensis, 22. Arabian Bustard, 241. Arachnechthra asiaticus, 84. Ar amide albiventris, 285. ,, cayanea, 285. ,, chericote, 285. ,, saracura, 285. ,, ypacaha, 285. Aramus giganteus, 183. ,, scolopaceus, 183. Arborophila rufogularis tickelli, 213. Arctonetta fischeri, 131. Ardeola russata, 155. Arenaria interpres, 270. Argus Pheasant, 257, 258. Ariel Toucan, 103. Armstrong's White-collared Kingfisher, 214. Arthus’s Tanager, 257, 259, 294. Asarcornis scutulata, 9. Ashy-headed Geese, 52, 257. Aihenoptera s. latouchii, 213. Australian Blue Wren, 231. ,, Bustard, 241. „ Coot, 287. , , Crane, 220. ,, Bucks, 1. ,, Finches, 95, 259, 261. ,, Sheldrake, 62. ,, Shoveller, 90. „ Waxbill, 103. ,, Wild Buck, 63. „ Yellowbill, 52. Avadavats, 103, 252, 305. ,, Breeding of, 241. Aviaries in France, A Visit to Well- known, 256. Aviary, A Hawkhead in a Mixed, 201. ,, A Greenhouse, 291. Aviary Notes, 141, 169. ,, Notes from a Lancashire, 116. , , Shelters, Heating of, 140. Avicultural Notes, 95, 196, 224. Avicultural Society, List of Members, 3. ,, Officers for 1928, I. ,, Rules of, 21. ,, „ The Society’s Medal, 24. Aviculture, The Fine Art of, 106. A Visit to Some Well-known Aviaries in France, 256. Avocet, 150, 260, 271. Azara’s Rail, 285. Babbler, Bengal Red-capped, 104. ,, Fries’s Scimitar, 215, 257. ,, North Chinese, 29. ,, Red-cheeked Scimitar, 103. Bahama Buck, 66. Baikal or Japanese Teal, 86. Baillon’s Crake, 286. Balearica pavonina, 222. ,, p. cecilice, 222. ,, regulorum, 222. Balceniceps rex, 157. Banded Crakes, 213. Bankivas, 52. Banksian Cockatoo, 73. Barbary Boves, 254. Bare-eyed Troupial, 75. Barbet, Abyssinian, 52. ,, Black-collared, 103. ,, Burmese Lineated, 214. ,, Javan Great-billed, 104. ,, Red-faced, 103, 283. ,, Striated, 214. Barnard’s Parrakeet, 73, 257. Bam Owl, 150. ,, Swallow, 227. Barraband’s Parrakeet, 33, 206, 259. ,, ,, Long Flight of, 78. Bartlett’s Bleeding-heart Pigeon, 258. Baudin’s Amazon Parrot, 74. ,, Black Cockatoo, 197. Bauer’s Parrakeet, 259. Bay Cowbird, 291. Beautiful Starling, 230. Bee-eater, Blue-cheeked, 149, 152, 228. ,, Common, 152. ,, Green, 214. „ Little Green, 152. Behaviour of Blue Robins, 48. ,, ,, Tame Thrush, 288. Belonopterus cayennensis, 271. Bel’s Pheasant, 52, 212, 257, 258. Bengal Bustard, 240. „ Pitta, 103. ,, Red-capped Babbler, 104. Bengalese, 253, 259, 278, 305, 306. Berlioz’s Fireback, 257. Besra Sparrow Hawk, 29. Bicheno’s Finch, 48, 95. Bird Food, Stick-insects as, 165. Bird-house at the Zoo, The New, 102. Bird Keeping in Peking, 26. Bird of Paradise, Great, 103. ,, Hunstein’s Magnificent, 104. ,, King, 103, 104. ,, Lesser, 103. Index to Subjects 309 Bird of Paradise, Lesser Superb, 103, 104. ,, Prince Rudolph’s, 104. ,, Princess Stephanie’s, 103. ,, Twelve-wired, 75, 103. ,, Wallace’s, 103. „ Wilson’s, 104. Birds, Curious Attitudes of, 165. Birds of Prey, Renewal of Claws and Bill Tips in, 198, 252. Birds, Taming, 50. Bittern, Sun, 182. Biziura lobata, 131. Black and White Hornbills, 103. Blackbird, Redwing, 210. Black Cassique, 75. ,, Cockatoos, 32. ,, Racket- tailed Magpies, 216. ,, Tanager, 74. Black-backed Porphyrio, 287. Black-billed Tree Duck, 45. Black-capped Kingfisher, 213. Black-cheeked Cardinal, 74. ,, „ Lovebird, 173, 202, 259. Black-collared Barbet, 103. Black-faced Weaver, Nesting of, 132. Black-headed Bulbul, 215. ,, ,, Fruit Pigeon, 257. ,, ,, Partridge, 74, 101. ,, ,, Warbler, 155. Black-necked Crane, 219. ,, ,, Mynah, 216. Black-tailed Water Hen, 286. Black- winged Lory, 72. „ „ Stilt, 103. Bleeding-heart Pigeon, 259, 261. Blossom-headed Parrakeet, 72. Blue Budgerigar, 2. ,, Goose Breeding in Canada, 114. ,, Grosbeak, 74. ,, Magpies, 29, 257. ,, Masked Lovebird, 25, 188, 224. ,, Mountain Lorikeet, 162. ,, Porphyrio, 287. ,, Rock Thrush, 155. ,, Snow Goose, 257. ,, Sugar Bird, 294. „ Tanager, 52, 104, 259. ,, Touracou, 163, 186. , , , , and the Beginnings of Flight, 273. Blue-billed Weaver, 104. Bluebird, Fairy, 104. Bluebirds, 104, 210, 259, 260. , , American, 259. Blue-bonnets, 33. Blue-cheeked Bee-eater, 149, 152, 22S. Blue- crowned Hanging Parrakeet, 175. Blue-fronted Amazon Parrot, 191. Blue-headed Dove, 259. ,, Pigeons, 257. ,, Waxbills, 305. Blue-rumped Parrot, 73. ,, ,, Parrotlet, 52, 175. Blue-tail, Red-flanked, 28. Blue-throated Warbler, 104. Blue- throat. Red Spotted, 28, 152. Blue-throats, 96, 260, 294. Blue- winged Goose, 257. ,, ,, Teal, 88. ,, ,, Tanager, 257, 259, 294. „ ,, Parrakeet, 257, 259. Boat-bill, 165. Bornean Argus Pheasant, 212. Branta canadensis, 229. Brazilian Teal, 88. Breeding a Sport Canada Goose, 138. ,, Abyssinian Lovebirds, 295. ,, Avadavats, 241. ,, Blue Goose in Canada, 114. , , Brown’s Parrakeet, 234. ,, Fischer’s Lovebird, 55. ,, Gouldian Finches, 36, 201. ,, Healthy Birds, 120. ,, Hybrids between Agelceus frontalis and Molothrus badius, 291. ,, Indian Coucal, 279. ,, Maintaining Stock by, 121. ,, Masked Lovebirds, 18, 24. ,, Parrakeets, 198. ,, Pied Grallina, 233. ,, Pileated Finch, 17. ,, Results at Clares, 51. ,, Results from Cornwall, 304. ,, Stanley Parrakeet, 158. ,, Swainson’s Lorikeets, 303. ,, Virginian Eagle-Owl, 195. ,, White Mallard from Sports, 166. Broadtails, 33. Bronze-winged Duck, 64. ,, ,, Mannikins, 103. Brown Crake, 213. ,, Creepers, 210. ,, Laughing Thrush, 177. ,, Teal of New Zealand, 90. Brown-backed Robin, 76. Brown-headed Starling, 291. Brown-necked Ravens, 153. Brown’s Parrakeet, 199. ,, ,, Breeding of, 234. Brush Bronze- winged Pigeon, 259. Bubo ascalaphus, 153. ,, 6. bubo, 227. ,, virginianus, 97, 195. Budgerigar, Blue, 52. 810 Index to Subjects Budgerigar, Green, 52. ,, Mauve, 52. ,, Violet, 52. ,, White, 52. Budgerigars, 33, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 305. ,, Abnormally Coloured, 183. ,, French Moult in, 38. ,, General Management of, 145. ,, Mendelian Inheritance (?) in, 110. Buif -backed Egret, 69. ,, ,, Heron, 151, 155, 157. Buffel-headed Duck, 129. Bulbul, Black-headed, 215. ,, Finlayson, 215, 257. ,, Layard’s, 103. ,, Bed- vented, 96, 103. ,, White- vented, 151. Bulbuls, 155. Bullfinch, 191, 192. ,, Trumpeter, 154. Bunting, Cretzchmar’s, 155. „ Indigo, 170, 191. ,, Nonpareil, 171, 191. ,, Rainbow, 74, 170. Buntings, 31, 257. Burchell’s Glossy Starling, 75. Burhinus gmllarius, 269. ,, cedicnemus saharce, 228. ,, senegalensis, 228. Burmeister’s Cariama, 181. Burmese Lineated Barbet, 214. Burrowing Owl, 278. Bush-shrike, Crimson-breasted, 53. Bustard, Arabian, 241. ,, Australian, 241. ,, Bengal, 240. „ Great, 239. ,, Houbara, 240. ,, Indian, 241. ,, Kaffir, 240. ,, Kori, 241. ,, Large, 157. „ Little, 239, 260. ,, Ludwig’s, 240. ,, MacQueen’s, 241. ,, Senegal, 240. ,, Vigor’s, 240. Bustards, 238. Bustard-Quail, Lepurana, 103. Cabalus sylvestris, 284. Cabots Tragopan, 52, 257. Cackling Goose, 257. Cagebirds of China, Two Most Popular, 177. Cage Birds, Proposed Laboratory for Research into the Diseases of, 171. Cairina moschata, 8. Caledris arenaria, 272. Californian Curlew, 272. ,, ,, Quail, 193, 260. Call-duck, White, 200. Calliope calliope, 28, 104. Callocitta formosa, 8 1 . Call of the Wild, 209. Canada Goose, 229. Canadian Crane, 219. Canaries, 191, 227. Canchroma, 165. Caniceps, 258, 259. Cannibalism Among Owls, 99. Cape Robin-Chat, 