FIELDIANA Zoology NEW SERIES, NO. 114 The Avifauna of Mt. Kitanglad, Bukidnon Province, ‘Mindanao, Philippines A. Townsend Peterson Thomas Brooks Anita Gamauf Juan Carlos T. Gonzalez Neil Aldrin D. Mallari Guy Dutson Sarah E. Bush Dale H. Clayton Renato Fernandez June 12, 2008 Publication 1548 PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY aye sites asta Pies prea gt ea py ey FIELDIANA Loology NEW SERIES, NO. 114 The Avifauna of Mt. Kitanglad, Bukidnon Province, Mindanao, Philippines A. Townsend Peterson The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive Chicago, IL 60605-2496, U.S.A. Present address: Natural History Museum The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, U.S.A. Thomas Brooks Center for Applied Biodiversity Science Conservation International, 1919 M Street NW Suite 600, Washington, D.C. 20036, U.S.A. and Department of Environmental Science, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA 22904, U.S.A. Present address: Center for Applied Biodiversity Science Conservation International, SEARCA, House A Dona Aurora Street, UPCO University of the Philippines Los Banos College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines Anita Gamauf Konrad Lorenz-Institute for Comparative Ethology Austrian Academy of Sciences, Savoyenstrape 1A A-1160 Vienna, Austria Present address: Museum of Natural History Vienna Department of Vertebrate Zoology-Bird Collection Burgring 7, A-1014 Vienna, Austria Accepted February 5, 2008 Published June 12, 2008 Publication 1548 Juan Carlos T. Gonzalez Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences College of Arts and Sciences University of the Philippines—Los Banos College Laguna 4031, Philippines Neil Aldrin D. Mallari Environmental and Geographical Sciences Department John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U_K. Guy Dutson 1 High Way, Broadstone, Dorset BH18 9NB, U.K. Sarah E. Bush Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, U.S.A. Dale H. Clayton Department of Biology, University of Utah 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 U.S.A. Renato Fernandez Samar Island Biodiversity Project, SSPC-SRSF Complex Barangay Mercedes, Catbalogan, Samar 6700 Philippines PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY © 2008 Field Museum of Natural History ISSN 0015-0754 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Table of Contents PNB SUNAG UA GREER ce RRR GE et es Seas ao a wo re Eee. BST Sek, se ete oes ENTRODUGHIONS- SA atenwe es: 5.8 Rierae a area ees cabelas cewaia secre chstayyh Leos gees oh < l ISbORYCOF ORNITHOLOGY IN BURIDNON PROVINCE. «aoa oe sis < tale Gis ers b/eyauals “ese aie. e ar susenisie ec 2D: Simi y AREA. AND: METHODSinciakenickuicwanh lice ear icant neinitacsy A ole ieecao oem 2 [Uy ATR ee, AN SS eT GRIN See amy Serna EAN oA ee MEER EMTS Tne eS, Berg, Smee Set eS cao. 7 BRCeles A CCOUMES te dues PEEL a a etre gis Buoaitasg sod Se. BSc eo cake ac kore en ge ee 7 bio thetical IRCCOnGS).. js: c.- <1000m and <2000 m, black is >2000 m), (b) distribution of native forest on Mind- anao (dark gray; U.S. Geological Survey, 2000), and (c) the Kitanglad massif in detail (camps and study sites mentioned in the text are labeled, elevations shaded as in a). 1800-m Ridge—Mindanao, Bukidnon Prov- ince, Mt. Kitanglad Range, Mt. Imbayao Peak, 15 km S, 7 km E Baungon, 1800 m, 8°9'N, 124°45’E, 7-21 May 1992. This site was in primary transitional mon- tane/mossy rain forest, near a small grass- covered peak. The moderately open canopy included trees up to 15 m tall on the ridge sides and 10 m on the ridgetops. Undergrowth was heavy, and fallen logs were common. Moss grew on tree trunks, limbs, and twigs from the ground to the canopy, thickly on the trunks and ground but thinner elsewhere. Ferns, orchids, and other plants grew abundantly as epiphytes, and pandan vines were abundant. Leaf litter was profuse, and the humus layer was thick (more than | m in most places) and spongy. A thick root mat on the surface gave the ground a springy resilience. Long strings of FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY epiphytes similar to Spanish moss hung from many trees. Fog was quite common. 1900-m Camp—Mindanao, Bukidnon Proy- ince, Mt. Kitanglad Range, Mt. Nangkabulos Peak, 16.5 km S, 4km E Camp Phillips, 1900 m, 8°10.5’N, 124°51’E, Mar—Apr. 1993. This site was in primary upper montane rain forest, in an area characterized by steep slopes and fairly narrow ridgetops. Canopy height was typically 15-20 m, but emergents reached 20-25 m; none of the trees had buttresses. Tree diameters averaged 20-30 cm. Oaks and laurels were common, and a few strangler fig trees were present but no diptero- carps. Ferns and moss were common epi- phytes; “Spanish moss” and orchids were less common. Canopy vines (especially pandans) were common. Fallen logs, often rotten, were common. Ground cover consisted of ferns, climbing ferns, small shrubs, wild raspberry, and moss. Leaf litter covered virtually the entire ground surface, usually 1-2 cm deep, underlain by a layer of moist humus 10-30 cm deep on top of weathered volcanic ash. 2250-m Camp—Mindanao, Bukidnon Prov- ince, Mt. Kitanglad Range, Mt. Nangkabulos Peak, 15.5 km S, 4km E Camp Phillips, 2250 m, 8°9.5'N, 124°51’E, Mar.—Apr. 1993. This site was located in primary lower mossy rain forest characterized by steep slopes (typically 20-45°). The incomplete canopy averaged 7-10 m high, with emergents reach- ing 12-15 m on ridgetops and 14-18 m on ridge sides. None of the trees had buttresses; DBH averaged 20-50 cm, but a few reached 110 cm. The trees largest in diameter were gymnosperms of at least 2 species, including Podocarpus sp. Moss, “Spanish moss,” ferns, and orchids were common epiphytes; canopy vines were nearly absent. Fallen logs, many quite rotten, were common. Understory and ground cover plants were abundant, including Rhododendron as a common element, fruit- bearing shrubs, saplings, ferns, and climbing ferns. Moss was common on and near the ground, 1-3 cm thick on trunks and fallen logs, but was scarce more than 2 m above the ground. Leaf litter covered virtually the entire ground to a depth of 5—20 mm, lying on top of a layer of humus 10-50 cm in thickness that lay over weathered volcanic ash with scattered large rocks (up to 4m in diameter) that protruded through the humus and leaves. The Field Museum inventories were carried out during 2 separate trips to the mountain massif. At each site, lines of 3-15 mist nets (12 m long, 3-cm mesh, set 0-2 m above ground) were set crossing each major microhabitat type (ridge- tops, valleys, streams); these lines were checked 3-8 times daily; birds captured were identified to species and either marked (to prevent double counting in estimates of abundance) and released or preserved as voucher specimens. A total of 174 net-days was accumulated on the 1 100—1200- m ridges, 297 on the 1700-m ridge, 68 on the 1800- m ridge, 66 at 1900 m, and 57 at 2250 m. These nets were set to maximize bat as well as bird captures (e.g., with nets in more open areas, ridgetops, and so on than would have been used otherwise). Additional avian specimens were collected from snap-traps during intensive mam- mal trapping on the 1100—1300-m, 1700—1850-m, and 1900—2250-m ridges; many terrestrial, inver- tebrate-eating species were collected, especially at higher elevations, where traps were baited princi- pally with earthworms. Additional records were accumulated by extensive daily observations, by surveys with tape recorders later analyzed with reference to work elsewhere in the Philippines, and by limited hunting with an air rifle. Specimens were prepared as either study skins, skeletons, or skin/skeleton preparations or were preserved whole in formalin and were deposited at the Philippine National Museum and the Field Museum of Natural History (Appendix). Frozen tissues were preserved from all specimens. The 700—1850-m and 1900—2250-m portions of the Field Museum transect were carried out in different sectors of the mountain range. The lower portion was done on the northwest slopes (climbing up from Cagayan de Oro along the Baungon River to the settlements of San Vicente and Camp Roa), where lowland forest was most extensive. That extreme of the mountain range, however, has its peak at 1850-1900 m, so additional studies had to be carried out farther east, on the north face, where higher-elevation forest was available. However, given near- asymptotic species discovery curves and a high degree of coincidence between the results of the 2 portions of the transect in terms of species’ elevational limits, we feel confident that the 2 field seasons can indeed be combined to provide a picture of altitudinal changes along the slopes of Mt. Kitanglad. SEB and DHC worked at several sites (particularly at 10.7 km S, 2.9 km W Sumilao, PETERSON ET AL.: THE AVIFAUNA OF MT. KITANGLAD 5 8°11'20"N, 124°55’20"E) on the massif on 25 Apr.4 May 1999 in the course of studies of ectoparasite faunas associated with Philippine birds (e.g., Clayton & Johnson, 2000); focus was on collection of specimens (particularly of swiftlets) for ongoing ectoparasite studies, re- sulting in 123 net-days (at 1440-1525 m), and 106 specimens of 31 species. Nets were set principally for birds, as contrasted with some of the “‘bat”’ nets in the Field Museum work, and no specimens were obtained using firearms. In the course of studies of Philippine raptors (Gamauf et al., 1998a,b), AG and colleagues conducted fieldwork in 2 areas on Kitanglad in 1993-1994. The northeast foothills (Dalwangan site) were visited 3 times (13—21 Mar. 1993, 2—23 Jan. 1994, and 30 Mar.—11 Apr. 1994, a total of 43 days), and the northwest flank (Kalawaig site) of the massif was visited twice (25-30 Mar. 1993 and 17-29 Apr. 1994, a total of 19 days). The 2 study sites were as follows: 600-m Camp—Mindanao, Bukidnon Prov- ince, northwest slope Mt. Kitanglad Range, up the Kalawaig River and its surroundings; study area covers about 45 km”, 4.5 km east- southeast of San Antonio (440 m), 1.5 km E Lantud (700 m), 8°9'N, 124°42’E, 25-30 Mar. 1993 and 17-29 Apr. 1994. The group worked at elevations between 600 m and 1000 m, occasionally up to 1200 m. The broad, gently inclined slopes were mainly covered by disturbed lowland dipterocarp forest (average canopy height ca. 25m, with emergents occasionally reaching 35 m; tree diameters ranged from 20 to 40 cm; dense understory). The area was selectively logged in the early 1980s. The residual forest line was at an elevation of ca. 550 m and the primary forest line at ca. 900-1100 m on the broad slopes but as low as 650m in the narrow Kalawaig River valley. The indige- nous people practice agriculture, which is relatively protective of the forest, with culti- vated areas divided into 5—7 portions of equal size. Only | of these portions is cultivated each year; the other areas are left fallow to regenerate successively. In this way, each portion is used at 5—7-year intervals for a variety of crops (e.g., vegetables, bananas). Older trees are left standing at the edge of these areas, often providing birds with attrac- tive “‘fruit trees.” This agricultural strategy is the reason why forest fragments are still found at lower elevations. Human disturbance was heaviest in the vicinity of settlkements and became lighter as elevation increased. The main camp was located on the Kala- waig River; however, excursions were made a great distance upriver, to the Tagiti River in the northeast and beyond the Tulohan River in the south. The valleys become increasingly narrow upriver, and valleys are deep and slopes very steep toward the peak of Mt. Imbayao. In the rivers themselves, large exposed rocks are common. The slopes are not generally suited for cultivation, and timber exploitation is very difficult, permitting the persistence of primary forest at low elevations. At the camp, the valley was >1 km wide and ca. 300 m deep at the slopes’ shoulders; at the mouth of the Andalawi River, the Kalawaig valley is less than 700 m wide. 1100-m Camp (Philippine Eagle Conservation Project lodgehouse and areas to the west and southwest, at higher elevations)—Mindanao, Bukidnon Province, northeast slope Mt. Kitanglad Range, ca. 9 km west of Dalwan- gan, size of study area about 38 km’, 1100 m, 8°11'’N, 125°1’E, 13-21 Mar. 1993, 2-23 Jan. and 30 Mar.—11 Apr. 1994. This site is in a gently sloping, wide, and relatively dry area between river valleys. The forest was clear-cut or heavily reduced in the early 1970s, mainly for planting coffee. Over the years, the forest boundary has been pushed farther upslope by intensive agricul- ture by small farmers in the area. Several degraded wooded patches still exist between the cultivated fields and fallow areas. Only along the small rivers (Lalawan River, Sawaga River) did closed forest descend to lower elevations (ca. 900 m). The agricultural areas (potatoes, sweet potatoes, vegetables), cultivated primarily by the Ifugao people (recent immigrants from Luzon), reach up to ca. 1400 m, even within the protected natural park area. Some culti- vated areas (kaingins) were even close to the mossy forest line (ca. 1700 m, on slopes of Mt. Tuminungan). Even the narrow floor of the Lalawan River valley was seeing increased cultivation. This valley was ca. 400 m wide at the shoulders and had steep slopes. The gently inclined slope south of the Lalawan River toward Mt. Dulang-Dulang was selectively FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY logged in 1974-1975, but the “Twin Peaks” of Mt. Dulang-Dulang were completely covered with primary forest. Upriver toward Kitan- glad, broad forested areas burned because of lightning years ago; they were covered with high grass and charred remains of trees. Work was concentrated at 1000-1600 m, occasion- ally up to 2100 m. TB and GD visited the Dalwangan area on 3—6 Oct. 1991, making extensive opportunis- tic observations up to 1600 m; other infor- mation was kindly provided by visiting bird- watchers. Finally, we summarize records from historical natural history museum collections (abbrevia- tions provided when specific specimens are cited in the text): Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANsp), Bell Museum of Natural History, California Academy of Sciences, Dela- ware Museum of Natural History (DMNH), Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH), Florida State Museum (FsmM), Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Museum of Verte- brate Zoology, Philippine National Museum (PNM), Silliman University Natural Science Mu- seum (SUNSM), University of Kansas Natural History Museum (KUNHM), Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology, Yale Peabody Museum (ypM), Naturmuseum Senkenberg (SMF), and Zoological Museum of the University of Copen- hagen (zMuc). The seasonal distribution of collecting and birding trips reviewed here is given in Figure 2. When recent survey data were sufficiently extensive, we evaluated the completeness of our inventories using quantitative methodologies (Sober6n & Llorente, 1993; Peterson & Slade, 1998). These approaches consist of extrapolation from known fauna sizes to predicted fauna sizes and then use of both figures to arrive at estimates of percent completeness of inventory data. In particular, we used the bootstrapped Chao equation approach (Peterson & Slade, 1998), in which species richness is predicted as Sexp = Sehs tance 4 where S,,, 1s the number of species actually observed in the study, a is the number of species observed in just | sampling period (here, a day of sampling), and 4 is the number of species observed in exactly 2 sampling Number of visits Lo > Month Fic. 2. Seasonality of fieldwork on Mt. Kitan- glad, including our own. Collecting expeditions are shaded black (Salomonsen, 1953; Ripley & Rabor, 1961; NORDECO and DENR, 1998, table Ic and e): visits by other ornithologists (without voucher speci- mens) are gray. Given that Kitanglad has strongly seasonal rainfall, the concentration of visits in the relatively dry months of December—April is clear. periods. S,/Sexp, then, can be used as a measure of the completeness of the actual inventory of species (Peterson & Slade, 1998). Results Species Accounts In this section, we present in-depth informa- tion about selected species that have been documented on Mt. Kitanglad that are of special interest either from an ornithological perspective or in terms of conservation. We discuss species falling into 1 or more of 5 categories: (1) species classed as globally threatened or near threatened (BirdLife