I 1

3lq]

LONDON SCHOOL Of^TROPICAL MEDICINE

NOT TO BE TAKEN IwAy.

THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,

INCLUDING

CEYLON AND BURMA.

publissed vndes tris autsobitt of tite secretary 01
State for India in Council.

EDITED BY W. T. BLANFOED.

AEACHNIDA.

BY

R. I. POCOCK.

LONDON:
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

CALCUTTA :
THACKEK, SPINK, & CO.

BOMBAY:
THACKEB & CO., LIJIITED.

BERLIN :

H. FRIEDLANDEB & 80HN, 11 CAEIiSTKASSB.

1900.

'-ONDONSCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDiCiNE

NOT TO ¥lmrAWAy.

VRINTED BY TAYLOR AND TRANCIS,
BBO LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

PREFACE.

This volume contains descriptions of all the species of
Arachnida of the ordera Scorpiones (Scorpions)^ Uropygi
(Whip-Scorpions), Amblypygi, Solifugse, and of most of
the larger and otherwise conspicuous species of Aranese
(true Spiders) known to occur in British India, Burma, and
Ceylon, together with diagnoses of the genera, families, and
suborders into which they fall. The only innovation intro-
duced into the usually accepted classification of these groups
is the ordinal separation of the Uropygi and Amblypygi,
which are generally united as one order Pedipalpi.

All the described species of the first four orders are dealt
with in full. The Aranese, however, are less thoroughly
treated, only the larger forms being included in the present
work. These embrace all the Mygalomorphge, a group
comprising the species commonly known as " Mygales " and
Trap-door Spiders, all of which are of medium or large size,
and also a relatively small number of the described species of
Arachnomorphae. This latter group contains a vast number
of species and is still very imperfectly known — so imperfectly
that no satisfactory account of it can at present be
given. All that has been attempted is to afibrd means of
identifying the larger, commoner, better known and more
widely distributed forms. As regards size no species which
when adult falls short of 5 mm. in total length has been

•y PREFACE.

included, and a preference has been given to those forms of
Avhich specimens were available for description. It is to be
hoped that the present work, by facilitating the study of
Indian Spiders, will increase the number of observers and
collectors, so that at some future time a far more complete
account of these animals may become practicable.

I welcome this opportunity of expressing my grateful
acknowh;dgments to those who have rendered the work
possible by lending or collecting specimens : to Major Alcock,
IMS Superintendent of the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
for the loan of typical examples of species described by
Stoliczka and Simon, and to Dr. R. Gestro for extendmg
to me the same kindness in connection with types ot
species described by Thorell and preserved in the Museo
Civico at Genoa. The help that I have received from many
friends and strangers, too numerous to thank in detail, is
acknowledged in the following pages. Especially am I
indebted to Mr. E. C. Wronghton, of the Indian Forest
Service and to Mr. H. M. Phipson, Honorary Secretary ot
the Bombay Natural History Society, whose influence and
energy in procuring material have vastly increased our
knowledge of Indian Arachnoiogy.

R. I. POCOCK.

October 16tli, 1900.

LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS QUOTED IN
THE SYNONYMY.

Abh. Ver. Hamb. Abhandlungen aua dem Gebiete der Naturwissen-

schaften, berausgegeben Tom naturwisaensohaftlichea Verein in Hamburg.

Hamburg, 1846-1900.
Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. Actes de la Society Linnfienne de Bordeaux.

Bordeaux, 1829-1900.
A. M. N. H. Annal3 and Magazine of Natural History. London, 1838-

1900.

Ann. Mus. Geneva. Annali del Mu^eo Civioo di Storia Naturale di

Geuova. Genoa, 1870-1900.
Ann. Soc. Ent. Pr. Annalea de la Soci^te Entomologique de France.

Paris, 1832-1900.

Atti Soc. Ital. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze naturali e del Museo
Oivico di Storia Naturale in Milano. Milan, 1859-1900.

Berl. ent. Zeits. Berliner entomologisebe Zeitscbrift, berausgegeben
von dem entomologisohen Verein in Berlin. Berlin, 1857-74, 1881-
1900.

Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. Bulletin des stances &c. de la Soei6t6 Entomologique

de France. (Attacbed to Annates.)
Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. BuUet.tino della Societa Entomologica Italiana.

Florence, 1869-1900.
Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. Bulletin de la Soci6te Zoologique de France. Paris,

1876-1900.

Cambridge, Araneidea, Second Yarkand Exped. Scientific Eesults
of tbe Second Yarkand Mission: Araneidea. By the Rev. O. P. Cam-
bridge. Calcutta, 1885.

C. Koch, Arachn. Die Aracbniden. Q-etreu nach der Natur abgebildet
und besobrieben. Von Karl Ludwig Kocb. 16 vols. Nuremberg,
1831-48.

De Geer, Mem. Hist. Ins. Memoires pour servir a I'Histoire des
Inseotes. Par Cbarles de Geer. 7 vols. Stockholm, 1752-78.

Fabr. Ent. Syst. J. C. Fabricius, Entomologia Systematica. 4 vols, and
Suppl. Copenhagen, 1793-98.

Hempr. & Ehr., Symb. Phys., Scorp. Symbolm Pliysicie seu Icones at
Descriptiones corporura naturalium novorutu aut minus cognitorum qua;
exitineribus per Libyam, jEgyptum, &c. Frid. Gul. Hemprioh et Christ.
God. Ehrenberg. Zoologica : Scorpiones. Berlin, 1828.

Herbst, Nat. ungefl. Ins. Natursystem der ungefliigelten Insekten.

J. F. VV. Herbst. Berlin, 1797-1800.
J. A. S. B, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta, 1832-

1900.

yj ^ WOEKS QUOTED.

Jb Hamb. wiss. Anst. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen wiflBenschaftlicben

■ Anstalten. Hamburg, 1884-1900.
Jour Bom. N. H. Soc. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.

Bombay', 1880-1900.
Jour Linn. Soc, Zool. Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology. London.
1857-1900.

Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. &-c. Das Tier.-ei^b 8 Lieferung. Scorpiones und

Pedipalpi von Prof. Karl Kraepelm. Berhn. 1899.
Tor^»in« Gen Crust. Sec. Genera Orustaceorum et Insectorum,
^"Lcunlm^ordinem in familias disposita. &c. 4 vols. Pans.

1806-9. „ , , , f

tr-^t TST.,+ rnicst Ins Histoire naturelle, generale et
^ntSlS'des'lt.t^re^ dlf insectes; ou.raga fai.ant suite aux

CEuvres de Leclerc de Bufibn. 14 vols. Pans, 1802-5.
Linn Syst. Nat. Oaroli A. Linn6, Systema Nature. Stockholm. Ed. x.,

1760 ; Ed. xii., 1766-68.
MT. Munch, ent. Ver. Mittbeilungen des Miinchener entomologischen

Vereins. Munich, 1877-81.
Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indie. Natuurkundig Tydsehrift voor
Nederlandsch-Indie. Batayia, 1850-1900.

T.-^* ^'Wicst Nat Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle,
""TppS avJ^'*; T-2^\V. Paris. 1803-4. New ed.. 36 vols..

1816-19. , _ , .„„,,

P. Z. S. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. London, 1830-

1*900. , . ■ ' ,9e

Simon, Hist. Nat. , Araign.

edition). Par Eugene Simon. Pans, 18 19Ua
Thorell, spiders of Burma. Descriptive Catalogue of the Spders of

Burma. British Museum, London, 18J0.
Tr Ent Soc. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London.
' London, 1807-1900. .

Walck Ins Apt. Histoire naturelle des Insectes : ^^'^'%\m Z
WalcK. ins. «.F le Baron Walckenaer ; Vol. 3, iH44, par

ffp^ul ^\ Mi l: 'sk par M. le Baron Walckenaer et M. Paul
Gervais. Paris. . , „

Zeits. ges. Naturw. Zeitschrift fiir die gesammten Naturwissenschaften.
Halle and Berlin, 1353-81.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

ARACHNID A 1

Order SCORPIONES 5

Fam. 1. BuTHiDiE 12

Subfam. 1. Buthina 12

1. Biithus, Leach 13

1. australis, Linn 15

finitimus, Pocock . . 16

baluchicus, Pocock. . 16

2. doria3, Thorell 16

odonturus, Pocock . . 16

3. macmahoni, Pocock . . 18

4. caucasius, Fischer .... 19

persicus, Pocock .... 19

5. atrostriatus, Pocock . . 20

6. acute-carinatus, Simon 20

rugosuliis, Pocock . , 20

7. olticola, Pocock 21

penjabensis, Birula . 22

8. nigrifrons, Pocock .... 22

9. tamulus, Fabr 23

concanensis, Pocock . 25

sindicus, Pocock .... 25

guj araten sis, PococA . 25

gangeticus, Pocock. . 25

10. hendersoni, Pocock . . 26

11. riigiscutis, Pocock .... 26

nigritus, Pocock .... 27

12. pa chyurus, Poeoc/t. .. . 27

2. Butheolus, Simon 28

1. melanurus, Kessler . . 28

fuscipes, . PococA;. .. . 29

2. pallidus, Pocock 30

3. liavescens, Pocock .... 30

4. bicolor, Pocock 31

3. Charmus, Karach 31

1. laneus, Karsch 32

4. Stenochiijus, Karsch .... 32

1. politus, Pocock 33

2. sarasinonitn, Karsch , , 33

Page

5. Heinibuthus, Pocock .... 34
1. crassimanus, Pocock . . 34

6. Lychas, C. Koch 35

1. mueronatus, Fabr 36

2. scutilus, C. Koch .... 37

3. scaber, Pocock 38

4. nigristernis, Pocock . . 38

5. nigosus, Pocock 39

6. trioarinatus, Simon . . 40

7. hendersoni, Pocock . , 40

8. shoplandi, Oates 41

9. leevifrons, Pocock .... 41
10. feffi, Thorell 42

Sabfam. 2. Centrurince . .... 42

1. Plesiobuthus, Pocock .... 43

1. paradoxus, Pocock. ... 44

2. laometTaSjSemjjr.dj-Fhrenb. 44

1. europseus, Li7in 46

2. thurstoni, Pocock .... 47

3. assamensis, Oates .... 48

4. thwaitesi, Pocock .... 48
6. basilicus, Karsch .... 49

6. brachycentrus, Pocock . 50

7. vittatus, Pocock 50

8. acanthurus, Pocock . . 51

9. rigiduliis, Pocock .... 52

Fam. 2. CH.ff;BiLiDJS 53

1. Chserilus, Simon 53

1. granosus, Pocock .... 56

2. antbracinus, Pocock . . 57

rufescens, Pocock . . 57

3. margaritatus, Pocock. . 58

4. insiguis, Pocock 58

5. tricostatus, Pocock . . 59

6. gemmifer, Pocock .... 60

7. pictiis, Pocock 61

8. ceylonensis, Pocock . . 62

9. birmanicus, Thorell . . 62
10. truncatus, Karsch .... 63

viii

SYSTEMATIC INCBX.

Pngo

64
64
66
68
, 68
69
, 70
. 70
, 71
. 72
. 72
. 73
. 74
. 74
. 74
. 75

Fani. 3. Vkjovid.'e

1. Scorpiops, Peters

1. havdwicltii, Gerv. . . .

2. insculptiis, Poeock . . .

3. crnssimanus, Pocock .

4. leptochirus, Pocock .

5. petersii, Pocock .-. . .

6. moutanus, Karsch . . .

satarensis, Pocock .
tenuicaiida, Pocock

7. longimanus, Pocock .

8. as-thenurua, Pocock .

0. binghamii, Pocock. . .

10. anthracinus, Simon .

11. lindstroemii, Thorell .

12. affinis, Kraep

Fani. 4. IsCHNUBiDiE 76

1. Heniiscorpius, Peters .... 77

1. lepturus, Peters 77

2. Chiromachetes, Pocock . . 77
1. ferguaoni, Pocock .... 78

3. Hormurus, Thorell 78

1. australapise, Fabr 79

suspectus, Thorell . . 80

2. nigTipes, Pocock 80

4. lomachus, Pocock 81

1 . Iseviceps, Pocock .... 81

malabarensis, Pocock 82

2. punctulatus, Pocock . . 83

3. nitidus, Pocock 83

T"am. 5. ScoBPiONrD.ffi; 84

1. Palamnseus, Thorell 84

Order UROPYGI.

1. swaramerdami, Simon . 86

lucidipes, Simon .... 87

flavitnanus, Pocock . 87

2. fiilvipes, C. Koch 87

madraspatensis,PococA; 88

bombayensis, Pocock. 89

3. -wTOUghtoni, Pocock . . 89

4. latimamis, Pocock 90

6. gravimanus, Pocock . . 90

6. \i\in\a, Pocock 91

7. xanthopus, Pocock 9^

8. scaber, Thorell ...... 93

kanarensis, Pocock . . 9rf

9. bengalensis, C. Koch. . 94

10. phipsoni, Pocock 94

collinus, Pocock Jo

11. barberi, Pococfc 9o

12. indus, DeGeer 9o

13. serratus, Pocock

14. csBsar, C. Koch J7

15. longimanus, JHerftsf .. y/

16. oatesii, Pocock 9o

lOb

Suborder Urotricha 101

Fani. 1, TuELYPiioNiBiE . ... 102

1. Thelyphonus, Z«<r 103

1. sepiaiis, liutl 104

• indicUS, Stolicz 105

muricola; Pocock . . 105

2. cristatus, Pocock .... 105

3. schnebagenii, A'/ae/>.. . 105

2. Uroproctus, Pococ/c 106

1. assamensis, Stolicz. . . 106

3. Labocbirus, Pocock .... 107

1 . proboscidfius, Butl. . . 108

2. tauricornis, Pocock , . 109

3. cervinus, Pocock .... 110

4. riypoctonus, Thorell .... Ill

1. oatesii, Pocock 112

2. binghami, Oates 113

3. woodmasoni, Oates . . 113

4. saxatilis, Oates 115

5. sylvaticus, Oates .... 115

6. ranguuensis, Oates. . . : 116

7. formosus, Butl 116

insularis, Oates .... 1 17

8. andersoni, Oates 117

Suborder Taxtarides 118

Fam. 1. HiiBBABDin).a3 .... 119

1. Scbizomus, Cook 119

1. crassicaudatus, Camh. . 120

2. Tritbyreus, Kraep 121

1. suboculatus, Pocock . . 121

2. grassii, Thorell 122

3. cambridgii, Thorell . . 122

Order AMBLYPYGI 123

Fam. 1. Phbynichid^

125

1. Phrynicbus, Karsch 125

1. I'unatus, Pallas 126

2. phipsoni, Pocock .... 127

3. pusillus, Pocock 128

Fam. 2. Ohaeontidjs 128

1. Stygophrynus,Xr«e/> .. 129
1. cavernicola, Thorell . . itSU

2. Catageus, Thorell 130

1. piisiUus, Thorell 130

3. Sarax, Siiywn . ...... . • • 131

1. sarawakensis, Ihoretl . ioi

8TSTBMATIC INDEX.

Page

Order SOLIFUG^E 132

Fam. 1. GALEODIB.U 135

1. Galeodes, Oliv 13(3

1. Mfi\is, LicM. St- Berbst. 137

3. orientalis, Stolicz 138

rufulus, Pocock .... 139

3. sabulosua, Pooock .... 139

4. agilis, Pocock 140

5. af ghaiius, Pocock .... 140

6. macmalioni, Pocock . . 141

7. indicus, Pocock 142

obscurior, Pocock . . 143

australis, Pocock . . 143

8. nigripalpis, Pocock . . 144

9. baciUifer, Pocock 144

Fam. 2. Solpuqxd^ 145

Subfam. 1. Bcesiinee 145

1. Gluviopsis, Zrae/) 146

1. atratus, Pocock 146

Subfam. 2. Rhagodince 147

1. Rbagodea, Pocock 147

1. semiflavus, Pocock. . . . 149

2. brevipes, Gerv 149

3. vittatus, Pocock 150

4. nigriceps, Pocock .... 150

5. nigrocinctus, Bernard . 151

6. anuulatus, Simon .... 152

7. phipsoni, Pocock .... 152

Order ARANE./E 153

Mesothei.^ 155

Fam. 1. LiPHiSTiiD^ 156

1. lipbistius, Schiodte .... 156
1. birmanicus, Thorell . . 156

Opisthothel^ .. 156

Suborder Mygalomorphae 157

Fam. 1. ATYPiDiE 158

1. Atypua, Lat7- 168

1. dorsualia, Thorell .... 158

2. Calommata, Lucas 159

1. truculentum, Thorell . 169

Fam. 2. CTENiziD.ai 160

1. Acanthodon,6rMdr 161

1. crassus, Simon 161

2. opifex, Pocock 162

3. constructor, Pocock . . 163

4. fortis, Pocock 163

5. fossor, Pocock . . . .
G. designatua, Camb. . .

2. lleligmomerus, Simon

1. taprobanicus, Simon

2. ■piwt&m, Simon . . . .

3. Oonothele, nwrell

]. birrnanica, Thorell. .

4. Acattyma, L. Koch. . . .
1. cryptica, Simon . . . .

6. Scalidognathus, Karsch

1. radialis, Camb

2. oreophilus, Simon . .

6. NemesieUus, Pocock . .
1. montanus, Pocock . .

7. Atmetocbilus, Simon. .

1. fossor, Simon

2. atiiceps, Pocock ....

8. Damarchus, Thorell . .
1. oatesii, Thorell ....

Fam. 3. Diplubidje

1. Ischnothele, .4M«se;-. ..
1. dumicola, Pocock . .

2. Macrothele, Ausser. . .
1. maculata, Thorell . .

Fam. 4. Babychelid^ . .

1. Sason, Simon

1. robustum, Camb. . .

2. cinctipes, Pocock . .

3. armatoris, Pocock . .

4. andamanicum, Simon

2. Diplothele, Camb. . . .

1. walfbi, Camb. . . .

2. balyi, Simon

3. Plagiobotbrus, Karsch
1. semilunaris, Karsch

4. Sipalolasma, Simon . . .

1. gi'eeni, Pocock . . .

2. ellioti, Simon

5. Sasonichus, Pocock. . .
1. sullivani, Pocock .

Fam. 6. TiiERAPHOsiDiE .
Subfam. 1. Theraphosinee .

1. Pblogiodes, Pocock. . .

1. validus, Pocock . . .

2. robustus, Pocock .

2. Heterophrictus, Pocock
1. millet), Pocock . . .

3. Plesiophrictus, Pocock

1. millardi, Pocock. . .

2. sericeus, Pocock . . .

3. collinus, Pocock . . .

4. tenuipes, Pocock .

5. fabrei, Simon

b

Page
164

164
164
164
105
165
165
166
166
166
167
167
167
167
168
168
169
169
169

170
170
171
171
171

172
172
173
173
174
174
174
175
176
175
176
176
176
177
]77
177

178
178
179
179
180
180
180
181
181
182
182
182
182

SYSTEMATIC TNDBX.

4. IscUnocoUis, Aimer.
1. liuteatua, Simon
i. Lrevipes, Tliovdl
X oviuitiis, ThorelL .

Siiljfam. 2. Thrigmopminai . .
1. ITiiploclastus, Simo7i

1. nilgiviuus, Pocovk . . . .

'2. cervimis, Siiiwn

•2. Thrig-mopcBus, I'ocuck . .

1. iasijrnis, Pocock

•2. tvuculentus, Pocock . .

Subfaiu. 3. Selenocosmiino! . .
L. Pojcilotheria, Simon . . . .

] . rufilatii, Pocock

'2. metallica, Pocock . . . .

3. mirauda, Pocock . . . .

4. SLibfiisca, Pocock . . . .

0. retralis, Pocock

6. striata, Pocock

7. fornioaa, Pocock

5. vittata, Pocock

9. fasciata, Latr.

10. ovnata, Pocock

2. Chilobracliys, Kar-ich. . .

1. fimbriatus, PococA;. . .

2. femoralis, Pocock . . ■

3. pocockii, Thorell . . ■

4. bicolor, Pocock

n. iiavo-pilosus, Simon .

6. fumosiis, Pocock . . ■

7. niasoni, Pocock

8. andevsoni, Pocock . . .

9. nitelinua, Karsch . . .

10. hardwicldi, Pocock .

11. stridulaus, Wood-

Mason

12. thorellii, Pocock

18. Ijrevipes, Thorell . . ■
14. sericeus, Thorell

3. Selenocosmia, Ausser. .

\ . himalayana, Pocock .

2. fuliginea, Thorell . . .

3. iavanensis, Walck. ■

4. PKlbijiellus. Pocock

1. subarmatus, Thorell

6. Lyrogimthus, Pocock . .

1. crotalus, Pocock

2. saltator, Pocock. . . .
8. pugnax, Pocock

Page

lci3
183
183
184

, 184

185
185
185
186
186
]86

187
188
189
189
190
190
190
191
191
192
192
192
192
195
195
195
196
, 196
. 196
. 197
. 197
. 197
. 198

. 198
. 199
. 199
. 199
. 200
. 200
. 201
. 201
. 202
. 202
. 202
203
. 203
. 203

Siibfam. 4. Ornithoctoninm
1 . Cyriopagopus, Simon . .
1 . pnganus, Simon . . . •

203
204
205

2. Melopoeus, Pocock 205

1. minax, Thorell 205

8. Ornitlioctouus, Pocock . . 205

1 . andersoni, Pocock .... 206

Suborder Arachnomorphae. 206

Fam. 1. ERESiDiE 208

1. Rtegodypbus, Simon .... 208

1. luirandns, Pocock .... 209

2. pacificus, Pocock .... 209

3. savasinorum, Karsch.. 209

4. socialis. Pocock 209

5. tibialis, Canih 210

Fam. 2. Psechridje 210

1. Pseclirus, Thorell 210

1. torvus, Camh 211

2. ghecuanus, Thorell . . 211

3. altice])S, Pocock 212

2. Fecenia, Simon 212

1. travancona, Pocock .. 212

2. cylindrata, Thorell. ... 212

Fam. 3. Augyopidje 213

1. Tetragiiatha, Zai;;- 214

1. gracilis, Sfolicz 214

2. geniciilata, Karsch . . 215

3. mandibulata, Walck... 215

2. Argyroepeira, Emerton . . 215

1 . fasti gata, Simon 216

2. tessellata, Thorell 216

3. celebesiana, Walck. . . 216

4. -ventralis, Thorell 216

3. Nephila, Leach 217

1. maculata. Fahr ^17

2. kulilii, Dolesc 218

3. imperials, Dolesc 218

4. clavata, L. Koch .... 218

5. mnlabarensis, Walck. . . 2iM

4. Herennia, Thorell 219

1. ornatisaiiua, Dolesc. . . ^19

6. Argyope,-S«i'.

1. arciiata, Simon --^

2. lobata, Pallas 221

3. pulchella, Thorell • ■ • • 221

4. undu]ata, Thorell .... 222

5. aiiasiija, Thorell. . . . . . ^-^

e. taprobauica, Tliorell .. 22^

7. semula, Walck 223

8. catenulata, Dolesc 22a

G. Araneus, Clerck --^

1. Inglaizei, Sitnon

2. unicolor, Dolesc --fo

3. dehaanii, Dolesc. .... ^25

4. moluccensis, Dolesc. . . 22b

SYSTEMATIO INDEX.

Pafje

fi. fese, Tkorell 226

6. cicntrosus, Stnlicz 220

7. citricolfi, Forsk 220

8. exanthemiiticua,Z)o/esc. 227

9. biluuil'er, Fucock . . . 227

10. nauticus, L. Koch .... 228

11. rumpfi, r/wrell 228

7. Cyrtarachne, Thorell 228

l". raiiiceps, Focock 229

2. intBqiialis, T/wrell 229

3. cing-ulata, Thorell 229

8. Ordgariiis, Keyserl . 230

1. hobsoni, Cmnh 230

2. sexspinosus, Thorell . . 230

9. Cserosti'is, Thorell 230

1. paradoxa, Dolesc 231

10. Gasteracantlia, Sund 231

1. arcuata, Fahr 232

2. dalyi, Focock 23.2

3. sororna, Butl. 233

4. remifera, Bull 233

0. hasseltii, C. Koch .... 233

6. geminata, Fabr 233

7. frontata, Blackiv 234

8. diadesmia, Thorell. . . . 234

9. unguifera, Simoyi. .... j!.'J4

10. leucomelasna, Dolesc. . 23-}

11. brevi.spina, Dolesc 2.3.5

11. Poltys, C. Koch 235

1. illepidus, C. Koch .... 230

2. pannuceus, Thorell . . 230

Fam. 4. THEMDiiDa; 230

1. L.athrodectus, Walck 237

1. hasseltii, Thorell .... 237

indicus, Simon .... 2.37

elegans, Thorell .... 237

2. geometricus, C. Koch . 238

Fam 5. Pholcid^ ■ 238

1. Artema, Walck 238

1. atlanta, Walck 238

2. Smeringopus, Simon .... 239
1. elongatus, Vinson .... 239

3. Crossopriza, Simon 240

1. lyoni, Blackzv 240

Fam. 6. HERSiLiiD.a3 240

1. Hirsilia, Aud. 241

1. savignyi, Lucas 241

2. poctinata, Thorell .... 241

3. clatlirata, Thorell 2^2

2. Murricia, Simon 242

1. indica, Ltioas 242

Page

3. Tama, Simon 242

1. variata, Focock 242

Fam. 7. l^uocTiaii/H 248

1. Uroctea, Bnf. 243

I. indica, Focock 243

Fam. 8. LvrosiDiE 244

1. Eucamptopiis, Focock. . . . 244
1. ccirouatus, Focock .... 245

2. Hygropoda, Thorell .... 246
1. pi'ocera, Thorell 245

3. Perenethis, L. Koch 245

1. iinifasciata, Dolesc. . . 240

2. indica, Sim,on 240

4. Dendrolycosa, Dolesc 246

1. stauntoni, Focock .... 247

2. robusta, Thorell 247

6. Thalas.sius, Simon 247

1. phip.9oni, F. Camb. . . 248

0. Euprosthenops, Focock . . 248
1. ellioti, Cmnb 249

7. Hippasa, Simon 249

1 . pantberina, Focock . . 250

2. lycosina, Focock 260

3. olivacea, Thorell 250

4. pisaiii'ina, Focock .... 250

5. agelenoldes, Simon . . 251

0. holmeraa, Thorell .... 251

8. Ocyale, Aud 261

1. atalauta, Aud. 252

9. Lycosa, Latr 252

1 . pbipaoni, Focock .... 253

2. wTougbtoni, Focock . . 253

3. iiigrotibialis, Simon . . 253

4. indagati-ix, Walck. . 254

5. catula, Simon 264

6. cbaperi, Simon 264

Fam. 9. OxYOPiD.ffi) 254

1. Peucetia, Thorell 265

1 . -viridana, Stolicz 265

2. gramiuea, Focock .... 256

3. jjrasina, Thorell 250

4. procei a, Thorell 256

Fam. 10. CLUBioNiDiE 257

Subfam. 1. Selenopince 257

1. Selenops, 257

1. ladiatu.", Lntr 257

2. tDontigena, Simon .... 258

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Pngo

Subfam. 2. Heterojjodina . . 269

1. Pleteropoda, Latr 259

1 . venatoria, Linn 260

2. phasma, Simon 260

3. soxpunctata, Simon . . 261

4. fabrei, Siinon 261

Icaudiana, Pocock .... 261

6. prompta, Camb 261

7. smytbiesi, Simon .... 262

8. languida, Simon 262

9. leprosa, Simon 262

10. plebeia, Thorell 262

11. lutea, Thorell 203

12. umbrata, Karsch .... 263

13. eluta, Karsch 263

14. subtilis, Karsch 263

•>. Spariolenus, Simon 263

1. tigris, Simon 264

3. Pandercete.s, L. Koch 264

1. decipiens, Pocock .... 264

2. celatus, Pocock 265

3. macileutus, Thorell . . 265

4. Palystes, L. Koch 265

1. kochi, Si7non 265

Page

2. flavidus, Simon 266

o. Spara.ssu8, Wdlck 266

1. lamarcki, Latr 267

2. senilis, Simon 267

3. \m-tus, lOirsch 267

4. wougbtoni, Simon . . 268

5. pbipsoni, Pocock .... 268

6. iiupiidicusi, Thorell . . 268

7. puuctipes, Simon .... 268

8. lutescens, Thorell .... 269

9. tener, Thorell 269

10. tarandiis, Simon 269

11. stimulator, Simon .... 269
6. Tbelcticopis, Karsch 270

1. nalandicus, Karsch . . 270

2. paripes, Karsch 271

3. canescens, Simon .... 271

4. birmanicus, Thorell . . 271

5. pictus, Tfiorell 271

Fam. 11. PLATOEIDiE

1. Plator, Simon ...
1. indicus, Simon

COERIGENDUM. (Pp. 206-207.)
Sections a% b% a«, 6" of Synopsis to be altered as follows :-

a\ Posterior spinners absent or much shorter than

anterior. . ,

a" Upper lip membranous ; maxillse without

cLst on upper side • Zodar^ida:.

. Upper lip horny; maxiU^B with crest on

upper side • ■ • ' ^

b\ Posterior spinners present, not perceptibly
shorter than anterior.

ARACHNIDA.

The Arachnida may be distinguished from the Hexapoda (Insects)^
Chilopoda (Centipedes), and Diplopoda (Millipedes) by the entire
absence oi: the pair of feeler-like appendages, known as antennae,
which are affixed to the front of the head in these three classes of
animals, and also by the fact that there is no differentiated head
furnished with two or three pairs of appendages modified so as to
act solely as jaws. In the remaining great class of Arthropoda—
the Crustacea,— which possesses numerous terrestrial species, there-
are two pairs of antenniform appendages at the anterior end of
the body and at least three pairs of appendages modified as jaws.

The Arachnida may be characterized in detail as follows * : —
Arthropodous animals in which the body in the adult is never
composed of more than eighteen segments (somites) and is divisible
into two main regions— an anterior or cephalothorax, and a posterior
or abdomen.

The ceplialothorax consists of six somites, each of which is pro-
vided with a pair of appendages. The somites are usually welded
together and covered above by a dorsal shield or carapace ; rarely
the posterior two somites remain distinct from the others, and are-
furnished with one or two dorsal plates, separate from the main
portion of the carapace. The carapace is then, said to be segmented.
The ventral surface of the cephalothorax is typically supplied with
one or more median plates (sterna) ; sometimes the sterna are
partially or whoUy obliterated by the ingrowth of the basal
segments of the appendages, which meet in the median ventral
line. Sometimes the sternal plates are united, and form a single
ventral plate to the cephalothorax.

Eyes. — Except in some degenerate forms, the fore part of the
carapace, sometimes called the cephalic or head-region, is furnished
with simple eyes, which in undegenerate species are usually eight
in number, two being situated close together in the middle line
(median eyes), and three on each side (lateral eyes), set in a cluster
or separated from each other.

Mouth. — The mouth is a minute aperture placed near the lower
part of the anterior extremity of the cephalothorax. It is bordered
above by a membranous or horny upper lip (lah-um), and usually
below by the anterior sternal plate which acts as a lower hp or
labium.

* Some of the degenerate Mites and Ticks furnish exceptions to many of the
characters contained in this definition.

B

AllAOHNIDA.

Appendages. — The appendages forming the first pair {mandibles,
cJielicerce) are situated close together beneath tlie front edge of the
carapace above the mouth. Each consists of two, rarely of three,
segments, and is very frequently pincer-lilce or chelate, the terminal
segment {movable finger or digit) closing against a prolongation of
the penultimate segment. This prolongation is called the im-
movable finger. In other cases the terminal segment closes against
the penultimate segment without the interposition of a finger-like
prolongation. The appendages forming the second pair (the
palpi or chelcti) are usually large, but are very variable in function
and form, being sometimes prehensile and pincer-like, when they
are termed clieloe, sometimes tactile and leg-like, when they are
termed palpi. Each typically and almost invariably consists of
six segments, which, although strictly homologous throughout
the class, have unfortunately in descriptive works received different
names in different orders, 'largely on account of the failure of
authors to recognize this homology. The basal segment is termed
the coxa, or, when it acts as a masticator of food, the maxilla. It
is often f m-nished with a process, the maxillary process, which pro-
iects forwards beneath or on one side of the mouth. The second
segment is termed the trochanter ; the third the/eiwwr or humerus;
the fourth the tibia or brachium when the limb is chelate, or jxttella
when it is pediform ; the fifth and sixth are termed respectively
hand and movable finger in the former case, tibia and tarsus m the
latter. To the tip of the sixth is typically affixed a claw, which
may be either freely movable or fused to the segment and scarcely
distinguishable from it. The remaining four pairs of appendages,
spoken of collectively as the legs, are generally similar or subsimilar
in form and subserve locomotion. The first of these tour pairs,
however, sometimes acts as a tactile organ, and is not used for
l^rogression but is carried raised from the ground. Typically these
limbs consist each of seven segments, named from base to apex as
foUows : coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, protarsus, tarsus
The tarsus is tipped with two or three claws, rarely with one, and
may be secondarily subdivided mto two or more segments.

Abdomen.— The abdomen is generaUy without appendages
When present they are of small size, are set apart for purposes ot
reproduction and sUk-spinning, and are never used for locomotion.
The abdomen is either distinctly segmented, bemg furnished above
with a series of dorsal plates {terga) and below with a correspond-
ing series of ventral plates {sterna); or no such plates are developed,
and the visible external signs of segmentation are either wanting
or obscure At most there are twelve distinct somites m this
remon though sometimes there is a skeletal piece movably articu-
lated to the last, above the anal aperture. When this s^tructure is
present, the last segment and Uvo or more of those that precede it
Ire narrowed and form with the postanal sclerite the so-called
iail. Both terga and sterna of the abdomen are generally pitted
xvith a pair of scars {sigilla or imprmions) which mark the point
of attachment of a series of internal dorso-ventral muscles.

AKACIINIUA.

3

Infernal organs. — The generative organs open ujDon the ventral
•side o£ the first or second abdominal somite, beneath either the
sternum or a movable plate, the genital operculum. The respiratory
organs also open upon the ventral side of the abdomen, communi-
cating with the exterior by means of apertures (stigmata) situated
upon or behind some of the anterior sternal plates. E.arely there
is a pair of stigmata on the ventral side of the cephalothorax.
The organs themselves consist either of horny branching tubes,
the tubular trachea;, or of puhiionarg sacs supplied with fine leaf-
like lamellae.

The Arachnida are viviparous or oviparous. The young are born
•or hatched from the egg in a form substantially resembling their
parents, and, except in the case of the Acari (Mites and Ticks),
gi'owiih is not accompanied by metamorphosis, the characters of
the adult being gradually assumed with each successive moult of the
integument.

Classification. — Setting aside the marine form Limulus, and also
the two degenei-ate groups Tardigrada and Pentastomida, whose
claims to be regarded as Arachnida are somewhat slender, the
members of this class may be grouped into the following orders : —
1. SooEPiONES; 2. TJropygi; 3. Ambltptgi; 4. Aeane^ ; 5.

80LIPUG.T3 ; 6. PaLPIGRADI ; 7. PSBUDOSCOBPIONES ; 8. OPIIIONES ;

■9. ACAEI *. With the exception of the Palpigracli, which, so far
as is known, are confined to Central and South Europe, all these
■orders are represented by numerous species and genera in British
India. They may be briefly diagnosed as follows : —

■rt. Abdomen very long, consisting of twelve
distinct somites, of which the posterior
five are narrowed and compressed to
form, with the postanal sclerite or
vesicle, a distinct tail ; postanal sclerite
with two poison-glands ; a pair of comb-
like abdominal appendages SGORPIONES.

h. Abdomen typically short, usually not
' tailed,' at most the posterior three
somites narrowed to foi-m a short mov-
able stalk to support the postanal
sclerite; the latter never provided with
poison-glands ; no comb-like abdominal
appendages.
Postanal sclerite retained as a single

uusegmented piece or in the form of

a many-jointed flagellum supported

by the posterior three segments of

the abdomen, which are narrowed to

form a movable stalk TJROPYGI.

*>Tho subclasses and superordiiial groups under which these orders have
been rightly arranged nre, loi- the sake of siraplicit,v ignored in tins volume.

ABAOHNIiJA.

Postaual sclerite absent ; posterior

abdominal somites not narrowed to

form a movable stalk or tail,
re'-, A deep constriction separating the
cepbalothorax and abdomen, these
regions united by a narrow waist
or pedicel; a pair of breathing-
organs, almost invariably in the
form of lung-sacs, forming a trans-
verse line with the median genera-
tive aperture * ; sternal area of
cepbalothorax large, usually sub-
circular.

a\ Appendages of 2nd pair spiny,
prehensile and subchelate, unlike
the legs ; those of 3rd pair (1st

pair of legs) very long, antenm-

form, distnlly many - jointed ;

abdomen distinctly segmented,

without spinning mamillcB ; no

poison-gland in mandible AAIBLYPTGI.

h\ Appendages of 2nd pair pedi-

form, not prehensile and not

subchelate, modified in male as

reproductive organ ; appendages

of 3rd pair like the foUowmg

pairs and constituting the first

pair of walking-legs; abdomen

usually unsegmented, a-lways

furnished with appendages in the

formof spinningmamillse ; poison-

gland in mandible AEANE^.

P. No deep constriction forming a
narrow waist between cepbalo-
thorax and abdomen; breathing-
organs always in the form of
tubular trachea?, the first pair on
the abdomen, never situated m a
transverse line with the generative
orifice; coxae ' of cephalo-thoracic
limbs in contact or separated
by a forward prolongation of the
anterior abdominal sternite bearing
the generative orifice.
a* Body elongate ; abdomen consist-
ing of from 10-12 somites :
generative aperture situated well
behind the coxae of the last pair

* Except iu the spiders of the genus Tetragnatha.

SCOEPIONES.

5

of cephalothoracic liinbs ; coxae

of posterior Four thoracic limbs

in contact.
a\ Carapace distinctly segmented;
mandible articulated to the sides
of its anterior plate ; append-
ages of 2nd pair leg-like and

tactile. Of large size fSOLIFUGM.

h'. Carapace not segmented, merely
transversely grooved ; man-
dibles not articulated to the
carapace; appendages of the
2nd pair chelate, like those of f PSEUDO-
the Scorpions. Of small size . \ SCOEPIONES.
h*. Body short ; abdomen either nn-

segmented or consisting of only

five somites ; generative aperture

thrust forwards between the coxee

of the cephalothoracic limbs,
rt". Abdomen segmented ; mouth-
parts not modified to form a

suctorial proboscis OPILIONES.

6". Abdomen not segmented ;
mouth-parts usually modified
to form a suctorial proboscis . . AC Alii.

The present volume deals with the Scorpiones, TJropygi, Ambly-
pygi, SolifugEe, and with the larger or otherwise conspicuous
species of Araneae (Spiders).

The Acari (Mites and Ticks) are not likely to be mistaken for
any other order. The Opiliones (Harvest Spiders), sometimes
called Phalangidea, are, however, frequently confounded with the
true Spiders; and the Pseudoscorpiones (False or Book-Scorpions)
are often similarly regarded as diminutive Scorpions. Neverthe-
less, the key to the orders given above will enable naturalists and
collectors to refer any Indian arachnid to its proper systematic
position in the Class.

Order SCORPIONES.

Integument horny, smooth or granular, usually scantily clothed
in parts with short tactile hairs, which are generally longer on the
legs and tail than on the trunk. On the segments of the chelae
the hairs are often long and bristle-like, and emerge from circular
integumental pits with a thickened rim. The number and posi-
tion of these pits, known as setal, setiferous, or bristle pores, are
often of systematic importance.

Carapace unsegmented and furnished near its centre with a

6

SCORPIONIOS.

pair of median eyes, and on each of its autero-Iateral angles with
two or three large eyes, and sometimes one or two small eyes as
well ; the ti'iangular area between the eye-groups is termed the
frontal area or the anUocular triangle. The anterior border of the
carapace is often iiotched in the middle, forming a right and left
frontal lobe. Mandibles clielate, consisting of three segments, the

Fig. 1.— Carapace, chela, and mandible of Palamnmiis swrnnmerdami.

a, median eyes ; b, lateral eyes ; c, frontal lobe of carapace; d, second segment
of mandible ; e, movable, and /, immovable finger of mandible ; g, coxa ;
h, trochanter ; i, humerus ; k, bracbium ; I, hand ; m, movable finger,
n, immovable finger of chela ; o, lobe of hand.

basal small and concealed ; the second, larger and swollen, furnished
in front with a strong process, the immovable finger, which is
armed with an upper, and sometimes also with a lower, set of teeth ;■
the third segment, the movable finger, which works in a horizontal
plane, is also furnished with one or two rows of teeth, an upper
and a lower, along its biting-edge.

The appendages of the 2nd pair {chehi)axe pincer-like and move
for the most part in a horizontal plane ; the segments are named
as follows from base to tip — coxa, trochanter, humerus, brachium,-
hand, movable finger. The coxa is freely articulated to the mem-
brane on each side of the mouth and acts as a jaw or maxilla ; the
humerus and brachium are generally furnished with granular
crests or Iceeh. For descriptive purposes the humerus is regarded
as set at right angles to the long axis of the body, hence it has an
anterior and a posterior surface ; whereas the bi-achium and handl
are regarded as resting in a line parallel to the long axis of the
body, hence they have an outer and an inner surface. The handl

SCOHPIONES.

7

is very variable in form ; the flattish area of it that lies iiiiinedi-
ately behind the joint of the movable finger, and usually rests upon
the ground, is called the nnderlLand. This underhand is generally
separated externally from the upper side of the hand by a stronjj
crest or keel, the keel of the underhand. The upper side is some-
times evenly convex ; sometimes, however, its outer portion above-
the keel of the underhand is flat and vertical, and its inner portion
flat and horizontal, the two areas cutting each other at right angles
and separated by a ridge or keel, called the finger-heel, because it
runs forwards on to the immovable finger. Frequently additional
keels are developed both upon the outer and upon the inner
portion of the upper surface. The upper surface is generally
bordered internally by a sharp edge, known as the inner edge-
or border, and the area beneath this edge and between it and the
underhand is called the inner or inferior surface of the hand.

B. A.

Fig. 2.— A, upper, and B, under
Bide of hand of Scm-piops crassimaniis.

a, outer portion of upper surface ; 6,
finger-keel ; c, inner portion of
upper surface ; d, lieel of under-
hand ; e, underhand ; f, inner sur-
face of hand.

Fig. 3.— Movable finger of chela of

Lychas smtilus.

a, external ; h, median ; c, internal
series of teeth.

according to its position when the hand is normally at rest, and
according to the shape of the particular hand under description.
The movable and immovable fingers are provided vi'ith teeth along
their biting-edges. The arrangement of these teeth furnishes
valuable specific and generic characters. The armature usually
consists of several rows of small teeth arranged longitudinally and
partly obliquely along the middle line of the finger, sometimes set
end to end, sometimes overlapping to a greater or less extent.
These constitute the median series of teeth. Moreover, the anterior
tooth of each row of the median series is often enlarged and
separated from the I'est of the row to which it belongs. This
series of anterior teeth thus enlarged and often isolated constitutes

8

SC0KP10NE8.

the inner seriea. An outer series similarly rusulte from the enlarge-
ment of one or two of the posterior teeth of the median rows.

The foui- legs are practically alil<e iu structure aud act as loco-
motor organs. The coxjb of both 1st and 2nd pairs are furnished
with a forvvardly-directed maxillary process, which underlies the
area immediately below the mouth. The coxa? of the 2nd pair

Kig.4.-A. Diagram of Scorpioivs leg. a coxa'; Mi-ochanter ; f". J^mur ;
d, patella; c, tibia; /, protarsus; g, tarsus; claw-lobe, superior
claw : k, tibial spur ; I, pedal spur. . i„^.__i in^e

B. Side view of posterior tarsus of Palamnmis swammcrdami. m, lateral looe

OTCrlapping base of claw (?^).

A.

B.

Fi^ 5 -A Lower side of tarsus of Hemiscorpius, showing (a) single anterior
^ pedal spur - and B, of Mus, showing (i) antenor and (<•) postenoi
pedal spur.

meet each other in the middle Ime The coxa, of ^l^^^ ^fd/^d 4*h
pairs are welded together ; they do not meet across the m
ine of the body, but are separated from each other by the stanum
l??he cephalothoL, whiclf has the form of a tnangular or penta-
gonal plate, and anteriorly abuts against the coxse of the legs ot
the 2nd pair.

SCORPIONES.

None of the seven segments ot' the legs are subdivided. The
seventh or apical segment (tarsus) is furnished on its lower side
with hairs or spines. Three claws are articulated to the membrane
at its distal end, two superior and one inferior, the latter being
often partially or wholly worn down. The upper side of the tarsus
is generally produced at its distal end into a process (the daw-
lobe) overhanging the base of the claws, and the claws are some-
times overlapped laterally by a lobate expansion of the side of the
tarsus. Attached to the ai'ticular membrane which unites the base
of the tarsus to the adjacent extremity of the segment that precedes
it (the protarsus) there are one or two pale but dark-tipped claw-
hke spurs (the pedal spurs)*. In many cases there is a similar
spur (the tihinl spur) between the protarsus and the tibia.

Pig. 6. — Ventral surface of cephalothorax and of anterior end ol
abdomen of Palamntsits.

.a, 1st abdominal sternum ( = sternum of 3rd abdominal somite) ; h, resiDiratory
stigma; c, trochanter of 4th leg; d, coxa of 4tb, e of 3rd, / of 2nd,
g of Ist leg ; h, maxillary lobe of 2nd leg ; i, maxillary lobe of 1st leg ;
k, pentagonal cepbalothoracio sternum ; I, genital operculum ; m, seg-
mented shaft of peoten ; n, fulcra ; o, teeth of pecten.

The abdomen is anteriorly as broad as the cephalothorax. It
consists of twelve distinct somites, the last five of which are narrow,
tubular, flexibly jointed together, and constitute, with the post-
anal skeletal piece, the tail. This postanal skeletal piece consists
.of two distinct parts— an enlarged, usually globular basal portion
,(the vesicle), which contains a pair of poison-glands, and a spiniform
distal portion (the aculeus). Beneath the latter, on the vesicle,
there is frequently a tooth-like process, the vesicidar spine. Tor
purposes of description and measurement, the vesicle and aculeus
are regarded as extended in the same straight line as the tail, the

* These spurs must not be confounded with the thinner blacker spines most
ifrequently seen in their vicinity upon the extremity of the protarsus.

10

SOOEPIONES.

iiculeus pointing backward. The anus is placed beneath the
vesicle, at the end of the 5th tail-segment ; the edge of the latter
adjacent to the anus is termed the anal border. All the caudal or
tail-segments are as a rule carinate, crested or keeled at the sides
and below ; the keels, when fully developed, being eight or ten in
number on the fii'st four segments, whereas the 5th has only five
complete keels, one of which occupies the middle line of its lower
side. Prom above downward on each side the keels of the first
four segments bear the following names — superior, superior lateral,
median lateral, inferior lateral, inferior mediau. The keels of the
5th caudal segment are named superior lateral, inferior lateral, and
inferior median (see fig. 8, p. 17).

Althougli the tail is in reality part of the abdomen, the latter
term is, for descriptive purposes, restricted to the seven somites
that precede the tail. The last abdominal somite is narrowed
posteriorly, and is usually crested both on its tergum and sternum
after the manner of the tail-segments, each being furnished with
four keels. Ench of the four sternal plates that precede the last
is provided with a pair of elongate or circular respiratory stigmata ;
on the inner side of the stigma there is a distinct groove, the
muscular impression. The sternum of the 2nd abdominal somite
is very small, but bears a pair of comb-lilie appendages (the pectines).
These consist of a handle or shaft and a series of movable teetli.
Between the bases of the teeth there are small rounded skeletal
pieces called the fulcra. The shaft is usually segmented. Between
the sternum that bears the pectines and that of the cephalothorax,
already described, is situated the generative orifice : this is
covered by a single or double movable lid, the genital operculum.

Measurements.— In the specific descriptions the measurements
are taken as follows : — Total length is taken from the anterior
border of the carapace, not including mandibles, to the tip of the
aculeus when the vesicle is depressed so as to lie in the same line
as the caudal segments ; the carapace is measured from the side of
its anterior border to a corresponding spot on the posterior border,
and not along the middle line. The tail-segments are measiu-ed
laterally along the carinate portion, the measurements not includ-
ing the short unkeeled cylindrical portion situated at the anterior
exti-emity of the segments, and frequently covered by the posterior
extremity of the segment in front. Humerus and brachium of
chela are measured along the upper surface ; the underhand along
the keel that borders it above or externally, and the movable digit
along its outer edge.

Sexual differences.— The male is, as a rule, a little smaller than
the female and has a narrower abdomen. Moreover the chelte are
frequently longer and the hand is either broader or narrower:
when broader, the fingers are, as a rule, separated at the base, the
movable being furnished with a lobe-like tooth which fits into a
corresponding notch on the immovable. The tail is generally
longer, sometimes very much longer, less commonly stouter at its
posterior end ; the vesicle mav be longer and thinner, or more
"•lobular or otherwise modified. The pectiual teeth are either

SCOEPIOITBS.

11

larger or more numerous, sometimes both. Lastly, the genital
operculum is always formed of two movable halves, whereas in the
female the two halves are frequently united.
The young are born alive.

Distribution. Scorpions are found almost all over the world to
the south of a line represented roughly by the 40th or 45th parallels
of North latitude. None, however, occur in New Zealand or
in Oceanic islands, unless artificially introduced, or in the extreme
south of South America. They are strictly carnivorous, feeding
for the most part on insects, and live under stones, fallen tree-
trunks, the bark of dead trees, in deep burrows that they dig in
the soil, or in shallow depressions excavated in the loose sand.

The Scorpions of British India are referable to five families, the
characters of which may be tabulated as follows : —

a. Legs fiu'nisbed with a pair of pedal spurs, one in

front and one behind.
n\ Sternum almost invariably triangular, narrowed

in front ; 3rd and 4th legs usually fm-nished y

with tibial spurs Buthidae. •/

A'. Sternum pentagonal, parallel-sided, tibial spurs
never present.
a-. Maxillary process of 1st leg anteriorly ex-
panded, with broadl}' truncate border; two
lateral eyes on each side ; stigmata circular ; y

shaft of pecten scarcely segmented Chaerilidae, /

Ir. Maxillary process of 1st leg anteriorly nar-
rowed, apically pointed : three lateral eyes
on each side ; stigmata narrow, elongate ; ^
shaft of pecten distinctly segmented Vejovidae.

b. Legs furnished with a single anterior pedal spur,

the posterior always absent ; sternum pentagonal.
a^. Distal lateral edges of tarsi not produced into a

lobate prominence overlapping the base of the

claw, but straight and forming a right angle

with the claw-lobe ; body and chelse flat ;

hand ■with strong finger-keel ; tail wealc, com-
pressed

/P. Distal lateral edges of tarsi produced into a

rounded lobe overlapping base of claws and

forming a very acute angle with the base

of the claw-lobe; body and chelae not flat;

hand without strong finger-keel ; tail strong,

not compressed

Note. — The following species, belonging to the family ChactidaBj
which, with the exception of the Mediterranean genus Scorjiius-
( =Euscorpius,Th.o\\),\s confined to Central and South America,,
were originally recorded from India, but certainly erroneously : —
C'hactas quinque-dentatus, Karsch, Zeits. Naturw. liii, p. 405, 1880,
Ohactas schaumii, id. ibid. p. 406.

The generic position and specific validity of the first-named is-
still a matter of doubt. The second, however, which is possibly
identical with it, is, according to Kraepelin, specifically the same
as a species from British Guiana which I described in 1893 as
IladnirocJtactas sclateri.

Ischnuridae,

Scorpionidae.

12

BUTllID-iE.

Family BUTHID^.

Cephalothoracic sternum small, nearly always narrowed in front
to a point, and hence triangular in shape. In two of the genera
that occur in India, namely, Batheolus and, more especially,
Gharmus, it is more parallel-sided and pentagonal in form, as in
the rest of the families of Scorpions ; but the true position of these
«enera in the Buthidaj is shown by the sum total of their cha-
racters, more especially by the presence on the legs of the 3rd and
4th pairs of the tibial spurs, whicli are never found outside the
limits of the Buthidse. Legs with a pair of pedal spurs, of which
the anterior is often double, being furnished with a secondary
branch. Very frequently a spine beneath the aculeus on the caudal

^^^m^tkbution. Temperate and tropical regions of the world south
of the 45th parallel of North latitude.

The Indian genera may be arranged under two subfamilies :—

a. 3rd and 4th legs furnished with tibial

spurs P-

b. 3rd and 4th legs without tibial spurs .... CetitrurmcB, p. 42.

Subfamily BUTHINiE.

liuthinl (sensu stricto), Pocock, A. M^ II iQ) xvii, p. 428, 1896,
Kraep. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 6, 1899 (Buthmse, m pai-t).

Characters as above. ^, , i j •

Distribution. Confined to the Old World*.

Syno2Jsis of Indian Genera.

a. A strong triangular spine on the caudal vesicle

beneath the aculeus " 1 ' ^ " ' V

b. No triangular spine, at most a small tubercle

beneath the aculeus on the vesicle.
«' Frontal area of carapace sloped downwards
from the ocular tubercle to the anterior
edce- area of carapace behind the eyes
impressed with a strong transverse groove ;
sternum of cephalothorax much smaller 38.

than genital operculum r>ui±ii!.ui> , ^

Frontal area of carapace horizontal ; area
behind eyes without distinct transverse
groove ; sternum about as long as genital

operculum. ^

HL'THUS.

IS

«■-. Abdorainal tergii with three crests; all
the caudnl segmeuts keeled.
rt\ Immovixble finger of mnndible with
two teeth below ; cnrapnee with con-
spicuous keehs ; not variegated . . BaTHUS, p. Ui.

P. Immovable linger of mandible \yith
only one tooth below ; carapace with-
out keels; variegated yellow and

black HKMI13XITHUS,p.34.

b'-. Abdorainal terga with only one median
keel ; tail scarcely keeled.
a\ Sternum pentagonal; median rows of
teeth on fingers of chelfe scarcely
overlapping ; trunk and tail thickly

granular Chakmus, p. iJl.

6'. Sternum triangular; median rows of
teeth on fingers of chela3 largely
overlapping ; tail and body smooth,

polished, scarcely gi-anular Stknochibus, p. 32'

A.

Genus BUTHUS, Leach.
Buthus, Leack, Tr. Linn. Soc. xi, p. 391, 1815 (and of most subse-
quent authors except 0. Koch). , c i m
Androctonus + Liurus 4- Prionurus, Hempr. ^- Mr. Sp7ib. PhyB.,

&o™io?ies, pp. 3-5, 1829.
Androctonus, ThordJ, A. M. N. H. (4) xvii, p. /, 18/6 ; Eraepelin,
Jh. Hamb. wiss. And. viii, p. 173, 1891. „ c

Prionurus, Peters, MB. Ahad. Berlin, 1861, p. 513 ; Pocock, P. Z. 6,
1890, p. 126.

Two teeth on the under edge of the
immovable mandibular finger. Terga
with a median and two lateral gran-
ular keels. Carapace with strong-
keels (at least in all the Indian
species), an anterior pair in front of
the ocular tubercle, a shorter median
and a longer posterior pair behind
it, also a single lateral keel on each
side. Tail keeled ; no spine beneath
aculeus. Sternum triangular, not
shorter than the genital operculum.
Armature of digit of chela consisting
of numerous median rows of teeth ^
an outer series consisting of couplets
of large teeth, and an inner of single
teeth, set in advance of those of tlie
outer series.

Type, B. occitanus, Amor.,S.Barope,
&c.

.., , — Distribution. Mediterranean area of

0. piangular sternum (,s) of ce- p^ijearctic Eegion ; China ; Ethiopian
plialothorax, and ((/) genital 6 ' . ' I

operculum of same. Eegion down to Zambesi ; India, but

absent from Ceylon and Burma.

B.

d.

Fig. 7. — A. Diagram of cara-
pace of Butlm-'i. a, anterior,
m, median, j>> posterior, I,
lateral keel; .r, lateral, and
z, median eyes.
B. Abdominal tergum of same.
Ti, median, k, lateral keel

14

HUTUID.'E.

Syno^isis of Indian Species.

a. Dorsal surface of 5th segment of tail with

compressed, elevated lateral keels; the area

between these keels strongly concave . ..... B. audraiis, p. 15.

b. Dorsal surface of 5th segment of tail with

rounded or at most .slightly elevated and
granular lateral edges ; the area between the
edges ilat or lightly convex, with a median
longitudinal depression.
Inferior median keels of 2nd and 3rd caudal

segments and the anterior border of lower

side of 4th furnished with large paired

lobate teeth ; anterior terga of abdomen

with a transverse granular crest B. dories, p. 16.

b^. Inferior median caudal keels evenly or

almost evenly granular ; anterior terga of

abdomen without transverse granular

crest.

a-. Inferior lateral keels of 5th caudal seg-
ment not evenly granular, the granules
increasing in size and becoming deuticu-
liform or lobate posteriorly.
Median and posterior keels of carapace
in contact and forming a pair of con-
verging, nearly continuous ridges ;
distance between posterior ends of these
keels less than distance between pos-
terior margin of carapace tmd ocular
tubercle ; hairs on underside of tarsi

longer, not spiniform -B. macmahoni, p. 18.

Median and posterior keels of carapace
forming a pair of irregular interrupted
crests ; distance between their pos-
terior ends about equal to distance
between posterior edge of carapace
and ocular tubercle ; hairs on under-
side of tarsi short and spiniform.
fl'. Intercarinal spaces of tail smooth ;
granules of inferior keels of 2nd and
3rd caudal segments increasing in
size postei-iorly ; inferior lateral
keels of 5th more strongly lobate . . B. caucasius, p. 1 J.
//. Intercarinal spaces of tail finely gra-
nular; granules of inferior median
keels of 2nd and 3rd caudal seg-
ments not increasing posteriorly;
inferior keels of 5th caudal seg-

ment less strongly lobate B. atrostriatus, p. 20.

h\ Inferior lateral keels of 5th caudal segment
evenly and finely granular throughout,
re'. Hand granular and furnished with
finely granular keels; abdominal sterna
finely and closely gi-anular ; median

and posterior keels of carapace forming Lp. -w.

an unbroken line amtc-cannaius.

BUTHUS.

15

B, alticola, y. 2] .

Ilaud smooth, not granular; sterna,

except the last, smooth ; median and

posterior keels of carapace not forming

a continuous uiibrolseu crest.
Brachium of chela with two distinct
keels on the upper side.

a'. Carapace and terga, except the
last, blackish green ; posterior end
of tail not darker than the rest ;
hands yellow

b'. Median portion of terga and cara-
pace blackish green, lateral por-
tions yellow ; posterior end of
tail deep brown, much darker
than anterior portion ; hands and

lingers, excepting their tips, black. B. nigrifrons, p. 22.
Brachium not crested above, or fur-
nished merely with a weak crest in
front.

a*. Tail thinner, 2nd and 3rd segments
usually distinctly longer than
wide ; total length of adult from
about 65 to over 80 mm. ; pectinal
teeth from as low as 28 ( 2 ) up

to 39 (c?)

¥. Tail thicker, 2nd segment as broad
or broader than long, 3rd almost
as broad or broader than long:
total length of adult less than 60
mm., average about 50 ; pectinal
teeth from 18 ( $ ) up to 29 ( J ).
a'. Tail thinner ; movable finger
longer, as long as carapace, fur-
nished with 14-15 rows of teeth
as in tamulus; pectinal teeth

23-24 (2), 24-26 (c?)

b . Tail thicker ; movable finger
shorter, with 12 rows of teeth ;
pectinal teeth 18-24.
«'°. Colour yellowish brown to
blackish on body ; legs, ehelffi,

and tail never dark B. ruaiscutis, p. 26.

6'°. Colour black, blackish green,
or very deep brown on body
and limbs £_ pachyurus, p. 27.

B. tamulus, p. 23

B. hendersoni, p. 26.

1. Buthus austrahs, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, i, p. 625, 1758 (Scorpio);
Lonnbery,A. M. N. H. (7) i, pp. 87-88 (Androctonus) • priamus
a°foh;^'',f'''^- ^^^9 (Androctonus) : hector, id. ibid, vi

p. 6, 1839 (Androctonus) : australis priamus, Pocock, Journ. Linn
Soc, f ^xv p. 305 1895 (Prionurusj ; Kracp. Tier,:, Scorj,.
etc. p. 15, 1899 (Buthus). ^

hoc. Algeria and Tunisia (of typical form); Egypt; Syria.

UUTHID.V,.

Subspecies finitimus, Pocock, Jour. Vi8S'mi]tlm!?^'
(Prionurus) ; Kraq). Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. IC, 1899 (Jiutlius;.

Colour a tolerably uniform yellow, the legs and chelae clearer
than the trunk ; tail with its 5th segment and vesicle pale greenisl.
or brown b black, the dark pigment spreading on to he sides and
lower surface of the 4tb. Carapace coarsely granular t!,e area
between the anterior and posterior keels smoother than the sides ;
'ntrrior keels and superciliary crests granular, posterior keels
n n n<^ in the same direction as tne median keels but not quite
mretin" them. Ten/a coarsely granular ; lateral keels obsolete on
he n^^t'er or segments. Sterna weakly granu ar lateral y, the last
vTth fonr granular crests. Tail powerful, with strongly elevated
dorsa keels, increasing in width to the middle of the 3td seginent
fwhTch is as wide as long), the 4th either slightly narrower than
he 3rd (?) or equalling it in width (d); normal keels well
developed and granular, the superior keels of segments 1-4 ending
n 'dentiform tubercle; median lateral keel represented by only
a few granules on the '2nd segment; inferior and lateral mter-
cariml spaces finelv but not closely granular ; 5 h segment with
tunSor keels high and compressed, granules of inferior lateral
kSls becoming gradually dentiform posteriorly ; vesice small
Keeis Decouun^ g „,.-,n„lar crests and granular intercarmal
granular. , ^'^^^^^^^^I^^V^Sk^ smooth, its width in adult

rarto^engt^orie?;S,"^^^^ is about half the length of
X movable d git ; the latter basally lobate about as long as the
the '^°^^^f^"'V ' • ^^itli 13 rows of teeth. Legs distally
W^' Wi side o a^^^^^^^^ or furnished with a single row ot
£Ses. Aciz teetn ( ? ) about 23,(6) about 30. Length up

*°£oo.""nd: Hyderabad, Kotri, Kashmor Bund, and the Kelat
frontier (Byan, Kemhall, Corbett, Dewan Kasermn).

Subspecies balucMcus, nov.

:t\£ depression betod ^^^^X^^'^ ^''^"^^^
surtace or in ^ , iniuscate.

^'"L" NortW (MaynJ-d 4' MacMakon).

Log. Persia: Teheran.

Subspecies odouturus, ^ococ^'^'I^'IbIS' ''''''' ''''

kraep. Tierr., Scarp, etc. ^. 2,, ISddiUnihxis). , ^, ,

Colour : carapace yellow, with anterior border and ocular tubercle

BUTHUS.

17

black, and sometimes the area both bebiud and in front of the
tubercle infuscate; dorsal area of abdomen yellow or lightly
infiiscate, with clear posterior border ; tail entirely clear yellow ;
chelsB and legs either entirely clear yellow or slightly infuscate ia
parts. ( 2 ) Carapace as long as the 1st and half the 2nd caudal
segments or as the 5th; anterior keels granular, abbreviated in front ;
ocular tubercle very wide; the superciliary crests granular and
continued behind the eyes by a pair of converging series of
granules ; posterior keels granular, very widely separated, their

Fig. 8.— A. Vesicle, 5th caudal segment, and part of the 4th caudal segment of
Buthus tamulus.

B. 2nd and 3rd with part of 1st and 4th caudal segments of Buthus doria,
subsp. odontunis.

0. 4th and 5th caudal segments and vesicle of Buthus ausiralis, subsp.
finitimus.

(Anterior to the left, posterior to the right.)

a, inferior lateral keel of 5th segment ; b, median lateral of 2nd and 3rd seg-
ments; c, superior; d, superior lateral; e, inferior lateral; /, inferior
median.

anterior extremities turned externally in the direction of the
lateral keels ; intercarinal spaces weakly and sparsely granular.
Terga weakly granular mesially, more strongly and closelv at the
sides ; the three keels distinct and granular, the laterals diverging
and on the anterior terga passing in front into a curved transverse
crest ; external keel on the 7th terguai weak aud not united to
the internal. Sterna smooth, the last with four subequal granular
keels. Tail (fig. 8 B) about five times as long as the carapace,
1st segment wider than long, 4th less than twice as long as wide
1st and 2nd segments with 10 keels; median lateral keel weak
on 3rd, absent on 4th, inferior median keels weak and posteriorly
abbreviated cn 4th ; inferior median keels of 2nd furnished with

c

IQ BUXHID^.

about 6 dentiform tubercles, of which the posterior three are large
and triangular, but unequal in size, becoming progressively longer
towards the posterior end of the segment ; lower surface of 3rd
segment also furnished with 6 large dentiform tubercles on its
median keels, and a transverse row of 6 becoming smaller externally
on its anterior edge ; anterior edge of lower side of 4th also furnished
with a transverse row of 6 similar but rather smaller tubercles ;
granules of inferior lateral crests of 2nd and 3rd segments increasing
in size and becoming tuberculiform posteriorly; inferior lateral
crests of 5th segment strongly tuberculate, three of the tubercles
beino- especially large and dentiform and close together, anal rim
of this segment elevated and lobate, the upper lateral lobe large and
bifid; upper surface of tail smooth, lower surface of 1st, 2nd, and
3rd segments smooth, lower and lateral surface of 4th granular.
Chelce with humerus and brachium granularly crested, elsewhere
smooth ; hand smooth, about as wide as brachium ; underhand
considerably excelling the width of hand, and less than half the
movable digit ; digits not lobate, rather strongly curved, furnished
with 12 rows of teeth. Legs with granularly crested femora;
distal segments of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd legs thickly hairy ; lower side
of tarsi sparselv hairy. Pecthml teeth 19.

cJ . Differing from the ? in having the tail longer and thinner,
being about six times the length of the carapace, which is shorter
than its 5th segment and only as long as the 1st and I of the 2nd ;
1st caudal segment longer than wide, 4th twice as long as wide.
Coxffi of cephalothorax and abdominal sterna finely and closely
granular, tlie 4th and 5th sterna furnished with four finely-granular
keels ; the tuberculiform teeth on the tail are the same in number
as in the female, but are smaller and more widely separated, and
the upper lobe of the anal border of the 5th segment is more deeply
bifid. Pectinal teeth 28-29.

Measurements in mm — 6 ■ Total length 58, carapace 6, tail 37,

movable digit 8. „ -, -.-.^ > i ■ ■

Loc. Sind : Kelat Frontier {Kemball) ; Karachi ; Ormara, on
the Mekran coast, 130 miles west of Karachi {Townsend).

The typical form of this species occurs in Persia at Teheran.
The female only is known. B. odonturus was based upon a male ;
but the subsequent discovery of the female at Karachi shows that
the differences between B. odonturus and B. donee should probably
be reearded merely as of subspecific importance. In B. dona the
inferior surface of the 4th caudal segment has four lai-ge and two
much smaller teeth on its anterior border, is much less granular,
with more complete median keels ; on the 5th segment the nifero-
lateral teeth are more widely separated and less acute, and the
upper half of the anal lobe is undivided.

3. Buthus macmahoni, sp. n.

Colour yellow, keels of carapace and of upper side of humerus
hkfk those of ierga slightly darkened ; inferior kee s of 2nd-4th
^udal tgments a^nd the three inferior crests of the 5th black.

BTJTHL'S.

19

Carapace with anterior border scarcely emarginate, the inter-
carinal spaces finely granular ; anterior crests complete and
granular, superciliary ridges granular, some coarse granules be-
tween the lateral eyes and the ends of the anterior crests ;
posterior and median crests iu contact, forming a pair of slightly
converging, nearly continuous ridges ; distance between the
posterior ends of these keels less than distance between ocular
tubercle and posterior border of carapace ; carapace about as long
as the 5th caudal segment, and as the lst-|-^ the 2nd. Tenja
granular, the crests strong and granular, subequal, and nearly
parallel, posteriorly spiniform. Sterna almost smooth, the last
with four finely-granular crests. 2^ail slender, about five times as
long as the carapace ; 1st segment longer than wide, 4th twice as
long as wide; the intercarinal spaces scarcely granular; keels
evenly granular, except the inferior lateral of the 5th, which
posteriorly becomes gradually but not strongly dentate ; median
lateral keel traceable, but anteriorly incomplete on 2nd segment ;
vesicle weakly granular, about as wide as high, narrower than the
5th caudal segment. Chelce with upper side of brachium smooth,
scarcely crested except for the anterior granular crest ; hand
smooth, not crested, about as wide as the brachium, about two-
thirds the length of the underhand, which is about half the length
of the movable digit; movable digit longer- than carapace, weakly
lobate at base, furnished with 11 rows of teeth. Legs with hairs
on the underside of the tarsi. Pectinal teeth 17-19 ( ? ),
20-21 ( c? ).

Measurements hi mm. — Total length 46, carapace 5'2, tail 27,
movable digit 58.

Loc. Northern Baluchistan {Maynarcl Sf MacMaJion).

Allied to B. parthonm, Poc, from Northern Afghanistan, but
much smaller, tail thinner, &c.

4. Buthus caucasius, Fischer, Zoogn. i, p. 401, j4. iv, fig. 1, 1813
(Scorpio) : eupeus, C. Koch, Arachn. v, p. 1:27, fig. 419, 1839
(Androctonus) ; Birula, Ann. Mus. St. Pefersh. i, p. 238, 1896;
Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 23, 1899 (Buthus) : ornatus, Nordman
in Demidoff, Voy. JRttssie, in, p. 732, Arachn. i, fig. 2, 1840
(Androctonus).

Subspecies persicus, Pocock, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xxvii, p. 404, 1899.

Eesembling the following species, B. atrostriatus, in colour and
most structural features, but with the intercarjnal spaces of the
carapace and tail smooth, the sides of the terga only granular, the
median intercarinal spaces being smooth, the inferior median keels
of the 2nd and 3rd caudal segments with the granules posteriorly
mcreasing in size, the tubercles op the interior lateral keels of the
5th caudal segment much larger, and the tubercles on the lower
surface of the segment between the keels also much coarser ; inter-
carinal spaces of hujnerus and brq.chiutn ^Isp smooth. Pectinal teeth
18-21.

c2

20 BUTHID.'E.

Measurements in ihm. — Total leugMi 51, carapace 5-5, tail 30,
back of hand 4, movable digit 5-5, width of hand ,S.
Loc. Northern Bahiehistan (Maijnard Sf MacMahon).
Originally recorded from Seir on Lake Urmi in Persia (B. T.
CHinther).

5, Buthus atrostriatUB, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xi, p. 105,
1897.

5 . Colour yellow, variegated with black bands and spots ;
carapace with the anterior border, ocular tubercle, and keels black ;
keels of terga black, usually an additional black spot on each side ;
keels on lower side of tail irregularly fuscous, the dark pigment
spreading on to the sides of the 4th and 5th segments ; vesicle
lightly infuscate at the sides ; chelae yellow, the upper and posterior
sides of brachium and of hand irregularly hned with fuscous, patches
of the same colour beiug also present upon the upper side of the
trochanter and humerus and upon the femora and tibiae of the
legs. Carapace granular, with the anterior keels complete and
granular, the area on each side between them and the lateral eyes
more coarsely granular ; median and posterior keels forming an
irregular series, distance between their posterior ends about equal
to that between ocular tubercle and posterior border of carapace.
Terga granular throughout, crests granular and parallel. Sterna
smooth, the last granular at the sides and marked with four finely
crranular crests. Tail of medium thickness, about five times the
length of the carapace ; 1st segment wider than long, 4th one-third
longer than wide ; the keels well developed and granular ; median
lateral crest almost absent on the 3rd segment, occupying the
l^osterior half of the area on the 2nd ; intercarinal spaces of the
sides and lower surface of tail finely granular ; inferior lateral
keels of the 5th segment furnished posteriorly with small lobate
or dentiform tubercles ; anal lobe quadrituberculate ; vesicle sub-
globular and granular. Chelce with normal granular keels and finely
granular intercarinal spaces ; hand smooth, punctured, hairy,
considerably wider than brachium ; movable digit about one-third
longer than underhand; both digits lobate, furnished with 11
rows of teeth. Lec/s granular and graniilarly crested ; tarsi fur-
nished with two rows of setiform spines. Pectinal teeth 18-20.

J . Smaller than ? ; digits more strongly lobate ; tail five and
a half times as long as the carapace. Pectinal teeth 22-26.

Measurements in mm— 2- Total length 48, carapace 5, tail 2i.
Loc. Kashmor Bund in Upper Sind {Kemlall, Dewan Easeram).

6 Buthus acute-carinatus, SimoJi, Ann. Mus. Genova, xviii, p. 245,
pi viii, fio'. 18, 1883; Thorell, Bull. Soc. ent. Ital xxv, p 304,
im - Pocock, Jour. Linn. Soc, Zool. xxv, p. 292, 189o ; Kraep.
Tierr., Scarp, etc. p. 18, 1899.

Subspecies rugosulus, nov.

CoZour a uniform ochre-yellow throughout^; keels of the body

sometimes darker. Garai,ace as long as the 5th or as the 1st and

BUTHUS.

21

half the 2nd
granulation ;

Fig. 9. — Carapace and
anterior abdominal
lergaof Btithus aciUe-
carinatus.

caudal segment ; entirely covered with fine close
anterior crests complete and granular; posterior
crests joining the median crests and form-
ing almost a straight line with them,
posteriorly spiniform. Terga closely
granular throughout; keels long, granular,
subparallel, and posteriorly spiniform.
Sterna and co.vce closely granular, the last
sternum with four long granular keels,
the 4th also subcarinate. l^ail about five
times as lojig as the carapace, 1st segment
scarcely longer than wide, 4th not twice
as long as wide ; finely granular through-
out; keels complete, evenly granular,
inferior lateral of 5th evenly granular to
posterior end, and passing without interruption into anal lobe ;
median lateral keel traceable on the 4th segment, strong on 2nd ;
vesicle coarsely granular, subangulate near base of aculeus, about
as high as wide. Cheloi closely granular throughout ; brachium
granularly crested above ; hand with distinct granular crests
above and externally, slightly wider than the brachium ; under-
hand barely half the length of the movable digit, which is
basally sublobate (more strongly so in 6) and furnished with
11 rows of teeth. Legs with femora and patellse closely granular
and granularly crested ; tarsi armed beneath with short bristles.
Pectinal teeth 15-17 ( $ J ).

Measurements in mm. — Total length 50, carapace 5*5, tail 27,
movable digit 6, back of hand 3-2, width of hand 2-2, of
brachium 2.

Loc. Hyderabad in Sind {Ryan); Gwalior in Central India

(type),

Differs from the typical Arabian form in having the 5th caudal
segment entirely pale yellow and the hand larger.

7. Buthus alticola, Pocock, Jour. Linn. Soc, Zool. xxv, p. 302, pi. ix,
fig. 3, 1895 ; Birula, Ann. Mus. St. Pdtersb. ii, p. 377, 1897 ; Kraep.
Tierr., Scm-p. etc. p. 21, 1899.

S . Colour : Carapace and anterior six terga blackish green ;
7th tergum, tail, legs, and chelte flavous, with the exception of the
digits which are brown with clear yellow tips, and the lower side
of the tail which is subolivaceous. Carapace coarsely granular
and carinate, as long as the 4th caudal segment or as the 1st
and i of the 2nd. Terga coarsely granular and strongly carinate,
the three keels on all the segments except the 1st strongly denti-
form posteriorly ; the granules on the sides of the terga sub-
serially arranged. Sterna smooth ; median crests of the 5th
smooth, lateral crests weakly granular. Tail long, slender and
low, nearly six times as long as the carapace ; 4th segment twice
as long as wide ; median lateral keel complete on segments 1, 2,

22

BUTHIDJE.

and 3, represented by a few granules on the 4th ; all the keels
granular, the inferior medians on the 1st and 2nd segments almost
smooth ; intervening spaces of segments weakly granular, granules
on the lower surface of 5th forming two subsidiary crests ; vesicle
globular, wider than high, granular below. Chelce (in d ) long ;
humerus as long as carapace ; brachium three times as long as
wide, with two superior crests well developed and granular, upper
crest of posterior surface also present; hand long and wide, much
wider than brachium, smooth and punctured, its width about
two-thirds the length of the underhand, the latter about two-
thirds the length of the movable digit ; digits separated at the
base, lobate and sinuate, furnished with 14-15 rows of teeth.
Legs with granularly crested femora ; tarsi with two rows of
black spinules beneath. Pedinal teeth 29.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 81, carapace 9, tail 52-5,
length of movable digit 12, width of hand 4-8, of brachium 4-5.

Loc. Chitral in the Hindu Kush, 5000 ft. (Younghusband).

Subspecies penjabensis, Birula, Ann. Mus. St. Petersb. ii, p. 382, 1897;
Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 21, 1899 (B. alticola penjabensis).

Described as differing from the typical form in having the tail
not more than five times as long as the carapace ; with the 1st,
2nd, and 3rd segments convex at the sides, the 1st segment by
one-'half wider than long, the 4th only by half longer than
■wide ; the hand narrower than the brachium, with the underhand
scarcely half the length of the movable digit, and the humerus
shorter than the carapace. Pei tinal teeth 24-25.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 86-5, carapace 9,

Loc, Punjab.

The diagnostic characters of this subspecies may prove to have
nothing but a sexual significance, the only known example of
B. penjabensis being a female, and the type of B. alticola a male.

8. Bathus nigrifrons, sp. n.

5 , Colour : anterior portion of carapace and median area of
posterior portion blackish, median portion of anterior six terga
also blackish, lateral portion of carapace and anterior terga and the
whole of the 7th tergum yellowish ; caudal segments 1-3 and
anterior end of 4th yellow, posterior half of 4th, the whole of the
5th and the vesicle deep brown ; mandibles deep brown ; band
and fingers of chelffi, with the exception of the yellow tips of the
latter, black ; ventral surface and legs entirely yellow. Carapace
crested as in B. alticola, but with the intercarinal spaces almost
entirely smooth ; longer than the 4th and nearly as long as the
1st and half the 2nd caudal segments. Terga with the crests
granular but scarcely spiniform posteriorly ; area between them
smooth; sides of terga sparsely granular; intercarinal s])aces of /th
smooth. Sterna smooth, the last with four granular crests, lail

BXTTHUS.

23

thickly hairy, about five and a half times as long as the carapace ;
4th segment about twice as long as wide, 1st a little longer than
wide ; intercarinal spaces smooth except on the lower surface of
the 5th; all keels finely granular; inferior lateral on 5th con-
tinued up to anal border without interruption and without
enlargement of granules ; median lateral keel incomplete anteriorly
on 2nd, practically absent on 3rd. Vesicle about as wide as 5th
segment, as high as wide, granular below. Chelce long and slender :
upper surface of brachium bounded in front and behind by a
granular keel, a weakly granular keel also present upon the upper
portion of the posterior surface ; hand small, scarcely as wide as
brachium, not crested, smooth, punctured ; length of underhand
much exceeding its width, less than one-third the length of the
movable digit, which is very long and slender, not lobate, and
furnished with 16-17 rows of teeth. Tarsi furnished beneath with
two rows of fine spines. Pectindl teeth 26.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 58, carapace 6-5, tail 35,
back of hand 3, movable finger 11.

Loc. Northern Baluchistan (Maynard Sf MacMahon).

9. Buthus tamulus, Fabi: Ent. Sijst. Suppl. p. 294, 1798 (Scorpio) :
nigro-lineatus, Diifour, Mim. pris. Ac. France, xiv, p. 570, 1856
(Scorpio) : martensii, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) iii. p. 335, 1889 ;
id. Jour. Bum. N. H. Soc. vii, p. 303, 1893 (nec martensii,
Karsch, 1879) (Buthus) : gTammurus, ThoreU, Ann. Mus. Geneva,
xxvii, p. 667, 1889 ; Kraqi. Tierr., Scorp. p. 20, 1899 (Buthus).

2 . Colour variable ; upper side of trunk blackish, reddish or
yellow, with ocular tubercle and keels on the carapace black, the
adjacent areas also sometimes tinted with black, also keels on terga
and adjacent tubercles black, the black of the lateral keels often
extending forwards and forming a large patch on each side of
the fore part of the terga; tail yellow or reddish yellow, the
inferior keels and to a less extent the lateral keels black ; sterna
entirely pale except for the black keels of the last ; chelae and
legs entirely yellow, reddish yellow, or partially infuscate ; man-
dible with faint or deep reticulation of pigment and pigmented
granular crest above. Carapace scarcely as long as 5th caudal
segment, finely and closely granular throughout, with more or
fewer coarser granules on its sides and many on the anterior
portion both between and outside the anterior keels; the keels
granular ; sides of tubercle just above eyes smooth ; posterior
keels forming an irregular line with median keels. Terga with
three keels, the keels smooth or coarsely granrJar ; the laterals
curving outward at their distal ends, and dividing to form two
smooth or granular irregular transverse crests ; the rest of the
terga finely or coarsely, closely or rather sparsely granular ;
the anterior marginal ledge of the terga smooth or finely and
closely granular ; keels of the last tergum strong and granular.
Sterna smooth and poUshed, the last finely granular at the sides,
weakly or scarcely granular in the middle ; with 4 nearly smooth

24

JJTJTHID^,

or granular keels. Tail robust ; 1st segment wider than long,
2ud very slightly or scarcely longer than wide, 3rd one-fourth
longer than wide, 5th twice as long as wide ; intercarinal spaces
granular, the upper very sparsely ao ; keels evenly granular
or nearly smooth, the inferior sometimes quite smooth ; median
lateral keel traceable on the 4th segment ; inferior lateral keel of
5th evenly granular throughout and passing without interruption
into the anal lobe ; vesicle large, granular below, as high as wide,
a little narrower on the 5th caudal segment, often subgeniculate
below the aculeus. Chelce : humerus finely granular above, with
granular crests ; brachium, hand, and digits rather thickly hairy
and without crests, except for one subdenticulate crest on the
anterior surface of the brachium ; hand narrow, about as wide
as brachium ; digits long, movable, more than twice as long as
the underhand and furnished with 14-15 rows of teeth. Leifs
finely granular ; tarsi with two rows of spinules beneath. Pectinal
teeth from about 28-39.

. Differing from ? in having the tail longer (that is to sav,
about six times as long as the carapace), the hand rounded, thick,
considerably thicker than the brachium, the length of the under-
hand about three quarters that of the movable digit, and the digits
lobate and separated at the base when closed.

Length of adult from about 65 up to 90 mm.

Distribution. India, from' Siud in the North-west and Dehra
Dun throughout the whole of Western, Central, and Southern
India at least as far south as Madura. Certainly absent from
Burma and Ceylon, and apparently also from the Malabar coast
below the Western Grhats in Southern India, though occurring
below the Ghats in the S(nithern Konkan. There are no data to
show the limits of range of the species in Eastern Bengal. Several
subspecies are recognizable.

Subspecies Buthus tamultis typicus (= 2 grammurus).

Southern form : usually pale yellowish red in colour, Avith the
keels of trunk and areas adjacent often infuscate ; frequently the
median area of the terga is as a whole darker than the lateral
portion. Terga very finely and closely granular, both laterally aud
mesially, a few coarser granules at the sides, but scarcely any
between the keels ; keels nearly smooth, running externally into
a pair of irregular and obsoletely granular, sometimes nearly
smooth crests ; keels of last abdominal sternum and of lower side
of anterior caudal segments weakly granular. Peciinal teeth 28-30
( 5 ), 30-34 ( d ). Length up to about 80 mm.

Distribution. Southern India: Satara (Dona); Kolhapur State
(Wray) and Belgaum above Ghats; Dowlaishweram on the
Godavari (Wybroiv) ; Secunderabad (Roberts, Bicardo); Madras
(Henderson, Thurston); Nellore, Tanjore, Trichinopoly (Pojpert) ;

^Sbrtcius cites merely "East Indies" as the locality for B fa-
mulus. I have here restricted the term tamulus to the southern

BUTHUS.

25

form of the species, because its name appears to have been derived
from the a'amil race of South India, and Eabricius is known to have
received specimens of other Arthropods, e.g. Folydesmus stigma
and Eeteropoda regia, from Tranquebar on the Ooromaudel coast.

Subspecies concanensis, nov.

Darker in colour and smoother than typical form. Upper side
of trunk greenish or reddish brown, approaching black, paler at the
sides. Legs, chela?, and tail, with the exception of the inferior
keels, flavous or reddish yellow. Terga finely granular at sides,
anterior marginal ledge smooth throughout ; keels quite smooth,
shining, the laterals passing exterually into a pair of irregular
smooth crests resembling a dried stream of tar ; inferior keels of
last abdominal sternum smooth, also of 1st and 2nd and sometimes
also of 3rd caudal segment ; all the caudal keels and intercarinal
spaces of tail less granular than in typical form. Peciinal teeth
29-32 in $ , 30-35 in c? . Length up to 91 mm. $ ; 77 mm. d •

Loc. Eatnagiri in the South Konkan (Drew).

Subspecies sindicus. nov.

Paler yellow than the average B. tamulus typicus, the keels of
the abdomen, carapace, and underside of tail blackish ; an indis-
tinct dark spot on each side of the terga in front of the lateral
keel. Terga much more coarsely granular than in the typical
form, the keels distinctly granular, the laterals breaking up an-
teriorly in coarse granules, which become lost amongst the general
coarse granulation of the dorsal surface. Pectinal teeth more
numerous than in the typical form : 31-34 in $ ; 34-39 in S •
Length up to 93 mm. 5 ; rather smaller in (J •

Loc. Valley of Lower Indus : Kelat frontier in Upper Siud
{Eemball); Hyderabad and Kotri (iJyan) ; Sujawal and Jati in the
Karachi district (Eemball).

Subspecies gujaratensis, nov.

Eeplacing B. sindicus to the south. Coarsely granular as in that
subspecies and in B. gangeticiis, darker in colour than the former,
the trunk being often nearly black ; tail thinner and less thickly
hairy than in B. gangetious. Pectinal teeth fewer in number than in
B. sindicus : 27-33 in 5 ; 31-36 in S •

Distribution. Karaghora in Kattywar (Bulldey) ; Panch Mahals
in North Guxerat ( Wallinger), thence spreading south-eastwards
as far as Khandes (Madan).

Subspecies gangetious, nov.

Represented by both dark and light forms ; the former deep
reddish brown with black keels ; the hand and brachium of chela
and also femora and patellsB of legs partially infuscate ; paler form
coloured like B. tamulus typicus. Terga coarsely and closely

2G

BUTHIDJB.

granular throughout, the anterior marginal ledge closely granular,
except in tlie middle; keels coarsely granular, the laterals breaking
up iuto granules which become lost in the geueral granulation of
the plate. Tail and its crests coarsely granular and thickly hairy,
the segments broader and with sides more convex than in the
other subspecies. I'ectinal teeth 26-32 $ ; 31-36 J . Length up
to about DO mm.