103. ,, Sheldrake, 61. ,, Shoveller, 90. ,, Teal, 87. Cardinal, An Abnormal Grey, 254. ,, Black-cheeked, 74. ,, Rose, 74, 259. „ Thick-billed, 103. ,, Venezuelan, 259. ,, Virginian, 103. Cardinals, 210, 259. Cariama, 257. ,, Burmeister’s, 181. ,, Crested, 181. Cariama cristata, 181. Cariamas or Seriamas, 181. Cariamas, Trumpeters, Sun Bitterns,. Courlans and Kagus, 181. Carina noctua spilogaster, 277. Carolina Conure, 107. ,, Crake, 286. Carolina Duck, 10, 52, 261. Carpococcyx renauldi, 213. Casarca cana, 61. ,, casarca, 61. ,, ferruginea, 229. ,, tadorno'ides, 62. ,, variegata, 61. Cassique, Black, 75. Castanolimnas canningi, 285. Catching Cage, 48. Catharus mexicanus, 104. Cayenne Rail, 285, 286. Cedar Wax wings, 210. Central Annam, Collection of Living: Birds from, 212. Centrococcyx rufipennis, 279. Cerchne.is tinnunculus, 151. Ceryle nidis, 152. Ceylonese Sunbird, 84. Ceylon Jungle-cock, 200. ,, Jungle-fowl, 137, 144, 225. Chaffinch, White, 198. Chalcomitra amethystinus, 84. Index to Subjects 311 Chalcomitra gutturalis, 84. Charadrius alexandrinus , 153, 271. Charadriidce, 270. Chat, Blue, 28. ,, Pied Bush, 104. Chats, 153. Chaulet's Cissa, 163, 215, 257. Chelidon r. rustica, 227. ,, r. transitiva, 227. Chen ccerulescens, 114. Chestnut-backed Weaver, 74. Chestnut-breasted Finch, 74. ,, ,, Teal, 52, 86. Chilian Conure, 197. ,, Pintail, 51, 66. ,, Teal, 61, 87. Chiloe Wigeon, 51, 65. Chimarrhornis leucocephalus , 104. China, Cotton-Teal in, 167. Chinese Crow-Tit, 104. ,, Greenfinches, 28. ,, Purple Water Hens, 168. ,, White-Eye, 180. Chionis alba, 273. ,, minor, 273. Chlamydotis undulata, 240. ,, u. macqueeni, 241. Chloris sinica, 28. Choriotis arabs, 241. ,, edwardsi, 241. ,, kori, 241. Chotorhea javensis, 104. Chrypsirhina varians, 216. Chrvsia Dove, 258, 259. Chukar Partridge, 103. Chunga burmeisteri, 181. Cinnamon Teal, 88, 139. Cinnyris afer, 84. ,, chalybeus, 84. ,, leucog aster, 84. ,, mariquensis, 84. Circus ceruginosus, 153. Cissa, Chaulet’s, 163, 215, 257. ,, Hunting, 75. ,, Yellow-breasted, 96. Cissa hypoleuca chauleti, 163, 215. Clamorous Sedge Warbler, 155. Clangula albeola, 129. ,, clangula, 129. ,, hiemalis, 129. ,, islandica, 129. Clarino, Mexican, 75. Cleres, Breeding Results at, 51. Coach-whip Bird, 103. Coal Tits, 29. Cockatiel, 33. Cockatoo, Albino Roseate, 77. ,, Banksian, 73. Cockatoo, Baudin’s Black, 197. ,, Black, 32. ,, Great Black, 73. ,, Palm, 291. ,, Roseate, 32. ,, Rose-crested, 73. ,, Sulphur-crested, 32. ,, Triton, 73. ,, Western Black, 73. ,, White-crested, 73. Cock-of-the-Rock, 197. Collared Duck, 127. Collection of Living Birds from Central Annam, 212. Colour Changes in Regent Birds, 119. Colour Retention, Food and, 96. Combassou, 191. Comb-Duck, 8. Common Bee-eater, 152. ,, Crane, 218. ,, Fire Finch, 103. ,, Pintail, 66. ,, Pochard, 126, 229. ,, Sandpiper, 272. ,, Scaup, 128. ,, Scoter, 130. , , Sheldrake, 60. ,, Shoveller, 89. ,, Teal, 86. ,, Trumpeter, 182. ,, Waxbill, 103, 252. ,, Wigeon, 51, 65. Common or Green Plover, 271. Conure, Carolina, 107. ,, Chilian, 197. ,, Crimson-breasted, 125. ,, Green, 73. ,, Patagonian, 73. ,, Prince Lucian, 73. ,, Queen of Bavaria, 73, 255. Conuropsis carolinensis, 107. Coot, American, 288. ,, Australian, 288. ,, Crested, 288. ,, Slaty, 288. ,, White-winged, 288. Coqui Francolin, 83. Coracias cartagenensis, 100. ,, garrulus, 103. Cordon Bleu, 49, 74, 170, 191, 252, 305. Corvus umbrinus, 153. Coryphospingus cristatus, 171. ,, pileatus, 17. Corythceola cristata, 163, 186. Cotton Teal, 2, 9, 257. ,, ,, in China, 167. Courlans, 183. Courser, Cream-coloured, 269. 312 Index to Subjects Coursers, 269. ,, Indian, 103. Cowbird, Bay, 291. Crake, African Spotted, 103. ,, Baillon’s, 286. ,, Banded, 213. ,, Brown, 213. , , Carolina, 286. Crane, American, 220. ,, Australian, 220. ,, Black-necked, 219. ,, Canadian, 219. ,, Common, 218. ,, Crowned, 221, 257, 258. ,, Demoiselle, 221, 257, 258. ,, Eastern Sarus, 220. ,, Hooded, 219. ,, Lilford’s, 219. ,, Manchurian, 219. ,, Mexican, 219. ,, Sarus, 220, 258. ,, Stanley, 221. ,, Wattled, 221. ,, White Asiatic, 220, 258. , , White-necked, 220. Cranes, 31, 150, 216. Cream-coloured Courser, 269. Creepers, Brown, 210. Creciscus cayennensis, 286. Crested Cariama, 181. ,, Coot, 287. ,, Dove, 259. ,, Duck, 64. ,, Lark, 28. ,, Titmouse, 51. ,, Water Hen, 287. Crestless Fireback, 258. Cretzchmar’s Bunting, 155. Crex crex, 286. Crimson-backed Tanager, 103. ,, „ Waxbill, 259. Crimson-breasted Bush-shrike, 53. ,, ,, Conure, 125. Crimson-eared Waxbill, 103. Crimson Finch, 95. Crimson-wing Parrakeet, 73, 164, 191, 199. Crossbills, 28. Crow, Indian, 75. Crowned Crane, 221, 257, 258. ,, Glossy Starling, 75. ,, Pigeon, 74. ,, Wood Partridge, 52. Crow of the Bed Jungle-cock, 167, 200. Crow-Tit, Chinese, 104. ,, Notes on Webb’s, 30. Crypsirhina varians , 163. Crystal Palace Show, Foreign Birds at, 72. Crystal Palace Show, 1929, 281. Cuban Finch, 261. ,, Trogons, 67. Cuckoo, Guira, 103. ,, Indian, 213. ,, Renauld’s Ground, 212, 213, 257. ,, Solitary, 104. Cuckoos, 149, 260. Cuckoos and Gooseberry Saw-fly Larvae, 281. Cuculus micropterus, 213. Curassows, 258. Curious Attitudes etc. of Birds, 165. Curlew, Californian, 272. „ Stone, 154, 228, 268. Curlews, 272. Cursorius coromandelicus, 269. ,, gallicus, 269. ,, temminicki, 269. Cyanecula suecica, 104, 152. Cyanopica cyanus, 29. Cyanosylva suecica robusta, 28. Cygnus olor, 229. Dafila acuta, 229. Daurian Redstarts, 28. Delacour’s Fireback, 257. Demoiselle Crane, 221, 257, 258. Dendrocygna arbor ea, 45. ,, arcuata, 45. ,, autumnalis, 44. ,, discolor, 44. ,, eytoni, 46. ,, fulva, 45. ,, guttata, 46. ,, javanica, 45. ,, viduata, 44. Derby an Parrakeet, 73. Desert Larks. 154. Desmarest’s Green Tanager, 104. Diademed Amazon Parrot, 73. Diamond Dove, 49, 52, 74, 259, 260, 261, 304. ,, Finch, 49. Diard’s Jay Thrush, 215. Display of the Palm Cockatoo, 291. Dissemurus paradiseus, 215. Diving Ducks, 1, 3, 125. Dodo, 33. Dodo and Solitaire in Aviculture and Natural Selection, 33. Donaldson’s Touraco, 76, 257. Double-banded Finch, 104. Double-collared Sunbird, 75. Dove, 150. ,, African Turtle, 32. Index to Subjects 313 Dove, Barbary, 254. ,, Blue-headed, 259. ,, Chrysia, 259. ,, Crested, 259. ,, Diamond, 49, 52, 259, 260, 2( 304. ,, Emerald Spotted, 191. ,, Grayson’s, 258. ,, Masked, 191. ,, Plumed Ground, 191. ,, Smith Bronze-winged, 258. ,, Zebra, 254. Drongo, Paradise, 215. ,, Racket-tailed, 103. Drumming of Snipe, 123. Dryonastes chinensis, 215. Duck, Abyssinian, 63. ,, Australian, 1. „ „ Wild, 63. ,, Bahama, 66. ,, Bronze-winged, 64. ,, Buffet-headed, 129. ,, Carolina, 8, 10, 261. ,, Collared, 127. ,, Comb, 8. ,, Crested, 64. ,, Diving, 1, 3, 125. ,, Dusky, 62. ,, Eider, 130, 257. ,, Falcated, 51, 64. ,, Galapagan, 66. ,, Golden-eye, 129. ,, Harlequin, 130. ,, Hartlaub’s, 9. ,, Hawaian, 62. ,, Iceland, 129. ,, Laysan, 62. ,, Longtailed, 129. ,, Mandarin, 8, 10, 229, 261. ,, Meller’s, 64. ,, Muscovy, 8. ,, Musk, 131. ,, North American Summer, 229. ,, Oustalet, 62. ,, Perching, 3, 8. ,, Philippine, 63. ,, Pink-eared, 90. ,, ,, -headed, 9. ,, Pintail, 150. ,, Red-billed, 67. ,, Rosy-billed, 126. ,, South African, 1. ,, ,, American, 1. ,, Spot-billed, 62. ,, Spotted, 63. ,, ,, of