International, 2004), (2) species not previously documented from the Kitanglad region, (3) species that have apparently declined on Kitanglad or across broader regions, (4) species for which we noted unusual ecological or behavioral characteristics, or (5) species for which current information updates previous understanding of status on Kitanglad. Nomen- clature and systematic order follow Kennedy et PETERSON ET AL.: THE AVIFAUNA OF MT. KITANGLAD z al. (2000), with exceptions dictated by more recent work indicated by a “t.” It should be noted that species accounts are provided only for species of special interest (see above)—the complete list of species known from the Kitan- glad massif is summarized in Table 2 (residents) and Table 3 (migrants). Anas luzonica Philippine Duck VULNERABLE Sighted flying over the northeast flank of the mountain in 1994 by P. Heath (F. Verbelen, in litt., 1998). This taxon was recently up-listed from near threatened (Collar et al., 1994) to vulnerable (Collar et al., 1999), although Kitan- glad clearly would not constitute a priority site for its conservation. Pernis celebensis Barred Honeybuzzard Although only a single specimen of this species exists from Kitanglad (smMr 47343), numerous recent sightings from the northeast flank also document its presence at the site: an adult seen by N. Redman on 7 Mar. 1990 (Gretton, 1990), 1-2 daily on 12-14 Mar. 1990 (Table 1d), 1 on 6 Oct. 1991 [TB, GD], several on 28-29 Feb. 1992 (Table 1k), regular sightings [AG] of 2 pairs between 1180m and 1550m in 1993-1994 (Gamauf & Preleuthner, 1998), 2 on 2 Apr. 1996 (Table la), and 2 at 1250 m on 6 Dec. 1998 (Table 1g). The only sightings away from Dal- wangan are of 3-4 pairs regularly seen at 600— 800 m on the northwest flank [AG] in 1993-1994 (Gamauf & Preleuthner, 1998). Circus spilonotus Eastern Marsh-harrier Only | specimen exists of this species from Mindanao (Dickinson et al., 1991), but an adult male was observed hunting over short grass (ca. 50 cm tall), and apparently displaying over tall grass on 13-19 Mar. 1993 at 930-1030 m on the Dalwangan slope [AG], even though this species does not breed in the Philippines (Dickinson et al., 1991). The only other Kitanglad sighting is of 1 seen on 26 Feb. 1991 (Table 1m). Pithecophaga jefferyi Philippine Eagle CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Although Kitanglad is the best-known locality for P. jefferyi, its status there is difficult to interpret, as most records derive from a single nest site in the Lalawan Valley, above Dalwan- gan on the northeast flank. The first records were from 1500 to 1800 m at Malaybalay (8°09'N, 125°5’E) in 1959-1964 (Rabor, 1965, 1968, 1971; Gonzales, 1968), with other records (including 4 shot) through the 1960s (Gonzales, 1971). Nesting was recorded at Kinubalan (8°13'N, 124°59’E) in 1984 and at Dalwangan (8°14'N, 125°2’E) in 1982-1993 (Krupa, 1985). This pair is almost certainly the same as that recorded nesting on 30 Dec. 1989 at 1350 m (Lambert, 1993), 12-16 Mar. 1990 (Table 1d), and Feb.— Mar. 1993 (1. Gardner, in /itt., 1993, AG). It was also reported that young were visible in the nest in Nov.—Apr. 1990-1991 and 1992-1993 (Ta- ble 1f) and that the pair laid a single egg on 28 Nov. 1992 [AG]. It was reported to AG that this pair’s eyrie has been pushed farther up the valley (ca. 3 km in the last 20 yr), presumably because of increasing habitat disturbance: disturbed areas (kaingin) reached to within 200 m of the eyrie by 1992. Apparently, the eyrie was at ca. 1100 m in the late 1970s, at ca. 1200 m by the mid-1980s, and at 1330 m by 1993-1994 [AG]. Sight records of individuals presumably from the Dalwangan pair include adults frequently observed hunting at 1150-1700 m, occasionally up to 7 km from the nest, in 1993 [AG]. Further records are from 1987-1998 (Table la, b, fh, j, k, m—o) and R. J. Timmins (pers. comm., 1992). Away from Dalwangan, Krupa (1985) report- ed a bird captured at Libona (8°20'N, 124°44’E) on the north flank in 1982; 1 recorded soaring over primary forest at 800 m on the northwest flank (8°9’N, 124°42’E) on 28 Mar. 1994 [AG]; several further reports are available from the Philippine Eagle Working Group (Collar et al., 1999). These records, from up to 30 km from Dalwangan, suggest that at least a few other pairs of eagles persist on Kitanglad, especially given that the species’ home range is now suspected to be smaller than traditionally as- sumed (Collar, 1997a,b). Nevertheless, increas- ing human pressure on Kitanglad’s forest, pushing the eagles into what may be suboptimal higher elevation habitat, surely indicates that the species is under extreme threat here, as elsewhere in its range. Spizaetus cirrhatus Changeable Hawk-eagle This species is known on Mindanao from a single specimen (Dickinson et al., 1991) but has been sighted several times on Kitanglad. Horns- kov (1995) sighted a pale individual, probably an immature, on 14 Mar. 1987. AG obtained breeding records in Apr. 1994 at 600-1120 m on the northwest slope, as well as observations of a first-year individual seen hunting over fragmented FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY forest, and at least 3 pairs observed regularly engaging in territorial displays (Gamauf et al., 1998a). Spizaetus philippensis Philippine Hawk-eagle VULNERABLE Although Dickinson et al. (1991) reported only | specimen from Mindanao, AG has traced 3 further skins from other sites on the island. At 1100-1650 m on the northeast slopes of Kitan- glad, 3 pairs and | independent juvenile were sighted over 38 km? in 1993-1994 [AG]. On the northwest slopes, sightings include individuals seen by TB and GD in Sep. 1991 (Evans et al., 1993), by R. J. Timmins (pers. comm., 1992) in Jan. 1992, on 27-29 Feb. 1992 (Table 1k), Feb. 1994 (Table 1f), Apr. 1998 (Table lh), pairs in Sep. 1994 (Table In) and Dec. 1996 (Table 1b), and up to 3 on 2-12 Dec. 1998 at 1250-1520 m (Table 1g). Collar et al. (1999) noted sightings from D. Cedeno, G. Balaquit, and C. Gayamara in Nov. 1994 and from P. Morris of a juvenile in Jan. 1994. Southern populations of the species have recently been recognized as distinct sub- specifically (Preleuthner & Gamauf, 1998), and separation of the species from S. cirrhatus in the field has been discussed (Gamauf et al., 1998a). Falco tinnunculus Eurasian Kestrel The only previous Mindanao record of this species was a sight record by Mearns on 31 Mar. (Dickinson et al., 1991). One was seen on 19 Mar. 1993 at 880-1000 m over pastureland on the northeast slope of Kitanglad [AG]. Falco severus Oriental Hobby This species is known from Kitanglad from only 2 specimens, a female collected on 3 May and a male on 22 Dec. 1960 (ypm 61572, 62268) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961). The absence of recent records is intriguing. Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon Although large, dark birds of the race F. p. ernesti breed on steep cliffs at a few sites in the Philippines, the only previously suspected breed- ing locality on Mindanao is Mt. Apo (Dickinson et al., 1991). On Kitanglad, adult peregrines were seen on 3 Apr. 1994 (1180-1250 m) on the northeast slope and on 28 Mar. 1993 (640 m) and 23 Apr. 1994 (600-700 m) on the northwest slope [AG]. In addition, sightings exist for an adult on 11 Jan. 1995 (Table lo), a “rather pale grey” bird in early Apr. 1996 (Table la), and 1 onl 3. Wec sand: 2 one), Dec, 1999 at 15204m (Table lg). We assume that these individuals were wintering, although the possibility remains that a breeding population exists high on Kitanglad. Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl This species may have been introduced into the Philippines (Parkes, 1962), and Philippine populations have apparently been contaminated secondarily by crossing with domestic chickens (Peterson & Brisbin, 1998). Records from the mountain include 3 specimens from the 1960s (DMNH 2989, yepM 61573, 62269) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961), and birds seen and heard fairly commonly in 1993-1994 at 630-950 m on the northwest slope [AG]. On the west slope, it was detected only uncommonly at 1100-1300 m, while at 1500 m it was heard calling almost every morning in Apr._May 1992 [ATP, RF; junglefowl were also sighted at 1900-2250 m on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar.—Apr. 1993 [JCTG, NADM]. On the northeast flank, sightings include a male on 15 Mar. 1987 (Table 1)), individuals heard on 14-15 Mar. 1990 (Ta- ble 1d), several individuals seen at 1390 m in secondary forest on 18 Mar. 1993 and at 1800 m in mossy forest on the east flank of Mt. Tuminungan on 9 Apr. 1994 [AG], a male “sitting c20 ft up a tree noisily feeding ... 1 mile or so away from the nearest houses” on 17 Dec. 1994 (Table lo), and a sighting “in remote forest” tm Apr/ 1996" (Table la)“. Hence» a considerable buffer of uninhabited forest sepa- rates Kitanglad junglefowl populations from human influence, suggesting that lower-elevation populations have been hunted out or that this species avoids human presence. Turnix sylvatica Small Buttonquail The single Kitanglad report of 7. sy/vatica, the only Turnix known from Mindanao (Dickinson et al., 1991), is from grasslands on Kitanglad on 11 Mar. 1990 (Table 1d). A buttonquail not specifically identified but presumably pertaining to this species was seen at 520m on the northwest slope on 29 Apr. 1994 [AG]. Gallinago megala Swinhoe’s Snipe Although a common winter visitor to the Philippines (Dickinson et al., 1991), the difficul- ties of separating this species from Pintail Snipe G. stenura and Common Snipe G. gallinago (Carey & Olsson, 1995) suggest that records should require specimen vouchers for confirma- tion. One specimen (sMF 47128) documents this PETERSON ET AL.: THE AVIFAUNA OF MT. KITANGLAD 9 Tas_e 2. Summary of presumed resident bird species known from the Mt. Kitanglad massif. Species taxonomy follows Dickinson et al. (1991), except as indicated by recent taxonomic treatments. Conservation status from Collar et al. (1999), restricted-range status is from Stattersfield et al. (1998), recent records (since 1983) as observed and summarized herein, recent specimens (1992-1993, 1999) deposited at PNM and FMNH, and historical specimens (pre-1970; Acknowledgments). For endemism, P = endemic to the Philippines, GM = endemic to Greater Mindanao, and M = endemic to Mindanao. For conservation status, CR = critical, VU = vulnerable, NT = near threatened, and DD = data deficient. + denotes exceptions dictated by more recent work. Conserva- Restricted Recent Recent Historical Taxon Endemism tion status range records specimens specimens Family Ardeidae Butorides striatus Little Heron — — — Dupetor flavicollis Black Bittern — —~ _ Family Anatidae Anas luzonica Philippine Duck Family Accipitridae | VU — Accipiter trivirgatus Crested Goshawk — — _ A. virgatus Besra — — —- Elanus caeruleus Black-shouldered Kite _ -- -— Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite — _ — Hieraaetus kienerii Rufous-bellied Eagle —— _ — Pernis celebensis Barred Honeybuzzard —— — — P. ptiloryncus Oriental Honeybuzzard —- Pithecophaga jefferyi Philippine Eagle Pe. Spilornis holospilus Philippine Serpent-Eaglet P — — ie nxn -K Spizaetus cirrhatus Changeable Hawk-eagle S. philippensis Philippine Hawk-eagle Family Falconidae Falco severus Oriental Hobby Microhierax erythrogenys Philippine Falconet P — a Family Phasianidae Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl -— _ ~~ Family Turnicidae Turnix sylvatica Small Buttonquail — — - Family Rallidae Amaurornis olivacea Plain Bush-hen P — -- A. phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen — Gallirallus philippensis Buff-banded Rail _— i — G. torquatus Barred Rail “= — — Family Scolopacidae Scolopax bukidnonensis Bukidnon Woodcockt P -— x Family Columbidae Chalcophaps indica Common Emerald-dove _- Columba vitiensis Metallic Pigeon _ Ducula carola Spotted Imperial-pigeon P D. poliocephala Pink-bellied Imperial-pigeon Pp. Geopelia striata Zebra Dove — Macropygia tenuirostris Philippine Cuckoo-dove — Phapitreron amethystina Amethyst Brown-dove P P. brunneiceps Mindanao Brown-dovet GM P. leucotis White-eared Brown-dove P — = \ P P P M M Paid pl pied pe pdb ed Pais | LPs esi alee} | xx mK | | | Cd | Ptilinopus occipitalis Y ellow-breasted Fruit-dove Streptopelia bitorquata Island Turtle-dove S. chinensis Spotted Dove Family Psittacidae Bolbopsittacus lunulatus Guiabero Loriculus philippensis Colasisi Prioniturus discurus Blue-crowned Racquet-tail P. waterstradti Mindanao Racquet-tailt Trichoglossus johnstoniae Mindanao Lorikeet Family Cuculidae Cacomantis sepulcralis Indonesian Cuckoo+ = — aa Centropus bengalensis Lesser Coucal — =< = C. melanops Black-faced Coucal GM — = | Xxx | | ipd ied pol a pS. | | | Bid Ndi Dp ied be Edad pipe bd bd od < | [Re ae dia die tl | 10 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY TABLE 2. Continued. Conserva- Restricted Recent Recent Historical Taxon Endemism tion status range records specimens specimens xX xX xX C. viridis Philippine Coucal P — — Cuculus fugax Hodgson’s Hawk-cuckoo — — = Surniculus lugubris Drongo Cuckoo — = — Family Tytonidae Tyto capensis Grass Owl — Family Strigidae Mimizuku gurneyi Giant Scops-owl GM Ninox philippensis Philippine Hawk-owl P — _- IF M P | | Otus megalotis Philippine Scops-owl O. mirus Mindanao Scops-owl Family Podargidae Batrachostomus septimus Philippine Frogmouth Family Eurostopidae Eurostopodis macrotis Great Eared Nightjar _ -- — Family Caprimulgidae Caprimulgus manillensis Philippine Nightjar — — = Family Apodidae Collocalia amelis Island Swiftlet IP C. esculenta Glossy Swiftlet — C. mearnsi Philippine Swiftlet P -- — P = Bd SRS SSS Se Sid bd od | | Abe Sash otal Seer pd — balsa ee C. troglodytes Pygmy Swiftlet Hirundapus celebensis Purple Needletail H. giganteus Brown-backed Needletail a == -- Mearnsia picina Philippine Needletail Ie NT xX Family Hemiprocnidae Hemiprocne comata Lesser Treeswift — — Family Trogonidae Harpactes ardens Philippine Trogon R -- = Family Coractidae Eurystomus orientalis Dollarbird a _ —- Family Alcedinae Actenoides hombroni Blue-capped Wood- M VU P | | sd | dd dD | | | | > | kingfisher Alcedo argentatus Silvery Kingfisher A. atthis Common Kingfisher Halcyon capensis Stork-billed Kingfisher -= — — H. chloris White-collared Kingfisher — “= — H. smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher — as Family Meropidae Merops philippinus Blue-tailed Bee-eater M. viridis Blue-throated Bee-eater Weedtaeend | Belted ends (odie ier Eared etc Family Bucerotidae Aceros leucocephalus Writhed Hornbillt GM NT Buceros hydrocorax Rufous Hornbill Ie NT Penelopides affinis Mindanao Hornbillt P Family Capitonidae Megalaima haemacephala Coppersmith Barbet aa Family Picidae Chrysocolaptes lucidus Greater Goldenback — — — Dendrocopos maculatus Philippine Pygmy R — — Woodpecker Dryocopus javensis White-bellied Woodpecker — —- — Family Eurylaimidae Eurylaimus steerii Mindanao Broadbill Family Pittidae Pitta erythrogaster Red-bellied Pitta a= — = Family Hirundinidae Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow — — — Family Campephagidae Coracina mcgregori McGregor’s Cuckoo-shrike C. morio Black-shouldered Cuckoo-shrike A ltd Pare ot cee mee psipcipdie bdind eed acl | | imei ars pce ode nt | epee pe @ < < a = | | |x MM | beh rd = Be | sd bel Satod PETERSON ET AL.: THE AVIFAUNA OF MT. KITANGLAD 11 TABLE 2. Taxon C. striata Bar-bellied Cuckoo-shrike Lalage melanoleuca Black-and-white Triller L. nigra Pied Triller Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet Minivet Family Chloropseidae Chloropsis flavipennis Philippine Leafbird Family Pycnonotidae Hypsipetes everetti Yellowish Bulbul H. philippinus Philippine Bulbul Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul P. urostictus Yellow-wattled Bulbul Family Dicuridae Dicrurus hottentottus Spangled Drongo Family Oriolidae Irena cyanogaster Philippine Fairy-bluebird Oriolus chinensis Black-naped Oriole O. steerii Philippine Oriole Family Corvidae Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow Family Paridae Parus elegans Elegant Tit Family Sittidae Sitta oenochlamys Sulphur-billed Nuthatch+ Family Rhabdornithidae Rhabdornis inornatus Stripe-breasted Rhabdornis R. mystacalis Stripe-headed Rhabdornis Family Timaltidae Leonardina woodi Bagobo Babbler Macronous striaticeps Brown Tit-babbler Micromacronous leytensis Miniature Tit-babbler Ptilocichla mindanensis Streaked Ground- babbler Stachyris capitalis Black-capped Babbler S. plateni Pygmy Babbler Family Turdidae