THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,

INCLUDING

CEYLON AND BURMA.

Published under the authority of the Secretary of
State for India in Council.

EDITED 1SY A. E. SHIPLEY, Sc. IK Cantab., HON. D.Se. Princeton, E.K.S-
ASSISTED l!V GUY A. K. MARSHALL, F.Z.S., E.K.s.

MOLLUSC A.

(FRESHWATER GASTROPODA & PELECYPOJDA.)

H. B. PRESTO N, F.Z.S.

LONDON:
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

CALCUTTA:
T HACK EH, SPINK, & CO.

BOMBAY:
T1IACKKR & CO., LIMITED.

March, 1915.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

MOLLUSCA 1

Class Gastropoda 1

Order SOUTIBRANCHIATA. 1

Suborder Rhipidoglossa .... 1

Family 1. IIydhocexxdje .... 1

Subfani. 1. Hydrocenince .... 1

1. Hydrocena, Parreyss .... 1

2. Georissa, Blanford 1

1. saritta {Benson) 2

2. liratula, Stoliczka .... 2
illex (Benson) 2

4. pyxis (Benson) 3

5. fraterna, Theobald §•

Stoliczka 3

6. frustillum (Benson). ... 4

7. rawesiana (Benson) .... 4

8. blanfordiana, Stoliczka . 4

Family 2. Neiutidje 5

Subfani. 1. Neritince o

1. Theodoxis, de Montfort . . 5

1. perotetiaua (Reclnz) .. 5

2. Culigmosa (Theobald) . . 5

3. reticularis (Soiverby) . . (5

4. obtusa (Benson) 6

2. Septaria, F6r tissue 6

1. reticulata (Reeve) .... 7

2. compressa (Benson) . . 7

3. crcrulescens (Sowerhy) . . 7

Page

4. livesayi (Dohrn) 8

5. squama ta (Dohrn) .... 8

Order PECTINI-

BRANCin AT A . . 8

Suborder Taenioglossa 8

Family 1. TiABiDiB [ = Me-

laniidce] 8

Subfam. 1. Tiarina 8

J. Fauuus, de Montfort .... 8

1. ater (Liimcetis) 9

var. perdecollatn,

Nevill 9

2. Tiara,, Bolten ]0

]. cybele (Gould) 10

var. amara (Morch) . . 10

3. Radina, Preston 10

1. bastula (Lea) J ]

var. subacutissima

(Nevill) 11

subvar. subcrenulata

(Nevill) 11

2. creuulata (Deshayes) . . II

var. tirouri (Ferussac). li'

var. cenfusa (Dohrn) . 12

3. clavus (Lamarck) .... 12

var. sobrius (Lea). ... 12
subvar. cochlidiuni .

(Lea) 13

var. pirenoidea (Nevill) 1.'!
subvar, perdecollata

(Nevill) 18

\ nr. plana (Brut) .... 13

4. fuscata (Bom) 13

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

5. zeleborii (Brot) 18

vnr. nana (Nevill) . . 14
var. solidiuscula

[Nevill) U

6. charon ( Preston) N

7. expatriata (Preston) . . 1-1

8. multistriata [Preston) . . 15
Striatella, Brot 15

L. fcuberculata [Miiller) . . L6

var. sub.rebra, Nevill. 16

var. layardi (JDnhrn) . 16

var. tigrina [Sutton) . L6

var. orissaenais, Nevill 17
var. lute.omarginata,

jVewYT. ........ 17

var. mvadoungensis,

jVewH 17

subvar. subplicifera,

JVewtf 17

2. sublutosa [Nevill) .... 17

3. turriculus [Lea) 18

4. nevilli [Brot) 18

var. andamanicn,

Nevill _ . . 18

subvar. semilaevigatn,

Nevill 19

subvar. appressa,

Nevill 19

5. nicobarica [Reeve) .... 19

subvar. canal iculata,

Nevill 19

subvar. gigantea,

Nevill . 19

var. fusiformis,

Nevill 19

var. perstriatula,

Nevill 19

6. crebra [Lea) _ 20

subvar. einaciata,

Nevill 20

7. rivularis (Pliilippi) ■ ■ . ■ -0

var. subunifascialis,

Nevill 20

8. pyrarais (Benson) .... 20
. Melanoides, LI. §• A.

Adams 21

1. herculea (Gould) 21

2. gloriosa [Anthony) .... 21

var. peguensis (Hanley

§ Theobald) . . 22

Mir. compacta, Nevill . 22

var. beddoineann,

Nevill 22

liunierosa [Gould) .... 22

var. lanceolata (' Hanley

§ Theobald) . . .'. 2:)

1'age

var. ijnbricata(JH«ra/ey

,y 'Theobald) .... 23
var. solidiuscula,

Nevill 23

4. variabilis (Benson) .... 23
subvar. cincta (Hanley

$ Theobald) . . 24
subvar. subtubercu-

lata, Nevill .... 24
subvar. subspinosa;

Nevill 24

var. subvaricosa,

Nevill ........ 24

var. fasciata, Nevill . . 24

episcopalis ( /. H. Lee) 25
var. pontificalis [v. d.

Busch) 25

0. menkeana ( Lea) 25

var. microstoma,

Nevill 26

7. baccata. (Gould) 26

subvar. recta. Nevill. . 26
var. fusiformis [Hanley

cy Theobald) ... .' 26
var. pyramidalis

(Hanley <§-

Theobald) 26

var. iravadica

(Blanford) .... 27

8. terebra [Benson) 27

9. spinata (Godivin-

Austen) 27

10. baccifera (Theobald) .. 28

var. subloevio-ata,

Nevill " 28

var. vittata [Theobald) 28

11. }ugicostis (Benson) .... 28

12. godwini (Brot) 29

6. Pachycliilus, Lea 29

1. limborgi [Hanley) .... 29

2. ]iungerfordiana,3>iv7/. . 30

7. Acrostoma, Brot 30

1. hiigeli (Fhilippi) 31

var. compacta. Nevill ■ 32

2. assamensis, Nevill . . , . 31

3. prseniardica ( Tryon) .. 3]

4. pagodula (Gould) -'12

8. Melanella, Swainson 32

1 . zonata ( ]>ens<»i ) -'i2

2. riqueti [Grateloup) .... 32

9. Tarebia, II. A. Adams. . 33

1 . batann [Gould) ■">•">

2. broti (Dohrn) 33

subvar. subrudis,

Nevill 34

3. rudis (Lea) 34

SYSTEMATIC l.M)i:\.

Pago

var, cevlonica, Nevill . 34

4. lineata {Gray) 34

var. semigranosa (v.

d. Busch) 35

subvar. pergrauosa,

Nevill 35

var. Havida,( Dunker) . 35

10. Plotia, J[. Sf A. Adams . . 35

1. scabra (Midler) 35

var. elegans ( Benson). 36

2. datura (Dolirn ) 36

3. acanthica (Dohrn) .... 36

var. ruepstortfiana,

Nevill 37

subvar. brevispira,

Nevill 37

subvar. subscabra,

Nevill 37

11. Mainwaringia, Nevill .... 37
1. paludomoidea, Nevill , . 37

Subfam. 2. Paludomhue 38

1. Paludomus. Sioainson .... 38

1. globulosa (Gray) 38

2. sphrerica, Dohrn 39

3. conica (Gray) 39

subvar. cherraensis,

Nevill 39

subvar. dihirensis,

Nevill 40

subvar. chittagong-

ensis, Nevill .... 40
var. sibsaugorensis,

Nevill 40

var. pealiana. Nevill. . 40

var. jaintiaca, Nevill . 40

var. kopilensis, Nevill 40

subvar. nana, Nevill. . 40

4. paludinoides. Reeve . . 40

5. constricta, Peeve 41

6. ornata, Benson 41

7. andersoniana, Nevill . . 41

var. myadoungensis,

Nevill .". 42

subsp. peguensis,

Nevill . . 42

subvar. nana, Nevill. . 42

8. regulata, Benson 42

subvar. minor, Brot . 43

9. blanfordiana, Nevill . . 43

10. petrosa (Gotdd) 43

11. bunnanica, Nevill .... 43

12. stephanus (Benson) . . 44

13. reticulata, Blanford . . 44

J 4. obesa (Philippi) |.~

I-""), chilinoides, JReeve .... 45

l(i. kuvis. Bayard

17. zeylanica (Lea) It;

18. f'ulgurata, Dohrn .... 16

19. palustris, Layard .... 47

20. tanscbaurica (Gmelin). 47
var. kadapaen is,

Nevill 47

var. malabarica,

Nevill 47

21. inonile, Hartley 48

22. rotunda, Blanford .... 48

var. microstoma,

Nevill 48

■J:), innata, Brot 49

24. striatula, Nevill 49

25. travancorica, Blanford 4'.)

26. annandalei, Preston . . 50

27. spiralis, Reeve ...... 50

28. maurus, Reeve 51

29. piriformis, Dohrn . . 51

30. clavata, Peeve 51

31. lutosa, Souleyet 51

32. nasuta, Dohrn 52

33. albreviata, Peeve. .... 52

34. acuta, Peeve 52

35. baccula, Peeve •">•'!

2. Pbilopotamis, Layard .... ■')'■>

1. sulcata (Peeve) 53

subvar. minor, Nevill . 5."!

var. contracta, Nevill . 53

var. compacta, Nevill . 54

2. deciusata {Peeve) .... 54

3. trifasciata (Peeve) .... 54

4. bicincta (Peeve) 55

5. rupseformis (Brot) .... 55

6. regalia, Layard 55

7. nigricans (Peeve) 55

var. subgranulosa,

Nevill 56

8. erronea, Nevill 56

9. subdentata, Nevill .... 56
10. violacea (Layard) .... 56

■'!. ' Pan alia, Gray 57

J . loricata (Peeve I 57

2. erinaceua (Peeve) .... 57

3. nodulosa (Dohrn) .... 57

4. reevei, Layard 58

subvar. minor, Nevill . 58

5. fivniculatfl, Peeve 58

6. picta, Peeve 58

7. swainsoni (Dohrn) .... 59

8. diatingueiida I Dohni) . . 59

9. torrenticola, Dohrn .... 59

vi

s v ST EM A TM INDEX.

Page

10. neritoides (Reeve) .... 60

var. globosa (Brot) . . 60

LI. dilatata {Reeve) <i<>

12. gardneri ( Reeve) 60

18. cumingiana (Dohrn) . . 61

L4. thwaitesi (Layard) .... 6]

15. tennantii (Reeve) 61

Id. dromedarius (Dohrn) .. 62

17. solida ( Dohrn) 62

18. hanleyi (Dohrn) . . ('>2

var. major? Nevill . . 62

L9. sMnneri (Dohrn) 62

20. similis, Layard 63

21. uielanostoma (Hanleyi

Theobald) 63

4. Stomatodon, Benson . . . ... 63

1 . stomatodon, Benson . . 64

Fam. 2. Littorinidj3 64

Subfam. 1. Cremnoconchince . . 64

1. Oemnoconclms, Blanford . 64

1. sybadrensis (Blanford) . 65

2. conicus, Blanford .... 65

var. canaliculatus,

Blanford 66

:!. carinatus (Layard) .... 66

2. Bitbinella, Moquin-Tandon. 66
1. caimingensis, Preston . . 66

Fam. 3. Palttdestrinidje . . 67

Subfam. 1. Paludestriniixe .... 67

1. Paludestriiia, d'Orbigny .. 67

2. Belgr.iudia, Bourguignat . . 67
1. miliacea, Nevill 67

subvar. gibbosula,

Nevill 67

subvar. subaugulata,

Nevill 68

var. minor, Nevill .... 68

Tricula, Benson 68

1. montana, Benson 68

var. curta, Nevill .... 68

4. Amnicola, Goidd 68

1. cincta, Goidd 69

2. parvula (Sutton) .... 69

Subfam. 2. Lithoglyphince .... 69

J. Lithoglyphus, Hartmann. . 70

1. martabanehsis, Theobald. 70

1'age

Subfam. :». Bithyni'utce [Bifhi-

niince emend.] . . 70

1, Bithynia, Leach J_0

1. tentaculata (Idnneeus) . . 70

var. kasbmirensis,

Nevill 71

2. cerameopoma (Benson). 71

var. carinulata, Nevill. 72

var. gigaiitea, Nevill. . 72

3. travancorica, Benson . . 72

4. lutea, Gray 72

5. moreletiana, Nevill .... 72

6. pidcbella (Benson) .... 73

var. obtusa, Nevill . . 73

var. pnsilla, Nevill . . 73

7. subpulcbella, Nevill . . 73

var. teuuior, Necill . . 74

8. inconspicua, Dohrn .... 74

9. orcula, Benson 74

var. minor, Nevill . . 74

var. producta, Nevill. . 74

var. parvula, Necill . . 75

var. acuminata, Nevill. 75

10. nassa, Theobald '■'>

11. ltevis, Morelet 75

12. goniomphalos (Morelet) . 76

13. evezardi, Blanford .... 76

14. pygrnsea, Preston 76

15. stenotbyroides, Dohrn . . 77

var. biangulata, Nevill. 77

16. troscbeli (Paasch) .... 77
2 ? Fossaiulus, Neumayr .... 77

1. costigera, Krister 78

var. curta, Nevill .... 78

3. Hydrobioides, Nevill 78

1. turrita (Blanford) 78

Subfam. 4. Stenothyrincs .... 79

1. Stenotbyra, Benson 79

1. deltJE (Benson) 79

subvar. minor, Nevill . 79

subvar. minima. Nevill 79

2. bimgerfordiana, Nevill. . 80

3. monilifera, Benson .... 80

4. foveolata. Benson .... 80

var. minor, Nevill . . 81

5. blanfordiana, Nevill . . 81

6. minima (Soioerby) .... 8]

7. woodmasoniana, Nevill . 81

8. ohilkaensis, Preston. . . . 82

9. orissaensis, Preston .... 82

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

\ ii

Page

Fam. 4. Viviparid^ 8.3

Subi'am. 1. Vivipariiue 83

1, Vivipara, de MontfoH .... 88
1. bengalensis (Lamarck) . 83

va r. balteata ( Benson). 83
var. fasciis-elevatius-

culis (Nevill) . . S4
var. phaeostoma,

(Nevill) 84

var. gigantea (Reeve) . 84

■2. doliaris i Gould) ...... 84

3. oxytropis (Benson) .... 84

•J. uaticoides (Theobald) .. 85

var. concolor (Nevill) . 85
var. carinata ( 77ieo-

. . . 85

var. fasciata ( Theo-
bald) 85

5. theobaldi, Kobelt 86

0. crassa (Hutton) 86

var. tezpurensis

(Nevill) 87

7. siameusis, Frauenfeld . . 87

var. burmamcaUYeivV/). 87

8. dissiniilis (Midler) ■ . . . . 87

var. sindica (Nevill) . . 88
var. subnmbilicata

(Nevill) 88

var. assamensis

(Nevill) 88

var. bhamoensis

(Nevill) 88

var. kutcbensia

(Neoill) 88

9. variata (Frauenfeld) . . 89

var. pseudohelicina,

Kobelt 89

var. peguensis, Kobelt. 89

10. ceylonica (Dohrn) .... 89

var. ecarinata (Hanley

A- Theobald).. .'. 90

11. lecythis (Benson) 90

var. arupulliformis

(Benson) 90

12. remossii (Philippi) .... 91

13. digona (Blanford) 9]

14. nagaensis, Preston .... 91

15. bilmendeiiMs, Kobelt . . 9]
L6. anuandalei, Kobelt .... 92

var. balopbila, Kobelt. 92

17. skanuensis, Tlieobald .. !»•'!

2. [diopoma, Pilsbry '.)•'!

1. henzadensis, Pilsbry .. 93

Page

2. heliciforaiis (Jbrauen-

feld) _ 94

var. viridis (Reeve) . . 94

Fain. 5. Valvatidjb 95

Subfani. 1. Valvatince 95

1 . Yalvatn, Midler 95

1. piscinalis (Miiller) .... 95

2. microscopica, Nevill . . 96

Fain. (J. Pjlidje \=Ampid-

lariidce] 96

Subfam. 1. Pilince 96

1. Pila, Bolten 96

1. globosa (Sivaiwson) .... 97

var. sphserica (Hanlei/

$ Theobald) .'. 97
var. fasciata (Hanley

# Theobald) . . 97
var. sinistrorsa

(Nevill) 97

var. inerassatula

(Nevill) 97

var. minor (Nevill) . . 97

2. corrugata (Swainson) . . 98

var. longispira (Nevill) '. 18

3. carinata (Swainson) . . 98

4. malabarica (Philippi) .. 98

5. layardi (Reeve) 99

var. virens (Lamarck) . 99

6. mix (Reeve) 99

7. raaura (Reeve) 99

8. theobaldi ( Hanley) 99

9. saxea. ( Recce ) 100

10. conica (Gray) 100

var. expausa (Nevill) . 100

var. orientalis

(Phili}>pi) 101

LI. dolioides (Reeve) 101

12. mcesta{ Reeve) 101

L3. cinerea (Reeve) 101

14. olea (Reeve) 102

15. tischbeini (Dohrn) .... L02
l(>. woodwardi (Dohrn) .. 102

17. alucinans (Soioerby) . . L03

18. winlileyi ( Pilsbry) .... L03

viii

SYSTEMATIC CNDEX,

Order PULMONATA 101

Suborder Hygrophila 104

Fam. 1. LiMN^siDiE 104

Snbfam. 1, Ancylina>. 104

1. Ancylus, Geoffroy. 104

1. baconi, Bourguignat . . 104

2. ceylanicus, Benson .... 104

3. tenuis, Bourguignat .. 105

4. verruca, Benson ..... 105

Subfani. 2. Limnccinxe 105

1. Limusea, Lamarck 106

2. Limnsea, Lamarck (sensu

stricto) 106

1. stagnalis (Linnceus) . . 106
i'. acuminata, Lamarck . . 106
vav. patula, Troschel. . 107
vav. sulcatula,7Vosc/ie/ 107
vav. anivgdaluni

Troschel 107

vav. pvunum, Troschel. 108
vav. cevasum, Troschel. 108
vnr. strigata, Hanley

$ Theobald . .'. . 108
vav. cblamys, Benson . 108
vav. rufescens, Gray . . 109
vav. sylbetica, Hanley

$ 'Theobald 109
vav. gracilior, von

Martens 109

3. ovalis, Gray 109

var. nucleus, Troschel . 109

4. tigrina, Dohrn 110

vav. /3 minor 110

8. Gulnaria, Leach 110

1. pereger (Drapernaud) . . 110

2. auricularia {Draper-

naud) Ill

3. brevicauda (Sowerby) . . Ill

4. hookeri (Reeve) Ill

•1. aurif or mis ( Clessin) .. 112

0. labiosa (Philippi) 112

7. succinea (Deshayes) . ... Ill'

vav. impura ( Troschel) . 113

8. hians (Sowerby) 113

i». pinguis (Dohrn) 113

10. siamensis (Sowerby) . . 113

] 1 . simulans ( Preston) .... 114

4. Bulimnea, Halcleman .... 114

1. truncatula (Jeffreys) . . 114

2. bowelli {Preston) 114

Page

Subfani. 3. Planorbinrc 115

1 . Planorbis, Geoffroy L15

J. exustus, Deshayes .... 115

vav. eburneus, Gray . . 110

var. brunneus, Gi'ay . . I 1 1 1

vav. zonatus, Dunker . 116

2. zebrinus, Dunker 11°

3. hindu, Clessin 11'

4. brientalis, Lamarck. ... L17

5. modicus, Benson 1 ' 1

6. merguiensis, Philippi . . L18

2. Gyraulus

1. compressus (Hutton) .. 118

2. convexiusculus (Mutton) 118
:!. labiatus (Benson) .... 119

4. sivalensis (llutton) .... 120

5. hohenackevi, Clessin . . 120

6. huttoni (Benson) 120

7. barrakporensis (Clessin). 120

8. himalayanus (Button) . . 121

9. liratus, Westerland .... 121

10. demissu.s, Westerland .. 121

11. associatus, Westerland . 122

12. elegantulus (Dohrn) . . L22

13. nanus (Soiuerby) 122

14. rotula (Benson) 122

15. stelznevi (Dohrn) .... 123

16. hyptiocyclos (Benson). . 123

17. acutus, Clessin 123

18. issjdculensis, Clessin . . 124

3. Hippeutes, Agassiz 124

1. versicolor, Wester hind . . 124

4. Segmentiua, Fleming .... 124

1. umbilicalis (Benson) .. L25

2. trocboideus (Benson) . . 125

3. gruneri ( Clessin) 12-)

4. spirodelus, Westerlund . 126

5. sindicus (Benson) 126

6. cantori (Benson) 126

7. calathus (Benson) .... 127

8. casnosus (Benson) .... 12-

Fam. 2. Physid^e l-~

Subfani. 1. Physime 127

1. Pbysa, Drapernaud 12/

1. covomandelica, Dunker. 128

Class Pelecypoda L28

Order TETEABRANGHIA . . 128
Suborder 1. Mytilacea L28

S V STUM AT10 INDEX .

IX

Page

Vain. 1. Aucidjk 128

Sub fain. 1. Avenue 128

1. Scapliula, Benson 129

1. celox, Benson J 29

2. pinna. Benson L30

:;. deltas, Blanford 130

Suborder 2. Submytilacea . . 132

Fam. 1. Unionid^e 132

■Subfam. 1. Unionirue ......... 132

1. Solenaia, Conrad 132

1. soleuiformis (Benson) , . 132

Subfam. 2. ByHnai 1.34

1. Unio, Retzius 134

2. Lymnium, Okeu 134

1. uioiigolicus, Middendorff 135

■'!. Nodularia, Conrad 135

•4. Nodularia, Conrad (sensu

stricto) 135

1. digitiformis (Sowerby) . . 135

2. cseruleus (Lea) 13G

var. gaudicbaudi (Ey-

doux) 137

var. keraudreni (Ey-

doux) 137

3. sburtlelfiana {Lea) .... 138

4. occata (Lea) 138

•1. pacbysoma (Benson) .. 139

tj. cbaudburii, Preston . . 140

7. bonneaudi (Eydoux) . . 140

8. pugio (Benson) 141

'. I. gratiosa (Phillipi) .... 141

10. crispata (Gould) 142

11. scobina (Hanley) 142

12. andersoniana (Nevill) . . 143

13. theobaldi, Preston .... 143

14. olivaria (Lea) 1-14

15. nuttalliana (Lea) 145

L6. involuta (Benson) .... 140

•">. [iadiatuln, Simpson 140

1. crispisulcata (Benson) . . 140

2. lima, Simpson 147

var. siliguriensis(Pm-

ton) 148

5. I'hvsimio, Simpson 148

O. Lens, Simjjson . 148

1 . velaris (Sowerby) 149

7. Paeudodon, Gould L49

Trigonodon, Conrad 149

Page

1. peguensis (Anthony) . . L50
var. crebristi'iatus( An-
thony) 150

var. curvala, Preston . 152
'.». Pseudodon, Gould (sen.su

stricto) 152

1. inoscularis (Goidd) .... 152

2. salwenianus (Gould) .. 152

3. nicobaricus (March) .. L53

10. Bineurus, Simpson 153

I. ava (Theobald) L53

11. Parreyssia, Conrad 154

12. Parreyssia, Conrad (sensu

stricto) 154

1. corrugata ( Mailer) .... 154

var. fragilis (Hanley
$ Theobald) 350

var. bevirostris (Ben-
son) 156

var. nagpoorensis
(Lea) 157

2. wynegungaensis (Lea) . 157
•'!. favidens (Benson) .... 158

var. marcens (Benson) 159
var. trigona (Benson) . 159
var. densa (Benson) . . 150
var. deltas (Benson). . 15!)
var. cbrysis (Benson). 100
var. viridula (Benson) 160
var. assarnensis, Pres-
ton 161

var. pinax (Benson) . . 161
var. plagiosoma (Ben-
son) 162

4. sinaragdites (Benson) . . 163

5. bbamoensis ( Theobald) . 163
0. pernodulosa (Preston) . . 104

7. feddeni (Theobald) .... 165

8. daccaensis, Preston .... 165

9. tavoyensis ( Gould) ... 100

var. trienibolus (Ben-
so7i) 167

10. vulcana (Hanley) .... L68

11. feasa (Tapparone-Cane-

fri) 168

12. rajabensis (Lea) 169

L3. rugosa ( Gmelin) 100

14. corbis (Hanley) 100

L5. burnianus (Blanford) . . 170

16. sikkimensis (Lea) .... 171

17. gowhattensis (Theobald) 171
is. perconvexa, Preston .. 172

10. annandalei, Preston. . . . 173
i'0. dalliana , Frierson .... 171

L3. Lamellidens, Simpson .... 171

x S YSTEM A 'J

Page

14. LamellidenSj/SMnpswa (sensu

stricto) 175

1 . inarghialis ( Lamarck) . . 1 75

var. obesa [Hanky #

Theobald) 17G

var. tricolor ( Waster) . 176
var. zonata ( Deshayes) 177
var. candaharica( Han-
ley § Theobald) .... 1 78
var. cylindrica [Han-
ley % Theobald) .. 17!)
var. hanleyi, Simpson . \7U
subap. thvvaitesi [Lea) 179
subsp. consobrina

[Lea) 180

subsp. lamellata [Lea) 180
var. sublamellata,

Preston 181

subsp. scutum (Soicer-

by) 181

var. humilior Iv. Mar-

■ tens) 181

subsp. corrianus [Lea) 183
subsp. nenerosus

[Gould) 184

subsp. jenkinsianus

(Benson) 184

subsp. sawaddyensis,
Preston 185

2. pulcber ( Tapperone-

Canefri) . 185

var. lamellatiformis

( Tapparone- Canefri) 185
var. ponderosus (Tap-

per one- Canefri) . . . . 185

3. exantbematicus (Kiister) 187

4. canefrianus, Simpson . . 187

5. narainporensis, Presto7i . 187
G. nougyangensis, Preston . 190

7 . ph e n c 1 i o oganj en si s, Pres-

ton) 190

8. luainwarinai, Preston. . 190

15. Trapezoideus, Simpson .... 1 93

1. foliaceus ( Gould) 193

var. comptus (Deshayes
$ Jullien) 193

var. zavleymaueusis,
Preston '. 194

2. misellus (Morelei) 194

■ \. exolescens (Gould) .... 195
4. theca (Benson) 195

16. Arcidopsis, Simpson, 196

1. footei (Theobald) 196

Fam. 2. -lvniKiuii)^ 197

CC I N IMA.

Subfam. 1. JEtheriinm

I. Mulleria, F6rriisae.
1. dalyi, Smith , ,

Page
. 197

. 197
. 107

Suborder 3. Conchacea .... 200
Fain. 1. Glaucomyid.ic 200

Subfam. I. Glaucomyince .... 200

1. Tanysipbon, Benson 200

1. rivalis, Benson 201

Fam. 2. Cyhenil>.ik 201

Subfam. 1. Cyrenince 201

1. Cyreua, Lamarck 201

1. ceylonica (Chemnitz) .. 202

2. impressa, Deshayes . . . . 202

3. sinuosa, Deshayes .... 205

4. bengalensis, Lamarck. . 205

5. tennentii, Hanley 206

6. proxima, Prime 206

7. galatbese (Morch) .... 207

2. Batissa, Gray 207

1. inflata, Prime 208

2. similis, Prime 208

3. capillata, Preston 208

3. Velorita, Gray 209

1. cypriuoides (Gray) .... 209

2. coehinensis (Hanley) . . 210
3. Corbicula, Meyerle .'. 210

1. fluminalis '(Miiller) 211

var. bolstiana, Schlesch 211

2. fliuninea (31 idler) .... 211

3. fluviatilis (Miiller) .. 212

4. parvula, Prime 212

5. agrensis, Prime 213

6. subradiata, Prime .... 213

7. caslimirensis, Deshayes. 213

8. trigona, Deshayes .... 214

9. striatella, Deshayes .... 214

10. buttoniana, Clessin .... 215

11. subniteris, Clessin 2].")

1 2. solida, Clessin .. 21.1

13. nevilli, Clessin 210

14. occidens. Deshayes .... 216

15. iravadicn, Blanford. . . 210

16. regularis, Prime 217

17. bengalensis, Deshayes. . 217

18. bensoni, Deshayes .... 218
L9. consan guinea, Prime .. 218

20. sylbetica, Preston .... 2 Is

21. quilonica, Preston .... 210

SYSTEM \ tk [NBEX.

22. alberti, Preston . .

23. inflata, Clessiit

24. picta, Ctessin

25. indie a, Clessin . . . .
2(5. regia, Clessin . . .

27. noetiugi, v. Martens

28. arata {Son-erby) . .

Subfam. 2. Spltwimai
1

Sphfieriura', Scopoli. . . .

1 . avanum, Theobald

2. indicium. ^4. Adam*
Pisidhrai, C. Pfe.iffer
1. clarlieanum, 6?. #

Xevill

Page
219
220
220
2 -2 1
22J
222

223
224
224
224

H.

Page

2. hj-daspicola, Theobald, . 226

3. bombayanum, Theobald, 22,6

4. atkinsonianum, Th<-t>b<ild 226

5. uevillianum, Theobald. . 227

6. slewarti, Preston 227

7. zugmayei'i, Wrier .... 227

Fam. SoLENiDii-: 228

Subfara. 1 . Soleninat

228

]. Novaculina, Benson 229

1. gan getica, Benson .... 229

2. andamanensis, Preston. . 2-'J>0

INTBODUCTION.

In collecting the materials for the following pages, the Author
has been chiefly concerned in assembling, as far as possible, the
original descriptions of all the freshwater species of both
Gastropods and Pelecypods inhabiting the regions in question.
Many of these, however, are of so short or fragmentary a nature
that it has been deemed advisable either to supplant them
altogether or to supplement them considerably by various notes
of his own or of other writers on the subject. Moreover, even
original descriptions have only been retained when printed in
English or Latin, those in other languages having been either
translated or rewritten.

An effort has been made to reduce all original measurements,
as far as possible, to millimeters, and thus to eliminate a host of
different systems ranging from English inches to German lines.

"Wherever possible, illustrations of hitherto uufigured species
have been given, though in a few cases, owing to the lack of
authentic specimens, this has not been found practicable

In some cases considerable difficulties have presented themselves
with regard to the inclusion or rejection of certain genera which
include both fresh and brackish-water forms, but generally
speaking a genus has been included where members are liable,
when occasion arises, to adapt themselves readily to new con-
ditions, such, for instance, as in the case of the ponds and pools
of the Gangetic Delta, which, though normally brackish, may
become practically fresh through excess of rainfall after a dry
season, or through the gradual silting up of the saltw ater chan-
nels feeding them ; in such instances the Mollusca which inhabit
them will generally thrive equally well under the new conditions
and become, in effect, freshwater species.

At one time it was intended to add to the present volume the
terrestrial operculate genera, and a certain portion of the work-
was actually done when the Author was informed that this # group
had already been entrusted to other hands; under the circum-
stances the work was immediately stopped and, presumably, these
families will form the subject of another volume by a different
author.

It is much to be regretted that the present volume can, in most
instances, only deal with the shells of the species quoted, this
being largely due to the little anatomical work which has been so
far done on the freshwater genera inhabiting the Indian region

XIV

INTRODUCTION.

chiefly owing to the lack of properly preserved material for
investigation ; it may not, however, he out of place to here insert
a few binomic notes which concern the families generally, these
being grouped under the various headings as below : —

1. Breeding Habits.

2. Larval Stages.

3. Development from Post- Larval Stages.

4. Habitat and Mode of Life.

5. Movements, Locomotion, and Dispersal.

6. Economic Uses.

1. Breeding Habits. — Generally speaking the sexes in both the
freshwater Gastropoda and Pelecypoda are distinct, though here
and there examples of hermaphroditism are known to exist, as,
for instance, in the case of certain species of Anodonta.

In the former case, the sexes can frequently be distinguished
by the form of the shell, that of the female being of a larger size
and generally more inflated than is that of the male. In the
Gastropoda this is especially to he remarked in the Viviparidse,
while in the Pelecypoda it is chiefly evident in the Unionidse, the
female in this group being noticeably broader than the male.

In the fluviatile Gastropod families sexual contact usually takes
place, ova as a result being deposited in the majority of instances,
though in the case of the Tiaridae and Viviparidae, as the name of
the latter would imply, the young are produced alive.

In the Pelecypoda, however, union of the sexes does not take
place, the male at certain seasons in the year freely discharging
the spermatozoa into the water, these being introduced into the
inhalent siphons of the female by means of currents set up by
ciliary movements, fertilization taking place either in the oviduct
itself or else in specialized spaces of the mantle cavity.

The quantity of eggs or young produced by the different
families varies enormously, this, while attaining in the Pelecypoda
to thousands, and sometimes even to hundreds of thousands, as in
the case of certain species of Unto and Anodonta, falls in Planorbis
and Limncea to anything from twenty to a hundred, and in Ancylus
to such a small total as five or six only, while Vivipara and Tiara
average not more than about fifteen individuals at a time.

In Tiara the embryos are developed in a marsnpium which is
formed by an infolding of the skin near the base of the right
tentacle, while in the Unionidae, Cyrenidae, and some other
Pelecypoda development takes place in the spaces between the
folds of the gills where, in the Cyrenidae, special marsupia exist
for their reception.

2. Larval stages. — In the fluviatile Gastropoda at birth the
animal is generally more or less similar to that of the half-grown
or adult state, though the shell differs considerably; in the earlier
stages it is exogastric or coiled forward over the head of the
animal, but rapidly assumes the normal spiral of the adult. In

I VL WOJU/C'l'ION.

XV

the hyperstroph genus Planorbis the embryonic shell is sinistral,
becoming dextral at a very early stage of growth, though the
animal remains sinistral throughout life, moreover the protoconch
or embryonic shell is frequently of a homy texture, even though
the later grow th is of a calcareous nature, and in all cases the
line of demarcation can be plainly seen between the embryonic
shell ami the later formed test, this line being probably caused by
a, rest period during which the young animal was occupied in the
fuller development of other parts.

The larval stage of the freshwater Pelecypoda calls for con-
siderable comment, so different is the embryo of the Uniouidaj
from the later stages of development that it was at first described
as a different creature under the name Glochidium, a name which,
though it can no longer be employed in a generic sense, is still
used to differentiate it from the later stages of growth. The
Glochidium upon its emancipation from the parent animal is a
helpless creature enough, being unable to swim freely or to fend
for itself in any way, indeed so helpless is it, that it must perforce
become parasitic in its habits ; so that it may attain this object,
it is furnished with a hook-like process in the median part of the
margin of each valve, which is perforate, and in addition a long
byssal thread ; should a fish approach, the valves are rapidly
opened and shut, by which action the byssal thread is thrust
forward, and should this touch the approaching fish it clings fast
to it ; thus attached it will generally, by the movements of the
fish, be drawn into close contact with it, when the hook-like pro-
jections immediately grip the intended host beyond power of
dislodgment ; to allay the irritation occasioned by the adherence
of the Glochidium the unwilling host causes a skin or cyst to
form over it, and thus the embryonic naiad obtains a new home
in which to continue its development, while obtaining its susten-
ance from the tissues of the fish. During this second period of
development considerable changes take place, both the byssus and
the aductor muscle are' dispensed with, and in place of the latter
two new aductors, together with the foot, make their appearance,
a new shell is formed underlying the embryonic test, and finally
the cyst is eliminated and the animal, falling from its host, begins
its normal life as a free agent.

Post-larval development. — On this subject little need be said,
the Gastropods having passed the embryonic stage proceed to
develop on quite normal lines, only pausing frequently for rest
periods, which may be clue to seasonal conditions or other causes ;
generally just before these periods of rest a thickening of the
shell is more or less formed round the outer rim of the aperture,
in some species when the new growth activity commences these
thickenings are left and appear as either slight transverse ridges
or sometimes varicose costulse on the adult test, in other species
upon the resumption of growth they are absorbed by the animal,
the material thus secreted being doubtless used in the further
building up of the shell ; in a few genera, such for instance as

XVI

I NXB0D1 OTION,

Planorbis, denticles and lamellte are also round on the inner walls
of the shell, these also being absorbed ai a later stage; thus
should an immature shell be split open those are often disclosed*
though the inner Malls of an old specimen w ould he quite smooth
and without- excrescence of any hind.

This post-embryonic shell is formed bolh in the Gastropods
and Pelecypods of three layers, the outer or " periostracum "
being formed almost entirely of " conchyolin," a chitinous sub-
stance indissoluble in water, acid, alcohol or ether; the two
inner layers are composed chiefly of about 95 per cent, of
calcium carbonate in the form of calcite or arragonite, the
remaining parts being made up of small quantities of calcium
phosphate and magnesium carbonate with a small admixture of
conchyolin, this compound being known as " ostracuin," and, as
will be readily seen, is easily subject to erosion by reason of the
extreme vulnerability of most of its component parts by acids in
the water, hence the outer chitinous layer for its protection.

The progress of post-larval growth in the Pelecypods is the
same, the growth markings appearing as consecutive line- or
ridges ; in many of the Unionidas, and especially the Indian
members of the family, the umbonal region of the shell is fre-
quently corrugatedly sculptured, this sculpture becoming obsolete
and gradually disappearing in the later formed portions of the
test, though in some cases, notably of African or Far Eastern
forms, the corrugated sculpture is carried on to the end.

4. Habitat and Mode of Life. — The habitat of the freshwater
pulmonates and prosobranchs varies usually according to the
genus, and even sometimes the species : thus Hydrocena and
Cremnoconchus are more or less amphibious dwellers in wet
vegetation, clinging to the faces of rocks continually washed by
the spray from waterfalls ; Theodoxis and Stenotliyra are in-
habitants of either absolutely fresh or brackish water, and even
in the case of the former, of pure sea-water, these generally
requiring a rocky bottom, while the latteV delight in a muddy or
sandy bottom on which to crawl ; the habitat of Paludomus is
chiefly rocky mountain-streams, though the author has found
more than one species plentifully occupying the muddy runlets
among the paddy-fields of Ceylon.

Tiara, Bithynia, Vivijxtra, aud Pila, as also the pulmonate
genera Limnam and Planorbis, chiefly inhabit either stagnant or-
slow running water, especially where decaying vegetable matter
and mud are abundant.

Among the Pelecypoda the IInionida3 are chiefly, though not
always, to be found on sandy bottoms in clear running water,
though some species are by no means averse to an abode in the
mud of pools and tanks, in which situations they lie almost buried
in the sand or mud with only the posterior side and the projecting
siphons showing ; Scaplnda, which is obviously a descendant from
the marine Area, is found not only in the brackish waters of the
Gangetic and other Indian deltas but also in perfectly fresh water

INTIlOIU'CnON.

xvii

a thousand miles from the coast; Corbictila and SpJicerium are
generally sand or mud dwellers; while Pisidium largely affects
running streams where there is still considerable vegetation in
which to lurk.

As would be naturally supposed the waters of the plains and
lower mountain-slopes are the most productive of molluscau life
though the writer was able to record some years ago the presence
of Limncea and Pisidium in Thibet at an altitude of 14,500 feet,*
this probably establishing a record for the elevation at which
mollusca are known to exist, though it is only fair to state that
(lie stream in which they were found was fed from a warm sprino-
and was only completely frozen over in the coldest month's
(February to March).

The extraordinary adaptability, in adverse circumstances, of
certain of the delta genera is remarkable, being able, as they are,
to thrive equally well iu either brackish or almost salt and per-
fectly fresh water as occasion arises, as is also the power of seme
species of both Gastropods and Pelecypods to activate buried
deep down in almost dry mud duriug times of drought.

To illustrate the powers of endurance of certain species it may
here be stated that Limncea pererjer has been known to occur in a
spring in Iceland having a normal temperature of 40° Centigrade,
while a species of Paludestrina has been taken also in a warm
spring with a temperature as high as 50° Centigrade.

As far as is known, the freshwater Gastropoda are usually
vegetable feeders, though some specimens of an African proso-
branch (Cleopatra), kept alive recently by the author, eschewed
oatmeal and all other vegetable food provided for them, prefering
instead to devour the periostracum of one another, this canibalistic
action, however, was probably produced by the sudden change of
climate and environment to which they were subjected.

The Pelecypoda, having once passed the parasitic embryonic
stage, are equally vegetarian in their habits.

5. Movements, Locomotion, and Dispersal. — The progress of the
fluviatile Gastropods is necessarily slow as they glide along on
the "foot" across the mud, rocks, or up the aquatic plants on
which they live, this gliding motion is caused by the alternate
contracting and expanding of certain portions of the lower surface
of the foot, several contractions and expansions being frequently
in operation in different parts of its "sole" at the same time ; in
the Pelecypods, however, the causes of the mode of progression
are rather different, the foot, it is true, is also used to propel the
creature on its way, but the gliding motion of the Gastropods
gives place to a jerky movement caused by the foot being ex-
tended, then swollen by the blood being, as it were, pumped into
it, thus giving it power in its swelled condition to obtain a grasp
of the object or exact spot which is to form the end of the step,

* Rec. lad. Mns, Calcutta, in, 1909, pp. I 15 I Mi.

b

XV1U

1NTH0OUCTI0N.

this being accomplished by a sharp contraction of the pedal muscle,
the shell and the remainder of the animal are forced suddenly
forward.

Both Gastropods and Peleeypods, however, are not dependent
en the foot only for voluntary movement, among the former
Limncea especially, and among the latter Pisidium are able to put
forth filaments of mucous by which they are enabled to ascend
and descend to and from the surface of the water and not only to
float on, but to skim alone; it, foot uppermost.

The more or less artificial dispersal of mollusca is a subject
upon which, from time to time, a good deal has been written ;
undoubtedly the larval Gasteropod forms are often swept many
miles by floods, frequently by this means being stranded in pools
and ponds isolated in normal times and to which it would
necessarily be impossible for them to obtain access were it not for
the agency of waterfowl which, there can be little doubt, do carry
curtain species about in the plumage just above the legs, con-
siderable opportunity being given for the mollusca to ascend these
and become entangled in the feathers during the lengthy periods
in which the birds remain stationaiy iu the water watching for
their prey.

The Pelecypoda also are great travellers, but this is due to their
being carried far in their embryonic state by the hosts to which
they have attached themselves ; once the parasitic larval stage is
over, they are seldom able, except through an exceptional accident,
to move far afield.

From the foregoing remarks, however, it must not by any means
be assumed that all the fluviatile species are widely distributed,
many instances occur of extremely localized forms, among which
may be mentioned as examples the Limncea involuta of Killarney
and some of the peculiar forms of Lake Tanganyika which do not
seem to have become diffused in the remainder of the Congo basin.

G. Economic Uses. — The purification of water is doubtless to
a certain extent performed by the mollusca in their capacity of
scavengers, in addition to which they also provide food for valu-
able birds and fish ; as a rule, however, the fluviatile species are
not in much request as food for man ; though in Guadeloupe,
Mauritius, China, Japan, and even in France, certain species of
freshwater bivalves are used for human consumption.

The chief services rendered to the human race are, however,
rather oruamental than actually useful; in the Unites States
certain species of Uniomdce are extensively fished and even culti-
vated for their nacre which is used largely for button punching,
small knife handles and other purposes to which mother-o'-pearl
is put, while as a bi-product pearls themselves are doubtless
obtained ; indeed, a case has recently been placed on record of as
many as nine hundred and twelve being taken from a single
individual *, one hundred of which were of marketable size, though

* Kuntilus, Boston, Mass.. xxv., p. 84.

INTRO DUCTION .

xix

the Lirge majority of the remainder must have been so small as to
be commercially worthless; there is no doubt, however, that the
whole industry is of considerable value.

There is also a legend, which may or may not be true, that one
of the reasons which tempted Caesar to the invasion of Britain
was the exaggerated stories current in Borne of the magnificent
pearls produced by the river mussels of these Islands ; whether
this is true or not, the fact remains that, certainly up to a few
years ago, the Highlaud peasants were in the habit of eking out
their scanty incomes by fishing for Margaritana margaritifera in
the Scottish rivers, though the pearls obtained therefrom were
not of great value, they being generally small and of a dark
colour ; but the shell itself does not seem to have been a com-
mercial article, possibly because of the small quantities only
obtainable.

In China an extensive artificial cultivation of "blister pearls"
was at one time in vogue, the mode of culture being as follows.
When adult, or nearly so, a large species, Dipsas plicata, was
selected ; a wedge was placed temporarily between the valves in
order to prevent their closing, while obstructions, often in the
shape of small metal images of Buddha, were inserted between the
mantle and the shell, generally in horizontal rows, the irritation
caused by these foreign bodies in the shell induced the animal to
cover them over with a layer of shelly nacre, though how long
the whole operation took before they were fully and sulh'ciently
thickly coated it is diHicu.lt to say; as many as twelve of these
metal images were frequently placed in a single shell, each image
measuring about 19 by 13 millimeters.

In India and the middle East, however, the author has never
heard of any economic use for the freshwater mollusca, and
certainly, after a sojourn of some years in Ceylon and Southern
India, no case of this ever came to his notice.

In conclusion the author's thanks are due to many friends for
help most, willingly given in various ways, among whom may he
mentioned Messrs. E. A. Smith, I.S.O., B. B. Woodward, E.L.S.,
and C C. Robson, of the British Museum, Lieut. -Colonel H. II.
(rodwin-Austen, E.R.S., Mr. T. Iredale, and especially to Dr. N.
Annandale of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, who has been kind
enough to place the whole of the Indian Museum Collection of
JNaiades at his disposal in order to assist him in his work.

To Mr. Eorster Cooper, of the Museums at Cambridge, the
author is also indebted for the loan of certain specimens from the
Benson Collection for purposes of figuring.

Further, the author would wish to acknowledge the help
afforded to him in compiling the above biuomic notes by
Mr. B. B. Woodward's admirable book ' The Life of the Mollusca.'

53 West Cromwell Kuad, S.W.
March 1915.

I

MOLLUSCA.

Class GASTROPODA.

Order S C U T I B RAN C H I ATA.
Suborder BHIPIDOGLOSSA.
Family H YDROCENID M.
Subfamily HYDROCENIN^E.

conctlfe imPerf°rate' Small; °PerCUlum calcareous, with
Distribution. S.E.Europe; S. Asia; Malaysia; S.Africa.

Genus HYDROCENA.
^546.' ParreJSS; 1846' Hermannsen's Indicis Generum Make.
Type, H. cattaroensis, Pfeiffer; Dalmatia.
Bange. S.E Europe ; S. Asia ; Malaysia ; S. Africa.
Shell small, thm imperforate, with few volutions; whorls
convex; aperture oval, angled ut the base; labrum having the
margins joined by a ighfc parietal callus, 'not reflexed, i
operculum subconcentric, outwardly spirally striate.

Subgenus GEOEISSA.
Georissa, W. Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 463.
Type, Hydrocena pyxis, Benson; Burma.
Range. India; Malaysia.

Original description -.—Tests, imperforata vel vix perforata
vTsh5ta°niCa' SUCC'inea Vel rube]la' Plerumque spiraliter sulcata

Operculum semiovale, sine ullo vestigio structural spiralis ex-
centnee striatum, testaceum, transparens.

Animal parvum, lobis hemispheericus in loco tentaculorum
munitum.

Oculi normales. Pes brevis, rotundatus.

is

9

11 STDBOCEJT] DM.

1. Hydrocena (Georissa) saritta {Benson).

Hydrocena (Georissa) saritta (Benson), A. M. N. H. ser 2 viii, 1851,
p 188 (aa Cychstoma); PfeifEer, Mon. Pneum. i, p. 314 (as C^cfo-
kwia) • H. & T., 0. 1. pi. 117, fig. 2 (as Hydrooana).

Original description:— Testa subimperforata, ovato-coniea, liris
spiralibus orebris, sulcis angustis divisis, mumta, t'errugmeo-albida
anice rubente, sutura bene impressa, apice obtuso ; anfractibus 4
valde convexis; apertura vix obliqua, ovata, § longitudinis tequante,
peristomate acuto, expansiusculo, inarginibus disjunctis, columel-
lari supeme angulato, pariete calloso.

Alt. 2, diaru. 1-25 mm.

Hab. Oherra Poonjee, Garo Hills.

2. Hydrocena (Georissa) liratula, Stoliczka.

Hydrocena (Georissa) liratula, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, pt. 2,

*p. 157, pi. (5, fig. 6.
Oriqinal description :— Testa globoso-conica, solida, imperforate
carneo-luteola; anfractibus 3-3|, convexis, sutura profunda sim-
ulici iunctis, primo apicem subobtusum formante mamimllato,
IsBviaato, luteolo vel rubescente, caeteris supra (infra suturam)
paululum depressiusculis, spiraliter liratis, liris acutis, simpheibus
fere squidistantibus, in anf. penultiino 6-7, in ultimo 9-10, basi
c-onvexa, centraliter minute multistriata ; apertura semilunars
altitudine fere spiram sequante, baud dilatata ; labro simplici,
curvato intus striato, labio incrassato, albido, adnato, intus recti -
usculo, lasvi. Operculum testaceum, tenue, diaphanum, latiuscule
semilu'nare (nucleo excentrico), striis incrementi rugulosis vestitum,
intus ad nucleum appendice tenui, longo, lateraliter sub marginem
rolumellarem projiciente, instrnctum.

Alt. 2-2, alt. ult. anf. ad aperturam fere 1, diam. maj. 1-8, diam.
min. 15 mm.

Aperture : diam -7 mm.

Bab. Damotba, near Moulmein.

Animal sordide rubescente albidum, rostro lato, nigncante ten-
taculis brevissiuiis, vix projicientibus, latis, medio fere conHu-
entibus, oculos parvos supra, ad basin et paulo lateraliter sitos,
gerentibus ; pede breve, subovato pallido.

« It is mostly allied to the Kbasi hill species G. saritta,

Bens.', but is more globose and a little more numerously spirally
ribbed "

3. Hydrocena (Georissa) illex (Benson).

Hydrocena (Georissa) illex (Benson), A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1850,
p 231 (as Hydrocena) ; Pfeilfer, Mon. Pneum. n, p. 161 (as Hy-
droccena) ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 117, fig. 4 (as Hydrocana).

Original description :— Testa vix perforata, ovato-acuta, minutis-
shne striata, spiraliter confertim tenuisulcata, succinea, trans-

II YOROCENA.

3

lucente, versus spiram rubello-fusca, spira nitida, elongato-conica
sutura prohinda, apice obtusiusculo ; anfractibus 4 valde convexis'
ultimo £ totius testie superante ; apertura obliqua, ovata, superne
angulata, penstomate tend, nou continue, marginibus conniven-
tibus, dextro recto acuto, columellari reflexiusculo. Operculo
tenui, corneo, pellucido, pauci-spirato, nueleo basali.
Alt. 2-65, diam. 1-65 mm.

Hub. Pbie Than, Tenasserim, adhering to stones.
"Nearly allied to Hydrocena {Cydostoma) saritta, nobis, .
but more slender in form."

4. Hydrocena (Georissa) pyxis {Benson).

Hydrocena {Georissa) pyxis (Benson), A. M. N. II. ser. 2, xvii, 1850
p. 232 Hydrocena) ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneuin. ii, p. 161 {^Hydro-
ccena) ; a. & I., U 1. pi. 11/, fig. 3 (as Hyd, 'occena).

Original description :— Testa obtecte perforata, ovato-conica,
spiraliter sulcata, succinea, translucente, spiram versus rubente •
spira cornea, sutura profunda, apice obtuso ; anfractibus 4 cou-
vexis, ultimo f totius testaB ajquante ; apertura obliqua, semi-
circular!, penstomate tenui, acuto, non continuo, margine
columellari expanso, reflexiusculo. Operculo ?

Alt. diam. 1-25 mm.

Hah. Thyet-Mio.

" H. pyxis, although smaller than H. illex, is more coarsely
sulcate, and the furrows on the lower whorl are more distant near
the suture than below."

5. Hydrocena (Georissa) fraterna, Theobald S> StoliczJca.

Hydrocena (Georissa) fraterna, Theobald & Stoliczka, J. A S P>
xli, 1873, pt. 2, p. 332, pi. 11, figs. 5, 6.

Original description :— Testa cylindraceo conoidea, solidula,
pallida, iraperforata, regione umbilicali paulo impressa ; anfrac-
tibus 3|, convexis, supra moclice subtruncatis, sutura per-prcfunda
junctis, spiraliter crasse liratis, Jiris in anfractu penultimo quinque,
supera a sutura remotiuscula : apice valde mamillato ; ultimo
aufractu spira breviore, basi convexiusculo, spiraliter striato ;
apertura fere semicircuhiri, labro simplici, antice modice recedente'
margiue subobtuso instructo, labio recto, incrassato ; operculo
testaceo, tenui, subdiaphano, paucispirato.

Alt. 1*4, diam. maj. "95 mm.

Hub. Ataran Eiver Valley, near TVIouImein.

" Allied to G. pyxis in having the uppermost spiral ridge on the
whorls somewhat remote from the suture, but the ridges them-
selves are stronger, the whorls somewhat less numerous, the apex
very distinctly mammillate, and the entire form of the shell more
slender and cylindrical."

J) 2

4

II Y I >!(<>( 'KN I OX.

G. Hydrocena (Georissa) frustillum (Benson).

Hydrooena (Georissa) frustillum (Benson), A.M. N. EL ser. 3,vi,
1860, p. 193 (as Hydrocena); Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. m, p.
H. & T., 0. I. pi. 117, fig. 5 (as Hydroccena).

Original description :— Testa imperforate, ovato-oblonga, solidi-
uscula, spiraliter confertissime tenuisulcata, succinea? ; spira
subpyi'ainidata, apice obtnsiusculo, sutura impressa; anfractibus 5,
convexis, ultimo £ testas subsaquante ; apertura obliqua, truncato-
ovata, superne necnon ad latus sinistrum angulata, penstomato
tenui, non coutinuo, pariete calloso. Operc. — ?

Alt. 2-5, diam. 1*76 mm.

Hab. Ava.

Differing from (?. tZfae (Benson), " in the absence ot the very
elongate slender spire of that species, in the want of an umbilicus,
and in the form of the aperture, which presents internally au
angle at the junction of the columellar lip."

7. Hydrocena (Georissa) rawesiaiia (Benson).

Hydrocena (Georissa) rawesiana (Benson), A. M.N. H. ser. 3, vi,
1860, p. 193 (as Hydrocena); Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. m, p. 252;
Theobald & Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, pt. 2, p. 332 ; H. & T.,
C. I. pi. 117, fig-. 6 (as Hydroccena).

Original description ■— Testa imperforata, subgloboso-conica,
solida, confertim spiraliter striata, luteo-albida; spira conica, apice
obtuso, sutura prol'undiuscula ; • anfractibus 4, valde convexis
ultimo spiram subsequante ; apertura vix obliqua, semicirculan,
superne et ad latus sinistrum angulata, peristomate tenui, margine
parietali calloso, intus recto, stricto ; loco umbilicali subfoveato.
Operc. — ?

Alt. 2, diam. P5 mm.

Hab. Near Moulmein in the Farm Caves.

" The shell is more globose than that of H. pyxis, Benson, and
the sculpture is altogether different. In the formation of the
aperture there is an approach to that of H. frustillum, but it
exhibits a straight knife-like edge at the internal parietal
margin."

8. Hydrocena (Georissa) blanfordiana, Stoliczka.

Hudrocena (Georissa) blanfordiana, Stoliezka, J. A.S. B. xl, 1871,
pt. 2, pp. 157-158, pi. 6, fig. 6 ; xli, 1873, pt. 2, p. 332 ; H. & T.,
C. I. pi. cxvii, fig. 2 (as Hydrocana).

Original description :— Testa globoso conoidea, imperforata,
moderate solidula, luteola, apice rubescente, mammillato laevissimo;
anfractibus 3k, convexiusculisx transversaliter striis incrementi
minutis tectis, sublamgatis ; ultimo ad peripheriam rotundato, in
altitudine spiram suba?quante ; apertura late semilunari ; labro,

N DMT] D.K.

6

uniforrae eurvato, postice (vel supra) angulata, labio incrassato,
levissime arcuato, supra paululum dilatato, infra angustiorel

Alt. 18, alt. ulb. ant', ad apert. -8, diaui. inaj. 1% diain. min.
1 mm.

Aperture: diara. '5 mm.

Hub. Farm Caves, near Moulmein.

Family NERITIDJ5.

Subfamily NERITINiE.

Shell imperforate, subglobidar or subpatelliform ; operculum
calcareous, the internal surface furnished with projecting apo-
physes, the internal margin being thus articulated to the columellar
septum.

Distribution. Temperate and Tropical Eegions of the "World.

Genus THEODOXIS [Neritina].

Theodoxis, de Montfort, Conch. Syst. ii, 1810, p. 350.
Neritina, Lamarck, 1822 [Neritine, 1809].

Type, T. lutetianus, de Montfort (jiuvialilis, Liun.) ; Europe.

Range. Temperate and Tropical Regions of the World.

Shell globular, oval, or turriculated, smooth or spirally striated,
often adorned with vivid and varied colours ; inner lip septit'orin,
crenulated, rarely simple.

9. Theodoxis perotetiana (Recluz).

Neritina perotetiana, Recluz, Rev.Zool. Cuv. 1841, p. 333; Sowerby,
Thes. Conch, ii. pi. 115, figs. 200, 201 ; Reeve, Con. Icon., Ner.
sp. 124 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 157, figs. 2, 3.

Original description: — Testa ovato-semiglobosa, fusco-nigricante,
tenuissime striata ; ant'ractibus tribus : ultimo superne coarctato;
spira brevi, convexa, obtusata : apice pallido, sub-hyaliuo ; aper-
tura extus rotundata ; labio piano, albido, in medio vix arcuato
obsoleteque crenato.

Alt. 9, diam. 11 mm.

llnb. Streams of the .Nilgherries.

T. ceylonensis (Recluz), J. Conch. 1851, p. 202, appears to be a
variety having au orange edge to the otherwise black operculum.

10. Theodoxis fuliginosa (Theobald).

Neritina fuliginosa (Theobald), J. A. S. B. xxvii, 1859. p. 31 5.
Neritina reticularis, var. capillidata, Sow. The?. Conch, ii, pi. 156,
figs. 265, 266 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. J 57, figs. 8, 9.

Original description : — Testa neritinseformi, subglobosa, spira

6

NERITIDJE.

minima; colore luteo-flavescente rubro reticulata; intus flave-
scente-pallida ; aliqnando eterulescente ; non raro fasciis duobus
cincta in apertura facilius visis. Epidermide pleruraque nigro
colore, extraneo fucato ; semipolita, operculo pallide aurantiaco,
margine anteriore rubro.

Alt. 12-5, diam. 12-5 mm. (from fig. 2G6 in Tbes. Conch.).

Hab. Burma, near Amrapoora.

11. Theodoxis reticularis (Sowerby).

Theodoxis reticularis (Sowerbv) (for Neritina reticulata, Bens, not
Sow. in P. Z.S.), Conch. Illust., Ner. fig. 44; Tbes. Conch, ii.
p. 536, fig's. 264, 265 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 157, figs, 5, 6.

Neritina humeralis, Th. (name only).

Original description : — Testa subconica, lasvi, pallide fulva,
rufescente, epidermide tenui, subviridi incluta, lineis angulatis
transverse reticulata; spira plerumque exsertiuscula, apice sub-
complanato, anfractu ultimo, supra suturam angulatira elevato,
infra medium ventricoso ; apertura subcontracta, labio externo
superne declivo, infra medium producto ; columella tumida, margine
sublsevigato.

Alt. 15, diam. maj. 15 mm. (from fig. 264 in Thes. Conch.).
Hab. Calcutta.

12. Theodoxis obtusa ( Benson).

Neritina obtusa, Benson, in Sow. Conch. Illust., Ner. fig. 43; Thes.

Conch, ii, p. 517, pi. Ill, figs. 72, 73.
Neritina spiralis, Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ner. fig. 99 (from type) ;

H. & T, C. I. pi. 157, fig. 7.

Original description : — Testa transverse ovali, leviter striata,
epidermide subviridi induta ; spira depressa, aufractibus duobus ;
apertura magna, subcinerea ; labio externo interne crassiusculo ;
labio interno complanato, recedeute, margine sinistro oblique
acuto, margine dextro in medio subarcuato, subcrenulato. Operculo
cinereo.

Alt. 10, diam. maj. 12-5 mm. (from fig. 72 in Tbes. Conch.).
Hub. Banks of the Granges, Calcutta.

Genus SEPTARIA.

Septaria, Ferussac, Essai Meth. Conch., Paris, 1807, p. 61.

Navicella, Lamarck, 1809.

Cimber, de Montfort, 1810.

Sandalium, pars, Schumacher, 1817.

Catillus, Humphrey, 1797, fide Swainson, 1840.

Type, Patella porcellana,IAnn. : Islands of Bourbon, Eodriguez,
Mauritius, and Madagascar.

Range. S. Asia ; N. Australia ; Malaysia ; Tropical Islands of
Indian and Pacific Oceans.

S KPT A 111 A.

7

Shell oblong-ovate, depressed, Patella-shaped, sometimes con-
centrically striated, more frequently smooth, olive -yellow or
greenish, generally reticulated with black, no spire, vertex rather
obliquely inflected, sometimes beaked, lip simple, columellar area
thin, flat, septum-like, aperture very large, muscular impressions
two, distinct. Operculum testaceous, nearly square, flat, with a
sharp tooth at the side. {Reeve.)

13. Septaria reticulata (Reeve).

Septaria reticulata (Reeve), Conch. Icon., Navic. pi. 5, figs. 20 a, b,
& pi. vi, figs. 26 a, b (as Navicella eximia) ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 137, figs, 5, 6.

Original description-. — Shell depressly ovate, thin, semitrans-
parent, yellowish, tinged with rose towards the apex, openly
reticulated with olive-black, columellar area small.

Diam. maj. 20, diam. min. 13 mm. (from fig. 20 a in Conch.
Icon.).

Diam. maj. 31, diam. min. 20-5 mm. (from fig. 26 6 in Conch.
Icon.).

Hab. Ceylon.

14. Septaria compressa {Benson).

Septaria compressa (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 749.
Navicella lineata, var,, Sow. Thes. Conch, ii, pi, 118, fig. 25 ; II. & T.,
C. I. pi. 137, figs. 1, 4.

Original description : — Testa transverse elongata, compressa,
lutea, albida, vel cornea, lineis munitissimis transversis diverse
coloratis, maculisque alternatis radiantibus decoloratis picta;
dorso elevato ; limbi extremitatibus emarginatis.

Diam. maj. 21*25, diam. min. 1T25 mm.

Hab. Hooghly River.

Generally found adhering to the stems of shrubs growing in
the water.

15. Septaria cserulescens {Soiverby).

Septaria ccerulescens (Sowerby), Thes. Conch, ii, p. 5-50, pi. 118,
fig. 29, & pi. 118 his, figs. 36, 37, 38; Reeve, Conch. Icon.,
Navic. pi. 7, fig. 29.

Navicella orientals, Reeve, loc. cit. fig. 33 (young).

Navicella tessellata, Benson (not well of Lam.), J. A. S. B. v, 1836,
p. 750 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 137, figs. 2, 3, 7, 10.

Original description : — Testa breviuscula, subdepressa, sub-
quadrata, cserulea, maculis nigris angulatis picta ; raargiue apicem
superante ; septo angustissimo, arcuato.

Diam. maj. 17-5, diam. min. 12-5 mm. (from fig. 29 in Thes.
Conch.).

Hab. River Ganges, Bengal.

8 TIARID^.

16. Septaria livesayi (Duhm).

Septaria livesayi (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 135 (as Navicella) ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 137, figs. 8, 9.

Original description : — Testa oblongo-ovata, tenuis, parum
pellucida, fusco-viridis, ad apicem rubescens, maculis triangu-
laribus luteis ornata ; apex ad dextram spectans, proininulus ;
apertura alba.

Alt. 6, diam. maj. 35, diam. min. 15 mm.

Aperture: diam. 18 mm.

Hob. Ceylon.

17. Septaria squamata (Dohrn).

Septaria squamata (Dolim), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 135; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 157, figs. 1, 4 (as Navicella).

Original description : — Testa ovata, tenuis, pellucida, fusco-
viridis, ad apicem rubescens, maculis luteis squamseformibus, striis
f ulguratis et maculis nigrescentibus picta ; apex ad sinistram
spectans, marginalis ; apertura alba.

Alt. 5-5, diam. maj. 18, diam. min. 12*5 mm.

Aperture : diam. 15 mm.

Hah. Ceylon.

Order PECTIN I B KAN C H I ATA.

Suborder TJSNIOGLOSSJ.

Family TIARIDiE [=Melaniidce].

Subfamily TTARINiE.

Shell ovately or subulately fusiform, smooth, striate costulate
or spinously nodulate.

Distribution. S,B. Europe; S. & E. Asia; N.Australia; Africa;
America ; Tropical Islands of Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Genus FAUNUS.

Faunas, de Montfort, Conch. Syst. 1810.
Pirena, Lamarck, 1822.
Melanamona, Bowditch.

Type, Strombus aier, Linnaeus : Moluccas ; New Guinea ; New
Ireland; Java; Philippines; Timor, Buru, Amboyua ; Ceylon.

Range. The above Islauds and also New Caledonia ; Penang ;
China.

FAUHTTS.

Shell subulate, acuminate; columella smooth, arched, extending
into a parietal callus; aperture ovate, having au anterior canal
at the base.

18. Faunus ater (Linnceus).

Strombus ater, Linn. Svst. Nat. xii, p. 1213, no. 516: Eumph. Amb.

pi. 30, fig. R; Chemn. pi. 135, fig. 1227.
Nerita atra, Mull. Verm. no. 375 ; Schroter, Flussconch. p. 371.
Strombus atropurpureus, Schroter, Flussconch. p. 372.
Strombus dealbalus, Gmel. no. 46, p. 3523; Seba, Mus. pi. 56,
■ figs. 13, 14.

Ceritliiumfiuviatile, Fer. Syst. Conch, p. 69, ho. 1.
Melanamoua, Bowditch, Elem. Conch, pi. 6, fig. 19.
Pirena atra (L.), Mousson, Moll. Java, pi. 10, fig. 1 ; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. fig. 5.

Faunus ater (L.), H. & A. Ad., Gen. of Rec. Moll. ; Gray, Guide

Syst. Distrib. ; Chemn. Man. Conch, fig. 2080.
Melanopsis atra (L.), Fer. Monogr. Melanops. pi. 2, fig. 7, p. 32;

Sow. Gen. of Shells, fig. 1 ; Deshayes, Encycl. Meth., Verm, ii,

p. 337, no. 11.

Pirena terebraHs, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. no. 1 ; Quoy & Gaimard,
Voy. Coquille, ii, p. 360 ; Sowerby, Conch. Man. fig. 316 ; Brot,
Mater, iii, p. 23.

Pirena picta, Reeve, Conch. Tcon. fig. 3.

Buccinum acicula, Gmel. p. 3503 ; Lister, Conch, pi. nilv, fig. 7.

Pirena acus, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, ii, p. 360.

Melanopsis atra, Pot. & Mich. Gal. pi. 31, figs. 7, 8.

Melanojms princeps, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v, pi. 19, fig. 74;

Lea, Obs. Gen. Unio, i, p. 194, pi. 19, fia;. 74.
Faunopsis princeps (Lea), Gill, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil. 1863 (Monstr.).
Pirena pagodas, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 4.
Faunas acer, Linn., Nevill, Hand List, ii, p. 217.

Shell sharply elongately tapering, intense black, obscurely
minutely yellow-mottled ; whorls twenty or more, concavely
flattened, densely minutely wrinkle-striated ; aperture small,
columellar margin callously incurved. (Reeve.)

Alt. 84, diam. 19 mm. (Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 5).

Hah. Ceylon; Nicobars?; Moluccas; New Ireland ; Penan g ;
Java ; Philippines ; Timor ; Bum ; Amboyna ; Celebes, etc.

Var. perdecollata, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 218.

" Apparently a form constantly characterized by the strong
decollation, erosion of the surface and iron-rust, reddish colour of
the peristome, etc Very variable in size." (Nevill.)

Alt. 76-5, diam. 21 mm.

Hub. Ceylon, Southern Province (Nevill),

10

Tl Alt! DM.

Genus TIARA.

Tiara, Bolten, 1798, Mus. Bolten.
Melania, Lamarck, 1799 et auct.
Turritella, Link, non Lamarck.
Ellistoma, Rafinesque.
Melanites, Krugel.
Hygronoma, Gistel.

TrpiD, Helix amarulu, Linn. : Mauritius ; Madagascar ; Comoro
Islands.

Range. Tropical Islands of the Indian Ocean and Moluccas.
• Shell ovate ; spire and aperture of nearly equal length ; whorls
coronated with spines or tubercles ; aperture ovate, entire in front,
pointed behind ; inner lip very thin ; outer lip simple, acute.

19. Tiara cybele {Gould).

Tiara cybele (Gould;, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 1847, p. 222 (as
Melania cybele).

Melania crenularis, Deshayes, Mag. Zool. 1884, pi. 83 ; Nevill, Hand
List, pt. 2, p. 279.

Original description : — Testa ovata, turrita, crassa, f uliginosa,
epidermide velutina induta ; spira ad apicem valde erosa, anfr.
superstit. ad 3 planulatis, superne tribulatis, et pinnis curtis acutis
arrectis ordinatim dispositis coronatis ; apertura angusta, elongato-
ovalis, postice angulata ; intus livida.

Alt. 25, diain. 15-5 mm.

Hah. Fiji, Navigators' Islands, etc.

Var. amara {Morcli), J. de Conch. 1872, p. 319, as Melania
amara, for M. mitra, Reeve (not of Meuschen), Con. Icon. sp. 175.

Original description : — Shell ovate, ventricose, black-brown,
sometimes covered with a soft epidermis ; whorls few, smooth,
sharply concavely angled at the upper part, prickly-tubercled at
the angle; aperture obliquely ovate ; columella callously effused,
interior sometimes blood-stained.

Alt. 47, diam. 24-5 mm. (fig. b in Conch. Icon.).

Hob. Sumatra {Cuming); Pulo Panjang {Morch) ; Great Nicobar
{Roepstorff).

Melania, Lamarck, being an absolute synonym of Tiara, Bolten,
and as none of the names used in the genus appear to be
applicable, the author proposes the subgeneric name Radina for
the following group.

Subgenus RADINA, nov.
Melania, H. Sc A . Adams, 1855 ; Brot, 1874.

Type, Melania Jiastala, Lea ; Philippines ; Fiji ; Halmaheira ;
Aru Islands.

TIARA.

11

Range. S. & E. Asia; Malay Archipelago; islands of the
Pacific.

Shell suhulate, elongated ; spire many-whorled, acute ; whorls
smooth, not spinose ; aperture ovate, acuminate, posteriorly entire,
rounded in front; inner lip thin, not callous; outer lip simple,
acute, margin entire. (II. A. Adams.)

20. Tiara (Radina) hastula {Lea).

Tiara (Radina) hastula (Lea), P. Z. S. 1850, p. 189; Conch.-Cab. ii,

pi. 16, figs. 3, 3 b ; fide Brot.
Melania costata, auct. [not of Quoy].
Melania Jlammulata, Busch [not of Reeve],
Melanta picta, Eve. [not of Hinds].
Melania acuta, live, [not of Lea].

Melania arroensis, Eve., Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 228.

Original description : — Testa striata, nonnunquam plicata, elon-
gata subulata, diaphana, tenni, fusca, striis transversis crebris
costulas decussantibus ; spira acuminata; suturis linearibus ; an-
fractibus plano-convexis"; apertura parvula, ovata, intus vel fusca
vel albida ; columella incurva tortaque.

Alt. 83, diam. 20-25 mm.

Hab. Philippines ; India.

Var. subacutissima, Nevill, torn. cit.

" Spiral striation on base of last whorl distinct :

upper wborls obscurely dotted and flamed with brown and
peculiarly alternate "

Alt. 55, diam. 16 mm.

Hab. Andamans (Roepstorff).

Subvar. subcrenulata, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 229.

Alt. 51, diam. 16-75 mm.
Hab. Andamans (Roepstorff).

21. Tiara (Radina) crenulata (Deshayes).

Tiara (Radina) crenulata (Deshaves), Lamarck, Hist. Anim. s. Vert.

ed. 2, viii, 1838, p. 434.
Bulimus torulosus, Brug. Encycl. M6th., Vers, i, p. 352 ?
Helix crenata, Dillwyn, Cat. ii, p. 950, no. 144 ; Nevill, Hand List,

pt. 2, p. 225.

Original description : — Testa elongato-turrita, apice truncata albo-
fuscescente obsolete sulcata ; anfractibus latis subplanis ad suturam
depressis, marginatis ; margine lato, excavato ; apertura magna,
ovali, ad basim dilatata ; columella coutorta, crassa.

Alt. 64, diam. 21 mm.

Hah. Philippines.

1 2 TIAEIDJE.

Vnr. tirouri, Fervssac, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de l'Astr., Zool. iii,
p. 159, pi. lvi, figs. 38, 39 (as Melania tirouri) ; Nevill, J land List,
pt. 2, p. 226.

Original description : — Testa turrita, solida, crassa, rudenter
transversim sulcata, albida; anfractibus plano-couvexis ; postice
sulco inrpresso divisis ; spira crassa, truncata; apertura ainpla,
ovali et cserulea.

Alt. 54 mm.

llab. Celebes ; Philippines ; Puniar Eiver, Cuddalore {Beddome) ,
Vizagapatam {Stoliczka) ; Andamans {lioepstorff).

Var. confusa, Dohm, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 225.

Melania confusa, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 135 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 72,
fig. 4.

Original description : — Testa turrita, solida olivacea vel nigricans ;
anfr. 'lO-ll planulati, spiral isulcati aut varicosi, longitudinaliter
striati ; apertura oblonga, albida, non detruncata. Operculum
corneum, nigrescens, oblongum.

Alt. 72, diam. 18 mm.

Aperture: alt. 22, diain. 11 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

22. Tiara (Radina) clavus, Lamarck.

Tiara (Radina) clavus (Lamarck), Hist. Anim. s. Vert, vi, 1822,
p. 165.

Melania acuminata, Dkr. Phil. Abb.

Melania acus, Lea, P. Z. S. 1850 ; Reeve, Con. Icon. fig. 92.
Melania gaudiosa, Hhida, A. M. N. H. xiv, 1844 ; Nevill, Hand List,
pt. 2, p. 223.

Shell shortly subulate, spire sharply acuminate towards the
apex, horny, rather thin, livid purple, white at the sutures ; whorls
twelve to thirteen, rather flat, the first longitudinally ribbed, the
rest smooth ; aperture ovate, columellar margin callous white.

Alt. 25, diam. 85 mm. (Reeve, Con. Icon. fig. 92 as M. acus,
Lea.)

Hab. JSicobars {Nevill).

Var. sobrius, Lea.

Melania sobrius, Lea, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 181, and Reeve, Con. Icon,
figs. 32, 80 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 223.

" of a plain uniform colouration, without traces either of

spots or bands." {Nevill.)

Alt. 31-5-39 5, diam. 10-12-75 mm.
llab. Nicobars.

TIARA. 13

Subvar. cochlidium, Lea.

Melania cochlidium, Lea, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 183; lleeve, Con. Icon
fig. 27; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 224.

Original description: — Testa la?vi, subulata, subcrassa, rufo-
cornea ; spira elevata, acuminata, ad apicem minute plicata;
suturis regulariter irapressis ; anfractibus tredecim, subcompressis,
anfractu ultimo supra angulato, magno ; apertura late ovata, parva,
ad basim retusa, intus albida; columella regulariter incurva.

Alt. 37*5, diam. 12-5 mm.

Hab. Philippines ; Katchall, Nicobar Islands (Boepstorff).

Var. pirenoidea, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 224.

" A remarkable, ' Pirena-like,' strongly decollate and massive

form, " {Nevill.)

Alt. 30, diam. 12 mm.
Hab. ]\"icobars.

Subvar. perdecollata, Nevill, torn. cit.

A smaller form, still more decollate, only two or tliree whorls
remaining.

Hab. jSTicobars.

Var. plana, v. d. Busch, MS., Brot, Conch. -Cab. ii, pi. 21,
fig. 17 a.

? Melania gaudiosa, Hinds, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 225.

" The apical eight whorls are very prominently and regularly,
longitudinally ribbed and spirally striated ; last whorl, of course,
smooth at base ; of uniform dark olive-green colouration."
{Nevill.)

Alt. 28-5, diam. 7-75 mm.

Hab. Great Nicobar.

23. Tiara (Radina) fuscata (Bom).

Tiara {Radina) fuscata (Born), Test. Vindob. 1780, p. 390 (as Helix)
[not of the Con. Indica], and Test. Mus. Caesar. Vindob. pi. 16,
tig. 17 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 221.

Original description: — Testa subulata, laevis, transversim sub-
tilissime striata ; anfractus decern teretes ; apertura ovata ; labrum
laeve ; faux cinerea ; color e luteo f uscus.

Alt. 48, diam. 15 mm.

Hab. Nicobars.

24. Tiara (Radina) zeleborii (Brot).

Tiara (Radina) zeleborii (Brot), Mat. M<$laniens, iii, p. 35, pi. 2,
figs. 13, 14 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 230.

Original description : — Testa subulata, solida, fusco-nigra, polita;

14

TIA.JllD.'E.

spira eroso-decollata (specim. adult.) ; anfract. 5-6 incolumes sub-
planulati, lrevigati, sutura subcanaliculata, angusta marginata
divisi, ultimo magno, basi obtuse angulato, circa columellam striato.
Apertura piriformis, superne acute angulata, basi producta, late
eft'usa, columella torta, margine dexfcro recto, basali arcuato.
Opercul. subspiratum, nucleo basali, marginali.

Testa juvenilis spira subiutegra, colore fusco-corneo ; anfr.
ultimus basi angulntus, parte mediana fusco tinctus. Anfr.
circa 11, supremi longitudinaliter crebre striati, striis sensira
evanescentibus.

Dim. specim. adult, decollati (anfr. 5-6).

Alt. 54, diam. 13 mm.

Aperture : alt. 18, diam. 10 mm.

Dim. specim. juv. (anfr. circa 11),

Alt. 37, diam. 8 mm.

Hab. Nicobars (Roepstorff).

Var. nana, Nevill, torn. cit.

" Strongly decollate, only 3 or 4 whorls remaining."

Alt. 29-5, diam. 10-5 mm.

Hab. Great Nicobar {Roepstorff).

Var. solidiuscula, Nevill, torn. cit.

"A very distinct variety, slightly decollate, 6 whorls ;

constantly distinguished from the preceding by its greater

solidity and by the less convex whorls, especially noticeable in the
last one."

Alt. 37, diam. 11-5 mm.

Hab. Andamans {Roepstorff).

25. Tiara (Radina) charon (Preston).

Tiara (Radina) charon (Preston), Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 196, pi. 15,
fig. 22.

Shell elongately subulate, dark brownish black ; remaining
whorls 12, convex, marked throughout with lines of growth and
spirally sculptured with faint, somewhat distant raised striae ;
sutures well impressed ; columella descending in a rounded curve
and extending into a slight callus which reaches the lip above ;
peristome simple; aperture oblong-ovate; interior slate-colour.

Alt. 56, diam. maj. 12 mm.

Aperture, alt. 11*75, diam. 7 mm.