Distribution. The area drained by the Upper Ganges and its
tributaries; Dehra Dun (type, Gleadoiv); Bareilly {Cambridge) ;
Allahabad (Oates) ; Grwalior ; also Bhopal and Satna in Central
India {Bane).

10. Buthus hendersoni, sp. n.

$ . Nearly intermediate in characters between B. tamidus and
B. rugiscuiis. Eesemhliug the typical form of the latter in size,
granulation, etc., but with the tail a little thiuner ; fingers longer
and fui'uished with a laj'ger number of rows of teeth. Chelffi
and legs uniforoily yellow ; terga infuscate, with paler posterior
border ; inferior caudal keels black. Carapace shorter than 1st
aud 2nd caudal segments taken together, as long as the 5th. Tail
■with 2ud segment as long as wide, 3rd the merest fraction longer
than wide, width of 1st equal to length of 3rd, less than length of
5th ; height of 2nd less than its width ; 5th not twice as long as
broad. Chela wilh rugulose brachium ; hand as wide as brachium,
its width about three-fourths the length of the underhand, which
is half the length of the movable finger ; movable finger a little
longer than carapace and furnished with 14 rows of teeth as in
B. iamuhisf. Pectinal teeth ranging from 21-26, usually 24.

cJ . With similar sexual characters to those of B. tamulus;
pectinal teeth ranging from 23-29, usually 24-26.

Total length averaging about 50 mm. ; male usually less than
50, large feiuales rarely exceeding 55, in one case up to 59.

Distribution. Madras Presidency ; Madras, Yercaud in Shevaroy
Hills {Henderson), Cuddapah, Trichinopoly, and Tanjore {Popert).

Though nearly allied to B. tamidus, B. hendersoni cannot be
regarded as a subspecies or variety of the former, seeing that
it co-exists m the same locality, without blending.

11. Buthus rugiscutis, PococJc, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xi, p. 106, 1897 ;
Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 20, 1899.
AUied to the preceding, but smaller, rougher, with thicker taU,
fewer pectinal teeth, and fewer rows of teeth on digits.

9 Colour varying from reddish yellow to yellowish brown, the
keels* of trunk and underside of tail usually black. Upper surface
of body entirely covered with coarse granules, amongst which the
normal keels stand up as granular ridges ; anterior keels of carapace
not traceable for more than halfway across the frontal area.
Tail short, about five times the length of the carapace, thickly and
coarsely granular below aud at the sides ; the inferior intercannal

BCTHUS.

27

spaces of the anterior segments sometimes smooth, especially in
male ; upper surface also granular, but less so than the sides ; the
segments wider and higher as compared with their length than in
B. tumulus; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd segments wider than long, 4tli very
slightly longer than wide, 5th about one-third longer than wide;
width of 1st exceeding length of 3rd and almost equal to that of
4th; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd approximately equal in width; height of
2nd equal to its length (iu B. tumulus the length of the 2nd far
exceeds its height, and the length of the 3rd exceeds the width of
the 1st). Chela with brauhium finely granular above ; movable finger
only about as long as the carapace, less than twice the length
of the underhand, furnished with 12 rows of teeth. Pec.tinal
teeth 18-21.

d with the same sexual features as in B. tamulus ; pectinal
teeth 21-24.

Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 53, length of carapace
5-5, of tail 27. S ■ Total length 44, carapace 5, tail 25-8.

Loc. Mahubleshwar (Wroughton) and Satara (Wilhins) in the
South Deccan.

Subspecies nigritus, nov.

Allied to the typical form of B. rugiscutis, but with the upper
side of the body black ; chelae yellow ; upper side of tail yellow,
lower side with the keels very strongly infuscate, the black from the
inferior median keels spreading over the intermediate area and
giving rise to a broad median longitudinal band, which is especially
distinct on the 4th segment ; legs infuscate, with the tibise, pro-
tarsi, and tarsi pale ; sterna clouded with black. Pectinal teeth
($ ) 19-20.

Loc. Panchgani in Satara District, South Deccan (Phijmn).

12. Buthus pach3rurus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Sac. xi, p. 107,
1897 ; Krae2}. Tien:, Scarp, etc. p. 20, 1899.

Most nearly allied to B. rugiscutis, but recognizable by being of
a tolerably uniform black or brownish-black colour ; the vesicle,
hand and fingers, and extremity of legs inclining to reddish brown.
Upper side of body granular, as in B. rugiscutis. Tail also as in that
species, but distinctly thicker ; segments 1, 2, and 3 considerably
wider than long ; the segments, when viewed from above, much
more parallel-sided than in B. rugiscutis ; the 4th segment is
almost a square, its anterior and posterior ends being almost as wide
as its middle, whereas in B. rugiscutis the sides of this and of the
other segments are distinctly convex, the segments being wider
in the middle than at the ends. In sexual characters, numbers
of pectinal teeth, and of teeth on digits approximately as in
B. rugiscutis.

Total length up to about 46 mm.

Loc. Mandla and Kamptee in the Central Provinces (Caccia) ;
Ndsik (Millard), and Satara {WilJiins), in the Bombay Presidency.

28

BUTHIDiS.

Genns BUTHEOLUS, Simon.

Ortliodactylus, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxv, p. 90, 1881 ; Kraep.

Jb. Ilamb. wiss. Anst. vii, p. 215, 1891 (nom. prseocc).
Butheolus, Sivion, Ann. Mus. Genova, xviu, p. 248, 1883 ; J ocock,

P. Z. 8. 1800, p. 121 ; Kruej). Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 34, 189J.
Ortbochirus, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 306, 1891.
One or two teeth on the underside of the immovable mandibular
fineer. Carapace without granular keels ; its frontal area sloped
downwards from the tubercle to the anterior edge ; area behind
the eyes with deep transverse groove. Tail very powerful,
generally posteriorly incrassate ; the vesicle very small, much
narrower than the Ist caudal segment. Sternum subpentagonal,
wider than long, shorter than the genital operculum. CMai very
slender; armature of fingers consisting of median rows oi teeth
which do not overlap, an inner series consisting of single teeth,
aud an outer of teeth arranged in couplets.

Type, B. thalassinus, Simon. . .

Distribution. Eastern Mediterranean area of Palfearctic Kegion ;
shores of Eed Sea ; Sokotra ; Western and North-western India.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

fl. Tail not uniformly coloured, terga with lateral

as well as median crest • • • • ^- bicolor, p. 31.

h. Tail uniformly coloured; terga with only a
single median crest.
a. Tail deep bluish green throughout; trunJi
usually the same tint as the tail, or, at all

events, very deep brown B. melanums, p. 28.

h'. Tail uniformly pale yellow ; truuk at most
lightly infuscate.
«^ 4th segment of tail gi-anular below, 5th
granular below posteriorly, 2nd and
3rd granular and crested laterally ( d ) • B- pallidus, p. 30.
6- 4th and 5th caudal segments smooth
below; 2nd and 3rd smooth, neither
crested nor granular laterally {6) B.Jlavescem, p. 30.

13 Butheolus melanurus, Kessler, Trudni Russkago EnL viii, p. 16,
T876 (Androctonus) ; Pocock, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 121 ; ^raep.Tierr^

%:kavi wiss'. iLnst. 'viii, p. 215, 1891 (Ortbodactylus).
Colour- trunk and tail varying from blackish or deep reddish
brown to deep green : lower side of trunk paler ; chelae and legs
flavors or wiSh humerus and femora black ; brachium and patel a
fnfuscate, pale flavous distally ; hands flavous, infuscate at the
base of tbe fingers ; pectines flavous. Carapace and terga thickly
granular, ocular tubercle and area just in front of each median

BUl'HBOLUS.

20

eye smooth ; a single median crest on terga ; last tergum strongly-
keeled, nearly smooth between the keels. Tail very thick,
posteriorly incrassate, the 4th segment about as wide as long,
3rd wider than long, 1st segment with 10 granular keels, 2nd and

3rd with the superior and 4 in-
ferior keels distinct and granular,
the median lateral and superior
lateral obsolete ; 3rd segment
partially pitted ; 4th much more
distinctly pitted than the 3rd, but
less granular and almost keelless,
the median lateral keels being
complete only in front, the supe-
rior keel also traceable ; 5th
segment with inferior latei-al keel
complete, but weak in front, the
rest of the segment deeply and
closely pitted, but scarcely gran-
ular ; dorsal surface of all the seg-
ments weakly granular, of the
posterior segments pitted ; lateral
surface of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
segments, and in a lesser degree
of the 4th granular ; inferior sur-
face sparsely granular in the inter-
carinal spaces ; vesicle small, piri-
form, pitted. Sterna finely granular, smooth, and polished in the
middle of the posterior half, more coarsely granular at the sides ;
the last with four closely granular crests, the first punctured and
bristly in the middle. Chelce : humerus with granular crests ;
brachium with smooth crests ; hand smooth, punctured, narrow,
narrower than brachium, underhand about half the length of the
movable digit, excelling width of hand ; movable finger as long
as carapace, furnished with 8-9 rows of teeth, the basal row long ;
the large teeth arranged in pairs, the inner of each pair being
distinctly in front of the outer, which is merely the enlarged
posterior tooth of one of the median series. Legs with granularly
crested coxte and femora. Pectinal teeth about 20.
Distribution. Eastern Mediterranean Region ; Punjab.
Two subspecies of this Scorpion are represented in the fauna
of British India : —

1. B. melanurus typicus ; characterized by having the legs and
chelae uniformly clear yellow.

Loc. Punjab (according to Kraepelin) ; also occurring in
the Transcaspian area and Northern Afghanistan.

2. B. melanurus, subspecies fuscipes, nov. ; characterized by
having the humerus and the femora black, and the brachium
and patellae infuscate.

Loc. Northern Baluchistan {Maynard Sf MacMalion).

Fig. 10. — Butheolus melanurus.

A. Carapace from above. B. Cara-
pace from the side. G. Lower
side of tail. D. Sternum and
genital operculum.

30 BUTHID^.

14. Butheolus pallidus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. II. Soc. xi,p. 109,1897
Kraei). Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 36, 1899.

0 Colour entirely yellow thvoughout,'with exception of \he eyes
which are black. Carapace granular throughout except for the
ocular tubercle and a ridge on each side of the median frontal
depression, which are smooth ; groove surrounding ocular tubercle
behind not'so dnep as in B. melaimrua. Terga gran ular throughout,
with a single median keel, the last not smooth on the inner side of
the median keels as in B. melanurvs. Sicrna and coxa; smoother
than in B. melanurus, the former finely granular both externally
and on the inner side of the pulmonary area ; the last granular
throughout, the granular crests much less distinct than in
B melanurus. Tail of much the same form as in B. melanurus ;
segments 1-3 carinate as in that species, 4th segment covered with
granules below and at the sides, not so conspicuously pitted as m
B melanurus; the inferior lateral crests developed, and the inferior
medians also traceable ; 5th segment covered with granules below,
with a median gi-anular keel ; lateral keel more irregularly dentate
nosteriorlv than in B. melanarus, and more noticeably concave betore
the anal lobe ; vesicle larger, aculeus thinner, and pits on vesicle
and '5th caudal seo-raent fewer than in B. melanurus. Chela; with
upper surface of brachium more granular and movable finger
shorter than in B. melamiras, the latter being distinctly shorter than
the carapace, furnished with 8 rows of teeth the basal of which
is shorter than in B. melanurus ; the enlarged teeth represented by
transverse rows of three each, the inner of these not m advance
of the enlarged posterior tooth of the median rows ; external to
the latter and behind it there is a second tooth, so that the external
series consists of two teeth, and not of one as in B melanurus.

rT Differs from ? in having the median keels and adjacent
narts'of the last abdominal sternum and of the 1st caudal segment
fnooth, and the lower side of the 4,h and 5th segment, less
granular and scarcely mesially carinate. Pectmal teeth 16-17
in ? , 21-29 in S ■

lll^tnl, Kashmir Bund and the Kelat Frontier {Kemball).

15 Butheolus flavescens, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xi, p. 110,
' 1897 ; Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 36, 18JJ.
^ Colour as in B. pallidus, but the terga slightly infuscate.
Ve?v closely allied to that species in all structural characters, but
w?h the tafl less coarsely granular: f or examp e the sides of the
2ncl segment iust external to the supero-lateral keel are furnished
!^W n few small granules and a few pits, the corresponding
r /he 3rd and 4th is smooth and distinctly pitted, and the
Ewer sife 0? irlth is furnished with a very few granules. In
TSS pallidus, on the contrary, the uppei- portion of the lateral
T J: flip 9ml seement s covered with tubercles, of the 3rd
?t"upall»\;d ruE»e. oE the 4tl, diati^cU, though not

OHAEMUS.

31

closely granular, and the lower surface of the 4th is somewhat
thickly granular both in the middle and at the sides. Moreover
in B. pallidus the median lateral keel extends as a granular crest
at least throughout the posterior half of the 2nd and 3rd segments;
in B. flavescens it is practically absent on all the segments except
the 1st; lastly the vesicle is relatively smaller in B. flavescens.
Length 27 mm.

Loo. Karaghora in Kattywar (BulJdey).

16. Butheolus Mcolor, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xi, p. 108, 1897 ;
Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 36, 1899.

Colour: upper side of trunk deep bluish green, sometimes in-
clining to deep brown ; ventral surface yellowish or yellowish
green ; 4th and .5th segments and vesicle of tail also deep bluish
green, but the 1st, 2nd, and usually also the 3rd, yellowish brown,
the 3rd sometimes as dark as the 4th, and the 1st and 2ud some-
times very dark brown ; legs mostly clear yellow, with greenish
femora ; humerus and brachium of chela also tinted with greenish
black, hand and fingers usually paler. Carapace coarsely granular
throughout, the ridges over the eyes smooth above, groove defining
tubercle behind shallow as in B. pallidus. Terga coarsely granular
throughout, and with the exception of the anterior two distinctly
tricostate. Sterna smooth in the middle ; 5th mostly granular
with a pair of smooth median keels ; lateral keels nearly
absent. Tail much expanded posteriorly ; upper surface of
all the segments finely granular in the middle, the superior
lateral crests present and granular only on the 1st, evanescent
on the 2nd; sides of segments 1-3 pitted, these segments
with the four inferior keels strong, granular, and the spaces
between them granular ; 4th and 5th segments smooth, without
crests, but coarsely pitted below and at the sides ; the inferior
lateral keel, however, present and tubercular on the posterior half
of the 5th segment ; vesicle as in B. melanurus, but aculeus not
so stout at base. ChelcB with humerus granular above ; brachium
smooth with crenulate crests, the anterior of the upper surface
sometimes granular : teeth on digit much as in B. pallidus. In.
S the inferior keels of segments 1-3 and the spaces between
them are much smoother than in $ . Pectinal teeth 17-19 ( 0 )
19-21 (cJ).

Length up to about 38 mm.

Loc. Western Ghats of India: Kandala Tal and "Wai Tal in
Satara ( I'FiZ/ans), and Poena (Wroughton).

Genus CHARMUS, Karsch.
Charmus, Karsch, MT. Miinch. ent. Ver. iii, p. 104, 1879 ; id Berl
1899^'^***" ^^^"^^ ^' ^^^^ ' ^^'^'^P- Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 39,"
Heterocliarmus, Pocock, A. M. N. K. (6) ix, p. 47, 1892.
Carapace without keels ; anteocular area horizontal, not sloped
as in Butheolus. Terga with single median keel ; no lateral keels.

32 BTJTHlDiE.

Sternum small, peuti^gonal, wider than long, about equal in length
to the genital operculum. Pectines noviiml. Mandible with
movable and immovable finger armed below with two teeth
Kneer of chela furnished along the middle line with numer'ous not
overlapping rows of teeth; the internal series formed of single
lirP-er teeth lying close to the apices of the median rows ; external
serfs TLIll paired teeth. Tail weakly keeled, 4th and 5th
segments punctured below ; no spine beneath aculeus on vesicle.
Type, C. laiicus, Karsch. . , , , ^

Disiribution. Ceylon, One species only known up to the present

'Tresumably on the strength oE its pentagonal sternum— a feature
which isolates the genus from the rest of the Buthidffl-K.arsch
referred Charmus to the subfamily lurini (= Vejovidm), i^lacmg it
alongside Scorpiops and Gh^rilus. The rest of its organization,
however, points unmistakably to its belonging to the Buthid^.

17. Charmus laneus, Karsch, MT. Munch, mt Ver. iii, p. 104, 1879 ;

Kraevdin, Tierr. Scorp. etc. p. 39, 1899: cmctipes Pococ7i,A. M.

N. H. {Q) ii p. 47, pi. iii B, figs. 2, 2 a, 2 b, 1892 (Heterocliarmus).
Colour: upper side of trunk blackish, variegated with yellow
markings ; tail blackish ; vesicle ferruguious ; cheke je lowish,
brachium marked with a black band, hand blackish ; legs blackish
yellowish at the junction of the segments. Carapace nearly as
W as the 1st and 2nd caudal segments, weakly but closely
granular throughout. Terga more coarsely granular than_ the
fZnZ. St^-na smooth 4nd shining, the last beset posteriorly
wTth coarse granules. Tail with segments 1-3 coarsely and
Thtkly gram^^^^ below and at the sides, upper surface much more
fSy g^War, 3rd segment without keels its margins rounded ;
4th and^Sth segments without keels, 4th finely granular only in the
excavation of the upper side ; 5th granular on the posterior portion
ofits lower and i^er surface; anal border granular beneath,
Sbate at the s\Ae. vesicle coarsely punctured ; tail and vesicle
thickly hairy beneath. Chelae weakly granular and carmate ;
hand rounded, narrower than brachium, smooth, not crested; fingers
. fong the mov'able nearly twice as long - the underhand^ L^gs
with weakly granular femora ; coxs smooth. PecHnes with 14-1/

'"masuren^ents in mm.-Total length 30, carapace 2-5, tail 11-5,
5th segment 3, underhand 1-2, movable finger 2-.->.
Loc. Ceylon.

Genus STENOCHIRUS, Karsch.

Stenochirus, Earsck, Berlin e.,. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 306, 1891 ; Kraepelin,
Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 39, 189 J.
Two teeth on lower side of immovable finger of maM
Ja7ac!tiih f rontal area horizontal, almost smooth, not keeled,

STBNOOniRUa.

33

at most weakly granular. Terga also almost smooth, at most
finely granular at the sides and in the dorsal impressions,
furnished with a single smooth median keel. Cephalothoracic
sternum triangular, a little longer than wide, as long as the
genital operculum. Tail^ robust, not keeled below ; no spine on
vesicle beneath aculeus. Band narrow ; fingers long, the median
rows of teeth overlapping each other by nearly half their length,
ending posteriorly in 5 or 6 teeth.
Type, -S. sarasinorum, Karsch.

Distribution . Malabar coast of India and hills of Ceylon,

SynojJsis of Indian Species.

a. Dorsal plates of abdomen finely g-ranular

lateriilly and in the depression on each side

of the median keel, the last finely granular

posteriorly ; humerus granular and weaklj'

crested in front S. j)olitus, p, 33.

h. Dorsal plates of abdomen entirely smooth ;
-> humerus of chela smooth, roimded in front

(a6cordiug to Kraepelin). 8. sarasinorum, p. 33.

18. StenocMrus politus, Pocoek, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 262, 1899

Colour a deep shining blackish brown on the tail and the upper
side of the body ; legs, mandibles, chelae, and lower side of body a
little paler than its upper side, the three distal segments of the
legs quite pale ; fingers also pale, but brownish at the base.
Carapace smooth, finely granular in the depression laterally and
posteriorly. Terga smooth, finely granular at the sides and in the
depression on each side of the median keel ; last tergal plate
closely granular throughout iu its posterior half. Tail a little
more than six times as long as the carapace, and slightly increasing
in width posteriorly to the middle of the 4th segment, which is a
little longer than broad (3 : 2-5) ; length of 2nd segment equal to
the width of the 4th; the upper side of the segments mesially
granular : the rest of the tail smooth and polished above and
below, entirely without keels, but distinctly though not coarsely
punctured; vesicle smooth, punctured; aculeus thick at base.
Oheloi slender and elongate ; humerus weakly crested and weakly
granular in front; brachium smooth, without crests or granules;,
hand also much narrower than brachium ; fingers smooth, movable
more than twice the length of the underhand, and armed with 10
median rows of teeth. Pectinal teeth 15.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 33, carapace 3, tail 20,
width of 1st caudal segment 2-3, of 4th 2-6.

Loc. Kanara (Bell).

19. Stenochirus sarasinorum, Karsch, Berl. mt. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 30(3
. pi. xii, fig. 30, 1892 ; Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 39, 1899.

Eesembhng the preceding in colour, but, judging from Kraepelin's
description, diiferiug in having the carapace finely granular onlv in

D

UUTHID*.

the dorsal groove behind the ocular tubercle, and the tergal plates
..smooth aud shining, not granular. Last sternal plate thickly and
finely punctured. Also the humerus is smooth and rounded in
front, not weakly crested and granular as in S. j)olitm. Moreover,
judging by the figures published by Karsch, the length of the 2nd
caudal segment is much less than the width of the 4tb. Length
.up to about 40 mm.

Loc. Ceylon : Peradeniya (Sarasin).

Genus HEMIBUTHUS, nov.

Intermediate in characters between ButJuis and Li/chas; re-
sembling the latter in the absence of keels from the carapace and
the presence of a single tooth on the under side of the immovable
finger of the mandible, and the former in the absence of a spine
beneath the aculeus of the caudal vesicle and in that the teeth of
the inner row on the fingers of the chelae alternate with those of
the outer row, being situated opposite the middle of the corre-
sponding rows of the median series.

Type, H. crassimanus.

Distribution. India.

t^O. Hemibuthus crassimanus, Focock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xi,
p. 110, 1897 ; Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 44, 1899 (Archisometrus).

Colour blackish brown, without distinct yelloM' pattern; tail
paler; vesicle, hands, and distal segments of legs clear yellow.
Carapace somewhat finely granular, more coarsely so on the
anterior border, its posterior border, like those of the anterior
terga, tri-emarginate ; nearly as long as the 1st and 2ud caudal
segments, and slightly longer than the 5th. Tercja distinctly
though not very coarsely granular posteriorly ; with conspicuous
lateral crests. Sterna smooth and punctured, the last almost
Without crests and granules. Tail of medium length and thickness,
ibarely five times as long as the carapace ; 1st segment as wide as
lone 4th one-fourth longer than wide ; intercarinal spaces sparsely
(granular, punctured, keels strongly granular, median lateral repre-
sented on the posterior half of the 2nd and 3rd by a series of
o-ranules, weak on the 1st; vesicle nearly smooth, only sparsely
granular, punctured; angulate beneath the aculeus. Ghelm with
hand smooth, rounded, large, much wider than brachium ; fingers
short, the movable about equal to the carapace and to the under-
hand'in length ; with 8 rows of teeth. Pectinal teeth 12.

(J . With larger hand, and tail posteriorly incrassate ; pectinal

teeth 14-15. o .

Measurements in mm.—( ? ) Total length 28, carapace 3, tail

14-5, width of hand 2. , „ . ^ wirr 77- ^

Loc. Western India: Panch Mahals m Guzerat {Walhnger).

LiYOJlAS.

35

Geuiis LYCHAS, C. Koeli.

Lychns, C. Koch, Amcfin. xii, p. 1845 (ia part).
Archisoiueti'us, Kraepelin, J b. Ilnmb. wiss. Anst. viii, p. 217, 1891 ;
id: Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 41, 189i).

Carapace without posterior and lateral keels ; anteocular area
horizontal. Terfja with two or three crests. Tail carinate ; a
conspicuous triangular tooth on vesicle beneath the aculeus. Man-
dible with one inferior tooth on the immovable finger. Chela with
movable finger armed with numerous rows of teeth set end to end,
not overlapping ; also with an inner set of larger teeth, each set
■close to the distal end of the rows of the median series, and with
an outer set composed of pairs of lai'ger teeth, set close to the
posterior ends of the median rows. Sternum triangular, longer
than wide.

Type, L. scutilus, C. Koch.

Distribution. Tropical Africa ; India to Australia.

The genus Lychas was based upon two species, L. maculatus and
L. scutilus. The first had already been made the type of the
genus Isometrus by Hemprich and Ehrenberg. Hence scutilus
becomes the type of Lychas.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

■a. Abdominal sterna coriaceous, the 4th and 5th
granular throughout ; pectinal teeth 12 ;
tarsi bearing two rows of bristles beneath . . L. rugosus, p. 39.
M. Abdominal sterna, with the exception of the
5th, smooth and polished ; pectinal teeth
15-25 ; tarsi with pod of bristles,
.rt'. Tibial spurs of 3rd and 4th legs very long,
much longer than the hairs on the seg-
ments.

d'. Carapace evenly granular throughout.
a^. Terga with three distinct keels ;
underhand nearly as long as the

movable finger L. tricarinatua p. 40.

P. Terga with a single median keel ;
imderhand only about half the

length of the movable finger L. he)idersoni, p. 40.

h'. Frontal area of carapace nearly smooth
or studded in front with a few large
granules.

«'. Terga with large tubercle on each
side, forming a small lateral crest;
legs and chela uniformly yellow ... L. shoplandi, p, 41.
h^. Terga without trace of lateral crest ;
legs variegated with black,
a*. Chete yellow ; tail mostly yellow . L. Icevifrons, p. 41.
b^. Chelae with hand entirely black,
brachium black above ; tail al-
most wholly black L. fece. p. 42.

36

BnTiuu.n.

b\ Tibiarspiirs of ord and 4th Ic-js shoi-t,

scarcely long-er than the liairs of the tibia.

a". Abdominal sterna thickly marbled

with black

L. iiii/risterms, ]). 38,

V\ Abdominal sterna, with exception of

a'. Last abdominnl sternum with four
granular keels ; hand with two
granular finger-keels

the 5th, uniformly pale yellow.

b'. Last abdominnl sternum with (inly a
pair of distinct keels ; hand only
obsoletely keeled

L. scutilus, p. 37.

«\ Ohelse and legs uniformly yellowish

brown ; movable finger much
longer than carapace ; fingers
scarcely sinuate in

L. scdher, p. 38.

i". CheliB and legs variegated blade

and yellow ; movable finger only
slightly exceeding carapace ;
fingers" strongly sinuate in J . . . •

L. mucronatus, p.

36.

21. Lychas mucronatus, Fuhr. Hut. Syst. Suppl. p. 294, 1798 (Scoi-pio) ;
Thorell, Ann. Mas. Genova, xxvii, p. 566, 1889 (Isometrus) ; Pocock,
in Weber, Iteise Niedevl. O.-Ind. iii, p. 85, pi. vi, fig. 1, 1893;
Thorell, Bull. Soc. ent. Ital. xxv, p. 368, 1894; Erae^}. Tierr.,
Scor]}. etc. p. 46, 1899 (Archisometrus) ; Kraep. Jh. Ilamh.
iviss. Aiist. viii, p. 223, 1891 (Archisometrus) : varius, C. Koch,
Arachn. xi, p. 29, fig. 864, 1845 (Tityus) ; Simon, Ann. Mus.
Genomi, xx, p. 362, 1884; Oates, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. iii, p. 245,
1888 (Isometrus) : atomariua, Oates, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. iii,
p. 245, 1888 (Patomarius, Smow, Ann. Mus. Genov. xx, p. 363,
1884) (Isometrus).

Colour yoUow varied with black : carapace ynth ocular tubercle
and interocular triangle black, the rest of it marked with irregular
greyish-black lines; terga black in the middle along the keel, a black
patch interrupted bv a yellow > -shaped mark on each side, and
six yellow spots separated by black spaces ; sterna yellow, with a
blackish patch on each side; tail darker posteriorly, the lower
surface lined with black, the posterior ends of the segments
blacker than the anterior ; vesicle uniformly deep brown ; mandibles
black; humerus of chela mottled with black above ; brachium mostly
black' above, yellow at the base ; hand yellow, with a few small
spots ; basal half of fingers black, distal end yellow.

2 .' Carapace a little shorter than 5th caudal segment, as long
as 1st and half the 2nd, granular throughout. Terga granular
throughout, with single median granular keel. Sterna smooth,
except the last, which is closely granular and furnished with a pan-
of median granular keels, the lateral keels obsolete. Tail about
five times as loug as the carapace, finely granular ; 2nd segment
almost as wide as long, 4th not twice as long as wide : median
lateral keel present, but weak on the 2nd segment ; vesicle granular
below ; spine beneath aculeus triangular, pointed. Chela: finely
granular, with granular crests ; hand almost smooth, with obsolete

LYCHAS.

37

finger-keel, a little naiTO\\'er tluin bracliiuiu, width a little less
thau length of iinderhaiul : digits in contact, not sinuate ; the
movable longer thau carapace, at least twice the length of the
underhand, armed wiih 6 row s of teeth, the basal very bug, extend-
ing over half the length of the finger; the outer row of teeth
9 "(8-10) in number ; the inner row only 5, situated iu the distal
haff. Legs externally granular, witli short tibial spurs. Pectinal
teeth about 21.

(J with tail a. little longer than in $ and stouter, the 5th
segment and vesicle being scarcely granular and the former not
carinate. Chela' with hand much inflated, considerably wider than
brachium ; the underliand more than half the length of the movable
digit, which is slightly sinuate and armed with a large tubercle
at the base ; immovable finger with its basal half strongly arched,
so that when closed at the tip a wide space is left between the
basal ends of the two fingers.

Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 58, carapace 6, tail 32,
underhand 3, movable finger 6-5, width of hand 2. d . Total
length 53, carapace 6, tail 33, underhand 4, movable finger 6-5,
■\vidth of hand 3.

Distribution. Occurring in abui] dance in both Upper and Lower
Burma and Tenasserim {Oates if- Fea), thence spreading eastwards
into China and Siam, and southwards over the islands of the Indo-
Malayan area as far as Flores.

22. Lychas scutilus, C. Koch, Arac/m. xii, p. 3, fig. 962, 1845 (Lychas) ;
Thorvll, Ami. Mns. Genova, xxvii, p. 52-5, 1889-1890; Pococh,
Jour. Linn. Sac, Zvol. xxiii, p. 435, 1890 (Isometrus) : scutatus,
C. Koch, Arachn. xii, p. 163 (index), 1845 (Lychas) ; Thorell, Bull.
Sac. ent. Ltal. xxv, p. 367, 1894 ; Kraep. Tierv., Scorp. etc. p. 44,
1899 (Arcliisometrus) : weberi, Karsch, Berlin, ent. Zeits. xxvi,
p. 184, 1882 (Isometrus) ; Kraep. Jb. Hanib. toiss. Anst. viii, p. 221,
1891 (Archisoraetnis) : mesor, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, xx,
p. 371, 1884 (Isometrus) : phipsoni, Oates, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc.
iii, p. 248, figs. 1, 2, 1888 (Isometrus).

$ . Colour : trunk much more uniformly fuscous above than in
miwronatus, the terga, however, marked with a pair of circular
yellow spots near the middle, and one on the posterior lateral
angles ; the last terguui mostly yellow, blackish only in front ;
anterior four caudal segments yellowish red above, last segment
and vesicle blackish ; chel* mostly yellow ; the extremity of the
brachium, the hand, and the basal half of the fingers blackish ;
legs yellowish, or blackish with yello\v tarsi. Carajjtice and terga a
little more coarsely granular than in L. mucronaiiis. Last sternum
■with 4 granular keels ; 3rd with rounded punctured spot iu the
middle of its hinder portion. Tail much longer and thinner,
about six times as long as the carapace ; 2nd segment more than
twice, 4th about three times as long as wide; keels stronger than
in mucronatus ; the inferior lateral edges of the 5th carinate.
Chelce with hand granular and distinctly carinate above, but

88

BUTniDiE.

nari'ower than in L. mucronatus, the width about half the length
o£ the underhand, the latter less than half the movable finger,
which is tootlied as iu L. mucronatiis. Tihud spurs quite short,
Pectinal teeth U> and upwards.

cJ . With sexual features very different from those of L. mucro-
natiis ; no yellow spot on 3rd sternum. Tail very long and slender,
more than nine times as long as the carapace. Chela' also longer
than in 2 , hut otherwise of the same form. Pectinal teeth up to 20.

Measurements in mm. — 5 . Total length 65, carapace 6, tail 37,
underhand 3, movable linger 7-8. d" • Total length 81, carapace
6, tail 57, movable finger 8.

Bistnhution. Southern Tenasserim (Oates), thence throughout the
Malay Peninsula into Sumatra, Java, and adjacent islands.

23. Lychas SCaher, Poeocl-, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. vii, p. 300, 1893 ;
Kraep. Jh. Hamb. wins. Anst. xii, p. 86, 1895 ; ill Tien:, Scorp.
etc. p. 51, 1899 (Archisometrus).

Colour : carapace yellow ; anteocular triangle and lateral margin,
as well as ocular tubercle and an obscure stripe on each side,
blackish; terga yellowish or brownish, with six yellow spots
separated by black intervals on the posterior border ; sterna, tail,
legs, and palpi yellowish or yellowish brown, scarcely mottled ;
the tail darker beneath posteriorly, the fingers darker in their basal
half. Carapace coarsely and evenly granular throughout except on
the tubercle, as long as the 1st + i the 2nd caudal segments,
shorter than tlie 5th. Terga also coarsely and closely granular
throughout. Sterna smooth, 2nd with median sensory area in ? ;
last granular throughout, with 4 granular crests, the external
short. Tail nearly five times as long as carapace, granular ; Isb and
2nd segments with 10 keels. Chela; granular and crested as in
L. mucronatiis ; hand \^'eakly keeled, small, narrower than brachium,
its width a little more than half the length of the underhand,-
which is less than half the movable digit, the latter longer than
carapace, armed almost as in L. mucronatus, with 8 external, 6
internal, and 6 median rows. Legs with short spurs. Pectinal
teeth 17-19 ( ? ), 19-21 ( d ).

S . Smaller than $ ; tail longer and thinner, about six tunes as-
long as the carapace, which is only as long as its 3rd segment, 5th-
segment practically smooth and keelless ; chelae with baud as wide
as brachium, underhand quite half the length of the movable digit ;
immovable digit slightly sinuate at base, movable not lobate.

Measurements in mm.— $ . Total length 36, carapace 4-5, tail 22,
cJ . Total length 37, carapace 3-5, tail 25.

Loc. S. India : Madras {Thurston), Secunderabad {Eicardo).

24. Lychas nigristernis, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 265^
1899 (Archisometrus).

Allied to L. mucronatus, wehcri, and scaler.

Colour varied black and yellow ; anteocular area ot carapace ancS

LYOHAS,

39-

mandibles black ; tail spotted and lined witii black, sterna marbled
with black; legs black and yellow ; clielsB with humerus black and
yellow, brachiiim entirely black ; hand and fingers yellow, with a
few spots of black on the outer surface of the hands. Carapace
and terga evenly granular throughout ; the latter with a single
median crest ; slema smooth, the last granular and furnished with
four keels. Tail about five times as long as the carapace,_lst
segment as wide as long, 4th twice as long as wide, intercarinal
spaces granular, keels strong and granular; terminal granule of
the upper keels of the 3rd and 4th segments, and in a lesser degree
of the 1st and 2nd, spiniform but small, median lateral crest absent
on the 3rd, weak and anteriorly abbreviated on the 2nd ; vesicle
coarsely granular below. Chelce with hand slender, narrower than
brachium ; underhand less than half the length of movable finger,,
which is longer than the carapace and furnished with 6 rows of
teeth as in mucronaius. Tibial spurs short. Pectinal teeth 15-16.
Sternum with shallow indentation along middle line.

Meamrements in mm. — Total length 37, carapace 4, tail 21..
movable finger 4-3.

Loc. Western Himalaya, Dehra Dun, 8000 ft. (Gleadow).

25. Lychas rugOSUS, Pocock, Jour. Bo^n. N. H. Soc. xi, p. Ill, 1897 ;;
Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 48, 1899 (Archisometrus).

Colour black, varied with yellow; frontal region of carapace black;
terga with four yellow marginal spots, an anterior median yellov\-
patch, yellow >"<-shaped marks, and submarginal yellow band ;
tail yellow, marked with black lines which posteriorly fuse
together ; humerus and brachium black, spotted with yellow ;
hand clear yellow ; fingers black with yellowish tips ; legs yellow
banded with black ; sterna pale, the 4th with a few spots on its
posterior border, the last indistinctly lined with black. Carapace
and tercja much more coarsely granular than in the other species,
carapace almost as long as the 1st and 2nd caudal segments, or as
the 5th. Terfja without lateral keels. Sterna coriaceous, 3rd and
4th distinctly granular throughout; the last with 4 granular crests.
Tail short and slender, about four and a half times as long as the
carapace ; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd segments with median lateral keel
complete ; the intercarinal spaces granular, the keels strong and
granular, the superior subspiniform apioally ; 1st segment about
as wide as long, 4th scarcely twice as long as wide ; vesicle smooth
below. Chelce with hand about as wide as brachium, smooth t
movable digit not twice as long as the underhand, shorter than
the carapace, armed with 8 rows of teeth, basal row quite short.
Tibial spurs short. Pectinal teeth 12. Tarsi with two rows of
bristles beneath.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 22, carapace 2-8, tail 12,
movable finger 2-5.

Loc. Eaipur, Central Provinces {Phipsoii).

40

BUTHTD.E.

26. Lychas tricarinatus, isimon, Ann. Mm. Genuva, xx, p. 371,
1884; I'ocock, Jour. Linn. Sue, Zool. xxiii, p. 43;{, 1890 (Iso-
inetras) ; Kmep.Jh. Ilamh. iviss. Anst. viii,p. 227, 1891 ; Pocock,
Jour. Bom. N. II. ISoc. vii, p. 301, 1892 : Kracp. Ticrr., Scorp.
etc. p. 60, 1899 (Arcbisometrus).

Colour variable, sometimes tolerably uniformly brownish yellow
throughout, sometimes blackish varied with yellow, but not so
strongly as in L. mucronakis, no bhick anteocular triangle as in
tliat species. Carapace \vith its anterior border less emarginate
than in L. mucronaius and L. scutilus. Terga 3-0 with distinct
though short latei-al crests. Last sternum with 4 finely granular
crests. Tail of much the same form as in L mwronatus, about
five times as long as the carapace; the sides of the segments
more convex, the median lateral keel on the 2nd stronger, and
a distinct supero-lateral granular keel on the 5th ; vesicle very
small, much smaller than in L. mucronatus, but more coarsely and
more serially granular below. Chelcu with crests on brachium
weaker ; hand without keels, narrow ; fingers very short, movable
much shoi'ter than carapace, longer than the underhand by
only one-fourth of its length, furnished with 6 rows of teeth, the
basal row long, but not half the length of the finger. Legs with
very long tibial spurs. Pectinal teeth 21-25 ( $ , c? ).

S differs from 2 in having the tail much longer, six or more times
the length of the carapace, the width of 1st segment about two-thirds
of its length ; carapace only slightly longer than the 1st caudal
■segment, aud much shorter thau the 4th. Hand a little wider
than the brachium ; fingers not quite in contact at the base, the
movable furnished Avith a lobe which fits into a sinuation of the
immovable.

Measurements in mm. (specimen from Madras). — $ . Total length
57, carapace 6, tail 32, finger 4-5. 6 ■ Total length 54, carapace
5, tail 35.

Distribution. Central and South India ; Bhopal (Dane) and
Kamptee (Caccia), Belgaum, Kanara (Dell), Mangalore (Dattie),
•and Trivandrum (Ferguson), Tanjore and Nellore (Popert), Madras
(Henderson) and Pondicherry ; Yercaud in the Shevaroy Hills
(Henderson), Nilgiri Hills (Daly).

Eepreseutatives of this species from the lowlands of the Madras
Presidency (i. e. Madras, Nellore, and Tanjore) are paler in colour
than those that are met with in the Deccan, Central India, the
Malabar coast, and the hilly areas of the Carnatic.

27. Lychas hendersoni, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. II. Soc. xi, p. Ill,
1897; Xraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 61, 1899 (Archisometi-us).

Allied to L. tricarinatus in having the tibial spurs long and the
cephalothoracic sternum small and indented throughout its length.

Colour: carapace black and yellow in about equal proportions ;
two pale spots on the front border as in L. iricarincitu^ ; terga
with median yellow patch, yellow >< -shaped marking, yellow

LYOHAS.

41

spot oil each side of middle line, and siibmarginal yellow stripe ;
last tergum densely varied with black and yellow ; sterna black at
the sides, the last black on the keels ; tail ornamented with black
patches above, below, and at the sides ; vesicle lined with black
below; chelae with humerus and brachium black, spotted with
yellow : hands and fingers entirely yellow ; legs also black, spotted
with yellow, yellower distally. Trunk and lail granular and cari-
uate as in L. trkunnatus, but no lateral keels on terga ; keels on
tail rather stronger, the median lateral on the 3rd being more
distinct, tlie superior lateral on the 1st stronger, with the dorsal
area of the segment rising considerably above it ; vesicle small as
in L. tricarinatits. Chelce with fingers much longer than in
L. tricariiiatus, the movable more than twice the length o£ the
hand-back, toothed as in L. tricarinatus. Pectinal teeth 17-18.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 34, carapace 3-5, tail 18*5,
movable digit 4.

Loc. S. India : Tercaud in the Shevaroy Hills (Henderson).

28. Lychas shoplandi, Oates, Jo%u: Bom. N. H. Soc. iii, p. 246, fig. 7,

1888 ; Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxvii, p. 56i, 1889 ; Pocock,
Jvur. Limi. Soc, Zool. xxiii, p. 434, 1890 (Isometrus) ; Kraq).
Jb. Hamb. iviss. Anst. viii, p. i'lo, 1891 ; Pocock, Jour. Pom. N.
H. Soc. vii, p. 303, 1892 (Ai-cbisometriis).

Nearly allied to L. tricarinatus, but with upper side of trunk
either entirely black or with faint yellow marks ; legs, chelre, and
upper side of tail reddish yellow ; lower side of caudal segments
with keels, area between median keels and posterior half of area
between median and lateral keels black. Upper side of trunk
more coarsely granular than in L. tricarinatus • some large granules
along the front edge of the carapace and in front of the median
eyes ; lateral crests on terga represented by one or two larger
granules. Terminal granules of superior caudal keels not so large ;
no distinct supero-lateral granular crest on the 5th segment ;
vesicle distinctly larger. In the chelae the hand is more globular
and the lingers more curved, the movable being about twice or
less than twice the length of the underhand.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 58, carapace 5-8, tail 31,
movable finger 5.

Loc. Lower Burma : Palone 53 miles north of Kangoon ; Entagaw
near Pegu (Oates) ; Prome (Pea).

29. Lychas Isevifrons, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xi, p. 113,

1897; Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. p. 50, 1899 (Archisometru.s) : shop-
landi, Pocock, Jour. Linn. Soc, Zool. xxiii, p. 435, 1891 ; id. Jour.
Bom. N. H. Soc. vii, p. 301, 1892 (Isometrus) (nec shoplandi,
Oates).

Nearly allied to L. shoplandi, but the legs marbled with black ;
the terga marked with a yellow median keel, a patch of the same
on the postero-lateral angle, and yellow > < -shaped marks. The

42

buthid;e.

I'fontal area of the carapace is still smoother, the lai'ge granules
noticeable iu L. slioplandi being practically absent, the anterior
border being polished and glossy ; the supero-lateral keel on the
5th caudal segment and tliat on the upper side of the brachium
are stronger and more granular, and the fingers of the hand are
longer, the. movable being more than twice the length of the
underhand, the two together being considerably longer than
the Ist, 2nd, and 5th caudal segments. In L. shoplandi they are
subequal. Pectinal teeth 22.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 32, carapace 4, tail 20,
movable fincier 4,

Loc, Calcutta.

30. Lychas feae, Tlwrell, Ann. Mvs. Genova, xxvii, ]>. 569, 1889
(IsometnisJ ; Kraep. Tien:, Scorp. p. 51, 1899 (Arcliisometrus).

Allied to L. shoplandi and Icevifrons, with, long tibial spurs and
deeply impressed sternum. Colour of carapace and terga black ;
sterna marginally black, the last almost entirely black, yellowish
along the lateral and posterior margin, and marked with a crescentic
yellow stripe in front ; tail nearly black, the segments yellow in
front ; vesicle yellow ; humerus of chela yellow, with a few small
spots at its distal end ; brachium yellow, with its upper surface
mostly black ; hand black all over, fingers yellow, also a black
spot on upper side of trochanter of chela ; coxa of chela black
apically and externally ; legs almost entirely black externally.
Carapace and terga granular as in L. slioplandi, but no large
isolated granule representing lateral crest such as is seen in both
adults and young of L. shoplandi. Tail as in the latter, but more
closely granular. Pectinal teeth 20.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 26, carapace 3, tail 15.

Loc. Burma : Shwegoo, near Bhamo {Feci).

Although the only known specimen of this species is certainly
young, it represents a form differing in the blackness of its appen-
dages and tail from the young of L. slioplandi, which resemble the
adults in colour. •

Subfamily CENTRURIN^.

Centrm'ini, Pocock, A. M. iV. S. (6) xvii, p. 428, 1896 ; Kraep,
Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 64, 1899 ( = Isometrini and Centrm'mi, Kraep.
Jh. Hamb. loiss. Anst. viii, p. 149, 1891).

Legs of 3rd and 4th pairs without tibial spurs.

Distribution. Eastern Mediterranean area. (Plesiohutlms); Oriental
Region, thence eastwards as far as Australia (Isometrits); Sonoran
and Neotropical Regions {Zahius, Titijvs, and Centrurus).

PLESIOBUTHUS.

The two known British Indian genera* may be tabulated as-
follows : —

a. No vesicular spiue beneath aculeus ; terga

tricostate; protavsi of anterior legs de-

pressed and thickly fringed with hairs. . . . Plesiobuthus, p. 4d.

b. A strong vesicular spiue beneath aculeus ;

terga with only one median crest, protarsi
of anterior legs not depressed and not
fringed with hairs Isometbcs, p. 44.

PLESIOBUTHUS, gen. nov.
Superficially closely resembling Buthiis.

Anterior pedal sj)ur very long, stout, undivided but hairy, much
larger than the posterior "spur ; a conspicuous spiniforin process'
from the protarsus projecting downwards alongside the posterior
spur, so that there appear to be three pedal spurs. Protarsus
of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd legs strongly depressed, with sharp fringed
posterior edge ; tarsi also depressed though to a lesser extent,
and hairy; claw-lobe very short and tuberculiform ; claws very
long, nearly as long as the tarsus and nearly straight. Immovable
fang of mandible armed below with 1 or 2 teeth. Tinger of
chela armed with many rows of teeth, the enlarged teeth of
the inner series placed near the middle of the rows of the median
series. Carapace with straight anterior border, four lateral
eyes on each side and carinate ocular tubercle, but without other
keels. Terga tricostate, lateral crests weak. Tail as in Butlius,
but somewhat depressed, the supero-lateral keels very strong on
segments 1-3 ; vesicle without spine beneath aculeus. Sterrtum
triangular.

Type and only known species, P. paradoxus.
Distribution. Northern Baluchistan.

This genus so closely resembles Butlius in a general way and
particularly that species, inhabiting the same area, which Birula
has recently made the type of his subgenus (? genus) Liohuthus,
that it is hard to believe the likeness is not due to actual affinity.
The resemblance, however, is exactly paralleled by that which
obtains between Isometrus and Lychas ; and this, in the present
state of our knowledge touching the constancy of the tibial
spurs, is assumed to be due to similarity of surroundings and
mode of life ; and since the resemblance in the latter case is
attributed to the causes named, there appears to be no logical
ground for doubting their efficacy in producing the similarity
observable between Plesiobutlms and Liohuthus. But if in the
future it he shown that the tibial spurs have been lost indepen-

* In the British Museum there is an example of a Central-American species
of Cenimnis {C. infamaius) ticketed Ceylon. This locality is prooably
erroneous, and due to the misplacement of a label. If accurate the specimen
must ha\e been artificially introduced, and need not be considered in the
present work.

44

BUTHIDJE.

dently by FlesiohutJius and Jsonietrus, the former being a de-
scendant of Buthus and the latter of Lyclias, it will be difficult
to find valid reasons for upbolding the groups Buthinie and
Centrurinte.

31 . Plesiobuthus paradoxus, sp. u.

Colour mostly a fairly uniform yellow ; ocular tubercle and
froutal area of carapace iufuscate ; middle line of tail and its
superior and supero-lateral crests, as well as the sides of the

vesicle and the three iuferior
Iceels of the 5th caudal seg-
ment, infuscate ; chelaj and
legs yellow, with keels infus-
cate. Carajtace as long as
the 5th caudal segment; finely
granular. Terga closely gran-
ular. Sterna smooth, finely
granular at the sides ; the
last with two granular crests,
the median pair being obso-
lete. Tail about five and a
half times as long as the
carapace, the first three seg-
ments subequal in width,
4th much narrower than 3rd
and 5th than 4th ; median
lateral keel present only on
the posterior half of the 1st
segment, absent on the rest ;
iuferior median keels smooth on segments 1 and 2, scarcely
granular on 3 and 4; the rest of the keels granular: intercarinal
spaces of tail smooth, or at most finely granular; vesicle narrower
than 5th segment, smooth, punctured below ; aculeus long and
lightly curved. Chelai with humerus, bra(jhium, and hand granu-
larly crested ; hand wider than brachium ; underhand about half
the length of the movable digit ; movable digit much longer than
carapace, armed with 11 rows of teeth. Legs with femora and
patellae armed with granular crests. Pectines long, furnished with
37 teeth.

3Ieasuremenfs in mm. — Total length 56, carapace 6, tail 34,
movable digit 6"5.

Log. Northern Baluchistan {Maynard ^- MucMulion).

Genus ISOMETRUS, Hempr. & Ehrenb.

Isometvus, Hempr. ^- Mr. Symh. Thi/s., Scarp. ]). 3, 1828; also
of Thorell, Earsch, Simon, Pocock, etc. (in part) prior to 1891;
Kraepelin, Jb. Hamb. wise. Anst. viii, p. 244, 1891, aud of
.subsequent author.?.

Terga of carapace w ith only a median keel. Tail with a large

0. B. A.

Fig. 11 .—Plesiobuthus -paradoxtis.

A. Extremity of Srd leg, from above.
B. Ditto, from the side. 0. Vesicle
and aculeu.s.

ISOMETRLS.

45

spine or vesicle beneath the aculeus. Lui movable finger of mandible
armed beneath with 1 tooth. Finger of chela armed with only
about five or six median rows ol: teeth set end to end without-
overlapping, also with an inner series consisting of six large
teeth set close to the apices of the median rows, and an outer
series of large teeth corresponding to those of the inner series,
and placed in a straight transverse line with them. _ Protarsal
segments of legs cylindrical, sparsely and irregularly hairy.
Type, J. ewojicms, Linn.

Distvihution. Oriental Eegion, from India as far east as Queens-
land. (The typical species, /. euro^pcms, has been transported all
over the tropics and even to Europe in connection with shipping.^

Synopsis of Indian Species.

fl. Postal ior sm-f ace of brachiiim rounded, mtliout ^

crests ; 5tli caudal segment wide and lii!>-h . . I. rupdulus, p. oi.
6. Posterioi' surface of brachium distinctly ciri-
nate ; 6tU caudal segment low and narrow.
a\ Aculeus short, uot more than half the
length of the vesicle; tarsi furnished
with two rows of bristles; pectinal teeth
12-10.

a-. Dorsal keels of 2ud and .3rd caudal seg-
ments armed posteriorly with au up-
standing spine ; pectinarteeth 16 /. acanthurus, p. 51,

h-. Dorsal keels of caudal segments not fur-
nished with posterior upstanding spine ;
pectinal teeth 12-14.
a^. Vesicular spine acutely angular: dor.sal
surface of abdomen ornamented with
a pair of complete longitudinal pale

Ijands vittatus, p. 50.

6^. Vesicular spine with rounded apex :
dorsal surface of abdomen not orna-
mented with two complete longi-
tndinal yellow bands.
a^. Colour black, variegated vAt\\ yel-
low ; tail and hand thinner I. brachycentvus,

b K Colour yellow, varieo-ated with black ; [p. 50.

tail and hand thicker /. basilicus, p. 49.

b^. Aculeus long, nearly as long as vesicle;
tarsi thickly hairy beneath.
Superior "keels of 2nd and 3rd caudal
segments ending in au acute upstanding
spine ; last abdominal sternum with

■ only a pair of crests /. (iss<ime7is>s, p. ^8.

6'. Superior keels of 2nd and -Srd caudal
segments not spined : last abdominal
sternum with four crests.
a°. Pectines in J furnished at base with

rounded expansion above hrst tooth. . /. tltvaitcsi, p 48.
7/. Pectines iu 5 without lobate basal
expansion.
a~. Pectinal teeth 15-16 ; ante-ocular

46

BUTIUUjE.

areii witli a median elongate yellow

patch ; hand in cj thick /. thursloai, p. 4".

V. Pectinal teeth 17-19; ante-ocular
area with a large triangular yellow
patch; hand in S thin I. curojueiis, \). 46.

32. Isometrus europseus, Linn.Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 625,1758 (Scorpio) ;
Lonnhery, A.M. N.H. (7) i, p. 86, 1897 (Isometrus): macula! us,
De Geer, Mem. Hist. Ins. vii, p. 346, pi. xh, figs, d & 10, 1778
(Scorpio); C. L. Koch, Arachn. xii, p. 1, fig. 960, 1845 (Lychas) ;
Thurell, A. M. N. H. (4) xvii, p. 8, 1876 ; Simon, Ann. Mua. Genov.
XX, p. 370, 1884 ; Oates, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. iii, p. 260, figs. 3, 4,
1888; Kraep. Jb. Hamh. toiss. Atist. viii, p. 245, 1891 (Isometrus) :
dentatus & americanus, Herhst, Nat. Unyejiugelt. Ins. iv, pp. 55
& 60, pi. vi, figs. 2, 3, 1800 (Scorpio) : filum, Henipr. S,- Ehrenb.
Symb. Phys., Scarp, p. 3, t. i, fig. 3, 1828 (Buthus (Isometrus)).

Colour yellow varied with blaclc ; carapace marked in front
with an anteriorly-expanding triangular yellow patch reaching the
anterior border. " Terga ornamented along the posterior border
with five black spots, sepai-ated by six spots of a clear yellow tint.
Sterna yellow, the last obsoletely lined with black. On the tail
the black on the upper side is represented mostly by small spots
along the keels ; on the under side, the black forms a network ;
hand externally spotted : fingers brown, black at base, yellow at
tips.

$ . Oar-apace evenly granular throughout ; about as long as the
1st and half the 2nd caudal segments or as the 4th. Terga evenly

granular. Sterna smooth, the last
granular throughout, with four
granular crests. Tail slender,
about five and a half times the
length of the carapace, evenly
granular ; 1st segment longer than
wide, 4th about three times as
long as wide ; median lateral keel
practically absent on the 2nd :
vesicle (fig. 12, A) granular below ;
the spine triangular-pointed, fur-
nished with a single anterior
denticle, separated at its origin
from the aculeus by a space equal
to the thickness of its own base or
of that of the aculeus. CJielce
finely granular and gi'anulai'ly
crested; brachium Avith an upper
and a median crest on its posterior
side; hand smooth, keelless, scarcely
as wide as brachium; underhand
less than half the length of the movable finger, which is longer
than the carapace. Pectinal teeth 17-19 ( cj , $ )•

A.

B.

0.

Kg. 12. — A. Isometrus europcBUs:

vesicle and aculeus.
B. Ditto: extremity of chela of

male.

■0. Isometrus thurstoni : extremity
of chela.

ISOMBTllL'S.

47

cJ with well-marked secondary sexual characters. Ttdl ex-
ceedingly long, eight times as long as carapace; 1st caudal segment
more than twice as long as wide, 4th about one and a halt' times
as long as carapace and five times as long as wide. Ohelce also
very long and slender ; hand (fig. 12, B) slender, parallel-sided,
not wider than brachium, its wddth about one-third the length of
the underhand, which is at least two-thirds the length of the
movable finger.

Measurements in mm. (specimens from Bombay). — J . Total
length 49, carapace 5, tail 28, underhand 2-5, movable finger 6.
iS . Total length 62, carapace 5, tail 42, underhand 4-5, movable
finger 7.

Loc. Introduced in connection with shipping from the Oriental
Region all over the tropical and subtropical j^arts of Asia, Africa,
and America. So far as British India is concerned, the species
has been found iu Bombay, Karachi, Ceylon (Trincomali and
Peradeniya), Burma (Eangoon, Akyab, &c.), and the Andaman
Islands.

The wide distribution and sexual variability of this species
account, to a great extent, for its long list of synonyms.

33. Isometrus thurstoni, Fucock, Jour. Bom. N. n. Soc. vii, p. 297,
1893 ; Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 67, 1899.

Allied to the preceding.

$ . Coloured very much as iu I. europceus, but the yellow tri-
angle in front of the ocular tubercle reduced to a small spot, which
is slightly broader behind than in front and does not quite reach
the anterior margin ; the ground-colour of the body and its
appendages is darker, the median longitudinal band on the terga
more conspicuous, whereas the tail, legs, and chelae are not so
variegated, being of a more uniform yellowish-brown tint. Struc-
turally the $ much resembles that of /. europceun, but the vesicle
is very noticeably stouter ; the spine smaller and farther re-
moved from the base of the aculeus. Hand larger than in /. euro-
pceus, as wide as brachium ; length of underhand at least half
that of movable digit. Pectinal teeth 14-16.

cJ . Differing from cS of /. euvopceus in the same characters of
colour and form of vesicle as the ? , and sexually modified in much
the same way, with tail and chelas long. The tail, however, is
not so long as in /. em-opcem, about 7^ times as long as the
carapace ; 4th segment not four times as long as wide. Chelae
differing from those of /. europceus in having the brachium only
about four times as long as wide, the hand (fig. 12, C) inflated,
much wider than the brachium, its width at least half the length
of the underhand, and the immovable finger sinuous in the proximal
half, so that when closed the two are not in contact at base.

Measurements in mm. of cJ (type) from Shevaroy Ilills. — Total
length 67, carapace 6, tail 45, underhand 5, width of hand 2-5.

48

BUTHIDiK.

Loc. Froiii Central India (Bhopal, Dane) soutliwai'ds through
Belgaum and the Kolhapur State {Wray), into the Madras Pre-
sidency : Ciiddapah {Popert), Coonoor, Yercaud in the (Shevaroy
Hills {Henderson), Trichinopoly {Popert), and Tinnovolly {Barber).
Tijere are also two specimens in the British Museum labelled
Ceylon.

Immature examples of this species are difficult to distinguish
from those of the preceding. Moreover, the sexual characters of
the male seldom attain the development presented by the type.
Nevertheless, the cheliB never approach the form characteristic of
the male of eurojjcsus.

34. Isometrus assamensis, Oates, Jour. Bom. N. II. Sac iii, p. 2.j0,
1888 ; Pocock, in Weber's Iteise Niederl. O.-Ind. iii, p. 90, 1893.

5 . Coloured almost as in /. europcexis, but with the yellow ante-
ocular triangle practically obliterated and the tail much less
spotted, the 5th segment being a deep uniform brown all over
and the brown on the others restricted to the under surface and
to the posterior end of the lateral surface. Chela3 and legs
less spotted than in I. maculatus ; patell* of legs with only two
black bands. Much smaller than I. europceus ; carapace more
deeply emarginate in front. Last sternum of abdomen with a
pair of keels only, the mediau pair obsolete. Tail about five
times as long as the carapace, granular and carinate as in
I. europceus, but the superior keels of the 2nd and 3rd segments
each ending in a distinct spiniform tubercle ; vesicle almost as m
I europceus, but neither the spine nor the aculeus so long as in
that species. Clielce with brachiiun broader as compared \Y\t\x its
length and finger shorter than in I. euroj>aius, the finger as long
as the carapace and about twice the length of the underhand.

Peciinal teeth ( 6 , ? )• ■ -r- i. i i

J Tail about six times as long as carapace ; spnnf orm tubercles
on 2nd and 3rd segments larger than in $ ; vesicle more parallel-
sided than in /. eurojxeus, the posterior (inferior) border of the
spine and vesicle in the same straight line, whereas in J. maculatus
the vesicle diverges at an obtuse angle. Chelce practically re-
sembling those of the S , and not strikingly modified as in
/ europceus and I. ihurstoni. . ■! oo

■ Measurements in mm.— ? . Total length 36, carapace 4, tail 22.

^ Total length 35, carapace 3-2, tail 22.
Loc. N.B. India : Dhubri in Assam {Smart).

35 Isometrus thwaitesi, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xi, p. 114,
1897 ; Kraep. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 67, 1899.
Much resembling I. europceus in colour ; hut the ocular tubercle
marked with a median yellow stripe, and the anterior blark patch
Tives off an obliquely longitudinal black sti-ipe, Nvhich runs forwards
?nd inwards to meet its fellow of the opposite side in the middle

ISOMETHUS.

of the anterior border ; the black on the tail forms a more distinct

network, surrounding circular oi'
oval yellow spots ; vesicle black,
with round yellow spots ; the
chela), too, including the hands
and Sngers, are black with round
yellow spots. Structural features-
practically as in /. eurojio'us^
though the brachium is a little
broader as compared with its
length, being very perceptibly
broader than the hand. Differing
from the rest of the species in
possessing a semicircular lobate
expansion at the base of the
shaft of the pectines, such as is-
Tarsus and estremiry o'rpTOtersus i|i the allied American

of 4th leg of Isometrus ewopceus. genus Tityiis, where it is confined

to the female.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 34, carapace 3'8, tail 22.
Loc. Ceylon (Thwaites).

Fig. 13. — A. Base of peoten showing

lobe (a) of Isometms thwaitcsii.
B. ~ ■ ■■ - ■

A.

B.

36. Isometrus hasilicus, Karsch, MT. Munch, ent. Ver. in, p. 11-3,.
1879 ; Simon, Ann. Mus. Genov. xx, p. 370, 1884 ; Kraep. Jh.
Hamh. Wiss. Anst. xiii, p. 127, 1896 ; id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 68,
1899.

Colour variegated yellow and black, yellow predominating ; ante-
ocular area of carapace mostly yellow ; terga with median keel,
lateral border, ><-shaped marks, and a round spot on each side
of the middle line yellow ; sterna yellow, marbled with black ;.

tail j'ellow, darker posterioi'ly,
slightly spotted laterally, more
strongly lined beneath with black,
vesicle slightly spotted below ;.
chelse yellow, a few black spots
on humerus, brachium, and hand;
hand at base of immovable finger
black ; fingers black, with yellow
tips ; legs yellow, with a few black
spots.

$ . Carapace granular through-
out, only a little shorter than the
1st and 2nd caudal segments and
quite as long as the 5th. Tergu
granular, like the carapace. Last
sternum with the median pair of
keels obsolete, the laterals complete. Tail short, only a little more
than four times as long as the carapace ; 1st segment about as loner
as wide, 4th less than 5th, a little more than twice as long as widel

Fig. 14. — Isometrus hasilicus, (J .

Vesicle and aculeus.
Extremity of chela.

-50

UI'TUlD.r^.

intercarinal spaces scarcely grauular ; keels evenly granular ;
■vesicle with spine not acute, wide at the base, its free edge semi-
circulai'ly rounded, armed in front with four small denticles, close
to aculeus, the intervening distance less than half the thickness of
the base of the aculeus ; aculeus very short, barely half the length of
the vesicle. Chelce \A'eakly granular ; brachium armed in front
with some half-dozen tooth-like tubercles ; hand keeled, distinctly
wider than brachium, width more than half the underhand ; the
latter nearly as long as the movable digit, which i.s about equal
to the carapace and furnished with 6 rows of teeth. Tarsi
furnished beneath with two rows of hairs. Pectinal teeth 13-14.

cJ . Tail very long, more than six times the length of the carapace,
which is equal to its 2nd segment ; 1st segment about twice, 4th
about three times as long as wide ; keels and intercarinal spaces
smoother than in $ , superior keels of 2nd and 3rd segments each
ending in a triangular tooth ; chelaj with hand smoother and a little
thicker and longer than in $ , the length of the underhand being
equal to that of the movable finger.

Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 40, carapace 4-5, tail 23.
cj . Total length 56, carapace 5, tail 38.

Loc. Ceylon : Peradeniya (Sarasin), Haldumullah (Green).

S7. Isometrus brachycentruSj Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Hoc. xii,
p. 263, 1899.

$ . Nearly allied to the preceding, but much darker in colour.
Upper side of trunk deep blackish brown, anteocular area of
carapace black; terga with a clear circular spot on each side of
the middle line, also a paler lateral submarginalband ; tail reddish
brown, the median inferior intercarinal space marked with a black
stripe '; 5th segment, with exception of its anterior part, eutu-ely
black ;' chelte mostly a uniform reddish brown or clearer reddish
yellow ; legs strongly iufuscate externally, the femur and patella of
the posterior legs being almost wholly black with only one or two
yellow spots ; abdominal sterna, except the 5tb, not infuscate.
Structurally almost as in I. basilicus, but the tail thinner, about
six times as long as the carapace, the 1st segment longer than wide,
the 4th a little more than twice as long as wide. Chelce also as m
/. hasUicus, but hand a Httle smaller, scarcely exceeding brachium
in width. Pectinal teeth 12.

Measurements in «im.— Total length 42, carapace 4, tail 24.

Loc. Mangalore (JBattie) and Kanara (Bell), on the Malabar coast.

38. Isometrus vittatus, sp. n.

P Colour : carapace varied with yellow and brown ; upper side
of abdomen with two complete yellow bands, separated from each
other by a complete median bro\^'n band about equal to them in
%vidth, and from the external margin by a similar brown band ; sterna
pale • tail uniformly yeUomsh brown, a little darker posteriorly ;
chelae with humerus and hand pale ; brachium, except for its pale

ISOMEIBUS.

51

'basal portion, and base of digits infuscate ; legs externally varie-
gated. Upper side of hody closely and entirely covered with
larger and smaller granules ; a row of coarser granules along
posterior border of tenja ; Xaststernnm closely granular tliroughout,
and fiu-nished with four granular keel'!. Tail slender, about four
times as long as carapace, closely granular, normally keeled ;
median lateral keel present only on 1st segment, merely represented
■on the 2ud posteriorly by about three granules ; vesicle smooth,
long, about twice as long as aculeus ; spine large, triangularly
pointed, its inferior edge continuous with the corresponding edge
of the vesicle, its upper edge furnished with a pair of tubercles ;
distance between spine and base of aculeus scarcely equal to diameter
■of base of aculeus; aculeus moderately long. Chelce with humerus
;and braehium granular and normally keeled ; brachium wide, only
twice as long as wide, and furnished in front with about half-a-
dozen denticles; hand large, wider than brachium, smooth, not
.crested; fingers short, in contact, movable only slightly longer
than underhand, furnished with 7 rows of teeth. Fectinal teeth
12-13. 'Tarsi furnished below with a few setae, arranged in two
irows.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 23, tail 13, carapace 3.
Loc. Madras (Henderson).
A single female example.

:39. Isometrus acanthurus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. 2^. II. Soc. xii, p. -IQA,
1899.

t? . Allied to the preceding species, and most nearly resembling
I. basilicus ia colour. Carapace lined with black ; anteocular
region black, with a few small yellow spots ; terga with six yellow
:and five black longitudinal bands ; 4th and 5th sternal plates lined
with black ; tail delicately lined with black ; chelse and legs yellow
■spotted with black, black on brachium predominating and circum-
scribing definite yellow spots ; hand almost entirely yellow, not
black at base of fingers ; fingers not black, but yellow and spotted
with black. Upper side of ti-unJc granular, and crested as in
the preceding species; carapace as long as the 2nd caudal segment ;
5th abdominal sternum marked with four complete and equal
granular keels. Tail long and slender, about seven times the
length of the carapace ; keels stronger than in /. basilicus, and the
terminal granule on the superior keels on 2nd and 3rd segments
long, erect, and spiniform ; vesicle with coarsely granular crests
below ; spine not so thick as in the preceding species, triangular,
but with blunt, not rounded or sharp apex, armed with only two
denticles ; aculeus short and curved. Chela} much as in I. basilicus,
but the front of the brachium normally crested and subdenticulate,
not furnished with a few large teeth ; hand smooth, wider than
brachium, its width about half the length of the underhand; movable
digit as long as underhand, not so long as carapace, furnished with
7 rows of teeth. Pectinal teeth 16.

52

lilTHtlJ.T:.

Measuremenls in mm. — Total length 139, carapace 4, tail 27.
Loc. Matheran (Phi/ison).
Female unknown.

40. Isometrus rigidulus, Pocock, Joum. Horn. N. II. Sue xi, p. ll-S,
1897 ; Krcwp. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 6(j, 1899.

Colour varied yellow and black ; anteocular area of carapace
black, with two small yellow spots in front of the black tubercle ;
terga yellowish round the margins, and with yellow >< -shaped
marks ; sterna weakly infuscate at the margins, the 4th and 5t]i
also infuscate mesially ; tail weakly lined with black below, black
increasing in amount on the posterior segments, the 5th being
almost entirely black ; vesicle variegated ; chelae M'ith humerus and
brachium black, yellow-spotted ; hand and fingers yellow, black-
spotted. Carapace and terga coarsely and evenly granular through-
out ; carapace as long as 5th caudal segment, longer than 1st and
half the 2nd. Sterna smooth, the last granular throughout, with
four granular keels. Tail about five times as long as carapace, 1st
segment about as long as wide, 4th about twice as long as wide ;
intercarinal spaces closely and rather coarsely granular throughout ;
keels strong, coarsely granular, dorsal keel of 3rd ending in a long
and strong upstanding spine ; 5th segment dorsally much elevated,
so that the height of the segment is greater thaji the width and
neai'ly half the length ; vesicle coarsely gi-anular below, the spine
triangular, pointed, armed with one tooth, and separated from the
aculeus by a space which nearly equals the width of the latter ;
aculeus more than half the length of the vesicle. Chela; : brachium
without crests on its posterior surface, which is rounded, upper
crests granular ; hand smooth, about as wide as the brachium ;
movable finger about as long as the carapace and one foui'th longer
than the underhand, furnished with 7 rows of teeth. Tarsi
furnished beneath with 2 rows of long setse. Pectinal teeth
13-15.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 29, carapace 3, tail 15.
Loc. Central India : Bhopal {Bane).

The following species belonging to the family Buthidse is of
doubtful generic position, though probably referable to Lijclias or
Iftometrus, and very possibly specifically identical with Isometrus
europceus : —

Scoi-pio (Atreus) spinax, Gervais, Arch. Mus. Paris, iv, p. 225,
1844.

Total length 53 mm., tail 30. A siugle dorsal keel. Pectuial
teeth 19.
Loc. India.

53

Family CHtERILID.E.

Pedal spurs two, us in the Buthida;; but the anterior never
double. Sternum cephalothorax pentagonal, parallel-sided, with'
a posterior rounded median pit : as long as wide or longer than
wide. Pedines very shorr. scarcely segmented. Maxillarij pro-
cesses of 1st pair of legs (fig. 15, f()expanded at the anterior extremity,
with broadly truncate anterior border. Stigmata (fig. 15, c) circular.
<7arrt»ac(;narrowedin l'ront,its anterior border ti-ansversely truncate;

Fig. 15. — Lower side of cephalothorax and
of anterior abdominal somites of Chcerilus,
showing (a) the expanded maxillary process
of the 1st leg; (J) the unsegmented shaft
of the pecten, and (c) the circular stigma.

Fig. 16.

Carapace of C}i(srilus.

two lateral eyes on each side, and beneath them an amber-coloured
spot. Movable and immovable fingers of mandible armed below
with a series of small teeth. Pingers of chelce never lobate,
furnished with many overlapping rows of small teeth, the terminal
tooth of each series on the outer side enlarged. Tarsi (fig. 5 B, p. 8)
furnished beneath with two series of stout bristles and a median
•series of very fine spicules. Males usually with longer narrower
chelfe than females, and slightly or considerably longer tail; vesicle
of tail sometimes much modified in male.

Genus CH.iERILUS, Simon.

Chferilus, Simon, Ann. /S'oc. Unt. France (5), vii, p. :^;58, 1877 ;
Karsch, MT. Munch. Ent. Ver. ill, p. 10], 1879; Focock, in
Weber'slteise Niederl. O.-Ind.iu,^. 91, 1890; Eraejielin, Jb. Humb,
Wiss. Anst. xi, p. 141, 1894; id. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 157, 1899.

Chelomachus, Thorell, Ann. Mm. Genova, xxvii, p. 583, 1889.

Uromachus, PococJc, A. M. N. H. (6) v, p. 260, 1890.

54

Characters of the family.

BistriJmtion. Ceylon ; Himalayas fi'om Kashmir to Assam
Burma, Malacca, Sunialra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes.

The genus Ghelotnaclms M'as based upon a character occurri7ag in
an immature individual; Uromachus upon the peculiar form of
vesicle found in the male of the species described below as Chcrilus
pictus.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

n. Hand furnished with only five Iceels, three

above and two bordering the imderband

below; last abdominal sternum with four

granular crests ; crests on band marlced

with a single row of shining granules,

which are much more conspicuous than

those covering the rest of the surface ;

length of fingers and granulation of cara-
pace as under b' C. tricostatus, p. 59.

b. Hand furnished with seven Iveels (in addition

to a weak crest on its inner surface), five

on its upper surface and two bordering

the underhand below ; last abdominal

sternum without crests ; granules on keels

of hand small and close-set, not or hardly

larger than those covering the rest of its

surface.

a'. Ocidar tubercle and anteocuhir area of
carapace closely covered with granules ;
fingers veiy short, the movable strongly
curved, shorter than width of hand and
much shorter than carapace ; width of
immovable at base about two-thirds of

its length C. ceylonensis, p. 62;

v. Ocular tubercle and at least the posterior
half of the auteocular area of the carapace
smooth ; fingers longer, the movable
lightly curved, exceeding the width of
the hand, and at most only a little less
than the carapace ; basal width of im-
movable less than half its length,
rt'-. Vesicle inflated, when viewed from the
side not passing gradually and vdthout
constriction into the aculeus ; base of
aculeus subcylindrical, much narrower
than adjacent portion of the vesicle
and much longer than wide.
d^. Chelffi long ; humerus, brachium, aud
underhand subequal to or longer
than the carapace ; pectines large,
their length from base of sbaft to
tip of apical tooth about as long as
patella of Srd leg.
ct\ Width of 1st caudnl segment ex-
ceeding length of 4th ; 2nd caudal
segment longer than v\-ide ;

OHyETlILUS.

55

C. marf/aritatus <S ,

[p. 58,

[p. 57.

hunienis, bvacliiiim, and imder-
Imndall excucding leugth of cara-
pace ; luimerus more tbau twice as
long as wide ; width of hand less
than half the length of the under-
hand ; terga smooth C. insujnis S , P-

!)'. Width of 1st caudal segment equal
to length of 4th, 2nd mder than
long ; hmuerua shorter than bra-
chium, and underhand equal to
length of carapace ; width of hand
always more than half the length
of underhand.
a'\ Terga smooth, only obsoletely
granular ; frontal area of cara-
pace weakly granular anteri-
orly ; inferior median keels of
2nd caudal segment granular . .
b\ Terga very distinctly and closely
granular throughout, frontal
area of carapace coarsely gran-
ular anteriorly ; inferior median
keel of 2nd' caudal segment

smooth C. anthracinus <S ,

. Chelfe short ; humerus, bracbium,
and underhand considerably shorter
than carapace; pectines small,
length from base of shaft to tip of
apical tooth much less than patella
of 3rd leg.
fl". Abdominal terga so densely and
imilbrmly covered throughout
with granules that no visible inter-
spaces are left ; trunk and chelte
blackish, legs yellowish brown . .
b". Abdominal terga studded with
pearl-like granules separated by
very distinct interspaces ; body
and chelfe dull brown.
a'. Frontal area of carapace weaklj'
granular throughout, the gran-
ules at most only a little
coarser anteriorly ; hand wider,
its width about equal to length
of humerus ; trunk and limbs

unifoi-mly coloured C. manjaritatus 9. ,

h~. Frontal area of carapace smooth [p. 58.

behind, coarsely granular an-
teriorly ; hand narrower, its
width noticeably less than
length of humerus ; trunk and

limbs variegated C. yranosus, p. 56.

"Vesicle much less inflated, flatter
beneath, as high as 5tli caudal seg-
ment, and, when viewed from the side,
passing gradually and without constric-
tion into the aculeus ; aculeus less

C. anthracinus 5,

[p. 57,

CII.IiJlILIi)^.

than lialf the length of the vesicle ; its
hnsal ])ortioi], seeu laterally, broad,
ti'iaugular, about as wide as loug.
Upper side of bod}' in J closely

covered with large pearl-like graii-

ulos ; intercarinal spaces of tail very

distinctly granular; much darker." C. gemmifer, j). 60.
//. Upper surface of body furnished with

only a few coarse gi'anules scattered

here and there ; intercarinal spaces

of tail and of liand almost smooth ;

much paler and more distinctly

variegated C.pietus, p. 61.

41. Chserilus granosus, sp. n.

2 . Colour. Upper side of body blackish brown, mottled with
yellowish red ; terga with median and lateral yellow patch and
^<-shaped yellow mark ; tail and chelsB reddish brown with
black keels, fingers black ; A'esicle i-eddish yellow, usually mottled
below with blackish grey ; legs mostly fuscous with yellowish-red
markings, paler towards the apex. Carapace for the most part
covered with gi-anules, especially at the sides, the ocular tubercle
and the posterior half of the anteocular area, as well as the
portion of the upper surface on the inner side of the two crests
smooth ; a little longer than the 1st and 2nd caudal segments, to
about the same extent shorter than the 3rd and 4th, and about as
long as the 5th. Ttnja coarsely graniilar throughout, the granules
shining and separated from each other by very distinct, almost
smooth interspaces, from the 3rd to the 6th furnished on each
side with a larger marginal granule representing an incipient
lateral keel ; the last with four granular crests. Sterna smooth,
the last granular at the sides, not crested, l^ail about four times as
long as the carapace ; the vipper surface sparsely granular in the
middle, the granules showing a tendency to run into a pair of
converging longitudinal series ; sides of tail and keels coarsely
granular except the inferior median crests of the 1st segment,
which are smooth and obsolete ; median lateral crest present on
1st segment and extending throughout half the length of the 5th,
practically absent on the rest ; width of 1st about equal to length
of 4th, 2nd as wide as long : upper edges of 5th square and
coarsely granular ; lower keels of 5th denticulate, the median
posteriorly bifid ; anal border denticulate, with lateral bifid lobe ;
vesicle (see fig. 18, A) gi-anular at the sides, smooth above and in
the middle hue below ; piriform and subglobular, a little wider than
high, width equal to that of 4th segment, height exceeding that of
5th and more than half the length of the vesicle ; basal half of
aculeus slender, subcylindrical, much longer than thick, and marked
off from vesicle by a distinct consiTicfion, so that when viewed from
the side the two do not pass continuously into each other. Chela'
with humerus, brachium,and underhaiid all shorter than carapace;
humerus coarsely granular and crested above and in front, less

CHJEMLrS.

57

stron-lv but distinctly granular below, mostly .moot 1. behind
eS for a granular crest on its upper Imlf ; brachium urn.shed
St?ftve granular crests above, behind, and belovy, M.th the mte -
Tpaces also granular: hand granular throughout, turnished with
ei'h strong'granular keels m addition to a small ores on the
middle of its inner surface, the keels more coarse y and elosel)^
^mularthan the interspaces ; width of hand less than ength of
underhand by about one iifth of its length ; underliand less than
movable finger, which almost equals carapace ; mner edge of hand
li..htlv convex, subparallel to the outer border, posterior lobe
rounded, not surpassing posterior border of the outer side of the
upper surface ; movable finger with 9 rows o teeth Legs ^vith pro-
tarsi, except of 4th, spined posteriorly, and including that of the
4th armed with a posterior distal spine; femora of 3rd and 4th
and also patella of 4th finely granular externally. 1 ecHnaUeeth 4.

Measurements in mm.- $ . Total length 52, carapace /, tai 28,
brachium 5-8, underhand 5, movable finger 6, width ot hand 4.

Loc. Western Himalayas : Mussooree (Battray).

42. Chserilus anthracinus, sp. n.

Closely allied to the preceding, of which perhaps it will prove

to be a subspecies. , , , , , ,

o Colour of body much more uniformly black or deep brown,
the vellowish-red mottling being scarcely traceable ; legs also much
more uniformly coloured, but yellowish brown and contrasting
with the dark tint of the body much more forcibly than in
C. margaritatus. Upper side of trunh granular as in that species,
but much more closely, the terga being almost entirely covered,
with scarcely any interspaces between the granules. Chela;, on the
contrary, distinctly less coarsely granular than in C. margaritatus ;
the keels on the hand and the posterior side of the brachium
being nearly smooth, the granulation presenting a scale-like
appearance as if rubbed down ; hand distinctly wider, its width
about equal to the leugth of the humerus and almost equal to the
length of the underhand. Pectinal teeth 4.

cJ . Sexual characters as in C. margaritatus. Tergal plates more
finely, and even a little more closely granular than in the $ ,
coarsely shagreened. Pectinal teeth (3.

Measurements in mm.— ? . Total length 51, carapace i, tail dU,
brachium 6, underhand 6, movable finger 6-5, width of hand o-2.

(J. Total length 44, carapace 6-6, tail 27, _ brachium 6-5,
underhand G-5, movable finger 6, width of hand 4-5.

Loc. Dalhousie in the Western Himalayas (Townsend).

Subspecies rufescens, nov.

cJ. Differing from the typical form in being more coarsely
and less closely granular. Not so dark in colour, the chelfe
reddish brown, with black crests and the legs lightly variegated
as in C.granosvs; terga dark, with a very indistinct >< -shaped

58

CH.miLIU.TJ.

mark and with three distinct reddish spots— one on the posterior
border, one in the middle line, and one on the lateral angle.
Pectinal teeth 5.

Measurements in ??»)/.— Total length 45, carapace G-3, tail 25,
brachium 6-2, underhand G, movable finger 5-6, width of hand 4.
Loi: Dharmsala in the Western Himalayas {Fulton).

43. Chserilus margaritatus, Focuck, A.M. N. H. (6) xiii, p. 79, 1894,

Colour of c? and ? tolerably uniform brown, the legs paler ;
not so dark as in C. anthracmus and not variegated as in C. granosus.
Male difPeriug from that of C. antlir acinus in having the upper side
of the abdomen almost smooth, at most very finely gramdar, with
a row of coarser granules along the posterior border whereon the
two tubercles are very prominent ; the granules on the anterior
half of the frontal area of the carapace not so coarse. Tail rather
more than four times as long as carapace; width of 1st segment
about equal to length of 4th, 2nd a little wider than long : inferior
median keels on 2nd granular. Chela} much like those of C. an-
thracimis, the hand a little narrower as compared with its length
{cf. measurements).

_ $ . Eesembling $ of C. granosus in granulation of terga, hut
with the granules not extending to the lateral borders as they do
almost invariably in that species ; difi'ering from the latter and
from 5 of C. anthr acinus in having the frontal area of the cara-
pace granular behind as well as in front, sometimes evenly but
sparsely grauidar throughout, at others more coarsely granular
in front. Hand of very much the same shape and size as in
O. anthracinus. Pcctinal teeth 5 in c? , 3-4 in 5 .

Measureiiients in mm. — J . Total length 50, carapace 6-5, tail 26.
brachium 5-5, underhand 5-5, movable finger G, width of hand 4-9.

d . Total length 53, carapace 7, tail 30, brachium 7-2, under-
hand 7, movable finger 7, width of hand 4-5.

Loc. India : Kasaali, near Simla { Waller Barroiv).

44. Chserilus insignis, Pocock, A . 31. JS'. H. (6j xiii, p. 8a, 1894.

6 . Colour (dry specimen) apparently as in C. margaritatus.
Carapace- -^ith the same distribution of granules as in the pre-
ceding two species, but the granulation less distinct. Terga not
coarsely or closely but only very finely grannlar under the lens, the
lateral keels marked by a large tubercle. Tail much longer than in
male of C. margaritatus and C. anthracinus, more than four times
the length of carapace; width of 1st segment considerably less than
length of 4th, 2ncl segment longer than wide ; upper side practically
smooth, lateral surface much less granular than in C. margaritatus ;
inferior median keels of 1st standing up as distinct, though only
obsoletely granular crests. Chela; granular and keeled as in
0. margaritatus, very long ; humerus longer than carapace, more
than twice as long as wide, buc shorter than brachium and under-

C'H-EEir.U6.

59

baud, both of which are thus much longer than carapace ; hand
17 C) long and narrow, the wfdth considerably less than halt
the length of the underhand, its inner edge straight and paral el
with the outer edge ; movable finger a little longer than the

carapace. Pectinal teeth 6. , , „ . o f„;i

iVeasurements in. Total length G4, carapace 9, tail dJ,

brachium 10-5, underhand 11, movable Bnger 9-5, width of hand 4-5.
Loc. Ladakh.

45 Chffirilus tricostatus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. K. IL Soc. xii, p. 266,
1899.

Colour (dry specimen) a tolerably uniform reddish brown, with
blacker markings. Carapace granular at the sides, mostly smooth
above except for the anteocular triangle, which is granular at
A B. C.

Fig. 17.— A.

Hand of Chcerilits tncostatns J. B. Hand of C.f ictus <S ■
C. Hand of C. insignis S ■

least in front ; longer than 1st and 2nd caudal segments, about
equal to 3rd and 4th and a little longer than 5th. Sterna as in
the other species, but the last furnished with four short crests,
each consisting of a few large granules. Terga finely granular,
with a few larger pearl-like granules scattered here and there, and
a series of them along the posterior border ; with distinct lateral
crests, those on the 3rd consisting of a single large pearl-like
granule, those on the 4th, 5th, and 6th of three similar granules.
Tail rather less than three times the length of the carapace, width
of 1st segment about equal to length of 4t-h ; 2nd about as wide
as long ; dorsal surface very sparsely granular, lateral and interior
surfaces weakly but not so sparsely granular as the upper surface :
all the keels normal and denticulated; the inferior median keels ot
the 1st segment distinct and consisting of coarse granules like those
on the 2nd and on the last abdominal sternum ; veside&nely granular
belowand laterally, of much the same form aa in 0. margaritatus and
C. insignis. Cltehc long ; humerus as long as carapace and a httle

60

OM.'EIliLlJj.E.

more than twice as long as wide, weakly graiuilai- above aud in front
except for coarse grannies along the keels, posterior surface
smooth, inferior surface very weakly granular ; brachium a little
onger than carapace, the normal keels marked by a single series of
low shining grannies, the anterior surface furnished with a few large
grannies on its upper and lower prominences, for the rest the seg-
ment IS almost entirely smooth ; hand (fig. 17, A) finely and closely
graniUar above and externally, more finely granular internally and
smooth on the underhand, furnished with only five keels, three
above and t\\ o bordering the underhand, the keels defined by a
single row of shinmg granules which are much larger than the
granules covering the rest of the upper surface ; underhand a
httle longer than brachium and than movable finger ; hand parallel-
sided. Its width a little more than half the length of the under-
hand; movable finger slightly longer than carapace, furnished
with 4 rows of teeth. Fectinal teeth 5-6.