Brachypteryx montana White-browed Shortwing Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie robin Saxicola caprata Pied Bushchat Turdus poliocephalus Island Thrush Zoothera andromedae Sunda Ground-thrush Family Sylvidae Bradypterus caudatus Long-tailed Ground-warbler Cisticola exilis Zitting Cisticola C. juncidis Golden-capped Cisticola Gerygone sulphurea Golden-bellied Flyeater Megalurus palustris Striated Grassbird M. timoriensis Tawny Grassbird Orthotomus frontalis Rufous-fronted Tailorbirdt O. heterolaemus Rufous-headed Tailorbirdt O. nigriceps Black-headed Tailorbird Phylloscopus olivaceus Philippine Leaf-warbler P. trivirgatus Mountain Leaf-warbler Family Muscicapidae Culicicapa heliantha Citrine Canary-flycatcher Eumyias panayensis Mountain Verditer-flycatcher Ficedula hyperythra Snowy-browed Flycatcher F. westermanni Little Pied Flycatcher Hypothymis azurea Black-naped Monarch Rhinomyias goodfellowi Goodfellow’s Jungle- flycatcher Continued. Conserva- Endemism tion status m | Restricted Recent range X X X | xx | leo be cect amex mK KK KK OM pdibd ip || a eX | FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY a) DS ile Said bcd = did | Recent Historical records specimens specimens ~ KKK K KH RK KM bd bd od Sc pact bid se ele Set Sa alle Se dl |) Bl eel tel Sd a Pe ee es ee TABLE 2. Continued. Conserva- Restricted Recent Recent Historical Taxon Endemism tion status range records specimens specimens Rhipidura nigrocinnamomea Black-and-cinnamon M — x x x xX Fantail R. superciliaris Blue Fantail GM — o 4 xX Family Pachycephalidae Pachycephala philippensis Yellow-bellied P —- “= »4 xX 4 Whistler Family Motacillidae Anthus rufulus Paddyfield Pipit — — _— 4 — Family Artamidae Artamus leucorhynchus White-breasted Wood- — _- — Swallow Family Laniidae Lanius schach Mountain Shrike Lanius validirostris Long-tailed Shrike -= —— a Family Sturnidae Aplonis minor Short-tailed Glossy Starling A. panayensis Asian Glossy Starling Basilornis miranda Apo Myna Sarcops calvus Coleto Family Nectarinidae Aethopyga boltoni Apo Sunbird A. primigenius Grey-hooded Sunbird A. pulcherrima Metallic-winged Sunbird A. shelleyi Lovely Sunbird Anthreptes malacensis Plain-throated Sunbird Arachnothera clarae Naked-faced Spiderhunter A. longirostra Little Spiderhunter Nectarinia jugularis Olive-backed Sunbird N. sperata Purple-throated Sunbird Family Dicaedae Dicaeum aeruginosum Striped Flowerpecker . anthonyi Flame-crowned Flowerpecker . australe Red-keeled Flowerpecker . bicolor Bicolored Flowerpecker . hypoleucum Buzzing Flowerpecker . ignipectus Fire-breasted Flowerpecker . nigrilore Olive-capped Flowerpecker . proprium Whiskered Flowerpecker . pygmaeum Pygmy Flowerpecker . trigonostigma Orange-bellied Flowerpecker Prionichilus olivaceus Olive-bellied Flowerpecker Family Zosteropidae Hypocryptadius cinnamomeus Cinnamon Ibon Lophozosterops goodfellowi Black-masked White- eye Zosterops everetti Everett’s White-eye Z. montanus Mountain White-eye Family Ploceidae Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow — — — Family Estrildidae Erythrura coloria Red-eared Parrotfinch M NT x Lonchura leucogastra White-bellied Munia L. malacca Chestnut Munia — — = L. punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia — = = Family Fringillidae Pyrrhula leucogenys White-cheeked Bullfinch Serinus estherae Mountain Serin — — * | ae} A . x - ro Pore es Src = || = = | xx | | | | | || dS | pS pdt | pds pd bd od odd | < | i, EPS PS. apd psi pend” | ape] | * | | | | | xx ac} | HK KKM KR KR KK OK KO OO OM ~*~» ~ rx PETERSON ET AL.: THE AVIFAUNA OF MT. KITANGLAD 13 TABLE 3. Summary of information on migratory bird species known from Mt. Kitanglad. Shown are early and late dates for each species, plus A: recent specimens (1992-1993); B: historical specimens (Rabor and colleagues). Taxon Family Accipitridae Accipiter gularis Japanese Sparrowhawk A. soloensis Chinese Goshawk Butastur indicus Grey-faced Buzzard Circus melanoleucos Pied Harrier C. spilonotus Eastern Marsh-harrier Family Falconidae Falco tinnunculus Eurasian Kestrel F. peregrinus Peregrine Falcon Family Scolopacidae Gallinago megala Swinhoe’s Snipe Family Cuculidae Cuculus saturatus Oriental Cuckoo Family Hirundinidae Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow H. striolata Striated Swallow Family Turdidae Luscinia calliope Siberian Rubythroat Earliest date late Sep. (Table In) late Feb. (Table 1m) 7 Dec. (Table 1g) 3 Oct. (TB; GD] 26 Feb. (Table 1m) 3 Dec. (Table 1g) 6 Oct. [TB, GD] 19 Mar. [AG] 4 Oct. [TB, GD] late Sep. (Table In) = .s Latest date A B 15 Mar. (Table Id) -— —- 3 Apr. [AG] — —: 15 Mar. (Table 1d) — xX early Apr. (Table la) — — 13 Mar. [AG] — — 19 Mar. [AG] -— _ 23 Apr. [AG] — — 8 Apr. [AG] bh May [ATP, RF] me xX 8 Apr. [AG] _ X — early Apr. (Table la) — x Monticola solitarius Blue Rock-Thrush 10 Oct. (zmuc 176) — — X Turdus chrysolaus Brown-headed Thrush — 13 Mar. (Table 11) — — T. obscurus Eye-browed Thrush 2 Dec. (Table 1g) 21 Apr. [AG] Xx — Family Sylvidae Acrocephalus arundinaceus Great Reed- Dec. (smF 47194) — — 4 warbler Locustella fasciolata Gray’s Grasshopper- — 2 Jan. [AG] — _ warbler Phylloscopus borealis Arctic Warbler late Sep. (Table In) 24 May (Ripley & Rabor, 1961) Family Muscicapidae Ficedula mugimaki Mugimaki Flycatcher late Sep. (Table In) 15 Mar. (Table 1)) 4 — Muscicapa griseisticta Grey-streaked late Sep. (Table In) 1 May (Ripley & 4 — Flycatcher Rabor, 1961) Family Motacillidae Anthus gustavi Pechora Pipit 29 Feb. (Table 1k) 19 Apr. [ATP, RF] 4 »4 A. hodgsoni Olive Tree-pipit 15 Dec. (Table lo) 6 Apr. (YPM) xX — Motacilla alba White Wagtail 20 Apr. [AG] 25 Apr. [AG] — — M. cinerea Grey Wagtail late Sep. (Table In) 1 May (Table 11) xX _ M. flava Yellow Wagtail 4 Dec. (Table 1g) Apr. [ATP, RF] — — Family Laniidae Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike late Sep. (Table In) 1 May (Table 11) Xx — species from Kitanglad. Birds probably of this species were reported on 6 Oct. 1991 [TB, GD], 14 Mar. 1993, 15 Jan. 1994, and 8 Apr. 1994 (2 birds) at 860-1020 m in grasslands on the northeast slope [AG] and on the lower slopes in Feb. 1994 by M. Archer (Table If). Scolopax bukidnonensis Bukidnon Woodcockt Woodcocks have recently been discovered on Kitanglad. Several individuals have been collect- ed from the mountain as well as from elsewhere in the Philippines, and the form has recently been described as a species new to science (Kennedy et al., 2001). In addition to the small series of 14 specimens on which the species description was based, another (smMF uncataloged) is from Bo Kaatuan, at about 1500 m. Birds were first seen in Jan. 1992 (R. Timmins, pers. comm., 1992), seen well on 18—20 Feb. 1993 (Robson, 1993; Harrap & Fisher, 1994), and tape-recorded in late Feb. 1993 (Harrap & Fisher, 1994). Subsequent sightings include birds seen in Mar. 1993 and Jan. 1994 [AG, TB], Jan.— Feb. 1994 (Harrap & Fisher, 1994; Table 1f), Apr. 1994 [AG, TB], 15-20 Dec. 1994 and 11-12 Jan. 1995 (Table lo), Dec. 1996 (Table 1b), and 2-12 Dec. 1998 (Table 1g). The lack of sightings from other months suggests that peak display FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY period may be Dec.—Feb. (T. Fisher sought it specifically but did not see or hear birds, on 25— 27 Mar. 1994; Harrap & Fisher, 1994). At higher elevations on the northeast slope, AG saw a bird in a burned area at 1800 m on the east slope of Mt. Tuminungan in Apr. 1994 and noted an individual (tentatively identified as S. rusticola but probably also referable to this taxon) at 1450 m on a grassy shoulder on 7 Jan. 1994. SEB and DHC collected 2 at 1455-1465 m in Apr. 1999, | in the evening and | at dawn, both in canopy nets. Descriptions indicate that the birds’ call is a “distinctive ‘rattle’ repeated continuously in flight as it displayed over the same route every day ... regularly heard giving rapid bursts of high pitched ‘machine-gun fire’ of ca. 1.5 second duration, separated by gaps of 3 seconds” (Harrap & Fisher, 1994; Table lo). It usually flew too low against dark vegetation and in too low light levels to be seen. Display flights were between 05:15 and 05:20 h most mornings and 17:50 and 18:05 h on only 2 evenings in late December (Table 1b). Phapitreron leucotis White-eared Brown-dove The genus Phapitreron presents a complex situation on Kitanglad. Phapitreron leucotis 1s well represented in collections (DMNH, FMNH, PNM, YPM, SMF) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961) from the mountain. In Apr.May 1992, ATP, JCTG, and NADM found it at low elevations around San Vicente and at 1100-1300 m (FMNH 357397357400); in 1993 and 1994, it was found frequently at 590-900 m on the northwest slope and regularly between 1100 and 1200 m and occasionally up to 1450 m on the northeast slope [AG]. SEB and DHC collected 3 at 1555-1570 m in Apr._May 1999. Other sight records of this species, which is common elsewhere in the Philippines (Dickinson et al., 1991), are few: individuals on 29 Apr.—l May 1983 (Table 11) and several in Dec. 1996 (Table 1b). Possibly these birds are hunted in the accessible forest above Dalwangan. Phapitreron amethystina Amethyst Brown-dove Like the preceding species, this species is well represented in collections from Kitanglad (DMNH, FMNH, PNM, YPM, SMF) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961) but less well by sight records. We found it at 1100— 1800 m (FMNH 3574019) in 1992 [ATP, RF], mist- netted 2 at 1900 m and sighted others up to 2250 mon Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar. 1993 [JCTG, NADM}], and found birds regularly in secondary montane and mossy forests between 1300 and 1780 m on the northeast slope and at 900-1100 m on the northwest slope in 1993-1994 [AG]. SEB and DHC collected 5 at 1465-1570 m in Apr.— May 1999. The only other sight records are from 29 Apr.—l May 1983 (Table 11) and Dec. 1996 (Table 1b), so possibly this species also suffers from heavy hunting pressure above Dalwangan. Phapitreron brunneiceps Mindanao Brown-dove+ VULNERABLE The Mindanao populations of this rare spe- cies, which are restricted to montane areas (Dickinson et al., 1991), have recently been split from the lowland populations of the Sulu Islands (Collar et al., 1999). The species was reported from Kitanglad (duPont, 1971), but the specimen available from the mountain (DMNH 68709) in the Delaware Natural History Museum was rejected as a viable voucher by Dickinson et al. (1991). Additional individuals were collected (FMNH 3574102) at 1100-1500 m in Apr. 1992 [ATP, JCTG, NADM}, and it was also sighted in 1995 (A. Long and M. Heath, in Jitt., 1995). Hence, recent work confirms the presence of this species on the Kitanglad massif. Ducula poliocephala Pink-bellied Imperial-pigeon NEAR THREATENED This species is known from Kitanglad from our sightings only: at 1100-1800 m in Apr._May 1992 [ATP, RF] and at 1260-1540 m on the northeast slope between Jan. and Apr. 1994 and on Mt. Tuminungan at 1780 m on 10 Apr. 1994 [AG]. Local people reported that the species is hunted heavily, and our observations of its extreme flightiness suggest that such is indeed the case. This may explain the paucity of records and also supports the inclusion of this previously unlisted species as near threatened (Collar et al., 1999). Ducula carola Spotted Imperial-pigeon VULNERABLE Several historical specimens place this species on the mountain in 1960 (pMNH 13621-13622, ypM 61608-61612) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961) and 1965 (smF 47095), but only | recent report exists, from Feb. 1991 (Table 1m). The species may be partially nomadic (Collar et al., 1999), which might explain its presence in reasonable numbers in March-April (Ripley & Rabor, 1961). How- ever, given that recent visits to Kitanglad were concentrated in these same months, this species may have declined on the mountain. PETERSON ET AL.: THE AVIFAUNA OF MT. KITANGLAD 15 Columba vitiensis Metallic Pigeon This species was collected on Kitanglad in 16 Apr.-9 May 1960 (FMNH 422617, ypm 61613— 61619) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961), but the only recent records are sightings of | on 13 Mar. 1990 (Table 1d) and 2 on 10 Feb. 1994 (Table If). The paucity of recent records suggests that this species, along with many of the Philippines’ large forest pigeons, is in rapid decline. Streptopelia bitorquata Island Turtle-dove The only Kitanglad record of this species is a specimen from 20 Dec. 1960 (ypm 62294), with no recent records. This species appears to be in serious decline, perhaps because of competition from Spotted Doves (S. chinensis), which are spreading explosively in the Philippines (Wald- bauer & Waldbauer, 1982). Trichoglossus johnstoniae Mindanao Lorikeet NEAR THREATENED Numerous specimens place this species on Kitanglad (ANSP, FMNH, PNM, YPM) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961); sight records are as follows: 12-15 birds on 13 Mar. 1987 (Table 1j), 2 on 15 Mar. 1990 (Table 1d), and sightings [GD] on 4 Oct. 1991 (Evans et al., 1993), in Feb. 1993 (1. Gardner in litt., 1993), at 1900m on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar. 1993 [JCTG, NADM], single individuals or pairs at 1160-1300 m on the Dalwangan site and at 590-720m in_ the Kalawaig valley in both 1993 and 1994 [AG], and several at 1250 m on 8 Dec. 1998 (Table 1g). Hence, the species may have declined on Kitanglad, given that lorikeets should be fairly easily to observe (Juniper & Parr, 1998). Its status elsewhere on Mindanao, though, appears more secure than previously thought, and Collar et al. (1999) down-listed the taxon to near threatened from vulnerable. Bolbopsittacus lunulatus Guiabero This Philippine lowland endemic species 1s generally common (Dickinson et al., 1991) but is known from Kitanglad only from a handful of sight records: on fruit-bearing trees in the Lalawan valley at 900 m (16 Mar. 1993) and 1290 m (4 Jan. 1994) on the northeast slope and at 650-840 m on the northwest slope in Apr. 1994 [AG] and in Mar. 1990 (Table 1d). Prioniturus discurus Blue-crowned Racquet-tail This species is scarce on Kitanglad, where forests are principally at or above the upper limit of its altitudinal range (Dickinson et al., 1991). 16 Elsewhere in the Philippines, it appears more common than previously thought and so is no longer considered near threatened (Collar et al., 1999). It has been found mostly at middle elevations: at 1200-1460 m on the northeast slope in 1993-1994 [AG], a group of 4 individ- uals in lowland forest at 650 m on the northwest slope on 19 Apr. 1994 [AG], and “17+ in flocks 15 Mar” in 1987 (Table 1j). Several old speci- mens also exist from the mountain (PNM 10126— 10129, ypm 62307-62309), including several from a high 1400-1500 m (e.g., FMNH 258646). Prioniturus waterstradti Mindanao Racquet-tail+ NEAR THREATENED Mindanao populations of this taxon are consid- ered a species separate from P. montanus of Luzon by some workers (Sibley & Monroe, 1990; Juniper & Parr, 1998). At least 11 specimens exist from Kitanglad (ypM 61660-61665; smr 47008-47009, 47011-47012, 48161; FMNH 262472, 357417- 357419, 392241) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961), and we noted 2-5 individuals daily on 4-6 Oct. 1991 [TB, GD], flocks daily at 1100-1800 m in Apr—May 1992 [ATP, RF], at 2250 m on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar.—Apr. 1993 [JCTG, NADM], and 2-6 at 1420-1800 m on the northeast slope in Apr. 1993 and 1994 [AG]. SEB and DHC collected 1 at 1465 min Apr. 1999. Other sightings include small groups on 29 Apr._1 May 1983 (Table 11), 13-14 Mar. 1987 (Table 1j), 11-14 Mar. 1990 (Table 1d), late Sep. 1994 (Table In), 17 Dec. 1994 and 11 Jan. 1995 (Table 1o), 4 Apr. 1996 (Table 1a), Dec. 1996 (Table 1b), 6-7 Apr. 1998 (Table 1h), and 2-10 Dec. 1998 (Table 1g). This frequency of records suggests that Collar et al. (1999) were right to down-list this taxon to near threatened from vulnerable (Collar et al., 1994). Cuculus saturatus Oriental Cuckoo The species appears to be a shy and silent winter resident on Kitanglad, as most records have involved birds caught in mist-nets. A female was collected on 7 Apr. 1960 (ypmM 61673) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961) at <1670 m, and birds were mist-netted (FMNH 357422-357423) in Apr. 1992 at 1100 m and in May 1992 at 1500 m [ATP, RF]. The only other records are from 19 Mar. 1993 at 1460 m on the northeast slope and from 25 to 26 Mar. 1993 and 25 Apr. 1994 at 590- 610 m on the northwest slope [AG]. Surniculus lugubris Drongo Cuckoo Perhaps because of its elusiveness, this species is known on Kitanglad from only | specimen FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY from Cabanglasan at the mountain’s foot from 19 Oct. 1951 (zmuc 1672), 1 specimen from 9 May 1960 (ypm 61680) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961), and | probable sighting in primary forest at 1580 m on the northeast slope on 4 Apr. 1994 [AG]. Philippine populations of this species have most recently been treated as a separate species, S. velutinus (Payne, 1997). Centropus melanops Black-faced Coucal This Greater Mindanao endemic is generally considered a lowland species—Dickinson et al. (1991) gave its maximum elevation as 1200 m. However, we never saw it on the 1300-m ridge or below, but it was heard daily at 1500-1800 m in Apr.