Hab. Andaman Islands.

26. Tiara (Radina) expatriata (Preston).

Tiara (Radina) expatriata (Preston), Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 196,
pi. 15, fig. 23.

Shell subulately turreted, dark blackish brown ; remaining
whorls 4^, spirally striated on the lower half of the upper whorls ;

TIARA.

15

the body-whorl encircled by an infra-sutural ridge forming a
distinct shoulder and weakly spirally lirate throughout below the
ridge ; sutui'es impressed ; peristome simple ; columella arched, a
callus joining it with the lip above ; aperture inversely auriform.

Alt. 33*25, diam. maj. 12-25 mm.

Aperture, alt. 10"5, diam. 5-5 mm.

Hob. Andaman Islands.

The shoulder formed by the infra-sutural ridgre presents a some-
what striking appearance and recalls some of the Western Pacific
Island forms in which this character occurs ; the other characters,
however, when taken collectively or singly, easily separate it from
any of the species described from those regions.

27. Tiara (Radina) multistriata (Preston).

Tiara (Radina) multistriata (Preston), Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 196,
pi. 15, tig. 24.

Shell decollate, subulate, dark olive-brown ; remaining whorls 4,
rather flat, sculptured throughout with fine transverse striae and
coarser spiral striae; sutures deep and incised; columella arched-;
peristome acute ; aperture ovate; interior bluish grey.

Alt. 26, diam. maj. 10 mm.

Aperture, alt. 9-5, diam. 4 mm.

Bab. Andaman Islands.

Subgenus STRIATELLA.

Striatella, Brot, Conch.-Cah. 1875, pp. 7, 193.

Types, Melania corporosa, Gould, Tahiti ; and Melania tubercu-
lata, Muller, N. Africa, S. & E. Asia, Malaysia, N. Australia.

Range. Add to the above S. & E. Africa and Tropical Islands of
the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Original description : — Testa turrita, mediocris, longitudinaliter
plus minusve striata, saepe transverse plicata ; apertura basi rotun-
data, columella modice torta.

Testa longitudinaliter inciso-striata, sutura canaliculata.

(Typ. M. corporosa.)

Testa longitudinaliter elevato-lirata ; rubropunctata vel ftam-
mulata.

(Typ. M. tuberculata.)

28. Tiara (Striatella) tuberculata (Mulltr).

Kerita tuberculata, Muller, Hist. Venn. 1774 (as Nerita), Coro-
mandel ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 74, figs. 1-4 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2,
p. 239.

Shell elongate, very acuminate or subulate, pale, thin, sculptured
with raised spiral striae and undulating grooves, blotched with
blood-red, these red markings often forming zigzag bands. Whorls
8 or 9, ornamented with longitudinal tubercular ridges, each bearing

It)

TIA.EIDJE.

about 9 tubercles on the body-whorl; aperture ovate, outer Hp
acute, polished within and marked with more or less transparent;
bands.

Hah." Throughout India, Burma, and Ceylon, and perhaps one
of the most widely distributed and variable of species extending
as it does from Morocco in the "West to China and Australia in
the East.

The principal Indian varieties would seem, according to Nevill,
to be as follows : —

Var. subcrebra, Nevill, Hand List, p. 241.

"A subgranulose variety approaching M. crebra, Lea;

of a uniform straw-colour; spire not much produced; last whorl
convex, whorls 6-7."

Alt. 22, diam. 7'75 mm.

Hub. Baudarawella, Ceylon.

Var. layardi (JDohrn), Nevill, Hand List, p. 242.

Melanin layardi, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 135; Reeve, Conch. Icon,
pi. 15, sp. 104 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 73, figs. 8, 9.

Original description: — Testa turrita, solidiuscula, olivacea ; anfr.
6-7 convexi, striis spiralibus, rugis longitudinalibus regulariter
ornata, ad suturam f usco-maculata : apertura ovato-oblonga, intus
cseruleo-albida ; columella rotundata, peristomium valde productum,
arcuatum.

Alt. 35, diam. 10 mm.

Aperture : alt. 10, diam. 5 mm.

Hab. Ceylon ; S. Canara (Beddome).

On the S. Canara specimen Nevill makes the following
remarks : —

" The first specimens, I believe, of this very characteristic variety

described from Continental India. They are a very fine form.

long. 33, diam. 10-| mm. — 7 whorls."

The dimensions given in the original description are those
of Dohrn's largest specimen, he gives them, together with the
following description, of a smaller form, thus : —

" Var. Minor, decollata, nigrescens. intus cserulea."
Alt. 22, diam. 7 mm.
Aperture : alt. 7, diam. 4 mm.

Var. tigrina {Hutton), Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 242.

Mclania iiqrina, Hutton, J. A. S. B. 1850, p. 658 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 110, hg. 2.

Original description :< — Shell devoid of apex, the spire being
invariably much eroded ; general appearance that of M. pyramis,

TIAKA .

17

but differs in being coarser, in wanting the strong and prominent
longitudinal furrows which characterise that species, and which
are observable throughout its length ; the outer lip also has a
tendency to be more produced ; while the flame-shaped streaks of
colouring are narrower, closer, and less devious or zigzag, often
becoming bifid or pronged on the body-whorl; epidermis pale
ohve-green or olive-brown, ornamented with close, narrow, irregular
transverse dashes. General number of whorls in eroded and
decollated specimens Ave, though nine or ten would appear to
be the correct number, wrinkled transversely by coarse lines of
increase ; the upper angle of the aperture is never so acute as in
M. pyramis, and the sutures are deeper and whorls more tumid at
their junction.

Var. orissaensis, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 243.

" A remarkable form ; spire short, with ventricose whorls, sub-
stance thick, coloration uniform green (or almost so), longitudinal
ribbing remarkably developed, even on the last whorl."

Long. 25, diam. 9 (scarcely) mm.

Bab. Cuttack, Orissa (J. Caldwell).

Var. luteomarginata, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 244.

Long. 37-5, diam. 13 mm.

Sab. Kalgan, Persia ; Baluchistan.

Var. myadoungensis, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 245.

" A very distinct form remarkable for its ' terebra-like ' pro-
duced spire, its contracted or appressed whorls (especially the
last); the spiral, undulating sculpture is more acutely prominent
than in any form I know ; all the whorls, except the last, have
a light longitudinal ribbing as well; of a light yellowish-green
colour, prettily marbled with brown. Anfr. 8 ; long. 27|, diam.
7T9T mm."

" PI. 74, fig. 1 of the Con. Indica resembles it, only

the last whorl is too ventricose, etc."

Hob. Myadoung, Upper Burma (Anderson).

Subvar. subplicifera, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 245.

" A form nearer Eeeve's fig. 109 b ; distinguished from the
preceding by the more developed longitudinal structure through-
out."

Hub. Myadoung (Anderson).

29. Tiara (Striatella) sublutosa (Nevill).

Tiara (Striatella) sublutosa (Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 234.

Original description : — " Very strongly decollate, an exact

o

18

TIAEIDJE.

'miniature' of M. Brot's pi. 24, fig. 15, 1 M. lulosa, Gould,' from

Upolu "

Alt,. 15, diam. 6*10 mm.; whorls 3.
Jlab. Great Nicobar (Boepstorf).

30. Tiara (Striatella) turriculus (Lea).

Tiara (Striatella) turriculus (Lea), P. Z. S. 1850, p. 190.
Melania perpinguis, Eeeve [not of Hinds], sp. 113; Nevill, Hand
List, pt. 2, p. 234.

Original description: — Testa striata, conoidea, subtenui, obscure
maculata, cornea, spira subelevata ; suturis impressis ; anfractibus
novem, convexiusculis, lineis subraris impressis, superne angulatis ;
apertura parva, subconstricta, intus albida et obscure maculata, ad
basim rotunda; columella regulariter curvata.

Alt. 27'75, diam. 10 mm.

Hab. Philippines ; Andamans (Boepstorff).

31. Tiara (Striatella) nevilli (Brot).

Tiara (Striatella) nevilli (Brot), Conch.-Cab. ii, 1877, p. 200, pi. 22,
fig. 13 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 236.

Original description :— Testa subulato-turrita, subcylindracea,
solida, virenti-olivacea, nitidula. Spira erosa ; anfr. persist. 6-7,
declivi-convexiusculi, sutura appressa, subcanaliculato-incisa divisi,
supremi longitudinaliter arete inciso-striati, ultimi 3-4 omnino
lsevigati vel lineis incrementi leviter striatuli. Apertura piriformis,
basi latiuscula, vix effusa ; columella subincrassata, parum torta et
arcuata ; margiue dextro subrecte descendente, haud protracto.

Alt. 38, diam. 11 mm.

Aperture : alt. 11, diam. 5-5 mm.

Hub. Andaman Islands (Hanley) ; Tahiti (Morelet).

Var. andamanica, Nevill, tom.cit.

« distinguished by the upper three or four whorls being

invariably longitudinally ribbed, the ribs being not at all pro-
minent and slightly but distinctly arcuate ; quite young specimens
show the ribbing throughout, the ribs only becoming obsolete on
the lower portion of the last whorl. Generally but slightly
decollate, eight whorls remaining; covered with a rust-brown
coating, beneath which the shell is light green, irregularly and
very slightly spotted with brown below the suture ; throughout
spirally striated ; a single specimen only has this spiral sculpture
obsolete on the central portion of the last two to three whorls.
The majority ef specimens are smaller than type-figure of
M. nevilli, and have the last two whorls increasing much more
rapidly in breadth "

TIAEA.

19

Subvar. semilaBvigata, Nevill, turn. eit.

The author gives no further description than that implied by
the name.

Hab. Andamaus (Ford).

Subvar. appressa, Nevill, torn. eit. p. 237

The last two whorls are contracted much as in typical
T. (S.) nevilli.

Hab. Andamans (Anderson).

32. Tiara (Striatella) nicobarica (Reeve).

Tiara (Striatella) nicobarica (Reeve), Con. Icon. sp. 54 • Nevill
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 237.

Original description : — Shell turriculated, rather solid, black :
whorls ten to twelve, somewhat rounded, the first spirally grooved
throughout, the rest with the upper and lower grooves fading
away ; aperture rather small.

Alt. 33*5, diam. 10 mm. (fig. in Con. Icon.).

Hab. jNicobar Islands.

Subvar. canaliculata, Nevill, torn. cit.

Apparently channelled below the suture.

Hab. Nicobars (Roepstorff) ; S. Andaman (Roepstorff).

Subvar. gigantea, Nevill, torn. cit.

A large form which, though only having four whorls remaining,
is of the following dimensions : —
Alt. 43, diam. 17 min.

Hab. Camorta (Roepstorff) ■ S. Andaman (Roepstorff).
Var. fusiformis, Nevill, torn. cit.

" Well distinguished by its produced and fusiform shape ; the
whorls increase regularly and are more convex than those of
the type form, in which the upper whorls are abruptly and con-
tractedly attenuate, the lower ones increasing rapidly in size,
especially the last, which is always very tumid. In var. fusi-
formis, on the contrary, it is only a trifle more swollen than the
preceding one. More solid and of brighter coloration ; sculpture
rather less distinct." (Nevill.)

Alt. 32-5 (9 whorls), diam. 9 mm.

Hab. S. Andaman (Roepstorff),

Var. perstriatula, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 238.

"The last two whorls are throughout regularly and evenly,
finely spirally striated."

Hub. Andamans ['?] (StoliczJca).

c2

20

Tt.VK I OX.

33. Tiara (Striatella) crebra (Lea).

Tiara (Striatella) crebra (Lea), P.Z.S. 1850, p. 193 (&s M. crebra)
Reeve, Cou. Icon. 1860, sp. 162 ; var. from Nicobars, Brot, pi. 33,
fig. 2, as of Sect. Tarebia ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 238.

Orir/inal description :— Testa cancellata, elevato-conica, crassa,
tenebroso-castanea; spira valde elevata ; anfractibus decern, con-
vexiusculis, ad basim striis impressis ; apertura parvula, ovata,
iutus albida ; ad basim rotunda ; columella incurvata.

Alt. 37-5, diam. 12-5 mm.

Hub. Philippines (Lea) ; Preparis Isd., Bay of Bengal (btol-
iezka, Wood-Mason) ; S. Andaman (Eoepstorff) ; Nancown and
"[Catchall, Nicobars (Eoepstorff).

Subvar. emaciata, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 239.
" Besides the more contracted whorls the coloration is darker
and the longitudinal sculpture less developed."
Alt. 28-5, diam. 7 mm.

Katchall and Nancown, Tsicobar Islands (Eoepstorff).

34. Tiara (Striatella) rivularis (Philippi).

Tiara (Striatella) rivularis (Philippi), Abbild. ii, pi. 4, fig. 6, 1847,
p. 171 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 247.

Original description :— Testa turrita, virescente, apice decollata ;
anfractibus 7, convexis, sutura profunda divisis, transverse striatis,
superioribus lineis rufis longitudinalibus, medianis serie transversa
punctorum infra suturam, pictis ; apertura ovato-oblonga, superne
acuta, basi eff usa : labro basi valde producto.

Alt. 20, diam. 6-75 mm.

Hab. Java ; Andamans (Eoepstorff).

Var. subunifascialis, Nevill, torn. cit.

" .... the spiral striation is more or less obsolete on the upper
portion' of the whorls, imparting a very characteristic appearance
to the shell ; basal band round the columella not visible within
the aperture."

Alt. 19 (whorls 8|), diam. 6 mm.

Hab. Andamans (Eoepstorff).

35. Tiara (Striatella) pyramis (Benson).

Tiara (Striatella) pyramis (Benson), as Species B, Gleanings in
Science, no. 13, i830, p. 22 ; Hutton, J. A. S. B. xvni, 1850,
pt. 2, p. 658 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 110, figs. 3, 4.

Original description : — Shell subulafce-turreted, translucent ;
whorls depressed, with longitudinal and transverse rugae, which
give a decussated appearance to the upper whorls. Colour pallid,

TIA11A.

2]

with bands of red- brown dots or irregular longitudinal streaks of
the same colour, sometimes altogether devoid of markings.

" This shell occurs alive in the G-umti, Yamuna, Betwa, and
Cen rivers. I have met with the exuviae in the Ganges. In this
. . . . species the foot is of a pallid colour with brownish black
markings. The body is light verdigris-green."

Alt. 29-75, diam. maj. 8*75 mm.

Aperture : alt. 8*5, diam. 4 mm.

The above dimensions are taken from a specimen in the British
Museum, none being given in the original description.

Subgenus MELANOIDES.

Melanoides, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Eec. Moll. 1854, i, p. 296 ; Nevill,
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 248.

Type, Melanin asperccta, Lamarck ; Philippines.

Rnnge. S. and E. Asia ; Japan ; Malaysia.

Shell subulate, solid ; whorls often nodulous or rugose ; aperture
subcircular, produced in front ; inner lip somewhat callous ;
outer lip sinuated, thickened, dilated and produced anteriorly.
Operculum subcircular, subspiral, of few rapidly-enlarging whorls.

36. Tiara (Melanoides) herculea (Gould).

Tiara (Melanoides) herculea (Gould), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
1846, ii, p. 100 ; Otia Conch, p. 199 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 72, tig. 5.

Original description : — Testa ponderosa, elongato-conica, fusco-
viridis, decollata : anfr., numero integro ad 15, superstitibus 2-5,
planulatis, infra suturam constrictis, plicis profundis 4-nodosis
longitudinalibus ; ultimo subcarinato, basi striis crassis cincto ;
apertura subrhomboidali ; antice producta, callo coluraellari rotun-
dato, crasso, fauce plus minusve fusco.

Alt. 71*5, diam. 25-5 mm.

Hob. Tavoy Eiver.

37. Tiara (Melanoides) gloriosa (Anthony).

Tiara (Melanoides) gloriosa (Anthony), Amer. Journ. Conch, i,
1865, pt. 3, p. 207, pi. 18, fig. 2; H. & T., C. I. pi. 72, figs. 1, 2.

Original description :— Shell ovate-conic, smooth, olivaceous ;
spire elevated, but abruptly decollate, exhibiting only four whorls,
which are convex and quite broad ; sutures very deep and dis-
tinct ; lines of growth remarkably prominent, often amounting to
varices, and with revolving striae less prominent, but, nevertheless,
distinct, decussating with them ; aperture large, ovate, blotched
with reddish-brown within; columella very much curved, thickened

22

TIAIUDJE.

with a white callus, and forming, with the sinuous outer lip, a
lengthened, but not very decided sinus at the base.

Alt. (as eroded) 63, diam. 25 id id.

Aperture : alt. 25, diam. 18 mm.

Hab. Pegu.

Belongs to a group of which M. herculea, Gould, may be cited
us an example, but is much larger, lias never such regular folds as
that species, nor are its concentric striae so prominent as to form
nodulous ridges as in M. herculea ; it is probably one of the most
ponderous species of the genus ; the revolving stria? are more
prominent near the sutures, and at the base of the shell they are
also much crowded and more elevated.

Var. peguensis, Hanleij § Theobald, H. & T-, C. I. pi. 72, fig. 6
(as M. peguensis) ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 250 (as var. of
M. touranensis, Soul.).

Differing chiefly from the typical form in the absence of spiral
striation and basal contraction of the aperture.
• Alt. 88, diam. 31 mm. (fig. in Conch. Ind.).

Hab. Henzada, Pegu (Stoliczlca).

Var. compacta, Nevill, torn. cit. (as var. of. M. touranensis,
Soul.).

Smaller and more compact than the above, with the spiral stria?
at the base of the last whorl very distinct but more crowded than
in typical M. qloriosa.

Alt. 63-5, diam. 23-5 mm.

Hab. Henzada (Stoliczlca).

Var. beddomeana, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 251 (as var. of M. touran-
ensis, Soul.).

Closely resembles the preceding in shape of the whorls and
spiral striation at base of the last whorl; relatively even more
solid; appears to be perfectly smooth throughout, with the
exception of the above-mentioned basal striation." (Nevill.)

Alt. 44, diam. 17 f diam.

Hab. Near Moulmein (Beddome).

38. Tiara (Melanoides) humerosa (Goidd).

Tiara (Melanoides) humerosa (Gould). Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist,
ii, 1847, p. 219 ; Otia Conch, p. 200 ; Brot, Couch. -Cab. 1875,
p. 107.

Melania (Melanoides) reevei, Brot, Mater, i, 1862, p. A6=balteata,
Keeve, sp. 144, pie Nevill.

Original desertion : — Testa elongato-turrita simplex, viridi-
cornea ; spira derosa, anfr. ad 8 convexis, prope suturam obsolete
angulatis, lineis tenuissimis spiraliter striatis, ultimo antice

TIAK.V. 23

costato-striato ; apertura subovali, antice vix eff Lisa ; columella
rotundata, alba, t'auce fasciatim sublividti.

Alt. 47-5, diam. 12 ") nun.

Hab. Manko, Tavoy.

Var. lanceolata (Hartley tj- Theobald), Concb. Ind. pi. 153,
fig. 1 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 248.

A slender form.

Alt. 63, diam. 22-75 mm.

Hab. Mandalay (Anderson) ; Henzada, Pegu (Stoliczka) ; Thyet
Myo (Hungerford).

Var. imbricata (Hanley $ Theobald), torn. cit. fig. 4; Nevill,
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 249.

"In quite young specimens tbe 'imbricated' sculpture can
scarcely be detected." (Nevill.)
Alt. 65, diam. 25 mm.

Hab. Henzada (Stoliczka) ; Yaylaymaw (Anderson).

Var. solidiuscula, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 249; Brot,
Concb.-Cab. ii, pi. 13, fig. 6 (as "J/, reevei [juv.] ").

" . . . . Solid and light yellow coloured ; a quite young specimen
having a single broad brown belt on tbe middle of the last whorl."
(Nevill.)

Alt. 48, diam. 18 mm.

Hab. Pegu (Stoliczka).

39. Tiara (Melanoides) variabilis (Benson).

Tiara (Melanoides) variabilis (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836,
pp. 746-747 ; Brot, in Conch.-Cab. 1875, pp. 85-87, pi. 10, figs. 1,
1 a-d ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 109, figs. 2, 3, 5, 6.

Original description : — Testa elongato-turrita, solida, olivacea vel
picea, sub epidermide albida ; anfractibus convexis transverse
liratis, longitudinaliter striatis et costatis ; costulis anfractus
ultimi superne nodulosis ; apice plerumque truncato ; sutuns
excavatis. Apertura intus violacea, columella? basi sinuata.
' Hab. Groomty Eiver at Jonpur, Tolly's Nullah, near Calcutta.

Var. A. Anfractuum inferiorum liris elevatis, nodulis eleva-
toribus.

Hab. Eiver Hooghli at Calcutta.

Var. B. Liris, mediana excepta, obsoletis ; nodulis subspinosis
carinam humeralem coronantibns.
This is the var. spinosa, Benson.

Var. C. La3vis liris costulisque obsoletis ; anfractus ultimi medio
subcarinato, adulti nodulis humeralibus frugaliter sparsis.

24

TIAIilD.i:.

Var. D. Anfractuum superiorum costulis obsoletis, ultimi et
penultirai liris transversis costulis longitudinalibusque 6uperne
serie duplici nodulosis.

Benson further adds : — " Varieties B, C, and D are in the
Silhet collection. The type specimens of several of these varieties
would, if viewed apart, be easily mistaken for distinct species, but
they melt into each other so gradually, occasionally showing the
characters of more than one variety combined in the same shell,
that no doubt remains of their blending in one species. In
Tolly's Nullah I took larger specimens than any in the collection
[Museum of the Asiatic Society] ; though at least four twists of
the spire were defective, one individual measured 3-4 inches in
length. The Gumti specimens are less liable to truncation, and
in young specimens the apices are nearly perfect. I have not
observed more than 12 whorls present in any specimen. I de-
scribed the type of the species without a name as species A. in the
13th no. of the ' Gleanings in Science.' It was figured as no. 7
in plate vii. vol. i."

Subvar. cincta (Hanley Sf Theobald), H. & T., C. I. pi. 109,
fig. 5 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 252.

The ribs in this variety show a strong tendency to become
spinose.

Alt. 58, diam. 19 mm. (fig. in Conch. Ind.).
Hab. Assam (Bacon) ; Baniganj (Stoliczlca).

Subvar. subtuberculata, Nevill, torn. cit.

" Aperture relatively very small, almost round ; last two whorls
with scarcely any sculpture.'' (Nevill.)
Alt. 36, diam. 12*5 mm.
Hab. Calcutta (Stoliczha).

Subvar. subspinosa, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 253.

No other description given than that implied by the name.
Hab. Tank opposite Bengal Club, Calcutta (Nevill).

Var. subvaricosa, Nevill, torn. cit.

Appears to be more or less varicose.

Alt. 65-5, diam. 24 mm.

Hab. Arakan and Pegu ? (Stoliczlca).

Var. fasciata, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 256.

Having " a somewhat indistinct brown band in the middle of
the whorls, two at base ; substance rather thin, outer lip not
acutely angled at base, although angled at the periphery; no
tendency to posses a raised keel there, as is often the case."

Alt. 33, diam. 17 mm. (4 remaining whorls).

Bab. Bhootan (Stoliczlca).

TIARA.

25

40. Tiara (Melanoides) episcopalis (1. & H. Lea).

Tiara {Melanoides) episcopalis (I. & II. Lea), 1\ Z. S. 1850, p. 184,
in part; Reeve, Con. Icon., Melania, pi. 3, sp. 12; II. & T.,
C. 1. pi. 72, fig. 7, & pi. 75, figs. 5, 7.

Original description: — Testa plicata, turrita, subcrassa, tene-
brosa-castanea ; spira elevata ; suturis impressis ; anfractibus
subconvexis, prope suturarn superiorem concavis ; plicis raris,
subacuminatis ; apertura magna, elliptica, intus can-ulescente ;
columella contorta.

Alt. 61, diam. 20 mm.

Hob. A sluggisb river, Malacca.

The authors also append the following note : —

"This is a remarkable and interesting species, and differs from
any which has been described in having rather large and some-
what distant folds rising on the upper part into nodular points
in all the four specimens submitted for examination. The apex
of these specimens being truncated, the number of whorls cannot
be ascertained. A perfect adult would probably present about
ten. The folds are distinct on the four lower whorls only. On
the middle of the lower whorl there is a slightly elevated line,
below which are about six obscure stria?. The aperture is large,
and more than one-third the length of the shell ; it is twisted,
and has an elongated base. The columella is whitish and very
much incurved. The operculum is more spiral than usual, and
the polar point more toward the centre."

A number of minor varieties are cited by Nevill in his ' Hand
List,' from which, however, for the purposes of the present work
it will be sufficient to quote the following : —

Yar. pontificalis (v. d. Busch), Mousson, L. & S. Moll. Java,
p. (35, pi. 10, fig. 3 (as Melania pontificalis).

Melania infracostata, v. d. Busch, in Reeve, Conch. Icon., Melania,
sp. 14 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 259.

Original description : — Testa turrita, magna, crassa, lactea,
superne flammulis nonnullis picta, epidermide olivacea induta,
anfractibus longitudine transversimque tenuiter striatis, superiori-
bus fere planatis, inferioribus convexis, ultimo et penultimo
crassicostatis, costis distantibus superne in nodulos exeuntibus ;
columella arcuata, labro acuto ad basin producto ; apertura ovata,
lactea.

Alt. 72, diam. 24*5 mm.

Hob. Eorneo ; near Sibsagar (Peal).

41. Tiara (Melanoides) menkeana (Lea), emend.

Melania menkiana, in Lea, Obs. TJnio, iv, p. 24, for Melania phcata,
Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (& Obs. Unio, ii, p. 20), pi. 23, fig. 95
(not of Menke, Synops. 1830).

26

TIA1UI) i:.

Melanin menkeana, Lea, Brot in Conch. -Cab. 1875, p. 91, pi. 11,
figs. 1, 1 a, b j II. & T., C. I. p. 45, pi. 110, fig. 6.

Testa turrita vel eonoideo-turrita, Bolidula, fusco-olivacea non-
nunquam brunneo bi- vel trifasciata ; spira decollata, anfr. super-
stit. ad S, convexi, in medio angulati, infra anguluni transversim
plicati, plicis ad anguluni in spinas breves, extus directas termi-
nals. Anfr. ultiuius basi obsolete liratus, linen mturali con-
spicue filoso-angulata. Apert. elliptico-ovata, superne acuta et
angustata, basi angulatiin producta; columella contorta, margine
dextro siruplici, basin versus prdtracto. (Brot, in Conch. -Cab.)

Alt. 46, diam. 20 mm.

Aperture : alt. 18*5, diam. 9 mm.

Bab. Bengal.

Var. microstoma, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 261.

A small form "with a small and almost rounded aperture.
Alt. 25, diam. 11*75 mm.
Bab. Sylhet.

42. Tiara fMelancides) baccata (Gould).

Tiara (Melanoicles) baccata (Gould), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist,
ii, p. 219; Otia Conch, p. 200; H. & T., C. I. pi. 75, figs. 1, 4 :
Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 262.

Original description : — Testa magna, crassa, elongato-turrita,
epidermide fusco-castaneo induta ; spira decollata, anfr. 6 rotun-
datis, plicis longitudinalibus et costis volventibus triseriatim
nodoso-decussatis, ultimo ad basim 4 costato ; apertura lunata,
labio antice producto, columella aurantia valde arcuata; fauce
ca3rulescente fusco-fasciato.

Alt. 51, diam. 18*5 mm.

Bab. Thoung-yin Eiver, Burma.

Subvar. recta, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 262 ; Brot, in Conch. -
Cab. 1874, pi. 9, fig. 6 (as M. baccata, Grid.).

" "Well represented by tbe above figure, but more decollate,
only 2\ whorls remaining." (Nevill.) Upper Salwin.

The following varieties are depicted by Hanley and Theobald
in the Conch. Indica, pi. 75, figs. 2, 3, both from the Shan
States : —

Yar. fusiformis.

Var. pyramidalis.

Melanoides variabilis, var. pyramidalis, Theobald, J. A. S. B.
xxxiv, 1865, pt. 2, pi. 19, fig.' 7.

TIARA.

27

A'ar. iravadica (Blanford), P. Z. S. 1869, p. 445 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 71, fig. 1 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p.

Original description : — Testa elongato-turrita, tenuis, fusco-
olivacea, decollata. Anfr. circa 7, primi erosi, 3-4 superstites
convexi, superi seriebus duabus spiralibus nodorum confertoruin
circuindati, ultimus spiraliter liratus, nodis fere vel omnino
obsoletis. Apertura rhomboideo-ovata, antice subeft'usa ; peri-
stoma tenue, rnargine externo subrecto, basali antice porrecto,
coluinellari sinuato. Operc. ?

Lengtb (of a large decollated specimen) 25, diam. 15 mm.

Aperture taken obliquely: length 13, diam. 8 mm.

Total length (of a medium-sized example, also decollated) 13,
of the last whorl 11, largest diameter 14, smallest 12-5 mm.

Aperture taken obliquely and including the labrum : length 13,
diam. 8'5 mm.

Hub. Irawady Eiver above Male and Bhamo ; Manwyne and
Yaylaymaw.

43. Tiara (Melanoides) terebra (Benson).

Tiara (Melanoides) terebra (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 747 ;

Beeve, Conch. Icon. pi. 11, sp. 59.
Melanoides torqaata, Bnsch, in Philippi, Ab. N. Conch, i, Melania,

pi. 1, fig. 18 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 264.

Original description : — Testa elongato-turrita, olivaceo-brunnea,
kevi, polita; anfractibus tumidis ; suturis excavatis ; sinu inter
basin labri columellamque nullo. . . . Testa truncata.

Alt. 41 mm.

Eab. North-East Frontier of Bengal ; Sylhet.

Benson remarks : " It is distinguished from the young of the
smooth variety of M. variabilis by the want of angularity at the
centre of the lower whorl, by its polished epidermis, more tumid
Avhorls and more deeply sunk sutures, as well as by the absence of
the sinuation of the inner lip which characterizes that species.
The apex of the shell is more or less truncated."

44. Tiara (Melanoides) spinata (Godivin- Austen).

Tiara [Melanoides) spinata (Godwin-Austen), P. Z. S. 1872, p. 514,
•pi 30, fi"\ 1 (as Melanoides) ; Brot, in Conch.-Cab. 1875, p. 89,
pi. 10, fiis. 2, 2 a ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 109, fig. 1.

Original description :— Shell angularly turreted ; colour olive-
green ; spire acute, rather rapidly decreasing in diameter ; apex
eroded ■ suture marked by a distinct cord continuous with that
on the lower angle of the last whorl ; whorls 5-6 (there would be
8 if perfect), very convex and flattened on the periphery, with
strong tubercles arranged in two parallel longitudinal rows, foe
spines being rather longer on the upper .: aperture ovate, vertical,

28

TJAIU DJE.

well channelled at the base, a thin milky callus on the columellar
margin, within pale grey with two or more bands of brown
coinciding with the rows of spines and the corded surface of the
outer base.

Operculum paucispiral, nucleus subcentral.

Animal 1*4 in. long ; foot round and large, not angular in
front ; colour grey, mottled with ochre ; body also grey, the ochre
markings showing as streaks ; tentacles very short, 0-4 inch.

Alt. 58, diam. 30 mm.

Aperture : alt. 26, diam. 17 mm.

Hab. Kopili River, North Oachar Hills, a tributary of the
Brahmaputra.

45. Tiara (Melanoides) baccifera, Theobald.

Tiara (Melanoides) baccifera (Theobald), J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1866,

pt. 2, p. 274, pi. 9, fig. 5 (as M. variabilis, var. baccifera).
Melanoides subasperata, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 262.

Differing from M. variabilis in having the " whorls ornamented
with four or five rows of beaded keels, the transverse ribbing being
often well marked likewise " (Theobald). The small and circular
aperture is also a distinctive character.

Alt. 47-5, diam. 18'75 mm.

Hab. Shan States.

Var. sublsevigata, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 262.
A rather smoother form.

Hab. " Burma " (Stoliczka) ; Shan States (Fedden).

Var. vittata (Theobald), J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1866, pi. 9, fig. 4,
p. 273 (as M. variabilis, var. vittata) ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2,
p. 263.

Shell smooth, with somewhat convex whorls, rather pale in
colour, ornamented with a dark median band which becomes
obsolete on the last whorls ; it is, however, well marked on the
earlier convolutions.

Alt. 50, diam. 18-30 mm.

Hab. Shan States (Fedden).

46. Tiara (Melanoides) jugicostis (Benson).

Tiara (Melanoides) jugicostis (Benson), MS. (Ilanley & Theobald),
Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 110, tigs. 8, 9 ; Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi,
1877, pt. 2, p. 33.

" Shell small, slightly decollated ; whorls five, abruptly angular,
smooth and shining, with a few rather distant, somewhat obsolete
and irregular, transverse ridges on the lower half of the last
whorl ; longitudinally angularly ribbed, ribs very distant, thick

TIARA.

29

prominent, almost varicose, eight of them on the last whorl,
disappearing towards the base ; very pale green, with no markings
except a subobsolete brown band at base." {Nevill.)

Fig. 1. — Tiara {Melanoides) jugicostis, Bens. (type). X 2.
Alt. 12, diam. 6 mm.

Hub. Tenasserim Eiver {Conch. Inch) ; Myadoung, Burma
(Nevill).

47. Tiara (Melanoides) godwini (Brot).

Melanoides lmnleyi, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 514, pi. 30,
fig. 2 (as Melanoides) ; II . & T., 0. I. pi. 110, fig. 5.

Tiara {Melanoides) godwini (Brot), in Conch.-Cab. 1875, p. 90,
pi. 10, fig. 3.

Original description : — Shell turreted, colour rich dark chestnut-
brown ; spire rather acuminate, rapidly decreasing ; apex eroded ;
suture impressed but slightly, but strongly marked ; whorls 5
(without the apical), flat, sharply angular above with a single row
of well-defined small tubercles on the angular margin ; body-whorl
large, well rounded below, distinctly corded at base near the
columellar margin ; aperture vertical, ovate, very slightly effused
at base ; within pale grey, with three or more red-brown bands.

Alt. 47, diam. 25 mm.

Aperture: alt. 22, diatn. 12 mm.

Hab. Diyung Eiver, North Cachar Hills.

Subgenus PACHYCHILUS.

Pachychilus, Lea, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 179.

Type, P. cumingii, Lea [as gen. n.] ; Central America.

Banqe. W.Indies; C. & S. America; Tropical Asia.

Original description: — Testa conica. Apertura ovata, basi
integro. Labrum ■ crassutn. Colkunella superne incrassata.
Operculum suborbiculare, corneum.

48. Tiara (Pachychilus) limborgi {Eanley).

Tiara {Pachychilus) limborgi (Ilanley), Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv,
1878, p. 580 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 269.

'30

TIAIilD.K.

Original description: — Testa oblongo-turrita, brevis, magis
•minusve crassa, olivaceo-fiava. Anfractus pauci (circiter 8),
magni, convexi, rapid e crescentes ; supremi la;ves, fascia spirali
livida aliquantulum supra medium ssepius picti; inferiores cosfcellis
subdepressis (nonnunquam versus costellas basis acutiores angustas
magisque distantes obsoletis) spiraliter ornati. Sutura distiucta.

Fig. 2. — Tiara (Pacliychilus) limhorgi, Hanley (type).

Apertura ovato-elliptica, basi rotundata, circiter f longitudiuis
testse aequans, livida vel livido-fasciata ; peristome- pallida ;
columella arcuata, macula livida picta, baud angusta.
Alt. 25 mm.

Hab. Mule-it Bange, Tenasserim (Limborg).

" The sbell, displays no other painting than the narrow

livid band which winds occasionally to the outer lip; it is probable,
however, that additional ones are sometimes developed upon the

body-whorl. The spire tapers quickly to its point There

are no longitudinal folds."

49. Tiara (Pachychilus) hungerfordiana, Nevill.

Tiara {Pachychilus) hungerfordiana, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2
p. 270.

" Slightly truncate, seven whorls remaining, thick and

solid, of a yellowish-brown colour, girt with a single well-marked
band in the middle of the upper whorls ; three bands on the last
whorl; the basal margin subacutely angled, not rounded . . . . ; no
spiral sulcation at base of last whorl.'

Alt. 39-5, diam. 16 mm.

Hab. Upper Burma (type) (Hung erf ord) ; Pegu.

Subgenus ACR0ST0MA.
Acrostoma, Brot, iu Conch. -Cab. 1874, p. 17.
Type, Melania Jiiigeli, Philippi ; India.
Range. India ; Java.

Original description : — Testa fusiformis subbiconica ; apertura
basi angulation producta.

TIARA.

31

50. Tiara (Acrostoma) hiigeli (Philippi).

Tiara (Acrostoma) hiigeli (Philippi), Abbilcl. N. Conch, i, p. 61,

Melanin, pi. 2, tig. 8.
Melania siphonata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pi. 20, ap. 143 ; IT. & T.,

C. I. pi. 71, tigs. 5, 6 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 270.

Original description : — Testa oblongo-coniea, obscure f usca ;
anfractibus plauiusculis, transversira striatis ; ultimo ventricoso,
basi grosse sulcato ; apertura ovata, anfractus 3 antecedentes
siiiiul sumptos sequante, basi manifeste effusa ; columella arcuata.

Alt. 33, diatn. 19*5 mm.

Hob. Khasi Hills; Mysore; Upper Canvery Eiver (Blanford).

Var. compacta, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 270.

" Easily distinguished by its short, stout form, relatively con-
tracted aperture, less tumidly swollen, but more subangulate last
whorl, and closer spiral sculpture ; the spire is more truncate, the
coloration darker."

Alt. 25-5, diam. 1375 mm.

Hub. Wynaad [type var.] and Cochin Hills (Beddome) ; Canvery
Eiver (Jerdon).

51 . Tiara (Acrostoma) assamenis, Nevill.

Tiara (Acrostoma) assamensis, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 271 ;
Hanley, Conch. Misc. pi. 5, fig. 43, as " M. hiigeli, var. of Philippi,
from Khasya."

Original description : — Remarkably close to Mel. hiigeli, from
which it. can be distinguished by its less solid substance, its much
more convexly rounded whorls, the last not being (more or less)
subangulate as in its ally ; of a plain, uniform, dark colouration ;
of similar minute striation, but wanting the spiral sulcations at
base of last whorl ; characters of the columellar margin and
aperture generally much as in typical M. hiigeli, strongly decollate,
three whorls only remaining.

Alt. 35, diam. 18*5 mm.

Bab. North Cachar (Godwin- Austen) ; " Delaima " ? (Nevill).

52. Tiara (? Acrostoma) prsemordica (Tryon).

Tiara (? Acrostoma) prcemordica (Tryon), Amer. J. Conch, ii, pt. 2, •
1866, p. lll.pl. 10, tig. 3 ; Brot, in Conch.-Oab. 1875, p. 108, pi. 13,
tigs. 8, 8 a ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 153, tig. 2.

Original description : — Shell ovately conical, robust, covered with
regular, close, curved growth lines, and with rounded revolving
ribs, of which seven are on the body-whorl ; spire conical elevated,
(? eroded), suture deeply impressed; whorls convex, surface

32

'I I A [IIDM.

formed into a succession of planes by the revolving ribs ; aperture
ovate, a little broadly effused below; the ribs form slight sulcations
within the aperture. Eeddish brown, sometimes dark greenish-
brown ; internally white or light yellowish, the sulcations deep
brown.

Alt. (eroded) 30, diam. 22 mm.
Hob. Burma.

53. Tiara (Acrostoma) pagodula {Gould).

Tiara {Acrostoma) pagodula (Gould), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
1847, ii, p. 219 ; Otia Conch, p. 200 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon., Io, fig.
10 (as Io), H. & T., C. I. pi. 153.. fig. 3.

Original description : — Testa crassa sub-rhombea, turrita,
tenuiter striata, fusco-castanea, decollata ; spira elevata, conica ;
anfr. 4 angulatis, angulo spinis 6 robustis armato ; ultimo antice
sub-rostrato, et costulis ad 4 cincto ; apertura ovata, antrorsum
producta, fauce cserulescente, fusco-maculato.

Alt. 38, diam. 22-5 mm.

Bab. Thoungyin River, a branch of the Salvvin.

Subgenus MELANELLA.

Melanella, Swainson, 1840, Treat. Malac. p. 341 : Nevill, Hand List,
pt. 2, p. 271.

Type, Melania holandri, Fe'russac ; Austria-Hungary.

Range. S.E.Europe; S. & E. Asia ; Malaysia.

Original description : — Obovate ; spire scarcely longer than the
aperture, which is entire ; inner lip much thickened its whole
extent.

54. Tiara (Melanella) zonata (Bemon).

Tiara (Melanella) zonata (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 747 ;
Philippi, Abbild. N. Conch, i, Melania, pi. 1, fig. 12 ; Reeve Conch.
Icon. pi. 31, sp. 217 ; H. k T., C. I. pi. 71, fig. 4 ; Nevill, Hand
List, pt. 2, p. 272.

Original description : — Testa ovato-conica-laevi, longitudinaliter
striata, olivacea, zonis tribus brunneis fasciata, anfractibus leviter
convexis, suturis minime profundis ; apertura albida, ovato-oblonga,
infra subangulata.

Alt. 21-25 mm.

Hab. North-East Frontier of Bengal ; Sylhet.

55. Tiara (Melanella) riqueti (Grateloup).

Tiara (Melanella) riqueti (Grateloup), Trans. Lin. Bordeaux, xi, pi. 5,
tig. 28 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 71, fig. 10 ; Brot, in Conch.-Cab. 1877,
p. 333, pi. 34, figs. 6, 6 a.

TIA.BA.

33

"Testa ovato-turrita, tenuicula, nitida, cornea, sparsim fusco-
punctata. Spira modice exserta, integra, acuta; anfr. 8-9;
supremi transverse plicati et longitudiualiter striati, medio
angulati et submurieati, sequentes convexiusculi, infra suturam
leviter constricti, transversim sinuose costati, sparsim longi-
tudinal iter striatuli, costis ad suturam in nodulis terrainatis; anfr.
ultimus basi liris elevatis 5-7 ornatus. Apert. ovata, superne
acuta, basi valde et subanguste effusa ; margine dextro valde
sinuoso, et versus basin conspicue arcuatim producto ; columella
torta, modice arcuata." (Brot, in Conch.-Cab.)

Alt. 16, diam. 7 mm.

Aperture : alt. 8, diam. 4 mm.

llab. India, Bombay (Grateloup), Quilon, Travancore, Cocbin
(Hanleg) ; Pbilippines (Cuming); Java? (Dunlcer).

Subgenus TAREBIA.

Tarebia, H, Sf A. Adams, 1854, Gen. Rec. Moll. p. 304 (as subgenus
of Vibex, Oken).

Type, Melania granifera, Lamarck; Timor.

Range. S. &JE. Asia; Malaysia; Pacific Islands.

Original description: — Sbell ovato-fusiform, whorls granulose or
tessellated with nodules : outer lip sinuated towards the hind
part ; interior of aperture often furnished with spiral grooves.

56. Tiara (Tarebia) batana (Gould).

Tiara ( Tarebia) batana (Gould), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, p. 144 ;
Otia^Conch. p. 191 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 74, figs. 8, 9 ; Nevffl, Hand
List, p. 274.

Original description : — Testa turrita, solida, fusco-virescente,
apice erosa ; anf ract. 6-7, planulatis, postice sub-coronatis, costulis
longitudinalibus et volventibus gemmularum series tres effor-
mantibus ; apertura angusto-ovata, postice coronata, intus
ca3rulescente, columella alba.

Alt. 25-5, diam. 38 mm.

Hob. Tavoy ; Tenasserim Biver.

57. Tiara (Tarebia) broti (Bolim).

Tiara (Tarebia) broti (Dohrn), in Reeve's Con. Icon. pi. 22, sp. 160.
Melania clwcolatum, Brot, Revue Zool. 1860, June, pi. 16, fig, 2 ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 71, figs. 2, 3 ; Nevill, Hand List, p. 276.

Shell ovately turreted, rather solid, burnt-olive ; whorls few,
decussately wrinkle-edged throughout, concavely angled at the
upper part, spinously tuberculed at the angle ; aperture rather
small, truncated at the base, lip notched at the upper part.

Hal. Ceylon

D

34

TIABlDyU.

" Styongly grain-wrinkled throughout", and conspicuously coron-
ated with spine-tubercles." (lieeve.)

Subvar. subviridis, Nevill, torn. cit.

"... it may fairly be considered a connecting link between this
species and M. ritdis." (Nevill.)

Alt. 26, diam. 11-25 mm. (decollate, 3| whorls only remaining).
.11 ah. Ceylon (Layard).

58. Tiara (Tarebia) rudis (Lea).

Tiara (Tarebia) rudis (Lea), P. Z. S. 1850, p. 186 ; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. pi. 24, sp. 172 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 74, figs. 7, 10, as Melania
/•i/dis; Nevill, Hand List, p. 27-">.

Original description : — Testa plicata, subfusiformi, erassa, 'cornea ;
spira subelevata ; suturis irregulariter impressis ; anfractibus plan-
ulatis transversim linei's impressis cinctis, superne canaliculars ;
plicis numerosis, crebris ; apertura parva, ovata, intus [albida ;
labro superne emarginato ; columella laevi, subcrassa, torta.

Alt. 27, diam. 10 mm.

Hah. Ceylon ; Tenasserim River.

The original locality is given as Amboyna.

Nevill in his Hand List cites a " var. ceylonica," but without
figure or description.

59. Tiara (Tarebia) lineata (Gray).

Tiara (1'arebia) lineata (Gray), Wood, Index Test. Supp. (1828),

Helix, fig. 68 ; Trosch. in Wiegm. Arch. Nat. 1837, p. 176.
Melania lirata, Benson, J, A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 782, name only tor

nameless fig. D in Glean. Sci. Calcutta, i (1829) ; Reeve, Con.

Icon. pi. 24, sp. 170 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 71, fig. 7 ; Nevill, Hand

List, p. 276.

Original description : — Testa conica, exserta, tenui, subdiapbana,
anfractibus applanatis, lineis elevatis spiralibus 7-8, quarum super-
iores plerumque tnberculatse sunt, cinctis ; apertura ovato-acuta.
Anfr. 10.

Alt. 22, diam. of the last Avhorl 9, alt. of aperture 10 mm.
Hab. River Goomty ; Tenasserim, etc.

Nevill in his ' Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian Museum '
notes the following forms : —

" With one or two undulating, subgranulose keels below the
suture only ; well represented by the Con. Indica, pi. 71, fig. 7
— Calcutta — granulose sculpture distinct and well developed ;
fairly represented by M. Brot's pi. 33, fig. 6, excellently by Reeve's
fig. 170 (Sikkim). Long. 30, diam. 14; another long. 34, diam. 12|
mil." ; Calcutta [in tanks].

"Long. 19, diam. 8 mill., granulose sculpture almost obsolete/'
TeriaGhat; Ceylon; Tespore; Goalundo; Mandalay ; Gowhatty
and Bhootan.

TIARA. 35

Yar. semigranosa (v. d. Busch), Nevill, Hand lash, p. 277.
Melania semigranosa, v. d. Busch, Philippic Abbild. i, L884, Java.

" Differs conspicuously by the shorter spire, and the more
tumidly ventricose last whorl, which is also more produced, etc.
Long. 31.

■■ Diam. 15 mm; apex eroded.

" Hab. Near Moulmein.

•• Long. 18, diam. 8| mm. May be considered as a connecting-
link with M. batana, Grid. — Pegu.

"Aline form with turriculately planulate whorls. Long. 30,
diam. 13 mm. — Meetan, Tenassenm Province ; Teria Ghat?"
(Nevill.)

Subvar. pergranosa, Nevill, torn. cit.

"Long. 154, diain. 1\ mm. Granulose sculpture very pro-
minent." (Nevill.)
Hab. Port fanning.

Yar. flavida (Danker), Nevill, torn. cit. p. 277; Philippi, Abbild.
i, 1884, p. 164, pi. 3, fig. 15,

Original description: — Testa pawn, oblongo-pyramidata, solidula,
flavida, diaphana, anfractibus senis planulatis, transversim sulcatis;
apertura subelliptiea.

Alt. 12, diam. 4*5 mm.

A pale yellowish variety originally described as a species with-
out locality, it is a common Javanform, Indian specimens of which,
according to Nevill, have the spire more subcylindrically produced
than those from Java.

Hab. Teria Ghat (Stoliczlai).

Subgenus PLOTIA.
Plotia, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Pec. Moll. 1854, p. 295.

Tvpe, Melania spinalosa, Lamarck = J/, scabra, Midler ; S. Asia.
Range. S. Asia, Malaysia and Tropical Islands of Indian and
Pacific Oceans.

Original description : — Shell ovate, fusiform ; whorls spinose,
transversely sulcate ; aperture elongate, simple in front.

60. Tiara (Plotia) scabra (Miller).

Tiara (Plotia) scabra (Midler) (as Buccinum scabra), Hist. Verm.

ii, p. L36; Cfaemn. Conch.-Cab. figs. 12o9, 1260, badly as (Helix

scabra) : Brug. Enc. Meth., Vers, i, p. 330 (as Bulimics scabra) ;.

Desh. ed. Lam. Anim. s. Vert, ix, p. 44.').
Helix aspera, Gmol. Syst. Nat. fig. 3656; Dillw. Cat. ii, p. 950;.

Wood, hid. Testae, pi. 34, fig. 141.
Melania eleyans, Reeve, Con. icon., Mel. sp. ITS; EL & T., 0. 1.

pi. 7.'!. figs. 1-1 ; Brot, in (Jonch.-Cab. 1877, pp. 266-269, pi. 27,

figs. 14, 14a-e, 15, 15 a.

" Shell ovate, sometimes a little elongated, rather thin, brownish-

n2

36

TIA 1M D.i:.

olive, dotted, and sometimes streaked with purple-rust; whorls
seveu'to nine, specially unequally striately ridged, slopingly angled
round the upper part, prickly spined at the angle, spines a little
.descending in varices; aperture ovate." (Reeve, Con. Icon.)

Alt, 13-26, diam. 7-11 mm.

Aperture: alt 6-11, diam. 2,5-o,5 mm.

Hah. India ; Pondichery, Madras (Blanford), Poena, Coro-
mandel, Cochin (Hanley Sf Theobald) ; Ceylon (Humbert) ; also
Timor (Lamarck) ; Vanikoro (Quoy 4" Gaimard) ; Java (Mousson) ;
JNew Gruinea (Less.); llalmaheira (Landaner) ; also Mauritius and
Seychelles.

Var. elegans (Benson).

Melanin elegans, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836. p. 782, name only for the
unnamed turreted form in Gleanings in Science, ii, 1830, p. 22.

Melania letter c, Hutton, J. A. S. B. xvii, pt. 1, 1849, p. 057 ; II. &
T., C. I. pi. 73, figs. 5-7 ; Brot, in Conch.-Oab. 1877, p. 274,
pi. 28, figs. 9, 9 a.

" Testa turrita, solidiuscula, cornea, pallide rubro punctata vel
-eleganter interrupte flammulata. Spira integra ; anfr. 9 convexi,
.superne subangulati, transverse plicato-costati, piicis ad angulum
spinulosis, longitudinaliter lirati, elegantissima granoso-clathrati.
Apertura ovata, basi subanguste rotundata ; columella vix arcuata,
margine dextro vix sinuoso." (Brot, in Conch. -Cab.)

Alt. 16-32, diam. 7-5-12 mm.

Aperture : alt. 7-11, diam. 4-6 mm.

Hah. Eivers Griunti, Belwa and Cen.

61. Tiara (Plotia) datura (Dohm).

Tiara (Plotia) datura (Dohm), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 135 (as Melania) ;
Keeve, Con. Icon. pi. 32, sp. 213 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 73, fig. 10 ;
Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p, 281.

Original description: — Testa oblongo-pyramidata, fragilis, dia-
pbana', fusco-nigricans, decollata : anfr. 3-4 ad suturam angulati ;
supra plani, subtus vix convexi, in augulo longis spinis, infra
medium lineis elevatis ornati ; apertura cserulea oblonga.

Alt. 21, diam. 11 mm.

Aperture : alt. 10, diam. 5 mm.

Eab. Ceylon.

62. Tiara (Plotia) acanthica (I. Sf H. Lea).

Tiara (Plotia) acanthica (I. & II. Lea), P.Z.S. 1850, p. 194 (as
Melania) ; II. & T., C. I. pi. 110, fig. 10 ; Nevill, Hand List,
p. 281.

Original description :— Testa spinosa, ovato-turrita, varicosa,
transversim lineata, subtenui, fusca; spira elongata, conica, scalari-
formi ; apice truncata ; sutura lineari ; anfractibus superne angu-
latis varicibus distortis ; angulo spiuis instructo; varicibus magnis

TIARA.

37

regularibns, subobliquis, superne in spiuis productis ; spinis longis,
tenuibus, irregularibus, extortis ; lineis transversis, crebris, parvis,
subalternantibus ; anfractu ultimo parvo, ad basim lineato ; aper-
tura elliptica, inferne eft'usa ; labro inferne producto ; columella
parva, inferne incrassata.
Alt. 20, diam. 10 mm.

Hah. Ceylon ; also occurs in the Philippines, Sumatra, etc.
Nevill is his 'Hand List Moll, in Ind. Mus., Calcutta,' p. 281,
gives the following varieties, all from the Andaman Islands.

Var. roepstorffiana, Nevill.

Long. 18f, diam. 9| mm. ; whorls 7.

Very near M. Brot's pi. 28, fig. 10 A. [Philippines].

Subvar. brevispira, Nevill.
Loug. 12|, diam. 6| mm.

Subvar. subscabra, Nevill.

Long. 144, diam. 7-J mm. A connecting link with Tiara (P.)
scabra, the spines being rather less developed.

Subgenus MAINWARINGIA.

Mainwarvnyia, Nevill, Hand List, 1884, pt. 2, p. 28G.

Type, Melania {Mainwaringia) paludomoidea, Nevill ; Gaugetic
Delta.

Range. Gaugetic Delta.

Original description : — " apparently connecting Melania

and Paludomus, distinguished by the presence of rows of hairs or
bristles, especially noticeable on the body whorl, which is orna-
mented with broad revolving brown bands ; not umbilicate ; apex
remarkably acute, ' quasi styliform ' ; peristome acute, columella
thickened and excavatedly inflected. Operculum transparent, of
one substance throughout — that is, without any thickened process
for attachment — of very light horn-colour, without sculpture,
ovate, acuminate at one end, at the other rounded, and distinctly
terminally subspiral, with 2| whorls, closely resembling Adams'
pi. 35, fig. 10 A-B, operculum of Hgdrobia idvce."

63. Tiara (Mainwaringia) paludomoidea, Nevill.
Tiara (Mainwaringia) paludomoidea, Nevill, torn. cit.

Original description : — [Shell] imperforate, conically produced,
spire turretedly acuminate, apex very acute, suture distinct ; of a
rather yellowish, bright " horn-colour," girt on the last whorl with
three distinct, broad, dark- brown bauds, showing clearly within the
aperture; spirally regularly striated, below the slight subangulation

tiaiuiu:.

of each whorl, the strife prominent, with a minutely "quasi
punctate" appearance, the above becoming somewhat obsolete ;
covered more or less with rather long and well-developed hairs ;
whorls nine, the apical three exceedingly minute, w hite and seulp-
tureless, the next five slightly subangulate a little above the middle,
cylindrically turreted, last whorl rather tumidly convex, about the
same length as the spire; aperture rather small, vertically ovate,
peristome acute, columella thickened, dark violet coloured, inflected
obliquely, at base sharply angulate. Operculum as above described ;
it seems to me slightly convex.
Alt. 9*5, diam. 4 mm.

Bab. Mutlah Eiver at Port Canning, in brackish water on trunks
of trees submerged at high tide (Maimu wring).

Subfamily PALUDOMlNiE.

Shell solid, ovate or ovately fusiform, imperforate, without
basal canal, smooth or spirally striate or lirate.

Distribution. India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Borneo.

The above was introduced by Stoliczka in his Pal. Iud., Cretac.
Fauna S. India, p. 207, but appears to be a nomen nudum, hence
the above description by the present author.

Genus PALUDOMUS.
Paludomus, Swainson, Treat. Malac. 1840. p. 34:0.

Type, Melania globulosa, Gray ; Ceylon.

Range. Ceylon ; India ; Malay Peninsula ; Borneo.

Shell oblong-globose, strong ; spire shorter than the aperture ;
inner lip very thick.

The above may be supplemented by Benson's amended des-
cription (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xvii, 1856, p. 495) : —

Testa plerumque imperforata, globoso-ovata, ovato-oblonga,
vel ovato-acuta, fere solida, glabra, spiraliter sulcata, vel Hrata,
interdum spinuloso-costata, epidermicle cornea induta; apertura
subverticali, ovato-acuta, callo parietali munita, margine columel-
lari, crasso, arcuato, basali integro, interdum subeffuso.

Operculo corneo, concavo ; nucleo subspirali insulari, sub-
inediano, ad siuistram sito, striis lamellatis concentricis partem
majorem disci usurpantibus, circumclato.

64. Paludomus globulosa (Gray).

Paludomus globulosa (Gray), Griff, ed. Cuvier, Moll. pi. 14, fig. G
(as Melania); Reeve, Con. Icon., Palud. sp.4; II. & T., C. I.
pi. 123, fig. 5.

Original description : — Shell globular, solid, spire flatly depressed,

I'A himoMUS.

30

w horls swollen round the upper part, smooth throughout ; olive,
aperture whitish, conspicuously marked with three black bands.

All. 24, diam. 21-25 mm. (taken from fig. 4a, pi. 123, in
Con. Icon.).

Hah. Kopili River, Assam {Godwin- Austen).

" Distinguished from all others at present known by its solid
globular form, and is figured and named in Griffith's Cuvier ....
but not described."

The locality given in the Conch. Ind. as " Ambegamoa, Ceylon "
is, according to Col. Godwin-Austen, who lent Hanley the specimen
from which the species was figured, a mistake, the true locality
being as above.

65. Paludonnis sphserica, Dolim.

Paludomus sphcerica, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 124 ; H. & T.; C. I.
pi. 124, fig. 8.

Original description : — Testa solida, globosa, olivacea, parum
nitida, confertim longitudinaliter et transverse striata ; spira
depressa, exserta ; anfractus rotundati, fasciatim spiraliter nigro-
niaculati ; sutura simplex, alba.

Alt. 18, diam. 17 mm.

Aperture : alt. 15, diam. 12 mm.

Hah. Ceylon.

Still rounder than P. ghhidosa, Gray, and different in the
markings and sculpture ; P. glohidosa is in the upper part of the
whorls slightly augulated ; the whorls of P. sphcerica are round.

66. Paludomus conica {Gray).

Paludomus conica (Gray), Griff, ed. Cuvier, Moll. pi. 14, fig. 5 (as
Melania) • Reeve, Con. Icon., Palud. sp. 14; Benson, J. A. S. B.
v, p. 747 (as Melania).

Melania crassa, Busch, in Philippi, Abbild. N. Conch, i, Mel. pi. 1,
figs. 10, 11.

Paludomus rudis, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 126 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 124, fig. 4.

Original description: — Testa solida, globoso-conica, longitudi-
naliter striata plerumque transverse obsolete sulcata ; anfractibus,
ultimo ventricoso, eaeteris rapide diminutis ; suturis bene signatis ;
apertura ovata, intus albida, fasciis quibusdam castaneis ornata ;
labro intus denticulate

Alt. 27, diam. 21 mm. (taken from fig. 14c, pi. 3, in Cou.
Icon.).

Hah. Sylhet, Bootan, Assam, etc.

Subvar. cherraensis, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 288.

" A short spired form. . . ."
Alt. 16, diam. 13-5 mm.

Hah. Teria Ghat (type), {Godwin- Austen) ; Mangken River,
Assam {Godwin- Austen).

40 TIAE1DJB.

Subvar. dihiriensis, Nevill, torn. cit.

Neyill gives no description other than the following dimensions : —
Alt. 17-5, diam. 12 mm.

/lab. Stream on the Dihiri Hill (Brahmaputra watershed)
(Godwin- Austen).

Subvar. cbittagongensis, Nevill, torn. cit.

"Resembling M. Brot's [figure in Concli.-Cab.] pi. ii, fig. 18,
but with spire even more produced and the last whorl less tumid."
(Nevill.)

Alt. 21, diam. 14 mm.

Hab. Chittagong (type) (llaban).

Var. sibsaugorensis, Nevill, torn. cit.

" Agrees well with M. Brot's [figs, in Conch. -Cab.] pi. viii,
figs. 8, 9."

Var. pealiana, Nevill, torn. cit.

No description given, other than dimensions.

Alt. 19-5, diam. 15 mm.

Hab. Assam (Robinson) ; Sibsagar (Peal).

Var. jaintiaca, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 289.

" Spire not decollate, unusually sharp-pointed." (Nevill.)
Alt. 14-25, diam. 10 mm.
Hab. S. Jaintia Hills.

Var. kopiliensis, Nevill, torn. cit.

" Whorls 1| only, the apical ones being decollate, last whorl
remarkably inflated, subangulate." (Nevill.)
Alt. 24-5, diam. 21 mm.

Hab. Kopili River, North Assam (Godwin-Austen) • N". Assam
( Oldham).

Subvar. nana, Nevill, torn. cit.

Presumably a dwarf form.

Alt. 16, diam. 14*5 mm. (1| whorls).

Hab. W. Khasi Hills (Godwin- Austen).

67. Paludonras paludinoides, Reeve.

Paludomus paludinoides, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 127: II. & T.,
C. I. pi. 123, fig. 9 ; Nevill, Hand List, as P. conica var. palu-
dinoides, p. 289.

Original description : — Testa oblonga, spira subelevata ; an-
fractibus convexis, longituclinaliter lirato-striatis, superne leviter

PALUDOMUS.

41

depressis et marginatis ; apertura mediocri ; virescenti-olivacea,
rufo-nigricante irregulariter 1'asciata.

The dimensions given below are taken From the figure in the
* Conchologia Indica.'

Alt. 20-25, diam. 15-75 mm.

Jlah. Sikkim branch of the Gauges.

Characterized by a fine sculpture of close-set longitudinal ribs.

68. Paludomus constricta, Reeve.

Paludomus constricta, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 129 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 126, figs. 1-4.

Original description: — Testa subpyramidali - oblonga, solida,
spira exserta ; anf ractibus lasvibus vel obscurissime sulcatis,
superne concavo-constrictis ; olivacea, fascia nigropunctata, moni-
liformi, versus apicem picta ; apertura ovata, callosa, alba.

The dimensions quoted below are taken from fig. 1, pi. 126,
in the ' Conchologia Indica.'

Alt. 25"25, diam. 18"5 mm.

Hub. Mountain streams of Ceylon.

Differing " from P. conica, to which it is most nearly allied,
chiefly by its more oblong and constricted form."

69. Paludomus ornata, Benson.

Paludomus ornata, Benson, A. M. N. H. (ser. 2) xvii, 1856, p. 496 ;
U.&T., C. I. pi. 108, fig. 8.

Original description : — Testa ovato-conica, solidiuscula, lawiuscula,
striis remotis obsoletis, cincta infra suturam marginatam bisulcata,
luteo-olivacea, fasciis 4 fusco-castaneis, suturali angusta, secunda
latissima, quarta inconspicua, ornata ; spira conica, apice eroso ;
anfractibus 4 superstitious convexis, ultimo | testae vix superante ;
apertura vix obliqua, ovata, fauce cseruleo-albida, 4 fasciata,
superne angulata, angulo intus calloso ; peristomate tenui, acuto,
marginibus callo albo junctis, columellari subrevoluto, angusto,
albo. Operc. — ?

Alt. 18, diam. 13 mm.

Aperture : alt. 13, diam. 8 mm.

Hah. Burma.

70. Paludomus andersoniana, Nevill.

Paludomus andersoniana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 35 ;
loc. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 160, pi. 5, fig. 2.

Original description :— [Shell] large and globose ; spire produced
and pointed; of a strikiug greenish-yellow colour, with four
intense black bands on the last whorl, the one at the suture and
the two near the base about the width of the broadest band ou
P. ornata ; the second band from the suture twice this width,

42

'JMAItlDJE.

this latter, in all hut very old specimens, is very distinctly visible
within the aperture ; whorls seven, the first two or three generally
decollated, transversely superficially ridged, ridges more or less
obsolete towards the centre of the upper whorls, one of them
below the suture more prominent than the rest; columella pure
white; the operculum constantly differs on its inner side from
those of the other Burmese species by the remarkably raised and
very rugose nucleolar portion and by the distinct, though minute,
granular margin.

Alt. max. 29, diam. max. 22 mm.

Hal. Mandalay, Ava, Bhamo, Kabyuet, and Myadouug.
Note. — The width of the band on P. ornata, according to fig. 8,
pi. 108, of the Conch. Ind. is nearly a millimetre.

•

Var. myadoungensis, Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1, pt. 2, p. 160.

Original description : — " A small decollate and prettily marked
variety, with the whorls markedly more rounded."
Alt. 15, diam. 12 mm.

Hab. Myadoung, near the Yunnan Frontier.

Subsp. peguensis, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 35.
Paludomus regulata, Benson, var., H. & T., C. I. pi. 108, fig. 6.

Original description : — Differs from the preceding [P. anders-
soniana] by the slightly more rugose sculpture, by its more decollated
apex, by the less cylindrical whorls and less produced and pointed
spire (more apparent in young specimens), by the columella being
apparently invariably faintly stained with brown, by the almost
entire apparent absence of colouration on the last whorl, especially
in the absence of the second broad band within the aperture.

Alt. 21, diam. 16 mm.

Hah. Pegu.

" The specimen figured in the Conch. Indica is a very old
decollated one."

Subvar. nana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1, pt. 2, p. 160.

Original description : — Spiral sculpture a trifle less distinct.'
Alt. 15, diam. 11 mm.
Hab. Pegu.

71. Paludomus regulata, Benson.

Paludomus regulata, Benson. A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 496 ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 108, figi 5.

Original description : — Testa ovato-acuta, solidiuscula, regulatim
distincte spiraliter sulcata, interstitiis latis planatis, minutissime
confertissimeque decussato-striatis, sulci's 2-3 prope suturam
latioribus prot'undioribus, pallide lutea, fasciis subquatuor, tertia
latiori, ornata; spira elata, conica, apice acuto; anfractibus 6,

PALUDO.M OS.

43

convexiusculis, ultimo diuiidium testae vix superante ; apertura
verticali, ovata, superne angulata, albida, iiattis 4-fasciata, peri-
stoinatis niargine dextro rectro acuto, setate intus vix incrassato-
marginatoj parietali calloso, columellari versus basin subdilatato,
appresso. Operc. ut in sp. tvp.

Alt. 19-24, diam. 12-14 mm.

Aperture: alt. maj. 13, diam. 9 mm.

Hab. Thyet-Myo, Burma.

Nevill in his ' Hand-list,' on p. 391, cites a

Subvar. minor, Brot, Conch.- Cab. pi. 7, fig. 16.

Alt. 15-25, diam. 10 mm.
Hab. Burma.

72. Paludomus blanfordiana, Nevill.

Paludomus blanfordiana, Nevill, J. A. S. 13. xlvi, pt. 2, p. -37 ;
op. cit., 1, p. 159, pi. 5, fig. 3.

Allied to P. labiosa, Benson, but larger and more angularly
.globose than that species, the columella is less vividly stained
with brown, the brown bands are more regular and distinct, and
neither young nor old specimens are truncate ; the sculpture of
both is the same, quite smooth except for a few irregular spiral
striae below the suture.

Alt. 19, diam. 15 mm. (type).

Hab. Ava; Assam.

An Assam specimen measures, according to Nevill :- -Alt. 20,
diam. 15 mm.

73. Paludomus petrosa {Gould).

Paludomus petrosa (Gould), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1844,

p. 144 (as Paludina).
Paludomus labiosa, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 495;

Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1, pt. 2, p. 159, pi. 5, fig. 5.

Original description: — Testa solida, imperforata, subglobosa,
apice erosa, saturate viridi, rufo-faseiata; anl'ract. 3, ultimo amplo,
sutura praacipue marginata; apertura semi-circuiari, columella
late planulata, rufescente ; intus nigrescente vel holoserica ;
operculo apice subcentrali, elementis concentricis.

Alt. 13, diam. 10-5 mm.

Hab. Burma (Mason).

74. Paludomus burmanica, Nevill.

Paludomus burmanica, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 36;
op. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 160, pi. 5, fig. 4.

Original description :— Shell small, very thick, spire depressed,

44

TTAKI H i:.

in shape closely resembling the European Litorina obiusata ; only
two whorls, the others decollated in both young and old specimens ;
smooth, with a few irregular stria) at suture ; columella very
thick, pmv white; aperture somewhat compressed as in typical

labiosa [=petrosa~], not globosely expanded as in J', blanfordiana ;
in all the ten specimens found, only three instead of four bands,
the upper one exceedingly broad, covering nearly hall.1 the last
whorl, the middle one narrow, the basal one broad, but not diffused
over any part of the columella ; these bands are of the most intense
black within the aperture, even in very old, thick specimens
epidermis unusually thick, dark olive-green, closely covered w ith
regular raised pustules of a lighter colour.

Alt. 14-5, diam. 12 mm.

Hab. Yaylaymaw and Mandalay.

75. Paludomus stephanus {Benson).

Paludomns stephanus (Benson), J. A. S. B. 183G, v, p. 747 (as=

Melania) ; Reeve, Con. Icon., Palud. sp. 11.
Melania coronata, v. d. Busch, in Philippi, Abbild. N. Conch, i,
Mel, pi. 1, figs. 5, 6 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 122, fig. 10.

Original description: — Testa ovato-conica, gradata, plerumque
deinde truncata, globoso-ovata, olivacea, anfractibus obsolete
fasciatis, transverse sulcatis, superne plauulatis, spiris brevibus-
validis coronatis ; apertura albida subrotundata, superne fere
angulata ; labro subdenticulato.

Alt. 15-5, diam. 14-75 mm. (taken from fig. in Con. Icon.).

A considerably larger shell is depicted in the ' Conchologia
Indica,' of which the following are the dimensions : —

Alt. 19-75, diam. 19-25 mm.

Hab. Bengal.

76. Paludomus reticulata, Blanford.

Paludomus reticxdata, Blanford, J. A. S. B. 1870, xxxix, pt. 2, p. 9,
pi. 3, fig. 1 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 108, fig. 4.

Original description : — Testa imperforata, globosa, solida,
albida, epidermide fusca induta, liris reticulati spiralibus et
verticalibus decussato-sculpta, lirarum intersectionibus nodiferis.
tipira brevis ; apice eroso ; sutura profunda. Anfr. superst..
2-3 convexi, ultimus infra suturain tumidus. Apertura ovalis,
postice vix subangulata, parum obliqua, intus ca?rulescens ;
peristoma tenue, acutum fere rectum, ad basin vix retrocurvatum,
intus minute corrugatum, margine basali expansinsculo ; colu-
mella mediocri. Operc. normale.

Alt. 19, diam. maj. 17, diam. min. 13-5 mm.

Aperture : alt. 13-5, diam. 10 mm.

Hub. Cachar.

r.vi,ujJ0Mus.

45

" This is an ally of P. stephanus, Benson, so far as form is con-
cerned, but it differs widely in sculpture, and although that is not
a character of much importance in the genus Paludomus and its
allies, still, as no intermediate forms between the two are known,
it appears quite justifiable to separate them."

77. Paludomus obesa (PMlippi),

Paludomux obesa (PMlippi), Abbild. Neue Conch, ii, 1842, p. 170,

Melania, pi. 4, fig. 3 (as ? Melanin).
Paludomus maculatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbilad. viii, p. 110.
Hivulina maculatus, Lea, Journ. Acad. Philad, ser. 2, vi, p. 118,

pi. 20, fig. 10 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 126, figs. 7, 10.

Original description : — Testa oblonga, tenuiuscula, lutescente,
punctis rufo-fuscis per series transversas dispositis picta; anfrac-
tibus 4, praetor summos erosos, convexis, superne subangulatis ;
apertura ovato-oblonga ; labro perpendiculari, recto ; columella
-arcuata, incrassata.

Alt. 13-25, diam. 10 mm.

Hob. Bombay, Ahmednuggur (Conch. Ind.).

78. Paludomus chilinoides, Reeve.

Paludomus chilinoides, Eeeve, Con. Icon., Palud. sp. 7, pi. 2,

fig. 7 a, & pi. 3, figs. 7 b, c.
Paludomus phasianinus, Eeeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 127.
Paludomus parvus, Lavard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 90 ; II. & T., C. I.

pi. 123, fig. 2.

Original description : — Shell ovate, rather thin, spire small,
■exserted, whorls depressed round the upper part, smooth ; olive,
longitudinally waved with black, aperture white.

Alt. 17-5, diam. 13-5 mm. (taken from pi. 3, fig. 7 c, iu Con.
Icon.).

Hab. Bed of the Mahawelle Grauga, near Kandy, Ceylon ;
Uda Pussellawa, Ceylon (Preston).

"Found abundantly in the stream above noted; the chief
variation of form consists in the whorls being more or less de-
pressed round the upper part, after the manner of a Chilina, with
the spire varying considerably in its elevation.''

7'J. Paludomus lsevis, Layard.

Paludomus Icbvis, Lavard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 89 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 108, tip-. 3 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 293 (as P. cluhnoules
var. Iccvis).

Original description: — Shell oblong-ovate, axis 11 lines, diam.

lines; spire acute, exserled, moderately long ; whorls rounded,
not depressed round the upper part, smooth. Colour olive-yellow,
the lower whorls seldom marked, but the upper always spotted

46

with one or two rows of arrow-headed dots; apex bluish;
aperture while.

Operculum as in P. cJiilinoides, Reeve.

Bab. -Ceylon, in slow-running streams on the northern side of
the mountaiu-zone extending into the flat country beyond
Anarajahpoora. I also obtained a few in a paddy-field in the
south of the island, near the village of Heneratgodde.

Possibly a variety of P. chilinoides, from which it "only differs
in wanting the depression round the upper part of: the whorls
and in the colouring." It is found in the same localities as that
species.

80. Paludomus zeylanica (Lea).

Paludomus zeylanica (Lea), P. Z. S. 1850, pp. ] 94-195 (as
Melania).

Original description : — Testa laevi, ovata, crassa, nitida, albida
ant virido-f usca ; badio flammulata, spira brevi, acuminata, apice
acuta., aliquando erosa ; sutura lineari ; anfractibus quinque, con-
vexis, ad suturam superiorem irapressis, inaculis flammulatis aut
sagittatis badiis ; anfractu ultimo magno, bnllato ; basi laevi ;
aperfcura ovato- rotunda, superne augulata, inferne rotundata, intus
albida ; columella magna, alba, superne incrassata, inferne curvata.

Fig. 3. — Paludomus zeylanica (Lea).

Alt. 22*75, diam. 14-7o mm.

Hab. Ceylon (also reported from the Seychelles).

" The markings are very A'ariable, being sometimes oblique,
zigzag lines, extending over the whole surface of the whorls,
sometimes sagittate or short zigzag spots in transverse series.
Indeed, some specimens are of a uniform dark green. The last
whorl sometimes has two impressed transverse lines. The mouth
is nearly two-thirds the length of the shell."

81. Paludomus fulgurata, Dolim.

Paludomus fnlqurata, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 123 : H. & T., 0. 1,
pi. 123, fig.l.

Oriijinal description : — Testa oblongo-ovata, tenera ; spira elevata,
apice obtuso, leviter lougitudinaliter et spiraliter striata, laete
olivacea, fusco fulgurata, ad suturam impressain fusco fasciata';

I'A LUDOMUS.

47

anfractus quatudr convexi, supra medium obsolete cariuati;
apertura oblonga, simplex, albida, liueis fuscis, pellucentibus!
Operc. — ?

Alt. lb', diam. 13 mm.

Aperture : alt. 11, diam. 6 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

82. Paludomus palustris, Layard.

Paludomus palustris, Layard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 89 : H. & T 0 I.
pi. 12G, tigs. 2, 3. > r ,

Original description :— Shell ovate, thin; axis 10 lines, diam.
6 lines ; spire exsertecl. long ; whorls rounded, rather flat, spirally
closely grooved with minute granular striae (visible under the lensj.
Colour of adult shell a rich yellow spotted with dark brown, the
markings frequently running into wavy lines ; apex bluish ; aper-
ture white. Operculum nearly oval, the apex slightly inclined to
the left ; concentric nucleus subcentral, sinistral.

Hab. The grassy margins of a tank at Anarajahpoora, Ceylon.

In young shells the ground colour is almost hidden by the dark
markings, and the aperture is found to be spirally marked with
thin lines of the same colour.

83. Paludomus tanschaurica, Gmelin.

Paludomus tanschaurica, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 3655, for the Helix
Jtuviatilis tanschaurensis of Chemn., Conch.-Cab. ix. v 174
tig. 1243. 1

Helix Jtuviatilis, Dillwyn, Desc. Cat. Shells, p. 959 : 41. & T., C.I.
pi. 123, fig. 8. '

Paludomus tanjoriensis, EL F. Blanford, emend. Trans. Linn. Soc
1863, p. 173, pi. 27, figs. 2«-e.

Original description \ — Testa subturrita, brunnea, glaberrima,
anfractibus septem, macuiis obscurioribus seu nigricantibus con-
spersa, ore subrotundo, fauce albicante.

Alt. 16, diam. 13 mm. (taken from fig. in 'Conchologia Indica').

Hab. India.

Var. kadapaensis, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 294.

" Apparently without sculpture ; apex not acute ; spire pointed,
of four to five whorls, longitudinally, regularly, handsomely
flamed, somewhat as in P. parva, Layard [—chilinoides, Keeve],
but in a less " zigzag " manner." {Nevill.)

Alt. 15-5, diam. 9'75 mm. (spire slightly eroded only).

Hab. Kadapa District, Madras {King).

Var. malabarica, Nevill, torn. cit.

" Decollate and in shape exactly resembling the Ceylon var.

48

TIARIDjK.

palugtrii [_P. pcdustris, Layard] ; decussating &tria3, however,
obsolete in the adult, as in the typical Madras form, spiral striation
very variable in amount of development." {NeviU.')

Alt. 16*5, diam. 11-5 mm. (decollate, three whorls only re-
maining).

Hab. Travancore (Beddome) ; Pulney Hills (FairbanJc).

84. Paludomus monile, Thorpe MSS., Hanley.

Paludomus monile, Thorpe MSS., H. & T., C. J. pi. 108, fig. 10
(fig. only).

Shell fusiformly turbinate, small, yellowish-olive, painted with
interrupted spiral lines and bands of reddish-purple ; remaining
whorls oh, regularly increasing, sculptured with spiral lines crossed
by transverse striae which present a somewhat decussate appear-
ance ; suture impressed, callously and decussately margined below ;
columellar margin descending in a curve, whitish, extending above
into a thickish, well-defined, parietal callus which reaches to the
upper margin of. the labrum ; labrum acute, bevelled inwardly at
the base ; aperture ovate ; interior of shell showing the reddish-
purple bands through the test.

Alt. 12-5, diam. maj. 9, diam. min. 7 mm.

Aperture : alt. 6-75, diam. 4 mm.

Hob. Southern India.

Type in British Museum.

