AAic UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL. SHELF D.A. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/b21443038 t 4 AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF MEDICINE BIOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES GOULD / FOR INDEX OF SPECIAL TABLES AND IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS, CLASSIFYING LARGE NUMBERS OF FACTS. SEE PAGE XVI. AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF MEDICINE BIOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES INCLUDING THE PRONUNCIATION, ACCENTUATION, DERIVATION, AND DEFINITION OF THE TERMS USED IN MEDICINE, ANATOMY, SURGERY, OBSTETRICS, GYNECOLOGY, THERAPEUTICS, MATERIA MEDICA, PATHOLOGY, DERMATOLOGY, PEDIATRICS, OPHTHALMOLOGY, OTOLOGY, LARYN- GOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, NEUROLOGY, HISTOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY, DIETETICS, LEGAL MEDICINE, PSYCHOLOGY, CLIMATOLOGY, ETC., ETC. AND THE VARIOUS SCIENCES CLOSELY RELATED TO MEDICINE BACTERIOLOGY, PARASITOLOGY, MICROSCOPY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY, DENTISTRY, PHARMACY, CHEMISTRY, HYGIENE, ELECTRICITY, VETERINARY MEDICINE, ETC. . BY GEORGE M. GOULD, A.M., M.D. AUTHOR OF "THE STUDENT'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY," "12,000 MEDICAL WORDS PRONOUNCED AND DEFINED," "THE MEANING AND THE METHOD OF LIFE;" EDITOR OF "THE MEDICAL NEWS;" PRESIDENT, 1893-1894, AMERICAN ACADEMY OF MEDICINE; ONE OF THE OPHTHALMOLOGISTS OF THE PHILADELPHIA HOSPITAL BASED UPON RECENT SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE LONDON BAILLIERE, TINDALL & COX 20 AND 21 KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND 1894 Copyright, 1894, by p. Blakiston, Son & Co. » WM. F. FELL & CO., ELECTROTYPERS AND PRINTERS, 1220-24 SANSOM STREET. PHILADELPHIA. PREFACE. In this work I have conscientiously endeavored to give the greatest possible amount of lexicographic and encyclopedic knowledge within the limits of a single volume, condensed as much as is consistent with clearness, and so arranged as to furnish the student and worker with concise, accurate, and useful definitions. I have tried to satisfy the following specific desiderata: — 1. The inclusion of the many thousands of new words and terms that have been introduced into medicine during the last few years, marked as they have been by unparalleled scientific activity and progress. To this end an almost countless number of volumes and periodicals have been systematically gleaned by myself and a tireless corps of friends and assistants. Not to have met this important and pressing need would have made this volume a work of mere inexcusable compilation and copying from the many word-books already published, instead of a fresh gathering from the living literature of the day. 2. To give the most compact epitomization of the works of older and authoritative lexicographers, including all such obsolete or obsolescent terms as may be met with in the medical encyclopedias or handbooks likely to be used by a modern student. 3. To include all the more commonly-used terms of biology — a thing highly desirable ; a. Because of the modern recognition of the great truth that general biologic science is the foun- dation of genuine and progressive medical science ; b. Because the best schools of medicine are more and more urging or making obligatory the preliminary biologic course of study ; and c. Because, so far as I know, no satisfactory lexicon of biology exists in English. 4. Keeping the size and purpose of the book well in view, to give it an encyclopedic character — not only by supplying the usual pronunciation, derivation, and definition of words, but also by showing their logical relations, their bearings, and their practical importance for the worker in literary or clinical medicine. This aim will explain a number of peculiar features, as for instance, the large number of tables, whereby at a glance one may catch the correlations of a single fact with many others, and thus at once classify and crystallize his comprehension of them. It seems deserving of mention that in modern literature there is not to be found as complete and digested a resume of surgical operations, of bacteriology, of parasit- ology, of tests, and of many other subjects, as is here furnished. 5. When advisable, to give a pictorial illustration that would tell what words could not make clear. Hence, those who find the work helpful in this respect will thank the publishers for the generous supply of illustrations, a large number being new engravings from original drawings made expressly for this work. Conservatism in this respect, however difficult, has been the rule, because pictures, for example of surgical instruments, are plenteous and to be had for the asking, and because illustrations that are useless, or that do not illustrate, might possibly have made the book superficially more attractive, but would certainly have given ground for just criticism. Besides the large number of original illustrations first presented in this volume, many have been taken or adapted from the well-known and authoritative works of Sappey, Landois, Ziegler, Piersol, Stirling, Woodhead, Holden, Tyson, Fullerton, and others. Ti ^ PREFACE. 6. As regards orthography, to do what Professor Whitney, in the preface to his great work, The Century Dictionary, says is the duty of the dictionary-maker : — " The language is struggling toward a more consistent and phonetic spelling, and it is proper in disputed and doubtful cases to cast the influence of the dic- tionary in favor of this movement, both by its own usage in the body of the text, and at the head of articles by the order of forms, or by the selection of the form under which the word shall be treated. ' ' More than this I have not attempted to do, and not to have done this much would have been distinctly wrong. The lexicographer may not impose or command, but in the interest of true and prudent progress he may suggest and advise. Both spellings are noted of words in dispute, and one is of course at liberty to accept that which he thinks best. Those who prefer to follow the older practice have against them all the best philologists, such authorities as Professor Whitney, Professor Skeat, the editors of the Standard, and of other great Dictionaries. Gradual, careful phonetic progress is a duty we all owe to our profession. I have usually recommended that in medicine the diphthongs cb and (b be supplanted by e ; such usage is already well established as regards many words, and the suggestion is in strict harmony with etymology and the spirit of the language. We do not spell such words as gangrane, cether, a'conomy, ceternal, pcenalty, 7nedicBval, solcecism, priniceval, as here written, and the redundant diphthong should not be retained in diarrhoea, hemorrhage, oedema, coeliotomy, pediatric, etc. Why is the change right in one instance and wrong in the other? In the spelling of certain chemic words, the advice of The American Association for the Advancement of Science has, as a rule, been followed, and seems to be in the line of cautious and wise progress. The unanimous acceptance and practice of all these recommendations by the American Medical Editors' Association constitute a gratifying proof of progressiveness and freedom from irrational prejudice. 7. To indicate the best pronunciation of words by the simplest and most easily understood phonetic method. The plan I have used is simple and little liable to mistaking. The sylla- bification has no significance except to show the pronunciation, and in this the natural English common usage and power of letters are followed. Thus, in all but a few instances, the use of diacritic marks and vexatious signs or symbols is avoided. When a vowel stands alone or at the end of a syllable it has its natural long sound : a, as in male ; e, as in niete ; i, as in itiite ; 0, as in mole ; u, as in mule ; when preceding, or between, consonants, the vowels have their natural short sounds, unless occasionally the use of the diacritic mark gives them the long sound, as at {ate), os (ose), It {ite). In a few instances the sign, " has been used over a, as in marriage, to distinguish the sound from that of a, as in harm. When a has the sound of ah, it has generally been written ah. In such words as cystotomy, acidity, and the like, the pronunciation of the final vowel-sound is indicated by e, as being the simplest representa- tion of the common sound not otherwise easily expressed phonetically. When s has the sound of z it is indicated by z. The pronunciation of some foreign words has been approximated by devices- readily comprehended. It is impossible to adequately express my deep sense of gratitude to those who have aided me in the preparation and proof-reading of this volume. Dr. C. W. Green, the experienced philologist, also Dr. W. A. N. Dorland, Professor Charles S. Dolley, Dr. A. A. Eshner, and Professor Burt G. Wilder, have been most self-sacrificing, and to their scientific zeal, literary experience, and tireless good-will those who find the book useful will be indebted. To Dr. Dolley, the well-known biologist, belongs unstinted praise for the preparation of the definitions of biologic terms, the table of Bacteria, and that of Parasites, as well as for a number of PREFACE. vii original drawings. Intelligence, learning, and never-failing conscientiousness have been given almost every line of the work by Drs. Borland and Eshner. The same is true of the work of Dr. David Riesman. It seems almost wrong to mention in a second order the names of Professor S. H. Gage, Professor Henry Leffmann, Dr. A. C. Wood, Dr. Alfred Stengel, Professor A. P. Brubaker, Dr. J. Chalmers Da Costa, Dr. A. H. Cleveland, Mr. Ryland W. Green, Dr. J. Hendrie Lloyd, Mr. Pierre A. Fish, Dr. D. Bevan, Dr. Emma Billstein, Dr. S. McClintock Hamill, Dr. A. H. Stewart, and others. Every author well knows, or perhaps regrets that he does not know, the blessing of a publisher and of a printer who take pride in their work above and beyond the question of dollars and cents. Such a publisher and such a printer I have had. The acceptability of the smaller dictionaries I have offered the profession (something like twenty-five thousand copies having been distributed) leads me to hope that the present more complete work will find a wider range of usefulness. GEORGE M. GOULD. Philadelphia, April, i8g4. ABBREVIATIONS. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN GENERAL MEDICINE. aa A. c Abdom. . . . Abs.feb. . . . Abstr Ad Ad lib Admov. . . Ad pond. om. Adv Aggred. feb. . Al Alt. dieb. . . . Alt. hor. . . Alv. adstrict. Alv. deject. Anat Aq Aq. astr. Aq. bull. . . . Aq. com. . . . Aq. dest. . . . Aq. ferv. . . . Aq. font. . . . Aq mar. . . . Aq. pur. . . . As. . . . ' . . At. wt Av B Ba B. A., or B S. Bals Be Bi Bib Biol B. i. d B. M Bol B. P Br Bull B. V ana Ante cibum .... Abdomen . . . Absente febre . . . Abstractum . . , . Adde Ad libitum . . . . Admoveatur . . . Ad pondus omnium Adversum . . . . Aggredieute febre . Aluminum . . . . Alterius diebus . . Alterius horis . . . Alvo adstricta . . Alvi dejectiones . . Aqua Aqua astricta . . Aqua bullieiis Aqua communis Aqua destillata . Aqua fervens . . Aqua fontana . . Aqua marina . . Aqua pura . . . Balneum arense Balsamum . . Bibe Bis in die .... Balneum maris . Bolus C. . Ca. . Cap. c.c. Cd. Ce. . Cel. Cent. Cg. Cm. cm. . C. m. Bulliat Balneum vaporis Congius, Centi- grade Capiat Cras mane . C. n. . . . Co Cochl. . . . Cochl. ampl. " infant, mag. " med. " parv. Col Colat. . . . Colet. . . . Color. . . . Comp. . . Cong. . . . Cons Contin. . . . Cont. rem. . Coq Cort f Cras mane su- "( mendus Cras nocte . . Cochleare amplum infantis magnum medium parvum Cola Colatus . . . . Coletur . . . Coloretur . . . Compositus . . , Congius . . . . Conserva . . . . Continuatur f Continuetur ■ 1 remedium . Coque . . . . . Cortex . . . . Of each. Before meals. The belly. When fever is absent. Abstract. Add. At pleasure, as desired. Let it be applied. To the weight of the whole. Against. While fever is coming on. Aluminum. Every other day. Every other hour. The bowels being confined. The intestinal evacuations. Anatomy. Water. Ice. Boiling water. Common water. Distilled water. Hot water. Spring water. Ocean water. Pure water. Arsenic. Atomic weight. Avoirdupois. Boron, Bowels. Barium. Sand bath. Balsam. Beryllium. Bismuth. Drink. Biology. Twice daily. Sea-water bath. A large pill. Boiling-point. Bromin. Let it boil. Vapor hath. ( Carbon ; Cubic; A gallon ; ( Centigrade. Calcin m. Let him take. Cubic centimeter. Cadmium. Cerium. Celsius. Centigrade. Centigram. To-morrow morning. Centimeter. /To he taken to-morrow I morning. To-morrow night. Cobalt Spoonful. A tablespoonful. A teaspoonfiil. A tablespoonful. A dessertspoonful. A teaspoon ful. Strain. Strained. Let it be strained. Let it be colored. Compound. A gallon. Keep. Let it be continued. / Let the medicine be con- I tinned. Boil Bark. Crast Crastinus Crys Cs Cu Cuprum Cuj Cujus C, V Cras vespere . . . Cyath Cyathus D Dosis ; Da . . . . Decub. . . . Decubitus . . . . De d. in d. . . De die in diem . . Deg De R Destil Destilla Det Detur Dieb. alt. . .'. Diebus alterius . . " tert. . . " tertius . . Dil Dilue Dilut Dilutus Dim Dimidius Dist Distilla Div Divide D. in p. aeq. . Divide in partes . aequales . . . . Donee alv. j Donee alvus sol. fuerit, 1 soluta fuerit D. P Directione propria E Eb E. -j Ejusd Ejusdem . . . . Elec Electuarium . .. . Emb Enem Er : . . . Exhib Exhibeatur . . . . Ext Extractum . . . . F Far Fe Ferrum Feb. dur. . . . Febre durante . . F. , Ft Fac, Fiat Filt Filtra Fid Fluidus Flor Flores F. m Fiat mistura . . . Fol Foliae F. p Fiat potio F. pil Fiat pilulse . . . . F. s. a Fiat secundum artem Galv Gl . . . Gm Gr Granum Gtt Guttae Guttat Guttatim H For to-morrow. Crystal. Cesium. Copper. Of which. To-morrow evening. A glassful. A (lose ; Give. Lying down. From day to day. Degree; degeneration. Reaction of degeneration. Distil. Let it be given. On alternate days. Every third day. Let it be dissolved. Dilute. One-half. Distil. Divide. Divide into equal parts. (Until the bowels are 1 opened. With a proper direction. Erbium. Erbium. Elbow-jerk. Of the same. An electuary; Electricity. Embryology. Enema. Erbium i^et it be given. Extract. Fahrenheit; Fluorin. Faradic. Iron. The fever continuing. Make. Filter. Fluid. Flowers. Make a mi.xture. Leaves. Make a potion. Make pills. Prepare skilfully. Galvanic. Glucinum. Gram. Grain. Drops. By drops. Hg . Hydrargyrum . . Mercury. HI Hectoliter. Hm . Hectometer. Hor. decub. . Hora decubitus . At bed-time. H. s . Hora somni . . . . At bed-time. I . lodum . lodin. In . Indium. In d In die Inf Infunde Inj Injectio Ir K Kalium K.-j KI Km L Li Liq M Meridies; Misce Mac Macera .... Mass. pil. . . Massa pilularum Daily. , Pour in. An injection. Iridium. . Potassium. Knee-jerk. Kiloliter. , Kilometer. . Liter. , Lithium. . Liquor. Noon : Mix. Macerate. , Pill-mass. X ABBREVIATIONS M. ft Mistura fiat . . . . Let a mixture be made. Mg Magnesium ; Milligram. Ml Milliliter. Mm Millimeter. Mod. pre- script. . . . Modo prsescripto . In the manner directed. Mol. wt Molecular weight. Mor. sol. . . . More solito .... In the usual way. Muc Mucilago Mucilage. Myg Myriagram. Myl Myrialiter. Mym Myriameter. N Nitrogen. Na Natrium Sodium. Ni Nickel. No Numero Number. Noct Nocte By night. 0 0ctarius A pint. Ol Oleum Oil. 01. oliv. . . . Oleum olivae . . . Olive-oil. Ol.-res Oleoresina .... Oleoresiii. O. m Omni mane .... Every morning. Omn. bih. . . Omni bihora . . . Every two hours Omn. hor. . . Omni hora .... Every hour. Omn. noct. . . Omni nocte .... Every night. Os Osmium. Ov Ovum An egg. Oz Uncia Ounce. P Phosphorus, Pulse. Part. aeq. . . . Partes sequales . Equal parts. Pb Plumbum P. c Post cibum . P. C Pondus civile Pd. Lead. . After meals. , Avoirdupois weight. Palladium. Phar Pharmacopeia. Pil Pilula Pill. Pocul Poculum A cup. Pond Pondere . . . . By weight. Pot Potio Potion ; potassa. Ppt Preparata Precipitate ; Prepared. P. rat. setat . Pro rata aetatis . .In proportion to age. P. r. n Pro re nata .... When required. Pt Pint. Pulv Pulvis Powder. Q. d Quater in die . . Four times a day. Q. I Quantum libet . . According as required. Q. p Quantum placeat . Q. s " sufficit . Qt Q. V Quantum vis . . . R J)t Recipe Rad Radix Rb R. D Rect Rectificatus .... Rep Repetatur .... S Semis S Signa S. a Secundum artem Sb Stibium Scr Scrupulum . . . . Sig Signetur Sig. n. pr. . . Signa nomine proprio Sing Singulorum .... Si non val. . . Si non valeat . . . Si op. sit ... Si opus sit . . . . Solv Solve Sp., or Spir. . Spiritus Sp.gr Ss Semi, semissis . . St Stet Su. ..... Sumet S. V Spiritus vini . . . S. V. r Spiritus vini rectificatus . . . S. V. t Spiritus vini tenuis Syr Syrupus T T. d Ter in die Tr., Tinct. . . Tinctura Ung Unguentum . . . . Ur Vesic Vesicatorum . . . Wt V. s. b Venesectio brachii TT| Minimum 5 Drachma .... 3 Scrupulum . . . . S Uncia At will. A sufficient quantity. Quart. As much as you wish. Reaumur's thermometer, Respiration. Take. Root. Rubidium. Reaction of degeneration. Rectified. Let it be repeated. Half ; Sulphur. Label. According to art. Antimony. Scruple. Let it be labeled. Label with common name. Of each. If it does not answer. If requisite. Dissolve. Spirit. Specific gravity. One-half. Let it stand. Let him take. Alcoholic spirit. Rectified spirit of wine. Dilute alcohol, proof-spirit. Syrup. Temperature. Three times a day. Tincture. Ointment. Urine. A blister. Weight. Bleeding from the arm. Minim. Dram. Scruple. ■■ Ounce. ABBREVIATIONS THAT SHOULD ONLY BE USED UNDER HEADINGS, OR WITH A CONTEXT, RENDERING THE MEANING OBVIOUS.-£7.vrr/. JVames of Diseases. Bctasis Bronchiectasis. Brhea Bronchorrhea. Btis Bronchitis. G K Granular Kidney. G. P General Paralysis. Phth., or (f)9, ore/). Phthisis. Pna Pneumonia. P'^" Pneumothorax. Rhc F Rheumatic Fever. Rhsm Rheumatism. Set F Scarlet Fever. Syph., or . Greater than, as K > A. < Less than. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES USED IN CHEMISTRY. Am- indicates the group NHj. Azo-, diazo-, and hydrazo- indicate compounds in which nitro- gen atoms are linked in various ways. Di- is applied as a prefix to signify two. Im- indicates the group NH. Ket- indicates the molecule CO in certain structural re- lations. Men- is employed as a prefix to signify one. Nitro- indicates the group NOj. Pent- is applied as a prefix to signify Jive. per- denotes in a rather vague sense an indefinitely large amount of the body to which it is prefixed, or to which it is referred. Sesqui- indicates the proportion of two to three. Sub- is employed in a rather vague sense to indicate defi- ciency of the body to which it is prefixed. Tetr- is applied as a prefix to signify four. Thio- indicates sulphur, especially replacing oxygen. Tri- (sometimes " ter-') is applied as a prefix to signify three. -at indicates aldehydic structure. -an is applied to a class of bodies related to the starch and sugar group, -ane indicates a saturated hydrocarbon. •ase indicates an enzyme, or non-organized ferment, e.g., dias- tase. This termination is at present restricted gener- ally to enzymes of vegetable origin, but it should also be used with animal enzymes — which, however, usually end in " in." It would thus be better to say pepsase and trypsase, rather than pepsin and trypsin. -ate. A suffix to nouns in chemistry signifying any salt formed by an acid acting on a base ; e. g., sulphate, phosphate. -ic denotes the higher of two valencies assumed by an element, and incidentally in many cases a larger amount of oxy- gen. -in is of no precise significance, and is mostly applied to bodies the structure of which is not yet known. -yl, -ene, -enyl, and -ine indicate hydrocarbons. According to the American system of orthography, the only case in which " ine" is used is as a termination for a series of hydrocarbons, beginning with Ethine, CoHo. English writers and some American chemists use it to signify basic properties, regarding -IK as the proper term for non-basic bodies. They thus distinguish between salicin, which forms no salts with acids, and morphin (which under such system is spelled " morphine"), which does. It must be noted that such methods are not in accordance with the tendency of modern chemic nomenclature, which seeks to express structure, not properties. The organic bases xii ABBREVIATIONS or alkaloids are not all of the same type, and when their structure is elucidated systematic names will be found for them. Until then there is no particular gain in indicating them as a group, -id is similar to " in." -ol indicates alcoholic structure, i. e., presence of the group HO (hydroxyl), e. g., alcohol, glycerol, phenol. -one is applied to bodies related to the starches and sugars. It is, however, not used with this significance in " pep- tone," which word is not formed according to any estab- lished system. -ose indicates a carbohydrate, e. g., glucose, although it is also occasionally applied to the results of digestion of proteids, e. g., albumose. -ous denotes the lower of two degrees of valency assumed by an element and incidentally indicates, in many cases. a small amount of oxygen. The word sulphonic indicates the group HSOs. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN HYGIENE AND SANITARY LAW. Advt. A. O. . a. p. B. H. B. L. . C. A. . C. C. C. G S. C. O. C. P. . C. P. . c. p. . C. Q. S. C. S. . C. S.J. D. I. D. D. O. D. P. d. p. . . e. c. F. M. D. G. O. . . I. . . . I. A. . . I. D. . . I. P. . . I. S. . . J. P. . . L. A. . . L. B. . . L. C. C. L. E. . . L. G. B. L. S. A. M. A. B. M. A. M. . Advertisement. M. M. . . Aliatement Order. M. O. . Ashpit. M. Q. H. . Board of Health. N. O. . . By-Law or By-Laws. O. ... . Confirming Authority. O. C. . . , County Council. O. R. . . . Court of General Sessions. p. . . . . Closing Order. P. A. . Contributorv Place. P. C. . Cattle-plague. P. L E. . Cesspits. P. O. . . . Court of Quarter Sessions. Prov. O. . Commissioners of Sewers. P. P. . . . Court of Summary Jurisdiction. P. S. A. . Dangerous Infectious Disease. P. S. C. . . Demolition Order. Q. S. . . . Daily Penalty; < not exceeding; > not R. A. . . less than. R. D. . Dnngpit. Rg. . • ■ . Earth-closet. R. P. C. . Foot and Mouth Disease. R. S. A. . General Order. R. S. D. . Inspector. S. A. . . . Infected Area. s. c. . . . Infectious Disease. S. L . . . Infected Place. S. O. . Improvement Scheme. S. S. . . . Justice of the Peace. U. A. . Local Authority. U. D. . Local Board. U. H. H. . London County Council. U. S. A. . Local Enquiry. U. S. D. . Local Government Board. V. L . . . Local Sanitary Authority. vv. c. . Metropolitan Asylums' Boards. W. Co. . . Metropolitan Asylums' Managers. W. W. . Medical Man. . Medical Officer. . Medical Officer of Health. . Nuisance Order. . Owner ; Occupier. . Order in Council. . Official Representatioti. . Privy. . Public Analyst. . Privy Council. . Private Improvement Expenses . Prevention Order. . Provisional Order. . Pleuro-Pneumonia. . Port Sanitary Authority. . Petty Sessional Court. . Quarter Sessions. . Rural Authority. . Rural District. . Regulations. . Rivers-pollution Commission. . Rural Sanitary Authority. . Rural Sanitary District. . Sanitary Authority. . Sanitary Convenience. . Sanitary Inspector. . Special Order. . Secretary of State. . Urban Authority; Unhealthy Area . Urban District. . Unfit for Human Habitation. . Urban Sanitary Authority. . Urban Sanitary District. . Veterinary Inspector. . Water-closet. . Water Companv. . Water Works. ' ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR ACTS OF PARLIAMENT. A. A C. B. A. C. D. (A.) A. C. L. H. A. D. C. M. O. . F. W. A. H. W. C. A. I. D. (N.) A. I. D. (P.) A. L. C. fC.) A. L. G. A. . . Alkali Acts, i86^, 1874 (Consolidated), 1881. M. L. M. A. Canal Boats Acts, 1877--84. M. W. C. A. Contagious Diseases (Animal) Act, 1878. P. H. A. . . Common Lodging Houses Act, iBst, etc. P. H. (A.) A. Dairv, Cowshed, and Milk Shop Order, P. H. (L) A. 1885-6. P. H. (L.) A. Factories and Workshop Act, 1S78. P. H. (S.) A. , Housing of Working Classes Act, 1S90. P. H. (W.) A, Infectious Diseases (Notification) Act, 1889. P. W. L. A. (Prevention) Act, 1890. R. P. A. . . Land Clauses (Consolidation) Acts, 1845. S. F. D. A. . Local Government Act, 1888. S.J. A. . . . Metropolis Local Management Act, 1855. " Water Companies Act, 1871. Public Health (England) Act, 1875. (Amendt.j " 1S90. (Ireland) " 1878. (London) " 1891. (Scotland) " 1867. (Water) 1878. Public Works Loans Act, 1879. Rivers Pollution Art, 1876 Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875. Summary Jurisdiction Act. SIGNS ABBREVIATIONS, ETC., USED IN DESCRIPTIVE ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY. 0 Feet. . . Inches. " Lines; each one-twelfth of an inch, or about two millimeters. ! A mark of affirmation or authentication. ? A mark of doubt. - Figures or words separated by a short dash indicate the extremes of variation, as 5-10" lonsj. few-many flowered ; e.^ varying from 5 to 10 lines in length, and with few to many flowers. c.c Cubic centimeter. cm. Centimeter. mm Millimeter. ^ The Micron, Micromillimeter, or unit of Microscopic Measurement. For conven- ience of reference, the following table of 2-5399 >1 Tnchrs. V- Inchps. Inch as. I. . . . .oooo;^g 6 rnnnff • • • 2 . . .000079, . . .000118 7- 1 3- 8. . . .00031 s 4- ■ . . 0001 s7 9 . . .0003S4 T^n ■ • 5. • 10 . . . .000394 One Meter ■ 2,S3-9972 • 39-370432 in. X Used to express magnification, thus X loco indicates a magnification of 1000 diame- ters. The impro]ier fraction '-''i"' indi- cates the same thing, but is rarely used. ® An annual Herb. (D A biennial Herb. li A perennial Herb. & An Undershrub, deciduous. b An Undershrub, evergreen. J> A Shrub, deciduous. 5 A Shrub, evergreen. A Tree, deciduous. ^ A Tree, evergreen. Ij : ... An herbaceous Vine, annual or biennial. 1^ A woody Vine, deciduous. 1j A woody Vine, evergreen. U/ A trailing Herb, annual or biennial. Uj A trailing Herb, perennial. JJJ An aquatic plant. 5 Flowers perfect. ABBREVIATIONS xiii (j* A male animal, or a plant or flower bear- ing only stamens or antheridia. $ A female animal or a plant or flower bearing only pistils or archegonia. Q A young animal of undetermined sex, thus ,^0, young male, or 9yg for young female, but 07«J^ {juvenis, young). 0 A monocarpic plant. 0= Cotyledons accumbent. 01 Cotyledons incumbent. J A plant introduced and naturalized. f A plant cultivated for ornament. X A plant cultivated for use. 8 Monecious. $ Diecious 5 § PolygaiTius. o Wanting or none. 00 Numerous or indefinite; more than twenty when applied to stamfens. i), the equiva- lent of our prefix, «?^-, or in-, denotes an absence or want of the thing or quality expressed by the principal ; e. g., adynamia, anaerobic, aphasia, apraxia, apyrexia, astigmatism, atony, etc. a is used betore consonants, an before vowels, and, rarely, am before bl or br. (To be distinguished from a>ia.) Ad- (ad), to, at, toward, as, adduction, adhesion. The d is often changed in the compound to correspond to the next letter, as accretion, appendix. Al- (Arab.) article the ; e. g., alchemy, the secret art ; alcohol, the very subtle. Amphi- (or amph-) (a/xcfii), upon both sides, in two ways, as in amphiarthrosis , amphibia, etc. Ana- (oii-a). Up, through, again; e.g., anabolism, anasarca, anatomy, etc. Anti- (or ant-) (a.v^L). Against, opposed to, opposite of ; as antaphrodisiac, antibrachium, antipyretic, antiseptic, etc. Ape- (oin-o). Off, away, upon ; e. g., aponeurosis, apoplexy, etc. Auto- (auTo?). Self; as autopepsia, autopsy. Bary- Oapus). Heavy, difficult ; as barymezia, baryphonia, etc. Bi-, bin- (bis). Twice, twofold ; e. g., bicuspid, bivalent, binoc- ular, binaural. Bio- (^to^). Life, e.g., bioplasm, biology, biolysis. Brach- {^paxf^v). Arm, pertaining to the arm ; as brachialgia, bracliioncus. Broncho- Opovx"?)- Pertaining to the trachea ; as bronchor- I'liagia, bro)ichotomy. Cardi-, cardio- (/tcfp6ia). Pertaining to the heart, as cardio- gram, cardialgia. Celio-, ccelio- ((coiAia). Pertaining to the belly, as celiotomy, cccliac. Chiro- (xeip). The hand. Chiragra, chiropodist. Co-, con-. Together, along with ; e. g., coitus, congenital. Dacryo- (Sd/cpuoi ). A tear, pertaining to a tear ; as dacryoid, dacryo-cystitis. Dactyl- (Sa/cTuAo;). A finger ; pertaining to the fingers ; as dactylitis, dactylion, dactylate. Dermo-, dermato- (Sepjja). The skin ; pertaining to the skin ; e g., dcrmotomy, dermatolysis. Di- (615). Twice, double ; as dimorphism, digastric. Dia- {Bid). Through. Examples: diabetes, diagnosis, dia- phragm, diarrhea, etc. Dyn- (Sufa/iis). Force, power ; dynamogeny, dynantograph. Dys- (Sue). Difficult, defective, painful; e.g., dysentery, dysp- nea, dysuria. Eg-, ex-, ecto- («, e^, e/crds). Out, outside, away from ; as in ecchymoses, ecdemic, eclampsia, exostosis, exanthema, ectropion, ectoderm. En-, em- (iv, i^x.). In, within ; as in embryo, embolism, en- demic, etc. Endo-, ento- (ei'Tos). Within, internal; e. g., endarteritis, endoscope, entoblast, entoptic. Entero- (eVrepo;'). The intestine ; as in enterocele, enter- ostomy, etc. Epi- (e/ixi). Upon, over, above; e. g., epiblast, epicranium, epistaxis, epidemic, etc. Extra- (/.a/,). Outside; e. g., extravasation, extroversion. Galact- (vdAa). Milk ; asgalactocele, galactozemia,galacturia. Gastro- (yao-r^p). The stomach ; relation to the stomach ; e.g., gastrocele, gastrocnemius, gastroenterostomy, etc. Genio- (yeveiof). Pertaining to the chin ; e. g., geniohyoglos- sus, geniohyoid. Glosso- (yAwo-o-at. Pertaining to the tongue. See glossology , glossoplegia, glossophvtia. Haema-, haemato- or hemo- (Si^aa). The blood ; pertaining to the blood. S^^e. hrmatrmesis. hematoma, hemorrhage, etc Hemi- (rjni-Tjuio-ii?). Half; as in hemiachromatopsia, hemi- crania, hemiplegia. Hepat- (ijirap). The liver ; pertaining to the liver. See hepat- eniphraxis, hepatization, hepatopostema. Hetera- (eVeiros). Different; opposite; e.g., heteroinfection, heterologou heteropathy. Hydro-, hydr- (iiScop). Water ', resembling or relating to water, dropsy, etc. ; as in hydremia, hydragogne, hydrate, hydrocephalus, etc. Hyper- (wTrep). Excess; exaggerated abnormality in amount, size, quality, etc. See hyperesthesia., hypermetropia, hyperpyrexia, hypertrophv, and others. Hypno- (vTri-o;). Sleep. See hypnopathy, hypnotism . Hypo- (v-no). Diminution as to degree, amount, size, quality, etc., or that located under or beneath ; e. g., hyposthenia, hypoblast, hypochondriac, hypodermatic, hypoglossal. Hystera-, hystero- {vcrrtpa). The uterus or womb ; relation to the uterus; e. g., hysterectomy, hystero- epilepsy , hysteropexia, etc. Ileo- (fleum). Pertaining to the ileum ; e.g., ileo-colitis, ileo- typhus. Ilio- ( Iliuni). Pertaining to the ilium ; e. g., ilio femoral, ilio- lumbar. Im-, in- (/«J. Privative, negative; as imperforate, incarcer- ation, insane, incontinence. In- (er). In, within, upon, by; as incubation, infarction, in- flammation, inoculation, etc. Infra- {Infra). Beneath, below ; e.g., inframaxillary, in- frascapular. Inter- {Inter). Between. See intercellular, intercostal, inter- trigo, and others. Intra- (Intra). Within, inside of, as intra-articular, intra- uterine. Iso- (laos). Equal, like; e.g., isometric, isothermal, isopathy. Kata-, kath- (/card). Down, through ; as kalabolism, katatonia, kathode. Leuko- (Aei/Ko;). Whiteness; e.g., leukemia, leukocyte, leukomain, leukorrhea. Lith-, litho- (Ai9o5). Pertaining to stone, calculus, or lithic acid. See lithemia, lithiasis, lithotripsy, etc. Macro- (p.a«:pos). Largeness, hypertrophy ; as in macroglossia, niaci'omelia. Mai- {Alalus). Bad ; as malfortnation, malpractice, malaria. Melano- (p.eAa?). Blackness, pigmentation ; e. g .^melancholia, tne Ian o-sai coma. Meso- (netros). The middle ; e.g., mesoblast, mesocolon, etc. Meta- (fieToi). With, after; e. g., metabolism, metatarsus. Micro- ((iixpos). Smallness ; e. g., micrococcus, microglossia, microscope. Men-, mono- (jidi'os). Singleness. For example, 7nonamin, monomania, monorchis. Morpho- {ti.opri). Shape, form ; e.g., morphography, morphol- ogy, morphometry. Multi- {multus). Number, many ; e. g., multilocular, multi- parous. Myelo- (mv«Aos). Referring to the brain or spinal cord ; as myeloid, myelitis. Myo- (ni)s). Pertaining to a muscle or to muscularity. See myocarditis, tnyoma, myopathy. Neo- (I'eo?). New, recent, young; as neogala, neo-membrayie, neoplasm. Nephr- (>'e(i)po?). Pertaining to the kidney; e. g., nephra- postasis, nephria, nephritis. Neuro- (reiipoi'). Relating to a nerve or to neurology. In the ori- ginal Greek the word meant a cord or tendon, — neurosis, the stringing of the bow. It is now applied only to nerve-structure; as, e. g., neuralgia, neurasthenia, neurilemma, neuroglia. Ob- {Ob). In front of, against, denoting hindrance or ob- struction; e. g., obstruent, obturator, occlusion, op- ponens. Odonto- (66oii?). Of the teeth ; as odontology, odontalgia. Oligo- (6A170S). Fewness or lack of, as oligocythemia. Ophthalmo- {o proctitis, proctoplegia. Pseudo- (i/^ei/Srj;). False, spurious ; as in pseudarthrosis,pseudo- cyesis. Pyo- (n-uoi'). Pertaining to pus or purulency ; e. g., pyogenic, pyosalpinx . Py-, pyro- firCp). Concerning fire or heat, or inflammation ; e. g., pvrogejious, pyrexia. Retro- (Retro). Backward, behind; e. g., retroflex, retro- version. Rhin-, Rhino- (pis). Pertaining to the nose, as rhinoplasty, rhinitis. Semi- (.Semis). Half, partly, almost, as semicapium, semi- lunar. ABBREVIATIONS XV Sphyg- (vytJi6i). Pertaining to the pulse, as sphygmometer, sphygmutechny. Sub- (Siib). Beneath, under; and also partially or deficiency of, as subclavian, subluxation. (Super). Above, upon ; excess of; e. g., supercilium, superfecundation . Supra- (Supra). Above, upon, superior to, as supraorbital, supraspinatus. Sym-, syn- (o-ui-). Witli, together, same. See, e. g., symbleph- aron, symphysis, synalgia, synchondrosis. Zoo- (^uov). Animal. See zoology, zoochemia. SUFFIXES. -ago (agere). Gives the idea of activity, presentation, etc.; as lumbago. -agogue (ayeiv, to bear off, carry away). Signifies an agent stimulating the function of excretion or secretion of the product. Thus, emmenagogue , hvdragogue, sialagogue. -agra {dypa, an attack, seizure). Denotes an acute attack of pain in the part, as arthragra, podagra. -algia (diAyos, pain). Pain in a part, expressed by the chief word; e.g., cephalalgia, gastralgia. -atresia (arpTjeria). Imperforate, as in proctatresia. -cele (x^Ai)). A tumor, hernia, or protrusion. See cystocele, hydrocele, meningocele. -cele, coele (xotAia). A cavity, ventricle ; e. g., mesocele. -ectomy (eKTefii/ei;/). Excision, exsection; as in oophorectomy, nephrectomy , splenectomy. -emia, (aino, blood). Denotes a condition of the blood, or an ingredient in the same, expressed by preceding word ; e.g., hydremia, lithemia, pyemia, uremia. -etin (pnriVi)) Used in the names of certain resins, as abietin. -fuge (fugare, to expel). Driving out, an expeller, as vermi- fuge, febrifuge, etc. -graph, graphy yyfii.(^eiv. to write). An instrument ; a treatise or description ; e.g., sphygmograph, demography. -ia, often contracted to -y, denotes the quality of the root-word as an abstract noun, as akromegalia, akromegaly. -idae (-iStjs). The suffix to the name of a genus forming the name of a family ; bovidcE, equidce. -igo. A variation of -ago ; e. g., prurigo, vertigo. -is, -sis. Present the abstract idea of activity of the root-word. -ism (-la-fios). Implies the doctrine, practice, or theory of the principal word ; Darwinism, tribadism. -ite (-iTTjs). Of the nature of In anatomy, denoting a constit- uent part of an organ ; as sergite, sternite. In chemistry, any salt of an -ous acid ; as sulphite, phosphite. -itis (-1x19). Originally the feminine ending of Greek substan- tives and denotes an especial activity of the root-word. By habit and general use it is now limited to inflam- matory activity ; as gastritis, otitis, etc. -logy (Aoyos, discourse). A treatise upon ; as bacteriology, dermatology , pathology. -lysis (Auo-is, a loosening). A separation into constituent parts, or the setting free of some part ; as hydrolysis, analysis. -malacia (jidAaKo;, soft). Abnormal softness; as in osteo- malacia. -mania (/xai/ia, madness). The chief word denotes the principal symptom of the mental affection; e. g., erotomania, kleptomania, etc. -meter (iieTpov,a. measure). An instrument for measuring; e. g., aerometer, urinometer. -odynia ' oSui'rj, excessive pain). The principal word denotes the seat of great pain, as coccygodynia. -oid (elSo?, form). Similar in shape, etc.; as in choroid, cuboid, sphenoid, xiphoid. -oma (ia^a.). A tumor, e.g., glioma, sarcoma. -opia (u!»|/). Pertaining to the eye or vision ; as in atnblyopia, myopia, etc. -orium, -torium, -sorium (r^pioi'). Designate places, tools, etc.; as tentoriitjn. auditorium, etc. -osis, -osus, derived from Greek words in -610, and usually denote fulness, redundancy, excess. -pathy (TToiflos). A condition of disease, and also a method of cure ; as adenopathy, psychopathy, homeopathy, hydro- pathy. -phobia (<^o3o5, fear). Morbid or exaggerated fear or dread, as agoraphobia, photophobia. -plasty (TrAacro'eii', to form). Surgical plastic operation upon a part ; e.g., blepharoplasty, rhinoplasty. -rhagia (pr\yvvtx.i, to burst forth). A hemorrhage or excessive discharge; e. g., blennorrhagia, metrorrhagia. -rhaphy (t>ari, a suture). A stitching or suturing of a part ; as enterorrhaphy , pe^-ineorrhaphy . -rhea (petit', to flow). An excessive discharge or excretion ; as blennorrhea, diarrhea, leukorrhea. -scope (cTKOTreii', to look). An instrument for making an exam- ination ; as laryngoscope, microscope. -scopy (o-KOTreeiv). An examination ; as ophthalmoscopy. -stomy (CTTojia, mouth). A suffix seen in the names of those surgical operations in which an artificial opening or pas- sage is formed, as enterostomy. -tas, -ty. Derived originally from the Greek -t))s, denote ab- stract quality or idea, as immunity, acidity. -tio, -atio, -tion. A suffix of verbal roots denoting an action or function as taking place — an occurrence. The n was added to the original -tio by Roman and French in- fluence. -tomy (TeVi/etj", to cut). Incision ; e.g., laparototny, tenotomy. -ulus, -ula, -ulum, -ola, -ion, -ellus, -illus, -leus. Diminu- tives. -uria (ovpttiv, to urinate). Abnormalities of the urine or of urination ; as albuminuria, polyuria. A. A. S Fellow of the American Academy. A.B Bachelor of Arts. A. M Master of Arts. B. A Bachelor of Arts. B. M Bachelor of Medicine. D. D. S Doctor of Dental Surgery. F. B. S Fellow of the Botanical Society. F. B. S. E Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edin- burgh. F- C. S Fellow of the Chemical Society F. E. S Fellow of the Entomological Society. F- H. S Fellow of the Horticultural Societv. F. L. S Fellow of the Linnsean Societv. F. R. C. P Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. F. R. C. P. E. . . . Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. F. R. C. S. I. . Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland. F. R. C. S. L. , . . Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of London. F. R. S Fellow of the Royal Society. F. R. S. E Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. F. R. S. L Fellow of the Royal Society of London. F. Z. S Fellow of the Zoological Society. LL. B Bachelor of Laws. LL. D Doctor of Laws. M. A Master of Arts. M. D Doctor of Medicine. M. N. A. S Member of the National Academy of Sciences. M. P. S Member of the Pharmaceutical Society. M. R. C. C Member of the Royal College of Chemistry. M. R. C. S Member of the Royal College of Surgeons. M.R.C.V.S. . . Member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. Ph. B Bachelor of Philosophy. Ph. D Doctor of Philosophy. V. S Veterinary Surgeon. MATHEMATIC MEMORANDA. To reduce grams to grains, multiply by 15.432. To reduce grains to grams, multiply by 0.0648. To reduce kilograms to pounds, multiply by 2.2046. To reduce ounces to grams, multiply bv 28.349. To reduce inches to meters, multiply by 0.0254. To reduce inches to centimeters, multiply by 2. =;40. To reduce centimeters to inches, multiply by 0.3937. To reduce pmts to cubic centimeters, multiply by 567.936. To reduce liters to gallons, multiply by 0.22. To reduce gallons to liters, multiply by 4.548. I grain = 0.064799 gram, r gram = 15.43235 grains, i millimeter = o 03937 inch, i liter = 1.76077 pints, i minim = 0.91 grain of water, i line = }„_ inch, i n = one-thousandth of a millimeter, i micron, or i micromilhmeter, or 0.001 mm, I oz. (Avoirdupois) = 28.34954 grams, i 02. (.Troy) = 31.10349 grams, i cc. of water at 4° C. = i gram. 30 in. (barome- ter) = 761.986 millimeters. INDEX OF TABLES AND IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS, WHEREIN LARGE NUMBERS OF FACTS ARE BROUGHT TOGETHER AND CLASSIFIED. PAGE PAGE 768 • 779 28 Motor Points {Illustrated), • 784 Mulatto, ■ 789 • . 57 • 792 • • 79 Muscles {Illustrated), • 795 848 83 Nerves {Illustrated), • . . 117 878 Oils, . 889 Bacteria {Illustrated) • ■ 157 188 892 Baths ■ 940 . . 198 973 . 978 • • 235 • ■ 253 Phthisis, . , • 1075 . 1085 1 109 280 . 1115 . . 285 1121 • 316 ■ 1133 Convolutions of Cerebrum [Illustrated'), . . • ■ 323 • 1136 ■ • 337 1161 • • 369 1 167 • • 380 . 1175 • • 395 1181 • • 398 1210 • 1235 • ■ 444 1248 • • 450 • 1253 • • 465 • 1255 • • 467 • 1323 466 ■ 1329 - ■ 473 • 1335 • - 479 T -nfi . 482 • 1343 • 483 Spinal Cord, Localization in {Illustrated), . . • 1346 • • 502 ■ 1354 Stains, P'luids for Fixing and Hardening, etc., • 1367 • ■ 540 . 1408 . . 561 . . S8i • 1437 . . 615 1468 ■ . • 645 646 ■ I5I3 . ■ 655 ■ 1532 663 • 1539 . . 674 678 . 1576 • • 679 ■ 1577 688 1580 ■ • 705 • 1592 • • 741 Wave-lengths, and Frequencies of Light, . . . I6I2 . I6I3 xvi AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF Medicine, Biology, and Allied Sciences. A [a, dv, or cifi, without] . The Greek letter alplia, called alpha privative, equivalent to the prefix iin or in. It denotes absence or want of the thing or quality expressed by the root of the word, a- is used before consonant, and an- before vowel sounds; am- is sometimes used before or -be. Also, the symbol of Anode. Aa [dva, of each]. An abbreviation, written aa, used in prescriptions to denote repetition of the same quan- tity for each item. aaa. Abbreviation for Ainalgain. Aasmus [a-as' -//ms) [aaafiog, a breathing out]. Asthma. Ab \_a/>, from]. A. Latin prefix signifying y;w«. Abaca [ab^-ak-ah, Sp. pron. ah-va/i-kah'). Manilla hemp. See Hemp. Also Mitsa textilis, the plant which produces it. Abactinal (ab-ak'-titt-al) \_ab, away ; actinal, the oral surface of a radiate animal]. In biology, aboral. Agassiz's term for the surface of radiates opposite to that having the mouth. Abactio [ab-ak' -ske-o) \_abigere, to drive away]. An abortion, or labor, artificially induced. Abactus Venter {ab-ak'-tiis ven'-ter) \_abigere, to drive out; venter, the belly]. An abortion procured by artifi- cial means. Abadie's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. Abalienated (ab-aF -yen-a-ted') [abaliena/us, alienated, estranged]. I. Deranged, or insane. 2. Gangrenous, or so severely injured as to require amputation or extir- pation. Abalienation {ab-al-yett-a' -s/mn) \_abalienatio; ab, away; a/ienare, to transfer] . Decay, especially mental decay, insanity. Abanet. See Abnet. Abaptista [ah-bap-tis' -taJi). Same as Abaptiston. Abaptiston (ah-bap-tis' -ton") [d priv. ; paiTTicrog, im- mersed]. A trephine so shaped that penetration of the brain is impossible. Abarthrosis [ab-ar-thro'-sis) \ab, from ; arthrosis, a joint]. Same as Diarthrosis, or Abarticulation. Abarticular {ab-ar-tik' -u-lar) \^ab, from; articulits, joint]. Not connected with or situated near a joint. Abarticulation {ab ar-tik-u-la' -s/iun) [ab, from; articti- latio, joint]. I. Same as Diarthrosis, a term more frequently used ; sometimes also a synonym of Synar- throsis. 2. A luxation ; the dislocation of a joint. Abasia [ah-ba'-ze-ah) [a priv.; lidaig, a. step]. Motor incoordination in walking See Astasia. Abasic [ah-bd'-sii). Pertainuig to, or affected with, abasia. Abatement (a-bdt'-ment) [ab, from; battiere, to strike]. Mitigation or decrease in severity of pain, or of any untoward symptom or condition. 2 Abattoir [ah-bat-~var') [Ir.]. A slaughter-house or estahlisliment for the killing and dressing of animals. Abaxial [ab-ak'-se-al) \_ab, from; a.ris, an axle]. Not situated in the line of the axis. In botany, indicating that the embryo is not in the axis of the seed. Abaxile [ab-ak' -sil). See Abaxial. Abbe Condenser. Illuminator, Abbe. A. Illumi- nator. See Illuminator. Abbe's Apochromatic Lenses. .See Apochromatic Lens. A. Catgut Rings, rings composed of eight or ten turns of heavy catgut in the shape of an oval, with inside diameter of two inches, for use in intesti- nal anastomosis. Abbreviate, or Abbreviated (ab-bre'-ve-a-ted) \_ab, from; /^/fjvrtn', to shorten]. Shortened, cut short. Abbreviations {ab-bre-ve-a'-shunz). 'Aee. List of Abbre- viations in introductory matter. Abdomen {ab' -do-men or ab-do'-meti) \_abdere, to hide]. The large inferior cavity of the trunk, extending from the pelvic cavity to the diaphragm, and bounded in front and at the sides by the lower ribs and abdominal muscles, and behind l)y the vertebral column, the psoas and quadratus lumhorum muscles. It is artificially divided into nine regions by two circular lines, the upper parallel with the cartilages of the ninth ribs, the lower with the iliac crests, and by two lines from the cartilages of the eighth rib to the center of Poupart's ligament. The regions thus formed are, above, the right hypochon- driac, the epigastric, and the left hypochondriac ; secondly, the right lumbar, umbilical, and left lumbar; and below, the right inguinal, the hypogastric and the left inguinal. A., Pendulous, a relaxed and pendu- lous condition of the abdominal walls. KhdiOmmsX^ab-dofu' -in-al) [abdere, to hide]. Pertain- ing to or connected with the abdomen. A. Aneurysm. See Aneurysm. A. Aorta. See Artery. A. Apo- neurosis. See Aponeurosis. A. Brain, the solar plexus. A. Compress, a form of local pack, made by forming folds of a coarse linen towel of sufficient breadth to reach from the ensiform cartilage to the pubis ; one of the folds is then wrung out of cold water, applied, and the remainder is rolled around the body so as to retain it in position. A. Ganglia. See Ganglia. A. Gestation. See Pregnancy, Extra- uterine. A. Hysteria, an hysterical condition simulat- ing peritonitis, in which the abdomen becomes extremely painful to the touch, swollen, and distended with gas, attended with temporaiy rise of temperature. A. Line, the linea alba. A. Muscles, the i;iternal and external obliques, the transversalis, rectus, pyramidalis, and quad- ratus lumboinim. See Muscles, Table of. A. Pore, a name applied to the openings connecting the peritoneal ABDOMINO-ANTERIOR 18 ABIES cavity of a few fishes with the urino-genital cloaca, and employed in the outward transportation of the generative products. A. Press. See Prelum Abdo- Abdominal Regions. tninale. A. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. A. Re- gions. See Abdomen. A. Respiration, R. carried on chiefly by the diaphragm and abdominal muscles. A. Ribs, transverse ossifications (dermal?) of the abdominal wall of crocodiles and certain other reptiles. A. Ring, External, a triangular opening in the fibers of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle trans- mitting the spermatic cord of the male and the round ligament of the female. A. Ring, Internal, an oval aperture in the fascia transversalis that transmits the spermatic cord of the male and the round ligament of the female. A. Scutella, the broad, belly scales of serpents, so far as the anus. A. Section. See Celi- otomy. A. Segments, the more or less evident trans- verse divisions or somites of the abdomen in arthropods. A. Typhus, Enteric Fever. A. Vertebrae, those vertebrae in fishes, that give off ribs or processes arching the visceral cavity. Abdomino-anterior {ab-dorn' -in-o-aji-te' -re-or'). Hav- ing the belly forward (used of the fetus in utero). Abdomino-genital {ab-dom' -iu-o-jen' -it-aT). Relating to the abdomen and the genitalia. A. Nerve, Inferior, the ilio-inguinal nerve. A. Nerve, Superior, the ilio- hypogastric nerve. Abdomino - hysterectomy [ab-do7n' -in-o-his-ler-ek' - to-»ie). Removal of the uterus through an abdominal incision. Abdomino - hysterotomy i^ab-dom' -in-o-liis-ter-ot' -o- iiie). Hysterotomy through an abdominal incision. Abdomino-posterior (ab-dom' -in-o-pds-te' -re-or). Hav- ing the belly toward the mother's back (used of the fetus in utero). Abdomino-scrotal (ab-dom' -in-o-skfo'-tal). Relating to the abdomen and the scrotum. A. Muscle, the cremaster muscle. Abdomino-thoracic [ab-dom' -iu-o-tho-ras' -ik). Re- lating to the abdomen and thorax. Abdomino - uterotomy (ab-dom' -in-o-u-ler-ot' -o-me'). See Abdomiiio-hvsteyotomv. Abdomino-vesical (ab-dom' -in-o-ves'-ik-al). Relating to the abdomen and the urinary bladder. A. Pouch, a fold of the peritoneum in which are comprised the urachal fossse. Abdominoscopy (ab-dom-in-os' ■ko-pe') [abdomen ; GKoTc^iv, to examine]. Examination of the abdomen for diagnostic purposes, by inspection, palpation, meas- urement, percussion, elc. Abdominous (ab-dom' -in-us) \_abdere, to hide].. Hav- ing a large abdomen. Abduce (ab-dus') \_ab, away ; diicere, to lead]. To draw away, as by an abductor muscle. Abducens (ab-du'-senz) [L., "leading away"]. A term applied to certain muscles, or their nerves, that draw the related part from the median line of the body. Also, the sixth pair of nerves supplying the external recti of the eye. A. oculi. See Muscles, Table of. Abducent (ab-du'-se>il). See Abducens. Abduct (ab-dukf) \_ab, from ; ducere, to draw]. To draw, or cause to move, away from the median line, whether of the body or of a limb. Abduction (ab-dul-'-s/iun) [ab, {\om; ducere, \.o lead], I . The withdrawal of a part from the axis of the body, or of a limb. 2. The recession or separation from each other of the parts of a fractured bone. 3. A. of the Eyes, the power of the external recti, measured by the maximum ability to preserve singleness of the image with prisms placed bases toward the nose. It is commonly from 6° to 8°. See, also Adduction. Abductor (ab-duk'-tor). Same as Abducens, q. v. A. Auris. See Muscles, Table of. Abelmoschus (a-bel-mos' -kus) [Ar., ' habb-el-7nisl;, a grain of musk]. A genus of malvaceous plants. A. esculentus furnishes the esculent known as gumbo, or okra. A. mosc/iatus affords Ambrette, q. v., or musk- seed, formerly used in medicine. Unof. Abepithymia (ab-ep-e-thi' -me-ali) \ab, from ; 'fKSvfua, longing]. I. A perverted longing, or desire. 2. Pa- ralysis of the solar plexus (the diaphragm formerly was regarded as the seat of the soul [Wy//df], and of the desires). Abernethy's Operation. SeeOperations, Table of. A. Sarcoma, a form of spindle-celled vascular sar- coma. Aberrant (ab-e>-'-ant) \_ab, from; errare,Xo wander]. Deviating from the normal or regular type, in appear- ance, structure, course, etc., e.g., the aberrant duct of the testis or liver, aberrant arteries, etr. Aberration (ab-er-a'-sliuti) \_a/i, from; errare,\.o wander]. Deviation from the normal; mental derangement; fetal malformation ; vicarious menstraation ; escape of the fluids of the body by any unnatural channel. In optics, any imperfection of focalization or refraction of a lens. A., Chromatic, the dispersion arising from unequal refraction of light of different parts of the spectrum. The violet rays being more refrangible than the red rays, are brought to a focus nearer the lens, and the image is sur- rounded by a halo of colors. A., Mental, a degree of paranoia that may or may not amount to insanity. A., Spherical, the excess of refraction of the peripheral part of a convex lens over the central area, producing an imperfect focus and a blurred image. Abesamum {ab-cs'-am-u>ii) [L.]. Wheel-grease; fat charged with iron ; formerly used as a remedy. Abevacuation (ab-e-vak-u-a' -shun') \ab, from; evacua- tion~\. I. A morbid evacuation ; an excessive or deficient discharge. 2. The passage of matter from one organ or cavity into another; metastasis. Abeyance (ab-a'-ans) [O. Fr., for "open-mouthed ex- pectation"]. A suspension of activity, or of function ; a state of suspended animation, or action. Abi (ah'-be). .See Lucu/na. Abiaba (ali-bc ah'-bali). See Lucuma. Abicum (ab'-ilc-iim) [L.]. The thyroid cartilage. (Obs., or rare.) Ahies (a' -be-cz) [L]. A genus of coniferous plants, includ- ing the fir, hemlock, and spruce. A. balsamea. Silver P'ir, Balsam Fir, or Balm of Gilead, a tree of the nat. ABIETENE 19 ABORTICIDE ord. Conifera, from which is derived the Terebinthina Canadensis. A. canadensis , Hemlock Spruce. Bark of the Canadian Fir-tree. Used as an astringent in various local and internal conditions. Yields Fix Cana- densis. A. excelsa, Norway Spruce. Yields Fix Burgundica. A. pectinata, the European Silver Fir. Its buds are resinous, balsamic, and sudorific. Unof. A. Preparations, Extractum Abietis Canadensis Liquidum (B. P.). Dose VTLxv-lx. Glycerinum Abietis (B.P.). Dosegj-ij' Geddes's Fluid-Extract of Hem- lock Bark. Dose Tr\^v-x. Abietene [a-bi'-et-en), C^Hjj. A hydrocarbon, obtained from the Finns sabiniana, a Californian nut pine. It is an aromatic, volatile liquid, agreeing in composition with normal heptane. It is extensively used as a popular remedy ; called, also, Erasene. Unof. Abietic (ab-i-et'-ik), Abietinic [ab-i-et-in'-ik) [^Abies']. Pertaining to the genus Abies, as Abietic Acid, C^H^^Oj or CjgHggOj, discovcrcd by Maly in the resin of Abies excelsa and Larix europea. Abietin (a-bi'-e(-in) [Abies'^. A resinous principle ob- tained from the turpentine of various species of pine and tir. A. Anhydrid, C^HgjO^, the main con- stituent of Resin, q. v. Abietis Resina [a-bi'-et-is res-i'-nak). The resin of the fir or pine. Abietite [ab' -i-et-it), CgHgO.j. A sugar resembling mannite, found by Rochleder in the needles of the European Silver Fir, Abies pectinata. Abiogenesis [ab-i-o-jen' -es-is) \a priv.; /?i(5f, life, and genesis\ The (theoretical) production of living by non-living matter. The older term was Spontaneous Generation. Other synonyms of the word are Generatio cequivoca, Generatio primaria, Archigenesis, Arche- biosis, etc. The theory has been supported by Pouchet, Haeckel, Huxley, Bastian, and others. Those opposed to the doctrine are called panspermists or heterogenists. The dispute is one of the most fundamental in biology. Abiological {ah-bi-o-loj'-ik-al^ \!i priv.; /3(0f, life; Xbyo^, treatise]. Not pertaining to biology. Abirritant {ab-ir' -it-ant) \ab, from ; irritare, to irritate]. I. Tending to diminish irritation; soothing. 2. Re- lating to diminished sensitiveness. 3. A remedy or agent that allays irritation. Abirritation (ab-ir-it-a'-skim) [ab, from; irritare, to irritate]. Diminished tissue-irritability; atony or as- thenia. Abirritative (ab-ir'-it-a-tiii) \_ab, from; irritare, to irri- tate]. Due to, or characterized by, atony. Abitus [ab'-it-us) \_ab, from, away; ire, to go]. In comparative anatomy, any one of the narrow canals leading from a ciliated chamber to the excurrent canal, as in the higher forms of sponges. Abjoint [ab-joini') \_abjntigere, to separate]. In biology, to separate by means of a joint or septum. Abjunction {ab-jnngk' -shitn)[i,ee. Abjoint\. In biology, the separation by means of a joint or septum, as of spores from a growing hypha in some fungi. Ablactation [ab-lak-ta' -shun') \ab, from ; lactare, to give suck]. The end of the suckling period. The weaning of a child. Ablastemic [a/i-b!as-tem'-ik) [a priv. ; p?idaT7jfm, a shoot]. In biology, non-germinal ; in no way related to germination. Ablastous {ah-blas' -tits') [a/JAaffrof, not budding, ster- ile]. In biology, producing no germs or buds. Pi.h\2X\or\ (ab-la' -shun) removal] . Removal of a part of the body, as a tumor, by amputation, exci- sion, etc. Ablatio retinae {ab-la' -she-o ret-in' -e). Detachment of the retina. Ablator [ab-la'-tor) [L., " remover "] . A cutting in- strument used in the removal of parts (a name chiefly used in veterinary surgery) . Ablepharia {aJi-blef-ar' -e-ali) [li priv.; /3/'if0apoi', the eye- lid]. The condition of the absence of the eyelids. Ablepharon [ah-blef -ar-on) [a priv. ; [iA>L0apov, the eyelid]. Congenital absence of the eyelids. Ablepharous [ah-b/ef'-ar-us) [d priv. ; pXiijiapop, the eyelid]. Having no eyelids. Ablepsia (ah-blep'-se-ah) [_al3'Aeipla, without sight]. I. Blindness. 2. Dulness of perception. Ablepsy {ah-blep' -se). See Ablepsia. Abloom {a-blooin'). In biology, the state of being in blossom. Abluent [ab'-lu-ent) \abluere, to wash away]. Deter- gent. That which cleanses or washes away. Ablution {ab-lti' -shun) \_abluere, to wash away]. Wash- ing or cleansing the body. Separation of chemical impurities by washing. Pi.hmoxX.a.\ {ab-i?ior'-ta!) \_ab, irom; mors , dt2A\i\. Pass- ing from dead or dying to living muscular fiber (used of electric currents). Abnerval (^ab-ner' -val) \_ab, from; 7icrvus, a sinew]. Passing from a nerve (used of electric currents in mus- cular fiber). Abnet {ab'-net) [Hebr., a girdle]. A girdle, or girdle- shaped bandage. Abneural [ab-nii'-?-al) [r?/', from ; vevpov,ntrve~\. Per- taining to a part remote from the neural or dorsal aspect ; ventral. Abnormal {ab-nor' -mal) \_ab, away from; norma, a law]. Not normal ; not conformable with nature or with the general rule. A. Pigmentation, any excess, deficiency, or uncommon distribution of the natural pig- ment cells in the rete mucosum. Sometimes caused arti- ficially either by mechanical means, such as tattooing, or by the reduction and deposition under the epidermis of metallic salts administered as medicine, such as nitrate of silver. Abnormalism (ab-nor'-mal-iz/n) \_ab, away from ; nor- ma, a law]. I. Abnormality. 2. An alanormal thing or structure. Abnormality (j-ib-nor-maF -it-e) \_ab, away from ; norma, a law] . The quality of being abnormal ; a deformity or malformation. Abnormity [ab-nor'-mit-e). .Same as Ahtormality . Aboiement \ah-bwah-mong') [Fr.]. Barking; the in- voluntary utterance of barking sounds. Abolition {ab-o-lish' -mi) \_abolitio'\. Destruction; cessa- tion; suspension, as of a physiological function. Pi.homa.sum(ab-o-ma' -sunt) \_ab,a.vi3.y; w/aj// w, paunch] . In biology, the reed or proper digestive stomach of ruminating mammals. It is pyriform, lined by smooth mucous membrane, which secretes gastric juice. Also called "fourth," or "true," stomach; dried, it is called rennet and used for coagulating milk. Aborad [ab-o'-rad) [a/;, away from; era, the mouth]. Away from the mouth ; in an abnormal situation or direction. Aboral (ab-o'-ral) [ab, away from; ora, the mouth]. Opposite to, or remote from, the mouth. Aborally [ab-o' -ral-e) \ab, away from; (va, the mouth] . In an aboral situation, direction, or manner. Aborigines (ab-or-ij'-in-ez) \_ab, from; origo [origin], origin, beginning]. Primitive, autochthonous, native, indigenous. Abort [ab-ort') [abortare, to miscarry]. I. To mis- carry; to expel the fetus before it is viable. 2. To prevent the full development, as of a disease. 3. To come short of full development. 4. An abortion ; an aborted fetus. Aborticide (ab-or' -tis-ld) [abortus, a miscarriage ; cte- dere, to kill], I. The killing of the unborn fetus. ABORTICIDIUM 20 ABSCESS 2. The means of killing the fetus. 3. Causing the destruction of a fetus. Aborticidium (ab-or-tis-id' -e-uni) \_abortiis, a miscar- riage ; ctedere , io VAV^. Means of killing a fetus. Abortient {(ib-or' -shcnt) [L. abojiiens, miscarrying]. Abortive ; abortifacient. Abortifacient [ab-or-te-fa' -shcnt') \_abortus ; facere, to make]. I. Causing abortion. 2. A drug or agent inducing the expulsion of the fetus. Ergot, rue, cotton-root, and digitalis, are examples. They act by causing uterine contractions. See Oxytocic and Ecbolic. Abortion (ab-or' -shun) \_abortus, a miscarriage]. The premature expulsion of the ovum before the child is viable, that is, occurring any time before the end of the sixth month. It may be produced by various general diseases, as syphilis, the acute fevers, nephritis, most exhausting diseases ; by traumatism, reflex influences, emotional disturbances ; by the action of various poisons, as ergot, cantharides, rue, and savin ; by diseased con- ditions of the uterus and displacements of that organ ; or by diseases of the fetus, its membranes, or the placenta. The most important symptoms are hemorrhage and pain, with final expulsion of the uterine contents. In the first two months of pregnancy the ovum is usually expelled entire ; later the membranes and placenta are retained after the fetus comes away, and must be re- moved subsequently. By some authors expulsion of the ovum during the first three months is abortion ; from this time to viability it is termed immature de- livery, or miscarriage, and from the period of viability to that of maturity, premature delivery. A., Arti- ficial, that produced intentionally. A., Criminal, when not demanded for therapeutic reasons. A., Embryonic, up to the fourth month. A., Exter- nal Causes of, those acting from without, as vio- lence, pressure, injections, etc. A., Fetal, taking place subsequent to the fourth month. A., Habitual, repeated A. in successive pregnancies. A., Incom- plete, when the membranes or placenta are retained. A., Inevitable, when the embryo or fetus is dead, or when there is an extensive detachment or rupture of the ovum. A., Internal Causes of, those due to abnormal conditions or diseases of the mother. A., Missed, the death of the fetus and not followed within two weeks by its expulsion. A., Ovular, that occur- ring during the first three weeks after conception. A., Paternal and Maternal Causes of, those due to diseases of the father or of the mother respectively. A., Spontaneous, that not induced by artificial means. Abortionist {ab-or' -shtm-ist) \aborttis, a miscarriage]. One who criminally produces abortions ; especially one who follows the business of producing abortions. Abortive {ab-or' -tiv) \_abortits, a miscarriage]. Pre- maturely born ; coming to an untimely end ; incom- pletely developed ; cutting short the course of a dis- ease; abortifacient. A. Epilepsy. See Epilepsy. Abortus [ab-or' -tHs) [L.]