—May 1992 [ATP, RF] and sighted briefly and at long distances on several occasions. It was also sighted regularly at 1420-1560 m on the northeast slope in 1993 and 1994 [AG]; Jensen and Hornskov (Table 1j) heard 1 on 15 Mar. 1987. No specimens are—to our knowledge— available of this taxon from the Kitanglad region. The contrast in apparent altitudinal ranges begs further investigation into the eco- logical characteristics of the Kitanglad popula- tion, which could conceivably represent a pop- ulation distinct from the lowland forms. Otus mirus Mindanao Scops-owl NEAR THREATENED This Mindanao endemic was _ previously known only from Mt. Hilong-Hilong and Mt. Apo (Dickinson et al., 1991) but in May 1992 was found to be common and vocal from 1500 m upward on Kitanglad, with numerous individu- als (FMNH 357428—357430) mist-netted [ATP, RF]. It was subsequently found at 1900-2250 m on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar.—Apr. 1993 [JCTG, NADM\], calling at 1200 m at a single site in the Lalawan valley on the northeast slope in 1993 and 1994 [AG], and at 1455 m in Apr. 1999 [SEB, DHC]. It was also reported heard in Feb. 1991 (Table Im), in Feb. 1992 (Table 1k), and probably in late Sep. 1994 (Table In). The odd “dove-like couplet” call of the species, described by J. T. Marshall (Dickinson et al., 1991), is occasionally replaced by a more typical Otus tremulo in the hand [ATP]. Collar et al. (1999) down-listed the species to near threatened from vulnerable, and the discovery of this Kitanglad population adds strength to this decision. Otus megalotis Philippine Scops-owl Otus megalotis appears uncommon and retir- ing on Kitanglad, as it was detected on only on 5 days in Apr._May 1992 at 1100-1500 m [ATP, RF], including adults mist-netted at 1100 m and a fledgling collected at 1400 m (FMNH 357431— 357433). In Mar. 1993 and Apr. 1994, it was heard calling at 1150-1270 m at the Dalwangan site, where it was also seen on 5 Jan. 1994 [AG]. Another sight record comes from 22 Apr. 1994 near Landut, at 980 m on the northwest flank [AG]. The only other records are sightings on 26-28 Feb. 1992 (Table 1k) and specimens collected in 1960 at 1400 m (ypm 61681-2) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961) and in 1964-1965 at 1500 m (smF 47037-42). Mimizuku gurneyi Giant Scops-owl VULNERABLE This rare species is known on Kitanglad from a few specimens collected at 1300 m on 6 May 1960 (ypm 61683) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961) and at 1500 m in 1964-1965 (smr 47027-47028, 81991). Many recent sightings exist, however, including birds calling at 600-630 m on the northwest slope on 23-25 Apr. 1994 [AG]. On the northeast flank of the mountain, records include birds seen and heard on 13-16 Mar. 1990 (Table 1d), 28 Feb. 1991 (Table 1m), 27-28 Feb. 1992 (Ta- ble 1k), in Feb. 1993 (I. Gardner, in lJitt., 1993), calling at 20:00-21:00 h and 01:00 h and seen once at 1200-1250 m in both 1993 and 1994 [AG], Jan. 1994 and Feb. 1997 by P. Morris and Apr. 1994 by P. Davidson (Collar et al., 1999), 18 Dec. 1994 (Table lo), Dec. 1996 at 1250 m (Table-1b);, 3: ‘Dees 1998-at 1250 meable I's), and aural records from TB and GD on 4 Oct. 1991 (Evans et al., 1993), 7 Feb. 1994 (Table 1f), and in Apr. 1996 (Table la). Although presum- ably at the upper limits of its “low and middle elevation” altitudinal range on Kitanglad (Mi- randa et al., 1997), the frequency of records from the site support the judgment of Collar et al. (1999) to list the species as vulnerable rather than endangered. Ninox philippensis Philippine Hawk-owl A single specimen from the 1960s (smr 47029; Bo Kaatuan) and an aural record of this species from late Sep. 1994 (Table In) are the only documentation of its presence on Kitanglad. The paucity of records from the mountain is quite surprising. Collocalia mearnsilamelislvanikorensist Philippinel Island Swiftlet The taxonomy (Dickinson, 1989) and identifi- cation (Chantler & Driessens, 1994) of large, PETERSON ET AL.: THE AVIFAUNA OF MT. KITANGLAD Iki dark swiftlets in the Philippines is extremely problematic, as indeed is the name to which this form should be assigned (referred to as C. amelis in the text and tables that follow but may be better considered within C. vanikorensis). Such swiftlets are common on Kitanglad and are likely to be predominantly C. mearnsi, an uncommon Philip- pine montane endemic (Dickinson et al., 1991). The only conclusive documentation of this, however, are specimens collected at Kibangay at 1260 m on 21 Dec. 1951 by Salamonsen (zMucC 1684), 1 collected at Malaybalay on 11 Oct. 1951 (zmuc 1686), and 1 collected from a cave at 1620 m in May 1999 by SEB and DHC. Numer- ous reports of Grey Swiftlet C. amelis, a taxon given full specific status by Sibley and Monroe (1990), could certainly represent birds wandering up onto Kitanglad from the adjacent lowlands—a specimen exists from Malaybalay from 12 Oct, 1951 (zmuc 225)—but no clear criteria are known for separating the 2 in the field (Chantler & Driessens, 1994). AG and colleagues saw swiftlets identified as C. amelis at 900-1500 m on the northeast slope, with excellent details and com- parisons; members of this species were often in mixed flocks with C. esculenta. Sight records of large, dark swiftlets on Kitanglad are numerous (Table Id, fh, j-1, 0) but lack sufficient detail to permit definitive determination. Lack of broader specimen documentation makes conclusive state- ments regarding the occurrence of these 2 taxa on Kitanglad difficult. Collocalia esculenta Glossy Swiftlet DHC visited a small nesting colony in a cave along a stream about 15 min from Lupiagan (1300-1400 m). The cave was apparently man- made and apparently once held a larger colony that is now reduced in numbers. On 3 May 1999, DHC found 6 nests, of which 2 were empty, 2 held 2 eggs each, and 2 held nestlings. Swiftlets of this species were observed [DHC, ATP] foraging by picking insects off of lichens on canopy tree branches. Both DHC and ATP observed swiftlets of this species participating in multispecific foraging flocks. Mearnsia picina Philippine Needletail NEAR THREATENED The status of this southern Philippine endemic (Dickinson et al., 1991) was recently up-listed to near threatened (Collar et al., 1999). It appears to be rather scarce on Kitanglad, with the only sightings being from below 800 m in Apr. 1992 [ATP], 4 in Mar. 1993 and 9 in Apr. 1994 between 660 and 18 700 m on the northwest flank and 6 in Jan. 1994 at 1080-1100 m on the northeast flank [AG], from Sep. 1994 (Table In), 2 in Dec. 1996(Table 1b), 2 at 1520 min Apr. 1998 (Table lh), and 1 at 1250 mon 2 Dec. 1998 (Table 1g). Harpactes ardens Philippine Trogon This species is represented from Kitanglad by numerous specimens (FSM, PNM, YPM, ZMUC) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961), and we found it at 700- 1800 m in Apr.—May 1993 [ATP, RF], at 1900 m on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar. 1993 [JCTG, NADM], and at 600-840 m on the northwest slope in well-structured secondary forest with canopy cover >50% [AG]. The fact that no records exist from the northeast slope above Dalwangan suggest that the species may have declined dramatically in more accessible areas. Eurystomus orientalis Dollarbird No recent reports place this species on Kitanglad, the only records being specimens from the 1960s (ypm 61699—-701, 62336—7, SMF 46924-5, 46927) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961). A 1951 specimen is from Cabanglasan, at the mountain’s foot (zMuc 657). Alcedo argentata Silvery Kingfisher VULNERABLE Although no records of this lowland Greater Mindanao endemic exist from the mountain itself (Dickinson et al., 1991), several 1951 specimens from Cabanglasan and the River Bubunaon place this species at its foot (zmMuc 741-747). Recent evidence for the survival of this population was provided by P. Thompson (in litt., 1999), who found the species at Impalatao in 1999. Collar et al. (1999) considered a report of this lowland species from Dalwangan as hypothetical. Actenoides hombroni Blue-capped Wood-kingfisher VULNERABLE This species has only recently been sighted on Kitanglad, with 2 sightings by J. de Roever in Feb. 1991 (Table 1m), sightings by P. Davidson in Apr. 1994 and P. Morris in Feb. 1996 and Feb. 1997 (Collar et al., 1999), and birds seen daily on 3-5 Apr. 1996 (Table la). In addition, Mark (Table In) reported 1 in Sep. 1994, and Gee (Table 1b) reported an aural record: “... calls pre-dawn and usually only once. Song is a series of quite loud plew ... plew ... plew etc.” An interesting low-elevation historical specimen exists from ~400 m at Cabanglasan, Bukidnon, from 26 Oct. 1951 (zmuc 1285). FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY Penelopides affinis Mindanao Hornbill+ Species limits of Penelopides in the Philip- pines are under debate, with some (Dickinson et al., 1991) treating all forms as panini, others (Kemp, 1988) treating the complex as 4 species (including affinis of Mindanao and the Eastern Visayas), and still others (Sibley & Monroe, 1990; Collar et al., 1994) further separating samarensis of the Eastern Visayas from affinis. Collar et al. (1999) reverted to the treatment proposed by Kemp (1988) and hence dropped the taxon from consideration as near threat- ened. This decision is supported by the fre- quency of sight records from Kitanglad, includ- ing birds seen in late Apr. 1983 (Table 11), daily on 14-16 Mar. 1987 (Table 11), in Oct. 1991 [TB, GD], on 26 Feb. 1991 (Table 1m), heard on 28 Feb. 1992 (Table 1k), at 1100 m in Apr. 1992 [ATP, RF], at 1900 m on Mt. Nangkabu- los in Mar. 1993 [JCTG, NADM], regularly in 1993 and 1994 at 1180-1500 m on the northeast slope, and at 640-780 m on the northwest slope [AG], in late Sep. 1994 (Table In), on 16 Dec. 1994 (Table lo), on 3 Apr. 1996 (Table la), in Dec. 1996 at 1250 m (Table 1b), on 6—7 Apr. 1998 at 1250-1520 m (Table lh), and 2 on 2 Deervand. /3.t on |) 84 Dec 1998 vat -12350m (Table 1g). The taxon is also known from numerous Kitanglad specimens (DMNH, FMNH, PNM, YPM) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961). Aceros leucocephalus Writhed Hornbill*+ NEAR THREATENED This lowland Greater Mindanao endemic (Dickinson et al., 1991) is now considered specifically distinct from the Visayan Hornbill A. waldeni (Kemp 1988; Sibley & Monroe, 1990; Kennedy et al., 2000). Many specimens were collected on Kitanglad in the 1960s (FMNH, PNM, YPM, SMF) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961), and we sighted it at 1100-1200 m in Apr. 1992 [ATP, RF] and at 600-1100 m in the Kalawaig area in 1993-1994 [AG]. Like Buceros hydrocorax, no recent records exist from Kitanglad’s accessible northeastern flank, raising serious concerns regarding the species’ conservation status here. This point suggests that the decision by Collar et al. (1999) to down-list the taxon to near threatened from vulnerable may have been premature. Buceros hydrocorax Rufous Hornbill NEAR THREATENED Although B. hydrocorax is not documented from Kitanglad by any specimens, we found it at 1100-1800 m in Apr._May 1992 [ATP, RF] and at 1900-2250 m on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar.— Apr. 1993 [JCTG, NADM]. AG sighted this species only rarely, at lower elevations: once at 1460 m on the northeast slope on 6 Jan. 1994 and at 720-780 m on the northwest slope on 29 Mar. 1993 and 25 Apr. 1994 [AG]. The paucity of records from the accessible flanks of Kitan- glad may indicate that the species has been extirpated from more accessible areas. Dryocopus javensis White-bellied Woodpecker An active nest with large young was found on 27 Apr. 1992 at 1100 m; details are provided elsewhere (Peterson et al., 1995). Eurylaimus steerii Mindanao Broadbill VULNERABLE The only Kitanglad record is of | collected at Cabanglasan at the mountain’s base on 31 Oct. 1951 by Salomonsen (zmuc 157) (Collar et al., 1999). Lambert (1996) recently separated the East Visayas form samarensis from this taxon. Pitta erythrogaster Red-bellied Pitta Although this species is present across the lowlands and foothills of Mindanao (Dickinson et al., 1991), the only sightings from Kitanglad are from the northwest slope: | on 26 Mar. 1993 in primary forest at 700m and 2 in second growth with sparse ground cover at 650-750 m on 24 Apr. 1994 [AG]. Coracina striata Bar-bellied Cuckoo-shrike This species is known from Kitanglad from only a few records: 2 specimens from the mountain’s base from 1951 (zmuc 481-482), 5 specimens from the 1960s (FMNH 262485—262486, YPM 62361-62362, smF 46468) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961), a single sighting at 700 m in Apr. 1992 [ATP, RF], and observations in the Lalawan valley at 950-1350 m and at 870m _ between Kalawaig and Tulohan River [AG]. Coracina mindanensis Black-bibbed Cuckoo-shrike VULNERABLE The only Kitanglad record of this lowland species is of | collected at the mountain’s base at Cabanglasan on 27 Oct. 1951 by Salomonsen (zMuc 407). Coracina mcgregori McGregor’s Cuckoo-shrike NEAR THREATENED Although Kitanglad is | of only 2 mountain ranges from which this species is known, it is common, and Collar et al. (1999) down-listed it PETERSON ET AL.: THE AVIFAUNA OF MT. KITANGLAD 19 from vulnerable to near threatened. Numerous specimens document its presence on the moun- tain (DMNH, FMNH, PNM, YPM, ZMUC, SMF) (Salomonsen, 1953; Ripley & Rabor, 1961). We sighted 1-4 birds daily on 4-6 Oct. 1991 [TB, GD], daily at 1100-1800 m in Apr.—May 1992 [ATP, RF], at 1900 m on Mt. Nangkabu- los in Mar. 1993 [JCTG, NADM], at 1555 m in Apr. 1999 [SEB, DHC], and regularly even in heavily disturbed secondary forests at 1300- 1620 m in 1993 and 1994 on the wide slopes north and south of the Lalawan River [AG]. Other sightings include birds seen daily 29 Apr.— 1 May 1983 (Table 11), 14 on 14-17 Mar. 1987 (Table 1j), in Dec. 1989-Jan. 1990 (Lambert, 1993), 27-28 Feb. 1992 (Table 1k), in Feb. 1993 (I. Gardner, in litt., 1993), Feb. 1994 (Table 1f), on 27 Feb. 1991 (Table 1m), in late Sep. 1994 (Table In), 17-18 Dec. 1994 (Table lo), 4 Apr. 1996 (Table la), up to 1680 m in Dec. 1996 (Table 1b), at 1520m on 7-8 Apr. 1998 (Table 1h), and singles at 1250 m on 2 days in Dec. 1998 (Table 1g). Lalage melanoleuca Black-and-white Triller The only confirmed record of the species from Kitanglad is of a pair collected at the mountain’s base at Cabanglasan on 29 Oct. 1951 (zmuc 759— 60). A report of the species (Table In) from Kitanglad suggests that this lowland Philippine endemic, normally restricted to elevations below 1000 m (Dickinson et al., 1991), may occasionally straggle up onto the mountain’s higher slopes. Chloropsis flavipennis Philippine Leafbird VULNERABLE This scarce endemic of the southern Philip- pines (Dickinson et al., 1991), down-listed to vulnerable (Collar et al., 1999) from endangered (Collar et al., 1994), is known from Kitanglad by 2 reports only: 2 specimens apparently collected at Malaybalay in Oct. 1951 (zMuc; specimens not seen) and “6 Kitanglad Mts” noted without details from Feb. 1991 (Table lm). It is a lowland species and may now have been extirpated by clearance of low-elevation forest in the Kitanglad region. Pycnonotus urostictus Yellow-wattled Bulbul The only record of this lowland species (Dickinson et al., 1991) from the Kitanglad area is of a bird collected by Salamonsen at Caban- glasan on 25 Oct. 1951 (zMuc 799). 