85. Paludomus rotunda, Blanford.

Paludomus rotunda, Blanford, J. A. S. B. 1870, xxxix, pt. 2, p. 10.
pi. 3, fig. 2 ; II. & T., C. I. pi. 108, fig. 2.

Original description: — Testa non rimata, globosa, rotunda,
solida, epidermide fusca induta, sub-laevigata, striis incrementi
et liris sub-obsoletis confertis, miuutis, spiralibus decussantibus
signata; spira brevissima; apice erosulo ; sutura vix impressa.
Anfr. 2^-3 rapide crescentes, primi parum convexi, ultimus valde
major, tumidus, antice non descendens, subtus convexus. Aper-
tura sub-obovalis, postice angulata, obliqua, intus fasciis 2-3 in-
trantibus ornata ; peristoma simplex, acutum, margine basali
expansiusculo ; columella albida, callosa, lata. Operc. normale.

Alt. 15, diam. maj. 14 mm.

Hab. Travancore.

Var. microstoma, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 295.

No other description than dimensions given.

Alt. 11, diam. 10 mm. (much eroded, H whorls only remaining).

Hab. Anamallay Rivers (Beddome) ; Madura Hills (Beddome).

1'A l",LrD0MU8.

49

86. Paludonuis inflata, Brot.

Paludomus inflata, Brot, Conch.-Oab. ii, 1879, p. 44, pi. 8,
figs. 25, 26 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 295.

Original description : — Testa globosa-turrita, solidiuscula, lutes-
centi-olivacea, profuse et distincte nigro undulatim fasciata et
punctata. Spira erosa, sat exserta, aufr. 3 persist, declivi-convexi-
usculi, longitudinaliter inaequaliter sulcati ; anfr. ultimus subito
globose dilatatus, snlcis longitudinalibus superficialibus, infra
suturam constrictus deinde gibboso-inflatus. Apertura late ovata,
intus vivide maculata et strigata, superne acuminata, basi obtuse
subangulata ; columella arcuata incrassata ; callo parietali dis-
tincto ; margine dextro acuto, superne impresso, deinde valde
arcuato. Opercul. typicum.

Alt. 18, diam. 14 mm. (eroded, 3 whorls remaining).

Aperture: alt. 11, diam. 7 mm.

Hob. Travancore (Hanley, Beddome); Amerghat ; Tinnevelly
(Beddome).

87. Paludomus striatula, Nevill.

Paludomus striatula, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 297.

"In Brot's pi. 7, figs. 7, 8, in the Oonch.-Cab., P. isseli from
Borneo gives an exact representation of this new and rare Ceylon
form ; the well-developed, crowded, almost granulose spiral
striation will at once distinguish it." (Nevill.)

Alt. 18, diam. 13-5 mm. (Strongly decollate, two whorls only
remaining).

Hah. Ceylon (type) (II. Nevill). . , .

Brot's figures appear to depict a comcally fusiform, solid, light-
brown form, with yellowish labrum and aperture; they do not,
however, give any appearance of spiral sculpture.

88. Paludomus travancorica, Blcmford.

Paludomus travancorica, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2, p. 219,
pi. 2, fig. 22.

Oriqinal description :— Shell imperforate, ovately conical, rather
thick, covered with a dark-brown epidermis ; beneath the epi-
dermis white, with narrow vertical, very wavy dark purple stripes ;
all the whorls spirally ribbed, the ribs rather close together, with
the interspaces smooth, the stria) of growth being inconspicuous.
Spire conical, apex eroded (doubtless acute wnen perfect) suture
impressed. Whorls remaining 3 (probably in the perfect she 1
5 or 6) convex, the last exceeding half the length of the she.l.
Aperture nearly vertical, ovate, angulate at the posterior ex-
tremity bluish white, with conspicuous, close, vertical, wavy, deep
purple bands within ; peristome in one plane, the external margin

50

TIAEIDJ3.

sharp, the columella! and basal margins white, thickened within,
and dilated. Operculum normal.

Alt. (apex wanting) 23 (when perfect about 25), diam. maj. 16,
diam. min. 13-5 mm.

Aperture : alt. 12, diam. 9 mm.

Hab. Streams traversing the plains between Trevandrum and
the foot of the Aghastyamali.

" In a young specimen of P. travancorica, there appears to be a
tendency to the development of minor parallel ribs between those
forming the spiral sculpture, aud the latter are rather closer
together near the suture."

89. Paludomus annandalei, Preston.

Paladomus annandalei, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, iii, 1909,
p. 277 (figs, in text).

Original description : — Shell conoidal, upper whorls eroded,
solid, dark olivaceous brown, a paler yellowish brown band
appearing at the periphery, above this obscurely painted with
regular, transverse, vertical, deep chestnut flammules and below
with very oblique flammules of the same colour ; remaining whorls
about 3, sculptured with revolving, spiral lirse rather coarser just
below the sutures and disappearing altogether or becoming obsolete
towards the periphery, but reappearing on the base of the shell,
the interstices between the lira? having a somewhat punctate
appearance ; sutures lightly impressed ; columella arched, white
and diffused into a minutely granular callus which joins the upper
lip and is thickened almost into a nodule above ; peristome acute,
scarcely serrated ; interior of shell bluish white, showing the rows
of flammules distinctly ; operculum spirally laminiferous, with
subcentral nucleus.

The dimensions of the three specimens taken as the type series
are as follows : —

1. 2. 3.

Alt 24 mm. 22 mm. 21-5 mm.

Diam., maj 18 „ 17 ,, 16

Aperture : alt. 16 „ 13 „ 12-5

„ diam.. . 9-5 „ 8 „ 8

Hab. Tenmalai,W. Ghats (W. side), Travaucore (rocky mountain
stream (N. Annandale).
Types in Indian Museum.

90. Paludomus spiralis, Reeve.

Paludomus spiralis. Reeve, Oon. Icon., Palud. p. 15, pi. 8, fig. 15.

Original description: — Shell ovate, spire large, prominent, whorls
rounded, smooth ; olive, spotted here and there with black, interior
white.

Alt. 17'5, diam. 12-5 mm. (taken from Con. Icon.).
Hab. Streams of Ceylon.

>5

PAIUDOMUS.

51

91. Paludomus maurus, Reeve.

Paludomus maurus, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 127 : H. & T C I
pi. 124, figs. 2, 3.

Original description : — Testa subacuininato-turbinata, spira pro-
minente ; ant'ractibus rotundatis, super ne subexcavatis et obsolete
lineatis ; apertura parva ; castaneo-f usca, irnmaculata.

The following dimensions are taken from fig. 3, pi. 124 in
the ' Conchologia Indica.'

Alt. 21, diam. 22 mm.

Hab. Branch of the Ganges.

92. Paludomus pyriformis, Dohm.

Paludomtis piriformis, Dohm, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 536 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 125, figs. 2, 3.

Original description : — Testa solidiuscula, pyriformis, lsete
olivacea, striis viridibus brunneisque ornata, "decussata ; sutura
striis aliquot valde impressis circumdata ; anfractus 4 convexiusculi,
ultimus § spirse suba3quans ; apertura oblonga, margine columellari
arcuato albido, striis pelluceutibus.

Alt. 21, diam. 15 mm.

Aperture: alt. 15, diam. 9'5 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

93. Paludomus clavata, Reeve.

Paludomus clavata, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 129 j H. & T., 0. I.
pi. 123, fig. 4.

Original description: — Testa oblongo-ovata, utrinque attenuata,
crassa, ponderosa, spira breviuscula, conica; aufractibus laevibus
conieo-declivibus; nigricanti-olivacea ; apertura subdilatata, callosa,
alba.

The dimensions according to the figure in the ' Conchologia
Indica ' are as below : —
Alt. 20, diam. 12-5 mm.

Hab. Mountain streams of Ceylon ; Uda Pussellawa, Ceylon
{Preston).

94. Paludomus lutosa, Souleyet.

Paludomus lutosa, Souleyet, Voy. ' Bonite,' Zool. ii, p. 550. pi. 31,
figs. 28-30 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 123, fig. 6.

Original description : — Testa oblongo-conica, olivacea, nitida ;
spira conico-acuta ; anfractibus septenis, supra depressiusculis ;
duobus inferioribus ventricosis, penultimo basi spiraliter sulcato,
ultimo in medio multi-sulcato ; apertura ovato-acuta, iutus ceeru-

e2

52

XI A HI U.li.

lescente; labro incrassato, albo ; labro acuto. Operculum corneum,
fusco-nigrum, coucentrice striatum.

Alt. 20, diam. 14 mm.

Bab. Gauges.

According to a note appended to the original description the
animal is of a blackish-brown colour.

95. Paludomus nasuta, DoJim.

Paludomus nasuta, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 123; H. & T., C.I.
pi. 124, tig. 7.

Original description : — Testa solida, oblongo-conica, apice acuto,
nigrescens, versus apicem albicans, ad suturam linea valde im-
pressa distincta, obsolete decussata; aufractus quatuor convexi-
usculi, ultimus medio leviter angulatus ; apertura simplex, oblonga,
albida. Operc. — ?

Alt. 12, diam. S mm.

Aperture: alt. 7*5, diam. 4:5 mm.

Bab. Ceylon.

96. Paludomus abbreviata, Reeve.

Paludomus abbreviata, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 127; H. & T., C. L
pi. 125, fig. 7.

Original description : — Testa abbreviato-ovata, solida, JSeritinse-
formi, spira brevissima ; anfractibus superne plano-declivibus,
deinde convexis, laevibus ; apertura subampla ; olivacea, lineis
duabus fuscis interdum obsolete cingulata, aperturae fauce fasciata.

The following measurements are taken from the figure in the
' Conchologia Indica ' : —

Alt. 20-5, diam. 16 mm.

Eab. Ceylon.

Of a solid JS eritina-Wke form.

97. Paludomus acuta, Reeve.

Paludomus acuta, Ileeve, P. Z. S. 3852, p. 127; H. & T., C.I.
pi. 123, fig. 7.

Original description : — Testa acuminata-turbinata, spira acuta -
anfractibus rotundatis, ad suturam excavatis «t linearis, medio
lineis incisis cingulatis ; apertura parva, virescenti-olivacea.

The measurements of the figure in the ' Conchologia Indica '
are as below : — . ,

Alt. 17-25, diam. 10-75 mm.

Bab. Near Pondicherry.

The apex of the shell, which iu most species is eroded, is here
sharply developed. The whorls are characterized by being encircled
round the middle with conspicuous engraved lines.

PALUDOMUS.

53

98. Paludoinus baccula, Reeve.

Paludomus baccula, Eeeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 128; Hnnley, Conch
[Misc., Melan. fig. 63; H. & T., C. I. pi. 124, fig-. 10.

Original <-/< scription: — Testa oblongo-turbinata, spira proininente,
anfractibus, plano-convexis, laevigatis, vel, sub lente, subtilissime
striatis ; aperfcura parva ; olivacea, brunneo-nigro tincta.

The dimensions according to the figure in the ' Conchologia
Indica ' are as follows : —

Alt. 17, diara. 11 mm.

Hub. Branch of the Ganges.

A small dark olive turbinated species, besmeared with shining
brown-black.

Subgenus PHILOPOTAMIS.

Philopotamis, Layard, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvi, 1855, p. 134.

Type, Paludomus sulcata, Reeve ; Ceylon.
Range. Ceylon.

Origincd description : — Animal fluviatile, amphibious, delighting
in rocky torrents. Operculum horny, subtriangularly ovate ;
apex superior, paucispiral ; nucleus sub-basal, dextral.

The subgenus is based upon the characters of the operculum.

99. Paludomus (Philopotamis) sulcata {Reeve).

Paludomus (Philopotamis) sulcata (Reeve), Con. Icon., Palucl. sp. 8 ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 122, fig. 2.

Original description : — Shell ovate, spire prominent, whorls
rounded, spirally very closely grooved, grooves and intermediate
ridges very closely decussated with longitudinal striae ; yellowish
olive, painted here and there with black, sometimes entirely black,
interior whitish.

Alt. 25, diam. 20 mm. (taken from pi. 3, fig. 8 c in Con. Icon.).

Hub. In a mountain stream at Ratnapoora, Ceylon ; Uda
Pussellawa. Ceylon (Preston).

Subvar. minor, Nevill, 1 1 and List, pt. 2, p. 299 ; ef. Brot, Conch.-
Cab. ii, pi. 5, fig. 18.

Apparently a small form.

Alt. 14-5, diam. I1'5 mm. (according to Brot's figure).
Ilab. Ceylon (Stoliczka).

Var. contracta, Nevill, torn. cit. ; Brot, Conch.-Cab. ii, pi. 5,
figs. 19, 20 (as "P. sulcatus, var.").

Nevill gives no description beyond the reference to Brot's
figure ; it appears to be a narrow form.

Hob. Ambegammoa, Ceylon (Bla»ford).

54 'xiaridj:.

Var. compacta, Nevill, torn. cit.

" Eemarkable for its small aperture." (Nevill.)
Alt. 16-5, diain. 11-75 mm.
Hab. Ceylon (H. Nevill).

100. Paludomus (Philopotamis) decussata {Reeve).

Paludomus (Philopotamis) decussata (Reeve). P. Z. S. 1852. p. 127 :
H. & T., 0. I. pi. 123, fig. 3.

Original description : — Testa acuminato-oblonga, tenuiuscula,
spira subacuta ; anfractibus convexis, striis minutis longitudi-
nalibus et transversis undique subtilissime decussatis ; apertura
parviuscula ; virescenti olivacea, fasciis tribus rufo-nigricantibus
cingnlata.

The dimensions given below are taken from the figure in the
' Conchologia Indica ' : —
Alt. 23-5, diam. 22 mm.
Hab. Ceylon.

Chiefly characterized by its finely decussated surface.

101. Paludomus (Philopotamis) trifasciata (Reeve).

Paludomus (Philopotamis) trifasciata (Reeve), P. Z. S. 1852, p. 126 ;
H. & T., C. I. p. xvii.

Original description : — Testa oblouga, spira subelevata ; an-»
fractibus plauo-couvexis, undique costellato-striatis ; apertura

Fig. 4. — Paludomus (Philopotamis) trifasciata, Eeeve.
(Specimen.) Nat. size.

parviuscula, intus vix callosa ; olivacea, fasciis tribus nigricanti-
fuscis subirregulariter cingulata.

Alt. 21, diam. maj. 14 mm.

Aperture : alt. 13, diam. 9-5 mm. (specimen).

Hab. Branch of the Ganges.

102. Paludomus (Philopotamis) bicincta (Reeve).

Paludomus (Philopotamis) bicincta (Reeve), P. Z. S. 1852. p. 129 ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 123, fig. 10.

Original description : — Testa globosa vel oblongo-globosa, longi-,

PALUDOMUS.

55

tudinaliter subobscure sulcato-striata, spira brevi ; anfractibus
convexis superne subdepressis, et minute spiraliter sulcatis,
olivaceo-fusca, nigricante obscure bifasciata ; apertura albida.

The dimensions according to the figure in the 4 Conchologia
Indica ' are as follows : —

Alt. 17*5, diam. 14 mm.

Rab. Mountain streams of Ceylon.

" Allied to P. decussata, but of more acuminated growth."

103. Paludomus (Philopotamis) rupaeformis (Broi).

Paludomus {Philopotamis) rupaformis (Brot), Concli.-Cab. ii
p. 30, 1880, pi. 5, fig. 10 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 298.

Original description : — Testa globoso-mucronata, solidula, corneo-
olivacea, nigro inquinata, unicolor. Spira subintegra, parvula,
breviter concavo-mucronata ; anfr. 6 (integrae ad 7) convexi,
sutura distincta divisi, lsevigati, lente crescentes ; ultimus subito
inflatus, globosus, sublsevigatus vel striis incrementi tenuibus vix
striatulus. Apertura ovata, superne acuminata, basi rotundata,
intus alba, vel pallide late bifasciata ; columella arcuata, crassi-
uscula. Operculum typicum.

Alt. 16, diam. 12 mm.

Aperture : alt. 10-5, diam. 6 mm.

Hah. Matale, Ceylon (Layard).

104. Paludomus (Philopotamis) regalis, Layard.

Paludomus (Philopotamis) rer/alis, Layard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 93 ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 121, fig. 10.

Original description : — Shell oblong ovate ; axis 1 inch, diam.
9 lines. Spire exserted, short. Whorls rounded, depressed at
the upper part, spirally corded with close-set slight ridges, longi-
tudinally minutely striated, and crowned with a single row of
short, sbarp, hollow, angular spines, closely set. Colour yellowish-
olive, painted with wavy, dark brown longitudinal lines. Aperture
pure white.

Operculum unknown, but most probably as in P. sulcata.
Hub. Stream in the Cnia Corle, Western Province, Ceylon.

105. Paludomus (Philopotamis) nigricans (Reeve).

Paludomus (Philopotamis) nigricans (Eeeve), Con. Icon., Palud.
sp. 6 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 124, fig. 1.

Original description: — Shell ovate, spire rather prominent, ex-
serted ; whorls smooth, faintly angled towards the base; blackish,
interior bluish white.

Alt. 13-75, diam. 9*25 mm. (taken from fig. in Conch. Icon.).

Hub. Ceylon (in mountain streams at 6,000 feet elevation).

50

TIABIDJE.

Var. subgranulosa, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 299 ; Brot,
Conch.-Cab. ii, 1880, pi. 0, tig. 0 (as var. B).

No other description given than that implied by the name.
Hab. Ceylon {Blanford).

106. Paludomus (Philopotamis) erronea, Nevill.

Paludomus {Philopotamis) erronea, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 300 ;

H. & T., O. I. pi. 108, fig. 7 (as P. parva) [not of Layard].
Paludomus phasianinus, Layard, A. M. N. II. 1855, p. 136 [not of

Reeve].

" The only ally, I know, of Paludomus erronea is P. nigricans
of Avhich Mr. H. P. Blanford considers it a smooth variety ; the
above-quoted figure, however, shows the differences at a glance."

Alt. 10"5, diam. 6*5 mm.

Hab. Hackgalle [Hakgalla], Ceylon {Layard) • Ceylon {Blan-
ford).

107. Paludomus (Philopotamis) subdentata, Nevill.

Paludomus {Philopotamis) subdentata, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2,
p. 300.

Original description : — Almost smooth, prettily longitudinally
striped, " flames " only slightly flexuous ; columella very broadly
excavated, alabaster white, subdentate at base ; spire truncate,
two whorls only remaining, the last one convexly swollen ; flames
are discernible within the aperture.

Alt. 13-75, diam. 9-75 mm.

Hab. Ceylon (type) {H. Nevill).

108. Paludomus (Philopotamis) violacea {Layard).

Paludomus {Pldlopotamis) violacea (Layard), P. Z. S. 1854, p. 92,
(as Tanalia) ; Brot, in Conch.-Cah. ii, 1880> p. 15, pi. 5, tigs. 3,
3 a, Sb.

Original description : — Shell globose ; axis 6 lines, diam. 5 lines.
Spire very short, slightly exserted. Whorls rounded, ventricose,
spirallv grooved with close-set, fine, minutely decussated stria? (in
one variety the striae become ridges). Colour a dark bluish-brown,
almost amounting to black, with darkish brown patches appearing
in some specimens. Aperture deep violet inside ; columella
white, stained on the outside edge with dark brown.

Hab. A small mountain torrent in a dense forest between
Gillymalle and Pallabaddoola, towards Adam's Peak, Ceylon.

I' A LUDOMUS.

57

Subgenus TAN ALIA.
Tanalia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 153; Layard, op. cit. 1854, p. 88.
Type, Nerita aculeata, Chemnitz; Ceylon.
linage. Ceylon.

Original description : — Animal fluviatile, delighting in the most
vapid mountain torrents. Operculum horny, subtriangularly
ovate ; apex lateral, lamellated ; nucleus lateral, dextral.

As in the subgenus Philopotamis, the present subgenus is also
based upon the structure of the operculum.

109. Paludomus (Tanalia) loricata (Reeve).

Paludomus (Tanalia) loricata (Reeve), Con. Icon, iv, Palud. sp. 1.
Paludomtis area, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 128.
Tanalia loricata, Layard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 91.
Paludomus layardi, Reeve, 1. c.

Paludomus undata, Reeve, Con. Icon, iv, Palud. sp. 2; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 121, fig. 3 as P. undata, fig. 5 as P. area, fig. 6 as P. layardi.

Original description : — Shell obovate, spire scarcely exserted,
whorls slightly angularly depressed round the upper part, spirally
encircled with close-set squamate ridges ; aperture large ; very
black-brown, interior white, columella and edge of the lip purple-
brown.

Alt. 20*5, diam. 20-5 mm. (from original figure 1 a).
Alt. 32-25, diam. 34-5 mm. ( „ „ 1 b).

Hab. In rapids flowing from Adam's Peak, Ceylon {Gardner).

110. Paludomus (Tanalia) erinacea (Reeve).

Paludomus (Tanalia) erinacea (Reeve), P. Z. S. 1852, p. 128;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 121, fig-. 1 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 301
(as P. {Tanalia) acideata var. erinaceii).

Original description : — Testa obovata, tenuiuscula, anfractibus
convexis, liris muricato-squamatis spiraliter cingulatis ; apertura
subampla ; atra, intus casrulescente, columella et aperturse limbo
castaneo-nigris.

The following dimensions are taken from the figure in the
' Conchologia Indica.'
Alt. 21-5, diam. 21 mm.
Hab. Mountain streams of Ceylon.

111. Paludomus (Tanalia) nodulosa (Dolim).

Paludomus (Tanalia) nodulosa (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1857, p. 125;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 126, figs. 8, 9 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2,
]i. 302 (as P. (T.) aculeata var. nodulosa).

Original description : -Testa oblongo-ovata, lajte olivacea, longi-
tudinaliter nigro fulgurata ; spira exserta; anfractus costis

58

TlAiti i >.]■:.

tuberculosis spirahter cingulati, sutura crenulata ; apertura
subcircularis, nigra, intus albida, lineis nigris pellucentibus.

Alt, 27, diam. 21 mm.

Aperture : alt. 20, diain. 16-5 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

112. Paludomus (Tanalia) reevei, Layard.

Paludomus {Tanalia) reevei, Layard, P. Z.S. 1884, p. 92 ; H. & T.,

£ J^?1, 12}> %-7>and P1- 124, tig. 5; Nevill, torn. cit. (as
P. (T.) nodulosa var. reevei).

Original description :— Shell oblong-ovate ; axis 1 1 inch, diam.
1 inch 2 lines. Spire exserted, short. Whorls rounded, spirally
corded with rather distant obtuse ridges, longitudinally striated
with well-marked close-set strife, the great characteristic mark of
the species. Aperture : outer lip edged with deep purple-brown,
columellar lip white. Colour a dark yellow-brown, thickly marked
with longitudinal, slanting, jet- brown wavy bands.

Hab. The Calloo Ganga, Eatnapoora [Kaluganga, Eatnapura],
Ceylon.

Subvar. minor, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 302.

No description is given by Nevill, but presumably it is a small
form.

Hab. Ceylon (H. F. Blanford).

113. Paludomus (Tanalia) funiculata, Reeve.

Paludomus (Tanalia) funicxdata, Reeve, Conch. Icon., Palud. sp. 13.

Tanalia funiculata, Layard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 93 (amended des-
cription) ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 125, figs. 1-4 ; Nevill, torn, cit,
(as P. (T.) aculeata var. funiculata).

Original description : — Shell oblong-ovate, spire exserted, whorls
rather depressed round the upper part, spirally corded with rather
distant obtuse ridges ; jet-brown, interior whitish.

Alt. 25, diam. 22 mm. (taken from fig. in Con. Icon.).

Hab. In a mountain stream at Eatnapoora, Ceylon.

" Of a dark sombre colour, without any indication of pattern,
encircled throughout with rather distant ridges."

114. Paludomus (Tanalia) picta, Reeve.

Paludomus (Tanalia) picta, Reeve, Conch. Icon., Palud. sp. 10;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 122, fig. 7 ; Nevill, torn. cit. p. 303 (as P. (T.)
acideata var. picta).

Original description -. — Shell oblong-ovate, spire exserted, whorls
spirally obtusely striated ; olive, painted longitudinally with
narrow undulated waved bands, interior white, margin of the
columella stained with brown.

PAIiTTDOMtTS.

59

Alt. 23-5, diam. 19-25 mtn. (taken from pi. 2, fig. a in Con.
Icon.).

J/ab. In a mountain stream at Ratnapoora, Ceylon.
" The waved painting may be observed in adult specimens on
the outside, when not visible in the interior."

115. Paludomus (Tanalia) swainsoni (Dohm).

Paludomus (Tanalia) swainsoni (Dohm), P. Z. S. 1857, p. 125 ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 124, fig. 6.

Original description : — Testa ovata, solida, olivacea, costis nigris
spiralibus ornata, obsolete spiraliter et longitudinaliter striata ;
spira exserta ; anfractus convexi, ad suturam nigricantem
depressi ; apertura ovata, albida, obsolete dentata, interdum
fusco-maculata.

Alt. 25, diam. 23 mm.

Aperture: alt. 21, diam. 12 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

Allied to P. (T.) picta, but differing in having black ribs.

116. Paludomus (Tanalia) distinguenda (Dohm).

Paludomus (Tanalia) distinguenda (Dolarn),P. Z. S. 1857, p. 124 ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 122, fig. 3 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 303
(as P. (T.) aculeata var. distinguenda).

Original description : — Testa ovata, olivacea, nitida, fasciis nigris
fulguratis longitudiiniliter picta, spiraliter et longitudinaliter
striata ; spira exserta ; apertura ovata, cserulescens ; peristomata
nigro, obsolete dentato ; niargine columellari planato, fasciis
nigris, pellucentibus.

Alt. 25, diam. 19 mm.

Aperture : alt. 18, diam. 12-5 mm.

Bab. Ceylon.

117. Paludomus (Tanalia) torrenticola, Dohm.

Paludomus (Tanalia) torrenticola, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 536 ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 124, fig. 9 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 303
(as P. (T.) aculeata var. torrenticola).

Original description : — Testa oblongo-ovata, nigricanti- olivacea,
obscure fulgu rata et maculata, spiraliter confertim, longitudinaliter
rarius striata ; spira exserta; anfractus convexi ; sutura simplex ;
apertura ovalis, violacea, margine columellari albo.

Alt. 22, diam. 16 mm.

Aperture: alt. 16, diam. 12 mm.

J fab. Ceylon.

T] 1 aiDJE.

118. Paludomus (Tanalia) neritoides {Reeve).

Paludomus (Tanalia) neritoides (Reeve), Conch. Icou., Palud. sp. 3 ;
H. & T., 0. I. pi. 122, fig. 8.

Original description : — Shell oblong-ovate, spire a little exserted,
whorls rounded, obscurely obtusely ridged ; aperture rather large ;
olive, sharply waved iu the .young shell with brown, interior
white, columella and edge of the lip sometimes blotched here and
there with blackish brown.

Alt. 31*5, diam. 24*5 mm. (taken from pi. 1, fig. 3 6 in Con.
Icon.).

Hah. In the bed of a river at Ambegamoa, Ceylon.

" This species has more the form of a Nerita thau any other,
and is distinguished in an early stage of growth by a brilliant
pattern of zigzag painting in the interior. The lip and columella
are sometimes white, sometimes blotched with blackish brown."

Var. globosa, Brot, Conch.-Cab. ii, 1880, pi. 8, fig. 1 ; Nevill,
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 304.

A somewhat swollen form.
Hah. Ceylon (Nevill).

119. Paludomus (Tanalia) dilatata (Reeve).

Paludomus (Tanalia) dilatata (Reeve), P. Z. S. 1852, p. 128; H. &
T., C. I. pi. 125, figs. 5, 6; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 303 (as
P. (T.) neritoides var. dilatata ?).

Original description : — Testa suboblongo-ovata, spira exsertius-
cula ; anfractibus rodnndatis, superne vix depressis, spiraliter
obscura superficialiter liratis ; intense nigricanti-fusca, immacu-
lata ; apertura oblonga, interne dilatata, intus caerulescenti-alba,
bi- vel trifasciata, nigro-limbata.

The following dimensions are taken from fig. 5, pi. 125, in the
' Conchologia Indica.'

Alt. 3(5*75, diam. 29 mm.

Hah. Mountain streams of Ceylon.

120. Paludomus (Tanalia) gardneri (Reeve).

Paludomus (Tanalia) qardneri (Reeve), Conch. Icon., Palud. sp. 9;
II. & T., C. I. pi. 122, tig. 6; Nevill, torn. cit. (as P. (T.) neri-
toides var. ijuidneri).

Original description: — Shell orbicularly ovate, spire flatly
depressed, whorls regularly convex, very closely spirally ridged,
ridges rather thin, obtuse, alternately larger; aperture very large ;
jet-black, interior whitish, columella and margin of the aperture
stained with purple-black.

Alt. 35, diam. 34 mm. (taken from pi. 2, fig. 9 h in Con. Icon.).

Hah. In a scream at the foot of Adam's Peak, Ceylon.

PALTJBOMUS.

61

121. Paludomus (Tanalia) cumingiana (Dohm).

Paludomus (Tanalia) cumingiana (Dolmi), P. Z. S. 1857, p. 124;
H: .&T., C. I. pi. 120, figs, 5, 6.

Original description : — Testa globosa, solida, olivaceo-fusca,
obsolete spiraliter sulcata ; spira valcle depressa, exserta ; anfractus
ultimus ceteros superans, ad suturain in formam canalis iinpressus;
apertura magna, obliqua, flavescens, intus albida, lineis nigris
undatis longitudinaliter distincta.

Alt. 33, diam. 34 mm.

Aperture : alt. 30, diam. 24 mm.

Hub. Ceylon.

Allied to P. (T.) gardneri, Keeve, but distinguished by the
" deep channel-like impression on the upper part of the whorl, and
in the large size of the mouth."

122. Paludomus (Tanalia) thwaitesi (Layard).

Paludomus (Tanalia) tlwaitesi (Layard), P. Z. S. 1.854, pp; -93-94
(as Philopotamis) ; H. & T., C. 1. pi. 125, tigs. 8, 9 ; Nevill, Hand
List, pt. 2, p. 304 (as P. (T.) neritoidcs var. tlitoaitesi?).

Original description : — Shell oblong-ovate ; axis 13 lines, diam.
9 lines. Spire exserted, short. "Whorls almost cai'inated round
the upper part, spirally corded with unequal sized, close, but
irregularly set ridges, granulated or minutely striated. Colour
yellowish olive, painted more or less with wavy, dark brown
longitudinal lines. Aperture pinkish white, occasionally having
the outer lip dotted with dark pink-brown marks.

Alt. 30-5, diam. 23-75 mm. (Conch. Ind. pi. 125, fig. 9).

Hab. Weyweldenia, Ceylon.

123. Paludomus (Tanalia) tennantii (Reeve).

Paludomus (Tanalia) tennantii (Reeve), Con. Icon., Palud. sp. 12 :
H. & T., C. 1. pi. 122, fig. 5 (as P. tennentii) ; Nevill, torn. cit.
(as P. (T.) neritoidesVsx. tenhenii).

Original description : — Shell obovate, rather thick, spire scarcely
exserted; whorls rounded, smooth, or very obscurely ridged;
aperture rather largely effused ; olive, indistinctly longitudinally
waved, interior white, columella and edge of the aperture stained
with purple-brown.

Alt. 31, diam. 29 mm. (taken from pi. 3, fig. c, in Con. Icon.).

Hab. In a rocky stream flowing from Adam's Peak, Ceylon.

" . . . . distinguished in early growth by an elaborate pattern of
waved painting, which is very conspicuous in the interior of the
shell. At a more advanced period, this striking display of pattern
is entirely obscured by a superincumbent deposit of colourless
matter."

62

124. Paludomus (Tanalia) dromedarius (Dohrn).

Paludomua (Tanalia) dromedarius (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1857, p 124-
H. & T., 0. I. pi. 122, fig. 9; Nevill, torn. cit. (as P. (T.) neri-
toides var. dromedarius).

Original description : — Testa oblongo-ovata, nigra, obsolete
spiraliter, longitudinaliter striata; anfractus convexi, ultimus
antice valde deflexus ; apertura subcircularis, alba, obsolete
dentata, interdum flavocincta. Operculum subtriangulare, cor-
neura, nucleo laterali dextrorso.

Alt. 29, diam. 21 mm.

Aperture : alt. 20-5, diam. 16 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

125. Paludomus (Tanalia) solida (Dohrn).

Paludomus (Tanalia) solida (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1857, v. 124: H. &
T., C.I. pi. 122, fig. 4.

Original description : — Testa ovato-oblonga, solidissima, flava,
bruuneo-maculata ; spira exserta ; anfractus convexi, spiraliter
sulcati, sub lente longitudinaliter striati; sutura impressa; apertura
crassa, alba, semicircularis. Operculum corneum, nigrescens,
concentrice striatum, nucleo sinistro.

Alt. 19, diam. 14-5 mm.

Aperture : alt. 13, diam. 10 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

126. Paludomus (Tanalia) hanleyi (Dohrn).

Paludotnus (Tanalia) hanleyi (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 535 : H. &
T., C. I. pi. 125, fig. 10.

Original description : — Testa semiovalis, neritaeformis, solida,
olivacea unicolor vel saturatius longitudinaliter striata, decussata ;
spira exserta ; anfractus convexi ; apertura obliqua, ampla, labio
columellari magno, margine interno vix curvato, externo semi-
circulari ; alba vel flavescens. Operc. ?

Alt. 18, diam. 15 mm.

Aperture: alt. 15, diam. 13 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

Var. major, ? Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 305.

A large form.

Alt. 23, diam. 20 mm.

Hab. Ceylon (H. Nevill).

127. Paludomus (Tanalia) skinneri (Dohrn).

Paludomus (Tanalia) skinneri (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1857, p. li'4 ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 121, fig. 4.

Original description : — Testa ovata, nigricanti-olivacea, confertim

PALUDOMUS.

63

costis squamatis spiraliter cingulata, supra medium obsolete
carinata ; apertura semicircularis, alba, intus caarulescens

Alt. 35, diam. 32 mm.

Aperture : alt. 29, diam. 21 mm.

Hub. Ceylon.

128. Paludomus (Tanalia) similis, Layard.

Paludomus (Tanalia) similis, Layard, P. Z. S 1854 d 92 • H Xr T
C. I pi. 122, fig. 1. '

Qrt$r«iaZ description :— Shell rather globose ; axis 8 lines, diam
6 lines. Spire short, exserted. Whorls rounded, ventricose
spirally grooved with close-set, fine, minutely decussated stria.
Colour rich olive-yellow, profusely marked with longitudinal
wavy, dark lines, interrupted by four or five fine transverse bands'
of the same colour. Aperture : the dark markings of the shell
show through, and are dimmed by a bluish haze ; columella lip
white, stained on the outside edge with dark brown, which runs
round the outer lip in a thin band.

Hab. A mountain torrent at Kandangamoa, near Eatnapoora
Ceylon.

129. Paludomus (Tanalia) melanostoma, Hanley $ Theobald.

Paludomus ( Tanalia) melanostoma, Hanley & Theobald. Con Ind
pi. 121, figs. 8, 9 (figs. only). '

Shell oblong-ovate, solid, dark yellowish-brown, painted with
oblique, transverse, zigzag bands of black ; remaining whorls 3,
rapidly increasing, the last large, sculptured with more or less
beaded, spiral lira} ; suture impressed ; columella margin excavated,
white within, stained with brownish-black without, extending
upwards into a thickish, well-defined, parietal callus which has
the same colouring and reaches to the upper margin of the
labrum; labrum edged with a variegated band of brown and
yellowish white just within, acute ; aperture ovate ; interior of
shell white.

Alt. 25, diam. maj. 21-25, diam. min. 15-25 mm.

Aperture : alt. 20, diam. 11*25 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

Type in British Museum.

Subgenus STOMATODON.

Stomatodon, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, x, 1862, p. 414.

Type, Paludomus stomatodon, Benson ; Travancore.
Range. Travancore.

For description see that of Paludomus (S.) stomatodon given
below.

64

XI ARID^E. — LITTOBN IDM.

130. Paludomus (Stomatodon) stomatodon, Benson.

Puhtdomus (Stomatodon) stomatodon, Benson, A. M. N. II. ser. 3,
x, 18(32, p. 414 (as ? Tanalia) ; Tl. & T., 0. I . pi. L08, fig. 1.

Original description : — Testa ovato-globosa, solida, lacviuscula
(juniorum polita), striis spiralibus obsoletis induta, olivaceo-
nigrescente ; spira brevi erosa, sutura impressa; anfractibus 3
superstitibus, superioribus convexiusculis, ultimo convexo ;
apertura ovato-acuta, albida, intus denium angustiore, sinuata ;
peristouiate integro, margine dextro basalique acuto, columellari
late calloso, infra latiore, subito intus truncato, dente prominente
crasso munito.

Alt. 14, diam. 12 mm.

Hah. Mountain streams near Cottyam, Travancore.

" . . . . There is some resemblance in this shell to Neritina, for
which genus a specimen might, on a cursory glance, be taken.
The upper part of the columellar callosity exhibits in some
specimens a blackish-brown tint, and a patch of the same colour
may occasionally be observed at the base, in the interior of the
aperture, the throat of which is tinged with violet and purple and
presents a minutely corrugate surface."

Family LITTORNIDtE.
Subfamily CREMNOCONCHINjE.

Shell ovate, depressedly turbinate, with large aperture.
Distribution. S. Asia.

Genus CREMNOCONCHUS.

Cremnobates, Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xii, 1863, p. 184.
Cremnoconchus, Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 4, iii, 1869, p. 343.

Type, C. sylwdrensis, Blanford ; "Western India.
Range. "W.India; Tonkin.

Original description : — Testa perforata, turbinato - globosa,
costulata. Apertura mediocris, subovata ; peristomatis margine
dextro simplici, columellari vix calloso.

Operculum testaceum, subovatum, paucispirale ; nucleo sinistro ;
margine membranaceo.

Animal (pulraoniferum ?) parvum ; tentaculis duobus brevibus
subulatis, oculos in lobis tumidis ad basin gerentibus praedituni.

Pes brevis, rotundatus. Proboscis brevis.

CREMNOCOIsXH US.

65

131. Cremnoconchus syhadensis {Blanford).

Cremnoconchus syhadensis (Blanford), A. M. N. II. ser. 3, xii, 1863
p. 184 (as Cremnobates), pi. 4, figs. 1-7 : H. & T., C. I. pi. 14(j'
tig. 6.

Original description-. — Testa subobtecte perforata, globoso-
turbinata, costulis elevatis crenulatis ciroumdata, inter costubis
liris minoribus spiralibus lineisque obliquis decussantibus incre-
ment ornata, periomphalo baud costulato concentrice decussato-
striato albida, ad apicem rubella, epidermicle viridi-fusca induta ;
spira brevis, conoiden, sutura irnpressa, apice acuto, pier unique
erosulo ; anfractibus 3, rapide accresceutibus, convexis, ultimo
rotundato, circa perforationem angulato ; apertura diagonals,
ovata, lineis longitudinalibus fusco-purpureis prope suturam et
versus basin marginis dextri, spatio intervenieute, interne signata,
interdum omnino colorata ; peristoma simplex, marginibus callo
junctis, dextro recto, basili expansulo, columellari reflexo, appresso
perforationem partim tegente. Operculum normale.

Alt. 7, diam. 7 mm.

Aperture : alt. 5, diam. 4 mm.

Bab. "Western Ohats. On wet roeks (Blanford).

"With regard to tbe animal tbe author doubts the existence of
gills and makes the following remarks : " . . . . the large vascular
sac at the back of the neck exactly resembles that in the opercu-
iated land-shells. The mantle-margin is free, aud the sexes
distinct. The lingual ribbon is very long ; one from a large
specimen measured § inch (17 mill.); the teeth are 7-ranked, but
differ in form from those of Cyclostomaceous genera. The
amphibious habits of the animal, the short foot, and the olive-
green epidermis, so characteristic of fresh-water shells, induce me
to place it in the vicinity of Lithoglyphus."

132. Cremnoconchus conicus, Blanford.

Cremnoconclius conicus, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. 2, 1870,
p. 10, pi. 3, figs. 3, 8 a ; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 146, figs. 8, 9, and
C. conicus var. lig. 10, fide Blanford, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2,
p. 221.

Original description : — Testa imperforata, ovato-conica, solida,
albida, fascia spirali castanea supra peripheriam interdum ornata,
epidermide olivacea, hand nitida, induta. Spira conica; apice
acuto, plerumque eroso ; sutura profunda. Anfr. 5 convexi
(primi saspissime carentes), ultimus ad peripheriam sub-angulatus,
subtus convexus, non descendens. Apertura obliqua, ovata,
postice subangulata, intus fulvescens vel alba, aliquando fascia
castanea intranti instructa; peristoma tenue rectum, marginibuo
callo junctis, basali sub-effuso, columellari calloso. Operc. nor-
male, corneum, pauci-spirale, nucleo sub- basali, baud procul a
latere columellari sito.

06 LTTTOR'NI I) E.

Alt. 8, diam. 0 mm. \A young specimen with

Aperture: alt. 4-5, diam. 3-5 mm. j perfect spire.
Alt. 9-5, diam. 7 mm. 1 An old specimen with eroded

Aperture : alt. 6, diam. 5 mm. j spire
Hub. Near Poonah.

Var. canaliculars, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, pfc. 2, 1870,
p. 11, pi. 3, fig. 4.

Original description : — Sutura canaliculata, anfractibus juxta
suturam acute eariuatis.

Alt. 8, diam. 6-5 mm.

Nab. Torna.

133. Cremnoconchus carinatus (Layard).

Cremnoconchus carinatus (Layard), P. Z. S. 1854 p. 94 (as
Anculotm) ; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. 2, 18/0, p. 12,
pi. 3, fig, 5 ; op. cit. xlix, pt. 2, p. 221.

Original description :— Shell somewhat globose ; axis 5 lines,
diam 4 lines. Spire exserted, short. Whorls inflated rather
square, sharplv keeled round the inferior angle, minutely longi-
tudinally striated. Colour dull olive, marked faintly with two or
three broad bands of dark rufous-brown, which are very apparent
in the aperture ; columeUar lip white, stained with a light dash ot
the same rufous-brown on the exterior margin. _

No dimensions being given the following is taken troin
Blanford's description (J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. 2, p. 12).

Alt. 7*5, diam. 5 mm. .,

Bab. Streams in the Mahableshwar Hills, Bombay Presidency.

Subgenus BITHINELLA.

Bithvnella, Moquin-Tandon, 1851, J de Conch. Paris, p 239,
& Hist. Moll Terr. Fluv. France, 1855, p. 516 (as Bythinella).

Tvpe, Bulimus viridis, Poiret ; Europe.

Uanqe. Europe ; Asia ; N. America. •
.Shell having the operculum set far back m the interior ; it is
also subcorneous, spirally striate, with excentnc nucleus.

134. Bithinella canningensis, Preston.

Bithvnella canningensis, Preston, A. M. N. H. ser. 7, xix, 1907.
p. 216 (fig. in text).
Original description :- Shell subperf orate, pyramidal, dull
yellowish-brown horn-colour ; remaining whorls 8, somewhat
lo^x-, sutures well impressed; aperture oval; peristome
simple, continuous; operculum horny, paucispiral.
Alt. 1-75, diam. maj. 1 mm.

ffab. Port Canning, Lower Bengal; in brackish pools.
Type iii Indian Museum, Calcutta.

l>Ai,lw>KsTi;i\[i>.i:.

67

Family PALUDESTRINIDvE [=IIydrobiid(e].

Subfamily PALUDESTRININjE.

Shell small, corneous, fusiform, narrowly riruate or imperforate.
Distribution. World-wide.

Genus PALUDESTRINA.

Hi/drobia, Hartmatin, 1821, nec Leach in Ooleoptera, 1817
Paludestrina, d'Orbiyny, Voy. Auier. Mend., Moll. 1810, p. 381.

Type, P. auberiana, d'Orb. ; S. America.
Range. "World-wide.

Auimals having no eyes on the tentacles, these being placed
outwardly at tlieir base ; operculum horny, spiral, resembling
Littorina. An inhabitant of both fresh and brackish water.

Subgenus BELGRANDIA.

Belt/ randia, Bourguigiiat, Cat. Moll. Ter. Fluv. Env. Paris, 1869
p. 15.

Ttpe, Bithinella gibba, Drapernaud; France.
Range. Europe; Asia.

Shell having one or two rounded swellings on the last whorl,
these, as the author explains at some length, being quite different
trom those caused by rest periods.

1:3-5. Paludestrina (Belgrandia) miliacea, Nevill.

Paludestrina {Belgrandia) miliacea, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt, 2,
p. 161; op. cit., 1, p. 158, pi. vii, fig. 7; Nevill, Hand List)
pt. 2, p. 52 [as Hydrobia (Bythinella)~].

Original description: — Testa minuta, vix rimata, conico-
elongatula, solida, parum nitida, albido-viridula, laevigata ; spira
paululum producta, apice miiuito, acutiusculo ; anfr. 5, con-
vexiusculi, ultimis duobus rapide accrescentibus, ultimo basi
subplanulato, ad aperturatn gibbositate crassa circumscripto ;
apertura ovato-rotundata, iutus incrassata, peristoma continuum,
valide incrassatum, margine externo arcuato, basi sinuato, mar-
gine eolumellari subangulatim contorto, subrefiexo. Operculum
sat profunde immersum, tenue, pellucidum, vitreum.

Alt. about 2*75, diam. 1*75 mm.

Hab. Port Canning (iVevill, Mainivaring).

Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Subvar. gibbosula.

Hob. Port Canning (Kloliczlca).

r?2

68

PALTJDJESTE] M D E,

Subvar. subangulata.

Hah. Port Canning (Nevill); Chilka Lake {Ulan ford).

The above two subvarieties are given by Nevill in his 'Hand
List,' p. 52, bub without further descriptions than those implied
by the names themselves.

Var. minor, Nevill, J". A. S. B. 1880, pt. 2, p. 1G1.

Alt. 2, diam. 1*25 mm.
Hah. Port Canning;.

Genus TRICULA.

Tricula, Benson, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. 1843, p. 467.

Type, T. montana, Benson ; India.
Mange. India.

Original description : — Testae spira elongatiuseula, apertura
obliqua, ovata, integra superne angulata; peristomate continuo,
subrefiexo ; anfractu ultimo subumbilicato.

Animal. Melanise simile, proboscide elongata, antice emar-
ginata, tentaculis filiformibus duobus oculos postice prope basin
gerentibus ; pede mediocri ovato, antice subquadrato. Operculo
eorneo subspirali.

136. Tricula montana, Benson.

Tricula montana, Benson, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. 184-3, p. 467 ;
A. M. N. H. 1862, pp. 415-416; H. & T., C. I. pi. 155, %. 1.

Original description : — Testa olivacea ovato-conica, anfractibus
sex rotundatis, suturis impressis, apertura intus albida, peri-
stomate nigrescenti ; apice obtuso, plerumque decollate

Alt. 3, diam. maj. L25 mm.

Huh. Bhimtal.

Nevill (Hand List Moll. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, p. 62) cites a
presumably short variety under the name var. curia, but without
other description; it is from the Jhiri Valley, N. Cachar, at an
altitude of 3000 feet.

Genus AMNICOLA

Amnicola, Gould & Halderuan, Rep. Inv., Mass., 1841, p. 228.

Type, A. porata, Say ; Massachusetts.
Range. N. America ; E. & S. Asia.

Original description: — Shell ovate-conic, thin; spire acule,
composed of a lew rounded whorls ; aperture small, oblique,
rounded-ovate; lips continuous, simple: operculum horny, spiral,
with a few volutions.

\ M N LCOIiA.

69

Animal having an elongated foot, rounded posteriorly, with
each anterior angle produced laterally; head half the breadth of
the foot, and protruding beyond it; tentacula short, filiform,
unequal, ? the eyes seated at the side of the external base ;
oviparous. Inhabits fresh water.

137. Amnicola cincta, Gould.

Amnicola cincta, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, ii p 100-
Otia Conch, p. 199. '

Original description: — Testa niinuta, tenuis, ovato-oblongata,
imperforata, pallide cornea, decollata : anfr. (superstitibus) 3,
ventricosis, uitimo magno, subcarinato, liueis volventibus, et
interdum fascia fusca, cincto : apertura ovata, basi adinoduin
producta, labro simplici.

Alt. 2 mm.

Bah. Tenasscrim, Burma.

Unfortunately no actual specimen has been accessible to the
author of the present work ; hence the impossibility of illus-
trating this hitherto unfigured species.

138. Amnicola parvula (Hutton).

Amnicola parvula (Hutton), J. A. S. B. xviii, pt. 2, p. 655
(as Paludina),

Bithinia globula, Lea, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1856, viii, p. 110,
& Joimi. Acad. Philad., n. s., vii, p. 119, pi. -22, tig. 12 (= Obs.
TJnio, xi probably) ; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 151, figs. 8, 9.

Original description : — Animal dusky grey.

Shell conoid, of four whorls exclusive of apex ; colour of
epidermis dull or dusky green ; aperture ovate, rounded below,
angular above ; oblique; operculum horny; subumbilicate, pillar
lip partially reflected ; sutures deep ; epidermis of the upper
whorls usually eroded ; transversely striated by fine lines of
growth.

Alt. 4*5 mm,

Hub. A marshy patch of ground caused by a spring oozing from
the side of the Kojuck Pass, at Ohummun.

Subfamily LITHOGLYPHINtE.

Animal with simple foot ; radula with several basal denticu-
lations ; penis simple or forked; operculum horny, spiral or
subspiral.

Distribution. S.E. Europe ; S.E. Asia ; C. Africa ; N., S. and C.
America ; Melanesia.

7U

}'A LUDJSSU'JUNII).];.

Genus LITHOGLYPHUS.

Lithoylyphus, Hartmann, Sturm's Fauna, 1821, vi, Heft 5, p. 57.
Type, L. eburneus, Meg. v. Miihlfeld ; Europe.
Range. Europe ; India ; Tonkin.

Shell ^ imperforate, globular -with short spire, solid, suture
lightly impressed ; aperture large, snbovate or nearly circular ;
lab rum simple; columellar margin callous; operculum horny,
paucispiral, with excentric nucleus.

139. Lithoglyphus martabanensis, Theobald.

Lithoylyphus martabanensis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870,
pt. 2, p. 402, pi. 18, fig. 9 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 81, tig. 10.

Original description : — Testa globose conica, imperforata, solida,
virescente albida, translucente, fere lsevi, transversim exilissime
striata, spira parva, regulari, subobtusa; anfractibus 4i, celeriter
crescentibus, ultimo f longitudiualis aequante, apertura elliptica,
antice rotundata, postice angulata. Columella callosa, polita,
paulo dilatata, labro acuto leviter curvato, antice ad latus
eubtruncato.

Alt. 4 mm. (fig. in Conch. Ind.).

Hab. Martaban.

Subfamily BITHYNIlNiE [Bilhiniince emend.].

Animal with simple foot; radula with several basal denticu-
lations ; penis bifid; operculum calcareous, concentric.
Distribution. Europe ; Asia.

Genus BITHYNIA.

Bithynia, Leach, in Abel's " Narrative of Journey into Interior of
China," 1818, p. 362.

Type, Helix tentaculata, Linnaeus ; Europe.
Range. Europe ; Asia.

Shell small, ovately fusiform with more or less convex whorls ;
aperture oval ; labrum continuous ; operculum testaceous.

140. Bithynia tentaculata (Linnceus).

Helix teniacidata, Linnasus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 774.
I\'erita jaculator, Miiller, Verm. Hist. pt. 2, 1774, p. 185.
Turbo nucleus, l)a Costa, Brit. Conch. 1778, p. 91, pi. 5, fig. 12.
Bulimus tentacidatus, Poiret, Coq. de l'Aisne, 1801, p. 61.
Cyclostoma impurum, Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. 1801, p. 41.
Turbo janitor, Vallot, Exerc. d'Hist. Nat. 1801, p. 6.
Cyclostoma jaculator, Ferussac, Ess. M6th. Conch. 1807, p. 66.
Lymnaea tentaculata, Fleming, Edin. Encj'c. vii, 1814, p. 78.

IUT1IYMA.

71

Paludina impura, Brard, Coq. Paris, 1815, p. 183, pi, 7, fig. 2.
Paludina jaadator, Studer, Kurz. Verz. L820, p. 91.
Turbo tentaculatus, Sheppard, Trans. Liun. Soc. xiv, L823, p. 152.
Bithynia jaculator, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iv, 1826, p. 100.
Paludina tentacidata, Fleming, Brit. Anira. 1828, p. 31-5.
Bithinia tentacidata, Gray, Turton Man. 1840, p. 93, pi. 10, fig. 120.
Bithinia ( Elona) tentacidata, Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 528, pi. 39, figs. 23, 24.
Bythinia tentaculata, Keeve, Brit. L. & F. W. Moll. 1863, p. 189.

"Shell: conically ovate, with a minute nearly closed umbilicus,
fulvous green, subtransparent, apex rather sharp; whorls live,
smooth, convex, the last rather ventricose ; aperture somewhat
pyriforrnly ovate, lip dark-edged, scarcely reflected. Operculum
Mibtestaceous, striated concentrically around a central nucleus.''
{Reeve.)

Hah. Throughout Europe (in gentle streams and still waters).
Nevill o-ives the following variety without other description
than the dimensions : —

Var. kashmirensis.
Alt. 7, diam. 4-5 mm.

Hub. Kashmir (Stoliczka) ; Srinagar (Kashmir) (Theobald ?).

141. Bithynia cerameopoma (Benson).

Bithynia cerameopoma (Benson), Gleanings in Science, Calcutta,
ii,'p. 125 (name for sp. in vol. i, p. 362) (as Paludina) ; J. A. S. B.
xxiv, 1855, p. 131.

Bithynia ceranospatana, Frauenfeld, Verhandl. zool.-bot. VVien,
1862, p. 115b- ; H. & T., C. I. pi 38, figs. 1, 4,

Original description : — Small, ovate-oblong, whitish -yellow,
subhyaline, the lip at the base of the columella slightly produced;
operculum calcareous.

The above meagre description may be supplemented by the
following, based on a specimen in the British Museum : —

Shell oblong-ovate} cinereous shading to yellowish white;
whorls 5, regularly and rather rapidly increasing, convex,
minutely and obsoletely sculptured with very fine, spiral striae
and marked with rather weak growth lines; suture well im-
pressed; umbilicus moderately narrow, deep; labrum continuous,
slightly reflexed, bevelled within ; aperture a little oblique, ovate ;
operculum shelly, slightly concave, with subcentral nucleus,
having about seven convolutions.

Alt. 10-75, diam. maj. 9, diam. min. 6 mm.

Aperture: alt. 6, diam. 4-25 mm.

J lab. Bengal.

There is in the British Museum a second set of (his species,
presented by Captain T. Hutton and labelled " Plains— India."
The shells in (his sel are of rather smaller dimensions than those

72

PA l.l HKSTKI M H i:.

to which the specimen above described belongs, and are all o£ a
(lurk colour, varying Prom light chestnut to yellowish-brown.

Nevill, in his ' Hand List of Mollusca iii the Indian Museum,'
p. 34, quotes two subvarieties, as below : —

Var. carinulata.

Apparently a deformed specimen from Assam.
Var. gigantea.

No description, but presumably a large form from Calcutta.

142. Bithynia travancorica, Benson.

Bithynia travancorica, Benson, A. M. N. II. ser. 3 vi 1860
p. 259 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 38, figs. 2, 3.

Original description : — Testa im perforata, conoideo-globosa, irre-
gulariter striata, striis minutissimis spiralibus confertim decussata,
albida, vel corneo-fiavescente, translucente ; spira diinidium tesise
aequante, apicem versus conoidea, verfice obtusiusculo hvalina,
sutura impressa ; anfractibus 4| convexis, ullimo globoso, antice
eensim descendente ; apertura obliqua, ovata, margine sinistra
calioso, callo extus sulco marginato. Operculo normali, cras-
siusculo, extus nonnunquaiu tenuiter radiatim striato ; nucleo
subceutrali.

Alt. 6, diam. 5 mm.

Hub. Ponds near Quilon.

143. Bithynia lutea, Gray.

Bithynia lutea, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1824, p. 277.
Bithynia goniostoma, Hutton MSS.

Faludina pnlchella, Kiister (not Benson), ed. Chemn. Paludina
p. 30, pi. 6, fig. 19 ; H. & T, C. I. pi. 37, fig. 7.

Testa anguste perforata, globoso-ovata, sericina, tenera, sub-
pellucida, obsolete striata, subtilissime concentrice lineata, pallide
ferruginea ; spira obtusa ; anfractibus 5 convexis, ultimo basi
albo ; apertura subovali, marginibus conjunctis, albo-callosis ;
perist ornate reflexinsculo, basi angulato subauriculato. {Kiister.)

Alt. 7*25, diam. 5-5 mm.

Hah. Purneah (Conch. Ind.).

144. Bithynia moreletiana, Nevill.

. Bithynia moreletiana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 29 :
op. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 156, pi. 6, fig. 14.

Original description : — In shape resembling B. lutea, Gray
(Conch. Ind. pi. 37, fig. 7) ; spire peculiarly short, apex very
obtuse and flattened, always eroded, but not decollated ; whorl's

IIIT1I YNJA.

73

'■'>). the last obliquely produced ; always imperforate, both in very
young and very old shells; margins of aperture entire, broadly
reflected, produced and angled at base, outer margin rounded ;
epidermis dark olive-green ; under the lens a minute spiral
sculpture can be detected. Young specimens invariably show
a sort of varix, formed probably at a period when their growth
is arrested by some cause, this varix becoming absorbed in adult
specimens.

Alt. S'75, diam maj. 6; alt. anfract. ult. 7 mm.

Aperture : alt. 5 25, diam. 3 mm.

Bab. Yaylaymaw, ? Upper Burma.
This species can easily be distinguished from the Indian
B. cerameopoma and B. lutea; it is imperforate, has fewer whorls,
a shorter and more obtuse spire, the columellar margin is less
acutely angled at base, the epidermis green instead of brown."

The original dimensions given by Nevill are quoted helow,
though some of them are not intelligible.

"Long. max. 8|, min. 7|, diam. max. 6, ruin. 7| mil., long,
anfract. ult. 7 ; long, apert. 51, diam. 3 mil."

145. Bithynia pulchella (Benson).

Bithynia pulchella (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 746 (as

Paludina) ; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 38, tigs. 5, 6.
? = Valveta, no. 9, Button, J. A. S. B. hi, p. 90.

Original description : — Testa ovato-conica leviter striata, epider-
mide olivacea, anfractibus rotundatis, suturis depressis. Aperture
peritremate nigrescente ; umbilico arco.

Alt. 7*25 mm.

Bab. Sylhet (Conch. Ind.).

Nevill designates two new varieties in his 'Hand List of
Mollusca in the Indian Museum,' p. 35, but without descriptions,
as follows: —

Var. obtusa.

Bab. Port Canning (Stoliczlca).
Var. pusilla.

Presumably a stunted form.
Alt. 6*5, diam. 4"5 mm.
Bab. Ferozpur (Temple).

146. Bithynia subpulchella, Nevill.

Bithynia mbpulchella, Nevill, J. A. S, B. 1, pt. 2, p. 157, pi. 6,
tig. 12.

Original description :— [Shell] narrowly rimate, conically ventri-
cose, 'of rather thin substance, slightly transparent, without

74

FAI.UUESTJUXII).*:.

sculpture, almost white, with a very slight brownish tinge here
and there, suture very distinct, spin' elongately drawn out, apex
rather' obtuse; whorls 4|, convexly ventricose, the last one
tumidly ami j>lobosely swollen, about the same size as the others
together, a distiuet opaque varix on the left-hand side (away
from the aperture) ou each side of the two last whorls ; aperture
nearly round, not oblique, with scarcely thickened, convex,
peristome, aud columellar margin nearly straight, subangulate
at base.

Very variable in size. Type : Alt. 6, diam. 4 mm.
Bab. Kutch.

Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.

A thinner form designated by Nevill, var. tenuinr, also occurs
in the same locality.

147. Bithynia inconspicua, Dohrn.

Bithynia inconspicua, Dohm, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 123 ; H. & T., 0. I.
pi. 37, figs. 5, 6.

Original description : — Testa oblongo-conica, tenera, alba vel
fulva, pellucida ; spira acuta; anfractus 4-5 convexiusculi, sub
lente leviter longitudinaliter striati; apertura oblonga. Operculum
testaceum, concentricum.

Alt. 5, diam. 3*5 mm.

Aperture : alt. 2-5, diam. 1-75 mm.

Bab. Ceylon.

148. Bithynia orcula, Benson.

Bithynia orcula, Benson, MSS. in Franenfeld, Veihandl. zool.-bot.
Wien, 1862, p. 1154 ; H. &. T., C. I. pi. 38, figs. 8, 9.

Shell very convex, globosely conic, scarcely perforate, milk-
white, smooth though little polished; whorls 4, slightly rounded
with the exception of the last which is considerably swollen ;
aperture large, roundly ovate ; columellar margin somewhat
re flexed ; operculum weakly convolute, rather concave with
central nucleus.

Alt. 6-4, diam. 5 mm.

Bab. Purneah (Con. Icon.).

Nevill in his ' Hand List,' pp. 36-37, cites several varieties
without other descriptions thau those contained in the names
themselves ; these are as below : —

Yar. minor.

Bab. Orissa (Ball).

Var. producta.

Bab. Sambhar and Sail-Lakes (StoliczJca); Jamalpur (Stoliczka) ;
Perozpur ( '/'< mple).

The dimensions of the latter are : — Alt. 7, diam. «5'25 mm.

BIXHYJfJ A.

To

Yar. parvula.

Hab. Moradabad ; Jaunpur.

Var. acuminata.

Hub. Andamans? (Roepstorff).

149. Bithynia nassa, Theobald.

Bithynia nassa, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, pt. 2, 18G5, p. 275 ;
op. cit, xxxix, pt. 2, p. 404, pi. 18, fig. 8; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 37,
figs. 8, 9.

Original description :— Testa elongata. I urbinata, polita, diaphana,
solidiuscula. Labio expansiusculo, plica callosa externa nmnita.
Anfractibus quiuque.

Alt. 10-25, diain. 6-25 mm.

Hab. Shaa States.

A supplementary and fuller description is given in the Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxxix, as follows : —

Testa elongato turrita, polita, diaphana, solidiuscula, imper-
forata; anfractibus 6, lente convexis, sutura simplici junctis,
striis exilissimis incrementi tectis ; ultimo basi convexiusculo ;
spira bi-eviore ; apertura subovata, intus Jaevi, supra (vel postice)
acute angulata, autice rotundata, sensim producra ; labio et labro
leviter curvatis, primo paulo iucrassato, altero acuto, margine
tenui, extra prope marginem costa solidiuscula crassa instructo ;
operculo testaceo, ovato, concentrice striato, nucleo subcentrali.

Alt. 8-5, diam. maj. 6-25 mm.

Aperture : alt. 4-75, diam. 3-25 mm.

Hab. Shan States.

150. Bithynia laBvis, Morelet.

Bithynia Icevia, Morelet, Ser. Conch, iv, 1875, p. 313, pi. 13, fig. 2
(as Bithinia Icevis) ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 38.

Original description : — Testa superficialiter arcuato-rimata,
conico-oblonga, corneo-rubella vel lutescens, lineolis spadiceis,
distantibus, longitudinaliter uotata, nitida, lsevis, apice trunca-
tula ; anfr. 5| convexiusculi, sutura simplici juncti, ultimus
ventriculosus, circa rimam compressus : apertura ovalis, basi
angulata, intus albido-ccerulea, marginibus crassioribus, obtusiu>-
culis, fusco anguste limbatis, columellari strictim dilatato.
Operculum testaceum, pagina interna homogenea, alba, externa
concaviuscula, epidermide fulva, concentrice striata induta, nucleo
subcentrali.

Alt. 10, diam. 5 mm.

Aperture: alt. 4-5 mm.

Hub. Siam, Cochin China {Morelet) ; Damotha, Moulmein
(Stoliczka Sf fiichthnfeii).

1' a I/O D ESTIi I \ 1 1 1 i;.

151. Bithynia goniomphalos (Morelet).

Bitbynia yoniomphalos (Morelet), Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1866, p. 167

(as Palvdina) ; Ser. Conch, iii, pi. 1:;, (in-. 4.
Bithynia irawadica, Blanford, I'. Z. S. 1869, p. 446; II. k T., C. I.

pi. 87, fig 10 (as Bythinia irawudiea) ; Nevill, in .). Anderson's

Anat. & Zool. Researches during Yunnan Exp., Calcutta, 1878

[18/9], p. 890.

Original description :— Testa rimato-perforata, oblongo-conoidea,
sohdula, sub lente subfcilissime decussata, parum nitens, viridi-
iusea; spira elongato-conica, apice truncata, anfr. superst. 1'
convex], ultiuiiis circa pert'orationem compresso-carinatus, spiram
non aeqiians; apertura ovalis, basi angulata, intus Hlacina. mar-
gmibus fusco anguste limbatis. Operculum testaceum, ' extus
concentrice lamelloso-striatum, intus candidum.

Alt. 14, diam. 7 mm.

Hah. Cochin China (Morelet) ; marshes aud rivers round
Martdalay (Blanford).

152. Bithynia evezardi, Blanford.

Bithynia evezardi, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2, p. 220 : Nevill
op. cit. 1, pt. 2, p. 157, pi. 6, fig. 13.

Original description : — Shell narrowly umbilicate, ovately conical,
solid surrounded by regular spiral impressed lines rather close
together, whitish horny, covered with an olive epidermis. Spire
conical, apex eroded, suture deeply impressed. Whorls re-
maining 3 (in a perfect shell about 4 to 51, rounded, the last
about half the whole length, moderately ventricose, angulately
compressed at the base around the umbilicus, which is conical
and smooth inside. Aperture nearly vertical, oval, subangulate
in front at the base and at the posterior extremity ; peristome
simple, straight, obtuse; operculum normal.

Alt. 3-75, diam. maj. 3"25, diam. min. 2 mm.

Aperture: alt. 2, diam. 1-5 mm.

Hob. Lanowlee (Lanaoli), on the railway -line between Bombay
and Poona, a few miles east of Khandalla at the top of the
Bor-ghat.

153. Bithynia pygmsea, Preston.

Bithynia pyymcea, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, ii, p. 45, fig.
in text.

Original description : — Shell ovately fusiform, dark olive-brown;
whorls 3§, convex, smooth; sutures well impressed; aperture
oval; peristome simple, continuous; umbilicus uarrow ; operculum
shelly, spiral with central nucleus.

Alt. 3"25, diam. maj. 2 mm.

1UT11YNIA.

77

Aperture: alt. 1-75, diauo. 1 mm.

Hab. Myetmyo, Burma.

Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.

154. Bithynia stenothyroides, Dohm.

Bithynia stenothyroides, Dohm, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 123 ; II. & T.,
C. 1. pi. 38, fig.-. 7, 10.

Original description : — Testa ovata, tenera, alba vel fulva,
pellucida, nitida ; aufractus 4-5 convexiuseuli, ultimus efflatus,
ventricosus, ad basin leviter rarinatus, antice descendens ; sutura
simplex; apertura oblongo-ovata, parum coarctata, ad basin acuta,
alba. Operculum oblongo-ovatum, testaceum, crassum, concentrice
striatum.

Alt. 5*5, diam. 4*75 mm.

Aperture: alt. 3, diam. 2 mm.

Hab. Ceylon ; Nilgherries.

'• This species has some characters oF Stenoihyra. The last
whorl is unusually great, the mouth somewhat contracted, but
the general aspect is that; of Bithynia."

Xevill gives the following variety as new, but without other
description than the mere name (Hand List Moll, in Ind. Mus.,
Calcutta, pt. 2, p. 37) : —

Yar. Man gu lata.
Hab. Madras.

155. Bithynia troscheli (Paasch).

Bithynia troscMi (Paasch), Archiv fur Naturg., Berlin, 1842,
p. 300, pi. 6, tigs, a— D (as Paludina).

Paludina similis, Boll. Moll. Arch. Ver. Freimde Naturg., Mecklen-
burg, v, 1851, p. 102 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 40.

Shell small, ovately fusiform; whorls 4-5, convex; suture
rather deep ; labrum continuous ; aperture ovate.
Alt. 5-5, diam. 4-25 mm.
Hab. Europe ; Kashmir.

"All the Kashmir specimens are decollate; the whorls are
even more convexly rounded than usual." (JS'evill.)

Subgenus F0SSARULUS.

Fossarulus, Neumavr, Jahrb. Geol. Beichs. Anst,, AVien, 13G9,
p. 361.

Type, F. stachei, Neumavr : Miocene of Dalmatia,
Banr/e. India.

PAU'DKSTlUXTDvE.

Jongi-

Omjmal description :— Testa parva, subglobosa, rimata, ,
tudinaliter uodoso-costata ; apertura late ovata, superne et ad
basin eftusa: peristomate continuo, incrassato, duplicate

156. Bithynia (? Fossarulus) costigera, Kiister.

Bithynia (? Fossarulus) costigera, Kiister, Conch.-Cab., Baludina,
p. 33, pi. 7, figs. 18, 19. '

Valvata sulcata, Eyd. & Soul., Voy. ' Bonite,' Zool. p. 517, pi. 31,
figs. 19-21 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 151, fig. 10.

Original description :— Testa perforato-rimata, ovato-conica,
tumta, sohdula, pallide flava ; spira acuta; anfractibus 6 con-
vexis, subtilifcer concentrice lineatis, longitudinaliter striatis,
superne planulatis ; superioribus lineis tribus, ultimo numerous
lineis elevatis, transversis obsitis ; apertura subrotunda, peristo-
mate recto, margine angulato.

Alt. 7'5, diam. 5-5 mm.

Nab. Bengal.

Var. curta, Nevill, Hand List, pt, 2, p. 42.

A short form, apparently constant, with the spire less produced
or exserted.

Alt. 6-5, diam. 5-5 mm.
Hub. Bangalore.

Subgenus HYDROBIOIDES.

Hydrobioides, Nevill, Hand List, 1884, pt. 2, p. 42.

Txpb, Bithynia? turrita, Blanford ; Burma.
liange. India ; Burma.

Shell solid, turrite, rimate ; aperture ovate ; the margins of the
peristome united by a parietal callus.

157. ? Bithynia (Hydrobioides) turrita (Blanford).

? Bithynia {Hydrobioides) turrita (Blanford), P". Z. S. 1869, p. 446

(as Fairbankia (an Bithynia)).
Bithynia turrita, Nevill, in J. Anderson's Anat. & Zool. Kesearches

during Yunnan Exp., Calcutta, 1878 [1879], p. 890, pi. 80,

figs. 4, 4 a.

Original description :— Testa subperforata, turrita, solidula,
fulva, glabra, nitidula. Spira elongate- couica, sutura impressa.
Anfr. 7, convexi, ultimus antice subascendens, subtus rotundatus.
Apertura ovata, postice vix angulata, varice externa mediocri
instructa; peristoma undique expansiusculuin, marginibua callo
junctis, externo leviter arcnato, cohimellari obliquo, antice cum
basali subangulatim juncto. Operc. — ?

STENOTHYRA.

79

Alt. 6-25, diam. 3 mm.

Aperture: alt. 2-5, diam. 1'75 mm.

Hab. Kyoukpong, River Irawady.

Subfamily STENOTHY R I NAK

Foot simple ; radula of Bitliynia ; opercalum calcareous, spiral.
Distribution. S. and E. Asia; N. Australia (Recent): Eocene
of Europe (Fossil).

Genus STENOTHYRA.

Stenothyra, Benson, A. N. N. Ii. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 496.
Nematura, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 781 (not of Fischer,
genus Ortkopt., 1813).

Type, S. deltce, Benson ; Gangetic Delta.
Range. S. & E. Asia ; xST.E. Australia.

Original description. — Animal. Caput tentaculis duobus setaceis
oculis postice prope bases tentaeuloriim sessilibus ; proboscide
elongata, cylindraeea, extensili. Pes ovato-oblotigus, medio ventri-
cosus, postice augustatus, acuminatus, processu brevi filiformi
subito desinens ; antice expansus, medio profunde emarginatus ;
ala utroque latere porrecta late angustata, acuminata.

Testa orata, ventricosa, a latere compressa, ultimo aufractu
insuper aperturam angulato, deflexo. Apertura integra coustrieta,
orbiculari, supra vix angulata ; peritremate acuto leviter intus
incrassato. Operculo tenui in spiram plenam convoluto.

1-">S. Stenothyra deltae {Benson).

Stenothyra deltce (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 781 (as
Nematura) : A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 499; Sowerby,
Mao-. Nat. Hist. (Charlesworth's series') i, 1837 (as Nematura) ;
" H. & T., C. I. pi. 37, fig. 2.

Original description : — Testa ovato-conica, a lateribus tumida,
lutesc'ente., ultimo anfractu ventricoso, niajori omnibus oblique
minute striatis ; spira brevi, apice acuto; umbilico evauescente.

All . 6 mm.

J lab. Ganges Delta.

Subvar. minor, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 43.

Alt. 4, diam. 2*5 mm.

Ilab. Port Canning (Nevill, Wood-Mason).

Subvar. minima, Nevill, torn. cit.

Alt. 2-75, diam. 1"75 mm.

J lab. Port Canning (Nevill, Wood-Mason).

80

rALUDESTIUNIDjE.

159. Stenothyra hungerfordiana, Nevill.

Stenothyra hungerfordiana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt " d 159-
op. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 156, pi. 7, tig. 9. V' '

Original description Testa parva, imperforata, ovato-elongata,
sohdiuscula, vindula, vix nitida (sub lente), lineis impressia ac
dense punehculatis confertim cingulata; spira panlulura elongata
oyato-convexa, apice obtuso, autura profunda ac obsoleta raar-
ginata; anfr. 4, convexi, ultimus compresse ovuliformis, antice
subapplanatus, valde descendens; aperture perpuailla, auboblique
rotundato-ovata, superne leviter angulata, sulco profundiori ab
anfractu ventrali separata, periatomate obtuso.

Alt. 2-5, diam. 1-5 mm.

Hub. Andaman Islands.

" This is one of the most distinct and interesting species of the
genus as yet discovered ; the few imperforate whorls, with markedly
obtuse apex ; the distinct, though minute, close punctulation ; the
unusually convex whorls, with the remarkable long, compressed,
slightly flattened, and egg-shaped last whorl are all good characters!
The suture is very distinct and, on the last whorl, distinctly
marginate below. The operculum is normal."

Type in- Indian Museum, Calcutta.

160. Stenothyra monilifera, Benson.

Stenothyra monilifera, Benson, A. M. N. [I. sor. 2 xvii 1856
p^. 497 ; Blanford, Cont. Ind. Mai. pt. 8, pi. 2, tig-. 15 ; H. & T.'
C. I. pi. 37, fig. 4 (as Nematura in Index).

Original description. — Testa subperforato-riinata, oblongo-ovata,
compressiuscula, nitidiuscula, sulcis confertioribus, dense puncti-
culatis, spiralibus impressa, fusco-cornea, fascia pallida supra
mediam ornata, versus apicem obfcusulum hyalinum rubente, spira
convexo-conica, autura profunda, canaliculata ; anfractibus 4i eon-
vexis, ultimo subsoluto, f testa? sequante, antice valde descendente
subtus rotundato, periomphalo subcompresso ; apertura obliqua
diagonali, rotundato-ovali, sules profundiori ab anfractu penultimo
divisa, peristomate obtusulo, callo parietali superne solum cou-
spicuo. Operculo corneo-pellucido, apice ad dextrain spectante.

Alt. 4-5, diam. 3 mm.

Hub. Mergui; Pegu.

161. Stenothyra foveolata, Benson.

Stenothyra foveolata, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2 xvii, 1856
p. 497 ; II. & T., C. I. pi. 37, tig. 3 (as Nematura in Index).

Original description. — Testa vix rimata, ovato-acula, spiralifer
foveolato-striata, striis versus basin confertissimis. .spira, conica,
apice acuto, autura mediocri; anfractibus 5 convexiusculis, ultimo
at ventrem planiusculo, 1 testa? ajquante, autice descendente, basi

STENOTHYEA.

81

rotundato ; apertura obliqua. rotundato-ovata, peristomate obtuso,
margins parietali sulco inediocri ab anfractu ventrali separato.'
Operculo — ?

Alt. 5, diara. 3*25 mm.

Hob. Ganges, near Sikrigali, Bengal.

jSTevill cites a var. minor (Haud List, p. 44) also from Sikrigali,

162. Stenothyra blanfordiana, Nevill.

Stenothyra blanfordiana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2, p 160 s
op. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 156, pi. 7, fig. 10.

Original description :— Testa minima, euperficie rimata, sub-
ventricoso-ovata, vix solidiuscula, nitida, laevis, pallide cornea,
subpellucida ; spira subacuta, apice minnto, subobtuso; anfr.
convexi, ultimus magnus, subsolutus, tumide-ventricosus, sub-
biangulatus, antice subapplanatus ; apertura subovalis, paululum
postice retro rsa, peristomate continuo, superne angulato. Oper-
culum ovale, superne leviter acuminatum, vix crassiusculum,
subtranslucidum, spirale, apice subcentrali, interne testaceo-
costatum.

Alt. 34, diam. 2-1 mm.

Hob. Lake Cbilka (type) ; also Port Canning and Madras.

Of the operculum the author further states : "it is oval, semi-
transparent, spiral, of few whorls, with the apex also central, on
the inner side three ridges, one semicircular and two short ones
with a slight S-curvature, for the attachment of the animal.

" The species is somewhat variable, especially as regards size
and the greater or less distinctness of the angulation of the last
whorl. Specimens from Port Canning agree better with the above^
described typical form than do those from Madras."

The type is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

163. Stenothyra minima (Sowerby).

Stenothyra minima (Sowerby), in Mag. Nat. Hist. (CharlesWorth's
series), i, 1837, p. 217, fig. '22b (as Nematitra) ; Adams, P. Z. S.
1851, p. 225 (as Nematura) ; Benson, A. M. N. Ii. ser. 2, xvii
1856, p. 501 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 37, fig. 1. '

Original description : — Testa parva, cornea, semipellueida, ovali,
spira subproducta; polita, fasciis rufis subobsoletis ornata; apertura
orbiculari, peritremate simplici.

Alt. 3 mm.

Hob. Western India ; Lake Chilka.

164. Stenothyra woodmasoniana, Nevill.

Stenothyra woodmasoniana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2, p. 159 }
op. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 156, pi. 7, fig. 8.

Origincd description : — Testa parva, imperforata, ovato-acuta,

o

82

D JCbTIt IN I D A'. .

solida, crassa, pallide viridula, polita, nitida (sub lente), obsolete
submalleata ; spira aeuleiformis, subconcava, producta, aj)ice per-
acutissimo ; anfr. 6, haud convexi, ultimus pertumidus, medio
subangulatus, basi applanatus, antice ad uperturam abnipte et
valide deflectus ; apertura percontracta, perfecte rotundata, mar-
ginibus continuis, valide incrassatis.

Alt. 3-5, diam. 2 mm.

Hah. Port Canning.

" Tins interesting form is easily recognized by the very acute
and concavely-excavated spire, the subanguhite last whorl,
flattened round the umbilical region; it is not spirally pitted,
as in most species of the genus, but appears absolutely malleated
or indented under a powerful lens."