Measurements in Total length 50, carapace 7-5, tail 30,

brachium 8, underhand 8-5, movable finger 7-S, width of hand 5.

Log. Sadiya, Assam.

Female unknown.

4(J. Chaerilus gemmifer, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xiii, p. 81, 1894 ■
Krae2). Tien:, Scoij). etc. p. lo9, 1899.

Colour nearly black, varied with yellow ; terga with median and
lateral marginal yellow spot and yellow > < -shaped mark ; tail
and chelse deep reddish brown with blaclc keels ; fingers black.

Carapace with coarse shining
granules on the sides, anteocular
area weakly and sparsely granular
throughout, the area behind the
tubercle serially granular; relative
length of carapace and caudal seg-
ments approximately as in G. marga-
ritatus. Terga covered with coarse
pearl-like granules, much larger and
farther apart than in C.margaritatus;
lateral crests represented by one or
two still larger granules. Sterna
as in G. margaritatus. Tail approxi-
mately as in that species, but
smoother below, the four inferior
keels of the 1st segment smooth, and
the inferior medians of the 2nd at
most very weakly granular ; vesicle
(fig. 18, B) not so globular,mnch less
convex below, height less than that
of 5th segment, granular above as
well as at the sides and below ; from
the lateral aspect passing without constriction into the base of the

Fig. 18. — A. Vesicle of Chafilus
margaritatus J . B. Vesi-
cle of C. gcmmifer J . C.
Vesicle of C. pieties cJ, side
view. D. Do., uppei' view
of extremity.

C |[.i;iULL'S.

61

aculeiLs, which is short, nearly as wide at its proximal as at its
distal end, where it merges with the spiniform portion ; the whole
aculeus much less than half the length of the vesicle. Chel«'. with
humerus much less coarsely granular above and in front than in
C. marciarltatus, very finely granular below, smooth behind ; bra-
chium with superior granular crest, posterior and inferior surface
smooth, anterior surface smooth except for some coarse granules
on the inferior crest and on the inferior prominence and two larger
granules above ; keels of hand normal in number, very finely
uranular, the interspace covered with a wide-meshed network of
granules ; width almost equal to length of underhand, the inner
edge more strongly convex than in C. maiyaritatus, with much
closer, less open concavity where it merges with the immovable
finger ; fingers more strongly curved. Fectinal teeth 4.

Measwements in mm. — Total length 38, carapace G, tail 24,
hrachium 4-5, underhand 4-5, movable finger 5-3, width of hand 4-2,

Loc. Sylhet (Bowrinc/).

47. Chserilus pictus, Pococl; A. M. N. H. (6) v, p. 2.50, pi. xi, fi^s. 1-1 r-
(1890) (Uromachus) ; id. in Weber, Reise Niederl. O.-Ind. iii, p. 91,
1893 ; Kraej). Jb. Hamh. Wiss. Anst. xi, p. 14.3, 1894 ; id. Tien:,
Scorp. etc. p. 159, 1899 {Chsenlus).

5. Colour somewhat as in C. gemmifer, but much paler; the
yellow or red predominates so that the integument may be described
as red varied with black ; chelse deep red with black keels. Cai-a-
jycice and terga with a few coarse pearl-like granules scattered here
and there ; anteocular area practically smooth ; relative length of
carapace and tail-segments as in C. gemmifer ; intercarinal spaces of
tail almost smooth, those of the 5th weakly granular ; vesicle as in
C. gemmifer. Clielce with humerus weakly granular, except for the
upper and anterior crests, which are coarsely so ; brachium almost
^^•holly smooth except for a few coarse granules on the upper crest
and a few in front ; intercarinal spaces of hand with a very finely
granular network, almost smooth ; keels very weakly granular ;
shape of hand as in C. gemmifer. Fectinal teeth 5.

S • With tail very long and slender ; carapace as long as the
Ist and half the 2nd segments, much shorter than the 5th. Tail
more than six and a half times as long as the carapace, the 1st
segment longer than wide, 2nd nearly twice as long as wide, 5th
more than four times as long as wide ; vesicle (fig. 18, C, D) very
long, as long as the 5th segment of the tail, flat below, about as
wide as the 4th segment, its height equal to that of the 5th, nearly
parallel-sided, very coarsely granular, ending distally in a right and
left shoulder-like prominence ; base of aculeus when seen from
above resembling a large cylindrical tubercle, upon the summit of
which is situated the strongly bent spiniform distal extremity;
when seen from the side the base of the aculeus merges without
constriction with the adjacent end of the vesicle. Ghekc very much
as in female ; humerus, brachium, and underhand all shorter than

62

carapace ; liiuid (fig. 17, B) a little longer than in female, its width
about I'our-tit'ths its length.

Jleasurenicnts in mm.— J (young). Total length 32, carapace 5,
tail 20, brachium 4, underhand 'SS, movable finger 4, width of
hand 3'3.

cJ (adult). Total length 61, carapace 6-5, tail 41, brachium 5-5,
underhand 5-8, movable liuger 5, width of hand 4-5.
Loc. Sylhet {ISudnsfortli).

The male of this species differs strikingly from that of all the
others in the peculiar form of the vesicle and the great length of
the tail.

48. Chserilus ceylonensis, Pomck, A. M. H. (B) xiii, p. 83 (1894) ;
Kraep. Tterr., ficorp. p. 159 (1899).

cJ . Colour duU brown ; ocular tubercle, crests of hand, and digits
infnscate. Carcqutce longer than 1st and 2nd caudal segments, as
long as 3rd and 4th, longer than 5th, granular throughout, with
the exception of the grooves, which are smooth ; ocular tubercle
gi-anular. Terga granular throughout, not or hardly distinctly
crested. Tail ahout four times as long as carapace, finely granular ;
2nd seo-ment as long as wide, oth more than twice as long as wide ;
inferior median keel nearly obsolete on 1st segment; median
lateral keel distinct on 1st, represented by a few larger granules
on the others, extending over half the lateral surface of the 5th :
the rest of the keels distinct and granular ; vesicle of approximately
the same form as in C margaritatus, wider and higher than 5th seg-
ment ; coriaceous below, but not Adsibly granular. GMw : humerus
and brachium much shorter than carapace, humerus coarsely granular
above and in front, brachium granular above, almost smooth behind
and below ; hand covered with reticulation of fine granules, keels
and base of digits thickly and very finely granular ; keels normal
in number, but low and very weakly granular; hand nearly
parallel-sided ; length of underhand greater than \A-idth of hand
and greater than length of movable digit, which is a little shorter
than width of hand ; immovable digit furnished vAth. 11-12 rows
of teeth, its basal ^ idth equal to two-thii-ds its length. Pectmal

teeth 5-6. , , , c i. -i on

Measurements in mm.— Total length 44, carapace 5-5, tail 22,
brachium 4, underhand 5-5, movable finger 4, width of hand 4-o.
Loc. Trincomali, Ceylon (Barrett).

The two following species have been omitted from the synoptical
table, since I ha\e had no opportunity of examining actual
specimens.

49. Chserilus hirmanicus, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Geneva, xxvii, p. 584,
1889 (Chelomachus).
Colour subtestaceous, varied \n ith black. Cara^>ace tolerably

CH-EHILTJS.

03

coarsely granular, a little shorter than caudal segiueuts 1-3, longer
than se"-meut 5. Tenja very finely coriaceous and granular, with
laro-er •'Granules t'ormiug lateral crests on terga 3-0, last tergum
more coarsely granular at the sides. Sterna smooth, the last
without crests. Tail about three times as long as the carapace ;
2nd segment wider than long ; inferior median Iceels of 1st segment
obsolete ; vesicle large, wider than segment 5, more than twice as
lono- as wide, smooth. Cliela- with hand normally keeled, its width
equal to the length of the underhand and less than the movable
finder, which is a little shorter than the carapace ; keels on hand
finely granular, interspaces smooth.

Measurements in ouh.— Total length 16, carapace 2|, tail 7,
underhand 1-5, movable finger 2, width of hand 1-5.

Loc. Burma : Eangoon {Fea).

Unfortunately the only known representative of C. birmanicus,
which will doubtless prove to be a valid species, is the example
of which an abridged description is given above. Judging from
its size this example is not half grown. Hence it is not possible
to form a just estimate of the characters of the adult, and it is
superfluous to attempt to locate the species in our synoptical
table.

50. Chserilus truncatus, Karsch, MT. Miinch. ent. Ver. in, p. 108,
1879; Kraep. Jb. Ramh. Wiss. Anst. xi, p. 146, pi. ii, lig. 54, 1894 :
id. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 160, 1899 (excluding suggested synonymy).

So far as it goes, the description of this species, published by
Kraepelin, is not inapplicable to C. margaritatus, C. granosus, and
also perhaps to C. anthracinus, exce]3t as regards the form of the
hand. The width o£ this organ in the male is said to be less than
half the length of the underhand, and in the female a little more
than half ; whereas in C. margaritatus, C. granosus, and C anthra-
cinus {6,9-) the width of the hand is much more than half the
length of the underhand. The hand of the male of C. truncatus, in
fact, seems to resemble that of C. insignis ; but the upper side of
the abdomen of the former appears to be much more granular.
Presumably also the chelse and tail are shorter, since nothing is
said in the description touching their length.

Loc. Dehra Dun, in the Western Himalayas.

64

TBJOVIDiiE.

Family VEJOVID.E.

With two i>edal spurs and no tibial sjntr^; as in tlie Cha3filida>.
Slcniuin oF cephalothorax pentagonal, nearly always wider than

pio- 19— A. Coxx and uiaxillary lubes of 1st and 2nd legs of Scorpiops.
°' ' ' B. Carapace of Scorpiops.

long Perfiiies segmented. Stigmata e\onga.te. Three lateral cj/es
on each side of carapace. Maxillary lobes of 1st pair of legs
narrowed, not truncate along the anterior border.

Distribution. Eastern Mediterranean area : North India and
Burma ; California, Texas, Central America, and along the chain
of the Andes to Pern.

Genus SCORPIOPS, Peters.

Scorpiops, Peters, Man. Akad. Berl. 1861, p. 510 ; X«;.c/,, i^/T.

J. Yer. iii, p. 101,1879; Kraepelm Jh H^b. JJ rss. Aust. m,
p. 185, 1894; id. Tierr., Scarp, etc. p. 1/J, i8J9.
Anterior border of oampac. deeply excised in the j^^ddle line.
Movable finger of mandible with a row of 4-6 smaU teeth belo^
Movable finger of chela furnished along the middle line with
numerous smlll teeth arranged in a double row ; an outer series
cZistiug of small teeth arranged m pairs, and an inner ser es
con i tinl of a few larger teeth confined to the distal ha f of the
Z^T Band generally large, flattish above, with usually s rong
Wer keel dividing the upper surface into an outer vertical and
J^Tnner hoiWal portion. Tar.i with medmn^inferior row of
spinides and a row of seta; on each side.

Tvne Scorpio Imrdwiclcii, Gervais. n • i ^ a

ZAbZl The Deccan ; Himalayas from Punjab to Assam,
thence through Burma to S. Tenasserim.

BCOBPIOPS.

65

Synojisis of Indian Sjpecies,

a. Bracliium of cliela firmed nt base in front with

a pair of small tubercles.
rt\ Upper and posterior crests upon tbe band
and brachium very strong and smooth.

«■', Upper surface of hand without a smooth
crest lying longitudinally between tbe
finger-keel and the inner border and
ornamented with granules -which fre-
quently run together into ridges ; length
of underhand exceeding width of hand,
especially in c? , in which the chelae are
elongate iS. hardwickii, p. 66.

6^. Upper surface of liand with a smooth
longitudiniil crest between the finger-
keel and the inner border and ornamented
with a coarse network of perfectly
smooth ridges resulting from the anas-
tomosis of low tubercles ; width of band
exceeding length of underhand, espe-
cially in (3 , in which the chelte are not

elongate S, insculptus, p. 68.

b^. Upper and posterior crests upon hand and
brachium distinctly, often coarsely granular.
Length of underhand in 2 about equal
to width of hand; keel forming inner
edge of upper surface of hand projecting
so as to conceal upper crest on inner
surface of hand S. crassimanus, p. 6i

b^. Length of underhand in both sexes much
greater than width of hand ; crest
forming inner edge of upper surface
weak and not projecting so as to conceal

upper crest on inner surface of hand . . S. leptochirus, p. 69.
b. Brachium of chela armed in front at base with
one or more, usually two, long sharp spini-
form tubercles.
Tail almost fom- times ( $ ) or more than
four times ( J ) as long as the carapace ;
superior keels of segments 2-4 posteriorly
depressed, not spiniform ; brachial pores 7 ;

6*. Tail shorter: superior keels of segments
2-4 or 3-4 posteriorly spiniform and, ex-
cept in S. aslhenurus, elevated ; vesicle
smaller ; brachial pores not fewer than 9.
a'. Aculeus not defined at the base on each
side by a semicircular groove ; tail .short
and slender, with strongly spiniform
superior keels ; hands and carapace
flatter ; width of area on hand between
finger-keel and inner edge not less in
adult $ than half the movable finger . . (S". montanus, p. 70.

66

TEJOVID^.

// Aculcus deKiied at base by a conspicuous
.seraiciroulrtr groove ; fiiigevs longer,
length of movable more than twice as
liveat as width of area of upper hand
between finger-lceel and inner edge.
Witli only 3 large setal pores on under-
hand in addition to the two set trans-
versely close to the base of the movable
finger.

Superior keels on caudal segments
3-4 weakly spiniform and not ele-
vated at their posterior ends ; tail
very short in cj > seginents 1-5 only
twice as hnig as carapace, 1 st seg-
ment not wider than humerus .... S. usthenurus, p. 73.
h''. Superior keels on caudal segments
2-4 strongly spiniform and elevated
posteriorly ; caudal segments 1-5
in (5 much more than twice the
length of carapace ; 1st caudal
segment wider than width of
humerus.

«\ Brachial pores 9-10 or very rarely
11 ; fingers less strongly lobate

in both se.xes S. longhnanus, p. 72.

J". Brachial pores 14-15 ; fingers more

strongly lobate S. binijJiamii, p. 74.

5°. With 9-10 large setal pores on under-
hand in adult in addition to the two
near the base of the finger.
1st caudal segment narrower than
humerus; 15 setal pores on bra-

chium ; pectinal teeth 8 S. lindstroemi, p. 74.

t'. 1st caudal segment wider than hu-
merus ; 19 setal pores on brachium ;
pectinal teeth 10-11 S. anihr(icinii.i,-p.7i.

f)!. Scorpiops hardwickii, Gervais in Wahk. Ins. Apt. iii. p. 6(3, 1844
(Scorpio) ; Pocock, A. M.N.H. (6) xii, p. 325, 1893; Eraepelin,
Jb. Bamb. wiss. Anst. xi, p. 188, 1894 ; id. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 181,
1899 (Scorpiops) : solidus, Karsch, MT. Munch, ent. Fer.iii.p. 106,
1879 (Scorpiops).

5 . Colour generally a tolerably, uniform black, the underside and
tips of legs paler ; chelse sometimes deep reddish. Carapace finely
gi-anular, a few coarser granules here and there, especially on the
frontal lobes ; as loug as the 1 st, 2nd, and half the 3rd caudal
segments, considerably longer than the 5th. Tenia coarsely granu-
lar, the granules often showing a tendency to fuse together into
series ; a median granular keel ; lasttergum more coarsely granular
than the others, with median and two lateral crests. Sterna smooth,
with a few large punctures ; the last granular, with four subequal
granular keels. Tail about three and a half times as long as
carapace ; 1 st segment nearly twice as wide as long, 3rd as wide as

scoiinops.

67

louo-, 5th twice as long as wide ; iutercai-lnal spaces granular ;
keets strong and subdenticulate, the upper keels of segments 2-4 uot
posteriorly enlarged and spiniform ; vesicle finely granular, about
as wide as the 5th caudal segment. Cheke graiuilar; humerus
o-ranular and granularly keeled above and below ; upper side of
bracliium granular, bounded in front by a granular keel and
behind bv a strong smooth or almost smooth keel ; a similar
smooth crest running along the posterior surface, which is studded
with a few large granules ; anterior surface finely granular and
armed with a pair of small widely-separated tubei-cles ; lower side
granular, bounded behind and in front by a grauular crest, with
a row of 7 setal pores along its hind border ; hand thick, width
nearly as great as length of underhand, with very strong and
smooth finger-keel dividing its upper surface into an outer sub-
vertical area aud an inner horizontal area, both of them covered
with granules showing a tendency to run into ridges and form an
indistinct network ; the outer area furnished in addition with a
median smooth irregular subdivided crest ; no distinct granular crest
on the inner edge of the horizontal area ; inner surface granular ;
underhand more finely granular and bounded externally by a
smooth crest, furuished with a curved series of 3 large setal pores
and 2 smaller, one between the 1st and 2ud, the other close to tlie
keel beyond the 2nd, also 2 large setal pores set transversely close
to the base of the finger ; movable finger not lobate, scarcely
exceeding underhand. Pectinal teeth 5-6 ; much larger in male.

cj with tail, and especially chela3, much longer than in female.
Tail about four times as long as carapace. Chela elongate ;
brachium longer than cai'apace ; Midth of hand distinctly less than
length of underhand ; the movable finger frequently without a
lobe ; when present, the lobe consists of a thick subtubercular
prominence situated just behind the middle of the finger but well
on the inner side of the median line of teeth ; both movable and
immovable digits are then lightly sinuate along the biting-edge.
Pectinal teeth 5-6.

Measurements in mm : —

Total
length.
? . . . . 32

5 .... 33

6 .... 43

Carapace. Tail.

4- 6 18
5 20

5- 8 23

Underhand.
4
5
6

Movable Widtli

linger. of hiuid.

4- 5 4
5 4

5- 5 4-2

Lnc. Western Himalayas : Kashmir (Leach) ; Jaunsar, 6000-
9000 ft.; Dehra Diin, 2000 ft. (Gamble ^ Smyihics); Kasauli
( Waller-Barrow) ; Nepal (Hardiviche).

The measurements quoted above in the first and second lines
are taken from the type ( 5 ) specimen aud another (S) example,
ticketed Nepal, fi'om which Gervais drew up his description of the
species. The measurements in the last line, showing the size
to which the species may attain, are taken from an example from
Jaunsiir. The locality Nepal needs coulirmation.

f2

68

ViSJOVlDiE.

52. Scorpiops insculptus, n. sx).

2 . In Hizo, colour, and most structural features repemblinij
S. hardivldii. Upper side of trunk suioollier, the granulatioii
much less distinct, consisting of low, smooth, squamiform tubercles
fusing and running into ridges to a much greater extent than in
S: linrdwictii, especially on the anterior terga. Tail granular and
carinate as in the latter. CJielw with humerus and bracliium more
coarsely granular above ; the three posterior crests on the brachium
quite smooth, as in S. Jiardivicldi ; 7 brachial pores and 3 normal
pores on imderhand ; hand very wide, its width exceeding the
length of the underhand and equal to the length of the movable
linger ; sculpturing on the upper side of the hand consisting of
perfectly smooth, shining tubercles, forming in places an irregular
network of ridges, but showing no separate tubercles and granules
as in 8. hardwiclcii ; moreover, the inner horizontal area of the
upper side of the hand is divided throughout by a smooth crest,
which rises from the finger-keel near the base of the immovable
finger and runs to the notch of the posterior border, where the
expanded portion of the hand ai'ises ; underhand almost entirely
smooth.

S . Eesembling the 2 more than in the case of 8. hardwickii ;
the hand of the chdce not elongate as in the latter, but very
broad, the width being equal to the movable finger and exceeding
the length of the underhand ; movable finger much more strongly
curved than iu S. havdiviclcii, its basal half with a deep and long
excavation behind a low long lobe, which is situated in the distal
half of the finger; immovable finger with large basal lobe, the rest
of its biting-edge nearly straight, only lightly convex. Peciiiud
teeth 5-P) ( d , 2 )•

Measurements in mm. — cJ . Total length 35, carapace 5, tail 19,
underhand 4, movable finger 4-5, width of hand 4*2.

2 . Total length 37, carapace 4-5, tail 20-5, underhand 3-6,
movable finger 4, width of hand 4-3.

Loc. Western Himalayas : Jaunsar, 6000-9000 ft. (Gamble ^
Svvjthiis) ; Dehra Dun, 2000 ft. {Gleadow).

53. Scorpiops crassimanus, Fococh, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soo. xii, p. 267,
1899.

2 . Allied to the preceding, but larger. Colour black, w ith
reddish tinge on chelffi ; median keel of terga yellowish anteriorly,
and there is a transverse reddish stripe on each side in the middle
of the terga. Upper side ol' IrwiJc more finely gi'anular than in
& Jiardivictii, crest on last tergum and sternum also weaker. Tail
more powerful, about three and a half limes as long as carapace,
which is only a little longer than the 5th segment; intercarinal
spaces of tail not so coarsely granular, and keels not so strongly
denticulated, except the inferior laterals of the 5th, which are more
sharply and coarsely denticulated ; superior keels of 3rd aud 4th

SOOHPIOPS. ""^

segments subspinlform dlstally. CA«?a. (fig. 2 A, B, p. 7 "'ith nlUho
crests on the brachium and hand, which are smooth m S Jmrdnnclzi,
very distinctly and coarsely granular; brachium and hand, more-
over, much more closely granular, the granules more distinct and
showing less tendency to run into ridges and networks ; tlie crest
formin- the inner edge of the upper surface of the hand strong,
consisting of a single row of coarse bead-like granules, and pro-
iectin<r as far inwards as the upper granular crest on the inner
surfac^e of the hand and practically concealing it from view when
the hand is seen from above in the position of rest, l-ectinai

teeth 5-6. >- r 4. -i oq

Measurements in mm.— TotaX length 48, carapace /'S, tail

width of hand 6, length of underhand 5-8, of movable finger /.
Loc. Probably India : exact locality unknown.

54. Scorpiops leptochirus, Pucoc7c,A. M. N. TL (6) xii, p. 32-5, pl-.^iv.

li- 11 ; id. A. M. N. H. (6) xiii, p. 79, 1894 ; Kracpelm, Tien:,

Scorp. etc. p. 181, 1899.
Eesembling the preceding two species in having the brachium
armed in front at the base with small granuliform tubercles, and
approaching most nearly to S. crassimamis in size, granulation,
strength of keels, &c. . , . ^

2 . Colour black, tarsi and pectines yellow, vesicle and sterna
reddish brown. Carapace, in-ga, and tail granular and carniate,
practically as in S. crassimanus ; last sternum with four distinctly
granular keels ; tail less than four times as long as the carapace,
the superior keels of segments 2-4 subspinlform apically. Chela'
granular, practically as in S. crassimanus, but not quite so coarsely :
inferior row of brachial pores 7 ; all the crests granular, as m that '
species, but the crests on the inner edge of the upper surface of
the hand consisting of irregularly arranged granules, and not pro-
iectintf as in S. crassimamis, but forming an obtuse angle with the
upper^'area of the inner surface of the hand, so that when viewed
from above the superior granular crest on the inner surface is
plainly visible ; hand much narrower than in S. crassimmins, its
width much less than length of underhand and of movable finger,
the two latter snbequal but barely so long as the carapace ; fingers
without trace of lobation and sinuation; row of three pores on
underhand.

S. Eesembling ? in general characters, but with the tail a
httle and the chela; much longer. Tail about four times as long
as carapace ; vesicle a little larger than in ? . Humerus as long
as carapace : brachium a little, underhand much longer than
carapace ; width of hand equal to half the length of the underhand
or a Httle more, the latter longer than the movable digit, which
slightly exceeds the carapace and is without trace of lobe. Pectinal
teeth 8-9.

Measurements in mm. — $. Total length 58, carapace 7-5, tail
20, brachium 5-8, underhand 6-5, width of hand 4-8.

70

VEJOVU)^.

8 . Total length r>5, carapace 7-6, tail 31, brachium 8, under-
hand 9, width oi: hand 4'8.

Loc. Assam : Tura iu ihe Gitro Hills {Lony) ; Sadiya.

55. Scorpiops petersii, Pocock, A. M. N. U. (6) xii, p. 323, pi. xiv,

ft}?. 10, 1893 ; Kraepelin, Jb. Hamh. iviss. Amt. xi, p. 190, 1894; id.
Tien:, Scarp, etc. p. 181, 1899 : hnrdwicliii, Karscli, MT. Miinch.
ent. Vei: iii, p. 106, 187U {not hardwickii, Geroais).

2 . Colour of trunk and chelse blackish, legs yellowish or reddish,
vesicle and mandible yellow. Upjoer side of trunlc gi-anular and
carinate, almost as in the preceding species ; ocular tubercle smaller.
Tail almost foui- times as long as carapace, thinner, 2nd segment
longer than wide, 4th twice, oth rather more than three times as
long as wide ; superior keels posteriorly depressed, not spinlform ;
vesicle large, its height equal to its width, its width equal to that of
t he 2Dd segment of the tail. Chelce granular ; brachium shorter than
carapace, with granular crests, its anterior surface armed basally
with two strong spiuifurm teeth ; 7 setal pores on lower side
of brachium : crests on hand granular, the crests much stronger
than in S. leptochirus, the granulation of the intercarinal spaces
much weaker than in S. crassimanus ; outer finger-keel on hand
very strong ; keel running along inner edge of upper side of hand
also strong and beaded, but not projecting so far as the upper crest
of the inner surface ; underhand with curved series of 3 normal
large setal pores and three smaller ones, one between 1st and 2nd
and two beyond 2nd along inner edge of keel : width of hand about
two-thirds the length of the underhand, the latter about as long
as the movable linger and a little shorter than carapace ; fingers
strongly and mesially lobate and sinuate ; 7 teeth on outer series
as far back as lobe, 4 on inner series at distal end. Pectinal
teeth 5-7.

d . Jfot strikingly different from the $ , except that the caudal
vesicle is more inflated, the height and width being almost equal to
width of 1st caudal segment, and the tail itself a little longer.
Humerus, brachium, and underhand about as long as carapace.
Pectinal teetli 6-7.

Measurements in mm. — 5 . Total length 70, carapace 9-5, tail 36,
underhand 9, width of hand 6.

cJ . Total length 50, carapace 8, tail 36, underhand 8, width of
hand o'5.

Loc. Western Himalayas : Dehra Dun, 2000 ft. ; Jaunsar,
6000-9000 ft. {Gamble Sj- SmytUes) ; Mussooree (Rattray) ;
Simla.

56. Scorpiops montamis, Karsch, MT. Miinch. ent. Ver. iii, p. 107,

1879 ; Kraepelin, Jh. Hamh. toiss. Amt. xi, p. 192, 1894, and Tien:,
Scarp, etc. p. 180, 1899 (in part aud excluding synonymy).

$ . Colour as in ;S'. petersii ; carapace flatter than in that species,

soonpiops. ''^

the groove shallower, as long as the first three segments of the
tail or as the 3rcl and 4th, very much longer than he oth. La
abdoraiual sternwn with obsolete med.au keels. Tad very sl.ort
and slender, width of 1st segment less than that ot humerus, con-
siderablv less than three tiii.es as long as the carapace, 2ud segment
about as wide as long, 4th one-third longer than wide oth about
three times as long as wide ; inferior keels of 1st and 2,.d scarcely
granular; superior keels of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th posteriorly elevated
Ind strongly spiniform ; vesicle compressed, slightly higher than
wide as wide as the oth segment, without an annular coustriction
at base of aculeas. Chelce and especially the hand lower, more
depressed than in S. loeUrsli and the foregoing species ; the crests
strong and granular; brachium with two basal teeth, the interior
frequently much the larger of the two ; brachium shorter under-
hand a little longer than carapace, the former furnished be ow with
about 15 pores, the hand with four, one of which is smaller than
the others ; hand narrow, its width barely two-thirds the length of
the underhand ; movable finger shorter than underhand s^nd only
twice the leno-th of the area between the upper keels ot the hand,
lobate in the" basal half, but not so strongly as in 8. petersii.

Pectinal teeth G-7 . i. -i

With much longer chela) and a slightly longer tail than m
female Tail about three times as long as the carapace, which is
slio-htlv shorter than the 4th and 5th segments, and barely as long
as^he 5th and half the vesicle. Humerus a little longer than
carapace, brachium scarcely so long; underhand longer, sometimes
much longer and twice as long as width of hand ; movable digit as
long as carapace, more strongly lobate than in female. Fectmal

teeth 8. , ^„ o r 4. -i

Measurements in mm.— $ . Total length 56, carapace 8-5, tail

23, underhand 9, width of hand 5. ,
(S. Total length 51, carapace 9, tail 27, underhand 11, width

°^Loc. Western Ilimalavas : Jaunsar, 6000-9000 ft. (Gamble <|-
SmytJiies); Dehra Dun, 2000 ft. (Gamble, Smythies, 4' Gleadow);
Kasauh (Waller-Ban-ow); Dharmsala (i^tt^ion).

Subspecies satarensis, nov.

$ . EesembHng the typical form in size and colour, but very
much smoother, the carapace and terga being at most finely
granular, leaving the median keel and area of the posterior border
immediately behind it smooth ; in some cases the terga are finely
granulated only at the sides, smooth and punctured elsewhere.
The chela;, too, are much less coarsely granular both on the keels
and on the intercarinal spaces ; digits very slightly lobate.

Sexual features of male much less developed than in typical
form ; humerus about as long as carapace, underhand only a
little longer and less than twice the width of the hand. Brachial
pores 13-14.

72

TEJOTIDjE.

Measia-ements in mm.— 5 . Total length 00, carapace 8-3, tail
23, underhand 9, width of hand 5-8.

6 . Total length 57, carapace 8, tail 24, underhand 8-5, width
of hand 5"3.

Loc. Mahableshwar, Satara district ( Wroucjliton).

Subspecies tenuicauda, Pococh, A. M. N. H. (6) xiii, p. 77, 1894:
Kraep. Tieir., Scorp. etc. p. 181, 1899.

Differing from the preceding subspecies as well as from the
principal form in being very much smaller and in having the legs,
with the exception of tlie tarsi, which are yellow, fuscous instead
of yellowish red. Tergci smooth mesially in § , as in S. satarensis ;
finely granular in c? • CJielai in $ with fingers scarcely noticeably
lobate ; chelae^ in c? very long and slender, being even more
modified than in the typical form of the species ; fingers strongly
lobate. Brachial pores 12-13.

Measurements in mm.— 2 . Total length 36, carapace 6, tail 16,
underhand 6-8, width of hand 4.

d. Total length 38, carapace 5-8, tail 17-5, underhand 7-2,
width of hand 3.

Loc. The Deccan.

A. B.

Fig. 20. — A. 4tb with pai'ts of 3rd and 5th caudal segments of Scorpiops
longimajius.

B. Vesicle of tail of ditto, showing annular groove (a) at base of
aouleus.

57. Scorpiops longimanus, Pococic, A. M. N. H. (6) xii, p. 326,
pi. xiv, fifr. 12, 1893 ; Kraep. Jb. Hamb. wiss. Anst. xi, p. 191,
1894 ; id. Tierr., Scorpi. etc. p. 180, 1899.

? . Colour entirely black on the dorsal surface and tail. Carapace
not so depressed as in S. montanus and with deeper grooves, not so
long as the first three caudal segments, considerably shorter than
the 4th and 5th, and less than the 5th and half the vesicle. Tail

SCORPIOPS. ''^

thicker and longer than in S. montnnus, about three times as long as
the carapace, 1st segment at least as wide as the humerus ; keels
and -granulation as in S. montanus; vesicle as in that species, but witli
a distiuct semicircular sulcus at the base o£ the aculeus on each side.
Chelce more resembling those of S. hptocUvus than those of S. mon-
tanus, except for two spiniform teeth on the bracluura ; brachinm
shorter than carapace, with inferior rows of 9-10 (in one case 11)
setal pores, 9 commonly occurring in young ; the crests weaker
and the area at the base of the anterior spines not so prominent ;
hand constantly with only three pores in a curved series below, all
its crests much weaker than in S. montanvs, width of its dorsal area
between the keels much less than half the movable finger ; the
underhand almost twice the width of the hand, but not quite so
long as the movable finger, which is at least as long as the cara-
pace, but is scarcely noticeably lobate, outer row of supernumerary
teeth, as far back as lobe, 12, inner row 6. Granular crests on
under side ol femora of legs weaker than in S. montanus. Pectmal
teeth 6-8.

c? . Very like the female ; tail scarcely if at all longer ; chelcB a
little longer, hand thicker, and fingers lobate; underhand a little
longer than carapace and longer than movable finger, which is
about equal to carapace.

Measurements in mm.— 2 ■ Total length 51, carapace 7-5, tail
25, underhand 7-5, movable finger 8, width of hand 4.

cJ. Total length 47, carapace 7-5, tail 26-5, underhand 8-2,
movable finger 7'6, width of hand 4-8.

Loc. Assam. 8ylhet ; Dhubri {Smart) ; North Cachar Hills ;
Sadiya ; N.-lga Hills.

This species was based upon a single female example from Sylhet.
The measurements given above are taken from an adult male and
female of the same species from Dhubri. These specimens are
smaller than the type and than most of the adult examples that
have come to hand.

58. Scorpiops asthenurus, sp. n.

d". Belonging to the same category of species as S. hngmanus,
which it resembles in colour, sculpturing, &c. The tail, however,
is shorter and weaker, being only about twice as long as the cara-
pace, which is almost as long as its first three segments or as the
4th and 5th ; dorsal keels of the 3rd and 4th weakly spiniform,
but not elevated, being lightly depressed at the posterior end ; 1st
segment only as wide as the brachium ; a distinct aunuliform
sulcus at base of aculeus. Chelce as in S. longi7nanus ; brachial pores
9 ; hand much wider than in S. longimanus, its inner edge more
strongly convex, its width more than half the length of the under-
hand ; area between the keels of its dorsal surface less than half
the length of the movable finger, which is not quite equal to the
underhand or to the carapace ; outer edge of finger not evenly
curved, but showing a slight bend just on a level with the lobe ;

74

a"ejovid;e.

lobe large. ; notch on immovable fiijger correspondingly deep, but
when closed a very distinct nearly sigiuoidal space is left between
the bases of the lingers ; 3 large setal ])ores on underside of hand,
in addition to the invariable pair near base of linger. Ftclinal
teeth 6.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 35. carapace 5, tail 17,
underliand G, movable finger 5*5, width of hand 3-5.
Loc. Kalimpong near Darjiling {Stebbing).

59, Scorpiops tinghamii, Pocock, A. M. N. R. (G) xii,p. 327, pi. xiv,

fig. 13, 1893.

Very closely allied to the Assamese S. longimanus, but differing
in having 14-15 setal pores on the underside of the brachium, and
the bands more distinctly lobate botii in S and $ .

Measurements in mm. — 5 . Total length GO, carapace 9*8, tail 31,
underhand 9"5, movable finger 9, width of hand 4-8.

(S . Total length 55, carapace 8, tail 27, underhand 9, movable
finger 7, width of hand 5.

Loc. Lower Bui*ma: Pegu Hills and Central Tenasserim
(Bingham).

60. Scorpiops anthracinus, Simon, J. A. S. B. h i, p. 112, 1887.

5 . Allied to the two preceding species, but easily recognizable
from both by the extreme slenderness of the hand and by the
larger number of setal pores upon the lower side of the brachium
and hand. Brachial pores 19 ; a curved row of 10 pores on under-
hand. Hand very slender, its inner and outer edges nearly straight
and parallel, its width less than half the length of the underhand,
the width of its dorsal area between inner keel and the finger-
keel less than one-third the length of the movable finger and less
than width of humerus ; movable finger equal to the carapace and
slightly exceeding the underhand. Fectinal teeth 10-11. Upper
crests of tail more elevated and spiuiform than in the other
species.

Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 57, carapace 8-5, tail 27,
underhand 7"5, movable finger 8'5, width of hand 3"5.
Loc. Tavoy in Tenasserim.

61. Scorpiops lindstroemii, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Gmova, xxvii, p. 673,
1889 : lugubris, id. ibid. p. 579.

$ . Eesembling S. anthracinus in having a row of 9-10 setal
pores on the underhand in the adult, but differing principally iu
having only 15 instead of 19 brachial pores, and the chelse both
longer and stouter, &c. Dorsal crests on tail with terminal spine
not so strong as in S. anthracinus ; 1st segment narrower than

SCOIIPIOPS. ' ^

humerus, only as wide as the intercarmal ^^^'^ ° /*%"I^^P/;/^^"^^^^
Chelce with humerus as bug as carapace ; « idth of I and almost
half the length of the underhand, which is as long as the movable
lin-er and longer than the carapace ; width ot dorsal area of hand
betweei the keels about one-third the length of_ the movable
linger ; fiuger more strongly lobate than in S. anthracinus. J. ecUncU

^'^MLurements m ram. of type.-Tota\ length 68, carapace 12 tail
37, humerus 12-3, underhand 13, movable fanger 13, width oi hand
6-5, of its dorsal intert-ariual area 4-2. tvt .v, r.i •

Loc. Mt. Mooleyit in Tenasserim (Feu), also the North Ohm
Hills in Upper Burma (Tr«feo»i).

Scorpinps liu/ubris, Thorell (Ann. Mus. Geuova, xxvn, p. 5/9),
was based upon an immature specimen of the genus from the same
locality as the tvpe of S. liadstroemU. In all probahdity it is the
young of that species. It has 7 pores on the Wr side of the hand.
An immature sjecimeu from the North Chm Hills in Upper Burma
closely resembles the type of S. luguhris.

The following species, which I have not seen, has been omitted
from the table : —

62. Scorpiops aflmis, Kraep.Jb. Hamb. iviss. Anst.xY, p. 44, 1898; id.
Tien:, Scarp, etc. p. 182, 1899.

"Eesembling Sc. hardwiclcii in size, colorn-, &c., but with the
keels of the ehelffl granular. Hand with finger-keel and keel of
underhand coarsely granular ; inner border not hmited throughout
by a smooth keel, but marked with a row of stronger granules ;
inner horizontal portion of upper side of hand covered with
numerous isolated rounded granules like those of the outer
surface. Fourth abdominal sternum coarsely punctured, almost as
in a thimble. Pectinal teeth 5-7.

" Loc. Himalaya."

This species is evidently nearly related to S. crassimanus, and
according to the characters cited should fall under heading of the
synopsis. Nothuig, however, is said respecting the prominence
of the inner edge on the upper surface of the hand. Sc. crassi-
manus, moreover, is a larger species than S. hardwiclcii, and the 4th
abdominal sternum is not punctured in the way described as
characteristic of S. affinis. Hence the two speciee must for the
present be regarded as distinct.

76

ISOHNUniD;!!,

Family

Fig. 21. — A. Chiromachetcsfcrgusoni,
tarsus of 4th log, exteiual view.

B. Hormurus australasits, diLto.

C. JomacJms laviceps, ditto.

ISCHNURID.^.

Legs furni.shed with a single
pedal spur. Sternum broad and
pentagonal. Genital ojterculuvi di-
vided ill raale, undivided iti
female. Both movable and im-
movable fingers of mandible un-
toothed along the lower edge. No
spine beneath aculeus on vesicle
of tail. Extremity of ^arsi squarely
truncate, forming almost a right
angle with the base of the claw-
lobe, and not produced into a
rounded lobe overlapping the claws
at the side. Carapace, abdomen,
and chelai flat and depressed ; hand
with strong and complete finger-
keel ; edges of finger of chela
granularly dentate, not produced
into sharp triangular teeth. Tail
thin, strongly compressed.

Distribution. Etiiiopian Region ;
Madagascar ; Oriental Region from
India to Papua; northern part of
Neotropical Region.

Synopsis of Indian Genera.

a. A single median keel on tlie lower side of

all the caudal sefjments, that on the Ist
sometimes obsolete ; tarsi armed beneath
and distaUy with many (5 pairs of)

spljies Hemtscoepius, p. 77.

b. No median keel on the under side of caudal

segments 1-4 ; tarsi furnished below with
paired setse or at most a few spines, 2
distal and 1 proximal,
fli. Median eyes well in front of the middle
of the carapace ; tarsi spined beneath,

protarsi spined at the distal end Chiromachetes, p. 77.

b^. Median eyes only just in front of the
middle of the carapace; protarsi not
distally spined ; tarsi at most with
one posterior distal spine.
Tarsi with median row of spicules;
posterior lateral eye above edge of

carapace loMAcnus, p. 81.

b". Tarsi without median row of spicules ;
all three lateral eyes on edge of cara-
pace HoHMunus, p. 78.

nBMlSCOnPIUS.— OUinOMACUETES.

77

Genus HEMISCORPIUS, Peters.

Ilemiscovpius, Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1801, p. 42G (April);

iW/c, .1. il/. iV. J/. (0) xii, p. 308, 1893.
lleiniscoi'pion, Peters, Mi?, vl/oarf. i?eHt», 1861, p. 511 (May) ;

Karsch,MT. Miinch. cut. Ver. iii, p. 15, 1879; Kraep. Jb. llamb.

wiss. Anst. xi, p. 110, 1894; id. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 142, 1899.

Carapace with median eyes in advance of the middle of the plate.
Tarsi (Hg. 5 A, p. 8) armed beneath and on each side of the distal
extremity with many pairs of long and slender spines, and furnished
with median row of spicules. Sternum elongate, parallel-sided, with
deep median groove. Finger of chela with two parallel rows of
teeth and externally with some larger teeth.

Type, H. lejjturus, Peters.

Distribution. S. Arabia ; Socotra ; Baghdad and Baluchistan.

63. Hemiscorpius leptlirus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1861, p. 426,
fin-s 1-8 ; id. op. cit. p. 511 (Hemiscorpion) ; Kraei). Jb. Hamh.
Wiss Anst. xi,p. Ill, t. ii,figs. 39, 40,1894 ; id. Tierr., Scorp. etc.
p. 142, lig. 38, 1899.

2 . Colour uniform yellowish red, with
browner fingers. Carapace and abdomen
smooth to finely punctured. Keels of tail
smooth or finely gi-anular. Vesicle of nor-
mal form, not globular, with short and thick
aculeus. Hand with nearly smooth finger-
keel, its upper surface reticulated. Pectinal
teeth 9. Total length 45 mm.

(f . Differing from $ in having cara-
pace and abdomen finely granular or rugu-
lose ; tail very long and slender ; vesicle
very long, with blunt tubercuhform pro-
jection on each side at the base of the aculeus. Pectinal teeth
15-16. Total length 66 mm.

Distribution. Baghdad {Petermann) ; Northern Baluchistan
(Maynard ^ MacMahon). The example from Baluchistan has
lost its tail, and is identified as H. lepturiis with some hesitation.

Fig. 22. — Hemiscorpius
leptttrus. A. Vesicle
and aculeus of (5 . B.
Do. of ? .

Genus CHIROMACHETES, Pocock.

Chiromachetes, Ponock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 744, 1899.

Carapace with anterior border deeply excised in middle line ;
median eyes well in advance of the centre, the distance between
them and the posterior margin nearly twice as great as the distance
between them and the median excision ; lateral eyes almost mar-
ginal, the anterior two separated by a very narrow space from the
subjacent edge, the posterior practically on the edge. Extremity
of protarsi spined ; tarsi (fig. 21, A) armed below with a few spines,
without median row of spicules except quite at base. Digit of

78

IBOHNUEID^B.

chela armed with two rows of teeth ; brachiain with large basal
proininence.

Type, C. fergusoiii, Pocock.

Distribution. Malabar coast, S. India.

Resembling the S. African and Neotropical genus Opistliacantlms
in the spine-armature of its legs, except that the spines on the
tarsi are fewer than in any known species of that genus. Further
and especially differing in the forward position of the median eyes
and the closeness of the lateral eyes to the margin, these eyes in
OpisihacatUhus, especially the posterior, being distinctly above the
edge.

64. Chiromachetes fergusoni, Pocock, Jutir. Bom. N. H. Soc xii,
p. 744, 1899.

Colour : upper side of body and tail blacldsh green, vesicle clear
yellow ; legs and chelae blackish brown ; tarsi yellow. Carapace
and tercja densely and finely punctured, without granules and
without crests, except for the normal median low elevation on the
terga ; carapace a little longer than the 1st and 2nd caudnl seg-
ments, shorter than the 4bh and 5th. Tail about four times as
long as carapace, densely punctured, smooth, except for a few
granules on the lower side of the 4th and 5th segments ; without
keels ; the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd segments posteriorly elevated on each
side of the dorsal groove ; segments impressed with serially arranged
setiferous pores; vesicle compressed, thickly covered with long
bristles below. Chela; large, densely punctured, finely granular
above, smooth below; both humerus and brachium longer than
carapace ; humerus and brachium wath posterior side somewhat
compressed, coarsely denticulate, but scarcely carinate; hand
with finger-keel, underhand-keel, and area between them coarsely
granular; underhand much longer than carapace, not twice as
long as the width of the hand, longer than movable finger, which
is strongly lobate, the immovable correspondingly notched ; mov-
able finger longer than carapace. Legs finely punctured ; femora
finely granular externally ; protarsi with finely serrulate external
edge, armed with 3 spiiies on the inner side at apex. Fectinal
teeth 7-8.

Measurements hi mm. — Total length 100, carapace 14, tail 44,
underhand 18, movable finger 15, width of hand 10.
Log. Trivandrum in Travancore (Ferguson).

Genus HORMURUS, Thorell.

Hormurus, Thorell, A. M. N. H. (4) xvii, p. 14, 1876; Pocock,
A M. N. H. (6) xii, p. 320, t. xiv, fig. 6, 1893 ; Kraep. Jb. Hamh.
wiss. Anst. xi, p. 131, 1894 ; id. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 153, 1899.

Carapace with median eyes near the centre, and the three lateral
eves on the very edge. Tarsi (fig. 21, B) furnished beneath with
four pairs of moderately long stiff bristles, not with spnies, and
without a median Une of spicules ; extremity of protarsi also bristly

HORMUUUS.

79

and not spined. Movable finger of chela with two parallel rows of
teeth. Genital operculum of female not narrowed and pointed
behind ; marked with median siitnre.
Type, H. austmlasice (Fabr.).

Distribution. India, Burma, and the whole of the Indo- and
Austro-Malayan area as far as Fiji.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

a. Upper and lower crests on posterior side of

bracliium granular; sterua thickly punc-

tiu-ed ; tail laterally granular H. australasicc, p. 79.

b. Lower crest on posterior side of brachium

quite smooth ; sterna not or scarcely punc-
tured ; sides of tail not granular H. nigripes, p. 80.

65. Hormurus australasiae, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 399, 1775 (Scorpio) ;
C. L. Koch, Arachn. iv, p. 7l, fig. 294, 1838 (Ischnurus) ; Tlwrell,
Atti Snc. It'll, xix, p. 251, 1876 ; Simon, J. A. S. B. Ivi, p. 113,
1887 (Liocheles) ; Kraep. Jb. Hamb. tviss. Anst. xi, p. 133, 1894 ;
id. Tierr., Scarp, etc. p. 154, 1899.
Ischnurus complanatus, C. Koch, Arachn. iv, p. 73, fig. 295, 1838 ;
Thorell, Ann. Mus. Gmova, xxvi, p. 420, 1888.

Colour of upper side of trunk, chelte, and of tail reddish or
greenish brown ; under side of trunk paler ; vesicle clear yellow
or yellowish red, paler than the dorsal surface of the abdomen.
Carapace and terga densely and finely punctured in 2 , sometimes
granular laterally in . Sterna finely punctured. Tail at most
only about two and a half times as long as the carapace, weakly
wranidar below, above, and at the sides ; dorsal keels practically
absent, but the extremities of the upper sides of segments 2-4
provided with a pointed upstanding tubercle; inferior crests of
3rd and 4th weakly granular, of Ist bearing posteriorly a pair of
sharp downwardly and backwardly directed tubercles, similar
tubercles on inferior median and lateral keels of 2nd ; inferior
lateral keels of the 5th denticulate ; vesicle finely punctured and
pitted, like the lower side of the tail, with setiferous pores.
Chelce massive, granular and punctured above, punctured below ;
anterior side finely granular; the keels strong and coarsely granular;
base of the brachium in front elevated into a ridge bearing a pair
of larger denticles : brachium shorter than carapace ; underhand
longer than carapace, not twice as long as the width of the hand ;
area below iinger-keel coarsely granular ; basal half of fingers
granular ; finger-keel and keel of underhand strong and coarsely
granular ; fingers short, about two-thirds the length of the under-
hand, shorter than carapace, not lobate in females and young
males, but strongly lobate in large males. Legs externally finely
granular, with under edge of femora and patelliB serrate. Pec-
iinal teeth 5-8, mostly 6-7.

Measurements in mm. of adult J . — Total length 37, carapace 7,
tail 18, underhand 8, movable finger 6, width of hand 5.

80

isciiNuniBji;.

Loc. J3urina : Akyiib ; MyanyoiiDg, Moulineiii ; Kawkareilc,
Thagata-juva, aud Mount Mooleyit, iu Teimsserini ; Tavoy and
Eeel' Island {Fm cj- Oaks) ; Great Cocos Island, Andamans (Oatcs) ;
Nicobar Islands, thence over the whole of the ludo-Malayau
and Austro-Malayan area.

Adults of this species vary much iu size, some males with fully-
developed sexual features being only about 30 mm., the carapace
measuring 5, and the adult females may reach 45 mm. or more.

Subspecies SUSpectus, Thorell: Ilovmurus austvalasla3, Fab?:, var. y.
suspectus, T/iorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxvi, pp. 420 & 422, 1888.

Differs from the Burmese representative of the typical form in
having the upper side of the truuk and the tail, with exception of
the yellowish-red vesicle, a deep greenish black, the chela2 being
of much the same colour, and the legs, although ferruginous towards
the extremities, are piceous and not paler than the upper side of
the trunk. Total length of adult 42 mm.

Loc. Lower Burma: Prome (Fea) aud the Pegu Hills (Bimjham).

The granulation of the carapace aud terga, which Thorell relied
upon as a basis for this form, is not more strongly developed than
in many males of the typical form.

66. Hormurus nigripes, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Sac. xi, p. 117,
1897 ; Kraepelin, Tien:, Scorp. etc, p. 155, 1899.

Colour a shining pitchy brown, ouly the vesicle yellow ; legs as
dark as the body, with the exceptiou of the tarsi which are yellow.
Carapace smooth and punctured as in H. ausiralasioi, but with the
frontal border more deeply excavated and the frontal lobes more
square. Terga much less conspicuously punclulate than in
E. aiistralasim ; sterna also scarcely noticeably punctulate. Tail of
about the same strength and with the same armature of dentiform
tubercles as iu R. australasice, but the segments are very noticeably
shorter as compared to their length, and with the exception of the
above-mentioned sharp tubercles are entirely without granules.
Chelce as large as in H. australasice ; humerus with granules and
tubercles weaker ; the upper surface of brachium smooth and
punctured, crests of its posterior surface almost or quite smooth,
the edge of the anterior basal prominence not produced into a
crest bearing spiniform tubercles ; hand punctulate aud granulate
as in -f/. australasice, but with its posterior external angle pro-
iecting much more strongly, and the area opposed to the brachuim
prolon'^ed internally so that when closed it overlaps the basal
prominence of the brachium ; in H. australasia; it falls short of the
prominence, the teeth of which abut against the inner edge of the
hand. Pectinal teeth 6 in $ . ^

Measurements in nm.— Total length 35, ot tad 14, carapace 6-3,
underhand 6, movable finger 4-2, width of li-iiid 3-S.

Loc. India : Panch Mahals in Guzerat ( Walliiujer) ; Satna in
Central Provinces {Dane).

1

JOMACHUS.

81

Pig. 23. — A. lomachus
laviceps, 4th torgiil plate
of abdomen. B. lomachus

. nitidits, ditto.

Genius lOMACHUS, Pocock.

lomachus, FocM-.k, A. M. N. H. (6)
xii, p. 320, 1893 ; id. op. cit. (6 ) .Wii,
p. 317, 1896 ; KracpcHii, Jh. JIamh.
luiss. Anst. xi, p. 139, 1894 ; id. Tien:,
Soo}-/J. etc. p. 155, 1899.

Nearly allied to Uorninrus, but with I he
posterior lateral eye above the inargiu of
the carapace, the tarsi furnished beneath
with a median row of spicules and with
a few long slender bristles at the sides ;
and the genital operculum of ihe female
pointed posteriorly and without trace of
a median suture.

Type, I. keviceps (Pocock).
Distribution. Southern India ; British
and German East Africa,

Si/nopsis of Indian Species.

a. Abdominal terga not visibly punctured, marked

with a pair of short pits scarcely surpassing

the middle of the terg-a I. nitidiis, ip. S3.

b. Abdominal terga visibly punctured, especially

laterally, marked with a pair of strong sigmoid
grooves which extend almost to the posterior
margin .

a'. Two setal pores on base of immovable finger

above ; tarsi with two pairs of bristles

below /. Iceviceps, p. 81.

A I. Three setal pores on base of immovable

finger above ; a spine on posterior distal

angle of tarsus below I. puncUdatus, p. 83.

67. lomaclms Iseviceps, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) v, p. 242, t. xii, figs.
1-1 a, 1890 ; id. Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. vii, p. 303, 1893 (llormurus) ;
Pocock, A. M. N. H. (0) xii, p. 320, t. xiv, f. 5, 1893 ; Kraep. Jh.
Hamh. wiss. Anst. xi, p. 139 (1894) ; Pocock, Jour. Boin. N. H. Soc.
xi, p. 116, 1897; Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 1.56, 1899 (lomachus).

Colour : body and tail yellowish or reddish to almost blackish
brown above; chelae redder ; legs reddish or yellowish brown, always
paler than the body ; vesicle clear yellowish red. Carapace and
terga closely and finely punctured throughout, sometimes very
finely granular laterally ; carapace a little longer than 1st and 2nd
caudal segments ; about as long as 4th and 5th in 5 , shorter
in d • Sterna very faintly and closely punctured. ^V(i? barely

82

TSCHNURID.E.

three times us loug as carapace in $ , ratlier longer in J ; scarcely
granular, and except the 5th segment, uon-carinate. Ohdm finely
punctured throughout, scarcely granular above ; humerus and
larachium subequal and about as long as carapace ; bracbium armed
in Iront at base with a low subbiHd prominence ; liand at most

Fig. — /omachtis Iceviccps, J. N.il. size.

subrugulose above, its external portion coarsely granular; tiuger-keel
strong, almost smooth, keel of underhand more granular; underhand
a little longer than carapace, longer than width of hand by one-fourth
(?) or about one-third ( d ) of its length ; movable finger a little
shorter than carapace, weakly lobate in ? and young d , strongly
lobate in adult c? . Two setal pores on upper side of immovable
finger. Pectinal teeth 3-6, usually 5.

lleasurements in mm. of 6 .—Total length 55, carapace 8, tail
25, underhand 9, movable finger 7, width of hand 5-5.

Loc. S. India: Yercaud in Shevaroy Hills {Henderson); Kota-
giri, Nilgiri Hills (Henderson Sf Daly).

Subspecies malabarensis, nov.

A dark form, difi'ering from the typical form of Iceviceiis in having
the chelEe black and the legs a deep blackish brown, and the
movable finger of the chel£B both in male and female much more
strongly lobate, and the immovable correspondingly deeply notched.

Loc. 'Mangalore on the Malabar coast {Bnttie).

lOMAC'llUS.

83

68. lomachus piinctulatus, Pocovk, Jour. Jlom. N. II. Sor. xi, ]>. 1 10,

1897 ; Kraep. Tien:, &orp. etc. p. 156, 1899.

J . Closely allied to the precediug. Trunk, Ihnhs, and la 'd black
or reddish black, legs not lighter than body. Tail three and a half
times the length of the carapace, which is as long as its 1st and iind
.segments. Ghelce longer than in /. Imiceps, the movable linger quite
as long as the carapace, and only slightly shorter than the under-
hand ; process at base of brachium smaller than in /. Itnukeps. Bass
of finger on upper side with three setal pores, the first of small
size, the others larger and situated farther along the fiuger. Distal
bristle on the posterior side of tarsus replaced by a spine.

2 . Chelae and tail shorter than in S ; tail about three times as
long as the carapace, which equals its first two segments and half
the third. Peciinal teeth 5.

Measurements in mm. ( S )• — Total length 62, carapace 8, tail 30,
underhand 8-5, movable finger 8, width of hand 5\S.

Loc. S. India : Coimbatore {Davison) ; Nilgiri Hills {Daly).

69. lomachus nitidus, sp. n.

Colour : legs, chelae, tail, with exception of the reddish-yellow
vesicle, and upper side of body black. Carapace very finely
punctured at the sides and in the depression surrounding the median
eyes, the rest of its median area smooth and not or scarcely visibly
punctulate. Terga smooth, not visibly punctulate, marked in the
anterior half with a pair of deep longitudinal pits, which, however,
are not or scarcely prolonged posteriorly beyond the middle of the
plate, and do not present the sigmoid shape and the median piriform
area so noticeable in I. Iceviceps and punctulatus. Moreover, the
anterior portion of the terga in front of the impression presents no
strong transverse sinuous groove running from side to side as in
I.laviceps and pitnctalatus, this groove being moderatelj^ deep only
in the middle between the anterior ends of the impressions and
becoming obsolete at the sides. Sterna also smooth, not visibly
punctured. Tail as in I. Iceviceps, but with the 4th and 5th segments
finely granular dorsally. Chela', punctured and carinate as in
/. laiviceps i two setal pores on base of immovable finger above as in
that species. Tai-si furnished below with setae as in I. Iceviceps.
Pectinal teeth 5. Total length 45 mm.

Loc. Southern India: Nellore {Fopert).

8-t

scoJU'xoxiD.i;.

JFamily SCOUPIONIDtE.

{ = Scori)ioniJ!B, subfam. Scoipionini, Pocock, A. M.N. H. (U) xii,
p. 306, 1893 ;, Kraep. Tierr., Scoiy. p. 106, 1899.)

Differing from the Ischnurklce in having the tarsi produced
distally on eacli side into a large lobe overlapping the base of the
claw and forming a very acute angle with the base of the claw-lobe
(fig. 4 B, p. 8). Body and cheije not flat and depressed; hand
usually convex above, the finger-keel absent, or not so strong and
complete as in the Ischnimdce ; fingers armed with strong
triangularly pointed teeth. Tail powerful, not compressed.

JJiMrilmtion. Ethiopian Eegiou ; Oriental Eegion from India to
Borneo.

Genus PALAMNiEUS, Thorell.

rnlaimiieus, Tlwrcll, A. M. N.H. (4) xvii. p. 1:5, 1876 (in part) ;

FvcocA; A. M. N. H. (6) xviii, p. 77, 1896 (seusn stvicto).
Paudinus, Thundl, Atti Soc. It. xix, p. 199, 1877 (iu part).
Scorpio, Pucock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. vii, p. 309, 1893 ; Kraep.

Jb. Hamb. tois:^. Anst. xi, p. 28, 1894 (in part).
BBteYom^tVMS,IIemp.^EJirenb. ISijmb. P/njii.,Scorp.ip.2, 1829(iupart);

.SV?)io», liev. et May. Zoo!. (2) sxiii, p. 56, 1872 (in part) ; Ki-aejy.

Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 107, 1899 (sensu stricto).

. Carapace deeply not ched in the middle line ; median eyes close to
the centre. Tarsal lobes of 3rd and 4th legs with 2, very rarely 3
spines. Brachium of chela with its underside posteriorly rounded,
not or scarcely Iseeled, and furnished with only a few setiferous
pores. A stridulating organ situated between the chela and the
first leg, consisting of a series of granules forming a rasp upon
the coxa of the 1st leg, and a cluster of vibrating bristles upon
the coxa (maxilla) of the chela.

Type, P. petersii, Thor. (=silenus, Sim.).

Distribution. Oriental Region from India and Ceylon to Borneo
and the Philippines.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

a. Inner edge of hand scarcely compressed, rounder

and thicker; large spiniform tubercle at base of
brachium in front.
Inner edge of hand beset with low moderately
sharp or blunt tubercles ; chela of J much
longer than of $ , the hand very narrow and

long

b\ Inner edge of hand beset with strong, spmitorm
tubercles; chete in cJ approximately hke
those of 5 , the hand short and thick

b. Inner edge of hand compressed ; no large %\m\\-

form tubercle at base of brachium iu front.

[p. 97.

P. longimarius,

P. oatesii, p. 98.

PAT.A^rN.T.US.

.85

Ilumenia of chela coavaely granular ou the
underside at base ; 5th caudal sB,n>ent ^ 2;

not shorter than carapace • ■ ■ • '

Humerus smooth below, or with only a lew
granules; 5th caudal segment much
shorter than carapace. . r oq

a" Tarsal lobes armed each with 3 spines, ^ ^ ^ . Lf-

at the apex above and 2 below • P- Uitimanus,

h\ Tarsal lobes armed with 2 spines each, the
apex not spined, tipped with bristles,
fl.'. Lower side of vesicle perfectly smooth

and polished, hairy and punc^tured . . 1. Uurus, p. yi.
b\ Vesicle furnished below with at least
four rows of sharp tubercles.
a'\ Inner edge of hand not beset with
sharp tooth-like tubercles, crested
at base of finger ; upper surface with LP-
four low longitudinal crests ...... P- yravimanus,

b'\ Inner edge of hand studded with
sharp denticles, not crested at base
of finger ; tubercles of the dorsal
side not running into four distinct
longitudinal crests.
a\ Outer portion of upper surface ot
hand defined above by a distinct
but irregular ridge or crest. „ ^ , •

a\ Leo-s reddish yellow P.fidmpes, p. 87.

b\ Legs deep blaclsish brown .... P. wroughtom
b". Outer portion of upper side of hand LP-
not defined above by a longitudinal
ridge.

a". Length of adult only about

75 mm. ; legs reddish yellow as [P- 9--

mfulvipes P- xanthopus,

b*. Length of adult not less than
100 mm. ; legs coloured like
trunk, generalTy nearly black.
a^ Hand exceedingly smooth
above ; terga with three pos-
terior tubercles P- scaher, p. 93.

^l^ Hand rugose or tubercular;
terga not tubercular.
«'». Hands orange-yellow ; rest

of chete, body and legs black. P. barberi, p. 95.
b^". Hands much "the same colour
as rest of chelse
((!'. Hands narrow, smooth,

covered above with sculp- [p- 94.

turing of reticulated ridges. P. benyalensis,
Hands broad, covered above
with large tubercles or
coarsely rdticulated.
m'"'. Last abdominal sternum
without four low crests,
densely punctured; basal
portion of pecten broad,
its angle less obtuse .... J'. ;)/()><(/jn',p. 94.

8(5

SCOllPTONID.K.

^. Last abcloiuiniil steruum witli

Frontal lobes ol' carapace
and underhand thickly
eranular '.

four low crests; not visibly
punctured ; basal portion
of pecten very narrow.

6'''. Prontallobes of carapace
and underhand not con-
spicuously granular.

P. ceesar, p. 97.

Inner border of hand
widely round-d fi'oui
base of ini movable
Knger ; upper keels of
tail strongly denticulated

J', s

.iirrniiix, p. 97.

6''. Inner border of hand
nearly straight between
base of immovable finger
and posterior lobe ;
upper keels of tail smooth
or nearly so

P. ndm, p. 96.

70. Palamnaeus swammerdami, Simon, Bev. et Mac/. Zool. (2) xxiii,
p. 56, f. 8, 1872 (Heterometrus) ; Pococh, A.'M.N.H. (6) v,
p. 237, 1890; id. Jour. Bum. N. H. Soc. vii, p. 304,1893 ;
Kraep. Jb. Hamb. wiss. Anst. xi, p. 42, 1894 (Scorpio) ; id.
Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 112, 1899 (Heterometrus): asper, 'J'hurell,
Atti Soc. It. xix, p. 199, 1877 (Pandinus) : kochii, Karsch, MT.
Miinch. ent. Ver. iii, p. 127, 1879 (Pandinus).

Coluiir blackish, greenish, or reddish brown ; vesicle reddish
yellow ; hand and legs deep reddish brown ; basal segment of
mandibles yellowish red. Carapace more or less covered with
coarse granules ; area at the sides of and behind the tubercle on
each side swollen and elevated; lateral margins strongly converging
in front ; iaa $ , carapace a little shorter than the 1st and 2nd
caudal segments, and about as long as the 5th. Terga granular at
the sides and posteriorly. Sterna smooth and polished ; the last
scarcely crested. Tail long and powerful, about 4^ times as long
as the carapace ; all the segments coarsely granular above and to
a less extent at the sides ; segments 1, 2, and generally 3, smooth
below, rarely subdenticulate ; the rest of the keels denticulate ; in-
ferior intercarinal spaces of 4th and 5th segments sparsely granular;
vesicle large, wider than high, as wide as 5th segment or wider,
with 4 rows of granules below, and tolerably thickly granular also
at the sides. Chela', with humerus and brachium much shorter
than carapace ; humerus coarsely granular above and at base below ;
brachium rugose though scarcely definitely granular behind ; hand
covered above with large, smooth, oval or circular tubercles, the
inner edge sharply tubercular- and nearly straight, posterior lobe
very long, projecting far back beyond the posterior end of the
keel of the imderhand ; fingers granular beneath, the immovable
not crested ; movable finger about as long as carapace, a little

PAriA.MiV.KUS.

87

exeeediii" greatest width of lumd ; underhand about two-thirds
tiie length of the movable Knger. Legs granular temoi-a ;
tarsi armed beneath with 6 posterior and 4 anterior spines, the
distal 2 of these situated on the terminal lobes ; tips ot the lobes
furnished with bristles. F^'dinal teeth 16-20 ( , $ )■

. With larger pectines and a longer tail than in $ ; the
tail sometimes nearly Eve times as long as the carapace, and the
latter considerably shorter than the 1st and iind segments.

Chelae in d as in $ . , n o rn + i

Measurements in mm. (specimen from Trichinopoly).— ¥ . iotai
length 140, carapace 18, tail 78, width of hand 17, underhand 12,
movable finger 18.

(J. Total length 138, carapace 17-2, tail 82, width ot hand I,,
underhand 12-5, movable finger 18-5. , ,^ , ■

Loc India and the plains of Ceylon ; absent from the konkan, the
Malabar coast, and the hills of Ceylon ; Dehra Dun {Gkaclow) ;
Burdwan and Chota Nagpore (Dunclas Wliiffia) in Bengal ; batna
(Gimlette) and Kaipur (Martin) in the Central Provinces ; Shahabad
(Bocano) in the Dekhan ; Dowlaishwerara on the Godavari
( Wybrow) ; Dhhvwax (Wood row) ; Madras (Henderson ^ Thurston) ; '
Tanjore (Popert) ; Eamnad (Henderso7i, Fabre) ; Trineomali (Barrett
&■ Bassett-Smith) and Chilan (Green), in Ceylon.

This is the largest Scorpion of India, and, with the exception ot its
near ally the West-African Pandinus imperator, the largest species
in the world, sometimes reaching a length of 180 mm. (7 inches).

In addition to the typical form above described, with legs and
chelse a deep brown colour and almost as dark as the npper side
of the trunk, the following two subspecies may be recognized : —

Subspecies lucidipes, Simon, BuU. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 38, 1885 ('Scorpio).
Differs from the typical form in having the legs clear yellow.
Loc. Eamnad (Fabre) ; Trichinopoly (Popert).

Subspecies flavimanus, nov.

Resembles lucidities in having the legs clear yellow, but differs
from it and from the typical form in having the hands of the chelae
clear red or yellow, and contrasting strongly with the dark tint of
the body.

Loc. Coonoor ; Coimbatore (Brady, type).

71 Palamnseus fnlvipes, C. Koch, Arachn. iv, p. 45, fig. 278, 1838,
(Buthus) ; Karsch, Abh. Ver. Bremen, ix, p. 68, 1887 ; Sim07i.
Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 23, 1885 (Pandinus) ; Pocock, Jour. Bom.
N. H. Soc. vii, p. 304, 1893; Kraep. Jh. Ramh. xoiss. Aii^t. xi,
p. 44, 1894 (Scorpio); Kraep. Tim:, Scorp. etc. p. 112, 189f)
(Heterometrus).

5 . Colour much as in the preceding species ; body a deep blackish
or reddish brown ; hands redder ; legs, vesicle, and mandibles clear
yellow, or more rarely reddish brown. Carapace rnuch flatter
than in P. swammerdami, not swollen in the middle, its sides less

88

SCORI'IONJD^.

abruptly converging in front, finely granular at the sides and in
front; longer than 1st and 2nd caudal segments, or than 5th.
Terriites finely granular laterally, smooth in the middle ; the last
crested as in P. swammerd<imi. Sterna smooth as in the latter.
Tail shorter, about three and a halt' times as long as the carapace,
the upper and latei'al surfaces only weakly granular ; keels as in
P. swammenlami, but not so strongly denticulate ; vesicle gi'anular
as in the last-named. Chela; with humerus not so granular,
either above or below, as in P. swammerdami, smooth or with a few
granules below ; hracliium as in P. swainmerdami ; hand granular
below and on its inner side as in the latter, but the tubercles of
the upper side more crowded and a little smaller ; the inner edge
of the hand is convex, and the lobe only projects backwards a short
distance beyond the posterior end of the keel of the underhand.
Moreover the external portion of the upper surface rises vertically
from the-keel ol' the undei-hand and is bordered above by an irregular
smooth ridge; immovable finger at most obsoletely crested. Legs
as in P. swammerdami. Pectinal teeih vsxvely as low as 12 in $ , and
as high as 18 in c? ; usually 14-16. Basal angle of pecten about
110°.

c? . Carapace and terga a little more granular tail, a little or
considerably longer, and the hand thinner or flatter than in $ .

Fig. 25. — A. Hand oi Palanintsus fuMpes, S ■
B. Hand of P. fulvipes, sahsp. madraspatensis, cJ.

Measurements in mm. of 2 (from Nasik). — Total length 110,
carapace 17, tail 58, brachium 12, underhand 11, movable finger
16, width of hand 15.

Loc. Western and Southern India; absent from the Konkan
and Malabar coast and Ceylon. Also recorded from Burma and
Java (type), but probably erroneously.

Two well-marked subspecies may be recognized, and diagnosed
as follows : —

Subspecies madraspatensis, nov.

Chelae in 6 long ; brachium as long as carapace ; hand not so
flat, narrower, its width only equal to length of underhand, and
less than median length of carapace.

taI/Amnm:us.

89

MeasuremenU in »)!,».— Carapace 15, bracliium 15, underhand
12, movable finger 16-5, widlh ol- hand II. , . i

Loc. Madras {Henderson): Cuddi.pah {Popert); Secunderabad
{Eicardo) *.

Subspecies l)oml)ayensis, nov.

Chelffi in male shorter ; bracliium much shorter than carapace ;
hand much flatter above and wider, its width equal to the median
length of the carapace and much greater than length ot under-

^^Hhusuremmls in mm. (of tvpefrom Nasik).— Length o£ carapace
16, brachium 14, underhand 10-5, movable finger 15-5, width ot

^^'i'l/'Aimeer in Eajputana; Panch Mahtils in Guzerat (Wal-
lirwer)- Karaghora in Kattyawar (BuUchy); West Khandesh
(Dn Boulay); East Satpura Hills; Talgaon and Chahsgaon in
East Khandesh (Madan) ; Niphad, Chandor, Siunar, Teola,
Malegaon, Nandgaon, and Kalwan in Nasik {Duxhury).

72. Palamnseus wroughtoni, Pocock, Juw. Bom. N. H. Sac. xii,
p. 745, 1899.

0 . Colour nearly black, vesicle and mandibles redder ; legs very
deep olive-brown, with slightly paler ex-
tremities. Upper side of body as in
P. /ttZv j/5es but smoother; carapace finely
granular at the sides, its median area
and frontal lobes quite smooth ; terga
only very finely and sparsely granular
at the sides. Tail practically smooth,
at most very scantily granular throughout,
except the keels, which are armed as in
P. fulvipes ; vende not gi\anular at the sides.
Ohelce with humerus and brachium as
ia P. fulvipes ; hand with the outer portion
of its upper surface vertical and crested
as in P. fulvipes; the underhand longer and
not granular ; the whole hand narrower,
the inner and outer edges more parallel,
the inner edge more convex near the base
of the immovable finger and much less
convex in its posterior half. Pectinal
teeth 17.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 100, carapace 15, tail 51,
brachium 12, underhand 11-5, movable finger 14, width of hand
12-5.

Loc. Belgaum {Talbot), and Gadingal in the Kolhapnr State
{Wray).

Fig. 26.— Hand of
Palamnceus wroughtoni.

* Young Bpecimens from Dbarwar ( Woodrow), and Riiybag and TCalkal in tho
Kolhapnr State {fVray), are doublfidly referred to this siibspecies.

91)

scoui'ioNi D.r:.

7'-i. Palamnseus latimanus, Fucock, J. M. N. 11. ((}) xiii, p. 74, 18!)4
(Scorpio); Krac,). Tkn:, tScor/j. etc. -p. 113, 1899 (Heteroiuetrus).

Colour (dry specimen) ciisliineuus, with yellow legs ; chelie
darker. Carapace linely granular at the sides, on the frontal lobes,
and in the median anteocular groove ; longer than the 1st and 2nd
and lialF the ;:ird caudal segments or than segments 3 and 4, and as
long as the 5th and | of the 4th. Teryiles only weakly granular
at the sides. Sterna smootli, the last with four strong crests.
Tail short, not raore than three times as long as the carapace,
almost entirely smooth, lateral surface rugose, superior and supei'o-
lateral crests on segments l-.'i practically smooth ; keels of 4th
w eakly denticulate, of 5th normally denticulate ; vesicle granular

A. B.
Fig. 27. — A, Hand, and B, tarsus of 4tli leg of Palamnceus laiimamis.

below. Chelce. with humerus very weakly granular above, strongly
granular in front ; brachium practically smooth throughout ; hand
very wide, its inner border strongly convex and rising at right
angles to the base of the immovable finger, its inner edge denticu-
late, covered above with a reticulation of smooth ridges, which
become more tubercular towards the base of the fingers and
externally, and entirely disappear postei-iorly ; lower surface with
a few granules ; width of hand almost equal to length of carapace
and to movable digit ; immovable finger w ith a strong crest. Lefjs
with posterior femora very weakly granuhir; spine-armature of
tarsi, 6 behind, 5 in front, but diiiering from all the other species
in having a strong spine, not bristles, upon the upper angle of
the tarsal lobe. Pectinal teeth 15.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 75 (about), carapace 12-8,
tail (segments 1-5) 30-5, brachium 9, underhand T'S, movable
finger 12, width of hand 11-5.

Zoc. ? India.

74. Palamnseus gravinianus, Pocofk, A. M. K. H. (6j xiii, p. 7r>.
1894 (Scoi-pio).

d. Colour : body reddish black, legs dark reddish bro\\n.
Ca.rapace smooth above, weakly granular at the sides, frontal lobes

PALAMX.l'.l'S.

91

obsoletely vugos. ; about a.s lung as the :3rd and 4tb caudal
L-meuti. Tenia granular laterally and posteriorly s.uooth .n
the middle, the b.st very sparsely granular m ^1'" "'it dU;-
smooth, the last with four weak crests. Tad abm.t ^ tunes as
long as carapace, upper and lateral surtacc
of segments sparsely granular; superior and
inferior lateral crests of segments 1-3 weakly
denticulate, inferior crests of -Jtli weakly
subdentieulate posteriorly, upper surface of
5th somewhat coarsely granular at the sides ;
vesicle granular at the sides as well as below.
Chela; with humerus coarsely but not closely
oranular above; bracbium almost entirely
smooth, with only a few granules in front ;
hand covered above with low round or elon-
oate, often anastomosing tubercles, and fur-
nished with four smooth longitudinal ridges ;
external portion of upper sui-face not vertical,
cutting the underhand at au acute angle ;
the inner edge studded with small tubercles,
smooth, compressed, and upturned at base of
immovable finger, the edge of which in its
posterior half is similarly compressed ; lower surface very weakly
granular; immovable finger with a low crest; width of hand
about equal to movable finger and a little less than length of
carapace. Tarsal spines 4-5. P^ctinal teeth 12-14 ( ? , d" )•

Measurements in ;«)».— Total length lOd, carapace 16, tail 53-o,
hrachium 14-5, underhand 12-5, movable finger 15-5, width of
hand 14-5.

Distribulion. S. India, Tanjore {PopeH) ; Ceylon {Temphton).

Fig. 28.— TIaud of
PalamncEus gravi-
ma litis. J.

75. Palamnaeus liurus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. -S'oc. xi, p. 114,
1897; Eraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 115, 18U9 (lleterometru.s).

2 . Colour of upper side and of tail a deep reddish brown,
darker on the abdomen beneath ; legs and vesicle yellow ; chelae
redcUsh brown. Carapace very finely granular at the sides, smooth
above, with frontal lobes shghtly rugulose ; almost as long as the
first three caudal segments or as the 4th and 5th, considerably
longer than 3rd and 4th. Terga smooth and polished, the last
subrugose at the sides, with a pair of piliferous tubercles on each
side. Sterna smooth and polished, the last with four smooth
crests. rai7 short, scarcely three times as long as the carapace;
smooth, the keels at most roughened with punctures, and inferior
keels of 5th denticulate; vesicle small, smooth, merely punctured.
Chela' with humerus coarsely granular in front, sparsely above ;
hrachium quite smooth, except for some coarse granules on the
fi-ont below; hand covered above with a network of smooth ridges,
which pass into tubercles towards the inner edge and externally,
inner edge denticulate, lightly convex ; immovable finger with

92

S( 'OliPlONID.K.

complefe smootli keel ; unJerlmiK] equal to widtli of liaiul, and
about rour-(iftli,s the length ol' the immovable finger, which is alino.st
as long as carapace. Spine-armature of tarsi 4-5. Fectinal teeth
10-13.

cJ . Tei-ija finely and closely granular laterally and pos-
teriorly. Tail longer than in female, more than three times as
long as carapace, which is considerably shorter than its 4th and
5th segments; vesicle inliated, as wide as 3rd segment. ChelcH
longer than in female ; brachium a little longer than carapace ;
underhand a little shorter, but much exceeding width of hand.
Genital operculum not narrowed posterierly. Pectinal teeth 14-
16 ; basal angle of pecten about 90°.

Measurements in. mm. — 2 . Total length 70, carapace 12, tail 35,
brachium 10, underhand 9, movable finger 11-5, width of hand 9-2.

cJ. Total length 80, carapace 12, tail 39, brachium 12'2,
underhand 11, movable finger 13, width of hand 8.

Loc. Central India : Gwalior and JBhopal (^Dane).

76. Palamnseus xanthopus, Pocuck, Jour. Bom. N. II. Hoc xi, p. 110,
1897 ; Kraep. Tierr., Scarp, etc. p. 115, 1899 (Heterometrus).

$ . In size, colour, &c. resembling small specimens of P. falvipes.
Carapace weakly granular laterally and on the frontal lobes, longer
than 3rd and 4th caudal segments, and nearly as long as 4th and
5th. Terr/a smooth, the last weakly granular at the sides. Sterna
smooth, the last with four crests. Tail about three times the
length of the carapace, smooth above, scarcely granular laterally,
superior and siipero-lateral keels weakly denticulate: inferior keels
of 3rd weakly denticulate ; 5th segment carinate as in P. fulvipes,
with no denticulate supero-lateral crests ; vesicle granular at
the sides and below. Chelce : brachium with superior crest
granular, posterior surface only lightly rugose : hand not crested
above as in P. fulvipes :, upper side strongly convex, ornamented
with a reticulation of ridges, inner edge subdenticulate, strongly
rounded ; lower side nearly smooth ; width equal to length of
movable finger, much greater than length of underhand. Spine-
armature of tarsi 5-6. Pectinal teeth 13-15 ( c? , $ )•

cJ . Carapace almost covered with granules. Terga finely and
closely granular in the posterior half. Chelse longer, brachium
almost as long as carapace : width of hand a little exceeding under-
hand and less than moA'able finger.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 74, carapace 11, tail
34, brachium 7, underhand 6-5, movable finger 9, width of hand 9.

d". Total length?, carapace 11, tail?, brachium 9-5, under-
hand 8, movable finger 10-3, width of hand 8-7.

Loc. Western India : Kadao Talin the Satara District (TFi'ZArins).

I'ALAMN.KUS.

93

77. Palamiifflus scaber, Thorell, Atu Soc. I . xix, p iOJ \S,
(Pandinus), for Heterometrus nfev, AV;». (nec Linn.) Rev Ma(,.
a. (2) xxiii, p. 51, 1872 ; i'ocWc, Jour._ Bom. N. H. Soc .n
TDu 310-311,1893; Kraep. Jb. Ilamh. wiss. Ami. xi, p. 58, J».'4
(Scorpio); kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc.^. 116, 1899 (Ileterometrus).

0 Colour uniformly bluck or blackish green, with hands and
ve'^icl'e tino-ed with red. Carapace covered with coarse granules or
tubercles, M.ioother above as a rule ; a little longer than 1st and
•^nd caudal segments, shorter than 3rd and 4th. Terga also coarsely
granular or tubercular, with a larger central tubercle. Uerna
smooth the last obsoletelv crested. Tail more than three and a halt
times as long as carapace, superior and lateral mtercarmal spaces
coarsely granular, superior and in a less degree supero-laterai kee s
denticulate ; inferior keels of 3rd segment scarcely denticulate ; keels
of 5th strongly dentate; wsicZe coarsely granular at the sides as well
as below. Chdoi with humerus dentate above and m front ; brachium ■
almost smooth, a few granules in front ; upper sui-face of hand very
smooth, finely reticulated, punctured, its inner edge denticulate^,
nearly straight ; immovable finger scurcely keeled ; width of hand
exceeding length of underhand. Tarsal spines 4-5. PeuUnes small,

teeth 10-12. . -.^ ^ ^ ^

cJ like female, but more closely granular and with chelae longer

{see measurements). Pectines quite small, not larger, and with

teeth not more numerous than in female.

Measuremenis in mm.— ? . Total length 130, carapace 19, tail

70, brachium 15, underhand 13, movable finger 20-5, width of

hand 16. , , . ^ _ ,

J . Total length 113, carapace 17, tail 63, brachium lo, under-
hand 12-5, movable finger 18, width of hand 13.

Loc. !S.W. India : the Malabar coast from Trevandrum (Ferguson)
northwards to Yelgit and Jedkal in Mangalore and the Maugalore
Ghats {Battie); also Dharwar (Woodrow), and Coorg above the
Ghats.*

Subspecies kanarensis, nov.

Of the same size, colour, and sculpturing of hand as the typical
form, but much smoother : the median area of the carapace smooth
or weakly granular; terga also furnished in the middle with only
a few granules or almost smooth, sometimes only the three trans-
versely set tubercles present ; intercarinal spaces of tail also more
sparsely granular and the keel less strongly denticulate.

Loc. Kanara (Bell).

* In his original description of this species, which he erroneously identiiied
with the Scorpio ofer of Linn., Simon says " appears to be common in Bengal."
This, however, is almost certainly an error, since the only species of the genus
J'rihmncens known to occur in Bengal are mammei-dami and hcngaknsis, and
possibly the Burmese form oa/csii.

f)4

SCOBl'IONlD-i;,

78. PalamnsBus bengalensis, C. Kovh, Amchn. ix, j). lig. 'Mi, 1H42

(nutlius) ; Fucor/:, Jour. Horn. N. H. Soc. vii, pp. .'nO & 31 2, 189:} ;
id. A. N. II. (()) xiiijp. 7:2, 1894 ; Kratq?. Jh. Ilumh. wins. Ami.
xi, p. 61, 1894 (Scorpio) ; Kraep. Tien-., Scorp. etc. p. 114, 1899
(Ileterometnis).

5 . C'ulour generally dark reddish brown, more rarely deep
blackish green ; legs the same colour as the dorsal surface of the
body ; vesicle yellowish red. Carapace granular laterally, mostly
smooth above, scarcely so long as the 3rd and 4th caudal segments.
Terc/a granular laterally. Sterna smooth, the last only obsoletely
crested. I'uil about three and a half times as long as carapace,
its dorsal surface nearly smooth, lateral surface finely granular ;
superior and inferior lateral keels denticulate, inferior keels of 4th
denticulate, of 3rd veiy wealdy so ; vesicle granular below and at
the sides. Ohelo'-. brachium with ujjper crest rugose; posterior
sui'face not crested above, rugose ; hand narrow, its width not much
exceeding underhand, inner edge denticulate, lightly convex, upper
surface covered with a reticnlatiou of ridges and low tubercles, the
tubercles more distinct externally and internally ; outer portion of
upper surface vertical, strongly convex ; immovable finger weakly
crested ; movable finger about as long as carapace. Tarsal spine-
armature 6-4. Pectinal teeth up to 1(3 in cJ, as low as 12 in J .

d . With longer and more powerful tail and longer chelee than $ .
Tail nearly four times the length of the carapace. Brachium as long
as carapace; underhand much longer than width of hand; movable
finger as long as carapace or longer.

Measurements in mm. (specimen from Satna). — $ . Total length
103, carapace 14, tail ^9, brachium 11, underhand 10, movable
finger 14, width of hand 10.

(f. Total length 103, carapace 15, tail 57, brachium 15, under-
hand 12-2, movable finger 16, width of hand 9.

Log. North India : Delira Dun (Gambh, Smythies, Gleaclow) ;
Gwalior and Allahabad ; Satna in the Central Provinces (6'M)(Ze<«(j; ;
Bengal, Chota Nagpore {I)uvdas-Whiffi.n); Sibsagar in Assam
{^Oambndge).

79. Palanmseus phipsoni, Fococh, Jvw. Bum. N. H. Soc. vii, p. 370,
1893 ; A. M. N. H. (6) xiii, p. 73, 1894 (Scorpio) ; Kraep. Tierr.,
Scorp. etc. p. 114, 1899 (Heteiometrus).

5 . CoZo«r a uniform blackish green or brown; vesicle ferruginous.
Upper side of body rather smoother than in P. bengalensis; sides and
upper surface of tail also smoother. Carapace as long as 3rd and
4th segments ; vesicle smooth at the sides ; inferior keels of 4th
nearly smooth, not so distinctly denticulate as in P. bengalensis.
Integument finely punctnlate under the lens; the punctulation
especially distinct upon the last sternum of the abdomen, which
has no trace of crests. Chela- with hand much broader than in
P. bengalensis, the width exceeding the underhand, the inner border
more strongly convex and more coarsely denticulate ; the sculp-
turing of the upper surface consisting of disliiK-t rounded, oval or

PALAMN.'EUS.

95

irregularly shaped tubercles ; immovable finger with distinct keel.
Tarsal spine-armature (3-5. Pectinal teeth up to 16 in d, as low

as 10 in 2 . r> ? 7 •

cJ . Differing from ? in the same characters as r. betujatensis

{see measurements). ., ^ .

Measurements in mm — $ . Total length 113, carapace lb, tail 00,
brachium 14, underhand 12-2, movable fiuger 16, width of hand
14-5.

d. Total length 110, carapace 16-5, tail 60, braclnum 18, under-
hand 15, movable finger 17, width of hand 12.