Australia, 90. ,, Steamer, 128, 257. ,, Surface-feeding, 3. Duck, Tree, 3, 8, 43. „ Tufted, 127, 229. ,, White-eyed or Ferruginous, 127. ,, White-winged, 9. „ Wild, 62. „ Wood, 107. „ Yellow-billed, 63. Ducks, Surface-feeding, 62. Dufresne’s Waxbill, 74. Dunlin Sandpiper, 272. Dusky Duck, 62. Dusky or Cabanis’ Bare-throated Francolin, 82. Dwarf Finch, 103. Eagle Owl, 227. ,, ,, Virginian, 251. Eagle, Steppe, 22. Eared Pheasant, 257. Eastern Sarus Crane, 212, 220. ,, Shamas, 215. Ectopistes migratorius, 107. Edward’s Blue Porphyrios, 213. ,, Fireback, 257. ,, Pheasant, 212, 213, 258. ,, Porphyrio, 287. Egg-binding, Preventative of, 226. Egret, Buff-backed, 69. ,, Great White, 70. ,, Lesser, 155, 261. , , Snowy, 69. Egrets, 68. Egyptian Birds seen in the Province. of Giza, Some Notes on, 148. Egyptian Eagle Owl, 153. ,, Flamingoes, 257. ,, Goose, 229. ,, Kite, 151. ,, Plover, 269. ,, Vulture, 151. ,, Yellow-billed Kite, 228. Eider Duck, 130, 257. Elasmonetta chlorotis, 90. Election of Officers for 1929, 282. Elliot’s Pheasant, 52, 139, 257. *,, Pittas, 214. Elvira albicauda, 93. Emberiza caesia, 155. Emerald Spotted Dove, 191. Emperor Goose, 257. Eophona per sonata, 28. Erismatura australis, 131. ,, ferruginea, 131. ,, jamaicensis, 131. ,, leucocephala, 131. ,, maccoa, 131. ,, vittata, 131. Erythrura psittacea, 104. 314 Index to Subjects Erythrura trichoa, 104. Erythrospiza gitaginea, 154. Eudromias, 271. Eulabeornis castaneiventris, 284. ,, poecilopterus, 284. Eupodotis arabs, 157. ,, australis, 241. ,, senegalensis, 240. European Eagle Owl, 277. „ Scops, 277. Eurypyga helias, 182. Eyton’s Tree Duck, 46. Fairy Bluebird, 104. Falcated Duck, 51, 64. Falcon, South American, 252. Falconet, Malay, 58. Falcons, 29. Fertile Hybrids, 300. Festive Amazon Parrot, 73. ,, Tanager, 294. Fijian Parrakeets, 35. _Finch, Abnormal Gouldian, 79. ,, Australian, 95, 259, 261. ,, Bengalese, 225. ,, Bichenos, 95. ,, Breeding Gouldian, 36, 201. ,, Chestnut-breasted, 74. ,, Common Fire, 103. ,, Crimson, 95. , Cuban, 261. , , Diamond, 49, 74. ,, Double-banded, 104. , , Dwarf, 103. ,, Grass, 170, 304. ,, Gouldian, 95, 103, 170, 226, 258, 261. ,, Jameson's Fire, 259. ,, Lavender, 103, 170, 252. ,, Long- tailed, 95. ,, Grass, 192, 278. ,, Masked Grass, 95. ,, Parrot, 104, 258, 259, 261. ,, Parson, 74. ,, Peale’s Parrot, 259. ,, Pectoral, 74, 95, 104. ,, Pileated, 17. ,, Red-crested, 74, 174. ,, Ribbon, 103. ,, Rufous-tail, 261. ,, Senegal, 191. ,, Tricoloured Parrot, 258. ,, Zebra, 48, 49, 95, 103, 171, 304. Finches, 31, 149. ,, Seed-eating, 260. ,, Small Foreign, 140. Fine Art of Aviculture, 106. Finlayson’s Bulbuls, 215, 257. Firebacks, 257. Firefinch, 191, 252, 304, 305. Fischer’s Lovebird, 72, 143, 259. ,, ,, Breeding of, 55. Flamingoes, 31, 156. ,, Egyptian, 257. Food and Colour Retention, 96, 167. Foreign Birds at Crystal Palace Show, 72. ,, ,, at Liberty in Great Britain, 31. Foreign Birds at Liberty : A Neglected Garden Ornament, 262. Fork-tailed Magpies, 163. Fowls' Eggs, Remarkable Recent Development in, 222. Francolin, Coqui, 83. ,, Grey, 52, 202. Francolin, The Dusky or Cabanis’ Bare- throated, 82. Francolinus hildebrandti, 82. ,, pondicherianus, 52, 202. French Avicultural Medals, 143, 202. ,, Moult in Budgerigars, 38. Fries’s Scimitar Babbler, 215, 257. Frogmouth, Tawny, 103. Fruit Pigeon, 74. Fruit-sucker, Golden-fronted, 75, 103. Fulica amcricana, 288. ,, ardisiacea, 287. ,, armillata, 287. ,, atm, 287. ,, australis, 287. ,, cristata, 287. ,, leucoptera, 288. Fuligula ajfinis, 128. ,, marila, 128. ,, novoe-zelandice, 128. Fulvous Tree Duck, 45. Further Aviary Notes, 169. Further Notes on Jungle-fowl, 199. Gadwall, 64, 229. Galactochrysea ocularis, 269. Galapagan Duck, 66. Gallicolumba rubescens, 259. Gallicrex cinerea, 287. Gallinula galeata, 287. ,, tenebrosa, 287. Gallinule, Purple, 287. Gallinules, Method of feeding in, 168. Gallus lafayettei, 137. ,, sonnerati, 136. ,, varius, 137. Gardener-bird, 165. Garganey, 88, 229. Garrulax diardi, 215. ,, leucolophus diardi, 163. Index to Subjects 315 Garrulax pasquieri, 215. G. coronata, 74. ■Geese, Ashy-headed, 52. ,, Red-breasted, 150. ,, White-fronted, 150. Gennoeus lewisi, 212. Geocichla c. aurimaculata, 215. •Germain’s Polyplectron, 257, 258. Ghigi’s Polyplectron, 212, 213, 257. Giza Zoological Gardens, 228. Glareola maldivarium, 269. ,, pratincola, 269. Glossy Starling, Burchell’s, 75. ,, Crowned, 75. ,, Green, 75. ,, Lilac, 75. ,, Purple-headed, 75. ,, Royal, 75. ,, White-capped, 75. Glossy Starlings, 260. Godwits, 272. Golden-breasted Sunbird, 75. „ Waxbill, 103, 304. Golden-eye Duck, 129. Goldfinches, 191. Golden - fronted Fruit - sucker, 75, 103. Golden Plover, 271. Goosander, 132. Goose, 151. ,, Ashy-headed, 257. ,, Blue, 114. ,, ,, Snow, 257. ,, ,, Winged, 257. ,, Breeding a Sport Canada, 138. ,, Cackling, 257. ,, Canada, 138, 229. ,, Egyptian, 229. ,, Emperor, 257. ,, Hutchin’s, 257. ,, Lesser White-fronted, 229. ,, Red-breasted, 257. ,, Red-headed, 257. ,, Ross’s Snow, 257. ,, Snow, 114. ,, Spur- winged, 229. Gouldian Finch, 95, 170, 226, 258, 261. Gouldian Finches, Breeding, 36. Gouldian Finches’ Method of Building, 226. Gouldians, 103. Grackles, Purple, 210. Graculipica nigricollis, 216. Grallina, Breeding of the Pied, 233. Grallina picata, 233. Grass Finch, 170. ,, ,, Heck’s Long-tailed, 74. Grass Finch, Long-tailed, 49, 104, 225, 304. ,, ,, Masked, 171. Grayson’s Dove, 258. Great Bird of Paradise, 103. ,, Black Cockatoo, 73. ,, Bustard, 239. ,, Indian Hornbill, 103. ,, Reed Warbler, 103. ,, Tits, 29. ,, White Egret, 70. Great-billed Touracous, 103. Greater Double-collared Sunbird, 84. Green Bee-eaters, 214. ,, Budgerigar, 52. ,, Conure, 73. ,, Glossy Starling, 75. ,, or Javan Jungle-fowl, 137. ,, Sandpiper, 153. ,, Tanager, 294. Green-backed Porphyrio, 287. Green-billed Rails, 284. Green-billed Toucan, 103. Green-cheeked Amazon Parrot, 73. Greenfinches, Chinese, 28. Greenhouse Aviary, 298. Green-necked Touracous, 103. Green-winged Teal, 86. ,, ,, Trumpeter, 182. Grey African Parrot, 191. ,, Cardinal, an Abnormal, 254. ,, Francolin, 52, 202. ,, Java, 170. ,, Parrot, 98. ,, Partridge, 50. ,, Plover, 271. ,, Teal, 87. Grey or Sonnerat’s Jungle-fowl, 136. Grey-headed Porphyrio, 287. Grey-necked Tree Duck, 44. Grey-throated See-See Partridges, 103. Griffon Vulture, 151. Grosbeak, Blue, 74. ,, Masked, 28. ,, Red-breasted, 259. Ground Hornbill, 165. Guans, 258. Guiana Parrotlet, 191. Guilding’s Amazon Parrot, 73. Guinea Fowl, Vulturine, 261. Guineafowl, Abyssinian Helmeted, 157. Guira Cuckoo, 103. Hainan Orange-headed Thrush, 215. ,, Sunbird, 216. Halcyon chloris armstrongi, 214. ,, pileata, 213. ,, smyrnensis fusca, 214. 