The type is iu the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

165. Stenothyra chilkaensis, Preston.

Sl.enothyra chilkaensis, Pieston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, x, 1914,
p. 300, hg. ou p. 298.

Shell minutely rimate, ovate, yellowish brown ; whorls 5, the
first very small, the second large in proportion, the last also
large, convex, without sculpture; suture well impressed; perfora-
tion reduced to a very narrow chink ; labrura continuous ;
aperture oblique, ovate.

Alt. 2-75, diain. maj. 2 (nearly), diam. min. 1-5 mm.

Bab. Barkul, Lake Chilka, Orissa, among weeds at the edge of
the lake.

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

166. Stenothyra orissaensis, Preston.

Stenothyra oi'issaensis, Preston, torn. cit.

Shell small, narrowly perforate, ovately turbinate, pale greenish
yellow ; whorls 5, regularly increasing, smooth, but for growth
markings, the last convex and rapidly descending in front ;
labrum continuous, slightly erect; aperture strangulate, oblique,
oval.

Alt.. 2-25, diam. maj., 1-5 mm.

Hub. Off Satpara, Lake Chilka, Orissa, at a depth of from 4 to
6 feet, close in shore (type) ; dead specimens were also taken at
Manikpatna at a depth of 4 feet.

Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.

V I VIL'AK.1 DjE.

83

Family VIVIPAKIDiE.

Subfamily VIVIPARINiE.

Shell turbinate, sub perforate or imperforate; whorls more or
less convex; operculum horny, concentric with exeentric sublateral
nucleus placed near the inner margin.

Distribution. Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and N. America.

Genus VIVIPARA.

Vivipara, de Montfort, Conch. Syst. ii, 1810, p. 247, as Vioiparus,
emend. Dupuy, Hist. nat. des Moil. . . . qui vivent en France,
1851, p. 534.

Paludina, auct.

Toe, V. fluviorum, de Montf. (vivipara, Linn.); Europe.

Range. Europe; Asia; Africa; Australia; JNT. America.

Shell conoidal, rather thin, with obtuse apex ; whorls convex ;
labrum not sinuous ; operculum horny with sublateral nucleus.

Animal having the foot moderately large; tentacles long ; righh
cervical lobe very large and bent back to form a groove ; teeth oE
the radula finely crenellated on their reflexed margin.

167. Vivipara bengalensis (Lamarck).

Vivipara bengalensis (Lamarck), Aaim. s. Vert. (ed. Desli.), viii,
p. 513; Deles. Rec. Coq_., Lam. pi. 31, fig. 2 (as Paludina);
Reeve, Con. Icon., Paludina, sp. 5 ; Kiister, ed. Chemn., Paludina,
tigs. 15, 16.

Paludina elongata, Swains. Zool. 111. ser. 1, pi. 98, top.
Paludina lineata, Valenc. in Plumb. & Bonpl. Voy, Zool. ii, p. 255 ;
IP. & T., C. I. pi. 76, tigs. 8, 9, 10.

Original description: — -Testa ventricosa, ovato-acuta, tenui,
virescente, transversim fusco-lineata ; striis exilissimis decussatis ;
spira conica ; aufractibus septenis, convexis.

To supplement the above, Reeve's description is given below.

Shell elevatedly conical, thin, greenish, shining lineated and
narrowly banded with dark-green ; whorls convex, smooth, very
minutely decussately striated.

Alt. 38, diam. 24 mm. (fig. 5 a in Conch. Icon.).

Alt. 44, diam. 29*5 mm. (fig. 5 b in Conch. Icon.).

Hub. North- West Provinces of Plinclostan.

A shining pale-green shell, banded and lineated throughout
with dark green, sometimes turning to rusty-brown. The surface
is very minutely engraved with impressed spiral striae, decussating
slightly-raised longitudinal stria?, which are stria? of growth.

Var. balteata (Benson), J. A. S. B. 1836, pt. 2, p. 745 ; Nevill,
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 21.

llah. Silchar, etc. ; Cachar.

a2

84 V] VIPAWDJE.

\ a r . f asciis elevatiusculis .

Hal. Sylhel (Benson); Silchar and Cachar (Wood- Mr/son).

Var. phaeostoma (Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 21 (without
description).

Presumably a dark-lipped form.
Hah. Calcutta.

Var. gigantea (Reeve), van den Busch, MS., in lleeve, Con.
Icon. sp. 7 (as Paludina gigantea) ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 21.

Original description -. — Shell elevately conical, rather ventricose,
pale green, moro or less obscurely banded and lineated with dark
green, whorls obtusely swollen round the upper part, then rounded,
decussately very minutely striated, longitudinal strife numerous,
close-set.

Alt. 54, diam. 37*5 mm. (fig. in Con. Icon.).
Hah. Bengal ( Reeve) ; Dinapur (Mainwaring).

168. Vivipara doliaris (Gould).

Vivipara doliaris (Gould), Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist, i, p. 144 (as
Paludina) ; Otia Conch, p. 191 ; lleeve, Con. Icon., Paludina,
sp. 1 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 77, fig. 6.

Original desertion : — Testa tenui conico - globosa, luteo-
viridescente, arctissime uinbilicata; anfract. 5 ventricosis. striis
minutissimis reticulatis, costulis numerosis inequalibus, purpureis,
cinctis ; apertura sub-circulari ; columella reflexa, non appre.ssa,
alba ; labiis postice disjunctis.

Alt. 28, diam. 22-5 mm.

Hah. British Burma (Conch. Ind.),

169. Vivipara oxytropis (Benson).

Vivipara oxytropis (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 745 (as
Paludina) ; Beeve, Con. Icon., Paludina, sp. 9.

Paludina pyramidata, Philippi, Ab. N. Conch, i, Ptdudina, pi. 1,
figs. 3, 4; Kiister, ed. Chenin., Paludina, pi. 6, fiys. 1, 2 ; H. & T.,
C. I. pi. 76, fig. 5.

Original description : — Testa tenui ovato-conica olivacea, decus-
satim striata ; antractibus superne carinis plurimis f uscis ornatis,
ultimi carina media saliente subacuta ; interne fasciis quibusdam
elevatiusculis f uscis ; suturis inconspicuis ; apice acuta ; eanali
umbilicali excavato ; apertura intus violacea, peristomate acuto,
nigro.

Alt. 42, diam. 32-5 mm.
Hah. Bengal.

V IV LP A It A.

85

170. Vivipara naticoides {Theobald).

Vivipara naticoides (Theobald), J. A. S. R. xx.vi v, 1865, pt. 2, p. L'74,
pi. 9, %3. 1, 2, 3 (as Paludina naticoides) ; EL. & T., 0. I. pi. 76,
figs. 1, 4.

Original description: — Testa turbinata, sub-polita, solida, pallide
flavescente cornea ad peripberiam carina munita ; marginibus
callo junctis, callo culuruellari nou raro valde incrassato,
umbilicum obtegente.

Alt. 33, cliam. 22 mm. (taken from fig. 1 in Conch. Ind.).

Alt. 34-5, diam. 24 mm. (taken from fig. 4 in Coach. Ind.).

Hab. Shan States.

.Var. concolor (Jevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 25.

Of a light, uniform, olive-green colour ; whorls not so exserted
as usual, last one less swollen in proportion, more regularly and
globosely swollen, with a single, somewhat inconspicuous, raised
ridge at the periphery; aperture small, with the outer margin
regularly rounded.

Alt. 25-75, diam. 18 mm.

Hab. Upper Salween (type) (Theobald).

Var. carinata (Theobald), torn. cit. p. 275.

Original description: — Var. carinata. Carinis quatuor fortissimis
supra munitur, et infra peripheriam sex vel quinque lsBvioribus ;
colore albido ; epidermide flavescente, fasciis nonuullis castaueis
interdum ornata.

Alt. 35, diam. 25 mm.

Hab. Shan States.

" These two varieties pass into each other, but the peculiar
columellar callus is pretty constant in all specimens. But for
this character, some of the smooth variety might be referred to
P. bengalensis, which is an extremely variable species.

" The strongly corded var. is well marked, but I have preferred
taking the smooth shell as the type of the species, and have
regarded the keeled individuals as hypertrophied, placing the
greatest value, as a specific character, on the columellar callus,
occurring in both varieties."

Var. fasciata (Theobald), torn. cit. & Cat. Moll., Ease. E, p. 34.

Original description: — Varietas fasciata, fasciis duabus castaneis
ornatur, hue superperipheriali, ilia juxta suturam posita. Anfractu
ultimo tertia notest a carina paulum remota. Callo flavescente,
ore interiori ccerulescente. Anfractibus Cig.

Alt. 36, diam. 27'5 mm.

Bab. Shau States.

8(5

VI VIJ'AIMD/K.

171. Vivipara theobaldi, Kobelt.

Fivipara theobaldi, Kobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-Ciib.
1907, p. 161, pi. 30, tigs. 10, 11.

Original description: — Testa exumbilicata, ovato-conica, tenuis,
baud nitens, unicolor fusco-olivacea ve] subnigrans, subtiliter
striatula, plerumque limo Eerrugineo adhserente induta, apice
nigricante. Spira conica, apice acuto, sutura parum impresea.
Ant'ractus 7, superi convexi, inferi supra planati et angulati,
carinis spiralibus plus minusve distinct^ 3 cincti, ultimus acute
carinatus, carina versus aperturam distinctiore ei subtuberculata,
utrinque convexus, carinulis tribus superioribus, prima et Becunda
magis approximates, duabus inferis minoribus cinctiie, antice
descendens, basi irregulariter costato-sulcatus, spirae altitudinein
superans. Apertura parum obliqua, basi recedens, ovata, supra
acutiuscula, faucibus coerulescentibus, vix t'asciatis ; peristoma
rallo augusta nigro-rnarginato continuum, margin e exteruo vix
incrassato, extus ad carinam angulato, columellari calloso, distinete
dupliei sed parum incrassato, albo, nigro-marginato.

Alt. 31-5, diam. 24 mm.

Aperture : alt. 17, diam. 12 mm.

Bab. Burma (Moellendorff Coll.).

172. Vivipara crassa (Button).

Vivipara crassa (Button), MSS. in Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 183G,
p. 745 (as Paludina) ; Keeve, Con. Icon., Paludina, sp. 33.

Paludina obt.vsa, Troschel, Wiegmann's Arch. Nat. Hist. 1837,
p. 173 ; Philippi, N. Conch, i, p. 116, pi. 1, fig. 14 : Reeve, Con.
Icon., Paludina, fig. 33 ; H. & T., C. I. pi.' 76, figs. 2, 3.

Original description : — Testa ovato-conoidea, ventricosa, solida,
pallide virente, obsolete fasciata, rugis exilissimis decussata ;
anfractibus tumidis, suturis excavatis ; spira obtusa ; umbilico
subcanaliculato ; apertura intus lactescente.

Alt. 25 mm.

JIab. Bengal.

" This species varies in configuration even in the same waters,
some specimens approaching to a subglobose form, while others
have a more lengthened conoid spire. It is very abundant in the
river Gumtf at Jonpur, where it is paler, and has a more yellowish
tinge than the JSilhet variety, which, from having an eroded
summit, appears 1o have inhabited stagnant water. It has a
singular habit, for the genus, of burying itself in the mud or
sand in shallow water, often in large societies ; other species
conceal themselves in the mud in the season of drought, but
P. crassa does so from choice, and is impelled by no such
necessity. The shell of the lately excluded young i? so depressed
and globular, that it might be easily mistaken for a young
Ampullaria. The adult shell attains a degree of thickness
unusual in the genus."

vl V iv \ HA .

87

Yiu-. tezpurensis (Nevill), Cat. Moll., Fasc. E, p. 35.

"A very interesting form, almost exactly intermediate between
P. crassa and P. siamensis. Spire much shorter than in typical
form, and only a little more produced than in the Siam species;
whorls more globose ; aperture less deflected, umbilicus less open,
sculpture more distinctly malleated "

Alt. 17*5, diam. 15-5 mm.

Aperture: alt. 9*5, diam. 11-5 mm.

Hab. Tezpur.

173. Vivipara siamensis (Frauenfeld) .

Vivipara xiamcnsis (Frauenfeld), Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1865,
p. 531, pi. 22 ; Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 32, & op. cit. 1,
p. 32.

Shell solid, acumina tely conic, flattened below, widely per-
forate, somewhat polished, very pale olive-green, margins of the
upper whorls almost whitish, the third and fourth convolutions
tinged with purplish-brown ; whorls 5, very convex, though
somewhat flaltened in the sutural region, marked with faint
growth lines which show darkly here and there and sculptured
with weak, interrupted, spiral strias ; aperture large, broad ;
labrum thick, black; interior of shell white; operculum thin,
pale brownish, with very excentric nucleus.

Alt. 24, diam. 21 mm.

Aperture : alt. (including the labrum) 17*5, diam. 14*5 mm.
Hab. Siam.

- Var. "burmanica (Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 26.

Original description : — A very small variety ; spire short, apex
obtuse, with the whorls even less acute and exserted,_tbe last one
larger 'in proportion and more globosely swollen, with the keel
round the umbilicus obsolete ; aperture more contracted, that is,
less dilately expanded ; colouration of epidermis and the black
peristome exactly similar.

Alt. 11, diam. 10 mm.

Hab. Prome, on the Irawady (type) (Theobald); Tenassenm
Province (Limborg) ; Yaylaymaw, "Upper Burma (Anderson).

174. Vivipara dissimilis (Midler).

Vivipara dissimilis (Midler), Verm. pt. 2, p. 184 (as Nerita.);

Schroter, Einleit. Conch, ii, p. 253, pi. 4, fig. 10 (Nerita).
HelLv dissimilis, Ginelin, Syst.. Nat. 3647 ; Dillwyn, Desc. Cat.
p. 941 (Nerita).

Paludina remossii, Kiister (not Philippi), ed. Ckemn., Paludma,
p. 26, pi. 5, figs. 17, 18 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 77, tigs. 3, 4.

Oriqina I description :— Testa pellucida glabra f uscescente-alba ;
albido maxime m iuferiore anfractus parte couspicitur, quasi

88

\ ! v ii'Aiun.i:.

fascia lata alba emcta esset. Anfractus sex convexitate inter
vivtparam et fasciatam media. Apertura distinguitur margine
minus acuto, nigro, nitido. Operculum pellucidum luteo-fuscum
nitidum. '

AH 28, diam. 20 mm. (from fig. 3, pi. 77 in Conch. Ind.).
Bab. Tanks, near Calcutta; Koudooruwave, etc. (Conch. Ind.).

Var. sindica (Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 28.

" . . . . not decollate, 6 whorls, almost colourless "

Alt. 32, diam. 21-75 mm.

Bab. Sind ; Kathiawar (Fedden),

Var. subumjbilicata (Nevill), torn. cit.

Columella straighter than usual, only slightly edged with black •
distinctly openly rimate, almost umbilicate ; slightly more convex
whorls, the last one almost perfectly rounded ; belt at periphery
less distinct than in typical form, substance of shell a trifle
thicker and less brightly coloured.

Hub. [Ferozpur (T&mple).

Var. assamensis (Nevill), torn. cit.

Original description :— This is a well marked and characteristic
variety, easily distinguished from all the preceding forms by the
turreted and remarkably produced spire, the cylindrical instead of
convex whorls ; the deep, uniform green colour, the last whorl
and aperture much smaller and more contracted in proportion,
the latter less everted; periphery subangulate, with the belt
obsolete ; scarcely rimate ; peristome black.

Alt. 22*75, diam. 16 mm. ; slightly decollate.

Bab. Tezpore, etc., Assam (type)" (Stoliczlca, Oldham); Jamal-
pur? (Stoliczka) ; Silcuri, Cachar ( Wood-Mason).

Var. bhamoensis (Nevill), torn. cit. p. 29.

;' An interesting small form of the preceding, with shorter and
less produced spire . . . ."

Alt. 17-25, diam. 13-75 mm. ; slightly decollate.

Var. kutchensis (Nevill), Cat. Moll., Fasc. E, p. 40 (sine nom.) •
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 30 (as Paludina) ; Kobelt, in Martini &
Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. 1908, p. 287, pi. 58, figs. 1-4.

Original description :— A very fine, interesting form, with
sculpture even more developed than in Madras specimens; no
trace of a white band ; sharply angulate in young specimens,
becoming more or less obsolete in adult ones', no trace of bi-
angulation; imperforate.

Alt. 28, diam. 22 mm.

Bab, Kach [Cutch] (Stoliczlca).

YIYll'A I! A.

89

175. Vivipara variata {Frauenfeld).

Vivipara variata (Frauenfeld), Verhandl. zool.-bot., Ges. Wien,
1862, p. 1163 (as Paludtna) ; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 115, tig. 8.

Shell somewhat conic, narrowly deeply umbilicate ; olive-green,
slightly polished ; whorls 5?, not very convex, the last descending
behind the aperture, marked with weak growth lines and sculp-
tured with regular, numerous, very fine, punctate, spiral stria? ;
suture well impressed; aperture pyriform ; interior of shell of a
dirty bluish colour; labruin polished, black.

Alt. 21, diam. 16 mm.

Aperture : alt. 12, diam. 10 mm.

Hub. Pondicherry.

Var. pseudohelicina, KobeH, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-
Cab. 19u8, p. 293, pi. 59, figs. 5-8.

Vivipara dissimilis subsp. helicifarmis, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 30
(nec Frauenfeld).

Original description : — Testa subobtecte rimata, ovata, solida,
subtiliter striatula, sculptura spirali nulla, olivaceo-viridis ; spira
erosa, sutura linearis. Anfractns, superst. 4-5 eonvexi, inferi
supra subangulati, ultimus ad peripheriam obsolete angnlatus,
basi convexus, antice haud descendens. Apertura vix obliqua,
sat anguste ovata, supra leviter acuminata, intus coeruleo-albida,
late, nigro-limbata ; margo columellaris leviter iucrassatulus.

Alt. 20, diam, 17 mm.

Aperture: alt. 11, diam. 9 mm.

Hah. Pegu.

Var. peguensis, Ivobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch. -Cab.
1909, p. 378, pi. 58, figs. 7, 8.

Original description : — Testa anguste et subobtecte umbilicata,
ovato-globosa, spira breviter conica, erosa, saturate viridescente-
fusca, hie illic anguste nigro strigata, anfractibus convexis, sutura
profunda discretis, ultimus magnus, obsoletissime angulatus, circa
umbilicum subcompressus ; peristoma late nigroliinbatum. Oper-
culum crassiusculum, extus limbo incrassata, intus disco peclali
proininente munitum.

Alt. 21, diam. 17 mm.

Aperture : alt. 12, diam. 10 mm.

Bab. Moulmein, Pegu.

176. Vivipara ceylonica (Dohm).

Vivipara ceylonica (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1857, p. 123 (as Paludina) ;
Ileeve, Con. Icon., Paludina, sp. 3^ (as P. cey lanica) ; H. & T.,
C. I. pi. 77, tigs. 1, 2, P. ceylanica.

Original description:—'^^ ovato-conica, perforata, solidiuscula,

90

VITJPABlDiE.

viridis, versus apicem fuscescens ; spira magis miiiuf=ve elevatn,
exserta ; anfractibus convexi, ad suturam et basin obsolete, medio
acute earinati; spiraliter et longiludinaliter striata; siitura
simplex, impressa; apertura ovata, intus alba, peristoma sub-
incrassatum, reflexiusculum, nigrum.

Alt. 21 , diam. 16 mm.

Aperture: alt. 12-5, diam. 9 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

Var. ecarinata (Hanleg <t; Theobald), Concb. 2nd. pi. 115,
fig. 9.

The type of this variety is not available, and is probably lost :
the figure depicts an ecarinate shell with rounded whorls and
painted with a narrow, brownish or blackish, subperipberal band
ou the last whorl.

Alt. 21, diam. 16-5 mm.

Hob. Ceylon.

177. Vivipara lecythis (Benson).

Vivipara lecythis (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1856, p. 745 (as Palu-
dina) ; H. & T.; C. I. pi. 76, fig. 6.

Original description : — Testa tenui, globoso-conica ampullacea,
olivacea, glabra, rugis obsoletis decussata ; spira obtusiuscula ;
anfractibus valde ventiicosis, rotundatis; suturis excavatis ;
apertura intus violacea spiram longitudine superante ; peri-
tremate nigro, subreflexo ; umbilico evanescente.

Alt. 50-5, diam. 42-25 mm.

Hab. Upper Burma (Conch. Ind.).

" . . . . It is a very thin shell in proportion to its volume.
The epidermis is greenish olive in young specimens, reddish
fuscous in the adult."

Var. ampulliformis (Benson).

Paludina ampulliformis, Eydoux & Souleyet, Vov. Bouite, Zool.
p. 549, pi. 31, figs. 25-27 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 76. tig. 7.

Original description : — Testa globosa, couico-depressa, fusco-
nigricante ; anfractibus senis, ventricosis ; superioribus erosius-
culis ; apertura ovato-acuta, obliqua, intus fusca ; peristomate
continuo ; umbilico angusto. Operculum corneum, ovatum, eon-
centrice striatum.

Alt. 35, diam. 30 mm.

Hab. Upper Burma ; Cochin China.

"Only differs from the type by the absence of the infra-sutural
angle." (Hanley $ Theobald.)

"VIV1PAHA.. 91

178. Vivipara reinossei (Philippi).

Vivipara reinossei (Philippi) (erroneously as of Benson), Abbild.
N. Conch, ii, Paludma, p. 134, pi. % fig. 3 ; H. & T., (J. I. pi. 77,
figs. 8, 9.

Original description : — Testa anguste-perforata ; ventricosa,
solida, laevigata, corneo-virente ; spira exserta, acutiuscula ; anfr.
senis parura convexis, superne baud angulatis, sutura parum
impressa divisis, ultimo siibangulato ; apertura ovato-orbiculari,
spiram non osquante, nigrolimbata ; labio calloso.

Alt. 29-25, diam. 22 ram.

Aperture : alt. 13-25 mm.

Hub. Jounpore, Soobathur, etc. (Conch. Ind.).

179. Vivipara digona (Blanford).

Vwipara digona (Blanford), P. Z. S. 1869, p. 445 (as Paludina);
H. & T., C. I. pi. 115, fig. 7.

Original description : — Testa P. bengalensi persimilis, sed de-
cussatim stria-tula, anfraclibus superioribus juxta suturam angu-
latis ; ultimo biangulato, et supra et infra peripheriam, angulis
singulis fasciis fuscis spiralibus congruentibus, zona tertia inter-
media, aliis basalibus, lineis augustloribus spiralibus interdum
interjectis.

Alt. 23-5-32, diaiu. 17-5-23 mm.

Aperture : alt. 13-1 7'5, diam. 10-5-14-5 mm.

Hob. The Irawadv about Ava, Bbarno, etc.

Appears, according to its author, 1o be intermediate between
V. bengalensis (Lk.) and V. oxytropis (Bens.).

180. Vivipara nagaensis, Preston.

Vivipara nagaensis, Preston, Proc. Malac. Soc. xi, p. 20, fig. in
text.

Original description : — Shell globosely turbinate, rimate, dark
olive ; whorls 5, regularly increasing, convex, painted with
narrow, transverse stripes of reddish-brown, sculptured with
fine, spiral and wavy, transverse stria?, suture well impressed ;
umbilicus reduced to a mere chink ; labrum very slightly reflexed,
black, the margins joined by a light blackish callus ; columella
descending in a slight curve ; interior of shell bluish ; operculum
thin, laminiferous, with excentric, depressed nucleus

Alt. 28, diam. raaj. 22, min. 20 mm.

Aperture: alt. 15-5, diam. 11 mm.

Hub. Naga Hills.

181. Vivipara hilmendensis, Kobelt.

Vivipara liilmendensis, Kobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-
Cab. 1908, p. 289, pi. 59, tigs. 9-12.

Original description ; — Testa obtecte umbilicata, ovato-conica

92

TIVli'AIUU.K.

vel ovalo-turrita, solidula sed parum crassa, nitida, subtiliter
striatula, sculptura spirali inconspicua, albida, obsolete fusco
fasciata, fascia lata in anfractibus superis, duabus latis in ultimo.
Spira conica vel turrita, apice in speciminibus extantibus i'racto,
in erabryonalibus acutissimo; sufcura distincta sed vix impressa.
Anfractus 7 (superstites plerumque 5) convexi vel subteretem,
mediajii infra _ suturam plus minusve planati, ultimus tumidus,
rotundatus, vix desceuclens. Apertura ovato-rotundata, supra
vix acuminata, intus fuscescenti-albida ; peristoma album, Lenue,
acutum, marginibus callo teuui junctis, columellari leviter sup^r
umbilicum diktat o. Operculum intus disco pedali rugoso vix
prominente munitum.

Alt. 24, diam. maj. 20 mm.

Aperture: alt 13, diam. 15-5 mm.

Alt. 27, diam. maj. 22-5 mm.

Aperture: alt. 13, diam. 12 mm.

Hab. Seistan.

182. Vivipara annandalei, Kobelt.

Vivipara annandalei, Kobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab.
1908, p. 296, pi. 57, figs. 11, 12 (F. annendalei [sic]).

Original description: — Testa vix riniata, ovata, tenuis, subtiliter
striatula, sculptura spirali nulla, viridii'usca, saturate fusco varie
fasciata. Spira late conica, sat brevis, apice acutissimo ; sutura
linearis, impressa. Ant'ractus 6 vix celeriter accrescentes, superi
convexiusculi, penultimns convexus, supra angulato-planatus,
bit'asciatus ultimus tuxnidus inflatus, supra -vix planatus, medio
obsolete angulatus, basi convexus, fasciis 4-6 lineolisque nonnullis
angustis ornatus, antice baud descendens. Apertura magna,
irregulariter ovata, supra angulata, faucibus livide ccerulescentibus
fasciis externis vix transluceutibus ; peristoma acutum, tenue,
marginibus vix callo tenuissimo junctis, externo supra producto,
basi cum columellari leviter dilatato et umbilicum fere obtegente
angulum parum distinctum formante.

Alt. 26-6, diam. maj. 21 mm.

Aperture : alt. 16, diam. 11-5 mm.

Hab. South India ?

Var. halophila, Kobelt, torn. cit. p. 297, pi. 59, figs. 17-20 (as
V. annendalei lialoplxila [sic]).

Original description : — Testa rimato-perforata, ovato-globosa,
summo omnino cariose-erosa, tenuis sed solidula, parum nitens,
striatula, sub vitro fortiore vix subtilissime spiraliter sculpta,
viridi-fusca, fasciis nigro-castaneis 4-5 cincta. Spira in speci-
minibus adultis erosa, in junioribus breviter conica apice acuto;
sutura linearis. Anfraotus 6 (persistentes 3-4), penultimus
angulato-tabulatus, ultimus inflatus, ad peripberiam obsolete
angulatus, fasciis tribus majoribus, 2-3 linearibus ciuctus, antice

VIVir.VHA.

93

hand deseendens. Aperfcura magna, ovata, supra acuminata,
infra subeffusa, Eaucibus ecsrulescentibus ; peristoma tenue, acutum,
maro-inibus vix junctis, columellari vix dilatato. Operculum
magnum, teuue, oorneum, extus concavum, disco pedali hand
rugoso.

Alt. 24, diam. maj. 20 mm.

Aperture: alt. 13, diam. 11 mm.

Hub. Salt Eauge (N. India).

183. Vivipara shanensis, Theobald.

Vivipara shanensis, Theobald, Catalogue, 187G, p. 17; Kobelt, in
Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. 1009, p. 411, pi. 77, figs. 4, 5.

Original description : — Testa exumbilicata, ovato-conica, solida,
crassa, oblique striata, in anfractibus inferis spiraliter et peculiariter
costata, costis nodosis, nitida, virescenti-i'usca, subunicolor vel sub-
nigro trifasciata. Spira elata, apice acuto, nigro ; sutura distincta,
inter anfractus inferos subirregularis, impressa. Anfractus 7,
superi 3 lentissime accrescentes, Iseves, conulum regularum form-
antes, superi subscalati, liris spiralibus rudibus tribus primum
lsevibus, dein tuberculatis, sculpti ; ultimus postice fere -| altitudinis
sequans, liris tuberculiferis vel seriebus tuberculorum obliquiis
4-5 majoribus nonnullisque rniuoribis cinctus, serie quarta peri-
pberica peculiariter squamosa, aperturam versus supra subdeelivis,
subangulatus, ad angulum productus, vix descendens. Apertura
irregulariter ovalis, supra acuminata, basi valde recedens, intus
concolor vel fasciata ; peristoma callo anguste nigro-margiuato
continuum, margine externo tenui, acuto, ad peripheriam sub-
angulato, margine columellari calloso ; dilatato, f useo, nigro-
marginato, processum semilunai-em, umbilicum omnino occludeatem
emittente.

Alt. 30, diam. maj. 24 mm.

Aperture : alt. 18, diam. 14-15 mm.

Hub. Shan States.

Section Idiopoma.

Idiopoma, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, liii, 1901,
p. 189.

Ttpe, V. (I.) Jienzadensis, Pilsbry ; Burma.
Range. C. Africa ; S.E. Asia.

This section is based upon the characters of the operculum as-
given in the following description of V. (L) Tienzadensis, Pilsbry..

184. Vivipara (Idiopoma) henzadensis, Pilsbry.

Vivipara {Idiopoma) henzadensis, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, liii, 1901, p. 188, pi. 5, fig. 1.

Original description : — Shell umbilicate, broadly ovate-conic ;

9-1

TIV1PARIDJS

olive-green with some narrow slightly darker streaks ; surface
glossy aud smooth, under a lens showing line, delicate and spaced
spiral striae, which hoeoine crowded aud somewhat granulosa on
the base. Spire short, obtuse, the earlier whorls eroded, the
eroded portion reddish, tipped with black. Sutures deeply im-
pressed, the whorls strongly swollen just below- them ; last whorl
angular at the periphery in front, the angle disappearing on tin-
last half whorl, which is rounded; umbilicus narrow, excavated
behind the columellar lip, surrounded by an angle. Aperture
oblique, rounded-ovate, bluish white inside; peristome narrowly
expanded at the edge, blunt, black, with a blackish border inside
and out; continuous across the parietal margin. Operculum
chestnut-brown and slightly wrinkled outside, with a conspicuous
raised or reflexed cuticular border ; inside with a conspicuously
raised and minutely roughened ovate area nearer the columellar
side, radiating striae on the outside of this area, and a raised
border all around.

Alt. 23, diam. 16-5-17*5 mm.

Hab. Henzada, Burma ( Winkley).

185. Vivipara (Idiopoma) heliciformis (Frauenfeld).

Vivipara {Idiopoma) heliciformis (Frauenfeld) fas Paludina),
Verhandl. zool.-bot. Ges. Wieu, xv, I860, p. 532, pi. 22; Zool.
Misc. pt. 5.

Paludina dissimilis, var. decussatula or P. decussatula, Blanford,
P. Z. S. 18H9, p. 445 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 77, tigs. 6, 10.

Shell acuminately conic, scarcely umbilicate, rather solid,
smooth, polished, pale olive-greeu with eight or nine more or less
conspicuous brownish bands which disappear entirely on the
upper whorls; whorls 6, regularly increasing, convex; suture
well impressed ; aperture oval, somewhat angled above ; interior
of shell bluish white ; peristome acute, erect, somewhat thickened
towards the columella.

Alt. 20*5, diam. 14-5 mm.

Aperture: alt. 10, diam. 8 mm.

Hob. Pondicherry ; Pegu (Stoliczlca).

Var. viridis {Reeve), Hanley MS., Eeeve, Conch. Icon. 1862,
sp. 20 (as Paludina viridis) ■ JSTevil], J. A. S. B. 1877, pt. 2, p. 31,
& Anderson's Zool. Yunnan Exp. 1879, pi. 80, h'o-. 1 ; Nevill
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 30.

Original description : — Shell clavately conical, dark green, whorls
rounded, smooth, rather constricted at the sutures, beneath the
lens minutely decussately striated throughout.

Alt. 39, diam. 25 mm. (fig. in Conch. Icon.).

Ilab. Kabyuet, Upper Burma (Anderson).

VALVAT! OM.

95

Family VALVATID/E.

Subfamily VALVATIN.E.

Shell umbilicate turbinate or subdiscoidal depressed ; labruin
continuous; opereulum multispiral.

Distribution. Europe, N. Asia, If. America.

Genus VALVATA.

Valvata, Miiller, Venn. Hist, ii, 1774, p. 198: Zool. Dan. Prodr.

1776, p. 239.
Buccinuin, d'Argenville.

Nerita, Geoffroy ; Miiller; Sehroter; Gmelin; Altea.
Helix, Sehroter ; Ginelin ; Montagu ; Alten.
Trochus, Sehroter.

Gyclostoma, Drapernaud ; Voith ; Lesueur.
Turbo, Donovon ; Poiret ; Montagu ; Turton olim.
Valvearius, DuruSril.

Paludina, Menke olim ; Michaud ; Deshayes.
Ghyrorbis § Valvata, Fitzinger.
Vuluuta, Berge.

Type, Valvaia cristata, Mull. ; Europe.
Itange. Europe ; JST. Asia.

Shell umbilicate, turbinate or subdiscoidal, with little exserted
spire, whorls few, not numerous ; aperture circular, oblique ;
labruin continuous, thin ; operculum multispiral.

1S6. Valvata piscinalis (Miiller).

Nerita piscinalis Sf pusilla, Miiller, Verm. Hist. pt. 2 (1774)
pp. 171-172. 1 "

Trochus cristatus, Sehroter, Geseh. Fluss-Conch. (1779), p. 280
pi. 6, fig. 11. V

Helix piscinalis fascicularis, Ginelin, Syst. Nat. (1788) pp. 3627,
3641.

Nerita oblusa, Studer, Coxe, Trav. in Switz. iii (1789) p. 436.
Turbo fontinalis, Pulteney, Cat. Shells Dorset. (1799), p. 45.
Turbo cristatus, Poiret, Coq. de l'Aisne (1801) p. 29 (not of Maton
& Rackett).

Ct/clostoma obtusion, Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll, (1801) p. 39.
Valcata minuta, Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. (1805) p. 42, pi. 1,
tigs. 36-38.

Valoata niscinalis, Ferussac, Ess. Syst. Conch. (1807) p. 75.
Lymncca fontinalis, Fleming, Edin. Encyc. vii (1814) p. 78.
Valvata oblusa, Brard, Coq. Paris (1815) p. 190, pi. 6, tig. 17.
Turbo tkermalis, Dillwyn, Desc. Cat. Shells (1817) p. 852.
Valvata depress, C. Pi'eiffer, Deuts. Moll, i (1821) p. 100, pi. 4,

%• 33- . . „ .
Valvata moqtdniana, Pegnies, Dupuy, Hist. Moll, v (1851) p. 586,

pi. 28, fig. 15.

The following description of this species, which is widely spread

96

VALYATIDJE. — VlhlBJE.

throughout Europe. Siberia, and Asia Minor, is taken from Reeve's

" Land and Freshwater Mollusks indigenous to the

British Isles " :—

Shell : somewhat globosely heliciform, deeply narrowly urn-
bilicated, pale straw-colour, semitrans parent but solid; whorls
four and a half to five, depressed at the apex, longitudinally
densely finely striated, spirally faintly ridged, ridges sometimes
obsolete ; aperture somewhat pyrit'ormly rounded.

" Valvata piscinalis is almost milk-white, showing its bright
blue-black eyes very conspicuously on the inner base of each
tentacle."

It is recorded from Kashmir.

187. Valvata (?) microscopica, O. Nevill.

Valvata (?) microscopica, G. Nevill, Cat. Moll., Fasc. E, 1877. &
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 17.

Original description : — -Shell exceedingly minute, orbicular,
moderately thin, depressed, and discoidal ; whorls four, moderate,
convex, with distinct suture, the last whorl increasing rapidly ;
the shell, both above and below, rugosely and distinctly spirallv
striated, deeply umbilicated, with rounded and proportionately
rather large aperture : the specimens were coated with some thiols
black deposit; when cleaned the shell presents a brownish-red
appearance ; the operculum examined under the microscope is
horny and circular, of comparatively rather thick substance ; it
appears to be multispiral, but we were not able to make out the
structure quite satisfactorily.

Diam. 1*5 mm.

Bab. Port Canning, in brackish water.

Family PILIDzE [=Am]f)ullariidctf\.

Subfamily PILIN2E.
Shell globose, large, holostome, with calcareous operculum.

Genus PlLA.
Pila, Bolten, Mas. Bolten. 1798.

Ampidlaria, Lamarck, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat, Paris, 1799, p. 76.

Tjtpe, Helix' ampullacea, Linn. ; Malaysia.
Range. S.E. Asia ; C. Africa.

Shell turbinate, globose, with little exserted spire; aperture
oblong, oval; labrum arched, simple, occasionally reflexed ;
operculum calcareous.

l'l LA.

97

188. Pila globosa (Swainson).

IHlagfobo&a (Swainson), Zool. Illust. ser. 1, ii, pi. 119 ; Philippi,
Monogr. Ampul. (Kuster's ed. Oiiemn). p. 8, pi. 1, fig. 3; Reeve,
Con. Icon., Ampul, figs. 46, 47 ; H. & T., 0. 1. pi. 113, tig. 3.

Original desertion : — Shell globose, very smooth, olive ; spire
depressed ; margin of the aperture thick, fulvous, grooved ;
umbilicus small, contracted, placed near the base; operculum
shelly.

Alt. 5.5-5, diam. 56*5 mm. (measurements of Swainson's figure).
Hab. Calcutta; Rohilkuud ; Orissa, etc. (Conch. Ind.).

Var. sphaerica (Hartley Sf Theobald), Conch. Ind. pi. 113, fig. 4.

Figured, but without description ; the figure shows a much
larger shell than the typical form, it is of a greenish-olive tint aud
painted with several narrow bands of a reddish hue, with an
obliquely-set aperture.

Alt. 64*5, diam. 65 mm.

Hab. Moradabad.

Var. fasciata (Hanley §• Theobald), torn. cit. fig. 5.

Also figured, but without description ; the figure in this instance
shows a more numerously banded form with a rather less oblique
aperture.

Alt. 63-5, diam. 62 mm. (measurements of fig. in Conch. Ind.).
Hab. Moradabad.

Nevill in his 'Hand List' quotes a number of varieties as
follows : —

Yar. sinistrorsa (Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, 1884, p. 2.
Hab. Calcutta.

Var. incrassatula (Nevill), Cat. Moll. Fasc. E, 1877, p. 4 ; Hand
List, pt. 2, p. 2.

A small variety " distinguished by its greater relative thickness,
by its (in living specimens) pure white peristome, slightly more
exserted spire, absence of coloured bands, and by the unusually
small umbilicus."

Alt. 32, diam. 28-5 ram.

Hab. Calcutta (Nevill) ; Dum-Dum (Wilmer).

Var. minor (Nevill), Cat. Moll. Fasc. E, 1877, p. 4 ; Hand List,
pt. 2, p. 2.

A small variety with spire and aperture at base more produced
than in the typical form ; the columellar margin is widely ex
panded and stained of a rich dark chestnut-brown, the interior of
the aperture being similarly coloured ; it is of a thinner and more
delicate texture than the var. incrassatula.

Alt. 36, diam. 305 mm.

Hab. Dum-Dum, near Calcutta ( Wilmer) ; Siliguri (Mainwaring).

98

189. Pila corrugata (Swainson).

Pila corrugata (Swainson), Zool. Illust. ser. 1, iii, pi. 120 (bndly
copied in Kuster's ed. Chemn., Ampul, pi. 1, fig. 10) ; 11. & T.,
(J. I. pi. 113, fig. 2.

Ampullar ia globosa, Sw., var. corrugata, Sw., Nevill, Cat. Moll.,
Fasc. IS, p. 2.

Original description : — Shell globose, wrinkled, olive ; spire
prominent, acufe, the whorls venfricose ; margin of the aperture
thick, fulvous, grooved ; umbilicus small, linear, near the middle
of the inner lip; operculum shelly.

Alt. 63, diam. 54 mm. (measurements of Swainson's figure).

Uab. Bengal ; Pondicherry (Conch. Ind.).

Var. longisplra (Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 2.

Rugoselv malleated, peristome of a pale yellow colour.

Alt. 68, diam. 63 mm.

Hab. Benares (Mainwaring).

190. Pila carinata (Swainson).

Pila carinata (Swainson), Zool. 111. per. 2, Ampul, pi. 1, from which
Philip. Hon., Ampul, (in Kuster's ed. Chemn.), pi. 1, fig. 2 ;
? Reeve, Con. Icon., Ampul, sp. 58 : II. & T., C. I. pi. 114. fig. 1.

Ampullaria globosa, Sw., var. carinata, Sw., Nevill, Cat. Moll.,
Fasc. E, ]). 3.

Original description : — Shell olive, ventricose, without bands ;
whorls carinated near the suture.

The above description being so meagre, Philippi's description in
Kuster's edition of Martini Chemnitz is given below : —

Testa globosa, ltevissima, olivacea, fasciis destifuta, anfractibus
prope suturam carinatis, supra planis ; apertura ovalo-oblonga,
intra medium latiore, fulvo limbata ; labro subreflexo ; umbdico
mediocri ad dimidium labri sito.

Alt. 57, diam. 52-75 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

191. Pila malabarica (Philippi).

Pila malabarica (Philippi) (not Pieeve), Mon. Ampul (Kuster's ed.

Chemn.) p. 29, pi. 7, tig. 8 ; IT. & T., C. I. pi. 114, fig. 2.
Ampidlaria globosa, Sw., var. malabarica, Phil. Nevill, Hand List,

pt. 2, p. 3.

Original description : — Testa ovata, angusie umbilicata, olivacea,
unicolore, la3vi ; spira fere terfiarn altitudinis partem sequante,
subcontabulata ; anfractibus ad suturam horizontahbus, ibique
radiatim subrugosis, ultimo versus basin paulluhim attenuato ;
apertura ovato-oblonga ; peristomate intus incrassato.

Alt. 36-25, diam. 32 mm.

Hub. Mangalore.

I'll. A. <J<J

1 92. Pila layardi (Beeve).

Pila layardi (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul, sp. 27 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 114, fiv. 4.

Ampullaria ylobosa, Sw., vav. layardi, Reeve, Nevill, Hand List,
pt. 2, p. 3.

Original description : — Shell rather compressly globose, whorls
narrowly flatly impressed round the upper part, then rounded,
smooth, shining; umbilicus small, contracted; aperture ovate;
whitish, covered with an olive horny epidermis.

Alt 1-8, diam. 44 mm. (taken from fig. in Con. Icon.).

Hub. Colombo, Ceylon.

Var. virens, LzmarcJc, Hist. Auim. s. Vert, vi, 1822, p. 179,
Hab.?; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 3.

" carination at suture obsolete."

Hab. Kollain (Beddome).

193. Pila mix (Reeve).

Pila mix (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul, sp. 132; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 115, fig. 1.

Original description : — Shell oblong-conoid, solid, scarcely um-
bilieated, spire obtusely exserted, whorls convex, slauting and
obsoletely plicately wrinkled at the suture; fulvous-chestnut;
aperture ovate, rather small, columellar lip callously reflected.

Alt. 3U, diam. 23 mm. (taken from fig. 132 a, pi. xxviii, in
Conch. Icon.).

Hab. Bombay.

" A solid fulvous-chestnut shell of an oblong-conoid form, with
the columellar lip rather unusually callously reflected."

194. Pila matira (Beeve).

Pila maura (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul, sp. 57.

Original description : — Shell globose, narrowly umbilicated, spire
rather short, whorls a little flattened at the sutures, then rounded,
smooth ; dark olive ; aperture ovate, lip stained within with
purple-black.

Alt. 45, diam. 41 mm. (taken from fig. in Conch. Icon.).
Hab. Assam (Conch. Ind.).

" Of a particularly globose form, the lip being characteristically
stained within with purple or chestnut-black."

195. Pila theohaldi (Hanley).

Pila theobaldi (Hanley), H. & T., C. I. pi. 115, fig. 2 (as
Ampullaria).

Ampullaria maura, Reeve, var. theobaldi, Hanley, Nevill, Cat. Moll.,
Fasc. E, p. (3.

IWred as above, but not described, and as no specimen is

h2

100

Y\ M D.E.

available to the author a few remarks only on the figure are
possible. The shell appears to be of large dimensions, globular in
form, of an olive-green tint ornamented with groups of narrow
spiral reddish bands, each group varying in having from two to
four bands in number, the umbilicus would appear to be
moderately wide and tbe columella is diffused above into a well-
defined, purplish, parietal callus which joins the upper margin of
the labrum, the outer lip is rather irregularly streaked or biotched
with the same colour and the aperture is obliquely ovate.
Alt. 80, diam. 77'5 mm.

Bab. Burma ? or Pegu ? (Conch. Ind.) ; Bhamo (Nevill).

196. Pila saxea {Reeve).

Pila saxea (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul, sp. 108 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 115, figs. 3, 4.

Original description:— Shell oblong-ovate, rather solid, with a
narrow covered umbilicus, spire rather obtuse, whorls a little
depressed round the upper part, obsoletely angled, then rounded ;
olive ; aperture pyriformly oblong, columellar lip thinly reflected.

Alt. 29, diam. 25 mm. (taken from fig. 3 in Conch. Ind.).

Hub. Bassein, Pegu (Conch. Ind.).

" An oblong-ovate shell, of rather solid texture, characterised
by a faint depression round the upper whorls, causing a scarcely
perceptible angle."

197. Pila conica (Gray).

(Ampullaria) conica (Gray), Wood's Index Test. Sup. p. 29, 1828,
& Hanley, Conch. Misc. pi. in, fig. 13.

Amputtaria scutata, Mousson, Moll. Java, 1849 (not of Phil.).

Ampullaria javanica, Reeve, var. 1856, fide Martens ; from Cam-
bodia fide Morelet ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 5.

" Shell conically oblong, scarcely umbilicated ; spire exserted ;
whorls convex, rather narrow, smooth; dark olive; aperture
ovate, rather small ; lip thin." (Reeve.)

Alt. 40-75, diam. 30-5 mm.

Hob. Java (Reeve); Moulmein (Riclilhofen, Stoiiczka) ; Akyab
(Stoliczlca).

Var. expansa, Nevill, Cat. Moll., Ease. E, p. 9, 1877.
Ampullaria paludinoides, II. & T., C. I. pi. 114, fig. 5 [not of Philippi
or Crist. & Jan.] ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. o.

Original description :— Testa subglobosa, umbilicato-perforata,
plerumque glauca, fusco-zonata ; epidermide ohvacea : spira conica,
tertiam altitudinis partem occupante ; aufractibus ad suturam

PILA. 101

horizontalibus ; apertura oblougo-ovata ; labro intus iucrassato,
obtuso.

Alt. 43, diam. 35 mm.

Hob. Maugalore ; Pegu (type of var.) (W. Theobald) ; Tenasserim
(S'toliczlca) ; Mandalay (StoliczJca).

Var. orientalis (PJiilvppi), Zeits. Malak. 1848, p. 192, " China " ?

Amptdlaria scutatn, Phil. Conch.-Oab. ii, pi. 1, figs. 4, 5 [not of
Mousson] ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 5.

Original description : — Testa obovata, subimperforata, satis
tenui, obsolete fasciata, ssepius unicolore ; epidermide nitida,
olivacea ; anfractibus convexis, superius subangulatis ; spira
dimidiam aperturam fere sequante, plerumque erosa ; apertura
o\ af o-ohlonga, semilunari ; operculo calcareo.

Alt. 39-5, diam. 36 mm.

Aperture : alt. 30 mm.

Hub. China ; Bassein, Arakan (Blanford).

198. Pila dolioides (Reeve).

Pila dolioides (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul. 1856, sp. 75 ; Nevill,
Hand List, p. 7.

Original description :— Shell ovate, thin, ventricose, narrowly
umbilicated, spire short, sharp ; whorls convex, shining, impressed
at the sutures, hist whorl largely swollen and expanded; ash-olive,
obscurely red-banded, bands linear, irregular ; aperture very large,
open, columellar lip reflected.

Alt. 56, diam. 47 mm. (dimensions of fig. 75 a in Conch. Icon.).

Hub. Bombay (Reeve) ; Ceylon (Nevill).

199. Pila mcesta (Reeve).

Pila mossta (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul, p. 92 ; II. & T., C. I.
pi. 115, fig. 6.

Original description :— Shell ovately globose, narrowly umbili-
cated,' spire rather exserted ; wborls slightly flattened at the upper
part, then rounded, smooth; dull olive, encircled with narrow
darker bauds ; aperture lunar-ovate, lip yellowish-white within.

A lt. 36, diam. 30-75 mm. (taken from fig. in Conch. Icon.).

Hub. Ceylon.

"A dull greenish-olive species, of globose form, narrowly
f-ompressly umbilicated, encircled with numerous faint bands,
irregular in width, but mostly linear."

200. Pila cinerea (Reevt ).

Pila cinerea (Reeve), Con. Icon., Amptd. sp. 94 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 113, fig. 1.

Original description -.—Shell globose, thin, rather inflated

102

riLIDJB.

narrowly umbilieated, spire short, whorls rounded, smooth, the
hist ascending in front ; pale asb, encircled with three to four
linear reddish-brown bands; aperture pyriformly ovate, col umellar
lip thinlv reflected

Air. 39-5, diam. 35-25 mm. (taken from fig. in Con. Icon.).

Hub. Ceylon.

"A peculiarly rounded species, thin and somewhat inflated, of
a light ash-colour, encircled with faint bands, which, towards the
apex, are like red-brown lines, of which only the uppermost one
is visible."

201. Pila olea (Reeve).

Pila olea (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul, sp. 102.

Original description: — Shell subglobose, scarcely umbilieated,
spire rather short, whorls rounded, longitudinally striated ; shining
olive, encircled with two distant narrow blackish-red bands ;
aperture pyriformly ovate.

Alt. 29, diam. 23*25 mm. (taken from fig. in Con. Icon.).

Bab. India?

" Of a peculiar compact subglobose form, with a shining olive
surface, encircled with two distant linear bands."

202. Pila tischbeini (Dohrn).

Pila tischbeini (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 134; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 114, tig. 3 (as Ampullaria).

Original description : — Testa ovato-globosa, solida, peranguste
umbilicata, rude longitudinaliter, sub lente subtilissime spiraliter
striata, olivacea, fasciis saturatioribus cinguiata; spira exserta:
anfr. 3-4 integri convexi, rapide accrescentes, ad suturain im-
pressam angulati ; ultinius efflatus; apertura lunato-ovalis, iutus
fusca, dense fasciata; peristomium rectum, labro intua albido.

Alt. 33, diam. maj. 31, diam. min. 28 mm.

Aperture : alt. 25, diam. 17 mm.

Bab. Ceylon.

203. Pila woodwardi (Dohrn).

Pila woodwardi (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 134; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 115, tig. 5 (as A77>pullaria).

Original description : — Testa subturbinata, solidiuscula, parum
nitida, longitudinaliter striata, late umbilicata, olivacea, fasciis
viridibus vel fuscis spiralibus ornata ; spira exserta; anfractus
4-4g integri convexi, rapide accrescentes, supra medium angulati;
ultinius efflatus, autice descendens ; apertura ovato-lunaris, alba,
fasciis intus pellucentibus ; peristomium simplex, rectum.

Alt. 29, diam. maj. 26, diam. min. 22 mm.

Aperture : alt. 19'5, diam. 11*5 mm.

Hah. Ceylon.

FIL A.,

103

204. Pila alucinans (Saiverby).

Piln alucinans (Sowerby), Proc. Malac. Soc. ix, p. 63 (fig. in text)
(as Ainpidlaria).

Original description : — Testa late turbinata, mediocrifer umbili-
cata, tusco-olivacea, fasciis numerosis angustis nigro-fuscis ornata,
loiifituclioaliter irregulariter plicata et striata, striis transversis
subtiiissimia decussata; spira brevis ; anfractus convexi, supra
planulati; ultimus latiusculus, superne rotunde angulatus, supra
angulum leviter depressus, infra angnlurxi rotunde convexus,
basim versus Leviter contractus ; apertura latiuscula, hit us fasciata;
peristoma tenue.

Alt. 23, diain. 2:3 mm.

Aperture: alt. 22, diam. 12 mm.

Hub. Ceylon.

205. Pila wiukleyi (Pilsbry).

Pila winMei/i (Pilsbry), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei., Philadelphia, liii,
1901, p. ly9, pi. 5, figs. 2, 3 (as Ampullaria).

Original description : — Shell narrowly umbilicate, globose ;
vellovvish-olive, uniform or with few or numerous dusky olive
spiral bauds, the earlier whorls eroded, blackish or ruddy. Surface
smooth, somewhat shining, under a strong lens seen to he very
densely, microscopically striated spirally, the striae minutely granu-
lose ; spire low-conic; sutures impressed, the whorls flattened
below them, elsewhere sy in metrically convex. Aperture vertical,
serai-rotund, narrower above, reddish-tawny aud sometimes banded
within, becoming white near the lip; peristome a trifle expanded
below, white or dirty yellowish, the outer margin equably curved,
columella concave, blunt and more or less thickened but not
reflexed, parietal callus rather thin, white, thinner within. Oper-
culum thick and solid, concave externally, and partially covered
with a thin, yellowish-brown cuticle. Inside bluish, with a mica-
like gleam, the scar of attachment sunken, the columellar side
concentrically striate, the enclosed eminence narrow, curved and
smooth.

Alt. 58, diam. 50 mm.

Aperture : alt. maj. 43 mm.

Eab. Henzada, Burma ( Winlcley).

Types iu Coll. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia.

104

LIMNjEIUjE.

Order PULMON ATA.
Suborder HYGR OPH1L A .
Family LIMNiElD^.
Subfamily ANCYLIN^E.
Shell patelliform, without spire.

Distribution. Temperate and Tropical Regions of the World.

Genus ANCYLUS.

Ancylus, Geoffrey, Traite" de Cocp de Paris. 1767: Clessin, Conch.-
Cab., 1882, p. 11, etc.

Type, A. fluviatilis, Linnaeus, from Europe generally, Algeria
and Madeira.

Range. Europe, Asia.

Shell small, patelliform, either dextral or sinistral, thin, conoidal ;
aperture either ovale or rounded ; peristome acute, simple.

Animal having the lateral teeth of the tongue narrow, sharp
pointed, and the cardinal [median] tooth, small, rounded.

206. Ancylus baconi, Bourguignat.

Ancylus baconi, Bourguignat, Cat. Ancvl. in Journ. de Conch, iv,
1853, p. 181; Bourg. Descr. Ancyl. Cuming in P. Z. S. 1853,
p. 89, pi. 25, figs. 18-25; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Kec. jNJoll.
n, 1855, p. 266; Bourg. Spicil. Malac. 1862, p. 205: Clessin in
Couch.-Cab. 1882, p. 61, pi. 7, fig. 7.

Original description : — Testa autice recta vel paululum convexa,
postice recta vel paultdum concava; apice postico, obtush-simo,
paululum dextrorsus dejecto ; depressione apicali vix conspicun,
in extremitate verticis sita. Testa parva, fragili, diaphana,
laevissima, vel concentrice striatula; epidermide albido-virescente ;
apertura ovata.

Alt. 1, diam. maj. 3, diam. min. 2 mm.

Hah. Bengal.

207. Ancylus ceylanicus, Benson.

Ancylus ceylanicus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 139 ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 81, figs. 2, 3.

Original description : — Testa suboblonge conoidea, antice con-
vexa, postice concava, extus tenuissime radiato-costulata, costis
eubremotis elevatioribus munita, striis confertis concentricis de-
cussata, viridescenti- cornea, margine lato, lufescenti-cornea, apice

ANCYLUS.

105

submediano, subelongato, postice attenuate, acutiuscnlo, ad dex-
trum leviter verso ; apertura subrotundato-ovata, intus albida
nitente.

Alt. 2*5, diam. maj. 6, cliani. min. 4 mm.

Bab. Matelle (Mafale) District, Ceylon.

Resembling in some respects tbe A. fluviatilis of Europe.

208. Ancylus tenuis, Bourguignat.

Ancylus tenuis, Bourguignat, Spicil. Malac, 1862, p. 208 ; Clessin,
in Concb.-Cub. 1882, p. 62.

Original description : — Testa pygmea, depresso-oblonga, fragili,
laavi, cornea, vel luteolo-nigreseente ; — autice sinistrorsusque
paululum convexa; postice dextrorsusque recta, vel paululum
concava ; — apice maximo, obtusissimo, paululum canaliculate,
postico, dextrorsus paululum dejecto ; — depressione apicali
minima, rotundata, ad sinistram partem verticis sita; — apertura
oblonga.

Alt. l-5, diam. maj. 2 mm.

Hab. Streams in tbe Nilgiri Hills.

209. Ancylus verruca, Benson.

Ancxjlus verruca, Benson, A. M. N. H. 185o, ser. 2, xv. p. 12;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 81, figs. 2, 3 ; Clesan, in Conch.-Cab. 1882,
p. 62-

Original description. — Testa vix sinistrorsa, depressa, sub-
elongato-ovata, postice vix angustiori-laevigata, pallide virente-
flavida vel cinerea, tenui, intus albida, submargaritacea, antice
superne convexiuscula, postice prope umbonem breviter declivi,
mnbone vix elevate, compiessiusculo, subinediano, ad spatium
£ tot se testae posita.

Air. 1, diam. maj. 3*5, diam. min. scarcely 2 mm.

Hab. Bhitnt&l; Kemaon Lake; marshes near Moradabad ;
near Budaon Eohilla; Orissa ; Ceylon, etc., always adhering to
the floating leaves of water plants'.

Prom Benson's notes, attached to his original description, it
would seem that the present species, though generally sluggish
in its habits, is able to swim shell downwards on the surface of
tbe water.

Subfamily LIMNiEINiE.

Shell ovate or fusiform with exserted, or more or less contracted,
spire.

Distribution. World-wide.

106 LIMXJBIDJB.

Genus LIMNiEA.

Limneea, Lamarck, 1799, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat., Pari*, p. 75, as
Lymncp.a, emend. Rang, 1829, Man. de l'Hist. Nat., Moll. p. 176;
Sowerby in Reeve, 'Jon. Icon, xviii, etc.

Helix, Linn., Gmelin, Burrow.

Bucinum, Miiller.

Bulimus, Poiret, Bruguiere.

Limnaus, Draparnaud, Born.

Limneea, Lamarck, Nilsson.

Stagnieola, Leach.

Limneeus, auct. reliq.

Type, L. stagnalis (Linnaeus) ; Europe generally.
Range. World-wide.

Shell dextrally spiral, horny-testaceous, ovate or pyramidal,
covered with a thin epidermis; spire acuminated, whorls generally
turreted, inner lip of the aperture narrowly spread on the body-
whorl, generally with a single plait. No operculum.

Animal rather long and twisted in a spiral coil ; bead prominent ;
tentacles short, triangular and flattened; foot oblong, bilobed or
notched in front and obtusely rounded behind.

Section LIMN2EA (sensu stricto).
Eor characters, type and range, see above.

210. Limnaea (Limnaea) stagnalis (Linncens).

Limnceus, Linn., 1758, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. p. 774, a9 Helix stagnalis
and fragilis.

Limneea {Limneea) stagnalis, Lamarck, 1801, as Lgnmcea stagnalis,
Syst. Anim. sans Vert. p. 91 ; Sowerby in Reeve's Conch. Icon,
xviii, pi. 1, no. 4 ; II. & T., C. I. 1876, p. xvi.

Lymneea stagnalis, in Reeve, L. & F. W.Moll. British Isles, p. 160.

"Shell: ovately turreted, com pressly umbilicated, rather thin,
yellowish horny, spire produced and sharply acuminated ; whorls
five to sis, slopingly convex round the upper part, then ventricose,
striated in the direction of the lines of growth, sometimes evanes-
cently obscurely irregularly ridged and malleated in the opposite
direction ; aperture moderate, somewhat squarely o\ate, columella
callously twisted, lip broadly appressly dilated over the umbilicus."
(Reeve.)

Alt. 47*5, diam. 22-5 mm. (spec).
JIab. Europe ; Afghanistan ; Kashmir.

211. Limnsea (Limnaea) acuminata, Laniard-.

Limneea (Limnaa) acuminata, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert, vi, pt. 2,
p. 160 ; Deles. Rec. Ooq. Lam. pi. 30, fig. 6 ; 11. & T., C. I. pi. 69,
tigs. 8, 9; Sowerby, in Reeve's Conch. Icon, xviii, pi. 10, no. 66.

Original description: — Testa ovato-ventricosa, tenuissima,
byaliua, subalbida; spira brevissima, apice acuminata.
Alt. 25 mm.

flab. Bengal ; oU miles S.E. of llingola, etc.

LIMN.EA. 107

Sowerby's description iu Eeeve is as follows : —

"Shell oblong, ventrieose, reddish purple, thin, semipellucid,

smooth, spire short, narrow, whorls attenuated ; last whorl

slightly angular above, inflated below the middle; aperture large,

rounded anteriorly, coluraellar lip tort uous."

The species, as are most of the group, is exceedingly plastic,

and a number of varieties have been described by various authors

as follows : —

Var. patula, Troschel, in Wiegmann's Archiv for 1837, iii, p. 167;
H. & T., C. I. 1876, pi 69, figs. 2, 3.

Original description : — Testa imperforata vel vix rimata, ovato-
acuta, tenuissima, pellucidissima ; spira mediocri, acuta; ultimo
anfraetu ventricoso; f testa? longo, margine exteriore patulo,
aufr. 5-6.

Alt. 44, breadth of the last whorl 24, height of the last whorl
13, height of the aperture 33 mm.
Hob. Gauges.

Var. sulcatula, Troschel, von Martens, Conchologische Mittheil-
ungen, i, p. 75, pi. 14, tig. 6.

Limnceus sulcatulus, Troschel in Wiegmann's Arch, fiir Naturg, iii,
1837, p. 167.

Limneeus striatus (Benson), Kiister, in Couch.-Cab., Martini &

Chemnitz, Lim. p. 33, pi. 6, figs. 11,12.
Limncea amygdala (non Troschel), H. & T., C. I. pi. 69, figs. 7, 10.

Original description : — Testa rimata, ovata, acuta, tenui, longi-
tudiualiter sulcata; spira mediocri, acuta ; ultimo anfraetu §
te>ta? longo ; apertura ovata, plica columellari profunda. Ant'r.
5-6.

Alt. 33, breadth of last whorl 17-5, height of last whorl 15-25,
alt. of aperture 2.1 "75 mm.

Hub. Bengal (Lamare-Picquot).

Var. amygdalum, Troschel, von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i,
p. 76, pi. 14, figs. 7, 8.

Limncea amygdalitis, Troschel, Wiegm. Archiv, iii, 1837, p. 168;
Kiister, ed. Martini & Chemn., Lim. p. 35, pi. 6, figs. 15, 16.

Original description : — Testa imperforata vel vix rimata, colore
stramineo vel cycaceo, nitida, ovata ; spira mediocri, acuta ;
ultimo anfraetu '| testse longo, margine exteriore plus minus
adpresso. Anfr. 5, rarissime 6.

Alt. 28-75 breadth of last whorl 17-5, height of last whorl
13-25, alt. of aperture 20-75 mm.

Bab. India.

108 limn^iid^;.

Var. prunum, TroscM, von Martens, Concb. Mittheil. i n 81
pi. 15, figs. 1, 2. 1 '

Limrums prunum, Troschel in Wiegmann's Archiv. fur Nature
in, 1837, p. 170. • s'

Idmnaua singaporinm, Kuster, in Concli.-Cab., Martini & Chemn.,
Lim. p. 35, pi. 0, fig. 17.

Limncea ovalis, Gray, Reeve in Concb. Icon, xviii, pi. 9, fie 59
(small). ' r ' 5

Limnaa luteola, Lk., Reeve, id. pi. 15, fig. 104; II & T, C. I.
pi. 70, fig. 6.

Original description .-—Testa ovata, rimata, subglabra, subtiliter
striata; spira gioboso-acuta, anfractibus convexis, suturis pro-
funchs ; ultimo anfracbu testae dimidium superante ; apertura
ovato-acuta. Anfr. 6.

Alt. 26-75, breadth of last whorl 15-25, height of last whorl
1325, alt. of aperture 17-5 mm.

Hob. Bengal (Lamare-Picquot).

Var. cerasum, Troschel, von Martens, Concb. Mittheil. i, n 81
pi. 15, figs. 3, 4. V' '

LimncBUs cerasum, Troschel in Wiegmann's Archiv fur Natunr
iii, 1837, p. 170. b'

Limnceus petinoides (Benson), Kuster, in Conch.-Cab., Martini &
Chemn., Lim. p. 34, fig. 6, fio-. 14.

Limnaa ovalis, Gray, Reeve in Concb. Icon, xviii, pi. 9, fi<*s. 59, a b

Limncea luteola (Lam.), H. & T., C. I. pi. 70, fig. 5.

Original description :— Testa subglobosa, rimata; spira pro-
m inula, acuta ; ultimo anfractu ventricoso f testa? longo ; apertura
ovato-acuta. Anfr. 6.

^ Alt. 21-75. breadth of last whorl 16-75, height of last whorl
13*25, alt. of aperture 17-5 mm.
Hob. Bengal {Lamare-Picquot).

Var. strigata, Hanley $ Theobald, Concb. Ind. pi. 70, fig. 4.

Said to have the aspect of var. cerasum, Troschel.
Hob. Jounpore.

Var. chlainys, Benson, von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 76.

Limnaa chlamys, Benson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1836, v,
p. 744 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 69, figs. 5, 6 ; Reeve, Concb. Icon,
xvm, pi. 10, fig. 65.

Original description :— Testa translucente, cornea ant castanea,
elongato-ovata ; spira gracili, breviore, acuminata ; anfractu
ultimo infra praecipue ventricoso ; suturis parce depressis ;
apertura infra patente, basi leviter evasa.

The dimensions of two specimens given by von Martens are as
below: —

Alt. 29, diam. maj. 19, diam. min. 13-5; apertura, alt. 22-5,
diam. 12 mm.

i.: v \ i \ . jog

Alt. 31, diain. maj. 18, diam. min. 13; apertura, alt. 21*5,
diam. 12 mm.

Hab. Calcutta (Nevill), Benares and Moradabad (Benson &
Theobald).

Var. rufescens, Gray; von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 76
pi.' 14, fig. 3.

Limncea rufescens, Gray, in Sowerby's Genera Shells, pt. vii,
Limn. fig. 2 ; Reeve, Conch. System, pi. 191, fig. 2 ; H. & T '
C. I. 1876, pi. 69, figs. 1, 4, and pi. 70, fig-. 1.

Limruea chlamys, Benson, in part.

Shell oblong-lanceolate, thin, hyaline, piirplish-red, whorls 4.
Spire very short, acute, sutures very oblique. Aperture lanceolate,
elliptical. Columella very oblique.

Diameter to the longth as 6 to 13.

Hab. (Tangos etc.

Var. sylhetica, Hanley $ Theob., C. I. pi. 70, fig. 9.

According to the figure in the ' Conchologia Indica,' a form w ith
short spire and rather inflated whorls.
Hab. Marshes in Sylhet.

Var. gracilior, von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 77.

Limncea rufescens (Gray), Reeve in Conch. Icon, xviii pi. 3,
tigs. 14 a, b; H. & T., C. 1. pi. 70, fig. 1.

Original description : — Minor, pallide flavescens (vel rosea),
valde gracilis, anfractu ultimo supra perangusto, margine aperturae
externo simplice, oblique paulum arcuato.

Alt. 24, diam. maj. 10, diam. min. 7 mm.

Aperture : alt. 16, diam. 6"5 mm.

Hab. Bengal (Neuill).

212. Limnaea (Limnaea) ovalis, Gray.

Limncea (Limncea) ovalis, Ginv, in Sow. Gen. Shells, pt. vii. Limn
n>. 4 ; Reeve, Conch. Syst. pi. 191, fig. 4 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876,
pi. 70, figs. 2, 3.

Shell oval, pellucid, pale horn-colour : finely transversely striate,
whorls 5. Spire very short, acute, suture almost horizontal.
Aperture oval, elliptical.

Diameter to the length as 5 to 9.

JIab. Calcut ta ; Almorah, etc.

Var. nucleus, Troschel ; von Martens, Conch. Mittheil., i, p. 82,
pi. 15, figs. 8, 9.

Limnceus ovalis, Gray; Sow. Gen. Shells, pi. 43, fig. 4; H. & T.,

C. I. pi. 70, figs. 2, 3.
Limnceus nucleus, Troschel, Martens, Conch. Mittheil. p. 171 ;

Reeve, Conch. Icon. pi. 10. fig. 67.

110

LIMSTJEIDjE.

Original description :— Testa ovata, vix rimata, cornea; anfractu
ultimo § testae longo, impresso ; apertura ovata, margine exteriore
impresso subcordata; margine columellari reflexo. Anfr. 6.

Alt. 22, breadth of last whorl 15-75, height of last whorl 13,
alt. of aperture 15-75 mm.

Hub. Bengal (Lamare- Picquot).

213. Limnaea (Limnaea) tigrina, DoTirn.

Limncea (Limnaa) tigrina, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 134;

von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 85, pi. 15, fig. 5..
Limnaa pmffuis, var. strigata, Reeve, Conch'. Icon, xviii, pi. 9.

fig. 18 b. ' * '

Original description : — Testa oblonga vel ovato-oblonga, imper-
forata \el vix rimata, tenuis, pellncida, nitida, cornea, longi-
tudinalirer irregulariter albofasciata, subtilissime spiraliter et
longitudinaliter striata ; sutura simplex, plerumque bruunea ;
spira acala, apice f nscesceate ; anfr. 4-5 vix convexi, ultimus
efflatus, | longitudinis subaequans ; apertura ovato-oblonga vel
oblonga; peristomium simplex, rectum, margine columellari re-
flexo; marginibus callo albido, non nitido, junctis.

Alt. 25, diam. 13 mm.

Aperture: alt. 16, diam. 8 mm.

Hub. Ceylon.

Var. ft. Var. minor : cornea vel albida, interdum unicolor.

Alt. 19, diam. 10 mm.
Aperture : alt. 14, diam. 7 mm.
Bab. Ceylon.

Section GULNARIA.
Gulnaria, Leach, Syn. Moll. Great Britain, 1852, p. 106.
Type, Limncea pereger, Draparnaud ; Europe.
Mange. World-wide.

Original description : — Testa spira brevissiina, abrupte formata,
ad apicetn acuminata. Umbilicus perforatum, apertus. Tentacula
latissima. Pallium non dilatatum.

214. Limnaea (Gulnaria) pereger {Drop.).

Limncea (Gulnaria) pereger (Drap.), Tabl. Moll. 1801, p. 48;

H. & T., C. I. 1876 (as L. peregra, Linn.).
Lymnaa limosa, Linn., Reeve, L. & F. W. Moll. British Isles,

p. 57.

Shell : obliquely ovate, compressly minutely umbilicated, rather
thin, yellowish horny, spire short, acuminated; whorls four,
convex, irregularly striated in the direction of the lines of grou t h,
the last much the largest, ventricosely inflated ; aperture ovate,
columella arcuately twisted, lip broadly appressed over the
umbilicus. (Reeve.)

Alt. 19, diam. 12 mm. (spec).

Hub. Europe; Afghanistan; Kashmir.

LIM'N'jEA.

Ill

215. Limnsea (Gulnaria) auricularia (Drop.).

Limncea ( Gulnaria) auricularia (Drap.), as Lymnccus auricularius,

Tubl. Moll. 1801, p 48.
Limnceus, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 774, as Helix auricularia,

H. & T., 0. 1. 1876, p. xvi.
Lymncea auricularia} in Reeve, L. & F. W. Moll. British Isles,

p. 159.

" Shell : somewhat squarely semiglobose, compressly umbili-
cated, rather thin, pallid horny, spire very small, sharp ; whorls
three to four, convex, irregularly striated in the direction of the
Lines of growth, sometimes evanescently obscurely irregularly
ridged and malleated in the opposite direction ; extremely rapidly
enlarging, last whorl abruptly widely auricnlarly inflated ; aperture
very large, outer lip thinly expanded, columella callously twisted,
lip appressly dilated over the umbilicus." (Reeve.)

Alt. 30, diam. 23 mm. (spec).

Hab, Europe; Afghanistan; Kashmir.

216. Limusea (Gulnaria) brevicauda (Sowerbij).

Limncea (Gulnaria) brevicauda (Sowerbvj, Con. Icon., Limn.,
sp. 105 ; H. & T., C. I., pi. 158, fig. 7.

Original dt script ion: — Shell obliquely tortuous, pale horn,
ventricor-e ; spire short, acuminated; whorls three, small; last
whorl much inflated, rather short, excavated behind the columella,
aperture expanded, anteriorly subacuminated ; columellar fold
prominent, spirally tortuous.

from, the figure in the ' Conchologia Indica' the dimensions
would seem to be about as follows: — Alt. 21, diam. maj. 17 mm.
It is probably a Form of. L. auricularia, Linn.

Hab. Kashmir (W. Blanforcl).

Sowerby's specimen was said to be from Australia, but this was
undoubtedly an error.

217. LirmiEea (Gulnaria) hookeri {Reeve).

Limncea [Gulnaria) hookeri (Reeve), P.Z.S. 1850, p. 49; Gray, op.
cit. 1856, p. 186; Sowerbv, in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xviii, pi. 11,
sp. 74; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. lt>80, p. 381, pi. 42, tig. 3 :
Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, iii, pt. 2, no. 3, p. 115.

Original description: — Testa ovata, tenuicula, conspicue um-
bilicata, anfr. 4-5, convexis, superne depresso-rotundatis, suturis
subimpressis, apertura orbiculari-ovata, marginibus lamiua
latiuscula subverticali conjunclis ; sordide olivaceo-fusca.

Alt. 17, diam. 10 mm.

' Hub. Thibetian or North side of Sikkim Himalaya at 1800 feet
elevation [Hookn-) ; Gyantze, 13,120 feet, Mang-tsa, 14,500 feet ;
Se-chen, 13,100 feet, Thibet (Stewart).

Reeve, in his paper describing the shell, seems to think that it
is closely related to L. pereger, the common European form, an

112

limxjEid.t:.

idea which is certainly borne out by its general aspect. When,
however, recently working out some material for the Indian
Museum, the author had occasion to send specimens of what, after
comparison with the type specimen in the British .Museum, he
believed to be this species to the Rev. E. W. Bowell for dissection,
his report states "that the genitalia are very similar to those of
the common European form L. auricularia, Linn. The vas deferens
is, however, markedly shorter, and the radula is remarkable for
the length of the cusps and their subulate appearance, and also
for there being no great distinction in type betweeu the laterals
and marginals."

Eeeve, in his description, gives no actual dimensions, but those
above given are taken from his smaller figure which is said to be
of natural size.

218. Limnaea (Gulnaria) auriformis (Clessin).

Limncens auriformis, Clessin, in Conch-Cab. 1886, p. 391, pi. 43,
fig. 11.

Original description: — Testa auriformis, angustissime rimatn,
solida, leviter striata, pallide cornea ; spira minuta, acuta; anfr. 4,
valde convexi, sutura profunda separati, celerrime accrescentes ;
penultimus et ultimus inflatus, ultimus i longitudinis sequans;
apertura ampla, auriformis; peristoma acutum ; margiuibus callo
columellari levi conjunctis ; columella fere recta.

Alt, 12 3, diani. 10-5 mm.

Hob. India.

219. Limnaea (Gulnaria) labiosa (Philijjpi),

Limnata (Gulnaria) labiosa (Philippi), Clessin, in Conch.-Cab.
1886, p. 397, pi. 16, figs. 3-4 (as L. labiosa).

Original description : — Testa ovata, tenuis, cornea; spira bre\ -is.
acuta; anfr. 5, convexi, celeriter accrescentes, sutura leviter
impressa separati ; ultimus inflatus, § longitudinis aequans ;
apertura ovata, superne acuminata, peristoma acutum, marginibus
callo columellari tenui latissimo conjunctis ; columella valde
contorta.

Alt. 21, diam. 1175 (fig. 3, pi. 16, in Conch.-Cab.).
Hab. India.

220. Limnaea (Gulnaria) succinea (Deshayes).

Limncea (Gulnaria) succinea (Deshayes), Voy. dans l'Inde par
Belanger, Zool. p. 418, pi. 2, ti»s. 13, 14; Deshayes in Lamarck,
Anim. s. Vert. ed. 2, viii, p. 417, no. 15.

Limncevs succineus, Desh., Kiister, in Conch.-Cab., Martini & Chem-
nitz, Lim. p. 29, pi. 6, figs. 18, 19.

Original description : — Testa ovato-acuta, tenuissima, fragili,
succinea, laevigata ; spira acuta ; anfractibus convexiusculi, ultimo

LIMNJEA. 1 1$.

maximo; apertura ovata-acuta, basi dilatata; inarginibua integrisr
tenuissimis, acutis ; columella contortuplicata

Alt. 22, diaui. 12.

Hah. Malabar.

Yar. impura (Troschel), von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, to. 86,.
pi. 15, figs. 6, 7. 1

Limnaus impurus, Troscliel, in Wiegmanu's ArcMv fiir Naturo-es-
cliichte iii, 1S37, p. 171'.

_ Original description :— Testa ovato-oblonga, rimata, tenui sub-
tiliter striata, fusca, subolivacea ; spira medioeri, acuta, suturis
satis excavatis : ultimo anfractu subventricoso, testae dimidium
superante, apertura ovata, plica columellari nullo vel exiaua.
Anfr. 5.

Alt. 15-5, breadth of last whorl 8 5, height of last whorl 6-5;.
alt. of aperture, 8-o mm.

JIab. Bengal (Lamare-Picquoi).

221. Limnaea (Gulnaria) hians (Sowerby).

Limncea (Gulnaria) Mans (Sowerby), in Reeve, Conch. Icon.-
xviii, pi. 9, sp. 57 ; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1886, p. 392, pi, 45,
fi. 9.

Original description :— Shell thin, semipellucid, polished, ovate-
oblong, subfusiform, pale horny; spire acuminated, elevated
whorls three, narrow: last whorl ovate; aperture auriform,,
columella!* fold tortuous, outer lip more or less expanded.
{Sowerby. )

Hah. Malabar.

Closely related to, if not identical with L. succinea, Desh.

222. Limnaea (Gulnaria) pinguis {Dohrn).

Limncea pinguis (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 134 ; H. & T., C. II
pi. 70, gs. 7-10.

Original description: — Tesla im perforata vel vix rimata, ovato-
oblonga, pellucida, tenuis, nitidissima, longiludinaliter levissime
striata, cornea vel albicans ; sutura simplex, albida ; spira elevata
apice acuto, rubicundo ; anfr. 4-4| eonvexiusculi, ultimus-
§ longitudinis subaaquans , apertura' obliqua, ovato-oblonga;
peristomium rectum, simplex, margine columellari reflexo :.
marginibus callo tenui junctis.

Alt. 1 8, diam. 9'5 mm.

Aperture : alt. 1 I. '75, diam. 5*5 mm.

Hah. Ceylon {Dohrn).; Bombay (Peiie) ; Madras (Dalglies/iy.

22:;. Limnaea (Gulnaria) siamensis (Soiverhy).