. An aborted fetus ; the fruit of an abortion. Aboulia (ah-boo'-le-ah). See Abulia. Aboulomania [ah-boo-lo-?na'-ne-ah) . See Abiilomania . Ab ovo [ab o'-vo) [L.]. In biology, from the egg; from the beginning. Abrachia {ah-bra' -ke-ah) \ji priv. ; fipaxiuv, arm]. The condition of an armless monster. In biology, without anterior limbs. Abrachiocephalia {ah-bra-ke-o-scf-a' -le-ah) \Ji priv. ; Ppaxli'iv , 3.m ; /«ipa/?;, head]. Absence of head and arms from a fetus. Abrachius {ah-bra' -ke-tis). A monster without arms. .See Abrachia. Abrade [a-brad') \ahradere , to rub off]. To remove by friction or chafing ; to roughen by friction. Abranchia {ah-brang'-ke-ali) [a priv.; fipayxLa, gills]. In biology, a name given to several different groups of animals that have no gills. Abrasio [ab-ra'-zc-o) [L.]. An abrasion. A. corneae, operative removal of the epithelium of the cornea because of diseased conditions. Abrasion (ab-ra'-zhun) \_abrasio : ab, 'pr'iw.; radere,\.o rub] . Excoriation of the cutaneous or mucous surface by mechanical means. In dentistry, the wearing away of the dentine and enamel, or the cutting edges of the teeth, whether by mechanical or chemical means. Abrasor (ab-ra'-zor) [L. "abrader"]. A surgeon's rasp or xyster; any file or instrument used in the surgical or dental abrasion of a surface ; also, a rasp used in pharmacy. Abric Acid [a'-brik as' -id). See Acid. Abrin I. The chemical ferment or poisonous principle of jequirity, erroneously supposed to be due to a specific microbe. See Bacillus of jequirity oph- thalmia in Table of Bacteria. 2. A vegetable albu- minoid employed in the study of immunity. Abroma {ah-bro' -mah) [a priv.; ^pwfioq, a stink]. A genus of sterculiaceous trees. A. augusta, of S. Asia, affords a milky juice, esteemed in dysmenorrhea. Unof. Abrotanum (ab-rof -an-um) [a/Jporouoi', an aromatic plant]. The plant called Southern Wood, Artemisia abrotanum. See Artemisia. Abrupt (ab-rtipf ) ^abruptus, broken off]. In biology, terminating suddenly ; truncated. Abruption [ab-rup'-shun) \_abruptio, from ab, and rum- pere, to break]. I. A rupture or tearing asunder. 2. A transverse fracture. Abrus (a'-brus) [d/3p(5f, pretty]. Jequirity; Indian Licorice. The seeds oi A . precatorius, or Wild Licor- ice. Properties are thought to be due to the presence of certain ferments. Non-sterilized infusions applied to the conjunctiva or to any mucous surface induce violent purulent inflammation with growth of false mem- brane. It is used in producing artificial conjunctivitis. A. Infusum : semina iij, aqua dest. §ss. Macerate and add aq. 5SS. All unofficial. Abri Liquor, strength 12 per cent.; dilute with 3 to 5 times its bulk of water and apply 2 drops daily. Abri Pasta, I in 4 ; used with caution in affections of the skin. Abscess [ab'-ses) \_abscessus, a departure or separation — of the matter]. A pus-formation within some cavity of the body, the result of localized inflammation. According to location, abscesses are named Dorsal, Iliac, Mammary, Ischio-rectal, Peri-typhlitic, Retro- pharyngeal, Urethral, etc. A., Alveolar, abscess in the gum or alveolus. A., Atheromatous. See Endarter- itis, Chronic. A. of Brain, due to local injury, or to suppurative inflammation near or distant, such, especially, as diseases of the ear. The symptoms are those of pressure, impaired function of the part affected, meningitis, headache, optic neuritis, etc. A., Bursal, abscess in the bursK, the most frequent being in the bursae patellse, commonly called Housemaid^ s Knee. A., Canalicular, mammary abscess that communicates with a milk duct. A., Caseous, one that contains cheesy materials. A., Chronic, or Cold Abscess, one of slow and apparently non-inflammatory development, usually about a bone, joint, or gland. A., Cold. See A., Chronic. A., Congestive, the pus appears at a point distant from where it is fonned. A., Constitu- tional, due to some systemic disorder. A., Critical, occurring at some critical period of an acute disease. A., Embolic, formed in the clot of an embolism. A., Fecal, one developing in the rectum or large intestine. A., Gangrenous, one attended with death of adjacent parts. A., Lacunar, one in the lacunre of the urethra. A., Metastatic. See Pyemia. A., Miliary. See ABSCESSION 21 ABSTRACTION Pyemia. A., Milk, or A., Mammary, one in the female breast. A., Multiple. See Pyemia. A., Ossifluent. See Ossi/liwiU. A., Perforating, one perforating the cornea, the lung, or other containing wall. A., Phlegmonous, an acute A. A., Point- ing of, the point where the abscess tends to break through its e.xternal confining wall. A., Psoas, one arising from disease of the lumbar, or lower dorsal vertebra, the pus descending in the sheath of the psoas muscle, and usually pointing beneath Poupart's liga- ment. A., Pyemic. See Pyemia. A., Residual, about the products of some old result of inflammation. A., Root, the root of Polemoniitm Replans. Alterative, astringent and expectorant. Dose of fld. ex. 5 ss-ij. Unof. A., Shirt Stud, retro-mammary abscess concur- rent with a subintegumentary abscess, the two sacs communicating by means of a sinus. A., Stercora- ceous. See Fecal A. A., Symptomatic, one indicative of some other affection. A., Thecal, in the sheaths of tendons. A., Tropical, acute hepatitis terminating in suppuration and abscess formation. A., Tubercular. Same as Cold. Abscession (<7i5-j-fj/i^-««) [rt(^^a'jx/f, -departure]. I. An abscess; a critical discharge. 2. Metastasis. Abscissae {ab-sis'-ie) \ab, away; scindere, to cut]. The transverse lines cutting vertical ones at right angles, to show by a diagram the relations of two series of facts, as, e. g., the number of pulse-beats, or the temperature record in given periods of time. Abscission (nh-sish'-ii7i] \_ab, from; scindere., to cut]. Removal of a part, as the prepuce, or a fractured bone, by cutting. Applied particularly to a surgical opera- tion upon a staphylomatous cornea, in which the bulging portion is excised, the parts brought together so that the posterior and chief part of the globe forms a "stump" for an artificial eye. In biology, a term applied to that mode of detachment of .spores in fungi which consists in the disorganization of the zone con- necting the spores with the hypha. Absconsio iab-skon' -se-o) \_abscondei-e, to hide]. A sinus or cavity whether normal or pathological. Absence (of mind) [ab'-sens) [absentia, absence]. Inattention to surroundings; in marked instances it may be a result of central lesions. It is often seen in epileptics and melancholiacs. Absentia epileptica (ab-sen'-she-ah ep-il-cp'-tik-ali). Brief losses of consciousness occurring in the mild form of epilepsy. Absinthe {ab'-sinth or ab-saiii'). See Absintliium. Absinthin {ah-sin' -thiii) \_absint/iiiaii'\. A bitter and crystalline principle obtainable from wormwood. See Ahsinthiuiii. Absinthism {cib-sinth'-izrii). A disease similar to alco- holism, the result of the excessive use of absinthe. It is characterized by general muscular debility and men- tal disturbances, which may proceed to convulsions, acute mania, general softening of the brain, or general paralysis. Absinthium [ab-sinth'-e-uni) [L.], Wormwood. The le.ives and tops of Arte?tiisia absinthium. Contains a volatile oil and an intensely bitter principle, ^i^j-z'w//^///, C^qHc^jO^, which is a narcotic poison. A. increases cardiac action, produces tremor and epileptiform con- vulsions. Dose gr. xx-xl, in infusion. Used as a stomachic tonijc. Absinthe, a French liquor, is an alcoholic solution of the oil exhibited with oils of anise, marjoram, and other aromatic oils. Absinthol (ab-sinth'-ol), Ci„H,^0. The principal con- stituent of oil of wormwood ; it is isomeric with ordin- ary camphor. Absolute Alcohol {ab'-so-lut al'-ko-hol) . See Alcohol. Absorb (absorb') [aiJ, from ; jwi5i) \ab, from ; stringei-e, to bind]. Spore-formation in lower cryptogams charac- terized by decided constriction of the walls at the place of division. Absus (ab'-sns) [L.]. The plant Cassia absus of India and Egypt. Its seeds are locally employed in the treatment of ophthalmia, and are regarded as depura- tive. Unof. Abterminal [ah-tci-' -miii-al^ [a/;, from; terjiihins, end]. Passing from tendinous into muscular tissue (used of electric currents). Abulia (ah-bu'-lc-ah) \ji priv. ; (iov'/Jj, will]. Loss or defect of will power. Abulic (ah-bu'-lik). Characterized by or affected with abulia ; of defective will-power. Abulomania {ah-bu-lo-ma' -ne-ah") [d priv. ; Povli], will ; jiavia, madness]. A disease of the mind charac- terized by imperfect or lost will-power. Abumbrella {ab-nm-brcl' -ah) \_ab, from; ninbretia, the disc of acalephs]. In biology, a term applied to the surface of the velum, it being turned away from the disc, in medusas. Opposite o{ Adtimbrella. A.h\i\.a. [ak-boo'-ta/i) [L.]. A genus of menispermaceous plants. A. ainara, affords false pareira brava, and A. rufescens is the so-called white pareira brava. Both are S. American. Unof. Abutilon (a-bii' -til-ori) [L.]. A genus of malvaceous plants. A. avicenncs, common in the U. S. (velvet- leaf Indian mallow); is demulcent, and is a safe remedy for diarrhea. Unof. Abvacuation (ab-vak-u-a' -shiiii) . Same as Abevacua- tion , q. V. Abysmal [ah-biz'-mal) \_ab_vssiis, aby-sm]. Fathom- less. Pertaining to great depths in the ocean. See .1 b vssal. Abyssal [a/i-bis'-a!) [a/3t)(T(T0f, without bottom]. In biology, refers to plants and animals inhabiting the depths of the ocean between loo and looo fathoms. A. Theory of Light, an hypothesis assuming the im- portance of phosphorescence and of luminous organs in fishes and other animals in depths of the ocean where no sunlight penetrates. Ac&zia. (ah-ka'-s/ie-a/i) [L. ; Gr., d/ca/c/a]. I. A large genus of legimiinous trees, shrubs, and herbs, many of them Australian or African. Many of the species are medicinal, and some are poisonous. The bark is usually very astringent. Gum arable is produced by various species, mostly either African or Asiatic. 2. A. anthelmintica. See Mussanin. A. catechu. See Catechu. A. Icbbek, A. nilotica, A. vera, and A. verek, are among the species that furnish gum arabic. 3. Gum Arabic. A nearly white trans- parent gum exuding from several species of acacia. Soluble in water. Used in manufacture of mucilage. Contains Arabin, Cj,,H.,.,0]j, identical in composition with cane sugar. A. Mucilage, acacia 34, water 100 parts; incompatible with alcoholic tinctures. A. Syrup, mucilage 25, syr\ip. simp. 75. Used in vari- ous mixtures as a demulcent and to suspend insoluble powders. Acajou [ak-a-zhoo'). See Cashew. Acaleph (ak'-al-cf) [iiKalijcjiri, a nettle, a sea nettle]. In biology, one of the acalepha;, or sea nettles ; a medusa, a sea-blubber. Acalephoid {ak-at-cf-oid) [(kaA//^//, a nettle, a sea nettle]. Resembling an acaleph. Acalycal [ah-kal'-ik-al) [d priv. ; Kokvi,, calyx]. In biology, used to describe stamens inserted upon the receptacle, not adherent to the calyx. Acalycine {ah-kal' -is-in) [d priv. ; /coAif, calyx]. In biology, lacking a calyx, acalycinous. Acalyculate {ah-kal-ik' -ii-lat) [a priv.; calycidtis, a calycle]. In biology, having no calycle, or accessory calyx. Acalypha (ijli-kal' -if-ah) \liKalv(^l]q, unveiled]. A genus of euphorbiaceous plants. A., Ext., Liq. Dose TT\_ x-_:5j. A. fruticosa, of India, is useful in dyspepsia and diarrhea, and is tonic and alterant. A. hispida has similar uses. A. indica, a euphorbia- ceous plant, common in India. The leaves are expec- torant, emetic, laxative. A. Succus. Dose for an infant gj. Unof. A. virgitiica, of North America, is diuretic and expectorant. h.zaxmX\it.%\z.[ak-am-ath-e'-ze-ali) \_aKajia6ijaiq\. Same as AkatamatJicsia. Acamathesis [ak-am-ath-c'-sis) \aK.ajia.(\ricL(\. Same as Akataiiiatliesia . Acampsia (a/i-kamp'-se-ah) [d priv. ; mfiTTTeiv, to bend]. Inflexibility of a limb. Acanaceous [ak-an-a'-se-tcs) [ciKavoc. a prickly shrub]. In biology, beset with prickles, as the edges of some leaves. Acantha (ak-an' -thali) [a/cai'fo, a thorn]. In botany, a thorn or prickle ; in zoology, a spine or fin ray ; in anatomy, a vertebral process. Acanthaesthesia (ak-atith-cs-the'-ze-ah). See Akan- thestliesia. Acanthia lectularia {ak-an' -thc-ah lek-chu-la' -rc-ah) [L.]. The common bedbug. Acanthial {ak-an' -the-al) {jiKavdiov, a little thorn]. Pertaining to the acanthion. Acanthichthyosis {ak-anth-ik-the-o' -sis) [d/cdrftoi', a little thorn ; IxS'i'C- a fish]. IcJitliyosis spinosa, q. v. Acanthion {ak-an' -the-on) \aK.avQiov, a little thorn]. See Cranipmctrical Points. Acanthocarpous [ak-anth-o-kar'-pus) [anavOa, a thorn ; Kap~6(, fruit]. In biology, spiny-fruited. Acanthocephala {ak-an-iho-sef'-al-ah) [d/iai'fc, spine ; /ff^a/l?/, head] . An order of parasitic wonns, character- ized by a thorny armature of the head and proboscis. They are generally grouped in one genus, Echinor- rhynchvs. They infest pigs, birds, and fishes, and in their larval stage live in crustaceans. Acanthocephalous {ak-antli-o-sef -al-tis) \hKav6a, a spine; Kripa'/I/, head]. In biology, spiny-headed. Acanthocladous {a k-antli-ok' -lad-us) \h.Kavda, a spine ; /v7n(5of, a branch]. In biology, possessing spiny branches. Acanthoid {ak-an'-thoid) [aicavBa, a spine]. Resem- bling a spine, or spicula; spinous. Acanthological {ak-aiith-o-lpf -ik-al) \aKavda, a spine; 7i6yeiv, to .speak]. In biolog)', pertaining to the knowl- edge of spines. Acantholysis {iik-an-thol' -is-is) [ ciKavOa, prickle ; ^.vaig, a loosening, a wasting]. Any skin disease in which there is an atrophy of the prickle-layer. A. Bullosa. See Epidcrjuoh'sis. Acanthoma {ak-anth-o'-mah) \_uKavfia, a spine: //., Acant/'io'mata']. A localized excessive growth in any part of the prickle-cell layer of the skin. Acanthomastic (ak-anth-o-iiias' -tik) \aKav()a, a spine ; fiaarix'O, mastic]. A gum produced by Atractyhs gumtnifera, a plant of the Mediterranean region; valued in the Oriental countries. Unof. Acanthopelvis {ak-anth-o-pci' -vis) \iiM.vtia, thom ; TTi'/i'f, pelvis]. Same as Acanthopelys. ACANTHOPELYS 23 ACCENTUATION Acanthopelys {ak-aiith-op' -el-is) \aiiavda^ thorn ; Trth}^, pelvis] . A pelvis that is encroached upon by exostoses. Acanthophorous (ak-atilh-off' -or-iis) \aKavha, a spine ; (pepeiv, to bear]. In biology, bearing or producing spines or thorns. Acanthopod (ak-anth' -o-pod'] [dmvf^a, a spine; -ko'vc, foot]. In biology, an animal with spiny feet, or spine-like claws. Acanthopterous (ak-cinth-op' -tcr-us) \amv(ia, a spine ; rrrepov, a wing]. In biology, having spiny wings or fins. Acanthosis (ak-an/A-o'-s/'s) [amvOa, thorn']. Any skin disease marked by abnormalities in the prickle-cell layer. A. Nigricans, a general pigmentation of the skin, with papillary, mole-like growths; a rare condition. Acanthus [ak-anth' -iis) \_aKai>OoQ, a spine]. A genus of European herbs. A. mollis and A. spinosa were formerly much esteemed as vulnerary, antidysenteric and antihectic remedies ; they are demulcent and mucilaginous. Unof. Acapsular [ah-kap '-sti-lar) [a priv. ; capsiila, a small box or capsule]. In biology, destitute of a capsule. Acardia (iih-kay'-de-ah) [d priv,; napdia, heart]. A monstrosity without heart, developed simultaneously with a normal fetus. Acardiac (ah-kar'-de-ak) [d priv. ; icapdia, heart]. I. Having no heart. 2. A fetus with no heart. See Acardiacus. Acardiacus (ah-kar-di'-ak-iis) [dpriv.; Kapt5/«, heart]. See Acardiac. A synonym, employed mainly by the German writers, for omphalosite. The term was adopted because of the frequent absence of the heart in this condition. A. Acormus. See Asomata. A. Anceps. Same as Paracephalus, q. v. Acardiohemia, or Acardiohaemia (ah-kar-de-o-hc'- me-ali) [d priv.; KapSla, heart; ai/^a, blood]. Lack of blood in the heart. Acardionervia [ah-kar-de-o-ner' -ve-ah) [dpriv.; Kap&la, heart; w^-rz^zw, a sinew] . Diminished nervous action or nerve-stimulus in the heart. Acardiotrophia [ah-kar-de-o-tro' -fc-ah) [dpriv.; Kapdia, heart; rpop?/, nutrition]. Atrophy of the heart. Acarian (ah-ka'-re-an) [dKopz/f, small, tiny]. Of or pertaining to the acarids or mites. Acariasis (ak-ar-V -as-is) [d priv. ; utipEiv, to cut]. See Mange. Acaricidal (ak-ar-is-i' -dal) \jxKapriq, small, tiny ; ccedere, to kill]. Destructive of acarids, or mites. Acaricide [ak-ar'-is-jd) [drapz/f, small, tiny ; ccedere, to kill]. An agent that destroys acarids. Acarid, Acaridan [ak'-ar-id, ak-ar' -id-an) [^ciKapr/c, small, tiny]. Fertaining to A cants. Acarina [ak-ar-i' -nali) [L.] . An order of insects (mites) with stout bodies, having the unjointed abdomen con- solidated with the head and thorax, with biting, suck- ing, or puncturing mouth-organs, breathing mostly by means of tracheae. Acarinosis [ak-ar-in-o'-sis) \_acariis, a mite]. Any disease, as the itch, produced by a mite, or acarid. Acarodermatitis (ak-ar-o-der-mat-i' -tis) \acayni, a mite ; dermatitis] . Dermatitis dependent upon or caused by acari, or mites. Acaroid [ak'-ar-oid) \_Acariis, a mite]. Mite-like. A. Gum, Botany Bay Gum; Resina lutea. An aromatic resin used in Australia as a remedy for gastric troubles, intestinal catarrhs, diarrheas, etc. Dose grs. viij-xvj, in alcoholic solution. Unof. A. Resin, Black Boy Gum. The resin of various species of Xaiithorrkca , q. V. Benzoic acid is prepared from it, and it is said to have the properties of storax, and balsam of Peru. Acarotoxic [ak-ar-o-toks' -ik) \_acar2is, a mite ; to^ikov, a poison]. Poisonous, or destructive, to acari. Acarpae (a-kar'-pe) [a priv.; KupTrdf, fruit]. A name ]iroposed for a group of skin diseases in which there are no papules, tubercles, or elevated points. Acarpous \ak-a)-' -pus) [d priv. ; Knp-6(;, fruit]. Hav- ing no elevations ; not nodular. In biology, producing no fruit ; sterile, barren. Acarus [ak' -ar-us) [d priv. ; Kcipetv, to cut (because so small) : //., Acari]. The mite, or tick, a parasite of man and animals. A. aiitumnalis the harvest-bug, now called Leptns autiimnalis . A. folliculorum. See Steatozooii . A. scabiei. See Scabies. Acatalepsy [ak-kaf -al-ep-se) [d priv. ; narakafipaveiv, to understand] . I . Uncertainty in diagnosis. 2. Mental impainnent ; dementia. Acataleptic [ah-kat-al-cp' -tik) [d priv. ; KaraXafifidveiv, to understand] . Uncertain ; doubtful (used of a prognosis or a diagnosis of a disease). Acatamathesia (ah-kat-am-ath-e'-ze-ah) [d priv. ; naTafiaHijaLC, understanding]. I. Inability to under- stand conversation, due to mental disorder. 2. A morbid blunting of the perceptions ; as in psychical deafness, or psychical blindness. Acataphasia {ah-kat-af-a'-ze-ah) [dpriv.; /card, after; (pdoig, utterance]. A disorder in the syntactical arrangement of uttered speech, due to some central lesion. Acataposis [ak-kat-ap' -o-sis) [d priv. ; mrd, down ; ~6aig, a drinking, a swallowing]. A difficulty in swal- lowing; dysphagia. Acatastasia [ali-kat-as-ta' -ze-ah) \hKaTaoTa&id\. Ab- sence of regularity, or of fixed character, in the course of a disease, or in the nature of an excretion. Acatastatic {ah-kat-as-taf -ik). Marked or character- ized by acatastasia; irregular; not of definite type. Acatharsia {ah-kath-ar' -sc-ah) \_aKa6apala, uncleansed state]. Impurity; foulness; need of purgation, or cleansing. Acaudal {ah-ka7v'-dal) [d priv. ; cauda, a tail]. Acaudate, ecaudate, tailless, anurous. Acaudate (ak-kaiu^-ddt). So-me as Acaudal. Acaules {ah-ka7u' -lez) [d priv. ; caulis, a stem]. Plants which, as in the case of lichens, algse, etc., lack a stalk, or have it but very indistinctly developed. Acaulescence (ak-ka-a-les' -ens) [d priv. ; caulis, a stalk]. In biology, plants wherein the growth of the main stem is arrested. Also Acaidosia. Acaulescent (ah-kam-les' -ent) [d priv. ; caulis, a stalk]. In botany, stemless. Acaulosia [ah-kaia-lo' -se-a/i) [d priv. ; caulis, a stalk], .'^ee Acaulescence. Accelerans Nerve [ak-seF-er-ans) [L.]. A nerve from the accelerans center in the medulla to the heart, inter- mediating acceleration of its rhythm. Acceleration [ak-sel-er-a' -shun) \_acceleratio]. Quick- ening, as of the pulse, or of the respiratory function. In biology, the term applied to change of structure during growth brought about by the addition of parts, either by " homotopy " or by " heterotopy." Accelerative Epilepsy (ak-sel' -er-a-tiv ep' -il-ep-se). See Epilepsy. Accelersiior Vrinx (ak-sel'-er-a-tor u-ri^-ne) [L. ]. A muscle of the penis whose function is to expel the last drops in urination, to expel the semen, and to assist erection. The sphincter vaginae is its analogue in the female. See Mtiscles, Table of. Accentuation [ak-sen-tu-a' -shun) \_accetttuare]. A tenn applied to the heart .sounds, generally the second, when they are louder, because of an increased blood- tension in the vessels, giving rise to a forcible elastic recoil of the latter with abrupt closure of the valves. s ACCESS 2 Access [tri^-SL's) [«C('d'j'j«j', an approach] . I. An attack of a disease. 2. The return of a tit, or paroxysm. 3. Cohabitation. Accessiflexor (ak-ses-e-JIeks' -or) \_accessits and flexor^ An accessory flexor muscle. Accession [ak-ses/i' -uii) \_afiessio ; ad, to; ccdere, to go]. The assault, beginning, or onset of a disease, or of a stage of the same ; applied especially to a recur- rence of periodical disease. Accessive [ak-ses' -iv) \_aciessio\. Marked or charac- terized by sharp and sudden accessions or paroxysms. Accessorium [ak-ses-so' -rc-ttni) [L.]. An accessory part ; an adjunct, or appendage. Accessory (ak' -ses-o-re, or ak-ses' -o-re) \accessorins'\. A term applied to certain glands, muscles, ducts, nerves, arteries, etc., that are often inconstant, but always auxiliary in function, course, cic, to the prin- cipal. Certain small muscles, as the lumbricales, are regarded as accessory to more important muscles. In biology, something additional ; as an accessory bud, fruit, or plume. A. Buds, in botany, buds that are developed by the side of, or above, the normal axillary bud. A. Fruits, in botany, those fruits a considerable portion of whose substance is distinct from the seed- vessel and formed of the accrescent and succulent calyx, or torus, or receptacle, bracts, etc. A. Gland of Rosenmiiller. See Gland. A. Gland of the Pancreas, Britiiiie)-s Glands, q. v. A. of the Parotid, the Socia Parotidis, q. v. A. Valves, in zoology, small additional valves which occur in certain forms, as the accessory valves placed near the umbones of the genus Pholas among the Molltisi a. Accident [ak' -se-dc-nt) \_accedere, to occur]. I. In ' legal medicine, an event occurring to an individual without his expectation, and without the possibility of his preventing it at the moment of its occurrence. 2. An intercurrent or complicating symptom or event, not to be looked for in the regular progression of an attack of disease. Accidental (ak-se-dent'-al) \acridentalis'\. I. Due to, or caused by, an accident. 2. Intercurrent; having no essential connection with other conditions or symp- toms. A. Hemorrhage. See Iloiiorr/iage. Accidentalism (ak-se-denf -al-ism) \_accidentalis'\. That theory of medicine that ignores pathology and eti- ology, and attends only to the symptoms or accidental features of disease. Accidentalist [ak-se-denl'-al-ist) \_accidentalis\. One who advocates or follows accidentalism. Accipiter [ak-sip'-it-c?-) [L., a "hawk"]. A facial bandage with tails radiating like the claws of a hawk. Acclimate (ak-kli'-mdt) \ad, to; cliiiia, a climate]. To accustom to a new or untried climate. Acclimatation {ak-kli-mat-a' -shun) , or Acclimation [ak-Hni-a'-shini). See Acclimatization . Kzz\vm.3X\z3X\o'n.{ak-kli-mat-iz-a'-shitn) [f) [^ad, to; coiiche, bed]. The French term for labor, or delivery of a child. The act of childbirth. A. Force, rapid and forcible delivery with the hand during severe hemon-hage. Accoucheur [ak-koo-shiir) [Fr.]. A man-midwife. Accoucheuse [ak-koo-shnz) [Fr.]. A midwife. Accrementitial (ak-re-men-tisld -al) \accrescere, to in- crease]. In biology, of or pertaining to the process of accrementition. Accrementition (ak-re-men-tisld-un) \_ad, to; cresccre, to grow]. A growth in which increase takes place by interstitial development from blastema, and also by reproduction of cells by fission. The production or development of a new individual by the separation of a part of the parent ; gemmation. Accrescent [ak-res' -ent) \accrescere, to grow]. In biology, refers to those parts connected with the flower which increase in size after flowering, as frequently occurs with the calyx, involucre, etc. Accrete (ak-ret) \accretus ; accrescere, to increase, grow]. In biology, grown together. Accretion [ak-re' -shun) [ad, to ; crescere, to increase]. A term denoting the manner by which crystalline and certain organic forms increase their material substance. Also, the adherence of parts that are normally sepa- rate. Accumbent {ak-um' -bent) \_ad, to ; cumbere, to lie down]. In biology, lying against a thing. Cotyledons ACCUMULATOR 25 ACESCENCE are accumbent when the edges of their applied faces lie against the radicle. Accumulator (ak-u' -mu-la-toi-) \accumnlare, to heap up]. An apparatus to store electricity. A. C. E. Mixture. An anesthetic mixture composed of alcohol I part, chloroform 2 parts, ether 3 parts. See Anestlietic. Acedia (ah-se' -de-ali) \(iKij6'La\. A certain form of melancholia. Acelius [ah-se' -le-us) [d priv. ; Koilia, the belly]. Without a belly; applied to those extremely emaciated. Acelomatous [ah-sel-o' -inat-us) [d priv. ; iwi'Awfia, a hollow]. In biology, destitute of a perivisceral cavity or coelum. Ac&lomi [ah-se' -lo-mi) [d priv.; A/a-, the belly]. In biology, worms destitute of a perivisceral cavity, as tapeworms. Acelomous [ah-se' -lo-mus). See Acelomafous. Acelous (ah-se' -Ills') [dpriv. ; /coi/lof, hollow]. Without intestines ; anenterous. Acenaphthene [as-cn-af -theii) \_aceticits ; naphtha- lene], Cj.,H,Q. A hydrocarbon that occurs in coal tar, and separates on cooling from the fraction boiling at 260-280° C. It crystallizes from hot alcohol in long needles melting at 95° C. and boiling at 277° C. Acentric [aJi-sen' -trik) [dpriv.; /ct'vrpoi', center]. Not centric ; not originating in, or pertaining to, a nerve- center ; peripheric. Aceognosia [as-e-og-no' -se-ah) [d/iof, a remedy ; yvwai^, knowledge]. A knowledge of remedies. Aceology [as-e-ol' -o-Je) [d/cof, aKeoQ, a remedy ; Adyof, a discourse]. Therapeutics; medical and surgical treat- ment of disease ; acology. Acephalan [ah-sef -al-aii) [d/t£0a/lof, headless]. An acephal, one of the acephala, or pertaining to such. A lamellibranchiate mollusc. Acephalemia, or Acephalhemia [ah-sef-al-e'-ine-ah) [d priv.; K£(pa'Ar/, head; aifia, blood]. Deficiency of blood in the head. Acephalia {ah-se/-a'-/e-ah) [d priv.; KecpaXi/, head]. In teratology, the absence of the head. Acephalism [ah-scf -al-izui) [d priv.; /cec^a/!/), head]. See Acephalia. Acephalobrachia (ah-se f-al-o-bra'-ke-ah') [d priv. ; K.eepeiv, to bear]. In biology, a member of DeBlainville's group of molluscs, Acephalophora . Acephalopodia [ah-sef-al-o-po' -de-ali) [d priv. ; KE(pa.Ali, head ; ttovq, foot]. Absence of the head and feet. Acephalopodius (ah-sef-al-o-po' -de-us). A monster with neither head nor feet. See Acephalopodia. Acephalorrhachia (ah-sef al-o-ra' -ke-ah) [d priv. ; K£if)a'Aii, head ; 'pax'Q, .spine] . Absence of the head and vertebral column. Acephalostomia [ah-sef-al-o-sto'--me-ah) [d priv. ; KKpaAi/, head; aru/ia, mouth]. Absence of the head, with a mouth-like opening on the superior aspect. Acephalostomus [ah-sef al-os' -to-iims) [d priv.; Ke(j>aAr/ ; (Trd//ri] . A monster with no head, but with a mouth- like aperture. See Acephalostomia. Acephalothoracia (ah-sef al-o-tho-ra' -se-ah) [d priv. ; Keipa/.i/, head ; f (j/jaf , chest] . Absence of the head and thorax. Acephalothorus (ah-sefal-o-tho'-rus) . A monster without head or thorax. See Acephalotlioracia . Acephalous (;?//-5^''-a/-2«) [d/ce^s^zAdf, headless]. Head- less. Acephalus (ah-scf '-al-iis) [dpriv.; /ce^a/l^, head], I. A species of omphalositic monsters characterized by complete absence of the head and usually of the upper extremities. It is the commonest condition among the omphalosites. 2. A variety of the above species marked by the highest form of development. The head is absent, but there is at least one superior extremity, and the thorax is generally fairly well- developed. Acer (a'-ser). A genus of sapindaceous trees and shrubs; the maples. A. sacchariiiuin, the Sugar Maple of North America, affords a large commercial supply of sugar. A. rubriim, the Red Maple, has an astringent inner bark. A. peitnsylvanicuin , Striped Maple, is said to be antemetic and alterative. Unof. Aceras (as'-er-as) [d priv.; idpa^, horn, spur]. A genus of orchids. A. antliropophora (green-man, man-orchid) has sudorific leaves, and the bulbs are used as salep. Unof. Acerates (tf-t-^r-rt'-Z^s) [dpriv.; /cfpaf , horn] . A genus of asclepiadaceous plants, regarded by some as a sec- tion of the genus Gomphocarpiis. A. deciimbens , of New Mexico, is said to cure snake bites. A. longi- folia, of the U. S., is diaphoretic. Unof. Aceratophorous (ah-se-ra-tof -o-riis) [d priv. ; Kepag, horn; (jit peiv, to bear]. In biology, hornless, muley. Cf. Accrous. Aceratosis [ah-ser-at-o' -sis) [d priv.; Ki-pag, horn]. Deficiency or imperfection of corneous tissue. Acerb (a-serb') \_acerbits, bitter]. Having a bitter, astringent and pungent taste ; as certain drugs. Acerbity (a-serb' -if- c) \_acerhitas , sharpness, sourness]. Acidity combined with astringency. Aceric (as-er'-ik) \_acer, a maple tree]. Pertaining to, or found in the maple ; as aceric acid. Aceride (as' -cr-ld) [d priv.; cera, wax]. An oint- ment or plaster containing no wax. Acerose (as'-er-ds) \_acns (acer), chaff]. In botany, chaffy ; needle-shaped, as pine needles. Acerotous (ah-ser' -o-tiis) [d priv.; io/p6^, wax]. Con- taining no wax ; said of ointments and plasters. Acerous (as'-er-zis) [d priv. ; Kspag, a horn]. In biology, having undeveloped, minute, or no horns or antennn; ; aceratophorous. Acervate [as-er' -vat) \_acervatiis, p.p. of acervare, to heap upon]. In biology, growing in heaps or clusters. Acervuline [as-er' -vii-lin) [rt(r;-7'«//«, a heap] . Agmi- nated, or aggregated; as certain mucous glands. Acervulus, or Acervulus cerebri [as-er' -vii-liis ser'- e-bri ) . Concretionary matter near the base of the pineal gland, consisting of alkaline phosphates and carbonates, with amyloid matter; brain-sand. Acescence (as-es'-eiis) [_acescere, to grow sour]. I. The process of becoming sour ; the quality of being ACESCENCY 26 ACETYLENE somewhat sour. 2. A disease of wines, whereby they become sour owing to the agency of iiiycode7-ma aceti. Acescency (as-es' -en-se). See Acescence. Acescent [as-es'-ent ) \acescere, to become sour] . Some- what acid or tart ; acidulous. Aceta [as-e'-tah). Plural of Acctiim, q. z>. Acetable {as-et'-a-bl) \acetum, vinegar]. An old name for the acetabulum. Acetabular [as-it-ab' -ii-Un-) \_aietitm, vinegar]. Per- taining to the acetabulum. Acetabuliferous {as-et-ab-ii-lif'-er-us) \_acetabiiluiii , a sucker; /tvvc, to bear] . Having suckers, as the arms of cuttle-fishes and squids. Acetabuliform (as-ct-ab' -tt-le-form) \_act'tabulifoi-mif\ . Having the form of the acetabulum, or of a shallow cup ; cotyloid, or glenoid. Acetabulum {as-ct-ab' -ii-hini) \_acetablL\ a small cup, or measure]. In biology, any cup-shaped cavity or organ. The articulating cavity of the head of the femur, or the leg of an insect ; one of the suckers on the arms of cephalopods, or on the scolex of a tape- worm; the receptacle of certain fungi and lichens. Acetal (as'-et-al) \_acetHm, vinegar], C^Hj^Oj. Ethi- dene diethylate, a colorless, mobile liquid, with an ethereal odor, produced by the imperfect oxidation of alcohol under the influence of platinum black. Spar- ingly soluble in water ; boils at 104° C. ; sp. gr. at 20° is 0.8304. Its action is that of a soporific. Dose ^j. Acetaldehyd [as-et-al'-de-Jfid ) . The normal aldehyd ; ethaldehyd. See Aldehyd. Acetals [as'-et-alz) [ac-etuin, vinegar]. Products of the combination of aldehyds with the alcohols at 100° C. Acetamid [as-et'-aiii-id), QH..NO. A white crystal- line solid produced by distilling ammonium acetate, or by heating ethyl acetate with strong aqueous ammonia. It combines with both acids and metals to form unstable compounds. Acetanilid {as-et-an'-il-id), CgH^NO. A white, crys- talline solid. Produced by boiling anilin and glacial acetic acid together for several hours ; the crystalline mass is then distilled. It melts at 114° and boils at 295°. It is soluble in hot water, alcohol and ether. Under the name antifebriii it is prescribed as an anti- pyretic. Dose gr. iij-xv. Acetarium ias-et-a' -re-uni) [i^^cii., Aie/arii : pi.., Ace/a- ria']. A pickle or salad. A. Scorbuticum, a pickle containing leaves of scurvy-grass or other anti-scor- butic plants; used in the treatment of scorbutic cases. Unof. Acetary (as'-et-a-re) \_airefuiii, vinegar]. An obsolete or rare name for a sour pulpy substance found in pears and some other fruits ; often enclosed within a congeries of calculous granules. Acetate {as'-ct-at) \_accticm, vinegar]. Any salt of acetic acid. A. of Lead, plunibi acetas. 'ite. Plumbum . Acetic (as-c'-lik) \_acceum, vinegar]. Pertaining to arr'/«/// or vinegar ; sour. Acid, Acetic . A. Fer- mentation, the development of acetic acid by the activity of the Mycoderma aceti. Acetin (as'-et-in) \_acetum, vinegar]. A chemical com- pound formed Ijy the union of glycerin and acetic acid. Acetolatum, (as-ef-o-la' -turn) [gen., Acetolati : pL, Ace- tolata']. Distilled vinegar, variously aromatized or medicated. Acetolature {as-et-ol' -at-ur) \_acetolaturum']. Any acetous tincture, or medicated vinegar. Acetometer [as-ef-om'-et-er) \_acetum, vineguT ; jihpov, measure]. An instrument used in the quantitive de- termination of acetic acid. Acetometry {as-et-om' -et-re') \_acetttm, vinegar ; fihpnv, measure]. The quantitive estimation of the amount of acetic acid in vinegar. Usually made by an aceto- meter. Acetone [as'-et-dn) [^rc^/z^w/, vinegar] , C.jH,.0. Dime- thyl Ketone. A colorless, mobile liquid, of peculiar odor and burning taste; present in crude wood-.spirit ; it occurs in small quantities in the blood and in normal urine, and in considerable quantities in the urine of diabetics. Like methyl alcohol it is miscible in all proportions with ether, alcohol, and water. It is an excellent solvent for resins, gums, camphor, fats, and gun-cotton. Acetones [as' -et-onz) . A class of compounds that may be regarded as consisting of two alcoholic radicals united by the group CO, or as aldehyds in which hy- drogen of the group COH has been replaced by an alcoholic radical. Acetonemia {as-et-o-ne' -mc-ali) \acelone : aijia, blood.] The presence of acetone in the blood. It may re- sult from a number of diseases, but is characteristic of chronic diabetes, and is associated with dyspnea, sub- normal temperature, lowered pulse-rate, etc. The patient finally falls into coma. The treatment consists in increasing the secretions and by removing the causes of the diseases. Acetonuria {as-et-bn-u' -re-ah) \acctone : ojipov, urine]. The presence of acetone in the urine. Acetophenone (as-ct-o-fe' -non'), CgH5(C0) (CH^) . " Hypnone ; " a hypnotic and antiseptic. VS'ithout satisfactory action. Dose TT^iv-xv. It results from the action of zinc methyl upon benzoyl chlorid. Crystal- lizes in large plates, melts at 20.5°, and boils at 202°. Acetosella (as-ef-o-sel'-ak). See Oxalis acetosella. Acetous (as-e'-tus.) \_acetum, vinegar]. Like or resem- bling vinegar ; pertaining to, or charged with vinegar or acetic acid. Acetoxim {as-et-oks'-im), (CH3).^C.N.OH. A com- pound formed by the action of hydroxylamin upon acetone ; readily soluble in water, alcohol and ether ; fuses at 60°, boils at 135°. Acetoxims (as-et-oks' -imz). See Aldoxitns. Acetphenetidin [as-et-fe-net' -id-in). See Phenacetin. Acetum, [as-e'-tum] Aceta: pi., Aceti']. [L.]. Vinegar. An impure, dilute acetic acid produced by acetous fermentation of wine, cider, or other fruit-juice. See Fertnentation. In pharmacy, a solution of the active principles of certain drugs in dilute acetic acid. There are four official aceta, each of which contains the solu- ble principles of ten per cent, of its weight, viz., of lobelia, opium, sanguinaria, and squill ; the acetum of cantharides is official in Great Britain. A. aromat- icum (N. F.) ["aromatic vinegar"], a mixture of alcohol, water and acetic acid, aromatized with the oils of rosemary, lavender, juniper, peppermint, cassia, lemon and cloves. A. britannicum, an aromatic vinegar consisting of glacial acetic acid 600.0, cam- phor 60.0, oil of cloves 2.0, oil of cinnamon l.o, oil of lavender 0.5. Acetyl {as'-et-il) [acettini, vinegar], (C.^Hp). A uni- valent radical supposed to exist in acetic acid and its derivatives. Aldehyd may be regarded as the hydrid and acetic acid as the hydrate, of acetyl. A. Peroxid, (C.,H.p)./>,, a thick liquid, insoluble in water, but readily dissolved by ether and alcohol. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is decomposed in sunlight and explodes violently when heated. Acetylene {as-et'-il-en) \acetum, vinegar], C^H^. A colorless gas, with a characteristic and very unpleas- ant odor, burning with a luminous, smoky flame. Illuminating gas contains a small amount of it. Formed by the imperfect combustion of illuminating gas and other hydrocarbons. acetyletie series oi hydrocarbons has the general formula, Cn tim—i. ACHE 27 ACHROODEXTRIN Ache (a/6) [A. S., acan, to adie]. Any continuous or throbbing pain. Ache (atcli) [Er.]. An old, or local name for common parsley. See Apiuni. Acheilia [ah-ki' -le-ah) [a priv. ; ;t;e«/'.of, a lip]. The congenital absence of lips. Acheilous [ah-ki' -Ins) [a priv.; ;^;EtZof, a lip]. Born without lips ; affected with acheilia. Acheiria (ah-ki' -re-ah) priv.; a hand] . The congenital absence of hands. Acheirous (ah-ki' -rus) \a priv.; x^'Pi^ hand]. Af- fected with acheiria; born without hands. Acheirus (ah-ki' -rus). An acheirous person, or fetus ; one who was born without hands. . Achene (a-klii'). Same as Acheniitm. Achenium (^?/i-/v'-«(?-//;«) [d priv. ; ^a/m;', gape : //. , Achcnia'\. In biology, a small, dry, one-seeded, in- dehiscent fruit. Achenocarp, or Achsenocarp (ah-kc' -iw-karp) [a priv. ; Xaiveiv,X.oga.'pe.; Kaprrof, fruit] . In biology, any dry fruit, not opening spontaneously when ripe. See Acheniiim. Achenodium (ak-eii-o' -de-um) [L.]. A cremocarp or double achenium, as produced by some umbelliferous plants. See Achi'iiium. Achetous, or Achaetous (ah-ke' -tiis) [d priv. ; ;tatr;7, hair]. In biology, lacking sette, cha:t£e, or bristles. Achilia (ah-ki' -le-ah). See Acheilia. Achillea (ak-il-e'-ah) \_Achilles, its reputed discoverer]. Milfoil, Yarrow. The \\erh A. millefolium. Properties due to a bitter, aromatic, astringent, tonic extractive, achillein, and a volatile oil. It has long been used as a vulnerary, and has been highly recommended for intermittents, and in low, exanthematous fevers. Dose Jj-Oj infusion ad lib.; of the extractive, ^j-iij ; of the volatile oil , gtt. v-xv. Unof To the genus Achillea belong various other unofficial medicinal plants, as A. moschata, of the Alps, used in preparing cordials and a diaphoretic medicine, and A. ptarmica , or sneezewort, a strong sialagogue. Achillein (ak-il'-e-iii) \_acJiilleinum \ gen., Ackilleini~\. An extractive from ^^-/^///i'rt: millifolium. 'Ae.^ Achillea. Achilles Tendon (ak-il'-ez ten'-don). See Tendon. Achillodynia [ak-il-o-din' -e-ah) \_Achilles ; o(Yvvr], pain]. Pain referred to the insertion of the tendo-Achillis, sometimes with apparent swelling of the tendon and of the OS calcis. Achilous (ah-ki' -his). See Acheilous. Achiote (a-che-o'-te). See Annotto. Achiria (ah-ki' -re-ah). See Acheiria. Achirous (ah-ki' -rus). See Acheirous. Achirus (ah-ki' -rus). See Acheirtis. Achlamydeous (ak-lam-id'-e-us) [d priv.; x^'^f^^'^i ^ cloak). In biology, flowers lacking calyx, corolla, or perianth. Achlorophyllous (ah-klo-ro-fil' -us) [d priv.; ;|'/lwpo?, green; (^I'/i^Lov, leaf ]. In biology, without chlorophyll, or leaf-green. Achloropsia (ah-klo-rop' -se-ali) [d priv.; X'^^pof, green ; oi/j(f, vision]. Green-blindness. Kz\\\ys, (ak' -lis) \h.xki%, gloom, mist]. Cloudiness of the cornea. Achne (ak'-ne) [d^-w/, anything shaved off ] . I. Lint, or charpie ; floss. 2. Mucus upon the eye. Pi.z\io\\2^(ali-ko' -le-ah) [d priv.; ;j;o/l7, bile] . Non-secre- tion or non-excretion of bile. Acholic (ah-kol-'ik) [d ; x^'^^l^- Affected with acholia. Acholous (ak' -o-lus) [d priv.; ^oA^, bile]. Pertaining to or affected with acholia. Achondroplasia (ah-kon-dro-pla' -^e-ah) [d priv.; x^v- i^poq, cartilage; ir'kaooEiv, to form]. Lacli of devel- opment in a cartilaginous structure ; the ab.sorption of cartilage during its transformation into bone. Achondroplasy (ah-kon' -dro-pla-se) [d priv. ; ■^-dvdpof, cartilage; 7rAd(7ff£n\ to form]. Lack of the normal development of cartilage. Parrot's term for a form of fetal rickets in which the limbs are short, the curves of the bones exaggerated, and there is an absence of the proliferating zone of cartilage at the junction of the epiphyses. The children are generally still-born. This condition is very much like a fetal cretinism. Achor (a'-kor) [d;i;£jp, chaff, scurf, or dandruff: pi., Achores (a-kor' -ez)'\. Crusta lactea. A small pustule, followed by a scab, upon the heads of infants. Achordal (ah-kor'-dal) [d priv. ; x^P'^^f cord]. Not derived from the notochord. Achorion (a-ko'-re-o7t) [dim. of d^^p, chaff]. A genus including several species of fungous (or fungoid) organisms (possibly modified forms of Pe7ticillium glaucum) , found in the skin, especially the hair fol- licles. A. keratoplmgus , the form causing Onycho- mycosis, q. V. A. lebertii, the parasite of Tinea tonsurans. A. schdnleinii, the species occurring in ringworm or Tinea favosa. Achroa (ah-kro' -ak) . See Achroia. Achroia (ah-kroi' -ah) [d priv.; ;(;po(d, color]. Same as A chroma, q. v. Achroicythemia (ah-kroi-si-the' -me-ah). Same as Achroiocy/hemia . See also Oligochromemia . Achroiocythemia (ah-kroi-o-si-lhe' -me-ah) , or Achroe- ocythaemia (ah-kre-o-si-the' -me-ah) \h.xpo"K, color- less; KVToq, cell; ai/iia, blood]. A deficiency of hemoglobin in the red blood corpuscles; also, the diseased state that is associated with such deficiency. Achroleucous (ah-kro-lu'-kus) [_axpoog, pale; levKoc, white]. Yellowish-white, dull cream color. Achroma (ah-kro' -nurh) [d priv.; XP'^I'"-^ color]. Ab- sence of color. Pallor. Paleness, from whatsoever cause. A. Congenital. See Albinism. A. Cutis. See Leucoderma. Achromasia (ah-kro-ma'-ze-ah). See Achroma. Achromatic (ah-kro-maf -ik) [d priv.; xP^I"^j color]. Pertaining to achroma; without color. A. Lens, one the dispersing power of which is exactly neutralized by another lens having the same curvature but of unequal refractive index. See also Aberration and Objective. A. Triplet. See Microscope. Achromatin (ah-kro' -mat-in) [d priv.; ;i-p(j/ color]. Albinism ; achroma. Achromodermia (ah-kro-mo-der' -me-ah) [d priv. ; XPie/ic. A., Abric (C,2H.,^N.,0), a crystallizable acid, said to exist in jequirity. A., Aceric, found in the juice of Acer cainpestre, the common English maple. A., Acetic, an acid solution composed of 36 parts of absolute acetic acid (C.,H^O.^), and 64 parts water. Has strong acid properties. Miscible with water and alcohol. A., Acetic, Glacial, the absolute acid in crystalline form. An escharotic. A., Acetic, Dilute, contains six per cent, of absolute acid. Dose 5j-ij. An impure form obtained by the destructive distilla- tion of wood is known as wood vinegar, or pyrolig- neous acid. A., Acetic, Test. See Tests, Table of. A., Aconitic (C^HgOg), occurs in different plants, as Aconitum napelhts, sugarcane, and beet-roots. It may be obtained by heating citric acid alone or with concen- trated HCl. It crystallizes in small plates, that dissolve readily in alcohol, ether and water, and meit at l86°-7°. An acid found in aconite. A., Adibasic. See A., Suberic. A., Adipic (CgHj/),), obtained by oxidizing fats with nitric acid. Crystallizes in shining leaflets, or prisms ; soluble in thirteen parts of cold water; melts at 148°. It is dibasic and diatomic. A., Agaricic (Cj^Hj^O^ -\- HjO), a resin acid obtained from the fungus Polyporus ojficinatis, growing on larch trees. The acid has been recommended for the checking of night-sweats. It also checks the other excretions and diminishes thirst. It is mildly cathartic. Unof. A., Alanthic (Cjr.H.^^O^), Imilic acid, found in Pnula Iielciiiuiii . Occurs in needle-like crystals. A., Aldepalmitic (CjgH.jgO.,), the chief component of the butter of the cow. A., Alginic. See Algin. A., Alloxanic (C,H,,Np^), a crystalline acid, obtained by treating alloxan with alkalies. A., Alpha-oxy- naphthoic (CjjHgOj), a fragrant crystalline acid, de- rived from alpha-naphthol. It is strongly antiseptic and deodorant ; useful in wound-dressing ; but appears to be toxic when taken by the stomach. Unof. A., Alphatolinic. See A., Phenyl-acctic. A., Amalic (C„(CH.,).jN^07), \aiiak6c, weak], tetramethylalloxan- tin, formed by the action of HN().j, or chlorine water, upon thein, or, better, by the reduction of dimethyl alloxan with H2S. Consists of colorless, sparingly soluble crystals, that impart a red color to the skin. A., Amido-acetic. See Glvcin. A., Amido- benzoic (C-H-NO2), occasionally found in the urine. A., Amido-succinamic, same as Asparagin. A., Angelic (C-HgO.^), a crystalline monobasic acid. Exists free along with valeric and acetic acids in the roots of Ajige/ica archangelica, and as butyl and amyl esters in Roman oil of cumin. Crystallizes in shining prisms, melts at 45°, and boils at 185°. It has a peculiar smell and taste. A., Anisic (CgHgO.,), obtained by oxidizing anisol and anethol with HNO3, and from aniseed by the action of oxidizing substances. Crys- tallizes from hot water in long needles, from alcohol in rhombic prisms; melts at 185°, boils at 280°. It is antiseptic and antirheumatic. A., Anthranilic (Cj- HjNO.^), prepared by oxidizing indigo by boiling it with manganese dioxid and sodium hydroxid. It sublimes in long needles, is readily soluble in hot water and alcohol, and melts at 144°. A., Anthro- pocholic {Cii:,H.,g04) \nvi^)iAi\iiq, man; x^^^l^ bile], an acid said to be obtainable from human bile. Its existence is doubtful. A., Anticylic, a white fragrant powder with pleasant acid taste, readily soluble in water, alcohol, and glycerin, used as an antipyretic. Dose gr. j^j. A., Aposorbic (CjHgO-), produced on oxidizing sorbin with UNO.,. It crystallizes in small leaflets that melt with decomposition at 110°. Easily soluble in water. A., Arabic. See Arabitt. A., Arabonic (C^HjuOg), tetraoxyvaleric acid, ob- tained by the action of bromin water or HNO3 upon arabinose. A., Aromatic, a name applied to certain organic acids occurring in the balsams, resins, and other odoriferous principles. Also, in pharmacy, a dilute mineral acid reinforced by aromatic substances in order to modify their flavor. A., Arsenious, and Arsenic, See Arsenic. A., Aspartic (CjH,N(J4), occurs in the vinasse obtained from the beet root, and is procured from albuminous bodies in various reactions. It is prepared by boiling asparagin with alkalies and acids. It crystallizes in rhombic prisms, or leaflets, and dissolves with difficulty in water. A., Atrolactinic (C,|Hj|,03), obtained from acetophenone by means of prussic acid and Hj.SO^ or dilute HCl. Dissolves very readily in water ; crystallizes with one- half H.,0 in needles or plates; melts at 91°. A., Atropic (C,|Hg0.2), results from atropin, tropic acid, and atrolactinic acid when they are heated with con- centrated HCl. Crystallizes from hot water in mono- clinic plates ; is sparingly soluble in cold water, easily in ether and benzene; melts at 106°. A., Auric (Au((.)H),,), gold trihydroxid. A.Bath. See ^^7///. A., Behenolic (C.jHj^O,^), derived from the bromids of erucic and brassidic acids. Melts at 57.5°. A., Benzoic (C^HgO.J, occurs free in some resins, chiefly in gum benzoin, and in coal tar. It crystal- lizes in white, shining needles, or leaflets, melts at 120°, and distils at 250°. It volatilizes readily, and its vapor possesses a peculiar odor that produces coughing. A., Boric. See Boron. A., Brassidic {^i-jS^^-^^-ii-, isomeric with erucic acid ; produced by the action of nitric acid on erucic acid ; melts at 56°. A., Brenz ACID 29 ACID catechin sulphuric (CgH^(HO)2.0.S02), has been found in human urine, mainly after the ingestion of salicin, hydroquinon, etc. A., Butyric (C^H^Oj) \Jmlvriiiit , butter], an acid having a viscid appearance and rancid smell. It is obtained commercially by the fennentation of a mixture of sugar and butter or cheese in the presence of an alkaline carbonate, but occurs in various plants, in cod-liver oil, in the juice of meats, and in the perspiration. Combined with glycerin as glyceryl butyrate, it is essentially butter. The ether derived from butyric acid is the natural flavor of the pineapple. A., Caffeic (C^HgO^), obtained when the tannin of coffee is boiled with potassium hydroxid ; crystallizes in yel- low prisms, and is very readily soluble in hot water and alcohol. A., Campholic (Cj^Hj^O,), produced on distilling camphor over heated soda-lime, or with alcoholic potash; it melts at 95°, and is a white, vola- tile solid, insoluble in cold water. A., Camphoric (CjqHjjO^), a dibasic acid, obtained by boiling camphor with HNO,; crystallizes from hot water in colorless leaflets; melts at 178°, and decomposes into water and its anhydrid, CgH,^(C0)20. Used in night- sweats of phthisis. Dose gr. x-xxx. A., Cam- phoronic (CgHjjOj ^ H.^O), produced by the further oxidation of camphoric acid ; it occurs in the mother liquor. Loses its water of crystallization at 100-120° and melts at 135°. It forms colorless microscopic needles that are volatile and readily soluble in water. A., Capric (C„HjgCO. OH), occurs in small cjuantity, as a glycerid in cow's butter. Crystallizes in fine needles, melting at 30° C. , very insoluble in boiling water. A., Caproic (CgHj,,0.,), the si.xth in the series of fatty acids ; a clear, mobile oil, colorless, inflammable, and with a very acid and penetrating taste. Prepared from butter, cocoanut oil, and various other sources. A., Caprylic (C^Hj^CCOH), an acid combined with glycerin, forming a glycerid existing in various animal fats ; liquid at ordinary temperatures. A., Carbamic (H,N.CO.OH), an acid not known in the free state ; its ammonium salt is contained in com- mercial ammonium carbonate. The esters of carbamic acid are called urethanes. A., Carbazotic. See A., Picric. A., Carbolic (CuH^OH), procured from coal tar by fractional distillation. It has a very peculiar and characteristic odor, a burning taste, is poisonous, and has preservative properties. The sp. gr. at 0° is 1 .084 ; it crystallizes in colorless rhombic needles that melt at 42.2°, boiling at 180°, and it is not decomposed upon distillation. At ordinary temperatures it dissolves in water with difficulty (l : 15), but is soluble in alcohol, ether, glacial acetic acid, and glycerin in all proportions. Upon exposure to light and air it deli- quesces and acquires a pinkish color. It is used in the manufacture of many of the artificial coloring matters, <'. g. , picric acid, used as a yellow dye. Large quan- tities of various qualities of carbolic acid are consumed annually for antiseptic purposes, both for domestic use and in surgery. It is a powerful antiseptic and ger- micide, and a violent poison. Internally it is use- ful in nausea and phthisis. Dose gr. ^-j. A., Carb., Aqua, contains 10 drachms of the glycerit to I pint of water. Dose gj-gss. A., Carb., Garga- risma grs. ij-^j, for fetid sore throat. A., Carb., Glycerit, contains acid I , glycerin 4 parts. A., Carb., Liquefactum, (B. P.). Dose n\,j-ij. A., Carb., Solutions, vary from I to 5 per cent, in water. A., Carb., Suppos. cum Sapone (B. P.), each contain- ing i of carbolic acid. A., Carb., Unguent, con- tains acid lo, ointment 90 parts. A., Carbol., Injectio Hypoderm., 2-5 per cent., for anthrax, and erysipelas. A., Carbonic (COj), carbon dioxid ; a product of combustion ; a colorless, transparent, odorless gas. heavier than air ; incapable of sustaining respiration. It is eliminated by the lungs, and when retained in the system gives rise to cyanosis. A., Carminic (Cj^Hj^O,,,), coloring matter found in the buds of cer- tain plants, and especially in cochineal, an insect inhabiting different varieties of cactus. It is an amorphous pui-ple-red mass, very readily soluble in water and alcohol. Yields red salts with the alkalies. A., Cathartinic, an active principle from several species of Cassia. It occurs in brown hygroscopic scales. Used as a laxative in doses of gr. iv-vj. A., Cerebrinic (CjijHjjjNO.,), an acid found in the brain and belonging to the group called cerebrinacides. A., Cerotic (CjjHj^O.^) ['c?;por(>f, waxy], a fatty acid, existing in the free state in beeswax, and combined with ceryl as an ether in Chinese wax. It crystallizes from alcohol in delicate needles, melting at 78°. A., Chelidonic (C^H^O^), occurs together with malic acid in Chelidonimii majiis. Crystallizes in silky needles with one molecule of water, and melts at 220°. A., Chloracetic \_chlorin and acetic^, an acid, called also Alonockloracetic acid, produced by the substitution of chlorin for the hydrogen of the radicle in acetic acid. It is sometimes used as a caustic. A., Chloric (HC10.|), an acid known only in its compounds and its aqueous solution. Some of its compounds, the chlorates, are of great service in medicine. A., Cho- lalic. See A., Cholic. A., Cholic (C^^H^.p^), Cholalic Acid, from glycocholic and taurocholic acids ; crystallizes from hot water in small anhydrous prisms, sparingly soluble in water, and melting at 195°. A., Choloidinic, derived from Cholalic Acid, and proba- bly a mixture of this with dyslysin ; all three decomposi- tion products of bile acids. A., Chromic, strictly the compound HjCrO^ ; chromium trioxid combined with water; it forms salts called chromates. In most books the chromium trioxid, CrOj, is called by this name. It is a crystalline solid, and is a useful escharotic for the destruction of syphilitic warts and similar growths. A solution of I : 40 is used as an antiseptic wash for putrid sores and wounds. A., Chrysanisic (C^HjNjO,;), an acid forming golden- yellow crystals, used in the preparation of certain anilin dyes. It melts at 259° and sublimes. A., Chrysenic (Cj7Hj.^03), produced when chrysene is fused with caustic alkali. Forms silver- white leaflets and melts at 186°. A., Chrysophanic (CjjHjoO^), Rheinic Acid, exists in the lichen, Parmelia parietina, in senna leaves, and in the rhubarb root. Crystallizes in golden yellow needles or prisms, melting at 162°. %&fi Chrysaroliin. A..,Cinchoninic (C^H^N (CO.^H)), produced by oxidizing cinchonin with potassium per- manganate, or HNO3. Crystallizes in needles, con- taining 2H2O, in thick prisms, or plates, with 2H2O ; melts at 254°. A., Cinnamic (CgHgO.,), occurs in Peru and Tolu balsams, in storax, and in some benzoin resins. Crystallizes from hot water in fine needles, from alcohol in thick prisms ; is odorless, melts at 133° ; soluble in hot water and in alcohol. It has been used in tuberculosis, both internally and externally. Dose tT\,j-x, hypodermatically. A., Citric (CgHgO,), occurs free in lemons, black currants, bilberry, beets, and in various acid fruits. It crystallizes with one molecule of water in large rhombic prisms, which melt at 100°, are colorless, inodorous, and extremely sharp in taste. It is used as a discharge in calico-printing. It is refrigerant, antiseptic, and diuretic. A., Comanic (C^H^Oj), obtained from chelidonic acid by the loss of carbon dioxid. It dissolves with difficulty in water ; melts at 250°. A., Comenic (C^H^O-), is produced by heating meconic acid to 120-200°. It is rather inso- luble in water and crystallizes in hard, warty masses. ACID 30 ACID A., Coumalic (CgH^04), identical with comanic acid. Produced when malic acid is heated together with concentrated H.^SO^ ; dissolves with difficulty in cold water and melts with decomposition at 206°. A., Coumaric (CgH^O.^), an acid derived from coumarin and intimately related to salicylic acid, being converted into the latter by fusion with potassium hydrate. A., Coumarilic (CgHgOj), a monobasic acid obtained from coumarin dibromid ; crystallizes from hot water in delicate needles, melting at 190° ; moderately solu- ble in water and extremely soluble in alcohol. A., Cfenic [/cp^w;, a spring], an acid found in certain spring waters and also in vegetable mould and in ochreous deposits. A., Cresolsulphuric (C7H,O.S- Oj.OH), exists in the urine in small traces; also found in the urine of herbivorous animals. A., Cresylic. See Cresol. A., Croconic (C^HjOj), is produced by the alkaline oxidation of most of the hexa- substituted benzene-derivatives ; crystallizes in sul- phur-yellow leaflets, readily soluble in water and alcohol ; has an acid taste and reaction. A., Cumic (CjqH].,0.,), is produced by the oxidation of cuminic alcohol with dilute HNO3. Very soluble in water and alcohol, crystallizes in colorless needles or leaflets, melts at 116°, and boils at about 290°. A., Cyanic (CONH), obtained by heating polymeric cyanuric acid. It is a mobile, volatile liquid, only stable below 0° ; reacts strongly acid ; has an odor like that of glacial acetic acid ; vesicates the skin ; dissolves in alcohols. A., Cyanuric. See A., Tricyanic. A., Damalic (Cj.^H.^.^O,), [(5d//a/l(f, heifer], has been obtained from the urine of cows and horses, and from human urine. A., Damaluric (C^Hj^O.^) \_6diiaAt^, heifer; ovpov, urine], an oily compound, derivable from the urine of cattle and of mankind. A., Desox- alic (CjHgOg), is seen in large, shining crystals, that melt at 85°. A., Diacetic (C^H^O,), an acid present in the urine in some diseased conditions, e. g., aceton- uria. With a solution of ferric chorid it gives a Bur- gundy-red color. A., Durylic (C||,Hj.,0.^), obtained by the oxidation of durene ; crystallizes in hard prisms and melts at 115°. A., Elaidic (CjgH.^^Oj), a fatty acid, produced by the action of nitrous acid on oleic acid. Isomeric with the latter. Consists of brilliant leaflets, melting at 44-45°. A., Ellagic (Cj^H/Jg), occurs in the bezoar stones (an intestinal calculus of the Persian goat). Occurs in the form of a powder con- taining I molecule of water of crystallization. Insoluble in water ; light pale yellow in color; tasteless. A., Enanthylic, or CEnanthylic [oivadii, wine flower, a plant (o/cof , wine ; nvdoc, flower); vA>/, principle], a complex ether formed by the action of nitric acid on fatty substances, especially castor oil. A., Erucic {C.2^iii.fi2)< present as glycerid in rape-see4 oil and in the fatty oil of mustard. Prepared by saponifying rape-seed oil with lead oxid. Crystallizes from alcohol in long needles that melt at 33-34°- A., Euchroic (Cj.^H4N.20g), an amid of mellitic acid, produced by dry distillation of the ammonium salt. It crystallizes in large prisms and is sparingly soluble in water. A., Eugenic. See Engenol. A., Euxanthinic (Cj(,H,g- Ojj), Porrisic Acid, occurs as a magnesium salt in so-called purree, a yellow coloring matter from India and China. Crystallizes from alcohol in yellow prisms with HjO. A., Everninic (C|,IIi|j04), produced on boiling evernic acid { Cj^HjgOj ) (from Everiiia priiiiaslri, a lichen fonnerly much used in dyeing and for making a hair powder), with baryta. It melts at 157°. A., Ferulic (CmHidO^), corresponds to vanillin. It is found in asafetida. from which it may be obtained by precipitation with lead acetate. It is very soluble in hot water, crystallizes in shining needles or prisms, and melts at 169°. A., Filicic, the main ingredient of Male Fcr}i. It is a white crystalline powder with slight taste and odor, insoluble in water. A., Fluoric (HF), gaseous and soluble in water, a strong escharotic. The dilute acid, I : 200, is used as an internal remedy in goiter. Dose TTLxx-xxx. A., Formic (CH.^02), an acid obtained from a fluid emitted by ants when irritated ; also found in stinging nettles, in shoots of the pine, and in various animal secretions. Prepared by heating oxalic acid and gly- cerin. It is a colorless, mobile fluid, with a pungent odor, and vesicates the skin if dropped upon it. It boils at 99° and at 0° has a sp. gr. of 1. 