25 316 Index to Subjects Hand-reared Masked Lovebird, 143, 164. Hangnest, 75, 210. „ Yellow, 103. Harlequin Duck, 130. Harrier, Marsh, 153. Hartlaub’s Duck, 9. Hawaian Duck, 62. Hawk, Besra Sparrow, 29. ,, Sparrow, 29. Hawkhead in a Mixed Aviary, 201. Hawk-headed Parrot, 191, 201. Healthy Birds, Breeding, 120. Heating Apparatus, Ideal, 90. ,, Aviary Shelters, 140. Heck’s Long-tailed Grass-finch, 74. Hemipodes, 29. Heniconetta stelleri, 131. Hermaphroditism in Birds, 120. Hermit Humming Bird, 92. Hermit Thrush, 52. Herodias garzetta, 155. Heron, Buff-backed, 151, 155, 157. „ Night, 150, 151, 155. ,, Squacco, 71. Heteronetta atricapilla, 90. Heterotatrax vigorsi, 240. Heuglin’s Robin-chat, 103. Heys Rock Partridge, 153. Ilierophasis edwardsi, 213. Hildebrandt’s Francolin, 82. Hill Mynahs, 260. Himalayan Yellow-backed Sunbird, 84. Himantopus, 271. ,, melanurus, 271. ,, mexicanus, 271. Hirundo savignii, 153. Histrionicus histrionicus, 130. Hcematopus moquini, 270. ,, niger, 270. ,, ostralegus, 270. ,, palliatus, 270. ,, unicolor, 270. Hooded Crane, 219. ,, Merganser, 132. ,, Parrakeet, 199. ,, Pitta, 294. Hoopoe, 150, 155, 260. Hoplopterus speciosus, 271. ,, spinosus, 152, 271. Hornbill, Black and White, 103. ,, Great Indian, 103. ,, Ground, 165. ,, Malayan, 260. ,, Undulated, 103. ,, White-crested, 103. Horsfields Pheasant, 52. Hottentot Teal, 87. Houbara Bustard, 240. House Sparrow, 227. House-swifts, 94. Humming-bird, Ricordi’s, 211. ,, Ruby- throat, 211. ,, White-tailed, 93. Humming-birds, Notes on, 92. Hunstein’s Magnificent Bird of Paradise, 104. Hunting Cissa, 75. Hutchin’s Goose, 257. “ Hwamee,” 177. Hybrid Black-headed Siskin and Canary, 49. ,, Fischer's X Masked Lovebird, 305. ,, Lovebirds, 202. ,, ,, in Australia, 301. ,, Parrakeets, 250. Hybrids, Fertile, 300. Hydrophasis chirurgus, 270. Hylocichla guttata, 52. Hymenolcemus malacorhynchus , 131. ffyphantornis nigriceps, 132. Hypotcenidia, hr achy pus, 284. ,, celebensis, 284. , , philippinensis, 284. ,, striata, 284. lanthia cyanura, 28. Ibis cethiopica, 150. Ibis, Sacred, 150. ,, Scarlet, 257. Iceland Duck, 129. Ideal Heating Apparatus, 90. Imperial Pheasant, 52, 257. Impeyan or Monaul Pheasant, 139. Importation of Lovebirds, 140. Indian Bustard, 241. ,, Coucal, Breeding of, 279. ,, Coursers, 103. ,, Crow, 75. ,, Cuckoo, 213. ,, Silverbills, 103. ,, Spotbill, 52. ,, Tree Duck, 45. ,, White-eyed Tits, 191. ,, Zosterop, 76. Indigo Bunting, 170, 191. Irena turcosa, 104. Isabelline Shrikes, 29, 104. Jacana, African, 103, 270. ,, Pheasant-tailed, 270. ,, South American, 270. Jacana jacana, 270. Jackdaw, 227. Jackson’s Whydah, 103. Index to Subjects 317 Jameson’s Fire Finches, 259. Japanese Ouzel, 215. ,, Spotbills, 52. ,, Thrushes, 257. Java, Grey, 170. ,, Jungle Fowl, 212, 257. ,, Sparrow, 191. „ White, 170, 261. Javan Great-billed Barbet, 104. Jay, Lidth’s, 257. ,, Plumed, 81, 123. ,, Thrushes, 257. Jays, 257. Jungle-cock, Ceylon, 200. „ Crow of the Red, 167, 200. Jungle-fowl, 136, 257. „ Ceylon, 137, 144, 225. ,, Further Notes on, 199. ,, Green or Javan, 137. ,, Grey or Sonnerat’s, 136. ,, Java, 212, 257, 278. ,, Red or Bankiva, 136, 199. ,, Sonnerat’s, 257. Kaffir Bustard, 240. Kagu, 182. Kaleege, 165. Kaleej Pheasant, 257. Keeping and feeding of Lorikeets and Swift Parrakeets, 160. Kentish Plover, 153. Kerguelan Pintail, 66. Kestrels, 151. Ketupa ceylonensis orientalis, 213. ,, ketupa, 213. King Bird of Paradise, 103, 104. Kingfisher, Armstrong’s White-collared, 214. ,, Black-capped, 213. ,, Pied, 152. ,, Pileated, 257. „ White-breasted, 214, 257. King Parrakeet, 32, 73, 191. Kite, Egyptian, 151. „ „ Yellow-billed, 228. Kittacincla malabarica interposita, 215. Knot, 272. Kolb’s Vulture, 252. Kori Bustard or Gom Paauw, 241. Lampornis prevosti, 94. Laniarius atrococcineus, 53. Lanius isabellinus, 29. Banner, 151. Laotian Rufous-throated Hill Part¬ ridges, 213. Large Bustards, 157. Larger Hill Mynah, 104. Lark, Crested, 28. ,, Desert, 154. ,, Meadow, 210. ,, Mongolian, 27, 28. ,, Shore, 260. ,, Wood, 260. Larvivora cyanea, 28. ,, sibilans, 28. La Touche’s Owl, 213. Laughing Thrushes, 27. Lavender Finch, 103, 170, 252. Layard’s Bulbul, 103. Layard’s Parrakeet, Nesting of, 251. Laysan Duck, 62. Leptocoma rizophorce, 216, 294. , , zeylonica , 84. Lepurana Bustard Quail, 52, 103. Lesser Bird of Paradise, 103. ,, Double-collared Sunbird, 84. ,, Egret, 155, 261. ,, Pied Woodpeckers, 260. ,, Scaup, 51, 128. ,, Superb Bird of Paradise, 103, 104. ,, White-fronted Goose, 229. Lewis’ Pheasant, 212, 257. Lidth’s Jays, 257. Lilac Glossy Starling, 75. Lilac-throated Roller, 76. Lilford’s Crane, 219. Limnocorax niger, 286. Limnopardalis maculatus , 284. ,, rytirhynchus, 284. Limosa, 272. List of Members, 3. Little Bustard, 239, 260. ,, Green Bee-eater, 152. ,, Owl, 227. Lobiplura malabarica, 271. Lobivanellidce, 270. Lobivanellus lobatus, 271. Longtailed Duck, 129. ,, Finch, 95. ,, Grassfinch, 49, 104, 192, 225, 278, 304. „ Pigeon, 258. ,, Roller, 103. Lorikeet, Blue Mountain, 162. „ Musk, 162. ,, Ornate, 259. ,, Purple-crowned, 162, 197. ,, Scaly-breast, 162. ,, Swainson’s, 72, 303. ,, Varied, 162. ,, Versicolor, 72. Lorikeets, Keeping and Feeding of, 160. Lory, Black- winged, 72. ,, Yellow-backed, 72. Lovebird, Abyssinian, 175, 295. 318 Index to Subjects Lovebird, Black-cheeked, 173, 202, 259. ,, Blue Masked, 25, 188, 224. „ Fischer’s, 55, 72, 143, 259. „ Hybrid, 15, 202. ,, ,, in Australia, 301. ,, Importation of, 140. ,, Masked, 18, 24, 52, 72, 78, 143, 164, 202, 259. , , Nesting Material for, 24. ,, Nyasa, 72, 259. ,, Peach-faced, 172, 176. ,, Prolific, 252. ,, Red-faced, 174. ,, Rosy-faced X Masked, 73. ,, Zenkers or the Black-collared, 14. Lovebirds, 13. Ludwig’s Bustard or Ludwig’s Paauw, 240. Lutino Blue-fronted Amazon Parrot, 73. Lybius abyssinicus, 283. Macaw, Spix, 73. Macaws, 32. Machetes pugnax, 153. MacQueen’s Bustard, 241. Macropygia swinhoei, 21, 52, 143. Madagascan Teal, 87. Magpie, Black Racket-tailed, 216. „ Blue, 29, 257. ,, Fork- tailed, 163. Mahali Weaver, 74. Maintaining Stock by Breeding, 121. Malabar Parrakeet, 52. Malachite Sunbird, 83. Malacorhynchus membranaceus , 90. Malay Falconet, 58. Malayan Hornbill, 260. ,, Pheasant, 212. ,, Polyplectron, 212, 257. Mallard, 229. „ White, 166, 200. Malurus, 231. Manchurian Crane, 219. ,, Eared Pheasant, 52. ,, Pheasant, 139. Mandarin Duck, 8, 10, 229, 261. Mangin’s Red Sunbird, 216. Mannikin, Bronze- winged, 103. Manucodes, 165. Many-colour Redrump Hybrids, 100. Many-coloured Parrakeet, 205. ,, ,, Teal, 89. Marbled Teal, 89. Mareca americana, 22. Maroon Oriole, 76. Marquesas Ground Pigeon, 259. ,, Island Pigeon, 259. Marsh Harrier, 153. Martin, Purple, 210. Martinique Porphyries, 287. Masked Dove, 191. ,, Grassfinch, 95, 171. ,, Grosbeak, 28. ,, Lovebird, 52, 72, 78, 143, 202. 