20 Hypsipetes philippinus Philippine Bulbul This species was abundant at all elevations on Kitanglad. An Accipiter virgatus (FMNH 357393) was mist-netted on 17 Apr. 1993 on the 1100-m ridge carrying a fledgling of this species (FMNH 357477), and a recently fledged juvenile was sighted on the northwest slope on 28 Apr. 1994 [AG]. Two females collected Apr._May 1999 at 1440-1620 m had yolking follicles [SEB, DHC]. Birds at high elevations (1700-1850 m) in May 1992 were quiet, in contrast to the populations at lower elevations [ATP, RF]. Hypsipetes everetti Yellowish Bulbul Specimens were collected at Malaig and Cabanglasan at the base of Kitanglad in the early and middle twentieth century (Collar et al., 1999: zmuc 23-35). Following the clearance of nearly all of the area’s lowland forest, this lowland species (Dickinson et al., 1991) is presumably now absent from the Kitanglad area. Oriolus steerii Philippine Oriole Although numerous historical specimens of this species have been taken from Kitanglad (FMNH, PNM, YPM, ZMUC) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961), no recent records exist. Considering its lowland affinities (Dickinson et al., 1991), it is possible that the species is now extirpated on the mountain. Irena cyanogaster Philippine Fairy-bluebird This species is known on Kitanglad only from sight records at 1100-1200 m on the west flank on 21 Apr.—1 May 1992 [ATP, RF]. Parus elegans Elegant Tit Adults of this abundant species were attending an apparently active nest on 22 Apr. 1992 on a ridgetop at 1200 m, 2 m up ina rotting dead trunk (~30-cm diameter) [ATP]. The nest cavity was too deep to permit determination of the contents. Three fledged young were sighted on 27 Apr. 1997 near the Kalawaig River at 620 m [AG]. Rhabdornis mystacalis Stripe-headed Rhabdornis This Philippine endemic is usually replaced above about 800 m by its congener, R. inornatus (Dickinson et al., 1991). Nevertheless, a handful of sight records places this species on the mountain: 27 Feb. 1992 (Table 1k), 2 on 14 Mar. 1990 (Table 1d), at 1100 m on 21 Apr. 1992 [ATP], at 1300-1550 m on the northeast slope on 31 Mar. and 5 Apr. 1994 [AG], at 670 m on the northwest slope on 26 Mar. 1993 and 21 Apr. 1994 [AG], and (at an oddly high elevation) at FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY 1900 m on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar. 1993 [JCTG, NADM]. Three historical specimens are from Cabanglasan at the mountain’s base, collected by Salomonsen in Oct. 1951 (zMuc 915~7). The seeming co-occurrence of this species with R. inornatus on Kitanglad suggests that their customary segregation (Kennedy et al., 2000) does not seem to operate at this site. Leonardina woodi Bagobo Babbler This secretive bird is evidently largely terres- trial: we mist-netted | individual and trapped 2 more (FMNH 357457-9) in snap-traps (coconut bait) at 1100-1500 m in Apr._May 1992 and snap-trapped (earthworm bait) single birds at 1900 m and 2250m on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar.—Apr. 1993 (FMNH 364198-9). It was found at 1290-1340 m on the northeast slope in Mar— Apr. 1994 and as low as 620 m on the northwest slope in the Kalawaig valley 29 Mar. 1993 [AG], well below its “usual” minimum elevation of 1000 m (Dickinson et al., 1991). Other records include several specimens from the 1960s (sMF), | mist-netted on 12 Mar. 1990 (Table Id), and a possible sighting on 10 Feb. 1994 (Table If). Collar et al. (1999) dropped this species from consideration as vulnerable, presumably on the grounds that its elusiveness and preference for high montane forest have led to its being underrecorded (Kennedy et al., 2000). Ptilocichla mindanensis Streaked Ground-babbler This species’ maximum elevation is usually taken as 1000 m (Dickinson et al., 1991), so it is unsurprising that it is known from Kitanglad from 3 records only: a bird collected at Kaatoan at 1250m on 11 Nov. 1951 by Salomonsen (zmuc 105), others collected at the remarkably high elevations of 1500-1730 m in the 1960s (ypM 62398, sMF 46277-46278) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961), and a sight record at 650m on the northwest slope on 17 Apr. 1994 [AG]. Collar et al. (1999) dropped the species from consider- ation as near threatened, presumably because of its relative abundance wherever lowland lime- stone forest remains across Greater Mindanao (e.g., Brooks et al., 1996). Stachyris plateni Pygmy Babbler NEAR THREATENED An uncommon endemic to Greater Mindanao, this species has been recorded up to about 1000 m on most of Mindanao’s other mountain ranges (Dickinson et al., 1991). It is rare on Kitanglad, the only sightings being from 15 Mar. 1987, associated with Macronous striaticeps (Table 1j; Hornskov, 1995), and of birds at 590-750 m at the Kalawaig site in 1993-1994 [AG]. A single specimen was also collected at Cabanglasan at the foot of Kitanglad by Salomonsen on 27 Oct. 1951 (zmMuc 550) (Ta- ble Ic; Collar et al., 1999). Stachyris capitalis Rusty-capped Babbler The only Kitanglad records of this lowland species are of 3 collected at Cabanglasan at the mountain’s base by Salomonsen on 25 Oct. 1951 (zmuc 557-9). Micromacronus leytensis Miniature Tit-babbler DATA DEFICIENT This rare and poorly-known species is report- edly restricted to elevations below 1300 m on Greater Mindanao (Dickinson et al., 1991). Collar et al. (1999), however, provided reports at up to 1670 m and noted that most come from above 1000 m. This species has only been reported once on Kitanglad, where A. Long saw 3 in canopy of montane forest with Phylloscopus trivirgatus in Jan. 1995 (Collar et al., 1999). Luscinia calliope Siberian Rubythroat A winter visitor to the northern Philippines (Dickinson et al., 1991); a Kitanglad sighting from late Sep. 1994 (Table In) was the first for Mindanao. Zoothera andromedae Sunda Ground-Thrush This species is known from Kitanglad from specimens collected in the 1960s (ypm 61808, 62397, sMF 46379-46380) in May and December (Ripley & Rabor, 1961) and from | recent sighting at 1700 m on 14 Mar. 1987 (Table 1)). Turdus chrysolaus Brown-headed Thrush An uncommon winter visitor to the northern Philippines (Dickinson et al., 1991), a sighting of 2 on 13 Mar. 1987 was the first for Mindanao (Table 1)). Locustella fasciolata Gray’s Grasshopper-warbler A rare winter visitor to the Philippines, known from elsewhere on Mindanao from only 2 specimens from Lanao del Norte and Misamis Oriental (FMNH 284066-7) (Dickinson et al., 1991). Hence, a 1960s specimen (sMF uncataloged) and a sighting at 950m on the northeast slope of Kitanglad on 2 Jan. 1994 [AG] are notable. Orthotomus nigriceps Black-headed Tailorbird A single specimen was collected at Cabangla- san at the base of Kitanglad on 21 Oct. 1951 PETERSON ET AL.: THE AVIFAUNA OF MT. KITANGLAD 21 (zmuc 370) (Collar et al., 1999), by Salomonsen, but no recent records exist, and this lowland Greater Mindanao endemic (Dickinson et al., 1991) is presumably now extirpated in the area. Bradypterus caudatus Long-tailed Ground-warbler Evidently chiefly terrestrial, this species was mist-netted and snap-trapped (coconut bait) twice in May 1992 at 1500-1800 m (FMNH 357480—357481), in Apr—May 1999 at 1455 m (SEB, DHC], and snap-trapped (earthworm bait: FMNH 364200) at 1900 m on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar. 1993. Other Kitanglad records include specimens from the 1960s (ypm 61815-61816, SMF 48166) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961) and numer- ous birds seen and heard as follows: “1-16 noted almost daily” in Mar. 1987 (Table 1j), on 5 Oct. 1991 [TB, GD], daily 26-29 Feb. 1992 (Ta- ble 1k), in Feb. 1993 (I. Gardner, in /itt., 1993), 1 at 630 m—an extremely low elevation for this species, which is normally only found above 1000 m (Dickinson et al., 1991)—and | at 1120 m on the northwest slope on 14 Apr. 1993 [AG], on 9-10 Feb. 1994 (Table If), in Dec. 1994 and Jan. 1995 (Table lo), a probable sighting in Apr. 1996 (Table la), and birds heard only in Dec. 1996 (Table 1b). This frequency of records, especially considering the species’ elusive habits, support the decision of Collar et al. (1999) to drop it from consideration as near threatened. Rhinomyias goodfellowi Goodfellow’s Jungle- flycatcher NEAR THREATENED This Mindanao endemic is shy and retiring and hence is known from Kitanglad principally from specimens (FMNH 262539, yem 61920- 61921, 62463, smr 46284) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961) and only a handful of recent records: 11 collected in Apr.—May 1992 (FMNH 357497-— 357507) by ATP, including 2 juvenile-plumaged individuals on 13 May at 1700 m, and sightings in Jan. 1992 (R. J. Timmins, pers. comm., 1992), at 1290-1620 m on the northeast slope in 1993 and at 750m on 26 Mar. 1993 m in primary forest in the upper Kalawaig valley [AG]. The 750-m sighting is an unusually low elevation for the species (usually above 1000 m; Dickinson et al., 1991). Collar et al. (1999) down-listed the species to near threatened from vulnerable, presumably because of its relative abundance in undisturbed montane forest. Ficedula mugimaki Mugimaki Flycatcher A rare winter visitor to the Philippines (Dickinson et al., 1991), with the 5 Mindanao i) i) records all from Kitanglad: a female collected (apparently no longer in ypM) on 22 Dec. 1960 (Ripley & Rabor, 1961), a female seen on 15 Mar. 1987 (Table 1j), 1 in late Sep. 1994 (Table In), a male in Dec. 1996 (Table 1b), and a male at 1350 m on 3 Dec. 1998 (Table 1g). Rhipidura superciliaris Blue Fantail This species is known from Kitanglad only from our records: a specimen (FMNH 357536) from 1100 m and sight records from 1100 to 1800 in Apr._May 1992 [ATP, RF], 1 bird at 1180 m on the northeast slope on the Lalawan valley on 16 Jan. 1994, and regular sightings at 600-840 m on the northwest slope in 1993 and 1994 in mature secondary growth, occasionally in mixed flocks [AG]. The records from 1800 m are quite exceptional for a species that has not previously been recorded above 1200 m (Dick- inson et al., 1991); however, the species was not observed regularly and may have been repre- sented by strays from the adjacent lowlands only. Motacilla alba White Wagtail This species is a rare winter visitor to the Philippines, not previously known from Minda- nao (Dickinson et al., 1991). Sightings on 20 and 25 Apr. 1994 at 660-700 m on the northwest slope are the first for the island [AG]. Anthus hodgsoni Olive Tree-pipit Another uncommon winter resident (Dickinson et al., 1991) for which few Kitanglad records exist. Rabor collected males on 24 Mar. and 22 Dec. 1960 and females on 6 Apr. and 20 Dec. 1960 (ypM 61741-61742, 62358-62359), and more recently Jensen and Hornskov (Table 1j) sighted 1—5 “almost daily” 13-17 Mar. 1987, Simpson (Ta- ble lo) sighted 1 on 15 Dec. and 2 on 17 Dec. 1994, and singles were observed on 14 and 17 Jan. 1994 at 1310-1320 m on the northeast slope [AG]. Anthus gustavi Pechora Pipit An uncommon winter visitor to the Philip- pines (Dickinson et al., 1991) but possibly overlooked in the field, as most records from Kitanglad have come from mist-nets: Rabor collected a male on 26 Mar. and a female on 22 Apr. 1960 (ypm 61743-6174); another was mist- netted (FMNH 357446) on the west slope in Apr. 1992 [ATP, RF]. A long series of specimens in SMF (e.g., SMF 47195) further indicates that its frequency may have been underappreciated. Observations include on the northeast slope at 1280 m on 1 Apr. 1994 [AG], 29 Feb. 1992 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY (Table 1k), and 4 seen at 1500-1600 m on 9 Apr. 1998 (Table lh). Lanius validirostris Mountain Shrike NEAR THREATENED A pair of adults was observed feeding 2 recently fledged young (tail about 60% of adult length) at 1750 m on 7 May 1992 [ATP, RF]. The juveniles had plumage similar to that of the adults, though washed with gray on the entire underparts instead of only on the flanks, and with a short, orange bill. A bird was mist-netted (FMNH 357448) at 1800 m in May 1992, and other individuals were found at 1900-2250 m on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar.—Apr. 1993 (FMNH 364185—364186), a pair at 1420-1460 m on the northeast slope in Apr. 1993, and a single individual on 1 Apr. 1994 at 1510 m in dry degraded habitat [AG]. In the northwest, it was seen at extremely low elevations (records cited in Dickinson et al., 1991) for this species (720— 1030 m) in Apr. 1994 [AG]. Other records include 1960s specimens (PNM 10187, ypm 61786-61787, SMF various) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961) and sight records on 15 and 17 Mar. 1987 (Table 1j), 12-14 Mar. 1990 (Table 1d), 2 seen by R. Hopf in Feb. 1994 (Table If), on 4 Apr. 1996 (Table la), in Dec. 1996 (Table 1b), at 1400-1600 in Apr. 1998 (Table Ih), and at 1450m on 9 Dec. 1998 (Table 1g). Basilornis miranda Apo Myna NEAR THREATENED Our records of B. mirandus include a single group at 1300 m in Apr. 1992, with more birds and 3 mist-netted (FMNH 357664357665, 395835) at 1500-1800 m in May 1992, 2 mist-netted at 1900 m and more sighted up to 2250 m on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar.—Apr. 1993 [JCTG, NADM\l, and regular sightings, often in connec- tion with natural clearings (wind- and _ fire- damaged areas), at 1380-1860 m on the northeast slope in 1993 and 1994, on the northwest slope on 28 Mar. 1993 at 1090 m, and on 21 Apr. 1994 at 1150 m [AG]. It was invariably found in flocks of 2-8 individuals in which as many as 4 were in what appeared to be adult plumage, suggesting that the species may be a cooperative breeder. Other sightings include birds seen in late Apr. 1983 (Table 11), 2 on 14 Mar., 41 in a single flock on 15 Mar., 1 on 16 Mar. and 14 on 17 Mar. 1987 (Table 1j), 2. 0n 15 Mar. 1990 (Table 1d), on 27 Feb. 1991 (Table Im), 2 in Aug. 1991 (G. Anderson pers. comm., 1991), on 11 Feb. 1994 (Table If), in late Sep. 1994 (Table In), 1 on 15 Dec. 1994 (Table 1o), on 3 Apr. 1996 (Table 1a), 12 at ~1500 m and 6 at 1800 m in Dec. 1996 (Table 1b), 6 groups of up to 13 birds at 1520-1700m on 5-8 Apr. 1998 (Table lh), and groups of up to 6 at 1520 m most days 2-10 Dec. 1998 (Table 1g). Numerous speci- mens place the species on the mountain (FMNH, PNM, YPM, KUNHM, SMF) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961). Nectarinia sperata Purple-throated Sunbird The only records of this lowland species are 3 specimens: 2 collected at the base of Kitanglad at Cabanglasan on 19 Oct. 1951 by Salomonsen (zmuc 490-1), and | at Bo Kaatuan in 1964-1965 (SMF 46663). Aethopyga primigenius Grey-hooded Sunbird NEAR THREATENED This Mindanao montane endemic species is common on Kitanglad, demonstrated by numer- ous specimens and sight records. It is considered near threatened as a precaution given its small extent of occurrence. Aethopyga pulcherrima Metallic-winged Sunbird The only records of this species from the Kitanglad area are of 5 specimens collected at Cabanglasan at the mountain’s base in Oct. 1951 by Salamonsen (zMuc 1121-1125). Aethopyga boltoni Apo Sunbird NEAR THREATENED Numerous specimens of this species exist from the 1950s and 1960s (zMUC, FMNH, SMF, YPM) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961). We observed birds at 1500-1800 m in May 1992, including 3 mist- netted (FMNH 357630-357633) and a_ further individual sighted [ATP, RF], and at 1900— 2250 m on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar.—Apr. 1993, including 2 birds mist-netted at 1900 m and 15 at 2250m [JCTG, NADM]. On the northeast slope, it was observed during both 1993 and 1994 [AG]. A male and a pair at 590— 600 m near the Kalawaig River on 29 Mar. 1993 and 26 Apr. 1994 [AG] represent an extremely low elevation for this species, which is normally found only above 1500 m (Dickinson et al., 1991). Three other sightings include | on 4 Apr. 1996 (Table la), a male at 1735 m in Dec. 1996 (Table 1b), and 2 males on 7 Apr. 1998 at 1650— 1700 m (Table Ih). Aethopyga shelleyi Lovely Sunbird This species is apparently very scarce on Kitanglad, as no specimens exist, and the only sight records are of 1-3 on 14, 15, and 17 Mar. PETERSON ET AL.: THE AVIFAUNA OF MT. KITANGLAD 23 1987 (Table li), and | seen at 1800 m in May 1992 [ATP]. Arachnothera clarae Naked-faced Spiderhunter Although known from a number of Kitanglad specimens collected in the 1960s at 1400-1500 m (FMNH, PNM, YPM, SMF) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961), rather few recent records place this species on the mountain. We found it at 1100-1200 m in Apr. 1992 [ATP, RF], at 1900 m—well above the maximum elevation of 1300 m given by Dickinson et al. (1991)—on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar. 1993 [JCTG, NADM}], and at 1180 m on the northeast slope on 14 Mar. 1993 and 630-1050 m on the northwest slope in 1993 and 1994 [AG], but the only other recent sighting is from Dec. 1996 (Table 1b). Collar et al. (1999) down-listed the species from near threatened considering its broad habitat tolerances and distribution across the eastern Philippines. Arachnothera longirostris Little Spiderhunter The only confirmed records of this species from the mountain are of 6 collected at Cabanglasan at Kitanglad’s foot by Salomonsen in Oct. 1951 (zmMuc 48-53) and several from Bo Kaatuan (1500 m, sMF 46636-46671). These relatively high-elevation occurrences lend some credence to reports of this species, normally restricted to below 1000 m (Dickinson et al., 1991), from 1900 m on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar. 1993 (Table lc) and from 17 Mar. 1987 (Table 11). Prionichilus olivaceus Olive-backed Flowerpecker Our records at 900-1100 m on the west slope in Apr. 1992 (FMNH 357587—357590) [ATP, RF] and from 650 m (an adult with fledgling) on 22 Apr. 1994 and 810 m on 26 Apr. 1994 on the northwest slope [AG] are the only records of this species from Kitanglad except for a single bird collected at Cabanglasan at the moun- tain’s base on 22 Oct. 1951 (zmuc 500) and several from 1500 m at Bo Kaatuan (e.g., SMF 46579). Dicaeum aeruginosum Striped Flowerpecker The only report of this species from Kitanglad is of 1 seen on 9 Feb. 1994 (Table If). This widespread species is not unexpected in northern Mindanao, and as such we accept it provisionally as reasonable. Dicaeum anthonyi Flame-crowned Flowerpecker NEAR THREATENED This species occurs at quite low densities on Kitanglad, found in particular at higher eleva- 24 tions and seeming quite unpredictable in its occurrence. Records include | on 5 Oct. 1991 [TB, GD]; 2 mist-netted at 1100 m and | seen in the field at 1200 m in Apr. 1992 and 6 at 1500 m in May 1992 (FMNH 357599-357605) [ATP, RF]; and at 1900 m on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar. 1993 [JCTG, NADM]. Other recent sightings include birds seen in late Apr. 1983 (Table 11), in Feb. 1991 (Table 1m), on 28 Feb. 1992 (Table 1k), a male seen by R. Hopf on 10 Feb. 1994 (Table 1f), an adult male and presumed immature male seen on 10 Jan. 1995 (Table lo), 1 seen by D. Cooper in Apr. 1996 (Table la), and 1 at 1300 m on 4 Dec. and a pair at 1250m on 6 Dec. 1998 (Table 1g). Numerous old specimens (FMNH, YPM, ZMUC, SMF) (Salomonsen, 1953; Ripley & Rabor, 1961) also document its presence. Dicaeum proprium Whiskered Flowerpecker NEAR THREATENED This uncommon species was the last montane Mindanao endemic to be recorded from Kitan- glad, reported for the first time in the broader scientific literature in this paper. It has recently been down-listed from vulnerable (Collar et al., 1994) to near threatened (Collar et al., 1999). Sightings with good details are of 6-10 birds at 1500 m in Apr. 1993 (Table 1c) and on 11 Jan. 1994 at 1300 m on the northeast slope [AG]. Dicaeum pygmaeum Pygmy Flowerpecker This species is scarce on Kitanglad, known from only 3 specimens from 9 Dec. 1951 at Kibangay at 1200 m (zmuc 334) and from 2 and 12 May 1960 (ypmM 60238-60239) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961) and sight records in Feb. 1993 (I. Gardner, in litt., 1993) and at 1250m and 1300 m (pairs) in Dec. 1998 (Table 1g). Zosterops everetti Everett’s White-eye Restricted to lowlands below 1000 m (Dickinson et al., 1991), Z. everetti replaces the abundant Mountain White-eye Z. montanus on Kitanglad’s lower flanks. It was sighted almost daily between 420 and 800 m on the northwest slope, with up to 10 individuals per flock, and 5 were seen at 1170 m on7 Apr. 1993 [AG], but otherwise the only records are sightings of 340 seen 14-17 Mar. 1987 (Table 1j) and up to 8 on 3 days in Mar. 1990 (Table 1d) and 1 on 26 Feb. 1991 (Table Im). Erythrura coloria Red-eared Parrotfinch NEAR THREATENED This species is common on Kitanglad, and we sighted at least 2 on 5—6 Oct. 1991 [TB, GD], FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY several at 2250m on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar.—Apr. 1993 including | mist-netted (FMNH 364255), 4 at 1440-1525 m in Apr.—May 1999 [SEB, DHC], and 1 at 1300-1420 m on the northeast slope in 1993-1994 [AG]. Other recent sightings include 3 on 15 Mar. 1987 (Table 1j), 2 at 1450-1500 m in early Jan. 1990 (Lambert, 1993), several in Feb. 1991 (Ta- ble 1m), birds seen daily 27-29 Feb. 1992 (Table 1k), daily on 8-10 Feb. 1994 (Table If), 1 in late Sep. 1994 (Table In), 6 seen (by A. Long) on 10 Jan. and 2 on 11 Jan. 1995 (Table lo), 1 on 5 Apr. 1996 (Table la), and 5 at 1250-1400m in Dec. 1996 (Table 1b). Numerous old specimens of the species are from 1400 to 1500 m (FMNH, YPM, SMF, and others) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961). The species’ relative abundance on the mountain supports the decision of Collar et al. (1999) to down-list it to near threatened from vulnerable; depend- ing on its status elsewhere in Mindanao, it may in fact be better treated as least concern. Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia A sighting of 3 birds at 1050 m in fallow land on the northeast slope on 18 Jan. 1994 [AG] becomes the earliest known record of this species in Mindanao, it having been first recorded on the island only recently (Brooks & Dutson, 1997). Serinus estherae Mountain Serin This species presents an interesting distribu- tional quandary, known only from Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi) and the mountains of Mindanao. It was long thought to be known on Kitanglad only by a single specimen from 19 Apr. 1960 (ypm 58898) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961) and from a sighting at 1900 m on Mt. Nangka- bulos in Mar. 1993 [JCTG, NADM]; however, an important series collected in 1965 (smMr 46399— 46404, 1 uncataloged) documents its presence with greater clarity. Detailed comparisons of this specimen material are required to clarify the taxonomic status of these populations. Pyrrhula leucogenys White-cheeked Bullfinch Relatively common at high elevations on Kitanglad, we recorded and collected this species at 1500-1800 m in May 1992 (FMNH 357659— 357660) [ATP, JCTG, NADM], mist-netted singles at both 1900m and 2250m on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar.—Apr. 1993 (FMNH 364253-— 364254) [JCTG, NADM], and found single birds or flocks of up to 5 individuals at 1680-1810 m on the northeast slope from primary to degraded secondary forest in 1993-1994 [AG]. Other recent sightings include 7-16 on 14-17 Mar. 1987 (Table 1j), 13 on 13-15 Mar. 1990 (Ta- ble Id), 1 on 27 Feb. 1991 (Table Im), a pair on 8 Feb. 1994 (Table If), 1 heard in late Sep. 1994 (Table In), 4 on 11 Jan. 1995 (Table lo), sightings on 34 Apr. 1996 (Table la), and several at ~1500 m in Dec. 1996 (Table 1b). Numerous specimens place this species on the mountain from the 1950s and 1960s (FMNH, PNM, YPM, ZMUC, SMF) (Ripley & Rabor, 1961). Hypothetical Records Aviceda jerdoni Jerdon’s Baza An uncommon resident on the larger islands throughout the Philippines (Dickinson et al., 1991), this species was reported from Kitanglad on 26 Feb. 1991 (Table 1m). Given its rarity, we prefer to treat this sighting as hypothetical, although it is supported by the fact that a female was collected (zmuc) on 20 Nov. 1952 from the Pulangi River, Bukidnon, which rises on Kitanglad (Parkes, 1961). Collar et al. (1999) dropped the species from consideration as near threatened, presumably because of its huge range. Butastur liventer Rufous-winged Buzzard A bird seen on 28 Feb. 1992 and tentatively identified as B. liventer (Table 1k), which is not known from the Philippines (Dickinson et al., 1991), was likely to have in fact been B. indicus (B. King, in /itt., 1996), which is a relatively common winter visitor to Kitanglad. Cacomantis merulinus Plantive Cuckoo With the reidentification of the voucher specimen mist-netted on 25 Apr. 1992 at 1100 m (FMNH 357424) as C. sepulcralis [ATP], it seems sensible to consider the only other sightings of the species from Kitanglad, from 1900 to 2250 m on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar.— Apr. 1993 [JCTG, NADM] and on | May 1983 (Table 11), as hypothetical. Bubo philippensis Philippine Eagle-owl VULNERABLE This species of deep forest on the larger Philippine islands, reportedly at low elevations (Dickinson et al., 1991) was recently down-listed to vulnerable (Collar et al., 1999) from endan- gered. The only 2 Kitanglad reports involve 1 heard on 19 Mar. 1987 by Jensen and Hornskov (Table 1j), who had some prior experience with PETERSON ET AL.: THE AVIFAUNA OF MT. KITANGLAD 25 the species’ vocalizations, and a molted secondary feather found in mature secondary forest at 730 m on the northwest slope on 27 Apr. 1994 [AG]. It is very surprising that convincing records of this species have not been obtained, given the amount of nocturnal effort that other observers have carried out on Kitanglad, so we feel that we have to consider these records hypothet- ical until more conclusive documentation is obtained. Collocalia whiteheadi Whitehead’s Swiftlet DATA DEFICIENT This species is a Philippine montane endemic known with certainty from very few specimens (Dickinson et al., 1991; Kennedy et al., 2000). It has been reported at 2250 m on Mt. Nangkabulos in Mar.—Apr. 1993 [JCTG, NADM], in Feb. 1994 when Hornbuckle (Table lf) noted that “‘two apparently larger birds high on Kitanglad when the cloud was low could have been the rare Whitehead’s Mountain Swiftlet C. whiteheadi,” at 1450-1700 m on the northeast slope in 1993 and 1994 [AG], and in Sep. 1994 (Table In). Given its rarity and the lack of specimen documentation, however, acceptance of this species as occurring on Kitanglad should await full documentation. The lack of information regarding this species led Collar et al. (1999) to consider it data deficient rather than vulnerable (Collar et al., 1994). Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift An uncommon passage migrant in the Philip- pines, not known south of Negros (Dickinson et al., 1991). A possible sighting of the species on 2 Jan. 1994 at 500 m on the northeast slope of Kitanglad [AG] would represent the first record for Mindanao; however, given the potential for confusion between this species and A. affinis, which is also not known from Mindanao but which is expanding in the Philippines (Evans et al., 1993), we feel that it is best to treat this record as unconfirmed. Mtrafra javanensis Singing Bushlark This species is likely to occur around the Kitanglad massif but has been reported only once, in late Sep. 1994 (Table In), so we consider it hypothetical. Alauda gulgula Oriental Skylark A sighting from 960 m on the eastern slopes of Kitanglad [AG], which would represent only the second Mindanao record (Meyer de Schauensee, 26 1957), is considered hypothetical without better documentation of the identification. Ficedula basilanica Little Slaty Flycatcher VULNERABLE This rare forest endemic, restricted to below 1000 m on Greater Mindanao (Dickinson et al., 1991), has not been recorded with certainty on Kitanglad: for lack of better detail or voucher specimens, we retracted our [TB, GD] sightings from 1200 m on 5 Oct. 1991 (“two birds were found in kaingin at the edge of forest in a mixed- species foraging flock’; Evans et al., 1993) and consider as hypothetical those by R. Hopf from 1200 m on 9 Feb. 1994 (Table If), from late Sep. 1994 when apparently “quite common” (Ta- ble In), and from 1300m on 3 Dec. 1998 (Table 1g). Erythrura viridifacies Green-faced Parrotfinch VULNERABLE Recent reports of parrotfinches resembling E. viridifacies from Kitanglad and elsewhere on Mindanao are of great interest, in particular 4 specimens collected on Mt. Hilong-Hilong in May 1971 (suNsM) and 6 on Kitanglad in 1996 (PNM) (Nordeco & Denr, 1998). Dickinson et al. (1991) considered the species endemic to Luzon and Negros, but birds were recently found on Panay (Curio, 1997). Considering its irruptive habits, it is not inconceivable that birds could have escaped detection on (or recently colo- nized) Mindanao. However, criteria for separa- tion of E. viridifacies from immature E. coloria are unclear, and D. Allen and F. Danielsen (in litt., 1999), who have examined the Kitanglad specimens, believe them more likely to be E. coloria. Analysis We have presented a summary of the known avifauna of the Kitanglad massif on Mindanao Island, Philippines, including 198 species known from the massif (Tables 2 and 3) and another 10 that are considered hypothetical or not accepted from the region. The records cover about 6 decades, including specimen series assembled by professional collectors, detailed altitudinal sur- veys by professional ornithologists, and obser- vations by bird-watchers. Although the data that serve as the foundation of this monograph are thus quite heterogeneous (Heaney, 2002: Heaney et al., 2002), in this section we attempt to FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY synthesize aspects of the avifauna of the Kitan- glad region. Mist-Net Capture Rates—Knowledge of patterns of abundance and rarity in a local fauna can be critical to understanding a wide variety of biological phenomena, including com- munity structure and interactions, autecological requirements of species, and regional patterns of diversity and endemism. Nevertheless, estimation of abundance is an extremely challenging task. Species differ not only in abundance but also in detectability, and the 2 phenomena are easily confounded. In particular, caution must be used when comparing relative abundances between mist-net samples, because mist-nets sample canopy (e.g., Coracina mcgregori) and terrestrial (e.g., Leonardina woodi) species poorly; more- over, mist-nets sample species differentially depending on distances moved by individuals (Remsen & Good, 1996). Patterns of abundance as represented in mist- net captures were contrasted between the 2 elevations for which detailed data were available: 1100-1300 m and 1500-1800 m (Table 4). Thirty species were detected at 1100-1300 m, whereas 35 species were detected at 1500-1800 m; these differences probably reflected the overall canopy height differences between the 2 habitats, al- though differences in sampling effort should also be considered. The canopy at higher elevations was sufficiently low for more species to become nettable, accounting for the greater species diversity at higher elevations. At 1100-1300 m, 4 species reached relative abundances of more than 40 individuals per 1000 net-hours (Table 4): Ficedula hyperythra (144.36), Hypsipetes philippinus (102.26), Rhipi- dura nigrocinnamomea (96.24), and Parus elegans (48.12). At 1500-1800 m, 6 species were detected at more than 40 individuals per 1000 net-hours: Pachycephala_ philippensis (75.58), Ficedula hy- perythra (72.67), Hypocryptadius cinnamomeus and Rhipidura nigrocinnamomea (58.14 each), Turdus poliocephalus (46.51), and Hypsipetes philippensis (40.70). Interestingly, none of these high-elevation species reached much more than half the densities of F. hyperythra at the lower elevations. Although preliminary in nature, this pattern suggests that abundances may be more evenly distributed at higher elevations, with fewer dominant species and more relatively common species, at least within the understory community. Overall capture rates at these elevational stations were 697-770 individuals per 1000 net- days. These capture rates contrast strongly with those for other islands in the Philippines: on Mindoro and Negros in 1991, overall capture rate were ~1430 individuals per 1000 net-days (Evans et al., 1993). These differences may result from distinct styles of setting nets (e.g., many of the Field Museum nets were set for bats, which means that they were higher, more open, and along ridgetops; our experience 1s that such “bat” nets yield significantly fewer birds than do “bird” nets). Differences in capture rates could also result from different forest structure, avian community structure, or seasons of visit. FLock MeMBERSHIP—Muixed-species flocks ac- counted for a considerable portion of the birds observed during our studies on Mt. Kitanglad (summary in Table 5). Although these flocks were often the only birds apparent in the forest, their composition varied considerably between the lower forest ridges (1100-1300 m) and the montane forest (1500-1700 m). On the lower ridges, flocks were dominated by Rhipidura nigrocinnamomea, Aethopyga primigenius, Parus elegans, Coracina mcgregori, Dicaeum bicolor, and D. hypoleucum, all of which were present in >69% of the 15 flocks observed. Twenty-three species were observed in flocks (3—11 observed in individual