223. A., Galactonic. See A. , Lactonic. A., Gallic (CjHg- O5), occurs free in gall nuts, in tea, in the fruit of Casalpinia coriaria,msxigoei, and various other plants. Obtained from ordinary tannic acid by boiling it with dilute acids. Crystallizes in fine, silky needles, con- taining one molecule of water. Dissolves slowly in water and readily in alcohol and ether ; has a famtly acid, astringent taste ; melts near 220°. Astringent and disinfectant ; useful in night sweats, diabetes, and chronic diarrhea. A., Gallic, Unguent, benzoated lard 90, gallic acid 10. A. , Pyi-ogallic (unofficial), obtained from gallic acid by heating the latter. Recom- mended locally in phagedenic chancres as an antisep- tic and disinfectant in 1-2^ per cent, solutions. Dose, internally, gr. j-ij. A., Gluconic (CjHjjOj), is formed by the oxidation of dextrose, cane sugar, dextrin, starch, and maltose with chlorin or bromin water. Most readily obtained from glucose. It is dextro-rotatory, but does not reduce Fehling's solution. It melts at 200°. A., Glutaric (C^HgO^), normal pyrotartaric acid. Crystallizes in large monoclinic plates, melts at 97°, and distils at 303°, at 14° soluble in 1.2 part of water. A., Glycocholic (CjgH^^NOgj), a monobasic acid found in bile ; sparingly soluble in water ; crystallizes in minute needles, melting at 133°. A., Glycollic (C^H^O-j), Oxyacetic Acid, produced by the action of nascent hydrogen upon oxalic acid. It is a thick syrup that gradually crystallizes on stand- ing over sulphuric acid ; the crystals melt at 80° and deliquesce in the air. It dissolves easily in water, in alcohol, and in ether. A., Glycoluric (C3HgN203), Hydantuic A cid, prepared by heating urea with glycocoll to 120°. It is a monobasic acid; very soluble in hot water and in alcohol. Crystallizes in large, rhombic prisms. A., Glycuronic (CgHj^O-), obtained by decomposing euxanthic acid on boiling with dilute H2SO4. It is a syrup that decomposes readily into the lactone, CgHgO^, on warming. It is levo-rotatory. This acid has been found in urine ; it probably does not exist in normal urine ; but it appears after taking certain drugs, as benzol, indol, nitro-benzol, and the quinin derivatives. A., Glyoxylic (C.^H.^O;;), obtained by oxidizing glycol, alcohol, and atdehyd. It is a thick liquid, readily soluble in water. Crystal- lizes in rhombic prisms by long standing over sulphuric acid. A., Guanido-Acetic. See Gfycocya/iiiii. A., Gynocardic (Cj^H.^/^), derived from the seeds of the Cynocardia odorata. It occurs as a yellowish oily substance melting at 30° C. (86° F.), with a dis- tinct odor and acid taste. Used as an antisyphilitic and antirheumatic. Dose gr. ^-iij. Used externally as a liniment (I to 10 or 20). A., Haloids {as'-id hal'-oidz), derivatives that arise in the replacement of the hydroxyl of acids by halogens. They are liquids of sharp odor, fuming in the air and undergoing transformation into acids and halo- gen hydrids. They are heavier than water. They decompose at ordinary temperatures, fonning acids. A., Hemipinic (C,„HmOg), formed by oxidizing ACID 31 ACID narcotin with dilute HNO;,. Melts at 182°. A., Hesperetinic (Cj^Hj^O^), obtained from the gluco- side hesperidin. Melts at 228°. A., Hippuric (C^H^- NO3) [iTTTTOf , horse ; ovpov, urine] , Benzoyl Glycocoll, occurs in considerable amount in the urine of herbi- vorous animals, sometimes in that of man. Crystallizes in rhombic prisms, and dissolves readily in hot water and alcohol. It melts at 187°. Its salts (hippurates of lime, lithium, and sodium) are regarded as good solvents of the urates, and are recommended in gout, rheumatism, and calculous diseases. Dose grs. iv- xvj. Unof. A., Hircic, a peculiar-smelling acid contained in 'goat's milk. A., Homogentisin, an acid separated by Baumann from highly- colored urine, believed to be formed by the action of bacteria on the tyrosin normally found in pancreatic digestion. A., Homophthalic (C<,HgO^), obtained by fusing gamboge with caustic potash. Crystallizes from hot water in stout prisms, melting at I75°- ^-i Hydantoic. See A., Glycoluric. A., Hydriodic (HI), Acidiim Hydriodicuni; a gaseous acid. Its solution and a syrup prepared from it are used as alter- atives, with the general effects of iodin. Unof. A., Hydrobromic (HBr) ; the dilute acid, which is the chief form used, consists of 10 per cent, acid and 90 per cent, water. A good solvent for quinin. Useful in hysteria, congestive headaches, and neuralgia. Is recommended as a substitute for potassium and sodium bromids. Dose TtLxx-gij. A., Hydrocaffeic (C^- HjijO^), obtained from caffeic acid by the action of sodium amalgam. A., Hydrochloric, Muriatic Add (HCl), a liquid consisting of 32 per cent, of HCl gas in 68 per cent, of water. Colorless, pungent, and in- tensely acid. Valuable as an aid to digestion. A., Hydrochloric, Dilute, a ten per cent, solution of ab- solute acid in water. Dose ITLiij-x. A., Hydrocin- namic (CgH5.(CH.^),,C0.2H), Phenyl-propionic Acid, obtained by the action of sodium amalgam upon cinnamic acid. Very soluble in hot water and alcohol ; crystallizes in needles, melts at 47°, and distils at 280°. A., Hydrocyanic, Dilute (HCN), Prnssic Acid, a liquid consisting of two per cent, of the acid with 98 per cent, of water and alcohol. Generally prepared by the action of H^SO^ on potassium ferrocyanid. It is a mobile liquid, of a sp. gr. of .697 at 18° ; becomes crystalline at — 15°; boils at -(-26.5°; pos- sesses an odor like that of bitter almonds ; is extremely poisonous ; a feeble acid. Prussic acid is found in the bitter almond, the leaves of the peach, and in the cherry laurel, from the leaves of which it is distilled. It is the most violent poison known, death from com- plete asphyxia being almost instantaneous. Valuable for its sedative and antispasmodic effects in vomiting, whooping-cough, and spasmodic affections. Dose TT\,j-v. The following preparations are employed : Aqua Latirocerasi , water distilled from the leaves of the cherry laurel. Dose n\^v-xxx, with caution. Scheele's Dilute Hydrocyanic Acid, is a 4 or 5 per cent, solution; dangerous. Amygdala Aniara , d\\ oi\3\X.X.^x almond ; used in cosmetics. A., Hydrocyanic, Vapor, 1\x-xv of dilute acid in -T^] of water, warmed and the vapor inhaled to relieve irritable coughs. A., Hydrofluoric (HF), an aqueous solution of hydro- fluoric gas, administered in dilute form as an inhalation in phthisis and goiter. See Fluorijt. A., Hydro- sulphuric (H._,S), an acid which, both in its pure and gaseous form and in its watery solution, is much used as a chemical reagent. The gas has been employed by inhalation and by rectal injection in cases of tuber- culosis. (See Bergeron's Method.) Called also Hydro- gen Sulfid and Sulfydric Acid. A., Hydrurilic (CgHgNjOg) , obtained by decomposing the copper salt with HCl. Occurs in little prisms. A., Hyperosmic. See A., Osmic. A., Hypochlorous (HCIO), an unstable compound, important as a disinfecting and bleaching agent. Some of its salts, the hypochlorites, have a limited use in medicine. A., Hypophos- phorous (H^PO.^), its salts (hypophosphites), also the dilute acid, and a syrup prepared with it, are used as remedial agents. (See Calcii Hypophosphis , Ferri Hypophosphis, Sodii Hypophosphis, Potassii Hypophos- phis). A., Igasuric, an acid occurring in St. Igna- tius Bean and certain other plants containing strychnia. It occurs in small, hard crystals with an acid, astrin- gent taste. A., Indoxylic (CiHjNOj), produced from its ethyl ester by fusion with caustic soda at 180°. Appears as a white crystalline mass, melting at 123°. A., Iodic (HIO^), a monobasic acid. Its solution (two per cent.) has been recommended as an alterative subcutaneous injection. A., Isopropyl Succinic. See A. Pimelic. A., Isosaccharic (C^- H]„Og), an acid very soluble in water and alcohol, forming rhombic crystals, and melting at 185°. Its solution is dextro-rotatory. A., Kephalo-phosphoric, a brain-acid differing from ordinary phosphoric acid in that three molecules of its hydroxyl are replaced by one molecule each of kepalyl, stearyl, and gly- ceryl. A., Lactic (HC3H5O3), a liquid containing 25 per cent, of absolute acid in 75 per cent, of water. Produced in the fermentation of milk. Gen- erally found impure from subsequent fennentation , except when freshly made. Useful in aiding digestion, in diabetes, and as a solvent of false membrane in diphtheria. Dosegss-^ss. A., Lactic, Dil., (B. P.). Dose _:5ss-ij. A., Lactonic {CgH-^fi.,), Galactonic Acid, produced from milk-sugar, galactose, and gum arable by the action of bromin water. It crystallizes, on standing over HjSO^, in small needles. A., Leu- conic (C5O5 -|- 4H2O) , an acid produced by oxidiz- ing croconic acid with HNO.j or chlorin. Very soluble in water; occurs in small, colorless needles. A., Levulinic(C5Hg03), obtained from levulose, cellu- lose, cane-sugar, etc. Isomeric with methyl aceto- acetic acid; dissolves readily in water, alcohol, and ether; crystallizes in scales that melt at 33.5°; boils with slight decomposition at 239°. A., Linoleic (CjgH.^gO.^), occurs as glycerid in drying oils, such as linseed oil, hemp oil, poppy oil, and nut oil. Pre- pared by saponifying linseed oil with potash. It is a yellowish oil that has asp. gr. of 0.921. A., Maizenic, an acid derived from the stigmata (silk) of Indian corn ; said to be a good diuretic. Unof. A., Malic (C^HgOj), a bibasic acid, occurring free or in the form of salts in many plant juices, in unripe apples, in grapes, and in mountain-ash berries. It forms de- liquescent crystals, that dissolve readily in alcohol, slightly in ether, and melt at 100° ; it has a pleasant acid taste. A., Malonic (CjH^Oj), occurs in the deposit found in the vacuum pans employed in the beet- sugar manufacture ; obtained by the oxidation of malic acid with chromic acid ; crystallizes in large tables or laminae ; easily soluble in water, alcohol, and ether ; melts at 132° ; at higher temperatures it decom- poses into acetic acid and carbon dioxid. A., Man- delic (CeH5.CH(OH).CO.,H), is formed from ben- zaldehyd by the action of prussic acid and HCl. Obtained naturally from amygdalin ; is levo-rotatory, and forms brilliant crystals, melting at 132.8°. A., Mannitic (CgHj^O-), obtained by the action of plati- num black upon aqueous mannitol. It is a very solu- ble, gummy mass, and reduces Fehling's solution. A., Mannonic (C|.H|,^0,) , produced by oxidizing man- nose with bromin water. A., Meconic (CjH^O,), a tribasic acid, occurring in opium in union with mor- ACID 32 ACID phin. Crystallizes with 3H._,0 in white laminK, readily soluble in hot water and alcohol. Ferric salts color the acid solutions dark red. A., Melilotic (CgH^(CH.2).2.0H.C02H), occurs free and in com- bination with coumarin in the yellow melilot. Crys- tallizes in long needles, dissolves easily in hot water, and melts at 8l°. A., Mellitic (C^jH^O,.^), occurs in mellite or honey-stone, which is found in some lignite beds. Honey-stone is an aluminium salt of mellitic acid, CjjAl.^O,.! -|- l8H.,0, and affords large quadratic pyramids of a bright yellow color. Mellitic acid crys- tallizes in fine , silky needles , readily soluble in water and alcohol ; has a sour, bitter taste. A., Mellophanic (CgH.,(CO.^H)^), formed by the oxidation of isodurene. Very soluble in cold water and crystallizes in small prisms. Melts at 240°. A., Mesidic. See A. Uvitic. A., Mesitylenic (CgHj^Oj), obtained by gradually oxidizing mesitylene with dilute HNO.,. Crystallizes from alcohol in large prisms, from water in needles. Melts at 166° and sublimes very readily. A., Metaphosphoric (HPO^), a glassy solid, not volatile by heat. It is freely soluble in cold water, and is converted by boiling into orthophosphoric acid. Used as a test for albumin in the urine. A., Metasaccharic (CgH]|,Og), produced by oxidizing arabinose carboxylic acid with HNO.j. Melts at 68" when air-dried. A., Mucic (C„H(gOg) , is obtained in the oxidation of dulcitol, milk-sugar, galactose, galac- tonic acid and nearly all the gum varieties. A white crystalline powder, almost insoluble in cold water and alcohol. It melts at 210° with decomposition. A., Muriatic. Sue. A. , Ilydroc/ilnric. A., Myronic [/^ifipoj', unguent] (Cj(,H],|NS.,0]|,) , an acid that occurs as a potassium salt in the seeds of black mustard. Crystallizes from water in bright needles. A., Nitric (HNO3), a liquid consisting of 69.4 per cent, absolute acid in 30.6 per cent, of water. The pure acid is colorless, fum- ing, and highly caustic. A very powerful escharotic, used in cauterization of chancres and phagedenic ulcers. A., Nit., Dilute, contains ten percent, abso- lute acid. Dose n\^iij-xv, well diluted. A., Nitro- hydrochloric. Aqua Regin, a golden yellow, fuming mixture of four parts nitric and 15 of hydrochloric acid. A ready solvent of gold. Valuable in affections of the liver. Dose Tt\,v-xx, very dilute. A., Noropianic (CgH|.0-), is obtained from opianic acid by heating with hydriodic acid. Readily soluble in water ; melt- ing at 171°. A., Oleic (Cij(H.,^0.,) , a constituent acid present in many fats and oils. Obtained in the manufacture of stearin candles. Soluble in alcohol, benzol, and the essential oils; insoluble in water. Saponifies when heated with alkaline bases. Used in making the oleates. It is a colorless oil that crystal- lizes on cooling. Melts at + 14°. Odorless in a pure condition, but becomes rancid on exposure to the air. A., Opianic (Cj|,H,|,Oj), dimethyl ether of noropianic acid. Crystallizes from hot water in fine prisms, melt- ing at'I50°. A., Orsellinic (CgH^O^), is found in different lichens of the genera Roccclla and Lc- canora. Consists of easily soluble prisms, melting at 176°. A., Ortho-oxybenzoic. See A. SaHcylic. A., Orthophosphoric (HjPO^), ordinary phosphoric acid, as distinguished from metaphosphoric and pyro- phosphoric acids. A., Osmic (0.sO.,), the oxide of osmium, one of the rarer elements ; it occurs as yellow crystals, acrid, burning, yielding an intensely irritating vapor ; it has been recommended for hypodermatic use in sciatica, strumous glands, and cancer. A., Osmic, Liq.,one per cent. Dose n\iv-vj,hypodermatically for sciatica, neuralgia, cA-. Po/assluiii Osmatc (K.iOsO^-l- 2H.,0), given in epilepsy. Dose gr. -^-f. A., Oxalic (C2H.^O^), a colorless crystalline solid obtained by treating sawdust with caustic soda and potash. It oc- curs in many plants chiefly as potassium oxalate; with two parts of water, it crystallizes in fine, transparent monoclinic prisms that at 20° effloresce in dry air and fall in a white powder. It is soluble in nine parts of water at moderate temperature and quite easily in al- cohol. In ^ gr. doses a depressant to respiratory centers. In large doses a violent poison. Unof. A., Oxamic (C.^02(NH,^0H)) , a monobasic acid occurring as a crystalline powder that dissolves with difficulty in cold water and melts at 1 73°. A., Oxyacetic. Seev4. Glycollic. A., Oxycitric (C,.HgOj,), is produced by boiling chlorcitric acid with alkalies or water. A. , Oxy- uvitic (C^HgOj), is produced by the action of chloro- form upon sodium aceto-acetic ester. Crystallizes from hot water in fine needles, and melts with decomposition at about 290°. A., Palmitic (Cij-H^jO.,), an acid exist- ing as a glycerin ether in palm-oil and 'in most of the solid fats. It forms fine, white needles, or pearly crys- talline scales. A., Palmitolic (C,pH,80.^), an acid that is isomeric with linoleic acid; melts at 42°. A., Palmitoxylic (Cj^H^gO^) , a monobasic acid, produced from palmitolic acid on heating with fuming HNO3. Melts at 67°. A., Paracresotic (CgHgO.,), a pre- paration from paracresylol. It is employed usually in the form of its .sodium salt, CgH.Na(J.,, which is a safe and reliable antipyretic. It is especially of service in the rheumatism of children. Dose, to children, gr. ij- iij ; to adults up to gij. Unof. A., Paralactic. See^., Sarcolactii . A., Paratartaric. iiea A ., Racemic. A., Pelargonic (CdHj^Oj), a complex ether that imparts the specific flavor to geranium and certain other aromatic oils. A., Perosmic. Same as A., Osmic. A., Phenylacetic {Cf\l^.C}i.^.C(\n ) , Ai/>/ia/oiuic Acid, obtained from benzyl cyanid when boiled with alkalies. Crystallizes in shining leaflets, resembling those of benzoic acid; melts at 76.5°, and boils at 262°. It is prescribed in coughs and tuberculosis; is stimulant and antihectic. Dose of alcoholic solution gtt. x-xx. Unof. A., Phenyl-propionic. See A., Hydrocijinamic. A., Phenyl Sulphate, a solution of three grammes of phenol in 20 c.c. of strong sulphuric acid. Used for the detection of nitrates in water. A., Phosphoric (H3PO4), Orthophosphoric Acid, con- tains 50 per cent, each of acid and water. Of value in strumous affections, and thought to be serviceable in dissolving phosphatic deposits. Has none of the effects derived from free phosphorus or the hypophosphites. A., Phosphoric, Dilute, contains ten per cent, of absolute acid. Dose TTLv-xxx. See Sodium, Paias- siu/ii. Calcium, etc. A., Phosphorous (H.,PO.j), a compound of hydrogen with phosphorus and hydro- gen with phosphorus anhydrid. Its salts are called phosphites. A., Phthalic (C^H^OJ, the or- tho-dicarbo-xylic acid of benzene, obtained by oxidiz- ing naphthalene with HNO.,. It crystallizes in short prisms or in leaflets readily soluble in hot water, alco- hol, and ether. It melts at above 200°. 'fttt Fh/halate. A., Picric (C,;H.,(NO,,).|OH), obtained by the nitration of phenol. It crystallizes from hot water and alcohol in yellow leaflets or prisms which possess a very bitter taste. Readily soluble in hot water, its solution im- parting a beautiful yellow color to silk and wool. It melts at 122.5° ; ^ saturated solution is of some value as a wash in erysipelas. An excellent test for albumin and sugar in urine. Dose gr. v-xv. A., Pimelic (C^Hc^O^), Isflpropyl Succinic Acid, melts at 114°. A., Piperic (C,.,H„|0,), a monobasic acid, consisting of shining prisms ; almost insoluble in water, and crystal- lizes from alcohol in long needles, melting at 217°. It is produced from piperin by boiling with alcoholic potash. A., Porrisic. .'^ee A., Euxanthiuic . A., ACID 33 ACID Prehnitic (Cj^HgOj,), results from oxidizing prehnitol with potassium permanganate. Very soluble in water, and crystallizes in warty masses that melt at 238°. A., Propargylic. See A., Propiolic. A., Propiolic. (C3H2O2), Propargylic Acid, a liquid with an odor re- sembling that of glacial acetic acid ; when cool, it solidifies to silky needles, that melt at + 6° ; dissolves readily in water, alcohol, and ether; boils with de- composition at 144°. A., Protocatechuic (C^HgO^), obtained from many benzene derivatives as well as from various resins (benzoin, asafetida, myrrh) on fusion with potassium hydroxid. Crystallizes with one molecule of water in shining needles or leaflets, and dissolves readily in hot water, alcohol, and ether. A., Prussic. See A., Hydrocyanic. A., Purpuric (CgHjNjOg), an acid not known in the free state, since as soon as it is liberated from its salts by mineral acids it immediately decomposes into alloxan and uramil. Produced by the action of HNO, upon uric acid. A., Pyrogallic (CpH,;0.,), pyrogallol, fonned by heating gallic acid with water to 210° It forms white leaflets or needles, melts at 115°, and sublimes when carefully heated. Readily soluble in water, less so in alcohol and ether. It is useful in the treatment of certain skin diseases, but is poisonous, and must be used with caution. A., Pyroligneous, the crude acid obtained in the destructive distillation of wood. It is a clear liquid of reddish-brown color and strong acid taste, with a peculiar penetrating odor described as empyreumatic, due largely to the furfurol it contains. It possesses a sp. gr. of from 1. 018 to 1. 030, and contains from four to seven per cent, of real acetic acid. A., Pyromellitic (Cj^HgOg), is produced by oxidizing durene and durylic acid with potassium per- manganate. Crystallizes in prisms, readily soluble in hot water and alcohol, melts at 264°. A., Pyrophos- phoric, the dihydric phosphate (2H.2O. PjOj), one of the forms of the so-called phosphoric acid. It differs from the ordinary (trihydric or orthophosphoric) acid, and also from the monohydric, or metaphosphoric, acid, in its reactions. It is also poisonous, which they are not. Its iron salt is used in medicine. The pure acid is a soft, glassy mass. A., Pyrotartaric (CjHg- O^), is obtained by heating tartaric acid in a close vessel ; consists of small, rhombic prisms, readily solu- ble in water, in alcohol, and in ether; it melts at 112°. A., Pyruvic (CjH^O.j), a monobasic acid forming crystalline compounds with the acid alkaline sulphites. A., Quillaic, an acid existing in commercial sa- ponin. Injected into the tissues it is said to be ex- tremely poisonous, though not when taken by the mouth. Unof. A., Quinaldinic (CgH„N(CO.^H) ), crystallizes from hot water in needles containing 2H2O ; effloresces in the air; melts at 156°. Prepared by oxidizing a-methyl-quinolin with chromic acid in sulphuric acid solution. A., Quinic (C-H,,^05), is present in the cinchona barks, coffee beans, bilberry, and other plants. Obtained as a secondary product in the preparation of quinin. Consists of rhombic prisms, easily soluble in water ; melting at 162°. A., Quininic (C„H5(O.CH3)N(C0.2H) ), obtained byoxi- dizing quinin and quinidin with chromic acid in sul- phuric acid solution. Crystallizes in long, yellow prisms ; dissolves in alcohol with a blue fluorescence, and melts at 280°. A., Racemic (CjHgOg), Para- tartaric Acid, differing from common tartaric acid, not in chemical but in physical properties. A., Rheinic. See A., Chrysophanic. A., Rhodanic (C.jHgSjON), obtained by the action of CNS(NHJ upon chloracetic acid. Consists of yellow prisms, or plates, that melt at 169° with decomposition. A., Ricinoleic (CjgHg^O^), is present in castor oil in the 3 form of a glycerid. It is a colorless oil that solidifies in the cold to a hard, white mass, melting at 16-17°. A., Rosolic {C.,uH,g0.j), a phenol compound, derived from rosanilin ; valued as a dye and as a staining agent. See Stains. A., Rufigallic (C,jHgOg + 2H2- O), a derivative of anthracene; obtained by heating gallic acid with four parts of H2SO4 to 140°. Consists of reddish-brown crystals, losing water at 120°, and subliming in red needles. A., Saccharic. I. Acidum saccharicum (CgH[|,Og), a dibasic acid; a deliquescent, gummy mass, readily soluble in alcohol. It turns brown at 100° and decomposes. Prepared by the action of HNO, on sugar and various other carbohy- drates. 2. (CgHjjOg), Tetraoxycaproic Acid, a mono- basic acid readily changeable, when free, into its lactone, saccharin. Not known in its free state. A., Saccharonic (CjHjuO;), formed by oxidizing sac- charin by HNO3. Very soluble in water; forms large crystals. A., Salicylic (C-HgO^), Ortko-oxybetizoic Acid, occurs in a free condition in the buds of Spircea Ulmaria, in the oil of wintergreen, and in other varie- ties of gaultheria. It consists of four-sided prisms and crystallizes readily from hot water in long needles. Is soluble in water, and very soluble in chloroform ; melts at I55°-I56°. Is a powerful antiseptic ; also used in the treatment of acute articular rheumatism and my- algia. A., Santoninic (CjjH.^qO^) , an acid into which santonin is changed under the influence of the alkalies. A., Sarcolactic (C^HgO.,), occurs in muscles, to which it gives their acid reaction, and in blood, espe- cially after the muscles have been in a state of contract- ing activity. It is also found in urine in phosphorus poisoning. A. Sclerotinic. An acid found in ergot, of which it is one of the active principles. Given, hypo- dermically it has acted as an ecbolic. See Sclcrotis. A., Sorbic (CgHgO^), occurs together with malic acid in the juice of unripe mountain-ash berries. An oil that does not solidify until it has been heated with potash ; almost insoluble in cold water, but crystallizes from alcohol in long needles, melting at 134.5°, distilling at 228° without decomposition. A., Sozolic. See Ascptol. A., Sphingostearic, an acid closely re- sembling stearic acid, derivable from sphingomyelin. A., Stearic (CjgH.5g0.2), associated with palmitic and oleic acids as a mixed ether, in solid animal fats, the tallows ; crystallizes from alcohol in brilliant leaf- lets, melting at 62.2° C. A., Stearoleic (CjgH.,202), obtained from oleic and elaidic acids. Melts at 48°. A., Stearoxylic (CjgH.,204), produced by warming stearo- leic acid. Melts at 86°. A., Suberic (CgHj^OJ, a dibasic acid obtained by boiling corks or fatty oils with HNO.j. Melts at 140° C. P'orms small granular crystals very soluble in boiling water, in alcohol, and in ether. It fuses at about 300° F., and sublimes in acicular crystals. A., Succinic (CfViypi^), an acid prepared by the distillation of amber, and arti- ficially in many other ways ; occurs in certain hydatid cysts of the liver ; diuretic, stimulant, and antispasmo- dic. Unof. A., Sulfydric. See A., HvdrosulpJmric. A., Sulphanilic (CgH^(NH,) .SO3H)', obtained by heating anilin (I part) with fuming H^SO^ (2 parts) to 180° until SOj appears. Crystallizes in rhombic plates with one molecule of water, which effloresce in the air. A., Sulphichthyolic, an acid that appears to be the principal component of commercial ichthyol. Its sodium, ammonium, lithium, and zinc salts have been highly praised as efficacious in cystitis, nephritis,, and diabetes. Dose grs. iss in pill or capsule. A.,, Sulphocarbolic (CgH^HSO,), phenyl bisulphate, formed by the union of carbolic and sulphuric acids. Its salts, the sulpho-carbolates, are used in medicine as intestinal antiseptics, etc. See Ascptol. A., ACID 34 ACIDIFICATION Sulphonic. See Asep/ol. A., Sulphoricineolic, an acid prepared from castor oil acted upon by sulphuric acid. It is a thick syrup, that has the power of dissolving and emulsifying many substances ; recom- mended for pharmaceutical uses. A., Sulphuric (H.^SOj), Oil of Vitriol, a heavy, oily, corrosive acid, consisting of not less than 96 per cent, sulphuric anhydrid and four per cent, of water. Of value in lead poisoning. Sometimes used as a caustic. A., Sulph., Aromatic, contains 20 per cent, acid, diluted with alcohol and flavored with cinnamon and ginger. Dose TTLv-xv. A., Sulph., Dilute, contains ten per cent, strong acid to 90 of water. Dose TT^x-xv, well diluted. A., Sulphurous (H.^SOj), a colorless acid containing about 3 per cent, of sulphurous anhy- drid in 96^ per cent, of water. The gas (SO.^) is a very valuable disinfectant. The acid is used as a spray or lotion in diphtheria, stomatitis, and as a wash for indolent and syphilitic ulcers. The various hyposulphites are mainly valuable in that they de- compose and give oft sulphur dioxid. Dose ITLv- 2j- See, also, Sodium, Potassium, and Alagnesiuin . A., Tannic (Cj^Hj^Og), Tannin, an astringent acid obtained from nutgalls, occurring in yellowish, scaly crystals. Soluble in water and alcohol. Internally it is an antidote in poisoning by alkaloids and tartar emetic, and in hemorrhoids and catarrh of mucous membrane. Useful mainly as an astringent lotion in many skin diseases. Dose gr. j-xx. A., Tan., Glycerit, one part tannin in four of glycerin. A., Tan., Suppositories, one part of tannin to five of butter of cacao. A., Tan., Troches, each contain gr. of tannic acid. A., Tan., Unguent, a ten per cent, ointment of the acid incorporated with benzoated lard. A., Tartaric (Ci^Hi„0<,) , an astringent acid, chiefly employed in refrigerant drinks and in baking powders ; 20 grains neutralize 27 of potassium dicarbonate, 22 of sodium dicarbonate, and 15 K ammonium carbonate. Dose gr. x-xxx. Widely distributed in the vegetable world, and occurs principally in the juice of the grape, from which it deposits after fermentation in the form of acid potas- sium tartrate (argol). It results on oxidizing sac- charic acid and milk sugar with HNO.j. It crystallizes in large monoclinic prisms, which dissolve readily in water and alcohol, but not in ether. It melts at 167°- 170°. Its salts are the tartrates. A., Tartronic (Cj- H^Oj) , occurs in large prisms that are easily soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. It melts at 184° C. Produced from glycerol by oxidation with potassium permanganate. A., Taurocholic (C,,^HjjNOS,), occurs in bile ; verj' soluble in water and alcohol ; crystallizes in fine needles. A., Teracrylic (C^Hjj- Oj), obtained by the distillation of terpentic acid. It is an oily liquid, with an odor resembling that of val- eric acid, and boiling at 208° without decomposition. A., Terebic (Q.^Yi^ff)^, a monobasic acid formed when turpentine oil is oxidized with HN(.)3. Spar- ingly soluble in cold water, crystallizes in shining prisms, and melts at 175°. A., Tetraoxycaproic. See A., Saccharic. A., Tetraoxyvaleric. See A., Arabonic. A., Thebolactic (C-jH^O.,), a crys- talline principle obtained from opium. A., Tide {as'-id-tici). See.TzV,-. A., Trichloracetic (HC.^- CljO.j), an acid formed from acetic acid, three atoms of the hydrogen of which is (in the new acid) replaced by chlorin. It is considered one of the best reagents for the detection of albumin in the urine, and is a valuable caustic, especially for rhinopharyngological purposes. A., Trichlorlactic (CjITjOjCl.,) , made by heating chloralcyanhydrin with concentrated HCl. It is a crystalline mass that melts at from 105° to 1 10°. Soluble in water, in alcohol, and in ether. A., Tricyanic (C.^NjO-jH.,), Cyaniiric Acid, obtained from tricyanogenchlorid by boiling the latter with water and alkalies. It crystallizes from aqueous solu- tion with two molecules of water in large rhombic prisms ; soluble in 40 parts of cold water ; easily solu- ble in hot water and in alcohol. A., Trimesic (C^,- HgOg) , formed when mesitylenic and uvitic acids are oxidized with a chromic acid mixture. Crystallizes in short prisms, readily soluble in hot water and alcohol, melts about 300°, and sublimes near 240°. A., Tropic (CuH5.C,^H3(OH).CO.,H), obtained by digesting the alkaloids, atropin, and belladonna with baryta water. Slowly soluble in water; crystallizes in needles or plates, and melts at 117°. A., Umbellic (CgH^O^), obtained by digesting umbelliferon with caustic potash, and then precipitating with acids. It is a yellow powder, decomposing at about 240°. A., Undecolic (CjjHjgOj), obtained from the bromid of undecylenic acid. It fuses at 59.5°. A., Uric (C^H^N^.^), an acid found in the urine of man and the carnivora — rarely in the herbivora — abundantly in the excrement of birds, reptiles, and molluscs. Crystallizes in small, white, rhombic crystals, insoluble in alcohol and ether, soluble in 1900 parts of boiling water, and in hydro- chloric acid. Exists usually in combination with the metals of the alkaline group. Separated from urine by adding ten per cent, of hydrochloric acid and allow- ing the crystals to settle for 48 hours, when they may be separated and weighed. Haycraft's method is a more exact but extended process. A., Uric, Murexid, Test for. See Murexid. A., Uroleucic (C^Hj^- O5) [«;-«>-, lciicin'\, a stellate, crystalline acid found in the urine in alkaptonuria. A., Uvitic (C^HgO^), Mesidic Acid, obtained by oxidizing mesitylene with dilute HNO.J. Crystallizes from hot water in needles, melting at 287°. A., Valeric (CjHujO.^), formed by oxidizing normal amyl alcohol. Similar to butyric acid, but is more sparingly soluble in water; boils at 186° ; sp. gr. at 0° is 0.9568. It congeals in the cold and melts at 20°. A mobile liquid with caustic acid taste and the pungent smell of old cheese. Its salts have been somewhat used in medicine. A., Veratric (CgH,„0^), occurs with veratrin in the sabadilla seeds ; crystallizes from hot water in short, white, transparent needles, melting at 179.5° C. ; soluble in water and alcohol. A., Vulpic (C'lgHj^O,), occurs in the lichen Cetraria vulpina, from which it may be extracted by chloroform or lime water. Sparingly soluble in water and ether, crystallizes from alcohol in yellow prisms, melting at 1 10° and subliming. A., Xanthic (C.^Hj.O.CS.SH), a heavy, oily liquid, not soluble in water, with a pene- trating smell and a sharp, astringent taste, many of whose salts have a yellow color. A., Xylic (CgH^- (CH,,)2.C02H), produced by the oxidation of pseudo- cumene. Crystallizes from alcohol in long prisms ; dissolves with difficulty in water ; melts at I26°C., and sublimes readily. A., Xylidic (C„HgO^), obtained by oxidizing xylic acid with dilute ilNO,, ; separates from boiling water in flocculent masses ; melts at 282°. Acida (as' -id-all) [L.]. Plural of Acidum, q. v. Acid- Albumin {as'-id al'-bii-tniii). A derived albu- min. A proteid having been acted upon or dissolved in the stronger acids, and yielding an acid reaction. Acidiferous (as-id-if'-er-us) \aciduin, acid ; fcrre, to bear]. Containing an acid; producing acidity. Acidifiable {as-id' -if-i-a-ld) \acidnin,&c\d.; fieri, to be- come]. Capable of becoming an acid, or of becoming sour. Acidification [as-id-if-ik-a' -shun) \_acidum , acid •,facere, to make] . Conversion into an acid ; the process of becoming sour. ACIDIMETER 35 ACIDS Acidimeter [as-id-im' -et-er^ \_aciduin, acid ; /urpov, a measure]. An instrument for performing acidimetry. Acidimetry (as-id-im' -et-re) [a<7(/«w , acid ; /utrpoi', a measure] . Determination of the free acid in a solu- tion by an acidimeter, or by cliemical reactions. Acidity (as-id' -it-e) [_acidii/n, acid]. Tlie quality of being acid ; sourness ; excess of acid. Acidology (as-id-ol' -o-je) [a/c/f, a bandage, a point; Aoyof, a treatise]. The science of surgical appliances. Acidometry {as-id-oin' -et-re). See Acidwietiy. Acidopeirastic (as-id-o-pi-ras' -tik) [a/f f, a point ; 7:upaZ.zn>, to test]. See Akidopeirastic. Acidosteophyte {as-id-os' -ie-o-f it) [d«:/f, a point ; osteo- phyte]. A sharp, or needle-shaped, osteophyte. Ac'ids, Aromat^ic. Acids derived by -replacing hydro- gen in the benzenes by carboxyls. They are crystalline solids that generally sublime undecomposed. Most of them dissolve with difficulty in water. A., Diazo. See Diazo Acids. A., Dibasic, acids containing two carboxyl groups. They are solids, crystallizable, and generally volatile without decomposition. They are mostly soluble in water and have a strong acid reaction. See Table. A., Fatty, a class of monobasic acids, formed by the oxidation of the primary alcohols. The more complex fatty acids are found in all oleaginous compounds, where they exist combined with glycerin, forming fats. The fatty acids have a general formula CnH.,„02. See Table. A., Monobasic, products of the replacement by oxygen of the two hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon-carrying OH. These acids enter into combination with a univalent basic radical to form a neutral salt, or a salt containing one equiva- lent of a base. A., Organic, acids characterized by the carboxyl group CO. OH. TABLE OF DIBASIC ACIDS OF THE FATTY COMPOUNDS. I. FIRST SERIES. CnH2n-2 04. Name. Formula. Physical Condition. Melting Point. {Centigrade .) Solubility. C2H2O4 Solid. 101° Slowly in water. Easily in alcohol. C3H4O4 Solid. 132° Easily in water, alcohol, ether. C4H6O4 Solid. 180° Slowly in water and alcohol. C5H8O4 Solid. 112° Readily in water, alcohol, ether. Adipic C6H10O4 Solid. 148° Slowly in water. C7H12O4 Solid. 102-104° /~« TT /-\ C8Hl4*J4 Solid. 140° Slowly in water. Readily in alco- hol, ether. Lepargylic (Azelaic) C9H16O4 Solid. 106° Slowly in water. Solid. 127*^ C11H20O4 ■ Solid. ioS° Almost insoluble in water. C17H32O4 Solid. 132° C19H36O4 Solid. 121° 2. SECOND SF :rtes. unsai C4H4O4 rURATED DICAR Solid. BOXYLIC ACI DS. CnH2n-4 04. Almost insoluble in water. C4H4O4 Solid. 130° Readily soluble in water. CsHoOi Solid. 220° C5H6O4 Solid. 80° C5H6O4 Solid. 161° Slowly soluble in water. C5H6O4 Solid. 202° Slowly soluble in water. C6H8O4 Solid. 103° C6H8O4 Solid. C13H8O4 Solid. 195° Slowly soluble in water. C6H8O4 Only exists in the salts. AUyl Succinic, C7H10O4 Solid. 94° Carbocaprolactonic, C7H10O4 Solid. 69° Teraconic ... C7HJ0O4 Solid. 162° C8H12O4 ACIDS 36 ACIDS TABLE OF DIBASIC ACIDS OF THE FATTY COMVOV'NBS.—Cofiimued. 3. THIRD SERIES. CDH2D-6O4. Name. Formula. Physical Condition. Melting Point. {Centigrade ) Solubility. C4H2O4 Solid. 175° C4H.2O4 Solid. 145-146° Muconic, Solid. 260° Diallyl Malonic Solid. 133° Diacetylene Dicarboxylic, . . . C6H0O4 Solid. Readily soluble in water, alcohol, ether. Tetra-acetylene Dicarboxylic, . . C10H2O4 4. KETOI C3H2O5 Solid. VE DICARBOXYL Solid. IC ACIDS. 115° C4H4O5 Acetone Dicarboxylic, C5H60,5 Solid. 130° Readily soluble in water and ether. Aceto-succinic, ...... CsHgOs Solid. 244-245° CtHioOs 5. DIKETC CeHgOg )NE-DICARBOXYI Solid. ..IC ACIDS. 77° Oxal-levulinic, CjHgOe Liquid. 6. URIC ACir Parabanic Acid {Oxalyl Urea), . . ) GROUP (CAF C3H2N2O3 Solid. iBAMIDES OF TI Solid. 78° DICARBO> :YLIC ACIDS). Soluble in water and ether. Solid. Slowly soluble in water. Barbituric Acid (Malonyl Urea), . C4H4N203 Solid. Dialuric Acid (Tartronyl Urea), . C4H4N204 Solid. Alloxan {Mesoxalyl Urea), .... C4H2N204 Solid. Readily soluble in vS-ater. C5H4N403 Solid. Insoluble in alcohol and ether. Slowly soluble in water. C5H5N50 Solid. Insoluble in water, alcohol, ether. Theobromin, C7H8N402 Solid. 290° Slowly soluble in hot water and alcohol. C8H,oN402 Solid. 225° Slightly soluble in cold water and alcohol. TABLE OF FATTY ACIDS. FIRST SERIES. CnH2n02. FIRST SERIES.— Cow/waffrf. Name. Formula. Physical Condition. Melting Point. {Centigrade.) Boiling Point. {Centigrade.) Specific Gravity. Name. Formula. Physical Condition. Melting Point. {Centigrade.) Boiling Point. {Centigrade.) Specific Gravity. Formic, . . . CH2O2 Liquid. 99° 1.223 Valerianic, . . C5H10O2 Liquid. —20° 186° 0.9568 Acetic, .... C2H402 Liquid. 118° I. 0514 Caproic, . . . C6H12O2 Liquid. — 2° 205° 0.928 Propionic, . . C3H„02 Liquid. 140° 0.992 Enanthylic, . C7H14O2 Liquid. —10.5° 223° Butyric, . . . C4He02 Liquid, 163° 0.9587 Caprylic, . . . CsHieOo Liquid. 16.5° 236-5° ACIDULATED 37 TABLE OF FATTY ACIDS. FIRST SERIES.— Co«^;>"<(?rf. ACIPENSER -Co7ttinued. SECOND S^^YES— Continued. Name. Formula. Physical Condition. Melting Point. {Centigrade.) Boiling Point. 1 ( Centigrade^ Specific Gravity. Name. Formula. Physical Condition. Melting Point. {Centigrade) Boiling Point. {Centigrade .) Specific Gravity. Pelargonic, . C9H18O2 • LiQuida 12° 253.5 y I (Jtci cuic, . C6H10O2 Liquid Capric, . . . ; C10H.20O2 Solid. 7T 268° Teracrylic, . . C7H12O2 Liquid. 208° Undecylic, . . C11H22O2 Solid. 20. 212° Nonylenic, . . C9H16O2 Liquid. Laurie, . . . C12H24O2 Solid. 269° — ^— Decylenic, . . C10H18O2 Solid. + 10° Tridecylic, C13H26O2 Solid. 40.5° 235° Campholic, C10H18O2 Solid. 95° Myristic, . . . C14H28O2 Solid. 54° Undecylenic, . CnH2o02 24-5° 275° Pentadecatoic, C15H30O2 Solid. 51° 257° Cymitiic, . . . C15H28O2 Palmitic, . . . C16H32O2 Solid. 62° Hypogasic, . . CioHsoOo Solid. 33° Margaric, . . C,7H3.;02 Solid. 60° Oleic C18H34O2 Liquid. + 14° Stearic, . . . C18H3602 Solid. 62.2" Elai'dic, . . . C18H34O2 Solid. 44-45° Nondecylic, . C19H3302 Solid. 65-5° Doeglic, . . . C19H36O2 Aracliidic, . . C20H40O2 Solid. 75° Erucic, . . . C22H42O2 Solid. 33-34° MeduUic, . . C21H4202 Solid. 72° Brassidic, . . C22H42O2 Solid. 56° Behenic, . . . C22H4402 Solid. 73° THIRD SERIES. PROPIOLIC ACIDS. CnHin-lOa. Lignoceric, . C24H4g02 Solid. 80.5° Hyenic, . . . C25H50O2 Solid. 77° Propiolic, . . C3H2O2 Liquid. + 6° 144° Cerotic, . . . C27H54O2 Solid. 79° Tetrolic, . . . C4H4O2 Solid. 76° 203° Melissic, . . . C30H60O2 Solid. 88° Sorbic, .... CeHgOa Liquid. 134-5° 228° Theobromic, . [ C64H128O2 Solid. 72° Diallylacetic, C8Hl202 Liquid. 221° Undecolic, . . CllH,802 59-5° SECOND SERIES. OLEIC ACIDS. CnH2n-2 02. Palmitolic, . . C10H28O2 Solid. 42° Acrylic, . . . C3H4O2 Liquid. + 7° 139-5° Stearoleic, . . C18H32O2 Solid. 48^ Crotonic, . . . CjHeOa Solid. 72° 182° Linoleic, . . . C18H32O2 Liquid. 0.921 Angelic, . . . CsHjOa Solid. 45° 185° Behenolic, . . C22H40O2 Solid. 57-5° Acidulated [as-id^-u-ia-fed) \_acidnlare, to make sour]. Somewhat sour or acid ; sourish. Acidulous (as-id'-ii-liis) \_addulare, to make sour]. Sourish ; subacid ; moderately sour. AciAum. [as' -id-iim) [L. ]. See Acid. Acidurgia [as-id-ur' -je-aJi) . .See Aciurgia. Acies {a'-she-ez) [L., sharpness, edge, steel]. I. Sharpness; keenness. 2. A sharp or cutting instru- ment. 3. Iron or steel as a medicine. Acinaceous [as-in-a' -she-tis) \acinus, a berry or grape- stone]. Possessing or made of kernels, small seeds, or drupelets, as a grape or raspberry. Acinacifolious {as-iti-as-if-o' -le-tis) [acmaces, a simi- tar; yo/2«7«, a leaf]. In biology, having simitar-shaped leaves. Acinaciform {as-in-as' -e-foriii) \_an'izaces, a simitar ; formis, shape]. In biology, a leaf, pod, or other object, having one straight, thick edge, and one thin and convex ; simitar-shaped. Acinarious {as-in-a' -re-tis) \_aciniis, the grape]. In biology, having the surface covered with grape-like vesicles, as in certain algre. Acinesia [as-itt-e' -ze-ah) [a priv. ; Kivriaiq, motion]. Motor paralysis. A loss of motion in any or all parts of the body ; abstinence from motion. Also, the in- terval between consecutive throbs of the heart. See also Diastole. Acinesis {as-in-e' -sis) . Same as Akinesia. Acinetan (as-in-e' -fa?i) [a«:/i'//rof, motionless]. An in- fusorian having suctorial, tubular processes instead of cilia ; one of the Acinet(Z. Acinetatrophia [as-in-et-at-ro' -fe-ah^ \_aci7iL'sis ; atro- phia'\. ^ Atrophy due to lack of exercise. Acinetic (as-in-et' -ik) [a«-(i'7/rof, motionless]. Relating to, or affected with, acinesia. Acinetiform [as-in-et' -e-forni). In biology, an acine- tan-like infusorian. Acini (as'-in-i) [L.]. Plural oi Acinus, q. v. Aciniform [as-in' -e-form) \_acinus, a grape]. Grape- like. Acinus [as'-in-iis) \_acii?Hs, a grape : Aciiii'\. Any one of the smallest lobules of a conglomerate gland ; a saccule of a compound racemose gland ; a lobule of the liver, etc. Acipenser [as-e-pen'-ser) [^atcKi-r/aioc, the sturgeon]. A genus of fishes. A. huso. .See L hthyocolla. ACIPENSERID 38 ACONITUM Acipenserid (as-e-pen' -ser-id^ [^aKKi-Krjaiog, the stur- geon]. A member of the faxaWy Acipcnseridii:. A sturgeon. Acipenseroid [as-e-pcn' -sci--oid) [a/':/c(7r//(7(of , the stur- geon]. In biology, resembling the sturgeon. Aciurgia (as-e-er' -je-ah),ox Aciurgy (in' -c-er-ji:') [(i/v'/c, point; epyeiv, to work]. Operative surgery. Ack'ermann's An'gles. See Angle. Aclastic (ak-las' -tik) \jx priv. ; nAaiw, to break] . Not refracting. Acleitocardia {aJi-kli-to-kar' -de-ah) \a priv. ; Kkekiv,\.o close ; Kapdia, the heart] . Imperfect closure of the foramen ovale, a fetal opening between the auricles of the heart, which prevents perfect aeration of the blood. It is thought to be connected with the disease variously known as cyanopathy, " Blue Disease," " Blue Jaun- dice," eU. Acmastic (ak- mas' -tik) \aKixacTLK.6Q, in full bloom]. Having no acme, or culminating point (said of fevers) ; continuous. Acme {ak'-me) [nK////, a point]. The critical stage of a disease ; the crisis. The highest point or degree of anything. Acmon (ak'-mo)i) [d/c/iui', an anvil]. The incus. Acne ((7/("'-;/f) [a;fy//, a point]. Acne vulgaris ; Vwrus; a very common, usually chronic, inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands, occurring mostly about the face, chest, and back. The lesions may be papular, pustular, or tubercular. It occurs usually between the ages of puberty and twenty-four years, is usually worse in winter, and is associated with menstrual and gastro- intestinal troubles. The individual lesions consist of minute pink, acuminate papules or pimples, in the center of which is a black-topped comedo {A. punctata, A. papulosa). A. adenoid. See Lupus, Dissemin- ated Follicular. A. adolescentium. Synonym of A. vulgaris. A. albida. Synonym of Milium. A. artificialis, that form that disappears when the cause is removed. A. atrophica. Synonym of A. varioliformis. A. cachecticorum, a form occurring only in starved or debilitated persons after long, wast- ing diseases, as phthisis. It consists of flat, livid, acneiform papules and pustules without comedones, resulting in deep pigmented scars. They are situated chiefly on the trunk and lower extremities. A. ciliaris, acne at the edges of the eyelids. A. dis- seminata. Synonym of A. vulgaris. A. erythe- matosa. Synonym of A. rosacea. A. frontalis. Synonym of A. varioliformis. A. generalis, acne that has become general over the surface of the body. A. hypertrophica, stage of A. rosacea in which there is a permanent, intensely red, non-inflammatory, nodulated thickening of the tips and sides of the nose, expanding it, both laterally and longitudinally. A. indurata, a variety of A. vulgaris, characterized by chronic, livid indurations, the result of extensive peri- follicular infiltration. Especially seen in strumous subjects. A. keloid. See Dermatitis papillomatosa capillitii. A. keratosa, a rare form of acne in which a horny plug takes the place of the comedone, and by its presence excites inflammation. A. mentagra. See Sycosis. A. necrotica. Synonym of A. vario- liformis. A. papulosa. See Acne. A. picealis, Tar Acne; a form of dermatitis that involves chiefly the extensor surfaces of the limbs, common in fiber- dressers who work with paraffin and in persons otherwise brought in contact with tar or its vapor. A. punctata, a variety of A. vulgaris. See Acne. A. pustulosa, a variety of A. vulgaris, characterized by dermic abscesses. A. rodens. Synonym of A. varioliformis. A. rosacea. Rosacea ; Telangiectasis faciei ; Ncevus araneus ; Brandy Nose ; IVkisky Nose ; Spider Nevus ; Spider Cancer. A chronic, hyperemic, or inflammatory affection of the skin, situated usually upon the face, especially the nose, cheeks, forehead, and chin. It starts as a redness, which later becomes penuanent and is then associated with the develop- ment of papules, pustules, and varicose vessels. In the latest stages there is an excessive formation of new tissue. Its causes are some reflex irritation of the stomach, bowels, or sexual apparatus. Common in drunkards. A. scrofulosa, a variety of A. cachecti- corum, that occurs in strumous children. A. sebacea. Synonym of Seborrhea. A. simplex, a variety of A. vulgaris. A. sycosiformis. Same as Sycosis non-parasitica. A. tarsi, an inflammatory affec- tion of the large sebaceous glands of the eyelashes (Meibomian glands). A. varioliformis, a rather rare disease, situated chiefly about the forehead, at the junction with the hairy scalp, and extending into the hair. It is especially abundant on the temples, and may spread over the face and body. It is a disease of adult life, but may occur before the age of twenty years. The pustules appear in groups, and each has a hard, central, necrotic scab, which presses into the skin, and when separated leaves a deep pit, at first dark red, but eventually becoming white. It is a very chronic disease, appearing in successive crops. Its etiology is unknown. A. vulgaris. See Acne. Acnemia (ak-ne' -me-ah) [« priv. ; nvi/fiij, leg]. De- ficiency in the calf of the leg. Acnitis \ak-ni' -tis) \axvv, a point ; ;rif, inflammation]. .See Ilvdrosadenitis phlegmonosa. Acoe-. See Ace-. Acoelius {ah-se'-le-us). See Acelius. Acolasia [ak-o-la'-ze-ah) [iiKolaaia, intemperance]. Un- restrained self-indulgence ; lust ; intemperance. AQ,o\a.sX.ic (ak-o-las' -tik) [d/iO/*.ac7ia, intemperance] . Due to, or characterized by, acolasia. P^co\ogy (a k-ol'-o-j e) [d/^-ij- A. Liniment ACONURESIS 39 ACRINIA (B. P.), aconite root, camphor, and rectified spirit. A. Tinct., contains, aconite 40, tartaric acid 0.4, alco- hol 100 parts. Dose ni^-iv. The following are unofficial: Aconitina (CjjH^jNO,.^) (aconitin), an amorphous solid. Dose gr. 2iio~^o- ^- T^''"-*") ^ plant of the Himalayas, used internally for pneumonia and pleurisy ; e.xternally for neuralgia. Dose of the tincture (I in 10) n\^j-v. A. Injectio Hypodermica, one grain in ^ ounce. Dose TTLj-iv. A. Napellina, Dose gr. i-f. St. facob's Oil, a weak aconite lini- ment. A. Oleatum, a two per cent, solution of aco- nitin in oleic acid. A. Ung. (B. P.), eight grains to the ounce. Aconuresis iah-kon-u-rc'-sis) [a priv. ; conari, to strive; oi;/3;?(T/f, urination]. Involuntary discharge of urine. Acopa (ak'-o-pali). Plural of Acopon, q. v. Acopia [ah-ko'-pL'-ah) [aKOT/'a]. Freedom from weari- ness. Aco'pic. {ah- k op'- ik) [see Acopia'\. Refreshing; restora- tive ; restful. Acopon [ak'-o-pon) [a priv. ; kowoq, fatigue]. A re- storative, or cordial medicine or application. Acoprosis (ah-kop-ro'-sis) [a priv.; KOTrpof, excrement]. Deficient formation of feces. Acor (r?'-,^o;-)[L.]. Acrimony: acidity, as of the stomach. Acorea (ah-ko-re' -ah) [a priv. ; /cd/D?y, pupil]. Absence of the pupil. Acoretin [ak-o-re'-tin) \acorus \ prfrivri, resin]. A resinous principle obtained from Acorus calamus. Acoria [ah-ko' -re-ah) [d priv. ; Kopog, satisfaction]. A greedy or insatiable appetite. Acorin [ak'-o-i-in) [d priv. ; /cdpv, the pupil] . A bitter glucoside obtained from Acorus calamus, or sweet flag. Acormous {ah-kor' -nius) [d priv. ; /cop/idf, the trunk of a tree]. Trunkless ; of the nature of an acormus. Acormus {ah-kor' -mus) [d priv. ; Kopfid^, the trunk]. A monster without a trunk or body. Acorn [L.]. The fruit or nut of the oak. See Camata and Cainatiiia. Acorn-cups {a'-koni-kups). The capsules in which acorns are seated. See Valonia. Acorus [ak' -o-rus) [d priv.; nop!], the pupil]. See Calamus. Acosmia (ah-koz' -nie-ah) [d priv. ; xoo/iog, order]. I. Poor health. 2. An irregularity in the course of a disease. Acotyledon {ah-kot-il-e' -doii) [d priv. ; K0T\)}\i]6i)v , a hollow vessel]. In botany, a plant producing an em- bryo without seed-leaves or cotyledons. Acotyledonous [ah-kot-il-e'-do-uus) [d priv. ; koti'/j]6(1)i' a hollow vessel] . Destitute of embryo or embryonic leaves, or cotyledons. Acouchi (ah-koo'-che). See Acuchi. Acoumeter, or Acouometer {ah-koo'-met-er, a-koo- om'-et-er) \_aKo'vsLv, to hear; fierpov, a measure]. An instrument for measuring the acuteness of hearing. Acoum&tTy (ah-koo'-/;ie/-re) [d/fowa', to hear; fihpov,a. measure]. The measurement or testing of the acute- ness of the hearing. Acouophonia (ah-koo-o-fo' -ne-ali) \_aKo'viLv, to hear ; (^(jv^, sound]. Auscultatory percussion. Acouoxylon (ah-koo-oks' -il-oii) [dKoyf/c, to hear ; E.'o'kov, wood]. A wooden (pine) stethoscope. Acousimeter [ah-koo-si?n'-e(-er) \_aKovaig, a hearing; fisTpoii, a measure.] See Acoumeter. Acousma [ith-koos' - or ko7uz'-mah) \_aKovapa, thing heard: //., Acousmafa'\. An auditory hallucination ; a condition in which imaginary sounds are noticed by the patient, and are believed by him to be real. Acoustic (ah-koos' -tik ox -koivz' -iik) [dKowr/zitif]. Relat- ing to the ear or sense of hearing. A. Duct, the ex- ternal meatus of the ear. A. Nerve, the portio mollis of the seventh pair. See A^erves. A. Tetanus, the rapidity of the induction shocks in a frog's nerve- muscle preparation, as measured by the pitch of a vibrating rod. A. Tubercle, a rounded elevation on either side of the floor of the fourth ventricle. Acoustics {ah-koos' -tiks or a-kows'-tiks) [d^•0D(T-^^df]. The science of sound. Acquetta ( ak-ioet' -tah ) [ Ital. ]. Same as Aqua iofana. Acquired Movements {ak-ivi' -erd moov'-mentz). Those brought under the influence of the will only after conscious and attentive effort and practice, in distinction from reacquired movements, those reinstated in their former proficiency after injury to the motor regions of the brain. Acraepalous (ah-krep' -al-us). See Acrepalous. Acramphibryous [ak-ram-fib' -ri-us) \aiipoq, at the end; auipJ, on both sides; /ip/'ov, blossom]. In biology, pertaining to plants that produce lateral as well as ter- tiiinal buds. Acrania {ah-kra' -ne-ali) [d priv.; Kpaviov, skull]. The condition of a monster with partial or complete absence of the cranium. Acranial (ah-kra' -ne-al) [d priv.; Kpaviov, skull]. Having no cranium. Acrasia {ali-kra' -ze-ah) [d priv.; Kpaai^, moderation]. I. Intemperance; lack of self-control. 2. Acratia. Acraspedote [ah-kras' -pe-dot ) [d priv. ; KpduTrxSoi', a hem or border]. In biology, pertaining to Gegen- baur's group of medusse, Acraspeda ; having a disk without velum or marginal fold. Acratia [ah-kra'-she-ali) [d«:pdr«a : d priv.; KparoQ, force]. Impotence, loss of power. Acraturesis [ah-krat-u-re' -sis) [aKpa-eia, lack of strength; oupw/f, micturition]. Inability to micturate, from atony of the bladder. Acrecbolic [ak-rek-bol' ->k)\JiKpo<;, at the apex ; eK{i6\n>v, to throw out]. In biology, capable of protrusion by an outward movement of the tip ; the introverted and eversible proboscis of certain worms and molluscs. Acrembolic {ak-rem-bol' -ik) [d/cpoc, at the apex ; £/il3dA.Aeiv, to throw in, insert] . In biology, introver- sion by an inward movement of the tip, as the everted proboscis of certain worms and molluscs. Acrepalous, or Acraepalous (ah-krep' -al-us) [d priv.; Kpaindlj], debauch]. Correcting the nausea that follows excess in drinking, or in eating. Acrid (ak'-rid) [_acer, acris, sharp]. Pungent, irritat- ing ; producing an irritation, as of the tongue, fauces, or stomach. Acridian [ak-rid' -i-an) [dim. of d/tp/f , a locust]. Per- taining to the acridia or grasshoppers. Acridin (ak' -rid-in) \acer, acrid], Cj^HgN. A sub- stance produced by heating anilin and salicylic alde- hyd to 260° with ZnCl^. Very soluble in alcohol and ether. It occurs in crude anthracene and dissolves in dilute acids with a beautiful green fluorescence. It readily sublimes in colorless leaflets; melts at 110°; and has a very pungent odor. Acridins {ak' -rid-inz) \_acer, acrid]. Substances ob- tained when diphenylamin is heated to 300° with fatty acids. They are feeble bases ; their salts are de- composed by boiling water. Acridophagus {ak-rid-of -a-gus) [d/ip/'f, a locust ; (payelv, eat]. The eater of locusts. Acrimony {ak' -rim-o-ne) \_acrimonia'\ . Irritating quality, pungency, corrosiveness : an acrid quality or state. Acrinia {ah-krin' -e-ah) [d priv; Kpiveti>, to separate]. Diminution or suppression of a secretion or excre- tion. ACRINYL 40 ACROMIO-DELTOIDEUS Acrinyl [ak-rin'-il] \_aiei\ acrid], C^HjO. One of the univalent radicles. A. Sulphocyanate, C^H^O.SCN, an acrid and vesicating substance found in white mus- tard, corresponding to the essential oil of the black mustard. Acrisia [ah-kris' -e-ali) [d priv. ; t-risis\. The absence of a crisis from a disease ; an unfavorable crisis or turn in the course of an attack of disease. Acritical [ah-krif'-ik-al) [a priv.; Kpiaic:, a crisis]. Having no crisis ; not relating to a crisis. Acritochromacy (ali-krit-o-kro' -mas-e) \aKpiTO<;, undis- tinguished ; xP'-'y-'^i color]. Color-blindness, achro- matopsia. Acroaesthesia (ak-ro-es-the'-ze-ah). Acroesthesia. Acroanesthesia (ak-ro-a7i-es-the' -ze-ali) \hKpov. ex- tremity; ai>aLali?/oia, want of feeling]. Anesthesia of the extremities. Acroarthritis {ak-ro-arth-ri' -tis) [a/c/ioi', extremity; a/)^'/)oii, a joint ; (r/f, inflammation] . Inflammation of the joints of a limb. Acroasphyxia [ak-ro-as-fiks' -e-alt) [a/c/jov, extremity ; a priv.; (7(/)('f(f, pulse] . Asphyxia of the extremities, the so-called phenomena of Raynaud. Acrobryous (ak-rob' -re-us) [d/vpof, apex ; fSpvov, a flower]. In biology, growing only at the apex. Acrobystia {ak-;-o-bis' -te-ah) [d/cpo/iuCTria, the foreskin]. The prepuce. Acrobystiolith (ak-j-o-bis' -te-o-lith) {aKpo^varia,' the prepuce; /'./'ftif, a stone]. A preputial calculus. Acrobystitis (ak-ro-bis-ii' -tis) [_aKpoj!ivaTia, the foreskin; irit;, inflammation]. Posthitis. Acrocarpous {ak-ro-kar' -pus) [d/c/jof, at the apex ; KapivQi;, fruit]. In biology, fruiting at the tips, as mosses. Acrocephalia [ak-ro-sef-a' -le-ah) \aKpov, a point ; Ketba'/Jj. the head]. A deformity of the head in which the vertical diameter is increased and the top is more or less pointed. Acrocephalic [ak-ro-sef-al'-ik) [aKpov, a point ; Kemah'/, the head]. Characterized lay acrocephalia; having the top of the head unusually high. Acrocephaline [ak-ro-sef -a-lin) [dh-poi', point; nF.^aXi], head]. In biology, resembling birds of the genus Acrocephnhts, the large-billed reed warblers. Acrocephalous (ak-ro-sef -al-ies)\_aKpoi>, a point ; K.e(pa?J/, the head]. Characterized by or affected with acroce- phalia. Acrocephaly {ak-ro-sef -al-e) [d/c/oov, a point ; Keipali], the head]. Same as Acrocephalia. Acrocheir [ak'-ro-kir) \_aKpov, point; x^'P'> hand]. The ends of the fingers considered together ; the fore- arm and hand. Acrochordon [ak-ro-koj-' -don) \hK.poxnp^iiv, literally the end of a catgut cord] . A pedunculated or pen- sile wart. Synonym of MoUuscmn fibrosum. Acrocinesis [ak-ro-sin-e'-sis) [d/cpof, extreme ; KivT/aii;, movement]. Excessive motility; abnormal freedom of movement, as seen in certain cases of hysteria. Acrocinetic {ak-ro-sin-d' -ik) [nh'/jof, extreme ; Kim/aig, movement]. Characterized by acrocinesis. Acrocyst (ak' -ro-sist) [d^pof, apex; Kvaric, pouch]. In biology, a sort of broad sac at the top of the gonan- gium in certain hydroids. Acrodermatitis iak-ro-der-mat-i' -tis) \(iK.pov, extremity ; t^tp/ja, skin ; irir, inflammation]. Inflammation of the skin of an extremity. Acrodont {ak' -ro-dont) [dftyjof , apex or edge ; orforf , tooth]. In biology, one of or pertaining to those lizards with teeth attached to the edge of the jaw, without alveoli. Acrodynia [ak-ro-diii' -e-ali) [d/c/jor, an extremity; oi!/')';/, pain]. Epidemic erythema ; a disease closely allied to pellagra. It is characterized by gastro-intestinal symptoms, redness of the conjunctivse, edema of the face, formication, pricking pains in the palm and soles, hyperesthesia followed by anesthesia of these parts, and an erythematous eruption preceded by bullae, chiefly on the hands and feet, but spreading over the limbs and trunk. This is followed by exfoliation and dark brown or black pigmentation, greatest in the warm regions of the body. Wasting of the limbs, with edema, cramps, pareses, and spasms may be pres- ent, and death may follow in the old or feeble. Prob- ably due to some defect in food. Acroesthesia, or Acroaesthesia {ak-ro-es-the'-ze-ah) [d/c/aof, extreme ; alaBijaig, sensation]. Exaggerated sensitiveness, or sensibility. Sense of pain in the ex- tremities. Acrogen {ak' -ro-jeri) [d/tpof, apex; yevr/(;, produced]. In biology, a member of a division of the Cryptogams which grow by terminal buds, as ferns and mosses. Acrogenic {ak-ro-jcn' -ik) [d/cpof, apex ; yevi/g, pro- duced]. In biology, partaking of the character of an acrogen. Acrogenous {ak-rof -cii-its) [d/cpof, at the apex ; ysvijg, produced]. In biology, growth by increase at the summit, as ferns, mosses, and certain zoophytes. Acrogynous {ak-roj' -in-us) [d/cpof, at the tip ; yvvij, female] . In biology, having the archegonia formed from or near the apical cell, as certain of the Hepat- ica. Acrolein [ak-ro' -le-in) [af^r, sharp; oil] , CjH^O. Acrylic Aldehyd. A highly volatile liquid derived from the decomposition or the destructive distillation of glycerin. See Acrylaldehyd. Acrolenion {ak-ro-len' -e-on) [d/cpor, point ; iiXkvq, elbow]. Same as Olecranon. Acromania {ak-ro-ma' -ne-ah) [d/c/jof, extreme ; /lavia, madness]. Incurable or extreme insanity. Acromastitis {ak-ro-mas-ti' -tis) \airoiiiastiuin ; itis, inflammation]. Inflammation of the nipple. Acromastium {ak-ro-mas' -te-uiii) \impov, a point ; fiaoToi;, breast]. The nipple. Acromatin of Flemming. See Paralinin. Acromegalia {ak-ro-meg-a' -le-ah), or Akromegaly [ak-ro- meg' -al-e) [d/7;f)i;, summit; (ivfio^, thyme]. A rugose wart with a broad top. Acrotic [ak-ro/' -ik) [d/cpof, extreme, outmost]. Relat- ing to the glands of the skin; affecting the surface. Acrotica [ak-rot' -ik-ah) [d/cpof, extreme] . Acrotic diseases. Acrotism [ah' -krot-iz7ii) [a priv. ; KpoTor, striking]. Any defective beating of the pulse ; failure of the pulse. Acrotismus [ah-krot-iz' -tmis) [d priv. ; Kpuroc, strik- ing]. See Acrotisi?i. Acrylaldehyd [ak-ril-al' -de-hid)\acer, sharp; aldehyd'\, C.jH^O. Acrolein, the aldehyd of the allyl series ; obtained' by distilling glycerin to which strong phos- phoric acid has been added, or by the dry distillation of fatty bodies ; a colorless, mobile liquid, boiling at 52°, possessing a sp. gr. of 0.8410 at 20°. It has a pungent odor and attacks the mucous membranes in a violent manner. It occasions an odor of burning fat. It is soluble in 2-3 parts of water. Actea, or Actaea [ak-te'-ah) [d/cr?/, the elder]. A genus of ranunculaceous plants having active medicinal qual- ities. A. alba, the white cohosh, has much the same qualities as A. spicata. A. cimicifuga is more im- portant. See Cimicifuga. A. racemosa. See Cimi- cifuga. A. rubra, red cohosh, and A. spicata, are purgative and emetic. Actinal [ak' -tin-al) [d/iWf, a ray]. In biology, per- taining to the oral pole, surface, or aspect of a radiate animal. Pi.z\.\'s\^ [ak' -tin) [d/ir;(,', a ray]. In biology, a spicular ray, in sponges. Actinenchyma [ak-tin-en'-kim-ah) [dhT/f , ray ; iyx^f-"-i infusion]. In biology, a tissue of stellate cells. Actinic [d/iWf, a ray]. Referring to those wave-lengths of the spectrum corresponding to the violet and ultra-violet parts of the same that produce chemical changes in the haloid salts of silver, and are therefore valuable in photography. Actiniochrome [ak-tin' -e-o-krom) [d/; foliatus, leaved]. In biology, bearing sharp-pointed leaves. Acutilobate (ak-ii-te-lo' -bat) \aciitiis, sharp ; lobatus, lobate]. In biology, possessing acute lobes, as a leaf. Acutorsion (ak-u-tor' -shun) \_acus, a needle ; torsion^ . The twisting of an artery with a needle as a means of controlling hemorrhage. Pk.zy acciohX&'psia. [ah-si-an-o-blep'-se-ah) [apriv.; Kvavoc, blue; /3A£"!