259. ,, Shrike, 150. Masked Lovebird, Blue Variety, 25. ,, ,, Breeding of, 18, 24. ,, ,, Hand-rearing a, 143, 164. Mauve Budgerigar, 52. Meadow Larks, 210. Mealy Rosella X Barnard, 74. ,, Rosellas, 259. Medal, French, 202. ,, The Society’s, 52. Megalornis americanus, 220. ,, antigone antigone, 220. ,, a. sharpei, 220. , , australasiana, 220. ,, canadensis mexicana, 219. ,, c. canadensis, 219. ,, grus, 218. ,, g. lilfordi, 219. ,, japonicus, 219. ,, leucauchen, 220. , , leucogeranus, 220. ,, monachus, 219. ,, nigricollis , 219. Melanocorypha mongolica, 28. Meller’s Duck, 64. Members, List of, 3. Mendelian Inheritance (?) in Bud¬ gerigars, 110. Merganetta, 131. Merganser, Hooded, 132. ,, Red- breasted, 132. Mergansers, 4, 131. Mergus albellus, 132. ,, australis, 132. ,, brasilianus, 132. ,, cucullatus, 132. ,, merganser, 132. ,, serrator, 132. ,, squamatus, 132. Merlins, 149. Merlin’s Tree Partridges, 213. Merops cegyptius, 152. ,, apiaster, 152. ,, p. persicus, 228. ,, viridis, 152, 214. Mesias, Silver-eared, 259. Mesoscolopax minutus, 272. Metallic Pigeons, 257. Method of Feeding Gallinules, 168. ,, ,, Sheathbill, 98. Index to Subjects 319 Metopiana peposaca, 126. Mexican Barred Partridge, 103. ,, ,, ,, Nesting of, 46. ,, Clarino, 75. ,, Crane, 219. ,, Rail, 285. ,, Scarlet Tanager, 299. ,, Thrush-Robin, 104. Microglossus atterrimus, 291. Microhierax fringillarius, 58. Micropus affinis, 94. Microsarcops cinereus, 271. Microsittace ferruginea, 197. Microtarsus melanocephalus, 215. Microtribonyx ventralis, 286. Migration of Snowy Owls, 1926-7, 11. Mikado Pheasant, 257. Milvus migrans cegyptius, 228. ,, parasiticus, 151. Mocking-bird, The American at Home, 41. Mocking Birds, 210. Monauls, 278. Mongolian Lark, 27, 28. Monticola cyana, 155. ,, saxatilis, 155. Mortier’s Water Hen, 286. Motmot, 75, 257. Muscovy Duck, 8. Musk Duck, 131. ,, Lorikeet, 162. Mute Swan, 229. Mynah, Black-necked, 216. „ Hill, 260. ,, Larger Hill, 104. Mynahs, 27. Necklaced Teal, 87. Nectarinia famosa, 83. ,, pulchella, 294. Neocrex erythrops, 286. Neophron percnopterus, 151. Neotis caffra, 240. , , denhami, 240. ,, ludwigi, 240. Nesonetta auhlandica, 90. Nesting Material for Lovebirds, 24. Nesting Notes from Wargrave and Odney Aviaries, 277. Nesting of Black-faced Weaver, 132. ,, Layard’s Parrakeet, 251. ,, Mexican Barred Partridges, 46. ,, ,, Scarlet Tanager, 299. ,, Virginian Eagle Owl, 97. Netta rufina, 126. Nettopus auritus, 10. ,, coromandelianus , 9. ,, pulchellus, 10. New Bird-house at the Zoo, 102. Nicobar Pigeons, 257. Night Heron, 150, 151, 155. Nightingale, 104. ,, Virginian, 210. Nightingales, 260. Niltava, Rufous-bellied, 75. Noble Fireback, 257. ,, Pheasant, 212. Nomonyx, 131. N onpariel Bunting, 171, 191. Nonpareils, 210. Norfolk Island Parrakeet, 257. North American Oven-bird, 104. ,, ,, Summer Duck, 229. „ ,, Wild Turkeys, 257, 258. North Chinese Babblers, 29. Note from Albania, 227. Note on the Hybrid Swan at the Zoological Gardens, 50. Notes from a Lancashire Aviary, 116. Notes on Humming-birds at the Zoological Gardens, 92. ,, the Masked Parrakeet, 35. ,, Webb’s Crowtit, 30. Numenius, 272. ,, femoralis, 272. Numida ptilorhyncha , 157. Nuthatch, Red-bellied, 210. ,, White-breasted, 210. Nyasa Lovebird, 72, 259. Nycticorax griseus, 155. Nyroca americana, 127. ,, australis, 128. ,, baeri, 128. ,, collar is, 127, ,, erythrophthalma, 128, 229. ,, ferina, 126, 229. ,, fuligula, 127, 229. ,, innotata, 128. ,, nyroca, 127, 229. ,, valisneria, 126. Occipital Hunting Pie, 278. Ocydromus australis, 285. ,, brachypterus, 285. ,, earli, 285. ( 'Edemia deglandi, 130. ,, fusca, 130. ,, nigra, 130. ,, n. americana, 130. ,, perspicillata, 130. ,, stejnegeri, 130. I Edicnemus , 268. , , bistriatus, 269. ,, cedicnemus, 268. ,, senegalensis, 154.. 269. ,, superciliaris, 269. 320 Index to Subjects Officers for 1928, 1. ,, ,, 1929, Election of, 282. Old Record of the Sulphury Tyrant in European Aviculture, 100. Olive Tanager, 259. Orange-breasted Waxbill, 252. Orange-cheeked Waxbill, 49, 103, 252. Orange-flanked Parrakeet, 72. Orange-headed Ground Thrush, 75. Orange-winged Amazon Parrot, 191. Oriental Chimney Swallow, 153. ,, Fish Owls, 213. ,, Scops Owls, 213. Oriole, Maroon, 76. Ornate Lorikeet, 259. Ortygops notata, 286. Ostrich, 150. Otis tarda, 239. ,, tetrax, 239. Otomela isabellinus, 104. Otus balckamosna lettia, 213. ,, gin, 277. ,, leucotis granti, 277. Oustalet Duck, 62. Ouzel, Japanese, 215. Oven-bird, North American, 104. Owl, Bam, 150. ,, Breeding the Virginian Eagle, 195. ,, Burrowing, 278. ,, Eagle, 227. ,, Egyptian Eagle, 153. ,, European Eagle, 277. ,, La Touche’s, 213. ,, Little, 227. ,, Nesting of the Virginian Eagle, 97. ,, Oriental Fish, 213. ,, ,, Scops, 213. ,, Red Sea Little, 277. ,, Snowy, 11, 257. ,, Turcoman Eagle, 277. ,, Ural, 277. ,, Virginian Eagle, 251, 277. ,, Yellow-legged Fish, 213. Owls, Cannibalism among, 99. Oyster-catcher, 270. Pagoda X Malabar Mynah, 74. Painted Sand Grouse, 103. „ Snipe, 153, 273. Palccornis peristerodes, 52. Palm Cockatoo, 291. Paradise Drongo, 215. ,, Sheldrake, 61, 257. Paroaria cucvllata, 254. Parrakeet, Breeding, 198. ,, Breeding of Brown’s, 234. Parrakeet, Breeding of the Stanley, 158. ,, Nesting of Layard’s, 251. ,, Notes on the Masked, 35. ,, Some Australian, 203. ,, Alexandrine, 32. ,, Barnard’s, 73, 257. ,, Barraband’s, 33, 206, 259. ,, Bauer’s, 259. ,, Blossom-headed, 72. ,, Blue-crowned Hanging, 175. , , Blue-rumped, 52. ,, Blue-winged, 258, 259. ,, Brown’s, 199. ,, Crimson-wing, 73, 164, 199. ,, Derbyan, 73. ,, Fijian, 35. ,, Hooded, 199. , , Hybrid, 250. ,, King, 32, 73, 91. ,, Malabar, 52. ,, Many-coloured, 205. ,, Masked, 35. .,, Norfolk Island, 258. ,, Orange-flanked, 72. ,, Pennant’s, 164, 205. ,, Pileated or Redcapped, 197. ,, Plum-headed, 32, 251. ,, Princess of Wales X Crimson - winged, 73. ,, Queen Alexandra's, 79, 207, 257. ,, Red-shining, 73. , . Ring-necked, 47. ,, Rock-Peplar or Black-tailed, 33, 208, 257. ,, Stanley, 197, 257, 259. „ Swift, 160, 162. ,, Turquoisine, 79, 203. ,, Yellow-bellied, 258, 259. ,, Yellow-mantled, 258. ,, Variation in Young Pennant, 280. Parrot, A Puzzling Grey, 9S. ,, Amazon, 32. ,, Baudin’s Amazon, 73. , , Blue-fronted Amazon, 191. ,, Blue-rumped, 73. ,, Crimson- wing, 191. ,, Diademed Amazon, 73. ,, Festive Amazon, 73. ,, Green-cheeked Amazon, 73. „ Grey, 98. ,, ,, African, 191. ,, Guilding’s Amazon, 73. „ Hawk-headed, 191, 201. ,, Lutino Blue-fronted Amazon, 73. ,, Orange-winged Amazon, 191. ,, Pesquet’s, 73. ,, Remedy for Sick, 302. ,. Senega], 191. Index to Subjects 321 Parrot, Timneh, 73. Parrot Finch, 104, 258, 259, 26] . Parrotlet, Blue-rumped, 175. ,, Guiana, 191. Parson Finch, 74. Partridge, Black-headed, 74, 101. ,, Chukar, 103. ,, Crowned Wood, 52. , , Grey, 50. ,, Grey- throated See-See, 103. ,, Heys Rock, 153. ,, Laotian Rufous-throated Hill, 213. ,, Merlin’s Tree, 213. ,, Mexican Barred, 103. „ Tree, 212, 213. Partridges, Nesting of the Mexican Barred, 46. Pasquier’s Jay Thrush, 215. Passenger Pigeon, 107. Patagonian Conure, 73. Pavoncella pugnax, 272. Peach-faced Lovebird, 72, 176. Peacock, Specifer, 52. Peafowl, Specifer, 257, 258. ,, White, 258. Peale’s Parrot Finch, 259. Pectoral Finch, 74, 95, 104. „ Rail, 284. Pekin Robin, 31, 75, 171, 305. Pelican, 150. Pennant Parrakeet, 164, 191, 205. Perching Bucks, 3, 8. Pesquet’s Parrot, 73. Pets, A Sailor’s, 139. Phalaropes, 273. Phalaropus, 273. Pheasant, Argus, 257, 258. „ Bel’s, 52, 212, 257, 258. ,, Bornean Argus, 212. ,, Eared, 257. „ Edward’s, 212, 213, 258. ,, Elliot’s, 52, 139. ,, Horsfields, 52. ,, Imperial, 52. ,, Impeyan or Monaul, 139. ,, Kaleej, 257. ,, Lewis’s, 212. ,, Malayan, 212. ,, Manchurian, 139. ,, ,, Eared, 52. „ Noble, 212. ,, Prince of Wales’, 139. ,, Rheinardt’s Argus, 163, 212, 213, 257. ,, Swinhoe’s, 139. ,, Versicolor, 52. Pheasant-tailed Pigeon, 21. Phosnicurus auroreus, 28. Philippine Buck, 63. Philortyx fasciatus, 46. Pie, Occipital Hunting, 278. Pied Bush Chat, 104. ,, Grallina, Breeding of, 233. ,, Kingfisher, 152. ,, Starling, 98. Pigeon, Bartlett’s Bleeding-heart, 258. ,, Black-headed Fruit, 257. ,, Bleeding-heart, 259, 261. ,, Blue-headed, 257. ,, Brush Bronze- winged, 259. ,, Caniceps, 259. ,, Crowned, 74. „ Fruit, 74. ,, Long-tailed, 258. ,, Marquesas Ground, 259. ,, ,, Island, 258. ,, Metallic, 257. ,, Nicobar, 257. ,, Passenger, 107. ,, South American Spotted, 32. ,, Swinhoe’s Pheasant-tailed, 21, 52, 143. ,, Triangular-spotted, 32. ,, White-breasted Ground, 257. Pileated Finch, Breeding the, 17. ,, Kingfisher, 257. ,, or Red-capped Parrakeet, 197. Pink-eared Buck, 90. ,, headed Buck, 9. Pintail, 229. ,, Common, 66. ,, Chilian, 51, 66. ,, Buck, 150. ,, Kerguelan, 66. ,, Tufted, 51. Pitta, Annamese, 214. ,, Bengal, 103. ,, Elliot’s, 214. ,, Hooded, 294. ,, Swinhoe’s, 214. Pitta ellioti, 214. ,, nympha, 214. ,, n. soror, 214. Pittas, 257. Plantain-eaters, Violaceous, 103. Platycercus browni, 234. , , elegans, 280. Plover, Common or Green, 271. ,, Crowned, 271. ,, Egyptian, 269. ,, Golden and Grey, 271. ,, Kentish, 153. ,, Spurred, 271. ,, Spur- winged, 152. „ Wattled, 270. 