flocks, average 8.0 species per flock), amounting for almost half the avifauna recorded at 1100-1300 m. At higher elevations, flock structure changed noticeably. More bird activity was observed outside the flocks. Only Zosterops montanus approached ubiquity (70% of 10 flocks), al- though many species were present in 40-60% of flocks. Again, flocks were diverse, with 20 species observed participating and 2-11 (average 7.1) species per flock observed. An unexpected member of 2 flocks at this elevation was Collocalia esculenta, several individuals of which were observed to focus their foraging activities inside the forest where the flock was located and even to glean insects directly from leaves of trees. Many flocks on the higher-elevation ridges would better be characterized as family groups of single species, with a few individuals of other species associated. FEATURES OF THE ELEVATIONAL TRANSECT— Elevational transect studies of faunas have much to offer toward understanding ecological and PETERSON ET AL.: THE AVIFAUNA OF MT. KITANGLAD 2 TasL_e 4. Summary of number of individuals captured and individuals per 1000 net-hours captured at 2 elevational levels on Mt. Kitanglad by the 1992-1993 FMNH groups. Total net-days = 174 (1100-1300 m) and 365 (1500-1800 m). Species Family Accipitridae Accipiter trivirgatus A. virgatus Family Falconidae Microhierax erythrogonys Family Columbidae Chalcophaps indica Phapitreron spp. Ptilinopus occipitalis Family Psittacidae Prioniturus discurus Family Cuculidae Cacomantis sepulcralis Cuculus fugax C. saturatus Family Strigidae Otus megalotis O. mirus Family Caprimulgidae Caprimulgus manillensis Family Picidae Chrysocolaptes lucidus Family Pycnonotidae Hypsipetes philippinus Family Paridae Parus elegans Family Sittidae Sitta oenochlamys Family Rhabdornithidae Rhabdornis inornatus Family Timaliidae Leonardina woodi Macronous striaticeps Family Turdidae Turdus poliocephalus Family Sylvidae Orthotomus heterolaemus Phylloscopus olivaceus Family Muscicapidae Eumyias panayensis Ficedula hyperythra F. westermanni Rhinomyias goodfellowi Rhipidura nigrocinnamomea R. superciliaris Family Pachycephalidae Pachycephala philippinensis Family Motacillidae Anthus gustavi Family Laniidae Lanius validirostris Family Sturnidae Basilornis miranda Family Nectarinidae Aethopyga boltoni A. primigenius Family Dicaedae 28 Total individuals 1100-1300 m nO [YS 1500-1800 m nN © — lo oe) Individuals per 1000 hours 1100-1300 m 1500-1800 m 6.0 0.0 0.0 5.8 0.0 29 12.0 grt) 18.0 23,5 ee) 0.0 17.4 12.0 5.8 0.0 8.7 6.0 29 6.0 0.0 0.0 11.6 0.0 29 6.0 Dyes) 102.3 40.7 48.1 11.6 6.0 26.2 6.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 30.1 8.7 0.0 46.5 0.0 14.5 36.1 5.8 18.0 pH) 144.4 12 24.1 5.8 36.1 20.4 96.2 58.1 12.0 0.0 24.1 75.6 6.0 0.0 0.0 29) 0.0 8.7 0.0 8.7 6.0 DAS FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY TABLE 4. Total individuals Species 1100-1300 m Dicaeum spp. 6 D. anthonyi 2, D. nigrilore l Prionochilus olivaceus 3 Family Zosteropidae Hypocryptadius cinnamomeus 3 Lophozosterops goodfellowi 0 Zosterops montanus l Net-days 166.25 Total species 30 Total individuals 129 evolutionary processes affecting communities (Brown, 1995; Heaney, 2001). Patterns of species replacements provide insights into competition from limitation by habitat preference or physical factors (Terborgh, 1971). More generally, infor- mation spread across altitudinal gradients pro- vides a series of natural “experiments” in which species combinations are placed in different environmental contexts, allowing testing of ideas about causal factors. For these reasons, we next discuss generalities of patterns observed in the Kitanglad avifauna. Adequacy of Sampling along the Elevational Transect—The degree to which our inventories summarize accurately the entire avifauna varies. The disturbed lowland habitats were least well sampled because of limited time and _ logistic problems. The 2 highest points (1900- and 2250- m ridges) were probably sampled very thoroughly because their avifaunas are relatively simple and sampling was intensive, although detailed daily lists necessary for quantitative assessment were not made. For the 1100-, 1700-, and 1800-m ridges, however, we were able to evaluate the completeness of each single-elevation inventory (Fig. 3) using probabilistic estimators of total fauna size (Peterson & Slade, 1998). In each of the inventories, the cumulative species total was approaching an asymptote (Fig. 3), suggesting that inventories were almost complete. Estimated percent completeness for the 3 ridges was 95.2% for the 1100-m ridge, 94.7% for the 1700-m ridge, and 91.5% for the 1800-m ridge. Therefore, at least for the middle and upper portions of the transect, the Field Museum inventories appear to represent a fairly complete picture of the avifauna present on that slope of Kitanglad in the season in which our inventories were carried out. Continued. Individuals per 1000 hours 1500-1800 m 1100-1300 m 1500-1800 m 5 36.1 14.5 6 12.0 17.4 13 6.0 37.8 0 18.1 0.0 20 18.1 58.1 1] 0.0 32.0 6.0 14.5 344 — — 35 a — 240 iS. 697.7 Avifaunal Turnover along the Transect—Rela- tively little altitudinal turnover was observed along the 1550-m altitudinal transect that we studied, coincident with patterns observed in mammal faunas along the same transect (Hea- ney, 2001). Migrant species were concentrated generally in the lowlands. A few species were restricted to the higher portions of the transect, such as Basilornis miranda, Centropus melanops, and Gallus gallus (above 1300 m). On_ the mountain’s northeastern flank, the steepness of the river valleys below 1000 m places highland and lowland habitats in close proximity, appar- ently explaining why some montane bird species (e.g., Leonardina woodi, Ptilocichla mindanensis, Rhinomyias goodfellowi, Aethopyga boltoni) can occasionally be observed at lower elevations along these valleys. Relatively few species (e.g., Batrachostomus septimus) appeared to be re- stricted to exclusively lowland forest habitats, probably a consequence of the already-great reduction of lowland forests in the region, given that numerous open-country — species were restricted to this lower portion of the transect. Elevational Overlap of Congeners—The FMNH surveys at 1100-, 1200-, 1300-, 1500-, 1800-, 1850-, 1900-, and 2250-m elevations provide a comparable set of inventories across an eleva- tional range from near the lower limit of forest in the area up to near tree line (Table 6). Six pairs (Accipiter, Aplonis, Ficedula, Otus, Rhabdornis, Rhipidura), 2 trios (Aethopyga, Phapitreron), and 1 quintet (Dicaeum) of congeneric species were present along the transect. Overlapping congener distributions were the rule—the most extreme example was the genus Dicaeum, in which 5 species overlapped broadly at the 1100—1500-m PETERSON ET AL.: THE AVIFAUNA OF MT. KITANGLAD 29 TasLe 5. Summary of species observed participating in multispecies flocks at 2 different elevational levels on Mt. Kitanglad by the 1992 rMnu team [ATP, RF]. Number of flocks = 15 (1100-1300 m) and 10 (1500-1800 m). a Number of individuals Percent of flocks Species 1100-1300 m 1500-1800 m 1100-1300 m 1500-1800 m Family Columbidae Phapitreron spp. 5 0 35:3 0 Ptilinopus occipitalis 3 0 20.0 ) Family Psittacidae Prioniturus montanus 0 2 0 20 Family Apodidae Collocalia esculenta* 0 | 0 10 Family Picidae Dendrocopus maculatus 5 | 33.3 10 Dryocopus javensis 2 0 iV Be 0 Family Campephagidae Coracina mecgregori 9 5) 60.0 50 Pericrocrotus flammeus l 0 6.7 0 Family Pycnonotidae Hypsipetes philippinus - 0 26.7 0 Family Dicuridae Dicrurus hottentottus Zz 0 13.3 0 Family Paridae Parus elegans 10 6 66.7 60 Family Sittidae Sitta oenochlamys 2) 5 3533 50 Family Rhapdornithidae Rhabdornis inornatus 3 0 20.0 0 R. mystacalis ] 0 6.7 0 Family Sylvidae Orthotomus heterolaemus 0 l 0 10 Phylloscopus olivaceus 3 3 20.0 30 Family Muscicapidae Eumyias panayensis ] 1 OM) 10 Ficedula hyperythra l 0 6.7 0 F. westermanni 0 1 0 10 Rhinomyias goodfellowi l 0 6.7 0 Rhipidura nigrocinnamomea 14 5 93.3 50 Family Pachycephalidae Pachycephala philippinus ] 2 6.7 20 Family Sturnidae Aplonis panayensis 2 0 13:3 0 Basilornis miranda ] ] 6.7 10 Family Nectarinidae Aethopyga boltoni 0 1 0 10 A. primigenius 11 3 133 30 Arachnothera clarae 2 0 13.3 0 Family Dicaedae Dicaeum spp. 0 So) 0 D. anthonyi | 0 6.7 0 D. nigrilore 0 20 Family Zosteropidae Hypocryptadius cinnamomeus i 3 46.7 30 Lophozosterops goodfellowi 0 2 0 20 Zosterops montanus ij 5 46.7 50 Family Fringillidae Pyrrhula leucogastra 0 0 10 “ This rather odd record is backed up by independent observations by DHC, again of an individual swiftlet foraging in concert with a multispecies flock. 30 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY 70 14400-1300m 60 ® oO OQ 50 a AG je) ® 30 jz E 20 Zz 10 (6) a 5G; Th a Se ee ee 0 5 10 15 70 )4500-1700m Number of species Number of species (ge) (>) 20 10 @) T T 0 5 10 15 Days Fic. 3. Species-accumulation curves for 3 sites of detailed study: the 1100—1300-, 1500—1700-, and 1800- m ridges studied by the Field Museum team in 1992. Cumulative numbers of species recorded are shown as squares; 25% and 75% intervals (small +s) and the median (large +s) of the bootstrapped predicted overall species diversity are shown for the last day of the inventories. stations on the transect. More generally, congeneric species pairs overlapped by 1-6 stations in all cases. Over a broader spectrum of habitats, includ- ing the highly disturbed lowlands, numerous examples of nonoverlapping distributions were present. Each, however, consisted of related species with markedly different habitat require- ments. For example, Lanius cristatus and L. schach were restricted to open, disturbed areas in the lowlands, whereas L. validirostris was found only in closed montane forest above 1800 m, separated by about 1000 m of elevation from the other 2 species. Similarly, Centropus viridis was found in disturbed lowland forest below 1000 m, whereas C. melanops was restricted to closed montane forest above 1500 m (which is itself a most surprising result). Other examples include mem- bers of the genera Orthotomus, Coracina, and Zosterops. Hence, elevational structuring of avi- faunas in the absence of discrete habitat differ- ences, which may be a strong indicator of competitive interactions (Terborgh, 1971), was not found in any group in the Kitanglad avifauna. Altitudinal Patterns of Diversity and Ende- mism—Previous studies have documented a general pattern of high species richness in the lowlands, contrasting with elevated endemism in the highlands (e.g., Mayr, 1963; Peterson et al., 1993). Based on general references available (Dickinson et al., 1991), we estimate that approximately 172 of the species detected are resident and breeding on Kitanglad. Altitudinal patterns of diversity and endemism along the FMNH transect up Mt. Kitanglad (500-2250 m), however, do not show clearly the predicted inverse correlation of diversity and endemism (Fig. 4). Species richness was low at the lowest elevations studied (=700 m), high in lowland and foothill forests (1100-1300 m) and at middle elevations (1700-1800 m), and declined some- what at high elevations (1850-2250 m). We attribute the low species richness in the lowlands to the severe disturbance of natural habitats below 700-1000 m in the region, reducing the richness of those communities considerably, an explanation supported by the nondetection of numerous lowland species in recent surveys (e.g., Eurystomus orientalis), although many possible explanations exist (Heaney, 2001). Philippine endemism was more than 35% in the lowlands (although our “lowland” surveys surely were affected by the near-complete defor- estation at low elevations), rising to 100% at 1900 m. Endemism at the level of Greater Mindanao and at the level of Mindanao alone was quite low in the lowlands but rose steadily to 40-50% at the highest elevations. Hence, ende- PETERSON ET AL.: THE AVIFAUNA OF MT. KITANGLAD 31 TasLe 6. Summary of species recorded at 8 elevational stations along the transect covered by the 1992-1993 FMNH groups. Species Family Accipitridae Accipiter trivirgatus A. virgatus Haliastur indus Hieraaetus kienerii Spilornis holospilus Family Falconidae Microhierax erythrogenys Family Phasianidae Gallus gallus Family Columbidae Chalcophaps indica Ducula poliocephala Macropygia tenuirostris Phapitreron spp. P. amethystina Ptilinopus occipitalis Family Psittacidae Loriculus philippensis Prioniturus waterstradti Family Cuculidae Cacomantis sepulcralis Centropus melanops Cuculus fugax Family Strigidae Otus megalotis O. mirus Family Podargidae Batrachostomus septimus Family Caprimulgidae Caprimulgus manillensis Family Apodidae Collocalia esculenta Hirundapus giganteus Family Trogonidae Harpactes ardens Family Bucerotidae Aceros leucocephalus Buceros hydrocorax Penelopides panini Family Picidae Chrysocolaptes lucidus Dendrocopos maculatus Dryocopus javensis Family Campephagidae Coracina mcgregori Lalage nigra Pericrocotus flammeus Family Pycnonotidae Hypsipetes philippinus Family Dicuridae Dicrurus hottentottus Family Oriolidae Irena cyanogaster Family Paridae Parus elegans Family Sittidae Sitta oenochlamys Family Rhabdornithidae 32 1100-m 1200-m 1300-m 1500-m 1800-m 1850-m 1900-m 2250-m ridge ridge camp camp camp Pa PS. | aes ee | 4 PPS PM Od BS Dd Od mo oN | teas ~ K~ KM KM KR RMR KR RK KR KKK OM ridge om | on x K XK ridge | | ridge De Pps Pai ed ps) PA ea prt pd pd | [Epes pds Sd |<] ~ xx | Kx | Mrs | | _ xX X —— X X _ xX xX xX xX = xX xX x ay ae — xX xX xX xX xX x xX = xX x xX eS X na xX An 4 Va x FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY TABLE 6. Continued. 1100-m 1200-m 1300-m 1500-m_ 1800-m_ = 1850-m 1900-m = 2250-m Species camp Rhabdornis inornatus 4 x R. mystacalis xX Family Timaliidae Leonardina woodi Xx x Macronous striaticeps x 4 Family Turdidae Brachypteryx montana — Turdus poliocephalus — = Family Sylvidae Bradypterus caudatus Orthotomus heterolaemus Phylloscopus olivaceus Family Muscicapidae Culicicapa helianthea Eumyias panayensis Ficedula hyperythra F. westermanni Muscicapa griseisticta Rhinomyias goodfellowi Rhipidura nigrocinnamomea R. superciliaris Family Pachycephalidae Pachycephala philippinensis Family Lantidae Lanius validirostris Family Sturnidae Aplonis minor A. panayensis Basilornis miranda Family Nectarinidae Aethopyga boltoni A. primigenia A, shelleyi Arachnothera clarae Family Dicaedae Dicaeum anthonyi D. bicolor D. hypoleucum D. nigrilore D. trigonostigma Prionochilus olivaceus Family Zosteropidae Hypocryptadius cinnamomeus Lophozosterops goodfellowi Zosterops montanus Family Fringillidae Pyrrhula leucogenys — _- Total 56 40 * | Pa Mepctesipae | pais pal PA esis psi pips | | x~ | x ab csht scar scty Sciam < » xX x ss xX xX xX Xx Xx xe xX x xX x xX = Xx xX x xX x HY 58 44 Di 39 28 mism, as expected on the basis of other transects, increased steadily with elevation. SINGLE-SITE INVENTORY—Intensive single-site inventories provide extremely valuable data for conservation planning (Balmford & Gaston, 1999). Thus, the total of 198 species now known to occur (or to have occurred) on the Kitanglad massif ranks it among the richest sites for birds in the Philippines, surpassing such well-surveyed sites on PETERSON ET AL.: THE AVIFAUNA OF MT. KITANGLAD Luzon as Mt. Isarog, with 135 species (Goodman & Gonzales, 1989). While such statements demand detailed comparisons of survey effort, altitudinal range surveyed, habitat range surveyed, and so on, the crude comparison remains—the Kitanglad massif holds a large number of species in comparison with other well-surveyed sites. In fact, given that the Kitanglad massif is much smaller in area than the Sierra Madre of nw Ww 100 80 60 40 20 Species (diversity or % endemism) 500). 