/)i(z, sight]. Same as Acya/iops/'a. Acyanopsia (ak-si-an-op' -se-ali) [a priv.; Kuavoc, blue ; 6i/)(f. sight]. Inability to distinguish blue colors. Acyclic (ilk-si k' -lik) [a priv ; KvuMKog, circular]. In botany, not whorled. Acyesis [ah-si-e'-sis) [a priv.; nvrjCLg, pregnancy]. I. Sterility of the female. 2. Non -pregnancy. Acyetic [ak-si-et'-ik) [a priv.; Kvrjai^, pregnancy]. Relating to acyesis. Acyprinoid iah-sip' -rin-oid) [n priv.; cyprinoid'^. In biology, a region in the fauna of which the Cypri- nid(C and Labyrinthici are wanting. Acystia (ah-sis' -te-ali) [a priv.; Kvarig, bladder]. Ab- sence of the bladder. Acystinervia [ah-sis-tin-er' -ve-ali) [a priv. ; kvctk;, bladder; ncrvus, a nerve]. Paralysis or lack of nerve stimulus in the bladder. Ad \ad, to]. A Latin prefix of words and terms, signi- fying to, toward, at, etc. Ad deliquiiitn. to fainting. Ad libitum, at pleasure, or according to discretion. Ad, or Add. A contraction of Adde, or Additur, meaning, add, or let there be added ; used in prescrip- tion writing. Pt.dLaiCrya. [ah-dak^ -re-ah) [apriv.; dd/cpjjoi', tear]. Ab- sence or deficiency of the secretion of tears. Adactyl [ah-dak' -til) [(i priv.; (5d/crii/lof, digit]. I. Without fingers or without toes. 2. A monstrosity that has an absence of digits. Adactylia (ah-dak-til' -e-ah) \a priv. ; 6aKTV%oq, a fin- ger]. Absence of the digits. Adactylism [ah-dak' -til-izm) [d priv. ; (Jd/crD/'ujf, a finger]. The absence of the digits. Adactylous (ah-dak' -fil-tis) [d priv.; ^aKTvKoq, a fin- ger]. Without fingers or toes. In biology, without claws. Adaemonia {ad-e-mo' -ne-ah'). See Ademonia. Adamantin (ad-am-an' -tin) [d(5d/iaf, from d priv.; (Sa//dff;j;, to overpower]. Pertaining to adamant. A. Cement, a substance used for filling teeth, consisting of finely powdered silex or pumice stone mixed with an amalgam of mercury and silver. See Amalgam. A. Substance, the enamel of the teeth. Adambulacral (ad-aiu-bii-la'-kral) \ad, against; aiii- bulacrzim']. In biology, adjoining the ambulacra, as certain ossicles in echinoderms. Adamita (ail-am-i' -tali) [L.]. A white vesical calculus. Adam's Apple (ad'-ainz ap'-pl). See Pomum Adami. A. Operation. See Operations, Table of. Adansonia digitata ( ad-aii-so' -ne-ah dij-it-a' -tah ) . The Baobab tree, a native of Africa. The bark is used in the form of an infusion, 3] to Oj, as a remedy for intermittent fever. Unof. Adansonin (ad-an'-so-nin). A febrifugal alkaloid from the leaves and bark of Adansonia Dii^itata. Unof. Adaptation (ad-ap-ta' -shoii) \_adaptare , to adjust]. In biology, favorable organic modifications suiting a plant or animal to its environment. A. of the Retina, the faculty possessed by the retina of accommodating the power of vision to a diminished amount of light, as in a darkened room. Adarce (ad-ar' -se) [dfWp/c/;, a salty efflorescence]. A salty alkaline concretion found in salt-marshes in Asia Minor. It is detergent and has been much used in leprosy and skin diseases. Unof. Adarticulation (ad-ar-tik-u-la' -shun) \ad, to ; articula- tio, a jointing]. See Arthrodia. Addephagia (ad-e-fa' -je-ah) [L.]. See Bulimia. Adder's-tongue (ad' -erz-tung). The leaves of Ophio- glossum vulgatum , a common perennial herb ; muci- laginous, and used in the preparation of salves. Unof. A. -wort (ad' -erz-wert) . See Bistort. Add'ison's Disease. Melasma suprarenale, dermato- melasma-supra-renale, or cutis aerea (" bronzed skin "), a disease of the supra-renal capsules, first described by Dr. Addison, and characterized by tubercular infiltra- tion of the capsules, discoloration of the skin, progres- sive anemia, and asthenia, ending in death from exhaus- tion. See Diseases, Table of. A. Keloid. See Keloid and Morphea. Additamentum (ad-it-am-en'-tHm)\\^.'\. Any appen- dix, as an epiphysis. A. Coli, the appendix vermi- formis. Adducens (ad-du' -senz) [L.]. An adductor, a term applied to certain muscles. A. Oculi, the internal rectus muscle of the eye. Adducent (ad-du' -sent) \_adducens\ Performing ad- duction. Adduction (ad-duk' -shun) \adductio ; addiicere, to bring toward]. Any movement whereby a part is brought toward another or toward the median line of the body. A. of the Eyes, the power of the internal recti measured by the maximum ability to preserve singleness of the image with prisms placed bases to- ward the temples. It varies from 30° to 50°. See also Abduction. Adductive (ad-duk' -ti-') \_adducens'\. Same as Addu- cent. Adductor [ad-duk' -tor) \cidducere, to bring forward]. Any muscle effecting adduction. Adelarthrosomatous {ad-el-ar-thro - so' - mat -us) [d priv.; (i?/Aof, manifest; d/j^ypoj^, joint ; aioija, body]. In biology, indistinctly segmented, or articulated. Adelaster (ad-el-as' -ter) [drb/Aof, not manifest; iiari/p, star] . In biology, a cultivated plant that for the time being cannot be referred to its proper genus. Adelocodonic (ad'-el-o-ko-don'-ik) [d'5///of, not mani- fest; Ku6uv, a bell]. In biology, lacking a disc or umbrella ; said of a gonophore. Adelomorphous (ad-el-o-mor' -fis) \hSrfko^,no\. evident ; fiopfi], form]. Not delomorphous ; not clearly defined ; not having a determinate form (a term applied to certain cells in the gastric glands.) Adelopneumona (ad-el-op-nu' -mo-nah) [dtS^y/too, not manifest; Trvivjiuv, lung]. In biology, the Pulmoni- fera among gasteropods, the pulmonary cavity being hidden by the mantle. ADELOPOD 44 ADENO-MYOMA Adelopod, Adelopode {a-de' -lo-pod, -pod) [ac5;?/i,of , not manifest ; Trorf, foot] . In biology, an animal with con- cealed or inconspicuous feet. Adelphia (ad-el' -fe-ah) [adeXt/xic, brotherhood]. In biology, a group of stamens united by their filaments. Adelphous [ad-el' -fus) [oJEA^rff , brotherhood] . Having stamens with more or less coalescent filaments. Pi.A&moTixa^ (ad-e-mo' -ne-ah) [dpriv.; (S/z/zofm, trouble, distress]. Mental distress. Ademosyne (ad-e-mos' -in-e') \a,6riuo(5vvri , trouble, dis- tress]. Depression of spirits ; home-sickness. Aden [a' -den) \_iM/v, an acorn, a gland]. A gland; a bubo. A. Fever. See Dengue. A. Ulcer. See Phagedena tropica. Adenalgia {ad-en-al' -je-ah) [dtJ^j;, gland ; dAyof, pain]. Glandular pain. Adenectopia [ad-en-ek-to' -pe-ah) \a&riv, gland ; cktotto^, away from a place]. A condition in which the gland does not occupy its proper position. Adenemphraxis [ad-en-em-fraks' -is) [d(5//t', gland ; efifpa^ii;, a stoppage]. Glandular olsstruction. Adenia [ad-e' -ne-ah) \a6>tv, gland]. Enlargement of the glands; Lymphadenoma , q. v. Adenic [ad-en' -ik) \a&riv, gland]. Relating to or of the nature of a gland. Adeniform [ad-en' -e-foi-m) [dd/yi', gland ; foi'iiia, resem- blance]. Of the shape of a gland ; glandlike. Adenin [ad'-en-in) [dciz/i', a gland — first discovered in pancreatic glands], C-HjNj. A leucomaine discov- ered in 1885 by Kossel ; the simplest member of the uric acid group of leucomaines. A relation exists between hydrocyanic acid and all the members of this group, and the base, adenin, seems to be formed by polymerization of hydrocyanic acid. It occurs, with other bases, as a decomposition product of nuclein, and may be obtained from all animal and vegetable tissues rich in nucleated cells. It crystallizes in leaflets with pearly luster. It exists largely in the liver and urine of leucocythemic patients, as a result of the breaking up of the nucleated white blood corpuscles. It appears to be necessary to the formation and building up of organic matter, playing an important part, together with guanin, in the physiological function of the cell nucleus. Nuclein, the parent of adenin and guanin, has been credited with a direct relation to the repro- ductive powers of the cell. Adenin is not poisonous. Its physiological action is not definitely known. Adenitis [ad-en-i' -lis) [df5//i), gland ; inflammation] . Inflammation of a gland. See Bubo and Lymphadeni- tis. Adenization [ad-en-i-za' -shun) \ji&iiv, a. gland]. Ade- noid degeneration. Adeno- [ad-e' -710) [dJ^i', gland]. A prefix used to de- note relation to glands. Adenoblast (f7(r'''-<'«-o-/Va.f/) [;V/) [dfiz/f, gland ; fw^of, resemblance]. Resembling a gland. A. Acne. See Lupus, Dissemi- nated L-'ollicular . A. Body, the prostate gland. A. Disease. Synonjta o{ Hodgkins^s Disease. A. Tis- sue. See. Animal Tissue. A. Tumor. See Adenoma. A. Vegetations, a term applied to an hypertrophy of the adenoid tissue that normally exists in the naso- pharynx. This hypertrophy is associated with the fol- lowing characteristic symptoms : Vacant expression of the child, open mouth, noisy breathing, more or less impairment of the hearing, a hacking cough, a pecu- liar muffling of the voice, and an enlargement of the tonsils. The vegetations exert an injurious influence on the physical development of the children so affected. The most important predisposing cause is youth ; they are met with in all classes of life and in all climates. Treatment consists in the early and complete removal of the growths. Adenoidal [ad-en-oid'-al) \_a6iiv, a gland ; ehhg, an ap- pearance]. Somewhat resembling a gland. Adenologaditis [ad-en-o-log-ad-i'-tis) [hSi/v, a gland ; /l-oydfJff, whites of the eyes; iti^, inflammation]. I. Ophthalmia neonatorum. 2. Inflammation of the glands and conjunctiva of the eyes. Adenology [ad-en-ol' -o-je) [d(5/;i', gland; Pidyof, a dis- course]. The science of the glandular system. Adeno-lymphocele [ad-en-o-limf -o-s'el) [dfS?/i', gland; lympha, lymph; «:?//.;/, tumor]. Dilatation of the lymph-vessels and enlargement of the lymphatic glands. Adenoma [ad-en-o'-mah) \JiiM/v, gland; oi?m, tumor: //. , Adenonmta'\ . A tumor that has sprung from a gland or is constructed after the type of a secreting gland. A. destruens, a destructive form of adenoma, in- volving the stomach walls. A. sebaceum, neoplastic papules on the face, of congenital origin but of later development. The disease occupies the position of acne rosacea, i. e., the middle two-thirds. The lesions are roundish, convex papules, from a millet to a hemp- seed in size, of a bright crimson color, but may be quite colorless and slighdy translucent. They do not pale on pressure. They are usually associated with intellectual inferiority, a large proportion of the patients being imbeciles or chronic epileptics. Adenomalacia [ad-en-o-mal-a' -shc-ah) [d(5^/^', a gland; Ha^fiKia, softening]. Abnormal softness of a gland. Adenomesenteritis [ad-cn-o-mes-eii-ter-i' -lis) [d(!//v, a gland; /naoQ, middle; evTepov, intestine; mc, inflam- mation]. Inflammation of the mesenteric glands. Adeno-myoma [ad-en-o-mi-o' -mah) [dfiz/f, a gland ; /ii'f, a muscle; oma, tumor: //. , Adeno-myomata'\. A tumor composed of glandular and muscular tissues. ADENO-MYXOMA 45 ADIPOCERE Adeno-myxoma [ad-en-o-niiks-o' -t)iak) [aSr/v, a gland ; fi'v^a, mucous ; oi?ia, tumor : //. , Adeno-myxomata^ A growth having the characters of adenoma and myxoma. Adenoncosis {ad-en-on-ko' -sis) [(id;/ 1", a gland ; oynojatg, swelling]. The enlargement of a gland. Adenoncus [ad-en-ong'-kus) [adrjv, gland; oyfw^, a mass] . A glandular tumor. Ad'eno-ner''vous Fe'ver. Synonjon of Plague. Adeno-neurotic {ad-en-o-iiu-rot' -ik) [adrjv, a gland ; vevpov, nerve]. Pertaining to the glands and nerves. A. Fever, the plague. Adenopathy (ad-en-op' -a-the) [arfz/v, gland ; TrdSoc, dis- ease]. Any disease of a gland or of the glands. Adenopharyngitis ( ad-en-o-far-in-ji' -tis ) [ adijv, a gland; (Jiipuyf , the throat; inflammation]. In- flammation of the tonsils and pharynx. Adenophlegmon (ad-en-o-fleg' -mon) \a.&riv, a gland ; cfXiyyiovri, inflammation]. Suppurative inflammation of a lymphatic gland. Adenophore {ad-en' -o-for) [adz/v, a gland ; al) \^ad, to; nervus, a nerve]. Moving toward a nerve ; said of electric currents in muscular fiber. Adneural (ad-nu'-ral) \_ad, to; ve'vpov, a nerve]. A _term used to describe a nervous affection in which the disease is at the very point of the symptoms exclusively, as in the fonn of an adventitious de])osit. Adnexa (ad-neks' -ali) \_ad, to; nectere, to joint: //.]. Adjunct parts, as the adnexa of the uterus. A. bulbi, the appendages of the bulb of the eye. Adolescence [ad-o-les'-ens) [adolescere, to grow]. Youth, or the period between puberty and maturity, usually reckoned as extending in males from about 1410 25 years, and in females from 12 to 21 years. Adonidin (ad-on'-id-in) \_Adottis'\. A glucosid derived from Adonis vernalis, a plant indigenous in Europe and Asia. Recommended in cardiac dropsy. Dose gr. i/g-X- "Unof. Adonis aestivalis [ad-o'-nis es-tiv-a' -lis). A plant much used in Italy as a cardiac tonic. Similar pro- perties possessed by A. -I'ernalis. Dose of fld. ext. tTLj-ij. A. Tinctura, dose TTLx-xxx. Adoral (ad-o'-ra!) \_ad, near to ; os, the mouth]. Situated near the mouth. Adosculation [ad-os-ku-la'-s/iun) \_ad,io; osrulari, to kiss]. Impregnation by external contact without intro- mission. Adpressed, or Appressed (ad-presd' or ap-resd') \_ad- pressHS~\. Brought into contact with but not united. Adradial [ad-ra'-de-al) \_ad, near to; radizts, a ray]. Near a ray, as the third series of tentacles in certain hydrozoons. Cf. Interradial, Perradial. Adradii [ad-ra'-de-i) \^ad, near to; radiits, a ray]. Special organs lying between the perradii and inter- radii of medusas. Adrectal [ad-rek'-tal) [aj/, near by ; rectus, straight]. In biology, near the rectum, as certain glands. Adrenal {ad-re'-nal) \_ad, near to; ren, the kidney]. In biology, adjacent to the kidney. Adrenals (ad-rc' -nalz) [ad, near to ; re?i, the kidney]. The supra-renal capsules. A''drian's Mix''ture. A hemostatic mixture containing chloride of iron 25 parts, chloride of sodium 15 parts, and water 60 parts. Adrostral {ad-ros' -tral) \ad, to, at; rorfrz^w, beak]. In biology, belonging to or placed near the beak or snout. Adrue [ad-ru' -e). Anti-emetic root. The root of Cy- perus articulatus. Strongly recommended to check black vomit of yellow fever; anthelmintic, aromatic, stomachic. Dose of the fld. ext. gtt. xx-xxx. Unof. Adscendent (ad-sen' -dent). See Ascending. Adstriction [ad-strik'-sliun) \_adstrictis, a binding], liigation ; astringent action ; constipation. Adsurgent, or Assurgent [ad-ser' -pent, as-ser' -jent) \_ad, to ; surgere, to rise]. Same as Ascending. Adterminal [ad-ter' -iiiin-al) [ad, near to; terminus, the end]. Moving toward the insertion of a muscle; said of electric currents in muscular fiber. Adul Oil. An oil used in India for treating rheumatism. Adult [ad-ult') [adolesce?-e , adultus, to grow]. Mature ; of full legal age. One of mature age. A. Sporadic Cretinism. See Myxedema. Adulteration (ad-ul-ter-a'-s/iun) \adulterare, to cor- rupt]. The admixture of inferior, impure, inert, or less valuable ingredients to an article for gain, decep- tion, or concealment. Medicines, wines, foods, etc., are largely adulterated. Adumbrella [ad-um-hrel' -ah). In biology, the upper surface of the velum in the medusae, the opposite of exumbrella or Abumhrella. Adumbrellar [ad-um-brel' -ar). In biology, pertaining to the upper or outer surface of the velum in the medusx ; opposed to abumbrellar. Aduncous [ad-ung' -kus) [ad, to ; uncus, a hook, barb]. In biology, hooked, as the bill of a parrot or hawk. Adust [ad-ust') [t], a writing]. The description of the air and its qualities. Aerohydropathy {a-er-o-hi-drop' -a-the) [(i'/jo, air ; iiJup, water; Trfiflor, disease]. Pneumatic treatment of dis- ease, combined with hydropathy. Aerohydrous {a-er-o-hi' -dnis) \a>ip, air; vt^up, water]. Containing air and water, as certain minerals. Aerology (rt-cr-o/'-f-yt') [fi'/p, air; Aoyof, treatise]. The science of the air and its qualities. Aerometer {a-er-oin' -et-c>-) [tov, plant]. An air- plant. Aeropinic {a-er-o-pin'-ik) [(i//p, air; Tr/jif/i', to drink]. Affected with the habit of wind-sucking. Applied to a horse that habitually bites his crib or manger and swallows air. Aeroplethysmograph {a-er-o-pleth-iz' -mo-graf) \jiiip, air; wXfjdo^, fulness; y paix ii\ io write]. An appara- tus for registering graphically the expired air ; the latter raises a very light and carefully equipoised box placed over water, and this moves a writing-style. Aeropneumonectasia (a-er-op-nn-mo-nek-ta' -se-ah^ \iuip, air; -vel'iiuv, the lung; turaaiQ, distention]. Emphysema of the lungs. Aerorrhachia (a-er-o-ra' -ke-ah) [a';p, air; paxic, the spine]. An accumulation of air or gas in the spinal canal. Pi'&TOSCQ'psy (a-er-o-skfp'-st'] [az/p, air ; (T/cfi/'/f, a view- ing]. In zoology, the power of perceiving atmos- pheric changes. Aeroscope ((j'-t'r-f-j'/f'o/) [(i'/p, air; fr/i-oTrriv, to observe]. An instrument for the examination of air-dust. Also, an instrument for estimating the purity of the air. Aeroscopy {a-er-os' -ko-pe) \_arip, air ; (jKOTrelv, to observe]. The investigation of atijiospheric condi- tions. Aerosis ia-er-o'-sis) [(dpeaOai, to htcomt air]. Gas for- mation within the body. Aerotherapeutics [a-e-ro-ther-a-pu' -tiks) [a//p, air ; fte/jnireiietv, to serve]. Pneumatotherapeutics ; a mode of treating disease by varying the pressure or the com- position of the air breathed. Aerotherapy {a-er-o-ther' -a-pe) [a^p, air ; OepaTzehetv, to serve]. .See Aerotherapeutics. Aerothorax {a-er-o-tho' -i-aks) [a?;p, air ; dcopa^, the chest]. See P)ieiimothorax. Aerotonometer (a-er-o-to-iioni'-ef-er) [al/p, air ; roi'of, tension ; pf-poi', measure]. An instrument for estimating the tension of gases in the blood. Aerotropism [a-er-of -ro-pizjii) [a^p, air ; Tptireiv, to turn]. In biology, the deflection of roots from the normal direction of growth by the action of gases. Aerourethroscopy (a-er-o-ii-reth' -ro-sko-pe) [n^/p, air ; o'vpi/Hpa, urethra; okotteiv, to examine]. Urethroscopy conjoined with inflation of the urethra with air. Aerozoa (a-cr-o-zo'-ak) [ai/p, air; fwop, animal]. Same as Aerobia. Aerteriversion (a-er-ter-iv-er' -shtni) [a?)p, air ; Ttjpieiv, to hold ; vertere, to turn]. A method of arresting hemorrhage by everting the cut end of an artery, in- vaginating the vessel in itself and fixing the parts by a needle. Aerteriverter (a-er-ter-iv-e?-' -ter) [af/p, air ; Tr/peeiv, to hold ; vertere, to turn]. An instrument used in per- forating aerteriversion. .ffiruginous (e-ru' -jin-us). See Eruginous. iErugo (e-ru' -go) [L. , gen. Ai.ruginis\. I. Rust of a metal. 2. Subacetate of copper. IE,. Ferri, the subcarbonate of iron. IE.. Plumbi, lead carbonate, or subcarbonate. .ffirumna [e-rum' -nah) [L.]. Mental distress, or mental and physical distress combined. .ffis {ez) [L.]. Copper or brass. See Copper. ./Eschrolalia (es-kro-la'-le-ah). See Eschrolalia .ffischromythesis {es-kro-mi-the' -sis). See Eschroiny- thesis. .^sculin lyCs' -ku-lin). See Escidin. .^sculus hippocastanum (es'-ku-lus kip-o-kas' -ta- nnin) [L. ]. Horse-chestnut. The fruit of the com- mon " buckeye," or horse-chestnut. Recommended in hemorrhoids. Dose gr. iij. Unof. .^states (es-ta'-tez) [L. ,/>/.]. Freckles, or sunburn. See Eplielis and Lentigo. .ffisthacyte (es'-tka-slt) [alaOrjci^, feeling; k'vtoq, a cell]. In biology, one of the sense-cells of sponges, discovered by Stewart. .^sthematology (es-tlie-mat-ol' -o-je). See Esthema- tology. .^sthesia {cs-the' -ze-ali). See Esthesia. yEsthesin \cs' -the-sin). See Esthesin. .^sthesiogen [es-the' -se-o-jen). See Esthesiogen. .ffisthesiography (es-the-se-og' -ra-fe). .See Esthesiog- raph V. .ffisthesiology {es-tJie-se-oF -o-je). See Eslhesiology. iEsthesiomania [es-the-se-o-ma' -ne-aJi). See Esthesio- inania. .ffisthesiometer [es-the-se-om'-et-er). See Esthesio?n- eter. .^sthesiometry {es-the-se-om'-et-re). See Esthesiom- etry. jEsthesioneurosis [es-the-se-o-nu-ro' -sis). See Esthc- sionetirosis . .ffisthesis (es-t/ie'-sis). See Esthesis. jEsthesodic (es-the-sod'-ik). See Esthesodic. ^Esthete {es'-thet) \_a\ot^riT()(:. perceived by the senses]. In biology, one of the sense-organs of the Chitonida described by Moseley. iEsthetica {es-thef -ik-ali) laiaftt/nic, perception by the senses]. Diseases characterized by impairment or abolition of any of the senses. iEsthophysiology (es-tho-fiz-e-ol'-o-je). See Estho- p/ivsiotogv. iEstival (es'-tiv-al). See Estival. iEstivation [es-tiv-a' -shun). See Estivation. ^STUARIUM 49 AGALAXY ^stuarium {es-tu-a' -re-iiiit). See Estuarium. ^stuation (es-ht-a'-shun). See Estuation. IE.%X\!l^ [es' -his) [L.]. Heat; especially a flushing, or sudden glow of heat. volaticus, wildfire rash ; strophulus. IS.\z.^ {e'-tas) [L.]. Age; a period of life. See .ffithalium {e-tha' -le-um) [a«fe/lof, smoke, soot (refer- ring to the spores)]. In biology, a placentoid com- pound Plasmodium formed by certain mycetozoa, e. g. , the flowers of tan. iEther {e'-ther). See Ether. .ffitherism (e' -ther-izni). See Etherism. .ffithiopification {e-the-op-if-ik-a'-shiin). See Ethiopi- jication. .^thiopiosis {e-the-op-e-o' -sis). See Ethiopiosis. .ffithiops {e' -the-ops) [aW/oi/), an Ethiopian]. An old term for any black mineral powder' used in medicine. iE. antimonialis, a black triturate of mercury, antimony, and sulphur, made after several distinct formula. IS., martialis, black iron deutoxid. IE,. mineralis, black amorphous triturate of mercury with sulphur, in various proportions. .ffithusa {e-thu' -sail). See Ethusa. .^thusin [e-thii' -sin). Ste Efkushi. .Etiology {e-te-oV -o-je). See Etiology. Afebrile [ak-fe'-bril) [ (i priv. ; febrilis, feverish]. Without fever. Afetal [ak-fe'-tat) [d priv. ; fetus, an offspring]. With- out a fetus. Affection {af-ek' -shun) [afficei-e, to aff"ect]. A syno- nym of disease. Pi.fi&c\.ivs {af-ek' -till) [c?^;;;?;-^, to aff'ect]. Exciting emo- tion. A. Faculties, the emotions and propensities — especially those peculiar to man. A. Insanity, emo- tional or impulsive insanity. Affectus {afek'-tus) [L.]. A disordered condition. A. animi, an affection of the mind ; mental disorder. A. suffocatorius. Synonym of Diphtheria. Afferent [af -er-eiit) \_affereiis, carrying to]. Carrying toward the center. Of nerves : conveying impulses toward the central nervous system; sensory, centri- petal. Of blood-vessels : those, as arteries, conveying blood to the tissue, sometimes also to the gills. Of lymphatics : those conveying lymph to a lymphatic gland. Compare Efferent. Afferentia, or Vasa afferentia {va'-sah af-er-en'-she- ali) [E.]. I. The lymphatic vessels. 2. Any vessels carrying blood or lymph to an organ. Affiliation {af-il-e-a' -shun) \ad, to; filiits, son]. In medical jurisprudence, the act of imputing or affixing the paternity of a child in order to provide for its maintenance. Affinity (af-in'-it-e) \affnis, akin to]. Relationship. A synonym of Attraction. A., Chemical, the force exerted at inappreciable distances, and between definite and invariable weights of two or more combining sub- stances, whereby bodies of dissimilar nature unite to form new compounds. Contradistinguished from co- hesion, which is an attraction between molecules. A., Elective, the preference of one substance for another rather than for a third or fourth. Affinity is spoken of as compound, developed, disposing, divellent, intermedi- ate, (juiescent, reciprocal, or synthetic, according to the part it plays, or is conceived to play, in any chemical process. Affium {af -e-utii) \_hx?i}o., Afiun'\. The Asiatic name for opium. Afflate (af-lat') \_afflatus, blown upon]. Sudden in its attack ; overwhelming. Afflatus {af-la'-tus) [L., "a blowing upon"]. I. A draft or blast of air. 2. A sudden attack. 3. A sup- posed inspiration or divine influence. 4 Affluence [af -lu-ens) \affluentia, from affluere, to flow to]. A determination or influx, as of blood to a part. Affluent [af -lu-ent) \_affiuens, flowing to]. Producing a congestion ; determinant ; flowing in or upon. Afflux {af'-lux) \ciffluere, afflu.xus, to flow toward]. The flow of the blood or other liquid to a particular part. Affluxion i^afluk' -shun) \_affluere, affluxus, to flow toward]. .See Afflux. Affusion ( af-u' -zhun ) [ affusio, affundere, to pour upon]. Pouring water upon a substance to cleanse it, or upon the body in fevers to reduce temperature and calm nervous symptoms. A-form Chronoscope. See Chronoscope. African [af -rik-an) \_Africa, Latin name of the country]. Pertaining to Africa. A. Arrow-poison. See Stro- phanthus. A. Date-mark. See Furunculus orien- talis. A. Fever. Synonym of Dengue. A. Gum, gum arable. 'Ae.e. Acacia. A. Lethargy, or Nelavan, a "sleeping sickness" affecting negroes of the West African coast. Increasing somnolence is the character- istic symptom. It is very fatal. Death after emaciation follows in from three to six months. Post-mortem examination has revealed hyperemia of the arachnoid, and it is asserted that this " sleeping sickness " is only one of the symptoms of Filariasis, q. v. No treatment avails. A. Pepper, Chillies ; the intensely biting fruit of Capsicum fastigiatmn. See Capsicum. After [af'-ter) [A. S., after, back]. I. The anus. The buttocks. 2. Next in succession. A. Action, the negative variation in an electrical current continuing for a short time in a tetanized muscle. A. Birth, the popular designation of the placenta, cord, and mem- branes, sometimes called the secttndines. A. Brain. See Hindbrain and Metencephalon. A. Care, the care or nursing of convalescents ; specifically, the treatment of patients discharged as cured from lunatic asylums. A. Cataract, Cataracta Secundaria ; an opacity of the media of the eye after operation for cataract due to opacification of the capsule or to non-absorption of the remains of the lens-substance. A. Damp, a poisonous mixture of gases, such as carbon monoxid and carbon dioxid, found in coal mines after an explosion of inflammable gases. A. Hearing, a neurotic con- dition in which sounds are heard after the wave-motion that produces them has ceased. A. Images, con- tinued retinal impressions after the stimulus of the light or image has ceased to act. A positive after- image is a simple prolongation of the sensation ; a negative after-image is the appearance of the image in complementary colors. After-sensations may be also experienced with other senses. A. Milk, the strip- pings ; the last milk taken from the teat at any one milking. It is peculiarly rich in butter, as compared with the fore-milk. A. Pains. See Fains. A. Per- ception, the perception of a sensation after the stimulus has passed away. A. Sensation, a sensation lasting longer than the stimulus producing it. A. Taste, a gustatory sensation produced some time after the stimu- lus has been removed. A. Treatment. See A. Care. Afterings {af -ter-ingz) [A. S., cefter, after]. See After-milk. ■ Agacement des Dents [Fr.]. The unpleasant sensa- tion of teeth " set on edge" from contact of acids. Agalactia (ah-gal-ak' -te-ah) [d priv.; yaAa, milk]. Failure or insufficiency of the mother's milk after childbirth. Agalactous {ah-gal-ak' -tus) [d priv. ; yd\a, milk], I. Without milk. 2. Not suckled ; not nourished with milk. Agalaxy {ah-gaF -ak-se). See Agalactia. AGALLOCHA 50 AGGLOMERATE Agallocha ( ag-aU -o-kalt ) \aya7CKoxov, the lignum aloes]. The milky juice of Exccecaria agallochtun, a small tree of India. The juice is very acrid, and when brought in contact with the skin blisters it. Used locally for the cure of leprosy. Unof. Agallochum [ag-aF -o-kum) \_aya7iAoxov, the lignum aloes]. Same as AgallocJia , or the wood of the tree that produces it ; eagle-wood, or aloes- wood. Agalorrhea, or Agalorrhoea (ah-gal-o-re' -ali) \h priv. ; ya/.a, milk; piiiv, to flow]. A cessation of the flow of milk. Agamic [ah-gai/i'-ik) [i-o-ji't!' -es-is) [a priv. ; ya/ioc;, marriage; yfyfuff, generation] . Reproduction without fecundation, as, i'. , by gemmation. See Partheno- genesis. Agamogenetic (ah-gatn-o-jen-ef -ik) \a priv. ; ydiiog, marriage; ;tiw/f, generation]. Pertaining to genesis. Agamospore (ah-gam'-o-spor) [(ipriv. ; ydiUOf, marriage ; . ciropa , offspring] . In biology, an asexually produced spore. Aganactesis {ag-an-ak-te' -sis^ \hyavaKrriaiz, physical pain]. Irritation ; physical pain or uneasy sensation. Aganoblepharon (ag-an-o-blef -ar-on) [ayai'ofSAi(j)apog, mild-eyed]. Adhesion of the eyelids to each other. Agar-agar {a'-gar-a'-gar^ [Ceylon]. A kind of glue made from certain sea-weeds, such as Gracilaria lichenoides and Gigartitia speciosa, used in medicine to make suppositories, and in bacteriological studies to make a solution in which microorganisms are bred or kept. See Gelose. Agaric {ag-ar' -ili) \_ayapiKt)v, a fungus employed as tinder by the Agari of Sarmatia] . A fungus of the genus Agaricus, e.g., the mushroom and toadstool. See Agaricus. Agaricic Acid [ag-ar-is' -ik as' -id). See Acid, Agaricic. Agaricin (ag-ar'-is-in) [itt Agaric'\, Cj^H^oOj -j- HjO. A white crystalline substance, the active principle of Agaricus albiis. It has proved useful in the night sweats of phthisis where atropia has failed. Dose gr. 2V -tV- U"°f- Agaricus (ag-ar'-ik-us) [see Aganc']. A genus of the family of Agaricini or Mushrooms. A. albus. Purging Agaric, unof., a fungus parasite upon the European Larch ; it contains an alkaloid, agaricin, and agaric acid. It is used as a drastic purgative, and is valuable in night sweats. Dose gr. xxx-gj as a pur- gative ; gr. XV in night sweats. A., Ext., Alcohol. Dose gr. iij-vj. A., Ext., Liq. Dose n\,iij-xx. A., Tinct. Dose TTLxx-gj. The edible species, A. campcstris , is characterized by a brownish color, that does not change when cut, and an agreeable taste. A. chiriirgoruDi, Surgeon's Agaric, a parasitic fungus formerly used for Moxa, q. v. Soaked in solution of potassium nitrate it forms spunk. A. mus- carins. Fly Agaric, a poisonous mushroom, containing an alkaloid, Aitiscarin, q.v., a powerful cardiac depres- sant. Dose of the alkaloid gr. ^-ij. Muscarin Nitrate, used hypodermatically. Dose gr. jj— f . Agaster (ah-gas' -ter) [a priv.; yaarijp, the stomach]. An animal without a stomach. Agastric (ah-gas' -tri/c) \_a priv. ; yaarrjp, the stomach]. Having no intestinal canal, as the tape-worms. Agastronervia (ah-gas-tro-ncr' -ve-ah) [a priv. ; yaarijp, the stomach; nervus, a nerve or sinew]. See Agas- . tronettria. Agastroneuria {ah-gas-tro-nu'-re-ah) [a priv. ; ynarr/p, the stomach; vevpov, a nerve]. Deficiency in the nerve-stimulus sent to the stomach. Agathin {ag'-ath-in) \hyaduq, good], CbH^(OH).CH.- N.N (CH.jj.CgHj. Salicyl-rt////tf-methyl-phenyl-hydra- zone, obtained by the interaction of salicylic aldehyd, and «;^//a'-methyl phenyl-hydrazin. It is a greenish- white, crystalline substance, without odor or taste, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and ether, and melts at 74° C. Used as an anti-neuralgic in doses of eight grains, two or three times daily. Its action is cumulative. Unof. Agave [a-ga'-iv) [dyaw/, noble]. A large genus of amaryllidaceous plants, natives of North America. A. ainericana , American Aloe, the leaves of a plant growing in North America. It is diuretic and anti- syphilitic. Dose of the fld. ext. gss-j. The fresh juice is also similarly employed. The fennented juice, called pulque, is a moderately stimulant drink, very popular in Mexico. Unof Age ( aj) [M. E., age'\. The length of time a being has existed ; also, a certain stage in life. The period of life is divided into a succession of ages, as follows : I. Infancy, from birth to the appearance of the tem- porary teeth. 2. Childhood, from the cutting of the first permanent teeth to puberty. 3. ] 'outh, from puberty to the attainment of the full stature, that is, 18 or 19 for girls, 21 to 22 for boys. 4. Maturity, covers the interval from youth to the climacteric. 5. Old-age, or period of dechne. Other divisions may be made, as, e.g., those of embryonic life, of immaturity, of ma- turity, of sterility, etc. Agenesia [ah-jen-e'-se-ah) [li priv.; ytveui^, generation]. A term somewhat loosely used to designate abnormal or imperfect development. Also impotence and ster- ility. In botany, the asexual development of the flower. Agenesis (ah-jen' -es-is) [a priv. ; ytveaic:, generation]. I. Impotence; barrenness. 2. Incomplete and defect- ive development. Agenosomus (ah-jen-o-so' -inus) \h priv. ; ytvvav, to beget ; aufia, body]. A variety of single autositic monsters, of the species Cclosoiiui in which th^re is a lateral or median eventration occupying principally the lower portion of the abdomen, while the genital and urinary organs are either absent or very rudimentary. Agens [a'-jenz) [L.]. An agent. A. Morbi. See Morbi. Agent [a'-jent) \_agei-e, to act, to do]. A substance or force that by its action eff^ects changes in the human body. Agenus {aj'-en-us) [n priv.; y/rof, offspring]. Cellu- lar plants. Agenya (ah-jen' -e-ali) [d priv.; yivvg, chin] . Congenital absence of the chin. Agerasia [aj-er-a' -se-ah) \ayripaa'ia, eternal youth]. Vigorous old age ; age without its wonted feebleness and decay. Ageusia [ah-gu' -se-ah or ah-jii' -se-ah) [d priv.; ycvai^, taste]. Abolition of the sense of taste. Ageustia (ah-giis'-te-iili) priv.; yfixr/f, taste]. Same as Ageusia. Agger (aj'-er) [L.]. In anatomy, a pile or mound. A. nasi, an anterior prolongation and elevation of the mucous membrane covering the middle turbinated bone ; its direction is almost parallel with the dorsal ridge of the nose, running forward and downward till it reaches very nearly to the anterior aperture of the nostril. A. valvulae venae [//., Ag'geres valvula'- ruiii I'ena' riiin'^, the eminence of a venous valve; a projection within the lumen of a vein at the junction of a valve. Agglomerate (ag-lom'-er-at) \_aggloinerare, to wind into a ball]. CIrouped or clustered; massed. Crowded into a dense cluster. A. Glands. See Gland. AGGLUTINANT 51 AGRIORIGANUM Agglutinant [ag-hi' -tin-ant) \_agglutinafe, to paste to]. Promotive of repair by adhesion ; favorable to agglu- tination. Agglutinate [ag-tu'-tin-at) [aggtiitinare, to paste to]. In biology, to glue together; to unite by adhesion. Agglutination (ag-lu-ti)i-a' -shtt^i) \aggliitinare, to glue upon or to]. A joining together; applied to the healing of wounds ; it is called immediate , if by the first intention ; t/tediate, if through the intermediation of some natural plastic material. Agglutinative {ag-lu' -tin-a-tiv) \aggtutinare, to glue upon or to]. I. Favoring agglutination; adhesive. 2. Any substance with adhesive properties, fitted to retain the edges of wounds in apposition. Such are caoutchouc, collodion, ^-Zf. Aggravation (ag-ra-va' -shun) \_aggravare, to make worse]. Increase in severity, as of a disease, symp- tom, or pain. Aggregate {ag' -re-gat) \_ad, to ; gregai-e, to collect into a flock]. Grouped into a mass. A. Glands. See Gland. Aggregation [ag-re-ga' -shun) \ad, to ; gregare, to col- lect into a flock]. I. The massing of materials together. 2. A congeries or collection of bodies, mostly of such as are similar to each other. Agitation [aj-it-a' -shun) \_agitare, to excite, arouse]. I . Fatiguing restlessness with violent motion ; mental disturbance. 2. A stirring or shaking, as in phar- macy. Aglet, Aiglet {ag'-let, dg'-let) [M. E.]. In biology, a drooping anther or catkin. Aglia (ag'-le-ah) [L.]. A speck or spot upon the cornea or on the white of the eye. Aglobulia [ah-glo-bu' -le-ah) [a priv.; globulus, a glo- bule]. A decrease in the quantity of red blood corpuscles, with corresponding increase of serum. Aglobulism [ah-glob'-u-lizm) [li priv. ; globulus, a globule]. Aglobulia; oligocythemia. Aglobulous (ah-glob' -u-lm) [a priv.; globulus, a glo- bule]. Characterized by aglobulia. Aglossia [ah-glos' -e-ah) [a priv. ; y7.C)aaa,\hQ tongue]. Congenital absence of the tongue. Aglossostoma (ah-glos-os' -to-?nak) \_h priv. ; yXiicaa, the tongue ; (7T0|Ua, the mouth]. A fetal monster in which there is a mouth without a tongue. Aglossus (ah-glos' -us) [dy/lajcrCTof, without a tongue]. A person without a tongue. Aglutition [ah-glu-tish' -un) [a priv. ; glutire, to swal- low]. Difficulty in swallowing ; inability to swallow. Agmatology (ag-mat-ol' -o-je) [ay/ior, a fracture; Aoyof, discourse] . The science or study of fractures. Agmen (ag'-men) \agmen, a multitude]. In biology, a taxonomic group between a class and an order. Agminate (fl^g-'-w/w-a/) [ao-^^w, a multitude]. Aggre- gated, clustered. A. Glands. See Gland, Peyer's. Agnail {ag'-nal) [A. S., angnpa, itch]. An incurable or severe attack, or variety, of itch. Agrioriganum [ag-re-o-rig' -an-wn) [aypiog, wild ; bpiyavov, origarium]. Wild Marjoram, Origanum vulgare. AGRIOTHYMIA 52 AIR Agriothymia [ag-ye-o-//il?!i' -c-ak ) [aAp;of, wild ; Bvjiog, mind, will]. Maniacal fury; it is variously divided or classed as ambitious, hydrophobic, religious, etc. Agrippa (^ah-grip' -ah) [L.]. A person born with the feet foremost. Agromania (ag-ro-ma' -ne-ali) \jiypbc^, a field ; fiavia, madness]. A mania for living in the country. Agrostography (ag-ros-tog' -ra-fe) \aypu(sric,, conch- grass ; ypdijxtv, to write]. See Agrostology. Agrostology {ag-ros-tol' -o-je) [ayputrrff , conch-grass ; Afyfii', to speak of]. The botany of grasses. Agrypnetic \ah-grip-nct' -ik) [(ipriv.; viri'itq, sleep]. I. Sleepless ; wakeful. 2. Preventing sleep ; agrypnotic. Agrypnia {ah-grip'-ne-ah) \a.ypio<;, restless; vnvoc., sleep]. Loss of sleep, sleeplessness, Insomnia, q. v. Agrypnocoma (ah-grip-no-ko' -iiiaJi) \aypv-Kvo^, sleep- less ; Kui-ia, coma]. Coma vigil ; wakeful lethargy, with low-muttering delirium. Agrypnotic {ah- grip-not' -ik) [d priv. ; vt:v(k, sleep]. I. Preventing sleep ; causing wakefulness. 2. A medicine that prevents sleep. Aguardiente iah-gnar-de-en' -to) [Sp.]. Ardent spirits ; brandy or rum. Ague (a' -gu)\_acutiis, sharp, acute ; Fr. , aig2r\. Malarial or intermittent fever, characterized by paroxysms, or stages, of chill, fever, and sweating at regularly recur- ring times, and followed by an interval or intermission whose length determines the epithets, quotidian, ter- tian, etc. In some cases there is a double paroxysm, and hence called double quotidian, double tertian, r/r. The duration of each paroxysm varies from two to twelve hours. The most frequent and important com- plication of intermittent fever is pneumonia, the con- solidation occurring very suddenly. In the blood of many malarial patients a minute hematozoan, the kematoinonas malaria, has been found. They are seen in the red corpuscles, are hyaline, and include pigment granules. They gradually increase in size, fill the cell, a process of segmentation occurs, the cell wall breaks down, and the segments, each contain- ing a pigment granule, are set free. These are oval and possess one to three flagella. These bodies dis- appear under the use of quinin. A. Aden. See Dengue. A., Brass-founders', a disease common among brass-founders, characterized by symptom>s somewhat resembling an imperfect attack of inter- mittent fever, the recurrence of the paroxyms, however, being irregular. The direct cause is generally thought to be the inhalation of the fumes of deflagrating zinc or "spelter." A., Brow, intermittent neuralgia of the brow. A. Cake, chronic enlargement of the spleen in diseases of malarial origin. A., Catenating, ague associated with other diseases. A. Drop, i^ee Fowler^ s Solution. A., Dumb, latent ague ; masked ague ; ague with no well-marked chill, and with at most only partial or slight periodicity. A., Latent, see A., Dumb. A., Leaping, a term for the dancing mania. A., Masked. See A. Dumb. A. Tree, common Sassafras. A. Weed. I. See Grindelia. 2. The Eupatorium perfoliatum , or thorough- wort. Agynary [aj' -in-a-rc) [d priv.; yvvij, female]. In biology, having no pistil, as a double flower. Agynous {aj'-in iis)\a priv. ; yi'iv), female]. In biology, destitute of female reproductive organs. Ahypnia {ah-hip' -ne-ah) [d priv. ; vixvoq, sleep]. Sleeplessness. Ahypnosis (ah-hip-no' -sis) \jivnvia, sleeplessness]. Entire absence of the capacity to sleep, most marked in insanity. Aichmophobia [dk-7]io-fo' -be-ali) \alxuVi a spear point ; (pof-iteiv, to fear]. An extravagant dread of sharp or pointed instruments. Aid-Forceps {ad' -for-seps) [Fr., aide; forceps']. A device for making safe and effective traction upon the obstetrical forceps by means of a fillet or tape and a dynamometer. Aidoio- {a-doi' -0). .See Edeo-. Aidoiomania {a-doi-o-tna' -ne-ah) . 'i^e: Edeomania. Aiglet {ag'-let). See Agiet. Aigret, Aigrette {a'-gret, a-gret'). In biology, same as Egret. Ailanthus {a-lan' -thus) [Malacca, Ailanto, " tree of heaven"]. The bark of A. glandulosa, commonly known as Tree of Heaven. Properties due to an oleoresin and a volatile oil. A nauseant and drastic purgative, constituting an excellent anthelmintic against tape-worm. A., Ext. Fid. Dose tl\,x-3j. A., Tinct. Dose Tr^x- 3 ij . Ailing {al'-ing) [M. E. , eyle\ Indisposed; out of health ; not well. Ailment {al'-ment) [M. E. , fj'/c] . A disease ; sickness; complaint ; usually used in reference to chronic dis- orders. Aimorrhea {am-or-e'-ah) [<«//«, blood ; pola, a flowing]. A bleeding, or hemorrhage. Ainhum {in-yoon') [negro word, meaning to saw~\. A disease in Guinea and Hindostan, peculiar to negroes, in which the little toes are slowly and spontaneously amputated at about the digito-plantar fold. The process is very slow, does not affect other toes or parts, is un- accompanied by any constitutional symptoms, and its cause is unknown. It sometimes attacks the great toe. Called also Dactylolysis spontanea. Air [d//p from ativ, to blow, or breathe]. The chief part of the atmosphere. Atmospheric air consists of a mixture of 77 parts by weight, or 79.19 by vol- ume, of nitrogen, and 23 parts by weight, or 20.81 by volume, of oxygen, with 3.7 to 6.2 parts by volume of CO.^ in 10,000 parts. 100 cubic inches weigh 30,935 grains. The pressure of the air at sea-level is about I4|4f pounds upon the square inch. A., Alkaline, free or volatile ammonia. A., Azotic, nitrogen. A. Bag. See A. Cushion. A. Bath, therapeutic ex- posure to air that may be heated, condensed, or variously medicated. See Bath. A. -bed, an air- tight, rubber, inflated mattress employed in conditions requiring long confinement to bed. A. -bladder. See A.-vesicle. A. Bubbles, in microscopy, are prepared by heating a drop of thin mucilage. They are useful as a test for central light. In oblique light the bright spot will appear on the side away from the mirror. A. -cell, an air-sac ; an air-vesicle of the pneumonic tissue. A., Complemental, is that that can still be inhaled after an ordinary inspiration. A. Con- duction, a method of testing the hearing-power by means of a watch held at varying distances from the ear, or by the employment of a number of tuning forks of varying pitch. See Bone Conduction. A.- cure, the therapeutic employment of air. A. -cush- ion. A cushion filled with air ; usually made of soft india-rubber. A., Dephlogisticated, an old name for Oxygen. A. -douche. The inflation of the middle ear with air. A. -duct. See Duct. A.- embolism, free air in the blood-vessels during life, or the obstruction due to it. A., Expired, that driven from the lungs in expiration. A., Facti- tious, carbon dioxid. A., Fixed, an old name for carbon dioxid (carbonic acid). A. Hunger. See Diabetes mcllitus. A., Inspired, that taken into the lungs on inspiration. A., Mephitic, carbon dioxid. A. -meter. See Anemometer. A. Passages, the nares, mouth, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes. A., Phlogisticated, nitrogen. A. -pump, an appar- atus for exhausting or compressing air. A., Reserve AJOWAN 53 ALBICATION or Supplemental, that that can still be exhaled after an ordinary expiration. A., Residual, that remain- ing in the lungs after the most complete expiration possible. A. -sac. See Air-vesicle. A. -space, a space in tissue filled with air or other gases arising from the separation, rupture, or absorption of cells. A., Stationary, that remaining in the lungs during normal respiration. A., Supplemental. See A., Reserve. A. -tester, an instrument for testing the impurity of the air. A., Tidal, that taken in and given out at each respiration. A. -vesicle, any small air-space, especially the expanded terminal portion of a minute or ultimate bronchial vessel. A., Vital, an old name for Oxygen. See Atnwspliere: Ajowan [aj'-oo-aii) [E. Ind.]. Bishop's Weed. The fruit of Ainmi coptiium. Carminative and antiseptic. It has been recommended in colic, diarrhea, etc. Dose of the fid. ext. Ti:\^x-xxx. Akamathesia, Akamathesis. See Akatamathesia. Akanthesthesia (a-kan-thes-the' -ze-ah) \aK.av^a, a thorn; aLoOi/ai^, sensation]. A form of paresthesia or perverted sensation in which there is a feeling as of a sharp point. Akanthion [a-kan' -the-o>i). See Accinthioji. Akatamathesia (ah-kat-am-ath-e' -ze-ah) [a priv. ; /cara- fidOijaii;, understanding]. Inability to understand. Akataphasia [a-kat-af-a' -se-ali). See Acataphasia. Akazga (a-kaz' -gah) [African]. A poisonous plant of West Africa, probably a Strychnos. Also its bark, and an amorphous extractive derived from it. It is one of the African ordeal poisons and contains akazgin. Akazgin {a-kaz' -gin) [African]. An alkaloid from akazga ; its effects are much like those of strychnia. Akene (ak' -en). See Achenium. Akido-galvano-cautery {ak-id-o-gal-van-o-karv'-tc-re) [a/c/f, needle; Galvani; Kamrjpiov, a branding-iron]. Galvanic cauterization by the needle electrode. Akidopeirastic [ak-id-o-pi-ras' -tik) [anij, qk/c, needle ; TreipaariKo^, proving]. Relating to the exploratory puncture of a diseased area by means of a stout needle. Akinesia {ah-kin-e' -se-ah). See Acinesia. Akinesis (ah-kin-e' -sis) [d priv. ; KivTjaig, quiescence]. Abseace or imperfection of movement. Applied to the heart's diastole and to immotility of the iris ; also to any lack of motility, especially when due to some central or cerebral cause. A. Algera, an affection manifested by voluntary abstinence from movement on account of the pain of movement, without any apparent cause of pain. Aknemia (ak-ne'-me ah). See Acnemia. Akology (ak-o/'-o-je). See Aceology. Akral {ak'-ral) [d/ipof, extreme]. See Cephalic. Akrokinesis [ak-ro-kin-e' -sis). See Acrocinesis. Akromegaly {ak-ro-meg' -a-le). See Acromegalia. Akromikria (ak-ro-mik' -re-ah). See Acromicria. Akroposthitis {ak-ro-pos-thi' -tis). See Acroposthitis. Akyanopsia (ah-ki-an-op' -se-ah). See A cy anopsia. Al. The Arabic definite article, the, prefixed to many words to designate preeminence, etc., as alkali, alco- hol. In chemical nomenclature it is used as a suffix to denote similarity to or derivation from an aldehyd, as chloral, butyral, etc. Ala [a'-lah) [L., a wing: //. , Alce\. A name of various wing-shaped parts or appendages. In biology, the side petal of a papilionaceous corolla. A. Auris, the pinn^ of the ear. A. Cinerea, a triangular space of gray matter in the fourth ventricle of the brain, probably giving origin to the pneumogastric nerves. A. Majores, I. The greater wings of the sphenoid. See Alisphenoid'. 2. The external labia pudendi. A. Minores. I. The lesser wings of the sphenoid. 2. The labia minora pudendi. A. Nasi, the lateral car- tilage of the nose. A. Pontis. See Ponticithis. A. Pulmonum, the lobes of the lung. A. of Sacrum, the flat triangular surface of bone extending outward from the base of the sacrum, supporting the psoas magnus muscle. A. Vespertilionis, the broad liga- ment of the uterus. A. Vulvae, the labia of the pudendum. Applied also to the armpits, parts of the sphenoid, vomer, etc. Alalia [al-a' -le-ah) [d priv. ; laXia, talk]. I. Impaired or lost articulation from paralysis of the muscles of speech or from local laryngeal disease. 2. Aphasia due to a psychic disorder. Alalia [al-a'-lik) [d priv. ; "kaXia, talk]. Characterized by or pertaining to alalia. Alanin {a/'-an-in) [L., aldehyde'], CjH^NO.^. Lac- tamic acid. An organic base obtained by heating aldehyd ammonia with hydrocyanic acid in the pres- ence of an excess of HCl ; it occurs in aggregated hard nodules with a sweetish taste ; soluble in five parts of cold water ; with more difficulty in alcohol ; insoluble in ether. When heated, it commences to char at about 237° ; it melts at 255° and then sublimes. Alaninate {al-an'-in-at) [L. , aldehyde^. A salt of alanin. A. of Mercury, a crystalline, soluble com- pound of mercury and alanin ; antisyphilitic. Dose gr. 3V to Unof. Alan''son's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Alant Camphor. See Helenin. Alantin (al-an'-tiii) [Ger. , alant, elecampane]. Same as Imdin. Alantol (al-an'-tol) [Ger. , a/a«/', elecampane ; oleum, oil], Q.^^.^.fi. Inulol. An aromatic liquid obtained from elecampane ; used like creosote for phthisis. Alar (a'-lar) \_ala, wing]. Winglike. In biology, situated in the forks of a stem. A. Ligaments, lateral synovial folds of the ligament of the knee-joint. A. Odontoid Ligaments, lateral ligaments of the odontoid process. Alares musculi, the pterygoid muscles. Alares venae, superficial veins at the bend of the arm. Alaria ossa, lateral processes of the sphenoid bone. Alaris {al-a'-ris) \_ala, wing]. Wing-shaped. See Alar. Alary {a'-lar-e) [_ala, a wing]. In biology, pertaining to wings ; wing-shaped. Alate (a'-lat) \ala, a wing]. In biology, winged or having winglike borders or expansions ; aliferous ; aligerous. Alate-pinnate (a' -lat-pin' -at) [«/«, awing; pinna, 2i feather]. In biology, a pinnate leaf having a winged petiole. Alba (al'-bah) [L. , "white"]. The white fibrous tissue of the brain and nerves. Albadara (al-bad-a' -rah) [Arabic]. An old name for the basal joint of the great toe. Alban {al'-ban) \albus, white], C,|,HjgO. A white resin that may be extracted from gutta percha. Albedo (al-be'-do) [L., "whiteness"]. Whiteness. A. retinae, retinal edema. A. unguis, or unguium, the lunula of the nail ; the white semilunar place at the root of a finger nail. Albescent (al-bes'-ent) \albescere, to become white]. Whitish ; moderately white. Albicans [al'-be-kanz) \_albicare, to grow white]. White ; whitish. Used as the name of either of the corpora albicantia at the base of the brain. Albicant (al'-be-kant) [^albicare, to he white]. See Al- bescent. Albicantia [al-be-kan'-she-ah) [L.]. Plural of Albi- cans. See Corpora. Albication {al-be-ka' -shun) \albicare, to be white]. In biology, a growing white. ALBICOMUS 54 ALBUMINOSE Albicomus {al-he-ko' -unis) \albus, white ; coma, hair]. Having white hair. Albiduria (al-bid-u' -rc-ah) \_albidus, white ; ovpov, urine]. White urine. Albiflorous (al-bif-lo'-rus) \albus, white ; flos, a flower]. In biology, bearing white flowers. Albinism [al'-bin-izni) Albinismus {al-bin-iz' -miis) [albus, white]. Congenital Achronia ; Congenital Leucoderma. That condition of the skin in which there is a congenital absence of pigment unaccom- panied by textural changes in the skin, and involving its entire surface, including the pilary filaments and the choroid coats and irides of the eyes. Usually asso- ciated with nystagmus, photophobia, and astigmatism. Albino [al-bi'-no) [Sp.]. A person affected with al- binism. Also an animal or plant differing from the normally colored members of its kind by being white or colorless. Albinotic {al-bin-ot'-ik) [Sp.]. Affected with albinism. Albinuria (al-bin-ii' -ve-ah) \_albus, white ; ohpelv, to mic- turate]. I. Chyluria; whiteness of the urine. 2. Al- buminuria. Albizzia (al-bitz' -e-ali) [Ital., Albizzi, a Tuscan proper name]. A genus of leguminous plants. A. anthel- vtinthica. See Moussena. Albolene {al'-bo-len) [^albus, white; oleum, oil]. A hydrocarbon oil, colorless, tasteless, odorless, and not affected by exposure to air or strong acids. It is a form of lanolin, and is used as an application to in- flamed surfaces and for spraying the respiratory pas- sages. Albuginea {al-bu-jin'-e-ah) \_albus, white]. White, or whitish. A. oculi, the sclerotic coat of the eye. A. ovarii, and testis, the tunica albuginea of the ovary and testicle. The spleen, the epididymis, the penis, and the kidneys have each an investment or capsule called albuginea or tunica albuginea. Albugineous [al-bu-jift'-e-us) \_a/bus,wh.\te'\. I. Whit- ish. 2. Resembling the white of an egg. Mihvigiintis [al-bu-;in-i'-tis) \_albus,viti\\.e.; (r/f, inflam- mation]. Inflammation of a tunica albuginea. Albugo (al-bu'-go) [L.]. I. A white spot, as upon the cornea. 2. A whitish, scaly eruption. 3. The white of an egg. Albumen {aF-bu-men or al-bu' -meji) \albus, white]. The white of an egg. See Albumin. Albumenoid {al-bu' -men-aid). See Albuminoid. Albumenuria [al-bu-?nen-ii'-r-e-ali\. See: Albuminuria. Albumimeter \al-bu-mim' -et-er) \ albus, white ; fihpov, measure]. An instrument for determining the quantitive estimation of albumin in urine, or in any compound or mixture. Albumin [al'-bu-min or al-bu'-miti) \albus, white]. A proteid substance, the chief constituent of the body. Its molecule is highly complex and varies widely within certain limits in different organs and condi- tions. It contains the following percent- ages : Carbon 51. 5 to 54.5 ; hydrogen 6.9 to 7.3 ; nitrogen 15. 2 to 17.0; oxygen 20.9 1023.5; sulphur 0.3 to 2.0 Its approxi- mate formula is C-2Hjj2N]gO.,2S. Albumen, white of egg, often called albumin, is largely composed of it. Other varieties are called after their sources or characteristic reactions, as acid-albumin, alkali-albumin, muscle-, serum-, ovum-, vegetable-albu- min, ^/c. Normal albumin is the type of a group of proteids known as albumins. For album ime- the various tests for albumin, see Table of ter. Tests, under Test. See also, Proteids and Native Albumins. A., of Bence-Jones, a variety found in pseudo-albuminuria. It does not give a precipitate with an excess of HNO., except on stand- ing, when a coagulum forms that will be redissolved on heating. A., Blood. See Seriitn-alhumin. A., Caseiform, that variety not coagulated by heat, but precipitated by acids. A., Circulating, that found in the fluids of the body. A. Crystals. See Crystal- loids. A., Derived, a modification of albumin result- ing from the action of certain chemicals. A., Egg-. See Egg-albumin. A., Muscle-, a variety found in muscle-juice. A., Native, any albumin occurring normally in the organism. A., Organic, that form- ing an integral part of the tissue. A., Serum-. See Serum-albumin. A., Test Solution of, a filtered solution of the white of an egg in 100 c.c. of dis- tilled water. A., Vegetable, that form that is found in various vegetable juices. Albuminate [al-bu' -min-at) [2-i/n'-et-er) . See Albumimeter. Albuminin [al-bu' -min-in) \_albumin'\. The non-ni- trogenous substance of the cells that enclose the white of birds' eggs. Albuminiparous [al-bu-min-ip' -ar-us) \_albumin ; pa- rere, to produce]. Yielding albumin. Albuminogenous [al-bti-min-oj'-en-us) \_albumin ; yevi/i;, producing]. Producing albumin. A.\h\JLm\no\a. [al-bu' -;nin-oid) [albumin; Etrfof, form]. 1. Resembling albumin. Applied to certain com- pounds having many of the characteristics of albumin. 2. Any nitrogenous principle of the class of which normal albumin may be regarded as the type. A. Disease, also spoken of as lardaceous, waxy, or amyloid degeneration. A form of degeneration usu- ally affecting simultaneously a number of the viscera, and occurring secondarily to some preexisting disease. Those viscera most usually the seat of the change are, in the order of frequency, the spleen, liver, kidneys, intestine and lymph glands. The tissues around the capillary vessels are first affected ; from these centers it spreads till the whole organ or section presents a pale, glistening, waxy, or bacon-like appearance. This is due to the infiltration of a peculiar proteid substance, lardacein, which, with iodin, gives a deep mahogany brown color, the characteristic test for the disease. The preexisting trouble is either some chronic suppura- tion, as in bone or joint disease, or some wasting dis- ease like pulmonary tuberculosis, syphilis, etc. The only way in which the disease may be arrested is by thorough removal of the cause. Albuminoids [al-bu' -min-oidz) \_albumin'\. Substances, resembling true proteids in their origin and composi- tion. They are amorphous non-crystalline colloids, occurring as organized constituents of the tissues, and also in fluid form. Mucin, Nuclein, Keratin, Fibroin, Spongin, Elastin, Gelatin, Chondrin, etc., are the principal members of the group. Albuminometer [al-bu-min-om' -et-er) . See Albumi- meter. Albuminone [al-bu' -min-6n) [^albumin']. A principle derivable from certain albuminoids ; it is not coagula- ble by heat, and is soluble in alcohol. Albuminorrhea [al-bu-min-or-e' -ali) \albumin ; pota,. a flow]. Copious abnormal discharge of albumins. Albuminose [al-bu'-min-ds) [_albumin'j. I. A product of the digestion of fibrin or any albuminoid in very ALBUMINOSIS 55 ALCOHOL dilute hydrochloric acid ; acid albumin. 2. Albumose, or the product of the digestion of albumin by the gas- tric juice. Albuminosis (al-hu-mui-o' -sis) \_albiiinin'\ . Abnormal increase of the albuminous elements in the blood, or the condition that results from such increase. Albuminous (al-bu' -min-us) \_albuiiiin~\. Containing, or of the nature of an albumin. Albumin- Peptone [al-tm' -min-pep' -ton). Same as Albuminose [2d def.). Albumins (al-hii' -ininz). See Albumin. Albuminuria (al-bu-inin-u' -re-ah) [albumin ; ovpov, urine]. The presence in the urine of albumin, a mix- ture of serum-albumin and serum-globulin in various proportions. True albuminuria must be distinguished from the presence of albumin due to an admixture with the urine of blood, pus, or other albuminous fluid. However, even under these circumstances it must be remembered that true albuminuria may be coexistent. Albumin in the urine may result from a number of causes, c. mechanical interference with the renal circulation; from congestion, lesions, and organic diseases of the kidneys themselves ; from toxic substances in the blood, such as lead, in which case there is a granular form of nephritis ; from changes in the blood due to various diseases, as anemia, purpura, scurvy, and sepsis ; in pyrexia ; in certain nervous disorders, such as tetanus, delirium tremens, apoplexy, Graves's disease, and epilepsy ; in various functional disorders, as dyspepsia, high living, great exertion, eU., and during pregnancy. The etiology of albumin- uria is still undetermined, but it is now recognized that it will be produced by any condition that interferes with the nutrition of the glomeruli or renal epithelium. A. of Adolescence. See A., Cyclic. A., Adven- titious. See^., Pseudo-. A., Cardiac, that due to chronic valvular disease. A., Cyclic, a condition also known as physiological, simple, functional, or tran- sient albuminuria, or the albuminuria of adolescence, in which a small quantity of albumin appears in the urine, especially of the young, at stated times of the day; hence the term "cyclic." The nature of this phenomenon is not positively known, but it is probably the result of some changes in the renal circulation. A., Dietetic, that due to the ingestion of certain forms of food, especially eggs, cheese, and pastry. A., Dyscrasic. See A., Hematogenous. A., False, a mixture of albumin with the urine during its transit through the urinary passages, where it may be derived from blood, pus, or special secretions that contain al- bumin. A., Febrile, that due to fever, or associated with acute infectious diseases, slight changes occurring in the glomeruli without organic lesion. A., Func- tional. See A., Cyclic. A., Gouty, albumin in the urine of elderly people, who secrete a rather dense urine containing an excess of urea. A., Hematogen- ous, that resulting from some abnormal blood-condi- tion, and not due to nephritis. A., Hepatic, that form associated with marked disturbance of the hepatic function, as shown by slight jaundice and vague dys- peptic attacks. A., Intrinsic. See A., True. A., Mixed, the presence of a true- and pseudo-albumin- uria. A., Morbid, that due to any pathological con- dition. A., Nephrogenous, that due to renal disease. A., Neurotic, that due to nervous disorders. A., Paroxysmal. See A., Cyclic. A., Physiological, the presence of albumin in normal urine, without ap- preciable coexisting renal lesion or diseased condition of the system. A., Pseudo-, A., Adventitious : albu- minuria dependent upon the presence of such fluids as blood, pus, lymph, spermatic fluid, or the contents of an abscess-cavity, in the urine. A., Simple. See A., Cyclic. A., Temporary, that lasting but for a short time. A., Tests of. See Table of Tests, under 7'est. A., Transient. See A., Cyclic. A., True, A., Intrinsic ; that due to the excretion of a portion of the albuminous constituents of the blood with the water and salts of the urine. Albuminuric ( al-bu-min-u' -rik ) [ albumin ; ol'pov, urine]. Associated with, of the nature of, or affected by, albuminuria. A. Retinitis. See Retinitis. Albuminurorrhea (al-bu-min-u-ror-re' -ah) \_albumin ; of'poi', urine ; /)o(a, a flowing] . 'Ae.& Albuminuria. Albumose {al'-bu-mos) \albuinin'\. Any albuminoid substance ranking among the first products of the splitting up of proteids by enzymes, and intermediate between the food-albumins and the typical peptones. According to KUhne there are at least two albumoses, antialbumose and ke/nialbumose. The latter, after the precipitation and filtering off of the para-peptones, e.g., in the peptic digestion of fibrin, yields the following : I. Protalbumose, soluble in hot and cold water and precipitable by NaCl in excess. 