322 Index to Subjects Plumed Ground Dove, 191. „ Jay, 81, 123. Plum-headed Parrakeet, 32, 251. Pluvianus cegyptica, 269. Pochard, Common, 126, 229. ,, Red-crested, 126. ,, Red-eyed, 126. ,, Red-headed, 127. ,, South African, 229. ,, White-eyed, 229. Pochards, 51. Pcephila acuticauda, 104. ,, gouldice, 36. ,, hecki, 104. ,, mirabilis, 36. Polyplectron c. ghigii , 213. Polypectron, Chinquis, 257. ,, Germain’s, 257, 258. ,, Ghigi’s, 212, 257. ,, Malayan, 212, 257. Pomatorhinus t. friesi, 215. Porphyrio edwardsi, 213. Porphyrio, Black-backed, 287. „ Blue, 287. ,, Edwards, 287. ,, Green-backed, 287. ,, Grey-headed, 287. Porphyriola alleni, 287. ,, coeruleus, 287. ,, edwardsi, 287. ,, martinica, 287. ,, melanonotus, 287. ,, poliocephalus, 287. ,, porphyrio, 287. Porphyrios, Edward’s Blue, 213. ,, or Imperial Hens, 287. Porphyriornis nesiotis, 286. Porphyrocephalus pileatus, 197. Porzana fusca, 257. ,, /. erythrothorax, 213. ,, porzana, 286. ,, pusilla, 286. Pratincola caprata, 104. Pratincoles, 269. Preventative of Egg-binding, 226. Prince Lucian Conure, 73. Prince of Wales’ Pheasant, 139. Prince Rudolph’s Bird of Paradise, 104. Princess of Wales X Crimson- winged Parrakeet, 73. Princess Stephanie’s Bird of Paradise, 103. Prionotelus temnurus, 67. Prolific Lovebirds, 252. Proposed Laboratory for Research into the Diseases of Cage Birds, 171. Psittacula cyanopygia, 52. Psittacus erithacus, 98. Psittacus timneh, 98. P sophia crepitans, 182. ,, leucoptera, 182. ,, ochroptera, 182. Pternistes infuscatus, 82. Pteronetta hartlaubi, 9. Purple Gallinule, 287. ,, Grackles, 210. ,, Martin’s, 210. ,, Sunbird, 75, 84. Purple-crowned Lorikeet, 162, 197. Purple-headed Glossy Starling, 75. Puzzling Grey Parrot, 98. Pycnonotus arsinoe, 151, 155. ,, finlaysoni, 215. Pyranga bidentata, 299. Pyrrhulopsis per sonata, 35. Pyrrhura rhodogaster, 125. Quail, Californian, 193, 260. ,, Lepurana Bustard, 52. Queen Alexandra’s Parrakeet, 207, 257. ,, of Bavaria Conure, 73, 255. Racket-tailed Drongo, 103. Rail, Azara’s, 285. ,, Cayenne, 285, 286. ,, Green-billed, 284. ,, Land, 286. ,, Mexican, 285. ,, Pectoral, 284. ,, Saracura, 285. ,, Water, 284. „ Weka, 285. ,, Ypacaha, 285. Rails, 257, 283. Rainbow Bunting, 74, 170. Rajah Sheldrake, 61, 257. Rallina superciliaris , 213, 257. Rallus abbotti, 284. ,, aquations, 284. ,, longirostris, 284. Rare Birds at the Zoo, 163. Ravens, Brown-necked, 153. Recurvirostra avocitta, 271. Red-backed Tanager, 294. Red-bellied Nuthatch, 210. Red-billed Duck, 67. ,, ,, Toucan, 75, 103. ,, ,, Tree Duck, 44. Redbirds, 210. Red-breasted Geese, 150, 257. ,, Merganser, 132. Red-cheeked Scimitar Babbler, 103. Red-crested Finch, 74, 171. ,, ,, Grosbeak, 259. ,, ,, Pochard, 126. ,, ,, Touracou, 103. Index to Subjects 323 Red-eyed Pochard, 126. Red-faced Barbet, 103, 283. ,, ,, Lovebird, 174. Red-flanked Blue-tails, 28. ,, ,, Zosterops, 29. Red-footed Redshank, 272. Red-headed Goose, 257. ,, ,, Pochard, 127. Redheads, 51. Red Jungle-fowl, 199. Red or Bankiva Jungle-fowl, 136. Redrump, Many-colour, Hybrids, 100. Redrumps, 33. Red Sea Little Owl, 277. Redshank, Red-footed, 272. Redshanks, 272. Red-shining Parrakeet, 73. Red-sided Japanese Zosterop, 257. Red-spotted Blue-throat, 28, 152. Redstart, Daurian, 28. ,, White-capped, 104. Red-vented Bulbul, 96, 103. Red Warblers, 28. Redwing Blackbirds, 210. Reeves, 153. Regent Bird, 231. Regent Birds, Colour Changes in, 119. Remarkable Recent Development in Fowls’ Eggs, 222. Remedy for Sick Parrots, 302. Renauld’s Ground Cuckoos, 212, 213, 257. Renewal of Claws and Bill Tips in Birds of Prey, 198, 252. Reviews — Birds at the Nest, 76. The Budgerigar, 23. The Heart of a Bird, 77. Rheas, 52. ,, White, 257, 258. Rheinardt’s Argus Pheasant, 163, 212, 213, 257. Rheinardtius ocellatus, 163, 213. Rhinochetus jubatus, 183. Rhinoptilus bicinctus, 269. ,, chalcopterus, 269. Rhodonessa caryophyllacea, 9. Rhynchcea capensis, 153. Ribbon Finch, 103. Ricordi’s Humming Bird, 211. Ringed Teal, 257. Ringnecks, 32. Ring-necked Parrakeet, 47. Robin, Brown-backed, 76. ,, Pekin, 31, 75, 171, 305. ,, Swinhoe’s, 28. Robin-Chat, Cape, 103. „ ,, Heuglin’s, 103. Robins, 210. ,, Behaviour of Blue, 48. Rock Peplar, 33, 191, 257. Rock Peplar or Black-tailed Parrakeet, 208, 257. Rock Peplars, Success with, 164. Rock Thrush, 155. Roller, 103, 248. ,, Lilac-throated, 76. ,, Long-tailed, 103. Rollers, 260. Rollulus roulroul, 52. Roseate Cockatoos, 32. Rose Cardinal, 74, 259. Rose- crested Cockatoo, 73. Rosellas, Mealy, 259. Ross’s Snow Goose, 257. Rostratula capensis, 273. Rosy-billed Duck, 126. Rosybills, 52. Rosy-faced X Masked Lovebird, 73. Royal Glossy Starling, 75, 104, 257. Ruby-throat, 28, 96. ,, ,, Humming Bird, 211. Ruby-throated Warbler, 104. Ruddy Sheldrake, 61. „ Shelduck, 150, 153, 229. Ruffs, 153, 272. Rufous-bellied Niltava, 75. Rufous-tail Finches, 261. Rufous Warbler, 155. Rules of the Avicultural Society, 21. Rusty Shoveller, 90. Sacred Ibis, 150. Sailor’s Pets, 139. Salvadorina waigiulensis , 131. Sanderling, 272. Sand Grouse, Painted, 103. Sandpiper, Common, 272. ,, Dunlin, 272. ,, Green, 153. Saracura Rail, 285. Sarcidiornis carunculata, 9. ,, melanonota, 8. Sarcogrammus indicus, 271. Sardinian Warbler, 228. Sarus Crane, 220, 258. Satyr Tragopan, 257. Saxicola, 153. Scalv-breast Lorikeet, 162. Scarlet Ibis, 257. „ Tanager, 74, 257, 259. Scarlet-chested Sunbird, 84. Scaup, 51. ,, Common, 128. ,, Lesser, 51, 128. Scolopax rusticola, 273. 