Loc. Bombay and Matheran (Phlpson) ; Kolata (Green), Tanna.
in the North Konkan ( Wrowjhton), Katuagiri in the South Koukan
( Drew) ; north, central, and south Peiut, Nasik Ghats, Dindori and
Lena in Nasik (Duxburij) ; Bhudhargarh and Pauhala in the
Kolhapur State ( Wray).

Subspecies coUinus, uov.

Closely resembling the typical form in size, colouring, and other
characters, but with the tail distinctly shorter in both male and
female. In the female it is less than three times as long as the
carapace, and the latter is longer than the 1st, 2nd, and half the 3rd,
and as long or almost as long as the 3rd and 4th caudal segments.
(In the typical form the tail is about three and a half times as long;
as the carapace, and the latter is shorter than the 1st, 2nd, and half
the 3rd, and only as long as the 4th and ^ of the 5th caudal seg-
ments.) Moreover, the hand in carnaticus is lower and not so
strongly convex above the keel of the underhand.

Measurements in mm. (type from Nilgiri Hills). — Total length 95,
carapace 16, tail 42-5.

Loc. Nilgiri Hills (Daly) ; Yei-caud in the Shevaroy Hills
(Henderson).

80. Palamnaeus barberi, sp. u.

Colour a deep blackish green all over except the hands, which
are orange-yellow, darker externally and blackish towards the base
of the fingers. Carapace weakly granular laterally and on the
frontal lobes ; longer than 3rd and 4th caudal segments. Terga
scarcely granular laterally, except the last, which has some coarse
granules. Sterna smooth, the last not crested. Tail short, about
three times as long as the carapace ; segments smooth between
the keels or nearly so ; superior keels normally but not strongly
denticulate, inferior keels of 3rd smooth, of 4th denticulate
posteriorly ; vesicle smooth at the sides. Ghelce with humerus
and brachium as in P. phipsoni, but upper crest of brachium not so
pronounced ; hand ornamented with a reticulation of ridges much as
in P. hengalensis, not so smooth as in P. scaler but very nearly
resembling that of the latter in shape ; coarsely granular on its inner
side and having a; pair of granular crests ; immovable finger with
complete crest. Tarsal spine-armature 6-4. Pectinal Iecihli-12 ;
basal angle of pecten about the same as in P. phipsoni.

9()

scoitPioNiu.i:.

Measxirtimcnls in iniii. — 9 • '•I'ol'iil lengtli 12-1, c.inipficc. I'J, tail 58,
hrachium IG, underliand 13, inovablo linger IH, wiclMi ol' Imiid 15.
Loc, Tianevelly in S. India {Barber).

81. PalamnSBliS indus, Be Geer. M6m. Hist. Ins. vii, p. 341, 1778
(Scorpio); Tliovdl, Atti Soc. It. xix, p. 164, 1877 (Scori^io) ;
Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 11.3, 1899 (Heteroiuetrus) : ceylonicus,
Herbst, Nut. jtw/e^. 7«s. iv, p. 38, pi. i, fig. 1, 1800: Kraep. Jb.
Harnh. Wiss. And. xi. p. 46, 1894 (Scorpio) : uiegacophalus, C. Koch,
Arachn. iii,p. 73, fig. 224, 1837 (Buthus) ; Thorell, Atti Soc. It.
xix, p. 203, 1877 (Pandiuus) ; Pocock, Jour. Horn. N. II. Soc. vii,
p. 311, 1893 (Scorpio).

Eelated to P. pldpsord SLnd Jlavii)i(i)m.s.

$ . Colour a imiiorm deep blackish green. Carapace smooth
above and on the frontal lobes, grauular at the sides, a little longer
than 3rd and 4th caudal segments. Tcrga almost entirely smooth,
the last with a few granules at the sides. Sterna smooth, the last
with four low crests. Tail short, about three times as long as the
carapace; almost entirely smooth ; the superior and supero-lateral
keels at most weakly denticulate, sometimes quite smooth ; inferior
crests of 4th denticulate posteriorly ; upper side of 5th not granu-
lar except along the lateral keel ; vesicle scantily granular laterally
or smooth. Chelce with hand very large, its inner edge shaped much
as in P. fiavinianus and scaher, not so convex as in P.pliipsoni; the
dorsal surface flatter than in these species, the external portion of
the upper surface not so vertical ; keel of underhand very strong,
stronger than in the species just mentioned and more convex ; upper
side studded with rounded, oval, or irregularly-shaped tubercles,
much hke those of P. jiMpsoni; lobe of hand large ; width of hand
almost as great as length of movable digit or of carapace ; immov-
able finger with smooth
crest. Tarsal armature mostly
5-4. Pectinal teeth 11-12 ;
base of pecteii vei-y narrow,
the teeth starting some dis-
tance from its point of attach-
ment.

(5 . Scarcely diifering from
5 in form of chelseand length
of tail, and thus easily re-
cognizable from the male of
P.phipsoni or benyaleiisis. Pec-
tines larger 1 han in 5
Measurements in mm.— ? . Total length 117, carapace 20, tail
62, brachium 16, underhand 15, movable linger 21, width of

hand 18-5. ., , , ■ . , ,

cJ . Total length 101, carapace 17, tail 5o, brachium 14, under-
hand 11, movable finger 17-5, width of hand 14.

Loo. Ceylon {Tcmplcton, Barnes, etc.), Perademya {I'rccman).

Fig. 29. — A. Peeten of Palamiueus indus.
B. Base of pecten of P. fulvipes.

PALAMNSU8.

97

82. PalamnsBUB serratus, sp. u. : Scorpio ceesar, Poco(k, A. M. N. H.

(()) xiii, p. 73, 1894 {nec Buthus cajsiir, C. Koch, Kraepelin).

(S . Colour as in the preceding, to which it is nearly allied.
Carapace and tevga more coarsely granular laterally. Superior and
supero-lateral crests of tail strongly denticulate ; lateral surface of
segments sparsely granular, upper side of 4th segment with some
coarse granules, of 5th with many large granules on the anterior
half on each side of the median sulcus. Chelce with hand orna-
mented above as in P. indus, the inner border more strongly convex,
forming anteriorly with the base of the immovable finger an angle
much less obtuse than in that species, the denticles of the inner
border running right up to the base of the immovable Snger, the
edge of which is at least as thick as in P. indus ; the underhand
reticulated and furnished with a few large granules ; keel on
immovable finger complete as in P. indus. Pectines practically as
in P. indus. Tarsal spine-armature 6 or 5 behind, 4 in front.

Measurements in mm.— ^ . Total length 125, carapace 18, tail
64, brachium 15, underhand 12-5, movable finger 19, ividth of
hand 17.

Loc. Ceylon.

83. PalamnsBus csBsar, C. Koch, Arackn. ix. p. 6, fig. 697, 1842

(Buthus) ; Kraep. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 114, 1899 (Heterometrus).

According to Kraepelin's description this species differs from
P. serratus in having the frontal lobes of the carapace thickly
gramdar or tubercular; the inner edge of the hand forms a well
rounded arch where it passes into the immovable finger, which is
very fiat, wide, and has a sharp, smooth, not swollen border ; the
keel on its upper side is weak and becomes obsolete in the middle ;
the underhand is beset with conspicuous isolated tubercles ;
the tarsi are armed beneath with 5 or 6 spines behind, 3 in front.
Pecrinal teeth 12-lB.

Loc. Cejlon.

84. PalamnSBUS longimanus, Herhst, Nat. umjefi. Ins. iv, p. 42, pi. ii,

tig. 1, 1800 (Scorpio); Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. Ill, 1899, in
part (Heterometrus) : bengalensis, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genov. xx,
p. 3(30, 1884 [nec Buthus bengalensis, C. Knck, 1842) : petersii,
ThorcU, Ann. Mus. Geiiova, (2) vii, p. 588, 1889 {nec petersii, Thor.
1876 & 1877) : thorelli, PococJt., A. M. N. H. (6) ix, p. 40, 1892
(Palamnaeus).

$ . Colour a uniform black or deep blackish brown, reddish brown
below and on the hands and vesicle. Carajvce granular at the
sides and on the frontal lobes, smooth or obsoletely granular above,
ditiering from all the foregoing species in having the depression on
each side of the median ocular tubercle continuous posteriorly with
the postero-lateral sulcus of th(> carapace ; a little longer than the
3rd and 4t.h caudal segments. Tergn weakly granular at the sides ;

H

98

SCORPION J U t.

the last subgraiiuliu- in the middle, more coarsely granular at the
aides and furnished with a pair oi; short granular crests. Sterna,
smooth and polished ; the last not created. Tail less than three
and a half times as long as carapace, upper surface smooth, lateral
surface only weakly granular ; superior and inferior lateral crests
denticulate, inferior keels of 4th weakly denticulate, superior lateral
crest of 5th rectangular but only subdenticulate ; vesicle smooth or
almost smooth at the sides. C/ifZcevvith humerus weakly granular
in its basal half above ; the upper and anterior surface bounded by
strongly denticulate crests, the anterior surface with a few large
tubercles ; lower surface lightly reticulated mesially, with long
finely granular posterior crest ; brachium shorter than carapace,
armed in fi'ont at base with single long spine, posterior surface
smooth ; hand thick, strongly convex above, its inner edge not
so compressed as in the Indian species, the width less than length
of underhand, which is about three-fourths the length of the
movable linger; dorsal surface of hand smooth, punctured and
obsoletely reticulated, weakly carinate, the reticulation becoming
coarser toward the inner edge, which is itself somewhat thickly
and coarsely granular; immovable finger with smooth keel.
Penultimate "fang of the movable finger of the mandibles longer
than in the foregoing species. Tarsal spine-armature 7 or 6 behind,
4 in front. Pectinal teeth about 14-16 ( d , $ )•

cJ . Tail a little and chelce very much longer than in the female ;
tail not quite four times as long as carapace, which is shorter
than the 3rd and 4th caudal segments ; both humerus and
brachium much longer than carapace ; hand very long and slender,
nearly parallel-sided, the width half the length of the underhand,
which is longer than carapace and almost as long as the movable
finger.

Measurements in mm. — 2- Total length 117, carapace 17, tail
56, humerus 13, brachium 14, underhand 13, movable finger 17,
width of hand 11 '5.

cJ . Total length 103, carapace 16, tail 60, humerus 19, brachium
19, underhand 17, movable finger 19, width of hand 9.

Loc. Occurring in abundance throughout Burma (Oomotto,
Oates, Fea) ; Andaman Islands, Port Blair {Pratt). Borneo.

85. Palamnseus oatesii, nom. nov. : Palamnseua spinifer, Pocock,
A M N. H. (6) ix, p. 40, 1892 : [? spinifer, Hempr. ^- Ehrenb.
Siimb.Phys.,Scorp.f.3, t. i, fi?. 2, 1829(Heterometrus)]: P. petersu
tJiorell, Atti Soc. It. xix, p. 214, 1877 (nee petersu, Thorell,
A. M. N. E. (4) xvii, p. 13, 1876) *.
$ Resembling the preceding in colour but more polished, and

with "the vesicle generally reddish yellow and much paler as a

♦ The name petersii was originally applied by Thorell in 1876 to the
Cochin China form which Simon in 1872 had erroneously described and
figured as megacephalns, 0. Koch, and which he subsequently lu 1882 renamed
aitcnut.

i\vi,.vmn.*:l'3.

99

rule than the segments of the tail. Thj upper elevated pjrfcioa
of the carapace quite smooth and polished, without a trace ol
graaules ; the margins oE the frontal lobes distinctly denticulated.
Tail not granular, keels more strongly denticulated, fland with
upper surface smoother, more polished, less strongly crested; its
inner edge studded with much larger denticles. Pectnial teeth

14-18 (d, 2). , ,

J. Striinngly different from the male of P. loru/imaiiu^, with

secondary sexual characters poorly developsd ; brachium a little

longer than humerus, but uot or scaively longer than carapace ;

hand not narrowed, its width equal or nearly equal to underhand

and considerably less than movable finger ; inner edge of hand

shaped as in female, lightly convex, with large rounded lobe, not

straight and parallel to the outer surface as in P. longimanus.

Measurements in mm. (specimens from Rangoon).— ?. Total
length 128, carapace 18, tail 67, humerus 14, brachium 16, under-
hand 15, movable finger 20, width of hand 14.

cJ. Total length 114, carapace 16-5, tail 62, humerus 14,
brachium 15, underhand 14, movable finger 18, width of hand
12-5.

Large specimens of this species reach a length of 180 mm.^
Loc. * Burma : Eangoon (Oates) and Mergui {Anderson). 8iam ;
Singapore.

The following species no doubt belongs to this genus ; but is
not recognizable : — •

Scorpio le.ioderma, Dufoitr, Mem. pres. Ac. Sci. Paris, xiv, p. 571,
1856.

Colour subfuscous, with paler legs. Very smooth ; carapace
with eight eyes, emarginate and bilobed ; hands very wide, rough ;
caudal "segments granular. Pectinal teeth 13. Length 4 inches
(french)=108 millim.

Loc. Malabar.

* There are a couple of specimens in the British Museum labelled " Bengal."
This locality, however, requires verification,

UUOPYUl.

Order UROPYGI.

At once recognizable from the Scorpions, to which the lai-ger
species present considerable superficial resemblance, by the presence
of a deep constriction between the cephalothorax and abdomen,
by the absence of pectines or combs on the sternal area and of
poison-glauds in the postanal skeletal piece.

Cephaloihorax longer than wide, the carapace sometimes seg-
mented posteriorly : the ventral surface narrow and furnished with
two or three sternal plates (tig. 31, p. 103) — an anterior or pro-
sternuvi, broad in front and narrowed behind, lying behind the coxse
of the chelsB and separating the bases of the anterior legs ; a pos-
terior or metasternum which lies between the coxa of the 4th pair of
legs ; and sometimes a minute mesosternum between the coxae of the
3rd legs. Mandibles chelate, consisting of two segments. Chelce
large and prehensile ; the segments named as follows from base
to tip : coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, hand, Jinger ; the coxse united
in the middle line and furnished in front with a pointed maxillary
process. Legs of 1st pair long, slender, and antenuiforni, consisting
of six segments : coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, and tarsus ;
the tarsus subdivided into 8 or 9 segments, the baeal of which
is very short. The rest of the legs ambulatory in function, and
consisting of 7 segments named as above with the addition of a
protarstts which jirecedes the three-jointed tarsus ; the tarsus
bearing three claws ; coxeb of 2nd and 3rd legs not widely separated
in the middle line of the sterual area. Abdomen consisting of 12
somites, represented by tergal and sternal plates, but the sternum
of the 1st wholly or partially obliterated, at most forming a
strengthening skeletal piece on the underside of the waist,
and in systematic descriptions not taken into account, the sternum
of the 2nd somite being termed the 1st abdominal sternum.
Generative organs opening in the middle Hne behind the sternum of
the 2nd somite, which is often much modified. Last three somites
anuuliform or cylindrical, forming a movable stalk for the post-
anal skeletal piece, which consists of a single segment or has the
form of a many-jointed caudal flagellum or filament. The un-
modified terga and sterna impressed with a pair of muscular scars
or sigilla.

The two suborders into which the genera of this Order are
classified may be briefly diagnosed as follows : —

a. Carapace unsegmented ; last segment of ab-

domen bearing a long jointed flagellum Ubotrioha.

b. Carapace segmented : last segment of abdomen

bearing a short unjointed skeletal piece .... Tart.^etdks.

tTROTRlOHA.

101

Suborder UROTRTCHA*

Carapace unsegmented, furnished at its fore extremity with a pair
of median eyes set close together and with a cluster of 3 lateral
eves on each side, some distance behind the medians. Chelc^
folding in a horizontal plane ; the coxa short, the tibia armed with
a long inwardly directed spine or apophysis, against which tbe
ha.id closes ; hand with a corresponding apophysis, the xmmovaUe

Fig. 30.- — Thelyj)honus indicus, J.
c carapace ; o, first tergum of abdomen ; wi, ommatoid or last segment of
' abdomen • n, caudal flagellum ; z. trochanter ; femur ; a, tibial apo-
physis • d, hand ; c, movable finger of chela ; b, tarsal segments of lat
leg"; /,'coxa; ff, trochanter; h, femur; i, patella; j, tibia; /c, protarsus ;
I, tarsus of 4th leg.

finger, which forms with the movable finger a complete pincer ;
claw fused with extremity of movable finger. 1st leg with
tarsus consisting of 9 segments ; 2nd leg with coxa unarmed ;
2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs with tibia long and protarsus very
short, the extremity of the tibia often armed on the underside with
a slender spine, the tibial spine. Postanal skeletal piece consisting

* I here restore for this group the very appropiate name which was given to
it by C. Koch. Thorell applied to it the term Oxopoei, or " acid-niakers," in
allusion to the defensive pungent secretion the animals emit when handled. In
ordinary phraseology these animals are known as " Whip-Scorpions."

102

TnELYPHONID.i:.

of a long, Iiairv, many-jointed feeler or flay ellum. Last abdominal
segment in nil the Indian species bearing at the base of the fla-
gellum a pair of yellow spots, the ommatoids. Resjnratory organs
iu the form of two pairs of pulmonai'y sacs, the iirst pair opening
behind the 1st abdominal sternum in a line with the generative
orifice, the second pair behind the 2nd sternum.

Sexval characters. — Adult males differ from the females and
voung males in having the chelae longer and thicker, or otherwise
modified, and the 1st abdominal sternum considerably inflated.

Habits. Whip-Scorpions are found in damp places beneath
stones or pieces of wood, in the crannies of rocks or of tei'mites'
jiests, or other crevices where shelter from light and protection
from the rays of the sun are obtainable. Some of the speries
excavate burrows for the protection of themselves and their young.
The young are hatched from eggs, which the female previously
carries about enswathed in a glutinous membrane and attached to
the lower side of the abdomen.

Distribution. Oriental Eegion from India and Ceylon to the Fiji
Isliinds and New Hebrides, and extending northwards into China
and Southern Japan ; Neotropical Eegion from Brazil northwards
into the Southern States of North America. Absent from Africa,
Madagascar, Australia, and New Zealand.

In the following descriptions the chelae are regarded as extending
forwards in a direction parallel to the long axis of the body. The
total measurement is taken from the front end of the head to
the base of the caudal filament.

Family THELYPHONID^.

Characters of the suborder.

Synopsis of Indian Genera.

a. Cni-apace -with a sharp keel running forwards

on each side of the head in front of the
lateral eyes; ocular tubercle high.
Maxillary process of coxa of chela armed
on its inner edge with a strong sharp

spiniform tooth Ueopboctus, p. 106.

6'. Maxillary process of coxa of chela not
armed with a tooth on the inner side . .

b. Carapace williout a keel running forward

from the lateral eye on each side of the
head ; ocular tubercle low.
Maxillary process of coxa of cheln with
a strong" sharp tooth on its inner margin.
t^ Maxillary process of coxa of chela
unarmed internally

Theltphoncs, p. 103.

fMBocHinrs, p. 107.
IIyi'octokvs, p. 111.

THELYPUONUS.

103

Genus THELYPHONUS, Latr.

Thelyvhonus, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Lis. iii, p. 47, 1802, in
part ; also of Lucas, Koch, Butler, Stoliczka, etc. (in pai't).

Thelyphonus (emend.), Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xlv.p. 121, 1894;
Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamb. xv, p. If), 1897; id. Tierr., Scorp.
etc. p. 212, 1899.

A.

Fig. 31. — TMyphonus indicus.

A. Lower side ofcephalotborax and abdomen,?, a, coxaof cbela ; i, prosternal

Dlate ; c, coxa of 2nd leg ; d, mesosternal plate ; e, coxa ot 3rd leg ;
}; nietasternal plate; g, first sternum, h, seco7id sternum, i, third
sternum, k, fourth sternum, showing muscular sigilla, of abdomen.

B. Anterior extremity of carapace : I, median, n, lateral eyes ; in, crest.
0. Maxillary processes of chelte.

D. Lower side of anterior end of abdomen of d ■ o, first sternum; p, tooth

on second sternum.

E. Lower side of anterior end of abdomen of J .

CarajKice with granular crest, running forwards from the lateral
eyes on each side ; median eyes situated one on each side of a
high distinct ocular tubercle ; maxillary process of chelte not
toothed internally. Chelce in d thiclier but not much longer than
in $ ; the tibial apophysis of the same form in both sexes, with
toothed edges and terminating in a sharp point. Tirst abdominal
sternal plate in J with deep median groove; 2nd with median
tooth-like spine.

Type, T. caudains (Linn.). Java.

Distribution. Ceylon and S. India; Burma, thence eastwards to
the Philippine Islands, and over the whole of the Indo- and
Austro-Malayan area as far as the Solomon Islands.

104

thbltpho:nid^.

Si/iiui'nis of Indian ISpecies and Subspecies.
Females.

a. First abdominal sternum with posterior border
truncate ; maxillary process of chela not

sliouldered T. echnehagenii,

h. First (ibdoiuinal sternum with posterior border [p. 105.

mesially produced and convexlj rounded ;
maxillary process shouldered,
n'. Abdominal sterna with distinct raised median

line T. cristatmi, p. 105.

b\ Abdominal sterna without raised median Hue.

li'. Legs dai'lt, as daric as body, pale reddish T. sepian'a, typi!:al

only at extremities [form, p. 104.

b'. Jjtigs uniformly red, much paler than body. Subspecies indicus

[& nmricola, p. 105.

Malts.

a. Abdominal stema smooth and polislied, only

minutely punctulate and obsoletely striate .... sepiaris, subspecies

b. Abdominal sterna (except the anterior) coarsely [pnuricola, p. 105.

rugose and subgranular throughout,
a'. LiPgs dark brown, pale at the extremities. . . . sepiaris, typical

[form, p. 104.

6'. Legs uniformly red sepiaris, subspecies

[indicus, p. 105.

86, Thelyphoiius sepiaris, Butler, Cist. Bnt. i, p. 131, (May 1,
1873) ; Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xiv, p. 122, 1894 ; Eraep.
Abh. Ver. Hamb. xv, p. 35, 1897 ; id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 223,
1899 : nigresceus, Butler, Cist. Bint, i, p. 131, 1873 ( $ ).

Colour black or blackish brown above and on chelae, reddish
brown below ; legs black, with the tibite and tarsi deep red-brown.
Carapace and terga coarsely rugose, with close-set punctures and
granules, a smooth paler median line present on 2nd and 3rd and
just traceable on posterior terga. First sternum shining, sparsely
punctured and striate, granular marginally ; the rest coarsely rugose,
without traceable median line. Chela \ maxillary process ot coxa
internally shouldered ; femur and tibia granular below, polished
and punctured above; trochanter granular above, armed below
with 2 teeth (rarely 1), and with 5-6 above ; femur with 1-2 small
tubercles above and 1 below ; tibial apophysis armed in front with
6 or more teeth and behind with about 3 ; hand thicker than
tibia, its inner edge denticulate, granular internally ; movable
finger with anguliform subapical tooth. Legs of 2nd, 3rd, and
4th pairs with tibial spine. Caudal fiagellum hairy.

5 . Differing from J in having the stevna smooth, punctured,
and scratched with transverse lines, Teeth on trochanter and

femur of chela larger ; hand narrower than tibia ; movable finger

without subapical tooth. Tarsal segments of 1st leg unmodified.

First abdominal sternum with its posterior border strongly and

convexh' produced.

Length of body up to about 40 mm.

THELTPHONUS.

105

Loc. S. India: Madras {Sale, Jerdon, Boileau) ; Ceylon (Holds-
wortlt), Jaffna (Sarasin) ■ Trincomali (Yerhvry, Oreen, Barrett,
Basset-Smith); Tenasserim (PacJcman)*.

Subspecies indicus, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xlii, p. 138, t. 12, fig. 5,
May 28, 1873 (d); Oates, J. A. S. B. Iviii, pt 2, p. 9, t n
figs 1-6, 1889: beddomei, Utoliczka, J. A. S. B. xlii, p. 142, t. 12,
fig. 6, 1873 (?).

Both sexes distinguished from the typical form by having the
legs entirely red, and contrasting strongly with the black colour
of the upper side of the trunk t.

Loc. Southern India : Auaimalai Hills (Beddome) ; Nilgm
Hills (Daly) ; Yercaud in the Shevaroy Hills {Henderson); French
Eoeks, Madras {Hamilton).

Subspecies muricola, Pocvck, Juur. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 745, 1899.

$ . Like that of T. sepians subsp. indicus in colour of legs and
structural characters.

d At once recognizable from that of the typical T. sepians and
of T. sepiaris subsp. indiciishj the much greater smoothness of the
abdominal sterna, these plates being polished, minutely punctulated,
and irregularly transversely striated, the sides only being densely
punctured as in the females of T. sepiaris.

Loc. S. India : Trivandrum in Travancore {Ferguson 6,' Sullivan).

87. Thelyphonus cristatus, sp. n.

5 . Colour and general characters, such as spine-armature of
tibisej granulation of terga, etc., as in T. sepiaris; considerably
smaller than that species; the 4th, 5th, and 6th sterna with
distinct elevated median line, and all the sterna more distinctly
punctured, the posterior more so than the anterior, the 7th
especially being very distinctly punctured throughout. In the
chelai the anterior edge of the upper side of the trochanter is
armed with only one strong tooth, the second being quite small.

Total length 26 mm.

Loc. Bengal {Har divide e).

88 Thelyphonus schnehagenii, Kruepelin, Ahh. Ver. Havib. xv,
p. 33, 1897; id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 222, 1899.

5 . Colour of trunk and limbs reddish brown. Carapace and
terga rugose, granular ; median line showing only on the anterior
three terga. Posterior border of 1st abdominal sternum trans-
versely truncate, finely and closely punctured, especially at the
aides, 'and furnished also with scattered larger punctures; the

" This locality for the type of T. nigrescens is probably erroneous,
t In the case of both subspecies, specimens that have recently moulted have
the integument of both body and legs reddish browu,

106

TIIKIAPIIONID.E.

rest of (he sterna also finely and closely punctured, without trace
of middle line. Chela with coxa smooth, very sparsely punctured ;
niaxillary process not shouldered on its inner edge ; trochanter
armed as in T. sejnaris ; femur moderately thickly rugose, with
conspicuous spine on the upper edge in front ; tibia very sparsely
and coarsely punctured, the apophysis with two strong teeth
on the outer border towards the tip ; hand tolerably thickly
aud coarsely punctured, with shortly toothed inner edge. Tibia
of 4th le(j with apical spine. Caudal filament nearly naked.
Length 32 mm.

Loc. Burma: 'Ra.ngQon {Svlmehigen).

Geuus UROPROCTUS, Pocock.

Uroproctus, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xiv, p. 129, 1894 ; Kraej). Ahh.
Ver. Hamh. xv, p. 40, 1897 ; id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 225, 1899.

A. B. Carapace with sharp ridge

running forward on each side
from the lateral eyes ; median
ocular tubercle high. Maaillari/
2)rocess of coxa of chela armed
internally with a strong tooth.
1st abdominal sternum iu c?
without median groove ; 2nd
scarcely toothed in the middle
of its hinder border. Chelce in
Fig. 32.- Uroproctus cmamcnsis. "'ale larger than in female ; tibial

A. Maxillary processes of chelre. a])0physis dlfterent lU the two

B. Chela of S ■ sexes.

Type, U. assamensis (Stoliczka).
Distribution. Hilly region of Assam aud North-eastern Bengal.

89. Uroproctus assamensis, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxviii, pt. 2,
p. 205, t. 19, fig. 1, 1869 ; id. op. cit. xlii, pt. 2, p. 133, 1. 12. fig. 2,
1873 ; Oates, op. cit. Win, pt. 2, p. 8, pi. ii, fig. 13, 1889 (Thely-
phoEus); Focock, A. M. N. H. (6) xiv, p. 129, 1894; Eraep.
Abh. Ver. Hamh. xv, p. 40, 1897 ; id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 226,
1899 (Uroproctus) : ecabrinus, Stoliczka, op. cit. xlii, pt. 2, p. 130,
t. 12, fig. 1, 1873; angustiis, Stoliczka, op. cit. p. 134, t. 12, fig. 3
(in part ; not atigustus, Lucas) : rufimanus, Butler, A. M. N.^ H.
(4) X, p. 202, 1872 (egc ritj-manus, Lucas), $ : proscorpio, id. ibid.
(nec proscorpio, Latreille), J : psittacinus, id. Cist. Ent. \, p. 129,
1873, d (Thelyphonus).

J . Colour black, especially on carapace and chelae, extremities
of legs reddish brown, underside of cephalothorax and abdomen
rich mahogany-brown ; in recently moulted specimens the whole
colour is much redder. Upper side of body roughened with
sculpturing of close-set punctures and studded with granules.
First abdominal sternum coarsely pimctured and transversely
grooved, with posterior border Midely rounded in the middle.

LABOOHIRUS.

107

depressed posteriorly, and bearing a pair of marginal impressions ;
middle of 2nd sternum pale, transversely grooved, with smaU
median tubercle ; the rest of the sterna polished, punctured.
Chelce with coxa coarsely punctured ; trochanter granular, armed
below with a bidd tooth and above with 4 internal and 1
anterior tooth ; femur and tibia coarsely granular above, below
and externally, each armed below on the inner side with a tooth ;
tibia considerably thicker than feinur ; the apophysis long and
slender, its hinder border straight, unarmed, its anterior border
also nearly straight, depressed towards the extremity, which is
acute and armed here and at the base with close-set teeth ; hand
smoother than tibia, toothed below ; immovable finger short ;
movable finger longer, curved.

2 with chelce shorter and not distally incrassate, the hand
narrower than the tibia and not wider than the femur; tibial
apophysis of normal form, its anterior edge lightly convex and
serrate throughout its length, posterior edge also armed with three
teeth, the two edges tapering gradually to a sharp point. First
abdominal sternum coarsely punctured in the middle and furnished
with a pair of shallow impressions ; 2nd not mesially grooved and
not furnished with a small tubercle.

Total length up to 55 mm.

Loc. North-eastern India: Assam, Sylhet {Stainsforth, Bow-
ring, Austen, Cambridge); Khasi Hills, Sadiya {Godwin- Austen);
Cachar.

Genus LABOCHIRUS, Pocock.

Labochirus, Pococh, A. M. N. H. (6) xiv, p. 132, 1894; Kraep.
Ahh. Ver. Hanih.xx,^. 42, 1897; id. Tien:, Scarp, etc. p. 227,
1899.

Carapace with area between median and lateral eyes not crested,
rounded and sloped to the inferior edge ; median ocular tubercle
low. Ma.xiUnry process armed with a strong spiniform tooth on
its inner edge. Female with carapace weakly beaked in front ;
first abdominal sternum not inflated: chela? short, normal, the
maxillary process short ; tibial apophysis short, subtriangular, and
strongly denticulated on both edges. Male with carapace strongly
beaked in front; first abdominal sternum swollen; chelfe very
long, maxillary process slender and long, but very variable in
length ; tibial apophysis modified, not subtriangular, and at most
denticulated at the tip.

Type. L. prohoscideus, Butler.

Distribution. Ceylon and the Malabar coast of vSouth India.

Synojisis of Indian Species.
Females.

ft. First abdominal sternum with broad median
longitudinal depression, and a low ridge on

each side in front L. prohoscideuf, p. 108.

108

TITET/TPHONID/?!.

h. First abdominal sternum with a narrow
median depression and without ridges,
o'. Lateral pits on first abdominal sternum

deep and nearer the border L. cprvinui, p. 110.

f>\ Lateral pits on first abdominal sternum

shallow and further from the border. ... L. taui-icornis, p. 109.

Males.

a. Upper side of hand with wide depression ;

tibia of chela with inferior angulifurm

prominence L. proboscideus, p. 108.

b. Upper side of hand not depressed; tibia

of chela without inferior prominsnce.
Anterior edge of tibial apophysis con-
cave at base ; inner edge of hand with

scarce a trace of prominence L. cervinus, p. 110.

6'. Anterior edge of tibial apophysis
straight at base ; inner edge of hand

with distinct anguliform promiueuce . . L. tanricornis, p. 109.

90. Laljochirus proboscideus, Butler, A. M. N. H. (4) x, p. 203,
pi. xiii, tig. 3, 1872 (d); Karsch, Bed. e?it. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 305
(Thelyphonus) ; Tarnani, Horce Soc. Ent. Ross, xsiv, p. 633, pi. iii,
fig. 9 6, 1890 (Hvpoctonus) ; Pococh, A. M. N. H. (6), xiv, p. 132,
1894 ; Kraep. Abh. Ver. Hamb. xv, p. 42, pi. ii, fig. 43, 1897 : id.
Tier)-., iSctirp. etc. p. 227, 1899 (Labochirus) : parvimanus, Butler,
Cist. Ent. i, p. 130. fig. 3, 1873, $ (Thelyphonus).

(J . Colour black or deep brown aboA-e, shiDing mahogany-red

Fig. 33. — Lahochirus proboscideus. S •

A. Anterior end of carapace and chela: a, rostrum ; b, maxillary process;

e, trochanter ; /, femur ; g, tibia ; h, hand ; d, tibial apophysis ; c, prom-
inence on lower side of tibia.

B. Extremity of tibia and hand : e, depression on ujiper side of hand.

C. Maxillary processes: /, spinifovm tooth.

below : legs with femora and at least patella; black or dark brown,
distal segments paler, tarsi yellow. Carapace and terga coarsely
rugose, carapace smoother in front of the eyes. Pirst abdominal
sternum almost smooth, sparsely punctured in the middle and

posteriorly, thickly at the sides, lightly bumpressed its posterior
border produced and widely convex in the middle; 2nd with
spiniform tooth ; most o£ the sterna nearly smooth m the middle,
finely punctured ; punctures becomino; more numerous and close-
set at the sides. Chelce with coxa almost smooth, weakly punc-
tured and striate anteriorly ; trochanter granular, armed belo\v
with two teeth in front, and above with four internal teeth, whereot
the apical is the longest, and one long anierior tooth ; /emwr long,
subcylindrical, more than twice as long as wide, granular below
and "internally, smooth and very faintly punctulate above, with a
single inferior tooth; tihia thicker than femur, coarsely granular
within, rugulose elsewhere, with a distinct anguliform prominence
near the base of its lower edge in front ; the apophysis not
smooth, posterior border lightly concave, apex rounded and armed
above with a long spike; anterior edge sinuous, convex distally
and proximally, concave in the middle, and armed distally with a
row of about six small close-set teeth : hand smooth above, with
the inner edge strongly angled at base, lightly concave and toothed
distally ; upper side with wide subgranular depression ; movable
linger strongly curved, with a long, nearly straight tip. 2nd and
3rd legs without tibial spine.

5 . First abdominal sternum with wide, central depression
which is bordered on each side by a low tuberculiform prominence,
coarsely punctured and black behind these prominences. Chelce
with femur less granular, not much longer than wide ; hand and
tibia normal, smoother ; inner edge of hand with a single tooth;
two teeth on the posterior edge of the tibial apophysis behind
the tip ; anterior edge lightly convex and toothed throughout ;
movable finger evenly curved from base to tip.

Length up to about 32 mm.

Log. Ceylon {Templeton, Barnes, Layard, Jameson) ; Matale
(Braine), Kandy (Green).

91. LalDOcliirus tauricomis, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (7) v, p. 295, 1900=
L. cervinus (errore), Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 745, 1899.

cJ. Kesembling the preceding species in colour and most
structural features, but with the abdominal sterna closely and
finely, but very distinctly granular around the impressions and
between them and the border. Easily recognizable also by the
ditTerent form of the chela : tibia without any basal anguUform
prominence below the apophysis ; the latter much less strongly
curved downwards, its posterior edge straight, smooth, and con-
tinued without curvature to the apex, which is acutely angular and
furnished with one long tooth, and sometimes two smaller ones
as well, anterior edge straight and finely serrate at the base,
then strongly convex and obliquely cut away down to the apex ;
hand without impression at base of immovable finger, inner edge
with basal constriction much shallower, and anguliform prominence
much smaller than in L. proboscideus ; movable finger evenly
curved throughout its length as in L. proboscideus $ , not with
the apex slightly bent forwards as in the d of that species.

]10

THEI.YPHONID.i;.

5 . Differing I'fom that ol' L. proiosciileufi in having the first
abdominal sternum marked with a very shallow median impression
in its hinder halt' and a pair ol: still shallower impressions, one on
each side anteriorly, the two ridges or prominences being absent ;
also much less black in the posterior half; the rest of the sterna

A. B.

Fig. 34.

A. Labochirus iauricornis. Extremity of chela of J.

B. Labochirus cervimis. Exti-emity of chela of S ■

C. „ „ First Btermim of abdomen.

punctiilate as in the S ■, but the punctulation spreading more
inwards, so that on the 4th, 5th, and 6th sterna there is only
a very narrow median smooth area, while the 7th and 8th are
entirely covered with very visible punctiilatiou.

Total length about 30 mm,

Loc. Kanara, on the Malabar coast {Bell).

92. Labochirus cerviuus, Pocock,Jour. Bom.N. H. Soc xli, p. 745, 1899.

S . Allied to L tauricornis, but differing in the form of the
chela. The tibial apophysis is strongly curved downwards in its
distal half, much more strongly so than in L. proboscideus, being
bent nearly at right angles ; viewed from above its posterior border
appears to be straight, while its anterior border is concave at the
base, strongly convex in the middle : from the median convexity
the border slopes straight away down to the apex, which is armed
with three teeth and is in the "same straight line as the posterior
border ; inner edge of hand evenly concave but scarcely serrate,
with shallower basal constriction than in L. tauricornis, armed with
one or two small basal teeth, but with scarcely a trace of any
anguliform prominences. First abdominal stermmi more swollen
than in L. tauricornis. In ? the 1st abdominal sternum is much
larger than in either of the other species, being more tumid and
marked with a pair of deeper impressions, one on each side, near
its posterior border, but shox^iug scarcely a trace of median
impression.

Length up to about 30 mm.

Loc. Mangalore on the Malabar coast (Batlu).

HVPOCTOXU3.

Ill

A.

B.

Q-enus HYPOCTONUS, Thorell.

Hyp:-.c.ton,is, Thorell, A^in. Mas. Genom, xxvi, p. 360, 1«S8 ;
^Inn. Mas. Oenova, xxvii, p. 542, 1889 ; Pocock, A. M. N II. (b)
xiv, p. 120, 1894 ; Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Ham'), xv, p. 4.3, ia9/ ;
id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 228, 1899.

Eesembling Labochirus in the
absence of crests between the
median and lateral eyes on the
carapace, but differing in the absence
of a spiniform tooth on the inner
border of the maxillary processes
and in the male sexual characters.
Female with first abdominal sternum
not inflated ; chelae normal, short,
not incrassate, the trochanter armed
above on its inner side with 5
strong spiniform teeth, the tibial
apophysis subtriangular and strongly
serrate along both edges. Male with
first abdominal sternum inflated,
without median groove; chelae long or
incrassate ; trochanter less strongly, often obsoletely toothed ; tibial
apophysis modified, variable in form, furnished with inferior
apical lobe, its edges not evenly serrate.
Type, H. formosus, Butler.
Distriluiion. Assam, Burma, Yunnan, Borneo.

Pig. 35. — A. Hypoolomis for-
mosus, auterioi- end of cara-
pace. B. Ditto, chela of J .
C. H. oatesii, troclianter and
femur of chela of (S ■

Synopsis of Indian Species.
Females.

a. First abdominal sternum with its posterior

borderwidely rounded, not meslally produced. H. binghami, p. 113.

b. First abdominal sternum with its posterior

border mesially produced,
a'. First abdominal sternum with a single

median pitor a pair of smalladjaoent pits. H. formosus, p. 116.
i'. First abdominal sternum marked with a pair
of large pits.
a^. Pits on first abdominal sternum sub-
circular ; all the legs red H- woochnasoni,

h'^. Pits on first abdominal sternum sub- [p- 113.

crescentic ; at least the first pair of legs
dark.

d'. Legs of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pairs entirely

ryd H- saxatilis, p. 115.

6\ Legs of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pairs with

femora and patellae deep brown II. ranguneiisis,

[p. 116.

112

'i'UELYI'HOXlU.E.

Males.

(I. Inner edge of hand with deep semicircular

oxciivntiou (also as under 6') H. woodmasoni,

b. Inner edge of hand without deep semicircular [p. 113.

excavation.

CheltG long, but little iucrassate ; trochanter

armed with five strong teeth.
a'^. Hand with some granules above ; legs

entirely red H. binghami, p. 113.

6". Hand quite smooth above ; legs not en-
tirely red H. oatesii, p. 112.

6'. Chelie shorter, strongly incrassate ; tro- •
chanter not or only weakly toothed above.
«\ Tibial apophysis with an abrupt distal
expansion which fits into an excavation
behind the base of the immovable
huger.

a^. Apical f(3urth of apophysis suddenly

and quadrately expanded H. andersoni, p. 117.

b*. Extremity of apophysis gradually
expanded, the expansion with rounded
anterior edge.
0°. Legs of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pairs

with femora and patellte dark .... H. sylvaticm, p. 115.
¥. Legs of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pairs

wholly red H. saxatilis, p. 115.

A'. Tibial apophysis without or with only
a small expansion ; inner edge of hand
scarcely concave at base of finger.
a". 1st leg and femora and patellae of

2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs dark K. rangunensis,

b'. 2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs wholly red, [p. 116.

1st leg only slightly darker H. formosus, p. 11 6_

93. Hypoctonus oatesii, sp. n.

(5 . Colour. Chelje and upper side of body black ; cox£e, middle
of lower side of abdomen, 1st leg, tibife, tarsi, and lower side of
trochanter of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs a rich mahogany-red ; femora,
patellce, and upper side of trochanter of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs
blackish brown. Upper side of hody densely rugose and granular,
anterior end of the carapace smoother. First abdominal sternum
almost entirely smooth, weakly punctured and striolate in the
middle, depressed posteriorly ; 1st, 2ud, and 3rd sterna coarsely
sculptured at sides ; rest of the sterna nearly smooth. Chelm with
coxa nearly smooth ; trochanter weakly granular above and below,
armed above wif h 5 strong teeth ; femur longish, the middle of its
upper surface exceeding the width of the anterior edge of the tro-
chanter, coarsely pitted and granular above and below, and armed
with a strong anterior tooth below ; tibia smooth and sparsely punc-
tured externally, more coarsely pitted and sparsely granular below
and above, with a few denticuliform granules on its inner edge ;
apojihysis much shorter than tibia, its posterior edge straight and

HYPOOTONUS. 11'^

smooth, its anterlov edge also smooth, concave in its basal, convex
in its distal half, fonning an — like curvature, the apex truncated,
and armed with one inferior and one median tooth ; hand con-
siderably longer than wide, smooth and sparsely punctured above
and externally, granular iiicerually, the inner edge with a sharp
constriction in its basal half, the margin from the tip ot the
fino-er down to the constriction lightly concave and denticulate
throughout its length ; movable linger evenly curved. Legs of ^rd
and -ith pairs with spine at apex of tibia. Ommaloids separated
by a space which about equals their diameter.

Total length 27 mm.

Loc. iSylhet.

94. Hypoctonus binghami, Oates, J. A. S. B. Iviii, p. 15, 1889
(Thelvphonus) ; Kraep. Abh. Ver. Hamb. xv, p. 47, fag. oO, 1897 ;
id. fierr., Scorp. etc. p. 230, 1899 (Ilypoctouus) : formosua,
Simon, J. A. S. B. Ivi, p. Ill, 1887; Pomck, Journ. Linn. Sac,
Zool. xxiv, p. 316, 1892 {necfonnosus, Butler).
S . Colour of upper side of body black ; chelaa black or deep
brown, redder at the extremity ; lower surface yellowish red or
reddish brown ; legs entirely pale red ; caudal flagellum red. Sculp-
turing of upper side of hodi/ much as in H. oaiedi. Abdominal sterna
finely'punctulate. Chela with trochanter armed as in //. oatedi, but
the spines not so strong; femur granular, long, nearly twice as
long above as the anterior edge of the trochanter ; tibia granular,
its uiner edge and basal half of apophysis granularly denticulate;
apophysis much shorter than tibia, its posterior border practically
straight, its anterior border shallowly and evenly concave, the
extremity a little thickened, convex anteriorly and bideutate ; hand
dull, puuctulate, with some large granules at the base of the
immovable finger, its inner edge denticulated, convex, base of
immovable finger shallowly concave. Ommatoids large, less than
their diameter apart.

2 . Pirst sternal 'plate of abdomen swollen in the middle,
marked with three shallow impressions, its posterior border widely
rounded and not mesially produced (fig. 36 F, p. 114). Chclce short ;
upper side of humerus more weakly granular than in male, of tibia
and hand not granular, sparsely punctured ; tibial apophysis tri-
angularly spiniform, evenly narrowed to a point, its posterior side
armed with two subapical spinules, and one spinule followed by
shorter denticuliform granules at its base on the tibia ; its anterior
edge denticulate throughout ; inner edge of hand much straighter

than \n S • .

Total length about 30 ram.

Loc. Tenasserim : Tavoy {Moti Earn) ; Reef Island, at the
mouth of the Tavoy Eiver " (0«ies) ; Owen Island in the Mergui
Archipelago (Anderson).

9-5. H3rpoctonus woodniasoiii, Oaf.e.s, J. A. S. B. Iviii, pt. 2, p. 12,
pi. ii, fif?. 10, 1889 ; Kraep. Abh. Verh. Hamb. xv, p. 46, fig. 45,
1897 ; id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 2-30, fig. 80, 1899 (Hypoctonus).
S . Colour black above and on chelae ; legs and sterna red.

114

TlUiLYPlIONJD^E,

Sculpturing of upper side practically as in U. oatmi. Sterna
also as in that, species, but with the punctures a little more
numerous. Chehe with the spines on the lower side of the
troc'lianter and lemur much smaller : upper side of trochanter
smooth, at most obsoletoly spined.its anterior border straight ; femur
about as long above as anterior edge of trochanter, rather coarsely
granular and punctured below, a few spines also on its upper
inner edge, otherwise smooth, sparingly punctured ; tibia with a
few granules below and internally, smooth and punctured else-
where ; apophysis long and slender, almost as long as upper side
of tibia, and reaching almost to tip of fingers, its posterior edge

A. B. O.

D. E. R

Fig. 3(i.

A. Hi/poctomts wnodmosoiii, extreinity of cheli\ of cJ. B. H. saxatilis, ditto.
C. U. andfrsoni, tibial apophysis. D. H. rnvgiinciisis, first abdominal
sternum of 5- E. H. fo7-mosus, &Hlo. F. H. hivghami, A\tto.

straight and unarmed, its apex truncate and bidentate, the
antei-ior border lightly concave in its basal and distal portions,
lightly convex submesially, and armed with four denticles ; hand
wide, as wide as long, strongly convex and smooth above ; a deep
semicircular excision on its inner edge and on the base of the
finger, the area behind the excision produced into a weakly
denticulate rectangular prominence : immovable finger much
narrower at base than in the middle. Ommatoids small, more than
their diameter apart.

5 . Very like the female of 11. hivgliami, but with the ommatoids
small, more than a diameter apart; the lower side of the femur of
the chela more numerously granular and punctured as well, the
upper side of the trochanter without granules ; the 1st abdominal
sternum not v\idely rounded behind, but with its posterior border
strongly produced into a large subquadrate lobe; the anterior
half of the plate marked with a pair of subcircular pits, separated
from each other by a space which distinctly excels their diameter.

Length up to about 21 mm.

Loc. Tenasserim, near Mount Mooleyit.

IIYPOOTOKUS.

115

96. Hypoctomis saxatilis, Oatcs, J. A. S. li. Ivili, p. 17, 1889

(Tlielyphoiiiis) ; Kniep. ylhh. Ver. Hamh. xv, p. 49, 1897; ,d.
Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 2t!2, 1890 (Ilypoctoiuis).

c?; Eesembliug if. it'oorfmasoni in colour, exi'epl. that the legs
of the first pair are darlj, the tarsi alone being yellowish red, and
Ihe last abdominal sternum and the underside oi; the three caudal
segments are also deep blackish brown in the adult. Granulation
of upper side as in preceding species ; sterna much more dis-
tinctly punctured: the 1st with the two shallow impressions deeper
than in //. woodmasoni and transversely striate. Trochanter of
chela weakly grauular above as in JJ. bhif/hanii, obsoletely toothed
as in ff. woodmasoni ; femur, tibia, and band sculptured, and tibial
apophysis as long as in the latter ; posterior edge of apophysis
quite smooth and straight until reaching the extremity, where it is
slightly swollen and convex ; anterior edge straight in the basal
two-tliirds of its length, and fiu-nished with about seven small
denticles, the distal third inflated but becoming narrower again at
the extremity, which is truncate and scarcely toothed ; hand more
strongly depressed at the base of the immovable finger than in
H. ivoodmasoni, its inner edge evenly convex from base of finger
backwards and armed with siuall denticles in its distal half ;
immovable finger straight or lightly concave basally, convex
distally.

$ . Closely alHed to that of N. ivoodmasoni, but with anterior
legs black, trochanter and femur of chela more granular above,
and the two impressions on the first abdominal sternum longer,
not circular but half-moon shaped or subcrescentic.

Total length up to about 31 mm., $ : 25, J.

Loc. Upper Burma : Thayetmyo (Macdonald).

97. Hypoctonus sylvaticus, Oates, J. A. 8. B. h-iii, p. 18, 1889

{Thelyphouus) : rano:unensis, vav. silvaticus, Kraep. Ahh. Ver.
Hamh. xv, p. 49, 1897; id. Tlerr., Scorp. etc. p. 232, 1899
(Hypoctonus).

S . Colouring as in H. saxatilis, with anterior legs dark, but
with the upper and outer sides of the femora and trochanter.^ of
the 2nd, .3rd, and 4th legs brown as in ff. oatesii. Chelce with
upper and under side of femur scarcely granular, only punctured ;
tibial apophyfiis shaped somewhat as in H. saxatilis, but with the
anterior edge of the basal half with only about two small
denticles, and the apical expansion much larger and involving
more than the distal third of the apophysis, its thickness
equal to twice the thickness of the portion immediately behind
it ; inner edge of hand with a much more strongly and less
widely-rounded prominence in the middle of its length, and a
much stronger concavity at and behind the base of the immov-
able finger, the external edge of which has a more strongly
pronounced sigmoid curvature. In the form of the inner
edge of the hand, U. sylvaticus lies nearly midway between

' i2

HQ TIlBLYPnONIUiE.

H. saxatiUs sinA U. ivoodmasoni ; but differs entirely from tlie
latter in possessing the large expaiiHioii at the distal end of the
tibial apophysis. Total length 23 mm.

Loc. Burma: Zigon and Minlila in the Tharrawaddy district
{Oates).

98. Hypoctonus rangunensis, Oa/es, J. A. S. Ji. Iviii, p. 18, 1889
('I'lielypbonus) ; Kraep. Ahh. Vei: Hamh. xv, p. 46, 1897 ; id.
Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 232, 18»9 (Hypoctonus).

^ . Colour as in ff- sylvaticua, but in other respects more nearly
approaching H. sa.vafdis, the femm- of the chela being granular
above and below, practically as in that species. Tibial apopliysis
lone as in the two species named, but different in shape, the posterior
border almost entirely straight, only very slightly sinuous and
unarmed ; anterior border also very nearly straight, only very
slightly sinuous, but armed with about half a dozen small denticles,
the apex obliquely truncate, tridentate, a slight swelling on the
anterior edge of the apophysis just before the apex. Inner edge
of lumd widely but not strongly convex, forming almost a straight
Hue with the outer side of the immovable finger, which is itseJt
almost straight, wilh scarcely a trace of the sigmoid curvature
observable in //. so.rai-Zw and 11. sylvaticus . . ^, , „

O A^eiT like that of IL sa.vatilis, but differing in the colour ot
legs ;" first' abdominal sternum with very nearly the same shaped
semilunar impressions.

Total length up to 28 mm. . n

Loc. Burma: Eangoon and the neighbourhood (Cai^s).

9 Hvpoctonus forniosus, Butler, A. M. N. H (4) p. 203,
ul xm 4, 1872; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xlu, p. 137, p^. xn,
£ 4 187^3 : Gates, op. cit. Iviii, p. 14, 1889 (Thelyphonus) ; Kra^^

1899 (Hvpoctonus) : anguftus, Stohczka, J. A. H. B. xUi, pt. ^,

p. 134, 1873 (in part) (Thelyphonus).
J . Colour of legs as in H. saxatUis, except that those of the first
nair instead of having the femur, patella, and tibia b ack have
^patella and tibia a^dark brownish red and only fjgl^tly darker
than the Test of the segments. Chetcs most resemblmg those of
S but the femur very much more thickly and coarsely

franular below even more so than in H. saxatzhs; spine on lower
?kle o femur noticeably stronger than in H. rangunens^s, very much
rtger than in H. sa^atUis. Tibial apophyns bng and slender,
£St and parallel-sided, without trace of apical enlargement,
S'rJree apLl teeth. Inner edge of

inent than in H. ranqimensis, more like that of E. sa.%attlu but tne
nron inenie more distinctly angular, and not so rounded ; nu-
Lvable finge^ much broader at the base, almost as broad as long

T kSm^ sternum very different from that of ff. wood-
nrlni Zcnmensis, and saccatiHs, without any large circular or
crs-entic pits but furnished in its anterior half with a pair of
IT ^.und holes, sometimes sunk in a common depression,

HYPOOTONUS.

117

occasionally separated by a very narrow partition wliicl. is less
broad than the diameter of either hole__(hg. 6b Ji, p. ii-*;.

Length up to about 30 mm., ? ; 25-27, 6- . , i

io«. Moulmein (Oates) ; also females of the same or of a closely
allied form from Taoo, 4000 feet {Oates).

Subspecies insularis, Oate^ Thelvphnnus insuLiris, Oaf.es, J. A. S. B.
lliii, pt. 2, p. 13, pi. ii, figs. 7-8, 1889 : Uypocto.iu. iormosus, vm^
iusuiaris, Kraep. Ahh. Ver. Hamb. xv, p. 48, 1897; ^d. Fwn .,
Scorp. etc. p. 231, 1899.

Total length of adult J and 2 , 33-36 mm.

Loe. Double Island in the mouth of the Moulmein River

^^Representatives of this form, which was regarded by Mr^Oates
as a valid species, were collected in immense numbers m Double,
Island. Apart from its greater average size, however, there
appears to be no constant structural character by which msularis
niay be distinguished from the mainland form formosus.

The following species is known to me only from the description
given by Mr. Oates, which is here reproduced : —

100. Hypoctonus andersoni, Oates, J. A. S. B. Iviii, pt. 2, p. 11, pi. ii,
fig. 12,1889 (Thelvphonus); Kraep. Ahh. Ver. Hamb.xv, iJ,
1897; formoaus, var. andersoni, id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 231, 1899
(Hypoctonus).

J . Colour dark red, legs paler red. Chelw smooth, with a very
few minute punctures; coxas normal, trochanter with a few obsolete
teeth on the anterior and lateral edge, and two strong spines
below ; femur with a sharp tooth on its lower surface ; tibia with
an indistinct spme on the lower edge. Tibud apopliysis (Hg. 36 _C,
p. 114) about the same length as tibia, perfectly cylindrical for
three-quarters of its length, suddenly widened out on its ter-
minal' quarter to half as wide again as the cylindrical portion and
terminating in a single recurved spine. Hand feeble, narrower
than tibia, interior edge toothed and hairy, exterior edge of the
fixed finger serrated; movable finger curved, sharply pointed.
Carapace densely granular except on the portion between the
lateral and central eyes, which is smooth. First abdominal sternum
in female longer than in male and pointed posteriorly.

Total length about 25 mm.

hoc. Upper Burma: Pudeepyoo Mountain, and the second
defile of the Irawadi River {Ariderson).

Judging from the description and figure of the tibial apophysis,
this undoubtedly valid species is allied both to //- scuvatilis and
II. sylvaticus, but cannot be confounded with either on account
of the red colour of the first leg and the quadrate shape of the
expansion of the tibial apophysis. It has been provisionally inserted
under heading in the table on p. 112 with H. sylvaticus and
//. saxatilis.

118

TAJITABIDBS.

Suborder TARTARIDES*

Tartarides, O. P. Oamhridye, A. M. N. II. (4) x, p. 410, 1872.

Ceplmlothorax covered above by two plates — a posterior, smaller,
wider than long, representing the dorsal elements of the 5th and
6th somites, which bear the ;3rd and 4th pairs of legs ; and an
anterior, much longer than wide, representing the dorsal elements
of the anterior four somites. Eyes sometimes absent, at most re-
presented by a single pale spot or ocellus on each side. Chelce or
jMlpi sub-prehensile, sub-pediform, not chelate, folding iu a vertical
plane ; 4th segment {tibia) without spiniform apophysis, 5th seg-
ment long, cylindrical ; 6th segment (tarsus) shorter, conical, armed

Fig. 37. — Schizonms crassioatidatus.

A. Lower side of cephalothorax and abdomen, a, coxa of chela ; h, of first

leg; c, of second leg; d, of tliii-d leg; e, of fourtli leg; /, prosternura ;
g, metastermim ; h, first slernuni, i, last sternum of abdomen ; l; caudal
sclerite.

B. Carapace and anterior end of abdomen, m, anterior plate of carapace ;

M, posterior plate ; t, rostrum ; o, fu'st, j}, second tergum of abdomen.

C. Posterior end of abdomen.

with a pair of spiniform processes ; claw long, not fused to tai'sus.
Legs : 2nd with its tarsus 8-segmented, 2nd segment very long,
more than half the length of the succeeding six ; coxa of 2nd leg
armed in front with a long spiniform process ; femur of 4th leg
very thick ; 6th segment {protarsus) of 2ud, 3rd, and 4th legs
subequal to the 5th {tibia) or at all events not much shorter.
Abdomen with its postanal sclerite short and uusegmented. No
distinct pulmonary apertures behind the 1st and 2nd sterna.

* Proposed as a family-name by Cambridge, and elevated to the rank of a
' tribe' by Thorell (Ann. Mas. Genova, xxvi, p. 358).

UUllBA.Rl)Iin-T!.

119

Sevml characters. Males, where known, difteruig from tema
inS'v t he postanal sclerite expanded and spatu ate m i s chstal
half s organ in the females being uoexpanded and subeyiind-
S; chelae in male also frequently larger than in the female and

armed with spines.

Habits. Ocfur beneath stones, the debris of leav es, ^c.

Distrilndwn. Tropical West Africa ; C^ylou, Burma and the
Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain); California; Venezuela.
Also introduced with exotic plants into conservatories m Europe.

Further collecting will no doubt fill up the apparent gaps in the
distribution, and greatly increase our knowledge of the range ol
this interesting httle group.

Family HUBBAKDIID^.

iluhbarcliidie, Cook, P>vc. Ent. Sao Wash, iv, p. 2^«. 18»9
Schizonotidte, Thorell, Ann. Muk. Genom, xxvi, p. 358, 1888.

Characters of the suborder.

The Indian genera may be tabulated as follows : —

«. Posterior plate of carapace undivided or at

most with a narrow sutural line Schizomus, p. 119.

h. Posterior plate of carapace consisting of a dis-
tinct right and left half, or divided by a

narrow pellucid longitudinal area Trithyreus, p. K l.

Genus SCHIZOMUS, Cook.
Nyctalops, 0. P. Camlridge, A. M. N. H. (4) x, p. 410, 1872 (nom.

prteocc). . TQOQ -7

Schizonotus, Thorell, Ann, Mtis. Genova, xxvi, p. 3o8, 1888 ; id.

op. cit. xxvii, p. 554, 1889; Pocock, A. M. N. II. (b) xi, p. 4,

1893; Krae2J. Abh. Ver. Humb. xv, p 51, 189/: id. Iwrr.,

Scorp. etc. p. 233, 1899 (nom. praeocc),
Schizomus, Cook, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash, iv, p. 249, 1899.

Anterior dorsal plate of cephaloihorax elongate, broad in front,
narrowed behind, its anterior border armed with a long sharp beak-
like process the length of which is greater than its basal width ;
posterior plate not divided into a distinct right and left half
separated by a definite pale membranous area, but uniformly pig-
mented throughout and at most only marked with a very tine
median sutural hue ; no additional sclerites intercalated between
this plate and the anterior portion of the carapace. No eyes.
Chelce of d dentate beneath ; caudal sclerite cyhndrical at base,
its distal half expanded into a heart-shaped plate : chelce
of ? unarmed beneath; caudal sclerite irregularly cylindrical
throughout.

Type, S. crassicauclatns, 0. P. Cambr.

Distribution. Ceylon.

120

HUBBABDIIDiE.

101. Schizoimis crassicaudatiis, O. P. Camhr. A. M. N. H. (4) x,
p. 41i, t. xxii, lig. 1, 1872 (Nyctalnps) ; Thorell, Ann. Mug.
Gniora, xxvi, p. 358, 1888 ; Knwp. Abh. Ver. Ilumh. xv, p. 62,
iigs. \h k. r)()«, 1897; id. Tien:, ScoriJ. etc. p. 234, figa. 82-83,
1897 (Scliizonotua), cJ .
S. teuuicniulatiis, O. P. Camhr. A. M. N. II. (4) x, p. 412, t. xxii,
iig-. 2, 1872 (Nyctalo])8) ; Thorell, Ann. Mns. Genova, xxvi, p. 358,
1888 ; Kraep. ylbh. Ver. Ilamb. xv, p, 52, 1897 ; id. Tierr., Scorp.
etc. p. 234, 1899 (ScMzonotus) ; Pucock, A. M. N. H. (6) xi,
p. 4, 1893 (Tripeltis), $ .

cJ . Colour yellowish brown ; carapace darker and duller in hue
than the rest of the body. Carcqjuce and tergal plates rugulose,
covered with squamiforra markings ; eat-h terguui furnished on its
posterior edge with a pair of bristles, one on each side of the posterior
margin, the bristles becoming more numerous on the posterior plates.
Sterna also furnished with symmetrically disposed bristles. Cheke

a

E.

Fig. 38. — Schizomus crassicaudatiis.

A. Chela of c? . a, femur (3i-cl segment) ; b, Ath segment ; c, tibia (5th segment)

d, hand (6th segment) ; e, claw.

B. Chela of 5 .

C. First leg: /, femur ; ff, patella ; h, tibia ; i, tarsus.

D. Fourth leg. k, femur ; I, patella ; ?n, tibia ; n, protarsus ; o, tarsus; p, claws.

E. Tarsus of 1st leg.

massive, the trochanter long, armed on its inferior distal angle
•with a strong spiniforin process ; femur very thick, strongly con-
vex above, armed below with two tubercles ; tibia (4th segment)
much less ma?sive than the fennu-, armed at the base below with a
large long tooth-like tubercle; 5th segment (=hand of Thelypliomis)
also elonpate, lightly convex above, its lower surface armed with
small setiferous tubercles ; 6th segment (tarsus = movable finger of
Tlielyphonvs) armed with a pair of spiniform processes. 1st hy (not
including coxa) not longer than body, its tibia reaching to end of

TUTTIIYIIEUS.

121

chela when extended; 2nd tarsal segment '""S' \™g'^^,^\'^'^'! ^ °
three succeeding segments, 3rd segment wider than long, 4th about
twice as long as 3rd ; 5th. 6th, aud 7th ot approxnnately the san e
length as the 4th, and about as long as wide ; 8th long, conside ably
longer than the preceding two, acuminate. Femur ot 1st eg a
little thickened ; femur of 4th enormously thickened, especial y at
the base, of 3rd less thickened than 4th, of 2nd less thickened than
3rd Gcmdal sclerite with posterior heart-shaped expansion, tlie
narrow portion of the expanded portion directed posteriorly.

9 Kesembling c? in general features, but with the apex ot the
trochanter of the chela rectangular, not produced into a long spme,
and no spines or tubercles on the underside of the femur, tibia, or
protarsns ; caudal process cylindrical, without cordate expansion.

Total length up to about (3 mm.

Loc. Ceylon : in the Botanical Garden atPeradeniya (TJiivaites).

Genus TRITHYREUS, Kraepehn.
Tripeltis, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Geneva, xxvii, p. 554, 1889 ; Kraei).

Abh. Vet: Hamb. xv, p. 52, 1897 (nom. prpeocc ).
Trithyreus, Kraep. Tierr., Scorp eto ^- 234, 1899 (March).
Triplomus, Cook, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash, iv, pp. 250 & 255, 1899

(April).

Differs from Scldzomus in that the posterior dorsal plate of the
cephalothorax is not uniformly chitinized and pigmented through-
out but is either completely divided into a right and left quadrate
portion (according to Thorell and Kraepelin), or is, at all events,
marked with a narrow, pellucid, nnpigmented submembranous
median area, impressed with the sntural line observable in
Schizomus. In all the known specimens, which are perhaps
females, the chelte are unarmed, and the caudal sclerite is cylindrical
as in the female of Scliizomus crassicaudalus.

Distribution. Ceylon ; Burma ; also Bismarck Archipelago.

Synojasis of Indian Species.

a. Posterior dorsal plate of cephalothorax
marked with a narrow median suture ;
apex of trochanter of chela rectanniilar,

scarcely produced T. suboculatus, t^. 121.

b. Posterior dorsal plate of cephalothorax with

a broad median divisional line ; trochanter
of chela apically produced and upturned
(according to Kraepelin and Thorell).
a-. Without eyes; chelfe one and a half

times the length of the cephalothorax . . T. (/rassii, p. 122.
6-. With a pair of eye-spots; chelae a little

longer than the cephalothorax T. cambridyii, p. 122.

102. Trithyreus suhoculatiis, sp. n.

Eesembling the female of Scldzomus crassicaudatiis in general
features. Colour a yellowish olive-green on the carapace and
abdomen, legs and chelae paler, nearly flavous. Anterior end oi;

122

HUnUAUl)UDvT5.

carapace armed w ith a short rostrum, the basal width of whii'h is
greater than its length. On each side of its anterior portion 1 here is
a pale irregular-shaped patch representing
an eye, but showing no traces of a distinct
lens. Tergu, like the. carapace, coriaceous,
each furnished with a pair of symmetrically
disposed bristles, one on each side of the
middle, the 8th and Dth also with a bristle
on the posterior lateral angle, the median
bristles on the 9th much farther apart than
those of the 7tb. Sternawith symmetrically
disposed bristles ; bristles on the posterior
abdominal somites very long. Chela; of the
same geueral form as in the female of
S. crassicaudalus, but weaker, being rela-
tively both shorter and thinner, the femur
especially being not nearly so thick ;
trochanter not strongly produced distally,
its distal angle rectangular. First lerj
much longer than in S. crassicaudatus,
longer than body, when the appendage is
extended the tip of its femur almost
reaches the tip of the extended chela ; tarsal
segments not very different from those
Length of body about 4 or 4-5 mm.; of

Fig. 39.
Trithyreus sabomlatus.

A. Chela.

B. Posterior
carapace :
line.

0. Caudal skeletal plate

plate of
a, .sulural

of S. crassicaudatus.
1st leg about 6"5 mm.

Loc. Ceylon: Punduloya (CrVceji).

103. Trithyreus grassii, Thorell, Ann. Mik. Genova, xxvii, p. 554,
t. 5, tig-. 1, 1889 ; Kraep. Abh. Ver. Humb. xv, p. 53, t. ii, fig. 58 b,
1807 (Tripeltis); id. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 235, 1899 (Trithyreus).

Colour of body brown above : legs paler. No trace of ei/es on
carapace ; cJiela; oue and a half times as long as carapace ; tro-
chanter with strongly convex inferior border, produced anteriorly
into an acutely angular process, of which the inferior border is
convex and the superior concave. Krst leg nearly twice as long
as body. Other characters apparently much as in the preceding
species. Length of body about 7 mm., of 1st leg 13.

Loc. Burma : Teinzo (Feci).

104. Trithyreus cambridgii, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Geneva, xxvii,
p. 669, 1889 ; Kraep. Abh. Ver. Hamb. xv, p. 63, 1897 (Tripeltis) ;
id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 234, 1899 (Trithyreus).

Closelv resembling T. grassii, of \vhich this is perhaps the young.
Colour paler, more yellowish green ; carapace furnished on each
side with a round eye-spot ; cliela only a little longer than
carapace. First leg (according to figure) shorter than body.
Length about 3-5 mm.

Loc. Burma : Prome (Fm).

AMIil-Yl'YGT.

123

Order AMBLYPYGL

Carapace much wider than bug, transversely reniform, with
convex anterior and lateral and concave posterior border ; furn-
ished in front with a pair of median eyes, and a cluster of lateral
eves on each side. Sternal area broad, subcircular ; membranous.

Fig. 40. — Phri/nichus phipsoni, (5 .

a, mandible : I, trochanter ; i, femur ; e, tibia ; d, hand ; c, claw of chela :
J, femur ; k, patella ; h, tibia ; ff, protarsus ; /, tarsus of leg.

but strengthened with four median sclerites, the anterior
(labium or prosternum) long and pointed, projecting between the
bases of the chelae, the posterior {metasternum) lodged between the
coxs! of the 4th pair of legs. Coxae of chela; and legs arranged
radially round the sternum, those of the 2nd and 3rd pairs widely
separated. Chelae prehensile, subchelate, closing in a horizontal
plane, their basal segments freely articulated to the membrane at
the sides of the anterior sternal sclerite {prosternum, labium);
3rd {femur) and 4th {tibia) segments long and strong, strongly
spined ; 5th segment {hand) small, spined above and below ; 6th
segment {finger) hairy, short, and ending in a long smooth claw,

124

AMBLYPYGI.

which is usually united to it without trace of suture. Leys of
Ist pair veiy loug and antenniform ; the segments on the distal
side of the femur forming a long, many-jointed flagellum.
Eemaining legs long and slender ; 4th segment (patella) very
short, 5th (tihia) long and slender, often segmented ; tarsi con-
sisting of four or five segments ; the apical segment armed with
two claws, and often provided heneath with a membranous
sucker {jrulvillas). Abdomen oval, segmented, covered above by
12 terga, and below by 11 sterna as in the Uropygi, but much
shorter than in that group, the posterior segments very small, the
last tergum forming a movable flap over the anus ; no postanal
sclerite. Oenerative organs opening behind the sternum of the
2nd abdominal somite as in the Dropi/rji, that is to say, behind
what is described as the 1st sternum. Two pairs of hreaihing-
organs, consisting of pulmonary sacs, the anterior pair placed in
the same transverse line as the generative aperture, the posterior
pair opening behind the 2ud abdominal sternum.

Hahits. These Arachnida, which are in many respects inter-
mediate between the Whip-Scorpions and the trne Spiders, much
resemble the former in habits, being found under stones, fallen
tree-trunks, or in the crevices of rocks, of termites' nests, &c.
They do not, however, dig burrows for themselves. Many of
the species of Charontidce are to be met with in caves, on the
walls and roofs of which the sucker-like pulvillus enables them
to maintain a secure hold. The eggs are carried attached to the
underside of the abdomen, as in the Whip-Scorpions.

Distribution. Africa south of the Sahara, S. Arabia, and the
Seychelles ; Oriental Eegion from India, Ceylon, and Siam east-
wards over the whole of the Indo- and Austro-Malayan area as far
as Fiji ; South and Central America northwards into Texas and
Lower California.

The Indian genera are referable to two Families, which may be
tabulated as follows : —

a. Sternal plates larpe ; no pulvilius on tarsus PhT3niichid«.

h. Sternal plates small ; a distinct pulviUus oa tarsus. Chaxontidae.

phhyttchidjE.

125

Family PHRYNICHlDiE.

Sternal plates of large size, much wider than long t;he labial
process of the anterior plate rising abruptly from the fiddle oi
its anterior border. Tibia of 4th Z.^, composed of one or wo
segments; two in the African genus Damon, one m the Indian

Fie 41.-Lower side of cepbalothorax and of anterior end of abdomen of
°' Pkri/nickiis lunatus.

a coxa of chela; b. c, d, coxa^ of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs; e, first abdominal
sternum; /, apertures of pulmonary organs; ff, semilunar lobes on 2nd
abdominal sternum ; h, raetasternal, i. Ic, mesosternal, I, prosternal plates.

genus PhrynicTius. Distal spines on upper side of tibia oi cliela
directed obliquely forwards, and overlapping the base_ oi the
hand. No pulvillus or sucker beneath claws. Tarsi consisting ot

three segments. c , , a , • t r

Distribution. Africa south of the Sahara; South Arabia, India,

Ceylon, and Siam.

Genus PHEYNICHUS, Karsch.

Phalanglum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. 618, 1758 (iu part).
Tarantula, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii, p. 432, 1793 (m part) ; Kraep. Abh.

Ver. Hamb. xiii, p. 9, 1895. _ . ^ .„

Phr\Tius, Lamarck, Syst. Ani7n. p. 175, 1801 (m part) ; Latreille,

Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii, p. 48, 1812 ; C. Koch, Arachn. x, p. 35,

1843 (in part).

126

I'lUlYNlOHIDiE.

Phrvuichus, Karsch, Arch. Nat. xlv, p. ]9o, 1879; Porock, A. M-
N.IiriG) xiv, p. i^94, 1804; Xraep. Tier,:, Scorp. He. n. 2m,
1809.

Phrynischus, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Ixi, p. 50, 1892.

Characters as undde the heading Phrynichidce. Eecognizable
from the African geuiis Damon by the presence of only one long
spine on the upper side of the hand and by having the tibia of the
4th leg undivided.

Type, P. lunatus, Pallas.

Distnbution. East Africa, Arabia, Western India and Siam.

Synojjsis of Indian Sjjecies.

(I. Adult with three long spines at distal end of

tibia uf chela ; under side of hand smooth .... P. phipsoni, p. 127.
h. Adult with two long spines at distal end of cliela

above ; under side of hand with irregular rows

of granules.

rt'. of large size (25 to 35 mm. long) ; second

sternum of abdomen with pair of lobes .... P. lunatus, p. 120.
fi'. Of small size (up to 15 mm.J; second sternum

without pair of lobes P. pusillus, p. 128.

105. Phrynichus lunatus, Pallas, S^nc. Zonl. ix, p. 35, t. iii, figs. 3-6,
1772 (Phalangium) ; Fnbr. Ent. Si/st. ii, p. 433, 1793 (Tarautula) :
ceylonicus, C. Koch, Arachn. x, p. 35, fig. 776, 1843 (Phrynus) :
reniformis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. 610, 1758, in part (Phalan-
gium) ; Karsch, Arch. Nat. xlv, p. 195, 1879 ; Kraep. Ahh. Ver.
Hamb. xiii, p. 10, 1895 (Tarantula) ; id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 237,
1899 (Phrynichus).

2 . Colour nearly black or red-
dish brown, with three grey spots
on the upper .side of the femora of
the legs ; much paler in recently-
moulted specimens. CarajJace
and terga granular throughout ;
sterna smooth, obsoletely punc-
tured; 1st furnished with a pair
of longitudinally subcrescentic
depressions, the middle of its
posterior border lightly concave
and fringed with red hairs ; middle
of posterior border of 2nd also
lightly concave and furnished
with a pair of chitinous lobes
which meet in the middle line.
C/icte with coxal segment granular
below, smooth in the middle ;
trochanter with upper surface bordered behind with a crest of

Fig. 42.— A. Extremity of tibia of
chela of Phrynichus lunatus :

a, rudiment of first spine ;

b, second, c, third spina.

B. Extremity of tibia of chela of
F. lunatus from below : e, distal
spine.

0. Ditto of P. phipsoni : d, distal
spine.

PHUYNlCnVS.

]27

spines two or more rows deep, tliree of the apines of tlie front
row much larger than the rvst; femur loug, cylindrical, a liltlo
more than three times the median length of the carapace, bat leas
than twice its width, coarsely granular above, spined in front
above and below ; Hbia about as long as the femur, coarsely
granukr, armed at the distal end above with two long spines in
the adult, three in the young, and on the underside at the apex
with two smaller spines, the distal the smaller of the two, denti-
form and directed obliquely downwards and forwards ; Jiatid smooth
externally and internally, granular above and below, the lower
edge being furnished throughout its length with two irregular
rows of coarse granules, armed above and below with a single long
spine, and also with a tubercle on its upper side at the base of the
spine. Second abdominal sternum furnished with a pair of semi-
lunar lobes ; first sternum Transversely truncate in the middle of
its posterior border and furnished with a fringe of red hairs.

S ■ First abdominal sternum widely rounded posteriorly and not
hairy. Chelw much longer than in 5 ; the trochanter and femur
generally much more hairy and much less strongly spined; the
femur nearly four times the median length of the carapace.

Yoiinc/ much smoother than adult, more varied in colouring ;
the chelsB considerably shorter, the tibia armed distally above with
three long spines, the first becoining gradually smaller with suc-
cessive moults until it is ultimately reduced to a mere tubercle.

Total length up to about 30-35 mm.

Loc. Ceylon : Kandy ( Yerhury 6," Green) .

106. Phrynichus phipsoni, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xiv, p. 295, pi. viii,
fig. 4, 1894.

5 . Size, colour, and general characters as 'mP.lunatus,iTomwh.\ch.
this principally diifers in the permanent retention of chai-aoters
which appear in the young but are lost in the adult of that species.
For example, the first of the thi-ee large spines on the upper side
of the apes of the tibia of the chela is found in adult individuals
of P. phipsoni, and is about half the length of the others ; on the
lower side of the tibia in the distal fourth of its length behind the
two apical spines there is another spine, which is always longer and
sometimes considerably longer than the rest ; the granulation of
the chelffi is coarser and less close-set ; the underside of the hand
is smooth or almost smooth, with at most the merest trace of a few
granules ; and the distal inferior tibial spine is differently shaped
and less erect, its inferior edge being very decidedly convex from
base to tip, not straight with a median sinuosity as in P. limatus,
and its upper edge lightly concave, without any basal convexity.

Total length 28 mm

Loc. Bombay {Moore 6f Phijjson) ; Trivandrum in Travancore
{Ferguson).

128

cnAnoN'riD.i;.

107. Pliryniclius pusillus, Pouock, A. M. N. 11. ((i) xiv, ji. 29fi,
1894.

Closely allied to P. Innatus, but raucb smaller and much more
coarsely gniiiular than tbo adults of that species, the carapace
being beset with large granules and the terga sparsely covered with
them, about twenty being scattered over the surface and twenty
arranged along tbe posterior edge, tbe interstices being very visibly
and finely granulated. The iutegumental folds of tbe 2nd abdo-
minal sternum obsolete.

Total length of c? and $ up to 15 mm.

This species is assumed by Kraepellii to be based upon young
examples of P. lunatus. Young specimens of the latter, however,
resembling P. pusillus in size, may be at once recognized by the
much liner granulation of the integument, the presence and large
size of tbe third tibial spine of tbe chela, the mucli shorter chelaj,
and the presence of the semilunar lobes on the 2nd abdominal
sternum.

Loc. Ceylon: Punduloya (Green).

Family CHARONTID^.

Anterior sternal plate lanceolate, evenly narrow from base to
point, without any basal plate-like expansion ; median and posterior
sternal plates small, subcircular. Tibia of tbe 4tb leg consisting
of four or three segments. Distal spines on upper side of tibia of
chela directed inwards and scarcely overlapping the base of the
hand. Tarsi consisting of five segments ; the distal with pul villus
beneath the two claws. .

Distribution. Seychelles; Burma, Andaman Islands, Phdippine
Islands; and over the whole of the Indo- and Austro-Malayau area
as far as the Solomon Islands.

Synopsis of Indian Genera.

a. Tibia of chela slender ; hand armed above

and below with one long basal spine;
that on the upper side double and with
a few small spines between it and the
finger

b. Tibia of chela wide; upper side of hand

with two long spines, under side with
one long distal spine ; no smaller
spines.

a\ Tibia of 4th leg consisting of three

segments

i'. Tibia of 4th leg consisting of four

segments

Stygophbynus, p. 129.

Catageus, p. 130.
Sauax, p. 131.

STXGOPHBYNUS.

120

Fig. 43. — Sarax aarawakensis.

h. Lower side of cepbalotborax and of anterior end of abdomen : a, prosternal,
b, c, mesoaternal, and d, metasternal plates ; e, 1st, and /, 2nd abdo-
minal sternuiu ; ff & h, apertures of pulmonary sacs ; i, coxa of 4th,
k, coxa of 3rd, I, coxa of 2nd leg ; m, coxa of chela.

B. Tarsus of 4th leg : o, claws ; n, pulvillus.

C. Dpper view of extremity of tarsus : g, claw ; p, pulvillus.

Genus STYGOPHEYNTJS, Kraepelin.

Charon, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxvii, p. 538, 1889 {not Charon
of Karsch).

Stygophrynus, Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamb. xiii, p. 44, 1895; id.
Tierr., Scarp, etc. p. 248, 1889.

Only one long spine on the upper and lower side of the hand,
but the spine on the upper side with a slender supplementary spine
rising from the base of its posterior surface ; distal to the long
spine, both above and below, are a few, about three, small spines.
Claw not fused with finger, but separated by a distinct sutural
joint. Tibia of chela moderately wide ; its upper edge furnished
with seven spines, of which the 4th, 5th, and 6th from the distal
end are subequal, very long and slender and longer than the width
of the tibia (fig. 44 A, B). Tibia of 4th leij consisting of four
segments. Second abdominal sternum with distinct semicircular
lobes.

Type (and only known species), S. cavernicola.
Distribution. Burma.

130

OIIAnOKTlDiE.

108. Stygophrynus cavernicola, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxvii,
p. 638, 1889 (CLaron) ; Kraepdin, Ahh. Ver. Hmnh. xiii, p. 44,
1895; id. Tien:, Seorp. etc. p. 248, 1899 (Stygophrynus).

Colour yellowish. Carapace smooth, not granular ; frontal spine
projecting forwards ; median ocular tubercle close to the anterior
edge of the carapace. Femur of chela armed on its upper border
with 6-7 spines, with granules between them ; underside also with
6-7 spines, of which the basal two are the longest ; spines on
upper side of tibia of chela very long, the sixth from the apex the
longest; the under surface of tlie tibia with about 7 spines and
3 or 4 spinules between them. Length up to 24 mm.

Loc. Moulmein. Specimens taken in the Farm Caves (Fea).

Genus CATAGEUS, Thorell.

Catageus, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxvii, p. 530, 1889.
CatagjBUS, Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamh. xiii. p. 47, 1896.
Catagius, id. Tierr., iScorp. etc. p. 251, 1899.

Fig. 44. — A. Tibia of chela of Stygo-
phrynus cavernicola.

B. Lower side of hand of same :
a, articulated claw ; b, spine on
upper side of hand.

O. Tibia of chela of Catageus ptisillus.

D. Lower side of hand of same :
c, claw ; d, spines on upper side
of hand.

Upper side of Jiand with two
separated spines, of which the
distal is the shorter ; no spines
distal to them ; lower side of
hand wdth one spine at the distal
end. Tibia of chela very wide,
its upper edge with 5 long or
moderately long spines, two short
spines distal to the longest, which
is thus the median spine of the
series. Tibia of 4th leg con-
sisting of only three segments.
Second abdominal sternum with-
out pair of semicircular marginal
lobes.

Type (and only known species),
C. pusillus.
Distribution. Burma.

109. Catageus pusillus, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxvii, p. 531,
1889 ; Kraepelin, Ahh. Ver. Hamh. xiii, p. 47, 1895 (Catageeus) ;
id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 251, 1899 (Oatagius).

Colour : carapace reddish brown ; abdomen brownish grey, with
clearer spots. Carapace rounded, finely granular. Terga finely
granular. Femiu' of chela armed above and below with 3 spines ;
tibia with 5 spines above and 2 below, of which the distal is the
longest. Legs smooth ; proximal tarsal segment much longer than
the remaining four segments taken together. Total length up to
about 8 mm.

Loc. Burma : Moulmein {Fea). Specimen captured in the
Farm Caves.

SAnAX.

131

Genus SARAX, Simon.

Charon, Thorell, Ann. Mtis. Genova, xxvi, p. 354, 1888 (wee Karsch).

Sarax, Simon, Ann. Soc. Unt. Fr. Ixi, pp. 43 & 48, 1892 ; Kraepelin,
Ahh. Ver. Hamb. xiii, p. 45, 1894: id. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p, 250,
1899. , > f >

Hand armed above with two separated long spines, of wliich
the distal is the longest ; no small spines distal to them. Tibia
of chela wide, armed above with 8 spines, of which the 2nd from
the distal end is the longest. Tibia of Ath leg consisting of four
segments. Second abdominal sternum with two subspherical lobes
on its hinder border.

Type, S. brachydactylus, Sim. Two species known.

Distribution. Andaman Islands, Singapore, Borneo, Philippine
and Solomon Islands.

110. Sarax sarawakensis, Thorell, Aim. Mus. Genova, xxvi, p. 354,
1888 (Charon) ; Kraepelin, Ahh. Ver. Hamb. xiii, p. 45, 1895 (in
part) ; id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 251, 1899 (Sarax).

Colour a tolerably uniform reddish brown, sometimes markpd
with black ; legs and abdomen paler. Carapace rounded in front,
the sulci deep, finely granular. Terga finely granular. Femur of
■chela armed with 3 or 4 spines above, the basal the longest, the distal
the smallest, minute ; on the under side with 4 spines, the basal
email and directed inwards, the 2nd the longest; tibia armed
above with 5 spines, below with 4, of which the proximal and
distal are minute. Length up to about 9 mm.

Loc. Table Island, Andamans (Gates) ; also occurring in Singa-
pore, Borneo, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands.

Specimens ( $ ) from the Andaman Islands were captured by
Mr. E. W. Gates beneath stones at low water on the coast of
Table Island.

132

Order SOLIFUGtE.

Integument richly clothed with hairs which are mostly soft and
silky on the abdomen, stiiJ and erect elsewhere, many of them
taking the form of long tactile bristles or of longer or shorter
spines.

Carapace segmented, consisting of a large anterior head-shield
(the head), behind which on each side are two narrow skeletal
pieces representing the tergal elements of the somites bearing the
1st and 2nd legs, and of two large subquadrate plates, which are
the terga of the somites bearing the 3rd and 4th pairs of legs.

A.

Fie 45.— A. Anterior extremity of Galeodes ($) from above, a, mandible;

b ocular tubercle ; c, buttress to which mandible is articulated ; head ;

e remains of terga of 3rd and 4th somites, bearing 1st and 2nd pairs of

legs ; /, g, terga of somites bearing 3rd and 4th pairs of legs ; h, i, 1st and

2nd abdominal terga.
B. Abdominal stigma showing serrula.

0. First abdominal sternum of S , showing X- lateral and I median plates.
D. Extremity of tarsus and claws of 4th leg.

In the middle of the anterior border of the head is the ocular
tubercle bearing a pair of large eyes ; lateral eyes obsolete * .
On each side of the head there is a distinct buttress to which the
mandible is articulated. Mandibles projecting forwards, very large,
consisting of two segments ; the basal segment is swollen and bears
in front a compressed but strong, toothed process, the upper jaw.

* Traces of the lateral eyes have been found at the sides of the head.
These organs, however, are neglected in systematin description.

SOLXJTUGjE.