2. Dcuteroalbumose , soluble in water, not precipitated by NaCl in excess, unless an acid be added at the same time. 3. Hetero- albumose, insoluble in hot or cold water, soluble in dilute or more concentrated solutions of NaCl, and precipitable from these by excess of the salt. 4. Dys- albuinose, same as heteroalbumose, except that it is insoluble in salt solutions. Albumosuria (al-bu-mos-u' -re-ah) \_albumose ; ovpov, urine]. The abnormal presence of an albumose in the urine. Alburnum {al-ber' -mini) [L. ," sap-wood "]. In bi- ology, young wood, sap-wood. Alcahest [al' -ka-hest) [Uncertain derivation]. An old name for the supposed universal solvent, and for a medicine curative of all congestions. A. of Glauber, a crude potassium carbonate derived from the burning of potassium nitrate with hot coals. Alcali [al'-ka-li). 'Hee Alkali. Alcaptone (al-kap' -ton). See Alkaptone. Alcaptonuria (al-kap-tdn-u' -re-ah). ^te. Alkaptonuria. Alchemist [al' -ke>n-ist) [Origin doubtful]. One who practices alchemy. Alchemy [al' -kem-e) [Arab., of doubtful derivation]. The supposed art of the transmutation of metals (into gold) and of finding a remedy for all diseases. Mod- ern chemistry is the development of this chimerical medieval dream. AKcock's Canal. See Canal. Alcohol [al'-ko-hol) [Arab., al, the; kohol, a stain, or finely powdered]. Ethyl alcohol, C^HgO. A liquid obtained by the distillation of fermented grain or starchy substance. It is used in pharmacy as a sol- vent for resins, and as a base for all tinctures. Com- mercial alcohol contains 91 per cent, of absolute alcohol, with 9 per cent, of water. It is inflammable, colorless, and possesses a pungent odor and burning taste. Sometimes it is used externally as a stimulant lotion. Internally, it is a powerful cerebral excitant ; in large doses a depressant, narcotic poison, producing muscular incoordination, delirium, and coma. It is a food within the limits of .^j-.^j per day ; its contin- ued use is apt to result in epilepsy, amblyopia, and insanity. In the form of wine, whisky, or brandy, it is valuable in diphtheria, adynamic fevers, and poisoning by cardiac depressants. A., Absolute, spirit containing no water. A., Amyl, CjHj.jO, com- monly known as Potato .Spirit and " Fusel OiT'' ; a transparent, colorless liquid. A., Anhydrous, one free from water. A., Aromatic, an alcohol contain- ing phenyl. A., Benzyl, C.Hi,0, obtained from ben- zaldehyd by the action of sodium amalgam. It is a ALCOHOLATE 56 ALCOHOLS colorless liquid, with a faint aromatic odor ; boils at 206°; its sp. gr. at 0° is 1. 062. It dissolves with difficulty in water, but readily in alcohol and ether. A., Dilute, composed of equal parts each of alcohol and water. A., EthyL See Alcohol. A. of Fer- mentation, possesses a disagreeable odor; boils at 129-130°; occurs in fusel oil; consists mainly of in- active isobutyl carbinol. A., Methyl, CH^O, com- monly known as " Wood Spirit.'' A., Phenic. See Acid Carbolic. Alcoholate [ul'-ko-hol-at) [Arab., al, the; kohol, a stain, or finely powdered]. I. A chemical compound, as a salt, into which an alcohol enters as a definite con- stituent. 2. A preparation made with alcohol. Alcoholature {al-ko-hol' -at-chur) [Fr. alcoolatnre\. An alcoholic tincture, especially one prepared with fresh plants. Alcoholetum {al-ko-Iwl-e' -tutu) [L.] An alcoholature. Alcoholic [al-ko-hol' -ik) [Arab., al, the ; kohol, a stain, or finely powdered]. I. Pertaining to, containing, or producing alcohol. 2. One addicted to the use of spirituous drinks. A. Radicals, the name applied to the univalent radicals, CnH-in -1- 1. Alcoholica {al-ko-hol' -ik-ah) [Arab. , al, the ; kohol, a stain]. In pharmacy, alcoholic preparations. Alcoholimeter [al-ko-hol-im' -et-er). See Alcoholo- meter. Alcoholimetry (al-ko-hol-im' -et-re). See Alcoholome- try. Alcoholism [al' -ko-hol-izm) [Arab., al, the; kohol, a. stain, or finely powdered]. The morbid results of excessive or prolonged use of alcoholic liquors. The term acute A. has been used as a synonym for ine- briety. The chronic form is associated with severe lesions or disturbances of the digestive, respiratory, and nervous systems. Alcoholismus [al-ko-hol-iz' -7ims). Syn. of Alcoholism. Alcoholization [al-ko-hol-iz-a' -shwi) [Arab. , al, the ; kohol, a. stain, or finely powdered]. The art or pro- cess of alcoholizing ; the state of being alcoholized ; the product of the process of alcoholizing. Alcoholize (al'-ko-hol-iz) [Arab. , al, the ; kohol, a stain, or finely powdered]. I. To impregnate with or blend with alcohol. 2. To convert into an alco- hol. 3. To reduce to a very subtle powder. Alcoholometer [al-ko-hol-ovi' -et-er^ [alcohol ; iiirpov, a measure]. A hydrometer or other instrument used in determining the percentage of alcohol in any liquid. Alcoholometry [al-ko-hol-o/ii'-et-re) {alcohol; iiirpov, a measure]. The determination of the proportion of alcohol present in any liquid. Alcoholophilia [al-ko-hol-o-fil' -e-aK) [alcohol ; (pi^teiv, to love]. The appetite for strong drink; a craving for intoxicants. Alcohols [al' -ko-holz) [Arab., a/, the; kohol, a stain, or finely powdered]. A series of neutral compounds resembling bases exhibiting gradations corresponding to their increase in molecular weight. They are de- rived from the normal hydrocarbons by replacing hy- drogen with the group OH. The lower alcohols are mobile liquids, readily dissolving in water and pos- sessing the characteristic alcohol odor; the intermedi- ate members are more oily, and dissolve with difficulty in water ; while the higher are crystalline solids with- out odor or taste. The alcohols resemble the fats. Their boiling-points increase gradually (with similar structure) in proportion to the increase of their mo- lecular weights. See Table. A., Diatomic, those formed by replacing two atoms of hydrogen in a hydrocarbon by two molecules of hydroxyl. A., Dibasic. See A., Diatomic. A., Dihydric. See Glycols, and Table of Alcohols. A., Divalent. See Glycols. A., Hexahydric, alcohols containing six hydroxyl groups attached to six different carbon atoms. They approach the sugars very closely in their proper- ties, having a very sweet taste, but differ from them in TABLE OF THE ALCOHOLS. I. OF THE FATTY COMPOUNDS. Series i. — Alcohols, CdH2ii-|-i.OH, Name. Formula. Physical Condition. Boiling Point. (Centigrade.) Specific Gravity. Methyl ( Wood Spir- it), CH4O Liquid. 66° 0.796 at 20° Ethyl CzHeO Liquid. 78-3° 0.78945 at 20° 0.80625 °° CsHgO Liquid, 97.4O 0.8044 at 20° Butyl, C4H1QO Liquid. 116.8° 0.8099 20° C5H12O Liquid. 137° 0.8168 at 20° Hexyl C6H14O Liquid. 157° 0.819 3t 23° Heptyl (EnanthyT), C7H16O Liquid. 175° Octyl CgHigO Liquid. 190-192° 0.830 at 16° C9H20O C10H22O Solid. 43-5° Undecatyl, .... Solid. Dodecatyl, .... C10H26O Solid. 119° Tridecatyl, .... CiaHsgO Solid. Tetradecatyl, . . C14H30O Solid. 167° Pentadecatyl, . . . Solid. Hexadecyl {Cetyl), C16H34O Solid. Heptadecyl, C17H36O Solid. Octodecyl CisHasO Solid. 210° Ceryl (Cerotin), . . C27H66O Solid. C30H62O Solid. Series 2. — Unsaturated Alcohols, CnH-2n— i.OH. C2H4O Does not ex- ist in the free state. Allyl CsHsO Liquid. 96-97° 0.8540 at 20° Crotyl, C4H8O Liquid. 117-120° Series 3,— Unsaturated Alcohols, lene Series. CnH'in— 3.OH. Acety Propargyl C3H4O ! Liquid. 114-115° 0.9715 at 20° The only known alcoliol of this series. 2. OF THE AROMATIC OR BENZENE SERIES. Series i —Primary Alcohols. CjHsO Liquid. 206° 1 .062 at 0° Tolyl, CsHioO Liquid. 212° 1.033 at 20° Phenyl Propyl, . . C9H12O Liquid. 23.5° C10H14O Liquid. 246° ALCOOMETER 57 ALDEHYDS TABLE OF THE ALCOHOLS.— Confimeed. Series 2. — Divalent (Dihvdric) Alcohols. Name. Formula. Physical 1 Condition. Boiling Point. (Centigrade.) Specific Gravity. Benzylene-Glycol, C7H8O2 Does not ex- ist in the free state. ToUyleneiPhthalyr) C8H10O2 Styrolene, .... CsHioOa Solid. Benzoyl Carbinol, CsHjOo Solid. Series 3. Oxy-benzyl, . . . — Oxv- or Phenoi Solid. . Alcoh OLS. C3H10O2 Solid. 259° Piperonyl, .... CgHgOs Solid. Vanillin Solid. Phenyl Glycerol, . C9H12O3 Solid. Mesicerin C9H12O3 Liquid. that they do not reduce an alkaline copper solution and are not fermented by yeast. Moderate oxidation converts them into glucoses, CgHjjOg. They are ob- tained from the latter by the action of sodium amal- gam. A., Monatomic. See A., Alonovaktit. A., Monohydric. See A. , ]\Iono7'-3d'-«//) [uAyy/wf, pain]. Pain; suffering. Algesichronometer [al-je-ze-kro-nom' -el-er) \ahyi}aic,, pain; ;i;f;oi'()f , time ; /aeTpov, a. measure]. An instru- ment used to note the lapse of time before a nerve center responds to a painful stimulus. Algesimeter [al-jcs-im' -et-er) \h'kyr)Ciiq, pain ; ^krpov, a measure]. An instrument for determining the acuteness of the sense of pain. Algesis [al-je' -sis). See Algesia. Algesthesis, or Algaesthesis {al-jes-the' -sis) [a/lyof, pain; alaftrjaK;, feeling]. The perception of pain; any painful disease. Algetic (al-jet'-ik) [a/lytiv, to have pain]. Pertaining to, or producing, pain. -algia [al'-je-ah] [aAyof, pain]. A suffix denoting pain, as odontalgia, neuralgia, etc. Algid (al'-jid) \algidns, cold]. Cold, chilly. A. Fever, a pernicious intermittent fever, with great coldness of the surface of the body. A. Cholera, Asiatic cholera. Algin {al'-jin) \_alga, a seaweed]. Alginic acid; a gummy substance derivable from seaweeds and form- ing a good substitute for gum arabic. Algology {al-gol-d-ji) \alga, a seaweed; Aiyew, speak]. That department of botany treating of algae, phy- cology. Algometer [al-gotn' -et-er) [a^yof, pain ; /uerpov, a measure]. An instnmient for testing the sensibility of a part to pain. Algometry \al-gom' -et-re) ^iikyoq, pain ; jiirpov, a measure]. The testing of pain. Algophobia [al-go-fo' -be-ah) \hXyoz, pain; ^^;3of, dread]. Unreasonable or morbid dread of pain. Algophobic (al-go-fo' -bik) [a^yof, pain ; ^o/3of, dread]. Characterized by algophobia. Algophobist [al-go-fo' -bist) [nilyof , pain ; (^d/3of, dread]. One who morbidly dreads pain. Algor [al'-gor) [L.]. A sense of chilliness or coldness. A. Progressivtis. Syn. of Scleroderma Neonatorum. Algos [al'-gos) [d/lyof, pain]. Pain; a painful disease, or attack. • Algosis [al-go'-sis) \_alga, seaweed]. The causation of disease by certain plants, as algae. Algospasm [al' -go-spazm) [_akyog, pain ; cnaafidg, spasm]. Painful spasm or cramp. Al'ibert's Ke'loid. See Keloid and Diseases, Table of. Alibility [al-ib-il' -c-te) \alibilis, nutritive]. Availabil- ity of a nutritious substance for absorption and assimi- lation. Alible [al'-i-bl) [^/Zi^/Z/j-, nutritive] . Nutritive; absorb- able and assimilable. Alicant [al'-ik-ant) [from Alicante, in Spain]. A strong, sweet, and dark-colored Spanish wine. Alices [al'-is-ez) [L.]. Red spots preceding the pustu- lation in smallpox. Alienation [al-yen-a' -shun) \_alienafio ; alienare, to withdraw]. Mental derangement, insanity. Alienist [al'-yen-ist) \_alienare, to withdraw]. One who treats mental diseases ; a specialist in the treatment of insanity. Aliethmoid [al-e-eth' -moid) \_ala, a wing; i]^^i6i;, a strainer]. In birds, the wing of the ethmoidal por- tion of the orbito-nasal cartilage. Aliferous [al-if -er-zis) \_ala, a wing; ferre, to bear]. Winged ; alate ; aligerous. Aliform («/'-//"-(?;-;«) [«/«, wing ; yorwa, shape]. Wing- shaped. A. Process, the wing of the sphenoid. See Alisphenoid. Aliformes musculi [al-if-o?-' -niez mus'-ku-li). The aliform or wing-shaped muscles; the pterygoid muscles. Aligerous [al-ij' -er-tis) [ color]. Of a changeable color. Allocinetic (al-o-sin-et' -ik). See Allokinetic. Allocryptic [al-o-krip'-tik) \_aXkoQ, other ; KpvKrdf, hidden]. In biology, a term applied by Poulton to mimetic coloration in animals produced by covering themselves with foreign objects. AUceosis {al-e-o'-sis). See Alleosis. Alloeotic {al-e-ot' -ik). See Alleotic. Allogamy (al-og'-am-e) [d/l/lof, other; yafio^, marriage]. In biology, cross fertilization. Alloisomerism [al-o-i-som' -er-izm) [d? Aor, other ; 'lanfieprj^ , having equal parts]. The application of the same structural formula to many different compounds ; a variety of isomerism. Allokinetic [al-o-kin-et'-ik) [dX/lof , other ; kIviioiq, motion]. Moved or set in motion by external impres- sions or forces ; not autokinetic. AUolalia {al-o-la' -le-ali) [dAAof, other; /la/lf has a pungent odor and vesicates the skin. A. sulphid, (C.jHj)2S, the essential oil of garlic. A. thiocarbimid. See A. Mustard Oil. A. tribromid, C^HjEr^, a colorless liquid used as an antispasmodic. Dose, five drops. Unof. Allylamin (al-il' -am-lti) [fcA?/, matter; ammonia'], l>iY{.j,{C^\l}). Ammonia in which a hydrogen atom is replaced by allyl. It is a sharply caustic mobile liquid. AUylin {al-il'-in) [i'Aj?, matter], CgHi./J.j. Monoallyl ether, produced by heating glycerol with oxalic acid. It is a thick liquid, boiling at 225-240°. Almeciga (al-ma' -thig-ali) [Sp.]. See Elemi. Almen and Nylander's Test. See Tests, Table of. Almen's Tests. See Tests, Table of. Almond [am' -und) [M. E., almonde\ See Amyg- dala. A. Bread, a variety of bread made from almond flour, for use by diabetics. It is made as follows : Take of blanched sweet almonds a quarter of a pound. Beat them as fine as possible in a stone mortar, remove the sugar by putting in a linen bag and steeping for a quarter of an hour in boiling water acidulated with vinegar ; mix this paste thoroughly with three ounces of butter and two eggs. Add the yolks of three eggs and a little salt, and stir well for some time. Whip up the whites of three eggs and stir in. Put the dough thus obtained into greased moulds and dry by a slow fire. A. of the Ear, the tonsil. A. Mixture. See Amygdahe Mistura. A. Oil, oleum amygdalre, the fixed oil obtained from both the sweet and the bitter almond. It is odorless, agreeable to the taste, and of a yellow color; sp. gr. .919 at 15° C. It is used in phannacy and medicine and in soap-making. A. Oil, Bitter, Oleum amyg- dala amarre. See Amygdala. A. Paste, a magma ofbitter almonds, alcohol, white of egg and rose-water, used to soften the .skin and prevent the hands and lips from chapping. A. of the Throat, the tonsil. Alnuin (al'-mc-in) [Celtic, al, near; Ian, a river-bank]. A precipitate from the tincture of Alnus rubra. Said to be alterative and resolvent. Dose gr. ii-x. Unof. Alnus (al'-nus) [Celtic, al, near; Ian, 2. river-bank]. Alder Bark. The bark of the American Alder. A. serrulata ,cor\\.2Lms tannic acid. The decoction of bark and leaves is astringent, and used as a gargle and as a lotion for wounds and ulcers. Dose of powdered bark gr. X. Alochia {ah-lo'-ke-ah) [a priv.; \6xia, the lochia]. Absence of the lochia. ALOE 63 ALSACE GUM Aloe (aF-o) \h'kbr), the aloe]. The inspissated juice of several species of aloe, of which the A. socotrina, A. barbadL'Hsis , and A. capensis are most commonly used. Its properties are due to a glucosid, ahnn, CjjHjgOj. A tonic astringent, useful in amenorrhea, chronic consti- pation, and atonic dyspepsia. It is also an emmen- agogue and anthelmintic. Dose gr. j-v. A. amer- icana. See Agave. A. Decoct., Comp. (B.P. ). Dose gr. ss-ij. A. Enema (B.P. ), aloes, carbonate of potassium ; mucilage of starch. A. et Asafcetida, Pil., aloes and asafetida aa gr. I >/^. A. et Canellae, Pulv., contains powdered bark of Canella alba. Dose gr. v-xx. A. et Ferri, Pil., contains gr. j each of aloes, ferrous sulphate, and aromatic powder, incor- porated with confection of roses. A.- et Mastich, Pil., " Lady Webster's" pill, contains each aloes gr. ij, mastich and red rose gr. ss. A. et Myrrh, Pil., contains each aloes gr. ij, myrrh, gr. j, aromatic pow- der gr. ss, mixed with syrup. A. et Myrrh, Tinct., aloes lo, myrrh lo, alcohol lOO parts. Dose '7^ ss- 3 ij. A. Ext. Aquosum, prepared by mixing I with 10 parts boiling water, straining and evaporating. Dose gr. ss-v. A. Pil., aloes and soap aa gr. ij. A. Puri- ficata, the common drug purified by solution in alcohol and evaporation. Dose gr. j-v. A. Socotrin, Pil. (B. P.), contains socotrin, aloes, hard soap, oil of nut- meg and confection of roses. Dose gr. v-x. A. Tinct., consists of aloes 10, glycyrrhiza 10, dil. alcohol 100 parts. Dose gss-^ij. A. Vin., has aloes 6, cardamon I, ginger I, str. white wine 100 parts. Dose Sj-^iv. Aloedary (al' -o-ed-a-re) ^akor^&apiov , aloedarium], A compound aloetic purgative medicine. Aloeretin {al-o-e-re' -tiii) \a'K6ri, aloes; pijrivi], resin]. A brown resin contained in aloes. Aloes [al'-oz). See Aloe. A. Caballine \_cabalhis, a horse]. Coarse aloes, used in veterinary medi- cine. A. Hepatic, dark liver-colored aloes, mostly Socotrine or Barbadian. A. Lign. See Agallo- chum. Aloes-wood [aF-oz-wood). See Agallochum, and Aqidlaria. Aloetic (al-o-et'-ik) [aAo;?, the aloe]. Containing or pertaining to aloes. Aloetin [al-o-e' -tin) [aWorj, the aloe; pJirivr/, resin]. I. Aloeretin. 2. A yellow crystalline principle obtain- able from aloes ; aloeretic acid. Alogia (ah-lo'-je-afi) \a priv. ; Myoq, word, reason]. 1. Inability to speak, due to some psychical defect. 2. Stupid or senseless behavior. Alogotrophy (a/-i9-_^'-6>^'-;'o-/(') \akoyoq, strange, absurd; rpnibri, nutrition]. Irregular and perverted nutrition, leading to deformity. Aloin (al'-o-in) \aMri, the aloe]. A bitter principle found in aloes. It forms fine needles, possesses a very bitter taste, and acts as a strong purgative. Sev- eral glucosids of this name are described ; as Bar- baloin, Nataloin, Zanaloin, Socaloin, q. v. Alonette's Operation. See Operatiofis, Table of. Alonsenel [al-on-sen-el') [Fr.]. A variety of the Co7v- auia mexicana, a tall, rosaceous shrub of Mexico and the Rocky Mountain region. It is also called Cowan Plant and Cliff-rose. It is locally valued as a styptic and astringent. Unof. Alopecia [al-o-pe' -se-ah') [akuTrrj^, a fox]. Baldness ; Calvities ; a term employed to designate the forms of baldness occurring in any disease as a symptom of the latter, or occurring as a purely local affection of the follicles in which the pilary filaments are lodged. It may be universal or partial, congenital or acquired, physiological or pathological, symmetrical or asym- metrical. It follows a large number of systemic affections. A. adnata. See A., Congenital. A. areata ; Area celsi ; Tinea decalvans ; Porrigo de- calvans ; Alopecia circumscripta ; that condition in which suddenly or slowly one or several, usually asymmetrically distributed, patches of baldness appear upon the hairy regions of the body, more often upon the scalp and parts covered by the beard. Tlie patches vary in size from a pin-head to an involvement of the entire surface from the coalescing of many patches. The disease may be produced by traumatism of the liead, nervous shock, neurasthenia, ringworm of the scalp and syphilis. A. circumscripta. See-.-^. are- ata. A., Congenital, a rare form, seldom complete, due to absence of hair-bulbs. A. furfuracea ; Alo- pecia pityroides capillitii ; Pityriasis capitis ; Seborrhea capillitii ; Pityriasis simplex ; Dandi-uff ; a form of baldness associated with a disorder of the scalp marked by hyperemia, itching, and exfoliation of dry or fatty scales from its surface. It may be acute or chronic, and produce a dryness, brittleness, and lack of luster in the hair. A. localis ; A. neuritica ; that form occurring in one or more patches at the site of an injury, or in the course of a recog- nizable nerve. A. neuritica. See A. localis. A. neurotica, a name given to baldness of tropho- neurotic origin. A. orbicularis. Same as A', cii-- cumscripta. A. pityroides capillitii. See A. furfuracea. A. pitjaoides universalis, a rapid and general denudation of hair occurring in debilitated states, preceded by abundant desquamation of fatty scales. The skin is rather firmer and stiffer than normal. A. senilis ; Senile Calvities ; that occur- ring in old age from atrophy and sclerosis of the scalp. A. simplex, the idiopathic premature baldness of young adults. Most common in males. Often asso- ciated with premature grayness. A. syphilitica, that due to syphilis. A. universalis, that in which there is a general falling out of the hairs of the body. Alopecist (al-o-pe' -sist') [aJloTrz/f , a fox]. One who makes a specialty of the treatment of baldness. Alopecoid [al-o-pe' -koid ) [a/luTrr/f, a fox; £(Jof , form]. Resembling a fox ; vulpine. Alouchi [al-oo'-chi). See Acuchi. Alouette's Amputation. See Operations, Table of. Aloxanthin [al-oks-an'-thin) , CjjHjpOg. A yellow substance obtained from barbaloin and socaloin by the action of bichromate of potassium. Alpestrine (al-pcs'-trin) \_alpestris, alpine]. Peculiar to mountain districts, as alpestrine diseases. Alpha [al'-fak) [a\(f)a, the first letter of the alphabet]. The Greek letter a, used in combination with many chemical terms to indicate the first of a series. A. Angle. See ,4ngle. A. -dextrin. Same as Ery- thro-dextrin. A. Kava Resin. See Le-vinin. A.- naphthol. See Naphthol. A.-naphthol Test. See Tests, Table of . A.-oxynaphthoic Acid, 'satt Acid, Alpha-oxynaphthoic. Alphenic [al-fen'-ik) [Fr. , Alphenic']. White barley sugar. Alphonsin [al-fon'-sin'). See Alfonsin. Alphos [al'-fos) [aXtfiof , vitiligo]. I. An old name for leprosy. 2. Psoriasis. 3. A term vaguely applied to various skin diseases. See Psoriasis. Alphosis [al-fo'-sis) [d/l^df, vitiligo]. Albinism; leu- coderma. Alpinia (al-pin'-e-ah) \_Alpinus, Italian botanist of the sixteenth century]. A genus of zingiberaceous trop- ical plants. A. officinarum, A. chinetisis , and other species furnish Galangal, q.v. Still other species are medicinal. Unof. Alsace Gum [al-sds' gum). See Dextrin. ALSTONIDIN 64 ALUSIA Alstonidin {al-sion' -id-iii) \_Alston, a Scotch botanist]. An amorphous substance contained in a variety of Dita bark. Alstonin {al' -sto-nhi) \_Ahton, a Scotch botanist]. I. An amorphous substance contained in a variety of Dita bark. 2. A crystalline alkaloid, C.^jH.^qNjO^, obtained from Alstonia Constricta. Alter {awl'-ter) [L. ," other "]. To castrate, or spay. Alterant (awF -ter-ant). Same as Alterative. Alteration [mvl-fer-a' -shun) \alterare, to make other]. A change, as of form. A. Theory. See Difference Theory. Alterative (a-cil'-ter-a-tiv) \alter, another]. A medi- cine that alters the processes of nutrition and excre- tion, restoring, in some unknown way, and without sensible evacuation, the normal functions of an organ or of the system. It seems to be a necessary or con- venient term covering our ignorance of the modus operandi of certain medicines, as mercury, iodin, etc. A., Compound, a domestic remedy consisting of bam- boo, brier-root, stillingia, burdock-root, and poke-root, aa fid. e.xt. ^iij, prickly-ash bark fid. ext. ^^j. Recommended by Sims in scrofulous affections. Dose Alternate (awl' -ter-nat) \_alternare, to do by turns]. In botany, applied to that form of leaf-arrangement in which only one leaf occurs at a node. A. Genera- tion. See Alternation of Generatiofis. Alternating (a7vl'-ter-nat-ing) \alternare, to do by turns]. Occurring successively. A. Insanity, a form of insanity in which there are regular cycles of exaltation and depression. Alternation (awl-ter-na' -shuji) \_alternare, to do by turns]. Repeated transition from one state to another. A. of Generations. I. In biology, a generative cycle in which the young do not resemble the parent, but like forms are separated by one or more unlike generations. 2. That form of reproduction in which some of the members of the cycle can produce new beings non-sexually, while in the final stage reproduc- tion is always sexual. Tenia or tapeworm, is an example. The segments. Proglottides, are herma- phrodite, and are evacuated with the feces. From the egg, fertilized after it is shed, is developed the embryo, that is swallowed by another animal, in whose tissues it forms an encysted stage [Cysticerciis , Ccenurus, or Echinococcus). To undergo further development the cysticercus must find another host, where it forms new segments. Althaus's Oil. A modification of Lang's Oil. It is made as follows : Metallic mercury I part, pure lano- lin 4 parts, 2 per cent, carbolic oil 5 parts. It forms a homogeneous gray cream that has no tendency to decomposition. It is used in the treatment of syphilis in injections of tT\^v at a dose. Althea or Althaea (al-the'-ah) [L.]. Marsh-mallow. The peeled root of A. officinalis, a plant of the mal- low family. It consists of about one-third of vege- table mucus and starch, together with the alkaloids Asparagin and Althein (latterly regarded as identical). Its decoction is employed as a mucilaginous drink. A. syrupi contains four per cent, althea. Dose in- definite. Asparagin possesses sedative and diuretic properties, and is useful in ascites and gout. Dose gr. ij-iij. Althein [al-the'-in). See Althea. Alticomous (al-tik' -o-mus') \altiis, high ; coma, head of hair, foliage]. In biology, leafy at or near the .summit only. Altitude {at' -te-tiid) \altitudo, height]. The height, as of an individual. In climatology, the elevation of a place above the sea-level. A. -staff, a device em- ployed for measuring the exact height of recruits. It consists of a rigid upright with a vertex-bar moving without play at right angles to the upright. Altricious {al-trish' -us) \altrix, a nurse]. Requiring a long nursing ; hence, slow of development (the re- verse of precocious). PiXwi^hi [al-oo'-chi). See Aeuchi. Aludel {al'-u-del) [Arab., al, the; uthal, utensil]. In chemistry, a pear-shaped glass or earthen vessel used in sublimation. Alum {al'-tun) \alumen, alum]. Any one of a class of double sulphates formed by the union of one of the sulphates of certain non-alkaline metals with a sulphate of some alkaline metal. The standard (or common commercial) alum, the official A lumen, U. S. P., is the aluminium-potassium sulphate, Al^- (SO^), 4- KjSO^ -(- 24H.P. It is a powerful astrin- gent and styptic in medicine, and is extensively used in the arts. It is employed by bakers to whiten their bread, but the effect upon the system is probably in- jurious. Ordinary A. Ammoniae is the same as the above, except that the potassium is replaced by am- monium. It is official in Great Britain, and is exten- sively used on account of its cheapness. What is known as conceittrated or patent alum, is the normal aluminium sulphate [ahuninii sulphas) which is not a true alum. A. Ammonio-ferric [Ferri et Aminonii sulphas), U. S. P., is strongly styptic, and is useful in leucorrhea. Dose gr. v-x. A. Potassio-ferric is extremely similar to the A. ammonio-ferric. (For A. Rubidium, see Rubidium). A. Sodae, double sul- phate of sodium and aluminium, is too soluble for ordinary uses. The other alums are very numerous, but they are of little interest to the physician. A. Whey, a preparation obtained by boiling "2, ij of alum in a pint of milk, and straining. It is used as an astrin- gent and internal hemostatic, in wineglassful doses. Alumen {al-u' -?tien) [^h.,gen., Aluminis^. See Alum. A. exsiccatum, burnt or dehydrated alum. Alumina (al-u' -min-ah) [L.]. Sesquioxid of alumin- ium ; the principal ingredient of clay, and of many stones, earths and minerals. Aluminate (al-u' -min-at) \a,lumina'\. A basic salt of alumina. Aluminated Copper. See Lapis divinus. Aluminiferous (al-u-min-if -er-zis) \alumen, alum ; ferre, to fonn]. Yielding alum. Aluminium (al-u-min' -e-um) [L.]. Al = 27. Quan- tivalence 11, iv. A silver white metal distinguished by its low sp. gr. , about 2.6. A. hydrate, Al2(H0)i;, a tasteless white powder, feebly astringent. Dose gr. iij-xx. A. and Potassium sulphate, K,2A1.2(SOj)j (Alum, (]. v.), a valuable astringent used in catarrh, leucorrhea, gonorrhea. Dose gr. x-xx. In teaspoon- ful doses, an emetic. A. sulphate, A1.2(SOJ.,, an antiseptic and astringent used as a lotion in 5 per cent, solution. A. acetate, unof. ; a disinfectant. A. acetotartrate, unof. ; a disinfectant. Aluminosis (al-u-min-o' -sis) \aluminium\ A pul- monary disease common among workers in aluminium ; the dust collects within the lung tissue. Alumnol (alum' -not) \aluminium\ An astringent and antiseptic " sulphur combination of aluminium." Useful in gonorrhea, endometritis, ear, nose and skin diseases, etc. Used in the main externally. Unof Alum Root. The root of Heuchera americana. Prop erties due to gallic and tannic acids. It is very astrin- gent. Dose of the fld. ext. gtt. x-xx. Also the root of Geranium maculatum, a mild and safe astringent. See Geranium. Unof. Alusia (al-u'-ze-ah) \_(iAveiv, to wander]. Hallucina- tion ; morbid state of mind. ALUTACEOUS 65 AMAUROSIS Alutaceous {al-u-ta' -shc-tis) \aluta, soft leather]. In botany, of a pale brown color, like untanned leather. Alvearium {al-vc-a' -re-uiii) [L.]. The external audi- tory canal or meatus. Alveloz (al-vel-oth') [Sp.]. An extractive from Eu- phorbia icterodoxa^ having diuretic properties. It is highly recommended as a topical application in can- cer. Unof. Alveolar (al-ve' -o-lar^ [alveolus, a small hollow]. Per- taining to the alveoli or sockets of the teeth. A. Ab- scess, a gum-boil. A. Arch, the alveolar surface of the jaw. A. Artery, a branch of the internal maxil- lary. A. Border, the face margin of the jaws. A. Cancer. See Cancer. A. Index, in craniometry, the gnathic index ; the ratio of the distance between the basion and alveolar point, to the distance be- tween the basion and the nasal point, multiplied by ICO. (Sometimes the basilar index is called the alve- olar index.) See Index and Craniometrical Points. A. Point. See Craniometrical Points. A. Process, the border of the superior maxilla in which the alveoli are placed. A. Sarcoma. See Sarcoma. Alveolarium ial-ve-o-la' -re-tim) [alveus, a bee-hive], A name sometimes applied to the external meatus of the ear. It is so called because the wax of the ear gathers in that place. Alveolate [al-ve' -o-ldt, or aF-ve-o-lat ) \_alveolatus , hol- lowed out like a little tray]. In biology, pitted, honey- combed. Alveoli [al-ve' -0- 1 i). Genitive and plural oi Alveolus. Alveolitis [al-ve-o-li' -tis) [alveolus, a hollow ; LTig, in- flammation]. Inflammation of the alveolus of a tooth. Alveolo-condylean {al-ve' ~o-lo-kon-dil' -e-an) [alveo- lus, a. hoWow ; Koiirfr^/lof, a knuckle]. In craniometry, pertaining to the alveolus and condyle. A. Plane. See Plane. Alveo'o-dental [al-ve' -o-lo-de7t'-fal) [alveolus, a hol- low ; dens, dentis, a tooth]. Pertaining to the teeth and their sockets. Alveolo-labialis [al-ve'-o-lo-lab-e-a'-lis) [alveolus, a hollow; labiu?n, th&W'p]. The buccinator muscle. Alveolo-subnasal [al-ve' -o-lo-sub-na' -sal) [alveolus, a hollow; under; nasus, nose]. In biology, per- taining to the alveolar and subnasal points of the skull. A. Prognathism. See Prognathism. Alveolus [al-ve' -o-lus) [L. ; pi. , Alveoli']. The bony socket of a tooth. A. of Glands, the ultimate sacs of a racemose gland. A. of the Lungs, are the air cells. A. of the Stomach, or the alevolar structures, are depressions, like honeycomb cells, found in the stomach, intestines and esophagus. Alvergnat's Pump. An instrument used in estimating the gaseous constituents of the blood. Alveus [al'-ve-us) [alveus, a trough]. A trough, tube, or canal ; applied to ducts and vessels of the body. A. communis, the utricle of the ear. A. hippocampi, a certain structure in the cerebral hem- isphere investing the convexity of the hippocampus major. Alviduca [al-ve-du'-ka) [alvtis, the belly; ducere to lead]. Laxative or cathartic medicines. Alvifluxus [al-ve-fluks' -us) [alvus, the belly ; Jluxus, a flow]. A free alvine discharge; a diarrhea. A. Torminosus. A synonym of Dysentery. A\w'me [al'-vin or -vln) [alvinus ; alvtis ,ht\\y'\. Per- taining to the belly. A. Concretion, an intestinal calculus. A. Dejections, the feces. A. Discharges, the feces. A. Obstruction. ^ynonYOi-oi Constipation. Alvus [al'-vus] [L.]. The belly, or its contained viscera. Alymphia [ah-litnf'-e-ak) [a priv. ; lympha, clear water]. A deficiency of lymph. 5 Alysm, or Alysmus [al'-izm, or al-iz'-mus) [aAvafi6^, a wandering]. Disquietude; restlessness; mental disquiet ; sadness ; anxiety. Amadelphous [am-ad-el' -fus) [ann, together ; a(SE/l,^dc, brother]. In zoology, gregarious. Am&diOW. [am' -a-doo) [Vx. , amadouer, Xo o.oa.y.']. Ger- man tinder or touchwood ; Boletus igniarius, 3^ fungus found on old tree-trunks, used to stanch local hem- orrhage, as a dressing of wounds, etc. Amalgam [am-al' -gam) [fid'Aayfia, a soft mass]. A combination of mercury with any other metal. See Copper .Amalgam. A. Carrier and Plugger, an instriiment designed for carrying and introducing amal- gam into the cavity of a tooth. A. Manipulator, an instrument used by dentists for preparing amalgam fillings. Amalgamation [am-al-gam-a' -shmi) [fiaXayfj-a, a soft mass]. In metallurgy, the process of combining mercury with some other metal, as practiced in sepa- rating silver and gold from some other ores. Amalic Acid [am-al' -ik). See Acid. Amandin [am-an'-din) [Fr. , amande, almond]. A proteid contained in sweet almonds. Amandine [am-an'-din) [Fr. , amande, almond]. A kind of cold cream or almond paste. Amanitin [am-an' -it-in) [a//ai'2ra<, a kind of fungus]. I. A principle identical with cholin, obtained from the fly agaric. 2. A poisonous glucosid obtainable from various species of agaric. Amara (<7/«-a'-rff) [amarus,\M.\.&c\. Bitters. Amaranthus spinosa [am-ar-an' -thus spi-no'-sah) [L. ]. The fresh root of the shrub is used in India as a specific in gonorrhea. An emollient and diuretic. Dose indefinite. Unof. AmaiXm. [am -a' -r in) [ffwar/^, bitter] , CjiHjgN,. Tri- phenyl dihydroglyoxalin, results from boiling hydro- benzamid with caustic potash. It crystallizes from alcohol and ether in prisms, melting at 113°. It exerts a poisonous effect on animals. Amarone [am-ar-on') [atnarus, bitter], C,gHjjN. A crystalline substance produced by the dry distillation of hydrobenzamid and other substances. Amarthritis [am-ar-thri' -tis) [a/ia, together ; apdpov, a joint; /r(f, inflammation]. Arthritis affecting many, or several joints at once. Amasesis [ah-mas-e' -sis) [a priv. ; iidajjOK;, chewing]. Inability to chew the food. Amassette [am-as-et') [Fr.]. A kind of spatula, often of horn, used in color-grinding and in pharmacy. Amasthenic [am-as-then' -ik) [ayLa, together; (j^ti'of, strength]. Uniting the chemical ray of light in a focus, as a lens. Amastia [ah-mas'-te-ah) [a priv. ; fiaardg, breast]. The condition of being without mammae or nipples. Amativeness [am' -at-iv-nes) [amare, to love]. The sexual passion. Amatory [am'-at-o-re) [amator, a lover]. Pertaining to love. A. Fever, love-sickness ; chlorosis. A. Muscles, the oblique muscles of the eye, used in ogling. Amaurosis [am-a7ii-ro' -sis) [huavp6eiv, to darken]. A term that, from its vagueness, is happily becoming disused, signifying partial or total loss of vision. When partial, the word amblyopia is now used; when complete, blindness. The word is still some- times used^ to express blindness when the cause is unknown or doubtful. A. Albuminuric, that due to renal disease. A. Cerebral, that due to atrophy of the optic nerve. A. Congenital, that form existing from birth. A. Diabetic, that associated with dia- betes. A. Hysterical, that associated with hysteria, usually in the female. A. Reflex, that resulting from AMAUROTIC 66 AMEBOID a reflex action upon the optic nerve following some remote source of irritation. A. Saburral, sudden temporary blindness occurring in an attack of acute gastritis. A. Uremic, that due to an acute attack, or an exacerbation of a chronic form of nephritis. Amaurotic {am-iuo-rot' -ik) \_afiavpotLv , to darken]. Re- lating to, or affected with amaurosis. A. Cats-eye, a light -reflex through the pupil in suppurative choroiditis. Amaxophobia [am-aks-o-fo' -bc-ak) [a//afa, a car ; (pojiog, fear]. Morbid dread of being in, or riding upon, a car or wagon. Amazia [ah-ma' -ze-ah) [d priv. ; iiaZ,d^, the breast]. Congenital absence of the mammary gland. See Amastia. Amber {am' -her'). See Succmum. Ambergris [ain'-l>er-gris) [amber; Fr. ^m, gray]. A substance excreted by the sperm whale, Physeter niacrocephalus. It is not known whether it is a pathological product or not. It exhales a fragrant, musky odor when warmed, and is used in adynamic fevers, chronic catarrh, and nervous diseases. Dose, gr. j-iij. Unof. See Ambreiii. Ambidexter (am-be-deks' -ter) \ambo, both ; dexter, the right hand]. An ambidextrous person. Ambidextrous {ain-be-deks' -trus) \_ambo, both ; dexter, the right hand]. Able to use both hands equally well. Ambigenous [am-bij' -eji-its)\_ambi ,\>o\}a ; genus, born'\. In biology, having a perianth with parts resembling sepals and petals. Ambiparous (am-bip' -ar-us) \ambi, on both sides ; parere, to produce]. In biology, producing both kinds ; as a bud that produces both leaves and flower. Ambloma [ain-blo'-ina/i) [^aujiXufia, wn. abortion: //. , Amblomata\ An amblosis or abortion : an aborted fetus. Amblosis (am-blo'-sis) [a,«/3/lu(T(f , an abortion]. An abortion. Amblothridium [am-blo-thrid' -e-mn) [_afi[Sl(jOplSiov, an aborted fetus: //. , Amblothridia\ I. An aborted fetus. 2. An abortifacient drug or agent. Amblotic (am-blof -ik) \a\i\Jki)TiKoq. See Ai)iblosis\. Abortifacient. Amblyaphia (am-ble-a' -fe-aJi) \niL^'kuq, dull; a^ri, touch]. Dulness of the sense of touch. Amblyocarpous [am-ble-o-kar' -pus) [d/z/S/lif, blunt, dulled; /ca/jTrtif, fruit]. In botany, possessing abortive seeds. Amblyopia (a7n-ble-o' -pe-ah)\afipi'kh(;, dulled; wi/i, eye]. Subnormal acuteness of vision, due neither to dioptric abnonnalism nor to visible organic lesion. It may be congenital ; from the use of tobacco [A. nicotittica), or alcohol, or other toxic influences ; from traumatism ; or it maybe hysterical. Nyctalopia or day-blindness, and hemeralopia or night-blindness, are other forms ; it may arise from entoptic phenomena, such as muscce Tolitantes, micropsia, megalopsia, !neta?Horphopsia , etc. It may take the form of contracted fields of vision, of color-blindness, or anesthesia of the retina. A. ex- anopsia, amblyopia from disuse, or from non-use: argamblyopia is a preferable term. A. post-marital, A. due to sexual excess, called Burns'' s Amaurosis. Amblyopiatrics [am-ble-o-pe-at'-riks] [a?nblyopia ; laTpi- Kiir, belonging to medicine]. The therapeutics of amblvopia. Ambolic [am-boU -ik) [ii/ilioAl], a putting off]. Causing aljortion ; abortifacient. Ambon (am'-bon) \Jiiijio)v, the lip of a cup]. The fibro- cartilaginous ring that surrounds a socket in which the head of a large bone is received, such as the acetabu- lum, or the glenoid cavity. Ambos (am' -bos) [Ger. ]. The incus, or anvil bone. Ambosexous (am-bo-seks'-us)\_ambo, both ; sexus, sex]. Hermaphroditic. Amboyna Button [am-boi'-nah but'-un). See Fram- besia. Ambra Grisea [am'-brah gris'-e-ah). Synonym of Ambergris. Ambrein {ai?t' -bre-in)[Fr. , Ambre'\. A substance much resembling cholesterin ; it is obtained from ambergris by digestion in hot alcohol. Ambrette {am-bret') [Fr]. The seed of Abelmoschus tnoschafus, q. v. ; musk-seed. Used in perfumery, and formerly prescribed as a substitute for musk. Unof. Ambrosia [am-bro' -zhe-ah) \au^poaia, the food of the gods]. A genus of coarse composite-flowered herbs. A. artemisiirfolia , common hog- weed of North America; is stimulant, tonic, antiperiodic, and astrin- gent. A. trifida, of the United States, has similar properties. The pollen of these plants is by some regarded as a cause of hay-fever. Unof. Ambulacral [am-bu-la' -kral) \a7)ibulacrum, a walk, alley]. In biology, related to an ambulacrum. Ambulacrum (am-bu-la' -krum) \ambulacruin, a walk, alley: //. , Ambulacra~\. In biology, one of the radi- ating series of perforations in the shell of an echino- derm. Ambulance [am' -bti-lans) \_ambulare , to walk about]. In Europe the term is applied to the surgical staff and arrangements of an army in service. In the United States the word is restricted to a vehicle for the trans- ference of the sick or wounded from one place to an- other. Ambulatory [am' -bu-lat-o-re) \_ambulare, to walk about]. Relating to walking. A. Blister, a blister that changes its location. A. Clinic, a clinic for patients that can walk. A. Erysipelas, erysipelas that shifts from place to place. A. Tumor, a pseudo-tumor. A. Typhoid, walking typhoid ; enteric fever in which the patient does not, or will not take to his bed. Ambulo [am'-bu-lo] \_ambulare , to walk about]. A pseudo-tumor of the abdomen ; a painful and shifting abdominal distention due to flatulence. Ambury (am' -ber-e). See Anbury. Ambustion (am-hus' -chun) [anibustio, a burn]. A bum or scald. Ameba or Amoeba (am-e'-bah) [aiioipfi, a change]. A colorless, single-celled, jelly-like protoplasmic organism found in sea and fresh waters, constantly undergoing changes of form, and nourishing itself by surrounding objects. The white corpuscles of the blood perform ameboid movements, i.e., changes of form, consisting of protrusions and withdrawals of substance. A. buccalis and A. dentalis (perhaps identical species) have been found upon human teeth. A. coli, ameba of dysentery. A. uro-genifalis, has been observed in urine and in vaginal secretions. Ameban (atn-e'-ban) [_aiiot(ii/, a change]. I. Of the nature of or pertaining to an ameba. 2. Any organism that maybe classed as an ameba. Amebic (am-e'-bik) {ixfioipri, a change]. Pertaining to or characterized by amebse. Amebicidal (am-e-bis-i'-dal). See Amebicide. Amebicide (am-e'-bis-id) [q//o(/5//, a change; cedere, to kill]. I. Destructive of amebii:. 2. A remedy that destroys amebre. Amebodont (am-e'-bo-dont) [d//oi/3;), change ; bUovr.n tooth]. In biology, pertaining to molar teeth in which the ridges or crests are alternate ; the opposite of antiodont. Amehoid (am-e'-boid) [d//o/,'3v, a change]. Resembling an ameba in fonn or in changes ; used of white blood- cells, etc. AMEL 67 AMIDO-ACID Amel (am'-el) [Anglo-French, amal, enamel]. An old name for Enamel. Amelectic [am-el-i-k'-tik). Affected with ameleia ; apathetic. Ameleia [am-cl-i' -ah) [afitMia., indifference]. Morbid apathy ; indifference. Amelia [ah-me' -le-ah) [a priv. ; j^d'hoQ, a limb]. Ab- sence of the limbs from arrested development, or atrophy. Amelification [am-el-if-ik-a' -shun) [M. E. , ainetl ; facere, to make]. The formation of the enamel of the teeth by means of the enamel cells — ameloblasts. Amelioration (am-el-vo-ya' -shtcn) \_ad, to; melior, better]. Improvement or amendment, -as in symp- toms. Ameliorative (am-el' -yo-ra-tiv) \ad, to ; wtV/or, better]. Tending to produce an amendment of symptoms. Ameloblast [ani-el'-o-blast) [Anglo-French, amal, enamel; pXaarog, a germ]. In biology, an enamel- cell, one of the cylinder cells covering the papilla of the enamel organ, and forming a beautifully regular epithelial layer that produces the enamel, the Mem- brana ailainantina of Raschkow. Amelus (am' -el-iis) [a priv.; fik'Aog, a limb]. A mon- strosity without limbs. Amendment (am-emf-menf) [M. E., amendement]. Improvement or recovery of health, more or less complete. Amenia (ah-me' -ne-ali). See Amenorrhea. Amenomania [am-en-o-ma' -ne-ali) [iimanies, agree- able; juavia, madness]. A mild form of mania in ■ which the symptoms are manifested under the form of gayety, fondness of dress, exaggeration of social con- dition, eU. ; a cheerful, or joyous delirium ; a morbid elevation of the spirits. Amenorrhea [ah-men-o-re' -ah) [ri priv. ; fiiji', month ; pkiw, to flow]. Absence, irregularity, or suppression of menstruation when it should normally be present. The secretion may be retained, the result of congenital or acquired atresia of some part of the lower genital tract ; or it may not take place in consequence of an imperfect development of the ovaries or uterus ; or it may be suppressed because of some form of constitu- tional disease, especially anemia. Primitive, is a term applied to those cases in which the catamenia have not appeared at the proper time, and Secondary, to those in which the discharge has been arrested after it has existed during the reproductive period of life. Amenorrhea! (ah-men-o-re' -al) [a priv. ; ///yv, month ; pkELv, to flow]. Pertaining to amenorrhea. Ament (a'-menf) \_ab, from; mens, mentis, the mind]. A person affected with amentia ; an idiot. Ament or Amentum (am'-ent, am-ent' -iiin) \_amentiim, a strap or thong]. In biology, a scaly spike or catkin. Amentaceous (am-en-ta' -she-us) \_amentitm, a strap or thong]. In biology, related in some way to an ament. Amentia [ah-men' -she-ah) [a priv. ; wz^zj-, mind]. De- fective intellect ; a vague term synonymous with idiocy or imbecility. Amentum (am-ent' -um). See Ament. Pt.rn&v\.\.y (all-men' -te)\a^x\v. ■, wtvzi-, mind]. Amentia. American (am-er'-ik-an) [America^ Peculiar, or be- longing, to America. A. Aloe. See Agave amer- icana. A. Catarrh, a synonym for chronic post- nasal catarrh. A. Centaury, the herb Sabbatia angular is, employed as a substitute for gentian. A. Columbo, the root of Frasera earolinensis. Tonic, aperient ; in large doses, purgative. Dose of the fld. ext. ttl^xx-^j. /'rai-frzVz, a concentrated extract. Dose gr. j-iij. Unof. A. Hellebore. See Veratrum viride. A. Ipecac. See Cillenia. A. Ivy, the twigs and bark of Ampelopsis qiiinquefolia. Alterative, tonic, astringent, and expectorant. Dose of the fld. ext. Tt\_xxx-5j. Ampelopsin, the concentrated ext. Dose gr. ij-iv. Unof. A. Saffron. See Carthamus. A. Senna. See Senna. A. Spikenard, the rhizome of Aralia racemosa. Aromatic, diuretic and altera- tive. Used in rheumatism, dropsy, and scrofulous affections. Dose of the decoction indefinite. Unof. A. Swiss Food, a variety of infant milk food with the following composition: Water 5.68, fat 6.81, grape-sugar and milk-sugar 5.78, cane-sugar 36.43, starch 30.85, soluble carbohydrates 45.35, albuminoids 10.54, ash 1. 21. A. Valerian. See Cypripeditim. A. Wormseed. See Chenopodiitm. Amertume (am-ar-tfim') [Fr.]. A disease of wine, characterized by bitterness, and caused by a specific bacillus. Ametabolic (ah-met-ab-ol' -ik) \a priv. ; iierajioAoc:, changeable]. Not due to, or causing, or undergoing, metabolism. Ametria (ah-mef -re-ah) [a priv. ; fJ-'/rpa, womb]. Absence of the uterus. Ametrometer (ah-met-rom' -et-er) [a priv. ; fihpov, a measure; oi/^tf, sight]. An instrument for measuring ametropia. Ametropia (ak-met-ro' -pe-ah) [a priv. ; fterpov, a measure; oiptg, sight]. Ametropia exists when an imperfect image is formed upon the retina, due to defective refractive power of the media, or to abnor- malities of form of the eye. In myopia the antero- posterior diameter is too great, or the power of the refractive media is too great ; hypermetropia (or hyper- opia) is the exact reverse of the last ; astigmatism is due to imperfect curvature of the cornea, or of the retina, or to inequality of refracting power in different parts of the lens ; presbyopia is due to inelasticity of the lens, producing insufficient accommodation ; aphakia, or absence of the lens, produces both insufficient re- fracting power and loss of accommodation. Ametropic (ah-met-rop' -ik) [dpriv. ; iihpov, a measure ; oi/)(f, sight]. Affected with or pertaining to ame- tropia. Amianthium (am-e-an' -the-tati) \apavToq, unspotted ; avQoq, flower]. A genus of liliaceous or melantha- ceous plants. A. mtiscic toxieum (" fly poison "), a handsome flowering plant of the United States ; has properties not unlike those of veratrum. Unof. Amiantus (am-e-an' -tus), or Amianthus (am-e-an'- thits). See Asbestos. Amic (am'-ik) [ammonia']. Pertaining to an amin, or having the nature of an amin. Amici Prism (ain-e'-che prizm). See Prism. Amicrobic (ah-mi-kro'-bik) [a priv. ; mierobion, microbe]. Not due to, or associated with, microbes. Amid (am'-id) \_ammonia'\. A chemical compound produced by the substitution of an acid radical for one or more of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia. The amids are primary, secondary, or tertiary, according as one, two, or three hydrogen atoms have been so replaced. They are white crystalline solids, often capable of combining with both acids and bases. A. Bases. See Amins, Primary. Amidin (am'-id-in) [Fr. , ainidon, starch]. Starch altered by heat into a horny , transparent mass ; soluble starch ; that part of starch which is soluble in water. Amidins (am' -id-inz) \_ammonia'\. Mono-acid bases produced from the nitrites by heating with ammonium chlorid. In the free condition they are quite unstable. They contain the group C.NH.NH,^. Amido-acetic Acid (am' -id-o-as-e' -fik as' -id). See Glvcocoll and Gly. in. Amido-acid (am'-id-o-as'-id) [^aiinnonia ; acetum, vinegar]. An acid containing the amido-group, NH,. AMIDOGEN 68 AMMONIUM Amidogen [am-id' -o-Jen) \_ainid ; yevvav, to produce]. The hypothetical radical, NH,^, regarded as an essen- tial part of all amids. See A>nid. Amido-glycerol {am' -id-o-glis' -cr-ol). See Serin. Amido-kephalin (am' -id-o-kef -al-in) \_amid : Kt(jia}\!], the head]. One of the modifications of kephalin found in the brain tissue. The name is sometimes ex- tended to other similar principles, the amidokephalins. Amido-Hpotide (am' -id-o-lip' -o-ttd). Any one of a very peculiar group of nitrogenous fats said to exist in the brain. Amidomyelin {am'-id-o-mi'el-in) \_amid ; fiveTiog, marrow], C^^H^jNjPO]^. A dipolar alkaloid or basic principle, derivable from brain tissue. It gives name to a group of similar bodies, the amidomyelins. Amidoplast (ain'-id-o-plast) \JifivKov, starch; Tr/tdcrcfo', to form]. In biology, a name proposed by Errera for leukoplastids. Proteid granules whose functions it is to form starch grains. Amido-succinamic Acid {am'-id-o-suk-sin-am'-ik as' -id). Same as Asparagin. Amidoxim, or Amidoxime (am-id-oks'-im). See Oxamidin. Amidulin (am-id' -ii-Hii) [Fr. , amidon, starch]. Sol- uble starch ; prepared by the action of HjSO^ on starch, thus removing the starch-cellulose. Amimia (ah-mim' -e-ali) [d priv. ; filfJ-o^, a mimic]. An aphasic symptom consisting in loss of the power of imitation or of pantomime speech. A. Musical, patho- logical loss of the power of playing musical instruments. Amin (am'-i>i) \_ammonia'\. The Amins are chemi- cal compounds produced by the substitution of a basic atom or radical for one or more of the hydrogen atoms of anmionia ; or basic derivatives of carbon, contain- ing nitrogen and viewed as ammonia derivatives. In deportment they bear some similarity to ammonia. The lower members are gases with ammoniacal odor and are readily soluble in water ; they differ from am- monia in their combustibility. The highest members are liquids soluble in water, only the highest are spar- ingly soluble. They are called Alonamins, Diamins, Triamins, etc. , according to the number of amidogen molecules, NH,^, substituted for H. A. Colors. Same as Anilin Colors, q. v. A. Primary, an amin in which one hydrogen atom is replaced by a monovalent alkyl. A. Secondary, an amin in which two hydrogen atoms are replaced by monovalent alkyls. A. Ter- tiary, an amin in which three hydrogen atoms are replaced by monovalent alkyls. Aminol (a/n' -in-ol) \amin~\. A gaseous substance derived from the methylamin of herring-brine mixed with milk of lime. This gas is cheap and powerfully disinfectant, and it has been used in the purification of sewage. Amins Process. See Seiverage, Disposal of. Amitosis {ali-mit-o'-sis) [a priv. ; mitosis, indirect cell- division, karyokinesis ; fi'noq, a thread; osis\ Cell multiplication by direct division, or simple cleavage, the nucleus usually assuming art hour-glass shape and dividing before the protoplasm. The opposite of mitosis. Amitotic (ah-mit-ot'-ik) [a priv. ; ///rof, thread]. Of the nature of, or characterized by, amitosis. A. Cell Division, direct nuclear subdivision, as distinguished from karyokinesis. Amixia (ali-miks'-c-ah) [a priv. ; fi'i^iQ, mixing]. In biology, the formation of a new species without the mingling of two individuals or their germs ; asexual reproduction, parthenogenesis. Amma (am'-ak) \_a/ifia, a tie: //., Ammata']. A truss or girdle for hernia. Ammelid [am' -el-id) \_Ammonia : melamid'\,Q..^^ ^- Oj. A substance produced by boiling melamin with alkalies or acids ; it is a white powder that forms salts with both acids and bases. Ammelin (am'-el-in) \_Amiiwnia ; Jiwlam'], C.jHjNjO. A white powder, insoluble in water, soluble in alkalies and mineral acids. Produced by boiling melamin with alkalies and acids. f^TCimtttr (am' -et-er) \_ampere ; //t rpov, a measure]. A fomi of galvanometer in which the value of the cur- rent is measured directly in amperes. Ammi {am'-i) [_afi/u, an African plant]. A genus of umbelliferous herbs bearing aromatic seeds or fruits. The seeds of several species are locally used in medi- cine. Unof. A. copticum. See Ajowan. Ammism (am'-iz7ii) [d|U/iOf, sand]. Ammotheraphy ; psammism. Ammonemia, (am-o-ne' -me-aJi). See Ammoniemia. Ammonia {a?n-o'-t!e-ah) [L.]. A volatile alkali, NH.^. See Ammonium. A. Carmin. See Stains, Table of. Ammoniac (am-o' -ne-ak). See Ammo7iiacum. Ammoniacal (am-o-ni' -ak-al) [ammonia'\. Containing or relating to ammonia. Ammoniacum {am-o-ni' -ak-um) [^a/ifiuvtaKdg, belong- ing to ammonia ; gen. , Ammoniaci'\. Ammoniac. A gum obtained from a Persian plant, Dorema Ammo- niacum. A stimulating expectorant and laxative, resembling asafetida. Employed in chronic bronchial affections. Dose gr. x-xxx. A. cum Hydrargyro Emplastrum, ammoniac 72, mercury 18 per cent., with sulphur, acetic acid, and oil, q. s. A. Emplas- trum, 100 parts of ammoniac, digested with 140 parts of acetic acid, diluted, strained, and evaporated. A. Mistura, a four per cent, emulsion in water. Dose .^ss-j. Ammoniameter [ammonia ; jihpov, a measure]. An instrument for testing the strength of ammonia solutions. Ammoniated (am-o-nc-a' -ted) [ammonia']. Combined with ammonia. A. Copper Test. See 'Pests, Taile of. Ammoniemia, or Ammoniaemia (am-o-ne-e' -me-ah) \ammo7iia ; dy/o, blood]. The theoretical decomposi- tion of urea in the blood, yielding ammonium car- bonate. Ammoniorrhea [ammonia; pdv, to flow]. The passage of ammoniacal urine. Ammonium (am-o'-ne-um) [from the name of Jupiter Ammon, because first discovered near his temple in Libya; gen., Ammonii']. A hypothetical alkaline base, having the composition NH^. Exists only in combination. It occurs most commonly in the fqrm of ammonia gas, NH.„ which, dissolved in water, is the water of ammonia of commerce. Inhalation of the gas causes suffocation and edema of glottis. The salts first stimulate and then paralyze the motor nerves. It is useful as a stimulant, as an antagonist in cardiac de- pression, and locally in bites and stings of venomous reptiles and insects. Ammonia Aqua, water of am- monia, a solution containing ten per cent, of the gas in water. Dose n\^v-3ss, well diluted. A. Aqua Fortior, contains 28 per cent, of the gas in solution. A. Aromatic Spt., spirit of ammonia, with am. carb. , am. aq., ol. lemon, lavender and pimenta, alcohol and water. Dose ^ ss-ij. Ammonii acetas liq.. Spirit of Minder'erus, dilute acetic acid neutralized with ammonia. Dose ^)-^]- A. benzoas, NH^C7H50.^. Dose gr. v-xv. A. Bicarbonas. Dose gr. ij-x. A. bromid, NH^Br. Dose gr. x-^ss. A. cai-bonas, NH,HCO,,.NH^NH,,CO.^, a mixture of carbonate and dicarbonate. Dose gr. v-x. A. chlorid, NH^Cl, sal ammoniac. Dose gr. j-xx. A. chloridi trochisci, each lozenge contains gr. ij of the salt. A. fluorid, used in hypertrophy of the spleen. AMMON'S FISSURE 69 AMPHIARTHROSIS Dose gr. ^^j-^. A. glycyrrhizas. Unof. An ex- pectorant. A. iodid, NH^I. Dose gr. A. lin- iment, am. aq. 30, cottonseed oil 70 per cent. A. Spt., a ten per cent, solution of aqua ammonia in alcohol. Dose n\_x-3j, diluted. A. molybdenate Test. See Tests, Table of. The following salts and their preparations are official : A. nitras, NH^NO.,, used only in preparing nitrous oxide. A. phosphas, (NH^).^HP04. Dose gr. v-xx. A. picras, C^TI,- (NH^)(N0.2)30, a salt in yellow needles, of bitter taste ; like other picrates it is explosive, and must be handled with care. It is antipyretic and antiperiodic, and tends to correct gastric disturbances. Dose gr. v in 24 hours ; best given in wafers, each' one contain- ing half a grain. A. sulphas, (NH^),^S04, used only in the preparation of other ammonium salts. A. valerianas, NH^C^HgOj. Dose gr. j-v. RaspaiV s Eau Scdatif (Unof.), am. aq. 5ij, sodium chlorid _^ij, spt. vini camph. giij, aq. J xxxij. For local use. Amnion's Fissure. See Fissure. A. Horn. See Hippocamp. A. Operation. See Operations, Table of. A. Posterior Scleral Protuberance, a variety of posterior ectasia of the sclera of the eye. Ammophilous [ani-off'' -il-its) [a/2uof , sand ; (p'lXog, loving]. In biology, inhabiting sandy places. Ammotherapy {am-o-ther' -a-pe) [a/^//of , sand ; Qtpa- TTcvtiv, to heal]. The use of sand-baths in the treat- ment of disease. Amnemonic (am-ne-mon' -ik) [a priv. ; fivTjjiovLKog, relating to the memory]. Accompanied by or result- ing in impairment of the memory. Amnemosyne (am-ne-mos'-en-e) [n priv.; nvefioavvr], memory]. Forgetfulness. Amnesia {ani-ne' -se-ali) [auvijala, forgetfulness]. De- fect of memory. Loss of the memory for words. A. Acustica, word-deafness. A. Periodic. See Double Consciousness. Amnesic (am-ne'-sik). Relating to amnesia. Amnestia (am-nes'-te-a/i) [afivrjaria, forgetfulness]. Amnesia. Amnestic (am-nes' -tik) [_anvT/aTia, forgetfulness]. I. Amnesic. 2. Causing amnestia. Amnia {am' -ne-ah ) \Jiixvlov, a young lamb]. Plural of Amnion, q. v. Amniac (am'-ne-ak) \hiiviov, a young lamb]. Am- nionic. Amnio-chorial (ain-7te-o-ko' -7-e-al) [a/ivlov • ^optov, a membrane]. Pertaining to both amnion and chorion. Amnioclepsis {am-ne-o-klep' -sis^ \aiiviov, amnion ; KKtTTTuv, to Steal away]. The slow and unnoticed es- cape of the liquor amnii. Amnion [a?n' -ne-on) \_aiiviov, a young lamb]. The in- nermost of the fetal membranes ; it is continuous with the fetal epidermis at the umbilicus, forming a complete sheath for the umbilical cord and a sac or bag in which the fetus is enclosed. It contains one or two pints of liquor amnii. It is a double non-vascular membrane, the inner layer or sac derived from the epiblast, the outer from the mesoblast. The cavity of the inner folds is called the true amnion, that of the outer, the false. A., Dropsy of, excessive secretion of liquor amnii. Amnionic (am-ne-on' -ili) \_a/tviov, a young Iamb]. Re- lating to the amnion. Amniorrhea, (am-ne-o-re' -ah) \hfivioq, amniotic liquor ; pkiiv, to flow]. The discharge of the liquor amnii. Amniota {am-ne-o' -tah) [a/iv/ov, a young lamb]. Ani- mals with an amnion and allantois, comprising mam- mals, birds, and reptiles.' Those without an amnion are called Anamnia. Amniotic [am-ne-ot'-ik) \_aiiViov, a young lamb]. Re- lating to the amnion, as the A. Fluid. A. Fluid. Same as Liquor a??inii. Amniotis (am-ne-o' -tis'^ \_(inv'iov, a young lamb]. See Amiiiotitis. Amniotitis (am-ne-o-ti' -tis) \_auvtov, a young lamb ; iTit;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the amnion. Amniotome (am' -ne-o-tom) \ap.v'iov, a young lamb; TOfiri, a cut]. An instrument for puncturing the fetal membranes. Amnitis (am->ti' -tis). Same as Amniotitis. Amoeba (am-e' -bali). See Ameba. Amoeboid (am-e'-boid). See Ameboid. Amoebodont (am-e' -bo-dont). See Ainebodont. Amoenomania (am-e-no-ma' -7ie-ah). 'ie.t A?nenomania. Amomum (avi-o' -muni) [a/jw/xoi', an Eastern spice plant]. A genus of scitaminaceous plants to which the cardamom (A. cardamomum) and Grains of Paradise (A. i^i-anum paradisi) belong. Amorphia (ah-mor' -fe-ah) [d priv. ; jj.op(pii, fonn]. Shapeless condition. Amorphinism (ah-mor' -fin-iz?n) [d priv. ; Morpheus, the god of sleep]. The condition resulting from the withdrawal of morphine from one habituated to the drug. Amorphism (ah-mor' -fizm) [« priv. ; pop^ij, a form]. The state or quality of being amorphous or without shape ; specifically, absence of crystallization ; want of crystalline structure. Amorphous (ah-mor' -fus) [d priv. ; puptpi/, a form]. Formless, shapeless, non-crystallized. A. Quinin, quinoidin, its salts being non-crystallizable. Amorphus (ah-mor' -fus) [d priv. ; pop(pij, a form]. An acardiacus without head or extremities. See also Anideus. A. Globulus. See Anideus. Amotio (am-o' -she-o) [L.]. A detachment. A. Re- tinae. See Ablatio Ketince. Ampac (am'-pak) \_E. Fidian"]. An East Indian rutaceous tree of the genus Xanthoxylum or Ampacus. Its leaves are used in medicating baths, and its odoriferous resin is a stimulant. Unof. Ampelopsin (am-pel-op'-sin). 'ite. American Ivy. Ampelopsis (am-pel-op'-sis). See American Ivy. Ampelotherapy (am-pel-o-ther' -a-pe) [d,u7rf>of , a grape- vine ; 6i;paTTeveiv, to heal]. The Grape-cure, q. v. Amperage (o?n'-pdr-ahj) [Fr. ]. The number of am- peres passing in a given circuit. Ampere (om-pdr') [a French physicist], ^te Electrical Units. A.'s Laws relate to the forces between con- ductors carrying electric currents. Avogadrd' s lazti, that equal volumes of a gas when under the same conditions contain the same number of molecules, is also called Ampere's Law. In honor of Ampere, the unit of measurement of an electric current is called an Ampere. Amperemeter (am' -par-me-ter) [Ampere; fih pov, io measure]. An instrument for estimating the current of an electric circuit in amperes. Ampere's Law. See Zart'. Amphanthium (amf-an'-fhe-tim) [apipi, about ; avfto^, a flower]. See Clinanthium. Amphemerina (am-fe-mer' -in-ah) [_ap(j>?ipeptv6^, daily]. A hectic or intermittent fever that recurs daily. Amphi- (am'-fe) [a/-i(t>l, around]. A prefix signifying about, on both sides, around; etc. , as amphiarthrosis, amphibia, etc. Amphiarthrosis (am-fe-ar-thro' -sis) \ap around; aoTi/p, a star]. In biology, the figure formed in both direct and indirect cell-divi- sion, by the achromatin threads and chromatin granules united to form the so-called nuclear spin- dle, together with the threads of cell-protoplasm radiating from a rounded clear space at each end of the spindle knovifn as the stars or suns. Amphibia (am-Jib'-e-ah) \aji^i, both; /?