7@0)> 900) -1100 1300 1500 Species diversity - - -g---Philippines (% endemism) —O— Greater Mindanao (% endemism) ---A- -- Mindanao (% endemism) 1700 1900 2100 2300 Fic. 4. Elevational biodiversity trends: species diversity, Philippine endemism, Greater Mindanao endemism, and strict Mindanao endemism, all plotted against elevation (in m) along the 500—2250-m transect covered by the FMNH expeditions. Luzon, Kitanglad’s species richness may _ be comparable with the total of ~250 species believed to occur there (Poulsen, 1995). Compared with these sites, Kitanglad’s avifauna is similar in richness at lower elevations but richer toward higher elevations. Given the relatively broad elevational distributions of Philippine birds, we suspect that approximately 200 species may represent a limit for single lowland-to-highland transect avian diversity in the Philippines. Avifaunistic Changes—Of the ~172 bird spe- cies known to be resident in the Kitanglad region, the early collectors (most prominently Salomonsen, Rabor, and Gonzales) collected 129 (75.0%) (and probably sighted many more; overall field time not known). Recent field crews, during almost 4 months of intensive fieldwork at all elevations holding significant forest, as well as many months of effort by bird-watchers, detect- ed 153 (88.9%) species. Hence, the early surveys did not detect as high a proportion of overall known species richness as the modern ones. However, to understand how best to interpret the results of the early surveys, it is worth examining which groups of species were better detected by the early surveys and which were better detected by the modern work. 34 The 18 species documented historically but with no recent records in spite of intensive studies are Falco severus, Streptopelia bitorquata, Ninox philippensis, Hirundapus giganteus, Alcedo atthis, Halcyon capensis, Eurystomus orientalis, Eurylaimus steerii, Coracina morio, Lalage mel- anoleuca, Pycnonotus urostictus, Hypsipetes ever- etti, Oriolus steerii, Stachyris capitalis, Orthoto- mus nigriceps, Nectarinia sperata, Aethopyga pulcherrima, and Arachnothera longirostra (Ya- ble 2). Several additional species well document- ed by historical specimens are known from only 1 or 2 recent records (e.g., Ducula carola, Surniculus lugubris, Alcedo argentata, Zoothera andromedae). A substantial portion of these species (see Species Accounts) are lowland species (Dickinson et al., 1991) and may be in danger of extirpation from the Kitanglad region because of habitat destruction. Hence, the bulk of the species not detected in recent surveys appear to be species that would not be likely to be found in the reduced set of habitats—chiefly montane—remaining on the mountain today (an exception would be Z. andromedae, which is an elusive montane forest resident). Similar are a group of species that, while collected commonly in the 1960s (Ripley & FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY Rabor, 1961), have not been recorded in recent years on Kitanglad’s accessible northeastern flank, above Dalwangan, despite the visits of many bird-watchers. These species appear re- stricted on Kitanglad to the relatively inaccessi- ble northwestern and western flanks: all 3 Phapitreron, Columba vitiensis, Harpactes ardens, and Aceros leucocephalus. These species are all large-bodied frugivores, and it seems likely that their decline on Kitanglad is due to hunting pressure as well as to deforestation. It is noteworthy that no raptors feature in this group, suggesting that they are not heavily hunted, perhaps because of inconspicuousness or unpal- atability. Recent surveys, however, documented a total of 43 species not known historically. These species break down fairly clearly into 3 groups: water-associated species; species of open and disturbed habitats; and low-density, primary habitat species. Water-associated species were detected principally by AG and colleagues on the mountain’s lower slopes, such as Butorides striatus, Dupetor flavicollis, Gallirallus philippen- sis, G. torquatus, Amaurornis olivacea, and A. phoenicurus. Most likely, the early surveys were carried out in areas lacking aquatic habitats, and for that reason these species were not collected. Another component lacking from the early collections are resident and migrant species restricted to open and disturbed habitats, prin- cipally in the lowlands surrounding the Kitan- glad massif. These species include, for example, Geopelia striata, Halcyon chloris, Merops philip- pinus, Anthreptes malacensis, and Zosterops ever- etti. These species were probably much less apparent around Kitanglad in the 1950s and 1960s, as habitat destruction was less far advanced than at present. In addition, they were probably of least interest to the collectors, being principally species that are common and wide- spread throughout the Philippines. Hence, the absence of these disturbed- and open-habitat species in the early collections may indicate the effects of colonization and advance by such species in the wake of widespread habitat destruction (Brooks et al., 1996). Finally, we detected several low-density, pri- mary forest bird species not noted in the early surveys, including Spizaetus cirrhatus, S. philip- pensis, Centropus melanops, Ducula poliocephala, Bolbopsittacus lunulatus, Pitta erythrogaster, Irena cyanogaster, and Rhipidura superciliaris. Especially surprising is the absence of early records of Buceros hydrocorax, which we found to be common in the forested portions of the massif and which would have been of particular interest to early collectors. Hence, it appears that for the Mt. Kitanglad region, the early information available (all of it specimen based, Rabor’s material being the principal part) does not present as exhaustive a sampling of the avifauna present as do modern surveys. This result apparently holds also for other groups that Rabor sampled, such as mammals, where the use of new methodologies has amply demonstrated that an enormous amount remains to be learned about sites earlier surveyed by Rabor (L. R. Heaney, pers. comm.). Nevertheless, the material accumulated by Rabor, Gonzales, Salo- monsen, Bregulla, and other early collectors is remarkable in that most species were recorded as present; these records provide considerable confi- dence in the diversity of possible uses of their data for documenting bird distributions elsewhere in the Philippines. The data and specimens accumu- lated by Rabor and colleagues (with identifica- tions appropriately checked and modernized) merit further exploration as to their utility— indeed, we observed no situations in which Rabor tag data were clearly suspect. We suggest that the data from all of these explorations would lay an unparalleled foundation for a national biological inventory of the Philippines. Conservation of Mindanao’s Endemic Species— Eighteen bird species are strictly endemic to Mindanao. Seventeen of these endemics have been found on Kitanglad: Trichoglossus johnsto- niae, Prioniturus waterstradti, Otus mirus, Acte- noides hombroni, Coracina mcgregori, Leonardina woodi, Rhinomyias goodfellowi, Rhipidura nigro- cinnamomea, Orthotomus heterolaemus, Basilor- nis miranda, Aethopyga primigenius, A. boltoni, Dicaeum nigrilore, D. propium, Lophozosterops goodfellowi, Hypocryptadius cinnamomeus, and Erythrura coloria. The only Mindanao endemic not found on Kitanglad, Aethopyga linarabori, was recently described as a species distinct from the more widespread Mindanao endemic 4. boltoni (Kennedy et al., 1997)—it is restricted to the eastern provinces of Davao del Norte and Davao Oriental and thus is an allospecies of a Kitanglad resident species. As such, the Kitan- glad massif is certainly comparable with Mt. Apo in terms of richness of Mindanao endemic species. The flagship reserve in the southern Philip- pines has traditionally been Mt. Apo National PETERSON ET AL.: THE AVIFAUNA OF MT. KITANGLAD 35 Park, centered on a tall volcanic mountain (2954 m) at the southern extreme of the island. Mt. Apo was the first montane area of Min- danao to see extensive zoological exploration, and for that reason many species were long known only from there. Apo, however, is a slender volcanic cone and therefore has very limited area at higher elevations (approximately 388 km* above 1000 m). Those highest eleva- tions of the mountain, moreover, have been compromised recently by the construction of a geothermal energy production plant, and the overall integrity of the region has been endan- gered by proximity to Davao City. Kitanglad, in contrast with Apo, is a block- shaped massif (maximum elevation 2938 m). It has extensive areas at high elevations (approxi- mately 1757 km* above 1000 m), about 4.5 times as much as Apo, although, as on Apo, construc- tion of installations around the peak (e.g., Bukidnon Telephone, Philippine Telephone and Telegraph, Philippine Army, Radio Mindanao Network, and the DLG Building) has jeopardized natural habitats at the highest elevations. With the documentation that the Kitanglad avifauna includes essentially the full complement of species unique to the island, we suggest that Kitanglad may prove to be a more appropriate primary focus for the conservation of Mindanao’s mon- tane species. Mt. Kitanglad National Park was declared by Proclamation No. 667 on 14 Dec. 1990 and is therefore under the management of the Philippine Department of the Environment and Natural Resources. It is also one of the Integrated Protected Areas Priority sites. The area proposed under the Global Environment Fund Conservation of Priority Protected Areas Project includes a buffer zone of 74,100 ha. Specimens versus Observations—Avifaunal in- ventories typically fall clearly into 1 of 2 categories: those assembled by observation, at times aided by mist-net captures, versus those assembled via a combination of specimen collec- tion (when possible) and observations. A third source of information is from historical speci- mens, although often neglected. Oddly enough, true bridges between these worlds in primary research studies, including both the force of numbers and time that observations by bird- watchers can offer and the force of information and depth that specimen-based ornithology provides, are few. One feature of the present monograph, then, is the presentation of such a bridge. 36 We have presented and discussed gaps in species lists assembled based on the historical specimen record and emphasized the need for new, modern survey initiatives. Use of mist-nets is key (see, e.g., the important nets-only records, such as Phapitreron brunneiceps), as is increased reliance on vocal cues for efficient species detection and identification (Parker, 1991). More generally, a focus on inventory (assembling a complete catalog of species present), rather than sampling or simply collecting specimens, is enormously helpful (Colwell & Coddington, 1994: Peterson & Slade, 1998). We have avoided a point-to-point comparison of which teams detected more species in this study, particularly given marked differences in time spent on the mountain, techniques employed, experience of observers, and elevations and slopes surveyed. Bird-watchers clearly held a great advantage in terms of numbers of observers and time spent observing. Kitanglad is a relatively accessible mountain massif with abundant endemic species in a region that is itself rich in endemism and as such has attracted immense attention from the bird-watching community. The numerous teams of birders that have visited Kitanglad have reached several sectors of the range that would otherwise have gone unsurveyed and have provided broader seasonal coverage than the collecting teams were able to cover (although wet-season data for the mountain are still scanty; Fig. 2). In this sense, bird-watchers provided to this monograph an enormous force of observa- tion effort that would otherwise not have been represented in this inventory. One shortcoming, though, is that exact locations, dates, and/or elevations were not always recorded. Specimen collection and preparation is a time- intensive endeavor and clearly cannot in and of itself provide great numbers of records of species; for this reason, all the recent collecting teams that have visited Kitanglad have supplemented specimen records with observations. Observa- tional information may have been collected by the earlier collecting teams, but this information was not available to us, if it exists. The specimen information summarized herein offers a powerful advantage in that records can be revisited in light of new information or new interpretations—as species limits are reinterpreted, for example, specimens can be determined precisely, whereas observational information cannot. Specimens provide a rich resource of additional information, including providing the basis for description and FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY documentation of new taxa (e.g., Gamauf et al., 1998a; Kennedy et al., 1997, 2001), understanding species limits and phylogenetic relationships of complex groups (Miranda et al., 1997; Kemp, 1988), and understanding seasonal and reproduc- tive status (Remsen, 1995). Conclusions The present study examined the avifauna of Mt. Kitanglad, a large mountain mass in northern Mindanao. The composition of Mt. Kitanglad’s avifauna has not previously been documented in detail. In this monograph, we present a summary of all information existing regarding the avifauna of the region: principal results and points for further consideration include the following: 1. Mt. Kitanglad holds one of the richest single-site avifaunas in the Philippines, with a total of 198 bird species, of which about 172 are resident. A further 10 species are considered hypothetical or doubtful as occurring on the mountain. Of Kitanglad’s avifauna, 85 species are endemic to the Philippines, 28 are endemic to Greater Mindanao, and 17 are endemic to Mindanao alone, all but one of the island’s endemic species. 3. Of Kitanglad’s avifauna, 1 species is con- sidered critically endangered, 10 as vulner- able, 17 as near threatened, and | as data deficient (BirdLife International, 2004). 4. Changes in threat categorization (Collar et al., 1999) relative to those used in earlier publica- tions (Collar et al., 1994) appear largely justified based on the evidence from Kitanglad. 5. Kitanglad’s lower slopes have lost nearly all their forest species through deforestation and hunting, but the mountain’s high- elevation forests retain rich and intact communities of birds. 6. Great potential for further avian discoveries await on Mindanao’s mountains, as illus- trated by the newly described Scolopax bukidnonensis; odd and suggestive eleva- tional records (e.g., Centropus melanops): first reports for the island of Luscinia calliope, Turdus chrysolaus, and Motacilla alba; and large range extensions for Phapi- treron brunneiceps and Otus mirus. bo 7. Kitanglad appears to constitute a key site for conservation of montane birds on Mindanao, with excellent representation of the island’s endemic species of birds, and as such its status as a protected area should be given full international support. Acknowledgments ATE RE, JCTG. DHC, SEB; and NADM thank L. R. Heaney for making their studies on Kitanglad possible and for reading an early version of the manuscript. Thanks also to their numerous other field companions. We thank the 3 reviewers for their detailed comments and suggestions. Their fieldwork was funded by the MacArthur Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and the Marshall Field Fund, Field Museum of Natural History. AG thanks M. Preleuthner, A. Schuster, S. Tebbich, M. Zeiler, and H. Winkler for field assistance; Mr. Enoch Arataya (San Antonio) and E. Makhanoy (Dalwangan) for their on-site support and C. Guyamara for his numerous comments regard- ing Philippine Eagles; and the PEFI (Philippine Eagle Foundation, Inc.) for accommodation at their lodgehouse (northeast slope). Her fieldwork (project on ecomorphology of Philippine birds of prey) was funded by the FWF Austria (BIO 8889). TB and GD thank C. Makhanoy for his assistance to their visit, which was a final part of the Cambridge Philippines Rainforest Project 1991: full acknowledgments for that work are given elsewhere (Evans et al., 1993). The following people provided records, infor- mation or discussion that greatly improved the manuscript, and to whom we are extremely grateful: Des Allen, Naja Steen Andersen, Guy Anderson, Chris Bell, Finn Danielsen, Richard Fairbank, Matthias Fehlow, Tim Fisher, Ian Gardner, S. Hayhow, Mel Heath, Jon Horn- buckle, Jesper Hornskov, Franck Ishoi, Mikkel Kure Jakobsen, Bob Kennedy, Ben King, Jan Bolding Kristensen, Ian Lewis, Adrian Long, Andrew Pierce, Carsten Rahbek, Nigel Redman, Herbert Schifter, Paul Thompson, Rob Timmins, Michael Trasborg and Filip Verbelen. We also thank Nigel Collar, Mike Crosby, James Lowen, Joe Tobias, Eberhard Curio, Krys Kazmierczak, and Richard Thomas for providing literature and other information. Finally, we are extremely PETERSON ET AL.: THE AVIFAUNA OF MT. KITANGLAD 37 grateful to the curatorial staff of the museums providing information or access to collections (see Study Area and Methods). Literature Cited BALMFORD, A., AND K. J. Gaston. 1999. 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