133

which ends in an apically pointed fang. The distal segment or
lowm- jaw, also toothed and terminating in a fang, is articulated
to the under side of the basal segment and moves in a vertical
plane, so as to constitute with the upper jaw a pair of powerful
nippers. On the inner side of the basal segment there is fre-
quently a series of hard ridges which, by being rubbed against the
corresponding ridges of the other jaw, give rise to a harsh grating
sound. These are the stridulating- ridges. Projecting forwards
from the lower half of the fore part of the head between the
mandibles there is a horny, hair-tipped rosiritm, which bears the
mouth at its extremity. The sternal elements of the cephalo-
thorax are practically absent, their place being taken by the basal
segments or ooxce of the appendages, which meet each other in the
median ventral line and are immovably welded together. The
palpi are long, pediform, and consist of six segments, named
coxa, irocJianter, femur, patella, tibia, and tarsus. The coxa is fur-
nished with a maxillary process ; the trochanter is very short ; the
tarsus, also short, is sometimes freely movable, but is generally

■Fig. 46. — A, Palpus ; B, 1st leg ; and C, 3rd leg of Galeodes. a, coxa ; b, tro-
cbanter ; b', trochantella ; c, femur of palp and trochantin of 1st and
3rd leg; o', distal end of femur of 1st and 3rd leg; d, patella; e, tibia;
/, tarsus; g, claws.

United to the tibia, vdth a mere sutural line between the two.
The 1st leg much resembles the palpus, to which it is fused at the
base, but is shorter and weaker and has an additional small seg
ment, the trochantin, cut off from the base of the femur ; the tarsus
may or may not be furnished with a claw. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
legs are the organs of progression. They differ structurally from
those of the 1st pair in having the trochanters divided into two
distinct segments, so that between the coxa and the femur three
■segments are intercalated, namely the trochanter, the trocliantella,
and trochantin. This multiplication of basal segments confers ex-
ceptional flexibihty upon the legs, and more than compensates for
the rigidity of the coxae. The patella and tibia are unsegmented ;
•the tarsi are segmented or not, and to the apex is articulated a
pair of long claws, which differ from those of all other Arachnids
in being pediculated or borne upon long stalks. Attached to the

134

solifug;e.

base of the 4th leg there are five sensory organs, the malleoli — two
on the coxa, two on 1lie 1 rochanter, and one on the trochantella.
Each consists of a slender basal piece or stalk, and an expanded
distal piece, the blade. There is no distinct waist between the
cephalothorax and abdomen such as exists in the Uropygi and
Amhlypygi. The abdomen consists of ten segments, each of which,,
with exception of the last, bears a tergal plate above and a sternal
plate below ; the last or anal segment is represented by a single
plate marked with a vertical slit, the anal a2}erture.

Generative organs open upon or behind the sternum of the Ist
abdominal segment, the plate showing modifications in structure
according to sex and age.

Fig. 47. — Lower side of trunk and of bases of appendages of Gcdcodes. a, man-
dibles; b, c, d, e,g, coxae of palp and of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs ; /, thoraciof
stigma ; h, 1st abdominal sternum ; i, Jc, abdominal stigmata ; I, anal
segment ; m, trochanter, and n, base of femur of palp ; o, trochanter f
p, trochantin of 1st leg ; q, trochanter and trochantella of 3rd leg ; r, tro-
chanter and trochantella, s, trochantin, and t, base of femur of 4th leg ;
U, external malleolus.

The respiratory organs are in the form of tubular tracheae, the-
stigmata of which open upon or behind the sterna of the 2nd
and 3rd, rarely also of the 4th, abdominal segment. There-
is, moreover, a pair of large stigmata situated upon the ventral
side of the 4th segment of the cephalothorax, one on each side-
behind the coxa of the appendage.

Sexual characters. Male with mandibles less strongly toothed and
(except in one American genus) furnished above at the base of the
upper jaw -with an organ of unknown function, the flag ellum. ^ The
first abdominal sternum in the adult female consists of a single-
plate marked with a median longitudinal groove. In the adult

GALEODID^.

135

males and the young females, on the contrary, the right and left
halves of this plate remain distinct, and protruding between them,
in the middle line, there is a pair of lip-like valves covering the
generative nperture.

Habits. These Arachnida are remarkable for their amazing agility.
Though principally desert forms, they are also met with in
forests, at least in India. They are nocturnal and strictly car-
nivorous. Some of the species at all events dig holes in the
ground, and the females at the breeding-season live in burrows for
the protection of themselves and their young. The latter are born
in the egg-stage.

Bistnbution. Spain, Greece, and S. Eussia in Europe ; over the
whole of Africa and South-western Asia from Turkestan to Arabia
and Baluchistan, thence throughout India and into Ceylon ; also
in Siam and (?) the Moluccas ; America from the Southern States
of the Union to the Andean chain in Chili and the Argentine
Eepublic.

The families and subfamilies represented in the fauna of British
India may be diagnosed as follows : —

a. Tarsus of palp narrow at base and freely articulated

to tihia ; stalk of claws hairy Galeodidae.

b. Tarsus of palp broad at base and immovably fused

to tibia ; stalk of claws not hairy Solpugidae.

a'. Anal segment small, the aperture extending al-
most up to its superior edge D^SiiNiE.

6^ Aual segment large, the aperttu-e scarcely sur-
passing its middle Rhagodin^.

Family GALEODIDiE.

Stigmata upon the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments opening
beneath the posterior edge of the sterna and protected by a pair
of transversely elongated finely toothed plates, the serrulce.

Tarsus of palp narrowed at the base and movably articulated to
the tibia.

Claws of legs, in the adult, with several rows of hairs upon the
stalk.

Anal segment small, the aperture extending almost to its upper
edge.

Distribution. Africa north of the Sahara and southwards mto
Somaliland ; South-eastern Europe, Greece and South Eussia ;
South-western Asia, Turkestan, Asia Minor, Arabia, Persia,
Afghanistan and Baluchistan, thence over the whole of Western
and Southern India. Absent from Ceylon and Burma.

136

GALBODIDJE.

Genus GALEODES, Oliv.

Galeodes, Olivier, Encycl. Method, vi, p. 579, 1791 (in part) ; C. Koch,
Arch Nat. 1842, pt. i, p. 350 ; Si^non, Ann. 8oc. Ent. Fr. 1879,
p. 96 ; Karsch, Arch. Nat. 1880, p. 229 ; Pocock, A. M.N. B.
(G) XX, p. 251, 1897 ; Kraepdin, Jh. Ilamh. wiss. Anst. xvi,
p. 201, 1899.

Rhax, Hermann, Mhn. Ins. Apt. pp. 13 & 15, 1804 (nec Bhax of

C. Koch and subsequent authors).
Zerbina, Karsch, Arch. Nat. 1880, p. 233.
Zombis, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, xviii, p. 253, 1883.

Ocular tubercle furnished in front with a pair of symmetrically
disposed bristles, one on each side of the middle line. Mandible
with very weak stridulating-ridges. Flagellmn of male erectile ;
consisting of a slender subcylindrical basal portion or stem and
of a gradually expanded but apically pointed distal portion or
blade, the edges of which are incurved to form a narrow hair-lined
hollow. Tarsus of 1st leg armed with two small claws concealed
amongst the hairs ; tarsi of 2nd and 3rd legs spined beneath, con-
sisting of two segments, of 4th of three segments ; tibia of 2nd
and 3rd legs strongly spined above.

Male with head narrower than in female; mandibles weak,
studded above with long erect spines for the protection of the
flagellum; distal teeth of upper jaw weak or almost obsolete.
Palpi longer and stronger. Legs longer ; tarsus of 4th clothed be-
low with a pad of variously modified bristles. A row of reddish
bristles upon the posterior border of the 5th abdominal sternum.

Type, 0. araneoides, Pallas. S. Eussia and Transcaspia.

Distribution. As above under family.

Syno2'>sis of Indian Species.
Males.

a Pad on 4th tarsus consisting of a few stout

bacilliform bristles G. hacillifer, p. 144.

b. Pad on 4th tarsus consisting of many not
clavate bristles.
a\ Lower side of tibia of palp without cy-
hndrical bristles and with only a few

small setiferous tubercles G. nn/ripalpis, p. 144.

Tibia of palp studded below with seti-
ferous tubercles bearing stiff cylindrical
or fusiform bristles.
a^. Cylindrical bristles ou tibia of palp
yery slender, sparsely set, rising from
small tubercles which scarcely ex-
tend to the apex of the segment G. tndictis, p. 142.

b^. Bristles on lower side of tibia of palp
thick, numerous, rising from large
tubercles which extend t'^ the apes of
the segment.

GALKODES.

137

, Proximnl tarsal segment of 2nd and
3i'd legs with a posterior basal spine,
3 minor teeth on lower jaw of man-

diHe G- afghanus, p. 140.

Proximal tarsal segment of 2nd and
3rd legs without posterior basal
spine ; 2 minor teeth on lower jaw.
rt*. Tibia and tarsus of palp entirely
pale j'ellow; bristles on lower

side of tibia fusiform G. maemahoni, p. 141 .

b^. Tibia of palp fuscous, as dark as
patella or darker ; bristles on its
lower side subcylindrical.
fl'. Large (over 40 mm.); yellow;
patella of palp twice width of

head G. agilia, p. 140.

6\ Smaller (about 30 mm.); brown-
er ; patella of palp less than

twice width of head G. orientals, p, 138.

Females.

. Tarsus of legs scantily clothed below with
stout hairs ; 9 pairs of strong short spines

on tibia of palp G. afghamis, p. 140.

, Tarsi thickly clothed below with thin hairs ;

tibia of palp without 9 pairs of short spines.
a^. Tibia of palp armed beneath with 6--7 pairs
of short spines, none of which exceed the
height of the segment,
a'. Lower jaw of mandible with 3 minor

teeth G. sabulosus, p. 139.

V^. Lower jaw of mandible with 2 minor
teeth.

a^. Larger; legs and palpi fiavous .... G.fatalis, p. 137.
6". Smaller ; legs and palpi partially

infuscate G. orientalis, p. 138.

A', Tibia of palp armed with long and slender
spines, some or most of which exceed
the height of the segment,
a*. Patella of palp fuscous, tibia entirely

pale ; 2 minor teeth on lower jaw . . G. maemahoni, p. 141.
6*. Patella and tibia of palp approximately
of the same colour ; 3 minor teeth on
lower jaw.
6°. A posterior basal spine on tarsus of 2nd

and 3rd legs G. bacillifer, p. 144.

i'. No posteriorbasal spine on tarsus of 2nd

and 3rd legs G. indicus, p. 142.

3 11. Galeodes fatalis, Lichtenstein Si Herbst, Nat. ungeji. Ins. pt. i, '
p. 32, t. i, iig. 1, 1797 ( 2 ) (Solpuga) ; Pocock, Jour. Bom.
N. H. So". ix. p. 441, 189-5 (in part 5 ) : Galeodes vorax, Hiitton,
J. A. S. B. xi, pt. 2, p. 857, 1842 : Galeodes bengalensis, Butler,
Tr. But. Soc. 1873, p. 419.

138

galeodiDj^;.

Colour mostly pale yellow, head with black tubercle, and lightly
iuf uscate at the sides ; dorsal plates of abdomen lightly inf uscate.
Head wide, in adult wider than length of tibia, nearly or quite
equal to patella of palp ; exceeding tibia and nearly or quite equal
to patella of 4th leg. MandiUe with the 3rd and 5th teeth of
the upper jaw large, there being normally only one minor tooth
behind the third ; lower fang with two minor teeth. Palpi short;
patella armed externally beneath with from 3 to 4 short spines,
which are shorter than the diameter of the segment, and internally
with corresponding longer and thinner spines; stout bristles ar-
ranged at regular intervals and symmetrically on the two sides ;
tibia armed below with six pairs of short stout spines, the apical
the longest, the basal the shortest, all of them shorter than the
diameter of the segment. Legs with tarsi of 2nd and 3rd armed
■with 7 spines, there being no posterior basal spiue; tarsus of 4th
with 5 pairs of spines. Malleoli small ; blade of external a little
exceeding width of ocular tubercle.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 46, width of head 13-5, of
palp 41-5, Ist leg 29, 4th leg 54.

Distribution. Central and North India {Button); Bengal; Gwa-
lior {Maries) ; Karaghora in Kathiawar {Bullcley).

112. Galeodes orientalis, StoHczka, J. A. S. B. xxxviii, p. 209, t. xviii,
figs. 4-5, 18(39 ; Pocoek, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. ix, p. 444, 1895
{nec G. orientalis, Simon, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, pp. 1-2, 1885).

$ . Structurally resembling G. fatalis, but smaller and darker,
the ground-tint being reddish yellow, not sandy yellow ; mandibles
ornamented with thin palely fuscous lines ; patella of palp inf uscate.

A.
B.

Fig. 4c8.~ Galeodes orientalis.

A. Extremity of palpus.

B. Upper jaw and flagellum (a) of cJ. . • .

C. Upper and lower jaw of 2 : ™>°0'- too*"^ of "PP^'" J'''^!

of lower jaw.

pale at the extremities ; tibia more strongly infuscate than patella,
the base pale ; tarsus paler than tibia ; tibia and tarsi of legs clear

GALEODES.

139

.yellow ; the femur iincl patella oF the 4th pair, and to a lesser
extent of the 3rci, infiiscate.

c? . Eesembling the female in colour, size, and spine-armature
of legs, but with longer, stronger legs and palpi, and narrower head
and mandibles. Width of head equal to about half the length of the
patella of the palp and nearly three-quarters its tibia, a little less
than two-thirds the length of the patella and about three-quarters
the tibia of the 4th leg. Mandible with Jlatjellum short, the stalk not
much shorter than the blade ; the blade lanceolate, much broader
than the stalk, broadest across the basal half and evenly narrowed
to the point ; distal five teeth of the upper jaw small and forming
a lobulate crest ; lower jaw with two minor teeth. Pal^) with
patella armed below with about twelve spines arranged in three
rows, the spines exceeding the height of the segment ; tibia
armed with six pairs of spines, these spines much longer than in
the female, but not exceeding the height of the segment; inferior
area of segment between the spines studded from base to distal end
with setiferous tubercles, the setse they bear are short, erect, cyhn-
drical, slightly narrower at the base, truncate at apex and not so
long as the spines. Pad on tarsus of 4th leg consisting of whitish
but opaque, basally narrowed and apically acuminate but not filiform
bristles. A transverse row of about half a dozen reddish-coloured
bristles on the posterior border of the 5th abdominal sternum.
Large blade of the external malleolus at least as wide as half the
width of the head-plate.
Measurements in mm. —

Length of

Total Width of Length of Length of Length of patella
length. head. palpus. 1st leg. 4th leg. of palp.

? .... 30 8 28 20 39

d .... 27 7-5 41 29 51 13-5

hoc. Northern India ; Birbhum and Delhi (StoliczJca) ; Mussoorie
(BotJmey) ; Gwalior (Maries) ; Gya {Phipson) ; and Karaghora in
Kathiawar {Bxdlcley).

Subspecies rufalus, nov.

5 . Closely allied to the typical form, but with the jpalpi darker ;
the whole of the patella, tibia, and tarsus being uniformly infuscate,
distal extremity of femur of palp, and femur and patella of legs,
infuscate. Tarsus of 4th leg with normally only 4 pairs of spines,
the apical segment rarely armed -with 1 spine. Total length up to
about 30 mm.

Loc. E. Kbandesh (Madan); Pimpalner in E. Khandesh and
Shirpur in W. Khandesh (Pearson) ; Eastern Poena ( Wroughton).

113. Galeodes sabulosus, sp. n.

Allied to both the preceding in structure, and approaching
G. orientalis in size and G. fatalis in colour, though the tibia
of the palp is infuscate in the basal half ; differing from both

140

OALEODIDJE.

in having three distinct minor teeth on the lower jaw of the
mandible.

Measuremenis in mm. — Total length 32, width of head 7, length
of palp 27, of 1st leg 19, of 4th leg 37.

Distribution. Kohat in the Puajab {Batten).

114. Galeodes agilis, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. II. Soc. ix, p. 445, t. A,
figs. 1-1 0.

d' . Nearly allied to G. orientalis, but much larger. Prevailing
colour paler yellow than in 6. orientalis ; head iuf uscate anteriorly,
mandibles pale above ; patella of palp deeply or slightly infuscate ;
tibia and tarsus deeply and uniformly infuscate, sometimes almost
black; legs pale or with femur and patella of 4th infuscate.
Palpi with patella twice as long as width of head, tibia longer than
width of head by one- third of its length.

Measurements in m?)t.— Total length 44, width of head 11, length
of palpus 65, of 1st leg 47, of 4th leg 76, tibia of palp 22.

Loc. North-western India: Bikanir in Kajputana {Talbot);
Jacobabad {Bombay N. H. Soc.) ; Khost in Baluchistan {Smith).

115. Galeodes afghanus, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xvi, p. 82, 1695.

' 5 . Colour : head fuscous ; mandibles yellow, obscurely banded ;
palpus with distal half of femur and greater part of patella fuscous
with pale extremities, tibia and tarsus entirely flavous ; legs yellow,
with femora of 3rd and 4th and to a less extent the patellae infuscate
in the middle. Abdominal terga gi-eyish black, sides of abdomen
covered with silky grevish-vellow hairs.

Width of head about two-thirds the length of the patella and as
long as the tibia of the palp and of 4th leg. Mandibles with upper
jaw armed with two large and widely separated minor teeth behind
the 3rd tooth ; lower jaw armed with three minor teeth. Patella
of paZp armed beneath externally with about 4 shorter spines and
internally with longer spines ; tibia armed below with 9 pairs of
longer and shorter strong spines, the longest of which only exceed
the height of the segment at its narrowest part. Legs longer than
in Q. fatalis, but with the same spine-armature, except that there
is a posterior basal spine on tarsus of 2ud and 3rd legs; tarsi
much more scantily clothed beneath than in G. fatalis, the hairs
being much fewer, short, and subspiniform. Malleoli long ; blade of
external malleolus about twice the width of the ocular tubercle.

Eesembling the female in colour. Mandibles and flagellum
practically as in G. macm.ahoni, but with three minor teeth on the
lower jaw. Palpi shorter than in G. macmahoni ; the patella barely
twice the width of the head-plate, which is distinctly less than halt
the length of tibia and tarsus taken together. Spme-armatui-e ot
tarsi of' 2nd and 3rd legs as in $ . Blade of external malleolus
less than half the width of the head-plate.

OALEODES.

141

Measurements in mm. :-

Total Width Length
length, of bead, palpus.

$ . . 46 14 58
cJ . . 34 9 54-6

if Length of Length of

Ist leg. 4th leg.

42 71

41 ?

Length of Length of

piitella tibia and

of palp. tarsus.

19 18

18-5 16-5

Log. Between Quetta and Kandahar {Godwin- Austin) ; Omara
on the Mekran coast, 130 miles W. of Karachi {Townsend).

116. Galeodes macmahoni, sp. n.

$ . Closely resembling the female of G. afglianus in colour, but-
much yellower, the head only lightly infuscate in front ; mandibles-
scarcely visibly banded above ; femur of palp uniformly yellow
legs also uniformly yellow, only the femur of the 4th lightly infus-
cate distally. Mandibles with only two minor teeth on lower jaw as
in G.fatalis, but with two behind the 3rd tooth of the upper jaw as
in G. afghanus ; the posterior of the two, however, is much smaller
than in that species and tuberculiform. Palpi longer than in
G. afglianus ; the width of the head about two-thirds the length of
the tibia, and much less than two-thirds that of the patella ; spines-
on patella of palp all long and slender, considerably exceeding the-
height of the segment and only a little thicker at the base than,
the bristles ; the six pairs of spines on the tibia much thinner
than in G. fatalis and G. afghanus and a little longer than in the
latter, the bristles that project between them long and slender
at the base, much as in G.fatalis. Spine-armature of tarsi and
hairy clothing on under side of these segments as in G. fatalis.
External malleolus with blade a little exceeding the ocular
tubercle.

(S . Eesembling the female in coloiu-, and like the males of G. agilis
and orientalis in spine-armature of legs and palpi and dentition of
mandible. At once recognizable from the latter by the colour of the
palpi. Flagellum with the blade narrower and longer in proportion
to its width than in G. agilis. Legs and palpi longer than in the
latter, the patella of the palp being a little more than twice the
width of the head-plate, and the tibia and tarsus taken together-
are also a little more, whereas in G. orientalis and G. agilis the width
of the head is always more than half the length of these segments..
Again, the patella of the 4th leg is twice and the tibia nearly twice-
the width of the head. Spines on under side of tibia of palp less-
cylindrical than in G. agilis and G. orientalis, mesially incrassate,
then narrowed basally and apically. Spines composing pad on 4t.h'
tarsus shorter, thicker, and more abruptly acuminate than in
G. orientalis and G. agilis. Blade of external malleolus as large as-
in G. agilis.

142 GALEODIDiE.

Measurements in mm. : — Length of Length of

Total Width of Length of Length of Length of patella tibia and
length. head. palpus. 1st leg. 4th leg. of palp. tarsus.

^..38 11 52 37 65 17 16

5 . . 33 85 60 ? 71 lU-5 17

Loc. Norbhern Baluchistan {Maynard S{ MacMalion).

117. Galeodes indicus, sp.n.

r = Galeodes fatalis, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. ix, p. 441 , pi. A, fig. 2.
& pi. B, fig. 1 a, in part ( J ), 1895 ; notfatalis, Ilerbst : G. onentahs,
Simon, Ball. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. ] , 1885 ; not orientalis, Stol.]
5 . Colour : head infuscate, paler in the middle line ; mandibles
yellower than the head and marked with fuscous lines; upper side
of abdomen infuscate, the dorsal plates darker; legs and palpi a
tolerably uniform yellowish brown, patella and basal half of tibia
of palp and femur and patella of 4th leg at most lightly infuscate.
Head about two-thirds the length of the patella of the palp and of
4th leg, shorter than the tibia of palp by about one-fifth of its
length, and not quite so long as tibia of 4th leg. Dentition of
mandible as in G. afghanus. Patella of palp armed below with
about eight pairs of long setiform spines, of subequal thickness and
alternating in length, but considerably exceeding the height ot the
segment ; tibia similarly armed below with about ten or eleven
pairs of longer and shorter spines, half of them on each side being
very long and setiform, and slightly stouter than the others, which
are short but for the most part exceed the height of the segment.
Tarsi of legs armed as in (?./a««Hs, except that the distal tarsal
segment of the 4th is spined. Blade of external malleolus slightly
exceeding the ocular tubercle.

A.

B.

49 _ Galeodes indicus. A. Extremity of palpus of ^ . B. Upper jaw
of c? witli, d. flagellum. 0. Upper and lower jaws of $ : e, minor teeth
of upper jaw ; /, ditto of lower jaw.
A like the female in colour, spine-armature of tarsi, dentition
of lower mandibular fang, &c. Flagellum long, not quite straight ;
blade much longer than the handle. Palpi very long, a^s in G. mac-
wl J the patella more than twice the width of the head, which
rSess than half the length of patella and tarsus taken together;
head scarcely half the length of the patella of the 4th leg and not

GALJSODES. 143

quite two-thirds its tibia ; tibia of palp differing from that of the
previously described species in that the cylindrical setae on the
underside are very slender, few in number, and rarelv extend to
the distal end of the segment ; the tubercles that bear them, more-
over, are much smaller than in other species. Tarsus of 4th leg
covered below with a pad of black or brown seta), which, however,
do not spread on to the apical segment. Blade of external malleolus
less than half the width of the head. 5th abdominal sternum with
marginal row of reddish bristles.
Measurements in mm. : —

Length of Length of tibia
Total Width of Length of Length of Length of patella and tarsus
length. head. palp. Ist leg. 4th leg. of palp. of palp.
$••30 7-5 38 24 48 12 12

tf..28 7 54 37 62 18-5 16-5

Loc. Eauging over the whole of India from Bengal in the north
to Cape Comorin in the south.

Three subspecies of this species seem to be recognizable:

a. The typical form (=G.fataUs, Pocock, Jour. Bom.N.H. Soc.
p. 441, 1895, d ), as described above, is the Northern form, with leo-s
and palpi paler and almost uniformly yellowish brown or at most
only slightly infuscate.

Loc. Gwalior (Maries) and Gya (Phipson) ; Bilaspur in the
Central Provinces (type) ; Thana, north of Bombay.

It is this northern form, then known onlv from' a young female
and an adult male from Gwalior, that I 'originally referred to
G. fatalis, m conjunction with an adult $ of the genuine fatalis
from the same locality. The male of the latter is still unknown ■
but seeing how closely the female resembles that of G. orientalis,
there can be no doubt that the male will prove to be like the male of
that species, and not like the male of G. inclicus.

h. Subspecies obscurior, nov.

Eesembling the typical form in spine-armature of tarsi and other
structui-al points, but much darker in colour ; palpi infuscate, with
the tarsus, base of femur, and a narrow area adjacent to the joints
of tibia and patella pale ; in the 4th leg the femur, patella, and at
aU events the base of the tibia infuscate ; the 2nd and 3rd legs also
infuscate, but less so than the 4th ; even the upper side of the tro-
chanters are clouded with fuscous. Length up to 41 mm., width
of head 11-5, length of palp 45. or ,

(M«e«f Khandesh, Pimpalner &c. (Pearson, Madan) ; N^ik

c. Subspecies australis, nov. ( = orientalis, Simon).

Southern form, with legs and palpi more infuscate than in the
typical G. inchcm, but certainly less so than in G. inclicus subsp
obscunor. Purther differing from both the northern forms in tl!;
spme-armature of the tarsi of the 2nd and 3rd legs, which are armed
posteriorly with only 1 or 2 spines. Male with pad on the 4th tarsus

i44 GAXEODIDjB.

composed of bairs which are paler in colour, more numerous, longer
and sharper apieally than in the male of the typical G. hidicas.

Loc. Madras (/crc^n) ; Secunderabad {Bicardo, type); iinneveily
{Barber), and Kanara {Bell).

118. Galeodes nigripalpis, sp. n.

cJ Colour as in G. agilis, but with legs darker, the distal end of
thefemur,the patella,and tibia being infuscate; 1st legwith patella,
tibia, and tarsus infuscate. Plagellum of mandible shorter than in
the other species, its inferior (posterior) edge straight from base to
tip, upper edge of blade evenly convex, rather abruptly narrowed
to a point, the widest portion of the blade being about in the
middle ; one minor tooth on lower jaw. Falpi armed with spines
as in G. agilis and other species, but the under surface ot the tibia
not thickly studded with tubercles bearing stiff short bristles, but
nearly smooth with only a few tubercles bearing ong setae and
covered with short slender silky hairs ; palpi a little longer than
in G. ac/ilis ; patella more than twice the width of the head, which is
half the length of the tibia and tarsus taken together. Tarsi ot
2nd and 3rd legs armed with the normal 4 anterior spines, but with
only 2 posterior spines on tarsus of 2nd, 1 on the apical segment,
the others on the distal end of the basal segment ; tarsus of 4th
with apical segment unspined. Length of patella of 4th leg twice
the width of head; tibia longer than rhe width ot the head by one-
fourth of its length. 3Ialleoli large ; blade of the external malleolus
exceeding half the width of the head.

Measurementsinmm.-Tot^\ length 29, width of head 7 5, length
of palp 52, length of 1st leg 38, length of 4th leg 62, patella of palp

17, tibia of palp 15-5. ^ , , ■ ^ ,m 7\

Loc. Omara on the Mekran coast, Baluchistan (Toivmend).

119, Galeodes haciUifer, sp. n.

O Allied to G. indicns, but a uniform pale yellow, the ocular
tubercle alone being black. Width of head a ittle .™ore tban h^^^
the length of the patella of the palp. MancMles ^f h two blun^^^
rounded minor teeth on the lower jaw, the posterior of them
separated by a widish space from the posterior major tooth and
two behind the third tooth on the upper jaw. P«?p^ armed as in
G indiLs the spines on the patella all long and setiform ; also
£ t bia long setiform spines alternate with shorter thinner
sSines Lei spiSed as in G. indicns, but the first tarsal segment
oS and 3rd legs armed with a posterior basal spine ; tarsus of
4th armed with 4 pairs of spines ; the apical segment unspined.
''V.Like"hefem'aleincoCr,andalliedt^
Mcmclibles with flagellum and tooth-armature as m that species
S Yeryb^^^ patella two and a half times as long as the ^^adth
S the hLd tibia and tarsus a little more than twice as long ;

tJf oSh le ^-^^zri:n^^ Si^s s

^glCdr^yS;^^^^^^

SOIvPUOlDvE.

145

and 3rd legs with posterior basal spine ; tarsus of 4tb clothed
beneath willi short distally expanded clavate bristles *. Width
of blade of external malleolus equal to half the width of the
head.

Measurements in mm. : —

Total Width Length Length of Length of Length of tibia
length, of head, of palpus. 4th leg. pateUa of palp, and tarsus of palp.
Q 30 G 33 44 11 11

J. 22 6 46 59 lo 14

Loc. Northern Baluchistan {Maijnard c$- MacMahon).

Family SOLPUGIDiE.

Apertures of the abdominal respiratory organs not protected by
a pair of serrulce. Tarsus of palp not narrowed at its base,
immovably united to tibia, from which it is separated by a sutural
line. Basal portion of daws smooth, hairless. Anal segment large
or small.

Distribution. As stated above under Order SoMugse.

Subfamily D^SIIN^.

KraepeUn, Jb. Hamh. iviss. Anst. xvi, p. 221, 1899.

Anal segment small, roundish, almost completely divided into-
a right and left half by the anal aperture, which extends nearly to
its upper edge. Anterior border of head not transverse, lightly
produced. Mandible with stridulating-ridges highly developed.
Flaqellum membranous, with incurved edge or edges, longish,
subovate, rounded at one extremity, pointed at the other, movably
articulated to the inner side of the upper jaw by a single point of
attachment somewhat resembling a pin-head. Tarsus of 1st leg
\vithout claw, of remaining legs spined beneath. TibicB of 2nd
and 3rd legs spined above.

Distribution. Mediterranean, Ethiopian, and Western Oriental
Eegions ; America from Texas to the Argentine Eepublic.

One Indian genus.

* Apical tarsal segment considerably longer than the second, spine-armature
also very abnormal ; the basal segment armed with 5 spines behind and 10
spines in front, 4 being situated close together, 2 above and 2 below at the
base and 6 in a row; second segment with a pair of spines, apical segment with
a single posterior spine. The 4th leg is present only on one side of the body,
so it is not possible to .judge of the constancy of this peculiar spine-armature-
nor of the value of Ihe'unusual inequality in length between the second and
third tarsal segments.

146

solpugid;e.

A.

Genus GLUVIOPSIS, Kraepelin.

Gluviopsis, Kraepelin, Jb. Hamb. wise. And. xvi, p. 235, 1899.

5 . Antei'ior border of liead lightly convex. Ocular tubercle fur-
nished with numerous short stout
bristles ; similar bristles scattered
over the head, being longest near
the margins, and also on the
thoracic and at least on the
anterior abdominal terga. Upper
jaw of mandible with 1st, 2nd,
and 4th teeth large, 3rd small ;
lower jaw with 1 minor tooth.
Patella and tibia ot palpus armed
below with two rows of spines
and studded with short, erect,
cylindrical bristles above and
below ; only a few tactile hairs
on the palpus. Legs with tarsi
one-jointed, tarsus of the 4th about
five times as long as high ; femur
of 4th about five times as long
as high ; tibia of 2nd and 3rd with
5 posterior and dorsal spines.

cJ . With dorsal surface of
Jiead, thorax, and abdomen much
more strongly spined than in
female ; upper jaiv weakly
toothed ; Jlagellum membranous,
fusiform, rounded in front and
pointed behind when lying at
rest, its upper edge folded over,

C.

D.

Fig. 50. — Gluviopsis atratus. A.
Jaws of 2 . B. Jaws of c? •

C. Upper jaw of S from inner
side, showing flagellum (o) and
some of the stridulating-ridges (6).

D. Tarsus of 4th leg.

its anterior extremity not projecting so far as the 1st mandibular
tooth, hinged to the jaw by a swivel joint, which is visible as a
rounded chitinous button.

Type, G. ■i-ufescem, Pocock ; N. Africa and Arabia.

Distribution. Countries south and east of the Mediterranean
(Algiers, Asia Minor), Arabia, SomaUland, Socotra, and Western
India.

120. Gluviopsis atratus, Pocock, A. M. N. S. (7) v, p. 303, 1900.

O Colour blackish, body covered with yellowish bristles and
spines • 1st and 2nd legs mostly pale, base of palp and base
and apex of 3rd and 4th legs pale. Width of head about equal to
length of patella or to tibia and tarsus of palp, shorter than
patella and longer than tibia of 4th leg. Palpus about three tames

as long as width of head. , , , . , ^, n , , • ,
cf Much more coarsely and closely spmed than female ; terminal
fangs of mandible long and slender, the upper neai-ly straight,

147

BHAGODBS.

;beiit slightly downwards. Palpi longer, patella as long as tibia
aind tarfus Ld about one and a half times as I«"g j^,
of head- patella of 4th leg nearly twice as long as and tibia
^bout on'eSh longer than, width of head. Modilied hairs ot 2nd
SSoS «m long, Blender, incrassate, with apex acuminate.
Measurements in mm. : —

Total Width of Length of Length of

length. head. palpus. 4th leg.

3-5 11-5 17-8

3 13 20

? . . . . 14
cJ.... 13

Loc. Western India : Poona Ghats (Irani) ; Pimpalner m
"Western Khandesh (Pearson).

Subfamily RHAGODINiE.

Pocook, A. M. N. R. (6) zx, p. 250, 1897 ; Kraepelin, Jb. Hamb.
loiss. Anst. xvi, p. 207.
Anal segment very large, the anal aperture situated its 1°^;^^
•half and scarcely extending to its centre. Anterior border of head
•strai-ht and transverse. Mandibles with stridulating-ridges
scarcely developed. Flagellum horny. Legs with tarsi spined
beneath, and tibiae of 2nd and 3rd legs strongly spined above

Distribution. North Africa from Senegambia to Masailand ;
Syria, Arabia, Persia ; India and Ceylon ; Siam, Moluccas.

Genus EHAGODES, Pocook.

Rhax, a Each, Arch. Nat. 1842, p. 354, and of subsequent authors

nv, to (nec Rha.x, Hermann).
Rhagodes, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (G) xx. p. 252, 1897; Kraepelm,

Jb. Hamb. wiss. Anst. xvi, p. 209, 1899.

Fig. 61.— Ehaoodes brevipes. A. Anal segment, showing anal aperture (a).
B. Second abdominal sternum with stigmata (6). 0. Tarsus of 4th leg.
D. Jaws of female. B. Jaws of male with flagellum (c).

Ocular tubercle with a pair of setffi. Mandibles large, the 3rd

1.2

148

SOLPUGIDjE,

tooth o£ the upper jaw very large ; lower jaw armed with one
large tooth and two small teeth. FkujeUuni consisting of two-
closely applied pieces forming an apparently single organ fixed to-
the inner side of the base of the upper jaw, the basal half broad
and directed forwards, the apex narrow and upturned, projecting
vertically above the edge of the jaw. Lefjs short, tarsus of Ist
tipped with claws ; each tarsus consisting of a single segment.
Male smaller than female and with legs longer; teeth of mandible
smaller, 3rd tooth of upper jaw not projecting so strongly.
Type, B. melamm, Oliv.

DistrihiUion. As above under Rhagodince, but not occurring in'
Siam and the Moluccas.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

a. Legs and palpi ornamented with black rings
and spots.

a\ Antero-lateral angles of head yellow ;
femur of palp black beneath ; a black
spot on the lower surface of the femur
and patella of 1st leg and on posterior

surface of patella of 4th leg iJ. nigrodnctus, p. 151.-

b^. Antero-lateral angles of head not yellow ;
lower side of femur of palp, of legs of
first pair, and tibia of 4th pair uniformly

yellow (according to Simon) R. annulatus, p. 152.

6. Legs and palpi uniformly yellowish or red-
dish brown, with the tibia and tarsus of
palpus and of 1st leg either partially or
entirely deep brown.

fl^. Mandibles yellow, head black R. nigricej^s, p. 150.

h^. Mandibles and head of the same colour,
black or deep brown,
o^. Abdomen entirely black above and
at the sides ; tibia of 4th leg
furnished in front beneath with only
one spine on the proxinifd side of

the inferior apical spine R. brevipes, p. 149.

b^. Abdomen not entirely black ; tibia of
4th leg with 2 spines on the proximal
side of the inferior apical spine in
front.

a^. Upper side of abdomen black in its
anterior, yellow in its posterior

half, the last somite quite black . . R. semiflams, p. 149.-
6*. Upper side of abdomen mesially
flavous ; anal somite uniformly
flavous.

a'. Sides of abdomen ornamented with
a broad black band ; only 1 stout
spine at distal end of patella of

2nd and .3rd legs R. vittatus, p. 150.

6". No black band on sides of abdo-
men ; at least 2 spines on apex
of patella of 2nd and 3rd legs . . R, phipsoni, p. 152.

nilA-GODES.

149

121. Rhagodes semiflavus, Focock, A. M. N. H. (6) iv. p. 473, 1889 ;
id. Jour. Bom. N. II. Sac. ix, p. 450, t. B, tig. 2 (Uhax).
Colour. Head and mandibles a uniform deep brown ; thora,cic
terga pale : anterior four terga of abdomen and anterior portion
of the 5th blackish, posterior portion of 5th and the whole of the
6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th pale yellow, the last or anal segment
black ; sides of abdomen yellowish brown in front opposite the
black terga, a deeper more chocolate brown behind opposite
the pale terga; ventral surface of abdomen yellowish, covered with
reddish-golden hairs ; palpi flavous, with tibia and tarsus deep
ibrown ; first leg flavous, with tarsus and distal end of tibia deep
brown and tibia clothed with reddish hairs; remaining legs
uniformly flavous, with deep brown spines ; malleoli uniformly
flavous. Width of head about equal to patella and half the tibia
of the palp, to tibia and two-thirds of the patella of the 4th leg,
and to patella, tibia, and half the tarsus of the 3rd leg. Palp
scarcely exceeding twice the width of the head. 2nd leg with
patella armed above with one stout median apical spine, and below
with one pair of setiform spines at the distal end and some stout
set£e behind them ; tibia armed with 6-7 stout spines above in an
irregular row, also with a pair of spines below at the distal end
und two spiniform setas in a row on the underside in front, the
distal of these much the stouter of the two ; tarsus armed with
three pairs of spines in addition to numerous stiff bristles : 3rd leg
armed hke the 2nd, the inferior pair of setiform spines on patella
stouter, the proximal of the two spiniform setfe on the front of
the underside of tibia thinner as compared with the distal; patella
of 4th with a pair of distal spiniform setae, the anterior the
stouter and shorter of the two ; tibia not spined above, but armed
with a pair below at the distal end, one in front at the distal end
and two on the under surface iu front.

Measurements in mm. — 5 . Total length 33, width of head 9,
length of palp 21, of 4th leg 27, patella, tibia, and tarsus of
palp 14.

Loc: Kohat in the Punjab {Batten').

122. Rhagodes brevipes, Genais, rinstitut, x, 1842, p. 76 ; id. Ins.
Apt. iii, p. 87, 1844 (Solpuga) ; Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. ix,
p. 450, t. A, fig. 4, and t. B, fig. 3, 1895 (Rhax).

2 . Colour. Head black, mandibles deep blackish brown; thoracic
segments yellow, lightly infuscate ; upper and lateral surface of
abdomen coal-black, lower surface deep brown; legs and palpi
uniform clear reddish yellow, the tibia, except for a narrow pale
ringat the base, and the tarsus of the palp almost black, and the tarsus
and distal half of tibia of 1st leg deep brown ; malleoli with fuscous
border. Legs and palpi rather shorter than in B. semiflavus ; width
of head equal to patella and three-fourths of tibia of palpus, almost
as long as patella and tibia of 4th leg, and as long as patella, tibia,
and tarsus of 3rd ; palpus not so much as twice the width of the

150

SOLPUGIDiE.

head. Spines and spinifonn setae of legs and palpi thinner than-
in li. semijlavus.

cJ. Itesembling female in colour. Palpus twice and a half as
long as the width of the head, the latter as long as its patella
and one-third of the tibia of the palpus and of 4th leg, or as the
patella and about three-quarters of the tibia of the 3rd leg.

Mecwurements in mm. : —

Total Width Length Length of Length of patella, tibia,-
length. of head. of palp. 4th leg. and tarsus of palp.

$ 33 10 19-5 28 13-3

cJ 20 6 16 23 10

Log. N.W. India : Umballah ; Dbarmsiila {Fulton) ; Dera Ghazi'
Khan ( Watts) ; Nepal (RardwicJce, type) *.

123. Ehagodes vittatus, Pococh, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 746,.
1899.

c? . Colour of head, mandibles, legs, palpi, thoracic terga, and
under side as in R. semijlavus, but differing from the latter in the-
colour of the upper and lateral surface of tlie abdomen ; the tergal
plates, with exception of the 1st, which is black at the sides, are a
uniform clear yellow, the last or anal segment being at most faintly
clouded with fuscous below, the sides of the upper surface
ornamented by a broad deep black band, which extends from the-
first tergite to the posterior end of the abdomen, narro-wing
posteriorly and stopping short before reaching the anal somite.
Head thickly clothed, especially behind, with long reddish hairs ;.
mandibles as in the male of R. hrevipes, but with the third tooth
o£ the upper jaw and the large tooth of the lower distinctly smaller.
Width of head equal to patella and half the tibia of the palp, to
patella and one-fourth the tibia of the 4th leg, and to patella and
half the tibia of the 3rd. Legs and palpi spined as in the preceding,
species, but the coxas of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd legs furnished with
long, slender, cylindrical, dark-coloured spines.

Measurements in mm. — S ■ Total length 22, width of head 6-5,
length of palp 16, length of 4th leg 26, patella, tibia, and tarsus of
palp 9"5.

Loc. Karaghora in Kathiawar (Bulldcij).

124. Rhiigodes nigriceps, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. ix, p. 451,
ISbo (Rbax) : persicus, Kraepelin, Jh. Kami, loiss. Anst. xvi,.
p. 211, 1899 (Rhagodes).
$ . Colour. Head and upper side of abdomen uniformly deep
black, as in R. hrevipes, with rarely a pale patcb on the posterior ex-
tremity of the upper side of the abdomen ; mandibles clear yellow;
legs and palpi coloured as in R. hrevipes, but with only the tarsus of
the palp and 1st leg deep brown, the tibia at most hghtly browned.

* Hardwicke's localities aw not to be trusted. In the present instance, Nepal'
is probably erroneous.

1

hhagodes. ^'^^

W,-,1th of heml equal to patella and three-fourths the tibia of the
Ss a mo as ong J these segments of the 4th leg, and as long
'^t:vlX tibia, a\d tarsus f the 3rd leg. Sp--^^^^^^^^
i.n. nr,^ .mini as in B. hrevipes, but the tibia ot the 4th leg aimeu
ffronJ&rv ith two diitiiict spines in addition to the two at
;L apex of this segment as in U. semiflavus, but the two spines

closer ^^Se^'l^ -j,, .eiy lon^ slender, and

eurve'd very noticeably more so than in the males of l^ brev^pes and
Hto l' MeZZ^m larger, its terminal portion thicker than m
fh;Cviously described males. Width of 7.e«cZ about equal to
pairrd one-third of tibia of palpus and of 4th leg. Co.c.
bearing numerous cyhudncal spines.

Total Width Length of Length of Length of patella, tibia,
iTnga o7head. palpus. 4th leg. and tarsus of palp.
9 . 26 6-3 13 16-5 9

21 6 16 23 10-2

Log. East India (type) : Northern Baluchistan {Maynard Sr
MacMahon) ; Persia {Kraepelin).

125. Rhagodes nigrocinctus, Bernard, Jow- Lmn. Soc., ZooL ^g,.
p 361, pi. xxvi, fig. 2, 1894; Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. E. Soc. ix,,
p. 451, 1895 (Ehax).
o . Colour of upper side of trunk as in E. vittatm, the head and
mandibles being blackish brown, but there is a conspicuous yellow
pS on eaehlntero-lateral angle of the head ; terga o tho ax
yellow lightly clouded with fuscous ; terga of abdomen yellow the
Interior 'portion of the 1st and 9th black, and the antero-Meral
angles of the 6th, 7th, and 8th, and to a lesser degree of the others
bkckish; anal somite and sides of abdomen black lower surface of
abdomen deep blackish brown, the median area of the 1st sternum,
and the area around the stigmata on the 2nd and 3rd, yellow ; mal-
leoli flavous ; coxaj of legs and palpi and first trochan er seginent of
3rd and 4th legs clouded with dull brown ; palpi yellow, with the
trochanter and inferior edge of femur black, a black ring round the
middle of the patella occupying about one-third of its length and
the distal half of the tibia and the tarsus black ; Ist leg yellow,,
with a black spot on the under side of the femur and patella; tarsus
deep brown ; 2nd leg with a complete black ring round the temur ;
3rd leg with complete femoral ring and a black "ng round distal
half of patella, but separated by about its own width from the apex
of the segment ; 4th leg with a broad black femoral ring, incom-
plete in the middle line above, and a black spot on the posterior
side of the patella ; there is also a black patch on the upper side of
the 3rd and 4th legs, marking their point of attachment to the
thorax. Width of head as compared with length of legs and
palpi, dentition of mandibles, and spine-armature of legs as in
Jt. nigriceps.

152

SOLPUGID^a:.

Measurements in mm. — 5 . Total length 23, width of head 6,
length of palpus 13, length of 4th leg 10, patella, tibia, and tarsus
of 4th 8.

Loc. Southern ludia : Vellore.

126. Ehagodes annulatus, Simon, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 2, 1885;

Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Sac. ix, p. 452, 1895 (Rhax).

This species is unknown to me, but, judging from the description,
it is^ closely related to 11. nigrocinctus. It may, however, be
provisionally regarded as distinct on the grounds that Simon does
not mention the presence of a yellow patch on each anterior lateral
angle of the head, nor the blackness of the lower side of the femur
of the palp, nor the black spot on the lower side of the femur and
patella of the 1st leg, nor on the posterior side of the patella of the
4th leg.

Loc. Wagra-Korur, near Gruntakal in the Bellary District.

127. Ehagodes phipsoni, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. II. Soc. ix, p. 448, t. A,

fig. 3, and t. B, fig. 4, 1895 (Rhax).

$ . Colour much like that of B. vittatus ; head and mandibles
deep reddish brown ; abdomen tolerably uniform whitish yellow, the
terga a little darker than the lateral surface, but there is no black
lateral band such as is present in R. vittatus; legs and palpi
yellow, with tibia and tarsus of palp and 1st leg brown and
becoming browner towards the distal extremity. Palpi and legs
shorter than in any of the Indian species ; width of head equal to
length of patella and tibia of palp, very sHghtly .longer than these
segments of the 4th leg, and longer than patella, tibia, and tarsus
of the 3rd ; palpus much less than twice as long as the width of the
head. Spine-armature of legs as in the other species, hut with
one additional stout brown spine (rarely two) at the apex of the
pateiia of the 2nd and 3rd legs, behind and below the normal
superior spine. Spines on tibia of 4th as in R. nigricefs, but with an
additional spine on the posterior side of the segment on the proximal
side of ite normal posterior apical spine ; the two spiniform setse
on the apex of the tibia beneath long, but the anterior much thicker
than the posterior.

d . Resembling the female in colour, except that the base of the
tibia of the palpus and the whole of the segment of the 1st leg is
yellow; spine-armature of legs as in female. Width of Ztetwi equal
to tibia and ebout one-third of patella of palpus, and to tibia and
about one-sixth of patella of 4th leg, and to tibia and two-thirds
of patella of 3rd leg.
Measurements in mm. —

Total Width Length of Length of Length of patella, tibia,
length. of head. palpus. 4th leg. and tarsus of palp.

$.. 64* 14-5 25-5 36 17

cJ . . 32 8-5 21 32 12

Loc. Ceylon : Trincomali (Bombay N. H. Soc).

* Abdomen much distended.

153

AJIANEjE.

Order ARANEyE.

Integument usually covered with a protective layer ^impb ^
feathery {plumose), rarely scale-like {s^nanngnn) h^J/^' J^f S
with long erect tactile bristles or seia'.. Short and thick bustles
form >,V'i^es or spinules. A mat of close-set hairs of uniform length
Is termed a pad^or scapula, and the bunch of hairs that frequently
proiects on each side of the claws is called the ungual tuft Un
the protarsus of the 4th leg there is frequently a single or double
row of short hairs, forming an organ called the c«^am^s^r^«,^ which
always accompanies the crihellum (p. 154). In someco^es here is
.a cluster of spines {rastellam) overhanging the base of tl^e _^ang on
the mandiblef and in connection with the jaws theiH3 are sometimes
spines or bristles variously modified to form stndulating-organs
^The carapace is marked with a groove or pit, the thoracic fovea,
from which shallow grooves usually radiate to the margins, the
anterior pah defining the head-region. The eyes normally 8 m
number, are typically arranged in an anterior and posterioi row
and are termed anterior median, posterior median, anterior later al,
and posteHor lateral on each side. The eye-line, or line passing
through the centres of the four eyes of a row, may be straight
vrocurved (i. e., curved with the convexity backwards), ov recurved
(i. e., curved with the convexity for^^■ards). The four median eyes
are termed the ocular quadrangle. The area, if any, between the
anterior row of eyes and the edge of the carapace is called the

The mandibles consist of Uvo segments, the basal containing a
poison-gland ; the apical or fang is spiniform and closes against
the lower side of the basal segment, fitting into a groove, the
fanq-qroove, which is often toothed. The palpi resemble dvvarfed
limbs, and consist of six segments, named coxa, trochantej; femur,
patella, tibia, tarsus. The coxa is usually furnished with a large
process or maxilla, which projects forwards on each side ot the
labium. The tarsus is unmodified m the female. In the male it
is modified to subserve copulation, and is furnished with an uitro-
mittent or «a?«aZ orga^i, which is often retractile and exceedingly
complicated. At its simplest it is not retractile, and consists ot a
BWoUen basal portion or bulb, and of a terminal portion or spine.
The leqs resemble the palp of the female, but are longer, have
simple" coxaj, an extra segment, the protarsus, between the tibia
and tarsus, and two or three claws at the end of the tarsus.
The third or inferior claw is usually present when the ungual
tufts are absent, absent when they are present. The sternum is
usually oval, and supports in front the lower hp or labium {=pro-
sternum). Sometimes the sternum is marked with muscular scars
or sigilla.

The cephalothorax is connected with the abdomen by a narrow
fitalk or pedicel.

164

ABANB^.

Typically the abdomen is soft-skinned and oval in form. Not
infrequently it is horny, and occasionally it is segmented. The
(/enerative organs and anterior pair of breathing-organs open
ventrally along a curved groove, the ^emtoZ /oZrf, which marks off
the fore part of the abdomen as the epigastric area. These
breathing- organs or pulmonary sacs are covered by plates or
opercula, and the integument in front of the genital aperture
is in many females horny and variously modified to form an organ,
the vulva or epigyne. The breathing-organs of the posterior pair
are either opercidate pulmonary sacs or tracheal tubes with simple
apertures, which rarely open separately behind the genital fold,
but more commonly unite to form a single aperture situated just
in front of the spinning-mamillsB. There are usually three
pairs of spinning -mamillce attached to the hinder end of the
lower sui'face of the abdomen — an anterior, a posterior, and an
intermediate pair. Each of the latter consists of a single segment,,
the others of two or three segments. In one instance (Liphistius)
there is an additional intermediate pair. In other cases the mamiUse
may be reduced to four or two pairs. In some species there is
a spinning-plate, the cribellum, situated in front of the anterior
mamillae. This organ occurs only in those spiders which possess
the calamistrum (p. 153). In other species there is a mamilliform
process, the colulus, lodged between the anterior mamillse, and
behind the posterior mamillas there is a small prominence, the
anal papilla.

Sexual characters, etc. Males are almost invariably smaller,
sometimes very much smaller, than females, and may be always
recognized by the modification of the tarsus of the palp to act as
an intromittent organ. This organ appears only at maturity.
Similarly in the female the genital aperture is opened and the
vulva fully formed only at the last moult, when maturity is
reached.

All Spiders are oviparous. The eggs are enveloped in a silky
cocoon, and are disposed of in various ways by the mother.

Distribution. Spiders are cosmopolitan, occurring in all oceanic
islands, and as far north as G-reenland and Spitzbergen.

Measurements, etc. In the following descriptions the total length
is taken from the anterior end of the carapace to the posterior end
of the abdomen ; that of the legs from the base of the femur to
the tip of the claws. Normally the anterior two pairs of legs
project forwards, and the posterior two pairs backwards. Hence
the surface nearest the body is regarded as inner, and the opposite
surface as outer. Sometimes, however, the legs are considered as
extending at right angles to the long axis of the body. In this-
case they have an anterior and a posterior side. In many species
the legs are normally depressed backwards in such a way that the
posterior surface rests upon the ground. These spiders are capable
of moving sideways, and are hence termed " laterigrade."

155

The Arane^e are divisible into two groups, which may be tabu-
lated as follows : —

a Abdomen furnished with 9 disi inct terga like

those of the Amblypypri ; spmnins-mami re

8 in number, and situated m the middle ,j,gQrpjjEL^.

of the lower surface of the abdomen . . . . JMi^bUiii-i-i^/
b. Abdomen without t^'ga ; spinningjnamilto

never more than 6, and situated at the Qpjg^j^oTHELJS,

posterior end of the abdomen ^ t-^^ ^

Fig. 52.

A. Oephalothoraxandabdomenof Xz>A«.im. to8how structure of the Mesothete,
B Ditto of one of the Mygalomorpha^, to show structure ot tbis group.
C Ditto of one of the Ai4cbnomorpha3, to show structure of this group.

a thoracic foyea ; b, ocular area; c, basal segment of mandible ; d, fang^of
J;dE coxa, of palpus and legs; /, pedicel ; ^1 st tergal plate of
XTo men • h anal papilla ; i, external, k, internal branch of posterior spmmng-
organ fn A and anl^rior knd posterior spinner in B and 0 ; I. posterior, and
m, anterior breathing-organ.

MESOTHELtE.

Abdomen segmented, its dorsal surface furnished with distinct
terna its ventral surface with two distinct sterna m front, tJie
anterior covering the generative aperture and the pulmonary
organs of the 1st pair, the 2nd covering the pulmonary organs of
the 2nd pair Spinning-mamUla; 8 in number, 4 external seg-
mented and 4 internal unsegmented, forming a cluster in the
middle of the lower surface of the abdomen immediately behind

the second sternum. . •, v ■ ^

The Mesothelffi are represented at the present day by a single

family and genus.

156

IIPIIISTIIDJB,

Family LIPHISTIIDiE.

Mandible jointed to the cephalothorax in a vertical plane ; the
fang, when closed, directed obliquely backwards and inwards. No
maxillary process on coxa of palp. Sternum very narrow, much
longer than wide, without distinct sigilla. Legs with distal
segments strongly spined, not scopulate, furnished with 3 claws.
Carapace flat, lightly elevated in the cephalic region ; fovea
transversely oval ; radiating grooves strongly defined. Eyes
■^■ggregated on a distinct tubercle ; anterior medians minute,
posterior medians large and circular, anterior and posterior laterals
long and reniform.

Distribution. Oriental Eegion, from Burma and the Malay
Peninsula to Sumatra.

Genus LIPHISTIUS, Schiodte.

LipUstius, Schiodte, Nat. I'ijdsclu: (2) ii, p. 621, 1849 ; Simon, Hist.
Nat. Araifjn. i, p. M, 1892.

Characters and distribution as above.
Type, L. desultor, Schiodte ; Penang.

128. LipMstius birmanicus, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxxvii,
p. 162, 1897.

2 . Colour blackish, sometimes varied with greyish yellow.
Carapace as long as patella and tibia of the 4th leg. Legs 4, 3,
2, 1 in length ; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd subequal ; 4th about three times,
1st a little more than twice, as long as the carapace. Claw of
palp and inferior claw of legs armed with 2-3 small teeth ;
^superior claws of legs with 3-4 larger teeth.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 24, carapace 11, palp 18,
1st leg 23, 2nd 23-25, 3rd 24, 4th 32-50.

Loe. Burma : Yado, in the mountains of Karennee, 3600-3900
feet ; Biapo, 3000-3200 feet {Fea).

OPISTHOTHELiE.

Dorsal surface of abdomen without segmentaUy arranged tergal
plates, and without distinct sternal plates beneath, the sterna of
the MesothelaB being at most represented by the pulmonary
opercula. Spinning-ma millw never more than six in number,
and, at least in all the Indian species, forming a compact or
tolerably compact gi'oup at the posterior end of the abdomen, close
±0 the anal papilla.

MYGALOMOllPIliT:.

The Opisthothel.-B are divisible into two Suborders, which may
be diagnosed as follows : —
0 Basal segment ol: mandible projecting

forwards' from the fore extremity of the

cephalothorax, its articulation lying in

a vertical plane ; fang closing back-

wards • • •

h Basal segment of mandible projecting
downwards beneath the extremity ot
the cephalothorax, its articulation lying
in a horizontal plane ; fang closing
more inwards

Suborder MYGALOMORPHyE.

Basal segment of mandible large, projecting forwards, articulated
to the cephalothorax in a vertical plane; fang closing obhquely
backwards. Besinratory organs represented by four operculate
pulmouary sacs. Spinning-mamilla^ normally torn- m num_ber-a
posterior longer three-jointed, and an anterior shorter one-jomted
Sn each side; rarely the latter is absent and occasionally an
additional small anterior mamilla is present, making a total ot 6.
Sternum marked with 4, rarely 3, pairs of sigilla. Palpal organ in
male non-retractile, simple, usually without accessory process.
Genital aperture of female without horny plate (vulva).

Distribution. Temperate and tropical countries.

Habits. Mostly ground-spiders, Kving in burrows, and fre-
quently closing the aperture with a movable M. _

The IndiaS Mygalomorphas are referable to the following
families : —

a. Coxa of palp with large maxillary process ; spin-

ning-mamiUfe6 ■ Atypidae.

b. Coxa of palp without large maxillary process ;
spinning-mamillEe not more than 4.

Tarsi without ungual tufts; armed with 3
claws, the superior of which are strongly
toothed.

Posterior mamillEe short or moderately
long ; anterior mamilliE close together at
base ; a rastellum present on mandible. .
b^. Posterior mamillas very long ; anterior
mamillEe widely separated at base ; no

rastellum i " ' " ' T " ' 1

Tarsi with ungual tufts, inferior claw almost
always absent ; superior claws at most
weakly toothed.
a\ Distal segment of posterior mamilte very
short, rastellum almost always present . .
b^. Distal segment of posterior mamillaJ long
and slender, rastellum never present

Ctenizidae.
Dipluridae.

Barychelidae.
Theraphosidae.

158

Family ATYPID^.

Coxa of palp furnished with large maxillai'y process. Spinninc)-
mamillte G iu number. Carapace \ery broad in front, with
median conical ocular tubercle. MandihU very large, without
rastelliim. Sternum with anterior sigilla not forming a groove at
the base of the labium. Legs weakly spined, furnished with 3
claws. Spine of palpal onjan in male protected by a secondary
outgrowth from the bulb.

Distribution. Palaearctic Eegion from Ireland to Japan ;
Oriental Kegion from Burma to Java ; Sonoran Region of North
America.

Synopsis of Indian Genera.

MaxillsB short, eyes close together Atypds, p. 158.

Maxillse long, eyes scattered Calommata, p. 159.

Genus ATYPUS, Latreille.

Atypus, Latr. Nouv. Diet, d' Hist. Nat. xxiv,p. 133, 1804 ; Simon, Hist.
Nat. Araign. i, p. 198, 1892.

Ocular area tolerably compact ; the tubercle low ; clyjjeus nar-
row. Maxilla} relatively short and stout, with inner edge straight.
Labium not separated by a groove from the sternum, narrower at
apex than at base. Posterior mamilla: three- or four-jointed.

Type, A. piceus, Sulzer ; Central and Western Europe.

Distribution. Central and Southern countries of the Palaearctic
Region from Ireland to Japan ; North America ; Burma and
Java.

Habits. The spiders of this genus dig burrows, line them with
silk, and continue the silk above the surface of the ground in the
form of a long tube, with a small aperture at its extremity.

129. Atypus dorsualis, Tlwrell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxxvii, p. 186,
1897.

5 . Colour yellowish black ; sides of abdomen darker. Carapace
as long as patella, tibia, and protarsus of 1st and 4th legs ; eyes of
anterior line subequal, posterior laterals almost as large as the
anterior laterals ; anterior medians separated by a space, which is
greater than their diameter, nearer to the anterior laterals ; lateral
eyes in contact. Legs without spines.
" Measurements in mm. — Total length 17-5, carapace 6-5, palpus
5-5, 1st leg 13, 2nd 11-5, 3rd 10-5, 4th 13-5.

hoc. Burma : Yado, in the mountains of Karennee {Fea).

OALOMMATA.

158

Genus CALOMMATA.

Calommata, Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. vi, p. 378, 1837.

vSdon, DolescL Verh. Nat. Vei-een Nederland Indie, v, no. 5, p. 5,

C(Jiipt*otarsus, Thorell, Ann. Mies. Qenom, (2) v, p. 23, 1887.
Eues much less compact tLan in Atypus, the anterior medians
situated on a high prominence, the rest forming a cluster on each

fif A *

Fig. 53. —A. Ventral view of cephalothorax and
abdomen of Calommata fulvipes, J.
ft, basal segment of mandible ; 6, maxillary process ; c, cosa of palp ; fZ, eox»
of Ist, fi, of 4th leg ; /, sternum with four pairs of muscular scars {sigilUi)\

g, posterior respiratory stigma; i, genital aperture; h, posterior spinner witn
the two anterior pairs immediately in front of it.

B. Lateral view of the same.
a, median, b, lateral eyes ; c. basal segment of mandible ; d, fang ; e, coxa
of palp ; /, coxffl of legs ; g, anterior, i, posterior respiratory operculum ;

h, genital aperture ; k, posterior spinner.

side, remote from the anterior medians. Clypeus long and nearly
horizontal. Maxillce very long, slender, arched outwards from the
base. Labium transversely oblong, impressed at the base.
Posterior spinners three-jointed. Posterior legs stouter than
anterior ; tarsi in the male slender and flexible.

Type, C. fulvipes, Lucas.

Distribution. Japan, Burma, Sunda Islands.

130. Calommata truculentum, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Geneva, (2) r,
p. 24, 1887 (Camptotarsus) ; Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 199,
1892 (Calommata).
(J . Colour blackish ; legs, mandible, and ventral surface paler

than body. Carapace but little longer than patella and tibia of

160

OTMNIZIUjE.

4th log. Anterior median njes much larger than the rest, ahnost
in contact. Palpi long; tibia much thicker than patella; tarsus
elongate, apically truncate ; spines oi: palpal organ sinuous, broad
at base, then abruptly bent backwards, one rising from the
extremity of the bulb, the other near its middle. Leys of
posterior pairs furnished distally with a few spinules ; superior'
claws armed with about 5 teeth.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 6, carapace 2-5, palp 4-25,.
1st leg 9-5, 2nd 8-8, 3rd 8-2, 4th 10-75.

Loc. Burma : Bhamo {Feci).

Family CTENlZIUiE.

Mandibles furnished with rastellum, sometimes supported on a
strong prominence. Ooxa of paljjus without large maxillary
process. Sternum with anterior sigilla large and eucircUng base
of labium ; posterior pair large and remote from margin ; rarely
absent. Tarsi without ungual tufts ; with 3 claws. Sjnnninc/-
mamillce 4 in number ; the anterior pair contiguous ; posterior-
pair short or of moderate length. , .

Distribution. Temperate and tropical parts of the world, lying m
general between 45° N. lat. and 45° S. lat.

To this family belong a great majority of the species commonly
spoken of as Trap-door Spiders.

The characters of the Indian genera may be briefly tabulated as

follows : —

a Anterior lateral eyes in middle of anterior edge
of carapace well in advance of remaming

PYg9 Lr'

«i Tibia of 3rd leg not excavated above Acanthodon,

fii' Tibia of 3rd leg excavated above at base . . Heligmomerus,
6 Ajiterior lateral eyes widely separated, at most [p. 164.

only a short distance in advance of anterior
medians.

a^. Thoracic fovea strongly procurved.

Tarsi and protarsi of legs scarcely or not
scopulate, and strongly spined laterally ;
apical segment of posterior mamillas short.
Tibia of 3rd leg excavated above ;
spines of rastellum set on prominence . . Conothele, p. 165.
6' Tibia of 3rd leg not excavated above ;
spines of rasteUum not set on promi-

nence • : : • Acattyma, p. 166.

b' Tarsi and protarsi scopulate, weakly
spined, apical segment of posterior spin-

TlPl'S lOD^'. '-^* '

Sternum ^vith central depression Atjietochilus,

Ik Sternum without central depression . . Damahchus, p. 169.

6^. Thoracic fovea recurved. <3f.,TTuoaNATHUs

Lateral .yes narrowly separated I^Xbllus '

b". Lateral eyes widely separated M.mesiblltjs,^ ^^^^

ACANTHODON.

161

Genus ACANTHODON, Guorin.

Acanthodon, Guevin, Rev. Zool. 1838, p. 10; Simon, Hist. Nat.

Araiiin i. p. 91, 1892.
Idiops of recent authors up to 1892 (not of Pertij).

Carapace polished, scantily hairy ; fovea large, strongly pro-
curved • heacl high ; anterior lateral eyes situated in the middle of
the anterior border of the carapace ; the remaining eyes ±orming a
eroup far behind the anterior edge of the carapace. iWandMe
powerful ; raslellum consisting of stout spines borue upon a distinct
prominence. Sternum with posterior sigilla obsolete. Legs in
female short and stout, claws armed with 1 or 2 large basal teeth,,
distal segments of legs not scopulate, those ot the anterior pairs
and of palpi thickly spined laterally ; tibia of 3rd not depressed
above at base. Apical segment of posterior spinning-mamtlke

^^^T- Carapace lower, rugose ; legs long and slender.

Type, A. petiti, Guerin. , . ^ . o • a i,-

mstrihuiion. S. America ; Tropical Africa ; Syria, Arabia ,.

India and Burma.

Synopsis of Indian Species.
Females.

a. Coxa of 4th leg without band of spiniiles ; tibia
of 3rd longer than wide.

a\ Ocular tubercle elevated in fi-ont A- crassus, p. 161.

Ocular tubercle not elevated in front A. opifex, p. Ib^.

6 Coxa of 4th leg with band of spinules below ;

tibia of 3rd as wide as long. . ^ a- iftQ

Eyes of posterior line subequally spaced . . A. fonts, p. iba.
b\ Eyes of posterior line unequally spaced .... A. constructor^^

Males.

a Tibia of 1st leg armed with a stout, pointed,

and bent spur, and a tubercle behind it .... A. constructor,

b Tibia of 1st leg armed with a low prominence [p. loo.

tipped with a long spine, and a small tubercle
above it.

a'. 4th leg only a little longer than the 1st ;
protarsus of 1st strongly concave in its
basal half on inner side A.fossor, p. 164.

b'. 4th leg considerably longer than 1st ; pro-
tarsus of 1st weaklv concave in its basal

half on inner side '. A. desicjnatus, p. 164.

131 Acanthodon crassus, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, XX, p. 357,,
1884 (Idiops) : coUetti, O. P. Camhr. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 37, pL.ii,.
fig. 2 (Idiops).

0 . Colour : carapace, etc. mahogany-red, legs paler : abdomen

M

162

ctenizid;!!.

blackish. Carapace a little shorter than patella, tibia, and pro-
tarsus of Ist leg; ocular tubercle elevated in front; eyes of
posterior row very unequally spaced, their posterior edges in a
straight line ; medians about iour diameters apart, and less than

Fig. 54. — Acantkodon crassus, Sim., J , x 1^.

two from the laterals ; anterior medians about a diameter apart.
Labium, with three teeth. Leys : coxa of 4th not spinulose below ;
tibia of 3rd longer than wide.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 26, carapace 13, palp 21 ;
1st leg 24, 2nd 22, 3rd 23, 4th 30 ; patella and tibia of 1st 10, of
4th 11-5.

Log. Burma : Mmbla {Comotto) ; Tharrawaddy (Oates) ■ Palon

(Fea); Meiktila (CoZZe«)-

Simon doubtfully refers to this species some immature specimens
of Acanthodon procured at Wagra-Karur, near Guntakal, Bellary
(Bull. Soc. Zool. Pr. x, p. 23, 1885).

132. Acanthodon opifex, Pocock, Joum. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 750,
1899.

Allied to the preceding, but darker in colour, Postocular area
more strongly elevated than in A. crassus; ocular tubercle flat
above ; posterior median eyes less than three diameters apart, and
more than one diameter from the posterior laterals; anterior
medians more than a diameter apart, and nearly two diameters

ACANTH0130N.

163

from the posterior laterals ; anterior laterals more prominent than

in A. (yrassus. , , p t r>

Measur&mmxU in mm.— Total length 20, length of carapace 10,

of 1st leg ly, of 4th leg 23.
Loc. Bombay (Phipson).

133. Acanthodon constructor, sp. n.

P Colour as in A. opifex. Carapace with ocular tubercle
elevated in front as in A. crassus ; eyes of posterior Ime unequally
spaced the medians a little more than two diameters apart and
about one diameter from the laterals, about the same distance from
the anterior medians to which they are subequal in size; the anterior
medians about a diameter apart, their posterior edges on a level
with the anterior edges of the posterior laterals. Lahium with a
marginal row of 4-5 teeth, and some smaller ones behind them.
Coxa of 4th % furnished beneath with a median longitudinal band
of short spinules ; tibia of 3rd leg short and thick, as wide as

^^^l* . Colour as in ? , but tarsi and protarsi of legs clear yellow.
Eyes more compact ; posterior medians about two diameters apart,
First leg with tibia incrassate, armed externally with 8-10 spines,
internally in its basal half with 3 spines, and at the apex with
2 spurs, the proximal conical, the distal stout, but with the apex
pointed and directed forwards and upwards ; protarsus slender,
wucave in its basal half, armed with many spines below, and with
a submedian conical spur. Tibia of palp inflated, furnished
distally on the outer side with a cavity bordered above by a
complete semicircle of short spines ; tarsus with a conical external
process : spine of palpal organ broad at base, slender and bent
distally with blunt tip.

Measurements in mm.— $ . Total length 19, carapace 8, 1st leg
14 4th leg 17. 6 . Total length 12, carapace 6, 1st and 4th
legs 20.

Loc. S. India : Chingleput (Jamhunathan) ; Tercaud in Shevaro
Hills {Henderson).

134. Acanthodon fortis, sp. n.

$ . Eesembling A. constructor, but much larger ; and with the
eyes of the posterior line widely and subequally spaced, the
medians nearly three diameters from each other and from the
laterals ; anterior medians large, less than a diameter apart ;
posterior medians about their own diameter from the anterior
medians ; posteriorlaterals large, elliptical, set far forwards, so that
their anterior rims are on a level with the centres of the anterior
medians.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 32, carapace 14, 1st leg 20
4th leg 32.

Loc. India {Godfry, type ; Hardwicke).

H 2

164

CTENIZIDiE.

135. Acanthodon fossor, sp. n.

cJ . Carapace smoother than in A. constructor, with posterior'
median eyes more than three times their transverse diameter apart.
Tibial apophysis of Ist le(j consisting of a low process bearing a
slender, distally pointed and bent spine, behind the process there
is a small tubercle ; protarsus with very few spines, the process
much shorter, tuberculiform. Palji with protarsus less inflated,
hollow, shallower, and bordered above by a thick cluster of spines ;
spine of palpal organ evenly arched, with an outward apical bend
and a slight subapical thickening, when curled back at rest the
conca^aty of the spine faces forward and the point forward and
outward.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 12, carapace 6, 1st leg 21,
4th leg 21.

Loc. India : the Deccan.

136. Acanthodon designatus, Cambridge, Araneidea, Second Yarkand'

Exped. p. 3, pi. i, tig. 1, 1885 (Idiops).

Judging from the description and figures, this species is most
nearly allied to A. fossor, but has the anterior legs much
shorter, the 1st pair being much shoi-ter than the 4th and only
two and a half times the length of the carapace. Moreover, the
protarsus of the 1st leg is thicker and much less concave in
its basal half ; the tibial apophysis is directed upwards from its-
base ; and the palpal organ rests with the convexity of the spine
looking forwards. Length of carapace about 6 mm.

Loc. Murree (StoliczJca).

Genus HELIGMOMERUS, Simon.
Heligmomerus, Simon, Mist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 90, 1892.

Differs from the genus AcantJwdon in having the upper side of
the tibia of the 3rd leg excavated and smooth in its basal half.
Type, H. tajjrohanicus, Simon.
Distribution. India, Ceylon ; Tropical Africa.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

a. Only the interaal (anterior) claw of 1st and 2nd

legs armed with a bifid tooth JS. taprohaiiicus, p. 164.

b. All the claws armed with a bifid tooth .... H. prostans, p. 165.

137. Heligmomerus taprobanicus, Simon, Hist. Nat.Araign. i, p. 91,

1892.

Colour : carapace blackish ; abdomen violet-black, paler beneath
sternum, mouth-parts, and appendages olive-yellow. Anterior

1 M

OONOTHELE. •^"'^

.median and posterior lateral eyes «^bequal eqmd ant and sep^^^
■rated by spaces not or scarcely exceeding the '^'f f "J/^'^ %J
La6«Jamedwith a row of three larger and f o w^^ ^ few
smaller teeth. Legs with claws of anterior pairs strong, tde
extiior armed with a simple basal tooth, the interior with a double
tooth ; claws of posterior legs armed with a single tooth.

Length 14 mm. (young female).

Loc. Ceylon : Kandy (Simon).

138. Heligmomerus prostans, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 91,
1892.

Differs from the foregoing in having the ^nt™ median and
nosterior lateral eyes farther apart from each other, and the
Sans evfdently smaller than th'e laterals. Tarsa claws th-^^^^^^^
Si of them armed at the base with an unequaUy bifid tooth.
Labium armed with only three teeth.

Length 21 mm. (adult ? )• .
. Loc. S. India : Kodaikanal, Palm Hills {Simon).

Genus CONOTHELE, Thorell.
CoBothele, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genom, xiii, p. 303, 1878; Simon,
Hist. Nat. Araign. i. p. 88, 1892.
Resembhng Acantliodon, but with the eyes normally arranged
oxear th^ anterior border of the carapace ; the anterior latera^
close to the posterior laterals; eyes of anterior line procuryed
tZcmes not^o prominent, depressed. Sterm.n -^th post^ or
lilla distinct and remote from the margm. Legs as m Heh.
lomerus. Carapace of male rugose; labium and maxilla less
Songly toothed than in female ; legs longer less strongly spmed
with anterior tarsi scopulate; palpi long, the tarsus short and

truncate.

Type, C. malayana, Doleschall.

Distribution. Burma to the Solomon Islands.

Habits. So far as is known, the species of this genus build their
trap-door nests on the trunks of trees, spinning a silken tube in
,a depression of the bark and coyeriiig the white silk with bits ot
lichen and moss.

139. Conothele birmanica, T/wrell, Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) v, p. 19,
1887.

9 fvoung). Colour : carapace aud abdomen blackish, legs and
sternum paler. Carapace considerably longer than patella and
t bTa of ls\ and of 4th legs ; ocular area twice as wide as long ;

of posterior line straight, diameter of anterior medians muc4i
S than long diameter of anterior laterals. Labium with 5 teeth.
Tibii ot anterior leys without external apical area of spmules such
.as occurs in other species of the genus.

166

CTENIZID^.

Measurements in »nm.— Total length 11, carapace 5-5, 1st lee-
11-25, 4th leg 12-75. 1 , eg

Loc. Burma : Shwegoo-Myo {Fea).

Genus ACATTYMA, L. Koch.

Acattyma, L. Koch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxvii, 1877, p 760-
Simon, Hist. Nat. Araif/n. i. p. 96, 1892. '

Differing from Conothele in having the mandibles strong and
prominent ; the rastellum consisting of many irregularly-arranged
teeth not borne upon a conical process overhanging the base of
the fang, and the tibia of the 3rd leg without superior basal
depression.

Type, A. roretzi, Koch.

Distribution. Japan ; India.

140. Acattyma cryptica, Simon, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 253, 1897.

6 . Colour blackish, lower side and extremity of legs paler.
Carapace rugose ; eijes of anterior line nearly equidistant,"medians
half as large as laterals. Labium with 4-5 teeth. Mandibles
armed with two rows of large granules ; rastellum composed of a
single row of 7-8 teeth. Legs with femora coriaceous beneath,
copiously spiued, the anterior more so than the posterior ; claws
with a few subbasal teeth; tibia of 1st without spurs. Palpi
slender, long, unarmed ; the tibia inflated beneath at base, apically
attenuate ; tarsus truncate ; palpal organ with spine arcuate,,
thick at base, filiform at apex.
Length 15 mm.

Loc. India: Deccan * (<Sm?/i7iies).

Genus SCALIDOGNATHUS, Karsch.

Scalidognathus, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits.xxxvi, p. 269,1892 ; Simon,
Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 116, 1892.

2 . Carapace with fovea large, recurved ; ocular area twice as
wide as long ; eyes of anterior line slightly procurved, the laterals
on each side nai-rowly separated. Mandibles armed below with a
single row of teeth ; rastellum consisting of simple stout spines.
Labium and maxillce unarmed ; posterior sternal sigilla small,
remote from the margin. Legs short, spiny ; tarsi and protarsi of
1st and 2nd scantily scopulate ; tarsi of all legs armed with spines ;
claws armed with a single long tooth.

cJ . Legs much longer ; claws armed with many teeth, I'orming
a single series.

Type, S. radialis, 0. P. Camb.

Distribution. S. India and Ceylon.

* Probably an error for Dehra.

KEMESIELTjTJS.

167

Synopsis of Species (males).

a. Superior claws of anterior two pairs of legs ^ ^^^.^^.^^ ^

nrmpd with 7 teetli ." ' " ' A "i' ' '

6. Sujeit claws of anterior two pan-s ot legs ^ p. 1^7.

ojmed with 11 teeth

leits. xxxvi, p. 269, t. x, fag. 1, 2

aoZo.. reddish yellow., f^J- ^^^^^^

as long as Pf .\t\,led JeaU^ without

Ist with profcarsus lightly arcliea vvea i g^j.^^ gr than
apophysis, with one ot the ^^^I j^JJ Tvmshei at the apex
the rest. Palp with ^ibia long, inflated^^^^^^^ ^
externally with a ^eep spine-borderei^^

organ broad at base, ^^^^""J^.^^'if/^^^Srsus of 4th leg. Legs 4,

sVulate internally, spined ejtenjally^ ^^^^

^ •j'^.^ Total Lgth 16-22.
'loir Ceylon : Peradeniya W--)' Punduloya (ffr..n).

142. ScalidogBathus oreophilus, Si.non, Hist. Nat. Araign. i. p. 116,
1892 (in note). . . ,

instead o£ with 7 teeth.
Log. Ceylon (Siwioji)-

Genus NEMESIELLTJS, nov

Differing from ScaliaocjnaiU. -^JPP-^^^^^
^,r.u. Arlanitis in having ^^^/f^^ "^^^^^.f^rievel with thl

Vtlil ^Klnt roritnS: and resembling «.o-
TnX in Slg?;^^^^^^^ of the anterior legs spined.

Type, N. montanus, sp. n.

jjistribution. S. India.

143 Nemesiellus montanus, sp. n.

o Colour ■ carapace, mandibles, and upper side of J^'^o'^^ deep

168

OTENIZID>'E.

tarsus and protarsus of anterior pairs, as well as tarsus of palp,
scopulate at sides ; patella of 3rd leg thickly hairy above, longer
than the tibia.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 14, carapace 5, 1st leg 9*5,
2nd 8-5, 3rd 7-5, 4th 13.

Loc. S. India : Tercaud in Shevaroy Hills {Henderson).

Genus ATMETOCHILUS, Simon.

Atmetochilus, Simm, J. A. S. B. Ivi, p. 109, 1887 : id. Hist. Nat.
Araiffn. i. p. 109, 1892.

Carapace with deep lateral cephalic impressions and deep strongly
procurved fovea ; ocular area three times as wide as long ; eyes of
anterior line very slightly procurved. Mandihles with single row
of teeth below ; rastellum consisting of simple slender spines.
Legs and palpi weakly spined ; tarsi and protarsi of anterior pairs
spined : claws basally toothed. Labium scarcely as long as wide,
unarmed, coxae of palp with a few basal teeth. Sternum with a
transverse depression behind the labium ; the three pairs of sigilla
remote from the margin, their inner ends continuous with a smooth
central depression. Posterior mamillcv long, apical segment as
long as the 2nd, or longer.

Type, A.fossor, Simon.

Distribution. Southern Burma.

Synopsis of Species.

a. Protarsus of Ist leg scopulate to base, of 2nd

scopulate in its distal half ; length about 40 mm. A. fossor, p. 168.

b. Protarsus of 1st leg not scopulate to base, of 2nd

without scopula; length about 20 mm A. atriceps, p. 169.

144. Atmetochilus fossor, Simon, J. A. S. B. Ivi, p. 109, 1887.

Colour : carapace reddish brown : legs paler, with clear red naked
dorsal bands ; abdomen blackish. Carapace narrowed in front,
width of head less than length of area between eyes and fovea, as
long as patella, tibia, and one third of protarsus of 1st and 4th legs ;
anterior median eyes half a diameter apart and twice as far from
the laterals. Sternum longer than wide. Palp with tarsus scopu-
late distally. Legs of 1st and 2nd pairs with patella and tibia
spined internally, protarsus of 1st scopulate to base, of 2nd not
scopulate to base. Apical segment of posterior mamilloe nearly
twice as long as 2nd segment.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 43, carapace 20, 1st leg 46,
2nd 42, 3rd 36, 4th 49.

Loc. Tavoy in Tenasserim {Moti Ram).

DAMABCHTIS.

169

145. AtmetochUus atriceps,sp. n. „ „ 9 i895 inpart.

Damarchus oatesii, Thovell, Spiders 0} Burma, p. 2, 1895, in par

Eesemblin<^^./o..or,but much smaller, the head h>g f ^^^^

L«.iZZ^ a little longer than 2adse^^^^^^^^

Measurements m mm. — iotal lengcn ^i, ouio-^
24, 4th leg 29.

Loc. Tenasserira (Oates).

Genus DAMARCHUS, Thorell.
Damarchus, Tkorell, Sv. Vet.-Akad San^^ xxiv, no. 2, p. U, 1891 ;
Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 107, 1B9^.
Allied to AtmetocUhcs, but with the posterior sternal sigilla

spine. Tarsus o£ palp short and truncate.
Type, D. worhmaymi, Thorell.
Biltribution. Burma, Malacca, Sumatra.

146. Damarchus oatesii, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 2, 1895.

o Colour • carapace and legs reddish brown aboye, paler below ;
>,l;,Pn bkckish ornamented above with obhque rows of pale
r r~rone-third longer than wide, scarcely longer than
TotsufanTu^su^^^^^^^ leg'exceeding patella and tibia of 4th
OT of 1st : eyes of anterior hne straight, medians large less than
half a diameter apart and less than a diameter from the laterals.
S C armed with setiform spines; protarsi with stouter

^^'^'topac. wider .and lower than in ?; legs longei-^ Tibial
anonhysis of 1st leg consisting of a process tipped with a long
rJ^Bd spine. Palpal organ with bulb piriform; spme short,
filpnder filiform, and lightly curved. o t ^

MelrLnts'in mm.-?. Total length 22, c-apace 8 1st
leg 18, 4th leg 21. 6- Total length 15, carapace 7-5, 1st leg 20,

^^xJc^luma: Eangoon, and Double Island in the Moulmein
.Eiyer {Oates).

170

UIPLITBIUA.

Family DIPLUEID^E.

Eesembling the Ctenizidse in having 3 claws, of which the
superior are strongly toothed, and in having no ungual tufts*
on the tarsi ; but distinguished by the absence of the rastellum,
by having the posterior spinners very long and the anterior widely
separated, and by the small size and marginal position of the
sternal sigilla.

Distribution. Tropical and temperate parts of the world to the
south of about the 45th parallel of N. lat.

Habits. The species of Dipluridae live in tubes lined with silk,,
wlrich is produced beyond the mouth of the tube in the form of
an extended sheet of web constituting a snare.

Synopsis of Indian Genera.

a. Terminal segment of posterior mamillse flexible
and as long as the preceding two ; labium

unarmed Ischnothble, p. 170,

h. Terminal segment of posterior mamillae shorter
than preceding two, straight, not flexible ;

labium spinulose Maceothele, p. 171r

Genus ISCHNOTHELE, Ausserer.

Ischnothele, Ausserer, Ver/i. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxv, p. 162, 1875.
Thelechoris, Karsch, Abh. Ver. Bremen, vii, p. 196, 1881.
Entomothele, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1888, p. 235.

Carapace low ; fovea deep, procurved ; ocular tubercle large
lateral eyes large, elliptical. Mandible armed below with two
rows of teeth ; maxillm studded basally with spicules ; labium
unarmed. Legs spined, not scopulate ; tarsi not spined. Abdo-
men broad, posteriorly truncate : space between anterior mamillsB
exceeding their length, aud about six times their diameter;
posterior mamillsB very long, their distal segment as long as the
others, slender and flexible.

S with single spur on the tibia of the 1st leg; tarsus of
palp slender, as long as the tibia.
Type, /. caudata, Auss.

Distribution. Central and South America ; Tropical Africa ;
Madagascar ; India.

* Except in the tropical African genus Heterothelc.

MAOBOTHBtB.

171

147. Ischnothele dumicola, sp. n.

t- ^ollnwish brown, clouded with DiacK

and covered with gi^y'^^^^^";"!^'*;; of six pale, obliquely set
xneuted above on each side with a lou ot^^^ V^.^^^^^

as long as patella and tibia of
4th leg, and as patella, tibia, and
half the protarsus of 1st leg.

J Smaller than 5 ; spur on
tibia of 1st leg external, stout,,
nearly straight, pointed ; protarsus
arcuate in its basal hall. Palp
with tibia a little inflated ; spine of
palpal organ stout, straight at base,
fiUform and curved apically.

Measurements in mm.— ?. iotai
length 9, carapace 4, 1st leg
4th leg n. 6. Total length 6,
carapace 3-5, 1st leg r5, 4th
les 10-5.

Fig. 55. _
Ischnothele dumicola, 5 . X

Loc. Western India: 7 oona {Wroughion).

Genus MACROTHELE, Ausserer.

Macrothele, Aussere,- ^--^'^ '''' '^^^ ^

Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 184, m)Z.

Differs from the preceding genus in having the thoracic fovea.

straight or recurved, the labium studded with spicules, the tarsi

of the legs armed with spines, and the termnm segment of the.

posterior^spinners shorter than the 1st and 2nd taken together.

straight, and not flexible and smuous.

Tvne Macrothele calpetana (Walck.). ^ . , i -d •

mstribution. Mediterranean Region; Eastern Oriental Eegion

and New Zealand.

148. Macrothele maculata, Thorell, Ann. Mus. ge,,^^^^^^^

1890 (Diplura) ; id. oj,. cit. xxxvii, p. 184, 1897 . Maciotneie;.