/oc, life]. A class of the I'ertebra/a, living during their life both in the water and upon the land, as the frog, newt, etc. Amphibious [ain-Jih' -e-ns) {_afi(j)i, both; fitog, life]. Living both on land and water. Amphiblastic [ain-fc-blas' -tik) [a/z^t, on both sides; {i/aaruc, a germ]. In biology, pertaining to that form of complete segmentation that gives rise to an amphiblastula. Amphiblastula (n/n- fe-blas' -tu-lah) \afi- !, around ; jipnyxic-, the gills]. The tonsils, pharynx, and naso- pharynx. Amphicarpic (aiii-fr-kar' -pik). Same as Amphicaf- poiis. Amphicarpous (atn-fe-kar'-pus) \_a/i(pi, on both sides, around; /fap7r(5f, fruit]. In biology, producing fruit of two kinds, either as regards form or season of ripening. Amphicelous [atn-fe-se' -his) l^a/iij)'!, at both ends ; koi'Aoc, hollow]. In biology, biconcave, as the center of the vertebrae of fishes. Amphicrania {am-fe-kra' -ne-ah) [n/'^*', both ; Kpav'iov, the skull]. Headache affecting both sides of the head. Amphicreatin {aju-fe-kre' -at-in) [_a/i(j>!, around ; Kptag, flesh], C„H,,|N-04. One of the muscle-leucomaines. It crystallizes in brilliant oblique prisms of a yellowish- white color. It is tasteless and faintly basic. It resembles creatin in its properties. Amphicreatinin {atn-fe-kre-af -in-iii) l_afi(fii, around ; Kpfag, flesh], C3H,„N-04. A member of the creatinin group of leucomaines said to have toxic qualities. It is derived from muscle. Amphiblastula. a, Granular cells which will form the epiblast. d. Ciliated cells which become invaginated to form the hypoblast. (After Balfour.) [afifvof, kind]. In biology, growing indifferently on both sides, as certain parasitic fungi. Amphigony (atn-fig'-o-ne) \_afii, on both sides; fii^ig, mixing]. In biology, the mingling of two individuals or their germs ; sexual reproduction. Amphimonerula (am-fe-jno-ner' -zt-lah) [_a/i(j>i, on both sides; fiovi/pr/g, single]. In biology, the monerula or cytode-stage of an unequally segmenting, holo- blastic egg. Amphimorula (am-fe-7nor' -u-laJi) \amphi, on both sides; a mulberry]. In biology, the morula, or globular mass of cleavage cells resulting from unequal segmentation, the cells of the hemispheres being unlike in size. Amphioxus (am-fe-oks'-tcs) [a//^(, both ; ofi'f, sharp]. A genus of fishes tapering at both ends, as the lancelot. Amphipyrenin (am-fe-pi-re'-nin) [q/^0(, around ; izvpi/v, mass]. The nuclear membrane of a cell. Amphismela (cini-Jis-me' -lah) [a/'i^', both ; fiijAi], a probe]. A double-edged surgical knife. Amphisphalsis (ani-fc-sfal' -sis) [^ri/uiplaa?\.(jig, a throw- ing or turning round]. Circumduction, as of a limb in reducing a luxation. Amphistoma (atii-Jis'-to-mah) [a/^^/, double; GTOfia, mouth]. A genus of trematode worms, named from the mouth-like apparatus at either end. One species, A. /io!?iinis, has been found in the large intestine of man, in the tropical regions. See Parasites, Table of. Amphistylic {am-fe-sti' -lik) \_afiil)l, on both sides ; CTvTioc, a pillar]. In biology, having styles or supports on both sides, as the mandibular arches of sharks. Amphithect (and -fe-thekt^ [_o-/'J-' , on both sides ; Or/KTog, sharpened]. In biology, having unequal angles or surfaces. Amphitoky (ain-fit' -o-kc) \_aft, both ; ^iKelv, to love]. Staining with either alkaline or acid dyes. Amphora [a)}d -fo-rah) \hjj<^i, on both sides ; (jyopevc, a bearer]. In biology, the lower portion of a seed capsule, or pyxidium. AMPHORIC 71 AMPUTATION Amphoric {am-for' -ik) [aiii/^/iora, a two-handled vessel]. Like the sound produced by blowing across the mouth of a bottle. A. Breathing, breath sounds with an amphoric or musical quality heard in dis- eased conditions of the lung, as in phthisis with cavity-formation. A. Resonance, in auscultation, a metallic sound like that of blowing into a bottle, caused by the reverberation of sound in a cavity of the lung. A. Respiration. .See A. Breathing. Amphoricity {am-for-is' -i-le) [amphora, a two-handled vessel]. The quality of being amphoric; the giving forth of amphoric sounds. Amphoriloquy {am-for-iV -o-kwe) \amphora, a bottle ; loqui, to speak]. The production of amphoric sounds in speaking. Amphorophony (ani-for-of -o-ne) [a/jcjiopfi'c, a jug ; our//, a sound]. An amphoric resonance or sound. Amphoteric [lun-fo-ter' -ik) \_a/i(l>6Tepoc, both of two]. Having the power of altering the color of both red and blue test paper, as milk. Neither acid nor alka- line ; applied to such substances as glucose, gums, t'/r. Amplectant [am-plek' -tanl) [ainplecii, embrace]. In biology, embracing ; winding about, as a tendril or petiole. Amplexation [ain-pleks-a' -shicii) \_amplexatio, an em- brace]. The treatment of a fractured clavicle by an apparatus that fixes the shoulder and covers a part of the chest and neck. Amplexicaudate {am-plex-e-kaw' -dat^ \amplexatio , an embrace; caiida, a tail]. In biology, having the en- tire tail included in the interfemoral membrane. Amplexicaul [(impleks' -e-kawl) [amplexus, embracing; caulis, a stem]. In biology, clasping or embracing the stem, as a leaf. Amplexifoliate {atnpleks-e-fo'-le-af) [amplexics, em- bracing; folium, leaf]. In biology, plants, the leaves of which embrace the stem. Ampliation [am- ple-a' -shuri) \_ampliare, to increase]. Dilatation or distention of a part or cavity. Amplification [am-plif-ik-a' -shim) \_amplificari\ to en- large]. I. Increase of the visual area, in microscopy. 2. Enlargement, as of a diseased organ. Amplifier (am' -ple-fi-er) \_amplificare , to enlarge]. An apparatus sometimes used in microscopy for increasing the magnification. It consists of a diverging lens or combination placed between the objective and the ocular, and giving to the image-forming rays from the objective an increased divergence. A., Tolles's, an accessory used in magnification and first made effective by a manufacturer named Tolles. Amplitude (am' -ple-tiid) \aniplitiido, the extent of a thing]. The range or extent, as of vibrations and undulations, the pulse, etc. Ampulla (am-pul'-ah) [L. , A Roman wine jug]. The trumpet-mouthed or dilated extremity of a canal, . as of the lachrymal canal, the receptaculum chyli, the Fallopian tubes, mammary ducts, semicircular canals, vas deferens, etc. Chemically, the term denotes a large-bellied bottle. A. of Bryant, the apparent distention of an artery immediately above a ligature, due to the contraction of the vessel above the ampulla where it is not completely filled with clot. A. Chyli, the receptaculum chyli. A., Lieberkiihn's, the cecal terminus of one .of the lacteals in the villi of the intes- tines. A.of Rectum,theportionabovetheperineal flex- ure. A. of Vater, the site of entrance of the common bile-duct and pancreatic duct into the duodenum. Ampullula (am-pul' -u-lali) [dim. of ampulla, a Roman wine jug]. A small ampulla, as in the lymphatic or lacteal vessels. Amputation (am-pu-ta' -shuii) [ampzifare, to cut away]. The removal of a limb or part of the body by the knife, ligature, or other means, or as a result of gan- grene, constriction {e.g., of the cord, in the fetus), or the disease, ainhum. For special amputations see Operations, Table of. A., Accidental, the separation of a limb by some form of accident. A., Bloodless, one in which there is but slight loss of blood, on ac- count of the circulation being controlled by mechanical means. A., Central, one in which the scar is situated at or near the center of the stump. A., Circular, that performed by making a single flap, by circular sweeps of a long knife, through skin and muscles, in a direction vertical to the plane of the limb. A., Cir- cular Skin Flap, a modification of the circular, in which the skin flap is dissected up, and the muscles divided at a higher level. A., Coat-sleeve, a modi- fication of the circular, in which the cutaneous flap is made very long, the end being closed by being gath- ered together by means of a tape. A.. Congenital, amputation of fetal portions due to constriction by amniotic bands of lymph. A. in the Contiguity, amputation at a joint. A. in the Continuity, ampu- tation of a limb elsewhere than at a joint. A., Con- secutive, an amputation during the period of suppura- tion or later. A., Cutaneous, one in which the flaps are composed exclusively of the integuments. A., Diclastic, one in which the bone is broken with an osteoclast, and the soft tissues divided by means of an ecraseur. Its object is to avoid hemorrhage and puru- lent infection. A., Double Flap, one in which two flaps are formed from the soft tissues. A., Dry. See A., Bloodless. A., Eccentric, one in which the scar is situated away from the center of the stump. A., Elliptical, one that may be performed by a single sweep, as in the circular method ; the wound, however, having an elliptical outline, on account of the oblique direction of the incision. A. of Expediency, one performed for cosmetic effect. A., Flap, one in which one or more flaps are made from the soft tissues, the division being made obliquely. A., Flapless, one in which, on account of destruction of the soft parts, flaps cannot be formed, the wound healing by granu- lation. A., Galvano-caustic, one in which the soft parts are divided with the galvano-cautery, followed by division of the bone by the saw. A., Immediate, one done within twelve hours after the injury, during the period of shock. A., Intermediary or Inter- mediate, one performed during the period of reaction, and before suppuration. A., Intrauterine. See^., Congenital. A., Major, amputation of the extremi- ties above the wrist or ankle joints. A., Mediate. See A., Infermediarv. A., Minor, amputation of the extremities below the wrist or ankle joints. A., Mixed, a combination of the circular and flap methods. A., Multiple, amputation of two or more members at the same time. A., Musculo-cutaneous, one in which the flaps consist of skin and muscle. A., Mus- culo-tegumentary. See A., Musculo-cutaneoiis. A., Natural. See A., Congenital. A., Oblique. See^., Oval. A., Osteoplastic, one in which there is section and apposition of portions of bone, in addi- tion to the amputation. A., Oval, a modification of the elliptical, in which the incision consists of two reversed spirals, instead of the one oblique. A., Par- tial, I. One in which but a portion of the extremity is removed. 2. An incomplete congenital amputation. A., Pathological, one done for tumor or other diseased condition. A., Primary, one done after the period of shock and before the occurrence of inflammation. A., Racket, a variety of the oval amputation, in which there is a single longitudinal incision continuous below with a spiral incision on either side of the limb. A., Secondary, one performed during the period of sup- AMPUTATURA 72 AMYLOGENIC puration. A., Spontaneous. See ,-/., Coiigetiital. Also occurs in the disease, ainhum. A., Subperios- teal, one in the continuity, the cut end of the bone being covered by periosteal ilaps. A., Surgical, a formal amputation in contradistinction to accidental or congenital A. A., Synchronous. See A., Multiple. A. by Transfixion, one done by thrusting a long knife completely through a limb, and cutting the flaps from within out. A., Traumatic, one performed on account of injury. Amputatura [aiii-pu-tat-u' -rali) [L.; pL, Amptctaturic^. An amputation ; loss of a member. Amuck \a-mitk') [Malay]. In a state of murderous frenzy; in Oriental regions persons, mostly hashish eaters, often attack and kill those whom they meet while in a state of wild fury. In some cases the infuri- ated persons take this method of seeking death, for they are shot down at sight. Amurca ((7;«-z/;-'-/;v?//) [L. ; a}i6pyr[\. The marc or lees of olive oil ; formerly used in the treatment of sores. Amusia (ak-mu' -se-ah) \a priv. ; iiiusa, /uovaa, muse]. Pathological loss or subnormal ability to produce or comprehend music or musical sounds, an abnoniiality as regards music analogous to aphasia as regards the faculty of speech. Motor A., the music is understood, but there is loss of the power of singing or of other- wise reproducing music. Paramusia, faulty and im- perfect reproduction of music. Sensory A., musical deafness, or the loss of the power of comprehension of musical sounds. See also Alexia, Musical; As^j-aphia , Musical ; and A /ni///ia. Musical. Amussat's Operations. See Operations, Table of. Amyelencephalia {iih-mi-el-en-sef-a' -le-ali) [a priv. ; fivt'/ov, marrow; K£(f>a'Ari, the head]. Congenital ab- sence of both brain and spinal cord. Amyelencephalus [ah-mi-el-en-sef -al-us') [a priv. ; /;iif/or, marrow ; /cf(^a///, the head]. A fetal monster having neither brain nor spinal cord. Amyelia {ah-mi-e' -le-ah) [a priv.; fivelor^, marrow]. The congenital absence of the spinal cord. Amyelinic (ah-mi-el-in' -ik) [a priv. ; /iwAof, marrow]. Having no myelin ; applied to certain nerve fibers, especially those seen in neuromata. Amyelonervia i^aJi-mi-el-o-ner' -ve-alt). See Aiiiyeloneu- riit. Amyeloneuria [ah-tni-el-o-nu' -rc-ali) [« priv. ; iivfii.oq, marrow; I'f ij/joi', a nerve]. Paresis of the spinal cord. Amyelotrophy [ali-mi-el-of -ro-fe) [a priv. ; /uif/of, marrow; rpo^?/, nourishment]. Atrophy of the spinal cord. Amyelus (ah-^mi' -cl-us) [(i priv. ; fjve'/Mc, marrow]. A fetal monstrosity with partial or complete absence of the spinal cord. Amyencephalus (ak-mi-eu-se/^-al-us). i^ee Amyeleu- cephalns. Amygdala {am-ig'-dal-a/t) [L. : gen., AmygdaLcl. I. Almond. The seeds of ^. cmara and A.dulcis, con- taining the principle Emulsin or Synaptase. The former cont.a.\ns Awygclalin. The e.xpressed oil of the sweet almond is a demulcent useful in skin affections ; in doses of 3j-ij it is a mild laxative. That of A. f7;«rtr« is used in cosmetics. 2. The tonsil. A. Amara, Aq., a I : looo solution of the oil in water. Dose indefinite. A. Amara, Ol., a volatile oil, bitter to the taste. Contains 3-14 per cent, of hydrocyanic acid. Dose niy^-j. A. Expressum Ol., oil of sweet almonds. A. Mistura, oil of sweet almonds 6 per cent., sugar, water, and acacia q. s. Dose Jss. A., Pulv. Comp. (B. P.), containing sweet . almonds, refined sugar, and gum acacia. Used to make Mistura A. A. Syr., contains oil of bitter almonds 3, sweet almonds 10, syrup 87 per cent. Amygdalae {am-ig' -dal-e) [L.,//.]. The tonsils. Amygdalin {am-ig' -dal-in) \_Aniygdala'\, C.^jH.^^NOij- + 3H2O. A substance that occurs in bitter almonds, and in various plants, as well as in the leaves of the cherry laurel. It forms white, shining leaflets, of a bitter taste, readily soluble in water and hot alcohol. Amygdaline [am-ig' -dal-i>i) [a/zujJa/l;/, almond]. I. Almond-like. 2. The fissure ectad of, or collocated with the amygdaloid tubercle. See Fissure. Amygdalitis [am-ig-dal-i' -tis) [yLfiVj 6dAy , almond; iri^, inflammation]. Tonsillitis. Amygdaloid (ain-ig ' -dal-oid) \a.jivy^ii7ji , almond ; fMof, form]. Like a tonsil, or almond. A. Fossa, the depression for the lodgment of the tonsil. A. Tu- bercle, a projection of gray or cortical matter at the end of the descending cornu of the lateral ventricle of the brain. It is attached to the temporal lobe, and appears to be nearly isolated by white substance. Amygdalolith [am-ig-dal' -o-lith) \^aixvySakr}, an al- mond; 'Aidog, a stone]. A concretion or calculus found in the tonsils. Amygdaloncus (am-ig-dal-ong' -kits) [a/znyrfd/l;/, al- mond ; 6; Kor, a mass]. Any tumor or swelling of the tonsil. Amygdalopathy [ani-ig-dal-op' -a-f/ie) \_afivy6a7,)i, an almond ; iraOoq, a disease]. Any disease of the ton- sils. Amygdalotome (am-ig' -dal-o-tom) \_afivYfiaki) , an al- mond; Tefivsiv, to cut]. An instrument used in cut- ting the tonsils. Amygdalotomy [am-ig-dal-ot' -o-me) [a/zuyJa/?/, a ton- sil; Ti:uv£iv, to cut]. Tonsillotomy; partial or com- plete abscission of a tonsil. Amykos (ak-mi' -kos) [d priv. ; fjimot;, a. fungus]. An antiseptic fluid composed of boric acid, glycerin and infusion of cloves. Of reputed service in gonorrhea, dental caries, and catarrhs. Unof. Amyl (am'-il) \_aijLv~Aoi' , fine starch]. The hypothetical radical C^Hjj of amyl alcohol, the fifth term of the series of alcohol radicals, C„H.^n^,. A. Alcohol. See Amylic Alcohol. A. Hydrate. See Amylic Alcohol. A. Nitrite, nitrite of amyl, C^Hj^NO^, a clear, yellowish liquid, ethereal, aromatic, volatile ; pro- duces vascular dilatation and great cardiac activity, and hence is useful in angina pectoris, respiratory neu- roses, etc. Dose, internally, ITL dissolved in alco- hol ; by inhalation, TTL ij-v. A. Valerianate. See Apple Oil. Amylaceous {am-il-a' -se-us) \amylum, starch]. Con- taining starch ; starch-like. See Corpora amylacea. Amylene [am'-il -en) [afivAov, starch], C^H,,,. A transparent, liquid hydrocarbon, having anesthetic properties, but dangerous to use. See Anesthetic. A. Hydrate, CjH,,/), a tertiary alcohol having hypnotic effects, and antagonistic to strychnin. I.)ose tl^ xxx- V,]. Unof. , Arnylic [am-il'-ik) [^auv'/,nv, starch]. Pertaining to Amyl. A. Alcohol, Fusel Oil, Potato Starch Alco- hol, Amyl Hydrate. An alcohol having the compo- sition CjH,,/^, occurring in the continued distillation of fermented grain. The pure substance has consid- erable value as a hypnotic. In large doses it sup- presses tactile sensibility and produces motor paraly- sis. It is employed with advantage in mental disorders. It was formerly much used to adulterate whisky. Dose 15-75. Unof. Amylo-dextrin [am-il-o-deks'-trin). Same as Ery- tJiro-dextrin. See Soluble Starch. Amylogen {am-il'-o-jen) \_afivkov, starch ; yevi/q, pro- duce]. .Soluble starch. Amylogenic (am-il-o-jen'-ik) [a/xykov, starch ; yevr/i;, produce]. Starch-producing. AMYLOID 73 ANACROASIA Amyloid (am' -il-oid) [a/zuPiov, starch; fi(5of, form]. Starch-like. A. Bodies, pathological products re- sembling starch grains found in the membranes of the brain and other nervous tissues, the prostate, etc. A. Degeneration, waxy, fatty, or lardaceous degenera- tion ; a disease occurring in most of the organs of the body, and indicative of impaired nutritive function. It is a nitrogenous, not starchy body, of uncertain compo- sition. For staining see Jodin, Methyl Violet, Saf ra- tlin. Rose Bengale, in Table of Stains. A. Kidney. See Briglif s Disease. Amylolysis (am-il-ol' -is-is') \h.iivkQv, starch ; /liV/f , solution]. The digestion of starch, or its conversion into sugar. PLVayXoXyViQ, {ain-il-o-lit' -ik) [a//yAoi', starch ; ^I'trif, so- lution]. Pertaining to or effecting the digestion of starch. Pertaining to ferments, like the saliva and pancreatic juice, that convert starch into sugar. Amylometer (am-il-oin' -et-ei-) [a/zw/ioy, starch ; ukxpov, a measure]. An apparatus for estimating the amount of starch in a solution. Amyloplast (am' -il-o-plast) \ajxv\ov, starch; ■K'KaodEiv, to form]. A leucoplast ; a starch-forming protoplasmic granule. Amylopsin (am-il-op' -siii) \hfiv'kov, starch ; o-^iq, ap- pearance]. A ferment said to exist in pancreatin. See Ferments. Amylose (am' -il-os) [afivlov, starch]. Any one of a certain group of the carbohydrates, comprising starch, glycogen, dextrin, inulin, gum, cellulose, and tunicin. Amylum (am'-il-tan) [L. , gen. Amyli'], CgHjpOj. Starch. The internal cells of Triticum vtdgaris, common wheat, all other cereals, and many tubers, piths, and roots, such as potato, cassava, etc.; it con- stitutes nearly the whole of arrow-root, tapioca, and sago. It is converted into glucose by boiling with mineral acids. It is one of the most valuable nutrients known, but inert medicinally. A. glyceritum, a jelly for external application. Starch lo, glycerin 90 per cent. A. mucilago (B. P.), used in making enemata. A. iodatum, contains starch 95, iodin 5 per cent., triturated with distilled water and dried. Dose g j- ss. See Table of Carbohydrates under Carbohydrate. A.Tnyoca.r&.\ai (ani-i-o-kar' -de-ah) [a priv. ; /^i)f, muscle ; Kap6ia, the heart]. Lack of muscular power in the heart's contractions. Amyosthenia (am-i-o-sthe' -ne-ah) [a priv. ; jivq, mus- cle ; oHivo^, force]. Deficient muscular power with- out obvious disease or lesion. Amyosthenic (am-i-o-sthen' -ik) [a priv. ; fiv^, muscle; oHh'og, force]. Pertaining to amyosthenia. Also, a medicine or agent depressing muscular action. AmyotTophicL (am-i-o-tro'-fe-ah) [a priv. ; //iif, muscle ; Tpoiplj, nourishment]. Atrophy of a muscle. Amyotrophic (am-i-o-trof'-ik) [a priv. ; fiv<;, muscle ; TiJO0^, nourishment]. Dependent on or relating to muscular atrophy. A. Paralysis, that which is due to muscular atrophy. Amyotrophy (am-i-ot'-ro-fe). See Amyotrophia. Amyous (am'-i-iis'l [a priv.; (ivq, muscle]. Weak; deficient in muscle or muscular strength. Amyrin (tim'-e-rin) \_amyris'], Q^H^^O. A resinous principle derived from Mexican Elemi. Amyris ele- mifera, L. Amyris (am'-e-ris) [L.]. A genus of tropical trees and shrubs producing fragrant resins and gums, such as Elemi, etc. Amyxia (ah-miks'-e-ah) [(i priv. ; //I'fa, mucous]. De- ficiency in the normal secretion of mucus. Ana (an'-ah) [avd, so much each]. A Greek preposi- tion signifying through, up, again, etc. In prescrip- tions contracted to aa, meaning of each. Anabamous (an-ab'-am-2is) [ai'ii, upward ; pdveiv, to go]. In biology, climbing, as certain fishes (Ana- bas scandcns). Anabasis [an-ab'-as-is) [^iimifiaivetv, to go up]. The increasing stage of a fever or other acute disease ; the stage preceding the climax. Anabatic (an-ab-at'-ik) ^ava/SaTiKLig, ascending]. In- creasing ; growing more intense ; as the anabatic stage of a fever. Anabiosis (an-ab-i-o'-sis) [_di'aPi6£n', to come to life again]. The phenomenon of a restoration of vitality possessed by certain organisms after apparent death, or even after heating to 140° C. Anabiotic (an-ab-i-of -ik) \_apnfiweiv, to come to life again]. I. Relating to anabiosis. 2. Restoring the strength or activity. Anabole (an-ab'-o-le) \_aval3a?Aeiv , to throw up]. A throwing up ; what is thrown up ; vomit ; vomiting ; expectoration ; regurgitation. Anabolergy (an-ab-ol' -er-je) l_ava(SaXAeiv, to throw up ; tpyov, work]. The force expended or work per- formed in anabolism, or in anabolic processes. Anabolic (an-ab-ol' -ik) [ara/jd/tXta', to throw or build up]. Pertaining to or characterized by anabolism. Anabolin (an-ab' -o-lin) \h.va\iaXkeiv , to throw or build up]. Any substance formed during the anabolic process. Anabolism (an-ab' -o-lizm) \aiaLC,, an eating up]. Pertaining to anabrosis ; corrosive. Anacamptic (an-ak-amp' -tik) \avaKau'KTeiv , to bend back]. Reflected, as sound or light; pertaining to or causing a reflection. Anacanthous (an-ak-an' -thus) \livaKaVilo(; , spineless]. Without spines. Anacardium yan-ak-ar'-de-um) [am, up; napdla, the heart, from its heart-shaped seeds]. I. A genus of tropical trees. A. occidentale yields cashew gum and the cashew nut. 2. The oil of the pericarp of the cashew nut, known as cardol, and used as an escharotic. Of reputed value in leprosy. A. Tinct., I to ID of rectified spirit. Dose, n\ij-x. A. Ung., one part of the tar to eight of lard or vaselin. Used as a blistering ointment. Anacatadidymous (an-ak-al-ad-id'-im-tts) \ava, up; Kara, down; 6l(h'fio(;, a twin]. Divided above and below, but jointed centrally into one ; said of certain twin monsters. Anacatadidymus (an-ak-at-ad-id'-im-us) [ai'ti, up ; /ca-u,down; and (^iSvuog, a twin]. An anacatadidy- mous monstrosity. Anacatharsis (an-ak-ath-ar'-sis) [avn, up; Kaffapaii;, purgation]. Expectoration; vomiting. Anacathartic (an-ak-ath-ar'-tik) [ard, up; KdHnpair, purgation]. Causing anacatharsis. Anaclasis (an-ak' -las-is) [('im/cAamf , a breaking off", or back]. I. Reflection or refraction of light or sound. 2. A fracture ; forcible flexion of a sdff^ joint. Anaclastic (an-ak-las'-tik) l^ai'an'/ aair , a breaking off, or back]. Pertaining to refraction, or to anaclasis. Anaclisis (an-ak' -lis-is) [di'ttK/lfcrif, a reclining]. Decu- bitus ; the reclining attitude. Anacroasia (an-ak-ro-a' -ze-ah') [ai'priv.; d/cpdaazf, hear- ing]. Inability to understand words that are heard, while the same words if read by the patient are under- stood. ANACROTIC 74 ANALOGUE / A / / \ N Anacrotic Radial Pulsk- tkacings a, a, the anacrotic parts. Anacrotic [an-ak-ro/' -ik) \_ai> priv. ; aK/«in(T(f, hearing]. Relating to or characterized by anacrotisni. Anacrotism [an-a/;' -ro-tizm) [avanpoTieiv, to lift up and strike together]. A peculiarity of the pulse-curve, when a series of closely-placed elastic vibrations occur in the upper part of the line of ascent, so that the apex appears den- tate and forms an angle with the line of de- scent. It takes place in dilatation and hy- pertrophy of the left ventricle, when extensibility of the arterial wall is diminished, in great diminution in the velocity of the blood-stream, after ligature of an artery, etc. Anacusia [an-ak-ii'-se-ali) \_av priv. ; aKo'veiv, to hear]. Complete deafness ; abolition of the sense of hearing. Anadenia ((ZM-rtiZ-^'-w^-rt/;) [(ii' priv. ; d(J//!', gland]. In- sufficiency of glandular function. Chronic want of gastric secretion. Anadicrotic {an-ah-di-krof -ik) [dvd, upward; rf/r, twice; KpoTog, a stroke]. Characterized by anadi- crotism. Anadicrotism i^an-ah-di' -krot-izni) \ava, upward ; i/ , a writing out]. A. physician's prescription or recipe. Anagyrin (an-a/'-i' -rin) \_Anagyris, from di'd, back- ward; yi'/ioc, a circle], Cj^Hj^N.^O.^. An alkaloid from the seeds of Anagyris ftxtida, L. , a leguminous shrub of Southern Europe. Its hydrochlorate is poi- sonous, slowing the respiration, and interfering with the heart's action. Unof. Anakroasia (an-ak-ro-a' -ze-ah). See Anacroasia. Anakusis (an-a k-n' -sis). See Anacusia. Anal (a'-nal) [^a/ius, the fundament]. Pertaining ta the anus. Analepsia [an-al-ep' -se-ah). See Analepsis. Analepsis (an-al-ep' -sis) \avakrji\)iq, a taking up.] Re- covery of strength after disease. Analepsy (ati' -al-ep-se). See Analepsis. Analeptic [an-al-ep' -tik) \ava\7fKTLid)(;, restorative]. I. Restorative. 2. Any agent restoring strength after ill- ness, as nourishing foods and tonics. Analgen (an-al' -jen) \av priv. ; d/}Of, pain], C.^^H,,- N^O^. A white, tasteless, crystalline powder, almost insoluble in water, soluble with difficulty in cold alcohol, but more readily in hot alcohol and dilute acids. It melts at 406.4° F. It is employed as an analgesic, antineuralgic, and antipyretic, in doses of from seven and a half to thirty grains. Unof. Analgesia (an-al-je' -ze-ah) [d priv. ; d/)Of, pain]. In- sensibility to or absence of pain. Analgesic (an-al-je' -sik) \hv priv. ; aXyoq, pain]. I. Anodyne; relieving pain. 2. Affected with analgesia. 3. A remedy that relieves pain either by depressant action on the nerve centers or by impairing the con- ductivity of nerve fibers. Analgesin (an-al-je' -sin). See Antipyrin. Analgia (an-al' -je-ah) \Jiv priv. ; d/yof, pain]. Paral- ysis of the sense of pain ; absence of pain. Analgia [df priv.; dXyoo, pain]. Analgesic. Analogism (an-al' -o-jism) \ava'/ oyiaiib^, reasoning; di'd, through ; 76yo<;, ratio]. Diagnosis by analogy or by reasoning. Analogous ((?;?-^?/'-fi-j;^«j)[di'd/lo}'or, conformable]. Con- forming to, proportionate, answering to. See, also. Analogue. A. Tissues, morbid tissues similar to the elementary and normal tissues of the body. Analogue (an'-al-og) [dvdAoyof, conformable]. Apart or organ having the same function as another, but with a difference of structure. The correlative term, honiologue, denotes identity of structure with differ- ence of function. The wing of the butterfly and that of the bird are analogous, but the wing of a bird and the arm of a man are homologous. A., Non- homologous, are parts that have a similarity of ANALYSIS 75 ANAPNEOMETER function without any similarity as to relative posi- tion, i'-^-, the legs of a lizard and those of a lobster. A., Homologous, is used of parts that are similar both as to function and relative position, , the wings of a bat and of a bird. Analysis (an-aF -is-is) [ava'Aveiv, to unloose]. The resolution of compound bodies into simpler, or con- stituent parts. A., Densimetric, analysis of a subject by means of determining the specific gravity of the solution and thus estimating the amount of dissolved matter. A., Gasometric, the determination of the constituents of gaseous compounds, especially the determination of the amount of oxygen in samples of atmospheric air. A., Gravimetric, the quantitative determination by weight of the elements of a body. A., Organic, the determination of the elements of matter formed under the influence of life. The analysis of animal and vegetable tissues. A., Proxi- mate, the determination of the simpler compound elements into which a substance may be resolved. A., Qualitative, the determination of the nature and number of elements that compose a body. A., Quan- titative, the determination of the proportionate parts of the various elements of a compound. A., Spectral, the determination of the composition of a body by means of the spectroscope. A., Ultimate, the resolution of a compound, not into its simpler constituents, but its ultimate elements. A., Volumetric, the quantitative determination of a constituent by ascertaining the volume of a liquid required to complete a given re- action. Analyzer [an' -al-i-zer) \hvakhELv, to unloose]. In microscopy, the Nicol prism placed at some level above the object which receives and exhibits the properties of light after polarization. Anamirtin (iin-am-er' -tin) \_Anaiinrta , a genus of plants], Cj^H.^gO.^. A glycerid derived from Cocculus indicus, the berry-like fruit of Metiisperviian coccu- lus, L. Anamnesia [an-a??t-ne'-ze-ak). See Anamnesis. Anamnesis [an-ani-ne'-sis) \avafivrjai(;, a recalling to mind]. I. The faculty of memory ; recollection. 2. That which is recollected : information gained re- garding the past history of a case from the patient or from his friends or from other persons. Anamnestic (an-am-ncs' -tik) \_avafiviicii^, a recalling to mind]. I. Recalling to mind ; remembering. 2. Restorative of the memory. Anamnia [an-ai?i' -ne-ak). See Aiiiniota. Anamnionic [an-am-tte-on' -ik). Same sls Anamniofic. Anamniotic {G)Gir ; ava, again; fwp(j)6eiv, to form]. Distortion or anomaly of development. In biology, gradual change of form in successive members of a group. Anamorphosy [an-ani-or' -fo-sc). See Anamorphosis. Anam Ulcer. A form of phagedena such as is common in hot countries. It begins with an inflammation starting from a small abrasion of the skin, generally on the foot and leg, with sloughing of the inflamed skin, producing a sharp-cut ulcer that spreads slowly, preceded by an area of inflammation. Its course is remarkably slow, and its resistance to treat- ment obstinate. S5q3hili<; and anemia are predisposing factors. Anandria [an-an' -dre-nh) \_nv priv. ; avrip, man]. Lack of virility ; male impotence. Anandrous (an-an' -driis) \av priv. ; aviip, a male]. In biology, without stamens. Anantherous (an-an' -thcr-us) \liv priv. ; anthera, anther]. In biology, without anthers. Ananthous (an-an' -thus) [ai' priv. ; apHo<;, a flower]. In biology, destitute of flowers. Anantochasmus (a>i-an-to-kaz' -mus) [ai'oi'r//f, steep j Xao^ia, a chasm]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which there is a forward inclination of the line con- necting the basion and staphylion. Anantocoryphus (an-aji-to-kor' -if-iis) \_iivdvT?ic;, steep ; Kopvtjji/, the crown]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle formed between the radius fixus and the line connecting the bregma and lambda is between 52° and 41°. Anantopyl (an-ant'-o-pi/) \_avai'Tr/c, steep, up-hill ; TTvTi)/, an entrance]. A term applied by Lissauer to skulls in which the foramen magnum looks slightly forward when referred to the radius tixus as a hori- zontal. Ananturaniscus (an-an-tu-ran-is' -kus) \avavrii<;, steeps dvpai'iax'ii', canopy, vault]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which there is a forward inclination of the line joining the alveolar point and the posterior border of the incisive foramen. Ananturanus (an-an-tu-ra' -nus) \hvavTt]c, steep; bvpavoi;, the vault]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the radius fixus being horizontal, there is a forward-looking of the palate. Anapeiratic (an-ap-i-raf -ik) l_avaTTnpaaHai, to do again]. Due to frequent repetition; a general term for such afl^ections as writers' and telegraphers' cramp, or paralysis. Anaphalantiasis (an-af-al-an-ti' -as-is) [dvd, up ;, (j>d?.avOoi; , bald in front]. The falling out of the eye- brows. Anaphases (an-af-a' sez) [ai'd,up; po6hrj, Venus]. Asexually produced. Anaphroditous (an-af-rod' -it-us) \hv priv. ; A.(j>pn6LTTi, Venus]. Having no sexual impulses or appetite. Anaplase (an'-ap-ldz) \ava,\x\^\ Tz'kdaaeiv, to build]. The stage of growth and development ; the period before full maturity. Anaplast (an' -ap-last) \_avaTr7iaaaeiv, to shape]. See Leiicoplast. Anaplastic (a>2-ap-!as'-tik) [civaTr'/daaciv, to build up]. 1. Relating to anaplasty ; restoring a lost or defective part. 2. An agent that facilitates repair by restoring or increasing the plastic elements of the blood. Anaplasty (an'-ap-las-te) \(ivaiT'Aavc!i(; , an offshoot]. An accessory process of a lumbar or posterior dorsal vertebra, corresponding to the inferior tubercle of the transverse process of a typical dorsal vertebra. Anarcotin iah-nar' -ko-tin^ [d priv. ; vapKuriKoq, nar- cotic]. Narcotin, so called from its lack of narcotic power. Anargyrus [an-a?-' -jir-iis) [di' priv. ; apyvpog, silver : pi., Ana/'gynl^. An old name for a practitioner who treated the sick gratuitously. Anarrhea, or AnarrhcEa [di'd, up; po/«, flow]. Afflux to an upper part, as of blood to the head. Anarrhexis [an-ar-eks'-is) [ava, up; fracture]. Surgical refracture of a bone. Anarthria (^an-ar' -thre-ah') \av priv. ; apHpov, articula- tion]. I. Partial aphasia from partial destruction of the paths of the motor tracts of speech, and characterized by defective articulation. 2. Without joints. Anarthrous (an-ar' -thrus) \_av priv.; apHpuv, a joint]. Jointless. So corpulent that no joints are visible. Anasarca {an-ah-sar' -kali) [dvd, through; ffdpf, the flesh]. An accumulation of serum in the areolar tis- sues of the body. If associated with effusion of fluid into serous cavities it is ca.\\ed genc-ra/ dropsy. If the affection is local, it is called edema. This local form is generally the result of some mechanical obstruction to the flow of blood in the part. Anasarcous {an-ah-sar' -kits) [dm, through ; crd/jf , the flesh]. Affected with anasarca. Anaspadias (an-as-pa'-de-as) [ava, up; airaeiv, to draw]. An urethral opening upon the Upper surface of the penis. Anastaltic (an-as-tal' -tik^ [a.vaaTa?TtK6^, checking, putting back, or up ; oreA/lf/r', to send]. I. .Strongly astringent. 2. Centripetal ; afferent ; used of nerve- currents. Anastasis (an-as' -fas-is) [di'doradif, a setting up]. Re- covery ; convalescence ; a state of improving health, vigor, or development. Anastate [aii'-as-fat) [civaaraToq, caused to rise]. Any substance that appears in or is characteristic of an anabolic process. Anastatic (a>i-as-/at'-ik) [avaoTaroc, caused to rise]. Tending to recovery ; restorative. Anastole [an-as' -lo-le) \avaaTo\ii , retracted]. Retrac- tion ; shrinking away, as of the lips of a wound. Anastom (an' -as-torn) \hva, above; crdp-a, mouth]. Any mouthless organism ; specifically, a member of the genus Anastoma, among the Gasteropods or Orthop- tera, or Anactomus among the Salmonidfe. Anastomosis {an-as-to-nio' -sis) \avaaTop.6tiv , to bring to a mouth]. The intercommunication of vessels. Aiiastoiiiotii arteries of the thigh, etc., branches of the brachial, femoral, etc., whereby the collateral circula- tion is established after ligature for aneurysm, etc. The term has been inaccurately used of the junction of the nerve-filaments. A., Crucial, an arterial an- astomosis in the upper part of the thigh, formed by the anastomotic branch of the sciatic, the first perforating, the internal circumflex, and the transverse branch of the external circumflex. A., Intestinal, an opera- tion consisting in establishing a communication be- tween the intestine above and that below the obstruc- tion, in cases of intestinal obstruction. In this way the impermeable portion of the bowel is excluded from the fecal circulation. Anastomotic [aii-as-to-niof -ik) [avaaropoetv, to bring to a mouth]. Pertaining to anastomosis. Anatherapeusis {an-ath-er-ap-u' -sis) \jiva, forward; 6epaTT£'vai<;, medical treatment]. Treatment by in- creasing doses. Anathrepsis {an-ath-rep' -sis) \avaBptT\)i^, a fresh growth]. A renewal of lost flesh after recovery. Anathreptic (an-ath-rep' -tik) [avdOpEiptg, a fresh growth]. Restorative of lost flesh; nutritive. Anatomical (an-at-om' -ik-al) [iivaTOfi'ia, anatomy]. Pertaining to anatomy. A. Tubercle. See Ver- ruca necrogenica. Anatomism (an-at' -om-izin) [draro/z/n, anatomy]. The theory that anatomical conditions determine all the phenomena of life, health, and disease. Anatomist (an-at' -otn-ist) [dmroiu/a, anatomy]. One who is expert in anatomy. A.'s Snuff-box, the tri- angular space between the tendons of the extensor of the metacarpal bone of the thumb and the extensor of the first phalanx on the back of the hand. Anatomy (an-af -o-me) [di'd,up, apart; rf //I'En', to cut]'. The dissection of organic bodies in order to study their structure, the situations and uses of their organs, etc. A., Applied, anatomy as concerned in the diagnosis and management of pathological conditions. A., Compar- ative, the investigation and comparison of the anatomy of different orders of animals or of plants, one with an- other. A., Descriptive, a study of the separate and individual portions of the body, apart from their rela- tionship to surrounding parts. A., Gross, anatomy of the macroscopic tissues. A., Homological, the study of the correlations of the several parts of the body. A., Minute, that studied under the micro- scope. A., Morbid or Pathological, a study of diseased structures. A., Physiognomical, the study of expressions depicted upon the exterior of the body, especially upon the face. A., Regional, a study of limited parts or regions of the body, the divisions of which are collectively or peculiarly affected by disease, injury, operations, etc. A., Surgical, the application of anatomy to surgery. A., Topographical, the anatomy of a. single portion or part of the body. A., Transcendental, the study of the general design of the body, and of the particular design of the organs. A., Veterinary, the anatomy of domestic animals. Anatripsis (an-at-rip'-sis) [avdrpifK;, a rubbing]. Rub- bing ; the removal of a part or growth by scraping or rubbing; inunction. Also an upward or centripetal movement in massage. Anatripsology (an -at- rip-so/' -o-Je) [avarpi^u^, a rub- bing; /oyoc, science]. The science of friction as a remedial agent. Anatriptic (an-at-rip'-tik) [avarpifig, a rubbing]. A medicine to be applied by rubbing. Anatropal (an-af -ro-pal) [avarpeTretv, to turn upside down]. See Anatropous. Anatropous (an-af -ro-piis) [dra, up ; rpfTrf/K, to turn]. In biology, inverted. Applied to the ovule when com- pletely inverted, so that the hilum and micropyle are brought close together. Anaudia (««-(77(''-^z'<'-(7//) [di' priv.; ni'J?/, voice]. Loss of voice ; dumbness ; inability to articulate. AnAnoniA (an-aks-o' -ne-ah) [dvpriv.; n^ui', axle, axis]. In biology, organic forms wholly irregular or varying, and without axes. Anazoturia (an-az-ot-u'-re-ali) [di^priv. ; azotiim,T\\X.xo- gen ; nvpnp, urine]. A name applied to that form of chronic diuresis in which urea is deficient or absent from the urine. ANBURY 77 ANDROPOGON Anbury [an'-ber-e) [E. dialect]. A soft tumor or pendulous wart, chiefly on horses and cattle. Ancecerite {an-se'-ser-it) [ayKy, bent; nepag, a horn]. In biology, a curved process attached to the peduncle of the second pair of antenna; in certain Crustacea. Ancestral germ-plasms. Weismann's Ahnettplas- /iien.^'' See Id. Anchieta [an-clw-a' -tali) [Anchietea, a Brazilian botan- ist]. A genus of violaceous plants. A. salutaris, vegetable mercury. The root of a violaceous plant growing in Brazil, highly recommended as a purga- tive, and as an alterative in syphilitic affections ; it is possibly identical with Manaca, q. v. Anchilops (ang' -kil-ops). See Anchylops'. Anchorage [ang'-kor-dj) [M. E., aitkren, an anchor]. The fixation of a floating or displaced viscus, whether by a natural process or by surgical means. Anchusa (ang- kii' -sail) \axov(5a, alkanet]. A genus of boraginaceous herbs. See Alkanet. Anchusin [ang'-ku-sin) \_axovaa, alkanet], CgjH^gOg. The red coloring matter characteristic of alkanet-root. See Alkanei. A.r\zhy\o%,\os,sia. [ang-kil-o-glos'-e-ah). See Tongue-tie. Anchylops [ang' -kil-ops) [_6,yx^-, near; uTp, the eye]. Abscess at inner angle of eye, prior to rupture. Anchylosis (ang-kil-o'-sis). See Ankylosis. Anchylostomiasis (ang-kil-o-sto-mi'-as-is). See £>oc/i- miasis. Anchylostomum [ang-kil-os' -to-mtmi) \jxyK.\)\oq, crook- ed ; OTo^n, mouth]. A genus of slender nematoid worms inhabiting the human intestines. Dochinius (Anckvlostoma) duodenalis . Leuck. See Pat'asites, Animal, Table of. Ancipital (an-sip'-it-al) [aneeps, double]. In biology, two-edged. Ancome [an' -kuvi) [E. dialect]. An inflammation or swelling that comes on suddenly. Ancon [ang'-kon) [aynuv, the elbow]. Originally the olecranon process ; applied to the elbow generally. Anconad [ang' -ko-nad) \ayKwv, the elbow]. Toward the olecranon, or elbow. Anconagra [ang-kon-a' -grali) [ay/cuy, the elbow ; aypa, a seizure]. Arthritic pain at the elbow. Anconal [ang'-kon-al) [ayKuv, the elbow]. Pertain- ing to the elbow. Anconeal [ang-ko' -ne-al). Same as Anconal. Anconen [ang'-kon-en) [ayKuv, the elbow]. Belonging to the ancon in itself. Anconeus [ang-ko-ne'-us") [ayKuv, the elbow]. A small muscle, an extensor of the forearm, inserted into the olecranon and upper third of the forearm. It arises from the external condyle of the humerus. See Muscles, Table of. Anconoid [ang' -kon-oid) [ay/ccjv, the elbow]. Re- sembling the elbow. Ancora [ang'-ko-rali) [L., an anchor]. In biology, an anchor-shaped Synapta spicule. Ancyloblepharon [an-sil-o-blef'-ar-on). See Ankylo- blepharon. Ancyloglossum [an-sil-o-glos'-wn). See Tongtie-tie. Ancylomele [an-sil-o-nie'-le). See Ankylomele. Ancyroid [an' -sir-oid) \_ayKvpa, anchor; eldog, form]. Shaped like an anchor. Andersch's Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. Anderson's Antipruritic Powder. A powder used in eczema. It consists of powdered starch, 3 vj ; oxid of zinc, 3 iss ; powdered camphor, g ss. Anderson's [McCalT) Ointment. Anointment consist- ing of powdered bismuth oxid gj, oleic acid f^j, white wax ^iij, vaselin ^ix. These are heated together and when nearly cool a little oil of rose is added. It is an excellent soothing ointment for the skin. Anderson's Pill. The compound gamboge pill. Andira [an-di'-rah) [L.]. A genus of tropical legumi- nous trees. A. araroba, affords the Goa Powder (see Araroba). Several species yield active medicines, chiefly of local repute. A. inermis (Cabbage -tree). A. anthelmintica, of Brazil, and A. retusa, of Guiana, have barks efficacious against worms. Andranatomy [an-dran-af -o-nie) \h.viip, a man ; avajojiia, anatomy]. Human anatomy; the anatomy or dissection of the male human subject. Andrecium, or Androecium [an-dre' -se-uni) \hvrip, a man ; okof , a house]. In biology, a term applied to the stamens as a whole. Androclinium [an-dro-klin'-e-um). See Clinandriian. Andro-diecious [an-dfo-di-e' -she-us) [^avr/p, male ; two; okof, a house]. In biology, flowers stami- nate on one plant, perfect on another. Androgalactozemia [an-dro-gal-ak-to-ze' -me-ali) '[avi/p, man; yaXa, milk; ^'//"'tt, loss]. The presence of milk in the male mammae. Androgonidium [an-dro-gon-id' -e-uni). See Andro- spore. Androgyna [an-droj' -in-ali) \avrjp, man; ymij, woman]. An hermaphrodite; a female in whom the genital organs are similar to those of the male. Androgyneity [an-droj-in-e' -it-e) \liviip, man; yvvrj, woman]. Hermaphroditism. Androgynism [an-droj' -in-izm) [avijp, man ; yvvi/, woman]. Hermaphroditism. Androgynous [a7i-droj'-iii-us) [hvr/p, man; yvvi/, woman]. Hermaphrodite. In biology, having male and female flowers in the same inflorescence. Androgynus [an-droj' -in-us') \aviip, man; yvvii, woman]. An hermaphrodite. A male with genital organs similar to those of the female. Androgyny [an-droj' -in-e'). .See Androgynism. Andrology [an-drol'-o-Je) [avi/p, man; Aoyog, science]. 1. The science of man, especially of the male sex. 2. The science of the diseases of the male genito- urinary organs. Andromania [an-dro-ma' -ne-aJi) \_avr/p, a man ; fiavia, madness]. Nymphomania, q. v. Andromeda [an-drom' -e-dak) \^ AvSpofxi^rj, a mytholo- gical character]. A genus of ericaceous shrubs hav- ing poisonous or narcotic properties. The leaves of A. mariana and A. nitida, of North America, and of A. polyfolia of both continents, are useful in the external treatment of old ulcers, a decoction being ap- plied hot to the sore. Unof. Andromonoecious [an-dro-mo-ne' -she-us) \_avijp, male ; fi6vo(;, single; oIkoq, house]. In biology, of or per- taining to a plant that bears staminate and perfect, but no pistillate flowers. Andromorphous [an-dro-mor' -fits') \livlip, man ; //op0;), form]. .Shaped like a man. Androphobia [an-dro-fo' -be-ah) '[avr/p, man ; (pofSoc, dread]. Fear or dislike of man. Androphonomania [an-dro-fo-no-ma' -ne-ah) \av6po- (j>6i'or, man-killing ; fiavia, madness]. Homicidal in- sanity. Androphore [an' -dro-for') \avr)p, man ; tpipeii', to bear]. In biology, a stalk supporting an andrecium, a stami- neal column, or a body supporting an antheridium. In biology, a generative bud of a hydrozoan producing male elements only. Andropogon [an-dro-po'-gon] {av-r/p, man ; Truyuv, beard]. A genus of coarse grasses of many species. A. 7iardiis affords oil of citronella ; A. citratiis, lemon- grass oil ; A. schananthiis, oil of rusa, etc. These oils are employed in perfumery, and are said to be use- ful in rheumatism. The oil-bearing andropogons are chiefly S. Asiatic. Unof. ANDROSPORANGIUM 78 ANENCEPHALOTROPHIA Androsporangium {an-dro-spo-ran' -je-um) [ai'^p,man; , electricity ; rdfof, tension]. Anodal electrotonus. Anelectrotonus [an-el-ek-trot' -o-nus) \av priv ; yken- rpoi', electricity ; rdi'of, tension]. In electrotherapy, the decreased functional activity that occurs in a nerve in the neighborhood of the anode. See Electrotonus and CateleetrotoiiHS. Anel's Operation. See Operations, Table of. A. Probe, or Sound, a fine probe used in operations upon the lachrymal passages." A. Syringe, a syringe used in injecting fluids into the lachrymal passages. Anelytrous {an-eF -it-nis) \a.v priv. ; i'kvTpov, shard]. In biology, with membranous wings, and no elytra. Anematopoiesis [an-e-mat-o-poi-e' -sis) \_av priv. ; aifia, Ijlood; Troh/aig, a making]. Deficient formation of blood. Anematosis, or Anaematosis {an-e-mat-o' -sis) [nmlpn- rof, bloodless]. I. General, or idiopathic anemia ; the morbid state or process that leads to anemia ; that diathesis that is associated with an anemic tendency. 2. Anemia dependent on want of development of the red corpuscles of the blood. Anemia {an-e'-,ne-ah) \_av priv. ; ai/xa, blood]. Defi- ciency of blood, or deficiency of the relative number of its red corpuscles, the latter being the most gener- ally understood meaning and use of the term. It may be (general or local. Ischemia is a form of local anemia, and is the result of mechanical inter- ference with the circulation of the affected part, either from vaso-motor spasm, thrombosis, embolism, or the action of styptics. The cause of general ane- mia is often obscure, or it may be due either to an insufficient food-supply and excessive drain or blood-waste, or from repeated hemorrhages or exhaust- ing discharges. The action of certain poisons, as mercury and lead, will also produce a form of anemia. Prolonged anemia will give rise to fatty degeneration of the organs and tissues. Idiopathic, pernicious, es- sential, progressive , malignant, etc., are terms denoting a type resisting all treatment and .steadily progressing to a fatal termination. A., Idiopathic, advances to a fatal issue, and is associated with febrile symptoms ; its causation is not evident ; it is called also Primary Anemia. A., Local. See Hyperemia , Ischemia, and Anemia. A. lymphatica. Synonym of Hodgkin' s Disease. See Lvmphadenoma. A., Primary. See A. Idiopathic. A., Secondary, or Symptomatic, follows some ascertainable lesion or injury, or from some other disease. A., Symptomatic. See A., Secondary. Anemiate, or Anaemiate (an-e' -me-at) [dv priv ; ai//a, blood]. Affected with anemia. Anemiated, or Anaemiated [an-e'-me-a-ted). See Anemic. Anemied, or Anaemied [an-e' -mid) [av priv. ; aifia, blood]. Anemic. Anemic, or Anasmic (an-e' -mik) \_(iv priv. ; aifia, blood]. Pertaining to anemia. A. Murmur, a blood murmur, or soft murmur heard at the base of the heart over the great vessels. A. Necrosis, a ne- crosis or death of scattered patches of the heart mus- cle, due to a want of nourishment. It arises from atheroma occluding the cardiac arteries and their branches. Anemometer (an-e-mom' -et-er) \avEiioq, wind ; phpnv, a measure]. An instrument for measuring the velocity of the wind. Anemometry (an-e-mom' -et-re) [dve^uof , wind ; fierpov, a measure]. The art of measuring the velocity and direction of the wind, principally by means of the anemometer. Anemone (an-efn' -o-ne) [hvefiuvT], wind flower]. An important genus of ranunculaceous herbs, most of which have active medicinal and poisonous qualities, and some of which are used in medicine. See Pulsa- tilla. Anemonin (an-em' -o-nin) l^ave/nuvij, wind-flower], €,5- H,,/3g. The active principle of the Anemone. It is given in bronchitis, asthma, and convulsive cough. Dose gr. ]4-}i twice daily. Pi.n&caono\(an-em'-o?i-ol) [di'f/iww/, wind-flower; oleufn, oil ] . The volatile oil extracted from anemone ; it is a powerful vesicant. Anemophilous (an-em-off' -il-us) [dve/io?, wind ; ^I't.oq, loving]. Depending for cross-fertilization upon the agency of the wind, as certain flowers. Anemosis, or Anaemosis (an-em-o' -sis) \hv priv. ; atpa, blood]. Defective supply of blood; anemia dependent on want of red blood corpuscles. See An- ematosis. Anemotrophy, or Anaemotrophy (an-em-ot' -ro-fc) \Jiv priv. ; a//ia, blood; rpo^ii, nourishment]. A deficiency of blood nourishment ; an impoverished state of the blood. Anencephalia (an-en-sef-a' -le-ah) \hv priv. ; eyKecpa/iog , brain]. Congenital absence of the brain. Anencephalic (an-en-sef-al' -ik) [ni' priv. ; h/iiealn^, brain] . Pertaining to or characterized by anencephalia. Anencephalohemia (ati-en-sef-al-o-he'-me-ah ) [av priv.; f} Kf'*a? Of, brain ; aJ/ia, blood]. Insufficiency of blood in the brain. Anencephaloid [an-en-sef -al-oid) \hv priv. ; eyKefak- oij, brain]. Pertaining to anencephalia. Anencephaloneuria (an-en-sef-al-on-u' -re-ah) \_av priv.; ()7if(^a/o(;, brain ; rfiipor, a nerve]. Imperfect nerve-action of the brain. Anencephalotrophia, or Anencephalotrophy (an-e?i- sef-al-o-tro' -fe-ah or -lot'-ro-fe) \!iv priv.; tyKt^pa/.og, brain; Tpn(fii/, nutrition]. Atrophy, or lack of nutri- tion of the brain. ANENCEPHALUS 79 ANESTHETIC Anencephalus (an-cn-sef -al-us) \av priv. ; ey Ke(t>a?^og , brain]. I. A species of single autositic monsters in which there is neither a trace of the brain nor a rudi- mentary representative of it. 2. According to Saint- Hilaire, a variety of the above species in which there is extensive laying open of the spinal canal with ab- sence of the spinal cord. Anencephaly {cin-cn-sff -al-e). See Anencephalia. Anenergesia (an-en-cr-je' -ze-ali^. 'ie^ Anenergia. Anenergia {an-en-er'-je-ah') \hv priv. ; kvepyeta, en- ergy]. Lack of vigor or power. Anenteremia [an-en-ter-e' -me-ah ) \_av priv. ; efrepov, an intestine ; a'l/ia, blood]. Bloodless condition of the bowels. Anenteroneuria {an-en-tt'r-o-nii' -re-ah)' \liv priv.; evTEpov, an intestine; vevpov, a nerve]. Intestinal atony. Anenterotrophia [an-en-ter-o-tro' -fe-ah) \!n> priv.; ivTepov, an intestine ; rpofi'/, nourishment]. Defective intestinal nutrition. Anenterous (iin-en' -ter-us) \av priv. ; evrepov, intes- tine]. In biology, having no intestine, as a tapeworm or a tluke. Anepia [an-ep'-e-ah') [awTr^/^-, speechless]. Inability to speak. Anepiploic [an-ep-ip-lo' -ik) \av priv. ; kirinAoov, the caul]. Having no epiploon. Anepithymia [nn-ep-e-thim' -e-ah') \av priv. ; k-KtOv/iia, desire]. Loss of any natural appetite. Anerethisia {an-er-eth-iz'-e-ah^ \av priv.; epedli^eiv, to excite]. Imperfect irritability, as of a muscle or nerve. Anergia [att-er' -je-aJi) [av priv. ; epyov, work]. Slug- gishness ; inactivity. Anergic {an-er' -jik) \_av priv. ; epyov, work]. Char- acterized by sluggishness ; as anergic dementia. A. Stupor. See Insanity, Stuporous. Aneroid (an' -er-oid) [a priv.; vr/p6^, wet; euhi;, form]. Dispensing with a fluid, as quicksilver. A. Barometer. See Barometer. Anerythroblepsia (an-er-it!i-ro-blep' -se-ah'). Same as A neryth r opsin . Anerythroblepsy (an-er' -ith-ro-blep-se^. Same as An- erytliropsia. Anerythropsia {an-er-ith-rop' -se-aJi) \av priv. ; kpv- 6p6g, red; bipLQ, sight]. Subnormal color perception of red. See Blindness. Anesis {an'-es-is) \_avtGL(;, remission]. An abatement or relaxation in the severity of symptoms. Anesthesia, or Anaesthesia (an-es-the' -ze-ah ) \avaLCi- Oi/aia, want of feeling]. A condition of insensibility or loss of feeling due to pathological conditions of the centers, conducting paths of the nerves, or the peri- pheral terminations of the same, or to artificial pro- duction by means of anesthetics. A., Bulbar or Central, due to central disease. A., Crossed, anes- thesia on one side of the organi.sm, due to a central lesion of the other side. A., Doll's Head, a form of anesthesia extending over the head, neck, and upper part of the chest. A. dolorosa, severe pain experi- €nced after the occurrence of complete motor and sensory paralysis, a symptom observed in certain diseases of the spinal cord. A., Local, of a limited part of the body. A., Muscular, loss of the mnscular sense. A., Peripheral, depending upon conditions of the end-organs of the nerves. A., Surgical, by means of anesthetics for the purpose of preventing pain, producing relaxation of muscles, or for diagnos- tic purposes. Anesthesimeter (an-es-thes-im' -et-er^ [^avaiuOr/aia, want of feeling ; fierpnv, a measure]. An instrument to measure the amount of an anesthetic administered in a given time. Anesthetic, or Anaesthetic [an-es-thef -ik) \Jw priv. ; alaHdi'taHai, to feel]. A substance that produces in- sensibility to feeling or to acute pain, diminished mus- cular action, and other phenomena. Anesthetics may be general, local, partial and complete. A., General ; the following are the substances that have been used for general anesthesia: Amylene, CgHj^, a mobile liquid, thin, colorless, translucent ; action rapid, pro- ducing partial anesthesia. It is used in Germany under the. name of Rental ; it is best administered by means of Junker's inhaler, which modifies its unplea- sant odor ; it should not be brought near a flame. Carbon Tetrachlorid, not so irritating to the organs of respiration, but far more dangerous than chloroform. Chloral Hydrate, action indirect and incomplete. Rarely, if ever, now used. Chloro- form, by inhalation. Largely employed in general surgery. It seems to have a selective action upon the nervous system, and also exercises a direct influence upon the muscular tissues of the heart. It paralyzes the vaso-motor system, and death results from cardiac paralysis. Chloroform should always be administered freely mixed with air. The Method of definite mixtures, however, as recommended by Clover, and Bert, while admirable in theory, is not entirely practi- cal. The Lister Method, also known as the Scoteh or Open Method of administering chloroform, consists in pouring a small amount of the anesthetic upon a com- mon towel arranged in a square of six folds, and hold- ing this as near to the face as can be borne without inconvenience. Various inhalers have been devised for the administration of chloroform, the best of which are Chwer'' s, which consists of a large bag capable of containing a given volume of air, into which the vapor of a given quantity of chloroform is allowed to enter, the mixture being so arranged that the tension of chloroform vapor in the air is maintained below 4.5 per cent; Junker' s,i& modified \>y Dudley Buxton, which consists in the inhalation of air containing the chloroform vapor, the latter being taken up by pump- ing the air through a bottle containing half an ounce of the anesthetic ; Krohtie and Sesemann have modi- fied the foregoing by doing away with the intermit- tent, jerky delivery of the vapor and by adding to the face-piece an expiration-valve guarded by a stifi^ feather, which, rising in expiration and falling in in- spiration, registers the force and strength of respira- tion {Feather respiration register) ; apparatus is a modification of Sno-v' s, substituting a gutta-percha covering for the cold-water jacket of Snow ; Snow'' s inhaler consists of a metallic cylindrical vessel, con- taining two coils of blotting paper, permitting free circulation of air, and surrounded by another cylinder containing water, the latter being for the purpose of equalizing the temperature. Sv7icope resulting from chlorofonn administration should be treated by lower- ing the head, artificial respiration, inhalation of nitrite of amyl, electrical stimulation, and possibly acupunc- ture of the heart. Ethene Chlorid, formerly called ethylene chlorid, Dutch liquid, chloric ether, closely re- sembles chloroform, but is less of a cardiac depres- sant. It is considered safer than chloroform. Death results from paralysis of the respiratory centers. Ether, by inhalation, is probably the safest known agent for the production of prolonged narcosis. Its action is directed largely to the nervous system, which becomes profoundly affected. It frequently causes spasmodic action and suspension of respiratory action. Death results from paralysis of respiration. It may be administered alone or in combination with nitrous oxid gas, in which case the patient is more rapidly narcotized. A variety of inhalers have been devised ANESTHETIC 80 ANESTHETIC for its administration, as follows : Allis' s is probably the best form of open inhaler. It consists of a metal frame, so arranged that a flannel bandage can be stretched across and the whole surrounded with a leather case, which acts as a face-piece. Clover' s port- able ether inhaler consists of a dome-shaped receptacle pierced by a central shaft connecting with a rubber bag into which the patient breathes. Moving with the face-piece is a metal indicator to register the amount of ether admitted. A water chamber surrounds the ether vessel to regulate the temperature. The Cone is much used in America. A towel is folded into the shape of a cone, a sponge is placed at the apex, and the ether poured upon this. Hetuitt' s apparatus may be used for giving gas and ether. In his inhaler the inspiratory and expiratory valves are placed in a little chamber near the face-piece ; a free draught of air is permitted. Ornisby's itihaler consists of a leather face-piece, crowned with a cone-shaped wire cage covered with leather and joined to a soft leather bag, covered by a loose net to prevent excessive expansion. The wire cage contains a sponge on which the ether is poured. Kendle adds to a cone containing a flan- nel cap a mask for the face. Rectal etherization may be resorted to in operations about the face and throat. The ether vapor is introduced into the bowel, the pro- cess taking longer for complete anesthetization than by the usual method. Ethidene Chlorid is similar in its action to chloroform. Patients take a longer time to recover consciousness than when chloroform is used, but they experience fewer after-effects, and re- cover rapidly. Anesthetization occurs in three to five minutes. Hydrobromic Ether {bromid of ethyl) produces unconsciousness and anesthesia in one minute, and complete muscular relaxation in two or three minutes. The heart's action is somewhat weakened. Return to consciousness after withdrawal of the ether is very prompt. Its use may be followed by vomiting. According to some observers, death re- sults from cardiac failure, while others beheve it kills by direct action upon the respiratory center. It is best administered by an Allis inhaler, and is of most service in minor surgery for short operations. Nitrous Oxid, by inhalation, is much used by dentists for extraction of teeth. The symptoms resemble those of asphyxia, hence it is more important to watch the respiration than the pulse. It may be employed in minor surgical operations. There are but few after-effects, those most often observed being headache and malaise. Berf s method of administering nitrous oxid consists in giving it in conjunction with oxygen under pres- sure ; by this method the administration may be pro- longed indefinitely. Clover^ s Gas and Ether Inhaler is intended for the administration of a mixture of these anesthetics ; it is so arranged that gas can be given alone, or in combination with the ether. Buxton'' s apparatus is used for the administration of gas only, and possesses a special contrivance to filter the air. Fontaine'' s chamber is an apparatus devised to keep the patient under an atmospheric pressure equal to 26 inches mercury, so that the vapor inhaled would be 50 per cent, gas and 50 per cent, air, and asphyxia thus be prevented. The employment of supplemental bags has been advocated by Braine. The patient breathes into these bags, the gas supply being turned off and the expiratory valve closed. It is claimed that this method produces a more prolonged period of unconsciousness. Various accessory instru- ments are needed in the use of gas, such as gags, mouth openers, and mouth props, spoons, etc. A., Local, an anesthetic that, locally applied, produces absence of sensation in the organ or tissue so treated. Alcohol, locally, removes sensation to pain, while tactile sense persists. Cool the alcohol to about Io°' below the freezing point, by placing it in ice and salt, and place the part to be numbed in it. Blsulphid OF Carbon, by .spray or irrigation, has a disgusting odor, and is a powerful poison. Carbolic Acid, painted over the skin — its action, however, is caustic. Chlorethyl, in vapor form, is useful in minor and dental surgery. Chlorid of Methyl, CH.