324 Index to Subjects Scops, European, 277. ,, White-eared, 277. Scoter, Common, 130. ,, Spectacled, 130. „ Velvet, 130. Scotocerca inquieta, 154. ,, i. inquieta, 228. Screamers, 258. Scrub Warbler, 154, 228. Seed-eating Finches, 260. Seed Snipe, 273. Senegal Bustard, 240. „ Finch, 191. „ Parrot, 191, ,, Touracous, 103. Sericulus melinus, 231. Shag, 260. Shama, Eastern, 215. Shama, 75, 103, 259. Sheathbill, 273. ,, Methods of Feeding in, 98. Sheldrake, Australian, 62. ,, Cape, 61. , , Common, 60. ,, Paradise, 61, 257. „ Rajah, 61, 257. ,, Ruddy, 61. Sheldrakes, 3, 60. Shelduck, 51. „ Ruddy, 150, 153, 229. Shore Lark, 260. Shoveller, Australian, 90. ,, Cape, 90. ,, Common, 89. ,, Rusty, 90. Shovellers, 52, 89, 229. Shrike, Isabelline, 29, 104. ,, Masked, 150. Sialia sialis, 104. Siamese Fireback, 52. Silent Tanager, 104. Silverbill, Indian, 103. Silver-eared Mesias, 259. Siskins, 28, 191. Sivas, 259. Skylark, 28. Slaty Coot, 287. Stictonetta ncevosa, 90. Small Aviary in Cornwall, 48. ,, Foreign Finches, 1 40. ,, Waders, 268. Smew, 132. Smith’s Bronze-winged Pigeon, 258. Snipe, Drumming of, 123. „ Painted, 153, 273. „ Seed, 273. Snow Goose, 114. Snowy Egret, 69. Snowy Owls, 257. ,, Owls, Migration of, 1926-7, 11. Society’s Medal, 52 . Scemmerring’s Pheasant, 257, 258. Solitaire, 33. Solitary Cuckoo, 104. Somateria mollissima, 130. ,, spectabilis, 131. Song Sparrows, 210. Sonnerat Jungle Fowl, 52, 257. South African Ducks, 1. ,, ,, Pochard, 229. South American Ducks, 1. „ ,, Falcon, 252. ,, ,, Jacana, 270. ,, ,, Spotted Pigeons, 32. Southern Bifasciated Sunbird, 84. Sparrow, House, 227. ,, Java, 191. „ Song, 210. ,, Tree, 28. ,, White Java, 74. Sparrow Hawk, 29. Spatula capensis, 90. ,, clypeata, 89. ,, platalea, 90. ,, rhynchotis, 90. Specifer Peacock, 52, 257, 258. Spectacled Scoter, 130. Speotyto cunicularia, 278. Spermospiza hcematina, 104. Spix Macaw, 73. Spoonbill, 150. Spotbill, Indian, 52. ,, Japanese, 52. Spot-billed Duck, 62. ,, ,, Toucanets, 259. Spotted Duck, 63. ,, ,, of Australia, 90. ,, Tanager, 259. ,, Tree Duck, 46. Spreos, 49. Spreo pulcher, 157, 230. Spurred Plovers, 271. Spur- winged Goose, 229. ,, ,, Plover, 152. Squacco Heron, 71. Squatarola, 271. St. Helena Waxbill, 74, 103. Stanley Crane, 221. ,, Parrakeet, 158, 197, 257, 259. Starling, Beautiful, 230. ,, Beautiful Spreo, 157. ,, Brown-headed, 291. ,, Pied, 98. ,, Royal, 104, 257. „ Superb Glossy, 103, 257, 260, 278. ,, Verreaux’s Amethyst, 104. Index to Subjects 825 Starling, White-bellied Amethyst, 103. Starlings, 257. Starlings and Bees, 168. .Steamer Duck, 128, 257. Stephanihyx coronata, 27 1 . Steppe Eagle, 22. Stick-insects as Bird Food, 165. Stilt, Black-winged, 103. Stilts, 260, 271. Stone Curlew, 154, 228, 268. Striated Barbets, 214. Striges, 278. Sturnopastor contra, 98. Success with Rock Peplars, 164. Sugar Bird, Blue, 294. ,, Yellow- winged, 75, 104, 294. Sugarbirds, 257, 259. Sulphur-breasted Toucan, 103. Sulphur- crested Cockatoos, 32. Sulphury Tyrant, 100. Summer Tanager, 74. Sunbird, Amethyst, 84. ,, Ceylonese, 84. ,, Double-collared, 75. ,, Golden-breasted, 75. ,, Greater Double- collared, 84. ,, Hainan, 216. ,, Himalayan Yellow-backed, 84. ,, Lesser Double-collared, 84. ,, Malachite, 83. ,, Mangin's Red, 216. ,, Purple, 75, 84. ,, Scarlet-chested, 84. ,, Southern Bifasciated, 84. ,, White-breasted, 84. ,, Zambesi Collared, 84. Sunbirds, 83, 257, 294. Sun Bittern, 182. Superb Glossy Starling, 103, 257, 278. ,, Tanager, 259, 294. Surface-feeding Ducks, 3, 62. Suthora webbiana, 30, 104. Swainson’s Lorikeet, 72, 303. Swallow, Barn, 227. ,, Oriental Chimney, 153. Swallows, 260. Swan, Mute, 229. Swan, Note on the Hybrid at the Zoological Gardens, 50. Swift Parrakeet, 162. Swift Parrakeets, Keeping and Feeding of, 160. Swifts, 227. Swinhoe’s Pheasant, 139. ,, Pheasant-tailed Pigeon, 21, 52, 143. ,, Pittas, 214. ,, Robins, 28. Sylvia melanocephala, 155, 228. Sypheotis benegalensis, 240. Tachyeres cinereus, 128. Tadorna radjah, 61. ,, tadorna, 60, 153. Taming Birds, 50. Tanager, Arthus’s, 257, 259, 294. ,, Black, 74. ,, Blue, 52, 104, 259. ,, ,, -winged, 257, 259, 294. ,, Crimson-backed, 103. ,, Desmarest’s Green, 104. ,, Festive, 294. ,, Green, 294. ,, Mexican Scarlet, 299. ,, Olive, 259. ,, Red-backed, 294. ,, Scarlet, 74, 257, 259. „ Silent, 104. ,, Spotted, 259. ,, Summer, 74. ,, Superb, 259, 294. ,, Tri-colour, 74, 294. ,, Violet, 104, 294. ,, White-capped, 104. ,, Yellow, 75, 104. Tanagra bonariensis, 104. ,, cana, 52. Tawny Frogmouth, 103. Teal, 229, 258. Teal, Andaman, 87. ,, Baikal or Japanese, 86. ,, Brazilian, 88. ,, Blue-winged, 88. ,, Cape, 87. ,, Chestnut-breasted, 52, 86. ,, Chilean, 51, 87. ,, Cinnamon, 88, 139. ,, Common, 86. „ Cotton, 2, 9, 257. ,, Garganey, 88. ,, Green-winged, 86. ,, Grey, 87. ,, Hottentot, 87. ,, Madagascan, 87. ,, Many-coloured, 89. ,, Marbled, 89. ,, Necklaced, 87. ,, New Zealand Brown, 70. ,, Ringed, 257. ,, Versicolor, 257. Teal and Shovellers, 86. Temminck Tragopan, 52, 257. ,, Whistling Thrush, 75. Terns, 261. Thalaxsornis , 131. Thereiceryx faiostrictus, 214. 326 Index to Subjects Thereiceryx intermedins, 214. Thick-billed Cardinals, 103. ,, Weaver, 103. Thinocorys rumicivorus, 273. ThopopTiilus pekinensis, 29. Thrush, Behaviour of a Tame, 288. ,, Blue Rock, 155. ,, Brown Laughing, 177. ,, Diard’s White-crested Jay, 163, 215. ,, Hainan Orange-headed, 215. ,, Hermit, 52. ,, Laughing, 27. ,, Orange-headed Ground, 75. ,, Pasquier’s Jay, 215. ,, Rock, 155. ,, Temminck’s Whistling, 73. ,, White-cheeked Jay, 215. Thrushes, Japanese, 257. ,, Jay, 257. Thrush-Robin, Mexican, 104. Timilia pileata bengalensis, 104. Timneh Parrot, 73. Tit, Coal, 29. ,, Great, 29. ,, Indian White-eyed, 191. Titmouse, Crested, 51. Toco Toucan, 103. Totanus, 272. Totanus hypoleucus, 272. Toucan, Ariel, 103. ,, Green-billed, 103. ,, Red-billed, 75, 103. ,, Sulphur-breasted, 103. ,, Toco, 103. Toucanets, Spot-billed, 259. Touraco, Donaldson’s, 76, 257. Touracou, Blue, 163, 186. ,, Great-billed, 103. ,, Green-necked, 103. ,, Red-crested, 103. ,, Senegal, 103. ,, White-breasted, 257. Trachyphonus margaritatus, 52. Tragopan, 278. ,, Cabots, 52, 257. ,, Satyr, 257. ,, Temminck, 52, 257. Tree Duck, Black-billed, 45. ,, Eyton’s, 46. ,, Fulvous, 44. ,, Grey-necked, 44. ,, Indian, 45. ,, Red-billed, 44. ,, Spotted, 46. ,, Wandering, 45. ,, White-faced, 44. Tree Ducks, 3. Tree Partridges, 212, 213. ,, Sparrows, 28. Tree or Whistling Ducks, 43. Triangular Spotted Pigeons, 32. Tribonyx mortieri, 286. Trichoglossus novce-hollandice, 303. Tricholimnas lefresnayanus, 284. ,, musirus , 288. Tri-colour Parrot Finch, 258. ,, Tanager, 74, 294. Tringa alpina, 272. ,, canutus, 272. ,, ocropus, 153. ,, totanus, 272. Triton Cockatoo, 73. Trochalopterum canorum, 27, 177. Trogons, 67. ,, Cuban, 67. Tropicoperdix merlini, 213. Troupial, Bare-eyed, 75. Tufted Duck, 127, 229. Trumpeter Bullfinch, 154. ,, Common, 182. ,, Green- winged, 182. ,, White- winged, 182. Trumpeters, 181. Turcoman Eagle Owl, 277. T urdus cardis, 215. ,, musicus, 288. Turkey, Wild, 52, 107, 257, 258. Turnix lepurana, 52. ,, maculatus, 29. Turnstone, 270. Turquoisines and Alexandra Parrakeets 79, 203. Twelve-wired Bird of Paradise, 75, 103 Tyrant, Sulphury, 100. Undulated Hornbill, 103. Upupa epops, 155. Uragus, 257. Ural Owl, 277. Urocissa occipitalis, 278. Vanellus vanellus, 271. Varied Lorikeet, 162. Velvet Scoter, 130. Venezuelan Cardinals, 259. Verreaux’s Amethyst Starling, 104. Versicolor Lorikeet, 72. ,, Pheasant, 52. ,, Teal, 257. Vieillot’s Fireback, 257. Vigor’s Bustard, 240. Violaceous Plantain-eater, 103. Violet Budgerigar, 52. ,, Tanager, 104, 294. Index to Subjects 327 Violet-eared Waxbill, 74. Virginian Cardinals, 103. „ Eagle Owl, 251, 277. ,, ,, Breeding the, 194. ,, ,, Nesting of the, 97. ,, Nightingales, 210. Vulture, Egyptian, 151. ,, Griffon, 151. ,, Kolb’s, 252. Vulturine Guinea Fowl, 261. Waders, The Small, 268. Wagtails, 149. Wallace’s Bird of Paradise, 103. Wandering Tree Duck, 45. Warbler, Black-headed, 155. ,, Blue-throated, 104. ,, Clamorous Sedge, 155. ,, Great Reed, 