Limncea (Gulnaria) siamensis (Sowerby), in Reeve, Conch, tccnr;.
xviii, sp. 63 ; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1886, p. 330, pi. 50, fig-. 9>:

Original description : — Shell ovate, obese, smooth, finely red-

i

114 LIMNyEIDTK.

lined; spire rather short, conical, acuminated ; whorls 3, small, a
little convex ; aperture pyriform, rounded anteriorly, columellar
fold strong, raised to the middle, arched.

Alt. 24, diam. maj. 12-25 (fig. in Conch. Icon.).

II ah. Siam.

Eeseinbling Limncea pmguis, but marked with reddish lines.
(Soiverhg.)

224. Limnsea (Gulnaria) simulans (Preston).

Limncea (Gulnaria) simulans (Preston), Rec. Ind. Mus Calcutta,
ii, pL 1, 190S, p. 46, fig. 6 (as L. simulans).

Original description: — Shell fusiform, brownish horn colour;
whorls 5 ; sutures impressed ; umbilicus narrow, partly concealed
by the reflexed columella ; columella arched, thick, extending into
a callus which reaches the lip above; peristome simple ; aperture
inversely auriform.

Alt. 7-75, diam. maj. 4-25 mm.

Aperture : alt. 4, diam. 2 mm.

Hah. Pharping, Nepal.

Section BULIMNEA.

Bulimnea, Haldeman, Mon. Freshwater Univ. Moll. U.S.A. 1842
(Limnea), p. 6.

Type. Limncea megasoma, Say; K."W. Territory, U.S.A.; Ver-
mont, U.S.A.

liawie. N.America; Europe; Asia.

Original description :— Shell thick in texture, inflated, lip not
expanded.

225. Limnsea (Bulimnea) truucatula (Jeffrcgs).

Limncea (Bul'-.mea) truucatula (Jeffreys,), Trans. Linu. Soc. xvi,
1830, p. > 7 (as Limnceus truncations); Miiller, Verm. Hist.
1774, pt. i, p. 130 (as Buccinum truncatulum) ; H. & T., C. I.
1876, p. 16.

Lymncea truncatula, in Reeve, L. & F. W. Moll. British Isles, p. 164.

Shell: acuminately ovate, distinctly umbilicated, rather solid,
yellowish horny, spire rather produced ; whorls 5 to 6, convex,
truncate next the sutures, roughly and often densely striated in
the direction of the lines of growth ; aperture rather small, ovate,
columella callous, but little twisted, lip elongately expandedly
reflected round the circumference of the umbilicus. (Been.)

Alt. 13, diam. 7"75 mm. (spec).

JTah. Europe ; Afghanistan ; Kashmir.

226. Limnsea (Bulimnea) bowelli (Preston).

Limncea (Bulimnea) boioelli (Preston), Pec. Ind. Mus. iii, pt. 2,
no. 3, p. 115, figs, (as L. Imuelli).
Original description : — Shell rimate, acuminately ovate, rather

PLANORBIS.

115

solid, polished, shining, pale yellowish horn colour ; whorls 4,
shouldered above, marked with rather coarse Hues of growth •
sutures deeply impressed: columella descending obliquely and
diffused above into a thick callus which joins the upper margin
of the peristome ; peristome simple ; aperture ovately, inversely
auriform.

Alt. 8-5. diam. maj. 5"25.

Aperture: alt. 5, diam. 8-75 mm.

Hub. Te-ring Gompa, 14,000 feet; Mang-tsa, 14,500 feet;
High Hill, Gompa, Gyantse Valley, 14,500 and Gyantse, 13,120
feet, in small streams.

'• Mr. Bowell informs me that the radula bears a strong re-
semblance to that of L. glabra, Mull., but has fewer laterals, the
general appearance being more suggestive of the radula of a
Planorbis than that of a Limncea ; the maxilla is also very
remarkable, with a large blunt beak arising from the centre of
the semicircular piece."

Subfamily PLANORBIINvE.

Shell sinistral, spire flattened or elevated.
Distribution. ~W orkl-wide.

Genus PLANORBIS.

Planorbis, Geoffrey, Coq. de Paris, 1767, pp. 12, 81 ; Guettard,

1756 (pre-LinneaiA
Coretus, Adamson, 1757.
Helix (pars), Linnaeus, 1758.
Angarius, Martens, 1773.
Orbis, Schroter, 1776.
Nautilus, Lightfoot, 1786.

Ttpe of genus, P. comeus, Linn.
Range. World-wide.

Shell spiral, sometimes sinistral, spire depressed, whorls 3 to 7 ;
aperture semilunar, or ovate or trigonal, margin generally thin.

227. Planorbis exustus, Desk.

Planorbis exustus, Desk., Belaug. Voy. Ind. Orient., Zool. 183-1,
p. 417, pi, L, figs. LI— 13 ; ed. Lam. viii, p. 392; Miiller, Synopsis
Test. p. 34.

Planorbis indicia, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 743 ; Martens,
Mai. Blatt. xiv, p. 212 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 39, tig. 10, & pi. 40,
tig. 10; Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 4, fig. 31;
Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1886, p. 43, pi. 6, figs. 20-22, & p. 116,
pi. 17, figs. 1, 2.

Original description : — Testa orbiculata, utroque latere depressa,
sutus concaviuscula ; anfractibus convexis, tenue atrial is

116

LIMNiEID.E.

obliquatis ; apertura semi-lunari, obliqua, alba ; colore externo
Eusco, subcorneo.

Shell greenish brown, finely ridged ; spire rather flattened ;
whorls 3, last large; aperture angularly raised, then depressed,
sloped, expanded below, rather produced ; lower disc broadly
concave.

Alt. 10-25, diam. maj. 20-5 mm. (fig. 10 in Conch Ind.).

Hab. India; Ceylon. (Generally diffused. )

The P. eoromcincielicus, Kiister, described and figured by Sowerby
in Eeeve's 'Conchologia Iconica,' vol. xx, pi. 4, sp. 34, seems to
be a synonym.

Var. eburneus, Gray, Sowerby, in Eeeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 5,
sp. 38 ; Clessin, in Concb. -Cab.' 1885, p. 226.

Shell high, tumid, undulating, smooth, white, banded with
chestnut in the middle of the whorls; apex small; whorls 3,
rather flattened above then sloped, inflated below; last large,
high, rapidly increased ; lower disc convex, apical whorl hidden ;
aperture large, flexuously depressed above, inflated below,
produced. (Soiverby in Beeve.)

Diam. maj. 17, diam. ruin. 13*5 mm. (fig. 38 6 in Conch. Icon.).

Hab. Ceylon.

Var. brunneus, Gray, Adams, Genera, ii, 1858, p. 261 ; Sowerby,
in Eeeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 5, sp. 40 ; Clessin, in Conch.-
Cab. 1885, p. 226.

Shell subglobose, high, smooth, ferruginous, spire small ; whorls
contracted above, raised, a little angular above the suture, then
rounded, inflated in the middle ; lower disc narrowly umbilicated ;
aperture semilunar, produced and expanded below. (Soiverby in
Beeve.)

Alt. 8-25, diam. maj. 12-5 mm. (fig. 40 b in Conch. Icon.).
Hab. Bombay.

The following are the dimensions taken from Sowerby's figures
in Eeeve: alt. (excluding labrurn) 6-5, diam. maj. 11*25, diam.
min. 9 ; aperture : alt. (including labrum) 8, diam. 6 mm.

There can be little doubt that it is a small variety of PI. exustus.

Var. zonatus, Bunlcer, in Concb.-Cab. 1884, p. 117, pi. 17,
fig.l.

Alt. 6|, diam. 16 mm.
Hab. Ceylou.

Appears'to be irregularly transversely banded with purplish red.

228. Planorbis zebrinus, Danker.

Planorbis zebrinus, Dunker, Conch.-Cnb. 1850, p. 57, pi. 6,
figs. 11-13.

Original description :— PI. testa solida, straminea strigisque rufis

PLATS'OUMS.

117

picta, nitida denseque striata, haud pellucida, supera facie
plauiuscula, in medio profunde umbilicata, interne concava ;
anfr. oj-4 tumidis, rotunclatis intra prope suturam profundam
subangulatis ; apertura reniformi perparum obliqua ; labro tenui
fusco vel castaneo ; lamella in pariete aperturali tenuissima.

Height 0-25, greatest diameter 16'25 mm.

Huh Pondicherry and the Coast of Coromandel.

A very doubtful species.

229. Planorbis hindu, Olessin.

Planorbis hindu, Clessin, Conch.-Cab. 1885, p. 224, pi. 33, fig. 9.

Original description : — Testa discoidea, clepressa, leviter regulari-
terque striata, albidula, diaphana, nitida ; supra infundibuliforme
concava, infra concava ; anfr. 4, modice celeriter accrescentes,
depresso-rotundati, utrinque sutura modice profunda separati,
interne ad suturam vix obtuse angulati ; ultimus amplus,
penultimo duplo latior ; apertura perobliqua, late-lunata ;
peristoma acutum, marginibus callo tenui conjunctis; margine
superiore valde arcuate producto.

Alt. 4, diam. 11 mm.

Hah. India.

230. Planorbis orientalis, Laniard.

Planorbis orientalis, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert, vi [2], p. 153;
Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx. pi. 11, sp. 89; Clessin, in
Conch.-Cab. 1885, p. 227.

Original description: — PI. testa discoidea, utrinque plano-
depressa, subrugosa, fragili, cornea ; ultimo aufractu subangulato.

Shell thin, irregularly undulated, yellowish-white, sinistral :
spire narrow depressed ; whorls a little raised above the suture ;
last broad, sloped, expanded towards the aperture ; aperture com-
pressed above and below, large, obliquely deflected ; margin
sinuous ; lower disc concave.

Lamarck in his original, though scanty, description, gives the
diameter of the shell as 4 lines (= 9 mm.).

231. Planorbis modicus, Benson.

Planorbis modicus, Benson, Adams Genera, li, 1858, p. 201 ; Sowerby,
in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 9, sp. 70.

Shell horny, tumid, spire funnel-shaped; whorls 5, raised ami
' angular near' the suture, last broad, sloped, concentrically finely
wrinkled; aperture subtrigonal, lower disc concave, whorls
rather flat.

Diam. raaj. 19-75, diam. min. 10-25 mm.
Hab. India.

118

bl \i s n n 1:.

232. Planorbis nierguiensis, Philvppi.

Planorbis merauiensis, 1'hilippi ubi ? ; II. & T., < '. I. pi. 1 51 , figs. 5, 1 1 ;
Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 11, sp. 85; Clessin, Concli.-Cab.
188G, p. 140, pi. 12, figs. 26-28, & pi. 20, fig. 4.

Shell depressed, solid, striate, shining, pale horn-colour or
brown; deeply umbilicate, slightly concave above; whorls 4,
rapidly and regularly increasing, rounded ; suture above deep,
umbilical suture only lightly impressed ; the last whorl twice as
broad as the penultimate ; aperture broadly semilunate, oblique ;
labrum acute, thickened.

Alt. 6, diam. 12 mm.

Hub. Mergui (Coll. Duuker legit Phil.); Chybassa, Bengal
( var. major) (Coll. Dunker).

Section GYRAULUS.

%raw/MS,Agassiz,Nouv.Meni. Soc. Helv. i, 1837 (Hart maim, 1844).
Nautilina, Stein, Schnecken Berlin, 1850, p. 50.

Type, Planorbis albus, Miiller ; Europe.
Range. World-wide.

Shell small, compressed, paucispiral ; whorls rapidly increasing,
the last broadening towards the aperture ; aperture rather wide.

233. Planorbis (Gyraulus) compressus {Mutton).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) compressus (Hutton), J. A. S. B. hi, p. 91
(no. 13), 93 ; Benson, J. A. S. B. v, p. 743 ; Martens, Mai.
Blatt. iv, p. 213 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 99, figs. 1, 4 ; Sowerby, in
Keeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 14, fig. 118 ; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab.
1886, p. 107, pi. 16, fig. 10.

Planorbis tondanensis, Mouss., Moll. Java, p. 44, pi. 5, fig. 4.

Shell compressed, rather broad, pale, smooth, dextral, narrowed
above, broad below, somewhat keeled, spire depressed ; aperture
obliquely pyramidal, angular above, lower margin produced.
(Sowerby in Reeve.)

Alt. 3-5, diam. maj. 11*5 mm. (fig. 118 a in Conch. Icon.).

Hab. River Ganges, etc.

234. Planorbis (Gyraulus) convexiusculus (Hutton).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) convexiusculus (Hutton), J. A. S. B. xviii,
pt. 2 (1849), p. 657 ; H. &. T., C. I. pi. 99, figs. 8-10 ; Sowerby,
in Keeve, Concb. Icon, xx, pi. 11, sp. 93 ; Clessin, Conch.-Cab.
1884, p. 127, pi. 17, fig. 9.

Original description : — Shell depressed, \ of an inch in diameter ;
pale horn-colour ; polished ; closely and obliquely striate ; whorls
4 or 5 ; rounded ; suture well defined ; periphery subangular, but

IMj.VNORBIS.

1 19

not influencing the aperture, which is ovato-lunate ; umbilicus
wide, discovering all the previous volutions ; the whorls rising
gradually and spirally from the horizontal, and rounded below .
Animal black or dusky.

Ilab. Kandahar, plentiful in tanks; Quettah and the Ivojuck
Pass, in marshes, and along the marshlands of the River Helmund
at Gririshk (Button); Grangetic Provinces (Tope Chancer/); Pinjore,
below Simla (JIutton).

It differs from Planorbis compressns in wanting the delicate
carina at the periphery and in having a lunate aperture Avithout
the angle on the middle of the outer lip ; in being more convex,
with rounder whorls ; and in having its volutions wound round
on a more open and less horizontal twist.

235. Planorbis (Gyraulus) labiatus (Benson).

Planorhis (Gyraulus) labiatus (Benson), A. M. N. H. ser. 2, v,
1850, p. 350.

Original description : — Testa solidiuscula, plano-depressa, nitida,
albido-cornea, subdiaphana, oblique arcuato-striata, striis remotius-
cnlis spiralibus decussata ; apice prof uncle concavo ; sutura
profunda ; anfr. 3^, cito crescentibus, convexis, ultimo antice
niajori, ab axe superiorum discedenti, rotundato, carina mediana
levissima submembrauacea instructo, infra valde convexo ;
umbilico subaperto profundiori, margine interiori subangulato ;
apertura obliqua, cordiformi, iutus albo-labiata ; margine superior!
arcuato, inferiori rotundato.

Alt. scarcely 2, diam. maj. 5, diam. min. 4 mm.

2 1
Fig. 5.— Planorbis (Gyraulus) labiatus. Bens. (Types.)
I , spire ; 2, base of shell. X 4.

Hah. Moradabad (found among specimens of Planorbis com-
pressus, Hutton).

'• This little shell is remarkable for the departure of the last
whorl from the axis Avhich governs the previous volutions. This
is ('specially apparent underneath, where the earlier whorls in the
umbilicus proceed regularly, the last whorl becoming suddenly
excentric. The whitish rib within the lip is also a marked
character, as well as the proportion of the axis to the diameter."

1-" I.I M N 111. 1 .

23(>. Planorbis (Gyraulus) sivalensis (Sutton I.

Planorbis [Gyraulus) sivalensis (Hutton, MS.\ Clessin, in Conch. -
Cab. 1884, p. 194, pi. 28, fig. 9.

Original description : — Testa miuuta, eompressa, solidula, pallide-
cornea, subtilissiine striata, uitidula ; supra centro immerso,
infra concava; anfr. 3|-4, lente et regulariter accreseentes,
superne convexiusculi, sutura profunda separati, inferne sub-
planulata; ultimus infra obtuse angulatus, penultimo vix duplo
latior ; apertura ovata, perobliqua ; peristoma acutum, marginibus,
/.•alio tenuissimo conjunctis.

Alt. 1-2, diam. 4-5 nun.

Hab. X. India, Debra Dun (Benson).

237. Planorbis (Gyraulus) hohenackeri (Glessin).

Planorhis (Gyraulus) hohenackeri, Clessiii, in Concb.-Cab L884
p. 205, pi. 31, fig. 7.

Original description: — Testa solidula, diaphaua. leviter et
regulariter costulata, fulvo-cornea, supra profundissime perforata,
infra parum concava; anfr. 3| celerrime accreseentes, teretes,
utrinque sutura profunda separati; ultimus ^ omuis diametri
superans, ad aperturam breve descendeus ; apertura lunata,
rectum: peristoma acutum, fusco-labiatum ; marginibus callo
tenui junctis.

Alt. 4*5, diam. 9 mm.

Hub. Himalayas.

238. Planorbis (Gyraulus) huttoni (Benson).

Planorhis {Gyraulus) huttoni (Benson, MS.), Clessiii, in Concb.-
Cab. 1884, p. 139, pi. 18, tig. 4.

Original description-. — Testa parvula, depressa, tenuis, trans-
verse striata, pallide-cornea, supra plana centro immerso, subtus
modice umbilicata ; anfr. 3|, celerrime. accreseentes, ovato-
depressi, sutura profunda separati, ultimus valde dilatatus,
penultimo triplo latior ; aperturam versus panlulum descendens ;
apertura ampla, valde obliqua ; peristoma acutum, margine
superiore producto.

Alt. 1, diam. 5"5 mm.

Hah. Calcutta ; Benares.

239. Planorbis (Gyraulus) barrackporensis (Clessin).

P/anor/n's (Gyraulus) barrackporensis, Clessin, Conch.-Cab. 1884.
p. 125, pi. 18, tig. 7.

Original description : — Testa depressa, supra paulo eon-
rexiuscula, centro immerso; infra umbilicata; subtiliter striatula,
diapbana, tenuis, paulo niridula, pallide-cornea ; anfr. 3£, ovato-
rotundati, utrinque sequaliter convexiusculi, angulati ; celerrime

PLAIN > i! i; is.

121

accrescentes ; ultimus penultimo fere tertio latior ; apertura valde
obliqua, ovata; peristoma acutum, margine superiore valde
producto, arcuato.

Alt. 1*2, diara. 4 mm.

Hab. Bai'rackpore.

240. Planorbis (Gyraulus) himalayanus (Button).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) himalayanus (Hutton, MS.), Clessin, Conch. -
Cab. 1884, p. 141, pi. 20, tig. 8.

Original description-. — Testa depressa, solidula, nitidula,
pelluoida, arcuate striata ; supra plauulata ceutro concavo ; subtus
paululum concava ; anfr. 4, modice celeriter accrescentes, depresso-
ovati, sutura leviter immersa separati, in peripheriam fere
augulati, utrinque aequaliter convexiusculi ; ulbimus penultimo
duplo latior; apertura perobliqua, ovata ; peristoma acutum,
marginibus disjunctis, margine superiore arcuata producto,
inferiore fere recto.

Alt. 1*2, diam. 5-5 mm.

Bab. Tinjori Valley,

241. Planorbis (Gyraulus) liratus, Westerlund.

Planorbis (Gyraulus) liratus, Westerlund, in Vega Exped. Veteus-
kapliga Jakttagelser, iv, p. 206, pi. 4, tig. 18.

Original description : — Testa parva, plana, utrinque centro
subsequaliter impressa, lutescenti-cornea, supra et infra, ab apice
ad aperturam sub lente perdistincte spiraliter lineata, trans versim
vix striatula ; anfr. 4, convexi, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus
lent e accresceus, subcylindraceus, basi perobsolete angulatus, supra
paullo magis convexus ; apertura rotundata.

Alt. 1, diam. 2*5 mm.

Hab. Point de G-alle, Ceylon.

242. Planorbis (Gyraulus) demissus, Westerlund.

Planorbis (Gyraulus) demissus, Westerlund, in Vega Exped. Vetens-
kapliga Jakttagelser, iv, p. 204, pi. 4, fig. 16.

Original description:— Testa depressa, utrinque ceutro impressa
(supra magis), striatula, sculptura spirali nulla, augulo peripherico
distincto, juvenis cornea, nitidula, matura alba, opaca ; anfr. 4|,
celeriter sed saepius (prtesertim subtus) irregulariter accresceutes,
utrinque magis magisque centrum versus demissi, ultimus dilatatus,
medio angulatus, utrinque subsequaliter convexiusculus, antice
paullo descendens ; sutura sat profunda; apertura perobliqua,
intus semper nitida, ovata, extus acutiuscula, marginibus callo
elato in pariete contiguis, interiore leviter curvato, exteriore forte
arcuato.

Alt. L-5, diam. maj. 6, diam. min. 5 mm.
Hab. Point de Gralle, Ceylon.

L22

I.I SJ N V.Wt.V..

243. Planorbis (Gyraulus) associatus, Westerlund,

Planorbis (Gyraulus) associatus, Westerlund, in Vega Exped.
Vetenskapliga Jakttagelser, iv, p. 205, pi. -I, fig. 17.

Original description: — Testa depressa, supra plana, centro vix
impressula, subtus late convoxiuscula (anfractus ultimus eircum-
circa altior et spira sensim profundior), striatula, nitidula, cornea ;
anfr. 5, lente accrescentes, primi convexi, casteri convexiusculi,
siil ura sat profunda disjunct!, nltimus sensim latior, rion dilatatus,
peripheria obsolete angulatus, utrinque subajqualiter convexi-
usculus ; apertura obliqua, ovato, peristoinate subincrassato.

Alt. 1*5, diam. 5-5-6-5 mm.

II ah. Point de Galle, Ceylon.

Almost certainly a variety of P. (G.) denrissus.

244. Planorbis (Gyraulus) elegantulus (Dohm).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) elegantulus (Dohrn), P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 134:
H. & T., 0. I. pi. 151, figs. 1-3.

Original description: — Testa discoidea, albida sub lente ten niter
striata, nitida, pellucida, supra convexiuscula, umbilicata, subtus
plana ; anfr. 4-5 lente accrescentes, ultimus infra medium obsolete
carinatus ; apertura perobliqua, sublunaris ; peristomium rectum,
intus calloso-albo-labiatum.

Diam. maj. 4*75, diam. min. 4 nun.

Aperture : alt. 1 mm.

Hah. Ceylon.

245. Planorbis (Gyraulus) nanus (Sow.).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) nanus (Sow.), Sowerby, iu lieeve, Conch. Icon,
xx, pi. 9, sp. 75 ; Benson, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 186.

Shell pale fulvous, compressed, rather convex above, broadly
and deeply umbilicated below; spire narrow, flat; whorls 3,
obliquely striated, rapidly increased, last very broad : aperture
depressed, very bread, outer lip obliquely produced above.
(Sowerby in Reeve.)

Diam. maj. 11, diam. min. 10 mm. (fig. 75 a in Conchy Icon.).

J fab. India ; subfossil, Tsoral Lake, Tibet (Captain H. Stmchey).

246. Planorbis (Gyraulus) rotula (Benson).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) rotula (Benson), A. M. N. H. ser. _. v.
1850, p. 351 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 99, figs. 2, 3.

Original description: — Testa minuta, depresso-planatn. aper-
tissime umbilicata, luteo-cornea, diaphana, impolita. spiraliter
obsolete striata; anfr. 3^, cylindraceis, lente horizontaliter in-
crescentibus, supra et subtus acqualiter apparentibus ; ultimo ad
periphaerium rotundato, nullo modo angulato : sutura supra in-
fraque profunde impressa ; umbilico minime profundo ; apertura
vix obliqua, rotundato-lunata ; margine superiori arcuato.

PliAXOHUIS.

123

Alt. 1, diain. niaj. 2-66, diam. min. 2 (about) mm.
1 1 (d>. Moi*adabad.

The figures and description given by Sowerby in Reeve's
' Conchologia Iconica,' vol. 20, and copied by Clessin in the
• Conchylien-Cabinet,' 1885, obviously can have nothing to do
with Benson's species.

247. Planorbis (Gyraulus) stelzneri (DoTim).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) stelzneri (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 134;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 91, tigs. 4, 7 ; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1884,
p. 117, pi. 11,% 11.

Original description : — Testa discoidea, albido-cornea, tenuiter
longitudinaliter striata, nitida, pellucida, supra plana, subtus paullo
convexior, utrinque foveolata ; anfr. 3-4 vix convexi, ultiinus
acute carinatus ; apertura perobliqua, sublunaris ; peristomium
rectum, intus albolabiatum.

Diam. maj. 7, diam. min. 5*5 mm.

Aperture : alt. 1 ram.

Hub. Ceylon.

248. Planorbis (? Gyraulus) hyptiocyclos (Benson).

Planorbis (? Gi/raulus) hi/ptiocyclos (Benson), A. M. N. H. ser. 3,
xi, 1863, p. '89, & Pfe'iffer, Mou. Helic. v, p. 117 (as Helix) ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 99; Sowerbv in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx,
pi. 14, fig. 120; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1885, p. 228.

Original description : — Testa latissime umbilicata, orbiculato-
planata, planorbit'ormi, depressa, fragili, oblique striatula, trans-
lucente, polita, olivaceo-cornea ; spira concaviuscula, apice foveo-
lato, suturis profundis ; anfr. 4|, gradatim increscentibus,
utrinque convexis, ultimo convexiusculo, peripberia subcarinata ;
apertura valde obliqua, elliptico-lunata ; peristoraate tenui, acuto,
marginibus conniventibus, callo tenui junctis.

Alt. 1*5, diam. maj. 6, diam. min. 5 mm.

Hab. Port MacDonald, Ceylon (Province of Uva) (F. Layard).

Clessin (ISachr. Bl. Malak. Ges. xxxix, 1907, p. 7) reports
PL (Tropidiscus) marginatus, Drap. var. submarginatus, Jan, and
PI. (T.) carinatus, Mull, from the Pamirs, together with the
following two species described by him at the same time,
without figures.

249. Planorbis (Gyraulus) acutus, Clessin.

Planorbis (Gyraulus) acutus, Clessin, Nadir. Bl. Malak. Ges.
xxxix, 1907, p. 7.

Shell flattened, whorls 4, very rapidly increasing, the last one-
third of the total diameter of the shell, whorls very compressed,
in section almost lancet-shaped; sharply keeled, more convex
above the keel than below; suture slightly impressed; finely
sculptured ; umbilicus wide ; aperture very oblique, compressedly
ovate.

Alt. 1 -5, diam. 7 mm.

Hab. Pamirs, numerous but very local.

124 blHXMlDX.

250. Planorbis (Gyraulus) issykulensis, Glessin,

Planorbis (Gyraulus) issykulensis, Clessin, Nachr. HI. Malak. Ges.
xxxix, 1907, p. 7.

Shell small, slightly compressed, whorls 4, rapidly increasing
(the last scarcely one-third of the total diameter of the shell) ;
suture moderately deep ; umbilicus rather wide; sculpture fine,
irregular ; aperture oblique, eompressedly ovate.

Alt. 1-2, diam. 4*5 mm.

Hah. Pamirs, from only one locality, but very plentiful.

Section HIPPEUTES.

Hippeutes, Agassiz, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Helv. i, 1837.

Type, Planorbis fontanus, Lightfoot ; Europe.
Mange. Europe; Asia.

Shell small, lenticular, much depressed, paucispiral ; whorls very
rapidly increasing, carinate; aperture obliquely heart-shaped.

251. Planorbis (Hippeutes) versicolor, Westerluncl.

Planorbis (Hippeutes) versicolor, Westerlund, in Vega Exped.
Vetenakapliga Jakttagelser, iv, p. 206, pi. 4, fig. 19.

Original description: — Testa juvenis rufo-castanea, nitidissima,
adulta rufescenti-cornea, nitidula, subtilissime oblique striatula,
supra couvexa, centro sat profunde immersa, subtus planiuscula,
umbilicata (umbilico centro angustissimo, aperturam versus
dilatato) striatula; anfr. 4, primi angusti, spiram minimam f'or-
mantes, ultimus maximus, extus declivis, subtus convexiusculus,
peripheria acute angulatus ; apert. perobliqua, cordiformis,
margine columellari subrecto, exteriore antrorsum valde convexo.

Alt. l-5, diam. 5 mm.

Hah. Point de Galle, Ceylon.

Subgenus SEGMENTING
Segmentina, Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim. 1828, p. 279.

Type, Planorbis nitidus, Miiller ; Europe.

Bange. Europe ; A sia ; Africa ; Australia.

Shell orbicular, depressed, furnished internally with transverse,
testaceous partitions or teeth ; aperture transversely oval, or
circular.

See also description of Planorbis, p. 115.

1'LANOltJJIS.

125

252. Planorbis (Segrnentina) umbilicalis {Benson).

Planorbis (Segmentina) umbilicalis (Benson), J. A. S. B. v. 1836,
p 741 : A. M. N. H. ser. 2, v, 1853, p. 351 ; Martens, Mai.
Blatt. xiv. p. 216; EL & T., 0. I. pi. 40, figs. 7-9; Sowerby
in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 10, fig. 77 ; Clessin, in Conch.-
Cab. 1884, p. 136, pi. 15, tig. (5.

Original description: — Testa quasi dextra luteo-cornea, polita,
leviter radiato-striata, infra excavafco-depressa, anfractibus omnibus
versus umbilicum profundum spectantibus, ultimo interiores ppne
tegeute; supra convexa versus apicem planata, apice concavo,
omnibus anfractibus satis apparentibus ; periphoeria obtuse
angulata.

The dimensions as given by Clessin are as follow : —
Alt. 2, diam. 8*5 mm.
Hal. Sylhet.

253. Planorbis (Segmentina) trochoideus (Benson).

Vianorbis (Segmentina) trochoideus (Benson), .1. A. S. B. v, 1836,
p. 742 (Glean. Scien. Calcutta, i, pi. 8, tig. 10) ; A. M. N. H.
ser. 2, v, 1850, p. 352 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 39, figs. 4-6 ;
Sowerby in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 9, fig. 70 ; Clessm, in
Conch.-Oab. 1885, p. 225.

Original description: — Testa quasi dextra diaphaua, subtro-
chiformi, supra glabra, rotundato-convexa, apice concayo-depresso
quasi umbilicali ; anfractibus omnibus parum apparentibus, sutura
excavata divisis ; infra radiatim striata, truncata, planata, umbilico
contracto. Anfractu ultimo rnajori reliquos amplectente, supra
pene, infra omnino obtegcnte ; peripbaeria acuta.

Alt. scarcely 2, diam. 3 mm.

Hah. Barrackpore.

254. Planorbis (Segmentina) gruneri (Clessin).

Planorbis (Segmentina) gruneri (Clessin), in Conch. -Cab. 1884,
p. 148, pi. 21, tig. 9.

Original description :— Testa depressa, supra centro paululum
concavo, subtus subplanata, nitidula subtilissime irregulanter
striata, diaphana. cornea ; anfr. 4| lente et regulariter accrescentes,
depresso-ovati, utrinque convexiusculi ac sutura profunda separata;
ultimus penultimo vix duplo latior ; apertura obliqua, oval a;
peristoma acutum, margin ibus disjunctis ; margine supenore
paululum prod ucto.

Alt. 8, diam. 5 mm.

Hah. India; Singapore.

L26

UMN.KI DM.

255. Planorbis (Segmentina) spirodelus, Westerlund.

Planorbis (Segmentina) spirodelus, Westerlund, in Vega Exped.
Vetenskapliga Jakttagelser, iv, p. 209, pi. 5, fig. 21.

Original description'. — Testa flavescenti-cornea (anfr. prioribus
rufis), supra convexa, medio impressa, subtus plana, concavi-
uscula, latiuscule umbilicata ; afr. 5, priori lente, ultimi regulariter
accrescentes et diameter penultimi ad aperturam perfecte duplo
minor quam reliqua spira et spira tota magna, latitucline anfractuni
ultimum ad aperturam multo auperans ; anfr. alt. convexus, extus
lente descendens, basi sat acute augulatus, antice non dilatatus ;
apertura descendens, valde obliqua, forte lunata, obtuse cordat a.
margine coluraellari subrecto, exteriore valde arcuatim producto ;
faux pluries lamellis 3 albis coarctata.

Alt. 1*25, diam. 4--5 mm.

Hah. Point de Galle, Ceylon.

256. Planorbis (Segmentina) sindicus (Benson).

Planorbis (Ser/mentina) sindicus (Benson), A. M. N. IT. 1850
p. 350 ; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 40, figs. 4-6.

Original description : — Testa minuta, perforata, subleutieulari,
albida, la3vi, subdiaphana, supra convexa ; spira planulata, apice
depresso ; anfr. 2|, ultimo medio obtuse angulata, subtus convexo ;
apertura cordata, obliqua, margine superiori arcuato, prominente,
inferiori recedente.

Alt. '66, diam. 2*5 rain.

Hah. Upper Sind.

257. Planorbis (Segmentina) cantori (Benson).

PlatiorOis (Segmentina) cantori (Benson), A. M. N. H. ser. 2, v
1850, p. 349 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 40, fags. 1-3 ; Sowerby, in Beere,
Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 10, fig. 79 : Clessin in Conch.-Cab. 1884,
p. 158, pi. 23, fig. 9.

Original description : — Testa nitidula, cornea, subdiaphana.
radiato-striata, depressa, supra convexiuscula, spira planata, apice
eoncavo, sutura bene impressa ; anfr. 51, convexiusculis, lente
crescentibus, ultimo antice majori, subtus convexo, peripheeria
subcarinata ; umbilico aperto, profundiusculo ; apertura obliqua
subcordiformi, margine supra valde arcuato, fuscato, infra lev iter
rotundato.

.Alt. 2, diam. maj. 7, diam. min. 6"25 mm.
Diam. spirse 3*5 ; lat. anfract. ult., antice, 3 mm.
Hah. Barrackpore.

I'll vsi OJE.

127

258. Planorbis (Segmentina) calathus (Benson).

Planorbis {Segmentina) calathus (JJensoD), A. M. N. EL ser. 2, v
1850, p. 348; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 34, figs. 1-3; Sowerby, in
Reeve, Couch. Icon, xx, pi. 4, fig-. 30 ; Clessin in Conch.-Cab.
188-1, p. 136, pi. 15, ft;:. L3.

Or'ujinal description'. — Testa nitidiusculn, albido-cornea, vel
hitescente cornea, subdiaphana, exiliter radiato-striata, supra con-
vexa, versus apicem planulata, apice concavo, sutura impressa ;
anfr. 4. ultimo extus depresso, inferne angulato, intus laminis
denticulisque radiatis frequentioribus munito, subfcus subplanato,
versus umbilicura angustum, prot'undum excavato; apertura
■obliqua, cordato sagittata intus remote labiata, margine superior!
arcuato, prominente, inferior! subrecto, recedente.

Alt. 2, diatn. inaj. 4*66, diam. miu. 4 mm.

Hab. Bbimtal and Neini Tal, in the Kemaon Region of the
Himalayas; Moradabnd ; Kattiawar ; Ceylon; Kashmir, etc.

Apparently very local, but abundant where found.

259. Planorbis (Segmentina) caenosus (Benson).

Planorbis (Segmentina) caenosus (Benson), A. M. N. H. ser. 2, v,
1850, p. 349; H. & T., C. I. pi. 39, figs. 7, 8; Sowerby, in
Reeve, Oonch. Icon, xx, pi. 10, fig. 78; Clessin, iu Conch.-Cab.
1884, p. 165, pi. 24, fig. 4.

Original description ; — Testa nitida, luteo-cornea vel olivaeeo-
cornea, oblique et rude (praecipue subtus) radiato-striata, sub-
diapbana, supra depresso-convexa ; spira parvula, apice excavato ;
sutura impressa; anfr. 3|, ultimo majori, extus depressiusculo,
interne carinato, subtus planato, versus umbilicum majorem
leviter excavato; apertura obliqua, sagittiformi, margine superiori
arcuato, prominente inferiori recedente, recto.

Alt. I'b, diam. maj. 6, diam. min. 5 mm.

Hab. Moradabad ; Ceylon.

Differing from P. (S.) calathus in having no internal laminae and
in being more depressed and more angular at the keel ; moreover
the relative dimensions are not the same.

Family PHYSID^E.

Subfamily PHYSIN^.

Shell fusiform or ovately fusiform, sinistral, horny.
Distribution. W orld-wide.

Genus PHYSA.

Physa, Draparnand, Tabl. Moll. France, 1801, p. 52, & Hist. Nat.
Moll. Terr. Fluv. France, p. 54.

128

AUC10M.

IJiiliu, Linnaeus, etc.
Planorbis, Miiller.
Turbo, Costa.

Bulimus, Bruguiere, Poiret.
Limnea, Sowerby.

Type, Physa fontinalis, Linn.; Europe.
Range. Europe ; Asia ; Africa ; America.

•Sheil fluviatile, homy, thin, spiral, sinistral, generally ovate
acuminated; outer lip sharp, simple; inner lip expanded, con-
tinuous with the columella ; columella tortuous, single-plaited.

260. Physa coromandelica, Dunlcer.

Physa coromandelica, Dunker, Malak. Blatt. 1862, p. 150.

Original description : — Testa subovata tenuis, fusco-cornea, sub-
diaphana, anfractibus quinis carinatis, per longitudinam striatic,
sutura distincta divisis instructs ; spira parum exserta, ob carinam
prominentem scalata ; anfractus embryonalis vel apex obtusius-
culus; apertura ovato-oblonga obliqua ; spira duplo major ; labrum
acutum in margine superiore angulatum.

Alt. 11, diam. 5*5 mm.

Hah. Coromandel.

Class PELECYPODA.

Order T E TR A B R AN'C H I A.
Suborder MYTILACEA.

Family ARCIML

Suhfamilv ARCING.

Shell either equivalve or inequivalve, oval, rounded or trape-
zoidal, covered with a periostracum ; ligament spreading over a
considerable external area, or confined to a small depression ;
hinge multi-dentate, the teeth short or lamellit'orin ; adductor
scars extended, subequal ; pallial line simple; interior of shell
not, nacreous.

Animal, with the exception of Scaplmla, marine; foot largo,
broad, bearing a byssiferous groove and frequently a byssus ; the
adductor muscles in both valves of about equal size; siphons
absent; gills oblique, either equal or unequal; palpes simple
without posterior appendages.

Distribution. Tropical and subtropical seas, and rivers of
Eastern India and Burma far beyond the limits of tide.

BOAPItULA.

129

Genus SCAPHULA.

Scaphula, Benson, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 91 ; Zool. Journ. v, 1835
p. 464 ; A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 128.

Type, Scaphula celox, Benson ; Kiver Jumna, near Bundelkund.

Range. Rivers of India and Burma.

The original description of the genus is as follows : —

" The form of the shell, its lozenge-shaped ligamental scar, and
the- position and order of its teeth shew its place to be among the
Arcacece ; while the oblique production of the teeth on the posterior
side down the inner surface of the cardinal lamina, the sepai*ation
of the teeth into two sets by the interposition of an edentate
portion of the cardinal lamina, and the freedom of the shell from
ribs, with the exception of the ridges which occur at the angle
of the shell, will suffice to distinguish our shell from the genus
Area, which will still comprehend marine shells only."

In 1856 in the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History,'
p. 128, Benson gives an amended description of the above as
follows : — " Testa aiquivalvis, valde insequilateralis, subtrapezi-
formis, carina valida ab umbonibus distantibus usque ad margineni
posteriorem et basalem extendente ; cardo rectilinearis, medio
tenuis, ad extremitates sulcidentatas latior, dentibus anterioribus
4, crenulatis minutis obliquis posterioribus lamellatis, parallelibus,
intus oblique descendentibus, 4 ad 6, primo obliquis, demum
transversis, raro bifurcatis, munita ; ligamentum exterius, rhom-
biforme, inter umbones situm ; epidermis tenuis vel crasse
lamelloso-rugosa ; musculi adductoris impressio antica unica,
posteriores duae subdistantes quorum inferior oblongo-quadrata :
pallii impressio integra."

"The genus is at once distinguished from its nearest allies,
Area and Oucidlcea, by the hinge being linear and edentate in the
middle and for the greatest part of its length, and by the form
and position of the teeth at the extremities ; the laminar posterior
ones, which are sometimes ramose, running obsoletely and
obliquely into the interior of the shell. The two distinct ad-
ductor muscular impressions, and the squareness of the lower one
on the posterior side in both species, are peculiar features sup-
porting the claims of the type to generic distinction."
The animal is unknown.

261. Scaphula celox, Benson.

Scaphula celox, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 750 (as figured in
Glean. Science, Calcutta), i, pi. 7, figs. 2, 3 ; A. M. N. H. xvii,
1856, p. 129 ; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxvi, pt. 2, pi. 14, figs. 14,
15; EL & T., C. I., 1876, p. 47, pi. 116, figs. 8, 9; Crosse &
P. Fischer, J. Conchyliol., Paris, xxiv, p. 339.

Area scaphula, Benson, P. Fischer, Man. Conch., p. 976.

K

130

Scaphida celox, Benson, Lamy, J. Conchyliol., Paris, 1907, lv,
pp. 109-111.

Original description :— Testa elongata, tumida, laeviuscula
antice angulata, inter umboriem extremitatemque antieam subito
evasa ; carino umbonali compresso, costula obsoleta contigua.

As Benson gave no dimensions, the following are taken from
three specimens in the British Museum.

1. 2. 3.

Long 3-5 3-25 4-5 mm.

Lat 10-75 11-75 11-5 mm.

Diam 6 6 7'75mm.

Hub. Eiver Cane, near Banda, Bundelkund.

202. Scaphula pinna, Benson.

Scaphida pinna, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, pp. 128-
129 ; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxvi, pt. 2, pi. 14, figs. 11-13 ;
H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 47, pi. 116, figs. 5-6.

Original description : — Testa elongato-triangulari, subtrapezi-
formi, extus sub epidermide albida, intus cserulescente, antice
angusta, extremitate subacute angulata, arcuatim descendente
postice, subalata, expansa, extremitate superne arcuata, infra
rectangulari ; carina acuta, compressa ; pagina postica majori
subremote,antica confertim coucentrice sulcata, utrinque radiatim
striatula ; epidermide fusco-nigra, crasse rugoso-lamellata, mar-
ginem nigrescentem excedente, musculi anterioris impressione
ovato - rotundata, posterioribus duabus, superiori subcardinali
elongata, angusta, inferiori elongato-quadrata.

Long. 5, lat. 11, diam. 6 mm.

Three specimens in the British Museum, received from the late
Dr. Blanford, are of the following dimensions.

1. 2. 3.

3- 5 3 2-25 mm.
9-5 8-25 6-5 mm.

4- 25 4-25 3-25 mm.

Hab. Tenasserim Eiver.

Long.
Lat. .
Diam

263. Scaphula deltas, Blanford.

Scaphula delta, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxvi, pt. 2, pp. 71-72,
pi. 14, figs. 7-10 ; Cont. Ind. Mai. pt. 8, p. 21, pi. 3, fags. 7-10 ;
JI. & T., 0. I. 1876, p. 47, pi. 116, figs. 2 & 3.

Original description :— Testa tumida, perelongato-rhomboidea,
sub epidermide crassa, fusca, postice radiatim lirata albida, lineis
minutus elevatis coufertissimis decussata, ante carinam costa

SCAPHTJLA.

131

unioa lata, planulata, aliquando obsoleta, a natibus ad marginem
decurrente, munita, intus cerulescens, antice rotundata, postice
oblique truncata, margine ventrali antice convexa, postice vix
eoncaviuscula (teste j unions recta). Carina perelevata, acuta,
valvas in paginas duas dividens, antica tumida, postica concava.'
Area nitida, sub lente striatula, ligamento rhombeo solum antica
indtita. Dentes cardinales postici breves, obliqui, ab extremitate
remotiusculi.

Hah. lrawady Eiver at Pegu ; found " under stoues in creeks,
adhering by a byssus " ; Mahanadi Eiver, at a point five miles
above Sambalpur, Orissa (Chaudhuri).

The author appends the following notes to his description :—
" Shell very tumid, elongately rhomboidal (the ventral and dorsal
margins being parallel as in S. celox), covered with a thick dark
epidermis, which is rather rough and radiately ribbed behind the
keel. Beneath the epidermis the shell is white, and decussately
very minutely sculptured, one flat broad rib, scarcely raised, and
occasionally obsolete in old specimens, passing from the umbones
to the margin just in front of the keel. This is scarcely dis-
tinguishable until the epidermis is removed. The valves are bluish
within, rounded in front, obliquely truncated at the posterior
margin; the ventral margin is convex anteriorly, subconcave
posteriorly, being straight for the greater part of its course in
young shells, but becoming slightly concave, at the spot where the
byssus passes out, in old specimens. The keel is very high and
sharp, separating the valves into two subdivisions, the anterior of
which is tumid, the posterior concave. The area is polished and
striated rather obliquely, the ligament diamond-shaped and
covering only the anterior portion, about $ to | the length of the
area. The hinge teeth are oblique, but less so than in either
£. celox or S. pinna, and the posterior teeth are much farther from
the extremity of the shell than in either of those species."

" The great distinction between this species and the other two
previously described is in the far greater tumidity of the valves,
which are nearly twice ac broad in their diameter from side to side
(of the closed valves) as they are from the dorsal to the ventral
margin. The proportion of the two diameters in the present
species averages about 12 : 7. In S. celox it is 12 : 10 i and in
S. pinna 12 : 94."

1.

Long.
Lat. .
Diam.

3-5
10
6-5

3 mm.
8 mm.
5 mm.

k 2

132

V N [( INIDJE.

Suborder SUBMYT1LACEA.
Family UNION IDJE.

Subfamily UNIONIN^l.

Shell nacreous, covered with a more or less thickened perio-
stracum ; umbones generally corrugatedly sculptured ; ligament
somewhat elongated, projecting ; hinge teeth bearing, the teeth
usually strong, arranged as cardinals and laterals ; pallial line
generally simple. Animal with labial palpes somewhat drawn out,
projecting posteriorly ; embryos borne in the outer or in all four
gills.

Distribution. Temperate and tropical regions of the world. A
single genus occurring in the Indian Eegion.

Genus SOLENAIA.
Solenaia, Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch, iv, 1869, p. 249.
Type, Mycetopus emarginatus, Lea, from Siam.
Range. South-Eastern Asia and China, one species only from
India.

Shell elongated, thin; gaping anteriorly; hinge with a long,
acicular, lateral tooth in each valve, slightly developed.

The soft parts appear to be unknown, though Fischer notes in
his paper ' Observations sur les genres Mycetopus et Solenaia ' *
that the animal retains an upright position in a hole which it
bores in the earth, which is often very hard, the manuer of boring
being unknown. The siphons are placed above, the valves gaping
apart, the foot is turgescent having the anterior extremity much
swollen in the form of a bowl.

264. Solenaia soleniformis (Benson).

Solenaia soleniformis (Benson), Simpson, Syn. Naiades, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 656.

Anodonta soleniformis, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 750.

Maryaron ( Unio) bensoni, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 57.

Mycetopus bensonianus, Lea, H. & T., C. I. 1876, pi. 9, fig. 1 ;
Ptetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 186.

Spatha soleniformis, Fischer, J.Conchyliol., Paris, xxxviii, 1890,
p. 94.

Original description : — Testa elongatissima, postice angustat;i,
extremitate rotundata : antice latiore, sub-alata, extremitate

* J. Conchyliol, Paris, xxxviii, 1890, p. 11.

SOLENAIA.

133

oblique truncata : natibus complanatis, inconspicuis, senectate
obliterans, decorticatis ; epidermide junioris fulvida, praBter
angulum umbonis viridi, sulcis illuc vinis impressa, state fusca.
Long. 150, lat. prope apicem 30, lat. prope alam 37*5 mm.
Benson adds tbe following note to his description : —
" This is a very interesting shell, being, in proportion to its
length, the most elongated of the genus. The pearl of the

interior is bluish with a salmon tinge in old specimens, which are
likewise much worn on the exterior surface, and have their
posterior muscular impression very deeply marked, and, as it were,
carious. The anterior muscular impression is considerably
elongated under the transverse direction."
Hah. Assam.

There is a good series of this species in the Indian Museum
Collection, all from Cachar, of which the measurements of three
specimens are : —

Long.

Lat.

Diam

1.

55
183
29-75

45-5
191
25-75

3.

49-5 mm.
207 mm.
27-75 mm.

134

UNIOMUvE.

Subfamily EYRINiE.

Male and female shells alike, with beak sculpture radial or
zigzag-radial ; marsupiurn occupying tlie inner gills only.

Distribution. Southern and Eastern Asia; Malay Archipelago ;
Solomon Islands; Australia; New Zealand; Tasmania; South
America;, and Africa. Several of the genera are found in the
Indian Region.

Genus UNIO.

Unto, Itetzius, Diss. Hist. Test. Gen. 1788, p. 1G ; Bruffuiere, Choix

de Memoires, i, 1792, p. 106.
Zimncea, Poli (pars), Test. utr. Sic. i, 1791, p. 81.
Lymnium, Oken, Lehrbuch, 1815, p. 237.
Elliptio, Eafinesque, J. de Phys. «t Hist. Nat. 1819, p. 426.
My sea, Turton, Conch. Ins. Brit. 1822, p. 243.
Canthyria, Swainson, Tr. on Mai. 1840, p. 278.
Uniomcrus, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1853,

p. 268.

Type, Unio tumidus, Eetzius, from Northern and Central
Europe, Siberia.

Range. Europe, Siberia, Asia Minor, Assyria, N. Africa, and a
single species recorded from Kashmir.

Shell inequilateral, ovate or elongate, generally cuneate, ridged
with concentric growth-lines ; umbones moderately large, generally
corrugately sculptured ; hinge possessing one pseudocardinal and
one lateral tooth in the right valve and two pseudocardinals and
two laterals in the left valve; umbonal cavity shallow.

The following description of the animal is taken from Simpson's
work on the Unionidse.* " Animal having the inner branchiae
free from the abdominal sac for from one-half to their entire
length ; marsupiurn occupying the whole length of the outer
gills only, forming a thick, smooth pad when filled with young ;
gills united to the mantle behind to their extreme points, or very
nearly so ; papillae on branchial and anal openings unbranched ;
superanal opening always closed below."

Section LYMNIUM.

Lymnium, Oken, Lehrbuch, 1815, p. 237.

Type, Unio ■pictorum, Eetzius ; Europe.
Range. Europe ; N. and C. Asia.

Oken's description being totally inadequate, it has been ampli-
fied by Simpson as follows : — " Shell generally smooth ; beak
sculpture broken, often somewhat corrugated or pustulous;

* Washington, D.O., Smithsonian Inst. Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1000, p. 680.

UNIO. — XODLXAItJA.

135

pseudocardinals compressed; beak cavities well excavated, not
compressed. Animal highly coloured, anal opening crenulate or
smooth."

205. Unio mongolicus, Middendorf.

Unio monffolicus, Middendorff, Sib. Reise, ii, 1851, p. 277, pi. 27,
figs. 7, 8; Hessliug, Perl, uud Ihre Perlen, 1859, p. 203;
Schrenck, Reise und Forsch. im Amur-Lande, ii, 1867, p. 699 ;
Westerlund, Kong. Svensk. Vet.-Ak. Handl. xiv, no. 12, 1876,
p. 74 ; PreteVConch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 159 ; Westerlund, Faun, der
Pal. ii, pt. 7, 1890, p. 113.

Original description -.—Testa trausversim oblonga, subreniformi,
tumescents, fusca ; latere postico anticum quater superante ; mar-
gins ventral i nonnihil retuso ; margine cardinali primo ventrali
paralleli et turn, inde a dimidio latitudinis, in rostrum asymmetri-
cuin, inferum, desceudente ; umbonibus prominulis, erosis ; den-
tibus cardinalibus parvis, crassiusculis ; dentibus lateralibus
evolutis.

Long. 32, lat. 76, diam. 24 mm.

Hab. A mountain stream at Gorbitza in Daurien.

There is a single specimen in the National Collection which
is indistinguishable from that in the Indian Museum from the
Upper Indus.

Genus NODULARIA.

Nodularia, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vi, 1853,
p. 268 ; Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 806.

Type, Unio douglasice, Gray ; China.

Range. China; Japan; Eastern Siberia; Indo-China; India;
Borneo ; Java ; Sumatra ; New Guinea ; Africa.

Shell nodose ; cardinal teeth robust, single in the right valve;
in each valve the principal cardinal tooth is parallel with the
lateral teeth, or directed towards the posterior extremity of the
shell.

Section NODULARIA (sensu stricto).

See above.

266. Nodularia (Nodularia) digitiformis (Sowerhj).

Nodularia (Nodularia) digitiformis (Sowerby) ; Simpson, Washing-
ton, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc, xxii, 1900 p. 809.

Unio digitiformis, Sowerby, Conch. Ion. xvi, 18bB, pi. OO,
fig. 333 ; Pretel, Conrh. Sam. iii, 1890. p. 150.

136

I X |. . N I . i i.

Original description: — Shell narrow, elongated, very tumid, very
thick, covered with a black, smooth epidermis, white within,
anterior teeth large, jagged, posterior teeth laminar, elongated ;
posterior side oblique, angular, acuminated at the end of the
angle, ventral margin slightly swelled posteriorly, then contracted,
straight in the middle; anterior side very short, umbones large.

No dimensions are given with the description, but the following
are taken from Sowerby's figure.

Long. 35-5, lat. 99 mm.

Hab. India.

267. Nodularia (Nodularia) caeruleus {Lea).

Nodularia (Nodularia) cceruleus (Lea) ; Simpson, Syn. Naiades,
Washington, B.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900,
pp. 811,812.

JJnio ccertdeus, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. iv,
p. 95, pi. 13, fig. 25 ; Obs. on Unionidae, i, p. 105, pi. 13,
fig. 25.

Margarita ( Unto) cceruleus, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 26 ; 1838, p. 20.
Margaron (Unio) cceruleus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 30 ; 1870, p. 47.
Unto gcrbidoni, Eydoux, in Guer. Mag. de Zool. 1838, p. 9, pi. 118,

figs. 2, 2 a, 2 b ■ H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 6, pi. 12, fig. 2.
Unio substriatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii,

1856, p. 93 ; Obs. on Unionidte, vi, 1857, p. 20, pi. 26, fig. 14.
Margaron ( Unio) substriatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 47.
Unio humilis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii, 1856,

p. 93 ; Obs. on Unionidaj, vi, 1857, p. 16, pi. 26, fig. 10.
Margaron ( Unio) humilis, Lea, Syn. 1870. p. 32.
Unio corrianus, Kiister, Conch.-Cab., Unio, 1861, p. 229, pi. 67,

fig. 5.

Unio leioma, Benson, A. M. N. II. 1862, p. 192 ; H. & T., O. I.

1870, p. 0, pi. 12, fig. 6.
Unio 2)ilatus> Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, x, 1866,

p. 133; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1868, p. 181,

pi. 38, fig. 95.
Margaron (Unio) pilatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 47.
Unio evittatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1868,

p. 133; Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1868,

p. 279, pi. 38, fig. 92.
Margaron ( Unio) cristatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 47.
Unio trirostris, Sowerby, Couch. Icon, xvi, pi. 65, fig. 331.

Original description : — Testa angusto-elliptica, transversa, inaequi-
laterali, subcylindracea ; valvulis tenuibus ; natibus prominulis,
rotundatis ; dentibus cardinalibus lamelliformibus, et in dextra
valvula sola duplicibus ; lateralibus rectis margarita caeruleo-alba
et iridescente.

Hob. Eiver Hooglily.

To the above locality may be added the following, from which
specimens are represented in the Indian Museum, Calcutta : Bam-
pur; Siliguri ; Patna; Jamalpur, Phenchoogauj, Central Sylhet;
Barrack Eiver, Silchar; Darjiiing; Kochk ; Eajputana ; Manb-
hoom; Eohri, Sukkur District, Siud; Saharumpur, United
Provinces; Lower Nerbudda ; Sambalpur, Bengal; Bhagulpur ;
Eajmahal ; Umballa; Poonassa; Burwani ; Bagh ; Hazrapur.

NODULARIA.

137

A very widely spread form, as will be seen from the list of
localities quoted above ; to a certain degree it varies considerably ;
always corrugatedly sculptured in the umbonal region, this
character may be either restricted to the extreme umbone, or
spread over the greater portion of the surface of the shell.

A number of so-called species have been constituted out of its
many varietal forms, of which, perhaps, that most often quoted is
U. leioma, Benson, but on examination of a large series there can
be no doubt that these must be relegated to synonymy.

Below are given the measurements of four specimens in the
Indian Museum, No. 1 being from Calcutta, No. 2 from Bagh,
No. 3 from Umballa, and No. 4 from Poonassa.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Long.. 20 17-25 25-25 30 mm.

Lat 39-75 30 49-5 56 mm.

Diameter 12 11 18-75 21 mm.

Var. gaudichaudi (Eydoux).

Unio gaudichaudi, Eydoux, Mag. de Zool. 1838, CI. v, p. 10,
pi. 118, fig. 3.

Maryaron ( Unio) gaudichaudi, Lea, Syn. 1850, p. 32 ; 1870,
p. 50.

Nodularia gaudichaudi, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst.,
Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 812.

Shell oval, transverse, inequilateral ; umbones not prominent,
slightly roughened, covered with a periostracum ; the anterior side
is short and rounded ; the posterior is broader and obscurely angled ;
the whole shell slightly swollen; texture of shell thin, finely or
irregularly striate and covered with a dirty brown or yellowish
periostracum ; interior of shell nacreous, of a pinkish violet
shade ; hinge very narrow and nearly straight, a single, rough and
projecting cardinal tooth appearing on the right valve and two
oblique and unequal cardinal teeth in the left valve; lateral teeth
very thin, smooth, obliquely truncate at the posterior end, the.
plates of the opposite valve, between which it fits, of nearly equal

S1Z6

Long. 22-5, lat. 38-25 mm.
Hub. Bivers of Bengal.

Var. keraudreni {Eydoux).

Unio keraudreni, Eydoux, Mag. de Zool. 1838, CI. v, p. 8, pi. 118,
fi^** 1

Margaron ( Unio) keraudreni, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 30 ; 1870, p. 46.
Shell oblong-ovate, somewhat depressed, very inequilateral,
smooth; anterior side obtuse, short; posterior side gently
attenuated with blunt extremity ; umbones scarcely prominent,
much eroded; remainder of outer surface covered with a dare
brown periostracum; interior of shell nacreous and tinged with

138

yellowish w hite ; hinge narrow, rather sinuous in the median part ;
cardinal tooth lamelliform, carious somewhat oblique fitting into
the opposite valve between two small unequal teeth joined at
their base and denticulated above ; posterior lateral tooth lamelli-
form, sharp, inserted in the opposite valve between two lamella?,
quite as narrow as that of the left valve ; muscular scars sub-
circular, the anterior rather deep, the posterior very superficial.
Long. 22-5, lat. 405 mm.

Ilab. Small streams and marshes of Bengal, it is found in great
profusion in the neighbourhood of Chandernagor.

268. Nodularia (Nodularia) shurtleffiana {Lea).

Nodularia (Nodularia) shurtleffiana (Lea) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mns. Proc. xxii, p. 813.

Unto shurtleffianus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
viii, 1856, p. 94 ; Obs. on Genus Unto, vi, p. 22, pi. 27, fig. 17 ;
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii, p. 302.

Margaron ( Unio) shurtleffianus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 32.

Original description : — Testa minute plicata, elliptica, insequi-
laterali, subcylindracea, postice obtuse angulata, antice rotundata,
ad latus subplanulata ; valvulis subcrassis ; natibus prominulis, ad
apices minute undulatis ; epidermide virido-lutea ; dentibus car-
dinalibus sublongis, compressis geminisque ; lateralibus longis
subrectisque ; margarita salmonis colore tincta et viridescente.

Hab. Siria Eiver, India (Major Le Conte) ; Ahmednugger
(Shurtleff).

There are also specimens in the Indian Museum which cannot
be separated from this species from Myadong and Shuaygooinyo,
Burma. It is of doubtful specific rank, unfortunately very few
specimens have been available for examination ; probably, could a
large series be brought together, it would prove to be but a variety
of N. ccerulea.

The dimensions of three specimens in the British Museum
which agree well with Lea's original figure and description are : —

1. 2. 3.

Long 24 22-5 20 mm.

Lat 44 44 35 mm.

Diam 14-25 15 12-75 mm.

269. Nodularia (Nodularia) occata (Lea).

Nodularia (Nodularia) occata (Lea) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat., Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 813.

Unio occatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1860,
p. 307 ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1863, p. 398,
pi. 50, fig. 304 ; Obs. on Genus Unio, x, 1863, p. 34, pi. 50,
fig. 304.

NODULARIA.

139

Margaron (Uhio) occatus, Lea, Svn. 1870, p. 81.
Um'o macilentiis, Benson, A. M.N. H. x, 1862, p. 187 ; II. & T.,

C. I. p. 5, pi. 10, fig. 2, & p. 02, pi. 154, fig. 5.
Unto rugosus, H. & T., C. I. p. 62, pi. 154, fig. 3.

Original description: — Testa plicata, ellipfcica, rugoso-occatu,
compressa, valde inaequilaterali, postice biangulata, autice regu-
lariter rotunclata ; natibus prominulis, valde compressis, ad apices
plicis, pulchris divaricatis; epidermide luteo-oliva et valde rugosa;
dentibus cardinalibus parvis, compressis, obliquis ; lateralibus1
sublongis subcurvisque ; margarita alba et valde iridescente.

flab. Bengal (W. A. Haines).

The dimensions given below are tbose of a specimen in the
British Museum with locality " Bengal," which, although some-
what larger than that figured by Lea, agrees well with his figure
and description.

Long. 22, lat. 42, diam. 15-25 mm.

It may here be noted that, upon examination, the specimen
now in the British Museum, figured by Hanley in the ' Concho-
logia Indica pi. 10, fig. 4, and which was most probably copied
by Sowerby in the ' Conchologia Iconica ' on pi. 79, fig. 412,
proves to be a very immature example of a totally different
species.

270. Nodularia (Nodularia) pachysoma (Benson).

Nodularia (Nodularia) pachysoma (Benson); Simpson, Washington,

D. C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 813.

JJnio pachysoma, Benson, A.M.N. H. x, 1862, p. 186; H. & T.,

C. I. 187*6, p. 6, pi. 12, tig. 1.
Margaron ( Unto) pachysoma, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 03.
JJnio pachystoma, Paetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 162.

Original description : — Testa transverse ovato-elongata, inaequi-
laterali, tenuiuscula, valde tumida, antice brevi rotundata, postice
breviter alata, demum modice acuminata, margine ventrali
subrecto, postice ascendente"; disco keviusculo, polito, transverse
striatulo, postice dense striato ; epidermide viridi, f asciis nonnullis
luteis radiisque obscuris ornata, postice cserulescenti -viridi ; um-
bonibus prominentibus versus apices contiguos minute radiato-
costatis, carina umbonali prominente obtusa, linea secunda
radiata interjacente ; dentibus cardinalibus duplicibus, lanunatis,
lateralibus modice elongatis, valvse sinistrse solum duplicibus :
margarita pallide purpurea, interdum salmonis colore tincta.

Long. 23, lat. 44, diam. 22 mm.

Bab. Brahmapootra Eiver, Assam; also Sawaddy, Burma
(Indian Museum Coll.).

The anterior cicatrices are distinct, the posterior confluent, the
dorsal ones under the cardinal teeth. The inner lamina of the
latter in the left valve is sometimes obsolete.

It differs from U. ccvrideus in being more inflated and devoid of
radiate corrugations on the slopes, the posterior side is excavated

140

UNIONISE.

and the colour of the interior of the shell also distinguishes it
from that species.

271. Nodularia (Nodularia) chaudhurii, Preston.

Nodularia (Nodularia) chaudhurii, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Cal-
cutta, vii, 1912, p. 290.

Original description :— Shell small, rather thin, elongately ovate,
pale olive, covered with a finely laminiferous periostracura ; both
valves concentrically striate, sculptured with irregular, minute,
nodulous, radiate ridges which appear posteriorly as regular corru-
gations ; umbones small, somewhat prominent ; dorsal margin

Fig. 7. — 1 & 2. Nodularia (N.) chaudhurii, Preston (type), nat. size.
3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.

slightly arched ; ventral margin straight ; anterior side produced,
rounded : posterior side bluntly rostrate, abruptly sloping above
and below ; hinge teeth elongate, anteriorly projecting ; anterior
scars deep, roundly triangular ; posterior scars scarcely impressed ;
interior of shell iridescent, nacreous, posteriorly corrugate.

Long. 12-75, lat. 23 mm.

Hah. Upper Burma.

The type is in the Indian Museum.

272. Nodularia (Nodularia) bonneaudi {Eydoux).

Nodularia (Nodularia) bonneaudi (Eydoux); Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 813.

JJnio bonneaudi, Eydoux, in Mas-, de Zool. 1838, CI. v, pp. 10-11,
pi. 119, figs. 1, 1 a ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 10, fig. 6.

Margaron ( Unio) bonneaudi, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 32 ; 1870, p. 50.

Shell oval, transverse, swollen, inequilateral, of thin texture,
gently sinuous in the median region ; the anterior side obtuse,
short ; posterior side obscurely angled ; umbones scarcely promi-
nent and not eroded ; the outer surface irregularly furrowed by
multitudinous striae, covered with a thin yellowish green perio-
stracum; interior of shell nacreous, white; binge narrow, the
anterior margin of the right valve bearing two lamelliform teeth
of equal size, the left valve bearing a single rather large crest-like

NODULA.B1A.

141

tooth also on the margin, at the base of which appears a second
and much smaller tooth ; posterior lateral gently curved, narrow,
sharp, falling between two equal sized lamellae in the left valve ;
anterior muscular scar moderately to slightly deep, posterior
muscular scar superficial.
Long. 27, lat. 47-25 mm.

Hah. Eivers of India ; Pegu (Ind. Mus. Coll.).

The species seems to vary greatly in shape and colour, some
specimens, in the long series of the Indian Museum Collection,
being posteriorly much more rostrate than others, while in some
the dorsal margin is angled posteriorly and produced anteriorly.
In colour the species seems to vary from pale yellowish green to
dark blackish brown, and thus two extremes might easily be
taken at first sight for different species : there does not seem,
however, to be any clear line of demarcation between the many
varieties, all of which merge into one another when a sufficiently
large series is examined.

273. Nodularia (Nodularia) pugio (Benson).

Nodularia (Nodularia) pugio (Benson) ; Simpson, Washington, B.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 814.

Unto pw/io, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 193 ; Sowerby, Conch.
Icon. pi. 45, fig. 516 ; H. & T., C. 1. 1876, p. 5, pi. 10, fig. 7.

Original description: — Testa transverse elongato-triangulan,
linguseformi, valde insequilaterali, compressiuscula, crassa, antice
brevissima, subito descendente rotundata, postice sensim angus-
tiore, cuneiformi, demum acuminata, margine dorsali recta,
ventrali convexiusculo, postice ascendente; umbonibus late
planatis, loevibus, prominentibus, carina umbonali subito obtuse
angulata, area interjacente versus cardinein descendente ; disco
subplanulato, Iseviusculo, substriato ; dente cardinali (valvae
dextrae)brevi, crassa prominente, radiato-sulcata, laterali elongata,
subduplicata, iutus crenulata : margarita albida, iridescente.
Long. 21, lat. 42, diam. 16 mm.

Hob. Neighbourhood of Ava, Pegu (Indian Mus. Coll.) ; also
recorded from the Barrack. River, Silchar.

A curious species whose smooth surface and anteriorly swollen
and posteriorly cuneiform shape easily distinguish it from any
other Indian members of the family.

274. Nodularia (Nodularia) gratiosa (Philippi).

Nodularia (Nodularia) gratiosa (Philippi) ; Simpson, Washington,
B.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 815.

Unto (jratiosus, Philippi, Conch, i, 1845, p. 20, pi. l,fig. 5 ; Catlow
& Eeeve, Conch. Norn. 1845, p. 59; PKuster, Conch.,Cab., Unto,
1861, p. 239, pi. 80, fig. 3.

Marguron ( Vnio) gratiosus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 32.

142

UNIONIDJE.

Original description : — Testa minuta, transversim oblonga,
antice rotundata, postice latiore subrostrata, rugio radiantibus,
confertissiinis sculpta, sordida lutescente et virescente ; dente
cardinal!, valvffi dextrse compresso triangulari ; valvae sinistra
humili, sub vertice appendiculato ; dentibus lateralibus \alvae
sinistra} geminis ; raargarita ex luteo rubente.

Height 156-5, length 273-5, diam. 91 mm.

The species would seem to be very doubtfully ludiau.

275. Nodularia (Nodularia) crispata (Gould).

Nodidaria (Nodularia) crispata (Gould) ; Simpson, Washington,

D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 815.
TJnio crispata, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. i,1843,p. 141 ;

Otia Conch. 1802, p. 191.
TJnio crispatus, Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Norn. 1845, p. 58; II. &

T., C. I. 1876, p. 21, pi. 45, tig. 1.
Margaron ( Unto) crispatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 32.
TJnio scobinatus, Lea. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii,

1856, p. 93 ; Ohs. on Genus TJnio, 1857, p. 19, pi. 20, tig. 13.
Margaron ( TJnio) scobinatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 32.
TJnio mandarinus, Morelet, J. Conchyliol., Paris, xii, 1863, p. 159.
TJnio pellis-lacerti, Morelet, J. Conchyliol., Paris, xiii, 1865, p. 22;

Sowerhy, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 86, fig. 457.
TJnio venustus, Morelet, J. Conchyliol., Parib, xiv, 1866, p. 63.
TJnio oblatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 64.

Original description : — Testa ovali-elongata, insequilaterali, antice
rotundata, postice subrostrata, costaque umbonali ; umbonibus
parvis ; colore virescente, fusco variegata ; rugis angulatis
radiantibus undique crispata : intus livida ; dentibus parvis
obtusis.

Long. 23, lat. 43, diam. 13 mm.

Hab. Tavoy ; also Siam and Battambong, Cambodia (Indian
Museum Coll.).

A very beautiful species easily recognizable by its curious
sculpture, consisting of dark green, nodulous, waved ridges run-
ning anteriorly in a horizontal, and posteriorly in a longitudinal
direction upon a ground of bright brownish-yellow.

276. Nodularia (Nodularia) scobina (Hanley).

Nodularia (Nodularia) scobina (Hanley) ; Simpson, Washington
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 816.

TJnio scobina, Hanlev, Rec. Bit. Shells p. 382, pi. 23, fig. 40 ;
Hanlev & Theobald, Cat. L. & F. W. Shells Brit. Ind. p. 49 ;
H. & T. C. I. pi. 46, fig. 2.

Original description : — [Shell] oblong, inequilateral, moderately
thick, rather compressed, witn « dark green ray on the anterior
slope, densely covered with raised ocrrugatious, which, upon the
simple umbonal slope are disposed in somewhat transverse
divergent curved narrow folds, are angularly met beyond it by
similar raised wrinkles, are arranged upon the hinder extremity in

KODULAItlA.

143

short subtransverse angularly flexuous lines, and elsewhere are
broken into short zigzags, or angular dots (like a worn out rasp) ;
dorsal and ventral edges subparallel, the latter straightish, a
little retuse ; anterior side bluntly biangulated ; umbones eroded,
not prominent ; nacre bluish, iridescent in front ; anterior
lateral tooth elongated, posterior lateral tooth very short, much

elevated The primary tooth, in the only valve known to me,

is a mere callus.

Long. 18, lat. 32 mm.

Hab. Assam ; Seebsaugor (Indian Mus. Coll.).

The dimensions of two specimens in the Indian Museum are :—

1. 2.

Long 13 12-5 mm.

Lat 23 22 mm.

Diam 6*75 7 mm.

277. Nodularia (Nodularia) andersoniana (Nevill).

Unio andersonianus, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 40 ; Yunnan
Exp. pi. 80, fig. 9.

Original description : —Shell allied to U. pacliysoma, Bens., and
to some of the varieties of U. cceruleus, Lea. It is easily distin-
guished from U. bonneaudi by its more irregular shape, thinner
texture, by the acute angulation, greater production posteriorly,
and by the" more developed sculpture ; a constant character also is
the pink colour of the nacre, which in U. bonneaudi is bluish
white, this is equally distinct and characteristic in young as in old
specimens.

Long. 15-5, lat. 32, diam. 11-75 mm.

Hab. Myadong. Burma.

278. Nodularia (Nodularia) theobaldi, Preston.

Nodularia (Nodularia) theobaldi, Preston, Rec. lud. Mus. Calcutta,
vii, 1912, p. 292.

Oriainal description -.—Shell ovately rectangular, very slightly
curved gaping anteriorlv, moderately solid, concentrically striate,
covered with a -dark olivaceous periostracum ; umbones small,
not prominent; dorsal margin somewhat arched, ventral margin
slightly excavated in the median region otherwise straight;
anterior side slightly produced and somewhat sharply rounded ;
posterior side very obtusely rostrate, steeply sloping above then
sharply rounded and again sloping inwards below ; cardinal teeth
in right valve roughly triangular, jagged, somewhat inwardly pro-
ectng fitting between two teeth in the left valve, which are
oughined and of which the anterior is rather broad and massive ;
lateral teeth in both valves elongate and nearly straight ; anterior

144

scars somewhat deeply excavated, especially above ; posterior scars
ovate, lightly impressed ; interior of shell nacreous shading from

Pig. 8.— 1 & 2. Nodularia (N.) theobaldi, Preston (type), nat. size.
3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.

pale flesh-colour to bluish iridescent, especially towards the
posterior margins.

Long. 34, lat. 60, diam. 19 mm.

Hub. Manipur.

The type is in the Indian Museum.

279. Nodularia (Nodularia) olivaria {Lea).

Nodularia {Nodularia) olivaria (Lea) Simpson, Washington, D.O.,

Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 817.
Unio olivarius, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. iv,

(n s.) p. 108, pi. 16, fig. 38; Obs. Genus Unio, i, p. 118, pi. 16,

fig. 33 ; H. & T., 0. I. p. 5, pi. 10, fig. 1.
Margarita ( Unio) olivarius, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 26 ; 1838, p. 20 ;

1852, p. 30 ; 1870, p. 47.
Unio pumilio, Kiister, Conch. Cab., Umo, 1862, p. 268, pi. 90,

fig. 7.

Original description : — Testa ovata, transversa, inflata, pellucida ;
valvulis pertenuibus ; natibus prominulis ; epidermide pertenui,
lceve et oliv£e colorem habente ; dentibus cardinalibus magnis

NODULA.EIA.

145

laminatis erectisque, lateralibus laminatis brevibusque; margarita
pertenui albaque.

Long. 20, lat. 38, diam. IS mm.

Hub. Burrill Eiver (Dr. Burrough) ; specimens in British
Museum from MoraclabacI, Agra, and Kohilkund Streams (the last
iigured in Conch. Icon. pi. x, fig. 1); in Indian Museum from
Assam and Saharaupur.

The above description is amplified by the following note : —

" Shell ovate, transverse, inequilateral, inflated, pellucid : sub-
stance of the shell very thin ; beaks slightly elevated, rounded
and devoid of undulations : ligament very small : epidermis olive,
very thin and smooth : rays obscure : cardinal teeth large, erect,
and lameliiforra ; lateral teeth short and lamelliform : anterior
cicatrices slightly confluent: posterior cicatrices confluent : dorsal
cicatrices not perceptible : cavity of the beaks wide : nacre very
thin and bluish white.

" Bemarhs. — It is a perfectly distinct species, and

may easily be recognised by its form, its pellucidness and its
smooth olive-coloured epidermis. It somewhat resembles a young
Anodonta on the exterior, but the elevated lamelliform teeth
easily distinguish it from that genus. Its resemblance to a
Spanish olive is very striking."

280. Nodularia (Nodularia) nuttalliana (Lea).

Nodular ia (Nodularia) nuttalliana (Lea) ; Simpson, Washington,

B.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 817.
Unio nuttallianus, Lea, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii,

1856, p. 103 ; Obs. Genus Unio, vi, 1857, p. 30, pi. 30, fig. 25 ;

Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii, 1858, p. 310, pi. 30,

fig. 25 ; H. & T., C. I. p. 19, pi. 41, figs. 5, 6.
Margaron ( Unio) nuttallianus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 74.

Original description : — Testa Isevi, elliptica, subinflata, insequi-
laterali ; valvulis tenuibus ; natibus prominulis ; epidermide
olivacea, eradiata, valde polita ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, rectis,
compressis crenulatisque ; lateralibus subcurtis, subrectis lamella-
tisque ; margarita salmonis colore tincto et iridescente.

Hab. India (Prof. Thomas Nuttall).

No dimensions are given with the above description ; there are,
however, several specimens of the species in the British and
Indian Museum Collections, of which the measurements of three
are as follows ; No. 1 being in the British and Nos. 2 and 3 in the
Indian Museum.

1. 2. 3.

Long 23-25 19 17-75 mm.

Lat 38 31-25 28-5 mm.

Diam 15 11-5 10-5 mm.

Allied to N. olivaria, but of a darker colour and more convex,
with more rounded ventral margin and generally ovate form.

jj

146

UNIONIDiE.

281. Nodularia (Nodularia) involuta (Benson).

Nodularia (Nodularia) involuta (Benson) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Prop, xxii, 1900, p. 817.

V ' nioinvolulus (Benson), in Hanley, Rec. Biv. Shells, 1856, p. 885,
pi. 23, fig. 19 ; H. & T., C. I. p. 19, pi. 41, fig. 2.

Original description : — Peaked ovate, not so very inequilateral,
compressed in front, swollen in the umbonal region, thin, polished,
rather pale green, very obscurely subradiated ventrally with ochre-
yellow, rather tinged with blue dorsally, marked with 2 or 3 dark
green lines on the anterior slope, partially marked with some
close and regular shallow groove-like posterior wrinkles, elsewhere
smooth ; ventral edge strongly arcuated and much rising behind,
less curved yet almost equally rising in front; anterior side
tapering to a blunt subcentral peak, no umbonal ridge ; hinder
dorsal edge nearly straight, scarcely sloping ; umbones swollen,
prominent, with a few longitudinal corrugations ; beaks incurved ;
nacre silvery ; umbonal cavity ample ; lateral teeth large, laminar,
raised, the shorter one very elevated at its extremitjr.

" In the single specimen described from, there is no cardinal
tooth, but the hinge-plate is elevated beneath the umbones."

Long. 34, lat. 48 mm.

Sab. Assam.

A curiously thin, smooth, boat-shaped form which is consider-
ably inflated, the diameter respectively of a right and left valve
in the British Musum Collection being 10-75 and 9-5 mm.

Section RADIATULA.

Radiatula, Simpson, Washington D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 820.

Type, Unio crispisulcatus, Benson ; Burma.
Range. Burma ; Assam ; Cambodia.

Original description : — Shell rather solid, triangular oval, with
high beaks which are but little inflated, not very full at post base,
bluntly pointed behind, the beaks and entire surface covered with
radiating, occasionally slightly zigzag or divaricate ridges, which
are cut more or less into nodules or cancellations by concentric
sulcations; the sculpture of the posterior slope stronger, and
curving upward ; pseudocardinals of the left valve 2 to 3, ragged,
the anterior larger, two in the right valve, with a parallel-sided
socket, the larger teeth compressed but rather solid.

282. Nodularia (Eadiatula) crispisulcata (Benson).

Nodularia (Radiatula) crispisulcata (Benson) ; Simpson, Wash-
ington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 820.

NODULAEIA.

147

Unio crispisulcatus, Lea, A. M. N. IT. x, 1862, p. 193; Sowerby,

Conch. Icon, xvi, 18136, pi. 49, tig. 262.
Margaron ( Unio) crispisulcatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 149.