^Cl, al- . lowing the liquid chlorid to drop on the skin or mucous membrane. Unless kept carefully under control the vitality of the tissues may be affected. Cocain is used in subcutaneous injections, by painting over mu- cous surfaces, or by instillation into the eye. As a paint a 20 per cent solution is used, weaker prepara- tions being of little value over cutaneous surfaces ; several coats are necessary. A 10 per cent, solution should be used on mucous surfaces ; for the eye a 4 per cent, solution will answer, and this solution is strong enough when cocain is employed as a spray. Hypodermatically, n\ij-v of a 10 to 20 per cent, solution are usually injected, and this may be repeated two or three times during the operation. Drumin is oxalate of lime prepared from a euphorbiaceous plant. It was formerly suggested as a local anesthetic, but has been found not to possess anesthetic properties. Ether, in spray, is recommended by Dr. B. W. Richardson. The anesthesia thus produced is con- fined to the skin, and is very transient. It may pro- duce a slough from excessive freezing. P'aradic Current.s were formerly used by dentists, but are of no value. Rhigolene, in spray, its use being similar to that of ether. A. Mixtures contain combinations of substances for producing anesthesia. The follow- ing are the most important : A. C. E. Mixture: — alcohol, sp. gr. .838, I part; chloroform, sp. gr. 1.497, 2 parts; ether, sp. gr. .735, 3 parts. Billroth's: — chloroform 3 parts, alcohol and ether each I part. It is best administered by the open method. Linhart's : — alcohol l, chloroform 4. It is admin- istered similarly to chloroform. Martindale's : — a volumetric mixture, the ingredients of which evap- orate almost uniformly ; it consists of absolute alcohol, sp- gr. -795, one volume; chloroform, sp. gr. 1.498, two volumes ; pure ether, sp. gr. .720, three volumes. Medico-Chirurgical Society of London : — ether 3, chloroform 2, alcohol I. Methylene, or Bi- chlorid of Methylene, a mixture of methylic alcohol 30 per cent. , and chloroform 70 per cent. The so-called Liquid of Regnauld'^ consisted of 80 per cent, chloroform, 20 per cent, methylic alcohol. Methylene is not much used, several deaths from car- diac paralysis having occurred from its employment. Nussbaum's, ether 3, chloroform I, alcohol I. Richardson's: — alcohol 2, chloroform 2, ether 3. Sanford's : — the so-called " Chloramyl " is a mix- ture of chloroform and amyl nitrate in the proportion of two drachms of the nitrate to the pound of chloro- form. It is a dangerous mixture, both drugs depress- ing the heart. Vienna General Hospital : — ether 9, chloroform 30, alcohol 9. Vienna Mixture: — ether 3, chloroform I. Von Mering's: — chloroform one volume, dimethylacetal two volumes. It is said to produce no failure of respiration or heart, and no lowering of the blood pressure. Wachsmuth's : — one-fifth part of oil of turpentine is added to the chloroform. It is said to prevent any danger of heart- failure. Various methods have been suggested by means of which the influence of the anesthetic maybe prolonged or its dangers and sequelae largely averted. The follow- ing are the most important : — Dastre-Morat's ; con- ANESTHETICISM 81 ANGEIO- sists in the injection of I or 1.5 c.c. of the following mixture: — morph. hydrochlor. 10 centigrm. , atropin. sulph. 5 milligrra. , aq. destill. 10 grms. The atropin is said to lessen the after-sickness and abrogate saliva- tion and bronchial secretion. Forne's: — the prelimi- nary administration of chloral before using chloroform, 2 to 5 grams an hour before. Kappeler's: — a com- bination of chloral hydrate and ether, 40 grains of the former. The duration of anesthesia is prolonged and the recovery retarded, but the after-effects are more marked. Nussbaum's : — injection of ^ to ^ grain of morphin previous to the administration of chloroform. Less of the anesthetic is needed, while the stupor is prolonged; vomiting is increased. ObaI-INSKI's: — hypodermatic injection of cocain, 2 to 5 centigrams of a three per cent, solution during chloroform anes- thetization. Trelat's: — administration of 2 to grams of chloral hydrate, and 10 to 20 grams of syrup of morphin in 60 grams of water, repeating the dose in 15 minutes, and following by chloroform anes- thesia. Attempts have repeatedly been made to estimate the comparative safety of the various anesthetics used for the production of general anesthesia. In 1879 the " Glasgow Committee " of the British Medical As- sociation concluded in favor of ether, declaring that chlorofonn lowered the blood tension and depressed the action of the heart. In 1889 the Hyderabad Commission arrived at the conclusion that chloroform produced an arrest of respiration before there was a stoppage of the heart. 'It is thought, however, that the climate — that of India — may have had some effect in producing this result, since in temperate climates the heart usually fails before there is a depression of respiration. Anestheticism (an-es-thet' -is-izni) [^avaiaOr/Toc, insensi- ble]. The quality of being anesthetic. Anesthetization [an-es-thet-iz-a' -shiin) \_ 'avaiadriTO(:, in- sensible]. The process of rendering insensible. Anesthetize [an-es^ -thet-lz) \_ava!ad;/Toc:, insensible]. To put under the influence of an anesthetic. Anesthetizer [an' -es-thet-i-zer^ [am/afz/rof, insensible]. ( )ne who administers an anesthetic. Anethol [an' -eth-ol) [avd, up; aiOeiv, to burn; oleum, oil], CjgHj.^O. The methyl ether of anol ; it occurs in ethereal oils, from which it separates in the cold in the form of white, shining scales, melting at 21° and boiling at 232°. It is the chief constitutent of the essential oils of anise and fennel. It is employed in preparing the Elixir anethi, N. F. , being more fragrant and agree- able than the anise oil. Anethum [an-e'-tkuni) [di7/(?oi', anise : gen., Anethi^ Dill ; the dried fruit of Peucedantiin gt-aveolens, indig- enous to Southern Europe. Aromatic, carminative, and stimulant. A. Aqua (B. P.). Dose^i-ij. A. Oleum (B. P.). Dose tr^ i-iv. Anetic [an-et'-ik) \_ave-iK-actus , a winding]. An anfrac- tuosity or sinuosity ; an anfractuous organ or stnicture. Anfractuose [an-frak' -tu-bs) \_anfractus , a winding]. In biology, bent back and forth, winding, as certain stamens, or the brain fissures. Anfractuosity [an-frak-tu-os' -it-e') [anfractus, a bend- ing round] . Any one of the furrows or sulci between the cerebral convolutions. Anfractuous [an-frak' -tu-us) \_anfractus, a bending round]. Characterized by windings and turnings; sinuous. Angeiectasis [an-je-ek'-tas-is). See Angiectasis. Angeio- [an'-je-o). See Angio-. ANGELIC ACID 82 ANGIOMETER Angelic Acid {an-jcl'-ik as' -id). See Acid. Angelica {an-jel' -ik-ali) [L.]. The seeds and root of Arihaiii^elica offici>ialis and other species. An aro- matic stimulant and emmenagogue. Dose of the fid. ext. : Seeds y\ v-x ; root 3 ss-j. Unof. Angel's Wing {an'-jck wing). A deformity of the scapula in which it turns forward and then backward, giving the shoulder a peculiar dorsal bulge, as in a scoliotic chest. Anger's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Angiectasis [an-Je-ek' -tas-is) \_ayyElov, a blood-vessel ; iKTaair, dilatation]. Abnormal dilatation of a vessel, as in aneurysm, etc. ; enlargement of capillaries. Angiectopia {an-je-ek-to' -pe-ah ) \ayyuov, a vessel ; kKTonn^, displaced]. Displacement or abnormal posi- tion of a vessel. Angielcus, or Angeielcus {an-je-el' -kus) \_ayyi:lov, a vessel; i'kmq, an ulcer]. An ulcer in the walls of a vessel. Angiemphraxis [an-je-em-fi-aks' -is) \ayytlov, a vessel ; ifjJbixi^K;, obstruction]. Obstruction of a vessel, or of vessels. Angiitis, or Angeiitis {an-/e-i'-tis) [ayydov, a vessel ; irir, inflammation]. Inflammation of a lymph vessel or blood vessel. Angina [an' -jin-aJi or an-ji' -nah) [angere, to stran- gle]. A sense of choking or suffocation, a symptom of inflammatory affections of the pharynx. It is synonymous with Cynanche. A. acuta or simplex, simple sore-throat. A. externa. Synonym of Mumps. A., Hogskin. Synonym of Diphtheria. A. laryngea. Synonym of Laryngitis. A. lin- gualis. Same as Glossitis. A., Ludwig's, acute suppurative inflammation of the connective tissue sur- rounding the submaxillary gland. A. membranacea. Synonym of Croup. A. parotidea, the mumps, or Parotitis, q. v. A. pectoris, a paroxysmal neurosis with intense pain and oppression about the heart. It usually occurs in the male after forty years of age, and is generally associated with diseased conditions of the heart and aorta. There is a sense of impending . death, and frequently there is a fatal termination. A. pectoris-vasomotoria, a term given by Nothnagel and Landois to an angina associated with vaso-motor disturbances, coldness of the surface, etc., but never resulting fatally. A., Pseudo-, is a neurosis occurring in young anemic females, characterized by a less grave set of symptoms and never resulting fatally. A. simplex. ':^ee A. aczita. Pi.. ions\\\&ns, Quinsy, (j. 7'. A. trachealis, the Croup, q. v. A. ulcero-mem- branous. See Tonsillitis, herpetic. Anginoid (an'-;in-oid) [angere, to strangle]. Re- sembling angina. Angioasthenia {an-/e-o-as-the' -ne-ak") \_ayyEiov, a vessel ; iiiyHti'na, weakness]. Atony of the blood-vessels. Angiocarditis [an-Je-o-kar-di'-tis) [^ayyeiov, a blood- vessel ; mpfi'ia, the heart ; itic, inflammation]. An inflammation of the heart and blood-vessels (hypothet- ical). Angiocarpous (an'-je-o-kar-ptis) \_ayyelov, a vessel; Kaf)Tr6r, fruit]. In biology, having the fruit invested with a distinct covering or husk ; having a closed apothecium ; having the hymenium inclosed by the sporocarp. Angiochalasis, or Angeiochalasis [an-je-o-kal'-as-is) [i'!}-}f/(;j', a vessel; x"^"'^"^^ relaxation]. Dilatation or relaxation of the blood-vessels. Angiocholitis [an-jc-o-ko-li' -tis) \ayyuov, a vessel ; /CO/,/;, bile; irir, inflammation]. Inflammation of the biliary ducts. Angioderma pigmenotosum [an-je-o-der' -tnah pig- men-to' -siini). See Atrophoderma. Angiodiastasis [a n-Je-o-di-as' -tas-is) [ayyfiov, a vessel; fS(rt(Tra(j;f a separation], I. Displacement or dilatation of a vessel. 2. Retraction of the severed ends of a blood-vessel. Angioembolus (an-je-o-em' -bo-lus) SJiyyEiov, a vessel; f/i/?(Uof, anything thrown in]. A plug (as of clotted blood) in a vessel. Angiogeftesis {an-je-o-jen' -es-is). See Angiogeny. Angiogeny {an-je-og' -en-c) \h.yyuov, a vessel ; yEvva- tiv, to produce]. The development of the vessels. Angioglioma [an-je-o-gli-o' -mah ) \ayytLov, a vessel ; y'kia, glue; hfia, a tumor: Angiogliomata\ A gliomatous vascular tumor of the spinal cord. Angiograph {an' -je-o-graf) \ayy2l0v, a vessel ; ypiifeiv, to write]. A form of sphygmograph invented by Lan- dois. Angiography (an-je-og' -ra-fe) [ayyfinv, a vessel ; ypcKpr/, a writing]. A description of the vessels; angiology. Angiohemothrombus (an-je-o-hem-o-throm' -bus) \ay- ye'mv, a vessel ; aifia, blood; Opd/uPoc;, thrombus]. A clot in a blood-vessel. Angiohydrology (an-je-o-hi-drol' -o-je") [dyyetov, a ves- sel; i'Au/;, water; /(^jof, science]. The science of the lymphatic vessels, their contents, etc. Angiokeratoma [an-je-o-ker-at-o' -mah ) [ayyelov, a ves- sel; K.£pag, horn; 6/j.a, tumor]. Lymphangiectasis ; Telangiectic warts ; a very rare disease of the ex- tremities characterized by warty-looking growths that develop on dilated vessels in persons with chilblain, etc. park spots the size of pins' points or pins' heads, evidently vascular, develop as an attack of chilblains is subsiding. The disease is peculiar to childhood, and especially occurs in females. Angioleucitis [an-je-o-lti-si' -tis) \_ayyfiov, a vessel ; /fiwof, white ; /r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels. Angioiithic [an-je-o-lith' -ik) [ri; jtZoi', a vessel; Xlftog, a stone]. Literally, a qualification applied to avascu- lar and crystalline formation. Practically applied to neoplasms in which crystalline or mineral deposits take place, with hyaline degeneration of the coats of the vessels. Angiology {an-je-ol' -o-je) \hyytiov, a vessel ; Afiyof , science]. The science of the blood-vessels and lym- phatics. Angiolymphitis (an-je-o-limf-i' -tis) ^a-<'yetny, a vessel ; lympha , lymph; iriq, inflammation]. Same as An- gioleucitis. Angiolymphoma [an-je-o-limf-o'-mah ) \_ayyelov, a ves- sel; Ivmpha, water; b/ia, tumor: //. , Ajigiolympho- }uata'\. A tumor formed of lymphatic vessels. Angioma [an-je-o' -tnah ) \Jiyyeiov, a vessel ; bpa, a tumor: //. , Angiomata^. A tumor formed of blood- vessels. Called also Erectile or Vascular Tumor. A., Cavernous, with communicating alveolar spaces. See Varix, Cirsoid. Capillary and venous angiomata are called A^evi, or Mothers' Marks. A., Cystic. Synonym of Lymphangioma eircumscriptu>n. A., In- fective. See A. serpiginosum. A. pigmentosum atrophicum. See Xeroderma pigmentosum. A. serpiginosum, infective angioma ; nevus lupus ; a very rare disease of the skin in which minute vascu- lar points are formed in rings or other groups, that spread at the borders, while fresh points are continu- ally developing beyond them. The points look like grains of cayenne pepper. It occurs usually in girls, but its etiology and pathology are unknown. Angiomalacia [an-jc-o-mal-a' -sc-ah ) \aY)'Einv, a ves- sel; iia/aKia,a. softening]. Softening of the blood- vessels, Angiometer [an-Je-om'-et-er). See Sphygmograph. ANGIOMONOSPERMOUS 83 ANGLE Angiomonospermous (an-je-o-mon-o-sper' -nnis) [ay- yeiov, a vessel ; fjoror, alone; OKep/m, seed]. In bi- ology, producing seeds within a closed ovary. Angiomyoma, or Angimyoma [an-je-o-mi-o' -mah or a}i-je-iin-o' -mail ) \ayyfiov, a vessel ; p>q, a muscle ; 6/;a, a tumor: pi. , Angiomyomata\. A vascular and erectile muscular tumor. Angioneoplasm {an- je-o-ne' -o-plazm) . See Angioneo- plasina . Angioneoplasma [an-je-o-ne-o-pla-J -viah ) \ayyuov, a vessel; wof, new; Tz'Xdafia, moulded substance: //. , Angioneoplasmata\. A neoplasm made up of blood- vessels or lymph-vessels. Angioneurosin {an-je-o-nn'-ro-sin). Synonym of Nitroglvceri)i. Angioneurosis {an-je-o-nu-ro'-sis) [ayyftov, a vessel ; vevfwi', a nerve]. A neurosis of the blood-vessels; a disturbance of the vaso-motor system, — a symptom of many diseases. Angio-neurotic (an-je-o-nu-rot' -ik) \h.yyfLov, a vessel ; i>evpov, a nerve]. Pertaining to angioneurosis. A. Edema, a swelling, with associated symptoms, proba- bly due to vaso motor lesion. Angionoma {aii-je-oii' -o-iiiaJi) [ayyEW, a vessel ;i'o//7}, ulcer]. Ulceration of a vessel. Angioparalysis [an-je-o-par-al' -is-is) \hyye'iov, a vessel; napa'/.vtuv, to disable on one side]. Vaso-motor paralysis. Angioparalytic {an-je-o-par-al-it' -ik) \h.yyilov, a vessel ; Trapa/.veiv, to disable on one side]. Relating to or characterized by angioparalysis. Angioparesis (an-je-o-par' -es-is) \hyyEiov, a vessel; irdpeoK;, a letting go]. Paresis or partial paralysis of the vaso-motor apparatus. Angiopathy {an-je-op' -a-the) \hyyEiov, a vessel ; irddoc;, disease]. Any disease of the vascular system. Angioplania [an-je-o-pla' -ne-ali) \aY)-tLov, a vessel ; tt'/Avi], a wandering]. Irregularity or abnormality in the course of a vessel. Angioplastic (an-je-o-plas' -tik). See Vasifactive. Angiorrhagia or Angeiorrhagia [an-je-or-a' -je-ah) [(i} )f;of, a vessel ; p//yvyra(, break]. Bleeding from a vessel. Angiorrhea [an-je-or-e' -aJi) \ayyuov, a. vessel ; peiv, to flow]. An oozing of blood. Angiorrhexis (an-je-o-reks' -is) \ayyeLov, a vessel ; pryf(f, a bursting]. Rupture of a blood-vessel. Angiosarcoma {an-je-o-sar-ko' -niali) \jiyyuav, a vessel; C7dpf, flesh; oua, a tumor : pL, Angiosarcomata^ A vascular sarcoma. Angiosarcomatous (an-je-o-sar-ko' -mat-ics) \hyyEiov, a vessel ; odp^, flesh; 6//a, a tumor]. Of the nature of or affected with angiosarcoma. Angioscope {an' -je-o-skop) \_ayyuov, a vessel ; aKOireiv, to inspect]. An instrument for examining the capillary vessels. Angiosialitis ian-je-o-si-al-i' -tis) \h.Yytlov, a vessel ; d/a/' 01', saliva ; (r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the duct of a salivary gland. Angiosis (an-je-o' -sis) \ayyi'~iov, a vessel]. Any disease of blood-vessels or lymphatics. Angiospasm [an' -je-o-spazt>i) \jiyyeiov, a vessel ; onaauog, a spasm]. A convulsive neurosis of the blood-vessels ; a vaso-motor spasm. Angiospastic ian-je-o-spas' -tik) \ayytLov, a vessel ; a-aa/i6(:, spasm]. Characterized by or of the nature of angiospasm. Angiosperm (an' -je-o-sperm) [ayyfHjv, a vessel ; o'Ktpp.a, seed]. In biology, a plant the seeds of which are pro- duced within a closed vessel. Angiosporous [an-je-os' -po-riis) \_ayyeiov, a vessel ; (TTTopof, a seed]. In biology, producing spores or asci within a hollow receptacle, said of fungi. Angiostegnosis {an-je-o-steg-no' -sis) \_ayye'ioi<, a vessel ; rjT£-jvo>atc, stoppage]. Stoppage or constriction of a vessel. Angiostegnotic [an-je-o-steg-nof -ik) \ayyf:'iov , a vessel ; art) i'wi7/i;, stoppage]. Relating to angiostegnosis ; as- tringent ; causing contraction of blood-vessels. Angiostenosis [an-je-o-stc-no' -sis) \ayynov, a vessel ; a-ividair, a straitening]. Constriction or narrowing of a vessel. Angiostomatous (an-je-o-sto' -inat-iis) \ayytlm>, a ves- sel; (jTOfia, mouth]. In biology, having the mouth or opening narrow or not dilatable. Angiostrophe [an-je-os' -tro-fe) \ayyelov, a vessel ; arpotpi/, twist]. Torsion of a vessel, as for the control of hemorrhage. Angiotasis (ati-je-ot'-as-is) \_ayyelov, a vessel ; tciok;, tension]. The tension of the vessels. Angiotatic [an-je-ot-af -ik) \ayytiov, a vessel ; rdffif, tension]. Relating to angiotasis. Angiotelectasia [an-je-o-tel-ek-ta' -ze-ah) \ayytlov, a ves- sel; Ti'/.of, end; (Kraaig, dilatation]. Dilatation of capillary vessels. Angiotomy [an-je-of -o-me) \ayyuov, a vessel ; rd/i?/, a cutting]. The incision or dissection of a vessel. Angle [ang'-gi) or Angulus [ang'-gii-his) \_anguhis, an angle]. The degree of divergence of two lines that meet each other ; the space between two such lines. A. a., that one of Lissauer's angles between the radius fixus and a line joining the alveolar and subnasal points. A. of Aberration. See A. of De- 7'iafion. A., Ackermann's, certain angles, character- istic of kyphosis, which mark the base of the skull in cases of encephalocele and hydrocephalus ; for ex- ample, the occipito-sphenoidal angle is abnormally sharp. A., Acromial, that formed between the head of the humerus and the clavicle. A., Alpha. I. In optics, that formed by the intersection of the visual line and optic axis. 2. In craniometry, that one of Lissauer's angles between the radius fixus and a line joining the hormion and subnasal point. A., Al- veolar, that formed between a line passing through a spot beneath the nasal spine and the most prominent point of the lower edge of the alveolar process of the superior maxilla and the cephalic horizontal line. A., Alveolo-condylar. See A., Orbiio-alveolo-con- dylar. A., Anterior (of Ilium). See E_xternal [of ilitim). A., Anterior (of Scapula). See A., Cer- vical [of Scapula). A., Anterior Parietal. See A., Parietal [of Quatrefages). A., Antero-external (of Ischium), in veterinary anatomy, the posterior extremity of the supracotyloid crest. A., Antero- internal (of Ischium), in veterinary anatomy, the portion of the ischium that helps to close the obtu- rator foramen inwardly. A. of Aperture, in optics, that included between two lines joining the oppo- site points of the periphery of a lens and the focus. A.. Auricular, in craniometry, those cephalic angles having their apices at Broca's auricular point. A., Auriculo-cranial, in craniometry, the auricular angles whose sides pass through the cranium. A., Auficulo- facial, in craniometry, those auricular angles whose sides pass through the face. A., Auriculo-frontal. See A. , Frontal. A., Auriculo-occipital, in cranio- metry, the combined sub-occipital and supra-occipital angles. A., Auriculo-parietal. See A., Parietal [of Broca). A. b., that one of Lissauer's angles in- cluded between the radius fixus and a line joining the bregma and nasion. A., Barclay's. See A., Orifa- cial. ' A., Basifacial, in craniometry, that between the basi-cranial ard basifacial axes. A., Basilar, in craniometry, that between the naso-basilar and basi- alveolar lines. A., Beta, that one of Lissauer's angles ANGLE 84 ANGLE included between the radius fixus and a line joining the hormion and bregma. A., Bi-orbital, in optics, that formed by the intersection of the axes of the orbits. A., Broca's. See A. , Facial, A. , Occipital, and A. , Parietal. A. c, that one of Lissauer's angles included between the radius fixus and a line joining the lambda and opisthion. A., Camper's. See Facial, and A., Maxillary. A., Carpal, in biology, the bend of the wing. A., Cephalic, in craniom- etry, a general term for the cranial and facial angles. A., Cerebellar. See A., Suboccipital. A., Cerebral. I. In craniometry, that foniied by the frontal, Broca's parietal, and the supra-occipital angles. 2. See A. of Segond. A., Cervical (of Scapula), in veterin- ary anatomy, the point of union of the anterior and superior borders of the scapula. A., Chi, that one of Lissauer's angles included between two lines run- ning from the hormion to the basion and staphylion. A., Cloquet's. See A. , Facial. A., Condylar, that between the planes of the basilar groove and the occi- pital foramen. A., Co-orbital, in craniometry, that formed by the crossing of the anatomical plane of the head by the bi-orbital plane. A., Coracoscapular, in biology, that between the axes of the coracoid and scapula. A., Coronofacial (of Gratiolet), in craniometry, the angle that the facial line of Cam- per forms with the plane passing through the coronal suture. A., Costal. See A., Subcostal. A., Coty- loid, in veterinary anatomy, the portion of the ilium included between the cotyloid foramen and the supra- cotyloid crest. A., Cotyloidean. See A. , Antero- external [of Ischiuni). A., Cranial, in craniometry, angles corresponding to the auricular angles, but having their apices at the anterior border of the occipital fora- men. A., Craniofacial (of Ecker). See A., Mcfa- facial. A., Craniofacial (of Huxley), in craniometry, that formed at the middle of the anterior border of the jugum sphenoidale by lines drawn from the basion and nasal spine. A., Critical, that made by a beam of light passing from a rarer to a denser medium, with the perpendicular, without being entirely reflected. A. of Cuvier. See A., Facial. A. of Daubenton. See A., Occipital. A., Deschamps's. See ,4., Inio- facial. A. of Deviation. l. In botany, that formed by a leaf, branch, or root with the axis upon which it is borne. 2. In magnetism, the angle traversed by the needle when disturbed by some magnetic force. 3. In optics, that formed by a refracted ray and the pro- longation of the incident ray. A. of Divergence, in botany, that formed between succeeding organs in the same spiral or whorl. A., Dorsal (of Scapula), in veterinary anatomy, the junction of the superior and posterior borders of the scapula. A. of Durer. .See A., Facial. A., Ecker's. See A. , Sphenoitlal and A. , Craniofacial. A. of Elevation, in optics, that made by the visual plane with its primary position when moved upward or downward. A., Ephippial (Welcker's). See A., Sphenoidal. A., Ethmocranial. See A., Olfactory. A., External (of Ilium), in veterinary anatomy, the anterior superior spine of the ilium. A., External (of Mulder), in craniometry, that pro- duced by the junction of Camper's line and a line joining the basi-occipital bone and the nasion. A., External (of Pubes), in veterinary anatomy, the por- tion of the pubic bone constituting the chief part of the cotyloid cavity. A. of the Eye. See Cantlius. A. f., that one of Lissauer's angles included between the radius fixus and a line joining the inion and opis- thion. A., Facial (of Broca). See A., Ophryo- spinal Facial. A., Facial (of Camper), in cranio- metry, that between the facial line of Camper and the line drawn through the auricular and subnasal points. A., Facial (of Cloquet), in craniometry, that be- tween the line drawn through the ophryon and the alveolar point and the auricular-alveolar line. A., Facial (of Cuvier). See A., Facial (of Geoffroy St. Hilaire). A., Facial (of Diirer), in crani- ometry, that formed by a line tangent to the brow and the lobule of the nose and a line joining the lobe of the ear and the lower part of the nasal septum. A., Facial (of Jacquart), in craniometry, that between the line joining the subnasal point and the glabella and the line joining the subnasal and auricular points. A., Facial (of Segond). See A. of Segond. A., Facial (of Geoffroy St. Hilaire), in craniometry, that between the facial line of Camper and the line joining the auricular point and the edge of the incisors. A., Facial (of Topinard.) See A., Ophryo-spinal Facial. A., Facial (of Virchow and Holder), in craniometry, that formed by the union of a line joining the naso-frontal suture and the most prominent point of the lower edge of the superior alveolar processes, and a line joining the superior border of the external auditory meatus and the lower border of the orbit. A., Fick's, in craniometry, one formed by the inter- section of the basilar groove, and a line joining the symphysis menti and the basion. A., Frontal, in craniometry, one formed by lines joining the auricular point and the ophryon and bregma. In ornithology, that formed between the forehead and the upper mar- gin of the beak. A., Frontal (of Lissauer), that one included between lines joining the metopion and the bregma and nasion. A., Fronto-glabellar, the degree of inclination of the forehead. A., Gamma, in optics, that formed at the center of rotation of the eyes by the optic and visual axes. A. , Genal, in biology, the posterior angle of the movable gena of trilobites. A., Gratiolet's. See A. , Coronofacial. A., Humeral (of the Scapula), in veterinary anat- omy, a name given to the head of the shoulder blade. A., Huxley's. See A. , Craniofacial. A. i., that one of Lissauer's angles included between the radius fixus and a line joining the posterior border of the incisor foramen and the alveolar point. A., Ilio-ischial, that between the ischium and the cotylo-sacral rib of the ilium. A., Ilio-pubic, in veterinary anatomy, that existing between the ilium and pubes. A., Ilio- vertebral, that existing between the iliac bones and the spinal column. A. of Incidence, in optics, the angle at which a ray of light strikes a denser medium and undergoes reflection or refraction. A. of Incli- nation (of Pelvic Canal), in obstetrics, that formed by the anterior wall of the pelvis with the conjugate diameter. A. of Inclination (of Pelvis), in obstet- rics, that formed by the pelvis with the general line of the trunk, or that formed by the plane of the infe- rior strait with the horizon. A., Inferior (of Scapu- la). See A., Hume7-al. A. of Inflexion, in veter- inary anatomy, that formed by the quarter of the hoof of a soliped with the commencement of the bar. A., Inio-facial, in craniometry, Deschamps's modifica- tion of Camper's line. It is the angle included be- tween the two lines extending from the inion to the glabella and from the inion to the symphysis of the chin. A., Internal (of Ilium), in veterinary anat- omy, the posterior superior spine of the ilium. A., Internal (of Pubes), in veterinary anatomy, the name for the angle of the pubes. A., Internal (of Walther), in craniometry, that included between a line joining the glabella and the nasion and another from the occipital protuberance to the crista galli. A., Interradial, in biology, that formed in the star-fish by the coming together of the lateral walls of two adjacent ambulacra! grooves. A. of the Ischio-pubic ANGLE 85 ANGLE Arch, that formed by the junction of the ischio-pubic rami. A. of Jacquart. See A. , Facial. A. of Jaw, the junction of the lower border of the ramus of the mandible with its posterior border. A. of Land- zert, that formed by the plane of the basilar groove and the horizontal line of the jugum sphenoidale. A. of Lavater, in craniometry, that contained be- tween a line joining the point of the nose and the outer angle of the eye, and a line running from the same point to the angle of the mouth. According to Lavater, the greater the angle the more intelligent the individual. A., Limiting. See A., Critical. A. of the Lips, those formed by the union qf the lips at either extremity of the mouth. A., Lissauer's, in craniometry, a number of angles in the median plane of the skull included between lines radiating from a fixed line connecting the inion and hormion [radius _fixus.) See also A., Frontal, and A. , Parietal. A., Louis's, that between the manubrium and gladiolus of the sternum due to retraction in the upper part of the thorax. A. of Ludovici. See A. , Louis' s. A., Ludwig's. See A., Louis's. A., Lumbo-iliac, in veterinary anatomy, that formed by the junction of the sacrum and ilia. A.m., that one of Lissauer's angles included between the radius fixus and a line joining the opisthion and the basion. A., Maxillary (of Camper), in craniometry, that included between two lines extending from the point of contact of the upper and lower central incisor teeth, one to the ophryon and the other to the most prominent point of the lower jaw. A., Metafacial (of Serres), that which the pterygoid processes form with the base of the skull. A., Meter-, in optics, the degree of convergence of the eyes when centered on an object one meter distant from each. A. of the Mouth. See A. of the Lips. A., Mu, that one of Lissauer's angles included between the radius fixus and a line joining the hormion and basion. A., Mulder's. See A. , External. A. n., that one of Lissauer's angles included between the radius fixus and a line joining the nasion and alveolar point. A. n'., that one of Lissauer's angles included between the radius fixus and a line joining the nasion and subnasal point. A., Nasal (of Ranke), in craniometry, that included between the horizontal plane of the skull and a line passing through the mid- dle of the alveolar border beneath the nasal spine and the center of the naso-frontal suture. A., Nasal (of Welcker), in craniometry, that included between the naso-basilar and naso-subnasal lines. A., Naso- basal (of Welcker). See A. , Nasal. A., Naso- malar, in craniometry, that formed by two lines converging from the outer margins of the orbits to the base of the nose. A. of the Neck. See A. of the Nucha. A. of the Neck of the Femur, that formed between the neck and shaft of the femur. A., Negative, the name given to Quatrefages' parietal angle when it is inversed. A. of the Nose, that between the nose and the cheek. A., Nu, that one of Lissauer's angles included between the radius fixus and a line joining the hormion and nasion. A. of the Nucha, that formed by the junction of the nucha with the neck. A. o., that one of Lissauer's angles included between the radius fixus and a line joining the lambda and bregma. A. of Obliquity of Femur, that formed by the shaft of the femur and a vertical line. A., Occipital, in craniometry, that formed by the intersection of the basicranial axis and the plane of the occipital foramen. A., Occipital (of Broca), in craniometry, that be- tween the lines joining the opisthion and the basion and nasal points. A., Occipital (of Daubenton), in craniometry, the angle that Daubenton's line makes with the line joining the basion and opisthion. A., Occipital, Second, in craniometry, that formed by two lines joining the oiiisthion and the nasion and nasal spine. A., Olfactory, in craniometry, that formed by the intersection of the plane of the cribri- form plate of the ethmoid and the basicranial axis. A., Omega, that one of Lissauer's angles between the radius fixus and a line joining the hormion and lambda. A., Ophryo-alveolo-auricular. See A., Facial (of Cloquet). A., Ophryo-spinal-facial, in craniometry, that included between two lines from the nasal spine to the ophryon and auricular point. A., Optic, that included between lines joining the extremities of an object and the nodal point. The smallest is about 30 seconds. A., Orbito-alveolo- condylar, in craniometry, that included between the horizontal visual and alveolo-condylar planes. A., Orbito-basilar, in craniometry, that included between Barclay's basifacial plane and the plane of the orbital axes. A., Orbito-facial. See A. , Orbito-iuaxillary. A., Orbito-maxillary, in craniometry, that included between the two lines joining the auricular point and the glabella and alveolar border. A., Orbito-occi- pital, in craniometry, that included between the plane of the occipital foramen and the bi-orbital plane. A., Orifacial (of Barclay), i. That included be- tween Camper's line and the plane of mastication. 2. That included between the median antero-posterior line of the palatine arch and the median antero-poste- rior line of the plane of the lower border of the in- ferior maxilla. A. p., that one of Lissauer's angles included between the radius fixus and a line joining the staphylion and alveolar point. A., Palatine, in craniometry, that included between Camper's line and a line on the plane of the alveolar arch. A., Parietal (of Broca), in craniometry, that included between two lines joining the auricular point and the bregma and lambda. A., Parietal (of Lissauer), that in- cluded between lines drawn from the bregma and lambda to the most prominent point of the parietal bone. A., Parietal (of Quatrefages), in craniome- try, that formed by the lines drawn through the ex- tremities of the transverse maximum or bizygomatic diameter and the maximum transverse frontal diameter (called positive when it opens downward, iiegative when it opens upward). A., Parietal, Posterior, in craniometry, that included between two lines tangent to the parietal eminence and the most prominent points of the zygomatic arch. A., Pi, that one of Lissauer's angles included between the radius fixus and a line joining the hormion and alveolar point. A. of Polari- zation, in optics, the angle of reflection at which light is most completely polarized. A., Positive. See A., Parietal {of Quatrefages). A., Posterior (of Ilium). See A., Cotyloid. A., Posterior (of Pubes), in vet- erinary anatomy, that portion of the pubes that helps to close in the obturator foramen internally. A., Posterior (of Scapula). See^., Dorsal {of Scap- ttla). A., Postero-external (of Ischium), in vet- erinary anatomy, the tuberosity of the ischium. A., Postero-internal (of Ischium), in veterinary anatomy, the ischiadic arch. A., Premax- illary. See A., Basifacial. A., Prepubic, that formed by the male urethra in front of the pubes, the penis being in a flaccid state. A. of Prognath- ism, in craniometry, the angle indicating the degree of forward projection of the face. A., Psi. I. That one of Lissauer's angles included between the radius fixus and a line joining the hormion and opisthion. 2. In optics, that between the optic axis and line of fixation. A. of the Pubes, that formed by the junction of the pubic bones at the symphysis. A., Pyramidal. See A. , Positive. A. of Quatrefages. ANGLE 86 ANGUSTICOLLIS See A., Parietal. A. of Ranke. See A., Nasal. A. of Reflection, in optics, that which a reflected ray of light makes with a line drawn perpendicular to the point of incidence. A. of Refraction, in optics, that which exists between a refracted ray of light and a line drawn perpendicular to the point of inci- dence. A. of Rib, aline on the external surface of the shaft of the vertebral extremity of the rib, to which is at- tached the tendon of the sacro-lumbalis muscle. A. s., that one of Lissauer's angles included between the radius fixus and a line joining the basion and staphy- lion. A., Sacro- vertebral, that which the sacrum forms with the last lumbar vertebra. A. of Segond, in craniometry, angles formed between lines drawn from the basion to the various other craniometrical points. The Facial angle of Segond is that be- tween the line passing through the basion and mental points and the line passing through the basion and ophryon. The Cerebral angle of vSegond is that between the line passing through the basion and oph- ryon, and the line passing through the basion and opisthion. A. of Serres. See A., Aletafacial. A. Sigma, that one of Lissauer's angles included be- tween the radius fixus and a line drawn from the hor- mion to the staphylion. A., Sincipital. See A. , Ex- ternal [of Mulder). A. Spal. See A. Summi Palaii. A., Sphenoidal, in craniometry, that included between two lines joining the nasion and the basion with the center of the transverse groove of the optic commissure, at the point where the sloping anterior surface of the sella turcica passes over into the hori- zontal surface of the olivary eminence. A., Squint- ing, that indicating the degree of divergence of the affected eye in strabismus. A., Sterno-clavicular, that existing between the clavicle and the sternum. A. of St. Hilaire (Geoffroy). See A., Facial. A., Subcostal, that formed by the outward inclination of the false ribs with the middle line of the body. A., Suboccipital, in craniometry, that included between two lines joining Broca's auricular point with the posterior border of the occipital foramen and the external occipital protuberance. A., Sub- pubic, that formed at the pubic arch. A., Summi Occipitis, Lissauer's angle included between lines connecting the most prominent point of the occipital squama and the lambda and inion. A., Summi Palati, Lissauer's angle included between lines drawn from the staphylion and alveolar point to the highest point of the arch of the palate. A., Supra-occipital, in craniometry, that formed by two lines joining Broca's auricular point with the lambda and the exter- nal occipital protuberance. A., Symphysian, that which the profile of the symphysis of the lower jaw makes with the plane of the inferior border of the lower jaw. A., Tentorial, in craniometry, that in- cluded between the plane of the tentorium and the basicranial axis. A. of Topinard. See A., Facial. A. of Torsion, the amount of twisting in the shaft of a bone. A., Total Cranial, in craniometry, that measuring the cranial cavity between lines drawn from the auricular point to the ophryon and opisthion. A. of the Uterus, that at the cornua of the uterus, where the oviducts enter. A., Venosus, that formed between the right and left brachio-cephalic veins. A., Vertebro-iliac. See A., llio-vertehral. A., Vestibular, that formed in the vestibule by the junc- tion of its posterior and middle walls. A. of Virchow and Holder. 'Aee A. , Facial. A., Visual. See ^. , Optic. A. of Vogt, in craniometry, that included between lines joining the nasion and the basion and alveolar point. A., Walther's. See A., Internal. A., Welcker's. See A. , Ephippial, A. , Nasal, and A. , Nasobasal. A., Xiphoid, in anatomy, that formed by the sides of the xiphoid notch. A. y., that one of Lissauer's angles included between the radius fixus and a line joining the lambda and inion. Angleberry [ang' -gl-ber-e) [M. E., angle; bery\ Butchers' name for bovine tuberculosis. See Grapes. Anglesey Leg [ang'-gl-se leg) [so called after the Marquis of Anglesey]. An artificial limb formed from a solid piece of wood hollowed out to receive the stump and provided with a steel joint at the knee. The ankle joint was made of wood, to which modon was communicated by strong cat-gut strings posteriorly and a spiral spring anteriorly. Anglicus sudor [ang'-lik-us sii'-dor) [L.]. English sweating fever. A contagious malignant fever, also known as Ephemera maligna, characterized by black or dark-colored sweat. Anglo-Swiss Food, an artificial infant food with the following composition : Water, 6.54 ; fat, 2.72 ; grape- sugar and milk-sugar, 23.29; cane-sugar, 21.40 ; starch, 34.55 ; soluble carbohydrates, 46.43 ; albumin- oids, 10.26; ash, 1. 20. Angophrasia (ang-go-fi-a' -ze-ali) \_ayxeiv, to choke ; (pfjdaic:, utterance]. A speech-defect consisting of a choking, drawling, and agitated utterance, with repeti- tions and nasal sounds, occurring in paralytic dementia. Angor {a>!g'-gor) \_angpr, a strangling]. Synonymous with Anf;ina. Applied by some to epigastric pain. Angry [ang'-gre] [M. Y,., angej-icli'\. Characterized by acute inflammation and pain, as an angry sore. Angstrom's Law. See Lazo. Anguilulidae {ang-gniil' -it-lid-e) \_angnilla, an eel]. The small nematoid worms that live in vinegar and sour paste. Anguilliform (ang-gzml' -if-orm') \_angiiilla, an eel ; forma, form]. In biology, having the characters or foiTTi of an eel. Anguillula [ang-gwiV -u-lah) [dim. of angtiilla, an eel]. A genus of parasitic round worms. A. Ster- coralis. See Thread-worms and Parasites, Animal, Table of. Anguine (atig' -gumi) \_angiiis, a snake]. In biology, snake-like. Anguish [atig' -g-visli) [(7;?n-?«/'/<7, narrowness, distress]. Extreme bodily or mental distress. Angular [aug' -gii-lar) [^angithes, an angle]. Pertaining to an angle. A. Artery and Vein, the teiTninal branches of the facial artery and vein. A. Gyrus, or Convolution, the pli cotirbe, a convolution of the brain. A. Movement, the movement between two bones that may take place forward and backward, or inward and outward. A. Processes, the external and internal extremities of the orbital arch of the frontal bone. Angularis scapulae Muscle {ang-gn-la' -ris skap' -t(-le'). The In'ator aiiguli scapuhr. See Muscles, Table of. Anguliferous [ang-gu-lif -er-tis) [anguliis, an angle ; fcrre, to bear]. In biology, having the last whorl angled or cornered. Angulinerved [ang' -gu-lin-ervd) \angiibts, an angle ; nervum, a nerve]. In biology, said of leaves in which the veins or nerves diverge from the midrib ; pinnately nerved. Angulo-dentate (ang' -gn-lo-den' -tat') \angulus, an angle; iiijiare, to have life or existence]. To be possessed of life. Formerly used to denote the effect of the vital principle by which the fetus acquires the power of continuing its existence. A., Suspended, a condition marked by interrupted respiration and consciousness ; caused by strangulation, the inhalation of carbon dioxid or other gases, etc. Anime [an' -iin-e) [Fr. , ajiiiiie, origin doubtful]. A name of various resins, especially that of I/yineuica coiirbaril, a tree of tropical yVmerica ; sometimes used in pilaster, etc. Unof See Copal. Animism (an' -itn-izm) \anima, soul]. Stahl's theory of life and disease, namely, that the soul is the source of both normal and pathologic activities. Anion {an'-e-on) [dm, up; 'liiv, going]. In electroly- sis, an electro-negative element. See Ion. Anions [an'-e-onz] \aviuv, going up]. The atoms that collect around either pole when a compound is decom- posed by electricity. Aniridia ian-ir-id' -e-ali) \av priv. ; tpif, the rainbow]. Absence or defect of the iris. Anisandrous [an-is-an' -drus) [di'ijof, unequal ; hvin), male]. Same as Anisosteinenous. Anisanthous [an-is-an' -thus) [dwcrof, unequal ; avdoc^, flower]. In biology, varying as to the fonn of the perianth. Anischuria [an-is-ku' -re-ali) \av priv.; taxovpla, re- tention of urineL Enuresis or incontinence of urine. Anise {an' -is). See Anisinji. Anisic [an-is'-ik) \_anisiiin, anise]. Pertaining or be- longing to anise. A. Acid. See Acid. A. Aldehyd. See Aldehyd. Anisin (an'-is-in) \_anisuin, anise], C.^H.^^N.^O.,. An artificial crystalline alkaloid, a derivative of anise. Anisobryous (ait-is-oh'-re-us) [^aviaog, unequal ; jSpvov, growth]. Same as Monocotyledonous. Anisocoria [an-is-o-ko'-re-ah) \_aviaoc, unequal ; Kopl/, pupil]. Inequality in the diameter of the pupils. Anisodont [an-i' -so-dont) [di'icrof, unequal ; ocSot'f, tooth]. In biology, having irregular teeth of unequal length. Anisognathous (an-is-og' -na-fhus) [dwcrof , unequal ; y}>nHo(;, jaw]. In biology, having the two jaws unlike as to the molar teeth. Anisogynous {an-is-o/'-in-ns) \_aiiiaor, unequal ; yvvi/, a female]. In biology, with fewer carpels than sepals. Anisol [an'-is-ol) \anisiiin, anise], CjH^O. Methyl phenyl ether, produced by heating phenol with potas- sium and methyl iodid or potassium methyl sulphate in alcoholic solution. It is an ethereal-smelling liquid, boiling at 152°; its sp. gr. at 15° is 0.991. Anisomelous (an-is-om'-el-tis) [aivcof , unequal ; jjt'Aoq, a limb]. With limbs of unequal length. Anisomerous {an-is-om' -er-iis) [iiviaoi;, unequal ; j-iipor^, part]. In biology, having the parts or organs unequal in successive series, as parts of the flowers in different whorls, or ridges, or successive molar teeth. Anisometropia [an-is-o-ine-tro'-pe-ah) \av priv. ; lanr, equal; //f'-/)oi', a measure; wr/), the eye]. A difler- ence in the refraction of the two eyes. Anisometropic [an-is-o-me-trop' -ik) \nv priv. ; /cror, equal; fierpov, a measure; wi/', the eye]. Affected with anisometropia. Anisopetalous [an-is-o-pef -al-ns) \h.viaoq, unequal ; TrtTa/ov^ leaf]. In biology, with unequal petals. Anisophyllous((?«-w-(7^'-?y-;«) [divcrof , unequal; (p'o?i?iOv, leaf]. In biology, applied to the leaves of a pair of whorls when they are unequal. Anisopia {an-is-o' -pe-ali) [awcof, unequal; wi/i, eye]. Inequality of visual power in the two eyes. Anisopleural {an-is-o-plu'-ral) [avLaor, unequal; TT/.evpa, the side]. In biology, bilaterally asym- metric. Anisopogonous (an-is-o-pog' -o-ntis^ [di'((Tor, unequal ; -wyuv, beard]. In biology, applied to feathers the vanes of which are asymmetric. Anisopterous {an-is-op' -ter-iis) [aivcror, unequal; TTTepov, a wing]. In biology, with asymmetric or unequal wings. Anisospore [an-i'-so-spor) \^hviaor, unequal ; airopa, a spore]. In biology, one of the two varieties of spores produced by colonial species of Radiolarians. Anisostemenous (an-is-o-ste7ti' -en-us) [hviaoc;, un- equal; ori/puD, a thread]. In biology, applied to plants the stamens of which are not of the same num- ber as the petals. Anisosthenic [an-is-o-sthen' -ik) \avicoq, unequal ; aOh'0(;, strength]. Not of equal power; used of pairs of muscles, etc. Anisostomous (an-is-os' -torn-US') \hvLaoq, unequal ; CTOjia, mouth]. With an irregular mouth or orifice. Anisotropic (an-is-o-trop'-ik) [ariacx;, unequal; TpoKor, turning]. Not possessing the same properties in all directions with respect to light. In biology, varying in irritability in difterent parts or organs. Anisotropous (an-is-ot' -ro-pzts) [atv(Tof,unequal; Tptrreiv, to turn]. Not isotropous ; not having the same re- fracting power in all directions. A term applied to doubly refracting bodies. Anisum [a/t'-is-uin) [L. ; gen., Anisi'\. Anise. The fruit of Anisum piinpinclla. Its properties are due to a volatile oil. It is slightly stimulant to the heart action. It is useful chiefly to liquefy bronchial secre- tions, and is therefore a favorite ingredient in cough mixtures. Dose gr. x-xx. A. Aqua, oil of anise I, water 500 parts. Dose indefinite. A. Essentia (B. P.). Dose TTLx-xx. A. Oleum, an ingredient in tinct. opii camph. Dose, TTLj-v. A. Spt., a ten per cent, solution of the oil in alcohol. Dose, ,^i-ij. Anisyl {an'-is-il) \auisuni, anise], QII^O.^. A hypo- thetic radicle supposed to be found in anise and its derivatives. Anitrogenous (aJi-ni-troj' -en-its) \!i priv. ; nitrum, niter; yfw/f, producing]. Non-nitrogenous. Anixyus (ah-niks' -e-us) [d priv. ; i^hq, the loins]. In biology, without hips and thighs. Ankle {ang'-kl) [M. E. , ancle\ The joint between the tibia and fibula above and on the sides, and the astragalus below. It is a ginglymus joint, with three ligaments, the anterior, internal, and external. A. -bone, the astragalus. A. Clonus, the succession of a number of rhythmic muscular contractions in the calf of the leg, when the limb is extended and the foot flexed suddenly by a pressure upon the sole. It is a symptom of various diseases of the myelon, such as meningo-myelitis. See Reflexes, Table of. A. -jerk. See A. Clonus. A. -joint." See Ankle. In biology, the tarsal joint. A. Reflex. See A. Clonus. Anklet (angk'-let) [M. E., ancle']. A leathern band to jiass around and support the ankle. Ankuroid [ang'-ku-roid). See Ankyroid. Ankylenteron [ang-kil-en' -ter-on) [«)'/«'■/ 7, a coil; ivrepov, an intestine]. An adhesion Isetween intesti- nal coils. Ankyloblepharon [ang-kil-o-blef -ar-on) \!:iyK'r7.)], a thong or loop; pyuijmpov, the eyelid]. The adhesion of the ciliary edges of the eyelids. ANKYLOCHEILIA 89 ANODIC Ankylocheilia iang-kil-o-ki' -le-ah) [a/h.//.?/, loop ; Xi f lip]. Adhesion of the lips. Ankylocolpos (ang-kil-o-kol' -pos) \a.yKv'Ar), a noose ; Ku'/.~og, the vagina]. Atresia or closure of the vagina or vulva. Ankylocore iang-kil-ok' -o-re) \ayKvkr), a noose ; /idp//, the pupil]. Obliteration of the pupil by closure and adhesion. Ankylodontia [ang-kil-o-don' -she-aJi) \ayKv'M}, a loop ; btSovi;, a tooth]. Irregularity in the position of the teeth. Ankyloglossia {ang-kil-o-glos' -e-ah) [dj-Ki'/j-/, a noose ; yAidoaa, the tongue]. Tongue-tie. Ankyloglossotome {aug-kil-o-glos' -o-tom) [ay/ci'AT?, a noose ; y'luaoa, the tongue ; ro/z//, a cut]. An instru- ment used in treating tongue-tie. Ankylomele [ang-kil-o-me' -le) [hyuvAonrjATi ; ayKv'Aog, bent; fiif/ti, a probe]. A curved probe. Ankylomerism (ang-kil-om' -er-izm) [a)Ki'/./;, a tie; UEpoc;, a part]. Abnormal adherence of parts to each other. Ankylopodia (a«^-/^//-f-/o'-(/£'-a//) [a^/ci'/,;?, a loop ; 'noiig, a foot]. Ankylosis of the ankle-joint. Ankyloproctia \ang-kil-o-prok' -te-aJi) [ay/ci/a/, a loop ; TTpuiiTdg, the anus]. Atresia of the anus. Ankylorrhinia (ang-kil-o-rin' -e-ah) [ay/ty/.of, a loop ; piq, the nose]. Marked adhesion between the walls of a nostril. Ankylose [ang' -kil-os) [ay/ciJAof, bent]. To be, or to become, consolidated or firmly united, as two bones ; used commonly of pathologic, but sometimes of nor- mal, union. Ankylosis (ang-kil-o'-sis) [ay/iv/.of , a stiff joint] . Union of the bones forming a joint, resulting in a stiff joint. A., False, or Spurious, is due to the rigidity of sur- rounding parts. A., True, or Bony, when the con- necting material is bone. A., Ligamentous, when the medium is fibrous. Ankylostoma [ang-kil-os' -to-mah) , or Ankylostomum [ang-kil-os' -to-mum) [dy/cy/of , crooked ; arofia, a mouth]. A genus of nematoid worms, one species of which, A. duodenale , is found in the human intestine. This is now referred to the genus Dochmins. See A n kylostom iasis . Ankylostomiasis (ang-kil-os-to-mi' -as-is) [dyKi'/.of, crooked; arofia, a mouth]. A peculiar anemia produced by the parasite Ankylostoma duodenale i^Z)ock>iiius diiodenalis. Leuck), sucking, the blood from the walls of the duodenum. It is especially prevalent among brickmakers and other workmen in Europe. It is called also Dochmiasis, Brickmakers' Anemia, Tunnel Anemia, Miners' Cachexia, Egyp- tian Chlorosis, Tropical Chlorosis, etc. Male fern and thymol expel the worm. Ankylotia [a)2g-kil-o' -s/ie-ah) [ayKv/.rj, a noose ; ovg, ear] . Union of the walls of the meatus auditorius. Ankylotome (ang-kW -o-tom) [a}xi''/?/, a loop ; rd//?/, a cut]. I. A knife for operating on tongue-tie. 2. Any curved knife. Ankyrism [ang' -kir-izm) \_ayKvpio^a, a hooking]. Articulation or suture by one bone hooking upon another. Ankyroid {ar^' -kb--oid) \ayKvpa, a hook]. Hook- shaped. A. Cavity, in the brain, the posterior cornu of the lateral ventricle. A. Process, the coracoid process. Anlage (an'-lag-e) [Ger., "a laying out"]. In bi- ology, a term adopted from the German to indicate (l) a primary constituent of the germ or organism ; (2) a constitutional predisposition. Annandale's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Annatto [an-at'-o). See Annotto. Anneal (an-el') [Saxon, annelan, to heat]. To heat and cool slowly, as gold or other metals. Annealing [an-el' -ing) [Saxon, annelan, to heat]. The process of applying heat to a metal for the purpose of removing brittleness and increasing its ductility and malleability. Annectent (an-ek'-tent ) {iid, to; nectere, to bind]. In biology, linking or binding together. Annelism [an' -el-izni) \_anelliis,d.\m. of a ring]. In biology, possessing a ringed structure. Annidalin (an-id' -al-in). See Aristol. Annotin (an'-o-tin) [annotinus, of last year]. In biology, one year old. Annotinous [an-ot' -in-us) [annotinus, of last year]. In biology, having distinct yearly growths. Annotto (an-ot'-o) [native American]. Annatto, arnotto. A coloring matter obtained from the pel- licles of the seeds of Jiixa orellana. L. Used to color plasters. Also employed as an artificial color for butter. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Annual (an'-u-al) [annus, a year]. Yearly. In biology, plants that mature and die in one year. Annuens (att' -u-enz) [annuere, to nod]. The rectus capitis anticus minor muscle. See Muscles, Table of. Annuent [an' -u-oit ) [annuere, to nod]. Serving to bend the head forward ; as annuent muscles. Annular (an'-u-lar) [annulus, a ring]. Ring-like. A number of ligaments of the joints are called annular, as those of the ankle, wrist, etc. A. Cartilage, the cri- coid cartilage. A. Finger, the ring finger. A. Mus- cle of M tiller, the circular fibers of the ciliary muscle. A. Process, or Protuberance, the pons varolii. A. Reflex (of macula), a ring-like reflection sometimes seen with the ophthalmoscope surrounding the macula. Pi.Tm.w\\sm (att'-u-lizni) [annulus, a.x\ng\. The state or quality of being ringed, as shown in certain worms. Annulose (an' -u-lds) [annulus, a ring]. In biology, possessing rings. Annulus (an'-u-lus) [annulus, a. nngl- A ring-shaped or circular opening. A circular or rounded margin. In biology, an encircling band, as those about the cap- sules of mosses ; the spore-cases of ferns, the mantle. Cf. Molluscs, etc. A. abdominalis, the external and internal abdominal rings. A. abdominis, the inguinal ring. A. ciliaris, the boundary between the iris and choroid. A. fibrosus, the external part, of the inter- vertebral discs. A. membrani tympani, an incom- plete bony ring that forms the fetal auditory process of the temporal bone. A. osseus, the tympanic plate. A. ovalis, the rounded or oval margin of the Foramen ovalis. A. subgenitalis, a firm, cartilaginous-like, subgenital ring, the supporting plate of the subum- brella in medusx. A. tracheae, any tracheal ring. A. umbilicus, the umbilical ring. A. of Vieus- sens. Same as A. ovalis. Anocarpous{an-o-kar'-pus) [dru, upward; \a/)-df, fruit]. In biology, bearing fruit on the upper side of the frond. Anocathartic [an-o-kath-ar' -tik) [drw, upward; Kail- apTLKoq, purging]. Emetic. Ano-coccygeal [a-no-kok-sij' -e-al ) [amis, the funda- ment ; KOKKv^, the coccyx]. Pertaining to the anus and the coccyx. A. Ligament, connects the tip of the coccyx with the external sphincter ani muscle. Anodal [an'-o-dal) [drd, up; dddr, a way]. Relating to an anode ; electrically positive. A. Diffusion. Same as Cataplioresis. A. Opening Contraction. See Co)!traction. Anode (an'-dd) [ava, up; dddf, a way]. The positive pole of a galvanic battery. Anodic (an-od' -ik) [iiva, upward; dddf, way]. In biol- ogy, applied to the upper edges of leaves arranged in ascending spirals. ANODONTIA Anodontia (a>i-o-don' -slic-ah^ \av priv. ; bSovg, tooth]. Absence of the teeth. Anodyne (an'-o-dtn) [av priv. ; hdiwi/, pain]. A med- icine that gives relief from pain. From their tendency to produce sleep they are called hyp7iotics. A., Hoff- man's. See Ether. Anodynia [an-o-din' -e-a/i) [iiv priv. ; u6iv?/, pain]. Absence of pain. Anoea [an-e' -a/i). See Anoia. Anoesia [an-o-e' -ze-ah) \_avoricia, a want of sense]. Want of understanding. Anogenic {att~o-jcn' -ik) [di'o, upward; yevi/c, produced]. In biology, of ascending or inward growth. Anoia [aii-oi'-ah) [civoia, idiocy]. Synonym of Idiocy. Anol (iiii'-ol) [see Aiuiho/'\, C|,H[gO. A substance obtained from anethol by heating it with caustic alkali to 200-230° It consists of brilliant leaflets, melting at 92°. Anomalifiorous (an-om-al-if-lo' -rus) \anomahis, irreg- ular; flos, flower]. In biology, bearing irregular flowers. Anomaliped {an-om' -al-ip-cd^ \_anoinahis, irregular; pes, foot]. In biology, characterized by having one of the phalanges of the middle toe joined to the inner toe, and three to the outer toe, as in syndactylous birds, the kingfisher, etc. Anomalocephalous {nn-oin-al-o-sef'-al-iis) [di'u//n?iOf, strange; ii£aAii, the head]. Having a deformed head. Anomalocephalus -(an-om-al-o-sef -al-iis) [dx'w/ia/of, strange ; ne^a'/i/, the head]. One who has a deformed head. Anomalogonatous {an-om-al-o-gon' -at-iis) [di'w//n/lof , strange; yoviniov, hip-joint]. In biology, said of birds (Passeres) having no ambiens muscle. Anomalous {an-ojii' -al-us) \avLfia7.oq, not ordinary]. Irregular; characterized by deviation from the com- mon or normal order. Anomalus {an-om' -al-tts) [avw/za/of, not ordinary]. A muscle or muscular slip sometimes occurring be- neath the levator labii superioris alsque nasi. Anomaly {an-om' -al-e) \_avu>fja/ja, irregularity]. A marked deviation from the normal or typical structure or occurrence. Anomobranchiate [ati-o-mo-brang' -ke-at)[avofioc, irreg- ular ; fifiayx^'^t gihs]. In biology, characterized by having anomalous gills. Anomo-carpous [an-o-mo-kar' -pus) [ai'o/iof, irregular ; KapiToc;, fruit]. In biology, producing anomalous or irregular fruits. Anomocephalus (ati-o-mo-sef'-al-us) [« priv.; v6fioc, law; Kf(;)a/'//, head]. Set Anomaloeephalus. Anomophyllous {an-o-mof -il-iis') [d priv.; v6fio(;, a law; i-o-iiik' -e-a}i) \liv priv.; hvv^, nail]. Absence or defect of the nails. Anonym {a)i' -o-niiii) [flrwriy/of, nameless]. In biology, an insignificant or unscientifically formed name. Anonyma (an-on' -iin-ah) \Ilv priv.; bvv/ia, name]. The innominate artery. Anonymous (/77t-fln' -ini-iis) [di' priv.; ovv/m, a name]. Nameless. A. Bone. See huiominatitm. Anobpsia (aii-o-op' -sc-ali) [drOpa^, coal; oieum, oil], Cj^HjdO. a body isomeric with anthrol. It is pro- duced by the careful reduction of anthraquinone with tin and acetic acid. It crystallizes from alcohol in shining needles, melting with decomposition at 165°. Anthraquinone (an-th7-a-kwin-6)i') \avdpa^, coal; Sp., qitina, bark], Cj^HgO.,. Produced by oxidizing an- thracene with HNO.J. It sublimes in yellow needles, melting at 277°, soluble in hot benzene and HNO,. Anthrarobin (an-thra-ro' -bin) [ai'^^paf, coal ; aroha, E. Ind. name for the bark of a leguminous tree]. A derivative of alizarin, similar to chrysarobin. A yellowish-white powder, insoluble in water, but solu- ble in alcohol and dilute alkaline solutions. Useful in psoriasis. Unof. Anthrax [an' -thraks) [ai'ffpaf, a coal or carbuncle]. I. A carbuncle; a painful, dark-colored tumor of the cellular tissue, ending in mortification of the part and the discharge of a fetid, bloody pus. The benignant anthrax has no fatal consequences. 2. The true or malignant anthrax, called also malignant pustule, is caused by the infection from animals suffering from splenic apoplexy, and is due to a specific bacillus, which, from a single center, may extend over the body and invade the intestinal tract, producing in this way, or by direct infection of diseased meat, the i^itestinal type of the disease. See Bacillus (anthrax'). 3. The disease called black-leg, or quarter-evil (of sheep, cattle, etc.), is associated with what is c?\\e.d. symptom- atic anthrax. It is due to the microorganism called Bacillus cliauvcei, (Arloing, Cornevin and Thomas). A. Fever. Synonym of ^«//;;-<7,r. A., Internal. See Pustula maligna. A., Symptomatic, 'iee Black-leg. Anthrol {an'-throl) [avftlpaf, a coal], Cj^Hj^O. A body obtained from anthracene-sulphonic acid. It crys- tallizes in leaflets, dissolving with a yellow color in the alkalies, and in H.^SO^ with a blue color when heated. Anthrophobia (an-thro-fo' -be-ah). See Anthropophobia. Anthropiatrics (an-thro-pe-at' -riks) [avHpu-or, man ; laTptK//, the art of medicine]. Ordinary human (non- veterinary) medicine. Anthropohiology {an-thro-po-bi-ol'-o-Je)\_avf)po>-oc, man ; iVoc, life; /ojof, word]. The science of the life- history of man. Anthropocholic Acid (an-thro-po-kol ' -ik). See Acid. Anthropogenesis {an-thro-po-;en' -es-is)[avBpuKo^, man ; yiveaic, generation]. The development of man, as a race [phvlogenesis) and as an individual [ontogenesis). Anthropogenous [an-thro-poj' -en-us) [arWpuTrof, man ; y(.wa^Lv, to produce]. Pertaining to Anthropoge- nesis. Anthropogeny [an-thro-poj' -en-e) [_arftpb)-or, man ; yevvaeLv, to produce]. The study or science of the descent of man. Anthropoglot [an' -thro-po-glot) [ai'flpwTrof, man; yXua- oa, the tongue]. Human-tongued, as a parrot. Anthropography [an-thro-pog' -ra-fe) [di'W/jwToc, man ; ypaipeiv, to write]. A treatise upon the human struc- ture or organism. Anthropoid (an' -thro-poid) [di'(?pw7rof, a man; eltSof, form]. Man-like, as an ape, or as all primates above the lemuroids. Anthropology [an-thro-pol '-o-je)\av6pa-Kog, man ; Xoyoc, discourse]. The science of the nature, physical and psychological, of man and of mankind. Anthropometalism [an-thro-po-met'-al-izm) [_avdpo>TTog, man; M. E. , ?