? . Colour blackish; abdomen spotted below ^^^^ landed above
as in the foregoing species. Carapace as long as patella and tibia.

"'rj— t'mm.-Total length 15, carapace 7-25, 1st leg
^^it? Burma: Tado and Plapoo in Tenasserim (Fea).

172

BABYOHELIDJB.

Family BARYCIiELID^.

Medium-sized Mygalomorphaj which, except in the aberrant
genus Sason, resemble the Ctenizidae in being fui-nished with a
rastellum, but differ from them and from the DipluridiB in having
distinct ungual tufts and only two untoothed or weakly toothed
claws on the tarsi. As in the Diplurida;, the sternal sigilla are
snmll and margina,l. The spinning-mamillaa resemble those of the
typical Ctenizidae in forming a compact cluster, the apical segment
•of the posterior pair being small and shorter than the segments
that precede it.

Distribution. S. Europe ; Africa ; Mauritius ; India and Ceylon,
thence eastwards as far as Australia and the Piji Islands;
S. America.

Habits. Mostly ground-living burrowing Spiders, which gene-
rally, but by no means always, close the burrow with a trap-door.

Synopsis of Indian Genera.

,a. Eyes scattered, not .aggregated on a tu-
bercle ; no rastellum Sason, p. 172.

.6. Eyes aggregated on a tubercle ; rastellum
always present in the female.

ft\ A single pair of spinners Diplothele, p. 174.

6\ Two pairs of spinners.

a^. Thoracic fovea lightly recurved Sasonichus, p. 177.

b''. Thoracic fovea lightly or strongly
procurved.
«^ Ocular area distinctly wider behind
than in front ; fovea strongly pro-

COTved Plagiobotheus, p. 175.

¥. Ocular area as wide in front as

behind ; fovea Hghtly procurved. Sipalolasiia, p. 176.

Genus SASON, Simon.

Sarpedon, O. P. Cambr. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 353 (nom. praeocc).
Sason, Simon, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1887, p. cxcv ; id. Hist. Nat.

Araiffn. i, p. 130, 1892.
Satzicus, Simon, J. A. S. B. Ivi, pt. 2, p. 286, 1888.
(Ecophloeus, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) ix, p. 49, 1892.

Carapace with fovea recurved or nearly straight; no ocular
tubercle ; ocular area nearly twice as wide as long ; eyes of
anterior line strongly procurved ; anterior laterals not far from
«dge of carapace, widely separated from posterior laterals.
Mandibles small, depressed, without rastellum. Labium in. female
quadrate, armed with row of teeth ; maxillae with a few teeth.
Legs weakly spined, the anterior pairs scopulate.

SASON. ^"^^

J. Tibia oE Ist leg with a single spur on inner side ; tarsus of

palp sliort. ^ x> n 1

Tvne S. rohustum, 0. P. Oambr.

Sw6«//o«. S- Ceylon, Andaman Islands ; C^^^^^^^^^^^
JTaSi^s These Spiders construct on walls and e-tr'inks a
shSow domicile furnished xvith two doors opening back to back
aid consSJing of small coherent particles of leaves or other
material.

Synopsis of Indian Species.
Males.

a. Labium armed ^ith a complete row of

teetli

h. Labium umrmed. rohustum, p. 173.

Females.

- ^S^^^S ^iS/^^:^"'^ S. rohustum, p. 173.

"^^TSo^i^orAt^^^^^^^^^ S. einctipes, p. 173.

149. Sason robustum, 0. P. Cambr. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 354, pi. 36, fig. 1
(Sarpedon).

0 Colour yellowish red ; carapace varied with black; legs>d
palpi' strongly banded; abdomen blackish above and ornamented
with two posteriorly converging rows of pale spots. Ca^-a.pace
high strongly elevated in front of the fovea, which is situated
on its polterior slope; lightly convex or sloped downwards-
anteriorly ; as long as pateUa, tibia, and protarsus of 1st leg, and
as pateUa and tibia or tibia and protarsus of 4th. _ ^. ,

A Differing from $ (according to Simon) m having the labium
and maxiUte unarmed. Tibial spur of anterior leg curved and

^^^misurements in mm.- $ . Total length 10, carapace 5, 1st,
2nd, and 3rd legs 9, 4th 12-5.
Loc. Ceylon: Punduloya (GVee/i).

1 50. Sason cinctipes, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) ix, p. 49, pi. iii A, fig. 1,.

1892 (CEcophlceus).
Like the preceding species, but with the carapace much lower,
beine scarcely elevated posteriorly in front of the fovea, so that
the latter is situated almost on a level with the upper surface oi
the carapace, the area between the fovea and the eye being almost
horizontal. Legs longer ; carapace as long as patella tibia and
half the protarsus of the 1st, distinctly less than patella and tibia
or than tibia and protarsus of 4tb.

174 BABYOnHLIDyE.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 15*5, carapace 6 Ist lee 14
4th 17-5. ^ '

Fig. 56. — Sason cinotipes, J , X IJ.

Loc. Ceylon: Punduloya {Green); Kanthalai (Ferbury) ; also
young specimens of this or of a nearly allied species from the
Madras Presidency (JambunatJian).

151. Sason armatoris, sp. n.

Like the preceding iu colour, and differing from the male of
S. rohustum in having a complete row of teeth on the labium.
Carapace nearly flat above, shorter than patella and tibia of all
the legs, about as long as tibia of 4th ; fovea scarcely recurved ;
space betw^een lateral eyes equalling diameter of anterior lateral.
Tibial spur of 1st leg conical, tipped with a long curved spine.
Hpine of palpal organ straight pointed, rising at the extremity
of the bulb.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 10, carapace 5, 1st leg 16,
4th leg 20.

Log. Travancore : Trivandrum and Ponmudi {Ferguson).

.152. Sason andamanicum, Simon, J. A. 8. B. Ivi, pt. 2, p. 286, 1888
(Satzicus) : id. Hist. Nat. Araign. \, p. 130, 1892 (Sason).

cJ . Colour apparently as in the preceding species, but the legs
darker towards the extremities, not anuidate. Carapace with
fovea strongly recurved ; ocular area about one-third wider than
long. Labium and maxillce unarmed.

Measurements in mm. — Carapace 5, 1st leg 15'7, 4th 17"3.

Loc. Andaman Islands : Port Blair {Oldham).

Genus DIPLOTHELE, O. P. Cambr.

Diplothele, O. P. Cainbr. P. Z. S. 1890, p. 621 ; Simon, Hist. Nat.
Araign. i, p. 122, 1892.

5 . Carapace with head convex ; fovea procurved ; ocular area
a little longer than wide, parallel-sided ; anterior lateral eyes on

PLAGIOBOTHBUS.

175

the frontal margin, oval, separated by a space which is a hMc
less than their luneler : median eyes close together MandMes
with rastellum consisting of long, hooked, '"■'^g^; '^^b\ arranged
teeth LaUim wider than lon<,'. unarmed ; maxilla) with a tew
basal' spinules. Legs strong an.l short, anterior imir unarmed,
with scopulate tarsi and prota,-si ; posterior pairs with subsetitoim
snines, scarcely scopulate. Anterior .^jminers nhsent

J Ocular "area wider behind ; mandibles small, subvertical ;
without rastellum ; all (he legs wil-h many spines ; tibia of anterior
lea incrassate, furnished with a very short spiue-tipped spur ;
tarsus of palp long, attenuate, apically obtuse.

Type, D- walshi, O. P. Camhr.

Distribution. India and Ceylon.

Si/nopsis of Species.

a. Protarsi of aBterini- legs longer than tarsi ...... ^. imMi, p. 176.

b. Protarsi of anterior legs not longer than tarsi .... D. haliji, p. llo.

153 Diplothele walsM, O. P. Camhr. P. Z. S. 1800, p. 621, pi. xliii,
fig.l.

Colour: carapace paie yellow-brown, with darker radiating
lines • le<^s, palpi, sternum, and mouth-parts yellowish ; abdomen
of dull clay-yellow colour, marked on the upper side with broken
transverse" black bands of varied width and clearness of definition,
those on the anterior half being the strongest and best defined.
Legs with protarsi longer than tarsi ; tarsi of anterior pairs and
of palpus furnished above with a few clavate bristles.

Length 8-5 mm.

Loc. Bengal : Orissa ( IVahh.).

154. Diplothele halyi, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 123, 1892.

0 Differing (according to Simon) from the female of D. walshi
in having the abdominal pattern less distinct, the fovea larger, and
the protarsi of the anterior legs not longer than the tarsi.

/. More thickly hairy than the female. Carapace lower. Legs
longer ; tibial spur of 1st tipped with a slender curved and slightly
elevated spine ; protarsus with a single spine below ; protarsus of
2nd with two spines. Palpi strong, unarmed ; spine of organ
straight, but with apex twisted and acutely bifid.

Total length of $ 10 mm. ; d , 9 mm.

Loc. Ceylon : Nuwara Ehya (Simon).

Genus PLAGIOBOTHRUS, Karsch.
Plagiobothrus, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 272, 1892.

Carctpace with head high, fovea procurved ; ocular area about
one-third wider than long, narrowed in front; eyes of anterior
line strongly procurved, posterior ends of laterals in advance of
anterior edge of medians, space between the two anterior laterals

176

BABYOIIBLIDiE.

almost twice tlie long diameter of the eye. Rastelhim consisting
of cluster of strong s])ino8. Labium nnd miixillffi toothed ; lee/s
and palpi- scantily scopulate, spined ; claws toothed. Mamilki;
normal.

Type, P. semilunaris, Karsch.

Dislrihution. Ceylon.

155. Plagiobothrus semilunaris, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi,
p. 273, t. X, fig. 3, 1892.

Colour : carapace and limbs deep brown, ocular tubercle yellow ;
abdomen black above, brown beneath, with epigastric area and
opercula pale. Carapace nearly one fourth longer than wide, as long
as patella and tibia, and one third of the protarsus of 1st leg, a
little longer than patella and tibia of 4th. Tibia oi palpus armed
with 1 basal inferior and about 4 apical spines ; 1st leg unarmed ;
2nd with 2 spines on inner and 2 on underside of tibia and
protarsus ; tibia and protarsus of 3rd and 4th with many spiues.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 24, carapace 11, 1st leg 26,-
2nd leg 23, 3rd leg 21-5, 4th leg 30-5.

Loc, Ceylon: Peradeniya (/Sarasm) ; Kandy (FerSwr?/).

Genus SIPALOLASMA, Simon.
Sipalolasma, Simon, Mist. Nat, Araign. i. p. 123, 1892.

Differs from Plagiohothrus in having the thoracic fovea trans-
verse, with only a slight procurvature, the ocular area not or
scarcely wider behind than in front, and the protarsi and tarsi of
the anterior two pairs of legs thickly scopulate to the base, that of
the tarsus of the 2nd leg being at most narrowly divided.

S with legs much longer and thinner ; tibia of 1st pair with a
low spine-tipped spur ; tarsus of palp short, bifid.

Type, S. ellioti, Simon.

Distribution. Ceylon.

Synopsis of Species {females').

a. Length 11 mm. ; claws unarmed
h. Length 22 mm. ; claws toothed

156. Sipalolasma greeni, sp. n.

S. ellioti, p. 176.
S. greeni, p. 177.-

$ . Colour: carapace and legs deep brown, femora clearer red,-
coxEe and sternum darker than femora ; abdomen blackish.
Carapace a little longer than broad, its length equal to patella and
tibia of 4th leg. Labium with 3 teeth ; tibia oi palp and tibia and
protarsus of 3rd and 4th lecjs armed with many spines, tibia of
1st with about 8, of 2ud with about 5 spines ; scopulae of 1st and
2nd legs forming a thick fringe ; tarsal scopula of 2ud narrowly
divided, of 3rd and 4th broadly divided ; claws toothed.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 22, carapace 10, 1st leg 23,.
4th 27.

Loc. Ceylon : Punduloya {Green).

■ 177

• BASONIOnUS.

157. Sipalolasma eUioti, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 124, fig. 114,

^. C.xrapaceand leg^^^^^^^^^^^ TMa of 1st Z./armed with

Mandibles much smallei ^^^^^^ if, '" side with a robust and curved
spines, '^".^'^^ t'th'^wZa m^^^^^^^^ blunt spur tipped with

(sZe^ i Sia 0 armed on the inner side and at

four teeth (spmes;. i, j g^jy bifid at apex; spine

.curved.

Length of ? 11 mm., of d 10-
Loc. Ceylon : Cottawa (Simon).

Genus SASONICHUS, gen. nov.

All.Vd to Planiohothrus s.ni Sipalolasma ; but with the thoracic
Allied to f I t 1^ in male without apical spur ;

fovea recurved. Jj^.a ot is g^ ^^.^^ ^ ^^^^^

Snal lob? TW s^co'pul. scanty; protarsal scopul. present
only at apex of Ist and 2nd legs.

Type, S. sullivam, sp. n.

Distribution. Southern India.

158. Sasoniclius sullivani, sp. n.

r< 7 „ ,.n;fnrm ashv black, with tarsi reddish yellow. Cara-
Oolour a unitorm asny ' ^ ^^d a little longer

pace low, about as J^^S f /Jf protarsus of 4th.

d^Sv ^oovld. spine slender, lightly sinuous. Legs
f libt of 1st cylindrical, armed with 8 spines, the one at
S apex Si the inner side long and curved ; the rest of the legs

^mSIJS^s in mm.-ToUl length 12, carapace 6, 1st leg 15-5,
^*io?Travancore: Trivandrum iSuUivan).

a

178

TnERATUOSIDilC,

Family THERAPHOSID^.^ '

Medium-sized or very large Mygalomorphaj, differiug from the-
Barychelidac iu Laving the apical segment of the posterior spinners
cylindrical and at least as long as the 2nd segment, and in the
absence of the rastellum. Eyes always aggregated on a distinct
tubercle.

Distribution. Temperate and tropical countries to the south of
the 45th parallel of north latitude, but apparently absent from
New Zealand. ^

Habits. Most of the species are fossorial, but they never close
the aperture of the burrow with a movable lid. Other species are
met with under stones, in hollow trees, or sheltering in any
natural crevice.

The Indian genera of this family are referable to the following
four subfamilies : —

a. No stridulating organ between the outer
surface of the mandible and the inner

snrface of the coxa of the palp Tlierapljosince,

h. A stridulating organ between the mandible [p. 178.

and coxa of palp.
a}. Outer surface of mandible covered with

scopula or pad of feathery hairs OrnitJwetonince,

bK No scopula of feathery hairs on outer side [p. 203.-
of mandible.
a-. Inner surface of coxa of palp (maxilla)
furnished with simple scattered needle-
like bristles Tlirigmopceinm,

v. Inner surface of maxilla furnished with [p. 184^
cluster or series of claviform or bacilli-
form bristles Selenocosmiince.

[p. 187.

Subfamily THERAPHOSINiE.

No stridulating-organ between the outer surface of the mandible
and the adjacent surface of the coxa of the palp, these two surfaces-
being smooth and at most scantily hairy. There is also no
stridulating-organ between the basal segments of the palp and
1st leg, such as is found in the tropical African genera con-
stituting the subfamily Eumenoplionnce.

Distribution. Mediterranean area of Palsearctic region ; tropical
"West Africa ; India and Burma ; America from the Southern
States of the Union to Patagonia.

Synopsis of Indian Genera.

a. Thoracic fovea straight, transverse, at most

slightly procurved. [p. 181.

a}. Anteriui leg of male with strong tibial spur. Plesioperictus,
b^. Anterior leg of male without tibial spur . . Iscjunocoi.us,

[p. 183,

PllLOGlODES.

i7y

b. Thoracic fovea witli distinct crescentic pro-
cuvvature. . .

a- Fovea sliallow, sublinear ; posterior sigiUa

■ wide apart and small . • • IlBTEnoPHnicTUB

b"- Fovea very strong and strongly curved ; LP-

posterior sigilla large, submodian Phlogiodbs,?. 179,

Genus PHLOGIODES, Pocock.
Phlogiodes, Pocock, Jour. Bum. N. II. Sac. xii, p. 748, 1899.
T/wmCTc/o^^m deep, strongly procurved. Eyes anterior line
slit^htly procurved. Legs strong, wealdv spined, strongly scopulate,
at "least in male ; claws unarmed. Sternum with posterior sigiUa-
very large and remote from the margin. First leg without tibial,
spur in male.

Type, P. validus, Pocock.
Distrihution, Western India.

Fig. 57. — Phlogiodes robusiiis, § . x^,

Synoj sis of Species.

a Femora of legs reddish, the rest of the segments

greyish white (J) P. validus, 172.

b. Legs uniformly coloured ( $ ) P. robustus, p. 180.

159. Phlogiodes validus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. E. Soc. xii, p. 748. 1899.

(5 . Colour : carapace with coating of silky yellow hair, femora
of legs with golden brown hairs, the rest of the segments with

n2

180

THJiHAPHOSlDjE.

greyish-white hairs ; abdomen covered above with long golden
brown hairs. Carapace a little longer than broad, low and narrow
in the head-region, shorter than patella and tibia of Ist and 4th
legs. Legs long and strong ; protarsus of 1st scopulate to base,
of 2nd almost to base, of Srd only at apex ; tarsal sco])ula of 4th
divided ; protarsus of 1st with one inferior apical spine, of 2nd, 3rd,
and 4th with many apical spines ; two pairs of superior spines on
Lird protarsus, one pair of anterior spines on 4th protarsus. Palpus
unspined; bulb of organ but little inflated; spine triangular, broad
and subspatulate at base, pointed distally.

Measurements m mm. — Total length 25, carapace 12-2, 1st leg
41, 4th 46.

Lor. Matheran (Phipson).

1 60. Phlogiodes robustus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Sac. xii, p. 748,
1899.

2 . Colour : carapace and limbs reddish brown ; abdomen
blackish above ; hairy clothing greyish red. Carapace long ; head
high, much longer than patella and tibia of 1st and of 4th leg.
Leqs short, very strong, spined as in P. validus, the anterior thicker
tiian the posterior ; patella of 1st as long as tibia, tarsus almost as
long as protarsus ; protarsus of 1st with entire scopula, of 2nd
scopulate at sides, of 3rd and 4th not scopulate ; tarsal scopula
of 1st entire, of 2nd basally divided, of 3rd and 4th present only
at tip and sides of the segments.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 27, carapace 13, 1st leg 29,
4th 33.

Loc. Matheran (Phipson) ; Jauli m Satara (Master).

Genus HETEROPHRICTUS, nov.

Carapace with head narrow ; fovea small, procurved ; eyes of
anterior line slightlv procurved. Legs slender, spiued ; protarsi
of 1st and 2nd scopulate only in the distal half, of 3rd and 4th
scopulate at apex ; tarsal scopulas of all legs divided : claws un-
arn^ed. Sternum with posterior sigilla deep, separated from the
margin by a space equal to their own length and from each other
by about "three times that distance.

Type, H. milleti, sp. n.

Bistrihution. Western India.

161. Heterophrictus milleti, sp. n.

Colour- integument reddish brown, covered with rusty-red
hairs; some white hairs at extremity of 1st leg. Ga, ■apace with
he^d kevated, as long as patella and tibia of 4th leg a httle longer
tW those of 1st. Legs of 1st and 2nd pairs with a few_ spines
on tibi^ and protarsi, of 3rd and 4th pairs with many spines on
these segments ; protarsus of 1st short, barely as long as patella.
Ahdomen long, parallel-sided, subtruncate posteriorly.

1 81

PLBSIOPHEIOTTJS.

Measurements in «r,n.-Total length 29, carapace 13, Ist leg 30,

ii? S^sik {Millet) ; also immature specimens of a nearly allied
form from Eastern Poona {Irani) and Jauli in Satara (^l/«s^e.).

Genus PLESIOPHRICTUS, Poeock.
Plesiophrictus, Focock, Journ. Bom. N. II. Soc. xii, p. 749, 1899.

Tlwraoic fovea straight, transverse ; eyes at anterior li^^e f g^t'/
nrocurved. Labium and maxillae spmulose. ^iemwm with mar-
S s'Sla. Lerjs spined; a few spines only on the antenor
and protarsi, many more upon these segments of the 3rd
and 4th legs ; tarsal scopute of 1st and 2nd entire or scarcely
divided, of 3rd and 4th divided by band of set£e.

Tibia of anterior leg in male with a strong spur.

Type, P. millardi, Pocock.

Distribution. South and West India ; Ceylon.

/Synopsis of Species.

a. Protarsus of 1st leg covered above ^'ith white

hair ; rest of the body and limbs brown .... P. millardi, p. 181-

b. Protarsus of 1st leg brown or blackish hke rest

of limbs.

a\ Anterior lateral eyes not larger than me-
dians ; aaterior leg shorter than posterior.
a^. 3rd leg less than twice as long us cara-
pace.

a". Posterior ends of anterior eyes ma

straight Une P. smcews, p. 18^.

Posterior ends of anterior lateral eyes
on a level with centres of medians . . P. coUinus, p.
6^ 3rd leg more than twice as long as cara-

pace? P./«6m,p.l82.

b\ Anterior lateral eyes much larger than
medians : anterior leg not shorter than
posterior P- tenmpes, p. 182.

162 PlesiophrictTis millardi, PococA;, Jo«)-. Bom. N. H. Soc. xn,
p. 749, 1899.

J Colour a uniform mouse-brown, except that the upper side
of the protarsus of the 1st leg is white. Carapace as long as
patella and tibia of 1st and 4th legs. Legs with protarsal scopulse
scanty on anterior, absent on posterior pairs ; tibia of 1st slightly
incrassate ; spur slightly curved, directed forwards, a tubercuMorm
spur accompanied by a long black spine above it on the inner
side; many spinules between the two. PaZp. unspined; spine ot
palpal organ broad at base, filiform, and spirally twisted distally.

Measurements in mm.— Total length 12, carapace 6, 1st leg 15,

4th leg 16. , . , ^

Loc. Bombay : Matherau {Millard), TJran {Aitken).

182

THEnAPHOSIDiE.

163. Plesiophrictus sericeus, sp. n.

2 . Colour : integument blackish brown ; hairs yellowish brown,
long on the lower side of the femora and patellae. Carapace as
long as patella, tibia, and one-third of protarsus of Ist and 4th
legs ; ei/es of anterior line nearly straight, the posterior rim of
the eyes almost on a level ; the laterals on each side scarcely
separated. Mandible ai'med below with a row of 11-13 larger teeth
and several smaller teeth posteriorly. TibiiB of 1st and 2nd legs un-
■spined ; protarsus with one inferior spine ; tibiae and protarsi of
3rd and 4th legs with many spines.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 22, carapace 10, 1st leg 23,
4th leg 26.

Log. Eastern part of Poona district (Irani).

164. Plesiophrictus CoUinus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc xii,

p. 749, 1899.

Allied to P. sericeus but smaller, and with the lateral eyes of the
anterior row set more forwards, so that their posterior ends are in
a line with the centres of the medians ; the two laterals separated
by a space which is about equal to half the diameter of the anterior
lateral. Mandible armed below with a single row of 8-9 teeth,
without posterior supplementary teeth. Legs a little shorter as
■compared with carapace than in P. sericeus ; the carapace being
■equal to the tibia + protarsus of the 4th leg.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 18, carapace 8'5, 1st leg 19,
4th 20.

Loc. Tercaud in the Shevaroy Hills (Henderson) ; Madras
Tresidency (Jambunathan).

165. Plesiophrictus tenuipes, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii,

p. 749, 1899.

Differing from P. coUinus and P. sericeus in having the anterior
lateral eye much larger than the median, and distinctly elliptical
instead of subspherical, its posterior edge almost on a level with
that of the median, its anterior edge far in advance of that of the
median. Mandible armed below as in P. coUinus. Legs much
longer ; carapace as long as patella and tibia of 1st or 4th ;
anterior legs not stouter than posterior ; all the tarsal scopulae
divided.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 16, carapace 7, 1st leg 16,
4th leg 20.

Loc. Ceylon: Kandy (FerSwr?/).

The following species is probably referable to Plesiophrictus
rather than to Stichoplastus, a typically Neotropical genus.

166. Plesiophrictus fabrei, Simon, Ami. Soc. Ent. Fr. Isi, p. 278,

1892 (Stichoplastus).

$ . Colour much as in the preceding species. Carapace as long as

iscimocoLUS. 183

patella and tibifi of 4th leg, fovea lightly procurved ; eyes of
anterior line suhequal. Leqs longer than in the preceding species
{cf. measurements) ; tarsal scopulce of 3rd and 4 th cjivided.

Measurements in inm.— Total length 10-2, 1st leg 26-2, 4th 29-5.

Loc. S. India : Madura {Fahre).

Genus ISCHNOCOLUS, Ausserer.

Ischuocolus, Ausserer, Verh. z.-h. Ges. Wien, xxi, p. 184, 1871 ;
Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 135, 1892.

Carapace low; fovea straight, slightly curved; eyes of anterior
line suhequal, slightly procurved. Legs, in the typical form, spiny,
especially on the tibite and protarsi of the 2nd and 3rd pairs ;
tarsal scopulee of all the legs divided by a band of setaj in the
Adult. No tibial spurs on anterior leg of male. In the typical
form the tarsus of the palp is long and subcylindrical, and over-
Japs the palpal organ.

Type, J. hohsericeus, Auss. S. Europe.

Distribution. Mediterranean district of Palsearctic Eegion, and
possihly the Oriental Eegion.

The Indian species here referred to this genus may be
.diagnosed as follows * : —

a. Legs without spines ; I- hrevipes, p. 183.

i. Legs, especially on tibiae and protarsi of 3rd and
4th pairs, with many spines.
Abdomen ornamented above with oblique pale

spots I- ornatus, p. 184.

6\ Abdomen not spotted above I- hnteatus, p. 183.

167. Ischuocolus linteatus, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Ix, p. 308
1891.

2 . Colour : integument blackish, hairy clothing yellowish.
Carapace with fovea small and transverse ; eyes of anterior line
■suhequal, the medians scarcely larger than the laterals. Labium
not much wider than long ; the spinules arranged in three trans-
verse series. Anterior legs with protarsi scarcely longer than the
±arsi, armed with a single apical spine below ; tibiae unarmed ;
posterior legs strongly spined.

Measurements in mjn. — Total length 13, carapace 6, width of
.carapace 4-5.

Loc. S. India : Pondicherry.

This species probably belongs to the genus Plesiophr ictus.

168. Ischnocolus hrevipes, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Geneva, xxxvii,
p. 170, 1897.

$ . Colour of integument blackish, of hairy coating pale
ferruginous. Carapace low ; fovea slightly procurved, scarcely
longer than patella and tibia of Ist, distinctly longer than those of

* It is doubtful if any of thsse species really belong to Ischnocolus.

184

THBEAPUOSIDjI!.

4th leg. Legs short, without spines, except two at the tip of eacb
of the posterior protar.si below.

cJ . Carajxice vl little shorter than patella and tibia of Ist, a
little longer than those of 4th leg. Palpal organ with spine very
long and almost semicircularly curved.

Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 18*5, carapace 7, 1st
leg and 4th leg 18. d • Total length 15, carapace 7, 1st leg 2h5,
4th 19.

Loc. Burma : Mooleyit in Teuasserim and Tado in Karennee
(Fea).

169. Ischnocolus ornatus, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxxvii
p. 173, 1897.

$ . Colour much as in the preceding species, but the abdomen
ornamented above with small, sub-obHque pale spots, arranged in
two longitudinal rows. Carapace with straight thoracic fovea,
longer than patella and tibia of 1st and of 4th legs. Patella and
tibia of 1st leg a little longer than those of 4th ; anterior legs with
a single inferior apical protarsal spine ; tihiffi and protarsi of 3rd
and 4th legs spined.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 12, carapace 6, 1st leg 14,
4th 15-5.

Loc. Burma : Prome {Fea).

Subfamily THRIGMOPCEIN^, nov.

A stridulating-organ present between the mandible and the;
basal segment of the palp (maxilla). On the mandible some of
the hau;s which form the posterior portion of the oral fringe are

Fig. 58. — External surface of
mandible of Thrigmopmus
iiisignis. a. Cluster of
bristles.

Fig. 59. — Inner surface of
maxilla of Tlirigmopcms
insignis. a. Crest bearing
spinules.

modified to form a small cluster of vibratile bristles (fig. 58, a),-
and on the adjacent surface of the maxilla there are regularly or
irregularly arranged stiff aciculate bristles (fig. 59, a) which scrape-
against those on the mandible when the maxilla is moved up and.
down.

Distribution. S. India.

HAPIiOOLASTirS.

18&

Synapsis of Indian Genera.

a. Steididating bristles on ma-xUla in-egularly ^^^^^^^^^^^g^ p. igg,

scattered •

b. Stridulatbg bristles on maxilla arranged lu a igQ.

definite curved series xuhiumu , a

Genua HAPLOCLASTUS, Simon.
H^.loclnstixs, Simon, Hist. Nat Araiffn. i, p. 152, 1892; Pocock,
i. M. (6) XV, p. 169, 1895.

Carapace lo.; fovea straight ;
eves ol: anterior line subeiiual, a little piocurveu. ^
?Jrnished below externally with a few irregularly arrange^^
stout but apically filiform bristles mixed up with the haus ot the
oraHring^^^ McLuia furnished on its inner side with scattered,
irregula^^^ arranged, longer and ^^orter spmes and spinite^^^^
bristles. Legs without spines ; protarsus of 1st and 2nd scopukte
to the base of 3rd scopulate in its distal half, ot 4th scopulate
IpieaUy the scopula divided ; tarsal scopul^ entire, except that ot
d:th leg which is divided m its basal halt.

Type, E. cervinus, Simon.

Distribution. S. India.

Synopsis of Species.

a 4th leg as long as 1st and longer than 2nd ... . S. ^fo.
b. 4th leg shorter than 1st and 2nd mlyxnnus, p. 18&

170. Haploclastus nilgirinus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii,-
p. 747, 1899.

Colour : carapace black, clothed like the Hmbs and abdomen with
brownish-yellow hairs; sternum, cox^, and lower side ot temora
at least of 1st and 2nd legs velvety black. Carapace about one-
fourth longer than wide, moderately high and convex ; fovea large,
slightly procurved ; length of carapace almost equal to patella and
tibia of 1st leg, slightly greater than those ot 2nd and ot 4th
fonger also than protarsus and tarsus of 4th. Patella and tibia of
2nd lea shghtly longer than of 4th.

Measurements in mm.— Total length 52, carapace 24, length ot
1st leg 64, 2nd 60, 3rd 48, 4th 58.

Loc. Nilgiri Hills (Daly).

171. Haploclastus cervinus, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 152,.
1892.

Colour: integument blackish, hairs ferruginous. Carapace
low. Legs moderately long, the 1st pair scarcely longer than
the 4 th

Measurements in mm.-Tlo^^l length about 30 length of cara-
pace 15, width 11 ; length of 1st leg 39, 2nd 27, 3rd 31-2,.

4th 38-8.

Loc. Palni Hills in S. India.

This species is probably based upon a young specimen.

186

thekaphosidj^;.

Genus THRIGMOPffiUS, Pocock.
Tliriginopoeus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. II. Soc. xii, p. 747, 1899.

Closely allied to Haploclastus, but with the stridulating area- on
maudible consisting of a large semicircular cluster of many curved
i;hickened, but pointed bristles; on the maxilla the aciculate
bristles above the suture are arranged without definite order, but
below the suture there is a deEnite curved vertical row of these
■bristles near the middle of the segment, the area behind this row
being smooth and in front of it furnished with many bristles
arranged without order. Protarsi of 3rd and 4th legs armed
apically with marginal spines both above and below.

Type, T. insignis, Pocock.

Distribution. Western India.

Synopsis of Species.

.a. Fovea as wide as ocular tubercle ; carapace

longer than patella and tibia of 2nd leg,

equal to those of 4th T. insignis, p. 186.

b. Fovea less than width of tubercle ; carapace

shorter than patella and tibia of 2nd leg

and than those of 4th T. truculentus, p. 186.

172. Thrigmopoeus insignis, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 747,

1899. ^ '

$ . Colour : integument blackish, hairs on carapace yellowish
,brown, darker on upper side of legs ; velvety black on sternum,
coxfe, and lower side of femora and abdomen. Carapace nearly
•one-third longer than broad, moderately high ; fovea as wide as
ocular tubercle, lightly procurved ; length of carapace equal to that
•of patella and tibia of 4th leg, slightly shorter than those of 1st,
a little longer than patella and tibia of 2nd and than protarsus and
•tarsus of 4th. First leg less than three times the length of the
carapace, 3rd a little more than twice the length ; patella and
tibia of 3rd as long as width of cai'apace.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 55, length of carapace 27 ;
length of 1st leg 76, of 2nd 68, of 3rd 56, of 4th 73.

Loc. Kanara Ghats {Bell).

173. Thrigmopoeus truculentus. Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii,

p. 748, 1899.

Smaller and paler in colour than the preceding species ; carapace
lower ; fovea less than width of ocular tubercle ; length of carapace
less than that of patella and tibia and than protarsus and tarsus of
4th leg, less also than patella and tibia of 2nd and than protai'sus
and tarsus of 4th. Legs longer, 1st leg nearly three and a half
■times as long as carapace.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 40, length of carapace 19 ;
length of 1st leg 65, 2nd 57, 3rd 44, 4th 62.

Loc. India : Karwar {Bombay N. H. Soc).

BELENOCOSMIINJE.

187

Subfamily SELENOCOSMIINiE.

A stridukting organ present between the mandible and iM^^^^^^^
■and consisting of a row or cluster of vibrati e bacilhfom br ties
on the maxilla (fig. 61) and of spines or spmitorra bristles upon

Fig. 60.— Outer surface of man-
" dible of CUlobrachys maso7ii.
a, stridulating spikes.

Fig. 61.— Inner surface of maxilla
of Chilohrachys masoni, showing
series of bacilli form spines.

the lower portion of the outer surface of the mandible (fig. 60 a).
i.f« without spines or with a few only at the extremity of the
protarsi. Tibia of anterior leg in male not spurred. Posterior
sternal sigiUa remote from the margin. . * ^. v

Disirihution. Eanging from India and Ceylon to Austraha.

Synopsis of Indian Genera.

a.

Legs of 4th pair much thicker than those
of 1st, with the protarsal scopula entire
and extending to base of segment

Legs of 4th pair weaker than those of 1st
pair, with the protaxsal scopula divided
and apical.

a\ Thoracic fovea transversely linea,r ; one
or more tuhercles intermixed with the

hacilliform bristles on maxilla

P. Thoracic fovea crescentically procuryed ;
no tubercles amongst bacilli on maxilla.
a". Stridulating organ consisting of short
spines on mandible and of a single or
double row of hacilli overlapped by
a fringe of hairs on maxilla
Stridulating organ consisting of spini-
form setse on mandible and of an
oval cluster of bacilli without fringe
of hairs on maxilla,
a'. Tarsal scopute of Ist, 2nd, and 3rd
legs undivided ; no inferior claw .
Z>'. Tarsal scopulaj of all legs divided ;
inferior claw retained on posterior
leg

Ltbognathtjs, p. 202.

PCECILOTHEBIA, p. 188.

Chilobbachys, p. 192.

Selenocosmia, p. 200.
Phlogielltjs, p. 202.

188

THBHAPnOSII)^.

Genus PffiCILOTHERIA, Simon.

Poecilotheria, Simon, Bull. Sue. Zool. France, x, p. 38, 1886 ; Poeock,

A. M. N. H. (6) XV, p. 170, 189r).
Scurria, C. Koch, Uebersicht Araclin. \, p. 74, 1850 (nom. pra30cc.).

Very large, variegated Spiders with the carcij^xtce flattish ; fovea
small, straight ; ocular tubercle low ; ocular area more than twice
as long as wide ; eyes of anterior line nearly equidistant, pro-
curved, centres of the laterals slightly in front of the anterior
edge of the medians. Mandible furnished externally in its lower
half with many short spines. Maxilla with its bacillifonn spinea
few in number, arranged in a single row, and accompanied by one
or more blaclc tooth-like tubercles ; between the row of bacilli and
the suture there is a thick fringe of liairs. Legs without spines ;
scopuljB of the anterior pairs veiy thick. Palpal organ of J piri-
form, the spine thick, short, and strongly and spirally crested.

Type, P. fasciata, Latr.

Distribution. India and Ceylon.

Habits. Live in trees or in the thatch of houses.

Synopsis of Species.

a. Femora of legs black below, or marked with

a single basal or apical pale patch,
a'. Femora of Ist and 2ud legs with a large

yellow patch at base P. ritfilata, p. 189.

b^. No pale patch at base of femora.

a^. Appendages not conspicuously banded
above, dark below, with yellow basal

patch on tibite P, metallica,'p. 189.

6^. Appendages strongly banded above,
femora and tibiae pale at apex above
and tibiae pale at base below.
a^. Palp black below ; patellae of legs

white above and below P. miranda, p. 190.

h^. Palp with yellow patch at apex of
femur, base of patella, and base and
apex of tibia beneath ; patellae of
legs black in basal half P. subfusca, p, 190,

b. Femora of legs whitish or sulphur-yellow

below and inside, those of 1st and 2nd legs
with black stripe in distal half,
o''. Lower side of abdomen with large trans-
verse reddish band behind epigastric fold. P. regalis, p. 190.
a''. No pale band on lower side of abdomen,
a'. Tibia of palp blackish beneath ; 1st
leg less than twice as long as cara-
pace, which equals its patella and tibia. P. formosa, p. 191,
6°. Tibia of palp pale beneath; 1st leg
more than three times as long as
carapace, which is less than its patella
and tibia.
Ground-colour of anterior legs
whitish, femora of 3rd and 4th
uniformly greyish brown, not
banded P- vittata, p. 192,

PffiCILOTHianiA.

X89

b". Ground-colour of anterior logs sul-
phur-yellow ; femoni of 3rd and
4 th bluish grey.
Anterior femora without distinct
basal black patch beneath ; the
distal black stripe nearly as wide

as the yellow basal area P. striata, j). 191.

f. Anterior femora with distinct
basal black patch ; distal black
stripe much narrower than yel-
low basal area,
a". Black bands on femora very
narrow, often absent on femur

of 4th leg P. fasciata, p. 192,

6". Black bauds on femora broad,
very broaa on femur of 3rd and
4th legs P. ornata, p. 192.

174. Poecilotheria rufilata, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc xii, p. 746,
1899.

(J . Colour a tolerably uniform greyish red above, only obscurely
mottled ; lower side of abdomen, sternum, coxae, and trochanters
velvety black ; femur of palp metallic black, with paler distal end ;
patella and tibia yellowish grey, furnished with long red bristles
beneath ; 1st and 2nd legs with femora and tibiaa black with
metallic reflections below, but ornamented at the base in front
with a large yellow patch, patellse yellowish brown ; 3rd and 4th
legs a tolerabl)'^ uniform yellowish brown, clothed like the anterior
legs with long greyish or reddish bristles. 1st and 4th legs sub-
equal in length and about four times the length of the carapace.
Spine of palpal organ very strongly carinate.

5 . 1st leg much longer than 4th and a little more than three
times as long as carapace, which slightly exceeds the patella and
tibia of the 4th.

Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 60, carapace 30, 1st
leg 92, 4th leg 81.

S . Total length 32, carapace 17, 1st leg 70, 4th 70.
Log. Trivandrum in Travancore (Ferguson).

175. Poecilotheria metallica, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (7) iii, p. 93, pi. vii,
fig. 3, 1899.

2 . Colour of upper side of body much as in P. subfusca (p. 190),
but the central pale area on the carapace broader, pale band on
abdomen less clearly defined ; upper side of legs and palpi not
transversely banded ; under side of limbs entirely dark brown, with
metallic blue reflections on the anterior pair, and an orange-yellow
spot on the base of the tibiae of the legs. 1st and 4th legs about
twice and a fourth as long as carapace, which is a little longer
than patella and tibia of 2nd and of 4th legs.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 52, carapace 23*5, Ist leg 65,
2nd 59, 3rd 52, 4th 64.

Loc. S. India : Gooty {Carter).

190

TnEEAPHOSlijjEi

176. Poecilotheria miranda, sp. n.

$ . Colour : carapace greyish, with a pair of ill-defined brownish
bands on each side of the middle line ; the pale abdominal stripe
broken up by a row of four large brown spots ; legs variegated
above, patella3 entirely white above and below except for a small
dark s])ot on those of the 3rd and 4th legs : femora entirely velvety
black below ; tibiie white with median black stripe ; protarsi dark
below, witli pale basal patch ; palpi uniformly dark below. Eirst-
ley about three times, 4th about two and three quarter times as
long as carapace, which is as long as patella and tibia of 2nd or of
4th leg. Femora of palp and anterior legs fringed.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 46, carapace 22, Ist leg 64,
2nd 58, 3rd 51, 4th 62.

Log. Bengal : Chota Nagpur (Logsdail).

177. Poecilotheria subfusca, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 171, 1895

id. op. cit. (7) iii, p. 88, 1899.

2 . Colour : carapace brown, paler laterally, with narrow white
lines radiating from the fovea ; pale abdominal baud broken up par-
tially or completely into two rows of spots ; legs coloured above
much as in P. miranda, but patellae dark, each with broad pale basal
band and apical pale spot and a much narrower pale area on base
of protarsus ; palp with patella and base of tibia pale below ; legs
mostly black below, femora with narrow pale distal stripe, patellae
with basal white patch, tibiae with small pale patch at base and at
distal end, protarsus also with pale patch in front. Carapace about
equal to the patella and tibia of 4th and a little less than those
segments of 2nd leg.

d . Like female in colour ; 1st and 4th legs only slightly unequal
and about four times as long as carapace.

Measurements in mm.— $ . Total length 50, carapace 23, Ist leg
68, 2nd 63, 3rd 54, 4th 64.

(5 . Total length 31, carapace 15, 1st leg 62, 2nd 56, 3rd 48,

4th 60. -o J •

Log. Ceylon: Punduloya and Kandy {Ch-een); Perademya

(^Freeman).

178 Pcecilotheria regalis, Pocock, A. M. N. S. (7) iii, p. 89, t. vii;.
figs. 1-1 b, 1899.

Q Colour : carapace greyish, marked in the middle with a pair of
lon<^itudinal dark stripes ; abdomen with a broad whitish, marginally
sinSous band, edged with black, whence black stripes pass lateraUy
on to the sides of the abdomen ; coxa3, sternum, and lower side of
abdomen deep chocolate-brown, a broad transverseyellowish-redband
behind the epigastric fold ; upper side of legs and pa pi variegated
with grey and black, femora black, patella and tibiae whitish below ;
lower and under sides of femora, patellae, and tibiae of 1st and 2nd
lees bright sulphur-yeUow, of 3rd aud 4th bluish white ; femora
and tibil; each ornamented with a broad blackish stripe, which on

POJOILOTHJSEIA.

the femora is narrower than the pale basal area, but much broader
than the pale distal ai-ea ; a very narrow basal stripe on inner side
of femora. Caraj'ace almost equal to patella and tibia of 2nd leg.
Femora of palp and of 1st and 2nd legs fringed externally and
internally at apex. Male smaller than female and much more
uniformly coloured above.

Measvrements in mm. — 5 • Total length 53, carapace 25, Ist leg'
75, 2nd 65, 3rd 55, 4th 67.

d . Total length 32, carapace 17-5, 1st leg 73, 2nd 63, 3rd 52-5,.
4th 65.

Loc. Southern and Western India : Nilgiri Hills (Oates) ; Coorg ;
Arkonam in the north Arcot District (Carter); Matheran {Fhip-
son) ; Diihauu in Thaua District (Eclie).

179. Pcecilotheria striata, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 172, 1895 ;

id. op. cit. (7) iii, p. 89, 1899.

5 . Closely resembling P. regalis in colours ifec, but with no-
band on lower side of abdomen and the yellow on the femora more
orange in tint. Legs longer than in P. regalis (cf. measurements) ;.
carapace mnch shorter than patella and tibia of 1st leg, shorter'
also than those of 4th.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 45, carapace 25 ; Ist leg 85,.
2nd 72, 3rd 59, 4th 74 ; patella and tibia of 1st leg 31, of 4th
26, protarsus of 4th 19.

Distribution. S. India : Mysore ; Trivandrum in Travancore-
{Ferguson) *.

180. Pcecilotheria formosa, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (7) iii, p 91,.

1899.

5 . Valour of upper side much like that of P. regalis, but the
brown bands on the carapace broader ; the pale band on the
abdomen less lobate posteriorly ; pale band at extremity of tibitB'
and protarsi broader ; no distinct spots on upper side of tarsi ;
lower side of the tibia of the palp brown, and the basal segments
of the legs much more uniformly dirty white ; a large basal black
patch on the anterior femora ; femora of the 3rd and 4th pairs not
or hardly banded distally ; no pale band on lower side of abdomen.
Legs shorter than in P. regalis (cf. measurements). Carapace
longer than patella and tibia of 2nd leg. Eemora of palpi and of
anterior legs scarcely fringed.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 54, carapace 26, 1st leg 69,
2nd leg 61, 3rd leg 54, 4th leg 65.

Loc. S. India: Kadiampatti and Mallapuram in the Salem
District (Carter 6f West).

*^The type of the .species is ticketed " Penang (Hardwicke)." No doubt, how-
ever, the locality is en oiieous, since the species has of late years been discovered
in S. India, but has not been obtained in Penang.

192

THEBAraOSIDjE.

181 Poecilotheria vittata, Pocock, A. M. N. II. (C) xv, p. 172, 1895
id. op. Lit. (7) iii, p. 89, 1899.

. Colour a tolerably uniform yellowish olive above ; femora of
1st ami 2ud legs dirty white below without basal black patch, the
black band twice as broad as the pale distal area, patellic pale
below, tibiffi with pale extremities ; femora of 3rd and 4th legs uni-
formly dark, with greyish-pink bristles, tibias paler at base. Lecjs
practically as in P. regalis as regards length &c.

Measurements in mm.— Total length 34, carapace 17, Ist leg 72,
2nd 63, 3rd 57, 4th 66.

Loc. India or Oeylon (exact place unknown).

182. Poecilotheria fasciata, Latreille, Nom. Diet. jT Hist. Nat. xv,
p. 304, 1803 ; C. Koch, Arachn. ix, p. 41, p. 717, 1842 (Mygale).

0 Colour as in P. regalis and formosa, but with a black basal
pat^h in front on anterior femora, the black stripe only one-third
■IS wide as the pale basal area and not or scarcely wider than the
pale distal area : stripe on femur of 3rd leg also narrow and on 4th
very narrow or incomplete. Lecjs without or with weak femoral
fringes, shorter than in P. striata (cf. measurements) ; carapace
slightly exceeding patella and tibia of 4th.

J. Like female in colour, but with pattern of upper side

'""^MfZ^rements in mm.-?. Total length 46, carapace 24, 1st

J!''Totonength 35, carapace 16-5, 1st leg 66, 4th 60.
Loc Ceylon : Trincomali (Basseit-Smith) ; Kandy (^Terhury 6f

''ri;MM:'S.'2trk 1885, p. m -o-as ^ /»»•- from
Madura,- S. India. The specimen so named is perhaps reterable
to P. regalis or P. formosa.

183. Poecilotheria ornata, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (7) iii, p. 93, 1899.
o Colour like that of P. fasciata, but the femoral stripes much
rip,- that on 4th leg complete and as broad as the pale basal area ;
brofdei than the pale basal area, on 1st and 2nd much
wt thl pa e distal area and half as broad as pale basal area.
L.jrwith thick femoral fringe. Carapace shorter than patella

^^l^ltri'S I mm^^feal length 46, carapace 19, 1st leg 64,
2nd 58, 3rd 49, 4th 61.

Loc. S. Ceylon : Eatnapura (Burrows).

Genus CHILOBEACHTS, Karsch.

Chilobraehys, Karsch, J^erL ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 270, 1892; Pocock,

OniLOBBAOHYS.

193

Large or small, mostly dull-coloured, Spiders, differing from
Pwcihtheria in having the carapace less flat, the fovea crescentically
procurved, the et/es of the anterior line practically straight, the
spines on the mandible and the bacilli on the maxilla more numer-
ous, and in the series of bacilli not being accompanied by tubercles.
Legs with scopulaj narrower and with spines at the tip of protarsi.
Palpal organ of the male ending in a long and slender or in a shorter
blade-like spine.

Type, C. nitelinvs, Kai'sch.

Distribution. India, Ceylon, and Burma.

Habits. Live on the ground in burrows or in natural crevices.

Synopsis of Indian Species.
Males.

. Carapace shorter than protarsus of 4th and not

exceeding patella and tibia of 3rd leg C. andersoni, p. 197.

Carapace longer than protarsus of 4th and

than patella and tihia of 3rd leg.
a\ Carapace as long as patella and tibia of 1st

or of 4th leg C. femoralis, p. 195.

6'. Carapace shorter than patella and tibia of
let or of 4th leg.

a'^. Palpus twice as long as carapace C. nitelinus, p. 197.

6". Palpus much less than twice as long as
carapace.

^^^ Spine of palpal organ stout, blade-like,
abruptly narrowed at the point,
a*. Femora of palpi and of 1st and 2nd
legs sooty black below and externally

fringed Q.fimbriatm, p, 195.

6*. Femora of palpi and of 1st and
2nd legs particoloured below; not
fringed.

a'. Width of carapace exceeding tibia

of 1st or protarsus of 4th leg ... . C. bicolor, p. 196.
¥. Width of carapace equal to tibia

of 1st and less than protarsus of [p. 196.

4th leg C.flavo-pilosus,

i'. Spine of palpal organ .slender, attenuate.
a^. Area of palpal bulb remote from base
of spine, produced into an anguliform

prominence C. thorellii, p. 199.

6'. Palpal bulb with scarcely a trace of
prominence.
a''. Fringe of hairs overlapping bacilli
on maxilla olive ; hairs of body

and legs blackish C. pocochii, p. 195.

V . Fringe on maxilla shining red ;
hairs of body and legs brown
a^. Femora of legs scantily clothed
with long hairs ; carapace just
exceeding protarsus of 4th leg. C stridulans, p, 198.

o

194

TlIBllAl'llOSIDiE.

b". Femora of legs with ninny long
hairs ; carapace considerably
exceeding pro tarsus of 4th leg.
a?. Carapace shorter than patella

and tibia of 2nd leg C. hardivicM, p. 198.

b". Carapace a little longer than

patella and tibia of 2nd leg. . C. sericeus, p. 199.

Females.

a. Underside of palpi and of 1st and 2nd legs

black internally, yellow externally.
4th leg- a little longer than 1st; protarsus
and tarsus of 4th longer than carapace .. C.Jlavo-pilosus,T^.l9Q.
bK 4th leg much shorter than Ist; protarsus

and tarsus of 4th shorter than carapace . . C. hicolor, p. 196.

b. Palpi and anterior legs uniformly coloured

beneath.

d^. Spicules on outer side of mandible aiTanged

in very definite parallel rows C. fumoms, p. 196.

b^. Spicules on outer side of mandible irregu-
larly arranged,
a^. Femora of palp and of anterior legs fringed

externally; 1st leg much longer than 4th. C.Jhnbriatus, p. 195.
¥. Femora of palp and of anterior legs not
fringed ; 1st leg not longer than 4th.
a*. Carapace much shorter than patella and
tibia of 1st leg.
a'. Sternum and legs sooty blackbeneath;

legs with pale bands above C. masoni, p. 197.

¥. Sternum and legs brown beneath ;

legs not banded above C. andersoni, p. 197.

A*. Carapace not much or scarcely shorter
than patella and tibia of Ist leg.
rt". Hairy clothing of body and limbs
blackish ; fi-inge overlapping baciUi

on maxilla olive-green CjjococfttV, p. 195.

Haiiy clothing of body and limbs
yellowish or greyish brown ; fringe
on maxilla shining red.
a'. Width of head about equal to
length of 4th protarsus.
a^. Size large : carapace about

17 mm. long- C. hnrdwickii, p. 198.

¥. Size small : carapace about

12 mm. long C. nitelinm, p. 197.

IP. Width of head much less than
length of 4th protarsus.
a^. 4th leg long, almost three times

as long as carapace ; paler .... C. sericeus, p. 199.
6°. 4th leg short, about two and
a half times the length of the
carapace ; darker C, brevipes, p. 199.

OHILOBHACHYS. 195

184 Chilobracliys fimbriatus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii,
p. 740, 1899.

o Colour ■ integument blackish, covered above with yellowish
hairs' intermixed with reddisli bristles on the limbs and abdomen ;
Sdomen marked with narrow dark stripes above velvety black
below like under side of the limbs. Carapace as long as pate a
and tibia of 1st leg, much longer than those o± the 4th, and a little
Wer than protarsus and tarsus ot 4t.h. Ist leg longer than 4th ;
femora of palpi and anterior legs thickly fringed externally.

^ Caraimce shorter than patella and tibia of 2nd leg, as long
as protarsus and half the tarsus of the 4th. Pemur of 3rd leg thick
Spine of pal2Ml organ thick, blade-like, abruptly narrowed at the

^""^Measurements in mm.- 2 • Total length 45, carapace 26, 1st leg
■67, 2nd 59, 3rd 51, 4th 63, patella and tibia of 4t.h 23.

^ Total length 30, carapace 16, 1st leg 54, 2nd 48, 3rd 39,
4th 53, pateUa and tibia of 1st 21-5, of 4th 13-5. _

Zoc. Western India: Khandala {Phtpson)- Jaoh in Satara

{Master).

185. Chilobrachys femoralis, sp. n.

^ Colour: integument jet-black ; hairs on carapace goldeii
vellow, elsewhere duller yellow and intermixed with red bristles.
^Carapace as long as patella and tibia of 1st or of 4th legs, longer
■than those of 2nd, and almost as long as protarsus and tarsus of
.4th, very slightly longer than patella, tibia, and tarsus of palp.
Leas short, 1st and 4th almost equal; femur of 3rd very thick
Palpal organ with spine thickish and blade-like, abruptly narrowed

^iLt— ^^^^^^^

2nd 28, 3rd 25, 4th 32-5, pateUa and tibia of 1st 11 5, of 4th
11*5.

Log. Western India : Nasik {Millet).

186. CMlolarachys pocockii, Thorell, Ann. Mm. Genova, xxxvii,

p. 180, 1897 (Musagetes).

o Colour: integument blackish, hairy clothing deep oHve-
trowii Carapace as long as pateUa and tibia of 1st, longer than
those of 4th, and almost as long as protarsus and tarsus of _4th leg.
Fringe overhanging stridulating haciUi olive-green, not bright red
as in the other species ; the bacilli set several rows deep, except at
the two ends of the cluster. . „ j i .t,

S Carapace shorter than patella and tibia of 2nd, less than
protarsns and half the tarsus of 4th leg. S^ine oi palpal organ
slender, very long, strongly curved, its distal half bent nearly at
Tight angles, the point shghtly expanded. or. i ^ i

Measurements in mm.— ? . Total length 46, carapace 20, 1st leg
53 2nd 45, 3rd 41, 4th 54, patella and tibia of 4th 18.

' o 2

196

THBRAPHOSIDiE.

d . Total length 27, carapace 14, palp 23, 1st leg 48, 2nd 14,
Srd 36, 4th 48-5, patella and tibia of 4th 16, of 1st 19.
Loc. Upper Burma : Thao and Bia-po in Karenuee (Pea).

187. Chilohrachys bicolor, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 172, 1895

(Musagetes).

5 . Colour : carapace and abdomen covered with yellowish-
brown hairs ; legs similarly coloured, with the femora much darker
and the inner and anterior half of the under side of the 1st and 2nd
pairs velvety black. Carapace as long as patella and tibia of 1st leg,
longer than those of 4th, and much longer than protarsus and
tarsus of 4th ; width of head equal to 4th protarsus. Ist leg longer
than 4th.

(S . Carapace exceeding protarsus and half the tarsus of the 4th
leg, scarcely shorter than patella and tibia of 2nd, a little shorter
than those of 4th. Spine of 2Jalpal organ broad and flattened, with
slight spiral twist and a sharp point (fig. 62, D, p. 198).

Measurements in mm. — 5 • Total length 49, carapace 22, 1st leg
56, 2nd 48, 3rd 42, 4th 52, patella and tibia of 1st 22.

S. Total length 35, carapace 19, palp 30, 1st leg 60, 2nd 53,
3rd 46, 4th 58, patella and tibia of 1st leg 24, of 4th 20.

Loc. Upper Burma: Kyaukse (Oaies) ; Myingya (Watson).

188. CMlohrachys flavo-pilosus, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, xx, p. .358,

1884 (Pbrictus) : cervinus, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 5, 1895,
in part, 5 '• fuligineus, id. op. cit. p. 8, in part (Phlogius) : deci-
piens, Mus. Genova, xxxvii, p. 179, 1897 (Musagetes).

Eesembling C. hicolor in colour, but smaller and with longer
legs.

5 . Carapace at most slightly longer than patella and tibia and
a little shorter than protarsus and tarsus of 4th leg ; 4th leg a little
longer than 1st.

(J . 4th and 1st legs subequal. Palpal organ with spine weaker
than in C. hicolor.

Measurements in mm. — 5 . Total length 37, carapace 15*5, 1st leg
42, 2nd 37, 3rd 33, 4th 43, patella and tibia of 4th 15, of 1st 16-5.

S . Total length 35, carapace 16-5, palp 27, 1st leg 54, 2nd 49,
3rd 43-5, 4th 54, patella and tibia of 4th 18-5.

ioc. Burma : Minhla (Comoito); Thayetmyo and Tharrawaddy
(Gates).

189. Chilobrachys fumosus, Pocock, A. M. N. B. (6) xv, p. 174, pi. x,
fig. 7, 1895 (Musagetes).
$ . Colour of integument and hairs mostly blackish, the longer
bristles reddish. Distinguishable from the rest of the species by
having the spicules on the mandible arranged in four definite
parallel rows. Carapace a little longer than patella and tibia of 1st

gniLOBEAOHYS.

197

or 4th legs, ouly a little shorter than protarsus and tarsus of 4th.
4th ley much louger than 1st.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 36, carapace 18, Ist leg
44, 2nd 39, 3rd 37-5, 4th 50, patella and tibia of 1st 17, ol:
4th 16.

Loc. North India.

190. CMlobrachys masoni, Pocock, A. M. N. II. (6) xv, p. 174, pi. x,

fig. 6, 1895 (Musngetes).

Colour: integument clothed with yellowish-brown hairs above,
velvety black on lower surface of body and limbs ; upper side of
limbs with narrow pale longitudinal lines, and on the apices of the
segments with narrow transverse pale bands. Carapace shorter
than patella and tibia of 1st, longer than those of 2nd, equal to
those of the 4th leg, nearly as long as protarsus and tarsus of 4th ;
width of head much less than protarsus of 4th.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 41, carapace 20, 1st leg 54,
2nd 49, 3rd 44, 4th 57, patella and tibia of 1st leg 22, of 4th 20.

Loc. Assam : Sylhet.

191. CMlobrachys andersoni, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 172,

1895, $ (Musagetes) : cervinus, Thoreli, Spiders of Burma, p. 5,
1895, in part, cS (Phlogius) : ruib-fascus, Thoreli, Ann. Mus,
Genova, xxxvii, p. 177, 1897, $ (Musagetes).

2 ■ Principally differing from C. masoni in being uniformly
coloured with yellovvish-brown hairs.

cJ . Distinguishable by the great length of the legs ; carapace con-
siderably shorter than protarsus of 4th, equal to patella and tibia of
3rd leg. Leys of 4th pair more than foiu- times as long as carapace.
Palpcd oryan with spine stout, bicarinate, attenuate, with a small
blunt point.

Measurements in mm. — 5 . Total length 54, carapace 25, 1st leg
68, 4th 72, patella and tibia of 4th 24.

d . Total length 30, carapace 14, palp 28, 2nd leg 51, 3rd 44,
4th 60, patella aud tibia of 4th 19, protarsus 16.

Loc. Tenasserim (Gates) ; Mergui (Anderson) ; Kawkareet (^Pea),

192. Chilobrachys nitelinus, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p 270,

t. X, tig. 2, 1892.

$ . Colour : integument deep brown, hairy clothing yellowish
brown. Carapace about as long as patella and tibia of 1st leg,
longer than those of 4th and than protarsus and tarsus of 4th ;
width of head about equal to length of 4th protarsus.

6 • Carapace a little less than patella and tibia of 2nd leg, a little
longer than protarsus of 4th. Palp long, about twice the length
of the carapace ; spine of organ curved, pointed ; bulb without
prominence.

Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 26, carapace 12, 1st leg

198

TnERAPnosiu^.

30, 2nd 26, 3rd 23, 4t.h 31-5, patella and tibia of Ist 11-5, of 4th
11*3.

(J*. Total length 16, carapace 9, palp 18, 1st leg 32, 2nd 28,
3rd 25, 4th 34, patella and tibia of Ist 11-5, of 4th 11.
Loc. Ceylon (Sarasin) : Punduloya and Dikoya (Green).

193. CMlobrachys hardwickii, PococJc, A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 174,

1895.

5 . Eesembling that of C. nitelinus, but much larger ; legs of
Ist and 4th pairs subequal, patella and tibia of 1st leg distinctly
longer than of 4th.

cJ , Carapace shorter than patella and tibia of 2nd leg, equal to
protarsus and half the tarsus of the 4th, more than half the length
of the palpus. Legs with femora thickly clothed with bristles
beneath. Bulb of paZpa? organ without anterior prominence, the
spine longish, attenuate, pointed at apex (fig. 62, C).

Measurements in mm.— $ . Total length 34, carapace 18, 1st leg
43, 3rd 34, 4th 43, patella and tibia of 1st leg 1/-3, ot

^*V^Total length 27, carapace 14, palpus 23, 1st leg 46, 2nd 40,
3rd 34 4th 44, patella and tibia of 1st leg 18-5, of 4th 16.

Loc ' Shahiahanpur in North-west Provinces ; Bilaspur m
Central Provinces (Phijpson) ; Chota Nagpur (Logsdatl) ; Burdwan
{Hardwiche).

194 Chilobracliys stridulans, Wood-Mason, P. A. S. B. 1876, p. 197
id. Tr. Ent. Soc. 1877, p. 281, pi. vii (Mygale).

Allied to C. liardwicJcii, but with the
appendages less hairy and longer. Cara-
paee shorter than the patella, tibia, and
half the tarsus of the palp, and just
exceeding the protarsus of the 4th leg.
1st and 4th legs subequal. Palpal organ
(fie. 62, A) shorter than half the
length of the tibia; the spine shorter
and straighter than in C. hardwicUi.

Measurements in mm. — Total length
28, carapace 14, palp 25, 1st leg 50,
2nd 42-5, 3rd 37, 4th 49-5, patella and
tibia of 1st leg 20, of 4th 16-5.
Fig. 62.— A. Palpal organ of c? Loc. Assam : Sibsagar (Peal).
of CMlohrachys stridulans ;
B, of C. thorellii; 0, of C.
hardwickii ; D, of C. bicolor.

OHILOBRAOHYS.

199'

195. CMlobrachys thorellii, sp. n.

cJ. Distinguishable from C. liardiviclcii and G. strklulans by
having the portion of the balb of the palpal organ remote from
the spine produced into an aiiguliform prominence (fig. 62, B).
Nearly resembling 0. stndulam m length of legs, &c., but with the
1st leg shorter.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 30, carapace 14, palpus 23^
1st leg 48, 4th leg 49, patella and tibia of 1st 19, of 4th 16.
Loc. Assam : Sadiya.

196. Chilobracliys brevipes, ThoreU,Aiin. Mus.Genova,xxxvu,T^.l79r

1897 (Musngetes).
5. Colour: integument blackish, hairy clothing deep olive-
yellow. Carapace scarcely longer than patella and tibia of Ist leg,
slightly longer than those of 4th, a little shorter than protarsus
and tarsus of 4th, width of head distinctly less than protarsua
of 4th leg.

Measurements in mm.— Total length 27, carapace 12, 1st leg 29,
2nd 25, 3rd 23, 4th 31, patella and tibia of 1st leg 11-5, of 4th 11,
Loc. Burma: Tharrawaddy {Gates).

197. CMlobrachys sericeus, Thordl, Spiders of Burma, p. 10, 1895

(Phlogius).

2 . Closely allied to female of G. nitelinus and hardwiclcii, but
the width of the head much less than length of 4th protarsus.

cJ . Smaller than male of C. hardwicMi, with the carapace not
shorter than the patella and tibia of 2nd leg, a little shorter than
those of 4th. Bulb ot palpal oz-^/foi rounded ; spine subfiliform, but
ending in a small blunt point.

Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 24, carapace 10-5, 1st leg
27-5, 2nd 24, 3rd 21-5, 4th 30, patella and tibia of Ist leg 11,
of 4th 10.

cJ . Total length 22, carapace 10, palp 15, 1st leg 31, 2nd 26,
3rd 24, 4th 32, patella and tibia of 1st leg 12-5, of 4th 11.
Loc. Burma : Eangoon (Gates).

The following species, based upon females, are of doubtful
validity : —

Chilohrachys soriciuus, Thorell, Ann. Mies. Genova, xxv, p. 15,
1888 (Phrictus).

2 . A little larger than the type of C. sericeus, with the patella
and tibia of 1st leg a little longer as compared with the cara-
pace, and the anterior lateral eyes a little larger as compared with
the median.

Loc. Burma : Bhamo (Fea).

200

THERAPnOSID^E.

The specimen identified and described by Thorell in 18'J7 as
Mimigetes soricinus appears irom the h^g-measurements to differ
specifically from the original soricinus.

Chilobrachys oculatus, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 13, 1895
(Phlogius).

Based upon a mutilated and doubtfully adult specimen, re-
sembling the type of G. soricinus in having the anterior lateral eyes
of large size.

Log. Arrakan : Akyah (Oates).

Genus SELENOCOSMIA, Auss.

Selenocosmia, Ausserer, Verh. 3.-6. Ges. Wien, 1871, p. 204;

Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 170, 1895.
Phrictus, L. Koch, Arach. Austral, p. 488, 1874 (nom. prffiocc).
Phlogius, Simon, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6) vii, p. cxcv, 1887 ; id. Hist.

Nat. Araiijn. i, p. 146, 1892.

Closely resembling Gliilohrachys, but with the spines on the
outer side of the mandible long, setiform, and but little differ-
entiated from the orn.l fringe ; while on the maxilla the cluster of
bacilli is large and oval, the bacilli lying several rows deep, and
there is no fringe of hairs overbauguag the bacilli.

Type, S. javanensis, Walck.

Distributioii. Himalayas, Burma, thence eastwards and south-
wards into Australia.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

. PateUse paler than the rest of the segments

of the leo-8 himalayana, p. 200.

Patellae the same colour as the rest of seg-
ments of the legs and palpi,
fli. Tarsal scopula of 4th leg divided ; cluster
of hacilli on maxilla twice as long as

broad S.fuliginea,^.2Q\.

o\ Tarsal scopula of 4th leg undivided ;
cluster of Dacilli on maxilla only a little

longer than broad S. javanensis,^. 'IGl.

198. Selenocosmia himalayana, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii,
p. 740, 1899.

5 . Colour : integument blackish ; carapace and patella covered
with greyish-yellow hairs, rest of the leg-segments and abdomen
blackish 'brown. Carapace with head low, a little longer than
patella and tibia of 1st and 4th legs ; eyes of anterior line straight.
Stridulating-bristles on mandible spiniform. Tarsal scopula of 4th
leg divided by band of setse ; patella and tibia of 1st and 4th
legs about equal.

SBLHNOOOSMIA. ^^l

Measurements in Total length 32, carapace 15, 1st leg 37,

2nd 33, 3rd 31, 4th 43.

Loc. North India : Dehra Dun (Gleadotv).

199. Selenocosmia fuliginea, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 8, 1895
(Phlogius).

P Uniformly coloured and darker than S. himalayana. Cara-
pace'not quite so long as patella and tibia of 4th leg; cephalic
reo-ion higher; anterior line of eyes procurved, laterals distinctly
smaller than medians. Cluster of hacilli on maxilla twice as long
as wide, narrowed distally ; bristles on mandible slender, evenly
attenuate. Patella and tibia of 1st and 4th legs ahout equal ;
tarsal scopula of 4th divided.

MeasuremenU in mm.— Total length 37, carapace 15, 1st leg 4U,
2nd 33, 3rd 29, 4th 42.

Loc. Burma : Tharrawaddy {Oates).

200. Selenocosmia javanensis, Wahk. Im. Apt. i, p. 216, 1837.

5 . Paler in colour than S. fuliginea. Carapace a little longer
than "patella and tibia of 4th leg ; anterior lateral eyes as long as
the medians. Cluster of hacilli on maxilla thick, with distal end
broad and rounded ; bristles on mandible more ahundant and
attenuate than in S. fuliginea. Legs with tarsal scopula of 4th
not completely divided ; patella and tibia of 1st leg longer than

of 4tb. „n -, . , CO

Measurements in 9?)?}i.— Total length 42, carapace 20, 1st leg 5^,
2nd 45, 3rd 41, 4th 55.

Loc. Lesser Nicobar (according to Thorell) ; Java.

The following species, based upon immature individuals, cannot
be satisfactorily classified : —

Selenocosmia orophila, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Geneva, xxxvii, p. 175,
1897 (Phlogius).

5 . Carapace with thoracic fovea larger than in S. javanensis and
S. fuliginea, about as long as patella and tibia of 1st or 4th leg;
size of eyes and shape of cluster of bacilli approaching those of
S. javanensis ; bristles on mandible more like those of S. fuliginea.
Tarsal sco pulse of 3rd and 4th legs divided.

Measurements in mm.— Total length 14, carapace 6-5, 1st leg 16,
4th 17.

Loc. Burma : Bia-po in Karennee {Fea).

202

THEEATHOSID^.

Genus PHLOGIELLUS, Pocock *.
Plilogiollus, Pocock, Abh. Senck. natxirf. Gca. xxiii, pt. 4, p. 595, 1897

Eesembling Selenocosmia in the structure of the stridulating-
orgau and in most structural features, but distinguishable by having
the tarsal scopula) of all the legs divided by a band of setiB and
by the retention of the inferior tarsal claw on the posterior pair
of legs.

Type, P. inermis, Auss.

Distrihution. Java; Nicobar Islands.

201. Phlogiellus subarmatus, Thorell, Sv. Vet.-Akad. Ilandl. xxiv,
no. 2, p. 13, 1891 (Ischnocolus).

Colour : integument blackish, hairy clothing ashy red. Cara-
pace low. Legs rather short ; scopulae on anterior legs scanty, on
posterior legs thick and divided by a band of setB3.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 15*5, carapace 6, 1st leg
15, 4th 17.

Loe. Nanchoury in the Nicobar Islands (according to Thorell).

Genus LYROGNATHUS, Pocock.
Lyi-ognathus, Pocock, A. M. N. R. (6) xv, p. 170, 1895.

At once distinguishable from the rest of the genera of the sub-
family by having the legs of the 4th pair much thicker than the
rest, with the protarsal scopula extending almost up to the base of
the segment ; 3rd leg thicker than 2Qd, with the scopula also
covering the protarsus beneath.

Stridulating-organ and other characters as in Selenocosmia.

Type, L. erotalus, Poc.

Distribution. North-east India.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

a. Eyes of anterior line close to the edge of the

carapace L. piu/na.r, p. 203.

b. Eyes of anterior line about twice their own dia-

meter from edge of clypeiis.
a\ Legs longer ; tibia of 4th about three times as

long as high , Z. saltator, p. 203.

6'. Legs shorter ; tibia of 4th only about tvsdce as

long as high L. erotalus, p. 203.

* Based upon a Javan species, P. atriceps, which Prof. Kulczynski informs
me {in litt.) is identical with Ischnocolus inermis of Ausserer. According to
ThoreW, I. siihannatJts is al^o identical with /. inermis — an opinion of which the
correctness may be queatioued.

lteognathus.

203

202. Lyrognathus crotalus, Pocock, A. M. N. II. (6) xv, p. 175,

1895.

9 . Colour : integument blackish brown, covered with dus y
brown hairs, intermixed with foxy-grey bristles on legs and
abdomen. Carapace nearly one-third longer than ^i^e, only very
sHghtly shorter than protarsus and tarsus of 4th leg, or than b a,
protarsus, and tarsus of 3rd, distinctly longer t^an patella tibia
and tarsus of palp. Eijes of anterior line separated J™m edge ot
clypeus by about twice their diameter, medians larger than late als
Tibia and protarsus of 4th leg with a very thick clothing ot short
erect hairs, intermixed with long bristles ; tibia about as wide as
high, its height almost equal to half its length.

Meamvemenis in mm.— Total length 26, carapace 13-5, palp 19,
1st leg 32, 2nd and 3rd legs 27, 4th leg 41, tibia of 4th 8, height
of latter 3-5.

Loc. North India.

203. Lyrognathus saltator, sp. n.

Allied to the foregoing, but with the legs longer (c/ measure-
ments); tibia and protarsus of 4th leg less thickly hairy, the
former about three times as long as high. Carapace about one-
fourth longer than wide, as long as the protarsus and two-thirds
of the tarsus of the 4th, scarcely longer than patella, tibia, and
tarsus of palp, and noticeably shorter than tibia, protarsus, and

tarsus of 3rd. , -

Meamremenis in mm.— Total length 32, carapace 15, palpus^/! 0,

Ist leg 37, 2nd and 3rd legs 32, 4th leg 49, tibia of 4th 10-5, height

of latter 3*5.

Loc. Assam : North Khasi Hills.

204. Lyrognathus pugnax, sp. n.

AQied to the preceding, and especially to L. saltator, but at once
distinguishable by having the anterior line of eyes close to the edge
of the carapace, and separated therefrom by a space which is only
about equal to the diameter of the eyes. Tibia of 4th leg higher than
in L. saltator, but not so high as in L. crotalus (cf. measurements).

Measurements in mm.— Total length 34, carapace 16, 1st leg 40,
2nd and 3rd legs 34, 4th leg 52, tibia of 4th 11, height of latter 4-5.

Loc. Assam : Shillong (Peal).

Subfamily ORNITHOCTONIN^.

Mandible furnished externally with a dense pad (scopula) com-
posed of short, close-set, plumose hairs ; between the scopula and
the oral fringe there is a naked area, which, however, bears poste-
riorly a small number (about four) of large, lightly curved, plumose

204

THBRAPHOSID^E.

bristles springing from the scopula above (fig. 64, a). Inner surface
of maxilla sparsely bairy, but furnisbed both above and below the
suture with a small number of blaclc tooth-like tubercles (fig. 63).

Fig. 63. — Inner surface of
iiinxilla of Ornithootonus
andersoni, showing the
spines.

Fig. 64. — Outer surface of
mandible of Ornithoctonus
andersoni. a. Stridulating-
bristles.

Posterior sternal sigilla remote from the margin. Legs with a
few spines at apex of tibite and protarsi * ; tarsal scopula thick
and undivided.

Distribution. From Burma and Siam southwards and eastwards
to the Moluccas.

Synoj)sis of the Burmese Genera.

, Carapace low, ocular tubercle close to edge

of clypeus Cybiopagopus, p. 204.

Carapace elevated in the cephalic region ;
ocular tubercle some distance behind
edge of clypeus.
a\ Legs strong and short; fovea large,

scarcely procurved Ornithoctonus, p. 205.

6^ Legs slender and long ; fovea small and

concentric Melopceus, p. 205.

Genus CYEIOPAGOPUS, Simon.

Cyriopagopus, Simon, J. A. S. B. Ivi, p. 110, 1887; id. Hist. Nat.

Araign. i, p. 152, 1892.
Omothymus, Thorell, K. 8v. Vet.-Akad. Handl. xxiv, no. 2, p. 10,

1891 ; Pocoek, A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 179, 1895.

Carapace low, flattish, the cephalic region gradually and evenly
inclined between the fovea and the ocular tubercle ; fovea sub-
linear, transverse, at most slightly procurved ; ocular tubercle low
and wide, close to the edge of the clypeus ; eyes of anterior line
subequal, scarcely procurved. Male with very long legs ; tibia of
1st with a single short blunt spur.

Type, C. paganits, Simon.

Distribution. Tenasserim and Peuaug.

* Simon is mistaken in stating that the legs of the type specimen of Cyrio-
pagopus paganus are without spines.

MELOPOJUS. — OllNlTHOCTOKUS.

205

205. Cyriopagopiis paganu?, Sivwn, J. A. S. B. Ivi, p. Ill, 1887.
Colour : intcgiuiieiit reddish brown, clothed with greyish-brovvn

pubescence and reddish bristles ; ends of leg-segments narrow y
white ; abdomen obscurely banded. Carapace as long as patella
and tibia of 1st leg, a little shorter than those of 4th and than
protarsus and tarsus of this limb.

Measurements in «)9)i.— Total length 35, length of carapace 14-5,
mdth 12, length of 1st leg 39 (patella + tibia 14-5), 2nd 35,
3rd 32, 4th 43 (patella + tibia 15, protarsus 10).

Xof. Tenasserim : Tavoy {Moti Ram).

Genus MELOPffiUS, Pocock.
Melopoeus, Fococh, A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 179, 189.5.

Carapace, with the cephalic region elevated, the area between
the fovea and the ocular tubercle distinctly convex botli longi-
tudinally and transversely ; fovea narrow and crescentically pro-
curved ; ocular tubercle high, subcircular, some distance behind
the edge of the clypeus. Legs long and slender, tlie 4th thinner
than the 1st, its tibia about four times as long as wide. Anterior
tibia of male with a single blunt spur as in Cyriopagopus.

Type, M. alhostriatus (Simon).

Distribution. Siam and Tenasserim.

206. Melopoeus minax, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Geneva, xxxvii, p. 182, 1897.
5. Colour: integument blackish, clothed with ruddy brown

hairs ; ends of leg-segments whitish ; abdomen obscurely banded
above'. Carapace as long as patella and tibia and one-fourth of
the protarsus of the 1st and 4th legs, very slightly exceeding
protarsus and tarsus of 4th ; width equal to patella and tibia of
2nd, greater than those of 3rd. Legs scantily clothed with bristles,
patella and tibia of 4th leg a Httle shorter than of 1st.

Measurements in mm.— Total length 44, length of carapace 24,
Ist leg 59, 2nd 52, 3rd 47, 4th 61, patella 4- tibia of 4th leg 21,
of 1st 22-5.

Loc. Tenasserim : Kawkareet {Fea).

Genus OENITHOCTONUS, Pocock.

OmithoctoBua, Pocock, Jour. Linn. Soc, Zool. xxiv, p. 317, 1892 ;
id. A. M. N. H. (6) XV, p. 179, 1895.

Eesembling Melopoeus in having the fore part of the carapare
elevated, the ocular tubercle small and situated at some distance
from the edge of the clypeus ; but differing in having the thoracic
fovea deep, wide, and scarcely procurved, and the legs stout and
short, the 4th pair being as thick as the 1st, the width of the tibia
of the 4th being more than one-third of the length. Male
unknown.

Type, 0. andersoni, Poc.

Distribution. Burma.

206

ahaohnomobph^.

207. Ornithoctonus andersoni, Pooock, Jnw. Linn. Soc, Zool. xxiv,
p. 317, pi. xxii, figs. 1-3, 1892.

5 . Colour : a nearly uniform reddish brown, darker beneath
and on femora, some white bairs at the extremities of the leg-
segments. Carapace as long as the patella and tibia and one-
fourth oP the protarsus of the 1st or 4th legs, considerably
exceeding protarsus and tarsus of 4th. Legs somewhat thickly
hairy, Ist and 4th subequal and considerably less than two and a
half times the length of the carapace ; patella and tibia of 4th leg
a little less than of 1st.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 52, carapace 25, 1st leg
(31, 2nd and 3rd 54, 4th 62, patella + tibia of 4th 12, of 1st 23.

Loc. Tenasserim : Mergui {Anderson).

Suborder ARACHNOMORPHjE.

Differing from the Mygalomorphse in having the basal segment of
the mandible articulated in a horizontal plane to the under side of
the head and directed downwards, the fang closing obliquely
inwards (tig. 52, p. 155). The posterior respiratory organs are m
the form of tracheal tubes, which in most cases open by a common
anerture just in front of the spinners. Spinning-fiiamillce normally
six in number, often accompanied by the cribellum or the colulus.
Coxa of palp furnished with a large maxillary process. Sternum
without distinct sigilla (at least in the Indian genera).'

Distribution. Subarctic, temperate, and tropical countries.

With the exception of one or two forms of doubtful systematic
position or great scarcity, the Indian species of Arachnomorphse
may be referred to the following families (those that are prmted
in itahcs have been omitted from the present volume) :—

Synopsis of tlie principal Indian Families.

a Cribellum and calamistrum present .
«\ Head-region large, rounded, high ; posterior

lateral eyes remote from the rest ••••••• J^resiaae.

6^ Head low, narrowed, not strongly rounded; pos-
terior lateral eyes very rarely remote horn the

a" Tarsi furnished with ungual tufts and an in-

feriorclaw Psecurioae.

b^. Tarsi without ungual tiifts.

a3 Anal papilla long and comcaUy acuminate . Uhhoridce.

b\ Anal papilla short, semicircular Dictynidm.

b Cribellum and calamistrum absent. .
' a\ Sternum much wider than long; the postenor

coxEB widely separated ••; Piatonaae.

b\ Sternum not wider than long ; posterior coxbb
not widely separated.
a\ Posterior spinners absent or much shorter than ^^^^.^^
the anterior

AKAOimOMOEPH^E.

207

Posterior spinners present, not shorter thnn
anterior.

«» 1st lef enormously thick, with tarsus pedun-
culate and almost clawless Palpimanida.

i". 1st leg typically subsimilar to the rest (larj^cr
in most Attidto) ; its tarsus normal and
clawed.

a' Posterior spinners enormously long and

apically slender ". Hersiliidae

v. Posterior spinners shorter and thick.

Anal papilla very large, fringed with
lono' hairs; posterior spinners much

larger than anterior Urocteidae.

6*. Anal papilla sniaU, not fringed; pos-
terior spinners generally aubequal to
the anterior.
a^. Olaws 3 ; no ungual tufts,
a". Tarsus of 4th leg with comb of

spines below Theridiidse.

6". Taa-sus of 4th leg without comb of
spines.

Maxillce incUned on labium;
mandibles scarcely toothed; legs

very long and slender Pholcidae.

6'^. Maxilloe not inclined on la-
bium ; mandibles toothed ; legs
shorter and thicker.
a}^. Tarsi armed apically with
curved serrate spmes. Seden-

tai-y web-weavers ArgycJpidae.

b^'^. Tarsi without serrate spines
at apex. Hunting Spiders.
a}^. Mandibles powerful,
toothed ; labium and max-
illae short Lycosidae.

b^^. Mandibles weak, weakly
toothed; labium and max-

illa3 long Oxyopidae.

6". Claws 2 ; ungual tufts present,
a^*. Anterior spinners wide apart at

base GnaphosidcB.

6'''. Anterior spinners close together
at base.

a}^. Anterior median eyes enor-
mously large ; eyes of posterior
line forming a square on sides
of head , Attid<s.

6^', Eyes more normal in size and
position.

a^^. Mandibles prominent, strongly
toothed; 3rd and 4th legs
not much shorter than 1st
and 2nd Clubionidae.

b^". Mandibles weak, weakly
toothed ; 3rd and 4th legs
much shorter than 1st and
2nd Thomisidce,

208

EEBSID^E.

Family EEESIDiE.

Small or medium-sized robust Spiders, with the cephalic region
of the carapace wide and usually high ; the clypeus low ; the four
median eyes forming a small quadrangle narrower in front than
behind, the anterior lateral eve on the side of the head, the posterior
lateral far removed from the rest of the eyes and situated high
up on the posterior portion of the liead; the mandibles flattish
in front, with fang-groove scarcely toothed ; maxillsB inclined
obliquely inwards ; legs strong, weakly spined, with three claws ;
abdomen oval ; spinners with large cribellum.

Distribution. Central and Southern Europe ; "Western Asia,
China; Africa; India, Ceylon, and Burma.

One Indian genus.

Genus STEGODYPHUS, Simon.

Stegodyplius, Simon, Ann. Soc. JEnt. Fr. (5) iii. p. 336, 1873 ; id.
Hist. Nat. Arccign. i, p. 263, 1892.

Chai'acters and distribution as above.
Type, S. lineatus, Latr.

The species of this genus live on bushes, where they spin either
a large sheet-like web accompanied by a tubular retreat, or a large
saccular nest in which many individuals live together.

Synopsis of Indimi Species.
Males.

a. Anterior legs thick, their tibise nearly as high

as long ^- tibialis, p. 209.

b. Anterior legs not thick, their tibiee more than

twice as long as high.
a^. 2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs entirely red ; Ist

black in its basal, red in its distal half. . S. mirandus, p. 209.
6\ All the legs alike, banded.

a^. Total length about 12 mm 'S'. pacijicus, p. 209.

6^. Total length about 6 mm S. sarasinorum, p. 209.

Females.

a. Upper side of abdomen a uniform golden

yellow socialis, p. 209.

b. Upper side of aljdomen clouded or banded

with black.

a\ Carapace clothed with olive-black hairs ;

abdomen not banded S. mirandus, p. 209.

6\ Carapace clothed with greyish-white
hairs ; abdomen banded.
About 20 mm. in leogth ; mandibles

whitish 'S'- iMcificits, p. 209.

6^. About 10 mm. in length ; mandibles

darker ^- sarasinorum, p. 209.

STEGODYPHUB.

209

208. Stegodyphus mirandus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii,

p. 750, 1899.

2. Colour: carapace and limbs blackish, clothed with olivs-
black' hairs ; hairs ou sterimm and coxa3 paler; abdomen bronze-
black above, a rich golden red at the sides and below, with the

spinners black. _ t n o j

. Uniformly black all over, with exception ot the 2nd, drd,
and 4th legs and tibia, protarsus, and tarsus of Ist leg, which are
bright yellowish red.

Measurements in mm.— $ . Total leogth 20, carapace 8, Ist leg
20. ■ Total length 12, carapace 6, 1st leg 19.

Loc. Western India : Bombay, Bundup (PJiipson) ; Urau
{Aiiken) ; Poona Ghats {Wroughion).

209. Stegodyphus pacificus, sp. n.

5 . As large as the preceding. Colour : integument yellowish
red, clothed with greyish hairs ; legs banded with black ; abdomen
with a pair of irregular longitudinal blackish bands above and at
the sides, black below, with a yellow band on each side ; man-
dibles black at tip.

J . Legs less strongly banded ; abdomen pale below, ornamented
laterally with short transverse reddish stripes.

Measurements in mm.— ? . Total length 20, carapace 10, 1st leg
23. 6 ■ Total length 12, carapace 6, 1st leg 21.

Loc. "Western India : Eastern Khandesh (Madan) ; Eastern
district of Poona ( Wroitghton).

210. Stegodyphus sarasinorum, Earsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi,

p, 275, pi. X, fig. 4, 1892.
5 . Much smaller than the preceding, which it closely resembles
in colour but has the mandibles clothed with olive-
black hairs. 6 . Much smaller than that of S. paci-
ficus, the mandibles covered with olive hairs ; palpal
organ relatively larger.