Original description : — Testa transverse subovata, subinsequi-
laterali ; antice rotundata, postice superne descenclente, leviter
angulata, demum obtuse angulata, crassiuscula, compressiuscula ;
disco convexiusculo minutissime radiatim rugoso-costulato, costulis
nonnullis acute divaricatis, posterioribus latioribus ; umbonibus
prominentibus, coutiguis, apicibus acutiusculis ; epiderinide luteo-
olivacea, postice f uscata, hie illic nonnunquain viridiscente ;
dentibus cardinalibus utriusque valvar duplicibus, lamellatis, late-
ralibus obliquis, modice elongatis, valvae sinistra? duplicibus :
margarita cseruleo-albida iridescente.

Long. 28, lat. 45, diam. 16 nun.

Hob. Bangong Eiver near Thyet-Myo, Burma (W. Theobald)-
Pegu (Indian Mus. Coll.).

To the above description is appended the following note : —

" The anterior cicatrices are distinct, the posterior confluent,
the apical ones above the moderate angular cavity, and running
under the cardinal tooth.

" The delicate sculpture over the whole disk of this shell is
peculiar. In form it does not approach any Gangetic type."

A well-marked and apparently very constant form, the large
series of about twenty-three specimens in the Indian Museum
Collection, from the Irrawaddy near Thyetmio and Pegu, practi-
cally showing no variation whatever.

2S3. Nodularia (Radiatula) lima, Simpson.

Nodularia {Radiatula) lima, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.

Inst,, Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 820.
Unio radula (Benson), Hanley, Rec. Biv. Shells, Supp. 1856, p. 382,

pi. 23, tig. 41 ; H. & T., C. I. p. 5, pi. 10, fig. 3.
Dysonomia radula, Rochebrune, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris vi, 1882,

p. 42.

Original description : — Transversely oboval, inequilateral, not
very thick, rather compressed, olivaceous, sculptured as in U. sco-
bina, but rather more linearly and transversely ; ventral and front
dorsal edges convex and subparallel; hinder extremity rounded,
narrower : umbonal ridge inconspicuous, umbonal slope simple ;
neither the eroded umbones nor the ligament prominent ; nacre
bluish ; umbonal cavity shallow ; hinder tooth strong, complicated ;
front lateral tooth elongated, a little curved.

Long. 19, lat. 32 mm.

Hab. Assam ; Siliguri and Sikkim (Indian Mus. Coll.).

Extremely variable in sculpture and form; in some speci-
mens the corrugations extend over the whole surface of the shell,
while in others they are confined merely to the umbonal region;
in general outline it varies from ovate to trapezoidal as the

l2

148

following measurements of four specimens in the Indian Museum
show : —

Long.
Lat.

1.

2.

3.

4.

19

19

14

16-25

mm.

33-5

31-25

22-5

23

mm.

12

11-25

8-75

9-25

mm.

Var. siliguriensis, Preston.

Unio siliguriensis, Preston, Kec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, ii, p. 47 (fig.
in text) ; op. cit. vii, p. 293, as N. (R.) lima, var. siliguriensis.

Original description :— Shell inequilateral, ovate oblong, reddish
brown, sculptured with concentric lines of growth and oblique
transverse wrinkles, these latter being especially marked poste-
riorly ; anterior side rounded ; posterior side acuminately rounded;
dorsal margin arched ; ventral margin very slightly contracted in
the middle ; umbones much eroded ; interior of shell iridescent,
pale bluish white.

Long. 21, lat. 37'75 mm.

Bah. Siliguri, N. Bengal.

Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Genus PHYSUNIO.

Physunio, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 830.

Type, Unio gravidus, Lea, from Siam, Cambodia, and Cochin
China.

Range. Siam ; Cochin China ; Cambodia ; Sumatra ; Assam.

Original description : — Shell thin, irregularly obovate, narrowed
in front, decidedly produced at post base, pointed behind, and
posteriorly winged, with a moderate posterior ridge and often a
second or third faint ridge above it ; beak sculpture zigzag radial,
somewhat disposed in two sets, the one down the posterior ridge
slightly nodulous ; posterior slope having irregular radial corru-
gations, the rest of the shell smooth ; epidermis often cloth-like,
with one or more green rays on the posterior slope ; hinge-line
curved ; a single obliquely granularly striate pseudocardinal and
generally three laterals in the left valve, and two pseudocardinals
and two laterals in the right, all greatly compressed ; beak cavities
deep ; muscle scars irregular ; nacre bright, bluish, and iridescent.

Animal unknown.

Section LENS.

Lens, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc.
xxii, 1900, p. 831.

Txpe, Unio eximnis, Lea, from Siam and Cambodia.

physunio. — PSEUDOBON.

149

Range. Siam ; Cambodia ; Assam.

Shell sublenticular ; three laterals of left valve distinct ; cavity
of the beaks compressed.

2S4. Physunio (Lens) velaris (Sowerby).

r/u/simio (Lens) velaris (Sowerby) ; Simpson, Washington, B.C.,
Smiths. Inst, Nat. Mus. Proc. x.xii, 1900, p. 831.

Ciiio velaris, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 72, fig. 3G8 ;
Paitel, Conch. Sam. iii. 1890, p. 171 ; Benson in Hanley, Rec.
Biv. Shells, p. 385, pi. 23, fig. 42.

Original description : — Shell small, thin, rather compressed, pale
green, neither radiated nor sculptured ; anterior extremity very
narrow ; posterior side winged, ventral margin arcuated, rising
abruptly anteriorvvards, beaks very acute, prominent, lunule exca-
vated ; nacre white ; cardinal teeth large, lamellar, approximate.

The following note is appended to Sowerby's description : —

" The abrupt fall of the front dorsal margin in this symphonote
species give a seeming projection to the beaks. Both dorsal edges
are angulated above, and rounded off below ; the binder dorsal
edge is much elevated. The compression of the valves is espe-
cially conspicuous on the anterior portion of the shell."

As the author gives no dimensions the following are taken from
the figure in the 'Conch. Icon.'

Long. 55, lat. 59-5 mm.

Hah. Assam.

Genus PSEUD0D0N.
Pseudodon, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1814, p. 161.

Type, Anodonta inoscidaris, Gould, from the Salwen River,
Burma.

Range. Siam and Indo-China ; Burma; China; Java; Sumatra;
Borneo ; Malacca ; Nicobars ; Japan.

Hinge margin with a tooth-like apophysis on each valve, the
surface of which is not fractured, but smoothly covered with
enamel, fitting into corresponding undulations in the opposite
valve, that on the right valve closing in front of that on the left.

Section TRIGONODON.

Trirjonodon, Conrad, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1865,
p. 233.

Type, Monocondylaa jpeguensis, Anthony, var. crebristriata,
Anthony; Pegu.

Range. Burma; Cambodia. ,

Oval, somewhat compressed, with a prominent triangular
cardinal tooth in each valve, with a deep pit behind it for the
reception of the tooth of the opposite valve.

150

UNIONIDTE.

285. Pseudodon (Trigonodon) peguensis (Anthony).

Monocondylcpa peguensis, Anthonv, Am. Journ. Conch, i, 1805,

p. 205, pi. 17, fig. 2.
Mjtrgaron (Monocondyleca) peguensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 73.
Pseudodon crcbristriatum var. peguensis, II. & T., C. I. 1870, p. 5,

pi. 9, fig. 5.

Pseudodon (Trigonodon) crehristriatus var. peguensis, Simpson,
Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900,
p. 835.

Original description: — Shell smooth, rhombic-ovate, inequilateral,
somewhat inflated, sub-biangular behind ; substance of the shell
thick; beaks rather prominent, eroded, but apparently not undu-
lated ; ligament short, thin ; epidermis dark brown or nearly
black, smooth over the umbones and on the anterior portion of
the shell, but having the sub-truncate posterior portion nearly
covered with distinct corrugated folds, more prominent near the
hinge margin ; cardinal teeth prominent, curved and slightly
bilobed, particularly in the right valve; anterior cicatrices con-
fluent ; dorsal cicatrices deeply impressed, placed in a curved line
under the beaks ; nacre light salmon-colour and very iridescent.

Long. 57, lat. 81, diam. 33 mm.

Hah. Pegu.

Var. crehristriatus (Anthony).

Monocondyl<ea crebristriata, Anthony, Am. Journ. Conch, i, 1805,

p. 205, pi. 18, fig. 1.
Trigonodon crebristriata, Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch, i, 1805,

p. 233.

TJnio crehristriatus, Sowerhy, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 95,
fig. 517.

Margaron (Monocondylaa) crebristriata. Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 72.
Pseudodon crehristriatus, H. & T., C. I. p. 5, pi. 9, fig. 3.
TJnio vondembuschi, Sowerhy, Conch. Icon, xvi, pi. 95, fig. 518.
Pseudodon {Trigonodon) crehristriatus, Simpson, Washington, 1).C,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 835.

Original description. — Shell rhombic, strongly striate, very
inequilateral, depressed, bi-angular behind; substance of the shell
rather thick ; beaks not prominent, eroded, having no indication
of any undulations at the tip ; epidermis light brown, with occa-
sionally broad green rays on the posterior slope ; the umbones
and, indeed, the surface is covered with crowded, fine, crenulose
striae, which, on the posterior slope, are crossed at right angles
with prominent, regular folds ; cardinal teeth prominent, erect,
bilobed in the left valve; anterior cicatrices deeply impressed,
distinct; posterior cicatrices confluent and indistinct; dorsal
cicatrices small, but distinct, and placed at the base of the pro-
minent tooth in the left valve, while in the right valve they are

PSEXJDODON. 151

less distinct and placed a little more posteriorly ; nacre light
salmon, iridescent.

Long. 32, lat. 53, diam. 13 mm.

Bab. Pegu.

Comparing the present variety with what must be considered
the typical foi'm of P. peguensis, the author makes the following
observations : — " .... uniformly more depressed, lighter coloured ;
more regularly rhombic in form, and of less size ; but the most

2

Fig. 9.— 1 & 2. Vseudoclon ( T.) peguensis (Ant.') v»r. curvata, Preston.

(Type.) Nat. si^e.
3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.

prominent difference consists in the beautiful crenulose stria? of
the present species, which are densely crowded over the whole
surface of the shell, while M. [P.] peguensis is remarkably smooth
over all except the posterior slope, and there the rugose folds are
broader and less numerous than in M. [P.] crebristriata ; the lines
of growth are also more numerous in M. [P.] peguensis, generally
about 8, while crebristriata has rarely more than 3.

152

UNIONIDJE.

Var. curvata, Presion, Bee. Iud. Mus., Calcutta, vii, 1912,
p. 295.

Shell having the ventral margin more curved, and generally
less ovate in shape than in the typical form.
Hab, Pegu.

Type in the Indian Museum.

Section PSEUDODON.
Pseudodon, Gould. 1884.

Tor characters and type see description of genus above.
Range. Siam and Jndo-China; Burma; China; Java; Sumatra;
Borneo ; Malacca j Nicobar Islands.

286. Pseudodon (Pseudodon) inoscularis (Gould).

Pseudodon (Pseudodon) inoscularis (Gould) ; Simpson, "Washington
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 847.

Anodon inoscularis, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist i 1844
p. 160 ; H. & T., C. I. p. 5, pi. 9, fig. 2. '

Ma ryaron (Monocondylcea) inoscularis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 73.

Maryaritana inoscularis, Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 173.

Original description : — Testa transverse oblonga, sub-ovata,
solida, subventricosa, picea : umbonibus parum elevatis ; margiue
supra brevi, recto, ad anguluin posticum rotundato, postice sub-
truncato ; infra arcuata ; utraque valva processu cardinali crassa,
dentiformi, instructa, uno ante altero aptante ; margarita albida ;
impressione musculari antico profundo.

Long. 44, lat. 76, diam. 28 mm.

Hab. Salwen Biver, Burma ; Tenasserim (Indian Mus. Coll.).

287. Pseudodon (Pseudodon) salwenianus (Goidd).

Pseudodon [Pseudodon) salivenianus (Gould) ; Conrad, Am. Journ

Conch, i, 1865, p. 233.
Anodon salwenianus, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1844

p. 160.

Anodonta salweniana, Gould, Otia Coneli. 1862, p. 193.
Unio sahvenianus, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 94, fig. 513.
Maryaron (Monocondylcea) salweniana, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 72.
Pseudodon salwenianum, H. & T., C. I. p. 5, pi. 9, fig. 4.
Monocondylcea sahveniana, Paetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 174.

Original description : — Testa trapezoidea, compressa, subtenui,
retro dilatata, postice truncata, colore picea ; supra costam um-
bonalem radiatim plicata : umbonibus parum elevatis ; margine
superiori recta, compressa, ligamentum occultante, ante umbonibus
excavata ; utraque valva processu deutit'ormi cardinali, uno ante
altero aptante, instructa ; cavitate minime profuuda ; impres-
sionibus muscularibus minime irnpressis ; margarita sub-livida.

rSEUDODON'.

153

Long. 59, lat. 140, diam. 32 mm.

Ha!>. Salwen River, Burma; Tenasserim River (Ind. Mas.
Coll).

288. Pseudodon (Pseudodon) nicob aricus (March).

Pseudodon (Pseudodon) nicobaricus (Morch) ; Simpson, Washington,

B.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 3900, p. 838.
Ala'smodonta (subg. ?) nicobarica, 0. Fabiicius ; Morch, J. Conchy hoi.,
Paiis, xx, 1872, p. 327.
Original description : — Testa irregulariter ovalis, convexiuscula ;
stria? 'increment! irregulares ; diroidium testae marginem versus
olivaceuni, fasciis obscurioribus, radiis numerosioribus, obsoletis,
obscure viridibus. Intus argentea, postice iridescens. Umbones
plani, erosi, antice siti ; margo dorsalis parum arcuatus, (inargo)
auticus rotundatus, angustior, (margo) ventralis antice et postice
sat arcuatus, medio leviter inflexus, (margo) post, augustus leviter
reflexus. Dentes carditis fere omnino evanescentes, dens lat.
post, linearis obsoletissimus.

Anoclonta zollingeri, Mousson (Java, p. 96, t. 18, fig. 1), affims,
sed species Fabricii differt : margins ventrali arcuato, postics
subito ascendente, nec non margine dorsalis declivi, haud arcuato.
Hob. Nicobar Islands (0. Fabricius).

The species was described from a single specimen without figure
or dimensions being given, it does not seem to have come to light
again at any time.

Section BINEURUS.

Bineurus, Simpson, Washington, B.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 839.

Type, Monocondylcea mouhoti, Lea, from Cambodia and Siam.

Range. Cambodia; Siam; Perak ; Burma.

Original description :— Shell elongate rhomboid, thin, rounded in
front, widely and feebly biangulate behind, having two or more
raised radiating lines on the posterior slope, which is somewhat
obliquely wrinkled ; beaks low ; surface finely, irregularly, con-
centrically grooved ; epidermis olive ; teeth smooth, compressed ;
nacre bluish.

Animal unknown.

289. Pseudodon (Bineurus) ava (Theobald).

Pseudodon (Bineurus) ava (Theobald) ; Simpson, Washington,

D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 839.
Monocondylcea ava, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xb.1,,1873, pt. 2, p. 209,
pi. 17, fig. 15.

Original description :— Testa oblonga, solidiuscula, antice rotun-
data, postice curvatim truncata. Margine ventrali recto ; liga-
mentali convexo. Uinbonibus decorticatis. Epidermide picea in
junioribus luteo-flavescente lineis tenuibus obscure radiatim

154

UNIONIDiE.

notata. Testa incrementi lineis concentrice rugata, postice plicis
paucis raro notata et valde evaneseentibus. Dentibus minimis
ut in ilf. saliueniana. Nacrea cajrulescente, umbones versus
flave8cente.

Long. 52, lat. 96, diam. 28 mm.

Hab. Near Mandalay.

Allied to P. salwenianus, but differing from that species in its
more elongate form and smoother surface ; young specimens
occasionally show traces of: sculpture on the posterior slope, but
this character disappears when adult.

Genus PARREYSIA.

Parreysia, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1863,
p. 207; Simpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, xxii, 1000,
p. 840.

Type, Unio multidentatus, Philippi. Said to come from
Australia but probably an Indian shell.

Range. India ; Burma ; Indo-China ; China.

Shell solid, inflated, oval to subrhomboid, with full, high, zigzag,
radially sculptured beaks, the sculpture often extending over the
disk ; epidermis smooth and bright, sometimes a little rayed, with
two irregular pseudocardinals in the left valve which are more or
less broken into ragged denticles or are strongly, vertically striate,
and two laterals, the lower the larger; right valve with one,
sometimes two pseudocardinals, the upper small, compressed, and
a few tubercles behind them, with two laterals, the upper the
larger; cavity of the beaks rather deep, not compressed ; dorsal
scars under the hinge, not visible ; the two upper anterior muscle
scars very deep, confluent, the lower linear; nacre white to
salmon, iridescent behind.

Animal unknown.

Conrad's name appears to be a nomen nudum and Simpson's
description is therefore that given above.

Subgenus PARREYSIA (sensu stricto). ■
Parreysia, Conrad, 1853.

Por type, range and characters see description of genus above.

290. Parreysia (Parreysia) corrugata (Midler).

Parreysia (Parreysia) corrugata (Miiller) ; Simpson, Washington,

D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 841.
My a corrugata, Miiller, Verm. Terr, et Pluv. 1774, pt. 2, p. 214 ;

Besch. Ges. Berl. iv, 1779, p. 56, pi. 3 b, figs. 7, 8; Gmelin, Syst.

Nat. 13th ed. 1788, p. 3221; Schroter, Plussconch. 1779,

p. 181, pi. 9, fig. 3 ; Wood, Gen. Conch, i, 1815, p. 108, pi. 24.

figs. 1-3; Dillwyn, Cat. i, 1817, p. 52; Mawe, Linn. Conch.

1823, pi. 4, fig. 3 ; Wood, Ind. Test. 1825. p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 31 a ;

1856, rev. ed. p. 16, pi. 2, fig. 31.

PABRETSIA.

155

Unio corrugata, Lamarck, An. sans Vert, vi, 1819, p. 78 ; Deshaves,
Enc. M(5th. ii, 1827, p. 584, pi. 248, fig'. 8.

Unio (Potamida) corrugata, Swainson, Tr. on Mai. 1840, p. 268,
fig. 51 ; p. 281, fig. 57.

Unio corrugata, Retzius, Diss. Hist. Nat. 1778, p. 18 ; Speugler,
Skriv. Selsk. Nat. iii, 1793, p. 68 ; Hanley, Test. Moll. 1842,
p. 197; Biv. Shells, 1843, p. 197; Catlow & Reeve, Conch.
Norn. 1845, p. 57 ; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1857,
pp. 493, 497 ; Kiister, Conch. Cah., Unio, 1862, p. 289, pi. 97,
fto-s. :; 4: Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1867, p. 136; Sowerby,
Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 71, fig. 360; H. & T., C, I. 1876,
p. 21, pi. 45, figs. 2-5 ; l\etel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 149.

Margarita ( Unio) corrugates, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 29 ; 1838, p. 21 .

Margaron ( Unio) corrugatus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 20 ; 1870, p. 30.

My a sjwria, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 13th ed. 1788, p. 3222 ; Wood,
Gen. Conch, i, 1815, p. 110; Lamarck, An. sans Vert, vi, 1819,
p. 80.

' Mya gaditana, Schreiber's Versuch. 1793.
Unio multidentatvs, Philippi, Conch, iii, 1847, p. 46, pi. 3, fig. 4;
Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1856, p. 136, pi. 36, fig. 5 ; Pfetel,
Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 160.
Margaron (Unio) midtidentatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 50.
Unio fulmineus, Philippi, Conch, iii, 1847, p. 46, pi. 3, figs. 5, 6 ;
Kuster, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1862, p. 286, pi. 96, figs. 2, 3 ; Psetel,
Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 153.
Unio httens, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii, 1856,
p. 93; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii, 1857, p. 291,
pi. 24, fig. 4 ; Obs. Genus Unio, xi, 1857, p. 11, pi. 24, fig. 4.
Margaron ( Unio) lutens, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 46.
? Unio semirugatus, Chemi, Conch, iii, 1858, pi. 12, figs. 2, 2 a.
Unio merodabensis, Kuster, Conch.-Cab., Unio, 1861, p. 233, pi. 78,
fig. 4 ; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 142 ; Poetel, Conch.
Sam. iii, 1890, p. 159.
Unio wynegunr/aensis, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 21, pi. 45, fig.6.
Unio tmmenti,IL. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 22, pi. 45, figs. 7 & 9; Pastel,

Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 169.
Unio phayresi, Theobald MSS.
Original description.— Testa viridescens, tenera, pellucida, ab
utraque cardinis parte et in natibus striis elevatis rugosis, figuraque
a prajcedente distincta. Valvula? intus striis radiantibus, sub-
tilissimus notantur. Caetera uti in prsecedente. Epidermide
remota margaritacea evadit.
Hub. Eivers o£ Coromandel.

The species has a wide range and is represented in the Indian
Museum Collection by along series of specimens, definite localities
for which are as follows :— Garcbiroti Tabsil ; River Dukkaree
near Umballa; Ceylon; Sewan, close to the Indus; Gudur,
Madras Presidency; Manbhoom; Patna ; Berhampore; Mursbi-
dabad District ; Brahmapuri Tahsil ; Bangalore ; Phenchooganj,
Sylhet ; Singpal Garki, Nepal ; Arrab. Assam.

As the original description is short and somewhat inadequate,
the following taken from the ' Oonchologia Iconica ' may be of
interest :— Testa parva, viridi, subventricosa, magis minusve ovali,
vix insequilaterali, laevigata, paucis autem linearibns obhquis nates

156

UN10NIDJE.

versus eminentes subradiata ; margine dorsali vix declivi, antice
concavo ; margine ventrali convexo ; lunula distincta margarita
albida, dentibus cardinalibus validis, laciniatis, hand laminatis.

.Shell small, green, subventricose (but varying in shape from
elliptic to rounded oval), scarcely inequilateral, smooth, excepl
near the prominent beaks, which are adorned with somewhat
radiating, oblique, linear ridges; dorsal edges not much sloping,
the front one concave; ventral margin convex; lunule well
marked, nacre nearly white, cardinal teeth strong, jagged, not
lamellar.

No dimensions being given in either of the above descriptions
the following are taken from three specimens in the Indian
Museum collection; No. 1 being a specimen from the Eiver
Dukaree, and Nos. 2 &, 3 from Ceylon : —

1. 2. 3.

Long 32-5 24-5 2075 mm.

Lat 42-75 36 28 mm.

Diam 19-25 175 14-25 mm.

Var. fragilis, H. $ T., C. I. p. 21, pi. 45, fig. 4.

Presumably a thin form.
Long. 29, lat. 41 mm.

Var. laevirostris (Benson) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat, Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 842.

Unto Icevirostris, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, pp. 191-192 •
Blauford, J. A. S. B. Calcutta, xxxv, 1862, p. 144.

Unio co?rugatus} var. Icevirostris, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 21, pi. 44,
figs. 5-6.

Original description : — Testa transverse oblonga, subovata, valde
inaequilaterali, crassiuscula, medio subtumida, autice superne
breviter angulata, deinde rotundata, postice superne sensim
convexe descendente; demum rotundata, margine ventrali con-
vexiusculo; disco lajviusculo, concentrice leviter striato ; epi-
dermide olivaceo-viridi, fusco fasciata; umbonibus convexis,
decorticatis, obsolete radiato-sulcafis, apicibus prominentibus,
approximatis ; lunula impressa, elliptica ; ligamento elongato ;
dentibus carclinalibus brevibus, crassiusculis, eroso-sulcatis, later-
alibus subobliquis, elongatiuscidis, rectis, utriusque valvse duphc-
ibus ; margarita colore salmonis vix tincta.

Long. 28, lat. 50, diam. 20 mm.

Bab. Streams and ponds near Chunar above Benares : repre-
sented in the Indian Museum collection by localized specimens
from the Chittagong Hills, Sudiya and Arrah.

Benson's description is supplemented by a short note from
which the following quotation is taken : — " It has two indistinctly
raised dark rays on the posterior slope. The gradually compressed

PAEREYSI A .

157

form of the hinder edge of tho shell contrasts strongly with the
inflated form of the central portion. Anterior and posterior
cicatrices confluent, apical ones under the cardinal tooth."

The variety sometimes attains a considerable size, a specimen
in the Indian Museum collection from the Cbittagong • Hills
having the following dimensions : —

Long. 43-25, lat. 70, diam. 27 mm.

Var. nagpoorensis {Lea) ; Simpson, Washington, DC, Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 842 ; H. & T., C. I. p. 21,
pi. 45, fig. 3.

Unio nagpoorensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii,
1859, p. 331 ; Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1860,
p. 270, pi. 45, fig. 150; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, I860, p. 88, pi. 45,
fig. 150; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 143.
. Margaron ( Unio) nagpooreiisis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 38.
Unio corrugatus, Mull., var. nagpoorensis, II. &T., 0. I. 1876, p. 21 ;
Pastel, Conch. Sam. 1890, p. 149.

Original description : — Testa laevi, subtriangulari, subinflata,
inaequilaterali, postice hiangulata, antice rotunda ; valvulis sub-
tenuibus, antice crassioribus ; natibus prominentibus, epidermide
rufo-fusca, striata eradiata, dentibus cardinalibus parvis, com-
pressis, obliquis, crenulatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus ; lateral-
ibus longis, larnellatis curvisque ; margarita salmonis colore
paulisper tincta et iridescente.

Hob. Ambajari Tank, Nagpoor, Bengal (C. M. Wheailey).

Specimens in the Indian Museum Collection are localized as
follows : — Poona ; G-udur ; Madras Presidency {O. H. Tipper) ;
G-odavery Eiver.

The dimensions of an average specimen are : long. 30, lat. 46,
diam. 22-75 mm.

291. Parreysia (Parreysia) wynegungaensis {Lea).

Parreysia (Parreysia) wynegungaensis (Lea) ; Simpson,Washington,

D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii,' 1900, p. 842.
Unio wynecjungaensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1859 (1860) p. 331 ; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, p. 89, pi. 45, fig. 151 ;
Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 143 ; Sowerby, Conch.
Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 67, p. 339 ; Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890,
p. 172.

Margaron (Unio) wynegungaensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 50.

Original description : — Testa lsevi, elliptica, inflata, msequi-
laterali, postice sub-biangulata, antice oblique rotundata ; valvulis
subcrassis, antice crassioribus ; natibus prominentibus, ad apices
valde divaricate undulatis ; epidermide luteo-oliva, micante, obso-
lete radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus subcrassis, suberectis, valde
crenulatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus ; lateralibus sublongis,
crassis subrectisque ; margarita salmonis colore paulisper tincta et
iridescente.

158

XJNI0NIDJ3.

Hob. Wyneguuga Eiver, 30 miles east of Nagpoor, in the
Deccan, Bengal (C. M. Wheatley).

The following localities are attached to specimens in the Indian
Museum Collection : — Datrrada ( W. T. Blanford) ; Sural ; Sambal-
pur ; Godavery Iliver ( W. T. Blanford) ; Barod, about 130 miles
S.W. of Sepree.

The dimensions of three average specimens are as follows : —
No. 1 being those of the specimen figured by Hanley in the
' Conchologia Iudica,' and now in the British Museum Collection.

1.

2.

3.

29

33-25

36 mm.

42

51

55 mm.

17-25

19-5

21 mm.

292. Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens (Benson).

Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens (Benson) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, pp. 842-843.

? Mya spuria, Wood, Ind. Test. 1825, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 35 a.

Unio favidens, Benson, A. M. N.II. x, 1862, p. 188 ; J. A. S. B. xxxv,
1867, p. 138; H. & T., 0. I. 1876, p. 6, pi. 11, fig. 1; Reeve,
Conch. Icon, xvi, 1865, pi. 26, fig. 131; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii,
1890, p. 152.

Maryaron (Unio) favidens, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 38.

Unio Jlavidens, Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 152.

Unio trirostris, Musgrave, Hanley, Phot. Conch. 1863, pi. 2, fig. 9;
H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 6, pi. 11, fig. 6; Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii,
1890, p. 170.

Unio tripartitns, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vii,
1863, p. 190; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1866,
p. 57, pi. 19, fig. 55 ; Lea, Obs. Genus Unio, xi, 1867, p. 61,
pi. 19, fig. 55.

Maryaron (Unio) tripartitns, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 35.

Unio smaragdiies, Benson, A. M. N. H. x. 1862, p. 190 ; Blanford,
J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 147 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 5, pi. 10,
fig. 5 ; Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 167.

Original description : — Testa transverse ovata, inaequilaterali,
crassa, subtumida, antice rotundata, postice subalata, declivi,
angulata, demum obtusa, margine ventrali convexiusculo ; disco
inaaqualiter sulcato; epidermide olivaceo-fusca, versus marginem
ventralem luteo-olivacea, postice viridi parce fasciata ; umbonibus
tumidis, proininentibus, decorticatis, sulcis radiatis angulato-
flexuosis indutis; lunula impressa, elliptica, decorticata; liga-
mento elongato ; carina umbonali loeviuscula, linea unica vix
elevata notata; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, fortiter radiato-
rugosis, lateralibus obliquis, elongatiusculis, valvse dextrae duplic-
ibus, sinistrse subtriplicibus ; margarita pallide lutea iridescente.

Long. 45, lat. 66, diam. 30 mm.

Hub. Upper Ganges.

1'AltREYSIA.

159

The anterior and posterior cicatrices are distinct, the apical
cm s disposed on the underside of the cardinal tooth.

Taken by the author of the species at Bhitoura, between Cawn-
pore and Allahabad and represented by specimens in the Indian
Museum Collection from the following localities :— Moradabad ;
River Indus; Barrack River; Silcher; Rajputana; Berhampur ;
Dacca - E. Cachar; Sylhet; Tezpore ; Poona ; Karuul, Madras ;
Calcutta (J. Wood-Mason); Arrah; Rajmahal; Ilazrapur; Rani-
gunga ; Suuderbunds. _ .

An enormously variable species, of which many varieties have
been described, several of these appear, however, to be somewhat
obscure; the original descriptions are nevertheless given below:—

Var. marcens (Benson), A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 188.
Unto marcens, H. & T., 0. I. 1876, p. 39, pi. 42, figs. 4-6.

Original description :— Banded with olive and green ; nacre
salmon-coloured ; beaks nearly smooth, eroded ; sulci obsolete ;
lunule narrow.

Long. 44, lat. 66, diam. 27 mm.

Hob. Berhampooter River, Assam.

Var. trigona (Benson).

TJnio favidens, var. densa, A. M. N. 11. x, 1862, p. 188.

Original description :— Shell with a piceous epidermis, more
oblique ; beaks and nacre as in type ; lunule broad. It shows an
inclination to verge towards U. triembolus.

Long. 44, lat, 67, diam. 27 mm.

Hub. Nujeebabad, in the North-west of Rohilknnd.

Yar. densa (Benson).

Unio favidens, var. densa, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 189.

Original desertion -.—More solid and tumid [than the typical
form] ; epidermis yellow-brown, eroded ; lunule as m type ; shell
more oblique.

Long. 33, lat. 47, diam. 24 mm. ,
Hab. Granges River, above Chunar, between Allahabad and
Benares.

Yar. deltse (Benson).

Unio favidens, var. delta, A. M. N.H. x, 1862, p. 189 ; H. & T.,
C. 1. 1876, p. 19, pi. 42, fig. 2.
Original description :— Epidermis olive-green and yellow, rayed ;
nacre salmon-coloured ; rugse on umbones very distinct, some also
on the upper part of the umbonal hinder slope ; lunule somewhat
broader than in the type ; cardinal teeth narrower.
Long. 34, lat. 47, diam. 24 mm.

160 UNIONIDvE.

Hob. Eiver Jellinghy, Upper Gangetic Delta. Also recorded
in the Indian Museum Collection from Hazrapur and Calcutta.

Var. chrysis (Benson).

Unio favidens, var. chrysis, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 189 ;
H. & T.? C. I. 1876, p. 19, pi. 41, fig. 3.

Original description : — Longer and less broad in proportion ;
epidermis a beautiful green, banded more or less with yellow ;

Pig. 10. — Parreysia (P.) Javidcns (Bens.), var. chrysis (Bens.).
(Specimen.) Nat. size.

umbonal rugae very strong and extended ; cardinal teeth mostly
narrower than in the type ; nacre salmon-tinted.
Long. 27, lat. 35, diam. 16 mm.

Bab. Eiver Dojora at Kareily Ghat, near Bareilly. A specimen
in the Indian Museum is labelled Patna.

Fig. 11. — Parreysia (P.) favidens (Bens.), var. viridula (Bens.).
(Specimen.) Nat. size.

Var. viridula (Benson).

Unio favidens, var. viridula, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 189.
Original description : — Form of type, but more compressed ;

PABBBTSIA.

161

colour as in the last ; cardinal teeth broad ; nacre bluish white 5
umbonal ruga) as iu var. c7irysis.
Long. 27, lat. 40, diam. 17 mm.

Hah. Standing water, or "jheel," between Hameerpore and
Someerpore, Bundelkhund.

Indian Museum specimens are from Damuda ; Manbhoom ;
Gunduk, Kanigunga and Patna.

Var. assamensis (ISfevill MS.), Preston, Eec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta,
vii, 1912, p. 299.

Shell more convex than the typical form, the dorsal margin
rather less posteriorly angled, the anterior side is more rounded
and the posterior slightly more nasute.

Hob. Dihong.

Fig. 12. — Parreysia (P.) faviclens (Bens.), var. assamensis, Preston.
(Type.) Nat. size.

Specimens in the Indian Museum are also labelled as follow
Assam ; Arrah ; Sylhet.

Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Pig. 13. — Parreysia (P '.) favidens (Bens.), var. pinax (Bens.).
(Type.) Nat. size.

Yar. pinax (Benson).

Unto pinax; Eenson, A. M. N. II. x, 18G2, p. 192.

TInio favidens, var. pinax, II. & T., C. I. p. 6, pi. 11, fig. 2.

Original description: — Testa transverse oblonga, suboblique

M

162

uxiontdje.

ovata, valde inaequilaterali, crassa, subinflata, antice rotundata,
postice superne sensim descendente, dernum obtusa, raargine
ventrali convexiusculo, postice vix einarginato ; disco lseviusculo,
concentrice leviter striatulo, antice obsolete radiato-striato, versus
marginem ventralem et posteriorem plicato ; epiderniide olivaceo-
fusca ; uuibonibus convexis, decorticatis, obsolete radiato-sulcatis,
apicibus proniinentibus obtusis, remotiusculis ; lunula elongato-
elliptica ; ligamento brevi ; dentibus cardinalibus crassioribus,
radiatim eroso - sulcatis, lateralibus obliquis, utriusque valvae
duplicibus, subflexuosis ; margarita albida, iridescente.
Long. 30, lat. 48, diam. 21 mm.

Anterior cicatrices subconfluent, posterior entirely so, apical
ones under tbe cardinal tooth ; cavity of the beaks very deep.

Hab. Grungun River, near Moradabad, Eohilkhund. Specimens
in the Indian Museum from Arrah.

A very distinct cuneiform variety.

Var. plagiosoma {Benson).

Unio plagiosoma, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 191.
Unto favidens, var. plagiosoma, 11. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 6, pi. 1L
fig. 3.

Original description : — Testa transverse trigono-ovata, inaequi-
laterali, crassiuscula, tumidiuscula, antice rotundata, postice sub-
convexe declivi, demum obtusa, margine ventrali convexiusculo ;
disco obsolete plicato, epidermide luteo-olivacea vel olivaceo-fusca ;
umbonibus convexis, prominentibus, decorticatis, angulatim

«

Fig. 14. — Parreysia (P.) favidens (Bens.), vox. plagiosoma (Bens.).
(Type.) Nat. size.

flexuoso-sulcatis, apicibus prominentibus subremotis ; ligamento
brevi ; carina umbonali obtusa ; lunula elliptica ; dentibus cardi-
nalibus crassiusculis, radiatim eroso-sulcatis, lateralibus sub-
elevatis, modice elongatis, obliquis, valvse sinistra? duplicibus,
dextrae simplicibus : margarita colore salmonis tincta.

Long. 26, lat. 39, diam. 18 mm.
„ 22, „ 32, „ 15 mm.

" The anterior cicatrices, as well as the posterior, are sub-
confluent, the apical ones situated on the underside of the
cardinal teeth. The nacre is very iridescent posteriorly. A dark

PARREYSIA.

163

raised line borders the iuner side of the umbonal slope, which
exhibits a few rugae at the upper part."

Hab. Cane Eiver, near Banda, Bundelkhund. Specimens in the
Indian Museum are labelled as follows : — Patna ; Langlai ; Alipur,
Calcutta (Br. J. Anderson), Beerbhoom (J. Wood-Mason).

293. Parreysia (Parreysia) smaragdites (Benson).

Parreysia (Parreysia) smaragdites (Benson) ; Simpson, Washington

D.C., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 843.
Unio smaragdites, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 190; Blanford,

J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 147 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 5, pi. 10,

fig. 5 ; Paetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 167.

Original description :— Testa transverse ovato-rhotnboidea, in-
a)quilaterali, crassiuscula, tumida, antice rotundata, postice alata,
recta, turn valde declivi, demum subangulata, margine ventrali
convexo; disco laevigato, polito, vix striatulo, sub epidermide
pulchre viridi tenuissima obscure radiata albo, margine lutescente ;
umbonibus proininentibus, apicibus approximatis, subdecorticatis'
margaritaceis, breviter et minute radiato-sulcatis ; lunula angusta,
elongata, transverse rugata ; ligameuto subelongato ; carina um-
bonali prominente obtusiuscula, areola versus apicem depressi-
uscula, viridi obscure radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus duplicibus,
subangustis, rugosis, lateralibus curvatis elongatiusculis, valvse
dextrae simplicibus, sinistra? duplicibus, nonnuuquam subtri-
plicibus : margarita albida, nonnunquam luteo tincta.

Long. 31, lat. 42, diam. 20 mm.

The above description is amplified by the following note : —
"Eemarkable for the smoothness of the beautiful green
epidermis, which is very thin, and, when rubbed off, exhibits a
plain white colour, not nacreous, underneath. The anterior
cicatrices are confluent, the posterior nearly distinct, the apical
ones situated under the cardinal teeth. Cavity of beaks very
deep ; a few ruga? cross the striae on the posterior slope. In
general characters it approaches most nearly to the Jellingyhy
variety (deltas) of U. [P. (P.)] favidens, which has a more tumid
ovate form, a regular, sulcate, olivaceous surface, longer and dis-
tinctly angulate-flexuous umbonal furrows, and a broad lunule."

Hab. Berhampooter Eiver, Assam (Col. Jenkins).

There is a fine series of this interesting form in the collection
of the Indian Museum bearing the Burmese localities, Bhamo and
Zayleyman (Br. J. Anderson).

294. Parreysia (Parreysia) bhamoensis (Theobald).

Parreysia (Parreysia) bhamoensis (Theobald) ; Simpson, Wash-
ington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 483.

Unio bhamoensis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1874, pt. 2, p. 207,
pi. 17, fig. 1 ; ? Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, p. 62,
pi. loo, fig. 2 ; TiBtel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 146.

m2

164

unionjiki:.

Unio mandelayensis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1874, p. 208, pi. 17,
fi.r. 2 : H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 62, pi. 154, fag. 4 ; Psetel, Conch.
Sain, iii, 1890, p. 158.
Original description :— Testa subtriangulato-ovata, postice acumi-
nata, "margine ventrali modice rotundato, umbonibus tumidiuscuhs,
leevigatis, pustulis parvis aliquando armatis, decorticatis. Epider-
mide tenuissima, kevi, subpolita, Isete viridi, in senioribus flaves-
cente. ■ Testa concentrice subrugata, lineis paucis sive rugis
a.ngustis ligamentum versus plus minusve subradiatim notata, et
antice rugis paucis perbrevibus leviter corrugata. Dentibus cardi-
nalibus lamellatis, et denticulatis, in valva dextra singulo, multi-
fisso in sinistra gemino, posteriore triangulan et umbonem juxta
posito, anteriore lamelliformi, striate Nacrea argentea et viri-

descente.

Long. 40, lat. 52, diam. 26 mm.

Hob. IS ear Bbamo; Pegu, Western Prome.

To Theobald's description tbe following is appended :—

" A rare species in Western Prome where alone I have met
with it in Pegu, and remarkable for its smooth thin epidermis.
The posterior slope alone is conspicuously ornamented with
sculpture ; but in my largest specimen from Bhamo and in some
others also, the peculiar sculpturing of U. [P. (P.)] burmanus,
W. Blfd., is faintly but distinctly perceptible over part ot tne
valves towards the umbones especially."

295. Parreysia (Parreysia) pernodulosa, Preston.

Parreysia {Parreysia) pernodulosa, Preston, Kec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta,
vii, 1912, p. 300.

Original description :— Shell small, ovate, dark brown; both
valves sculptured anteriorly with coarse, corrugate ridges, which

Fig. 15.— 1 & 2. Tarreysia pernodulosa, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge of same.

become more nodulous and irregular in the median and posterior
regions ; umbones rather large ; dorsal margin rapidly sloping
anteriorly, slightly sloping posteriorly; ventral margin somewhat

PAEKETSIA.

165

rounded ; anterior side rather contracted, sharply rounded ;
posterior side broad, very gently rounded; cardinal teeth very
anteriorly situate, in right valve squarish, bearing two elongate
grooves, in left valve large, jagged, split into three portions, be-
tween each of which occur two deep notches, the middle portion,
or that between the two notches, being by far the smallest, at the
base of the anterior portion is situated a smaller, jagged tooth,
which is obliquely grooved in the centre; lateral teeth in both
valves posteriorly, elongately arched, grooved clown the whole
length ; anterior scars very deep ; posterior scar elongate, but not
well marked ; interior of shell pale bluish, nacreous.
Long. 15-5, lat. 205 mm.

Hab. Zayleyinan, Upper Burma {Dr. J. Anderson).
Type in the Indian Museum Collection.

296. Parreysia (Parreysia) feddeni {Theobald).

Parreysia {Parreysia) feddeni (Theobald) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C.. Smiths Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 843.

JJnio feddeni, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1874, p. 208, pi. 17,
fig. 3.

Original description : — " Testa quadrato-ovali, concentrice sul-
cata, antice gibbose rotundata, postice dilatata, subtruncata ;
parum inequilateral i. Umbonibus decorticatis baud promi-
nentibus. Epidermide lsevi, subpolita, viridescenti-flava. _ Den-
tibus cardinalibus lamelliformibus, striatis ; in valya dextra singulo,
serrato, in sinistra geminis triangularibus, striatis et serratis.
Nacrea caerulescenti-albida.

Long. 29*5, lat. 40, diam. 19 mm.

Hab. Peemgunga, Central India {F. Fedden) ; there are speci-
mens also in the British Museum and in the Indian Museum
from the same locality, the latter collected by the late Dr. W. T.
Blanford.

297. Parreysia (Parreysia) daccaensis, Preston.

Parreysia {Parreysia) daccaensis, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta,
vii, 1912, p. 300.

Original description :— Shell differing from P. feddeni, Theobald,
in its larger size, more ponderous form and more elongately ovate
shape, it is much darker in colour, being of a dark blackish-brown
instead of the greenish -yellow shade of that species, the shell is
much more coarsely concentrically striate and is also considerably
malleated, while P. feddeni is almost smooth in texture; the
umbones in the present species are, though, larger, far less
prominent, but the system of the hinge-teeth is the same.

Long. 47, lat. 76*5, diam. 29 mm.

Hab. Dacca.

The type specimen is in the Indian Museum.

Fig. 16. — 1 & 2. Parreysia (P.) daccacnsis, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.

298. Parreysia (Parreysia) tavoyensis {Gould).

Parreysia {Parreysia) tavoyensis (Gould); Simpson, Washington,
B.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 843.

Unto tavoyensis, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1843,
pp. 140-141; Catlow & Peeve, Conch. Norn. 1845, p. 64;
Kuster, Conch.-Cab., TJnio, 1856, p. 166, pi. 48, fig. 2; Gould,
Otia Conch. 1862, p. 190; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1864, pi. 13,
fig. 49 ; Blanford, J.A.S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 148 ; H. & T., C. I.
1876, p. 62, pi. 154, fig. 6,7; Ptetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890,
p. 169.

Margaron (Unio) tavoyensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 31.

Unio savoyensis, Paetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 166.

TJnio parmu, Benson ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xvi. 1868, pi. 95,

fig. 514 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 61, pi. 154. fig. 1 ; Psetel, Conch.

Sam. iii, 1890, p. 162..

Original description : — Testa rotundata, solida, sub-equilaterali,
fusca, postice dilatata, snbangulata; umbonibus elevatis, una cum

PAMIBYSIA.

167

latere postico comigatis; dentibus eardinalibus pyramidatis,
lateralibus flexuosis : iinpressiouibus musculorum profundis ;
margarita albido-incarnata.

Long. 38, lat. 51, diam. 20 inm.

Hob. Tavoy; also recorded in tbe Indian Museum from the
following Burmese localities: Pegu, Arakan, Tenasserim, and
Mandalay.

Var. triembolus (Benson).

Unio triembolus, Benson, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1855, p. 44 ; id. A. M.

N. H. x, 1862, p. 190; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 43, pi. 107, fig. 2 ;

Ptetal, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 170.
Unio houngdaranicus, Tapparone-Cauefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. St. Nat.

Genova, vii, 1889, p. 341.

Original description : — A thick shell with large teeth. A massive
species which inhabits the Nerbudda, and the shells of which are
found fossil associated with the bones of extinct mammalia in the
gravels of the river valley, may be a variety of this species
\P..tavoyensis~\.

The author writing in the ' Annals & Magazine of Natural
History,' in 1862, further describes his species.

Testa oblique rhomboidali, subtrigona, transversa, inaequilaterali,
crassa, antice brevi rotundata, postice subalata, descendente,
demum angulata, obtusa, margine ventrali convexo : disco trans-
verse plicato et striato, piceo-nigrescente ; umbone tumido, gibboso,
versus apices remotos obtusos decorticatos iridescentes radiato-
sulcato, carina nmbonali obtusa; dentibus eardinalibus crassissimis,
corrugatis, lateralibus obliquis, valva dextrie duplicibus, sinistra?
triplicibus ; margarita albida vel colore salmonis tincta.

The dimensions of three specimens given at the end of Benson's
description are as follows: —

Hah. Kanigunga, near Moradabad. Specimens in the Indian
Museum are labelled Cachar ; Barrack Biver, Silchar, and
Calcutta.

The author also mentions that he obtained the following
variations of this form : —

(1) Smaller, and more trigonal. Biver Goomty.

(2) Smaller, obliquely elongated. Biver Goomty.

(3) Green and olive in colour. Biver Dojora, near Bareilly.

(4) Gibbous. Biver Gungut, near Moughyr, in Bahar.

The following note is given with reference to the description of
the typical form : — " The anterior and posterior cicatrices are
distinct, the latter particularly so ; the apical cicatrices are in-
distinct on the inner side of the cardinal tooth ; cavity of the

1.

47
57
27

2.

3.

Long

Lat.

Diam

4.3
62
27

44 mm.
63 mm.
30 mm.

168

union i nr.

beaks veiy deep and angular The green Dojora variety is

remarkable for the great development of the teeth. The lateral
ones are disposed to be treble in the right as well as in the left
valve; and several parallel plica} intervene between them and
the exaggerated cardinal teeth in a perfect specimen with the
following dimensions: Long. 37, lat. 50, diam. 23 mm."

299. Parreysia (Parreysia) vulcana {Hanley).

Parreysia (Parreysia) vulcana (Hanlev) : Simpson, Washington,

D.C., Smiths. Inst.; Nat, Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 844.
TJnio vulcanus, Hanley, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 606 : 11. k T., C. I. 1870,
p. 62, pi. 155, fig-. 3 ; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 172.

Original desertion: — Testa solida, inaequilateralis, subovata,
viridis, undique (nisi fortasse ad extremitatem anticam) plicato-
rugosa; plica) (seu tubercula elongata conftuentia) undatim angu-
lariter et oblique ordinatae. Margo dorsalis posticus et margo
ventralis convexi, subparalleli. Costa umbonalis nulla ; area
postica nequaquam concava. Lunula lata, haud multum impressa.
Margarita alba, vix minime iridescens. Margo cardinalis latus ;
dentes cardinales solidi, lacerati ; in valvula sinistra dens lateralis
inter duos valvulae dextra3 insertus.

Long. 25, lat. 38 mm.

Sab. Burma.

Described from an isolated specimen and appearing to somewhat
resemble P. tavoyensis (Gld.), in form.

To the description the following note is appended : —
" . . . . When held before a light the valves appear of a yellowish
green, richly embossed with zigzag ridges of a darker or bluer ver-
dure. The hinge is nearly the same as in U. [P. (P.)] favidens of
Benson, the central teeth being short and complicated."

300. Parreysia (Parreysia) feae (Tapparone-Canefri).

Parreysia (Parreysia) feee (Tapparone-Canefri) ; Simpson, Wash-
ington, 1).C, Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 844.

TJnio fees, Topparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Genova.
xxvii, 1889, p. 340.

Original description : — Testa solida, crassiuscula, subcordato-
ovata, insequilaterali, postice attenuata, margine ventrali sub-
arcuato postice sinuato, umbonibus tumidiusculis, decorticatis.
Valvae rugis concentricis profundis 3-4-5 ssepius exaratse, epi-
dermide luteo olivacea, tenui, laevi indutse, umbonibus prseserthn
et latere postico in junioribus varie ex lacte-viridi depictis et
fulgurato-corrugatis. Dentes cardinales crassi, subtrigoni,laciniati
et striati, dentibus in valva dextera unico, in sinistra duplici,
postico inajori triangulari, antico-oblongo minori. Margarita laete
carnea.

Long. 42-43, lat. 55, diam. 25-29 mm.
Hob. Meetan, Houngdaran Biver (L. Fea).

PAKREYSIA.

301. Parreysia (Purreysia) rajahensis {Lea).

Parreysia {Parreysia) ra jahensis (Lea) ; Simpson, Washington-;

1 ).()., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 844.
Unio rajahensis, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. ii,

1841, p. 30; Philadelphia, Pa., Trans, Amer. Phil. Soc. viii,

1842, p. 239, pi. 23, fig. 53; Obs. Genus Unio, iii, 1842, p. 77 ,
pi. 23, fig. 53 ; 11. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1857, p. 495 ;
Chenu, 111. Conch. 1858, pi. 20, figs. 3, 3 a, 3 b ; Psetel, Conch.
Sam. iii, 1890, p. 165.

Marguron {Unio) rajahensis, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 25; 1870, p. 38.
Unio indicus, Sowerbv, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1866, pi. 40, rig. 222;

R. & T., C. I. 1876,' p. 43, pi. 107, tig. 1.
Margaron {Unio) indicus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 31,

Original description: — Testa triangulari, inflata, inaequilaterali,
postice angulata ; valvulis crassis ; natibus valde prominentibus ;
epidermide tenebroso-fusca ; dentibus cardinalibus magnis : later-
alibus sublongis curvisque ; inargarita alba et valde iridescente.

Hob. The Eajah's tanks, Calcutta {Dr. Jay). The species in the
Indian Museum is represented by specimens from Poona; Ner-
budda Eiver ( W. Theobald 6f W. T. Blanford); "From the
soil of the Ban Kach " ; "From 130 miles S.W. of Sepree";
Sahibguuga.

Three specimens from the Nerbudda Biver yielded the following
dimensions : —

1. 2. 3.

Long 27-25 28 27 mm.

Lat 31-75 35 31 mm.

Diam 16 19 16-25 mm.

302. Parreysia (Parreysia) rugosa {Omelin).

Parreysia {Parreysia) rugosa (Gmelin) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 844.

Mi/a rugosa. Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 13th ed. 1788, vi, p. 3222; Wood,
Gen. Conch, i. 1815, p. 109 ; Dillwyn, Cat. i, 1817, p. 53 ; Wood,
Ind. Test. 3825, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 33 rt ; rev. ed. 1856, p. 16, pi. 2,
lig. 33.

Unio rugosus, Ivlister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1862, p. 290. pi. 97,
fig. 5 ; Blanford, J. A. S. 13. xxxv, 1867, p. 137 ; Psetel, Conch.
Sam. iii, 1890, p. 166.
Original desertion : — Testa ovali rugosa, extrinsecus virescente,
intus margaritacea : cardinis dente primario crenulato, laterali
longitudinali, alterius duplicate
Hah. Coromandel.

303. Parreysia (Parreysia) corbis {Hanley).

Parreysia (Parreysia) corbis (ITanley) ; Simpson, Washington,

D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 845.
Unio corbis. Ilanlev, Biv. Shells, 1856, p. 386, pi. 23, fig. 43;

H. & T., C. 1. 1876, p. 22, pi. 45, fig. 10.
Margaron ( Unio) corbis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 50.
Original description :— Shell oval, inequilateral, rather thin,

170

UNIONIDJ

subventricose, concentrically zoned with bluish green and ochra-
ceous yellow, rather glossy, smooth, except at the umbones, which
are adorned with longitudinally divergent slender corrugations,
the hinder lines of which incline interiorwards, the front oues
posteriorwards ; a few similar wrinkles radiate subtransverselv
thence to the dorsal end of the concave anterior slope ; ventral
edge convex ; front dorsal edge straightish, a little elevated ;
extremities rounded, the front rather broad ; nacre silvery ;
umbonal cavity ample ; teeth laminar, compressed.

Long. 19, lat. 26-5 mm.

Hob. Assam.

The species was originally described from a single valve : below
are given the dimensions of two specimens in the British and
Indian Museums collections respectively : —

1. 2.

Long 16-75 19 mm.

Lat 25-5 30 mm.

Diain 13 14*75 mm.

The above two specimens are the only ones which the compiler
of the present volume has been able to examine ; though agreeing
in the essential characters with the original description, there are
still considerable differences between them : the smaller, or British
Museum specimen, being far more obtuse posteriorly than that of
the Indian Museum, the dorsal margin of the former gradually
sloping upwards posteriorly to a rounded angle, while in the latter
this character is not nearly so accentuated.

304. Parreysia (Parreysia) burmanus (Blanford).

Parreysia (Parreysia') burm anus (Blanford); Simpson, Washington,
B.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc xxii, 1900, p. 845.

Unio burmanus, Blanford, P. Z. S. 1809, pp. 449-450.

Unto birmanus, H. & T., C. I. 1870, p. 19, pi. 42, fig. 1; Pastel,
Conch. Sam. hi, 1890, p. 140.

Original description: — Testa subovata, solida, subcompressa,
valde inaequilateralis, picea vel fusco-olivacea, concentrice plicato-
striata, disco medio et postico rugis obliquis irregulariter angulatis,
interdum granosis, hie illic praasertim versus marginem ventralem
obsoletis corrugato ; umbonibus non prominentibus, subplanulatis,-
angulatim corrugatis, haud procul ab extremitate anteriore positis;
lunella parva, concava ; latere antico brevissimo subacuminato-
rotundato ; area convexa ; margine dorsali postice regulariter
convexo-curvato, terminaliter rotundato, ventrali convexo ; den-
tibus cardinalibus crassis, radiatim corrugatis, in valva dextrabinis,
anteriore minimo, in sinistra ternis vel subternis ; lateralibus
elongatis subcurvatis, in valva dextra subduplicibus, in sinistra
duplicibus ; margarita colore salmonis tincta. Testa junior

PARHELIA.

171

rotundato-ovalis, omnino praeter ad extremitatein antieain sub-
radiatiin granoso-plicifera.

The dimensions of three specimens given at the foot of the
original description are as follows : —

1. 2. 3 (young shell).

Long 52 45 34 mm.

Lat 35 32 26-5 mm.

Diam \ . 22 20 17 mm.

Length of ligament 23 20*5 16 mm.

Ifab. Irawady River at Bhamo.
The type is in the Indian Museum.

305. Parreysia (Parreysia) sikkimensis {Lea).

Parreysia (Parreysia) sikJcimensis (Lea) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 845.

Unio sikkimensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii,
1859, p. 151 ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1859,
p. 251, pi. 39, fig. 131 ; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, 1860, p. 69, pi. 39,
fig. 131 ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 76, fig. 400 ;
II. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 6, pi. 11, fig. 4, and p. 44, pi. 107,
figs. 6, 7 ; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 167.

Margaron (Unio) sikkimensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 64.

Original description : — Testa laevi, obovata, insequilaterali, sub-
inflata, postice obtuse biangulata ; valvulis crassiusculis ; natibus
prominulis ; epidermide luteo-fusca,eradiata ; dentibuscardinalibus
parvulis, brevibus crenulatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus ; later-
alibus brevibus subcurvisque ; margarita alba et iridescente.

Hab. Sikkim (H. Cuming Sf Prof. Hanley). Eepresented in the
Indinn Museum by specimens from Sibsagar, Assam (S. E. Peal) ;
Siliguri ; Namtsik ; Dihang, and Cachar.

No dimensions being given with the original description, those
of three specimens in the Indian Museum are appended : —

1. 2. 3.

Long 28-5 28-25 19-5 mm.

Lat 38-5 37-25 27-25 mm.

Diam 20 19-25 12-25 mm.

The species though varying somewhat, usually in the posterior
region, is easily distinguishable from others of the group by its
considerable convexity in proportion to its size and by its short,
broad, and generally ovately rounded form.

306. Parreysia (Parreysia) gowhattensis (Theobald).

Parreysia (Parreysia) yowhattensis (Theobald) ; Simpson, "Wash-
ington, IXC, Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 845.

Unio yowhattensis, Theobald, J. A. S. P>. xlii, 1873, p. 208, pi. 17,
fig. 4; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 154.

Original description : — Testa quadrato-ovata, antice rotundata,

172

ukionid^;.

postice declive truncata, margine ventrali recto. Umbonilms
decorticatis. Epideruiide flave.scente, postice viridescente. Testa
concentrice striata eb rugis plurimis ininutis valde approxiinantibus
angulariter seu fulgurate granuloso-crispata, postice fcantum radi-
atim granuloso-crispata. Dentibus cardinalibus bifidis in utraque
valvo. Nacrea cserulescenti-albida, iridescente. In senioribus
granulationes valde inconspicuse fiunt.

Long. 25-5, lat. 39, diain. 18 mm.

Hah. Near Gowhatti, Assam.

The sculpture of this species much resembles that of Nodularia
crispisidcata , Benson.

307. Parreysia (Parreysia) perconvexa, Preston.

Parreysia (Parreysia) perco7ivexa, Preston, Kec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta,
vii, 1912, p. 302.

Original description : — Shell ovate, slightly curved, very convex,
solid but much eroded, where iutact covered by a dark blackish-

1

Fig. 17.— 1 & 2. Parreysia (P.) perconvexa, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge of same.

brown periostracum ; umbones moderately large ; dorsal margin
sloping in an anterior direction ; ventral margin slightly curved

PAItliEI'SIA.

173

posteriorly : anterior side gently rounded ; posterior side slightly
and very bluntly produced, rounded ; cardinal teeth very anteriorly
situato, with upper surface multi-ridged and supported in each
valve by an enormous column-like callous thickening of the shell ;
lateral teeth coarse, rather short, curved ; anterior muscular scars
of great depth ; posterior scars subcircular, well impressed ;
interior of shell very pale greenish white.

Long. 37, lat. 55, diam. 33 mm.

Hab. Nongyaug Lake, south of Patkai.

The type is in the Indian Museum.

308. Parreysia (Parreysia) annandalei, Preston.

Parrei/sia {Parreysia) annandalei, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta,
vii,'l912, p. 302.

Original description : — Shell oval, convex, moderately solid,
coarsely concentrically ribbed, covered with a thin, smooth,
brownish-olivaceous periostracum ; umbones rather small, not

-pl(r 18.— 1 & 2. Parreysia (P.) annandalei, Preston. (Type.) Nat, size.
3. Hinge of same.

prominent; dorsal margin arched; ventral margin considerably
rounded; anterior side slightly produced aud rather sharply
rounded: posterior side very bluntly subrostrate ; cardinal teeth
two in each valve, somewhat anteriorly situate, rather coarse and
corrugated ; lateral teeth strong, curved ; anterior scars rather

174

unions i nr.

small, very deeply excavated ; posterior scars also small, ovate
deeply impressed ; interior of shell whitish iridescent.

Long. 29, Int. 41, diam. 20 mm.

Hab. Growhatty.

The type specimen is in the Indian Museum.

309. Parreysia (Parreysia) dalliana, Ft •ierson.

Parreysia {Parreysia) dalliana, Frierson, 'Nautilus,' Boston Mass
xxvi, p. 142 ; Haas, Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. pi. 32,
figs. 3, 4 (as Trapezoideusfoliaceus).

Original description : — (Shell small, rather thick, somewhat

ovat.e Bounded before, basal and dorsal lines nearly

straight, post basal point rounded. Epidermis olivaceous,
greenish in young shells, brownish in old specimens, and
frequently bleached. Beaks very small, pointed, low, and in-
curved, with fine zigzag radial sculpture, which extends a little
down the shell, and especially down the post slope ; in dirty or
eroded specimens hardly to be noticed. The shell is a little
inflated, the post ridge rounded. Inside the nacre is soft cream
or white. The left valve has two cardinals, the anterior blade-
like, and the posterior much smaller and tubercular. The laterals
are double (or even inclined to be trifid) ; in the right valve the
cardinals are split or double, and the laterals single. The
anterior cicatrices are confluent, and also those of the posterior.

Long. 25, lat. 40 mm.

Hab. Burma.

" The shell is stouter, shorter, and more inflated than
T. foliaceus, and the posterior portion is not green."

Genus LAMELLIDENS.

Lamellidens, Simpson, Washington. D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 854.

Type, Unio marginalis, Lamarck, from India, Burma, and
Ceylon.

Range. India ; Burma ; Ceylon and China.

Original description :— Shell elongate, elliptical, pointed behind,
with a slight post-dorsal wing, a low, often biangulate posterior
ridge, and generally two sharp, radiating lirae above it ; beaks with
curved, radiating ridges which sometimes are slightly zigzag and
often become almost concentric, but which fade out as they approach
each other at the centre of the disc ; epidermis smooth", generally
shining, brownish, often with concentric bands of lighter colour,
rayless or nearly so ; left valve with two compressed pseudo-
cardinals, the front one roughened, and two laterals ; right valve

LA MELLIUENS.

175

with two parallel, lamellar pseudocardinals and one lateral ;
cavity o£ the beaks rather shallow ; dorsal scars few, deep,
distinct, scattered ; anterior scars separate ; nacre bluish-white
to straw.

Animal unknown.

Subgenus LAMELLIDENS (sensu stricto).

Lamellidens, Simpson, Washington, D.O. Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 854.

Ttpe, Unio marginalis, Lamarck.

Eange. India ; Burma ; Ceylon ; China.
Shell dark-coloured ; teeth well developed.

310. Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck).

Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck); Simpson, Washington, B.C.

Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, pp. 854-855 ; Die

breite Mahler-Muschel aus Grbnland, Schroter, Flussconch. 1779,

p. 181, pi. 9, tig-. 1.
? Unio groenlandicus, Miirch, Am. J. Conch, iv, 18G8, p. 38.
? Unio testudinarius, Spengler, Skriv. Selsk. Nat. iii, 1793, p. 65 ;

Pfetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 169.
? Unio tnmcatus, Spengler, Skriv. Selsk. Nat. iii, 1793, p. 65 ;

? Schroter, Arch. Zool. Zoot. ii, 2 Stuck, 1802, p. 107.
Unio marginalis, Lamarck, An. sans Vert, vi, 1819, p. 79 ; Beshaves,

Enc. Meth. ii, 1827, p. 151, pi. 247, fig. 1 ; Hanley, Test. Moll.

1842, p. 206 ; Hanley, Bit. Shells, 1843, p. 206, pi. 20, fig. 53 ;
Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Nom. 1845, p. 61 ; H. & A. Adams,
Gen. Bee. Moll, ii, 1857, p. 491 ; Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio,
1861, p. 239, pi. 80, fig. 4; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1867,
pi. 59, tig. 27 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 43, fig. 2 ; Pastel,
Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 158.

Margarita (Unio) marginalis, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 37 ; 1838, p. 24.
Margaron (Unio) marginalis, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 38; 1838, p. 24.
Unio anodontina, Lamarck, An. sans Vert, vi, 1819, p. 80 ;

Beshayes, An. sans Vert. Ti, 1835, p. 546 ; ii, 1839, p. 671.
Unio anodontimts, Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1861, p. 240, pi. 80,

fig. 15 ; Pajtel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 144.
Sgmplumota bilineuta, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil.

Soc. iT, 1831, p. 98, pi. 11, fig. 19; Obs. Genus Unio, \, 1834,

p. 108, pi. 11, fig. 19.
Margarita (Unio) bilineatus, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 38; 1838, p. 25.
Unio bilineatus, Hanley, Test. Moll. 1842, p. 207 ; Biv. Shells,

1843, p. 207, pi. 21, fig. 30; Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Nom.
1845, n. 56 ; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1857, p. 491 ;
Sowerby, Conch. Icon. XTi, 1868, pi. 71, fig. 365.

Margaron ( Unio) bilineatus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 38 ; 1870, p. 61.
? Unio evanescens, Mousson, Moll. Java, 1849, p. 91, pi. 17, fig. 2.

Original description : — Testa ovato-oblonga, subrhombea, tenui,
intus cserulescente ; fasciis transversis marginalibus ; dente cardi-
nali parvo compresso.

176

UNIONISE.

The above description may be amplified by that given by
Sowerby in the ' Conehologia Jconica ' : — " Shell oblong-ovate,
thin, very smooth, somewhat inflated, covered with a blackish-
brown shining epidermis, pale iridescent-fawn within ; posterior
side roundly angular, produced, dorsal margin straight, lateral
margin oblique, end subacuminated, ventral margin raised towards
the end, very slightly contracted in the middle ; anterior side
short, narrow, dorsal margin slightly sloped, cuneate ; umboes
smooth."

The following dimensions are taken from three adult specimens
in the collection of the Indian Museum : —

1. 2. 3.

Long 51 50-5 52-5 mm.

Lat 100-5 95-25 95 mm.

Diam 32 30 34 mm.

The species is very widely distributed throughout India, Burma,
and Ceylon, and should Mousson's Unio evanescens prove to be
really a synonym, then Java must also be added to the above.

Var. obesa (Hanley Theobald) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 855.

Unio marginalia var. obesa, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 43, fig. 3.
Unio corrianns, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 77, fig. 401.

The variety is described as follows in the ' Conehologia Indica' —
" A giant form, which does not exhibit the ochraceous band, and

is peculiarly swollen The upper anterior tooth is almost

linear; the lateral [teeth] are not bent at the extremity, and the
upper one in the left valve is scarcely developed."

The following dimensions are those of three specimens in the
Indian Museum. Those of No. 1 are of a specimen from Silchar
and those of Nos. 2 and 3 of specimens from Tonghoo : —

1. 2. 3.

Long 67 64 57*5 mm.

Lat US 125 109 mm.

Diam 48 44 43 mm.

This inflated variety was originally noticed from the Irrawaddv
Eiver ; there are, however, specimens in the collection of the
Indian Museum which undoubtedly belong to it from Chittagong,
Silchar and Toungoo, Burma.

Var. tricolor (Kiister); Simpson, "Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 855.

Unio tricolor, Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1856, p. 156, pi. 45,
fig. 1 ; Jickeli, Faun. Moll. N.O.-Afr. 1874, p. 275 ; Pa3tel, Conch.
Sam. iii, 1890, p. 170.

LA MJSLL1DENS

177

Unio marginalis var. tricolor, II. & T., 0. I. 1870 p 20 pi 42
fig. 5.

Original description : — Testa vakle inaequilatera, ellipfcica, tenera,
nitida, modice convexa, obsolete sulcata et subtilissime striata,
olivaceo-fusca, parte inferiore flava ; postice laete viridi-radiata ;
umbonibus depressis ; area coinpressa ; dentibus cardinalibus
compressis, dextro duplicato, lamellis tenuibus acutis ; margarita
nitido-caBrulescens, subtiliter radiata.

Long. 2S-25, lat. 60-5, diain. 17-25 mm.

Kiister gives as tbe babitat of bis species '; iEgypten im Nil,"
but tbis must be an error, as tbe sbell he figures is obviously
a variety of the Indian L. marginalis. It is represented in the
Indian Museum collection by specimens from the following
localities : — Shuaygoomyo, Burma and Manbhoom, Bengal.

Var. zonata (DesJtayes).

Unio marginalis, .Desh. Encycl. Meth., Vers, ii, p. 587.
Unio marginalis, Lk., var. zonata, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 44
fig. 2.

Shell oval, transverse, inequilateral, thin, covered with a dark
brown periostracum interrupted towards the margins by trans-
verse zones of rather pale greenish-yellow ; anterior side rounded,
obtuse, rather narrower than the posterior side which terminates
in a somewhat prominent angle ; the dorsal and posterior margins
compressed and slightly dilated in the form of a wing, separated
towards the umbones by a posterior angle continuing to the top,
interior of shell nacreous, rather deep and very bright yellow,
tinged with reddish and bluish shades towards the posterior side ;
hinge very narrow, gently arched, consisting, in the right valve',
of an oblong, crested, cardinal tooth roughened on the inner side,
crenellated at its free end and bearing on the outward side a small
decurrent swelling which limits the cavity into which the tooth
of the opposite valve is received ; left valve bearing two blunt
teeth, of which the posterior, which is the shorter, only commences
to rise at the extremity of the other; lateral posterior tooth
elongate, arched, narrow, sharp, rough and truncated at its
posterior end, fitting between two lameite in the left valve which
are unequal both in length and height.

Long. 46, lat. 84 mm.

Hub. Bengal.

There are specimens which correspond to this description in tbe
Indian Museum collection from Rangoon, the measurements of
three of these being as below : —

1. 2. 3.

Long 39-5 41 36 mm.

Lat 74-5 73 67 mm.

Diam 23 19 23 mm.

178

ETNIONID E.

Var. candaharica (Uanley 6? Theobald) • Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 855.

Unio marginalis var. candaharica, H. & T., 0. I. 187(5, p. 20, pi. 48,
fig-. 4 ; Hutton, J. A. S. B. xviii, pt. 1, 1849 (1850), p. 660.

Original description :— Shell oval oblong, ventricose, tumid
not produced nor attenuated behind ; beaks flattened and denuded ;
upper edge rounded or falling ; lower edge curved ; strongly
wrinkled transversely ; epidermis olive-brown, in young specimens
with broad yellowish margin.

The dimensions of three specimens mentioned by Hutton

are : —

1. 2. 3.

Long 41-25 41-25 44-25 mm.

Lat.* 75 73 78 mm.

and of two specimens, both from Candahar, in the Indian
Museum :—

1. 2.

Long v 37-5 38-25 mm.

Lat. 65-5 68-5 mm.

Diam 22-5 24-5 mm.

Hah. Candahar, in canals.

Hutton further states that it differs from typical U. marginalis,
Llr. » in the less produced and lengthened form pos-
teriorly, in the upper part of the anterior edge being straighter
and more elevated than in U. marginalis, and in the beaks being
less denuded and more wrinkled. In Unio marginalis of the
Gangetic Provinces the breadth appears to exceed the length
much more considerably than in the Candahar shells, measuring
in four specimens of each as follows : —

" Indian [Gangetic Provinces] specimen,

1. 2. 3. 4.

Long • • • • 35 41-25 35 38 mm.
Lat .' 40 89 80 76-5 mm.

"Afghan specimens,

B 1. 2. 3. 4.

Lon* ••• 16 41-25 41-25 46 mm.
Lat.*3 75 73 75 78 mm.

"The proportions thus appear to be reversed; the Indian
species showing a greater transverse breadth in proportion to its
length, the Afghan one showing a greater length in proportion to
its breadth. All my specimens of the Indian variety are produced
or elongated posteriorly, giving the shell a narrow wedge-shaped
appearance, whereas the Afghan one, being transversely shorter,
appears ovate-oblong."

LAMELLIDENS.

179

Var. cylindrica (Hanley § Theobald) ; Simpson, "Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 855.

TJnio marginalia var. cylindrica, Tl. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 44
fig. 1.

As hitherto the name has been a mere nomen nudum, and no
specimen actually corresponding to Hanley & Theobald's figure
being available the following short desci-iption of the figure itself
may be given : —

Rather more rectangular than the typical form, dark olive-
green, concentrically banded, especially towards the ventral margin
and posterior side, with yellowish brown, and transversely rayed
from the umbonal region with dark olive-brown ; interior of shell
salmon-coloured.

Long. 44, lat. 10-2 mm.

Hah. — ?

Var. hanleyi, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat.
Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 855.

TJnio marginalia var. corriana, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 44,
fig. 4.

Shell more or less indented in the middle, sometimes elongated
cylindrical, sometimes compressed and oval-oblong ; cardinal
callosity (which is rarely absent) more or less developed ; anterior
or hinge teeth almost horizontal, outwardly curved, rather more
elongate, or if shorter, rather more prominently elevated.

Long. 42, lat. 89 mm. (fig. in Con. Ind.).

Hah. Calcutta, etc.

Subsp. thwaitesi (Lea).

TJnio thwaitesi, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii,
1859, p. 152; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1860,
p. 246, pi. 37, fig. 125 ; Obs. Genus TJnio, vii, 1860, p. 64, pi. 37,
fig. 125; Eeeve, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1865, pi. 23, fig. 105; II. &
T., O. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 43, fig. 1 ; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890,
p. 169.

Margaron (TJnio) thioaitesii, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 74.
TJnio consobrinus, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 19, pi. 41, fig. 7.
Lamellidens thwaitesii (Lea), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 856.

Original description : — Testa laevi, regulariter elliptica, sub-
inflata, insequilaterali ; valvulis crassiusculis ; natibus prominulis ;
epidermide castanea, polita, transverse fasciata ; dentibus cardi-
nalibus valde compressis, lamellatis, valde obliquis, in utroque
valvulo duplicibus ; lateralibus longis, lamellatis curvisque ;
margarita salmonis colore tiiicta et iridescente.

Hah. Ceylon (Thtvaites).

n2

180 unioniDjE.

The following dimensions are taken from three specimens in
the Indian Museum : —

1. 2. 3.

Long 44-5 35 34 mm.

Lat 88 63 62 mm.

Diam 28-25 20 20-25 mm.

Subsp. consobrina (Lea).

Unio consobrinus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, in,
1859, p. 331 ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 2i2,
pi. 45, fig. 152 ; Obs. Genus Unio,vu, 1860, p. 90, pi. 45, fig. 152 ;
Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 148.

Marqaron (Unio) consobrinus, Lea, Syn. 18/0, p. .46.

Uniocorbeti, Deschamps, Bull. Soc. Zool. Er. xvn, 1892, p. 68, fig.

LamelUdens consobrinus (Lea), Simpson, Washington, D.C,' Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 856.

Original description :— Testa Levi, elliptica, subinflata, inaqui-
laterali, postice obtuse angulata, antice rotundato ; valvuhs sub-
tenuibusf antice paulisper crassiusculis ; natibus pronnnulis ;
epidermide micante, tenebroso-fusca, eradiata ; dentibus cardi-
nalibus parvis, crenulatis, compressis, obliquis in valvnlam dextram
duplicibus ; lateralibus longis, lamellatis subcurvisque ; marganta
salmonis colore tincta et valde iridescente.

Hob. "China" (CM. Wheatley).

The locality as given by Lea is probably a mistake ; the variety
is widely distributed over India and Ceylon.

The following are the dimensions of three specimens in the
Indian Museum collection : —

Long

Lat

Diam

Subsp. lamellata (Lea).

Unio lamellatus, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.
i«q« n 19 nl 6 n>. 16: Obs. Genus Umo, n, looS, p. iw,
S'H'^^toschei, Arch. Nat,. Berlin v pt 2, 1839,
l 934 Planley, Test. Moll. 1842, p. 194; Biv Shells, 1843,
I' 194 5 21 f>- 49: Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Norn. 1845,
S" 60 V & A Adams. 'Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1857 p. 494 ; Chenu,
fil. Conch. 18.58 Pl 22, figs. 3 3 a 3 I : Sowerby, Conch Icon,
xvi, 1866, pl. 52, fig. 272; H. & T, C. I. 1876, p. .1, pl.
fig. 7 ; Pastel, Conch. Sam. m, 1890, p 126.

MaTqarita (Unio) lamellatus, Lea, Syn 1836, p. 26 l|38,p.S0.

Maraeron (Unio) lamellatus, Lea, byn. . 1852, p. 29 , 1870 ,J. 4b

u2 layardi, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. rjila^P^. m> l89%>
p. 153; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. ^^^1 K'l22-
pl. 36, fig. 122 ; Obs. Genus Umo, vii, I860, p. 61 , pl. 36, fag. LU ,

1.

2.

3.

43

48-5

47 mm.

79

91 .

83 mm.

27-5

32

27 mm.

LAMELLIDENS.

181

Reeve, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1805, pi. 23, fig. Ill : H. & T., 0. I.
1876, p. 19, pi. 41, fig. 1 ; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii,1890, p. 157.
Margaron (Unio) layaraii, Lea, 1870, p. 40.

Lamellidens lamellatus (Lea), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 856.

Original description : — Shell subovate, transverse, somewhat
inflated, shining ; valves very thin ; beaks scarcely prominent,
undulated; cardinal teeth long, thin and lamellar; lateral teeth
long, thin, and nearly straight ; nacre bluish.

Long. 38, lat. 64, diam. 25*5 mm.

Hob. Bengal {Captain Lang). This variety is represented by
specimens in the Indian Museum bearing the following localities : —
Mandalay, Pegu, Bhamo (Dr. J. Anderson), also Calcutta and
Ceylon.

Var. sublamellata, Preston, Eee. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, vii, 1912,
p. 305.

Original description : — An elongate, somewhat rostrate form,
having the hinge-teeth rather less developed.
Hob. Burma ( W. Theobald).
The type is in the Indian Museum.

Subsp. scutum (Sowerby).

TJnio scutum, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 94, fig. 510 ;
H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 22, pi. 46, fig. 1 ; Pastel, Conch. Sam. hi,
1890, p. 167.

Lamellidens scutum (Sowerby), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 857.

Original description : — Shell thick, unequally subventricose,
somewhat indented in the middle, somewhat depressed in front,
very inequilateral, oblong, obliquely sub-biangular behind, of a
uniform pitch-colour, smoothish ; ventral edge retuse, rising in
front ; umbonal ridge elevated, the space behind it broad and
rather concave ; beaks but little projecting, nacre livid whitish ;
primary teeth slanting, lateral lamellae distant.

The dimensions of the specimen figured in the 'Conch. Icon.',
and now in the British Museum, are as follows : —

Long. 50, lat. 100, diam. 32-5 mm. ;
and those of a specimen in the Indian Museum collection : —

Long. 52-25, lat. 98, diam. 35-25 mm.

Hub. Tenasserim (original locality); there are also specimens
labelled " Rangoon " in the Indian Museum.

Var. humilior (von Martens), Arch. Naturg. Berlin, lxv, pt. 1,
1899, pp. 45, 46, pi. 5, fig. 1.

Somewhat more depressed than the typical form, but agreeing

182.

UNION I U.K.