103. ,, Red, 28. ,, Ruby- throated, 104. ,, Rufous, 155. ,, Sardinian, 228. ,, Scrub, 154, 228. Warblers, 210, 260. Wargrave and Odney Aviaries, Nesting Notes from, 277. Water Hens, Chinese Purple, 168. ,, Black-tailed, 286. ,, Crested, 286. ,, Mortier’s, 286. Water Pheasant or Pheasant- tailed Jacana, 270. Water Rail, 284. Wattled Crane, 221. ,, Plovers, 270. Waxbill, Australian, 103. ,, Blue-headed, 305. ,, Common, 103, 252. ,, Crimson-backed, 259. ,, Crimson-eared, 103. ,, Dufresne’s, 74. ,, Golden-breasted, 103, 304. ,, Orange-breasted, 252. ,, Orange-cheeked, 49, 103, 252. „ St. Helena, 74, 103. ,, Violet-eared, 74. Waxbills, 31, 261. ,, at Liberty, 252. Waxwings, 210. ,, Cedar, 210. Weaver, Black-faced, 132. ,, Blue-billed, 104. ,, Chestnut-backed, 74. ,, Mahali, 74. ,, Thick-billed, 103. Weavers, 260. Webb’s Crowtit, 30. Weka Rails, 285. Western Black Cockatoo, 73. White Asiatic Crane, 220, 258. ,, Budgerigar, 52. ,, Call-duck, 200. ,, Chaffinch, 198. ,, Eyes, 51. ,, Java, 170, 261. ,, Java Sparrow, 74. White Mallard, Breeding of from Sports, 166. White Mallard Sports, 200. ,, Peafowl, 258. ,, Rheas, 257, 258. White-bellied Amethyst Starling, 103. White-breasted Ground Pigeons, 257. ,, Kingfishers, 214, 257. ,, Nuthatch, 210. , , Sunbird, 84. ,, Touracous, 257. White-capped Glossy Starling, 75. ,, ,, Redstart, 104. ,, ,, Tanager, 104. White-cheeked Jay Thrush, 215. White-crested Cockatoo, 73. ,, ,, Hornbill, 103. White-eared Scops, 277. White-Eye, Chinese, 180. White-eyed or Ferruginous Duck, 127. ,, Pochard, 229. White-faced Tree Duck, 44. White-fronted Geese, 150. White-necked Crane, 220. White- tailed Hummer, 93. White- vented Bulbul, 151. White- winged Coot, 288. ,, ,, Duck, 9. ,, ,, Trumpeter, 182. Whydah, Jackson’s, 103. Wigeon, 64, 229. ,, American, 22, 51, 65. ,, Chiloe, 51, 65. ,, Common, 51, 65. Wild Duck or Mallard, 62. ,, Turkey, 107. Wilson’s Bird of Paradise, 104. Woodcock, 273. Wood Duck, 107. Woodlark, 260. Woodpecker, Lesser Pied, 260. Woodpeckers, 210. Wren, Australian Blue, 231. Wrens, 260. Wrynecks, 149. Yellow Hangnest, 103. ,, Tanager, 75, 104, 294. Yellow- backed Lory, 72. 828 Index to Subjects Yellow-bellied Parrakeet, 257, 259. Yellow-billed Duck, 63. Yellowbills, Abyssinian, 52. ,, African, 52. ,, Australian, 52. Yellow-breasted Cissa, 96. Yellow -legged Pish Owls, 213. Yellow-mantled Parrakeet, 257. Yellow-winged Sugar Bird. 75, 104, 294. Ypacaha Rail, 285. Zambesi Collared Sunbird, 84. Zebra Dove, 254. „ Pinch, 48, 49, 95, 103, 171, 304. Zenker's or the Black-collared Lcvebird, 14. Zonifer tricolor, 271. Zosterops, 259, 294. ,, Indian, 76. , , Red-flanked, 29. ,, Red-sided Japanese, 257. Zosterops eryihropleura, 29, 180. ,, japonica, 180. ,, simplex, 180. Printed by Stephen Austin & Sons, Ltd., Hertford. CANDIDATES FOR ELECTION. William Bott, Gwent, Walton-by-Clevedon, Somerset. Proposed by E . Maud Knobel. John S. Boyle, The Farm House, Shirburn, Watlington, Oxon. Proposed by E. Maud Knobel. Miss Joan Evans, 8 South Eaton Place, London, S.W. Proposed by D. Seth- Smith. E. G. Rutherford, 1115 Carlford Way, Beverly Hill, California, U.S.A. Proposed by Victor G. Loly. Mrs. Douglas Vroom, 555 South Wilton Place, Los Angeles, California, U.S. A. Proposed by Victor G. Loly. NEW MEMBERS. A. Buchanan, 105 Victoria Terrace, Dunfermline. Lady Westmacott, 6 rue Bel Respiro, Monte Carlo, Principante de Monaco. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. P. J. Calvocoresi, to 35 Portman Square, W. 1. Miss E. M. Ormsby, to Belmont Bungalow, Forest Lane, Harrogate. T. F. M. Williamson, to 2027 Hyde Street, San Francisco, California, U.S. A. DONATION. William B. Gibbins . . . £4 0 0 MEMBERS’ SALE AND EXCHANGE COLUMN, The charge for Members' advertisements is one penny per word, and no advertisement must exceed thirty-six words, name and address included. Payment must accompany the advertisement, which must be sent on or before the 20th of the month to Mr. T. H. Newman, “Verulam,” Forty Lane, Wembley Park, Middlesex. All members of the Society are entitled to use this column. SALE AND EXCHANGE. A few Black and Red Gouldians and Blue Budgerigars. — E. W. Chaplin, The Hearne, Great Amwell, near Ware, Herts. Wanted to exchange, cock Satyr 1928, for hen 1928. For sale, Rosy-billed Ducks, Red-crested Pochards, Carolinas, Ruddy Sheldrakes, European Shell- ducks, hand-reared and pinioned. — A. VAN Heyst, Marienhoven, Wyk by Duurstede, Holland. ONE pair Barrabands, two pairs Mealy Rosellas, one pair Blue Mountain Lories, two pairs Pennants, one pair Tasmanian Yellow-bellied Parrakeets, one Swift Lorikeet, two pairs Diamond Doves, one hen King Parrot, four Senegal Parrots. — B. Jackson, 33 Church Street, Bingley, Yorkshire. PURE Blue Budgerigars, £4 pair, unheated outside aviary. — Mrs. Frost, Glebe House, Hayes, Kent. Budgerigars of all colours offered. All from unheated outdoor aviaries. Many are now winning at leading shows. Prices upon application. — Humphries, 29 Pearfield Road, Forest Hill, S.E. 23. Budgerigars, early 1928, from unheated outdoor aviaries, fine specimens for sale at very moderate prices. White, Cobalt, Blue, Mauve, Yellow, also Blue bred Greens. Inspection invited any day by appointment. ^-H. Roberts Bagatelle, Market Harborough, Leicestershire. GAMAGES dS£ HAVE ALWAYS A VARIED STOCK OF Foreign Birds, Parrots, Lovebirds, etc. We can now offer : — White Java Sparrows, Scarlet Tanagers, Lovebirds — Masked, Fischers, Blue-wing, Peach- face, Nyassa, Black Cheek, Bengalese, Nonpariel, Indigo, and Rainbow Buntings, Avadavats, Guano Parrotolets, Whydahs, Pintail, Paradise, White-wing, Calefornian Quail, Diamond Doves , Virginian, Pope Red-crested Cardinals, Cockatiels, Blue Budgerigars, Amazon Parrots, Grey Parrots, Macaws, Rock Peplar Parrakeets, Redrumps, Tuis,and Canary Wings, King Parrakeets, Yellow Bellies. BEST FOODS . LOWEST PRICES. Mealworms 6/6 per lb. ,3 1b. , 18/6 Post paid. Spray Millet large bundles Ants’ Eggs 61- 5/- per lb. > > , 41b., 17/6 Dried Flies 2/- 41b., 7/- Pure Egg Yolk . 2/6 41b., 9/- Insectivorous Food 1/6 ff 71b., 8/6 Cuttlefish Bone 1/3 41b., 4/6 , , Specialities in CAGES, AVIARIES, NEST-BOXES and all appliances. A. W. GAM AGE, Ltd., HOLBORN, LONDON, E.C.l . PHONE : HOL. 8484. GALLOWAY’S PINKO The Great Remedy for Gastro-enteritis, Going Light, all Gastric Disturbances, and all Internal Inflammation in Birds of all species and a splendid Tonic at any time during Moult, etc. I hold remarkable testimony from many of the Principal Aviculturists and Exhibitors, etc., in various parts of the country as to the immense value of Galloway’s Pinko for birds of all kinds, small and large. Pinko is a real boon to Aviculturists and to Poultry and Pheasant raisers. The Honble. Mrs. G. Bourke writes : — “ I can most highly recommend Pinko.” Mrs. E. Kathleen Goddard writes : — “ I find it absolutely invaluable.” Obtainable only from C. F. GALLOWAY, 1 Rectory Road, Caversham, READING. Sole Maker and Proprietor of the celebrated Insectivorous Food Life, supplied to many leading Aviculturists all over the world. No agents. Prices of Pinko 2/3, 3/3, 5/3 per bottle (post free United Kingdom). Highly concentrated. Special terms quoted for large quantities.