Measurements in mm. — 2 • Total length 10, cara-
pace 4, 1st leg 9-5. J . Total length 6, carapace 3,
1st leg 9.

, , ioc. Ceylou: Peradeniya (*Sarcisi?i, i^mman), Palode

Fig. 65 — ( Yerhury). India : Madatory, Ponmudi and Trivan-
Stegod>/phus drum in Travancore {Ferguson) ; Bangalore (Staunton) ;
sarasiiwncm, Chingleput (Jambunathan) ; Bilaspur, E. Khandesh
(Madan) ; Poona ( Wroughton) ; Uran (Aitken).
It is no doubt this species or the preceding that Simon
by mistake records as Stegodyphus gregarius, 0. P. Cambr., from
Guzerat.

211. Stegodyphus socialis, sp. n.

2 . Colour : carapace black, with lateral border and cephalic
region clothed with grey hairs ; mandibles black, with a transverse

V

210

rSECHBIDjE.

band of _vel]owi8h-grey hairs in the upper half ; legs olive-brown,
indistinctly banded with grey ; abdomen golden yellow above and
at sides, thickly mottled with black below.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 13, carapace 7, Tst leg 13.

Loc. S. India : Bangalore (Staunton).

212. Stegodyphus tibialis, O. P. Cambridge, A. M. N. H. (4) iii,
p. 71, t. vi, figs. 70, 71, 1869 (Eresus).

. Colour : cai'apace black, with broad yellow marginal band ;
abdomen brownish black, the under side and anterior and posterior
ends of upper side thickly covered with yellow hairs ; legs blackish,
the three posterior pairs banded above. Structurally differing
from the previously described males in having the femur, patella,
and especially tibia of the anterior legs thick and furnished with
long black hairs, the height of the tibia being more than half its
length.

Total length about 8 mm.

Loc. S. India : Mysore. Burma : Minhla {Comoito),

Family PSECHRID^.

Medium -sized, cribellate Spiders wilh long and slender legs,
the anterior two pairs being much louger than the posterior two,
and all of them furnished with ungual tufts and 3 claws ;
the superior claws are strongly toothed. Head moderately elevated ;
eyes in two transverse lines ; clypeus high. Mandibles strong and
short, toothed below. Abdomen oval or cylindrical. Cribellum
large.

Distribution. Ranging from Ceylon and India over the Indo- and
Austro-Malayan area.

Sedentary Spiders spinning large sheet-hke webs.

The two Indian genera may be diagnosed as follows : —

a. Head naiTower, ocular quadrangle longer than

-\vicle PsECHBUS, p. 210

b. Head broader, ocular quadrangle square Fecenia, p. 212.

Genus PSECHRUS, Thorell.

Psechrus, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii, p. 170, 1878; Simon,
Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 226, 1892.

Carapace with cephalic region narrower, more promiuent
anteriorly ; eyes of anterior line procurved, medians smaller than
laterals, of posterior line recurved, considerably behind the anterior
line, quadrangle longer than wide.

Type, P. argeniatiis, Dol.

Distribution. India and Ceylon to New Guinea.

PSECHRtrS.

211

Sijnopsi/i of Indian Species

a. Cephalicreffionofcai-apace elevated, with ocular

region prominent P- P- ^^1-

b. Cephalic region not elevated ; ocular region not

prominent. ,
a\ 1st lei' about six times as long as cai-apace . r. tonus, p.
b\ 1st leg about live times as long as carapace . P. ghecuanm, p. ^ii-

213. Psechrus torvus, 0. P. Cambridge, Jour. Linn. Soc, Zool. x,
p 370 pi. xi, 1809 (Tegeuarin) ; Simon, Hid. Nat. Araign. \,
p! 224,'lig3. 173 & 175, 1892 (Psechrus).
Colour: carapace and legs yellowish brown, the former with
broad pale baud on each side, the latter variegated with blacl? ;
abdomen silvery above, variegated with dark stripes and spots,
rich brown below, with a narrow median white line. Carapace
not strongly elevated in front ; ocular area not prominent ; eyes
of posterior line a little recurved, of anterior strongly procurved,
the laterals nearly twice the diameter of the medians, lower edge of

Fig. 66. — Psechrus torvus, 5 , X 2.

latter almost on a level with centres of former. Legs long and strong,
1st about six times as long as carapace. Abdomen ovally elongate.

cJ . Smaller and longer legged than female ; tibia of palp armed
with short hairy apophysis ; tarsus about twice as long as tibia.

Mensuremenis in mm. — ? . Total length 20, carapace 9, Ist
leg 54, 4th 43.

Loc. Ceylon : Pusselawa, Matale (Sarasin) ; Punduloya (Green) ;
Peradeniya (Freeman), &c.

21 4. Psechrus ghecuanus, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genom, xxxvii, p. 265,

1897.

AUied to P. torvus, but apparently darker in colour, with the legs
densely ringed with black. Eyes of anterior line nearly straight.
Leqs shorter, 1st only about five times as long as the carapace.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 20, carapace 7"75, 1st leg 40,
4th 36.

Loc. Tipper Burma : Karennee (Fea).

215. Psechrus alticeps, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 751, 1899.
$ . Differs from both the preceding species in having the head

elevated and the ocular region prominent ; eyes of anterior line more

p2

212

PSBCHRlDiE.

strongly procurved thau in P. torvus. Ler/s much longer than in
the latter, 1st leg only a little less than eight times as long as
carapace. Abdomen long and subcylindrical.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 15, carapace 6-5, Ist leg 49,
4th 38. -

Loc. Travancore : Ponmudi and Trivandrum (Ferguson).

Genus FECENIA, Simon,

Fecenia, Sifnon, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6) vii, p. cxciv, 1887 ; id. Hist.
Nat. Araif/n. i, p. 226, 1892.

Differs from PsecJirm in having the head wider, more convex
above, and more rounded in front; the ocular area wider, the
anterior medians larger than the laterals, the eyes of posterior line
straight, and the ocular quadrangle about square.

Type, F. anrjustata, Thorell.

Distribution. S. India to the Solomon Islands.

The two British Indian species may be diagnosed as follows : —

a. 1st leg in female six times as long as cara-
pace ; vulva divided F. travancoria, p. 212.

h. 1st leg in female five times as long as cara-
pace ; vulva undivided F. cylindrata, p. 212.

216. Fecenia travancoria, Pocock, Joum. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 750,

1899.

2 . Colour : carapace clothed with ashy-grey hairs ; legs with
yellowish hairs, femora dark apically, patellse dark, tibia of ard and
"4th pairs biaunulate ; abdomen greyish yellow above, black below
with a triangular yellow patch ; yellow round vulva and in front of
spinners. Carapace with eyes of posterior Hue slightly procurved,
medians separated by a space exceeding twice their diameter. Legs
long, first pair about six times as long as carapace. Abdomen not
quite twice as long as wide. Vulva marked with two pits sepa-
rated by a high longitudinal keel.

Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 13, carapace 5-3, 1st
leg 34.

Loc. S. India : Madatory in Travancore {Ferguson).

217. Fecenia cylindrata, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 64, 1895 ; id.

Ann. Mus. Genova, xxxvii, p. 263, 1897.

5 . Distinguishable from the preceding by having the patellae
pale, the eyes of the posterior Hne lightly recurved, the medians less
than twice their diameter apart, the 1st leg about five times as long
as carapace, the abdomen more than twice as long as wide, the cri-
bellum undivided, and the vulva impressed with a deep undivided pit.

S . Smaller than female, 1st leg about eight times as long as
carapace.

Length of ? from 10 to 15 mm.

Loc. Burma : Tbarrawaddy and Eeef Island in the Tavoy
Eiver {Gates) ; Bhamo and Palon {Fea).

ahoyopit)^.

213

Family ARGY01?'IDiE.

(=Epeh-idce of most recent authors.)

Sedentary Spiders spinning webs composed o£ radiating and

concentric threads. . „ , ^ i.u„„

Carapace with clypeus low ; lateral eyes typically close together
remote from the median qufidrangle and situated at the sides ot
the head. Mouth-parts manducatory ; mandibles powerful, freely
. movable, with strongly toothed fang-groove ; maxillae not inchned
on the labium. Legs not scopulate, 3 claws ; tarsi furnished
apicallv with " spurious claws " in the form of thickened serrate
bristles. Abdomen large, but variable in form. Spmners sub-
equal, short, forming a compact cluster ; colulus preseat.
Distribution. Cosmopolitan.

Synopsis of the principal Indian Genera.

a. Head conical in front, lateral eyes wide

apart Poltys, p. 235.

b. Head truncate in front, lateral eyes nearer

together.

a^. Abdomen hard, armed with 6 marginal

spines Gastebacantha, p. 231.

b^. Abdomen softer, not armed with mar-
ginal spines.
a^ Head very high, abruptly elevated

and strongly tubercidar Cjerostbis, p. iciO.

i^ Head lower, at most gradually
elevated.

a^ Mandibles long, armed with many

teeth Tethagnatha, p. 214.

b^. Mandibles short, armed with a few

teeth.

a'. Carapace with about 4 sym-
metrically arranged tubercles ;
abdomen very broad, midti-

tubercular Okdgahius, p. 230.

6*. Carapace mostly smooth, rarely
with 2 tubercles (Nephila) or
irregularly tubercular.
a\ Abdomen wider than long,
leathery, with large sigilla

above Cybtahachnb, p. 228

b'. Abdomen not wider than long,
sigilla small.
a°. Ey es of posterior line strongly

procurved Argyope, p. 220.

6". Eyes of posterior line not or
scarcely procurved.
a'. Abdomen flat, with sharply

defined lateral edges . , . , Hebennia, p, 219.

214:

ARGYOPIDiF.

I

Abdomen convex,
rounded edges.

with

a°. Maxillu3 long, very
. Barrow at hose, ex-
panded and angidar

at apex AnGYiiOEPEiaA, p.

b", MaxillfB short and thick.
Legs long, protnrsi
and tarsi longer tlian
patellae and tibioe. . . . Nephila, p. 2T7.
l^. Legs shorter, pro-
tarsi and tarsi shorter
than patellae and tibiae. Ahaneus, p. 223.

215.

Genus TETEAGNATHA, Latreille.

Tetragnatha, Latreille, Nouv. Diet. cVHist. Nat. xxiv, p. 135, 1804 ;
Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. \, p. 723, 1894,

Mandibles and maxillce long or very long, projecting, the former
armed with many teeth, fang long. Legs very long and slender.
Abdomen long, subcylindrical, the genital aperture behind the
stigmata. No vulva in $ .

Type, T. extensa, Linn.

Distribution. Tropical, temperate, and subarctic countries.

These Spiders spin then- webs on plants overhanging water, and
when at rest remain with the legs extended forwards and back-
wards in a line with the body.

Many species, very similar in general appearance and habits,
are represented in the Indian fauna. The following three wide-
ranging forms may be regarded as representative types : —

a Ocular quadrangle much narrower in front than

behind T. gracilis,-^. 2U.

b. Ocular quadi-angle not narrower in front than

behind.

tt'. Fang (in 2) strongly sinuous, armed in its

basal half with two very strong teeth T. geniculata, p. 215.

Zi\ Fang (in J) not strongly sinuous, armed

with only two small teeth T. mandihulata ,

[p. 215.

218. Tetragnatha gracilis, StoUczka, J. A. S.B. xxxviii,pt. 2, p. 244,
t xix, fig. 2, 1869 (Meta) ceylonica, 0. P. Cambr. Jour. Linn.
Soc, 'Zool. X, p. 394, t. xiii, fig. 83, 1870 : latifrons, Thorell, Ann.
Mus. Genova, x, p. 434, 1877 (Tetragnatha).

5 . Carapace with lateral eyes prominent ; ocular quadrangle
much wider behind tlian in front. Mandibles and fai^ relatively
short ; fang uniformly curved, armed with a smaU tooth beneath

at '^^^jj^^^^^^^gg longer and armed apically with two long

spiniform teeth, one superior and one internal.

I

ATlGl'nOEPEIBA.

215

Total length 10 mm. , . .

Loc. Ceylon. India: Chmg\ex>^A {Jamhunatlmn)yUvB,n{^^^^^
Dekkan {Simon).. Calcutta {StoUczlca). Burma : Moulmein {Oates),
Bhamo {Fea). Andamans, Celebes, &c.

219. Tetragnatha geniculata, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 286,

1892.

Carapace with posterior lateral eyes not prominent ; ocular
quadrangle only slightly narrower in front. Mandihles long ; tang
strongly geniculate in its distal half, armed near the base with two
strong teeth, one inferior, the other external, more basal and
projecting forwards.

Total length 15 mm.

Loc. Ceyfon {Sarasin) : Trincomah {Yerhury). India : Uran
{Aitken), Poona Ghats {Wroii^liton).

220. Tetragnatha mandibulata, Walch. Ins. ^•^i'^. P-

IB-STTminatoria, Simon, Ann. Son. Ent. Fr. {5) ^n v- 8S, 1877 .
leptognatha, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, x, p. 441, IH/ /.

P Eijes more widely separated than in T. genicu-
lata. Mandible with fang not strongly geniculate,
lightly sinuous, armed with two small teeth, one
beneath at the base, the other on the inner side m

the basal half. . ■ v^.- u

cJ. Pang evenly curved at base, straightisb,
unarmed ; mandible armed above with one shortish
apical spiniform tooth.

Total length about 13 mm.
Kg 67. Loe. Burma : Eangoon {Oates), Shwegoo Myo

Tetragnatha / jTea). Nicobar Is. ; Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.
mandibulata,
5 . (Legs ab-
breviated.)

Genus ARGYROEPEIEA, Emerton.
Argyroepeira, Fmerton, Tr. Conn. Acad, vi, p. 331, 1885; St^nov,
Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 736, 1894.
Distinguishable from the succeeding genera by having thernaxiV^
long, narrow at the base, dilated, and externally angled at the
apex, and by the presence of one row or more of bristles on the
outer side of the /mwr of the 4th leg. The ahdomtn is orna-
mented with bands or spots of silvery pigment.
Type, A. hortorum, Hentz.
Distribution. Tropical and subtropical countries.
The following four may be regarded as representative types ot
the many species of this genus that inhabit British India :—

216

ABGYOPID^.

a. Anterior end of abdomen conically elevated . .

b. Anterior end of abdomen not conically elevated.

Posterior end of abdomen conically pro-
duced

V. Posterior end of abdomen not conically pro-
duced.

a^. Tibia of 4tli leg plumose

b". Tibia of 4th leg not plumose

221. Argyroepeira fastigata, -S'mow, Ann. Soc. Mit. Fr. (5) vii,
July 1877, p. 79, t. iii, fig. 10: elegans, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Oenova,
X, p. 416, 1877, Oct.-Dec. (Meta).

Carapace and legs pale, the latter banded with dark stripes ;
tibia of 4fch pair thickly hairy in its distal half. Lateral eyes
widely separated from medians. Abdomen with its fore part
elevated into a conical prominence; posterior extremity forming
an obtuse angle above the spinners. Male minute.

Total length (5)8 mm.

Loc. Ceylon : Trincomali (Terbury). Burma : Tavoy (Moii
Ram), Shwegoo Myo (Fea), Tharrawaddy and Eangoon (Oates).
Also Philippine Islands, Celebes, &c.

222. Argyroepeira tessellata, Thorell, Ann. Mm. Genova, xxv,

p. 135, 1887.

5 . Nearly allied to the preceding, but with the anterior ex-
tremity of the abdomen rounded, not elevated ; the lateral eyes
not so far from the medians ; and the ventral surface of the
abdomen dark, with a paii- of clearly defined silver bands.

Total length 9 mm.

Loc. Burma : Shwegoo Myo {Fea) ; Tenasserim (Oates).

223. Argyroepeira celebesiana, Wakk. Ins. Apt. ii, p. 222, 1837 :

A&coY&i&, Blackivall, A. M. N. H. (3) xiv, p. 44, 1864 (Tetra-
gnatha) : angustata, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxviii, pt. 2, p 241 ,
t. XX, fig. 7, 1869 (Nephila).

Lateral eyes still nearer to the medians than in A. tessellata ;
colouring of ventral surface of abdomen as in the latter. Anterior
extremity of abdomen low as in A. tessellata, but furnished with
two low shoulder-tubercles ; posterior end of abdomen pi'oduced
into a conical caudal process.

Total length 8-10 mm.

Loc. Ceylon (Sarasin, Cambridge). India : Ootacamund (Ramp-
son); Poona Ghats (WrougMon) ; Calcutta (Stoliczka). Burma:
Bhamo (Fea); Tharrawaddy, Eangoon (Oates). Eastwards as far
as Celebes, &c.

224. Argyroepeira ventralis, Thorell, A}i7i. Mus. Genova, x, p. 423,

1877 (Meta).

Allied to A, tessellata, but with the eyes of the posterior line

A.fastiyata, p. 210,

A. celebesiana, p. 216.

A. tessellata, p. 210.
A. ventralis, p. 216.

NEPHILA. 217

closer together; the ahdomen less definitely banded, more irre-
gularly clouded with blackish marks, and the tibise of the 4th leg

not plumose.

Total length 7 mm.

hoc. Burma : Shwegoo Myo {Fea) ; Tharrawaddy, Kangoou,
Double Island, and Tenasserim (Oates). Also Celebes.

Genus NEPHILA, Leach.

Nephila, Leach, Zool. Misc. ii, p. 133, 1815 ; Simon, Hist. Nat.
Araign. i, p. 755, 1894.

Carapace with cephalic region convex, generally armed poste-
riorly with two tubercles ; ocular quadrangle nearly square or
slightly narrower in front. Legs very long, spinulose, with
protarsi longer than tibiae and patellae. Pemale with vulva not or
weakly developed. Male relatively minute, with palpus simple.

Type, N. maculata, Fabr.

Distribution. Tropical countries of the world.

Si/nopsis of Indian Species,

a. Leo-s short, 1st about four times as long as

carapace malabarensis, p. 219.

h. Legs long, 1st about six times as long as

carapace. _ . .

a}. A strong conical tubercle behind labium . N. tmperialis, p. 218.
6'. At most a low elevation behind labium.
a-. Abdomen high at its posterior end above

the spinners N. clavata, p. 218.

b-. Abdomen low at its posterior end.
a'. Legs black ; abdomen spotted with

yellow . . N. maculata, p. 217.

h^. Legs mostly red ; abdomen less

varied N. kuhlii, p. 218.

225. Nephila maculata, Fabr. Fnt. Syst. ii, p. 425, 1793 (Aranea) ;
Thorell, Ann. Mus. Geneva, xvii, p. 145, 1881 ; id. op. cit. xxv,
p. 149, 1887, with synonymy (Nephila).

$. Colour: cephalothorax and its appendages black, coxae of
legs and proximal half of palpus yellow ; carapace covered with
silky yellow pubescence ; abdomen olive-brown, ornamented below
with yellow spots and above with a pair of longitudinal yellow
lines "and a transverse yellow band in front. Carapace smooth,
with a pair of sharp tubercles. Sternum nearly flat behind
labium. Legs very long, femur of Ist nearly twice as long as
carapace, 1st leg about six times as long. Ahdomen long.

Measurements in -mm.— Total length 37, carapace 12, 1st leg 72,
4th 64.

Loc. Ceylon : Peradeuiya {Sarasin, Freeman), Trincomali {Yer-

218

AEGTOPIDjE,

bury). India : Tinnevelly (Bailer), Trivandrum (Ferguson), Oota-
camund (Ifampson), Kanara (Millet), Dehra Dun (Oldham),
Darjiling (Dendij). Burma: Tharraw addy, Tounghoo, Eangoon,
Tenasserim, «Sic. (Oates Sf Fea); Mergui (Andenon). Nicobar
Islands ; thence eastwards to Cbina and Australia.

226. Nephila kuhlii, Boleschull, Vm-h. Nat. Vereen. Nedei-land. Indie,
V. no. 5, p. 27, t. ix, tig. 7, 1859.

5 . Distinguishable froru N. maculata by having the legs red with
the exception of the patellse, protarsi, tarsi, and the extremities of
the femora and tibiae, which are blaclr ; abdomen more uniformly
coloured.

Total length up to about 40 mm.

Loc. N. India: Darjiling (Dendy). Burma: Bhamo (Fea).
Thence eastwards to Celebes.

227. Nephila imperialis, DolescJiall, Nat. Tijdsch: Nederland. Indie,
xiii, p. 413, 1857 (Epeiia) ; Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 159,
1896, with synonymy (Nephila).

5 . Eesembling N. maculata in size and length of legs ; the legs
and palpi, including the coxae, not so black, the sternum with
lateral yellow spots, and the abdomen less boldly striped and
spotted." Sternum with a large conical tubercle behind labium.

Total length 26 to 42 mm.

Loc. Burma : Eangoon and Tharrawaddy (Oates). Also occurs
in the Indo- and Austro-Malayan areas.

228. Nephila clavata, L. Koch, Verh. z.-h. Ges. Wien, xxvii, p. 741,

1877 : limhata, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova,:ixxix, p. 335, 1898.

? . Smaller than the preceding species. Colour : carapace with
yellow patch behind head and yellow border ; sternum with median
yellow band ; anterior legs with yellow band round femora and
tibia, rest of the femora yellowish brown, palpi black at tip ;
abdomen black below, \aried with yellow lines and spots, with a

Fig. 68. — Nepldla maculata, 5 , nat. size.

IIEIIENNIA.

219

nlnk band behind which laterally spreads on to the sides of the
ibdomeu; npper side yellow, with indistinct transverse fuscous
stripes Carapace and sternum without tubercles. Legs long and
thin. 'Abdomen twice as long as broad, posteriorly much elevated

above the spinners. ^-,^,01
Measurements in mm.— Total length 17, carapace 5, 1st leg 34.
i.oc. Norlh-eastern India: Darjiling (WroutjJaon), bhiliong

(Heaven). Burma (Fea). Also Japan, Ciiina, Formosa.

229 NepMla malabarensis, Walck. Ins. Apt. ii, p. 103 1837(Epeira)
Thorell, Ann. Mm. Genova, xxviii, p. 188, 1890 (Neplnleugys).
0 Colour : carapace black, scantily clothed with yellow hairs ;
lees "yellowish, banded with black ; sternum yellow ; abdomen
ornamented with two pairs of yellow spots below, greyish brown
mottled with darker tints above. Carapace with head high,
granular, without tubercles. No tubercle on sternum. ^ Leys
Shorter, femur of 1st scarcely longer than carapace, the entire leg
only about four times as long. Abdomen evenly oval, one-thn-d

longer than wide. -, ,^ 1 , 1 oj

Measurements in mm.— Total length 22, carapace 10, 1st leg 66.
Loc Ceylon : Punduloya (Green) ; Peradeniya, Jaffna (Sarasin) ;
Trincomali (Terburi/). India : Madatory and Trivandrum (Fer-
auson): Ootacamuud (Hampson). Burma: Tbarrawaddy, Teuas-
serim, &c. (Oates cj' Fen). Nicobar Islands. Thence eastwards
to Australia.

Genus HERENNIA, Thorell.
Hereimia, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, x, p. 70, 1877 ; Simon, Hist.
Nat. Arai(/n. 1, p. 759, 1894.

Carapace flat ; eijes not extending across
the frontal area ; quadrangle scarcely
longer than wide; eyes of posterior line
nearly straight. Abdomen coriaceous,
flattish above, with sharply defined, often
lobate lateral margins, impressed with
radially arranged lines of spots. Male
with simple palpus.

Type, H. ornatissima, Doleschall.

230. Herennia ornatissima, Doleschall, Verh.
Nat. Fereen. Nederland. Indie, v, no. 6,
p. 32, 1859 : multipuncta, id. torn. cit.
p. 32, t. xi, fig. 1 (Epeira) ; Thorell, Ann.
Mus. Genova, xxv, p.l66, 1887 (Herennia)
(for synonymy).
2 . Colour : carapace blackish, with
broadly yellow border and somewhat
V-shaped median yellow patch, covered
F- r9 -Herennia ^^ith white hair ; legs yellowish, with apices
ornatisdma, ? , X 2. of segments dark ; sternum orange-yellow ;

220

augyopidjE.

abdomen greyish yellow, speckled with black above, yellow with
large median black spot below. Carapace flattish. Legs slender.
Abdomen flattish, subpentagonal, lobate on each side posteriorly ;
impressed towards the margins with radially arranged rows of
punctures.

Length about 15 mm.

Loc. Ceylon: Peradeniya (/S'«?'asm), Kanthalai (ZerJuri/). India:
Trivandrum {Ferguson), Ootacamund {Hampson). Burma : Tbar-
rawaddy, Eangoon, Tenasserim, &c. {Dates 6f Fed). Thence east-
wards into Austro-Malaysia.

Genus ARGYOPE, Sav.

Argyope, Savigny, in And. S; Sav. Egypte, Hist. Nat. i, pt. 4,
p.' 121, 1809; Simon, Hist. Nat. Araiyn. i, p. 769, 1895.

Carapace flat ; ocular quadrangle much longer than wide ; eyes
of posterior line very strongly procuryed, the medians lying far
behind the laterals. Abdomen truncate in front, swollen and
frequently tubercular at the sides posteriorly.

Type, A. lobata, Pallas.

Distribution. Tropical and temperate countries.

Synopsis of Indian Species,

a. Ahdomen with caudal process and large lateral

lobes ; carapace long,
a'. Coxas and trochanters of 3rd and 4th legs

unspined A. lobata, p. 221.

6'. Coxse and trochanters of 3rd and 4th legs

spined A. arcuata, p. 220.

b. Abdomen without caudal process and large

lateral lobes.

Abdomen pentagonal, broadest behind the [p. 222,

middle, then abruptly narrowed. A.pulchella, p. 221, A. U7idtdata,
A. (inasvja, p. 222, A. taprobanica, p. 222.
i^. Abdomen more evenly oval in outline.
a^. Abdomen ornamented above with dark

patches formed of narrow black lines .. A. ce7nula, -p. 223.
b'. Abdomen ornamented with bands of

round spots A. catenulaia,Tp. 223.

231. Argyope arcuata, Simon, Ann. Mus. Geneva, xx, p. 348, 1884;
Thdrell, op. cit. xxv, p. 160, 1887.

5 . Colour : integument of carapace and legs blackish brown,
legs indistinctly annulate ; sternum with median yellow stripe ;
palpi yellow; abdomen rich yellow above, ornamented with three
broad black bands ; hairy covering silvery white. Carapace much
longer than wide. Legs : coxae and trochanters of 3rd and 4th
pairs spinulose ; femur of 3rd armed below with spines and
spinules, of 4th with band of subequal spinules extending nearly
to the base of the segment. Abdomen broad, furnished on each

AnGYOPE.

221

side with three large and oEten two smaller tubercles and a median
caudal process. Vulva with septum narrow, when viewed trom
below covering only the middle third of the cavity,
Total length 23 to 28 mm.

Fig. 70. — Argyope arcuata, 5 1 nat. size.

Loc. Western and Southern India : Poona ( Wroiicfhton) ; B.
Khandesh (Madan) ; Bangalore (Staunton). Burma : Minhla.

232. Argyope lobata, Pallas, Spic. Zool. i, pt. 9, p. 46, t. ill, fig. 14,

1772 (Aranea).

$ . Allied to the preceding, but paler in colour ; legs very
distinctly striped. Coxae and trochanters o£ 3rd and 4th legs not
spinulose below ; band of spinules on femur of 4th more scanty
and not spreading on to the basal third of the segment. Septum
of vulva broader and shorter.

Total length about 25 mm.

Loc. India : Bellary and Wagra Karoor (according to Simon).

233. Argyope pulchella, Thordl, Ann. Mus. Genova, xvii, p. 74, 1881 ;

Simmi, op. cit. xx, p. 34G, 1884 ; Thorell, op. cit. xxv, p. 158, 1887 ;
id. Spiders of Burma, p. 162, 1895.

2 . Colour : carapace and legs deep reddish brown, the former
thickly covered with silky white hair ; palpi yellow ; sternum
yellow, black at sides ; abdomen yellow or whitish above, orna-
mented with a large triangular olive-black patch behind, a trans-
verse bar of the same colour in front, and two close-set narrow
lines forming together a stripe in the anterior half, the dark

222

ABOYOriD.'E.

patches relieved by small white spots ; ventral surface blackish,
spotted, with a pair of yellow stripes running on each side from
the epigastric fold ; legs sometimes yellow and strongly banded
with black, sometimes more uniformly dark. Carapace nearly as
broad as long. Abdomen pentagonal, truncate in front, broadest
behind the middle, then abruptly narrowed, scarcely lobed. Plate of
vulva triangularly pointed, with thickened rim, each half of the
cavity subcircular when seen from the side.
Length about 15 to 20 mm.

Loc. Burma : Eangoon, Tharrawaddy, Moulmein, &c. {Oales 6f
Fea). Andaman Islands.

234. Argyope undulata, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, XXV, p. 154,

1887 ; id. Spiders of Burma, p. 161, 1895.

Closely allied to A. pulcliella, but with the anterior pale, trape-
zoidal area on the upper side of the abdomen completely divided by
a single broad transverse olive-brown stripe. The inferior lamina
of the vulva much more rounded posteriorly ; the septum vertical
with straighter sides, and when viewed from the side forming a
right angle, and not a continuous circular curve, with the posterior
portion of the ventral sclei'ite.

Total length 29 mm.

Loc. Burma : Tharrawaddy (Oates) ; Shwegoo (Fea).

235. Argyope anasuja, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxv, p. 162, 1887 :

oraata, Simon, op. cit. xx, p. 347, 1884 (not of Blackwall).

Hesembling the preceding, but with the ventral plate of the
vulva scarcely produced in the middle posteriorly, the edge being
more widely rounded, the thickened margin and the partition
forming rather a T-shaped than a Y-shaped bar.

Total length about 11 mm.

Loc. India: Eanmad {Fahre'), Chiugleput (Jambunaihan), Oota-
camuTid (Uamjison), Bangalore {Staunton), Nasik (Millet), Karachi
(Simon).

The following species hased upon an immature specimen is
indeterminable, though closely alhed to A. anasuja : —

Argiope ornata, Blackwall, A. M. N. H. (3) xiv, p. 43, 1864 (Nephila).
Loc. East Indies.

236. Argyope taprohanica, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxv, p. 163,
1887: versicolor, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 280, 1892
(not of Dokschall).

Closely allied to A. pulchella, but with the smooth edges of the
spaces of the vulva thicker, and the spaces themselves less circular
when seen from the side, and often furnished with a crescentic
sclerite forming a secondary partition.

Total length 17 mm.

Loc. Ceylon : Kandy, Peradeniya (Freeman).

ABANBUS.

223

237. Argyope fflmula, Walck. Ins. Apt. n, p. 118, 1837 (Lpeua) ;
rhorei Ann. Mm. Geneva, xvii, p. 63, 1881 (Arg.ope) (ior
synonymy): trivittata, Karsch, Bed. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. liHU,
t: X, tig. 6, 1892 (dark variety).
CoZour very much as in A. pidchella, but the black stripes and
posterior black patch on the abdomen broken up
into a series of transverse black lines by intervening
broader pale bands. Abdomen about one-third
longer than wide, oval, truncate in front, its sides
evenly and lightly rounded ; ventral plate of vulva
longer than wide, sulcate, and mesially produced
posteriorly with rounded apex.
Total length about 23 mm.

ioc. Ceylon: Trincomali (Fo-Jto-y), Punduloya
{Green). India : Trivandrum (Ferguson), Nilgiri
Hills (fla^y), Poena Ghats (Wrouc/hton), E. Khan-
desh (Madan), Balsar in S. Guzerat {Wroughton).
Fig. 71. Burma : Eangoon, Tharrawaddy, Bhamo (Oales 4r
Armope (emula, jig^), Nicobar Is. ; Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.
2 > X 4'

238 Argyope catenulata, Dokschall, Verh. Nat. Vereen. Nedevland.

Indie, V, no. 5, p. 30, t. ix, ttg. 1, 1859 (Epeira) ; Thorell, Ann. Mus.

Geneva, xxviii, p. 90, 1890 (synonymy) : stellata, Stolickza, J. A.

8. B. xxxviii, pt. 2, p. 234, t. xviii, fig. 6, 1869.
Allied to A. cemula, but differing considerably in colour, the
posterior three-fourths of the upper side of the abdomen orna-
mented with transverse yellow stripes, frequently ioterrupted in
the middle, the spaces between the bands occupied by transverse
rows, each consisting of four subspherical pale spots, of which the
median fuse together at the posterior end of the abdomen ; the
area occupied by the median spots covered with a continuous
coating of silky hairs forming a band broad in front and narrowed
behind.

Loc. Ceylon: Peradeniya (Sarasin). India: Wagra Karoor
(Simon); Sunderbans (;StoZu's/a()- Burma: Tharrawaddy, Moulmein
(Ocites). Nicobar Is. ; Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.

Genus ARANETJS, Clerck.

Araneus, Clerck, Svenska Spindlar, p. 22, 1757.
Araneus-I-Cvrtophora, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign, i, pp. 775 & 829,
1895.

Carapace convex; eyes of posterior line lightly or strongly
recurved ; quadrangle a little longer than wide ; lateral eyes
separated or in contact. Legs strong ; protarsi shorter than tibiaj
and patellse. Female with distinct vulva. Male with complicated
palpus.

Type, A. diadematus, Clerck.

Bisiribuiion. Tropical and temperate countries.

224

ARGYOl'IDiE.

Synopsis of the principal Indian Species.

. Ocular 'quadrangle parallel-sided or nearly
so.

(■»'. Quadrangle square ; aMomen higher be-
hind than in front A. Itiglaizei, p. 224.

b\ Quadrangle much longer than wide; ab-
domen not higher behind,
rt^. Abdomen furnished with 4 tubercles

above in front A. cicatrosus, p. 226.

b'^. Abdomen furnished with only 2 tuber-
cles above in front.
a'. Abdomen produced posteriorly into

a conical prominence A. fere, p. 226.

Abdomen evenly romided behind . . A. molucceims, p. 226.
Ocular quadrangle much nan'Ower behind

than in front.
a\ Anterior half of abdomen furnished on

each side with two large prominences . . A. citricola, p. 226.
Anterior half of abdomen at most furn-
ished with a pair of shoulderprominences. [p. 227.
a^. Posterior extremity of abdomen bilobate. A. exantliematicm,
V. Posterior end of abdomen not bilobate.
a". Upper side of abdomen triangular;
carapace granular.
«■'. A large tubercle overhanging

lateral eyes A. dehaanii, p. 225.

b''. No tubercle over lateral eyes .... A. unicolor, p. 225.
5*. Upper side of abdomen oval or heart-
shaped ; carapace smooth.
Abdomen with a pair of large cir-
cular yellow spots A. bilunifer, p. 227.

b'*. Abdomen without a pair of cir-
cular pale spots.
Head narrower, flatter ; distance
between anterior median eyes
almost half that between me-
dian and lateral A, nauticus, p. 228.

6°. Head broader, more convex ;
distance between anterior me-
dian eyes much less than half
that between median and
lateral A. rumpf,, p. 228.

239. Araneus laglaizei, Simon, Ann. Sac. Ent. France, (6) vii, p. 77,
1877; Thorell, Ann. Mus. Geneva, xxviii, p. 167, 1890 (for
synonymy) (Epeira).
Colour variable, pale or dark brown ; legs distally banded ;
abdomen yellowish white above, strojigly or weakly banded,
blackish or greyish below, with two pairs of whitish spots on each
side. Carapace with weak ocular tubercles ; quadrangle almost
square, slightly wider behind than in front; lateral e3'es in
contact. Leg's scarcely spined. Ahdomen heart-shaped, very
broad in front, much elevated behind above the spinners, and often

AHANEUS.

225

prolonged into a longish subcylindrical tail. Vulva with scape

stout at base, downcurled at apex.

Total length up to 10 mm. ,-v i x

lT Ceylon : Peradeniya (Fre.nan) ; Trmcomah (F..i^^^^^

India: Ootaeamund {Hampson); Jaunsar, Thadyar 2500 tfc. {UM

ham) Burma : Tounghoo, Tliarrawaddy, Rangoon, Tenasaerim, &c.

{Oates ^ Fea). Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.

240 Araneus imicolor, Dokschall, Nat. Tijdschr. Ncd'irlan'l.lndU,
xiii, p. 419, 1857; Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 1/1, 1895 (for
synonymy) (Epeira).
Prevailing colour reddish brown, lightly infuscate on the upper
side of the abdomen, yellow below and laterally. Campacehvo^i,
coarsely granular or tubercular ; eyes of postenor line very dis-
tinctly recurved ; lateral eyes widely separated, quadrangle wider
in front Legs strong but short, at most weakly spined ; anterior
femora tubercular. Ahdomen somewhat heart-shaped, broadly
truncate in front, with large prominent shoulder-points pointed
behind, high and prominent above spinners. Vulva small, without
scape.

Total length about 20 mm.

Loc. Ceylon. N.E. India, Naga HiUs. Burma : Tharrawaddy

^^"'Tlcrohalia, Thorell (Spiders of Burma, p. 173, 1895 {Epevra)\
based upon an immature female from Tounghoo {Oates), is closely
allied to this species.

241. Araneus ^^^---^^ ff^^^^^^

Mus. Genom,y.-s.\\n, p. 125, 1890; id. Spiders of
Burma, p. 170, 1895 (for synonymy) (Epeira).

Colour: carapace reddish, blacker late-
rally, clothed with white hairs ; legs-
and palpi blackish red, banded ; abdomen
dull yellowish brown laterally and be-
low, variable above, the area between the
shoulder-points and the extremity often
deep reddish chocolate, yellow at the sides,,
sometimes with a few yellow spots in
front; the yellow lateral portion some-
times broken up into a series of large
yellow spots. Carapace granular above,
with a conical tubercle on each side above
the lateral eyes. Ahdomen triangular^
broad, with large sharp shoulder-points in
front, pointed behind, and ending iu three-
prominences set in a vertical series. Vulva
small, with very stout scape.
Total length about 24 mm.
Loc. Ceylon : Trincomali (Fer6tt?7/). India : Kanara (MZZe<)-
Burma: Tharrawaddy, Bhamo, Tenasserim, &c. {Oates df Fea)..
Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.

Fig. 72.— Araneus
dehmnii, §, X4.

226

AEGYOPID^.

242. Araneus moluccensis, Doleschall, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland.

Indie, xiii, p. 418, 1857 ; Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii, p, 40,
1878 (for synonymy) (Epeira).

Cohw^: carapace and limbs blackish, the former, and to a lees
extent the latter, clothed with whitish hairs ; coxsc mostly yellow,
sternum with yellow line ; abdomen yellow in front above, rest of
the dorsal surface thickly spotted and lined with yellow on a black
ground ; blackish below. Carapace flattish ; ocular quadrangle
parallel-sided, much longer than wide ; eyes of posterior line
nearly straight, lateral eyes narrowly separated. Legs strong,
long, scarcely spined, furnished with stiff bristles. Abdomen
evenly oval, with two distinct shoulder-points in front. Vulva
without scape.

Total length 24 mm.

Loc. Ceylon : Kellar (Yerhury), &c. India : Trivandrum
{Pergmon), Nilgiri Hills {Daly). Burma : Tharravvaddy, Rangoon,
Moulmein (Oates 6f Fea), Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.

243. Araneus feae, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Oenova, xxv, p. 173, 1887 ; id.

Spiders of Burma, p. 170, 1895 (Euetria).

Allied to A. moluccensis, but smaller and paler ; carapace and
legs ochre, femora banded above longitudinally ; abdomen whitish
above, with median longitudinal black band broken up by paler
markings and bordered with white ; sides ornamented with white
bands; lower surface black, spotted and bordered with white.
Carapace with eyes of posterior line distinctly procurved ; laterals
in contact. Legs long and slender, armed with slender spines.
Abdomen longer, narrower, more prominent posteriorly above
spinners.

Total length 13 mm.

Loc. Burma: Tharrawaddy, Rangoon {Oates), Bhamo {Fea).

244. Araneus cicatrosus, Stoliczka, J. A. 8. B. xxxviii, p. 242, t. xx,

fig. 5, 1869 : salebrosa, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii, p. 48, 1878
(Epeira) : adspersata, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 284, t. x,
fig. 8, 1892 (Meta).
Coloured much as in A. few, but with the carapace banded with
black, the legs thickly spotted with black, and the median ab-
dominal baud restricted to the posterior third of the dorsal surface.
Carapace less flat ; eyes of posterior line slightly recurved ;
laterals very distinctly separated. Abdomen furnished above in its
anterior half with two pairs of conical erect tubercles arranged in
a square.

Total length 6 mm.

Loc. India : Chingleput {Jambunathan), Kanara, Nasik {Millet),
Allahabad {Ryves) ; Calcutta {Stoliczka). Burma : Tharrawaddy,
Moulmein {Oates). Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.

245. Araneus citricola, Fortikal, Bescript. Anim. etc. p. 86, 1775 ; id.

Icones rer. nat. t. xxiv, fig. D, 1776 (Aranea) ; Thorell, Spiders of
Burma, p. 172, 1895 (for synonymy) (Epeira).

ARAJfEUS.

227

Colour

Fig. 73.-

ciiricola.

very variable, either imiformly flavous or blackish, legs
obscurely banded ; dorsal side of abdomen
often black and bordered with a sinuous
yellow band and marked in front in the middle
line with a pair of close-set narrow palei
stripes. Carapace convex, smooth ; eyes of
posterior line very strongly recurved; laterals
widely separated. Legs short and strong.
Abdomen oval, with large shoulder promi-
nences, a deeply bifid posterior extremity,
and a lateral prominence on each side just in
front of the middle. Vulva without scape.
Total length about 12 mm.
Loc. Ceylon (Barnes, Cambridge). India:
Bangalore (Staunton) ; Chingleput (Jambu-
nathan);K{ina,va. (Millet). Burma: Eangoon,
Tharrawaddy ( Dates). Also Australia, Mada-
gascar &c., Afi-ica, and S. Europe.

-Araneus
?, x2.

246 Araneus exanthematicus, Dolfschall, Verh. Nat. Vereen. Neder-
land. Indie, v, no. 5, p. 38, t. iii. tig. 3, 1859 ; Thorell, Ann. Mas.
Genova, xiii, p. 57, 1878 (Epeira).
Nearly allied to A. cilricola, but at once distinguishble by the
absence of the submedian lateral prominence on the abdomen.
Total length about 10 mm.

Loc. Burma: Tounghoo (Ooifes). ludo- and Austro-Malaysia.
247. Araneus bilunifer, sp. n.

5 . Prevailing colour yellowish, legs
distally infuscate and banded, sternum
mesially blackish ; abdomen yellowish
grey, indistinctly variegated with
darker markings, marked in front
with a pair of large circular black-
ringed yellow patches and some smaller
irregularspotsinfrontof them ; median
ventral area infuscate, with pale yellow
band on each side. Carapace weakly
granular ; eijes of posterior line lightly
recurved, medians almost in contact,
lateral eyes ^dsibly separated. Legs
strong, spiny ; pro tarsi of anterior pairs
armed with many close-set spines from
base to apex : tarsi s pined. Abdomen
broadly oval, with a pair of low
shoulder-points. Vulva with scape
much narrower than basal portion and
closely in contact with it.

Fig. 74.
Araneus bilunifer, 5 , X 2.

Total length 21 mm.

Loc. S. India : Chingleput (Javibunathan).

q2

■»

228 a.egi'opid/t;.

248. Araneus nauticus, L. Koch, Mjypt. Ahyadn. Ai-achn. p. 17,
t ii, lig. 2, 1875 : pullata, Thorell, Ann. Mm. Genova, x, p. 385,
1877 ; id. op. cit. xxviii, p. 148, 1890 (for synonymy) (Epeira).

Colour : carapace dark browii, with greyish hairs ; legs strongly
banded with black ; sternum black witb median pale line ; abdomen-
blaclc below with a pair of large pale spots, upper side varied with
deep brown and grey, the latter typically forming a large median
cross-shaped band. Head narrow, flatlish, ocular tubercle promi-
nent ; eyes of anterior line not widely spaced, distance between
medians noticeably exceeding half that between them and the
laterals. Abdomen evenly heart-shaped, without shoulder-points,
only a little longer than broad. Vulva with scape, not bent at
right angles, without any notch between it and the basal portion.

Total length, 5 (adult), from 7-15 mm.

Loc India : Karachi {Simon) ; eastern district of Poona {Irani)
Eastern Khandesh {3Iadan); Darjiling {Bendy Sf Wrouc/hton)..
Burma: Eangoon, Tharrawaddy, Bhamo, &c. {Oafes ^ Fea).
All tropical countries.

249. Araneus rumpfi, Tkorell, Ann. Mus. Genom, xiii, p. 296, 1878 :

hisplda, Doleschall, Verh. Nat. Verem. Nederland. Indw r no. 5,
p 33, 1859: decens, Thorell,Ann.Mus.Genova,x,^. 379, 18/7 (pre-
occupied) : rufofemorata, -S'mi'ow, Ann. Mus. Genova, xx, p. 348,
1884 (Epeira).

p Colour and shape much as in A. nauticus ; anterior femora
reddish brown; head redder, more convex, broader, distance
between anterior median eyes about one-third of distance between
medians and laterals ; lower side of abdomen more yellow upper
side variable, sometimes as in A. nauticus, sometimes yellowish
with large anterior brown patch. Vulva with scape much longer,
bent at right angles, separated posteriorly from the basal portion,
by a wide but shallow tubercular notch.

Total length from 10-15 mm. v.tt-tl x t

Loc Ceylon : Punduloya {Green) ; Trincomah {Terbury) India :
Chingleput {Jambunathan), Bangalore pa^m^on), Ootacamund
{Hampson), Poona (Wro«</7.ton), Wagra Karoor {Fabre) Karacbi
{Simon). Burma : Eangoon, Tharrawaddy, Bhamo {Oate^ Sr Fea).
Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.

Genus CYETAEACHNE, Thorell.

Cyrtaracbne, Thorell, Eng. Resa, Arachn. p. 10, 1868; Simon, Hist.
Knt. Araiyn. \, p. 880, 1895.
Carava'-.e convex, unarmed; median eyes not prominent, the
auadrTnele generally slightly wider than long ; laterals contiguous.
Sri wider than lo^g, integument leathery, impressed in the-
middle and in front with large sigilla.

CYBTAIlAOnNE,

229

S.&Si.T^W'^Sr.nean, Ethiopian, Oriental, and An, Wian
Regions.

Synopsis of Indian Sjpedes.

Abdomen not pointed behind, black with yellow , 229.

lateral nng • • •

b Abdomen pointed behmd, mostly yellow.

' ' -"'^t'uTa^''^ ^^"''^ ^"''^ ' ' ^- P-

6' . Abdomen^not black below Vulva quadrate . C. raniceps, p. 229.

250. Cyrtarachne raniceps, sp. n.

PCyrtarachne perspiclllata, Karsch, Bevl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 278,
1892 (not of Doleschall).
0 Carapace and abdomen ochre-yellow, scantily clothed with

pale hairs ; abdomen a brighter more l^-^^^-^^ll^^^f ^^aSy
LriPfltb the shoulder prominences amber at the tip, partiauy
™nded ^^^^^^^^^ by darker and paler lines. AMomen on^
Sh wider than long, triang'^l^^- broadest in its anterior half ,
whe e it runs out laterally into a large smooth conical WOj^^^^
the area between the prominences tolerably even Vulva with
scape in the form of a short, narrow, subquadrate tubercle.

Length of abdomen 7 mm., width 9.

Log. Ceylon {Barnes).

251. Cyrtaraclme insequalis, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 201,1895.
9 Nearly allied to the preceding, but with the ventral surface

of the abdomen black behind the epigastric fold and the fore part
of its lateral surface bulging out and furnished with a dark
coloured patch beneath the conical prominence. Scape of vuLva
triangular at base, apically pointed.

Length of abdomen 8 mm., width 11.

Loc. Burma : Tounghoo and Tharrawaddy {Oates).

252. Cyrtarachne cingulata, Thorell, Senders of Burma,^. 202, 1895

5 . Carapace and legs deep brown ; abdo-
men black, with a broad yellow ring nar-
rowly interrupted below round its lateral
'^m^^^mi' extremities. J.6cZome)z twice as broad as long,
^^^^^ , widely rounded posteriorly. Vulva with
dngulata,^, X 2. triangular scape.
Length of abdomen 5, width 10 mm.
Loc. Burma : Rangoon {Gates).

230

ABGYOPIDiB.

Genus ORDGARIUS, Keyserliug.

Ordgarius, Kei/sevliwj, in Kttch, Arachn. Austral. 1886, p. 114 ; Simon,
Hist. Nat. 'Ai ai(/n. i, p. 885, 1895.

Carapace convex, armed above with a few symmetrically placed
tooth-like tubercles. Abdomen very large, wider than long, widely
rounded laterally, tubei'culate above.

Type, 0. monstrosus, Keys.

Distribution. From India to AustraUa.

Si/n02ms of Indian Species.

a. Posterior end of abdomen rounded and

tubercular 0. hobsoni, p. 230.

b. Posterior end of abdomen conically produced

and tubercular 0. scvapinosus, p. 230.

253. Ordgarius hobsoni, 0. P. Cambridge, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 562,

t. Ivi, fig. 3 (Cyrtaracbue).

2 . Colour a tolerably uniform duU brown, legs and palps
yellow ringed with black, abdomen ornamented
in front in the middle with a large yellow patch.
Carapace armed behind with a pair of small
tubercles and a large median conical tubercle,
with a smaller one in front of it on the cephalic
portion. Lec/s without spines. Abdomen broader
than long, the anterior border emarginate ;
posterior extremity bluntly rounded, raised in
front into a pair of large rounded protuberances,
studded with larger and smaller rounded tubercles.
Ordffanus hobsoni. Total length of abdomen 9 mm., width 11-5.

2. Log. Ceylon : Punduloya (Green). Bombay

(Hobson).

254. Ordgarius sexspinosilS, Thorell, Bih. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. xx,

pt. iv, p. 48, 1894 (Notocentria).

5 . Differing from the preceding in having the tubercles on the
carapace very long and spiniform, and the abdomen furnished with
a few low tubercles on the anterior prominence, with its posterior
extremity produced into two upper and two lower conical pro-
cesses, considerably overlapping the spinners.

Total length 6 mm.

Loc. Burma : Tharrawaddy (Gates).

Genus C^ROSTEIS, ThoreU.

Cserostris, ThoreU, Erig. Resa, Arach. p. 3, 1868 ; Simon, Hist. Nat.
Araign. i, p. 834, 1895.

Carapace vfiih. thoracic portion low; cephalic portion strongly
elevated, armed with a transverse row of six large tubercles, two

GASTEEAOANTUA.

on the summit and two on each side ; ocular quadrangle wider
than long, narrowed in front. Lecfs strong, with tibiio and pro-
tarsi tint and strongly sulcate. Abdomen large, high in Iront,
irregularly tubercular.

Type, 0. mUralis, Vinson. , -o •

Distrihution. Ethiopian Eegion, Madagascar ; Oriental iiegion.

255 Cserostris paradoxa, Boleschall, Verh. Nat. Verecn. Nederland.

Indie,
Butler

5 . Colour

V uo. 5, p. 37, t. ix. lig-.' 11, aud t. x. tig. 8, 1859 (Epelra) ;
, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 732, t. Iviii, tig. 5 (Cajrostris).

integumeut of carapace and limbs black, carapace
clothed laterally with yellow hairs,
head and legs with greyish-brown
hairs ; femora blackish or deep steel-
blue ; tibi£B with band oi yellow
hairs in their basal half below;
abdomen yellow - brown, clothed
with silvery hairs in the middle in
front, elsewhere with golden-brown
hairs intermixed with stripes of
velvety black ; lower surface olive-
black,'reddish in middle.
Total length about 20 mm.
Loc. Ceylon : Trincomali {Yer-
bunj), Punduloya (Green). Burma :
Tharrawaddy, Kangoou, Tounghoo
{Oates). Indo-Malaysia.

Fig. 77.
Ctsrosiris paradoxa, X j

Genus GASTERACANTHA, Sund.

Gasteracantha, Sundevall, Consp. Arachn. p. 14, 1883 ; Simon, Hist.
Nat. Araign. i, p. 845, 1896.
C«n~with thoracic portion low, cephalic portion elevated ;
ocular quadrangle narrower in front. ^6rfom.n large, subquadrate,
transversely oblong, or narrowed laterally; -tegument horn^
impressed \vith large sigilla, and armed on each ^.de with an
anterior, a median, and a posterior spine ; spinners encircled by a

horny ring.

Type, G. cancriformis. Linn.

Distribution. Tropical countries of the world.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

a. No ventral tubercle in front of spinners on
abdomen.

«\ Length of median spine only about equal

to half the width of the abdomen G. hasseltu, p.

i'. Length of median spine at least as great
as width of abdomen.
a:'. Median spines apically clavate G. remifera, p.

232

ABGYOPlDiE.

b'^. Median spines not clavnte.

Median spines less than twice the
width of tlie abdomen,
a'. Median spine equalling width of

abdomen G. Boroma, p. 233.

b*. Median spine nearly twice the

width of the abdomen G. dalyi, p. 232.

6'. Median syine slender, arcuate, more
than twice as long as width of

abdomen G. arcuata, p. 232.

. A ventral tubercle in fi'ont of spinners on
abdomen.

a\ Anterior and median spines subequal, in

contact except at the extremities G. geminata, p. 233.

Ifi, Anterior and median spines widely sepa-
rated.

a". Summit of head elevated into a conical

eminence ; spines short G. brevispina, p. 235.

6". Summit of head not elevated into a
conical process,
a'. Lateral and to a lesser extent posterior
spiiles very broad at base, abruptly

narrowed at apex G. ungtdfera, p. 234.

W. Lateral and posterior spines mostly
evenly acuminate,
fl". Abdomen only about one-fourth
wider than long, not laterally

narrowed G. leucojnelesna, p. 235.

b^. Abdomen .twice as wide as long, I G.frontata and

laterally narrowed \ G. diadesmia, p. 234.

256. Gasteracantha arcuata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii, p. 425, 1793

(Aranea) ; ThoreU,Ann. Mus. Genova, xxv, p. 223, 1887 (Plectana)
(synonymy).

Qolmr : carapace, legs, &c. blacldsh, femora rather paler ; abdo-
men yellow above, with marginal black antero-lateral band, black
below and covered with yellow spots. Abdomen with anterior
and posterior spines minute ; median spines very long, slender,
and arcuate, exceeding twice the width of the abdomen in the
adult.

Measurements in mm. — Width of abdomen at base of anterior
spines 8-8 mm., length 6-5, length of median spine 20.

Loc. Burma: Tharrawaddy (Oates), Shwegoo (Fea). Indo-
Malaysia.

257. Gasteracantha dalyi, sp. n.

Allied to the preceding, but with the abdomen not margined
with black above, the anterior and posterior spines larger and the
median spine much shorter, less arcuate, and considerably less than
twice as long as the width of the abdomen.

Width of abdomen 8-8 mm., length of median spine 15.

Loo. 8. India : Tercaud in Shevaroy Hills (Daly).

GABTEEAOANTHA. 233

258. Gasteracantha sororna, Bidler, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1873, p. 155, t. iv,

fig. 16.

2 Closely allied to 0. dalyi, but with the median spine
slender, attenuate, and only equalling the width of. the abdomen.
Width of abdomen G-5 mm., length ot median spine 0 0.
Loc. Madras (Jerclon).

259. Gasteracantharemifera, Butler, Tr. Ent Soc. 1873, p. 154, t. iv,

fig. 5 : clavatrix, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 277, 189..
(Plectana) {not of Walck.) .
At once recognizable from all the preceding by having the
median spines much thinner in the middle than at the base and
extremity, the latter being lightly clavate and abruptly narrowed

Yig.7S.— Gasteracantharemifera, $, X 2.

to a point at the extreme tip; anterior and posterior spines
larger, the median spine a little exceeding the width ot the
abdomen.

Loc. Ceylon (Thivaites) : Trincomali ( FfirftMri/).

260. Gasteracantha hasseltii, C. Koch, Arach. iv, p. 29, t. cxvn,

fig. 267, 1838 (Gasteracantha) ; ThoreU, Attn. Mus.Genova xxv,
p. 224, 1887 (Plectana) (synonvmy) : propmqua, 0. P. Cambridge,
F. Z. S. 1879, p. 288, t. xxvii, fig. 16 (Gasteracantha).
Eecognizable from the foregoing by having the median spines,
which are typically attenuate, very short, their length hardly
exceeding half the width of the abdomen ; the remammg spines as
long as in G. remifera.

Width of abdomen 8 mm., length of median spine 3-5.
Loc. N.E. India: Assam, Sikhim. Burma: Tharrawaddy,
Eangoon, Shwegoo, Tenasserim, &c. (Oates 6/- Fea).

261. Gasteracantha geminata, Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Si/st. p. 292, 1798

(A.ranea) : rimata, O. P. Cambridge, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 282, t. xxvi,
fig. 3 (Gasteracantha).
Colour : carapace, mandibles, and legs black, the latter annulate

234

AHOVOPliJiE.

with pale markings ; sternum yellow ; abdomen yellow above with
two transverse black stripes, black below
witli yellow spots. Abdomen narrowed later-
ally, about twice as wide as long ; the
anterior and median spines longest, sub-
equal, in contact at the base, diverging
slightly at apex ; posterior spines strongish.
Fig. 79.- Gas/era- Length of abdomen 5 mm., width 11 (not

canthaffennnata,2. including spines).
Loc. Ceylon: Peradeniya, Matale (/S«?'asin), Triucomali {Yer-
hury). Southern India : Tinnevelly {Barber) ; Ootacamund
(Bampson); Eamuad {Fabre); Madras {JambutnaJian).

262. Gasteracantha frontata, Blackwall, A. M. N. H. (3) xiv, p. 40,

1864 ; Camhr. P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 283, t. xxvi, fig. 5 ; Thorell,
Spiders of Burma, p. 210, 1896.

Colour and form much as in the preceding, but the anterior and
median spines of the abdomen separated. Abdomen pale above or
marked in front with a tolerably uneven black band, the yellow
area in front of the stripe reaching to the base of the anterior
spine. Sternum black with yellow spot; median spines short,
narrower than mandibles, and nearly evenly narrowed from base
to point, about twice as long as the posterior, which a little exceed
the anterior.

Length of abdomen 6 mm., width 13.

Loc. Burma: Tharrawaddy, Tounghoo, Eangoon, Tenasserim
(Oates). Siam.

263. Gasteracantha dialesmia, Thorell, Aim. Mtis. Ge^iova, xxv,

p. 225, 1887.

Closely allied to G. frontata, but with the anterior yellow band
not reaching the base of the anterior spines, and with the posterior
half of the abdomen marked with a second transverse black stripe ;
median spine not thin and evenly attenuate, but thicker and v\ ith
its anterior border distinctly swollen and convex in its distal half.

Total length of abdomen 7 mm., width 16.

Loc. Burma: Tharrawaddy (Oates); Bhamo, Shwegoo (F'ea).
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, &c. ; also Penang and Siam.

264. GasteracarLthaimguifera, S{mon, J. A.S. B. Iviii, p. 336, 1889.
5 . Much smaller than the preceding. Abdomen granular and

tolerably uniformly flavous above, about one-third wider than
long; anterior border rather strongly convex, anterior spines
small, acuminate; median spines much larger, with the basal
portion exceedingly stout and distally expanded, then abruptly
narrowed, the terminal portion normally slender and rising from
the middle of the expanded end of the basal portion ; postenor

POLTYS.

285

spines also with basal portion stout, but not ao abruptly narrowed
as in the case of t he median spines.

Length of abdomen 3 mm., width 4-5. ^ „ .

Zoc. Himalayas: Jaunsar, Thadyar, 2600 ft. (Oldham).

265 Gasteracantha leucomelaena, Doleschall, Vei-h. Nat. Vereen.
' Nederland. Indie, v, no. 5, p. 42, t. xi, fig. 8, 18f (Plectana leuco-

melas) ; Thorell, Ann. Mus. Gmova, xxv, p. 232, 1887 : nnnamita,
Simon, Act. Soc. L. Sard, xl, p. 148, 1886.

Colour : carapace and mandibles black ; legs yellow, with black
bands ; sternum yellow, with posterior black spot ; upper side ot
abdomen whitish or yellow, with median black Y-shaped mark and
a large black patch at base of spines, the patches sometnnes
unitiug with the ends of the arms and with the stem of the Y to
form transverse bars of black. Abdomen about one-third wider
than long, not laterally attenuate, parallel-sided; the spines small,
acuminate, the median and posterior subequal and much larger
than the anterior.

Length of abdomen 5 mm., width 7.

Loc. Burma: Eangoon, Tharrawaddy, Tenasserim, &c. {Gates,
Feci). Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indo-Malaysia.

266 Gasteracantha hrevispina, Dohschnll, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland.

Indie, xiii, p. 423, 1857 (Plectana) ; Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genom,
xxviii, p. 63, 1890 : eanningensis, Stohczka, J. A. 6. IS. xxxviu,
p. 248, t. xviii, fig. 1, 1869 (Gastracantha).
About the same size and much the same form as G. leucomelmna ■
head reddish laterally and rising in the middle into a conical
prominence much more pronounced than in the preceding species.
Abdomen a little wider than long, very variable in colour, some-
times the black, sometimes the yellow predominating ; usually there
is a large triangular black patch on each side and a pair oi large
yellow ocelliform spots near the middle ; spines shorter, conical,
the lateral and median not evenly acuminate, being very stout at
the base and abruptly narrowed at the apex, somewhat as m
O. unguifera.

Length of abdomen 5-5 mm., width 7.

Loc. Ceylon. India: Madras {JambunatJian) ; Uran (Aitlcen),
Karachi (Simon), Dehra Dun (Oldham), Calcutta (Stoliczlca).
Burma: Moulmein, Tenasserim (Oates, Fea). Andaman and
Nicobar Islands. Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.

Genus POLTYS, C. Koch.
Poltys, C. Koch, Arachn. x, p. 97, 1843 ; Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. \,
p."892, 1895.

Carapace with cephalic region prominent, conical in front,
ocular quadrangle square or a little wider in front; lateral eyes
widely separated, the posterior remote from the rest. Legs of

236

TIlHniDIIDiE.

anterior two pairs long, with tibiae and protarsi curved, flat above.
Abdomen large, high in front, usually irregularly tubercular at the
margins.

Type, P. illepidus, C. Koch.

Distribution. Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian Eegions.

The two species described below may be diagnosed as follows : —

a. Ocular quadrangle wider in front than behind . . P. illepidus, p. 236.

b. Ocular quadrangle narrower in fi'ont than behind. P. pannuceus,^. 236.

267. Poltys illepidus, C. Kooh, Arachn. x, p. 97, fig. 821, 1848.

Colour : carapace and mandibles blackish ; upper side and front
of head reddish, with greyish hairs ; naked parts of feuiora steel-
blue, bands of the same colour on under side of tibise and protarsi ;
hairy clothing on legs and abdomen greyish or yellowish brown
mottled v\'ith blackish or brown spots, epigastric area of abdomen
blackish. Cephalic eminence constricted at base ; ocular quadrangle
a little wider in front, as wide behind as long. Abdomen either
tolerably evenly elliptical with scarcely a trace of tubercles, or
tubercular and with large shoulder prominences.

Total length about 15 mm.

Loc. Ceylon : Punduloya {Qreen) ; also Indo- and Austro-
Malaysia.

268. Poltys pannuceus, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 167, 1895.

Colour : carapace uniformly brownish ; epigastric area brown ;
femora without metallic-blue tints ; cephalic eminence less constricted
at base ; ocular quadrangle slightly narrowed in front, wider be-
hind than long. Abdomen with long conical tubercles, furnished
in front with a high median apically clavate column bearing six
distinct tubercles.

Total length 12-5 mm.

Loc. Burma : Eangoon (Gates).

Family THERlDIIDiE.

Eecognizable from the Argyopidse by the presence of a series
of strong spines forming a comb on the tarsus of the 4th leg, and
by the almost entire absence of teeth on the fang-groove of the
mandibles, which have no smooth area at the base on the outer side ;
the clypeus, moreover, is usually high.

Sedentary Spiders, spinning webs formed of irregularly arranged

The species of this family are numerous and mostly of small
size. The largest species belong to the genus Lathrodectus.

LA.THB0DJ5CTUS.

237

Genua LATHRODECTUS, Walck.

Lathrodectus, Walck. TaM. Aran. p. 81, 1805; Shnon, Hist. Nat.
Araiyn. i, p. 508, 1894.
Carapace normal in form, with clypeua equal in height to the
ocular area ; lateral eyes widely separated. MamUhles M cak,
unarmed. Legs long ; superior claws toothed almost to apex.
Abdomen large, globular.

Type, L. l3-f/uttatus, Walck.

Distribution.^ TroY>ico.l and subtropical countries.

Syno2osis of Indian Species.

fl. Prevailing colour blade, with crimson dorsal

stripe.. i. W/te,p. 23/.

h. Prevailing colour yellowish or silvery, no

crimson stripe geometncus, p. 238.

269. Lathrodectus hasseltii, Thorell,
(Efv. K. So. Vet.-Akad. Fork, xxvii,
p. 369, 1870.

Subspecies indicus, Simon, Bull. Mzis.
Rist. Nat. 1897, p. 97.

Colour black ; upper side of abdomen
ornamented with a broad longitudinal
red band with uneven edges extending
throughout the posterior two-thirds of
its length ; lower side with a small
transverse red band in front of the
spinners and sometimes one behind the
genital fold. Eyes of anterior line
subequal, median nearer to each other
than to the laterals. Length 10 mm.

Loc. Western India : Karachi,
'PoonSi {Wroughton) ; also Muscat.

Subspecies elegans, Thorell, Ann. Mus.
Genova, xxxix, p. 293, 1898.

Differs from the preceding in having
the dorsal surface of the abdomen
ornamented in front of the longitudinal
band with a pair of transverse recurved stripes the posterior of
which is sometimes small and continuous with the median band.

Length 10 mm.

Loc. Burma : Karennee {tea).

Fig. 80. — Lathrodectus
hasseltii, aubsp. indicus,
X 2.

238

PUOLOID^.

270. Lathrodectus geometricus, C. Koch, Die Aradm. viii, i). 117,
fift-. 084, 1841.

Colour : cephalotborax and legs ochraceous, latter with patella
and tip of tibia brown; abdomen paler, varied with symmetrically
disposed darker spots and brown lines arranged in loops and
circles. Eyes of anterior line subequally spaced, the median a
little larger than the laterals. Length 10 mm.

Loe. Karachi (Toivnsend). Tropics of both hemispheres.

Family PHOLCID^.

Carapace flat, subcircular, with deep fovea and cephalic grooves ;
tiead small, sharply defiued; anterior median eyes small, the rest
large and forming a group on each side ; clypeus very high.
Mouth-jmris suctorial. Legs exceedingly long and slender, furnished
with 3 claws. Spinners short, subequal, forming a compact cluster;
colulus ]iresent.

Distribution. Cosmopolitan.

Habits. Sedentary Spiders, spinning in hollow trees, beneath
overhanging rocks or in the corners of houses, a tangled network
of threads, amongst which the occupant hangs head downwards.
The female carries her cocoon in her mandibles.

The best known Indian species of the family are refei'able to
the following three genera : —

a. Sternum posteriorly acuminate ; mandible

armed with 2 teeth on the fang-groove . . Autisma, p. 238.

b. Sternum broadly truncate posteriorly, man-

dible with 1 tooth on fang-groove.
a^. Abdomen short, oval,prominent posteriorly

above the spinners Chossopbiza, p. 240.

Abdomen long, cyclindrical, not strongly

prominent above spinners SMEnrNGOPus, p. 239.

Geaus ARTEMA, Walck.

Artema, Walck. Ins. Apt. i, p. 656, 1837 ; Simo7i, Hist. Nat. Araign,
i, p. 465, 1893.

Eyes subsimilar, anterior medians not much smaller than therest,
those of anterior line very lightly, of posterior line more strongly
recurved ; area of medians not longer than wdde. Mandibles
armed below on fang-groove with two teeth. Sternum posteriorly
acuminate, projecting between the posterior coxse. Abdomen very
high, globular, higher than wide.

Type, A. atlanta, Walck.

Distribution. Tropical and subtropical countries of the world.

271. Artema atlanta, Walck. Ins. Apt. i, p. 656, 1837 : couvexa,
Blachie. A. M. N. H. (3) ii, p. 332, 1858 : sisyphoides, BoleschaU,
Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indie, xiii, p. 408, 1857 (Pholcus).

SMBBINGOPC7S. ^'^^

Colour: carapace yellow, with median brown patch and

brown stripe on cJypeus ; legs
yellow, with brown patella and
a brown ring round extremity
of femora and tibia ; abdomen
greyish yellow, ornamented with
three rows of dusky grey spots.
Mandible and palpus normal.
Vulva consisting of a brown,
thickly horny plate, with the
posterior border concave.

c?. Tjike $, but with palp very
thick and mandibles furnished
externally, with large serrated

, ^ , „ crest.
Fig. Sl.-Ar/ema atlanta, d , X J. rp^^j^] length about 8 mm.

Log. Ceylon: Jaffna, TrincomaU (Yerhmnj). India: Travan-

i:ore (Fcniuson); Guntakal; Chingle^^ut (Jamhunathan); Dekkan ;

Tanna (Edie) ; Meerut ; eastern district of Poena (/mnt);

E.Khandesh; Kava.chi (Toiunsend) . Burma: Tharrawaddy(Oa«gs).

Tropical countries.

Genus SMERINGOPUS, Simon.

Smeringopus, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1890, p. 94 ; id. Hist. Nat.
Araign. i, p. 476, 1893.

Eyes of anterior and posterior line recurved, ocular quadrangle
longer than wide, space between posterior medians about twice
the diameter of an eye. Abdomen long, narrow, subcylindrical.
Sternum broadly truncate behind.

Type, S. elongatus, Vinson.

Distribution. Tropical countries of the world.

272. Smeringopus elongatus, Vinson, Aran. Riunion, etc. p. 135,
t iii fig 5 1863 : distinctus, O. P. Cambridge, Journ. Linn. Soc.,
Zool. X, p. 380, t. xi, figs. 28, 29, 30, 1869 (Pholcus).

2 . Colour : carapace yellow, with radiating triangular dark
patches ; legs yellow-brown, with pale white band round end of
femora and tibiffi ; abdomen greyish white, ornamented above with
a double series of black spots and at the sides vsdth large black
patches, ventral surface with a broad reddish-brown median band,
divided posteriorly by a pale stripe.

cJ . Like ? , but with palpus much inflated, and the mandible
armed in front below with a small tooth.

Total length 6 mm.

Loc. Ceylon. India: Trevandrum {Ferguson), Pondichery,
Dekkan. Burma: Eangoon, Tharrawaddy, Tenasserim {Oates,
Feci). Andaman Islands. Indo- and Austro-Malaysia, and tropical
Africa, &c.

240

HEKSILlIDiE.

Genua CROSSOPRIZA, Simon.
Crossopriza, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araiijn. i, p. 476, 1893.

Differing from Smeringopus in having the ocular quadrangle as
long as wide, and the posterior median eyes separated by a space
not exceeding the diameter of an eye. The abdomen is short, ovate,
posteriorly prominent and sloping abruptly away to the spinners.

Type, C. prisiina, Simon (Egypt).

Distribution. Egypt, Arabia, and India.

273. Crossopriza lyoni, Blaclavall, A. M. N. II. (a), xix. p. 392, 1867
(Pholcus).

5 . Colour yellowish ; carapace marked with median brown stripe;
legs spotted and streaked with black, extremities of femora and
tibiiB paler ; abdomen yellowish brown, clouded with darker
patches and marked with minute close-set yellowish spots, some
black spots upon its posterior portion and a black stripe runaing
down to the spinners from the posterior prominence, ventral
surface black, varied with pale markings.

d . Much like 2 , but with legs longer, abdomen lower, mandible
armed distally with a tooth ; femur of anterior leg with a row of
long spines ; palpi very thick.

Total length 5-6 mm.

Zoc. India : Madras (Henderson) ; ChingleTput (JambunatJian);
E. Khandesh (Madan), Allahabad (Kyves). Meerut. Burma:
Tharrawaddy (Oates).

Family HERSILIID^.

Carapace as wide as long, with cephalic region elevated, narrow
and defined by a deep semicircular sulcus ; eyes of anterior and
posterior lines strongly recurved, the anterior laterals standing
high up halfway between the anterior and posterior medians.
Mandibles weak, at most weakly toothed below ; maxillaj inclined
obliquely on the labium. Legs, except of 3rd pair, very long and
slender, armed with 3 claws. Abdomen short, subpentagonal ;
posterior spinning-mamillse very long, usually longer than the
abdomen ; colulus present. c *

Distribution. Africa, Madagascar, S. Asia, Australia, S. America.

The species of this family are extremely active hunting Spiders,
living on tree-trunks, old' walls, or under stones, and at most
spinning a scanty web of irregular threads.

Synopsis of Indian Genera.

a. Protarsi of legs undivided • • Tama, p. 242.

b. Protarsi of 1st, 2nd, and 4th legs bisegmented.

a} Ocular quadrangle nearly paraUel-sided Mersilia, p. I'ti.

b\ Ocular quadrangle much wider in front

thanhehind ..: Mubeicia, p. 242.

HERSILIA.

241

Genus HERSILIA, And.

Ilereilia, Audouin in Sav. Descr. Egypte, Arachn. p. 114, 1820;;
Siinon, Hist. Nat. Araipi. i. p. 446, 18i)2.

Ocular quadrangle parallel-sided ; head flat, angular laterally ;
clvpeus usually very high, prominent. Protarsi of 1st, 2nd, and
4th legs bisegiuented.

Type, H. caudata, Aud.

jjistribution. Africa, Madagascar, Oriental Region.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

a. Clypeus less than height of ocular quadrangle. //. clathrata, p. 242.
h. Clypeus exceeding height of ocular quadrangle,
rt'. Vulva without median lobe ; patella of palp

in S with conical process H. savignyi, p. 241.

¥. Vulva with median lobe; patella of palp

normal H. pectinata, p. 241.

274.

2

side.

Hersilia savignyi, Lucas, Mag. Zool. 6" annee, cl. viii, p. 10'
t. xiii, fig. 1, 1836: ? calcuttensis, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxviii
p. 216, t. XX, fig. 9, 1869.

Colour varying from quite pale to nearly black on the upper
generally mottled or banded ; abdomen with a black rim,
transverse stripe, and a median longitudinal black bar in front ;

legs and palpi banded. Clypeus considerably
exceeding ocular quadrangle ; width of carapace
less than half the length of the femur of the
1st leg. Vulva bilobate, the lobes separated
by deep emargination.

S ■ Smaller than 5 ; femur of 1st leg nearly
four times as long as carapace ; patella and
tibia of palp with a distinct sigmoid curvature,
patella produced above on the inner side into a
conical hairy prominence.

Measurements in mm. — 5 • Total length'
about 10, carapace 3"5, 1st leg 35. S ■ Total
length 7, carapace 3, 1st leg 40.

Loc. Ceylon. India: Nilgiri Hills (ITctm/json);.
Madatory and Ponmudi in Travancore (Fer-
guson), Chingleput (Jamhunathan) : Tercaud
{Henderson) ; Bellary ; Tanna (Edie) ; Matheran ;
Poona ( Wroughton) ; Allahabad (Ryves) ; Calcutta. Burma : Man-
dalay, Bhamo, Pegu, Tenasserim (Gates, Fea).

Fig. 82. — Hersilia
savignyi, y.i{a.H&e
Simon). The spin-
ners are repre-
sented as much too
short.

275. Hersilia pectinata, TJiorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 58, 1895, ^ :
peguana, id. ibid. p. 60, 5 .

Closely allied to H. savignyi, but recognizable by the form of the
generative organs. Vulva trilobate posteriorly, the median lobe
projecting beyond the laterals. Falpi of with patella and tibia

B

242

HBEblLIIj3iB.

straight, the former unmodified, the tibia furnished externally
above with an angular proraineiiee tipped with H or 4 spines.
Total length, j 12-5 ram., d 11 mm.

Loc. Ceylon : Yandaloy a. (Green). Burma: Pegu and Tharra-
waddy (Oates).

276. Hersilia clathrata*, TAorell, Spiders of Hm •ma, p. 56, 1895.

$ . Colour much a.s in the preceding, but the black rim of the
abdomen broader, and with four pairs of black spots on each side
of the middle. Further recognizable by having the clypeus low,
less than the height of the ocular quadrangle. Femur of anterior
leg just three times as long as the carapace. Vulva semicircularly
excavated behind, the excavation filled by a pair of lobes separated
by a deep but narrow notch.

Total length 10 mm., carapace 3'6.

Log. Burma: Teuasserira (Oaies).

Genus MURRICIA, Simon.

Murricia, Simon, Aim. Mus. Genova, xviii, p. 255, 1882 ; id. Hist.
Nat. Araign. i, p. 446, 1892.

Differs from Hersilia in having the ocular quadrangle much
■wider in front than behind, and the head elevated between the
posterior median and lateral eyes.

Type, M. indica, Lucas.

Distrihiition. S. India.

277. Murricia indica, Lucas, Mag. Zool. 6'" annee, cl. viii, p. 7, 1. 13,
fig. 2, 1836 (Hersilia) ; Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, xviii, p. 255, 1892.

2 . Ooloiu' : carapace pale in the middle and behind, blackish
elsewhere ; mandibles pale, darker at base ; palpi and legs banded :
abdomen with a median and on each side a darker baud.

cj . Slighter and more elongate tliau female, and with stronger
legs ; patella of palp longer than tibia.

Total length 8 mm.

Loc. Western India : Bombay and Malabar (Lucas).

Genus TAMA, Simon.

Tama, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, xviii, p. 256, 1882 ; id. Hist. Nat.
Araign. i, p. 446, 1892.

Differs from Hersilia in having the protarsi of the 1st, 2nd, and
4th legs undivided.

Type, T. edwardsi, Lucas.

Distribution. North Afi-ica, Oriental Region, Australia,
S. America.

278. Tama variata, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 751, 1899.
2 . Colour variable, as in Hersilia savic/nyi. Carapace with

* The only known specimen of this species has imperfect legs, and hence
may belong to the genus Tama.

UROCTEIU.T3.

243

ocular quadrangle a little lonc;er than broad and slightly wider
in front than behind, much exceeding height of clypeus, which
scarcely exceeds diameter of anterior median eye. Eirst to/
shorter than 4th, its femur about twice the length of the carapace.
Vulva with its posterior border produced into a median convex
lobe, with a transversely sulcate area on each side of it.

cJ. Much smaller than ? , femur of 1st leg more than twice as
long as carapace. Palp with patella and tibia unmodified, tibia
twice as long as patella.

Measurements in mm.— ? . Total length 10, carapace 3-5, 1st
leg 31. 6 ■ Total length 6, carapace 3.

Loc. Ceylon : Kandy {Green).

Family UROCTEID^.

Carapace transversely reniform, widely rounded in front and
laterally, posteriorly emarginate ; ocular group compact. Mouth-
jiarts weak and haustellate. Legs short and strong, spiny,
subequal in length, armed with 3 claws. Abdomen large, de-
pressed, truncate in front, oval posteriorly ; posterior spinners
much longer than the anterior, with the long, thick, compressed
apical segment directed upwards ; anterior spinners short, sub-
cylindrical, separated by a colulus ; anal papilla very large, fur-
nished laterally with fringe of long hair.

Distribution. Mediterranean Eegion ; China, Japan ; S. Africa ;
India.

Genus UROCTEA, Duf.

Uroctea, Dufour, Ann. Sci. Phys. v, p. 198, 1820 ; Simon, Hist. Nat.
Araign. i, p. 451, 1893.

Characters and distribution as above.
Type, U. durandi, Latr.

Habits. These Spiders live under stones, &c., where they spin a
small saccular teut-like web attached to the under side of the stone
by about five subradially arranged bands of silk.

279. Uroctea indica, sp. n.

5 . Colour : carapace and legs darker
or paler yelloA\ ish brown, with blackish
markings ; abdomen blackish above,
sometimes marked with seven pale spots,
six lateral and one posterior median.
Vulva consisting of a transversely-
elliptical plate, impressed behind with a
small circular pit and marked with
nearly semicircular grooves in front.
Total length 13 mm.
Loc. Western India : Poona
( Wroughton).

Fig. 83.
Uroctea indica, ^ , x j.

b2

244

itco8id;e.

Family LYCOSID^.

Hunting Spiders with the carapace narrow in front, high ; the
eyes of the posterior line strongly recurved, typically large, those
of the anterior line being as a rule much smaller and close-set.
Mandible powerful, not elongate, with fang-groove strongly toothed r
maxillee not inclined inwards, labium quite short. Leys spiny,
usually shortish and strong ; tarsi with 3 claws and no ungual
tufts. Abdomen oval, rarely elongate ; spinners forming a compact
group, generally subequal in length.

Distribution. Cosmopolitan.

Synopsis of the principal Indian Genera.

a. Tarsi of legs long, slender, and highly

flexible. , t-, ^aa

a' Fang-oTOove amied behind with 4 teeth. Eucamptopus, p. 244.

bK Fang-groove armed behind with 3 teeth. [Iygbopoda, p. 245.

b. Tarsi shorter and rigid.

«^ Anterior lateral eyes stalked, ou the edge

of the clypeus Etohosthenops, p. 248,

Anterior lateral eyes above the edge ot

the clypeus.
«^ Eyes of anterior line very strongly

recurved Thalassius, p. 247.

F. Eyes of anterior line procurved,
straight, or slightly recurved.
«\ Ocular quadrangle a little longer
than wide ; eyes of the quadrangle
not very unequal.
a\ Eyes of anterior line procurved. . Pebenkthis, p.
b\ Eyes of anterior line straight or

slightly procurved Dendbolycosa, p. 24b,

6". Ocular quadrangle much wider than
long ; posterior medians much larger
than anterior.
Posterior spinners much longer

than anterior Hippasa, p. 249.

• J". Posterior spinners subequal to
anterior.

a\ 3rd leg longer than 1st Ocyaie, p. 251.

b-. 3rd leg shorter than 1st Lycosa, p. 25.:!.

Genus EUCAMPTOPUS, nov.

Cara7?ace (in 6) about as wide as long, high behind, flat above ;
frontal area inclined; clypeus exceeding the ocular quadrangle,
which is a little wider behind than it is long, and twice as wide
behind as in front; eyes of anterior Une _ straight a little wider
than the posterior medians, which are twice the diameter of the

HYGEOPOBA. — PBRENETHIS.

245

anterior medians. Fang-groove of mandible armed behind with 4
strong teeth. Legs long, spiny ; tarsi long, slender, and flexible.

Type, E. coronatus, Poc.

Distribution. S. India.

280. Eucamptopus coronatus, si), n.

ij . Colour a tolerably unil'orm dark chocolate-brown, paler
beneath, clothed with olive-brown hairs ; clypeus and anterior half
•of sides of carapace covered with snow-white hairs. Carapace
almost as wide as long; eyes of anterior line straight, subequally
fipaced, medians a little the larger. Legs long and slender, with
long flexible tarsi. Palpi longer than the carapace by the length
•of the tarsus; tibia slightly exceeding patella, incrassate, the
apophysis short, stout, subquadrate.

Total length 17 mm., carapace 8-5, 1st leg 43, 4th 46.

Log. S. India : Tinnevelly (Barber).

Genus HYGROPODA, ThoreU.

Hygi-opoda, Thorell, Bull. Sac. Ent. Ital. xxvi, pt. iii, p. 4, 1894 ;
Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. ii, p. 315, 1898.

Resembling the preceding in having the tarsi of all the legs,
with exception of the 3rd pair, long and flexible, but differing in
that the clypeus is less in height than the ocular quadrangle ; the
eyes are more scattered, and there are only 3 teeth on the posterior
border of the fang-groove of the mandible.

Type, H. prognaiha, Thorell.

Distribution. Tropical Africa ; Bourbon ; Oriental Eegion ;
S. America.

581. Hygropoda procera, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 222, 1895.

5 . Colour : carapace with two parallel dark bands above ; abdo-
men yellowish above, with median dark anteriorly-bifurcating line
and a lateral posteriorly sinuous line ; pale below ; legs and sternnm
pale, with whitish hairs. Carapace a little longer than broad; eyes
of anterior line slightly procurved, the medians the largest. Legs
very long and slender. Abdomen sublauceolate ; vulva large,
deeply excavated, and surmounted in front by a pair of elevated
tubercles and ending behind in a pair of smaller tubercles.

Total length 12 mm., carapace 5'75, 1st leg 46"5.

Log. Burma: Tharrawaddy (0«tes).

Genus PERENETHIS, L. Koch.

Perenethis, L. Koch, Arach. Austral, p. 980, 1878,
Tetragonophthalma, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araiyn. ii, p 293, 1898 (not
of Karsch).

DifFers from Dendrolycosa, especially in having the eyes of the

246

LYOOSID/E.

anterior line very distinctly procurved, and the fang-groove armed
behind with only 2 siuall teeth.

Type, P. anifasciata, Del.

Distribution'. Oriental and Australian Kegions.

282 Perenethis unifasciata, Doleschall, Verh. Nat. Vereen. Nederland-
■ Indie, Y, no. 5, p. 10, t. vi, fig. 6, 1859 (Dolomedes) ; Thorell, Spiders
of Burma, p. 230, 1895.
According to Simon, this species, which is unknown to me in its
adult stage, differs from the following in having the eyes ot the
anterior line more strongly procurved, the quadraiigle considerably
longer than wide, and the clypeus narrower. , , s

Loc. Ceylon (according to Karsch). Burma: Akyah {Oates).

283. Perenethis indica, Simon, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1897, p. 295
(Tetrag-onophtbalma).

9. Colour: carapace and abdomen with a broad median dark
band, sparsely clothed with white at the sides, the dark band set
off by a narrow stripe of silver; sternum with pale median band
exp and sternum spotted with black ; anterior femora infuscate
below ; abdomen darker posteriorly. Legs long and slender, 1st
and 2nd about equal, and a little shorter than the 4th. Abdome.
long and narrow, posteriorly acuminate. . a consisting of a
transversely oval pit, divided by a median longitudmal partition.

Total length 14 mm., carapace 5, 1st leg 20, 4th Zb.

Loc. Eastern district of Poena (Tram) ; Karachi.

The following genus and species, based upon an immature speci-
men, differs from the foregoing species of PerenetJns m havmg the
anterior lateral eyes considerably larger than the medians :—

Polyhoea vulpina, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 229, 1895.
Loc. Eangoon {Oates).

Genus DENDROLYCOSA, Doleschall.

. Dendrolycosa, Do/e.c7.aZZ, r^rh-^"i-Z'''''-'-ft^^^^^^

no. 5, p. 51, 1859; Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. n, p. 2J4, iSJH.

Carapace much longer than wide; ocular area inclined at an
angle to C yprus, quadrangle longer than wide, exceeding clypeus ;
anterior and posterior median eyes not very unequal m size ; eyes
ofrterior liL straight or lightly recurved, much wider than those
of 2nd line. Tang-^l-oove of mandible with 3 teeth behmd. Legs
straight ; tarsi shorter and rigid.

Type, D.fusca, Dol. , ^ v

Distribution. Oriental Eegion and Austraha.