Fi" 19 —1 & 2. Lamellidcns (L.) marginalia, Lk. var. sublamellala, Preston.
°* (Type.) Nat. size.

3. Hinge and muscular s'cars of same.

LAMELLIDEUfS.

183

well in other respects ; juvenile specimens are bright brownish-
green, older ones blackish ; the following are the measurements
of a series at various stages of growth : —

1.

Lat 124

Long, (from umbones) .. 49
Long, (from posterior ex-

■ treraity of wing) .... 56
Diam 26

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

92

79

72

65

43 mm.

40

36

32

28

19 mm.

46

39

37

32

21 mm.

25

20

20

17

11 mm.

The wings average two-thirds of the length. The lower margin
in young specimens is fairly straight in the middle, in older ones
slightly curved inward. The edge running backwards from the
umbones, separating the posterior from the lateral surface, is
always distinct. The hinge-teeth are nodulated, but comparatively
small.

Hob. The Chindwin River, near Kalewa; also in the River Tu,
one of the tributaries of the former.

Young specimens of this variety, in outward form, greatly
resemble the U. marginalis var. anodontinus of the ' Conch. Ind.',
pi. 42, fig. 7.

Subsp. corrianus (Lea).

TJnio corrianus, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. v,
ser. 2, 1834, p. G5, pi. 9, fig. 25; Obs. Genus TJnio, i, 1831,
p. 177, pi. 9, fig. 25; Hanlev, Test. Moll. 1842, p. 207; Biv.
Shells, 1843, p. 207, pi. xx, fig. 60; Catlow & Reeve, Conch.
Nom. 1845, p. 57 ; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1857,
p. 491 ; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 149.

Margarita {TJnio) corrianus, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 38; 1838, p. 25.

Margaron {TJnio) corrianus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 38 ; 1870, p. 61.

Lamellidens corrianus (Lea), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 857.

Original description : — Shell narrow-elliptical, very transverse,
very inequilateral, subangular behind ; valves very thin ; beaks
scarcely prominent ; cardinal teeth thin and bladed ; lateral teeth
long, thin and nearly straight ; nacre pearly white and iridescent.

Long. 25-5, lat. 53*5, diam. 13*5 mm.

Hab. Calcutta. The following localities refer to specimens
in the Indian Museum : — Seebsaugor (Peal) ; Pegu (W. T. Blan-
ford) ; Balagunga, Central Sylhet ; Madras ; Berhampur, Mur-
shidabad District, Bengal (S. W. Kemp) ; Sambalpur ; Zayleyman,
Upper Burma (Dr. J. Anderson).

Lea's description is amplified by the following notes : — " Shell
narrow elliptical, very transverse, very inequilateral, subangular
behind ; dorsal line nearly straight ; substance of the shell very
thin ; beaks very slightly elevated and minutely waved at the tip ;
ligament long and slender; epidermis smooth, dark brown; rays
none; cardinal teeth thin, bladed, single in the left valve and

184

UNIONID^.

double in the right ; lateral teeth long, thin, bladed and nearly
straight ; anterior cicatrices distinct; posterior cicatrices confluent ;
dorsal cicatrices situated nearly in the centre of the cavity of the
beaks ; cavity of: the beaks exceedingly shallow ; nacre pearly

white and iridescent It closely resembles the U. margi-

nalis of Lamarck, but differs from that species in being more
transverse, in the beaks being more refuse, in the dorsal line
being nearly straight, and in its not being possessed of a light
border along the margin. The cardinal teeth are remarkably thin,
and form nearly a line with the lateral teeth."

Subsp. generosus (Gould).

TJnio generosus, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 1847,
p. 220 ; Otia Conch. 1862, p. 210 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 22,
pi. 46, fig. 4 ; Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 153.

Margaron ( TJnio) generosus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 29.

? TJnio lamellatus, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 94, fig. 511.

Lamellidens qenerosus (Gould), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 857.

Original description : — Testa magna, solida, transversa, oblongo-
ovata, inequilaterali, antice rotundata et angustata ; postice ob-
liquata, subrostrata, ad apicem truncata ; margine yentrali arcuata,
dorsali recta, abscendente ; umbonibus contiguis baud elevatis ;
valvis subtumidis radiatim substriatis, postice subcostatis, epider-
mide fuliginosa, disco nitido : dentibus remotis ; cardinalibus
elongatis, obliquis, laminatis : margarita alba vel salmonacea
limbo iridescente.

Long. 64, lat. 95-5, diam. 38-25 mm.

Hah. Newville, Tavoy (Mrs. Vinton) ; specimens in the Indian
Museum are labelled respectively Myadong, Upper Burma
(Anderson), Mandalay (Annandale), and Bhamo (J. Coggin
Brown).

Subsp. jenkinsianus (Benson).

TJnio jenkinsianus, Benson, A. M. N. II. x, 1862, p. 185 ; H. & T.,
C.I. 1876, p. 19, pi. 41, fig. 4; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii; 1890,
p. 155.

Lamellidens jenkinsianus (Benson), Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 857.

Original description : — Testa transverse elongata, subacuminato-
ovata, valde insequilaterali, tumida, crassa, antice brevi rotundata,
postice elongata, minime alata, superne sensim descendente,
demum angusta. obtusa ; margine basali antice convexiusculo,
postice subrecto ; ligamento brevi ; disco valde tumido, transverse
plicato; epidermide picea, versus marginem ventralem olivacea;
umbonibus leviter convexis, decorticatis, apicibus obtusis ; dentibus
arcuatim sitis, crassiusculis, erosis, cardinalibus elongatiusculis,

LAMELLIDENS.

185

valvae sinistra? subsimplicibus, dextrte duplicibus laminatis, laterali-
bus remotis subelongatis, valva? sinistra? duplicibus, lainina interna
demum incrassata ; margarita violaceo-albida, iridescente.
Long. 52, lat. 94, diain. 38 mm.

Hab. Brahmapootra Eiver, Assam. The following localities
are, among others, attached to specimens in the Indian Museum : —
Sylhet, Bhagalpur {Captain SJienuill).

Subsp. sawaddyensis, Preston, Eec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, vii,
1912, p. 305.

Original description : — Shell much more ovate and convex than
the typical form, having the dorsal margin more arched and
posteriorly ascending, the ventral margin and anterior side more
rounded, and the posterior side produced and roundly rostrate.

Hab. Sawaddy River. Specimens in the Indian Museum are
labelled Bhamo (Dr. J. Anderson) ; Shuaygoomyo, Upper Burma
(Dr. J. Anderson), and Mandalay (Dr. N. Annandale).

The type is in the Indian Museum.

311. Lamellidens pulcher (Tapparone-Canefri).

Lamellidens pidcher (Tapparone-Canefri) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.O., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 8-56.

TJnio pulcher, Tapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Genova,
vii, 1889, p. 350.

Original description : — Testa tenui, subcompressa, inaequilaterali,
transverse ovata, subquadrata, postice dilatata, sub-biangulata,
area postica depressa, margine ventrali rectiusculo, unibonibus
baud eminentibus, rarius integris, saepius breviter decorticatis.
Superficies valvarum lsevis, nitida, rugis concentricis minutis,
subregularibus, saepe obsoletis exarata ; pallide olivaceo-castanea,
radiis duobus insequalibus in area postica fuscis vel viridibus
picta. Dentes cardinales parvi, laminati, infero in valva dextera
crassiusculo, subtruncato, superne acuto. Margarita argentea,
superne luteo-carnea vel luteola.

Long. 43, lat. 70, diam. 22 mm.

Bab. Meetan, Biver Houngdaran (L. Feci).

The author also describes two varieties of this species as
follows : —

Var. lamellatiformis.

Testa magis postice dilatata, interne bisinuata.
Long. 43, lat. 76, diam. 21 mm.

Yar. ponderosus.

Testa majore, crassiuscula, magis lata, subqtiadrato-oblonga,
superficies valvarum castanea vel castaneo-fusca.
Long. 48, lat. 84, diam. 28 mm.

Both the varieties are from the same locality as the type.

180

UNIONIDjB.

LA.MELLIDENS.

187

312. Lamellidens exanthematicus (Kiister).

Lamellidens exanthematicus (Kiister) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mas. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 856.

JJnio exanthematicus, Kiister, Conch. Cab., JJnio, 1861,' p. 243,
pi. 81, fig. 2; Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 152.

Original description : — Testa transversa, subovata, convexa,
tenuis flava, fuscescenti-annulata, postice viridi-radiata, sub-
tiliter striata, subfcilissime pustulata, pustulis numerosis, majoribus
minoribusque mixtis ; umbonibus prominulis ; area subtrigona,
compressiuscula ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, minus elevatis, in
valvula utraque duplicibus, lamellis longis, curvatiusculis ; rnar-
garita carneo-alba et iridescente.

Long. 26, lat. 43, diam. 13-5 mm.

Hob. East Indies.

313. Lamellidens canefrianus, Simpson.

Lamellidens canefrianus, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst.,

Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 857.
JJnio protensus, Tapparoue-Canefri, Ann. Mas. Civ. St. Nat. Genova,

vii, 1889, p. 349.

Original description : — Testa transverse oblonga, insequilaterali,
postice subbiangulata, inter angulos truucata et in rostrum
abbreviation attenuata, margine ventrali modice arcuato et ad
rostrum sinuato, umbonibus late decorticatis. Superfices val-
varum epiclerinide lsevi, intense fusca in adultis, viridi-olivacea
in junioribus induta, zona marginali pallidiore inferne ornata.
Dentes cardinales tenues, in valva dextera duo raajusculi,
laciniato-striati, margine denticulati, in valva sinistra unicus,
tenuior, ultra medium subacutus. Margarita argeutea, postice
vivide iridescens ; superficies interna valvarum ssepius plus
minusve margaritifera.

Hah. Prome, Lower Burma (L. Fea).

314. Lamellidens narainporensis, Preston.

Lamellidens narainporensis, Preston, liec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, vii
1912, pp. 305-306.

Original description :— Shell cuneate, moderately convex, pps-
teriorly rostrate, dark reddish-brown, covered towards the margins
with a finely laminiferous periostracum, marked with concentric
lines of growth, bearing two carina) on each valve running from
the umbones in a dorsally posterior direction; umboues small,
not prominent, somewhat coarsely corrugated; dorsal margin

1.

Long.
Lat. .
Diam.

89
44
27

65 mm.
34 mm.
18 mm.

188

uxjONi i >.i:.

very gently arched ; ventral margin scarcely rounded in the
anterior and median regions, slightly curved posteriorly ; anterior
side abruptly rounded; posterior side sloping above, then angled
and very abruptly descending ; cardinal tooth in left valve
obtusely triangular, erect ; absent in right valve ; lateral teeth
anteriorly short, deeply grooved and projecting in right valve,
erect and jagged in the left, posteriorly moderately elongate and

Fig. 21. — 1 & 2. Lamellidcns (L.) narainporensis, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.

bifurcated in both valves ; anterior scars rather circular, deep ;
posterior scars lightly impressed ; interior of shell pale flesh-
colour, shading to iridescent bluish -white, very minutely
granulate.

Long. 35, lat. 84 mm.

Hob. Narainpore Bhil, Murshedabad District {Major C. J.
llobertson-Milne, I.M.S.).

The type specimen is in the Indian Museum.

LAMELLIDEX6.

189

Fig. 22.— 1 & 2. Lamellidem (L.) nongyanjensb, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.

190

315. Lamellidens nongyangensis, Preston.

Lamellidens nongyanensis, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, vii
1912, p. 306.

Original desertion :— Shell very elongately ovate, inflated,
covered with a blackish-brown, finely laminif'erous periostracum,
concentrically marked with rather coarse lines of growth ; dorsal
margin anteriorly somewhat straight, posteriorly arched above,
sloping and slightly excavated below; ventral margin scarcely
rounded; anterior side abruptly descending; posterior side
rostrate, obtusely rounded ; cardinal teeth very anteriorly situate,
triangular, erect ; lateral teeth elongate, also erect, terminating
posteriorly in an abrupt slope; anterior scars deeply marked,
posterior scars lightly impressed ; interior of shell flesh-coloured^
shading to bluish ; iridescent, minutely pitted and granulate.

Long. 45, lat. 94 mm.

Bab. Nongyang Lake, South of Patkai.

The type is in the Indian Museum.

3L6. Lamellidens phenchooganjensis, Preston.

Lamellidens phenchooganjensis, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus , Calcutta
vii, 1912, p. 306.

Original description: — Shell very elongately ovate, posteriorly
obtusely rostrate, dark blackish-brown, sculptured with fine con-
centric striae, crossed, especially in the anterior median region, by
fine, slightly distant, transverse, radiate striae, thus presenting a
minutely wrinkled appearance ; umbones flattened, much eroded ;
dorsal margin anteriorly gently sloping, posteriorly more rapidly
sloping in a slight curve; ventral margin scarcely rounded;
anterior side angled above, gently rounded below ; posterior side
produced, angularly rounded; hinge-teeth very elongate, some-
what fine ; anterior scars ovate, moderately impressed ; posterior
scars roughly triangular, not well impressed; interior of shell
shading from pale brown to bluish, nacreous, marked, especially
towards the anterior ventral region, with very shallow radiate
furrows.

Long. 42, lat. 86 mm.

Bah. Phenchooganj, Central Sylhet.

The type specimen is in the Indian Museum.

317. Lamellidens mainwaringi (Nevill, MS.),'{Presion.)

Lamellidens maimoaringi (Nevill, MS.), Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus
Calcutta, vii, 1912, p. 306.

Original description : — Shell rather small, cuneate, covered with
a finely laminiferous periostracum ; both valves marked with
rather fine, concentric, and finer transverse, radiate, scratch-like

LAMELLIDEJTS. 191

192

union i iu:.

striae; dorsal margin anteriorly gradually sloping, posteriorly
arched and more rapidly descending ; ventral margin somewhat
straight ; anterior side rounded ; posterior side angled above and
below, somewhat obliquely and obtusely rostrate; hinge teeth

well developed, moderately short ; anterior adductor scar deeply
impressed ; posterior scar somewhat roughly triangular, well
impressed ; interior of shell bluish iridescent, rather granulate.
Long. 25*5, lat. 50 mm.

Hah. Siliguri ; there are also specimens in the Indian Museum
from Namtsik, Dihong River.
Type in the Indian Museum.

A small, light, and thin form, which Simpson in his 'Synopsis
of the Naiades ' * refuses to recognise as a species, but regards as
L. consobrinus ; the author, however, having been able to examine
a large series from the collection of the Indian Museum, all the
specimens of which are very constant in their size, form, and
hinge, and other characters, considers it without doubt to be
worthy of specific rank.

The following dimensions are taken from specimens in the
Indian Museum Collection : —

1.

Long 22-25

Lat 41-75

Diam 11-75

2. 3.

21 29-5 mm.

40-5 37 mm.

12-5 9-25 mm.

* Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. sxii, 1900, p. 856
(footnote no. 3).

TRAPEZOIDEUS.

103

Genus TRAPEZOIDEUS.

Trapezoideus, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat.
Mus. Proc. xxii, p. 858.

Type, Unio foliacea, Gould; Burma.

Range. Burma ; Siam ; Cambodia ; Sumatra ; Bundelkund.

Original description: — Shell trapezoid, much compressed, with
a low posterior ridge and but slightly raised though pointed
beaks, which seem to be sculptured with irregularly radial ridges
arranged in two imperfect chevron-shaped loops ; surface con-
centrically sculptured, often having irregular radial ridges on the
posterior slope ; epidermis yellowish-green or brownish, with two
or more green rays above the posterior ridge ; teeth compressed ;
two pseudocardinals in the left valve, one under the beak, the
other in front, often not well separated, and two laterals ; right
valve with two pseudocardinals and one lateral ; pseudocardinals
all irregular, often pitted and peculiarly dentellate ; laterals
granular, showing traces of vertical striation ; cavity of the beaks
rather deep, compressed; muscle scars shallow, anterior scars
separate ; nacre soft, creamy, yellowish in the beak cavities.
Animal unknown.

318. Trapezoideus foliaceus (Gould).

Trapezoideus foliaceus (Gould) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 858.

Unio foliacea, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1843, p. 141 ;
O'tia Conch. 1862, p. 191.

Unio foliaceus, Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Nom. 1845, p. 59;
H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1857, p. 492; H. & T.,
C. I. 1876, p. 19, pi. 42, fig. 3 ; Anderson, Yunnan Exp. 1877,
p. 900, pi. 80, figs. 8-12 ; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 153.

Margaron [Unio) foliaceus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 39; 1870, p. 62.

Unio peyuensis, Anthony, Amer. Journ. Couch, i, 1865, p. 351,
pi. 25, fig. 2 ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 95, fig. 519 ;
Paetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 162.

Margaron (Unio) peg uensis, Lea, Syu. 1870, p. 51.

Original description : — Testa parva, compressa, fragili, fusco-
virescente, inequilaterali, transverse oblongo-ovata, postice sub-
angulata ; umbonibus parvis, subtilissime corrugatis ; dentibus
exilibus, rectis, ad marginem parallelis ; margarita livida, irides-
cente.

Long. 22, lat. 41*5, diam. 12*75 ram.

Hab. Tavoy. Bepresented in the Indian Museum by speci-
mens from Bhamo (Dr. J. Anderson), and Pegu ( W. T. Blanford).

Var. comptus (Deshayes Jullien) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 859.

Unio comptus, Deshayes & Jullien, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, x,
1874, p. 126, pi. 6, figs. 3 & 4.

o

194

I N ION I OM.

Unio fragilin, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 39; Anderson,
Yunnan Exp. L877, p. 400, pi. 80, figs. 8 L2.

Original descnption -.—Testa, oblouga, transversa, coinpressa,
tenui, Fragili, inffiquilaterali, luteo-rubiginosa, ad apicem decorti-
cata et striis granulosis divaricatis omnia; urnbonibus minimis,
obtusis, vix proeminentibus ; latere antico obtuso, paulo angus-
fciori; latere postico latiori, oblique truncate, striis numfcrosis,
subjequalibus, arcuatis, ab angulo postico nascentibus ornato ;
inargine cardinali brevi, angtisto, in valvula dextra dente cardinali
mininao, obliquo, simplici, vix proeminenti, dente laterali postico
elongato, angustissimo ; in altera valvula dentibus cardinalibus
duobus, imequalissimus, divaricatis, dente postico angusto pro-
funde et angustissime bifido.

Long. 18, lat. 32, diam. 10 mm.

Hab. Cambodia.

Yar. zayleymanensis (Nevill, MS.); Preston, Eec. lnd. Mus.,
Calcutta, vii, 1912, p. 307.

Original description :— Sbell tbinner and smaller than the typical
form, more produced anteriorly and much more obtuse posteriorly ;
the slight curve in the ventral margin is also absent,

Hab. Bhamo (Dr. J. Anderson); there are also specimens in the
Indian Museum from Zayleyman (Anderson) and Bhamo.

Type in the Indian Museum.

319. Trapezoideus miselhxs (Morelet).

Travezoicku* misellus (Morelet) ; Simpson. Washington, D.C.,

Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900. p. 859.
Unio misellus, Morelet, Journ. de Conch., Paris, xiii, 1865, p. 21 ;
Ser. Conch, iv, 1875, p. 341, pi. 14, fig. 2 ; Psetel, Conch. Sam.

Unio siimwisis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, x, 1866,
p 133; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1868, p. 2 , 9,
pi. 38, fig. 93: Obs. Genus Unio, xii, 1869, p. 39, pi. 38,
fig. 93.

Margaron (Unio) siamensis, Lea. Syn. 18/0, p. oi .

Original description :— Testa transversa, depressa, ina?qui-
lateralis, tenuis, epidermide lamelloso-striata, luteo-virenti, pro-
<n-essu temporis fuscescente, vestita ; margo anterior attenuates,
posterior dilatatus, inferior medio sinuatus ; umbones paryi,
clepressi. acuti, plerumque decorticati ; dens cardrnabs lame li-
formis, exilissimus, in adultis obsoletus ; lamella) in utraque valva
parvufce, simplices; testa interna iusequaliter sulcata vel malleata;
margarita plumbea, squalida, sub urnbonibus late rubigmeo tmcta.

Lone. 28, lat. 61, diam. 16 mm.

Hab Siam. Represented in the Indian Museum by specimens
from Tenasserim, and the Irrawadcly River at Sagaing (J. < 'ogyi
Broivn).

TEAPEZO] L) ETJS.

195

320. Trapezoideus exolescens (Gould).

Trapesoideus exolescens (Gould) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 859.

TJnio exolescens, Gould, Proc. Boston, Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1848,
p. 141 ; Catlow & Peeve, Conch. Norn. 1845, p. 59 ; H. &
A. Adams, Gen. Pec. Moll, ii, 1857, p. 493: II. & T., C. I.
1876, p. 43, pi. 107, fig. 5 ; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890,
p. 152.

Margaron (TJnio) exolescens, Lea, Sjn. 1852, p. 32; 1870, p. 51.

Original description: — Testa trans verso-oblongata, inequilateral i,
subcompressa, fusco-virescente ; postice dilahita, sub-biangulata ;
umbonibus subelevatis ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, obliquis,
interdum exoletis ; lateralibus remotis, reotis ; margarita livida
vel ferruginea.

Long. 32, lat. 70, diarn. 15 mm.

Hob. Tavoy ; also Bbamo (Indian Museum Collection).

321. Trapezoideus theca (Benson).

Trapezoideus theca (Benson) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.

Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 859.
TJnio theca, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 186 ; II. & T.,

C. I. 1876, p. 6, pi. 12, fig. 5 ; Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890,

p. 169.

Original description : — Testa transverse oblongo-ovata, valde
inaequilaterali, tenui, compressa, antice et postice rotundata,
superne subtusque convexiuscula, margine ventrali medio recto;
disco subplanato, lseviusculo, lineis transversalibus subrugosis
versus margines notato ; epidermide pallide stramineo-lutea ;
umbonibas planatis, decorticatis, versus apices tenues prominulos,
concentrice sulcatis, postice lineis duabus radiantibus tenuibus
subelevatis munitis ; ligamento longiore ; dentibus cardinalibus
laminatis, tenuibus, brevibus, utriusque valvse duplicibus, valvae
dextrae prope marginem anteriorem sitis, obliquis ; sinistrae lobo
subapicali transverso, anteriore obliquo, lateralibus elongatis, vix
curvatis, valvae dextrae simplicibus, sinistra duplicibus ; margarita
lutea, versus marginem ventralem albida.

Long. 20, lat. 40, diam. 10 mm.

Hob. River Cane, near Banda, Bundelkhund.

The above description is amplified by the following notes : —
" Interior of shell transversely subplicate ; cavity of beaks
shallow. Anterior cicatrices separate, posterior confluent, apical
ones in the cavity of the beaks. Some slight rugae are visible on
the posterior slope at right angles to the striae of growth.

" . . ; The shell is somewhat wider posteriorly than

anteriorly. The pale opaque straw-colour of the unpolished
epidermis is also a peculiar feature, not observable in any other
Northern Indian species.

the double umbonal line, apparent occasionally in aditlt

specimens of U. [(L.) L.] marginalis, is conspicuous."

o 2

196

Genus ARCIDOPSIS.

Arcidopsis, Simpson, "Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mas.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 861.

TYPE, Unio footei, Theobald, from the Kistna lliver.
The genus is represented by a single species (A. footei
(Theobald)).

Original description : — Shell inequilateral, elongated, with dorsal
and ventral lines nearly straight and parallel ; anterior end
strongly and obliquely truncated from the beaks to the anterior
base, and ending in a rather sharp but rounded point below ;
posterior end obliquely truncated above, rounded below ; posterior
ridge full, rounded ; the shell in front and below rather compressed ;
surface concentrically and radially ridged ; pseudocardinals strong,
two in the right valve, one in the left, and supported by a strong
cardinal rib ; muscle scars well impressed ; pallial line distinct.

Animal unknown.

'.V22. Arcidopsis footei (Theobald).

Arcidopsis footei (Theobald) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.

Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 861.
Unio footei, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 187, pi. 14,

figs. 9, 9 a.

Original description : — Testa elongata," rotundato-quadrata,
valde insequilaterali ab umbonibus angulata, et infra et antice
valde compressa, concentrice striata et postice radiatim striata.
Dentibus cardinalibus fortibus, in callo costiformi positis, in valva
dextra duobus alteraque singulis, subverticalibus. Cicatricibus
valde depressis. Pallii impressione valde conspicua.

Hob. Kistna River near the " Gutparba falls " (A. B. Foote).

To Theobald's description is added the further note. "The
shell has its valves divided into two subequal areas by a strong
ridge running back and down from the beaks. The lower and
anterior portion is strongly compressed, simulating the appear-
ance of Area subtorta, though there is no true " version in the
valves. The strong cardinal rib which supports the cardinal teeth
is also a marked feature of this species, as well as its radiating
strias intersecting the concentric lines of growth. Unfortunately
the beaks are much decayed in my two specimens and their
sculpture wholly effaced."

/"ETH GUI] I) I .

197

Family ^ETHERIIDtE.

Subfamily iETHERIINiE.

Shell irregular, free or attached, covered with a periostracum,
interiorly nacreous or subnacreous ; hinge edentulate ; ligament
linnear, subinternal ; sometimes with two adductor scars on the
valves, sometimes with only the posterior ; pallial line entire.

Animal fiuviatile ; mantle open; branchial orifice communi-
cating with the pedal orifice ; anal orifice closed ; foot absent ;
palpes large, semi-ovate ; gills unequal, folded, uniting behind
together with the visceral sac and the mantle.

Distribution. Tropical Africa; S. India; United States of
Colombia.

Genus MULLERIA.

Mulleria, Ferussac, M($m. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1824, i, part 2,
pp. 368-369 ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xviii, 1872.

Type, Mulleria lobata, Ferussac, from the U.S. of Colombia.

Range. United States of Colombia and Southern India.

Translation of original description: — Shell attached, inequi-
valve, irregular [in form] ; valves joined by an exterior ligament,
short, lateral, and by a sinuous hinge furnished with oblique
fossettes, in which are enclosed corresponding projections, both
being ornamented with a ligamental appendage.

323. Mulleria dalyi, Smith.

Mulleria dalyi, Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 14, figs, in
text; Woodward [Anatomy], torn. cit. p. 87, figs, in text.

Original description : — Testa irregulariter quadi'ata, sed postice
producta et rotundata, compressa, inaequivalvis ; valvse mediocriter
crassse, intus margaritaceae, iridescentes, olivaceo plus minus
maculatse et ad marginem olivaceo-fusco limbata?, extus sub perio-
straco subfibroso, nigro-fusco, fortiter concentrice striato, ex
laminis albis calcareis et aliis corneis fuscescentibus constitae;
valva adherens irregulariter planata, altera convexior, plus minus
erosa ; cicatrix musculi posterioris magna, elongata vel rotundata,
mediocriter profunda, concentrice et radiatim striata ; linea pallii
irregularis, punctata, ad marginem superiori fere attingens ; margo
dorsi rectus, ligamento valido per totam longitudiuem instructus.

Long. 52, lat. 65, diam. 20 mm.

Hob. Kadur District, Mysore.

After comparing it with the S. American species of the genus

the author makes the following remarks " the nacre

exhibits an iridescent mixture of white, bluish, greenish, olive and
pinkish tints, whilst the margin is olive-brown. The exterior,
also, is of a rich deep brown or blackish-brown "

198

jE'm&niiDJE.

For the anatomy of this interesting species it may be well to
quote from the late Mr. Martin F. Woodward's invaluable paper
on the subject : —

" The Mantle and Muscular System : — The mantle folds are
almost completely separated from one another, being united at
two points only, viz., at the posterior attachment of the gills,
thus separating an inhalent from an exhalent orifice, and dorsally
from the posterior end of the hinge-line for about one-quarter of
the distance between this point and the attachment of the gills.
The margins of the mantle below the attachment of the gills are
beset with small sensory papillae for a space which occupies about
one-quarter of the extent of the mantle-margin from the attach-
ment of the gills to the anterior hinge-line "

" A small posterior pedal retractor is present in Midleria, situ-
ated immediately above, or anterior to the posterior adductor, and
exhibiting the typical relations of that muscle to the organ of
Bo jan us and to the nerve-cords."

" The Mantle Cavity. — The branchial cavity is large and entirely
open below. The supra-branchial (anal) chamber opens poste-
riorly by a wide slit; it consists of a large median chamber behind
the posterior adductor muscle, where it receives the opening of
the anus. Under the adductor this chamber becomes divided into
three by the union of the primary branchial filaments with the
body-wall on either side."

" Still further forward, the middle of these three chambers
becomes divided by the intervention of the visceral mass. In the
relationship of this cavity to the surrounding parts, Midleria
resembles typical Eulamellibranchiata ; there is, however, no
communication, other than through the gill-slits, between the
branchial and supra-branchial cavities, such as we meet with
in a form like Anodonta."

"The external apertures of the organ of Bojanus, and of the
genital gland, open into the innermost subdivision of the supra-
branchial cavity."

" The Foot and Visceral Mass. — The muscular foot present in
most lamellibranchiata is entirely wanting in Midleria, a condition

which is correlated with the fixed abode of life of this form . . . .

»

" The visceral mass is small and slightly bilobed posteriorly; it
exhibits a few superficial muscular fibres mainly connected with
the posterior pedal retractor."

"The Labial Palps. — Two pairs of very small leaf-shaped
labial palps are preseut ; they are equal in size, and exhibit
oblique ridges on the opposed surfaces. The inner pair unite
below the mouth to form the lower lip, while the outer pair,
which become slightly expanded anteriorly, unite above the
mouth."

" The Respiratory and Circulatory Systems : — The gills of
Midleria consist of two lamellae on either side of the body ; of
these the outer is slightly the smaller. Their relations to each

MULLEIUA.

L99

other, to the mantle and to the body-wall, are those of a typical
Ehdamellibrmich. The same is true of their more intimate
structure, for an examination of sections under the microscope
reveals the fact that the two halves of each gill lamella are
connected together by vascular iuterlamellar junctions, and that
the gill filaments themselves are further similarly united. In the
individual filaments we find a supporting tissue, and firmer sup-
porting rods are present. The whole structure recalls in its most
minute details that of the gills of Anodonta or Unio."

'■ The heart consists of a muscular ventricle and two thin- walled
auricles, the former giving origin to an anterior and a posterior
aorta, the whole being enclosed in a fairly spacious pericardium.
A mass of brown tissue forms the side-walls of the pericardium
anteriorly ; this evidently represents Keber's organ."

" The most striking feature seen in connection with the heart
is the fact that the ventricle is not perforated by the rectum, but
is situated some little distance below the latter, being separated
from it by a portion of the genital gland. The pericardium,
moreover, does not surround the rectum as in Anodonta, its roof
being formed by the thick mass of the genital gland, within which
the rectum lies embedded."

t; The Kidney or Organ of Bojanus. — The kidney is

essentially that of a typical Eulamellibranch, and closely resembles
that of Anodonta in every detail."

" The Genital Organs: — A large genital duct opens close to,
but perfectly independent of, the external opening of the kidney
in the super-branchial chamber. The genital gland is extensive ;
it surrounds the coils of the intestine, and even extends round the
rectum above the pericardium."

" The Alimentary Canal : — The mouth practically leads direct
into the stomach, an oesophagus, as such, -not being present. The
digestive glands are situated below and at the sides of the stomach,
into which they open. There is no crystalline style or " fleche
tricuspid." The intestine is fairly long, and bent on itself several
times ; before leaving the visceral mass it enlarges abruptly ; this
point evidently represents the junction of the mid-gut with the
hind-gut. The latter passes dorsally and continues to enlarge,
becoming considerably dilated just in front of the heart ; from
this point it runs posteriorly, and gradually diminishes in size,
finally opening into the super-branchial chamber above the adductor
muscle. The hind-gut is characterized by the possession of a
longitudinal infolding of its ventral wall, forming what is known
as a typhlosole."

" The Nervous System : — The only point of interest connected
with the nerves is the presence of well-developed pedal ganglia ;
this, in face of the entire suppression of the foot, suggests that
the latter has only recently been aborted. The eerebro-pedal
commissures are, however, somewhat short. Owing to the great
transverse width of the mouth, the cerebral ganglia are widely
separated, and their transverse connective is consequently long."

200

glaucomyid.u.

Suborder CONCHACEA.

Family GLAUCOMYIDiE.

Subfamily GLAUCOMYINiK.

Shell transversely elongate, thin, covered with a periostracuui ;
hinge bearing three cardinal teeth in eacli valve ; lateral teeth
absent ; ligament external, elongated; pallial line sinuous.

Animal inhabiting either fresh or brackish water ; siphons very-
long, united ; gills unequal, the external the smaller and appendi-
culate ; foot small.

Distribution. India ; China ; Malaysia.

Genus TANYSIPHON.

Tanysiphon, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, i, 18-58, p. 408, pi. 12.
Type, Tanysiphon rivalis, Benson, from Bengal.
Range. Grangetic Delta.

Original desertion : — " Testa subincequivalvis, inaequilateralis,
transverse oblonga, umbonibus prominentibus obtusis, extremi-
tatibus (postica maxime) hiantibus, margine superiori subarcuato,
ventrali subrecto. Cicatrix siphonalis elongata longitudinis
testa? invadens. Yalyae dextrse dentes tres, 1 anterior angustus
prominens intrans, 2 laminares transversi, medianus prominens,
posterior major obtusus ; valvar sinistra dentes duo, anterior
bilobatus, posterior major. Ligamentum duplex, externum
parvum ellipticum, vix convexiusculum, internum lineare foveam
posteriorem occupans, demum laminam cardinalein perpendi-
culariter truncans. Epidermis tenuis. Area interior testa? nitida,.
non margaritacea.

Some of the teeth are apt, in large specimens, to become
obsolete.

Benson makes the following remarks on the animal : —
" The siphons closely resemble those organs in Mya trnncata,
Linn., Woodward, p. 317, fig. 220. Both are united in a finely
annulated compressed scabbard nearly equalling the length of the
shell. A raphe or seam appears along the inferior margin of the
scabbard. The free extremity is surrounded by tentacula, which
are distant, and of unequal length. The orifices of the siphons
are papillar ; that of the branchial siphon, the larger, is provided
with minute tentacula, but the orifice of the exhalant siphon is
naked. The small foot is hatchet-shaped, with the posterior
margin notched. Both the siphons and the foot are wholly
retractile, and highly sensitive. The foot is sometimes extended
and tongue-shaped, but generally of the outline represented."

I \ S STSIPHON.

201

"The specimens received in spirits show that the mantle is
closed at the basal edge, presenting narrow openings at either
extremity for the passage of the siphonal sheath and foot. The
suture is nearly straight, scarcely undulate. The foot is thick
and cartilaginous, broad, and with a pit or depression at the
anterior end, and laterally hamate, or bent like the crook of a
walking-stick, the point being towards the hinge-side and the
hinder edge straight, not concave."

324. Tanysiphon rivalis, Benson.

Tanysiphon rivalis, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, i, 1858, p. 408,
pi. 12 B, figs. 1-3 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 47. pi. 116,
tigs. 1 «fe 4.

Original description: — Testa tenui, transverse oblonga, antice
breviori obtusa, postice longiori, angustiori, extus tenuiter striata
et irregulariter remote rugosa, epiderraide pallide cornea ; natibus
decorticatis latis prominentibus, umbonibus obtusis ; valvis male
congruentibus, per spatinm breve cardinale et ventrale solum
tactum exhibentibus ; humero umbonali antico breviter compressi-
usculo ; area interiori cserulescenti-alba.

Long. 11, lat. 21, diam. 9 mm.

Hob. Streams in the neighbourhood of Calcutta.

Family CYRENIDiE.

Subfamily CYKENINiE.

Shell equivalve, closing tightly, with umbones often eroded,
covered with a periostracum, not pearly, trigonal or roundly
ovate ; hinge usually bearing two or three cardinal teeth and both
anterior and posterior laterals ; ligament external, prominent ;
pallial line simple or sinuous.

Animal fluviatile, lacustrine or estuarine ; with anteriorly open
mantle; generally furnished with two siphons of variable size,
seldom a single (anal) one ; foot large, without byssus in the adult
state ; palpes triangular ; gills joined behind, unequal, the outer
the snorter.

Distribution. Asia; Africa; America; Australia.

Genus CYKENA.

C'yrena, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert, v, 1818, p. 551 .

Venus (pars), Chemnitz, Martini & Chemnitz, vi, 17f>2, p. 333,

pi. 32, fig. 3.'3i i.
Cyclas (pars), Hruguiere, Encycl. Meth. 1792.
Cyanocyclas, Ferussac, Diet. Sci. Nat. xii, 1818.
Tolymesoda, Rafinesque, Ann. Ge"n. Sri. Phys. et Nat. v, 1820,

p. 219.

202

(JYKENIl)jli.

Mactra, Brongniart, .Mem. Vincent, 1823, p. 81, pi. 5, tig. 8.
Gelonia, Gray, Synop. Brit. Mus. 1814, p. 75.
Qyrena, Prime, Oat. Corbiculidss, 1869-70, p. 141; Clessin, in
Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 101.

Type, Cyrena ceylonica (Chemnitz) ; Ceylon.

llanye. Tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa,
Oceania and Australia.

Shell oval or subtrigonal, rather convex, solid, covered with a
periostracum generally of a brownish-green or yellow hue ; each
valve bearing three somewhat divergent cardinal teeth ; the right
valve bearing four unequal short lateral teeth, of which the
anterior are more nearly situate to the cardinals than the posterior,
and the outer smaller than the inner ; the left valve bearing but
two lateral teeth, one anteriorly and one posteriorly ; pallial line
generally entire.

Animal with very short siphons, large, compressed, trigonal foot,
gills of unequal size, and triangular labial palpes.

325. Cyrena ceylonica (Chemnitz).

Venus ceylonica, Chemn. in Martini & Chemnitz, vi, 1782, p. 833,

pi. 32, fig. 336.
Venus coaxccns, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1788, p. 3278, fig. 336.
Cyclas zeylanica, Lamarck, Ann, Mus. Hist. Nat. vii, 1806, p. 420.
Cyrena zeylanica, Lamarck, An. sans Vert, v, 1818, p. 554 ; Prime,

Cat. Corbiculicte, ] 868, p. 6.
Cyrena ceylonica, Lamarck, Prime, Cat. Corb., 1869-70, p. 143,

Gen. Cyrena, no. 12; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879,

pp. 102-103, pi. 17, figs. 1 & 2, pi. 18, figs. 1 & 2.
Cyrena ceylanica, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1878, pi. 19, sp. 11.

Shell large, solid, subtrigonal, subcompressed, high, subequi-
lateral, covered with a thin, yellowish epidermis, with fringed
strise : posterior side obtusely two-angled, rather concave in front
of the anterior angle ; flattened, much sloped behind the posterior
angle ; anterior side rather short, latero-dorsal flattened, sloped.
(Soiverby.)

Hob. Ceylon.

The dimensions here given are those of three specimens in the
British Museum Collection : —

Long

Lat

Diam

326. Cyrena impressa, Desluujes.

Cyrena imjjressa, Deshayes, P. Z. S. xxii, 1854, p. 18 ; Cat. Brit.
Mus. 1854, p. 249.

Original description : — Testa ovato-subcirculari, obscure sub-
quadrangulari, valde inaequilaterali, turgida, mediocriter crassa ;

1.

2.

3.

62

51

47

mm.

65

50

48-5

mm.

35-5

27-25

27

mm.

Fig. 25. — Cyrena impressa, Desb.
(Type.) Nat. size.

< fEBNIDJE

epidermide viridi-glaucescente, transyersim tenuissime laminata,
postice inferneque atro-virente, Iamellis sajpius crispis ; umbonibus
minimis, oblique antice curvatis, decorticatis, acutis, parum

Fig. 26.— Gyrena impressa, Desh. ; binge of. Nat. size.

prominentibus ; latere antico-declivi, rectilineo, inferne obtuso ;
margine superiore convexiusculo, postico latere subtruncato, snlco
impresso ab uinbone descendente distincto ; lamina cardinali lata,
dentibus primariis tribus augustis, elongatis, prominentibus, apice
profunde furcatis, dente laterali autico conico, brevi, compresso,
postico longiore.

Long. 87, lat. 92, diam. 52 mm.

Rab. Java (Juices); Philippine Islands (Cuming); Australia;
Ceylon (fide Brit. Mus.).

Type in the British Museum.

CI REN A.

205

327. Cyrena sinuosa, Deshayes.

Qyrena zeylanica, Mousson, Moll. Java, 1849, p. 89, pi. 12.

Cyrena sinuosa, Desk., P. Z. S. xxii, 1854, p. 18; Cat. Brit. Mus.,
Conchif. 1854, p. 249; Prime, Cat. Corbiculidas, 1863, p. 6,
1869-1870, p. 147, no. 70 ; Sowerby, Con. Icon. 1878, pi. 7,
sp. 26 ; ? ? Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879,*pp. 228-229,
pi. 45, fig. 1

Original description : — Testa ovato-rotundata, tunrida, cordi-
formi, solida, valde imequilaterali, epideriuide fusco-fuliginosa,
transversim tenue lainellosa vestita ; latere antico brevi, rotundato,
postico subtruncato, latere supero-posticali sulco, profundo,
sinuoso, decurrente separate ; uinbouibus tumidis, brevibus,
saepius erosis ; ligamento angusto, partim infosso ; valvis intus
a] bis ; cardine crasso, utroque latere tridentato, deutibus obliquis,
mediano et postico valvae dextrae bifidis ; dentibus lateralibus
brevibus, antico crasso, conico, apice acute.

Hob. Java. Ceylon fide Sowerby.

Type in the British Museum.

The following dimensions are those of specimens in the
National Collection, nos. 1 and 2 being the type specimens from
Java and no. 3 a specimen labelled " China."

Long

Lat

Diam

Clessin's figure in the Conch. Cab. 1879, pi. 45, fig. 1 is
certainly not that of Deshayes' species.

1.

2.

3.

68

63

73 mm.

71

68

78 mm.

43

38

42 mm.

328. Cyrena bengalensis, Lamarck.

Cyrena bengalensis, Lamarck, Anini. sans Vert, v, 1818, p. 554 ;
Delessert, Recueil, 1841, pi. 7, figs. 6a-6 d ; Prime, Cat. Corb.,
vi, 1865 ; 1869-70, p. 142, Gen. Cyrena, no. 5 ; Sowerby, Conch.
Icon, xx, 1878, pi. 7, sp. 23 ; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz,
1879, pp. 107-108, pi. 13, figs. 1 & 2, pi. 17, tigs. 4 & 6.

Venus bengalensis, Lister, Hist. An. pi. 345, fig. 182.

Cyclas bengalensis, Ferussac, Cat. 1837, p. 20.

Cyrena turgida, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Anier. Phil. Soc.
y, 1832, p. 109, pi. 18, fig. 51 ; Hanley, Descrip. Cat. 1844, p. 93,
pi. 14, fig. 50.

Shell solid, tumid, thick, subtrigonal, blnckish-brown, roughly
striated; anterior side high, very short, sloped, full; posterior
side produced, dorsal margin with a long slope, truncated at the
end, very slightly excavated in front of the angle. (Sotverby.)

Edb. Bengal.

206

Cl'BENLDyE.

The following are the dimensions of three specimens in the
British Museum Collection : —

1.

2.

3.

Long.

47-25

42

41-25 mm.

Lat

48

43 mm.

. , 31-75

26-5

28 mm.

329. Cyrena tennentii, Eariley.

Cyrena tennentii, Hanley, P. Z. S. xxvi, 1858, p. 23 ; Prime, Cat.
Corbiculidae, 1869-70, p. 148, no. 75; Clessin, in Martini &
Chemnitz, 1879, p. 240.

Original description :— Testa ovato-suhtrigona, solida, ventricosa,
insequilaterali, subtevigata, epidermicle tenui impolita fusco-
lutescente vestita : umbonibus tumidis, decorticatis, valde promi-
nentibus, vix obliquis ; latere antico anguste rotundato ; latere
postico longiore subattenuato, ad extremitatem obtuse rotundato ;
margine ventrali arcuato ; margine dorsali antice declivi, convexo,
postice subdeclivi, convexiusculo ; lunula nulla ; superficie interna
albido-violascente ; dentibus lateralibus brevibus, validis, obtusis ;
antico ■ approximato, postico remoto : sinu palliari brevissimo,
acutissimo.

Long. 27-75, lat. 38 mm.

Bab. Ariho Biver (flowing into the Gulf of Manaar), Ceylon.

In a note appended to the description the author states that

" the hinge-margin is strong, and the cardinal teeth of

the right valve peculiarly large. The inner disk, beneath the
umbones, has a redder tint ; there is neither a lunule, nor any
indication of an umbonal ridge."

330. Cyrena proxima, Prime.

Cyrena proxima, Prime, Ann. Lye Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii, 1864,
■pp. 85-86. fig. 34.

Original description : — Testa ovato-suborbiculari, subasqui-
laterali, subinflata ; latere antico rotundato, postico subobtuso ;
pagina interna candidissima ; cardine crasso, lato ; dentibus cardi-
nalibus angustis, divergentibus, majoribus bifidis ; umbonibus
parvulis, integris, inclinatis, incurvis, approximatis ; striis
obsoletis ; epidermide viridi, nitente induta.

Long. 63, lat. 67, diam. 37 mm.

Bab. Siam ; Sulinan Island, Mergui {fide Brit. Mus.).
The following note is appended to the description : —
"The shell is oval-suborbicular, nearly equilateral, and some-
what inflated. The anterior side is rounded, the posterior is
subobtuse. The beaks are small, they curve inwardly and are
approximate. The valves are solid. The interior is white. The
hinge is broad. The cardinal teeth are narrow and divergent,
the two principal ones are bifid. The anterior lateral tooth is

Ci'RENA. — BATISSA.

207

conical and the posterior are somewhat elongated and flattened.
The stria? are more or less obsolete. The epidermis is light green
and polished. The ligament is narrow, elongated, and not
prominent."

The only specimens of this species which the author has been
able to see are those in the British Museum, two in number,
-which, though they agree well with Prime's description and figure,
are much smaller, having somewhat the appearance of young
specimens ; their measurements being as below : —

1. 2.

Long 43 4G mm.

Lat 47-5 49 mm.

Diam 24 24-5 mm.

331. Cyrena galathese {Morch).

Cyrena (Corneoci/clas) qalathcai (Reinhardt MS.), Morch. Cat.

Conch. Kierulf, 1850, 'p. 32, pi. 2.
Cyrena galathea, Prime, Cat. Corb., 1863, p. 6; 18G9-70, p. 144,

no. 33.

Original description : — Testa cordato-trigona, iua;quilatera,
turgida, concentrice striata, postice longiore, truncata, antice et
inferne angidata, umbonibus distantibus, prominentibus ad 3
anter. sitis ; lunula rhomboidali, medio oarinata ; area lanceolata,
convexa, iigamento tumido duplo longiore. Dentibus lateralibus
interne fovea impressa ; d. 1. posteriore v. sin. triangulari
compresso ; pone ligamentum sito ; d. lunulari v. s. conico,
dentibus cardinalibus aproximato. Dentium cardinalium 2
anterioribus v. s. et 2 posterioribus v. d. bifidis, dente card,
posteriore v. s. lineari, v. d. obsoleto. Limbo augusto, nitido.
Impressione musculari semilunari, posteriore rhomboidali, duplo
majore. Colore albo, dentibus cardinalibus et fundo cavitatis
flavescentibus. Epidermide nigrescente, antice radiis obsoletis.

Long. 100, lat. 120, diam. 74mm.

Hah. Galatea River, Nicobar Islands.

Genus BATISSA.

Batissa, Gray, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, xi, 1853, p. 38.

Cyprina, Oyclas, Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth. 1792.

Cyrena, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert, v, 1818, p. 553.

Venus, Gray, in Wood, Index Test., Suppl. 1828, pi. 2. fig-. 13:
Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus. 1854, p. 219 ; Prime. Cat. Corbiculiche,
1869-70, p. 138 ; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch. Cab.
1879, p. 200.

Type, Batissa tenebrosa, Hinds, from the Fiji Islands.

Range. Nicobar Islands ; Malay Archipelago ; N. Australia and
Tropical Islands of the Pacific.

208

CYItENllLi:.

Shell roundedly ovate or subtrigonal, solid, thick, dorsal margin,
bearing on each valve three divergent cardinal teeth ; lateral teeth
curved, elongated, striate, unequal, shorter in front than behind,
double on the right valve ; ligament large, projecting, thick ;
pallial impression simple or subsinuous.

Animal having two short siphons, united at their base ; mantle
lobes simple or fringed.

382. Batissa inflata, Prime.

Batissa injluta, Prime, P..Z. S. xxviii, 1860, p. 320 ; Cat. Corbi-
culidBB, 1869-70, p. 139; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1878,
pi. 4, sp. 10; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 218-
219.

Original description : — Testa magna, orbiculari, inaequilaterali,
crassa, solida, obtusa, epidermide rugosa, f usco-nigrescente vestita ;
umbonibus productis, erosis obliquis ; valvis intus albis et violaceis ;
dentibus cardinalibus crassis, subasqualibus ; lateralibus angustis.

Long. 83, lat. 96, diam. 57 mm.

Hab. INicobar Islands.

*

333. Batissa similis, Prime.

Batissa similis, Prime, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N.Y. vii, 1859,
p. 112 ; viii, 1866, p. 229, fig. 60 ; Cat. Corbiculidse, 1863, p. 5 ;
1869-70, p. 140, no. 25; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879,
p. 213, pi. 36, fig. 3.

Original description: — Testa ovato-orbiculari, oblique inaequi-
laterali, tumida, solida, depressa, intus superne alba, postice
inferneque violacea, epidermide nigra vestita, sulcis remotis,
umbonibus profunde erosis ; dentibus cardinalibus tribus, sub-
a?qualibus, caniculatis ; lateralibus elongatis, angustis, subaequal-
ibus, serrulatis.

Long. 53, lat. 79, diam. 34-5 mm.

Hab. Nicobar Islands.

334. Batissa capillata, Preston.

Batissa capillata, Preston, Pec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, ii, 1908, p. 207,
pi. 16, fig. 39.

Original description: — Shell subtrigonal, inequilateral, thick,
rather inflated, covered with a dark, brownish-black periostracum
except in the umbonal region where erosion has taken place,
sculptured with coarse, irregular, concentric growth-lines which
are obliquely crossed posteriorly with coarse hair-like ridges ;
anterior side somewhat angularly rounded ; posterior side slightly
produced, obscurely angled ; ventral margin rounded ; ligament
large, prominent ; cardinal teeth broad and very coarse ; anterior
lateral teeth elongated, finely striate ; interior of shell purplish-
white, the purple staining deepening posteriorly.

Long. 74, lat. 72 mm.

Hab. Andaman Islands (Wameford).

VHLOIilTA.

209

Genus VELOKITA.

Velorita, Gray, 1834, in Griffith, Animal Kingdom, xii, 1834, pi. 31
fig. 5 (misprinted Villorita) ; Synops. B. M. 1842, p. 75 : P. Z s" xii'
1847, p. 184 ; A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xi, 1853, p. 88. ' '

Cyrena, Gray, Ann. Phil. n. ser. ix, 1825, p. 137.

Venus, Gray, in Wood, Index Test., Suppl. 1828, pi. 2, fio\ 14.

Villorita, Dunker. 1846 (misprint): Cyrenodontce, Johannis. Mao-
Zool. 1836, pi. 70.

Velorita, Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. p. 240 ; Prime, Cat.
Corbiculidte, 1869-70, p. 141 ; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz'
1879, p. 224. '

Type, Velorita cyprinoides, Gray, from the Philippine Islands.
Range. S. India and the Philippines.

Shell triangularly eordif'orm, solid, with well marked Innule •
umbones prominent; dorsal margin thick ; hinge bearing on each
valve three oblique cardinal teeth of which the anterior in the
right and the posterior in the left valve are obsolete ; lateral teeth
finely striate : the anterior short, strong, triangular, closely-
situated to the cardinal teeth ; the posterior compressed, elongated,
diverging ; pallial line leaving a sinus scarcely noticeable at its'
junction with the posterior adductor impression of the valves.
Animal unknown.

335. Velorita cyprinoides {Gray).

Cyrena cyprinoides, Gray, Ann. Phil. n. ser. ix, 1825, p. 136.

Venus cyprinoides. Gray, Wood, Index Test., Suppl. 1828, pi. 2
fig. 14. '

Velorita cyprinoides, Gray in Griffifth, Animal Kingdom, xii, 1834
pi. 31, fig. 5 ; Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. 1854, pp 240-
241; Prime, Cat. Corbiculidse, 1869-70, p. 141, no. 2; Clessin
in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 224-295, pi. 42, figs. 3 & 4.

Original description :— Testa cordato-trigona, gibba, olivacea,
concentrice sulcata ; cardine incrassata, dentibus lateralibus
hevibus, anteriori conico ceteris approximate.

Long 31*5, lat. 33-5 mm.

The habitat is undoubtedly Southern India, the original locality
"Japan" and later "? Philippines," the latter quoted by Prime
in his ' Cat. Corbiculidae,' are certainly both erroneous.

The following dimensions are taken from authentic Malabar-
Coast specimens in the British Museum : —

Long.
Lat. .
JJiaui.

1.

2.

3.

41

31.

29 mm.

;J9

29

28-5 nun.

30

SJ.-5

21 nun.

p

210

(.'YKKMIU:.

336. Velorita cochinensis {Hanley).

Cyrena cochinensis, Hanley, P. Z. S. xxvi, 1858, p. 543.

Cyrena corbiculiformis, Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

1860, p. 80 ; 'Cat. Corbiculidfe, 1863, p. 6.
Velorita cochinensis, Hanley, Ann. Lyo. Wat. Hist. N.Y, viii. 1866,

p. 236, tig. 66; Prime, Cat. Corbiculidie, L869 70, p. 141, no. 1 ;

Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1870, p. 225, pi. 36, figs. 5 & 6.

Original description:— Vesta, cordata, crassa, valde inaequilato
obliqua, ventricosa seu tumida, epidermide nilenle, nigro-
f uscescente vestita,sulcis reinotiusculis antice exarata, postice magis
minusve laevigata ; extremitate lateris antici perbrevis rotundata ;
lateris postici attenuati productique, in adultis obtusa, in junioribm
rotundato-acumiuata : margine ventrali arcuato antice valde,
postice parum acclivi : natibus obliquis, erosis, prominentibus :
lunula nulla, loco ejus autem sulcorum experte: area dorsali postica
lata, retusa : superficie interna alba, margine cardinali violaceo
sparso, concavitaie nonnunquam rubescente, sinu palliari vix ullo :
dentibus pi-imariis vix emarginatis ; lateralibus haud inanifeste
striatis, sub lente autem minutissime corrugato-granosis, antico
brevi et valde approximate, postico elongato et remotiore.

Long. 47, lat. 38 mm.

Hab. Cochin.

In a note following the original description, the author makes
the following remarks : — " .... The primary teetii are somewhat
peculiar, and have a tendency to shelve outwards ; the binder
and central ones are not strictly bifid, but exhibit a kind of
shallow sublateral grooving; the front one in the right valve
is very short, and simply pyramidal. The beaks are probably
acute when young; the surface below the epidermis is reddish
purple."

The following measurements are taken from three specimens
in the British Museum, labelled as coming from, the Malabar
Coast : —

1. 2. 3.

Long 3-1 35 32 mm.

Lat 36 25 35*75 33 mm.

Diam 23-5 25-5 22 nun.

Genus CORBICULA.

Corbicula, Megerle, Mag. Gesell. Naturf. Berlin, v, 1811, p. 56.

Tellina hoars), Miiller, Verm, ii, 1774, p. 205.

Venus (pars), Chemnitz, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch. -Cab. vi,

1782, p. 320.
Cyclas (pars), Bruguiere, Encycl. M6th. 1792.
Cyrena, Lamarck, Anim. sons Vert, v, 1818, p. 552.
Venulites, Schloth., Petref. 1820, p. 200.

Type, Corbicula Jluminalis, Megerle.

Mange. Tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

OOllBICULA.

211

Shell subtrigonal or cordiform, subequilateral ; with umbones
prom merit, concentrically grooved ; hinge bearing three divergent
cardinal teeth in each valve ; lateral teeth elongated, compressed
himelhform, finely striate; right valve having two lateral teeth
both anteriorly and posteriorly, the left valve having but one on
each side ; pallial line usually continuous.

Animal having the edge of the mantle ornamented with small
conical tentacles ; siphons very short, closely situate ; orifices
papillary ; foot tongue-shapsd, rather large, laterally compressed ;
palpes triangular, large ; gills joined behind.

."337. Corbicula flumiualis {Mailer).

Tellina Jhiminalis, Mull, Verm, ii, p. 205.

Venus fluminalis, Chenm. iu Conch.-Cab. vi, p. .'519, pi. 30, b> 320 •

Wood, Lid. Test. pi. 8, tig. 113.
Tellina Jluminalis, Schroter, Fliissconch. p. 195, no. 20 • Gmel

S. N. p. 3242, no. 79.
Cyclas Jluminalis, Blainv. D. S. N. xii, p. 280.
Ci/rena fuscata, var.?, Lamk. An. s. Vert, v, p. 522, no. 4.
Corbicula fluminalis, Deshayes, Oat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. 1854.

pp. 222-l'l'.').

Original description Testa crassa, dura valde gibba, opaca,
antice versus cardinem latior, quam postice, extus viridis crebro
Btnatim imbricata ; striae aperture paralleJse. Intus cyanea;
cardinis dentes medii sex cum fossulis, tres nempe in quavis
valvula, utriusqne ligamento proximus emarginatus est ; laterales
utrmque elongati, sulcique excipientes, crenulati sunt.

Hab. India, etc.

The following dimensions are those of two specimens in the
British Museum : —

1. 2.

JLong 39-25 38 mm.

Lat 45 43-25 mm.

Diam 26 23'5 mm.

Var. holstiana, ScJdesch, Calcutta, Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, 1908,
p. 108.

•Said to be more arched than the typical form.
Hub. Hoti-Mardan, near Peshawar.

338. Corbicula fluminea (Muller).

Tellina Jluminea, Miill. Verm, ii. p. 206 ; Gmel. S. N. p. 3243
no. 80.

Cyclas Jluminea, Blainv. D. S. N. xii, p. 280.

Venus Jluminea, Chenm. in Conch.-Cab. vi, p. 320, pi. 30, figs. 322,
323, an eadem species?; Schroter, Einl. iii, p. 159, no. 13;
Wood, Ind. Test. pi. 8, fig. 114.

Tellina Jluviatilis, Schroter, Fliissconch. p. 193, pi. 4, figs. 2 a & b.

212

Cyrena fluminea, Lamk. An. s. Vert, v, p. 653, no. 6 ; Hanlev,
Descr. Cat. p. 92; Pliilippi, Abbild. Conch, p. 2, no. 3, pi. 1,
fig. 3, an eadem species ? ; Mousson, Moll, de Java, p. 87, no. 2,
pi. 15, fig. 3.

Original description : — Testa gibba, opaca, antice et postice
versus cardinem fere sequalis, extus viridis, costis latis transversa
quasi circulis doliaribus circumdata ; intus albida semicirculo
nigro notata. Cardinis dentes et fossulae, uti in praacedente.

Sab. India, etc.

The dimensions given below are those of three specimens in the
British Museum : —

1. 2. 3.

Long 35*25 37 32*5 mm.

Lat 42 41-25 37 mm.

Diam 23 29-25 23 mm.

339. Corbicula fluviatilis (Miiller).

Tellina fluviatilis, Miiller, Term, ii, 1774, p. 206.
Cyclas fluviatilis, Blainv. JD. S. N. xii, p. 280.

Venus fluviatilis, Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. vi, p. 330, pi. 30, fig. 321 ;

Wood, Ind. Test. pi. 8, fig. 115.
Cyrena fuscata, Lamk. An. s. Vert, v, p. 552, no. 4, exclus. var.
Cyrena fluviatilis, Philippi, Abbild. Conch, p. 3, no. 5, pi. 1, fig. 5.
Cyrena manilensis, Philippi, Zeitschr. fur Malak. 1841, p. 163.
Corbicula fluviatilis, Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. 1854,

p. 226; Prime, Cat. Corb. 1869-70, Gen. Corbicula, no. 41,

p. 132; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 151-152,

pi. 27, figs. 3-5.

Original description: — Testa latior et tenuior proxime prse-
cedentibus, fusco-virens, in cardine antice et postice fequalis
latitudinis, lineis elevatis cincta area interjecta angustior, quam in
T. [C] fluminea, variolosa. Facies interna dentesque cardinis
uti in proxime preecidentibus.

Hab. India, etc.

The dimensions of a specimen in the British Museum Collection
are : — Long. 17, lat. 19-25, diam. 12-25 mm.

340. Corbicula parvula, Prime.

Corbicula parvula, Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861,
p. 127; Cat. Corb. 1863, p. 4 ; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii,
1864, p. 76, fig. 25; Cat. Corb. 1809-70, no. 76.

Original description : — Testa ovato-transversa, depressiuscula,
tenui, aaquilaterali, extremitatibus rotundata ; umbonibus magnis,
tumidis, erosis ; sulcis irregularibus ; epidermide viridi flave3cente,
irregulariter maculata vestita ; intus pallide violacea ; dentibus
primariis crassis, lateralibus sequalibus.

Long. 10, lat. 12, diam. 5 mm.

Hab. India.

CORBICtJEA.

213

341. Corbicula agrensis, Prime.

Corbicula agrmm, Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861,
p. ]28 ; Cat. Corl). 1863, p. 3 ; Ann. Lvc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii,
1864, p. 75, 24 ; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 175,
pi. 30, tig. 23.

Original description : — Testa ovato - transversa, sequilaterali,
JsBvigata, depressiiiseula, extreuaitatibus rotundata ; epidermide
viridi-olivacea induta ; sulcis regularibus, distantibus ; intus
pallide violacea ; umbonibus tumidis. erosis ; cardine angusto,
dentibus cardinalibus crassis, lateralibus aequalibus tenuiter
serrulatis.

Long. 8, lat. 8, diain. 5 mm.

Hub. Agra.

342. Corbicula subradiata, Prime.

Corbicula subradiata, Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861 ,
p. 127 ; Oat. Curb. p. 4, 1863 ; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii,
1864, p. 75, tig. 23 , Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879,
p. 174, pi. 30, tig. 21.

Original description : — Testa trigona, aequilaterali, compressi-
uscula, antice paulo latiore et obtusiore, striis regularibus,
epidermide viricli, nitente induta; intus pallide violacea; um-
bonibus minimis, acutis antice obliquatis, violaceo-subradiatis
cardine angusto, dentibus priraariis crassis.

Long. 12, lat. 14, diam 7 mm.

Bab. India.

343. Corbicula cashmirensis, Desliayes.

Corbicula cashmirensis, Deshayes, P. Z. S. xxii, 1854, p. 344 ;
Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. p. 224 ; Prime, Cat. Corb. 1869-70,
Gen. Corbicula, no. 18 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 55, pi. 138,
tigs. 2 & 3 ; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. lb'6,
no. 57, pi. 29, iigs. 17 & 18.

Original description: — Testa ovato -transversa, subtrigona,
aequilaterali, tumidula, transversim tenue et regulariter striata,
striis postice evanescentibus, epidermide nitida, atro-virescente,
in latere postico tenuissime striata vestita; umbonibus tumidis,
prominentibus, profunde erosis, violaceis ; cardine angusto, in
valva dextra bideutato, in altera tridentato, valvuia? dextrae dente
antico laterali adnato, dentibus primariis divergentibus, sim-
plicibus, lateralibus longis, angustis, antico longiore, cardine
proximo; valvis intus violaceis, impressione pallii margine valde
remota.

Hah. Cashmir; also recorded from Beluchistan, Avantipura,
etc.

Of the following dimensions (none having been given with the
description), Nos. 1, 2, & 3 are taken from the three specimens

214

CSRESIUJE.

which form the type series ; the dimensions of No. 4 are those
of the specimen figured by Hanley and Theobald in the Conch.
Ind. All four are now in the British Museum.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Long 32-25 30 33 25-75 mm.

Lat 37 36 38-5 29 mm.

Diam 10-2.3 20-5 12 16 mm.

344. Corbicula trigona, Deshuyes.

Corbicula trigona, Deshayes, P. Z. S. xxii, 1854, p. 344; Cat.
Brit. Mus., Conchif'. p. 224; Prime, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y
viii, 18G6, p. 221, fig. 53; Oat. Corb. 1869-70, Gen. Corbicula,
no. 102 ; H. & T., C. 1. 1876, p. 62, pi. loo, fig. 7 ; Clessin, in
Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 203, no. 126.

Original description: — Testa trigona, aequilaterali, compressi-
uscula, antice paulo latiore et obtusiore, utroque latere sequaliter
declivi, transversim tenue et regulariter striata, epidermide viridi,
nitente induta, intus pallide violacea ; umbonibus minimis,
brevibus acutis ; lunula ovata, angulo obsoleto circumscripta,
pallida laevigata; cardine angusto, bidentato, altero tridentato ;
clentibus lateralibus sequalibus, tenuissime striatis, antico leviter
arcuato.

Hah. Pondicherry.

The dimensions given below are taken from three specimens in
the type series in the British Museum : —

1. 2.

Long 11-25 10

Lat 12-75 11-75

Diam 7 *3

* Single valve.

345. Corbicula striatella, Deshayes.

Corbicula striatella, Deshayes, P. Z. S. xxii, 1854, p. 344 ; Cat.
Brit. Mus., Conchif. p. 224 ; Hanley, Photog. Conch. ; Prime,
Ann. Lvc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii, 1864, p. 74, fig. 22; H. & T..
C. I. 1876, p. 55, pi. 138, figs. 7 & 10 ; Clessin, in Martini &
Chemnitz, 1879, p. 167, no. 58, pi. 29, tigs. 19 & 20, pi. 30,
fig. 20.

Corbicula violacea, Prime, op. cit. 1861, p. 28, teste Prime;
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861, p. 128.

Original description :— Testa ovato-transversa, depressiuscula,
subasquilaterali, extremitatibus aequaliter obtusa, transversim
regulariter lirata, liris ad latus posticum evanescentibus, epi-
dermide pallide virescente, nitida vestita, intus atro-violacea ;
umbonibus brevibus, atro-violascentibus, pallidiore birailiatis ;

3.

10-75 mm.
12-25 mm.
7 mm.

COKBICTI-A.

215

earcline angusto, tridentato, dentibus inuequalibus, divaricatis,
postico longiore et angustiore, dentibus lateralibus elongatis,
angustis subsequalibus, arcuatis, tenuissime striatis.

Bab. Pondicherry ; also recorded from Scinde.

The dimensions of Nos. I and 2, as given below, are those of
the two type specimens; those of No. 3 refer to the largest
Reindian specimens. All are in the British Museum.

1. 2. 3.

Long 14-25 10 18-5 mm.

Lat 18 1225 21 mm.

Diam 10 6'25 12-75 mm.

346. Corbicnla huttoniana, Clessin.

Corbicula huttoniana, Clessin, Mai. Blatt. ix, n. f. 1887, pp. 77-78,
pi. 3, fig. 5.

Original description'. — Testa mediocris, ovata, subaequilateralis,
solidula, modice inflata, nitidula, anguste regulariterque sulcata ;
epidermide flavescente vel fuscescente; autice vix acuminatim
rotandata ; postice rotuudata ; umbonibus modice inflatis et
prominentibus ; margine dorsali valde arcuato, marg. postico
et antico rotundata, marg. ventral i convexo; ligamentum curtum,
teuue ; lunula profunda, elongata; cardine modice angusta;
dentibus lateralibus sequalibus ; margarita violacea.

Long. 17, lat. 21, diam. 11 mm.

Hub. Ahimdabad.

347. Corbicula subnitens, Clessin.

Corbicula subnitens, Clessin, Mai. Blatt. ix, n. f. 1887, p. 77. pi. 3,
fig. 5.

Original description : — Testa parva, triangulata, tenuis, ventri-
cosa, subaequilateralis, paullulum nitidula, levissime irregulari-
terque striata, obscure olivaceo-viridescente ; antice rotundata ;
postice acuminatim rotundata; umbonibus inflatis, prominentibus;
margine dorsali arcuato ; marg. postico et antico rotundato ;
marg. ventrali convexo ; ligamentum curtum, laeve ; lunula incon-
spicua ; cardine angustissimo ; dentibus lateralibus subrequalibus ;
margarita violacea.

Long. 13, lat. 13, diam. 12 mm.

Hab. Ceylon?

348. Corbicula solida, Clessin.

Corbicula solida, Clessin, Mai. Blatt. ix, n. f. 1887, p. 76, pi. 3,
fig. 4.

Original description: — Testa parvn, fere triangulata, sub-
aequilateralis, solidissima, nitidula, epidermide olivaceo-flavescente,

216

CYEENJ U .K.

regulariter anguste sulcata ; antice paullulum acuminata, postice
eubtruncata; umbonibus inflatis, \alde prominentibus, erosis;
margine dorsali fere angulato, marg. anfico rotundato, marg.
postico rotundato, marg. ventrali \alde convexo; ligamenlum
curtum, solidum, lunula triangulata ; cardine valde incrassato ;
dentibus eardinalibus erassis ; dent, lateral, paullulum arcuatis,
subrequalibus ; margarita suturate violacea.

Long. 12, lat. 11-5, diam. 10 mm.

JIab. Ceylon.

Type in the British Museum.

349. Corbicula nevilli, Clessin.

Corbicula nevilli, Clesiin, Mai. Blatt. ix, n. f. 1887, pp. 70-71, pi. 2
fig. 5. '

Original description : — Testa parvula, modice solidula, ovato-
rotundata, nitidula, sulcis distantibus ornata, epidermide flaves-
cente ; antice vix subacuminata, rotundata; postice subtruncata,
umbonibus paullulum elevatis, erosis ; margine dorsali valde
arcuato, marg. antico rotundato, m. postice rotundato, ra. inferioir
convexo; ligamentum crassium ; lunula profunda ; cardiue in-
crassato ; dentibus cardinalibus tenuibus ; dent, later, sub-
sequalibus, subarcuatis ; margarita violacea, sub umbo, pallida.
. Long. 12, lat. 14-5, diam. 9 mm.

Hcib. Assam.

350. Corbicula occidens, Veshayes.

Corbicula occidens, Deshayes, Cut. Brit. Mus. Conchif. 1854, p. 223 ;
Prime, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii, 1866, p. 220, fig. 51 :
11. & T., C. I. p. 55; pi. 138, figs. 8, 9.

Original description: — Testa ovato- transversa, sequilaterali,
tumida, tenui, transversim regulariter lirato-sulcata ; epidermide
ftavescente-viridi vestita, ad umbones atro-violascente vel breviter
albo radiata ; umbonibus tumidis, brevibus, laevigatis ; lunula
o\ato-lanceolata, pallida, laevigata; valvis intus profunde fusco-
violascentibus; cardine angusto, inasqualiter tridentato ; dentibus
lateralibus brevibus angustis albis tenue striatis.

Hub. Sikkim ; Moradabad, Bengal.

The dimensions given below are taken from three specimens in
the British Museum : —

Long,

Lat.

Diam

1.

13-25

11-25
13-25
7

2.

12-25 mm.
15 mm.
7-75 mm.

3.

16

8

351. Corbicula iravadica, Blanford.

Corbicula iravadica, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xlix, 1880, pp. 221-222 ;
II. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 62, pi. 115, fig. 8.

COItniCULA.

217

Original description: — Testa fere aequilateralis, rhomboideo-
ovata, ventricosa, solidiuscula, concentriee striato atque costulis
subremotis, iuterdum plus minusve obsoletis, ornata, epidermide
olivacea induta, intus a iolacea : latere antice ante umbones
prominentes subhorizontali ; tunc fere regulariter convexo, postico
declivi, oblique subtruncatulo, demura. subangulato, margine
ventrali modice arcuato ; ligamento postice subito contracto.
.Long. 9, lat. 10-5, diam. 7 mm.

The author also gives the dimensions of another specimen
as : —

Long. 8/5, lat. 11*5, diam. 7 mm.
Hub. Maudalay.

352. Corbicula regularis, Prime.

Corbicula regularis, Prime, P. Z. S. xxviii, 1860, pp. 321-322 ;
Cat. Corb. 1869-70, Gen. Corbicula, p. 136, no. 90; H.&T..O.I.
1876, p. 65, pi. 138, tigs. 5, 6 ; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz,
1879, p. 202.

Original description: — Testa ovato-transversa, sequilaterali, intus
violacea, epidermide viridi-flavescente ; umbonibus disparibus ;
dentibus cardinalibus tribus, ineequalibus, lateralibns prselongis,
striatis.

Long. 17*75, lat. 22-75, diam. 11 mm.
Hab. Leccan; also recorded from Madras.

353. Corbicula bengalensis, Deshaijes.

Corbicula bengalensis, Deshayes, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 344 ; Cat. Brit.
Mus., Conchif. p. 224; Prime, Cat. Corb. 1864, p. 4; 1869-70,
Gen. Corbicula, p. 128, no. 10; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii,
1866, p. 200, tig. 52 ; H. & T., C. I. 1870, p. 62, pi. 155, fig. 6
{Corbicula benqalica [sic], Desbaves); Clessin, in Martini &
Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 138-139, pi. 24, fig. 20.

Original description : — Testa ovato-subtrigona, depressiuscula,
tenui, subaequilaterali, obsolete transversim striata, striis, regu-
laribus, distantibus, epidermide flavescente, nitidissima, intus alba,
in medio macula rubescente notata ; umbonibus minimis acutis ;
eardine angusto, fcridentatb, altero bideutato ; dentibus lateralibus
angustissimis, argute striatis.

Hab. Bengal ; also recorded from the Kiver Jumna.

The dimensions given below are taken from the two specimens
forming the type series in the British Museum : —

Long.
Lat. .
Diam.

2.

8 mm.
9-75 mm.

mm.

* Single valve.

IMS

cyuumd.t:.

854. Corbicula bensoni, Desliayes.

Corbicula bensoni, Deshayes, P. Z. S. xxii, 1854, p. 345 ; Cat. Brit.

Mus., Vener. p. 224.
Corbicula bensonii, Desh., Prime, Cat. Corb. 1869-70 ; Gen. Corbicula,

p. 128, no. 11.

Corbicula bensoni, 11. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 55, pi. 138, figs. 1,4;
Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 198, no. 111.

Original description ; — Testa ovato-transversa, subtrigona, a?qui-
laterali, laevigata, nitida, depressiuscula, extremitatibus, obtusa,
utroque latere sequaliter declivi, epiderinide tenui, nitente, vires-
cente vel flavescente induta, aliquantisper lineis interru ptis,f use-is
radiata, intus alba, vel pallide violaseente ; cardine angusto, tri-
derjtato, dentibus inasqualibus valde divaricatis, dentibus lateralibus
prselongis, angustissimis, tenuissiuie striato-crenatis, antico paullo
longiore.

Hob. Bengal ; also recorded from tbe Hiver Jumna.

The dimensions given below are taken as follows : — No. 1 from
the single valve representing the type, and Nos. 2 and 3 from two
other specimens in the British Museum : —

1. 2. 3.

Long 7"5 7 7 mm.

Lat. 9-25 9-5 9-25 mm.

Diam *2 4-25 *2 mm.

* Single valves.

355. Corbicula consanguinea, Prime.

Corbicula consanguinea, Prime, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. viii,
1867, p. 417; Cat. Corb. 1869-70, p. 129, no. 22; Clessin, in
Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 199.

Original description: — Testa ovato-transversa, coinpressiuscula,
sequilaterali ; epiderinide viridescente, nitente vestita ; regulariter
striata ; umbonibus brevibus, atro-violascentibus ; valvis intus
violaceis; cardine lato.

Long. 14, lat. 16, diam. 9 mm.

Hub. India.

The type is inaccessible to the compiler of the present volume ;
the author, however, states that though closely allied to C. sfria-
tella, Deshayes, the lateral teeth are stronger and much broader
in the present species.

356. Corbicula sylhetica, Preston.

Corbicula sylhetica, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta, ii, 1908,
pp. 47-48 (fig. in text).

Original description: — Shell nearly equilateral, tumid, sub-
trigonal, pale olive-green, sculptured with fine irregular concentric

COJtBICULA.

210

Btv'm ; anterior side rounded ; posterior side somewhat angularly
rounded; lateral margins sloped ; ventral margin rounded, slightly
contracted towards the posterior side ; umboes large; interior of
shell purplish-white.

Long. lOo, hit. 12 mm.

Hub. Phenehooganj, Sylhet, Assam.

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Allied to C. iravadica, Benson, but is more trigonal and more
swollen.

357. Corhicula quilonica, Benson.

Corbicula quihmica, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, vi, 1860, p. 2(30.

Corbicula quilonensis [sic] Benson ; Prime, Ann. Lye. Nut. Hist.
N.Y. viii, 1866, p. 224, fig. 56; Cat. Corbiculid», 1869-70,
p. 135, no. 87; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1870, p. 135,
pi. 24, fig. 10.

Original description: — Testa inequilateral)', trigono-rhomboidea,
gibba, tenui, concentrice subremote costata, costis postice evanes-
centibus, sulcis intermediis latioribus, sub lente decussatim striatis,
albida vel lutea, radiis fuscis angustis ornata ; umbonibus promi-
nentibus, apice fere eroso ; latere antico breviore, valde arcuato,
angustiore, postico striato, latiore ; superue efc basin versus
angulata ; margine ventrali mediocriter arcuato; ligamento ob-
lougo intra uates atteuuato ; pagina interna valde concava, albida,
maculis radiisque purpureis ornata; dente mediana vulvae dextrsa
duplici, dentibus lateralibus brevibus serrulatis.

Long. 8, lat. 10, diain. 5-5 mm.

Hab. Near Quilon, in (probably brackish) ponds.

The author adds a note to his description from which the
following may be quoted : — " The younger shells are more gibbous
towards the um bones in propoi'tiou to their length than the larger
specimens. A tawny-yellow epidermis covers the fresher speci-
mens. The rays are numerous, more or less broad, sometimes
appearing as mere lines of small spots, and occasionally spreading

so as to make the surface appear nearly black The

shortness of the lateral teeth, on the anterior side especially, is a
notable character, as well as the inequilateral form, which is
more conspicuous in the young than in the adult shell."

358. Corbicula alberti, Preston, nom. nov.

Corbicula violacea, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1870, pp. 180-
181, p. 30, figs. 18, 19.

Shell small, almost equilateral, swollen, fairly thin, polished,
shining, strongly and distantly ribbed, covered with a dark olive-
brown periostracum ; anterior side scarcely attenuated, rounded ;
posterior side dilated, truncated ; vertical transverse section
cordate; horizontal contour ovate; umbones broad, in Hated,

220.

CYKENID.E.

prominent, eroded ; anterior margin rounded, gradually passing
into the lower margin ; ventral margin much arched ; posterior
margin curved, somewhat truncated ; ligament short, thin ;
ligamental sinus shallow, slightly rounded ; escutcheon and lunule
absent; interior of shell polished only at the margins ; nacre dark
violet; hinge margin narrow; lateral teeth long, t lie anterior
longer than the posterior, the inner almost uniting with the
outer, those portions bordering on the cardinal teeth somewhat
swollen, the swelling increasing very gradually ; muscle and
mantle scars shallow.

Long. 17, lat. 19, diam. 12 mm.