THALASSItrS.

247

284. Dendrolycosa stauntoni, sp. n.

$ . Colour : integument yellowish brown, carapace with a broad
white band extending almost to the margin on each side ; abdomen
covered above and below with whitish hairs, its upper side with a
median dark band, bordered with white in front ; legs covered with
whitish hairs intermixed with black ; extremities of the segments
darker ; lower side of femora infuscate. Carapace much longer
than broad, as long as tibia of 2nd leg ; eyes of anterior line very
slightly recurved, subequal, about a diameter apart, and half a
diameter from the laterals. Abdomen oval ; vulva with a median
excavation bordered in front by a «>^-shaped crest.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 20, carapace 7"5, 1st leg 28,
4th leg 31. S ' > S .

Loc. S. India : Bangalore (Staunton).

285. Dendrolycosa robusta, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 224, 1895

(Therimaclius).

$ . Closely resembling the preceding in form and colour. Vulva
with anterior transverse crest more ^-shaped.

d . Smaller. Tibia of paljj twice as long as patella, longer than
tarsus, the apophysis consisting of a single anteriorly-directed
pointed spur.

Measurements in mm. — J. Total length 22, carapace S'o, Ist
leg 30, 4th 31-5. d . Total length 26.

Loo. Burma : Kyeikpadam and Tharrawaddy (Oates).

The following species, based upon immature forms, are probably
congeneric with the foregoing, but are specifically indeter-
minable : —

Sphedanus spadicarius, Simon, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 262, 1897.
Loc. North Guzerat.

Sphedamis marginatus, Simon, J. A. S. B. Ivi, p. 284,1887.
Loc. Port Blair (Andamans).

Genus THALASSIUS, Simon.

Thalassius, Simon, Bull. Soc. .Zool. Fr. x, p. 13, 1885 ; Hist. Nat.
Araif/n. ii, p. 300, 1898.

Facial area evenly inclined as in Eucamptopus, and clypeus ex-
ceeding ocular quadrangle, but quadrangle scarcely narrower in
front and slightly longer than wide; anterior and posterior median
eyes subequal as in Dendrolycosa ; eyes of anterior line very strongly
recurved, the anterior laterals nearly equally distant from the re-
maining three on each side.

Type, T. marginellus, Sim.

Distribution. Ethiopian Eegiou ; Madagascar ; Oriental Eegion
as far as Solomon Islands.

248

LYCOSIDjE.

286. Thalassius phipsoni, F. Cambridge,
P. Z. iS. 1898, p. 31, t. iv, fig. 6.

$ . Colour : integument covered with
olive or greyisb-brown pubescence ; cara-
pace and abdomen ornamented laterally
with a white stripe extending from the
sides of the head almost to the spinners,
and separated from the middle of the
lateral border of the carapace by a space
equalling its own width. Carapace a
little longer than tibia of 1st leg. Legs
of 1st, 2ud, and 3rd pairs subequal and
much shorter than 4th. Lateral lobes
of vulva strongly clavate and in contact
posteriorly.

Measurements in mm. — Total length
26, carapace 10, 1st leg 37, 4th 43.

Loc. Bombay : Mahim and Dorun
{Phipson).

The characters of the following forms,
known in Burma only from immature
specimens, are doubtful : —

Thalassius margiuellus, Simon, Ann. Mus.

Genova, xx, p. 329, 1884 (Titurius) ;

id. Bull. Soc. Zool. Ft. x, p. 13, 1885.
Thalassius albocinctus (DoL), Thorell,

Spiders of Burma, p. 227, 1895.

Fig. 84.
Thalassius phipsoni, ?, Xj.

Genus EUPROSTHENOPS, Pocock.

recent authors, preoccupied.]

Carapace low ; facial area inclined ; ocular ^"^^^[^^"g""^*
equal to clvpeus in height, longer than wide, narrowed in front, its
pSterior e^^^s larger thin the anterior ; anterior l-tef ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Lm the rest and elevated, situated on the edge of the dypeus.
Tard normal. Tang-groove of mandible with 3 posterior teeth.

Type E. bayoniannus, Br. Capello.

D^liribution. Tropical Africa ; Madagascar; India.

HIPPASA. 249

287. Euprosthenops ellioti, 0. P. Camhridge, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 667,
t. Ivii, fig- 6 (Podoplitbalma).
o Colour : carapace pale with a dark band on each side, clothed
with ■silvery- white hairs; legs clothed with olve-brown hairs
;;td w\th' vhite, femora thickly spotted ; tibi. black at base and
Ilex- abdomen darkish above, with median anceolate band in
?ront' bordered at the sides with a broad pale band, sides and
ower surface covered with golden-yellow hairs, the ormer speckled
vXbrown. Carapace shorter than tibia of 3rd leg. _ Legs very
long, 4, 1, 2, 3 in length. Abdomen narrowed posteriorly, more

than twice as long as broad. ^ « c i *- 1«„ at

Meamrements in mm.-Total length 21, carapace 7-5, 1st leg 41 ,

4th 46. . , I N

Loc. S. India : Chingleput {Jamhunathan).

G-enus HIPPASA, Simon.
Hippasa, Simon, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, x, p. 31, 1885 ; Hist. Nat.
Araign. ii, p. 326, 1898.
Differing from Lycosa in having the posterior spinners consider-
ably longer than the anterior, the posterior eyes more M-idely
separated, and the eyes of the anterior line a little exceedmgthose
of the second line in width.

Type, H. agelenoides, Simon. -d i, t

Distribution. Africa; Madagascar; Arabia; British India;

^These Spiders spin a silken thread which expands into a sheet-
like snare.

Synopsis of the principal Indian Species.

«. Lower surface of abdomen with a thick fringe „ or;,,

of hair on each side • • ^- P^ntlienna, p. 250.

h. Lower surface of abdomen not laterally
fringed.

a\ Of large size ; carapace 8-9 mm. long ; pit

of vulva exposed. . "

a\ Pit of vulva semicircular H. lycosma, p. 2o0.

6^ Pit of vulva transversely elliptical .... H. olivacea, p. ^00.
6\ Smaller : carapace up to 5 mm. ; pit of
vulva roofed over.
a\ Plate of vulva produced into a long

tongue-like process H. holmercs,^- 2ol.

b\ Plate of vulva not produced into a long
tongue-like process.
a*. Process of vulva triangularly pointed _ . .

behind ^- Ptsaunna, p. 250.

6'. Process of vulva squarely truncate

\yp]i\ni agelenoides, p. 251.

250

LYOOSIDjU.

2b8. Hippasa pantherma, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 752,
1899 (= groeualliio, 6'iWion, Bull. iSoc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 31, 1885)
(? of Blackioall). ' i ' J

5 . Colour : integument ochraceous, clothed with silky greyish
hairs ; carapace with median narrow pale stripe and broader pale
border ; abdomen with a pair oL' longitudinal dark bands in front
above and transverse dark bands behind, the darker markings em-
phasized by pale lines ; legs obscurely banded above, sternum with
median black stripe. Legs and upper side of abdomen beset with
longish setae ; under side of abdomen with two thick bauds of
long setaj. Carapace as loug as patella and tibia of 4th leg, sliglitly
iouger than those of 1st, and than protarsus of 4th. Vulva con-
sisting of a large, yellow, thickly-hairy plate, produced posteriorly
into a pair of blackish angular processes separated by a median
angular notch.

S • Like the ? , but with much longer legs.

Measurements in mm. — J . Total length 16, carapace 7-5, 1st leg
21-5, 4th 27. 6 . Total length 15, carapace 7, 1st leg 26, 4th 33.

Loc. Ceylon: Trincomali (JV^itry). India: Trivandrum (i^cr-
(/won); Ootacamund (ffampson) ; Coimbatore ; Eamuad ; Bangalore
{Staunton) ; Poona district ( Wrouc/hton) ; B. Khandesh {Madan).

289. Hippasa lycosina, sp. n.

5 . As large as the preceding, but rather differently coloured,
the pale bands on the carapace more clearl}' defined, the legs not
banded, and the pattern of the abdomen loss distinct. Carapace
lower ; legs and abdomen not thickly hirsute and without crest of
setifi on under side of abdomen. Vulva consisting of a small brown
plate impressed posteriorly v^ ith a nearly semicu'cular, posteriorly-
open pit.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 20, carapace 9'5, 1st leg 26,
4th 34,

Loc. India: Eastern district of Poona (/lYtni) ; Kanara ; Nasik
{Millet) ; Uran {Aitlcen).

290. Hippasa olivacea, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxv, p. 297, 1887 :

simonis, id. ibid. p. 301 (DiapontlH).

Nearly allied to IT. h/cosina, but with longer legs, the carapace
shorter than the patella and tibia of the 1st and than the protarsus
of the 4th leg. Vulva much as in H. lycosina, but with the pit
transversely elliptical.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 17, carapace 8, 1st leg 24,
4th 30-5.

Loc. Burma: Eangoon, Tharrawaddy, Tenasserim, &c. {Outes,
Fea).

291. Hippasa pisaurina, sp. n.

$ . Much smaller than the preceding species, but very similarly

OOYALE.

251

coloured with the legs banded and mottled as ,n H. panther ma ■,
Somen ied with white belovv. Carapace as ong as patella
and tTbTa of 1st leg, but distinctly shorter than patella and ibm and
tLn pi^tarsus of 4th ; eyes of anterior line very unequal m si.e,
SecLns neai-ly twice the'diameter of the laterals, their interior
Xes in a straight line. Vxdva consisting of a plate triangularly
pointed behind and forming an archway over the cavity.
^ Measurements in ,nm. -Total length 11, carapace 4-5, 1st leg 14,

'^^io?' Western India: E. Khandesh {Madan) and E. Poena
( Wroucjliton) ; Bangalore (Staunton).

292 Hipuasa agelenoides, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, xx p. 334, 1884
(Phata) ; ThoreU, Spiders of Burma, p. 218, 1895 (Hippasa).

In size, length of limbs, &c. nearly resembling the preceding ;
darker in colour ; abdomen with a narrow black band on eac-h side
below Eyes of anterior Une more nearly equal, medians at most
a httle larger than the laterals, with their inferior edges standing
much higher. Vulva forming a vertical archway as in iT. pisaurina,
but the posterior border of the arch transversely truncate.

Length up to about 10 mm., carapace 5, 1st leg 1-), 4th 2U.

Loc. Burma: Eangoon, Tharrawaddy (Oate.s), Mmhla (Cmnotto).
Also recorded by Simon, but perhaps erroneously, from the Konkan
and Dehra Dun.

293. Hippasa holmerae, Tkorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 218, 1895.

A small paler-coloured species, with the legs not banded ; recog-
nizable from all the foregoing by having t.he plate of the vidva
produced posteriorly into a long, backwardly-directed tongue-Iike
process. Total length 8 mm.

Loc. Burma : Tharrawaddy (Oates). Also Singapore.

The following species are unknown to me :—

Hippasa greenallia^, BlackwaU, A. M.N. H. (3) xix p 387, 1867

■ ( Lycosa), from Meerut, Agra, or Delhi. Eecorded by Simon

from Matheran and Karachi, and by Karsch from Pera-

deniya &c., in Ceylon.
Hippasa partita, 0. P. Cambridge, P. Z. S. 1876 p. 599 {Tro-

c7iosa), from Alexandria. Eecorded by Simon from Karachi.

Genus OCYALE, Aud.

Ocyale, Audmin, in Sav. Descr. Egypte, Arach. p. 149, 1826 ; Simon,
Hist. Nat. Araign. ii, p. 345, 1898.

Allied to Liicosa, but with the 3rd leg slightly longer than the
1st ; quadrangle of posterior eves much wider behind, as in Hippasa ;

252

LTOOSIDjE.

eyes o£ anterior line slightly recurved, medians much larger than
laterals, the four taken together about as wide as the two anterior
medians.

Type, 0. atalanta, Aud.

Distrihulion. Africa ; Ceylon and Burma.

29-i. Ocyale atalanta, Amlouin, in Sav. Descr. Eavnte, Arach. p. 150,
182G. r >

Prevailing colour yellow, sides of carapace densely mottled with
olive-black ; legs strongly banded ; upper side of abdomen marbled
■with olive-black, and marked with white spots ; mandibles blackish,
clothed with greyish-brown hairs in front. Legs covered with long,
white, apical l)--booked hairs.

Length about 20 mm.

Log. Ceylon (&t)Ymn) ; Punduloya (ft'eew).

Genus LTCOSA, Latreille.

Lycosa, Latreille, Nouv. Diet. d'Mist. Nat. xxiv, p. 135, 1804 ; Simon,
Hist. Nat. Araign. ii, p. 345, 1898.

Carapace long as in Dendrolycosa ; facial area vertical, four
posterior eyes very large and arranged in a quadrangle, which is a
little wider behind than in front ; eyes of anterior line small,
straight or slightly curved, not or scarcely exceeding those of the
second line hi width ; clypeus very low, scarcely exceeding diameter
of anterior median eyes.

Type, L. tarantula,^OBSi.

Distribution. Temperate, Tropical, and Arctic countries.

The species of this genus spin no web. The larger forms live in
sUli-lined burrows, and under stones, &c. The females carry the
cocoon attached to the spiuners, and the young, after hatchiug,
swarm on the mother's back.

Synopsis of the larger Indian Species.

a. Sternum olive-yellow ; legs pale, not banded . L. chaperi, p. 254.

b. Sternum black ; tibite at least of posterior legs

banded below,
a'. Black ventral area of abdomen serially

spotted with white L. catula, p. 254.

6'. Black ventral area of abdomen unspotted.

a^. Tibiffi of all the legs strongly banded . . L. indagatriv, p. 254.
b-. Tibiae of anterior legs not banded.

a^. Femora of anterior legs infuscate

beneath L. lurougMoni, p. 263.

b^. Femora of anterior legs pale beneath.
Femora with black apical spot

below L. nigrotibialis, p. 253.

i*. Femora without black apical spot. . L. phipsoni, p. 253.

LYOOSA.

295. Lycosa phipsoni, Focock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soo. xii,p. 751, 1899.

5 . Carapace with broad yel-
lowish band down middle, darker
laterally with marginal band;
mandibles black, clothed above
with yellow - red hairs ; legs
greyish white below, with tarsi,
protarsi of all, and tibiso of
anterior two pairs infuscate j
tibia of 4th fuscous at the end,
white in middle ; coxa) and
sternum reddish to blackish
brown ; abdomen jet - black
below, whitish laterally, yel-
lowish above speckled with black,
and with an anterior median
black band. Carapace longer than
patella and tibia of 1st or 4th
legs ; eyes of anterior line very
slightly procurved, medians larger
than laterals. Vulva consisting
of a nearly semicircularly rounded
excavation and a J.-shaped har,
the upright of the ± mesially
expanded.

Length 20 mm.
cj . Like female in colour &c.,
but with legs longer.
Loc. India : Bombay {FMpson) ; Jaoli in Satara {Master) ; Cran
{Aiiken) ; Kanara and Nasik {Millet).

Fig. 85. — Lycosa phipsoni, 5 , X f .

296. Lycosa wroughtoni, Focock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 751,
1899.

Much resembHng the male of L. phipsoni in colour, but the
carapace not so vividly banded, the abdomen without any anterior
median black stripe, the hau-s on the mandible and palpi bright
orange-red, and the femora of the anterior legs infuscate below.
Tarsus of palp also more globular at base.

Length 25 mm.

Loc. India: Bulsar in Guzerat (Wrow^r^iow).

297. Lycosa nigrotihialis, Simmi, Ann. Mus. Gmova, xx, p. 330, 1884.

2 . Closely resembling L. phipsoni in size, colour, &c., but with
a dark band at the extremity of the femora beneath.

Total length about 25 mm.

Loc. Burma : Eangoon, Tharrawaddy, Mmhla, Tenasserim, &c.
{Oaies, Fea).

254

OXYOPIDjE.

298. Lycosa indagatrix, Walck. Ins. Apt. i, p. 339, 1837 ; Simon, Ann.

Mus. Genova, xx, p. 306, 1884.

5 . Closely resembling L. pliipsoni in colour &c. ; the mandible
clothed almost to the apex with red hairs, and the tibite of all the
legs banded below, being white in the middle and blackish at the
ends. Vulva with fovea scarcely longer than wide ; the median
keel rather narrow and distinctly swollen in the middle.

(S . Carapace more strongly banded than in female ; legs longer,
with white tibial bands broader than the dark patches on the
anterior legs.

Total length ( $ ) about 25 mm., carapace 12-5.

Loc. S. India : Pondichery, Wagra-Karoor in Bellary, &c.
{Simoii); Chingleput (Jambunathan).

299. Lycosa catula, Simon, Hull. Soc Zool. Fr. x, p. 457, 1885.

$ . At once recognizable from the preceding species by having
the black of the lower side of the abdomen reUeved by numerous
white spots irregularly arranged laterally and forming more
definite longitudinal lines mesially. Tibiae of all the legs white in
the middle below as in L. indagatrix, but the white not broader
than the black at the extremities. Median bar of vulva very
acute.

Length up to about 20 mm.

Loc. S. India : Coimbatore (Theohald) ; Tercaud in the Shevaroy
Hills (Henderson).

300. Lycosa chaperi, <S'mow, Bull. Soc Zool. Fr. x, p. 8, 1885; id.

op. cit. p. 458, t. X, fig. 3, 1885.
$ . Differs from all the foregoing species in having the sternum

and coxffi reddish or olive-yellow instead of black, and the legs

entirely pale below, not even the tibiae of the 4th being banded.

Fovea "of vulva closed behind by a large, transversely trapeziform

plate, without any median keel.

Length 14 mm. . t n

Loc. Wagra-Karoor near Guntakal, Bellary district (Fabre).

Family OXYOPIDiE.

Carapace oval, high ; head narrow, subacuminate ; eyes forming
a compact subcircular group, those of the posterior Hue being
typically strongly procurved and those of the anterior recurved,
the anterior medians minute ; clypeus very high, vertical. Man-
dibles long, not prominent, acuminate ; fang short ; fang-groove
unarmed or weakly armed ; maxillae and labium very long. Lec/s
long, slender, armed with long black spines, not scopulate ; three
claws. Abdo77ien generally oval, narrowed behind ; spmning-mamilla
short, subequal ; a small colulus present.

Distnbution. Temperate and tropical countries.

PEUCETIA. -^'^

Hunting Spiders, spinning no web, living amongst grass and
other plants and fastening their cocoons to the leaves or stalks.

The following genera are represented in India : —

a. Eves of the postorior lino lightly pvocurved ; fiiug-

• rrroove of raandihle unarmed Peucetia, p. 250.

b Eyes of posterior lino very strongly pvocurved ;

I'ang-groovo of mandible wealdy armed Oxyopes*.

Genus PEUCETIA, Thorell.

Peucetia, Thorell, Nova Acta Soc. Upsal. (3) vii,p. 37, 18G9 ; Simon,
Hist. Nat. Araif/n. ii, p. 378, 1898.

Characters as above.

Type, P. viridis, Blackwall.

Distribution. Tropical and temperate countries.

Synopsis of Indian Species t.

a. Carapace and limbs not varied with blaclc

spots and lines -P- P- ^56-

h. Carapace and limbs varied with black spots

and lines.

a\ Clvpeus with obsolete lateral stripe ;

mandibles spotted iu front . . • P- vtridana, p. io5.

h\ Clypeua Avith distinct lateral stripe ;
mandibles with distinct median stripe.
a". Plates of vulva posteriorly produced

and acuminate -P- yraminea, p. 25b.

V^. Plates of vulva not acuminate pos-
teriorly -P- procera, p. 256.

301. Peucetia viridana, StoUczka, J. A. S. B. xxxviii, p. 220, t. xx,
fig. 1, 1869 (Sphasns) : nigropunctata, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova
XX, p. 365, 1884 (Peucetia).

Fig. 86. — Peucetia viridana, X 2.

* This genus, which is omitted from the present Tolume, is represented by
many species, mostly of small size, and recognizable by their varied colouring
of silvery white and darker stripes.

t Peucetia cleqans, Blackwall ( A. M. N. H. (3) xiv, p. 39, 1 864 (Pasithea)), from
the " East Indies," differs from those here described in having a black band on
the lower side of the abdomen. Probably it belongs to the genus Oxijopes.

256

OIYOPIDjE.

2 . Colour : carapace green, sparsely spotted ; clypeus with a
pair o£ daric lines running from the anterior eyes; mandibles
with a few spots at the base of the setal pores towards the inner
side in front and sometimes with one or two forming an imperfect
line externally ; legs yellow, densely spotted with black ; femora
often banded v ith red below ; abdomen a rich grass-green,
indistinctly banded above and below. Vulva with its piriform
sclerites transversely truncate behind.

cJ . Palj}i very long ; femur arched, tibia about twice !is long as
patella ; external appendix of organ abruptly clavate at tip and
armed near the middle with a distinct conical tubercle.

9 . Total length up to about 15 mm., carapace 5, Ist leg 30.
(S . Carapace 4, 1st leg 36.

Loc. Ceylon : Trincomali and Andankalai (Terbury). India :
Madras, Pondichery, Chingleput (Jambunathan) ; Ponmudi and
Madatory in Travaucore (Ferguson) ; Ootacamund {Hampson) ;
Calcutta (SioliczJca).

302. Peucetia graminea, sp. n.

? Peucetia viridana, Shnon, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 1897, p. 290 [not of
Stoliczka).

2 . Nearly i-eserabling the preceding in colour, but the clypeus
with a very distinct lateral band and the mandibles with chstinct
anterior dark band ; sternum often with median black band. Vulva
with its sclerites posteriorly narrowed and separated by an angular
space.

cJ . Palpi a little shorter than in P. viridana, the external
appendix longer, mesially geniculate, and apically less abruptly
clavate.

2 . Total length 15 mm., carapace 4-5, 1st leg 24. J . Carapace3,
Isi leg 26.

Loc. Western India : Bulsar in Guzerat ( WrougTiion) ; ? Karachi.

303. Peucetia prasina, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxv, pp. 10 & 325,

1887 : viridana, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, xx, p. 326, 1884 (not of
Stoliczka).

Differs from all the preceding species in being tolerably uniform
greenish, not lined or spotted with black ; the anterior femora
reddish and varied with pale lines. Pal^y of male short, the
patella not twice as long as broad, and nearly as long as the tibia,
•which is a little shorter than the tarsus.

Total length ( 2 ) about 13 mm.

Loc. Burma : Minhla ( Gomotto).

304. Peucetia procera, Thorell, Ann. Mm. Genova, xxv, p. 321, 1887-
2 . Eesembling P. graminea in colour, but differing in having

the plates of the vulva less acuminate behind and separated
posteriorly by a much shallower excision.

Total length 14 mm., carapace 4, 1st leg 25.

Loc. Burma: Eangoon (Oato) ; Me-tan-ja (Fea).

CLUBIONIDJE. 257

Family CLUBIONII)^.

str?"g/;"t?oS^^^^^ powerful, with

are not inclined on\Tul ' ^^^^'^\^ project forwards, and

powerful, s rongrsS^ 'T''''^ ' ''''' ^''^^ ^''^

tarsi furbished Jhh Si ;1 and protarsi scopulate ;
spinners in contact ; clTs absent ^^^"'^ =

famS^sT/riijaSX"" f. '""'^ '^f'y ^^^^ng to the sub-
being laterSe and if .n -^"^ ^'^'^""^ ^^^^ other in

witi^ irfthicrtf; of XL'"' ^tiSVr'''''' ^p^^^^"^

tabulated as follows .— ^'"^ difFerences may be

«. Claws unarmed ; median eyes arranged

m a recurved crescent 7 • „ ^

6. Claws armed with teeth ; m;dian eye,;

forming a normal quadrangle ireteroj>odin., p. 259.

Subfamily SELENOPIN^.

Characters as above.

Genus SELENOPS, Latreille.

p- ^79, 1819,

Iate^7^;Sm?n\,r'lSns'?,S^ T P-*--r line recurved,
forming ^vitHhTm a ere cen^^^^^^^^^^^ the anterior medians and
far from the medians small H.l^ ^"^^^'io^' ^^terals

of ...c^Z. with t^o ;rteVior Sh ^ang-groove
Type, /S\ radiatus, Latr.

Tropical and subtropical countries.

Synopsis of Indian Species.
^spSS "^.^^^^^^ with two pairs of

of " anterio; le^; whh " ihree pairs " of ^'

^- montigena, p. 258

p. 234^^ 1881; id. Bull. Soizool Ff i Tu ^^^^V-
TViore//, Spiders of Burma, p 261 1895 ' bumanicus

258

CLUBTONID^.

with anterior and posterior median eyes subequal. Legs of Ist
and 2nd pairs with three pairs of spines on lower side of tibiae,

Fig. 87. — Seleoiops radiatus, $ .

two pairs on protarsi. Vulva with lobes meeting in middle line
behind and circumscribing a broadly cordate pale area.

S . Smaller and longer-legged than female ; eyes larger. Pdp
with tibial apophysis consisting of two stout conical teeth, one
above the other.

Length up to 20 mm. ( 5 ).

hoc. Ormara on the Mekran coast ; Karachi {Townsend) ; Bareilly
(Cambridge); N. Guzerat (WrougJiton) ; Tanna (Edie); TJran
(Aitlcen); Poona (Wroughton); Eastern Poona (Irani); Eastern
Khandesh (Madan); Bangalore (Staunton) ; Guntakal and Malabar
(Simon); Tharrawaddy in Burma (Oates). Also Spain, Sokotra,
Mauritius, Madagascar, and the whole of Africa as far south
as the Zambesi.

306. Selenops montigena, Simon, J. A. S. B. Iviii, p. 335, 1889.

9 Smaller than 8. radiatus, with the posterior median eyes
noticeably larger than anterior medians, and three pairs of spines
on the protarsi of the anterior legs. Vulva with lobes defaned m
front by a transverse sinuous suture, in contact in front, diverging
at an acute angle, separated posteriorly by an elongate heart-
shaped space.

Total length 11 mm.

Loc. Jaunsar, 6000 feet (Oldham).

HKTEIiOPODA. 259

Subfamily HETEROPODIN^.
Characters as specified on p. 257.
Distribution. Tropica] countries.

Synopsis of Indian Oenera.
a. Eyes of posterior lino recurved, the laterals
prominent.

a\ Carapace with thoracic region low and

Hat; nead considerably elevfifpfl r>
i'. Caramce higher and ^o,,;:. behind- P- 264.

head not or hardly raised. '
a: .Mnxillre_ crested; vulva 'with two cir-
cular pits .... o

Maxilte not crested;' 'vulva no t'niai-ked P- 263.

with cu-cular pits tt

b. Eyes of posterior line straight 'ol-'pr'o'cuVved ^^^'^'^'^^^o^'* ' P- 269.
the laterals sessile. '
a\ Anterior median eyes smaller than an-
terior laterals .... „

b\ Anteriormedianslarge;t'ha'n';,;as'la;.eas P" 265.

anterior laterals. "
n\ 2nd leg longer than 1st q„
b\ 2nd leg not longer than 1st rl^rT""^'

" -iHELCTICOPLS, p. 270.

Genus HETEROPODA, LatreiUe.

iJ-eteroipoda., Latreille, Nbm. Diet d'm\f AW

Simon, Hist Nat Araign. ii, p. SiflsgV 1^04;

Carapace nearly as wide as ionp- ninrIo,^n'f„
riorly, its upper ^surface neL ly f;tTh Id liStfv'L^'^'' ^T''
front ; eyes of posterior line recurved thriaterS L1 i
mment; eyes of anterior line straight' or p o S' ^^ P''^"
than medians ; quadrangle longer than wi^l ' • ^ ^^""S^^
Ma.ilU not crested. Kl.a eofsLt 'rof pli^o'I'ToLr
separated by a median skeletal piece, r!re y in^ coVtLt ' "'"'"^
Type, H. venatona. Linn. ^ tonracr.

DistMon. Prom India eastwards to Australia rTh« f • ,

species, //. venatoria, which Jives in hnn^ofr f -^^^^ typical

human agency into all tropical countries.) ' ^"^^^'^^^^^ ^y
iSympslg of Indian Species.

rr-i - 1 , . Males,
a. libial apophysis of palp basal.

■ "beloT ^'^^ ^'^""^ yellow-bordered area

AMomen'uniform'ly'pale'belo'w P'-ompta, 261.
h. Tibial apophysis of palp apical miythiesi, p. 262.

«J. Apophysis widely bifurcate'at tip. n j
bK Apophysis not widely bifurcate ^"P''"'"^ P" 262.

. Apophysis armed with two siiarn teplh Tf ^ ■
b'. Apophysis not toothed at extremi v P- 260.

pomted. '

Wed'"'' °' ^P"P''^^'^ ^^-"^ly
b*. Distal half of apophysis 'sinuous.' on iv ■^''*''''' P" ^^l-

260

CliUlilONIDvE.

Females.

n. Abdomen black, with yollow border below . . H. protnpta, p. 261.
b \bdomen not darker beneath than at sides.

a'. Carapace shorter than tibia of 3rd le^. . . . if. kandiana, p. ibl.
Carapace not shorter tliau tibia of 3rd leg.
a". Anterior femora iufuscate below.

d\ 4th leg not longer than 1st H.fabrei, p. 201.

6^ 4th leg longer than 1st. ,
o'. Carapace strongly elevated behind. H. pleheia, p.
b\ Cariipace not strongly elevated

behind II. leprosa, ]>. 2Q2.

b-. Anterior femora not infuscate below.
«». Anterior median eyes as large as

anterior laterals -S'- P- 263.

b\ Anterior median eyes smaller than
anterior laterals,
a". Median sclerite of vulva hammer-

shaped H.Bexpunctata,^.m\.

W. Median sclerite of vulva not

hammer-shaped. „
d'. Carapace very high behind .... B- lantjuida, p. Jb/.
v. Carapace low behind.

cC. Lobes of vulva separated by

median tongue-shaped sclerite //. phasma, p. ZW.
6^ Lobes of vulva posteriorly in _

contact S. venatona, p. 260.

307. Heteropoda veuatoria, Linn. St/st. iVai. ed. 12, p. 1035, 1766

(Aranea), and of recent authors : ferina, Simon, J. A. 6. H. Ivi,
p, 102, 1887 (Heteropoda).
9 Prevailing colour of hair a greyish mouse-brown above and
below ; clypeus yellow ; usually a yellow black-bordered stripe on
the posterior slope of carapace. Carapace low, about as long as
tibia of 3rd leg ; eyes of anterior line with their upper edges on a
level, laterals one-third of their diameter larger than medians.
Vulva with lateral lobes in contact.

A Smaller and yellower than female ; carapace with laige
black patch on each side ; legs spotted with black. Legs jnch
longer than in female; carapace shorter than tibia of 3rd leg.
Tibial apophysis of palp short, armed with two teeth.

MeaslLents «m.-$. Total length 26, ca>-apace 11 1st
leg 52, 4th 48. 6 ■ Total length 21, carapace 9-o, 1st leg bb,

^*Lof' Common in houses in India, Ceylon, and Bm-ma Arti-
ficially introduced from the East into all tropical countries.

308. Heteropoda phasma, Simon, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. x. p. 258, 1897.

9 . Haiiy clothing very pale, silky yellowish grey ; J^'JI^dibles
shining black. Eyes of anterior Ime more procurved than in
H vZto ^a , the medians about half the diameter of the laterals.

nETBROPOJ3A. 261

sSt J"^"^^' "^'^^^^^ separated by broad tongue-sbaped

^^Measurements in mm.— ToUl length 23, carapace 10, 1st leg 50,

Zoc Himalayas, 6000-7000 ft. (Smythies); Kasauli (Waller
JiaiToiv) ; Jaunsar and Mundali, 8000 ft. {Glcadow).

309. Heteropoda sexpunctata, Shion, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p 14

t. X, fag. 11, 1886. ^ '

?. Carapace, femora, and upper side of abdomen densely
variegated wth blackish patches. Carapace as wide as Ioiir,
exceeding t.bia of 4th leg. Legs short, 4th and 1st subequal.
I.obes of vulva widely separated, the cleft divided by a narrow
crest, the posterior end of which expands like a hammer-head.

d. Smaller. Tibial apophysis long, slender, acute, spiniform,
curved downwards and outwards.

l^/^TuT'oo* Total length 20, carapace 9, 1st

4th 27^5 ^'"^^'^ leg 3],

Loc. India: Tanna; Poona {Wroughton); Khandesh ; Bellary.

310. Heteropoda fabrei, Simon, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p 32 t x
1896 ■ ^ ^'^i- ^'r- Ixv, p. 489^

2 . Cofowr much as in the preceding, but femora infuscate
below. Vulva with its lobes separated by a parallel-sided groove
iibial apophysis of male slender, pointed, with the distal half bent
sharply downwards.

lpi^97.Trr?'>'""'-~..5. Total length 15, carapace 7-5, 1st
leg J/ 2 4th 2ro. d . Carapace 6-4, 1st leg 30-5, 4th 29-2
Loc. b. India : Eamnad (Fah-e) ; ? Tricbinopoiy.'

311. Heteropoda kandiana, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 752,

? . As large as H. venaioria, darker in colour ; clypeal band pale,
crescentic. Carapace shorter than tibia of 3rd leg : eyes of
anterior line strongly procurved, laterals nearly twice the diameter
ot the medians, centre of the latter on a level with upper edges

^^"^ ^ifcli lateral lobes

separated by broad tongue-shaped sclerite

^^Measurements in mm.-Total length 24, carapace 11, 1st leg 58,
Loc. Ceylon : Kandy (Terbury).

312. Heteropoda prompta O. p. Cambridffe, Araneidea, Second Yar-

Z^F^f- P^I^'i^^f,^^^'-"*^^)^ '^asaria, Simon, lUm. Soc.
^ool. Ir. X, p. 259, 1897 (Heteropoda).

? . Ventral surface much darker than in the other species,

262

CLUBIOKIDjE.

sternum and coxas nearly black, lower side of abdomen black,
bordered with yellow stripes. Carapace as long as tibia of 2Qd
leg . eyes of anterior line straight, medians half the diameter of
the laterals ; clypeus low. Legs short. Vulva with lobes large,
diverging in front, almost in contact behind.

(5 . Tibial apophysis i-ising from base of segment, long, stout,
curved, and ending in a thinner hooked portion.

Measurevxents in mm. — $ . Total length 18, carapace 7, 2nd leg
26, 4lb 22-5. d . Total length 12-5, carapace 6, 1st leg 34, 4th 27.

Loc. Himalayas : Murree (StoliczJca) ; Jaunsar, Deota, and
Konain, 7000 ft. {Gleadoiv).

313. Heteropoda smythiesi, Simon, Mhn. Soc. Zool. Fr. p. 259, 1897.
cJ . Allied to H.prompta but smaller and paler, obscurely spotted

and lined with black; ventral surface pale; apophysis of palp of
the same shape and position as in H.prompta, but with the terminal
portion straighter.

Measurements in mm.— Total length 10, carapace 4-5, 2nd leg 21,

4th 19.

Loc. Dekkan* (Smythies) ; Konain, 7800 ft. (Gleadow).

314. Heteropoda languida, Simo7i, J. A. S. B. Ivi, p. 102, 1887.

$ . Hairy clothing yellowish, femora faintly mottled. Carapace
as long as 4th tibia, very high behind, the posterior slope forming
aright°angle with the upper surface. Lobes of vulva separated by
a narrow groove behind and by a narrow sclerite in front.

Measurements in mui.— Total length 17, carapace 7*5, 2nd leg 30,

4th 29.

Loc. Burma: Tavoy.

315. Heteropoda leprosa, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, xx, p. 336, 1884 ;

Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 264, 1895.

Q Colour much as in H. fahrei apparently; anterior femora
infuscate below, mottled with white. Carajtace as long as tibia of
2nd leg ; anterior lateral eyes nearly twice the diameter ot the
medians. Legs short. Vtdva with lobes widely separated.

cJ . Tibial apophysis apically bifurcated.

5 . Total length 13 mm.

Loc. Burma : Minhla {Comotto) ; Eangoon (Oates).

316. Heteropoda plebeia, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, x^v, J,. 237, 1887 ;

Spiders of Burma, p. 264, 1895.

P Differing apparently from ff. leprosa in having all the femora
darker, the sternum and" coxa a brighter red, and the carapace
strongly elevated behind as in H. languida. „ _ „ , , ^

Measurements in mm.— Total length 17, carapace 6-0, 2nd leg 23-5,

4th 23.

Loc. Burma : Eangoon and Kyeikpadam {Oates).

* No doubt an error for Dehra.

BPAHIOLENUS. 263

317. Heteropoda lutea, Thorell, Spiders of Bumxa, p. 265, 1895.

? . Of a tolerably uniform yellowish colour; limbs mottled with
small spots, with a large patch at the base of the tibitB. Euea of
anterior line straight, subequal, about twice their diameter above
the edge of the e ypeus. Carapace a little shorter than tibia of

sepaSSd i^tnt P"^'*^^^"^'^' ^''^'^

^Measurements in mm.-Total length 10-5, carapace 5, 2ad leg 29,

Loc. Burma: Tharrawaddy {Dates).

^T'llSl^'l^'T' Jl^teropoda are too briefly described

s;nop-'rp;'259^^^^^^^^ ^""^ ^^'^ ''^^

318. ^ge^teropoda^umbrata, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 291, t. xi,

Oohur yellowish, mottled with black. Carapace as long as tibia
ot 4th leg. Vrdva with lateral lobes posteriorly in contact Tibial
apophysis of palp longish, evenly narrowed from base to anex
concave above, convex below. Length 10 mrn. '

Loc. Ceylon : Peradeniya (Sarasin).

319. Heteropoda eluta, Karsch, loc. dt. p. 291, 1892.

? . Differs from the preceding at least in having the lobes of
the vulva widely separated by a median yellow plate. Tibial
apophysis of palp of d consisting of a sharp process, convex above
concave below, and armed with an inferior basal tubercle. Total
length 9 mm.

Loc. Ceylon (Sarasin).

320. Heteropoda subtilis, Karsch, loc. cit. p. 292, t. xi, fig. 13.

6. Scarcely differing from H. eluta in colour and structural
f atures but with the tibial apophysis of palp consisting of a S
sublamelhform tooth. Total length 7 mm.
Loc. Ceylon : Peradeniya (Sarasin).

Genus SPARIOLENTTS, Simon.

Spariolenus ^ci. Soc. Zinn. Bord. xxxiv, p. 280, 1881-

%d. Hist. Nat. Araign. ii, p. 56, 1897. '

sfinSi? *° ^^'^'•ff «. but With the eyes of the anterior line so
rnc&oTn'' , '^f tSfJ"f«"or edges of the smaU medians
stand almost on a level with the superior edges of the laterals • the
latera s moreover, are only about two diameters apart and rather
more than a diameter above the edge of the clypeus The maxiUa

aTmoTSi;-'^.'?'''^^'"-'^- longitXal crest which S
at most tamtly indicated in Heteropoda.

Type, S. tiyris, Simon.

Distribution. India ; Nicobar Islands.

264

clubionid;!!.

321. Spariolemis tigris, Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxxiv, p. 281,
1881.

5 . Carapace and abdomen covered with a mixture of rusty-red
aud white hairs, mottled with black ; legs and palpi yellowish,
strongly banded with brown. Carapace as wide as long, shorter
than tibia of 3rd leg. Lecjs very long. Abdomen pentagonal ; vulva
consisting of a pair of round pits surrounded by subcircular rings
which meet in the middle line.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 13, carapace 6, 2nd leg 37,
4th 34.

Loc. Matheran {PMpson)\ Poona ( IfroM^f/iion) ; Calcutta (Gates
^ Simon).

Spariolenus mec/alopis, Thorell (K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.
xxiv, no. 2, p. 77, 1891), based upon an immature female from the
Nicobar Islands, is not classifiable.

Genus PANDEECETES, L. Koch.
Pandercetes, L. Koch, Arachn. Austral, p. 739, 1875 ; Simon, Mist.
Nat. Araign. ii, p. 56, 1897.
DiiSers from Heteropoda in having the thoracic region of the
carapace flat and low, and the head raised and sharply defined ;
eyes much as in Heteropoda, those of anterior line straight, quad-
rangle parallel-sided or nearly so. Legs generally plumose.
Type, P. gracilis, L. Koch.
Distribution. India to Australia.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

a. Legs not plumose ; femora, coxas, and sternum _

uniformly pale below ( c? ) -P- maeilentus, p. 265.

b. Legs thickly plumose; sternum and coxse black,

anterior femora colom-ed below ( $). „ , . . „„.

a\ Anterior femora orange-yellow below P- decipiens, P-^t)4.

Anterior femora blackisli bronze below .... -P. celatus, p. 265.

.| 322. Pandercetes decipiens, Pocock, Jour.

Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 753 : ? plumipes,
Xarsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xsxvi, p. 290,
1892 (Zatapina) [not of Doleschall).

5 . Colour of upper side greyish and
mottled with brown so as to match the
lichen-covered bark of trees; coxse,
labium, and sternum shining black,
femora of 1st and 2nd legs orange-yellow
below. Carapace slightly longer than
wide; shorter than femur of 1st leg.
Legs with their margins thickly tufted
with hairs. Abdomen nearly twice as
long as wide. ^
Total length 16 mm., carapace /.
randeroetddeciviens, ? , Loc- Ceylon : Punduloya ( Green).

PALYSTES.

265

323. Pandercetes celatus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N, JET. Soc. xii, p. 753,

1899.

2 . Distinguishable from the preceding by having the under
side of the femora of the Ist and 2nd legs and of the tibiaa of the
3rd and 4th a rich blackish brown tinged with bronze.

Total length 22 mm., carapace 8.

Log. India: Trivandrum in Travancore (Ar^/won).

324. Pandercetes macilentus, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 267,

1895.

cJ . Colour : body clothed above with yellowish-white hairs varied
with brownish patches ; lower side of cephalothorax, abdomen,
and legs clothed with whitish hairs. Carapace about as wide as
long, half the length of patella and tibia of 4th leg. Legs not
plumose. Palp with tibial apophysis double, the upper branch
slender and pointed, the lower broad and short.

Total length 11 mm., carapace 5.

Loc. S. Tenasserim (Gates).

Genus PALYSTES, L. Koch.

Palystes, L. Koch, Arachn. Austral, p. 701, 1875; Simon, Hist. Nat.
Araign. ii, p. 65, 1897.

Carapace longer than in Heteropoda, more narrowed in front ;
eyes of posterior line straight, subequal, the laterals not prominent;
eyes of anterior line straight or procurved, laterals much lai'ger
than medians ; clypeus low ; 1st leg in $ longer than 2nd.

Type, P. castaneus, Latreille.

Distribution. Tropical Africa ; India to Australia.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

a. Entirely pale above and below P.flavidw, p. 2fi6.

b. Variegated on under side of body and legs P. Icochi, p. 265.

325. Palystes kocM, Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxxiv, p. 265, 1881 ;

Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 268, 1895 : melanichnys, id. Ami.
Mus. Genova, xxx, p. 53, 1890.

5 . Colour: integument of upper side of body and limbs covered
with yellowish-white hairs ; mandibles blackish, sternum and coxse
black ; femora of 1st and 2nd legs and in a lesser degree of 3rd
covered with close-set, alternating zigzag stripes of white and
brown ; tibiaa white with basal ajid apical black band ; lower side
of abdomen patched and hued with brown. Carapace with sum-
mits of eyes of anterior line on a level, laterals about one-fourth
of their diameter above edge of clypeus. Lateral lobes of vidva
meeting posteriorly in a long suture and circumscribing in front a
transversely oval pit.

cj . Smaller: femora and tibiffi not variegated below; tibial
apophysis of palp short, pointed, and directed downwards.

266

CLUBIOXID^.

Meamrements in mm.— 2- Total length 29, carapace 15, Ist
4tf 4^?' ^'^^ ^ ' '''^'^'^^ '^"^'^'^ '^'^^^P^'^® •'•^'^

Zoc. Sylhet. Burma: Eangoon, Tenasserim (Oates Sf Fed).
Also Sumatra.

326. Palystes flavidus, Simon, Ann. Sue. Ent. Fr. Ixv, p. 489, 1896.

? . Differing from P. kochi in being smaller, and entirely pale
above and below. Ei/es of anterior line strongly procurved, laterals
and medians subcontiguous, upper edge of former just above centres
of medians, laterals more than half a diameter above edge of clypeus.
Vidua with lateral lobes widely separated by an oblong space
occupied by a black V-sbaped skeletal piece.

^^Measurements in wim.— Total length 15, carapace 7, 1st leg 28,
Loc. India : Trichinopoli (Simon) ; Allahabad (Hyves) ; Calcutta.

Genus SPARASSUS, Walck.

Spavassus, Walckenuer, Tabl. Aran.^. 39, 1805; Simon, Mist. Nat.
Araign. ii. p. 46, 1897.

Of much the same form and size as Heterofoda, but with the
ejres of the posterior line straight or slightly procurA'ed, the
laterals sessile, those of the anterior line usually straight and
subequal, the laterals not larger than the medians; clypeus very
low ; tibiae of anterior legs with only two pairs of inferior spines.

Type, S. argelasius, Walck.

Distribution. Tropical countries.

Synopsis of Indian Species.
Males.

a. Tibia of palp with basal and apical apophyses.

a\ Basal apophysis strong and triiid

6'. Basal apophysis slender and undivided. . . .
h. Tibia of palp with only apical apophysis.
d'. A triangixlar process beneath apophysis . .
V^. No strong process beneath apophysis.

a^. Abdomen black below in middle

b^. Abdomen uniformly pale below.

a'. Mandibles brown ; carapace as wide

as long

h*. Mandibles black ; carapace longer than
wide.

a'. Patella of palp unspined, wider than

tibia

6°. Patella of palp with external spine,

not wider than tibia

Females.

a. Lateral lobes of vulva almost meeting in the

middle line throughout their length S. hdescens, p. 269.

S. tarandus, p. 269.
S. tener, p. 269.

S. wroughtoni, p. 268.

*S'. lamai-cki, p. 267.

S. impudicus, p. 268.

S. stimulator, p. 269.
S. phipsoni, p. 268.

SPARASSUS. '2G7

b. Lateral lobes of vulva widely separated at
least posteriorly.
a}. Carapace as long as patella and tibia of

4th leg S. hirtus, p. 267.

6'. Carapace shorter than patella and tibia of
4th leg.

o=. Abdomen uniformly pale below S. imjmdicua, p. 268.

tr. Abdomen black below in middle.

a'. Cleft of vulva short, oval S. pxinctipes, p. 268.

A^ Cleft of vulva long, acutely angular in
front.

Tibias of legs not spotted; coxas

paler than sternum S. lamarcki, p. 267.

b*. Tibite of legs spotted ; coxse and legs

uniformly black S. senilis, p. 267.

327. Sparassus lamarcki, Latreille, Gen. Crust, etc. i, p. 113, 1806
(^Thomisus) ; Si7non, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxxiv, p. 301, 1881
(Olios).

$ . Colour : carapace deep brovi'n, covered with yellowish-white
hairs ; mouth-parts and sternum black ; legs with greyish-yellow
hairy clothing ; femora white below, mottled with black, with
black patch at base and apex, tibiae with black basal spot ; abdomen
black below, golden yellow varied with black above. Carapace a
little longer than wide. Vulva with lateral lobes separated by a
A-shaped cleft occupied by a median black skeletal piece, narrow
in front, expanded behind.

d . Smaller than $ , paler; sternum, mouth-parts, and lower side
of femora reddish, with white hairs ; median ventral band of
abdomen paler and narrower. Tibial apophysis of ^alp long,
pointed, and straightened; palpal organ armed with a great
forvvardly-directed spike.

Measurenients in mm.— 2 . Total length 21, carapace 10, 2nd
leg 42. <s . Total length 13, carapace 6, 2nd leg 33-5.

Loc. Ceylon: Kandy and Trincomali (Terbury); Punduloya
(Green) ; Peradenyia. India : Chingleput (Jambunathan) ; Coim-
batore ; Pondichery. Madagascar.

328. Sparassus senilis, Simoti, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxxiv, p. 303,

1881.

$ . Allied to the preceding, but apparently differing in having
the coxae black like the sternum, and the tibiae spotted below like
the femora, the median skeletal piece of the vulva triangular, and
the carapace as wide as long.

Measurements in mm. — Length of carapace 8-4, 2nd leg 37-6.

Loc, Ceylon (Simon).

329. Sparassus hirtus, Ahrsck, Zeits.oes. Naturw. hi, p. 560, 1879

(Pelmopoda). > v , v ,

$ . Colour much as in the preceding two species, but with the

268

OLUBIONIDjE.

femora and tibia? not spotted below. Carapace as long as patella
and tibia of 4th leg.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 24, carapace 8'5, 2nd
leg 35-5.

Loc. Ceylon {Nietner).

330. Sparassus wrouglitoni, Simon, M&m. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 257,

1897.

cJ . Differing from c? of S. lamarcici in having carapace, mouth-
parts, legs, and sternum uniformly ochre-yellow, clothed with
white hairs ; under side of abdomen uniformly pale, upper side
with obscure pattern. Tibia of falp shorter, its apophysis double,
the upper branch long, bent at right angles distally, lower branch
short and triangular.

Measurements in mm. — Total length 15, carapace 7, 2ud leg 32.

Loc. North Konkan, Bulsar in Gtxxzev&t (Wroucjhton); Matheran
(Pliipson) ; Uran (AitJcen).

331. Sparassus phipsoni, Pococh, Jour. Bom, N. H. Soc. xii, p. 752,

1899.

d . Resembling >S'. ivrougUoni in colour, but with mandibles
black and a small black patch on base of tibia?. Palp much like
that of S. lamarcici, but with tibial apophysis lightly concave on
inner side when viewed from above, and process on tarsus much
shorter and less claw-like.

Measurements in Total length 19, carapace 9-5, 2nd leg 50.

Loc. Bombay {PMpson).

332. Sparassus impudicus, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxv, p. 241,

1887.

5 . Paler and more uniformly coloured than S. lamarcici ;
integument yellowish, covered with white hairs; femora indis-
tinctly mottled below, tibiss with indistinct basal spot. Vulva
with median cleft very short and filled with amber-yellow sclerite.

cJ. Like $ in colour, but with mandibles brown. Tibial apo-
physis of palp stouter than in S. lamarcici, with much larger
convexity on its inner margin ; palpal organ furnished with
externally projecting tooth.

Measurements in mm.— $ . Total length 25, carapace 10, 2nd
leg 40. c? . Total length 17, carapace 8, 2nd leg 44-5.

Loc. Burma: Tharrawaddy {Oates); Me-tan-ja {Fea); Anda-
man Islands {Oates). Also Sumatra.

333. Sparassus punctipes, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, xx, p. 339,

1884 (Olios) ; Thorell, op. cit. xxv, p. 244 (1887) : venustus et
callipygus, id. loc. cit. pp. 248 & 250, 1887 : punctipes, var. sordi-
data, id. Spiders of Burma, p. 271, 1895 (Sarotes).

5 . Colour variable ; typical form not so dark as S. lamarcla ■
sternum and coxss yellowish brown, extremities of femora, patelte,

SPARASSUS.

269

and tibias with black rings, femora of anterior two pairs spotted
below ; ventral area of abdomen not so black. In var. sordidatus
the whole integument is blackish, and the upper side of the abdo-
men is scarcely varied. Cleft of vulva consisting of a short oval
space at posterior end of the plate.

Total length 24 mm., carapace 10, 2nd leg 40.

Loc. Burma: Minhla (Oomotto) ; Tharrawaddy (Oales).

334. Sparassus lutescens, Thordl, Bih. So. Vet.-Akad. Handl. xx,

pt. iv, no. 4, p. 12, 1894; id. Spiders of Burma, p. 272, 1895
(Midamus).

$ . Of small size, entirely pale, the protarsi sometimes spotted
above at base and apex. Carapace as wide as long. Vulva with
lateral lobes separated throughout their length by a narrow median
cleft, each lobe divided by a transverse groove into an anterior
larger, darker, and a posterior, smaller, paler portion.

Total length 10 mm., carapace 3-5, 2nd leg 19.

Loc. Burma : Tharrawaddy (Oates).

335. Sparassus tener, Thorell, K. Sc. Vet.-Akad. Handl. xxiv, pt. 1,

no. 2, p. 80, 1891.

S . Colour much as in S. lutescens. Palp with two long, strong,
forwardly-directed tibial apophyses, one external at base, the other
inferior at apex.

Total length 7'5 mm., carapace 3-25, 2nd leg 22.

Loc. Assam.

336. Sparassus tarandus, Sinwn, Bull. Mus. WHist. Nat. 1897, p. 294.

c? . Colour pale, carapace with radiating dark stripes ; abdomen
with median dorsal dark band ; mandible brown. Palp with two
tibial apophyses as in S. tener: one at apex, long, slender, acute
and sinuous ; the other basal, ending in a strong compressed trifld
extremity.

Length 12 mm.

Loc. Karachi {Maindron).

337. Sparassus stimulator, Simon, M6m. Soc. Zool. Fr. x p 258

1897. ^ '

c? . Nearly allied to S.phipsoni, but, according to the description,
differing in having the patella of the palp unspined, exceeding the
tibia in breadth and equalling it in length.

Total length 18 mm.

Loc. Himalayas, 2000-2800 ft. {Smyihies).

The following species of Sparassus, based upon immature
specimens, are not classifiable : —

Sparassus fug-ax, O. P. Cambridge, Araneidea, Second Yarkand Uxped.

p. 73, 1885.-1,00. Murree to Sind Valley {Stoiiczka).
Sparassus patagiatus, Simmi, Mhn. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 256, 1897.—
Dehra Dun {Smythies).

270

OLUBIONID.S.

Genus THELCTICOPIS, Karsch.

Thelcticopis, Karsch, SB. Ges. Nat. Marburg, 1884, p. 64.
Thelcticopis+Seramba, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. ii. p. 72, 1897.

Carapace longer than in Sparassus, longitudinally convex ; eyes
of posterior line procurved, laterals sessile, anterior medians
larger than laterals ; clypeus low. Mandible with fang-groove
armed behind with 5-6 small teeth. Lecjs short, less laterigrade, let
longer than 2nd or equal to it ; anterior tibiaa with 5 to 7 pairs
of inferior spines. Spinners supported on a membranous stalk
strengthened by a hairy chitinous ring.

Type, T. severus, L. Koch.

Distribution. Ceylon and Burma to the Solomon Islands.

Synopsis of Indian Species.
Males.

a. Tibial apophysis single, long, arcuate T. nalandicus, p 270.

b. Tibial apophysis shorter, bifid.

a'. Branches of apophysis equal T. canescens, p. 271.

6'. Branches of apophysis unequal T. paripes, p. 271.

lemales.

a. Eyes of both lines subequally spaced ; abdo-
men variegated.

a'. Abdomen flavous, variegated with black . . T. nalandicus, p. 270.
6' . Abdomen black, variegated with pale spots

above T. pictus, p. 271.

h. Lateral ej'es further from medians than the
latter are from each other,
n^. Cleft of vulva naiTow, parallel-sided, in-
tegument blackish T. canescens, p. 271.

P. Cleft of vulva oval, narrower behind than

in front; integument reddish brown .... T. birmanicm, p. 271.

338. Thelcticopis nalandicus, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 293,
pi. xi, fig. 15, 1892 : nigropicta, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc.
xii, p. 673, 1899 (Stasina).

5 . Colour : carapace and legs reddish, clothed with whitish hairs
intermixed with black ; abdomen greyish, variegated above with
black spots and stripes. Eyes of both lines subequally spaced.
TibisB of anterior legs with 7 pairs of inferior spines.

cJ . Smaller than female. Tibial apophysis stout at base,
strongly arched, narrow and pointed at apex.

2 • Total length 13-5 mm., carapace 6, 1st leg 18'5.

6 ■ Total length 9'8 mm., carapace 4 5, 1st leg 18.

Loc. Ceylon : Matale, Nalanda (Sarasin) ; Punduloya (Green).

THELCTICOPIS. 271

339. Thelcticopis paripes, Karsch, Zeits. Naturw. Hi, p. 5o0, t. vii,

f. 7, 1879 (Themeropis) ; id. Bcrl. ent. Zcits. xxxvi, p. 293, 1892
(Stasiiia).

cf . Eesembling the preceding, but with the anterior median
nearer to each other than to the laterals. Tibial apophysis
double, consistiDg of au inner branch, long, crooked, and sharp, and
an outer short, conical, diverging at a right angle.

Total length 14 mm., carapace 6, 1st le"- 22.

Loc. Ceylon (Nietner). °

340. Thelcticopis canescens, Simon, J. A. S. B. Ivi, p. 103, 1887.

2 . Colour : integument deep reddish brown, hairs on carapace
white, on abdomen ashy yellow ; ventral area not black. Tibim
of anterior two pairs of legs with 5 pairs of inferior spines.
Vulva oblong, marked with a median wide reddish groove.

d" . Tibial apophysis of palp consisting of two long subequal
smooth processes.

$ . Total length 21 mm., carapace 9, 1st leg 24.

(S . Length of carapace 8 mm., 1st leg 27-7.
Loc. Hills between Burma and Siam.

341 . Thelcticopis birmanicus, Thorell, Spiders of Burma n 274

1895. , (J. i/*,

? . Principally differs from T. canescens in being of a paler hue
the carapace being reddish and the legs yellowish brown. Cleft
of vulva broad in front, narrowed behind, occupied by a piriform
sclerite.

Total length 14 mm., carapace 6-5, 1st leg 18.
Loc. Tenasserim (Oates).

342. Thelcticopis pictus, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxv p 254
1887 (Seramba). ' '

Apparently resembling T. nalandicus in most structural charac-
ters and m coloration, but with tlie hairy clothing of the carapace
and legs olive-yellow; the abdomen black, ornamented above with
pale spots and stripes. Anterior tibiaa armed below with 5 pairs
of spines. Cavity of vulva nearly circular, occupied by Y-shaped

Total length 21 mm.

Loc. Burma: Shwegoo Myo (fea).

The following species of this family, based upon an immature
female example, is of doubtful generic position :

Ilolconia arniillata, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxv, p. 233 1897 _
Loc. Burma; Shwegoo Myo {Fea). '

272

PLATOBID^.

Family PLATORIDiE.

Body very flat, legs completely lateiigrade ; carapace much
wider than long, head narrow. Mandibles weakly armed, labium
longer than wide, maxilla directed obliquely inwards. Sternum.
much wider than long, not narrowed behind. Coxa? of legs long,
the posterior widely separated, 1st leg shorter than the rest, 2nd
longest ; no scopulas or ungual tufts ; anterior legs armed with
erect spiniform bristles ; claws two in number and toothed.
Spinners short, those of anterior pair widely separated, the inter-
mediate pair occupying the space between them.

Distribution. North India; China; S.America.

Genus PLATOR, Simon.

Plator, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5) x, p. 105, 1880 ; Hid. Nat.
Araign. ii. p. 18, 1897.

Characters as above.
Type, P. insolens, Sim.
Distribution. N. India ; China.

343. Plator indicus, Simon, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, x, p. 256, 1897
( J ) : ixodinua, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 763, 1899 ( ? ).

$ . Colour : carapace and legs reddish yellow ; carapace black
about the eyes, and with narrow black marginal line ; posterior legs
with black line running down the middle of patella, tibia, and
protarsus ; abdomen olive-green, paler below, darker round edge.

pig_ 89 _ Plator indicus, $ , X 2.

Phies of anterior line distinctly separated; anterior legs furnished
below with many spiniform sets stronger on the protarsus than
elsewhrre. ri/consisting of a large pmform horny plate
fSshed posteriorly with a pair of crescentically-curved darker

contieuous thickenings. . j i *. :„

d Much like $ , but with anterior eyes larger and almost in

contact.

?f Savas anVweTem India : Poona and Konkan (Simon) ;
Konl i?otS ■ Mundali, 8000 ft. (GMdow) ; Dalhousie (To^ns-

end).

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Acanthodon, 161.
noanthurus (Isometrus),

51.
Acari, 5.
Acattyma, 166.
aoute-carinatuB (Buthus),

20.

adspersata (Meta), 226.
ffitnula (Argyope), 223.
afer (Heterometrus), 93.
affinis (Scorpiops), 75.
afghanus (Galeodes), 140.
agelenoides (Hippasa),
251.

flgilis (Galeodes), 140.
albocinctuB (ThalassiuB),
248.

albostriatus (Melopoeus),
205.

alticeps (Psechriis), 212.
alticola (Buthus), 21.
ambigua (Heteropoda),
261.

Amblypygi, 123.
anasuja (Argyope), 222.
andamanicum (Sason),
174.

andersoni (Chilobrachys),
197.

andersoni (Hypootonus),
117.

andersoni (Orriithocto-

nus), 206.
Androctonus, 13.
angustata (Feeenia), 212.
angustata (Nephila), 216.
angustus (Thelyphoiius),

106, 116.
annamitn (Gasteracan-

tha), 235.
annulatus (Rhaeodes),

152.

anthracinus (Oha;rilus),
57.

anthracinus (Scorpiops),
74.

Arachnida, 1.

Araihnomorpliaj, 206.
AraneiE, 153.
araneoides (Galeodes),

136.
Araneus, 223.
Arcbisometrus, 35.
arcuata (Argyope), 220.
arcuata (Gasteracantha),

232.

argelasius (Sparasaus),
266.

argentatus (Psechrus),

210.
Argyope, 220.
Argyopidse, 213.
Argyroepeira, 215.
armatoris (Sason), 174.
armillata (Holconia),

271.
Artema, 238.
asper (Pandinus), 86.
asEamensis (Isometrus),

48.

assamensis (Uroproetus),
196.

asthenurus (Scorpiops),
73.

atalanta (Ooyale), 252.
atlanta (Artema), 238.
Atmetochilus, 168.
atomarius (Isometrus),
36.

atratus (Gluviopsis), 146.
atriceps (Atmetochilus),
169.

atrostriatus (Buthus), 20.
Atypidie, 168.
Atypus, 158.

australasisB (Hormarus),
79.

australasise (Scorpio), 79.
australis (Buthus), 15.
australis (Galeodes),
143.

australis priamus (Prio-

nurus), J 5.
australis (Scorpio;, 15.

bacillifer (Galeodes),
14-1.

baluchious (Buthus), 16.
barberi (Palamneeus),
95.

Barychelida3, 172.
basilicus (Isometrus),
49.

bayoniannus (Eupro-

sthenops), 248.
beddomei (Thelyphonus),

105.

bengalensis (Galeodes),
137.

bengalensis (Palamnaus),
94.

bicolor (Butheolus), 31.
bicolor (Chilobrachys),

bilunifer (Araneus), 227.
binghami (Hypootonus),
113.

binghami (Scorpiops),
74.

birmanica (Conothele),
165.

birmanicus (Obarilus),
62.

birmanicus (Liphistius),
156.

birmanicus (Selenops),
257.

birmanicus (Thelcticopis),
271.

bombayensis (Palamnse-
us), 89.

brachycentrus (Isome-
trus), 50.

brachydactylus (Sara.x),
131.

brevipes (Chilobrachys),
199.

brevipes (Ischnocoliis),
183.

brevipes (Ehagodes), 149.
bi-evispina (Gasteracan-
tha), 235.

T

274

AT.PHABKTICAIi INDEX.

Bulheolus, 28.
Buthidsa, 12.
Buthiiiaj, 12.
Buthini, 12.
Buthus, 13.

Onsrostrig, 230.
cfesar (Palamnajus), 97.
c-iB.sar (Scorpio), 97.
calcuttensis (Hersiliii),
241.

callipygus (Sparassus),
268.

Oalommata, 159.
calpetana (Macrotliele),
171.

cambridgii (Trithyreus),
122.

CamptotarauB, 1.59.
cancriformis (Gastera-

cantha), 231.
canescens (Thelctioopis)

271.

canningenais (Gaatera-

cantha), 235.
oasaria (Heteropoda),

261.

oaataneuB (Palystes), 265.
CatagsBua, 130.
Catageue, 130.
Catagius, 130.
catenulata (Argyope),
223.

catula (Lycosa), 254.
caueasiua (Buthua), 19.
caudata (Herailia), 241.
caudata (lachnothele),
170.

caudatiia (Thelyphonua),
103.

cavernicola (Stygophry-

nus), 130.
celatua (Pandercetes),

265.

celebesiana (Argyro-

epeira), 216.
Centrurinse, 42.
Centrurini, 42.
cervinuB (Haploclastus),
185.

cervinus (Labochirus),

109, 110.
cervinus (Phlogius), 196

197.

ceylonenais (ChjEriliis),
62.

ceylonica (Tetragnatlia),
214.

ceylonicus (Plirynus),
126.

ceylonicuB (Scorpio), 96.

OhasrilidcB, 53.
ChfBriliiB, 53.
ohaperi (Lyeosa), 254.
Charmua, 31.
Oharon, 129, 131.
ObaroutidiE, 128.
CheloraachuB, 53.
Cbilobraobys, 192.
Chiromacbetos, 77.
cicatroBUB (Araneua),
226.

oinctipsB (Heterochar-

mus), 32.
cinotipes (Sason), 173.
cingulata (Oyrtaraohne),
229.

citricola (Araneua), 226.
clatbrata (Herailia), 242.
clavata (Nephila), 215.
clavatrix (Plectana), 233.
Clubiouidas, 257.
coUetti (Idiops), 161.
ooUinus (Palanin£BU3),
95.

collinus (Pleaiophriotus),
182.

complanatus (Isobnurus),
79.

conoanensiB (Butbua),
25.

Oonotbele, 165.
conatruotor (Acantbo-

don), 163.
convexa (Artema), 238.
coronatua (Eueampto-

puB), 245.
craasicaudatus (Scbizo-

inus), 120.
crasairaanus (Arebiao-

metrus), 34.
crasairaanus (Hemibu-

tbuB),34.
craBsimanua (Scorpiops),
68.

craasua (Aoanthodon),
161.

cristatua (ThelypbonuB),
105.

Orosaopriza, 240.
crotalus (Lyrognatbus),
203.

cryptica(Acattyma), 166.
Otenizidce, 160.
cylindrata (Fecenia), 21 2.
OyriopagopuB, 204,
Cyi'taraobne, 228.
Oyrtopbora, 223.

Dieaiinse, 145.
dalyi (Gasteracantha),
232.

Damarchus, 169.
deeena (Epeira), 228.
deoipiena (Muaagetes),
196.

decipiens (Pandercetes),
264.

decorata (Tetragnatha),
216.

rteliaanii (Araneus), 225.
Oendrolycnaa, 246.
dentatuB (Scorpio), 46.
designatua (Acantho-

don), 164.
desultor (Lipbiatius),
156.

diaderaatua (Araneus),
223.

diadesmia (Gastera-

cantba), 234.
Diplothele, 174.
Dipluridas, 170.
distinotus (Pholcus), 239.
doriaa (Butbua), 16.
doraualia (Atypua), 1.58.
dumicola (laobnotbele),
171.

durandi (TJroctea), 243.

edwardai (Tama), 242.
elegans (Lafcbrodectua),
237.

elegana (Meta), 216.
ellioti (Euprostbenops),
249.

ellioti (Sipalolaama), 177.
olongatus (Smeringopus),
239.

eluta (Heteropoda), 263.
Entomotbele, 170.
Ereaidse, 208.
Eucamptopus, 244.
eupeua (Androctonua),
19.

Euprostbenopa, 245.
europasus (Isometrus),
46.

exantbematicus (Ara-
neus), 222.
extenea (Tetragnatba),
214.

fabrei (Heteropoda), 261.
fabrei (Plesiopbrictua)
182.

fasciata (PcEcilotberia),
192.

fastigata (Argyroepeira),
216.

fatalia (Galeodes), 137,
143.

fex (Araneua), 226.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

275

fere (Lychas), 42.
Feeeuia, 212.
I'emoralis (Ohilobraob^s),
195.

fergiisoni (Cbiromache-

tes), 78.
ferina (Heteropoda), 260.
fllum (Butluis), 46.
fimbriat.iis (Chilobra-

cbys), I'Jo.
flnitimus (Biithus), 16.
flaveacens (Butheolus),

30.

flavidiis (Palystes), 2C6.
flaviuianus (Palatuureus),
87.

flavo-pilosus (Chilobra-

chvs), 196.
foriiiosa (Poecilotberia),

191.

formosus (Hypoctonus),
116.

fortis (Acanthodon), 163.
fossor (Acanthodon), 164.
feasor (Atmetocbilus),
168.

I'rontata (Qasteraoantba),
234.

fugax (Sparassus), 269.
i'uliginea (SelenocoBmia),
201.

fiJigineiia (Phlogius),
196.

fulvipea (Oaloinmata),
159.

fulvipes (Palamnaaus),
87.

furuosua (Obilobracbys),
196.

fusca (Dendrolycoaa),
246.

fuBcipes (Butheolus), 29.

Galeodes, 136.

GaleodidiE, 135.

gangeticus (Buthus), 25.

Gasteracantba, 231.

geminata (Gastera-
cantba), 233.

gemmifer (Cbajrilus), 60.

geuiculata (Tetragnatha),
215.

geometricus (Latbrodec-

tus), 238.
gbecuunus (Psecbriis),

211.
Gluviopsia, 146.
gracilis (Pandercetes),

264.

gracilis (Tetragnatba),
214.

grnniiiiea (Poucotia), 256.
gramniui-us (Buthus),
23.

granosus (OhtBrilus), 56.
grassii (Trithyrous),

gravimunus(Palamn!Bus),
90.

greon.'Jliic (Hippasa),

250, 251.
greenallia; (Lycosa), 251.
greeni (Sipalobsiua), 176.
grubei (Oyrtaracbne),

229.

gujai-atensis (Buthus),
25.

halyi (Diplothele), 176.

Haploclastus, 185.

hardwickii (Obilobra-
cbys), 198.

hardwickii (Scorpio), 64.

hardwickii (Scorpiops),
66, 70.

basseltii (Gasteracantba),
233.

basseltii (Lathrodectus),
237.

hector (Androctonus), 15.
Heliguiomerus, 164.
Hemibuthus, 34.
Hemiscorpion, 77.
Hemiscorpius,77.
bendersoni (Buthus), 26.
hendersoni (Lychas), 40.
Herennia, 219.
Hersilia, 241.
HersiliidiE, 240.
Heterocharmus, 31.
Heterometrus, 84.
Heteropbrictus, 180.
Heteropoda, 259.
HeteropodinEe, 259.
hiuialavana (Selenocos-

mia)' 200.
Hippasa, 249.
hirtus (Sparassus), 267.
hispida (Epeira), 228.
bobsoni (Ordgarius), 230.
holmeras (Hippasa), 251.
holosericeus (Iscbnoeo-

lus), 183.
Hormurus, 78.
bortorum (Argyroepeira),

215.

Hubbardiida2, 119.
Hygropoda, 245.
Hypoctonus, 111.

Idiops, 161.

illepidus (Poltys), 236.

imperialis (Nephila), 218.
impudicus (Sparassus),
268.

inajqualis (Cyrtaraohne).
229.

indngatrix (Lycosa), 254.
indica (Murricia), 242.
indica (Perenetbis), 246.
indica (Uroctea), 243.
indicus (Galeodes), 142.
indicus (Lathrodectus),
237.

indicus (Plalor), 272.
indicus (Thelyphonus),
105.

indus (Palamnteus), 96.
inermis (Phlogiellus),
202.

insculptus (Scorpiops),
68.

insignis (Ohajrilus), 58.
iusignis (TbrigmopcBUs),
186.

insolens (Plator), 272.
insularis (Hypoctonus),
117.

insularis (Thelyphonus),

117.
lomachus, 81.
Ischnocolus, 183.
Ischnothele, 170.
Iscbnuridffi, 76.
Isomelrus, 44.
ixodinus (Plator), 272.

javanensia (Selenocos-
mia), 201.

kanarensis (Palamnffius),
93.

kandiana (Heteropoda),
261.

kochi (Palystea), 265.
kocbii (Pandinus), 86.
kublii (Nephila), 218.

Labochirus, 107.
lasviceps (lomachus)
81.

liEvifrons (Lychas) 41.
laglaizei (Araneus), 224,
lamarcki (Sparassus),
267.

laneus (Charmus), 32.
languida (Heteropoda),
262.

Lathrodectus, 237.
latifrons (Tetragnatba),

214. ■
latimanus (Palamnseus),

90. '

276

.ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

leioderma (Scorpio), 99.
leprosa (Heteropoda),
262.

leptoohirus (Soorpiops),
69.

leptognatha (Tetragna-

tha), 215.
lepturus (Hemiscorpius),

77.

leucomelajna (Gastera-

cantha), 235.
leucoraelas (Pleot.ana),

235.

limbata (NephUa), 218.
lindstroemii (Scorpiops),
74.

lineatus (Stegodyphus),

■m.

linteatus (Ischnooolus),
183.

Liphistiidte, 156.
Liphistius, 156.
Liurus, 13.

liurus (PalamnfBUs), 91.
lobata (Argyope), 221.
loDgimanus (PalamniBus),
97.

longimanus (Scorpiops),
72.

lucidipes (Palamnseas),
87.

lugubris (Scorpiops), 74.
lunatus (Phrynichus),
126.

lutea (Heteropoda), 263.
lutescens (Sparassus),

269.
Lyohas, 35.
Lycosa, 252.
Lycosidae, 244.
lycosina (Hippasa), 250.
lyoni (OroBsopriza), 240.
Lyrognathus, 202.

macilentus (Pandercetes),
265.

macmahoni (Buthus), 18.
macmahoni (Galeodes),
141.

Macrothele, 171.
maculata (Macrothele),
171.

maculata (Nephila), 217.

maculatus (Scorpio), 46.

niadraspatensi.s (Palam-
niBus), 88.

malabarensis (lomaohus),
82.

malabarensis (Nephila),
219.

raalabariensis (Selenops),
257.

malayana (Oonothele),
165.

mandiljulata (Totragna-

tha), 215.
margaritatuB (Chasrilus),

58.

marginatuB (Sphedanus),
247.

margiuellus (Thalassius),

247, 248.
martensii (Buthus), 23.
masoni (Ohilobrachys),

197.

megaoephalus (Buthus),
96.

megalopis (Spariolenus),
264.

melanichnys (Palystes),
265.

melanurus (Butheolus),
28.

melanurus typicus (Bu-
theolus), 29.

melanus (Rhagodes), 148.

Melopoeus, 205.

mesor (Isotnetrus), 37.

Mesothelce, 155.

metallica (Poecilotheria),
189.

millardi (Plesiophrictus),
181.

milleti (Heterophrictus),
180.

minatoria (Tetragnatlia),
216.

minax (Melopoeus), 205.
miranda (Poecilotheria),
190.

mirandus (Stegodyphus),
209.

mitralis (Geerostris), 231.
moluccensis (Ai'aneus),
226.

monstrosHS (Ordgarius),
230.

montanus (Nemesiellus),
167.

montanus (Scoi-piops),
70.

moutigena (Selenops),
258.

mucronatus (Lycbas), 36.
mucronatus (Scorpio), 36.
multipunctii (Bpeira),
219.

muricola (Thelyphonus),

105.
Murricia, 242.
Musagetes, 192.

Mygalomorphee, 157.

nalandicus (Thelcticopis),
270.

nauticus (Araneus), 228.
Nemesiellus, 167.
Nephila, 217.
nigrescen8(Thelyphonu8),
104.

nigriceps (Rhagodes),
150.

nigrifrons (Buthus), 22.
nigripalpis (Galeodes),
144.

nigripes (Hormurus), 80.
nigristernis (Lychas), 38.
nigritus (Buthus), 27.
nigrocinctus (Rliagodes),
151.

nigrolineatus (Scorpio),
23.

nigropicta (Stasina), 270.
nigropunctata (Peucetia),
255.

nigrotibialis (Lycosa),
253.

nilgirinus (Haploolastus),
185.

nitelinuB (Ohilobrachys),
197.

)iitidu8 (lomachus), 83.
Nyctalops, 119.

oatesii (Damarchus), 169.
oatesii (Hypoctonus),
112.

oatesii (Palanmseus), 98.
obscurior (Galeodes),
143.

occitanus (Buthus), 13.
oculatus (Ohilobrachys),

200.
Ooyale, 251.
odonturus (Buthus), 16.
QScophloeus, 172.
olivacea (Hippasa), 250.
Omothymus, 204.
opifex (Acanthodon),

162.
Opiliones, 5.
OpiBthothela!, 156.
Ordgarius, 230.
oreophilus (Scalido-

gnathus), 167.
orientalis (Gkileodes),

138, 143.
ornata (Argyope), 222.
ornata (Poecilotheria),

192.

ornatissima (Hereunia)
219.

qVLPHauetical index.

277

ornatiis (Androotoniis),
19.

ormitus (Ischnooolus),
184.

OrnithocloniniB, 203.
OrnithoctoiuLS, 20.5.
orophila (Solenoposmia),
201.

Orthochirus, 28.
Orthoclactjlus, 28.
Oxyopes, 256.
O.xj'opidiB, '2ri4.

pachyurus (Buthus), 27.
paciflcus (Stegodyphus),
209.

paganus (Oyriopagopus),

205.
Palamnteus, 84.
pallidus (Butheolus), 30.
Palystes, 265.
Pandercetes, 264.
Pandinus, 84.
pannuceus (Poltya), 236.
pantherina (Hippasa),

250.

paradoxa (Cterostris),
231.

pai-adoxus (Plesiobuthus),
344.

paripes (Thelcticopis),
271.

partita (Hippasa), 257.
parvimanus (Thelypho-

nu3), 108.
patagiatus (Sparassus),

269.

pectinata (Hersilia),
241.

peguana (Hersilia), 241.
Pelecodon, 159.
penjabensis (Buthus),
22.

Perenethis, 245.
persicuB (Buthus), 19.
persicus (Rhagodes),
150.

perspicillata (Cyrt-

arachne), 229.
petersii (Palamnreus),

84, 97, 98.
petersii (Scorpiops), 70.
petiti (Acanthodon),

161.
Peuoetia, 265.
Phalangium, 126.
phasma (Heteropoda),

260.

phipsoni (Isometrus),
37.

phipsoni (Lyoosa), 253
phipsoni (PalaiunaeuB),
94.

phipsoni (Phryniohus),
127.

phipsoni (Rhagodes),
152.

phipsoni (Sparassus),
268.

phipsoni (Thalassius),
248.

Phlogiellus, 202.
Phlogiodes, 179.
Phlogius, 200.
Pholeidaj, 238.
Phriclus, 200.
Phrynichidas, 125.
Phrynichus, 125.
Phrynischus, 126.
Phrynus, 126.
pieeus (Atypus), 158.
pietus (Chserilus), 61.
pietus (Thelcticopis),
271.

pisaurina (Hippasa),
250.

Plagiobothrus, 176.
Plater. 272.
PlatoridiB, 272.
plebeia (Heteropoda),
262.

Plesiobuthus, 43.
Plesiophrictus, 181.
plumipes (Zatapina),
264.

pocoekii (Ohilobrachvs),
195.

Podophthalma, 248.
Poeoilotheria, 188.
politus (Stenoohirus),
33

Poltys, 235.

prasina (Peucetia), 256.
prianius (AnJroctonus),
15.

Prionurus, 13.
pristina (Crossopriza),
240.

proboscideus (Labo-

chirus), 107.
procera (Hygropoda),

245.

procera (Peuoetia), 256.
prognatha (Hygropoda),
246.

prompta (Heteropoda),
261.

propinqua (Gastera-

cantha), 233.
proscorpio (Thelypho-

nus), 106.

prostan8(Heligmomerus),

166.
Psechrido!, 210.
Paechrus, 210.
Pseudoscorpiones, 5.
psittacinus (Tholypho-

nus), lOfi.
pugnax (Lyrognathus),

203.

pulohoUii (Argyope),

pullata (Aranous), 228.
punctipes (Sparassus),
268.

punctipes, var. sordidata

(Sarotes), 268.
punctulatus (lomachus),

83.

pusillus (CatageuB), 130.
pusillus (Phrynichus),
128.

radialis (Scalidognathus),
167.

radiatus (Selenops), 267.
rangunensis (Hypooto-

nus), 116.
rangunensis, var. silvati-

cus (Hypoctonus), 115,

116.

ranioeps (Cyrtarachne),
229.

regalis (Poeoilotheria),
190.

remif era (Q-asteracantha),
233.

reniformis (Phalangium),

126.
Rhagodes, 147.
RhagodiniE, 147.
Rhax, 136, 147,
rigidulus (Isometrus),

52.

rimata (Gtasteracantha),
233.

robusta (Dendrolyoosa),
247.

robustum (Saaon), 173.
robuatus (Phlogiodes),
180.

roretzi (Acattyma), 166.
rufescens (Chasrilus), 67.
rufescens (Gluviopaia),
146.

rufllata (PcEoilotheria),
189.

ruflmanus(Thelyphonu8),

rufofemorata (Epeira),
228.

278

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

rufo-fuscus (Musagotes),
197.

rufulua (Galeodos), 139.
rugiscutis (Butlnis), 26.
riigosulus (Bulluis), 20.
rugnsus (Lyolias), 39.
rimipfl (Araneus), 228.

sabulosus (Galeodes),
139.

salebrosa (Epeira), 226.
Boltator (Lyrognathus),
203.

Barasinorum (Stegody-

phus), 209.
savasinorum (Stenochi-

rus), 33.
Barawakensis (Sarax), 131.
Saiax, 131.
Sarpedon, 172.
Sason, 172.
Sasoniolius, 177.
satai-ensis (Scorpiops),

71.

Satzicus, 172.
Bayignyi (Hersilia), 241.
saxatilis (Hypoctonus),
115.

Bcaber (Lychas), 38.
Bcaber (Palanmieus), 93.
BoabrinuB(Thelyphonus),
106.

Scalidognathus, 166.
Sohizomus, 119.
Scbizonotida;, 119.
Sfibizonotus, 119.
Bchnebagenii (Tbelypho-

nus), 105.
schneideri (Buthus), 28.
Scorpio, 84.
Scorpioues, 1, 5.
Scovpionidse, 84.
Scorpionini, 84.
Scorpiops, 54.
Scurria, 188.
scutatug (Lychas), 37.
scutilus (Lychae), 35, 37-
Selenocosmia, 200.
Selenocosmiinas, 187.
Selenopiuae, 257.
Selenops, 257.
semiflaTua (Rhagodes),
149.

semilunaris (Plagio-

bothrus), 176.
senilis (Sparas-sus), 267.
sepiaris (Tbelypbonus),

104.
Seramba, 270.
tericeus (Cbilobrachys),

199.

BoriceuB (Plesiophriotus),
182.

eerratuB (PalamnoiuB),
97.

8oticeps(ScalidognathuB),
167.

severus (Thelctioopis),
270.

sexpunctata (Hetero-

poda), 261.
Bexepinosus (Ordgarius),

230.

shoplandi (Isometrus),
41.

shoplandi (Lychas), 41.
simonis (Diaponlia),
250.

sindicuB (Buthus), 25.
Sipalolasma, 176.
sisyphoideB (Pholcus),
238.

SmeringopuB, 239.
smythiesi (Heteropoda),
262.

BOcialis (Stegodyphus),
209.

solid us (Scorpiops), 66.
Solifugro, 132.
SolpugidtE, 145.
BoriciuuB (Ohilobrachys),
199.

Bororna (Gasteracautha),
233.

spadicariuB (Sphedanus),

247.
Sparassus, 266.
Spariolenus, 263.
spinas, Scorpio (Atreus),

52.

spinifer (Heteromelrus),
98.

Bpinifer (Palamnceus),
98.

stauntoui (Dendroly-

cosa), 247.
Stegodyphus, 208.
stellata (Epeira), 223.
StenochiruB, 32.
stimulator (Sparassus),

269.

striata (Poecilotheria),
191.

8tridulans(Ghilobrachys),
198.

Btridulans (Mygale), 198.
StygophrynuB, 129.
Bu'barmatus(Phlogiellu s),
202.

Bubfusca (Poecilotheria),
190.

suboculatus (Trithyreus),
121.

Bubtilis (Heteropoda),
263.

sullivani (Sasonicbua),
177.

suBpcctua (Hormurus),
80.

Bwaminerdami (Palani'

nreus), 86.
sylvaticus (IlypootonuB),

115.

Tama, 242.
tamuluB (Buthus), 23.
tamulus typicu8(Buthu8),
24.

taprobanica (Argyope),
222.

taprobanicus (HeUgmo-

merus), 164.
taranduB (Sparassus),

269.
Tarantula, 125.
tarantula (Lycosa), 252.
Tartarides, 1 18.
tauricornis (Labocbirus),

109.

tener (Sparassus), 269.
tennicauda (Scorpiops),
72.

tenuicaudatuB (Schizo-

mus), 120.
tenuipes(PleBiophrictuB),

182.

teesellata (Argyroepeira),
216.

Tetragnatha, 214
Tetragonophthalma, 245.
thalassinus (Butheolus),
28.

Tbalassius, 247.
Thelcticopis, 270.
Tbelechoris, 170.
Thelyphonida;, 102.
Thelyphonus, 103.
Thei-aphosida;, 178.
Theraphosinfe, 178.
Theridiidffi, 236.
thorelli (Palamnseus),
97.

thorellii (Ohilobrachys),
199.

Tbrigmopteinfe, 184.
Thrigmopoeus, 186.
tburstoni (Isometrus),
47.

thwaitesi (Isometrus),
48.

tibialis (Stegodyphus),
210.

tigris (Spariolenus),
264.

torvus (Psecbrus), 211.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

279

travancoria (Fecenia),
213.

tredecim-guttatiis (La-
th rod ectiis), 237.

trioarinatus (Lyohas),
40.

trioostatus (Ohrerilus),
.59.

Ti-ipeltis, 121.
TiMplomiis, 121.
Trithyreus, 121.
trivittata (Argyope), 223.
trnciilentum (Oalom-

mata), 159.
truciilentu3 (Tlirigmo-

poBUs), 1()8.
tnincat.iis (Ohierilus), 63.

iirabrata (Heteropoda),
263.

undulata (Argyope),
222.

unguifera (Gastera-

cantha), 234.
unioolor (Araneiis), 225.

iinifaaciata (Perenethis),

246.
Uroctoa, 243.
Uroctoidic, 243.
Uromacluis, 53.
Uropi'octus, 10(5.
Uropygi, 100.
Ui-otricha, 101.

validus (Phlogiodes),
170.

variata (Tntna), 242.
varius (Tityiia), 36.
VejovidtB, 64.
venatoria (Heteropoda),
260.

ventralis (Argyroepeira),
216.

veniistus (Sparassus),
268.

versicolor (Argyope),

viridana (Peuoetia), 255,
256.

viridia (Peuoetia), 255,

vittata (Poeoilotheria),
192.

vittatus (Tsometrus), 50.
vittalus (Rhagodes), 160.
vorax (Qaleodes), 137.
vulpiua (Polyboea), 246.

walshi (Diplothele), 175.
weberi (Isometrus), 39.
woodmasoni (Hypocto-

nu.s), 11.3.
workmanni (Damarohug),

169.

wroiightoni (Lyoosa),
253.

wroughtoni(PaIamn£Bus),
89.

wroughtoni (Spiirassus),
268.

xanthopus (PalamnsBus),
92.

Zerbina, 136.
Zombis, 136.

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