Bab. ? India.

Type in Sandberger Coll., "Wurzburg.

The name " violacea " having been already used by Prime in
the genus, it becomes necessary to substitute another, hence that
now given to the present species.

359. Corbicula inflata, CUssin.

Corbicula injlata, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 179,
pi. 31, figs. 14, 15.

Shell of medium size, solid, much inflated, almost equilateral,
sculptured with polished, strong, somewhat distant, concentric
riblets, covered with a yellowish-brown periostracum ; anterior
side short, scarcely attenuated ; posterior side broadly truncated ;
umbones broad, much inflated, very prominent, strongly recurved ;
vertical transverse section broadly cordate ; horizontal contour
roundly ovate ; anterior margin somewhat curved towards the
lower margin, sharply rounded, gradually passing into the strongly
arched lateral margin ; posterior margin somewhat curved,
gradually passing into the lower margin ; escutcheon and lunule
scarcely noticeable ; ligament short, very strong ; ligamental
sinus shallow, angularly notched ; interior of shell polished only
at the margins, nacre pale violet ; hinge margin fairly strong ;
cardinal teeth solid, much elevated, furrowed above ; lateral teeth
very long, the anterior much longer than the posterior ; margin of
the hinge much dilated in the vicinity of the two cardinal teeth;
muscle-scars shallow.

Long. 32, lat. 36, diam. 24 mm.

Bab. India.

Type in Sandberger Coll., "Wiirzburg.

360. Corbicula picta, Clessin.

Corbicula picta, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 179, pi. 31,
figs. 12, 13.

Shell small, somewhat iuequivalve, slightly inflated, moderately
solid, strongly concentrically ribbed, the ribs being rather closely-
sct, slightly shining, covered with a dark-green periostracum and
ornamented with black, radiate bands running from the umbones

COItBICULA..

22]

to the outer margins, the umbones themselves being of a reddish
colour; anterior side short, broadly rounded; posterior side
broad, somewhat truncate ; vertical transverse section narrowly
cordate ; horizontal contour almost cordate ; umbones large, fairly
prominent, much eroded ; anterior margin somewhat curved,
rounded, gradually passing into the ventral margin ; ventral
margin slightly arched ; posterior margin strongly curved, sepa-
rated from the ventral margin by a distinctly marked, somewhat
rounded angle ; ligament short, somewhat thick ; ligamental sinus
very shallow, slightly notched, elongate ; interior of shell dull,
except at the outer margin where it is polished, violet coloured ;
hinge margin rather narrow, bearing three cardinal teeth, the two
posterior comparatively strong, grooved above, the third or
anterior one very weak ; lateral teeth long, somewhat curved ;
muscle scars very shallow ; mantle scar distinct.

Long. 21, lat. 22, diam. 14 mm.

Bab. ? India.

Type in Sandberger Coll., "Wurzburg.

361. Corbicula indica, Clessin.

Corbicula indica, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 143-144,
pi. 25, figs. 21-23.

Shell of medium size, slightly inflated, solid, somewhat inequi-
lateral, with glossy, strongly ribbed surface, the ribs somewhat
close and acute, covered with an olive-green periostracum and
painted with dark spots ; growth striae not distinct ; anterior side
somewhat shortened and pointed, posterior side slightly elongated,
truncate ; umbones large, scarcely prominent, very slightly re-
curved, eroded ; vertical longitudinal section broadly lanceolate ;
vertical transverse section very narrow, cordate ; horizontal contour
triangularly ovate ; anterior margin somewhat roundedly pointed ;
lower3 margin strongly curved ; posterior margin forming a some-
what broad and short beak considerably roundedly angled on both
sides ; escutcheon and lunule scarcely visible ; ligament short,
fairly strong and prominent ; ligamental sinus short, shallow
triangular ; interior of shell dull, the outer margin only slightly
polished, tinged with violet, dorsal or hinge-margin white ;
cardinal teeth not divergent; lateral teeth very elongate and
finely ribbed, equally strong over their whole length, the anterior
much stronger than the posterior ; muscle and mantle scars both
shallow.

Long. 23, lat. 28, diam. 15 mm.
Hub. ? India.

Type in Grruner Coll., No. 518.

362. Corbicula regia (Benson MS.), Clessin.

Corbicula regia (Benson MS.), Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz,
1879, p. 267, pi. 43, fig. 5.
Shell small, ovate, solid, much inflated, very inequilateral, with

222

CVItKMD.i:.

strong fairly distant ribs, periostracum yellowish-brown; anterior
side elongated, pointedly rounded, posterior side much shortened,
obtuse, umbones much inflated, prominent, generally eroded ;
upper margin curved, gradually passing into the side margins;
anterior margin narrow, rounded, gradually passing into the m
arched and long ventral margin ; posterior margin slightly curved
and merging into the dorsal and ventral margins ; ligament short,
fairly strong and prominent; interior of shell dull, nacre white,
marked with fine narrow brown rays, of which three are equal) v
divided over the surface, running from the umbones to the ventral
margin, while the remaining two run towards the hinge-margin,
terminating at the lower side of the latter; hinge-margin fairly
broad ; cardinal teeth small, not grooved above ; lateral teeth
elongated, depressed, the posterior being shorter.

Long. 9, lat. 10, diam. 8 mm.

Bab. ? India.

363. Corbicula ncetlingi, v. Martens.

Corbicula ncetlingi, v. Martens, Arch. Natg. Berlin, lxv, 1899, p. 47
pi. 4, figs. 7-9. 1

? Cyrma moussoniana (Deshayes), Sowerby in Eeeve, Conch. Icon,
xx, 1878, pi. 17, fig. 97 (non moussoni, Desk., Cat. Brit. Mus.,
Conchif. 1854, p. 227).

Shell posteriorly elongated, in form somewhat resembling Venus
or Tapes; dorsal margin descending more obliquely anteriorly
than posteriorly ; anterior margin rounded ; posterior margiii
rounded above and below, vertically descending in the median
region; ventral margin moderately rounded; concentric ribs
strong, narrow, half the breadth of the spaces between, anteriorly
and posteriorly becoming gradually reduced to slight stria? ;
hinge strong ; lateral teeth long, the anterior one beut at the
anterior end, the posterior one fairly straight ; interior of shell
bright violet.

Long. 22, lat. 29, diam. 14 mm.

Hah. Hpaung, N. Shan States (in a small pool).

The author mentions a small variety which is still more posteriorly
elongated and rounded (fig. 7 in the reference to the original
description quoted above).

Long. 16, lat. 22, diam. 11 mm.

Hah. Bakmio.

364. Corbicula arata (Sowerby).

Cyrena arata, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1878, pi. 17, fig. 93.

Original description : — Testa ovata, tenuissima, rosacea, tumi-
dissima, liris magnis, distantibus ad latera suboblique terminantibus
rugata, epidermide aurantio-flavida induta ; latere antico rotuudo,

SPH m 1 CM.

223

valde inflato ; latere postico magis producto, subattenualo, anguste
truncate.

Ilah. Tenasserim.

The. dimensions of a specimen in the British Museum are: —
Long. 14, lat. 17, diam. 11 mm.

A pale, uniform greenish-yellow shell ornamented with distant,
concentric riblets ; somewhat elongately ovate and considerably
inflated, especially remarkable for its thin texture.

Subfamily SPH^EEJIN/E.

Shell small, ovate or trigonal, lateral and cardinal teeth more
or less developed, ligament external ; pallial line entire.
Distribution. World-wide.

Genus SPHjERIUM.

Sphcerium, Scopoli, 1777 ; Scopoli, Introduct. p. 397.

C'hama, dArgenville, Hist. Nat. Lithol. Concbyl. no. 9, 1742,

pp. 868, 374, pi. 31.
Tetlina, Lhmajus ; Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. i, 1758, p. 078.
Cardium, DaCosta, Brit. Couch. 1778, p. 173, pi. 13, tig. 2.
Cyclas, Bruguiere, Encycl. M<§th. 1792, pi. 301.
jS'ii.v, Humphrey, Mus. Calonn. 1797, p. 59.
Musculium, Link, Coll. Univ. Bost., pt. 3, 1807, p. 151.
Cornea, Megerle, Mag. Gesell. Naturf. Berlin, v, 1811, p. 56.
Corneocyclas, Femssac, Diet. Sci. Nat. xii, 1818, p. 277.
Amesoda, iiaHneeque, Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. et Nat. v, 1820, p. 310.
( 'ycladites, Kriiger, Gesch. Urwelt. ii, 1823, p. 469.
Pisidium, Verany, Descris. Genova, ii, 184(i

Type, Sphcerium comeum, Linn. ; Europe.
Range. World-wide.

Shell thin, ovate, convex, subequilateral, covered with a fine
periostracum, smooth or coucentrically striate; umboues lightly
anteriorly inclined ; anterior side rather shorter than the
posterior; margins of the valve3 simple; cardinal margins
thin; cardinal teeth small, that in the right valve often bifid,
fitting between two oblique teeth in the left ; both anterior and
posterior lateral teeth compressed, divergent, somewhat pro-
jecting, lamelliform double in the right valve, single in the left ;
ligament external, weak, scarcely apparent ; pallial line entire.

.Animal having the edge of the mantle smooth; foot tongue,
capable of considerable extension ; siphons moderately long,
uuited at their base, separated at the end ; the branchial siphon
somewhat the longer and broader ; siphonal orifices simple ;
palpes triangular, lanceolate; gills unequal, the outer the shorter
and fringed.

CYIIENIDJE.

365. SphsBrium avanum, Theobald.

Sphcerium avanum, Theobald, J. A. S. B. 1873, xlii, pt. 2, p. 209,
pi. 17, fig. 6.

Original description: — Testa quadrate rotunda, tumida, antico
rotundata, postice truncata, dilatata, equilaterali. Epiderinide,
levber et concentrice corrugata, postice levissime radiata. Um-
bonibus prominent ibus, tumidis, osculantib'us ; colore pallide
stramineo, tribus fasciis purpureis umbonalibus radiatim picto.
Ligamento umbones versus inflato.

Long. 6-6, lat. 7*5, diam. 5*2 mm.

Hub. Near Ava.

366. Sphaerium. indicum (Deshayes, MS.), A. Adams.

Sphcerium indicum (Desh. Ms.), A. Adams, P. Z. S. xxii, 1854,

p. 342, & Cat. Brit. Mus., Oonchif. p. 265.
Cyclas indica, Deshayes, H. & T., C. I. pp. 62-63, pi. 155, fig. 9.

Original description : — Testa ovato-rhomboidea, tumidula, sequi-
laterali, tenui, pellucicla, albo-grisea; latere antico late rotundato,
postico obtuse truncato ; umbonibus tumidis, parum prominenti-
bus ; cardine obsolete bidentato, dentibus lateralibus candidis,
antico majore, trigouo, acuto, postico paulo breviore, valvis sub
lente tenuissime striatis.

No dimensions, habitat, or figure are given with the above
description, but the babitat attached to the types is " Loodiana,
Punjab," and that given in the Conch. Ind. " Moradabad" ; the
following dimensions are taken from three specimens of the type
series in the British Museum : —

1. 2.

Long 5-25 5-5

Lat 6-25 6-25

Diam 35 375

Genus PISIDIUM.

Pisidium, C. Pfeiffer, Naturgeschichte deutscher Land- und Siiss-
wasser-Mollusken, i, 1821, p. 123, pi. 1, fig. 19; ii, 1S25, p. 33;
iii, 1828, p. 68.

Tellina, Miiller, Verm, ii, 1774, p. 205.

Sphcerium, Scopoli, Introduct. 1777, p. 397.

Cardium, Pnli, Test. Sicil. i, 1791, p. 65, pi. 16, fig. 1.

Cyclas, Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. 1801, p. 106.

Pera, Cordula, Leach, in litt. in Mus. Brit. 1818-20.

Phymesoda, Rafinesque, Ann. Gen. Sc. Phys. et Nat. v, 1820, p. 319.

Gallileja, Costa, Corrisp. Zool. 1839.

Pimm, Gray (non Megerle), P. Z. S. xv, 1847, p. 184.

Musculium, Gray (non Link), 1851.

Pisum, Deshayes (non Megerle), Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. 1854.
Musculium, H. & A. Adams (non Link).

Pisum, H. & A. Adams (non Megerle), Gen. B,ec. Moll, ii, 1 858.

3.

4- 75 mm.
5 mm.
2-75 mm.

pisidium. 225

Type, Pisidium amnicum, Jenyns, from Europe and .Northern
A sia.

Range. World-wide.

Shell small, roundly ovate or obliquely wedge-shaped, inequi-
lateral; anterior side longer than the posterior; uinbones slightly
i n Hated behind : hinge bearing two cardinal teeth in each valve ;
right valve bearing four laterals and the left valve two; lateral
teeth strong ; ligament situated on the smaller (posterior) side •
pallial line entire.

Animal having the mantle lobes smooth and open; furnished
with a single short (anal) siphon, with non-papillary orifice :
branchial cavity indistinguishable from the pedal cleft ; foot
large, tongue - shaped, capable of great extension ; palpes-
triangular, elongated.

367. Pisidium clarkeanum, G. «j- H. Xevill.

Pisidium clarkeanum. G. & If. Nevill, J. A. S. B. xl 187 J n 9
pi. 1, fig*. 4, 4«-4tf. i V r

Original description : — Testa ventricosa, oblonga, valide inaaqui-
lateralis, pallide fulva ; postice elongata ac rotundata, antice
rotundate truncata ; umbonibus prominentibus ac tumidis ; super-
fieie concentric-e confertim striata, striis tenuibus, regularibus.

Long. 4*5, lat. 5-5, diam. 8-5 mm.

Hal. Tanks, etc., close to the Datnuda at Moisraka.

36S. Pisidium hydaspicola, Theobald.

Pisidium hydaspicola, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878. p. 147.

Original description : — Testa sub-cordate ovali-tenui, exilissime-
striata, antice rotundata, postice vix truucata.
Long. 3-4. lat. 4, diam. 2-5 mm.
JIab. Kashmir, near Shypion.

Fig. 27. — Pisidium hydaspicola, Theob. (Tjpe.) x4.

To the above scanty description is added the following note: —
" The nearest ally of this species is P. clarkeanum, ]\"ev., but it
more rounded in Front and hardly truncated behind."
The type is in the British Museum.

Q

CYEENIDjE.

369. Pisidium bombayanum, Theobald.

Pisidium bombayanum, Theobald, J. A. S. 15. xlv, 187(1. p, 188.

Original description: — Testa subovali, fcumida, tenui, inaequi-
laterali, postice rotundata, vix truncata; antice rotundata
elougata; exilissime et confertim concentrice striata; clente

•>

l

Fig. 28. 1 & 2. Pisidium bombayanum, Theob. (Type.) Xo
3. Hinge of the same. X 3.

•cardinali minutissimo ; dentibus lateralibus in valva dextra
geminis, in sinistra autem singulis.

iLoiig. 3-70, lat. 4-30, diam. 2-70 mm.

Hah. Western Ghats (W. T. Blanford).

Type in the British Museum.

370. Pisidium atkinsonianum, Theobald.

Pisidium atkinsonianum, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlv, L87t>, p. 189.
Original description : — Testa subovali, vix tumida, insequilaterali,

Fig. 29. -Pisidium atkinsonianum, Theob. (Type.) x4

antice eiongata, utrinque rotundata, tenui, pallide cornea, concen-
trice striatula ; et lineis paucis (4-5) incrementi fortibribus
signata.

Long. 2-70, lat. 3-30, diam. TS0 mm.

pisidium. 227

Hub. Tonglu, Sikkini, at an altitude of 10,000 ft. (W. S.
Atkinson).

The following note is appended to the description Com-
pared with P. bombm/anum this is a smaller, natter and less
inequilateral shell. . . ."

Type in the British Museum.

371. Pisidium nevillianum, Theobald.

Pisidium neuillianum, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 188.

Original description : — Testa trigona, tumidiuscula, tenui.
inaequilaterali, postice modice convexa, antice elongata, sub-
acuminata, exilissime concen trice striata; umbonibns lawigatis.

Long. 3-50, lat. 3-60, diam. 2-20 mm.

Hob. Near Burki.

Appears to be chiefly distinguishable from its allies by its
trigonal form.

372. Pisidium stewarti, Preston.

Pisidium stewarti, Prestou, Rec. Ind. Mas., Calcutta, iii, 1909,
p. 116 (fig. in text).

Original description :— Shell sub-trigonal, rather inflated, pale
yellowish brown colour, marked with fine concentric lines oi
growth ; umbones large ; anterior lateral teetb somewhat curved
with broad grooves between, posterior lateral teeth broad and
somewhat projecting in right, strong and sharply curved in left
Aralve.

Long. 2-25, lat. 3 mm.

Hah. High Hill, Gompa, Gyantse Valley, Tibet, in a small
stream, among moss and stones, 14,500 feet.

The type-specimen is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Two specimens only were obtained by Capt. P. H. Stewart,
I.M.S.: its nearest ally would appear to be a fossil species from
the tertiary deposits of Belgium *, there being no known recent
I on ii resembling it.

373. Pisidium zugmayeri, Weber.

Pisidium zugmayeri, Weber, Zool. Jahrb. Jena, xxix, 1910,
pp. 310-311.

Original description: — Testa flavescens, satis solida, inaequilatera,
orbiculato-ovalis, parte posteriore abbreviata, ohtusa, ventriosula,
tenuissime striata, sulcis post intervalla interpositis, lineis incre-
ment! signata ; umbones versus marginem posteriorem siti, rotun-
dati, prominuli ; clentes cardinales valvas sinistra? bini, ante
umbones, superior (exterior) fere rectus, tenuis, media parte

* ]'. vincenliannm, B. B. Woodward, Cut. Brit. Spec. Pisidium in Coll.
Brit.Mus., 1913, pp. 127-128.

Q2

:28

SOLEM DM.

inferioi»em (iuteriorem) tegens, inferior crassior, prope dentem
lateralem anticum, baud curvatus, altior exteriore ; dextra)
singuli ; paulum curvati, parte sinistra asceudente tenues, parte
dextra descendente incrassati ; dentes laterales in valva sinistra
bird, erecti, antice triangulati ; postice uncinati, valva dextra bird
postici et bini aiitici, bini exteriores (lion semper exstantes)
minimi ; interiores longi, triangulati. antice crassiores.

Affinis Pis. scholtzii, Clessin*, differ t forma dentium cardin.
valva sinistra-, situ dentium cardinalium, minore profund.

Bob. Lake Walar, Kashmir.

The author appears to have only been able to see two perfect
specimens which were both very young, he therefore gives the
following measurements taken from a series of single valves : —

5. 6.

f Long. . . 3 3 3 2-7 2-6 — mm.

. °£ , \ Lat. . . 3-5 3 3-2 3 2-9 3-4 mm.

Eight Valves. | Dkm 1 1 1 1 i 1-1 mm.

Three
Left Valves.

f Long.
1 Lat.
[ Diam.

1.

2.

3. 4.

3

3

3 2-'

3-5

3

3-2 3

1

1

1 1

1.

2.

3.

2-7

3

2' A mm.

3

3-1

2-8 ram.

1

1-1

1 mm.

The proportion between length and breadth is therefore 3-1
to 2-8.

Family SOLENIDiE.

Subfamily SOLENINiE.

Shell equivalve, transversely elongate, more or less gaping at
each end, covered with a periostracum ; umbones not prominent ;
ligament external, on an elongate ridge; hinge very variable,
bearing from one to three cardinal teeth on each valve; lateral
teeth wanting ; adductor scars in both valves distant ; pallia!
impression posteriorly more or less sinuous, pedal impressions
well marked beneath the umbones or near the dorsal margin;
external surface of the shell presenting a well-defined cellular
structure, consisting of long prisms, very oblique in relation to
the surface and showing the presence of nuclei ; internal surface
nearly homogeneous ; non-nacreous.

Animal, with the exception of Novaculina, marine or estuarine;
siphons usually short, iu part united or entirely separate; foot
large, powerful, more or less cylindrical, elongated; without any
trace of byssogenous organs ; palpes variable in size; gills straight,
unequal, lengthened and enclosed in the branchial siphon.

Distribution. World-wide.

* P. scholtzii, Clessin=P. obtusalc.

\<>\ AC CI, I N A.

229

Genus NOVACULINA.

NovacitUna, Benson, Glean. Science, Calcutta, ii, 1830, p. <;:;.

Type, Hfovaculina gangetica, Benson; Rivers Jumna, Gumti, and
Ganges.

linage. Ganges System ; Andaman Islands.

Original description : — Shell subinequivalve, inequilateral, trans-
versely elongated ; ligament external, communicating with the
interior of the shell by an oblique channel. Beaks prominent.
Hinge-line nearly straight. Two narrow entering teeth under
the beak in one valve, generally three in the other. Syphonal
scar very long. Extremities of the shell gaping. Epidermis easily
detached when dry, folding over the edges and extremities of
the shell, and connecting the hinge-margins. Interior glossy or
dull, never pearly.

Animal. Mantle with the basal-edges united, forming a tube
which encloses the animal, longitudinally constricted at the
suture. Foot proceeding from the anterior extremity, short,
thick, cylindrical, and very muscular ; enlarged at the extremity
into a disk, with a convex surface, the plane of which is at right
angles with the axis of the foot and shell. Syphons separate, as
long as the shell, when fully extended ; the anal one, or that
nearest the hinge, half the thickness of the other ; apertures
constricted, not ciliated.

374. Novaculina gangetica, Benson.

Novaculina gangetica, Benson, Glean. Science, Calcutta, ii (1830,
Feh.), p. 63 (as genus Novaculina') ; A. M. N. H. ser. 3, i,
1858, pi. 12 B, fig. 4 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 47, pi. 116, fig. 7.

Novaculina novaculina, Gray, A. M. N. H. xiv, 1854, p. 24.

Soleeurtiis novaculina, Reeve. Con. Icon. 1874, pi. 7, tigs. 31 a&b.

Tagelus gangeticus, Clessin, in Conch. Cab. 1888, pp. 81-82, pi. 23,
fig. 6.

Original description : — Shell oblong, with truncated extremities,
white, slightly violaceous internally, epidermis olivaceous.

The above meagre description was supplemented later* by
Benson as follows : — " Epidermis easily detached when dry,
folding over the edges and extremities of the shell, and con-
necting the hinge-margins."

No measurements being given by the author, the following are
taken from three authentic specimens in the British Museum: —

1. 2. 3.

Long 9*25 8-75 7 mm.

Lat 25 20-5 19 mm.

Diam 6 6 5 mm.

Hub. Rivers Jumna, Guuiti, and Ganges.

* A. M. N. H. ser. 3, i, 1858, pp. 409-410.

230

SOLBNIDJE.

375. Novaculina andamanensis, Preston.

Novaculina andamanensis, Preston, Rec. hid. Mus,, Calcutta, ii,
p. 209, pi. 16, fig. 40.

Original description : — Shell oblong, elongate, inequilateral, con-
stricted towards the middle, pure white, bearing traces of having
been covered with a yellowish-brown periostracum, concentrically
striate ; dorsal margin slightly sloped anteriorly ; ventral margin
excavated in the middle, anterior side rounded ; posterior side
produced, somewhat angled below ; uinboes small.

Long. 16*5, lat. 37'5 mm.

Hab. Andaman Islands.

The type is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

The specimens on which the above species was based were col-
lected in the Andamans by the late Eev. J. Warneford. It would
seem to be scarce as, though several collections of Andaman Island
material have since passed through the hands of the compiler of
the present volume, no further specimen has come to light.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

abbreviate (Paludomus), 52.

acanthica (Tiara (Plotia)), 36.

acicula (Bucoinuni), 9.

Acrostoina, 30.

aculeata (Nerita), 57.

acuminata (Bitliynia orcula var.), 75.

acuminata (Limnffia (Limnaaa)), 106.

acuminata (Melania), 12.

acu.i (Melania), 12.

acics (Pirena), 9.

acuta (Melania), 11,

acuta (Paludomus), 52.

acutus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)). 123.

jurea (Paludomus), 57.

JEtheriicbv, 197.

iEtherikise, 197.

agrensis (Oorbicula), 213.

alberti (Corbicula), 219.

albus (Planorbis), 118.

alucinans (Amptdlaria), 103.

alucinans (Pila), 103.

amara (Melauia), 10.

ainara (Tiara cybele var.), 10.

amarula (Helix), 10.

Amesoda, 223.

Aruuieola, 68.

aranicum (Pisidium), 225.

ampullacea (Helix), 96.

Ampullaria, 9(5.

Ampullar iid<e, 96.

ampulliformis (Paludina), 90.

ampulliformis (Vivipara lecythis
var.), 90.

amyydala, (Limnaa), 107.

amygdalum (Limnaja (Limnaia) acu-
minata var.), 107.

aiiti/ffdalus (Lymnma), 107.

Ancylinic, 104.

Ancylus, 104.

andamanensis (Novaculina), 230.
andamanica (Tiara (Sl.riatclla) nevilli

var.), 18.
andersoniana (Paludomus), 41.

andersoniana(Nodularia'(Nodulai'ia)),
143.

andersonianics (Unto), 143.
Anganus, 115.
annandalei (Paludomus), 50.
annandalei (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
173.

annandalei (Vivipara), 92.
annendalei ( Vivipara), 92.
anodontina ( JJnio), 175.
anodontinus ( JJnio), 175.
appressa (Tiara (Striatella) nevilli

var.), 19.
arata (Corbicula), 222.
arata (Cijrena), 222.
Arcidac, 128.
Arcidopsis, 196.
Arcinae, 128.
aroensis (Melania), 11.
aspera (Helix), 35.
asperata (Melania), 21.
assametisis (Parreysia (Parreysia |

i'avidens var.), 161.
assamensis (Tiara (Acrostoina)), 31.
assamensis (Vivpara dissimilis var. i.

88.

associatus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)).
122.

ater (Faunus), 9.

ater (Strumbus), 9.

atkinsonianum (Pisidium), 220.

atra (Melanopsis), 9.

atra (Nerita), 9.

atra (Pirena), 9.

atropurpureus (Strombus), 9.

auberiana' (Paludestrina), 67.

auricula ria (Helix), 111.

auricularia (Limnaja (Grulnaria)t. 111.

auricularia (Lymneea), 111.

auricularius (Lymn&tis), 111.

aurilbrmis (Limnasa (Gulnarin l), 112.

auriformis (Limnaus), 112.

ava (Monocondylaa), 153.

■232 Aiii'irAUEX

ava (Pseudodon (Bineunis), Lf>3.
avanuni (Spbseriitm), 224.

■baccata (Melania), 26.
bamita (Tiara (Melanoides)), 26.
■baccifera (Melania variabilis var.),
28.

baccifera (Tiara (Melanoides)), 28.
baocula (Paludoinus), .">•';.
baconi (Ancylus), 104.
J>alteata (Melania), 22.
•balteata (Vivipara bcngalensis var.),
83.

baiTackporensis (Planorbis (Gyrau-

lus)), 120.
bat ana (Tiara (Tarebia),;, 33.
Batissa, 207.

iboddomeana (Tiara (Melanoides

gloriosa var.), 22.
Belgraudia, 67.
bengalensis (Corbicula), 217.
bengalensis (Cyclas), 205.
bengalensis (Cyrena), 205.
bengalensis (Paludina), S3.
bengalensis (Venus), 205.
bengalensis (Vivipara), 83.
hengalica (Corbicula), 217.
bensonianus (Mycetopus), 132.
bensoni (Corbicula), 21S.
bensoni (Margaron (Unio)), 132.
bhamoensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)),

163.

bhamoensis (Unio), 163.
bhamoensis (Vivipara dissirnilis var.),
88.

biangulata (Bitliynia stenotbyroides
var.), 77.

bicincta (Paludoinus (Philopotaiuis)),
55.

bilincata (Symphanoia), 175.
bilineatus (Margarita (Unio)), 175.
bilineatus (Margaron (Unio)), 175.
bilineatus ( Unio), 175.
Bineunis, 153.
birmanus ( Unio), 170.
Bitliinella. 66.
Bithiniina, 70.
Bithynia, 70.
Bithyniina;, 70.
blanfordiana (Hydroccena), 4.
blanlbrdiana (Hydrocena (Georissa)),
4.

blanfordiana (Paludomus), 43.
blanfordiana (Stenothyra), 81.
bombayanum (Pisidium), 22C>.
bonneaudi (Margaron (Unio)), 140.
bonneaudi (Nodularia (Nodularia)),
140.

bonneaudi (Unio), 140.
bowelli (Limn tea), 114.

AJj CNDJJX.

bowelli (Limniea (Bulimnea)), 114.
brevicauda (Limmea (Giilnariaj), 111.
brevispira, (Tiara (Plotia) acantliica

var.), 37.
broti (Tiara (Tarebia)), 33.
brunneus (Planorbis oxustus var.),

116.

Buccinum, 95, 106.
Bulimnea, 111.
Bulimus, 106, 128.
Bulla, 128.

burmanica (Paludomus), 43.
burmanica (Vivipara siamensis var.),
87.

burmanus (Parreysia (Parrevsia)),
17d.

burmanus (Unio), 170.
Bythinella, 66.

eamosus (Planoi4>is (Segmentina)),
127.

casrulescens (Septaria), 7.
ccemdeus (Margarita (Unio)), 136.
eceruleus (Margaron (Unio)), 136.
cseruleus (Nodularia (Nodularia)),
136.

cmruleus ( Unio), 136.
calatlms (Planorbis (Segmentina)),
127.

canaliculata (Tiara (Striatella) nico-

barica var.), 19.
canaliculatus (Creninoconchns

conicus var.), HO.
eandahariea ( Unio marginalis var.),

178.

eandahariea (Lamellidens margin-
alis var.), 178.
eanel'rianus (Lamellidens), 187.
canningensis (Bitliinella), 66.
Canthyria, 134.

cantori (Planorbis (Segmentina)),
126.

capillata (Batissa), 208.
capillata (Neritina reticularis var.), 5.
Cardium, 223, 224.
carinata (Ampullaria globosa var.),
98.

carinata (Pila), 98.
carinata (Vivipara natieoides var.),
85.

carinatus (Anculotus), 66.
carinntus (Creinnooonclius), 66.
earinulata (Bitliynia cerameopoma

var.), 72.
cashmirensis (Corbicula), 213.
Ci/ ill us, 6.

cattaroensis (Hydrocena), 1.
celox (Scaphula), 12!). L30.
cerameopoma (Bitbynia), 71.
cerameopoma (Paludina), 71.

\ I, I'll A BET

eeranospatana (Bithynia). 71.
cerasum (Liinna?a (Linimea) acu-
minata var), 108.
cerasum (Linaueus), 108.
ceylanica (Cyrena), 202.
ceylanica (Paludina), 89.
ceylauicus (Ancylus), 104.
ceyloncnsis ( 1'heodoxis), 5.
ceylonica (Cyrena), 202.
ceylonica (Paludina), 89.
ceylonica ( Venus), 202.
ceylonica (Vivipara), SO.
■Chama. 223.

charon (/Tiara (Radina)). 14.
chaudhurii (Nodularia (Nodularia)),
140.

cherraensis (Paludomua conica var.),
39.

chilinoides (Paludoums), 45.

ckilkaensis (Stenothyra), 82.

chittagougensis (Paludomus conica
var.), 40.

chlamys (Linuuea), 108, 109.

chlamys (Limnaja (Liranaea) acu-
minata var.), 108.

chocolatum (Melanin), 33.

chrysis (Parreysia (Parreysia) favi-
dens var.), 160.

chrysis (Unio f (widens var.), 160.

Ovmber, 6.

cincta (Amnicola), 69-

cincta ( Tiara (Melanoides) variabilis

var.), 24.
cinerea (Pila), 101.
clarkeanum (Pisidium), 225.
clavata (Paludomus), 51.
clavus (Tiara (Radina)), 12.
eoaxans (Venus), 202.
cochinensis (Cyrena), 210.
cochincnsis ( Veloriia), 210.
cochlidium (Metania), 13.
coclilidiuin (Tiara (Radina) clavus

Tar.), 13.
compacta (Paludonlus (Pbilo-

potamis) sulcata var.), 54.
compacta (Tiara (Acrostoma) hiigeli

var.), 31.
compacta (Tiara (Melanoides)

gloriosa var.), 22.
compressa (Seplaria), 7.
compressus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)),

118.

coniptus (Trapezoideus foliaceus

var.), 193.
comptus ( Unio), 193.
Concliacea, 200.

concolor (Vivipara naticoidcs var.),
85.

confnsa (Melania), 12.
conl'usa (Tiara (Radina) crenulata
var.), 12.

Vli INDEX. 233

conica (Melania), 39.

conica ( Paludomus), .'19.

conica (Pila), 100.

conicus (Creinnoconchus), 65.

conicus var. (Oremnoconchus), 65.

oorisangiunea (Corbicula), 218.

consobrina (Lamellidens marginalia

subsp.), 180.
consobrinus (Lamellidens), 180.
consobrvnus (Margaron (Unio)), L80.
consobrinics ( Unio), 179, 180.
constricta (Paludomus), 41.
contracta (Paludomus (Philopotami.-o

sulcata var.), 53.
con vexiusculus (Planorbis (Gj raulus)),

118.

corbct i ( Unio), 180.
Corbicula., 210,
corbiculiformis (Cyrena), 210.
corbis (Margaron (Unio)), 169.
corbis (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 109.
corbis ( Unio), 169.
Cordula, 224.
Core/ us. 115.
Cornea, 223.

corneum (Spbairium), 22.j.
corneus (Planorbis), 115.
Comeocyclas, 223.
coromandelica (Physa). 128.
corouiandelicas (Planorbis), 116.
coronata (Melania), 44.
cerporosa (Melania), 15.
corriana ( Unio marginalis var.),
179.

corrianus (Lamellidens), 183.
corrianus (Lamellidens marginalis

subsp.), 183.
corrianus (Margarita. ( Unio)), 183.
corrianus (Margaron (Unio)), 183.
corrianus (Unio), 136, 176, 183.
corrugata (Ampul/aria globosa var.),

98.

corrugata (Mi/a), 154.
corrugata (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
154.

corrugata (Pila ), 98.
corrugata (Unio), 155.
corrugata. {Unio (Potamida)), 155.
cormgatus (Margarita ( Unio)), 155,
corrugatits (Margaron (Unio)), 155.
costata (Melania), 11.
costigera (Bithynia (? Fossarulus)),
78.

crassa (Melanin), 39.

crassa (Paludina), 86.

crassa (Vivipara), 86.

erebra (Melania), 20.

crebra (Tiara (Striatella)), 2D.

crcbrislriata (Margaron (Monocon-

dylcea)), 150.
crebristriata (Monocondyhea), 150.

234 A.L3JHA.BE!

erebristriata (MonncondyliBa pegu-
ensis yar.), 149.

erebristriata (Trigonodon), 150.

erebristriatum var. peguensis (Pscu-
dodon), 150.

crebristriatus (Pseudodon), 150;

crebristriatus (Pseudodon (Trigo-
nodon)), 150.

crebristriatUB ( Pseud od on (Trigu-
noiloii) peguensis Tar.), 150.

crebristriatus ( Unto), 150.

crebristriatus var. peguensis (Pseu-
dodon (Trigonodon)), 150.

Crcmnobates, 64.

Oremnoconcliinn?. 64.

Crernnoconcbus, 64.

crenularis ( Melanin), 10.

erenulata (Tiara (fiadina)), 11.

crisputa (Nodularia (Nodularia)),
142.

crispata (Unio), 142.
crispatus (Margaron (Unio)). 142.
crispatus (Unio). 142.
criapisulcata (Nodularia (Radia-
' tula)), 146.

crispisulcatus (Margaron (Unio)),
147.

crispisulcatus (Unio), 14/.
cristata (Valvata), 05.
cristatus (Margaron (Unio)), 136.
cristatus (Trochus), 95.
cristatus ( Turbo), 95.
cumingi (Pacbyelrilus), 29.
cuminsiana (Paludomus (Tanalia")),
61.

carta (Bitbynia (? Fossarulus) costi-

gera var.), 78.
curta (Tricula montana var.), 68.
enrvata (Pseudodon (Trigonodon)

peguensis var.), 152.
Qyanocyclas, 201.
cybele (Melania), 10.
cybele (Tiara), 10.
CycladMes, 223.

C'yclas, 201, 207, 210, 223, 224.
Cyclostoma, 95.

cylindrica (Lamellidens marginalia

var.), 179.
cylindrica (Unio mart/ in a/ is var.),

179.
Cypinna, 207.

cyprinoides (Oyrena), 209.
cyprinoides ("Velorita), 209.
cyprinoides (Venus), 209.
Cyrena, 201, 202, 207, 209, 210.
0yrenida3, 201.
Cyrenina3, 201.

daccaeiisis (Parreysia (Parreysio.)),
J 65.

CA I. INDEX.

dalliana (Perrcysia (Parrevxia)),
174.

dalyi (Mulleria), 197.
datura (Tiara (Plotia)), 30.
dealbatus (Strombus), 9.
decussata (Paludomus (Philo-

potamis)), 54.
decussalula 'Paludina), 94.
decussalula (Paltidina dissimilis var.),

94.

delta (Nanalura), 79.

delta: (Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens

var.), 159.
delta' (Scapbula), 130.
deltas (Stenotbyra), 79.
delta ( Unio favidt ns var.;, 159.
demissus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 121.
densa (Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens

var.), 159.
densa (Unio favidens var.), 159.
depressa, ( Valvata), 95.
digiUfomiis (Nodularia (Nodularia)),

135.

digitiformis (Unio). 135.
digona (Paludina), 91.
cligona (Vivipara), 91.
dibirensis (Paludomus conica var.),
40.

dilatata (Paludomus (Tanalia)), (ill.
dilatata (Paludomus (Tanalia) neri-

toides var. ?), 60.
dissimilis (Helix), 87.
dissimilis (Nerita), 87.
dissimilis (Vivipara), 87.
distinguenda (Paludomus (Tanalia)),

59.

distinguenda (Paludomus (Tanalia)

aculeata var.), 59.
doliaris (Paludina), 84.
doliaris (Vivipara), 84.
dolioides (Pila), 101.
douglasise (Unio), 135.
dromedarius (Paludomus (Tanalia)),

G2.

dromedarius (Paludomus (Tanalia)
neritoides var.), 62.

eburncus (Litboglyjobus), 70.
eburnens (Planorbis exustus var.).
116.

ecarinata (Vivipara eeylonica var.),
90.

elegans (Melania), 35.
elegans (Tiara (Plotia) seabra var.),
36.

elegantulus (Planorbis (Gyraulus}),

122.
EUiptio, 134.
Ellistoma, 10.
elongata (Paludina), 83.

ALl'lIAUE'J

emaciato (Tiara (Sfcriatellu) crebra

var.), 20.
emavginatus (Mycefcopus), 132.
episcopalis (Tiara (Melanoides)), 25.
irinacea (Paludomus ('Tanalia) acu-

leafa. var.), 57.
erinaoea (Paludouius (Tanalia)), 57.
erronea (Paludomus (Philopotamis))',

56.

evanesc(ms ( Unto), 175.
evezardi (Bithynia), 76.
evit/atus (Unio), 136.
exanthematicus (Larnellideus), 187.
exanthema/ tens ( Unio), 187.
cximia (Navicclla), 7.
eximius (Unio), 148.
exolescens (Margaron ( Unio)), 195.
exolescens (Trapezoideus), 195.
exolescens (Unio), 195.
expansa (Pila conica var.). 100.
expatriata (Tiara (Kadina), 14.
exustus (Planorbis), 115.

fasciafca (Pila globosa var.), 97.
faseiata (Tiara (Melanoides) variabilis
var.), 24.

faseiata (Vivipara naticoides var.),
85.

fascicular is (Helix), 95.
fasciis-elevatiusculus (Vivipara bsn-

galensis var.), 84.
Faunas, 8.

favidens (Margaron ( Unio)), 158.

favidens (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 158.

favidens (Unio), 158.

f'eai (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 168.
fern ( Unio), 168.

f'eddeni (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 165.
feddeni (Unio), 165.
flamniulata (Melania), 11.
tlavida (Tiara (Tarebia) lineata var.),
35.

Jlavidens (Unio), 158.

fluminalis (Corbicula), 210, 211.

fluminalis (Cyclas), 211.

fluminalis (Tellina), 211.

fluminalis (Venus), 211.

fltiminea (Corbicula), 211.

fluminea (Cyclas). 211.

fluminea (Cyrena), 212.

fluminea, (Tellma), 211.

fluminea- (Venus), 211.

fluviatile ( Cerithium),

lluviatilis (Ancylus), 104.

lluviatilis (Corbicula), 212.

fluviatilis (Cyclas), 212.

fluviatilis (Cyrena), 212.

fluviatilis (Helix), 47.

fluviatilis tanschauriensis (Helix), 47.

fluviatilis (Tellina), 211, 212.

Hi INDEX. 235

fluviatilis (Venus), 212.
duviorum (Vivipara), 83.
foliacea ( I Tnio), 193.
foliaceus (Margaron ( Unio)), 193.
foliaceus (Trapezoideus), 174, 193.
fpliaceus ' Unio), 193.
fontanus (Planorbis). 124.
fontinalis (Lymnaa), 95.
fontinalis (Physa), 128.
fontinalis ( Turbo), 95.
footei (Arcidopsis), 196.
footei ( Unio), 196.'
Fossarulus, 77.
foveolata (Nematura), 80.
foveolata (Stenothyra). 80.
fragilis (Helix), 106.
fragilis (Parreysia (Parreysia) corm-

gata var.). 156.
fragilis ( Unio), 194.
fraterna ( Hydroeena (Georissa 1 1, :>.
frustillum (Hydrocana), 4.
frustiUum (Hydrocena), 4.
fruslillum (Hydrocena (Georissa)), 4
fulgurata (Paludomus), 46.
fiiliginosa (Neritina), 5.
fuliginosa (Theodoxis), 5.
fulmineus ( Unio), 155.
funiculata (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 58.
funiculata (Paludomus (Tanalia),

aculeata var.), 58.
funiculata (Tanalia), 58.
fuscata (Gyrena), 211, 212.
fusoata (Helix), 13.
fuscata (Tiara (Kadina)), 13.
fusit'orinis (Tiara (Melanoides) bac-

cata var.), 26.
fusiformis (Tiara (Striatella) nico-

barica var.), 19.

gaditana (Mya), 155.

gala tit ca (Cyrena), 207.

galatbea? (Cyrena), 207.

qalathem (Cyrena (Corneocyolas)),

207.
Gallileja, 224.

gangetica (Novaculina), 229.
gangetiaus ( Tagclus), 229.
gardneri (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 60.
gardneri (Paludomus (Tanalia) ncri-

toides var.), 60.
Gastropoda, 1.

gaudichaudi (Margaron (Unio)), 137.
gaudfehaudi (Nodula.riu), 137.

gaudichaudi (Nodularia (Nodularia)

cajruleus var.), 137.
gaudichaudi ( Unio), 137.
gaudiosa (Melania), 12, 13.

Gelonia, 202.

generosus (LamettiUens), 184,
generosus (Lamellidens marginal is
subsp.). 184.

ALPHAHETICA L INDEX.

generoms (Maryarou. (Unio)), 184.

generous (Unio), 184.

Georissa. 1.

gerbidoni ( Unio), 136.

gibbn (Bithinella), 07.

gibbosula (Paludestrinn (Belgrandia)

miliacen var.), (57.
gigantea ( LSii bynia cerameopoma var. ).

72.

gigantea, (Paludina), 84.
gigantea I Tiara (Sfcrial clla) nicobarica
var.), 19.

gigantea (Vivipara bengalensis var.),
84.

Glaiu-uinyidaj, 200.
Glaucomyinse, 200.
globosa (Paludomus (Tanalia) neri-

toides var. ), GO.
globosa (Pila), 97.
glcibula (Bithinia), (19.
globulosa (Melania). 38.
globulosa (Paludomus), 38.
gloriosa, (Tiara (Melanoides)), 21.
godwini {Melanoides), 29.
godwini (Tiara (Melanoides)). 29.
goniomphalos (Bitbynia), 70.
goniomphalos (Paludina), 70.
goniosloinu (Bithynia), 72.
govvbattensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)).

171.

gowhattenste ( Unio), 174.

graoilior (LiruniBa (Limnsea) acumi-
nata var.). 109.

granifera (Melania), 33.

gratiosa (Nodularia (Nodularia)), 141.

gratiosus (Margaron ( Unio)). 141.

gratiosus (Unio), 141.

gravidas (Unio). 148.

groenlandicus ( Unio), 175.

gruneri (Planorbis (Segmentina)),
125.

Gulnaria. 110.

Gyraulus, US.

Gyrorbis, 95.

halopbilla (Vivipara annandalei var.),
92.

halophilla {Vivipara annendalei var.),
92.

banleyi (Lamellidens marginalia var. ),
179.

hanleyi (Melanoides), 29.
hanleyi (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 02.
hast ula (Melania), 10.
hastula (Tiara (Radina)), 11.
heliciformis (Paludina), 94.
heliciformis < Vivipara dissimilis sub-
sp.'), 89.

heliciformis (Vivipara (Idiopoma)),
94.

Helix, 95, 106, 115.
henzadeneis (Vivipara (Idiopoma);,
93.

heroulea (Tiara (Melanoides)), 21.
hians (Limiuea (Gulnaria)), 113.
bilinendensis (Vivipara), 91.
hiinalayanus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)),
121.

hindu (PlanorbiB), J 17.
Hippeutes, 124.

hobenaekeri (Planorbis (Gyraulus)),
120.

holandri (Melania), 32,
bolstiaua (Corbicula fiuininalis var.).
211.

bookeri (Liuinffia (Gulnaria)), 111.

lioungdaranicus ( Unio), 167.

hiigeli (Melania), 30, 31.

hiigeli (Tiara (Acrostoiua)), 31.

hiigeli var. (Melania), 31.

humeralis (Neritina), 6.

humeroaa (Tiara (Melanoides-)). 22.

lmmilis (Margaron ( Unio)), 130.

hmnilis (Unio), 136.

humilior (Lamellidens marginalis

subsp. scutum var.), 181.
hungerfordiana (Stenothyra), 80.
bungerfbrdiana (Tiara (Pacbychilus)),

30.

buttoui (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 120.

huttoniana (Corbicula), 215.

bydaspicola (Pisidium), 225.

Hydrobia, 67.

Hydrobiidee, 67.

Hydrobioides, 78.

Hydrocena, 1.

Hydrocenidiv, 1.

Hydroceninse, 1.

Hygronoma, 10.

Hygrophila, 104.

liyptiocyclos (Planorbis (? Gyraulus)),

' 1 23.
Hyrinse, 134.

Idiopoma, 93.

illex (Hydfoccena), 2.

illex (Hydrocena), 2.

illex (Hydrocena (Georissal), 2.

imbricata (Tiara (Melanoides) buine-

rosa var.), 23.
impressa (Gyrena), 202.
impura (Limnsea (Gulnaria) suceinea

var.), 113.
invpvjra (Paludina), 71.
im/purum (Cyclos/oma), 70.
impurus (Limnmis), 113.
inconspicua (Bitbynia), 74.
incrassatula (Pila globosa var.), 97.
indica. (Corbicula), 221.
indica (Cyclas). 224.

ALPHABETICAL IS HEX.

237

indicum (Spbserium), 224.
iitdirus (Margaron {I'nio), 169,
indicus (Planorbis), 115.
indicus (Unio), 169.
inflata (Batissa), 20S.
iuflata (Corbicula), 220.
tnQata (Paludomus), 49.
in fracostata (Mclania), 25.
inosoularis (Aitodon), 152.
inoseularis (Anodonta), 149.
inosoularis (Margaritana), 152.
inosoularis (Margaron (Monocondy-

hea)), 152.
inoseularis iPseudodon (Pseudodon)),

152.

involuta (Nodularia (Nodularia)),
146.

invalid its (Unio), 146.

iravadica (Corbicula), 216.

ira vailica (Tiara (Melanoides) baccata

var.), 27.
irawadica (Bithynia), 76.
irawadica (Bythinia), 76.
issykulensis (Planurbis (Gyraulus)),

124.

jaculator (Bithynia), 71.
jaculator ( Qyelostoma), 70.
jaculator (Merita), 70.
jaculator (Paludina), 71.
jaintiaca (Paludomus conica var.), 40.
janitor {Turbo), 70.
javanica (Ampullaria), 100.
jenkinsianus (La/niellidens), 184.
jenkinsianus (Laniellidens tnarginalis

subsp.), 184.
jenkinsianus ( Unto), 184.
jugicostis (Tiara (Melanoides)), 28.

kadapaensis (Paludomus tansehau-

rica var.), 47.
kashmirensis (Bithynia tentaculata

var.), 71.
keraudreni {Margaron ( Unio)), 137.
keraudreni (Nodularia (Nodularia)

cseruleus var.), 137.
keraudreni ( Unio), 137.
kopilensis (Paludomus conica var.),

40.

hitchensis {Paludina), 88.
kutcbensis (Vivipara dissimilis var.).
88.

Labiattis (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 119.
labiosa (LimiKca), 112.
labiosa (Limnaca (Gulnaria)), 112.
labiosa {Paludomus), 43.
Levirostris (Parreysia (Parreysia)
corrugata var.), 166,

Itsvirostris { Unio), 156.
hevirostris { Unio corrugatus var.), .-
156.

hevis (Bithinia), lb.

la-\ is (Bithynia). 75.

kevis (Paludomus), 45.

lavis (Pahcdomus ahiUnoides var.), 45.

lamellatiformis (Lamellidens pulcher

var.), 185.
lamellatus {Lamellidens), 181.
lamellata (Lamellidens marginalis

subsp.), 180.
lamellatus {Margarita {Unio)), ISO.
lamellatus {Margaron ( Unio)), L80.
lamellatus {Unio), 180, 184.
Lamellidens. 174. 175.
lanceolata (Tiara (Melanoides i bume-

rosa var.), 23.
layardi {Ampullaria globosa var.). 99.
layardi {Margaron (I nio)), 181.
layardi {Mclania), 16.
layardi {Paludomus), 57.
layardi (Pila), 99.

layardi (Tiara (Striatella) tubercu-

lafca var.), 16.
layardi ( Unio), 180.
lacy/his {Paludina), 90.
lacy this (Vivipara), 90.
leioma {Unio), 136.
Lens, 148.

lima (Nodularia (Radiatula)). 147.

limborgi (Tiara (Pachycbilus)), 29.

Limnsea, 106, 134.

Limnaja (sensu stricto), 106.

Limnreidaj, 104.

Limnoeina;, 105.

Limnaus, 106.

Limnea, 114, 128.

liiiiosa. (I/ymnaa), 110.

lineata (Navicella), 7.

lineata {Paludina), 83.

lineata (Tiara (Tarebia)), 34.

lira/a {Melania), 34.

liratula (ITydrocena (Georissa i), 2.

liratus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)). 121.

Lithoglyphina.1, 69.

Lithoglypbus, 70.

Littorinidse, 64.

livesayi {Navicella), 8.

Livesayi (Septaria). 8.

lobata (Miilleria), 197.

longispira (Pila corrugata var.,). 98.

loricata (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 57.

loricata (Tanalia). 57.

lutea (Bitbynia), 72.

luteola (Limima), 108.

luteomarginaia (Tiara (Striatella)

tubereulata var.), 17.
lutetianus (Tbeodoxis), 5.
lutens (Margaron ( Unio)), 155.
liiteus ( Unio), 155.

238 AXE

luto8ii (Paludomus , 5 1 .
Lynmaaj 100.
Ly milium, 134.

macilentus ( Unio), 139.
itftwrfm., 202.

maculatus (Paludonus), 45.
maculatus (llivulina), 45.
Mainwaringia, 37.
rnainwaringi (Lamellidens), 190.
major (Paludomus (Tanalia) banleyi,
var.), 62.

matabarioa (Ampullaria globosa var.),
98.

rnalabarica (Paludomus tanseliaurica

var.), 47.
rnalabarica (Pila), 98.
mandarimis ( Unio), 142.
mandelayensis ( Vino), 164.
manilcnsis ( C'yrena), 212.
marcens (Parreysia (Parreysia) lavi-

dens var.), 159.
marcens (Unio), 159.
marginalia (Lamellidens), 175.
marginalis (Margarita (Unio)), 175.
marginalis (Margaron (Unio), 175.
marginalis ( Unio), 174, 175, 177.
martabanensis (Lithoglyphus), 70.
maura (Pila). 99.
maurua (Paludomus), 51.
megasonia (Limimea), 114.
Melanamona, 8, £>.
Mebmelln, 32.
Melania, 10.
Mela,niidce, 8.
Melanites 10.
Melanoides, 21.

melanostoma (Paludomus (Tanalia)),
63.

menkeana (Melania), 26.
menkeana (Tiara (Melanoides)), 25.
menleiana (Melania), 25.
merguiensis (Planorbis), 118.
merodabensis (Unio), 155.
microscopica (? Valvata), 96.
microstoma (Paludomus rotunda
var.), 48.

microstoma (Tiara (Melanoides)

menkeana var.) 26.
miliaaea (Hydrobia (Bythinc/la)), 67.
miJiacea (Paludestrina (Belgrandia)),

67.

minima (Nematura), 81.

minima (Stenothyra), 81.

minima (Stenothyra deltas var.). 7V.

minor (Bithynia orcula var.), 74.

minor (Liinna3a (Limnaea) tigrina

var.), 110.
minor (Paludestrina (Belgrandia)

miliacea var.), 68.

VI, IMIl.X.

minor Paludoinus (PbUopotamis)

sulcata var.), 53.
minor (Paludoinus regulata var.),

43.

minor (Paludomus (Tanalia) reevei

var.), 58.
minor (Pila globosa par.), '.'7.
minor (Stenothyra delta; var.), 7'.>.
mimtta ( Valvata), 95,
misellus (Trapezoideus), 194.
misellus ( Unio), 194.
mitra (Melania), 10.
modieus (Planorbis), 117.
moesta (Pila), 101.
mongolians (Unio), 135.
monile ( Paludoinus), 48.
monilifera (Nematura), 80.
monilif'era (Stenothyra), 80.
montana (Tricula), 68.
moquiniana ( Valvata), 95.
moreletiana (Bithynia), 72.
mouhoti (Monoeondyltea), 153.
maussoni (Corbicula), 222.
moussoniana (C'yrena), 222.
Mulleria, 197.

mullideniatus (Margaron (JJn
155.

mnltidentatus (Unio), 154, 155.
multistriata (Tiara (Radina)), 15.
Musculium, 223, 224.
myadoungensis (Paludomus ander-

soniana var.), 42.
myadoungensis (Tiara (Striatella)

tuberculata var.), 17.
Mi/sca, 134.
Mytilacea, 128.

nagaunsis (Vivipara), 91.
nagpoorensis (Margaron ( Unio)), 157.
nagpoorensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)

corrugata var.), 157.
nagpoorensis ( Unio), 157.
nagpoorensis ( Unio corrugatus var.),

157.

nana (Paludomus andersoniana subsp.

peguensis var.), 42.
nana (Paludoinus oonica var.). 40.
nana (Tiara (Radina) zeleborii var,),

14.

nanus (Planorbis (Gyraulus), 122.
narainporensis (Lamellidens), 1S7.
nassa (Bithynia), 75.
nasuta (Paludomus), 52.
naticoides (Pahidina), 85.
naticoides (Vivipara), 85.
Nautilina, I IS.
Nautilus, 115.
Navicclla, 6.
Naniatura, 79.
Nerita, 95.

Neritida\ 5.
Naritina, 5.
Neritinte, i">.

neritoides ( Paludomus (Tanalia)), 60.
nevilli (Corbicula), 216.
nevilli (Tiara (Striatella)), is.
nevillianum (Pisidium), 227.
nicobarica {Alasmodonta), 153.
nicobarica (Tiara (Striatella)), 19.
nicobaricus (Pseuclodon) (Pseu-

dodon)), 153.
nigricans ( Paludomus(Pbilopotamis)),

55.

uitidns (Planorbis), 124.
Nodularia, 135.
Nodularia (sensu stricto), 135.
nodidosa (Paludomus (Tanalia)), f>7.
nodulosa {Paludomus {Tanalia)

acideata var.), 57.
noetlingi (Corbicula), 222.
nongyangensis (Lamellideus), 190.
Novaculina, 229.
novaculina {Novaculina), 229.
novaculina {So'leourtus), 229.
nucleus (Liinmca (Limnsea) ovalis

var.), 109.
nucleus (Idmneem), 109.
nucleus {Turbo), 70.
nufctaliiana (Nodularia (Nodularia)),

145.

nuttallianus {Margaron {Unio)), 145.
nut tall ianus {Unio), 145.
Nux, L'2o.
nux (Pila), 99.

obesa {Melania), 45.
obesa (Paludomus), 45.
obesa {Unio marginalia var.), 176.
obesus (Lamellidens raarginalis var.),
176.

oblalus { Unio), 142.

obtusa (Bitbynia pulchella var.), 73.

obtusa (Nerita), 95.

obtusa {Ncritiua), 6.

obtusa {Paludina), 86.

obtusa (Theodoxis), 6.

obtusa { Valvata), 95.

obtusum {Ci/clostoma), 95.

occata (Nodularia (Nodularia), 138.

occatus Margaron {Unio)), 139.

occatus {Unio), 138.

occidens (Corbicula), 216.

olea (Pila), 102.

olivaria (Nodularia (Nodularia)), 144.
olivarius {Margarita { Unio)), 144.
olivarius { Unio), 144.
Orbis, 115.

orcula (Bitbynia), 74.
■orientalis (Navicclla), 7.
orientalis (Pila conica var.), 101.
•orientalis (Planorbis), 117.

::al index. 239

orissaensis (Stenotbyra), 82.
orissaensis (Tiara (Striatella) tuber-

culata var.), 17.
ornata (Paludomus), 41.
oralis (Limncea) (Limnrea)), 109.
ovalis ( Limncea), 108.
ovalis {Limnaus), 109.
oxytropis | Vain, Una), SI.
oxytropis (Vivipara), 84.

Pachyobilus, 29.

pachysoma (Margaron ( Unio), 139.
pacliysoma (Nodularia) Nodularia)),
139.

pachysoma { Unio), 139.
pachystoma ( Unio), 139.
pagoda la ( [o), 32.
pagoduia (Tiara (Acrostoina)), 32.
pagodus {Pirena), 9.
Paiudestrina, 67.
Paludestrinidie, 67.
Paiudestrina;, 67.
Paludina, 95.

paludinoides (Ampullaria), 100.
paludinoides (Paludomus), -10.
paludinoides (Paludomus conica var.),
40.

Paludominic, 38.

paludomoidea (Melania, (Main-

waringia)), 37.
paludomoidea (Tiara (Mainvvaringia)),

37.

Paludomus, 38.

palustris (Paludomus), 47-

parma { Unio), 166.

Parreysia, 154.

Parreysia (sensu stricta), 154.

parvula (Amnicola), 69.

parvula (Bitbynia orcula var.), 75.

parvula (Corbicula), 212.

pzrvula {Paludina), 69.

parvus {Paludomus), 45.

patula (Limmea (Limnaea) acuminata

var.), 107.
pealiana (Paludomus conica var.), 4(1.
Pectinibrancbiata, 8.
peguensis (Margaron {Monocondyl<ea I ),

150.

peguensis (Margaron { Unio)), 193.
peguensis (Melania), 22.
peguensis {Monocondyltea), 149, 150.
peguensis (Paludomus andersoniana

subsp.), 42.
peguensis ( Pseudodon crebristriatum

var.), 150.
peguensis (Pseudodon (Trigonodon)),

150.

peguensis (Pseudodon (Trigonodon)

crebristriatus var.), 150.
peguensis (Tiara (Melanoides)

gloriosa var.), --.
peguensis (Vivipara variata var.), 89.

240 ALPHA]] KTl

pcquensis (Unto), 103.
Peleoypoda, 128.
pellis-laoerti (Unio), 142.
Vera, 224.

perconvexa (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
172.

perdecollata (Faunus ater var.), 9.
perdecollata (Tiara (Radina) clavus

var.), 13.
pereger (Limmea), 110.
pereger (Linma?a (G-ulnaria)), 110.
pereffra (Limncea), 110.
pergranosa (Tiara (Tarebia) lineala

var.), 35.

pernodulosa (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
164.

pcrotcliana (Ncritina), 5.
perotetiana (Theodoxis), 5.
perpinguis (Melania-), 18.
perstriatula (Tiara (Striatella) nico-

barica var.), 10.
petinoides (Limnceus), 108.
pelrosa (Paludina),
petrosa (Paludomus), 43.
phaeostoma (Vivipara bengalensis

var.), 84.
phasianintis (Paludomus), 4&, 50.
phayresi ( Unio), 155.
Philopotamis, 53.

plietichoogangensis (Lamellidens),
190.

Phymesoda, 224.

Physa, 127.

Pbysidaj, 127.

Physinsc, 127.

Physunio, 148.

picta (Corbicula), 220.

piota (Melania). 11.

picta (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 58.

picta (Paludomus (Tanalia) acideata

var.), 58.
picta (Pirena), 0.
pictorum (Unio I, 134.
Pila, 96.

pilatus (Margaron (Unio), 136.
pilatus ( Unio), 136.
I'Hidae, 96.
Pilinae, 96.

pinax (Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens

var.), 101.
pinax ( Unio favidens var.), 161.
■pinax ( Unio), 161.
pinguis (Lininsea (Gulnai'ia)), 113.
pinna (Scaplmla), 130.
Pirena, 8.

pirenoidea (Tiara (Radina) clavus

var.), 13.
piscinalis (Helix), 95.
piscinalis (Nerita), 95.
piscinalis (Valvata), 95.
Pisidium, 223, 224.
Viswm, 224.

A. I, JN])KX»

pliigiosoina (Parreysia (Parreysia)

favidens var.), 162.
plagioBoma (Unio), 162.
plagiosoma (Unio J'aoidcns var.), 162.
plana (Tiara (Radina) elavus var.),

IS,

1'lanorbiina;, 115,
Planorbis, 115, 128.
plicata (Melania), 25.
Plotia, 35.
Polymesoda, 201.

ponderosns (Lamellidens pnlclier
var.), 185.

pontijicalis (Melania), 25.

pontificalia (Tiara (Melanoides) epis-
copalis var. i, 25.

porata (Amnicola I, 68.

porcellana (Patella), 0.

prajmordica (Tiara (Acrostoma)), 31.

princeps (Faunopsis), 9.

princeps (Melanopsis), 9.

producta (Bitliynia orcula var.). 74.

protensns (Unio), 187.

proxima (Oyrena), 206.

pruniiiu (Liuraaea (Limnaea) acumi-
nata var.), 108.

primwm (Limnaus), 108.

Pseudodou, 140, 152.

pscudoheiicina (Vivipara variata var.),
89.

pugio (Nodularia (Nodularis)), 141.
pugio ( Unio), 141.
pulchella (Bitliynia). 73.
pulchella (Paludina ), 73.
pnlclier (Latnellicleus), 185.
pulcher (Unio), 185.
Pulmonata, 101.
pumilio ( Unit'), 144.
pusilla (Bitliynia pulchella var.), 73.
putilla (Nerita), 95.
pygmtea (Bitliynia), 76.
pyramidalis (Melania variabilis var.),
26.

pyramidalis (Tiara (Melanoides)

baooata var.)). 26.
pi/ramida/a (Paludina), 84.
pyramidata (Vivipara), 84.
pyrainis (Tiara (Striatella)), 20.
pyriforniis (Paludomus), 51.
2>yxis (Hydroc(Bva), 3.
pyxis (Hydrocena). 1, 3.
pyxis (Hydrocena (Georissa)), 3.

quilonensis (Corbicula), 219.
quilonica (Corbicula), 210.

Rudina, 10.

Radiatula, 146.

radula (Di/sonomia), 147.

raditla (Unio), 147.

rajahcnsis (Margaron, (Unio)), 169.

A LPHA.BETIOAL INDEX.

241

rajahensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
1G1.).

rajahensis ( Unto), 169.
raivesiana (Hydroc<ena), 4.
raioesiana (Hydrocena), 4.
rawesiana (Hydrocena (Georissa)), 4.
recta (Tiara (Melanoides) baceata

var.), 26.
reevei (Melania (Melanoides)), 22.
reevei (Paludomus) (Tanalia), 58.
reevei (Paludomus (Tanalia) nodulosa

var.), 58.

regalis (Paludomus (Pliilopotamis)),
55.

regia (Corbicitla), 221.
regularis (Oorbicula), 217.
re^ulata (Paluclomus), 42.
regulata var. (Paludomus), 42.
remoaaei (Vivipara), 91.
■remossii (PaJudina), 87, 91.
reticularis (Tlieodoxis), 6.
reticulata (Nerilina), 6.
reticulata (Paluclomus), 44.
reticulata (Septaria), 7.
Rhipidoglossa, 1.
riquetti (Tiara (Melanella)), 32.
rivalis (Tanysiphon), 200, 201.
rivularis (Tiara (Striatella)), 20.
roepstorffiana (Tiara (Plotia) acan-

thica var.), 37.
rotula (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 122.

rotunda (Paluclomus), 48.
rudis (Melania), 34.

rudis (Paludomus), 39.

rudis (Tiara (Tarebia)), 34.

rufesccns (Limnwa), 109.

rut'esceiis (Lininaea (Limneea) acu-
minata var.), 109.

rugosa (Mya), 1(39.

rugosa (Parreysia) (Parreysia)), 169.

rugosus (Unio), 139, 169.

rupaetbrmis (Paludomus (Philo-
potamis)), 55.

salweniana (Anodonta), 152.

salweniana (Margaron (Monocon-
dylcea)), 152.

salweniana (Monocondylcea). 152.

salweniana m (Pseudodon) 152.

salwenianus (Anodon), 152.

salweniauus (Pseudodou (Pseudo-
don)), 152.

salwenianus ( Unio), 152.

Sandalium, 6.

saritta (Gyclostoma), 2.

saritta (Hydrocana), 2.

saritta (Hydrocena (Georissa)), 2.

savoyensis ( Unio), 166.

uawaddyenBia (Lamellidens marginalia
subsp.), 185.

Baxea (Pila), 100.

scabra (Buccinum), ."..">.

scabra (Bulimus), 35.

scabra (Helix), 35.

scabra (Melanin), 35.

scabra (Tiara (Plotia)), 35.

Scaphula, 129.

scaphula (Area), 129.

acobiua (Nodularia (Nodularia)), 142.

scohina (Unio), 142.

scobinatus (Margaron (Unio)), 142.

scobinatus (Unio), 142.

scutata (Ampullar ia), 100, 101.

Scufcibranchiata, 1.

scutum (LamelUdens), 181.

scutum (Lamellidens marginalia

subsp.), 18 L.
scutum (Unio), 181.
Segmentina, 124.
semigranosa (Melania), 35.
semigranosa (Tiara (Tarebia) lineata

var.), 35.

semikevigata (Tiara (Striatella) uevilli

var.), 19.
semirugatus (? Unio), 155.
Seplaria, 6.

shanensis (Vivipara), 93.
shurtlefliana (Nodularia (Nodularia)),
138.

shurtleffiamts (Margaron ( Unio)), 1 38.
shurlleffianus (Unio), 138.
siamensis (Limnaea (Gulnaria)), 113.
siamensis (Margaron ( Unio)), i94.
siamensis ( Unio)), 194.
siamensis (Vivipara), 87.
sibsaugorensis (Paludomus conica
var.), 40.

sikJcimensis (Margaron (Unio)), 171.
sikkimensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
171.

sikkimensis ( Unio), 171.

siliguriensis (Nodularia (Radiatula)

lima var.), 148.
siliguriensis ( Unio), 148.
similis (Batissa), 208.
similis (Paludina), 77.
similis (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 63.
simulans (LimiMBa), 114.
simulans (Limnaea (Gulnaria)), 114.
sindica (Vivipara dissimilis var.), 88.
sindicus (Planorbis (Segmentiua)),

126.

singaporinus (Limnceus), 108.
ainistrorsa (Pila globosa var.), 97.
sinuosa (Cyrena), 205.
siphonata (Melania), 31.
aivalensia (Planorbis) (Gyraulus)),
120.

skinneri (Paludomus) Tanalia)), 62.
smaragditcs (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
163.

R

242

A I. r II AUET1CAL index.

smaragdites (Unto), 158, 103.
sobrius (Melania), 12.
Bobrius (Tiara (Radina) clavus var.),
12.

Soienaia, 132.

Solenidse, 228.

Soleninaj, 228.

soleniformis (Anodonta), 132.

soleniformis (Solenaia), 132.

soleniformis (Spatha), 132.

solida (Corbicula), 215.

solida (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 62.

solidiuscnla (Tiara (Melanoides)

humerosa var.), 23.
soliduscula (Tiara (Radina) zeleborii

var.), 14.
spbseriea (Paludomus), 39.
spbserica (Pila globosa var.), 97.
Spbairiinic, 223.
Spbasrium, 223, 224.
spinata (Melanoides), 27.
spinata (Tiara (Melanoides)), 27.
spinosa (Tiara (Melanoides) variabilis

var.), 23.
spinulosa (Melania), 35.
spiralis (Neriiina), 6.
spiralis (Paludomus), 50.
spirodelus (Planorbis (Segmeutina)),

126.

spuria (Mya), 155.
spuria ('! Mya), 158.
squamata (Navicella), 8.
squamata (Septaria), 8.
Btachei (Fossaruhis), 77.
stagnalis (Helix), 106.
stagnalis (Lymnma), 106.
stagnalis (Limnsea (Limnrea)), 106.
Siagnicola, 106.

stelzneri (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 123.

Stenothyra, 79.

Stenotbyrina3, 79.

Stenotbyroides (Bitbynia), 77.

stepha/nus (Melania), 44.

stepbamis (Paludomus), 44.

stewarti (Pisidimn) 227.

Stomatodon, 63.

stomatodon (Paludomus), 03.

stomatodun (? Tanalia.), 114.

Btomatodon (Paludomus (Stoma-
todon)), 64.

Striatella, 15.

striatella (Corbicula), 214.

striaf.ula (Paludouius), 49.

striatus (Limnreus), 107.

strigata (Limnsea (Limnsea) acum-
inata var.), 108.

strigata, (Limn tea pinguis Tar.), 110.

subacutissima (Tiara (Radina) bastula
var.), 11.

subangulata (Paludestrina (Bel-
grandia) miliacea var.), (58.

suhasperala. (Melanoides), 28.
Biiberebru (Tiara (Striatella) tuber-

culata var.), 16.
Bi'.bcrenulala (Tiara (Radina) bastula

var.), 11.

subdentata (PaludomuB (Philopo-

lamis)), 56.
Bubgranulosa (Paludomus (Philo-

potauiis) tiigricans Var.). 56.
Bublievigata (Tiara (Melanoides)

baeeil'era var.), 28.
sublrevigata ('Jiara (Striatella) nevilli

subvar.), 19.
sublamellata (Lamellidens marginalis

subsp. laniellatus var.), 181.
snblutosa (Tiara (Striatella)), 17.
Submytilacea, 132.
subnitens (Corbicula), 215.
subplicil'era (Tiara (Striatella) tuber-

culata var.), 17.
subpulchella (Bitbynia), 73.
subradiata (C'>rbicula), 213.
subscabra (Tiara (Plotia) acantbica

var.), 37.

subspinosa (Tiara (Melanoides) vari-
abilis var.), 24.

suhstriatus (Margaron ( Unio)), 1 36.

sidistriatus ( Unio), 136.

subtubereulata (Tiara (Melanoides)
variabilis var.), 24.

subuuibilicata ("Vivipara dissiinilis
var.), 88.

subunifascialis (Tiara (Striatella)
rivularis var.), 20.

eubvaricosa (Tiara (Melanoides) vari-
abilis var.), 24.

subviridis (Tiara (Tarebia) broti var.),
34.

snccinea (T.imnoea (Gulnaria)), 112.
succineus (Limnaus), 112.
sulcata (Palndonnis), 53.
sulcata (Paludomus (Philopotainis)),
53.

sulcata ( Valvata), 78.

sulcatula (Limnsea (Limnsea) acumi-
nata var.), 107.

sulcatuhis (Limnaus), 107.

swainsoni (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 59.

syhadrensis (Crenmobates), 65.

syhadrensis (Cremnoconehus), 64, 65.

sylbetica (Corbicula), 2 J 8.

sylbetica (Limncea (Limnsea) acumi-
nata var.), 109.

Toonioglossa, 8.
Tanalia, 57.
Tanisiplion, 200.
ianjoriensis (Paludomus), 47.
tanschaurensis fluviatilis (Helix), 47.
tanscbaurica (Paludomus), 47.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

243

Tarebia, 3-3.

tavoi/ensis (Afargaron (Unio)), 166.
tavoyensia (Parreysia (Paireysia)).
1KB.

tavoyensis ( Unio), 166.

Tel I in a, 210, 223, 224.

tenebrosa (Batissa), 207.

tehnantii (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 61.

teimenti (Paludomus (Tanalia) neri-

toides var.), 61.
tennenti ( Unio), 155.
tenuentii (Cyrena). 206.
tennentii (Paludomus), 61.
tmtaoiilata (Bithinia), 71.
tentaculata (Bithinia (Elona,)), 71.
tentaculata (Bithynia)i 70.
tentaculata (Byth'iuia), 71.
tentaculata (Helix), 70.
tentaculata (Lymnaa), 70.
tentaculata (Paludina), 71.
tentaculatus (Bulimus), 70.
tentaculatus (Turbo), 71.
tenuior (Bithynia subpulchclla var.),

74.

tenuis (Aneylus), 105.

terebra (tiara (Melanoides)), 27.

terebralis (Pirena), 9.

lessellata (Navicella), 7.

test udi nanus (Unio), 175.

Tetrabrauchia, 128.

tezpurensis (Vivipara crassa var.), 87.

theca (Trapezuideus), 195.

thrca ( Unio), 195.

theobaldi (Ampul laria), 99.

theobaldi (Ampullaria mduray&r.), 99.

theobaldi (Nodularia (Nodularia)),
143. '

theobaldi (Pila), 99.

theobaldi (Vivipara), 86.

Theodoxis, 5.

t hernial is (Turbo), 95.

thwaitesi (Lamellidens marginalis

subsp ), 179.
thwaitesi (Margaron (Unio)), 179.
thwaitesi (Paludotuus (Tanalia)), 61.
thwaitesi (Paludomus (Tanalia) neri-

toides var. ), 61.
thwaitesi (Philopotamis), 61.
thwaitesi ( Unio), 179.
thwaitesii (Lamellidens), 179.
Tiara, 10.
Tiaridw, 8.
Tiarinse, 8.

tigrina (Limnoea (Limnica)), 110.

tigrina (Melania), 16.

tigrina (Tiara (Striatella) tuberculata

var.), Mi.
tirouri (Melanvi), 12.
tirouri (Tiara (Radina) crenulata

var.), 12.
tischbeini (Ampullaria), 102.

tisehbeini (Pila), 102.
tondanensis (Planorbis), 118.
torquata (Mclania), 27.
torquata (Melanoides), 27.
torrenticola (Paludomus (Tanalia)),
59.

torrenticola (Paludomus (Tanalia)

aculeata var.), 59.
torulosus (Bulimus), 11.
touranensis (Melania), 22.
Trapezoideus, 193.
travancorica (Bithynia). 72.
travancorica (Paludomus), 49.
tricolor (Lamellidens marginalis

var.), 176.
tricolor (Unio), 176.
tricolor (Unio marqincdis var.), 177.
Tricula, 68.

triembolus (Pnrreysia (Parreysia)

tavoyensis var.), 167.
triembolus ( Unio), 167.
trifasciatus (Paludomus (Philopo-

tamis)), 54.
trigona (Corbicula), 214.
trigona (Parreysia (Parreysia)

favidens var.), 159.
Trigonodon, 149.

tripartitus (Margaron (Unio)), 158.
tripartitus ( Unio), 1 58.
trirostris (Unio), 136, 158.
trochoideus (Planorbis (Seginentina)),

126.
Trochus, 95.

troscheli (Bithynia), 77.
troscheli (Paludina), 77.
truncatida (Lymntea), 114.
truncatula (Liinnrea (Buhmnea)), 114.
truncatuium (Buccinum), 114.
truncatulus (Limnaus <, J 14.
truncatus (Unio), 175.
tubercidata (Melania), 15.
tuberculata (Aerila), 15.
tuberculata (Tiara (Striatella)), 15.
tumidus (Unio), 134.
Turbo, 95, 128.
turg Ida (Cyrena). 205.
turriculus (Tiara (Striatella)), 18.
turrita (Bithynia), 78.
turrita (r Bithynia (Hydrobioides)),
78.

turrita (Fairbankia (an Bithynia)),
78.

Turritella, 10.

unibilicalis (Planorbis (Seginentina)),
125.

undata (Paludomus), 57.
Unio, 134.
Uniomcrus, 134.
Unionidse, 13-!.

244

ALPHABETICAL INUEX.

Oniomitfc, L82.

Valvata, 95.
Valvatidie, 95.
Valvatinne, 95.
I ralvearvus. 95.

variabilis (Tiara (Melanoides)), 23.

variata (Paludina), 89.

variata i Vivipara), 89.

valaris (Pbysunio (Lens)), 149.

velaris ( Unio), 149.

Velorita, 209.

Venulites, 210.

r«»w«, 201,207, 209, 210.

venustus ( L«/«), 142. ^

verruca (Ancylus), 105.

versicolor (Planorbis (Hippeutes)),

124.
Vibex, 33.
Villorita, 209.

wofe-ea (Corbivula), 214, 219.
violacea (Paludomus) (Philopo-

fcamis)), .r)6.
violacea (Tanalia), 56.
virens (Pila layardi var.), 99.
viridis (Bulitnus), 66.
viridis (Paludina), 94.
viridis (Vivipara (Idiopoma) helici-

f'ormis var.), 94.
viridula (Parreyaia (Parreysia) favi-

rlens var.), 160.
viridula (Unio favidens var ), 160.
villa! a (Melanin variabilis var.), 28.
vittata (Tiara (Melanoides) baccit'era

var.), 28.

V 1 1 [para, 83.
vivipara, ( Vivipara), 83.
Viviparidse, 83.
Viviparinae, 83.
Viviparus, 83.
Volvata, '.»:"'.

vondembuschi (Unio), 150.

vuleana (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 168.

vulcamis ( Unio), 168.

wivMeyi (Amptdlaria), 103.
winkleji (Pila), 103.
woodmasoniana (Stenotbjra), 81.
woodwardi (AmpuUarid), 102,
woodwardi (Pila), 102.
tvynequnr/aensis (Margaron ( Unio)),
157.

wynegungaerisis (Parreysia (Par-
reysia) , 157.
wynegungaensis (Unio), 155, 157.

zayleymauensis (Trapezoideus fuli-

aceus var.), 194.
zebrinus (Planorbis). 116.
zeleborii (Tiara (Eadina)), 13.
zela.nida (Cyclas), 202.
selanica (Ci/rcna), 202, 205.
zeylanica (Mela.nia), 46.
zeylanica (Paludomus). 46.
zonata (Larnellidens marginalia var.),
' 177.

zonata (Tiara (Melanella)), 32.
zonula (Unio marginalia var.) 177.
zonatus (Planorbis exusfus var.), 116.
zugmayeri (Pisidium), 227.

PRINTED nY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

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