«t'/a/]. Hypnotism or the like condition, induced by looking at a metallic disc. Anthropometer [an-thro-pom'-et-er) \_av0p(,i-o(;, man ; fikrpon, a measure]. An instrument used in anthro- pometry. Anthropometry [an-thro-poni' -et-re) \avOpu-oc, man ; fiirpov, a measure]. The determination of the meas- urement, weight, strength, and proportions of the human body. Anthropomorphic [an-thro-po-inor' -fik) \JivQpu>no^, man; popipi/, form]. Man-like. Anthroponosography [an-thro-po-no-sog' -ra-fe) \av()pu- ■Ko^, man; wtrof, sickness; ypa<^tiv, to write]. A description of the diseases of mankind. Anthropophagy [an-thro-poff' -a-je) \_avdpu-Koc, man ; ipayelv, to devour]. I. Cannibalism. 2. Sexual per- version leading to rape, mutilation, and cannibalism. Anthropophobia [an-thro-po-fo' -be-ah) [arW/Kj-of, man ; rpdpor, fear]. A symptom of mental disease consist- ing in fear of society. Anthropophysiography [an-thro-po-fiz-e-og' -ra-fe) \hv- OpuTToc, man; ipvaic, nature; ypd(pen', to write]. The science or description of the natural characters of the human species. Anthroposomatology [an-thro-po-so-mat-ol' -o-je) \av- OpuTTo^-, man; aupa, body; /'-dj'of, science]. The sum of what is known regarding the human body. Anthropotomy [an-thro-pot' -o-me) \_hriipu-:ioc, man ; Topii, section]. Human anatomy, or dissection of the human body. Anthropotoxin [an-thro-po' -toks-in) \iivOpu-oq, man; Ta^iK6v, poison]. The toxic substance excreted by the lungs of human beings. Anthropurgic [an-thro-per' -Jik) [avdpuTroc, man ; epyov, work]. Acted upon or influenced by man. Anthydropic [ant-hi-drop' -ik) [dr-/, against ; v&up, water]. Effective against dropsy. Anthypnotic [ant-hip-not'-ik) \_avTi, against ; vnvoQ, sleep]. I. Preventive of sleep. 2. An agent that tends to induce wakefulness. Anthypochondriac [ant-kip-o-kon'-dir-ak) \_avTi, against ; viroxovSpiiiKoi;, affected in the hypochond- rium]. Efficient in overcoming hypochondriasis. ANTHYSTERIC 94 ANTIDOTAL Anthysteric [ant-liis-ti'r' -ik) [air/, against ; varipa, the womb]. Overcoming hysteria. Anti- [an'-t,;-) (sometimes contracted to ant-) [arr/, against]. A prefix of compound words signifying counteraction, opposition, etc. Antiaditis (a)i-ti-ad-i' -tis) [airfdf, a swollen tonsil ; iTic^, inflammation]. Tonsillitis. Antiadoncus (an-ti-ad-ong' -kiis) [lirr/df, a swollen tonsil; oy/cof, a heap]. Any tumor or swelling of the tonsils. Antiae (an'-ti-c) \antiac, the hair growing on the fore- head]. In biology, the frontal points or feathers growing forward on the base of the upper mandible. Antialbumate [an-tc-al' -bu-mat) [ai^r/, against ; albu- men, white of egg]. Parapeptone ; a product of hydrochloric-acid digestion on albumin. The pancre- atic ferment changes it into antipeptone. When treated with acids it is converted into the substance called by Kiihne antialbumid , which is identical with the heiniprotein of Schiitzenberger and the dyspeptone of Meissner, (/. v. Antialbumid [an-te-aU -bu-mid). See Antialbumate. Anti-albumin (an-te-al-bii' -mui) \avri, against ; albu- men, white of egg]. An alleged product of the action of dilute hydrochloric acid upon albumin ; it is probably one of the preformed substances existing in the proteid molecule. The other has been called hemi-albninin. Gastric juice first converts them into anti-albumose and heiui-albumose , and these finally into anti-peptone and hemi-peptone. Anti-albumose (an-te-al-bu'-mos) [aiT/, against ; albumen, white of egg]. One of the albumoses pro- duced l)y the action of pancreatic juice on albumin. It resembles syntonin or acid albumin, and is con- vertible into antipeptone. Antiaphrodisiac [nn-te-af-ro-dis' -e-ak). See Anaphro- disiae. Antiar {ati'-te-a>-). See Antiarin. Antiarin [an' -te-ar-in) [Javanese, antiar or antschar'\, Cj^H.^ijOj -f- 2H2O. The active principle of Antiaris toxiearia or Upas antiar, the Javanese poison-tree. It is used as an arrow poison, and is intensely poisonous. It is a cardiac depressant. Dose gr. -j-^jj. Antiarthritic (an-te-ar-thrif -ik) [drr/, against; apdplTL^, the gout]. A remedy against gout. Antiasthmatic (an-te-az-mat' -ik) [air/, against ; aoOfja, short breath]. Relieving or preventing asthma. Antibacterial (an-te-bak-te'-re^al) [civt'i, against ; [SaKTr/pla, a staff, stick]. Opposed to the germ theory of disease. Antibacteric [an-te-bak-te' -rik) [di'n, against ; jianrripia, a stall, stick]. Destructive to bacteria. Antibechic (an-te-bek'-ik) \_av-'i , against ; a cough]. I. Alleviating or curing cough. 2. A remedy for cough or hoarseness. Antibilious (an-te-bil'-yus) [diJr/, against ; biliosus, full of bile]. Effective against bilious disorders. Antibiotic [an-te-bi-of -ik) [jivri, against; /':(/of, life]. I. Tending to destroy life. 2. Antagonistic to a belief in life. Antiblenorrhagic (an-te-blen-or-aj' -ik) \hv-i, against ; (S/.ivvor, mucus; pip/v'rfiai, to burst]. Efficient in preventing gonorrhea. Antibrachial [ai'W, against; (ipax'Lwv, the arm]. Pertaining to the forearm. Antibrachium (an-te-bra'-ke-uin) \av-'i, against ; /i^ja^-/6jr, the arm]. The forearm ; antebrachium. Antibromic {an-te-bro'-iiiik) [avri, against ; ppuuur, a stench]. I. Deodorant. 2. A drug that destroys offensive smells. A deodorizer. Anticachectic [an-te-kak-ek'-tik) [riir/, against ; naKir^, bad; tf/r, habit]. Eftective in destroying cachexia. Anticalcareous (an-te-kal-ka'-re-us) [avri, against ; ealx, lime]. In veterinary medicine, preventing glanders. Anticalculous (an-te-kal'-ku-lns) [diT/, against; cal- culus, a pebble]. Good against calculus; antilithic. Anticarcinomatous (an-te-kar-sin-o' -luat-us) \avT'i, against; Kap/ivi^u/ia, cancer]. Preventing carcinoma. Anticardium (an-te-kar' -de-um) \avTi, over against ; napdia, the heart]. The scrobiculus cordis, or pit of the stomach ; the infrasternal depression. Anticarious {an-te-ka'-re-us) \tiv-i, against; caries, decay]. Preventing decay, as of the teeth. Anticatarrhal [an-te-kat-ar'-al) [nir/, against ; mrdp- poo<;, a flowing down]. Counteracting catarrh. Anticausotic [an-te-kaui-sot' -ik) [ai'r/, against ; Kahaor, heat]. Counteracting fever. Anticaustic [an-te-kazvs'-tik) [avri, against ; KavariKot;, caustic]. Arresting the action of a caustic agent. Antichirotetanus {an-te-ki-ro-tef -an-us) [hvTixeip, the thumb; rtrajjof, spasm]., ^zme as Antii/iirotonus. Antichirotonous (an-te-ki-rot'-o-nus) [dtTi;t;E(/), the thumb ; rovog, convulsive tension]. Affected with or manifesting antichirotonus. Antichirotonus [an-te-ki-rot'-o-nus) \_dvTixeip, thumb ; rdi'of, tension]. Forcible and steady inflection of the thumb, seen in or before some attacks of epilepsy. Antichlorotic [an-te-klo-rot' -ik) [diTi, against ; x^'-'^' p()TTj(;, greenness]. Counteracting chlorosis. Anticholeric [an-te-kol-er' -ic) \av~'i , against ; X'^'^'-^P^'^ cholera]. Good against cholera. Anticholerin (an-te-kol' -er-in) \avr'i, against; j^-o/tyjn, cholera]. A product isolated by Klebs from cultures of cholera-bacilli, and thought to be bactericidal, curative, and immunifying. Anticipating (an-tis' -ip-a-ting) [anticipare, to take before]. Applied to the occurrence of periodical phe- nomena in disease or health, before their customary time, as in intermittent fever or the catamenia. Anticlinal (ati-te-kli'-nal) \_a.vTi, against; K't.iveiv, to slope]. Sloping in opposite directions. A. Vertebra, in man, the tenth thoracic vertebra, where the thoracic vertebrx' begin to assume the characters of the lumbar. Anticnemion (an-tik-ne' -me-on) [(irr/, against ; Kvijixi}, leg]. The shin or front of the leg. Anticolic {an-te-kol' -ik) \av-i, against; Ku'/UKtj, colic]. Efficacious against colic. Anticontagious [an-te-kon-ta'-jus) [avri, against; con- tagiosus, contagious]. Counteracting contagion. Anticonvulsive [an-te-kon-vul' -siv) [ai'"', against; con- vulsus, convulsed]. Effective against convulsions. Anticopometer [an-tc-ko-poin'-et-er) [ni'r//coT/;, reson- ance; //fT/301', a measure]. A pleximeter. Anticous [an-ti'-kus) [anticus, that which is in front]. In biology, turned toward the center of the flower, as introrse anthers. Anticritical [an-fe-krit'-ik-al) [avTi, against ; Kpiair, a crisis]. Preventing the crisis of a disease. Anticryptic {an-te-krip'-tic) \_avTi, against; Kpb-reir, to hide, to keep secret]. In biology, applied to such mimetic colors as enable animals to approach their prey, as in the frog, Ceralophrys cornuta. Amicus [an-ti'-kus) [anticus, that in front]. Anterior, in front of Antidiarrheal [an-te-di-ar-e'-al) [dir/, against ; Siappeir, a flowing through]. Preventing or overcoming diarrhea. Antidigestive [an-te-di-jes'-tiv) \_av-i, against ; digestio, digestion]. Preventing the proper digestion of the food. Antidinic [an-te-din'-ik) \nvTi, against; (((I'of , a whiri]. Curing or preventing vertigo. Antidotal (an-te-do'-tal) [avri, against; (VnSovai, to give]. Of the nature of an antidote. ANTIDOTE 95 ANTIMONIUM Antidote {an'-te-iio/) [av-i, against; rJ/ffom;, to give]. An agent preventing or counteracting the action of a poison. The official A., Arsenical, of the German Pharmacopeia is prepared by dissolving loo parts of the hydrated sulphate of iron in 250 parts of water, to which add (without heat) 15 parts of burnt mag- nesia and 250 parts of water. A., Chemical, changes the chemical nature of the poison so that it becomes insoluble or harmless. A., Mechanical, prevents absorption by holding the poison in mechani- cal suspension or by coating the stomach. A., Physiological, supplies its own peculiar and neutraliz- ing effect upon the system. A., Universal, a mixture of one part of dissolved iron sulphate in two parts of magnesia water. See Drug. Antidotum [ini-tid' -o-tuiii). See Antidote. Antidromy [an-tid'-ro-ine) \avT'i, against; Spa/ieiv, to run]. In biology, having a spiral arrangement the opposite of that of contiguous parts. Cf. Heterodroiny. Antidynamic (an-te-di-nain' -ik) \avTi, against ; 6'vvafnq, force]. Weakening; depressing. Antidyscratic [an-tc-dis-krat^-ik) [Jivt'i, against ; fSuff- Kpaaia,hnA temperament]. Tending to overcome, as a dyscrasia. Antidysenteric {aii-te-dis-en-ter' -ik) [atr/, against ; SvaevTEpla, dysentery]. I. Serviceable against dys- entery. 2. A remedy for dysentery. Antidysuric (an-te-dis-ti' -rik) [airi, against ; tSvmvpia, difficult micturition]. Relieving dysury. Antiemetic [an-te-e-inet'-ik) \avri, against ; kf/ertKog, causing vomit]. Preventing emesis ; relieving nausea. A. Root. See Adriie. Antifat {an' -te-fat). See Fitcus vesicidosus. Antifebrile {an-te-feb'-i-il) [avri , against; febris, a fever]. An agent reducing a fever ; a febrifuge. Antifebrin {an-te-feb'-rin") [air/, against ; febris, a fever], C^Hj.QH.jC^.NH. Phenyl-acetamid acetanil- id. A white, crystalline powder insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol. An antipyretic more power- ful than quinin. Its effects are manifest in one hour, passing away in 3-10 hours. It is efficacious in fevers characterized by high temperature, and also is a valu- able analgesic and antispasmodic. Dose gr. iv-xv. Unof. A., Bromated. See Antisepsin. Antiferment (an-te-fer' -inent) [air/, against ; fermen- tum, leaven]. An agent that prevents fermentation. Antigalactagogue {an-tc-gal-ak' -ta-gog) \avTi, against ; yaka, milk ; ayoyof, leading]. Same as Ailligalactic. Antigalactic {att-te-gal-ak' -tik) [avTi, against ; ydAa, milk]. I. Lessening the secretion of milk. 2. A drug that lessens the secretion of milk. Antigeny [an-tij' -en-e) \avTL, against; yivog, race]. In biology, existing in two distinct sexual forms. Antiguggler {an-te-gug'-lei-') \jivTi, against; gtirgle\. A tube inserted into the mouth of a bottle to prevent the splashing or gurgling of liquid that is poured out. Antihectic (an-te-hek' -tik) [dir/, against ; enriKog, con- sumptive]. A remedy preventing or overcoming a hectic condition. Antihelix [an-tc-he' -lik). See Anthelix. Antiherpetic (an-te-her-pet' -ik) [di/W, against ; £p7r?/f, herpes]. Preventing herpes. Antihidrotic {an-te-hi-drof -ik) \(ivr'i, against ; «5pln(:, putre- faction], CgH^BrNHCjH.jO. Asepsin ; bromated antifebrin ; soluble in alcohol and ether. Recom- mended for use as an antipyretic and analgesic but is dangerous as a febrifuge. It has antiseptic properties. Dose gr. j, four times daily. Antisepsis (an-te-sep'-sis) [^afri, against ; ar/ipic;, putre- faction]. Exclusion of the germs that cause putrefac- tion ; the totality of measures taken to prevent septic poisoning. Antiseptic [an-te-sep' -tic) \avTi, against ; ai/iptc, putre- faction]. I. Having power to prevent or destroy putrefaction, or, what is the same thing, the bacteria upon which putrefaction depends. 2. A remedy or agent that prevents a septic process. The principal in use are corrosive sublimate, creolin, carbolic acid, iodoform, thymol, salicylic acid, boric acid, etc. A. Gauze, open cotton cloth charged with carbolic acid, resin, and paraffin. A. Ligature, catgut or other material rendered aseptic by soaking in antiseptic solutions. The antiseptic treatment of wounds looks to thorough asepsis and antisepsis as regards the wound, the instruments, the operator's hands, the dressings, etc. See, also, Listerian Method. Antisepticism [an-te-sep' -tis-izin) [clvt'i, against ; ai/\pi^, putrefaction]. The theory or systematic employment of antiseptic methods. Antisepticize [an-te-sep' -tis-lz) \hvTL, against; c^Vfi putrefaction] . To render antiseptic ; to treat with antiseptics. Antiseptin [an-te-sep' -tin) \avTi , against ; (ji/'il'K, putre- faction]. Zinc boro-thymate iodid. Consists of 85 parts zinc sulphate, 2.5 parts each of zinc iodid and thymol, and ten parts boric acid. An antiseptic. Unof. Antiseption [an-te-sep' -shun) \avri, against ; ai/ipig, putrefaction]. Same as Antisepsis. Antiseptol [an-te-sep' -to/) [airi, against ; ar/Ti)ir, putre- 7 faction]. Cinchonin iodosulphate. An odorless and fairly effective substitute for iodoform. Antisialagogue [an-te-si-al' -a-gog) \avT'i, against ; claAov, spittle; aywyog, leading]. I. Acting against ptyalism. 2. A remedy or a medicine that is effective against salivation. Antisialic [an-te-si-al' -ih) [avr/, against ; aiaXov, saliva]. 1. Checking the flow of saliva. 2. An agent that checks the secretion of saliva. Antispadix [an-te-spa' -diks) \avTL, against ; aixa^i^, a palm branch]. In biology, a group of four tentacles on the right side of the male Nautilus, the spadix, an organ analogous to the hectocolylised arm, being on the left side. Antispasis [an-tis' -pas-is) [avri, against ; OKativ, to draw]. Revulsion ; revulsive treatment. Antispasmodic [an-te-spas-mod' -ik) \avTL, against ; anaafjoc;, a spasm]. I. Tending to relieve spasm. 2. An agent allaying or relieving convulsions or spas- modic pains, as the narcotics, the nitrites, etc. Antispasiic (an-te-spas'-tik) [ai'W, against ; aTraariKuc, drawing]. I. Revulsive ; counter-irritant. 2. Anti- spasmodic. 3. A revulsive agent. 4. That which counteracts spasm. An antispasmodic. Antisplenetic [an-te-splen-et' -ik) [aim, against ; splen, the spleen]. Remedial in diseases of the spleen. Antistasis [an-tis' -tas-is) [dir/, against ; OTaaiQ, a standing]. Opposition ; opposing effect. Antistrumatic [an-te-stru-maf -ik). Same as Anti- strwnous. Antistrumous [an-te-stru' -mus) [dvri, against ; struma, a scrofulous tumor]. Effective against struma or scrofula. Antisudorific [an-te-su-dor-if -ik) [dvr/, against ; sudor, sweat; facere, to make]. Checking the excretion of sweat. Antisyphilitic [an-te-sif -il-it' -ik) [dir/, against ; Syphi- lus, a Latin proper name]. I. Effective against syphilis. 2. A remedy directed against, or used for the relief of, syphilis. ' Usually an alterative. Antithenar [an-tith' -en-ar) \avTi, against; Oevap, the hollow of the hand or foot]. I. Opposite to the thenar. 2. A muscle that extends the thumb, or opposes it to the hand : an antithenar muscle. A. Eminence, the border of the palm of the hand from, the base of the little finger to the wrist. A. Muscles, of the toe and of the thumb : the abductor poUicis pedis, and the flexor brevis pollicis manus ; also, the first dorsal interosseous muscle. See Muscles, Table of. Antithermic [an-te-thcr'-mik) [dir/, against; Okpfiri, heat]. Cooling; antipyretic. Antithermin [an-te-ther' -min) \hvTL, against ; Oipiirj, heat], CjjHj^O.^Nj. Phenylhydrazin-levulinic acid, a coal-tar derivative used in four to eight grain doses as an antipyretic, analgesic, and antiseptic. It is apt to give rise to gastralgia. Unof. Antitoxic [an-te-toks'-ik) [avTt, against ; to^ikov, poison]. Antidotal; counteracting poisons. Antitoxin [an-te-toks' -in) [di'-j, against; toxin, a toxic ptomaine; -of /kov, poison]. A substance formed in the body of animals, either naturally or in consequence of inoculation vi'ith some pathogenic bacteria, that neutralizes the toxic products of these organisms. Antitragic [an-tit-raj'-ik) [avTi , opposite to ; rpayoi;, the tragus]. Pertaining to the antitragus. Antitragicus [an-tit-raj' -ik-us) [di^ri, opposite to ; rpdyog, the tragus]. Pertaining to the antitragus. A. Muscle, a mere rudiment in man; it arises from the antitragus, and extends to the cauda of the helix. Antitragus [an-tit' -ra.;-ns) [dy-/, opposite to; Tpdyo(;, the tragus]. An eminence of the external ear opposite the tragus. ANTITROCHANTER 98 AORTIC Antitrochanter (an-te-tro-kan' -tcr) opposite to ; riM>xarT//i), the head of the hip bone]. An articulating surface on the ilium for the great trochanter. Antitrope (an' -te-trop) [ai'r/, against ; r/ifTrfif, to turn]. Any organ set over against another to form a symmet- ric pair. Thus, the right eye is an antitrope to the left. Antitropic {a ii -te-trop' -ik) [avTi, against ; rpt-rreiv, to turn]. Similar but turned in an opposite direction (opposed to Syiitropic). Antituberculotic (^an-te-tu-bi'r-ku-lot'-ik) [n it/, against ; titberculuiit, a tubercle]. Good against tuberculosis. Antitype (a7i'-tc-tlp) [avri, against, coiTesponding to ; rvTzog, a type]. In biology, same as Antitrope. Antivaccinationist [an-fe-vak-siti-a'-skun-ist) [avri, against; vaccinus, of a cow.]. One who opposes vaccination. Antivaccinist [an-te-vak' -sin-ist). Same as Antivacci- nationist. Antivenereal [an-te-iien-e' -re-al) \avTi, against ; vene- reus, pertaining to Venus, or to sexual intercourse]. Antisyphilitic ; anaphrodisiac. Antivivisectionist [an-te-viv-is-ek'-skun-ist) ["i'"', against; vivits, living; sectio, a cutting.] One who opposes the practice of vivisection. Antizootic (an-te-zo-o'-tik) [avri, against ; C,uov, ani- mal]. A substance poisonous or injurious to animals. Antizymic [an-te-zim'-ik). Same as Antizymotic. Antizytnotic [an-te-zi-mof -ik) [avri, against ; (v/uo>oir, fermentation]. I. Preventing or checking fermentation. 2. An agent preventing the process of fermentation ; an antiferment. AntUa (ant'-/e-a/i) [fu'a,up ; rAaeiv, to lift]. A syringe or pump. In biology, the flat spiral, suctorial tube or proboscis of lepidopterous insects. A. lactea, apump for drawing milk from the breast. A. mammaria, same as A. lactea. Antodontalgic (an-to-don-tal' -jik). See Antiodontalgic. Antophthalmic {ant-off-thal' -mik) \hvT'i, against; b^dalfiia, ophthalmia]. Preventive or curative of ophthalmia. Antorgastic (ant-or-gas'-fik). See Antiorgastic . Antozenic (ant-o-ze'-iii/c) [avri, against; bC,aiva, a fetid nasal polypus]. Curative of ozena. Antozone [ant-o-zon' ) [airi, against ; ofEtK, to smell]. An imaginary allotropic modification of oxygen, now known to be only hydrogen peroxid. Antozostomatic (ant-o-zos-to-niat' -ik) [avri , against ; oi^oaTUjuoi; , having a foul breath]. Corrective of a foul breath. AntTa {an'-tm/i). Pima] of Antrn///, -r/, aorta ; artvoi;, narrow]. Stenosis or narrowing of the aorta. Aosmic (a-oz' -mik) [d priv. ; bayiri, smell]. Having no odor. Apagma [ap-ag' -maJi) \a.-K6, from ; ayv'vjiai, to break : pi. , Apagmata]. I. Separation, as of a fractured bone. 2. The part separated. Apandria (ap-an' -dre-aJi) [utto, from; a,vi)(), a man]. Morbid dislike of the male sex. Apanthropia [ap-an-thro' -pe-ah). See Apanthropy. Apanthropy (ap-att' -thro-pe) [d-d, from ; avOptorro^, man]. Aversion to society; morbid desire for .soli- tude. Aparthrosis {ap-ar-thi-o'-sis') [d/rd, from; apdpov, a joint]. I. Dislocation; luxation of a joint. 2. In anatomy, diarthrosis. Apastia {ap-as' -te-ali) [nTraor/a, fasting]. Abstinence from food, as a symptom of mental disorder. Apathetic [ap-ath-et' -ik) [d priv. ; Trdfef, feeling]. Affected with apathy ; listless ; without emotion. Apathy (ap' -ath-e) [d priv. ; wnfto^, feeling]. Insensi- bility ; want of passion or feeling. Apatropin [ap-af -ro-piri) [dTrd, from ; arpoTVog, un- changeable], Cj^H.^^NO.^. A compound derivable from atropin by the action of nitric acid. It is said to produce peculiar convulsions. Ape (dp) [ME., ape^. A man-like monkey. A. fis- sures, those fissures of the human brain that are also found in apes. See Fissure. A. -hand, wasting of the thumb-muscles, as seen in some cases of progres- sive muscular atrophy. Apella [ap-el'-lah) [d priv. ; -irkXka, skin]. A circum- cised person ; one with a short prepuce. Apellous [dpriv. ; 7r£/J.a, skin]. Skinless; havhig no skin. Apepsia {ah-pep' -se-ah) [d priv ; irc-KTeiv, to digest] . Cessation or absence of the digestive function. A., Hysteric, an hysterical condition with deficient nerve power, and impaired function of the stomach, and very possibly of the abdominal glands. Also called Hysteric anorexia. A. nervosa. See Anorexia nervosa . Apeptic (ah-pep'-tik) [d priv. ; ■Kk-K-tiv, to digest] . Affected with apepsia. Aperient (a^-^'-zY-fV?/) [(T/t';-?';^, to open] . I. Laxative; deobstruent ; mildly purgative. 2. A mild purgative ; a laxative, or aperitive. Aperinous {ali-per' -in-us) [d priv. ; ~ripiv, the scrotum]. I. Having no scrotum. 2. Castrated. Aperispermic [ali-per-is-per' -mik) [d priv. ; ■Kepi, around; anepfia, seed]. See F.xalbuminons. Aperistalsis {ah-per-is-taV -sis) [d, without ; TTEp/', around; o-rd/tdtf, constriction]. Absence or cessation of the movements of the intestine, due to lack of stimu- lus to Auerbach's plexus. Aperitive [ap-er' -it-iv) \aperire, to open]. Aperient. Apertor (ap-er'-tor) [L., an opener or beginner] . In anatomy, anything that opens. A. Oculi, the levator palpebroe muscle. Aperture [ap' -er-chur) \_apertiira , an opening]. An opening. A., Angular, in the microscope, the angle formed between a luminous point placed in focus and the most divergent rays that are capable of passing through the entire system of an objective. A. antri, the aperture of the umbrella cavity in medusae. A., Numerical, the capacity of an objective for admit- ting rays from the object and transmitting them to the image. A common measure is obtained as proposed by Abbe, by taking the product of the half angle into the refractive index of the medium employed. It is usually expressed n. a. = n sin u., n the index of refraction and ii the semi-angle of the aperture. A. of Objective, the capacity for receiving and transmit- ting rays. Apetalous {ah-pef -al-iis) [d priv.; -rrtraP^oi', a leaf ]. In biology, without corolla or petals. Apex (a'-peks) \_apex, the extreme end of a thing]. The summit or top of anything ; the point or extremity of a cone. A. Beat, the impulse of the heart felt in the fifth intercostal space about 3 V2 inches from the middle of the sternum. A. Murmur, a murmur heard over the apex of the heart. Apices of the Lungs, the upper extremities of the lungs behind the border of the first rib. Aphacia [ak-fa'-se-ah). Same as Aphakia. Aphacic {ah-fa' -sik) [d priv. ; (pahdf, the crystalline lens]. Relating to or affected with aphacia. Aphaeresis {af-er' -es-is) . See Apheresis. Aphagia (ah-fa' -je-ah) [d priv. ; ^ayeiv, to eat]. Inabil- ity to eat or to swallow. Aphakia [ah-fa' -ke-ah) [d priv. ; (pandg, a lentil, the crystalline lens]. The condition of an eye without the lens, whether the result of congenital defect, luxation, traumatism, or cataract operation. Aphakic [ah-fa' -kik) [d priv. ; (panoc, the lens]. Having no lens, as the eye after the removal of a cataract. Aphalangiasis [ah-fa-lan-je' -as-is) [d priv. ; (pd'Aay^, a line of battle; phalanx]. The loss or absence of fingers and toes, as in leprosy. Cf. Ainhum. Apharyngeal [ah-far-in' -je-al)\a,'^xvi .; fapv'/i,^, throat]. In biology, without a pharynx. Aphasia [ali-fa' -ze-aJi) [d priv. ; (panic, speech]. Partial or complete loss of the power of expression or of com- prehension of the conventional signs of language, from no lesion of the peripheral organs or nerves, but from lesions of the cortical centers concerned. Aphasia may be either motor or sensory. Motor or Ataxic Aphasia consists in a loss of speech owing to inability to execute the various movements of the mouth necessary to speech, the muscles being not paralyzed but not coordinated, owing to disease of the cortical center. It is usually associated with agraphia, "aphasia of the hand,'' inability to write, and right-sided hemi- plegia. Some aphasics can write, but are unable to articulate words or sentences ; this variety is variously named aphemia, alalia, or anarthria, according as the impairment of speech is more or less marked. Charcot supposes the center for articulate language divided into four sub- centers, a visual center for words, an auditory center for words, a motor center of articu- late language, and a motor center of written language. Lesions of one or more of these centers produce the characteristic forms of aphasia, all of which have clinical exemplifications. Sensory Aphasia, or Amnesia is the loss of memory for words, and may APHASIAC 100 APIOLIN exist alone or in association with the motor aphasia. Amnesia appears clinically in three distinct forms ; I. Simple loss of memory of words. 2. IVord-deafncss, or inability to understand spoken words ( there is usually some paraphasia connected with this form). 3. Word- bliiidncss, or inability to understand written or printed words. Paraphasia, a form of aphasia in which there is inability to connect ideas with the proper words to express the ideas. Agrammatism, a phenomenon of aphasia consisting in the inability to form words gram- matically, or the suppression of certain words of a phrase. Ataxaphasia, inability to arrange words synthetically into sentences. Bradyphasia, abnormal slowness of speech, from pathological cause. Tumul- tus sermonis, a stuttering manner of reading, from pathological cause. A., Conduction, such as is due not to any central lesion, but to defect in some commis- sural connection between centers. A., Gibberish, aphasia in which the patient can utter many words, but uses them in such a way that they express no meaning Aphasiac [ah-fa'-ze-ak] [a priv. ; (pdaig, speech]. One who is aphasic. Aphasic {ah-fa' -zik) [a priv. ; cpaaig, speech]. Relat- ing to, or affected with aphasia. Aphelexia (af-cl-eks' -e-ah^. An incorrect form of the word Aphelxia, q. v. Apheliotropism (af-el-e-ot' -ro-pizm) [otto, from ; i/TitoQ, the sun ; rpoKog, a turn]. In biology, turning away from the sunlight ; negative heliotropism. Aphelotic (af-el-of -ik) \_h<^t:'AKen\ to draw away]. Absent-minded ; lost in reverie. Aphelxia {af-elks' -e-ah) \a(^tkK(a', to draw away]. Absence of mind ; inattention to external impres- sions. Aphemia [ah-fe'-me-ali) [a priv. ; ^ii)iri, voice]. Motor aphasia ; inability to articulate words or sentences, from focal and not from peripheral disease of the organs of speech {Alalia). This term is variously used ; sometimes it is equivalent to aphasia ; some- times it means loss of voice, from local causes ; some- times hysterical or wilful refraining from speech. See Aphasia. A'ph&m\z[ah-fem'-ik)\_a-pn-v. ; 07///??, voice] . Relating to or affected with aphemia. Aphephobia (af-e-fo'-be-ah) {a^i], touch; (jiSpog, fear]. Hyperesthetic dread of contact with other persons. Apheresis, or Aphseresis (af-er' -es-is) away ; cipfZi^, to take] . Removal; amputation; abstraction, as of blood. Apheter [af'-ef-er) [atf)Er;)p, one who lets go or sends away]. A supposed impulse-carrying, or trigger- material, probably a catastate, which communicates to the inogen the nerve impulse that causes its destruc- tion, and the consequent muscular contraction. In a larger sense, any trigger-material that takes part in any functional process may be called an apheter. Aphidein (af-id-e'-ijt) \aphis, a plant louse]. A re- spiratory pigment obtained from the aphis. Aphilanthropy (ah-fil-an'-fhro-pc) [a priv. ; (ptTieh', to love ; avUpunoc, man]. Absence of social feeling ; a frequent sign of approaching melancholia. Aphonia (ah-fo'-ne-ah) [a priv.; <^uvii, voice]. I. Dumbness, due to some peripheral lesion. 2. Hysteri- cal, or paralytic absence of the power of speech. 3. Voicelessness. Aphonic (ah-fon'-ih) [a priv. ; ^ur//, voice]. Speech- less ; dumb ; voiceless. Aphoresis {ah-far-e'-sis) [a priv. ; (jtoprjaic, bearing (by error for Apheresis)']. 1. Separation or aljlation of a part, either by excision or amputation. 2. Lack of the power of endurance, as of pain. Aphoria {ah- fo' -re- ah) [a priv. ; (pipeiv, to bear]. Sterility ; unfruitfulness. Aphrasia {ah-fra' -ze-ah) [a priv. ; (ppdt^Eiv, to utter]. Absence of the power to utter connected phrases. ApiiTodisia. {a/-!-o-diz^-e-ah) [d^pofS/ffm, venery] . Sex- ual desire, especially when morbid, or immoderate ; sexual congress. Aphrodisiac {af-ro-diz' -e-ak) [^aippoSiaia, venery]. I. Stimulating the sexual appetite ; erotic. 2. An agent stimulating the sexual passion. Aphtha {af'-thah) [a^fc, an eruption]. An eruption; an ulcer. Aphthae {af'-tJie) [_a(j>Ha, an eruption]. Also called ApJttlious stomatitis. Small white ulcers, spots or vesicles of the mouth, chiefly occurring in children under three years of age, and generally associated with some febrile affection. It must not be confounded with thrush, in which disease the spots are smaller and are due to the presence of the parasitic fungus characteris- tic of that disease. A., Bednar's, two symmetri- cally placed ulcers seen on the hard palate of certain cachectic infants near the velum, one on either side of the mesial line. The prognosis is exceedingly grave. A., Cachectic, aphtha; appearing beneath the tongue, _ and associated with grave constitutional symptoms ; Riga's disease. Aphthaphyte {af -thah-fit). See Aphthophyte. Aphthenxia {ajf-thengks' -e-ah) [a priv. ; ^f?f;f/f, utter- ance]. A form of aphasia with impaired expression of articulate sounds. Aphthoid (ff/'-Z/^i^^V/) [apfc, an eruption]. Like or re- sembling aphtha;. Aphthongia {af-thong' -ge-ah) [a priv. ; (pdSyjoc, a sound] . A peculiar form of aphasia due to spasm of the muscles supplied by the hypoglossal nerve. Aphthophyte {af'-tho-fit) [^aijiOa, aphtha; (pvTov, plant]. The Oidium albicans, or Saccliaromyccs albicans, a yeast-fungus often seen on the mucous membrane of the mouths of infants ; regarded by some as the cause of true aphthse. See Sprue. Aphthous {af'-thiis) [a(pHa, an eruption] . Pertaining to or affected with aphtha; or thrush. Aphyllon {ah-Jil' -on) [a priv.; (pv'A'Aor, a leaf.]. A genus of orobanchaceous plants. A. uniflorum, a plant, the naked broom-rape or cancer-root of North America. It is astrmgent, and has been employed as a cure for cancer. Unof. Aphyllous {ah-fil'-us) [a priv.; (PvAAnv, a leaf]. In biology, naturally leafless. Apical {a'-pik-al) \^apex, the top]. Pertaining to the apex. A. Cell, in biology, the cell at the apex of every branch, leaf or other organ, and from the divi- sion of which all succeeding cells are formed. Apices {a'-pis-ez) [L.]. Plural of Ape.x. Summits. Apiculus {ap-ik'-ii-lus) [apic, a point]. In biology, a short abrupt point formed by the mid-rib of a leaf pro- jecting beyond the blade. Apinoid {ap'-in-oid) [ii priv. ; wivog, dirt ; (JfSor, form]. Clean ; not foul. A. Cancer, schirrhus ; so called from its cleanly section. Apiol {ap'-e-ol) \_apinin, parsley ; oleum, oil], Ci^H,^- 0^. A poisonous principle occurring in parsley seeds ; it crystallizes in long white needles, with a slight parsley odor; melts at 30° C. (86° F.), and boils at 294° C (572° F.). It is used in dysmenorrhea and in genito-spinal atony. It acts upon the reflex and vaso- motor centers. It is also called parsley-camphor. Dose TT\,iij-x. In doses of t1\,xxx it is narcotic. Unof. Apiolin (ap'-e-o-lin) parsley ; oleum, oW]. A pseudo-apiic alcohol, the active principle of Apium petroseliniim, and a reliable emmenagogue. Dose rr^ iij in capsule, night and morning. APIOS 101 APOGAMY Apios [ap'-e-os) [dmof, a pear]. A genus of plants. A. tuberosa, a twining papilionaceous plant of North America, bearing tubers which when cooked are edible. It is called x'^round-niit, wild-beaii, Indian potato, etc. Said to be alterative. Unof. Apis (a'-pis) [L.,abee]. A genus of hymenopterous insects. A. mellifica, the honey-bee ; in homeopathy the poison of the honey-bee's sting, or a preparation thereof. Apium (a'pe-uin) [L.]. A genus of umbelliferous plants. A. graveolens. See Celery. A. petroseli- num, is the common garden parsley ; aperient, diuretic, somewhat antiperiodic ; useful in dysmenorrhea. Dose of the fid. e.\t (of the root) gtt. -s-v-^]. Apjohn's Formula. A formula for determining the dew-point by means of the elastic tension. Aplacental [aliplas-en' -tal) \h priv.; placenta, a cake]. Destitute of placenta. Aplanatic {ah-plan-at'-ik) \_a priv. ; ■nJx.avaeLv , to wander]. Not wandering; rectilinear. A. Lens, a lens corrected for all aberration of light and color. A rectilinear lens. See Objective. Aplanogamete (ah-plan-o-gam' -el-e) [a priv. ; 7r/ldfof , roaming ; yafieT>], a wife]. In biology, the non-motile conjugating cell in certain green algse, i. e. Conjugatce. See Planoga/nate. Aplanospore {ah-plan'-o-spdr). Same m Aplanoga- mete. Aplasia (jihpla' -se-ali) [d priv. ; Tr/ldcfffw, to form], A type of incomplete structure by reason of the non-for- mation of a necessary cell-group during the develop- mental stage. Called also j^'/()/Azj-/a. A., Laminar. Synonym of Facial Hemiatrophy . Aplastic (ah-plas' -tik) [d priv. ; TrMnaeip, to form]. I. Structureless, formless. 2. Not characterized by plasticity : preventive of plastic process within the organism. A. Lymph, one of the products of inflam- mation or disease. A non-fibrinous material incapable of coagulation or organization. Apleuria (ahplu' -re-ah) [d priv. ; 7r/lej;pu, a rib]. Con- genital absence of the ribs. Aplotomia (ap-lo-tom' -e-ah), or Aplotomy {ap-lot'-o- ine^. See Haplotomy. Aplysiopurpurin [ap-liz-e-oper' -pu-rin) [aTr^vaia, filth- iness ; rrnpibvpa, a purple dye]. A reddish pigment derived from the Aplysiida. Apnea (^ap-ne' -alt) [d priv. ; TTvhiv, to breathe]. For- merly used as synonymous with asphyxia, meaning breathlessness ; difficult respiration ; partial or com- plete suspension of breathing. It is employed now only in the physiological sense, to denote the condition in which the blood is too highly oxygen- ized. The presence of an over-abundance of oxy- gen prevents stimulation of the medullary respira- tory center, and respiration is arrested in conse- quence. A. infantum. Synonym of Laryngismus stridulus. A. neonatorum, apnea of the new- born child, caused by difficult labor, pressure upon the cord, etc. Apneumatic {ap-mt-tnat' -ik) [d priv. ; 7ri;fwfa, breath] . I. Collapsed ; uninflated, not inflatable : said of parts of the lung. 2. Carried on with the exclusion of air, as an apneumatic operation or process. Apneumatosis (a/i-;z?rw(7/'-o'-^/j-) [dpriv. ; ■KvEvjia-uoit;, inflation]. Collapse of the air cells of some parts of the lung caused by blocking of the bronchial tubules, and resulting in a condition of non-inflation whereby the lung tissue is reduced to a condition similar to that of atelectasis, or congenital apneumatosis. Apneumia [ap-nu'-me-alt] [d priv. ; TTvevfiuv, lung]. Congenital absence of the lungs P^pn^UTnon&rviaii^ap-iiu-mo-ner'-ve-ak) [d priv.; TTvs'vjj.uv, lung ; nervus, a nerve]. Deficient nerve stimulus in the lung. Apneumoneuria [ap-nu-ino-nn' -re-alt). Same as Ap- ncumonervia. Apneustia (^ap-nils' -te-ah)\li priv. ; Kvteiv, to breathe]. Apnea ; breathlessness. Apnosa [ap-ne^ -a A). See Apnea. Apo- (ap^-o) \_an6, from]. A prefix denoting from, a-oay, separation. Apoaaiq , apon- eurosis ; rd//7/, a cut]. The incision, dissection, or anatomy of the fascia; ; fasciotomy. Aponipsis (iip-o-nip'-sis) [_anoviijHg , a washing]. A washing ; especially an internal washing, anciently performed by copious draughts of milk whey. Apopetalous [ap-o-pet' -al-iis) [aTrd, away from ; Trtrn'/ov, leaf]. In biology, same as Polypetalous . Apophlegmatic (ap-o- fleg-mat ' -ik) [otto, away; (pAeyfia, phlegm]. Promoting the expulsion of mucus from the air passages. Apophyllous {ap-o-fiF -us) [aTrd, from ; , to put forth]. Pertaining to or of the nature of an apophysis. Apophyseal, Apophysial [ap-o-fiz'-e-al). Same as A pophysary. Apophysis {ap-off '-is-is) [fiTrd, from; -sep^-a/-/is). See Polysepalous. Aposepsis [ap-o-sep' -sis) \_a-6ar/^iQ, putrefaction ; see Sepsis']. Complete putrefaction. Aposia. (a/i-po'-ze-a/i) [apriv.; Trdmr, a drinking]. Ab- sence of thirst ; adipsia. Apositia {ap-o-sil'-e-ah) [otto, from; oiror, food]. Aversion to or loathing of food. Apositic (ap-o-sif -ik) [uTrd, from ; ffi roc, food]. Im- pairing the appetite ; affected with apositia. Aposorbic Acid {ap-o-soi'' -hik). See Acid. Aposphacelisis {ap-o-sfas-eV -is-is) [cnzoamKk/.iaic , a dying of gangrene] . Mortification ; gangrene due to constriction. Apospory [ap-os' -po-re) [oTro, away from ; anopo^, seed] . In biology, reproduction without the intervention of spores in cases where sporogenesis ordinarily occurs. Apostasis (ap-os' -tas-is) \aTT6ciTaai(; , a standing away from]. I. An abscess. 2. The end or the crisis of an attack of disease ; termination by crisis. 3. An exfolia- tion. In biology, the separation of organs by unusual elongation of internodes. Apostatic {(ip-os-tat' -ik) \a-Koaraai(:, a standing away from]. Relating to or of the nature of an apostasis. Apostaxis [ctp-o-staks' -is) \a~6, from ; crrdt/f, a dropping]. A discharge of fluid hydrops; epistaxis. Apostem [ap' -o-stein), or Apostema {ap-o-ste'-mah) [d7rd(7r?///a, an abscess]. An abscess. Apostematic (ap-os-tein-at' -ik) [aTToaTiiim, an abscess]. Relating to or of the nature of an abscess. Apostemation [ap-os-tem-a'-s/iicn) \_apostematio, abscess formation]. The formation of an apostem or abscess. Apostematoid {ap-os-tem' -at-oid)\_o-^6aTripLa, an abscess; £((5o", form]. Resembling an apostem or abscess. Aposthia (ah-pos' -thc-ah) [n priv ; -oaf//, penis, pre- puce]. Absence of the penis or of the prepuce. Apostoli's Method. The use of strong electrolytic or chemical galvano-caustic currents in the treatment of diseases of the female generative organs, especially uterine fibroids. Apostrophe (ap-os' -tro-fe) [n— d, away ; arpsoeii', to turn]. The arrangement of chlorophyll bodies along the side walls of the cells as a result of excess or deficiency of light. Cf. Epistrophe and Dystrophc. Apostume {ap' -os-ttim) [iiTroarr/fia, an abscess]. An abscess. Aposyringosis (ap-o-sir-in-go'-sis) [otto, from; a'rpiy^, pipe]. The formation of or change into a fistula. Apotelesm {ap-of' -cl-czm) [inroTtAsafia, result.] The termination of a disease. Apotheca (ap-o-tlie' -kali) \_cnro6rjK7], a store, shop]. A store or shop where medicines are sold. Apothecaries' Weight. A system of weights and measures used in compounding medicines. The Troy pound of 5760 grains is the standard. It is subdivided into 12 ounces. The ounce is subdivided into eight drachms, the drachm into three scruples, and the scruple into 20 grains. For fluid measure the quart of 32 fluid ounces is subdivided into pints, the pint into 16 fluid ounces, the ounce into eight fluid drachms, and the fluid drachm into 60 minims. The following abbreviations are used : — JT|, minim. gtt., gulta, a drop. 3, scrupulus, a scruple (20 grains) 3, dyachina, a draclim (60 grains). S, uncia, an ounce (480 grains), lb, libra, a pound. O yOctarius, a pint, gr., gyanum, a grain, ss., semissis, one-half. See Weights and Measures. Apothecary [ap-oth' -e-ka-re) \_airoOiiKri , a storehouse]. A druggist. One who prepares and sells drugs, fills prescriptions, etc. In Great Britain the apothecary is also a physician, filling his own prescriptions. In the United States it frequently happens that an authorized practitioner is also an apothecary, but without the degree of M. D. the practice of medicine is illegal. Apothecium (ap-o-the' -se-tiiii) \_aTToOi/Kij , a storehouse]. In biology, the saucer-shaped fruiting organ, or asco- carp, of lichens and certain ascomycetous fungi. Cf. Disrocarp, Peritlieciitiii . Apothem, or Apothema (ap' -o-thein or ap-oth' -em-ah) [oTrd, from; (ff/za, a deposit]. A brown powder formed by the open-air evaporation of a vegetable in- fusion or decoction. Apothesis (ap-oth' -e<:-is) \a-n:60eaic, a putting back]. The reduction of a fracture or luxation. Apotheter [ap-oth' -et-er) . A navel-string repositor de- vised bv Braun, consisting of a staff with a sling attached in which the prolapsed funis is placed and carried up into the uterine cavity. Apothymia (ap-o-thi' -ine-ah) l_cnTodv/j.ioc, distasteful, disagreeable]. An aversion. Apotrepsis (ap-o-trep'-sis) [^(inorpeiptg, a turning away] . The resolution of an abscess. Apozem, or Apozema (ap'-o-zem, or ap-oz' -em-ah) [n7rd,away; fts/i', to boil]. A decoction, especially one to which medicines are admixed. Apparatus (ap-ar-a'-tns) \_apparaliis, prepared]. The instruments used in any science, art, or surgical opera- tion. Anatomically the word is used to designate col- lectively the organs effecting any specified work or action. A. ligamentosus colli, the occipito-axoid lig- ament, a broad band at the front surface of the spinal canal that covers the odontoid process. Apparent (ap-a' -reiit)\_apparere,\.0 2L-^\)^2:c'\. Seeming; apipearing to be like. A. Death. See Death. Apparition (ap-ar-ish'-nn) \_apparitio, an appearance]. .\ visual delusion or hallucination. Apparitor (ap-ar'-it-or) [L., a helper]. A small coiled tube worn at the ear to assist the hearing. Appendage (ap-eii'-ddj) [(?//(:'«(Z?;r, to weigh ; hang] . That which is attached to an organ as a part of it. See Appendix. A., Auricular, the projecting part of the cardiac auricle. A., Epiploic. See Appendix. A., Ovarian, the parovarium. Appendicitis (ap-en-dis-i'-tis) [(?/'/<'«rt'«'^^, to hang upon or to; inflammation]. Inflammation of the ap- pendix vermiformis ; ecphyaditis. APPENDICULAR 104 APTVALISM Appendicular (ap-en-dik' -u-lar) \_appendicula, a small appendix]. Pertaining to tlie appendix vermiformis. A. Gland, a biramose gland attaclied to the sper- matheca of queen bees. Appendix [ap-en'-diks) \_appendere , to hang upon or to : pi. , Appendices'^. What is accessory to or dependent upon another. An appendage, A. auricularis, the auricular appendage, a process of the auricles of the heart. A. caeci vermiformis, a worm-shaped pro- cess of the cecum. A. cerebri, the pituitary body. A., Ensiform. .See Xiphoid. A. epiploicae, pouch- like, fatty projections of the peritoneum of the large intestine. A., Xiphoid. See Xiphoid. Apperception ( ap-er-sep' -shun ) [ appercipere, to receive] . The conscious reception or perception of a sensory impression ; the power of receiving and appre- ciating sensory impressions. Appert's Process. The preservation (" canning") of meat, fruits, and vegetables by exclusion of air and germs ; effected l>y hermetically sealing the substances in tin cans after heating the contents to llo° or more. Appetence [up' -e-iens) \_appetentia, appetite]. An appetite, or desire ; the attraction of a living tissue for those materials that are appropriate for its nutrition. Appetency (ap'-e-ten-se). l. See Appetence. 2. In biology, the doctrine propounded by Lamarck, in which it is maintained that new organs can be pro- duced in animals by the simple assertion of the will called into action by new wants, and that the organs thus acquired can be transmitted by generation. Appetite [ap'-e-tlt) \_appeiere, to desire]. The desire for food ; also any natural desire ; lust. A., Perverted, that for unnatural and undigestible things, frequent in disease and pregnancy. Anorexia., loss of appetite ; Bulimia., insatiable appetite ; Hunger, the strong desire and need of food. Appetizer (rt/'-c-Zz-z^";-) [(///^tor, to desire] . A medi- cine, or dose, taken to stimulate the appetite. Applanate (ap' -lan-at) \ad, to; planus, flat]. In biology, horizontally flattened. Applanatio {ap-ian-a' -she-o) [L.]- A flattening. A. corneae, flattening of the entire surface of the cornea from disease. Applanation [ap-lan-a' -shun) \_applanatio , a flattening]. A flattening, as of the cornea. Apple {ap'-l) [AS., ivppel, an apple]. The fruit of the tree, Pyrus malus. A., Adam's. See Poinuin adaini. A. -brandy, an alcoholic spirit distilled from cider; cider-brandy. A. Extract. See Extractuin ferri pomatum. A. -eye, a synonym of Exophthalmos. A. of the Eye, the pupil ; also, the eyeball. A. -jack. See A. -brandy. A. -oil, amyl valerianate; prepared from isoamyl-isovaleric ester. Application {ap-lik-a' -shun) [applicatio, an application]. The act of applying anything, as a plaster, leech, band- age, lotion, pad, or compress ; the thing so applied. A. Colors. See Figments, Colors, and Dyestuffs. Applicative [ap'-lik-a-tiv). See Conduplicate. Applicator [ap'-lik-a-tor) [L.]. An instrument used in making applications; especially, one used in uterine or urethral surgery. Applier (ap-li'-cr) \_applicare, to apply]. A dental in- strument for making applications to teeth. Appolito's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Appolito's Suture. See Suture. Apposition {ap-o-zish' -un) \_appouere, to apply to] , The act of fitting together; the state of being fitted to- gether. A. Theory, a theory concerning the growtli of the cell- wall, as held l)y Schmitz, Strasburger, etc., viz., that stratified and other cell-walls of plants grow in thickness by the deposition of new particles upon the inner face of the cell. Growth in surface is the re- sult of a simple stretching of the wall by the pressure of the contents. Approach (ap-roch') \M.Y,.,approche']. A drawing near. A. Grafting, to inarch. Appropriation (^ap-ro-pre-a' -shun) \jippropriatio , a set- ting apart]. Assimilation of nutriment. Approximal (ap-roks' -im-al ) \_ad, to ; proximus, next] . That which is next to ; contiguous. In dentistry, per- taining to contiguous surfaces, as approximal fillings. Appun's Apparatus. A device for determining the overtones of a vowel by means of reeds. Apraxia {ali-praks' -e-ah) [d priv. ; Trpaaaeiv, to do]. Soul-blindness ; mind-blindness ; object-blindness ; an affection in which the memory for the uses of things is lost, as well as the understanding for the signs by which the things are expressed. Aprication {ap-re-ka' -shun) \_apricatio, a basking in the sun]. The sun-bath ; sun-stroke. Aproctia iah-prok-te'-ali) [d priv.; TtpuKTO^, anus]. Imperforation of the anus. Pi.'^xoQ.X.o^x^ iyah-prok-to' -sis) [d priv.; Tr/jwKrdf, anus]. See Aproctia. Aproctous {ah-prok'-tus) [d priv, ; TrpunTog, the anus] . Having imperforation of the anus. Apron (a' -prun) [yiY.., aperii\. I. In surgery, a pro- tection or covering for the body in surgical opera- tions. 2. The omentum. A., Hbttentot, artificially elongated labia minora; velainen vulvtc. A. of Succor, a canvas appliance borne by two men, and used for the transportation of wounded persons. Aprosexia (ap-ro-seks' -e-ah) [d priv. ; irpoakx'n-v, to give heed]. A mental disturbance consisting in in- ability to fix the attention upon a subject. An inability to think clearly and to readily comprehend what is read or heard, sometimes observed in the course of chronic catarrh of the nose or of the nose and pharynx. Aprosopa (ap-!-os' -o-pah). See Aprosopia Aprosopia [ap-rp-so'-pe-ah) [d priv. ; ■npoouirov, the face] . A form of fetal monstrosity with partial or complete absence of face. Aprosopous (ap-ros' -o-pus) [d priv. ; npoauKov, the face]. Exhibiting aprosopia. Aprosopus (ap-ros' -o-pus) [d priv. ; T/jd(7w/TOi', the face]. An aprosopous fetus. Apselaphesia [ap-sel-af-e' -ze-ah) [d priv. ; ili)/?M^)/air, touch]. Paralysis of the tactile sense. Apsithyria, or ApsiihuTea.{ap-sith-i'-re-ah, or -u' -re-ah) [li priv,; to whisper], A term suggested by .Solis-Cohen for hysterical aphonia, in which the patient not only loses the voice, but is unable even to whisper. It is generally accompanied by double paralysis of the vocal cords, but there is no paralysis of the tongue, lips, or expiratory muscles. Charcot especially advocates hypnotism in the treatment of the condition. Apsychia [ap-sik'-e-ah) [d priv, ; i/'i'A'/A spirit]. Un- consciousness ; a faint or swoon. Apta viro (ap'-tah vi'-ro) [L. : //., Aptcc viris]. A young girl who by mechanical means has been rendered available for prostitution. Apterium (ap-te' -re-um) [d priv. ; TXEpov, a feather]. In biology, a nonnally naked tract on a bird's skin. Apterous (ap'-ter-us) [d priv. ; Trrf/jdy, a wing, a feather]. In biology, destitute of wings or membran- ous expansions. Aptitude {ap'-te-tud) \_aptitudo, fitness]. Fitness, ten- dency. The natural proneness of an organism toward certain functions or pathological conditions, Aptyalia (ap-ti-a' -le-ah) [dpriv, ; izrva'Anv, saliva]. See Aptvalisin . Aptyalism (ap-ti'-al-izm) [d priv.; TrrvaAi^eiv, to spit]. Deficiency or absence of saliva. APTYSTIA 105 ARACHNIDIUM Aptystia (ap-tn' -te-ah) \a priv. ; Trrveiv, to spit]. See Apulosis [ap-u-io'-sis) [airovT^uai^ ; oh'Aeiv, to cicatrize]. Cicatrization, or a cicatrix. Apulotic (ap-ti-lof -ik) [a7rov?MTtic6g, healing] . Pro- moting cicatrization, or apulosis. Apus (a'-piis) [a priv., and 7ro('jf, foot]. I. A monstro- sity consisting in absence of the lower limbs, or feet. 2. An apodous fetus. Apyonin [ah-pi' -on-in) [d priv.; -kvov, pus]. A remedy introduced as a substitute for pyoktanin in ophthalmic practice. It is said to be identical with yellow pyoktanin. Unof. Apyretic (n/i-pi-ret'-ik) ■\_a priv. ; mpETog, fever]. Without fever or pyrexia. A'pyr&'&iA [ah-pi-reks' -e-ak) [dpriv. ; TvvpeKTo^, feverish]. The non-febrile stage of an intermittent fever ; intennis- sion or absence of fever. Apyrexial {ah-pi-reks'-e-al) [d/ri'ipe/crof, without fever]. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by, apyrexia. Apyrexy [ah' -pi-reks-e). 'S>ee Apyrexia. Aqua [a'-kwaJi) [L. : gen. and //., Aquce, a' -kive\ Water. An oxid of hydrogen having the composition HjO. It is a solid below 32°, a liquid between 32° and 212°, vaporizes at 212° at the sea level (bar. 760 mm.), giving off vapor of tension equal to that of the air. It covers four-fifths of the surface of the earth, but is never pure in nature, containing from a trace of soluble matter, in rain water, to 26 per cent, of soluble mineral salts, in the Dead Sea. Water is an essential constituent of all animal and vegetable tissues. In the human body it forms two per cent, of the enamel of the teeth, 77 per cent, of the ligaments, 78 per cent, of the blood, and 93 per cent, of the urine. Externally, water has a stimulating effect upon the skin, either by direct or reactionary means. Cold water when continued too long may lower the general temperature of the body so as to produce serious depres- sion of the circulation and muscular power. When pro- perly used it is a valuable antipyretic. Hot water and vapor increase circulation and produce diaphoresis. Its too long-continued use debilitates. Internally, water is a diuretic. It is the most useful of all the sol- vents in pharmacy. The following are the official pre- parations and forms : A. bulliens, boiling water. A. communis, common water. A. destillata, distilled water. A. fervens, hot water. A. fluvialis, river- water. A. fontana, well- or spring-water. A. marina, sea- water. A. pluvialis, rain-water. See also Mineral Water. Aqua in pharmacy also designates various medicated waters : as A. ammonias, water of ammonia ; A. anethi, dill water; A. chlori, chlorin water ; A. rosae, rose water. There are 23 aquiB (waters) of this class described in the U. S. P. A. fortis. See Acid, Nitric. A. regia. See A. Nitro- hydrochloric. A. tofana, a celebrated secret poison, prepared in the 17th century at Palermo by a woman named Toffana. It was probably arsenical . A. Vitae, Brandy or Spirit, q. v. In anatomy, A. labyrinthi, the clear fluid existing in the labyrinths of the ear. Aquae capsulitis, serous iritis. Aquaeductus [ak-we-duk' -tus). See Aqueduct. Aquamalarial Fever (a-kwa-inal-a' -re-al). Synonym of Malarial Fei'er. See Fever. Aquapuncture [ak-wah-pungk' -chur') \aqua, water; punctura,3. puncture]. Counter-irritation by means of a very fine jet of water impinging upon the skin ; useful in neuralgia and other nerve disorders. Aquatic ia-kwat' -ik) \aqua, water]. Pertaining to water. A. Cancer. Synonym of Cancrwn oris. Aqueduct, or Aqueductus {ak'-we-dukt, or ak-we- duk' -tus) \_aqua,vfaXer ; ductus, a leading]. Used of ducts or canals in various parts of the body. A. cerebri, the infundibulum. A. cochleae, aqueduct of the cochlea. A. of Cotunnius, the aqueduct of the vestibule, extending from the utricle to the posterior wall of the pyramid in the brain. A. Fallopii, the canal of the portio dura in the petrous portion of the temporal bone. A. Sylvii, the aqueduct of Sylvius from the third to the fourth ventricle, the iter a tertio ad quartum ventriculiim. A. vestibuli, aqueduct of the vestibule of the ear. Aqueous (a' -kwe-us) \aqua, water]. Referring to water ; watery. A. Chamber of the Eye, the space between the cornea and the lens ; the iris divides it into an anterior and a posterior chamber. A. Extract, a solid preparation of a drug made by evaporation of its aqueous .solution. A. Humor, the fluid filling the anterior chamber of the eye. Aquiducous (a-kwe-du' -kus) \_aquiduciis ; aqua, water ; ducere, to lead]. Hydragogue. Aquilaria [a-kwil-a' -re-ah) [L.]. A genus of trees. A. agallocha, a tree of S. E. Asia producing the true aloes- wood, or eagle-wood, valued in perfumery, but no longer employed in regular pharmacy or prac- tice. A. ovata and A. secundaria also furnish varieties of aloes- wood. Unof. Aquilegia [ak-wil-e' -je-ah) [L.]. A genus of ranun- culaceous plants of many species. A. vulgaris has active medicinal qualities ; but none of the species are now much used in regular practice. Aquiparous (a-kivip' -ar-us) water ; parere,\.o bring forth]. Producing water, or affording watery secretions; said of glands, as the lachrymal and parotid. Aquocapsulitis [a-kwo-kap-su-li'-tis) [aqua, water; capsula, a small box]. Serous iritis, q. v. Aquosity (a-kivos'-it-e) \aquositas, watery]. The state or condition of being watery. Aquula [ak-wu'-lak) [L.]. A small aqueous collec- tion. A. cotunnii, the perilymph, //. v. Arabic [ar'-ah-ik) [Apa/J/KOf, Arabic]. Of or pertain- ing to Arabia. A. Acid. See Arabin. A. Gum. See Acacia. Arabin (ar'-ab-in) [Apa/Ji/fof, Arabic], (S^^vf^^ji.- -\- ^.fi. Arabic Acid. A transparent, gla_ssy, amor- phous mass, an exudate from many plants, making a clear solution in water. It is the principal constituent of gum arable. See Carbohydrates, Table of. Arabinose (ar' -ab-in-ds) ['Apa/5««:df , Arabic], CjHj^Oj. One of the glucoses. Made from gum arable on boil- ing with dilute H.^SO^. It crystallizes in shining prisms that melt at 100° ; is slightly soluble in cold water, has a sweet taste, and reduces Fehling's solu- tion, but is not fermented by yeast. See Carbohydi-ates, Table of. Arabis \ar'-ali-is) \^ A.pa(i(K6^, Arabic]. A genus of cruciferous herbs ; rock cresses, or wall cresses. A. chinensis, of Asia, and A. sagittata and A. tha- liana, of Europe, are stimulant and stomachic. The seeds of some species yield an oil much like that of rape-seed. Unof. Arabite [ar'-ab-it) ['Apa/?«>:6f, Arabic], C3H12O5. A substance formed from arabinose by the action of sodium amalgam. It crystallizes from hot alcohol in shining needles, melting at 102°. It has a sweet taste, but does not reduce Fehling's solution. Arabonic Acid (ar-ab-on'-ik). See Acid. Arachis [ar'-ak-is) [dfjajof, a leguminous plant] . A genus of leguminous plants. A. hypogaea. See Ground Nut. Arachnidium (iir-ak-nid'-e-um) \a.paxviu a spider]. In biology, the secreting spinning apparatus of spiders, ARACHNITIS 106 ARCHEBIOSIS consisting of five kinds of glands, over one thousand in all, producing a secretion insoluble in water and with a nitrogenous basis, forming the fine, silky threads of the web. Arachnitis {ai--ak-ni' -tis) \_apa.xvr/, a spider's web ; ir/^, inflammation]. Inflammation of the arachnoid mem- brane of the brain. Arachnoid (^ar-ak'-iioid) spider's web; Ei&oq, form]. Resembling a web. A. Cavity, the space between the arachnoid membrane and the dura mater. A. Membrane, the delicate serous membrane of the brain and cord between the dura and pia mater. Sub-arachnoid fluid. See Cerebro-spinal Fluid. Arachnoidal {ar-ak-iioid' -al) [apaxvi/, a spider's web; thhic, form]. Pertaining to the arachnoid. Arachnoiditis {ar-ak-iioid-i' -tis). Same as Arachnitis. Arachno-pia [a r- a k' -no-pi' -ah) [^apdxvt], a spider's web ; pia, feiii. of pins']. The arachnoid and the pia considered together. Arachnorrhinitis {^ar-ak-nor-in-i' -tis) \h.pax^'Tl, spider ; /)/(', nose; nic, inflammation]. A disease of the nasal passages supposed to be due to the presence of a spider. Arachnotitis {ar-ak-no-ti/-tis) \_apdxvr/, spider; oi'f, ear; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation said to be caused by a spider in the auditory canal. Arack [ar'-ak) \_/nd.'\. A spirituous liquor distilled from rice, dates, palm-sap, or cocoanut juice, used in Asia, etc. Araeometer {ar-e-otn' -et-er). See Areometer. Araeotic {ar-e-ot'-ik'). See Areotic. Aralia (ar-a' -le-ah) [L.]. A genus of plants, order Araliacere, embracing several species, having aromatic, diaphoretic, and resolvent properties. Ginseng, wild sarsaparilla, petty morrel, and other plants esteemed in popular medicine belong here ; few have active quali- ties of high value in any disease. Unof. Aran Duchenne's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. Araneae Tela {ar-a'-ne-e te'-lah) . See Cob^veb. Araneous {ar-a' -ne-us) \aranea, a spider's web]. Full of webs ; resembling a cobweb. A. Membrane, the arachnoid. Arantius, Bodies of. See Corpora. A., Canal of. See Trt^rt/. A., Duct of.' 'Att Duct. A., Nodules of. See Arantius, Bodies of. A., Valves of. See Valvula arantii. A., Ventricle of, a small cul-de-sac in the medulla oblongata. Arar (a'-rar) [Barbary]. The tree Callitris quadri- valvis of N. W. Africa. It produces sandarac. Araroba [ar-ar-o'-bah) [Brazil]. Goa Powder. An oxidation product of resin found deposited in the wood of the trunk of the A. andira of Brazil. Its active principle is Chrysarobin or Chrysophanic acid, q. v. It is largely used in skin affections. Arasa (ar-a'-sah) [S. Am.]. The root of a plant native to Brazil and Uruguay. The active principle of the drug is found in the tuberosities of the root, espe- cially in the bark, which is quite thick. In taste a decoction of the drug resembles that of cascarilla. It is an excellent remedy in metrorrhagia, acting where hydrastis is ineffectual. No unpleasant secondary effects have been noted. Unof. Arbor {ar'-bor) [L.]. A name for the arbor vitse of the cerebellum. A. Vitae, a term applied to the arbores- cent appearance of a section of the cerebellum, and also to a similar appearance of the folds of the interior of the cervix uteri. See Thuja. Arborization [ar-bor-iz-a' -shun) \arbor, a tree]. A form of nerve termination in which the nerve fibers are brought into contact with the muscle fiber by means of an expansion. AT\>\i,%z\!iia, \ar-bus'-ku-lah) [L.]. A small shrub hav- ing the appearance of a diminutive tree. Arbutin [ar'-bu-tin) \_arbutus, the wild strawberry tree], C[.2Hjg( A bitter glucosid obtained from Uva ursi, orbearberry. It is neutral, crystalline, and resolvable into glucose and hydroquinon. Arbutin is an efficient diuretic. Dose gr. xv-xxx. See Uva ursi. Arbutus [ar-bu'-tus) [L.]. A genus of ericaceous shrubs and trees. A. menziesii, the madrofio of California, has an astringent bark, useful in diarrheas. Unof. A. unedo, the European arbute, is astringent and narcotic. A., Trailing. See Epigiea. Arc (a;-/') \arcus,a. bow]. In craniometry, a measure- ment taken on the outside of the skull, following its curves. A., Binauricular, a measurement from the center of one auditory meatus to the other, directly up- ward across the top of the head. A., Bregmato- lambdoid, a measurement along the sagittal suture. A., Naso-bregmatic, from the root of the nose to the bregma. A., Naso-occipital, measurement from the root of the nose to the lowest occipital protuberance. Arcanum (ar-ka'-nuni^ \_arcanu/n, a secret]. A medi- cine whose composition is kept secret. Arcate (ar'-kat) \arcatus, bow-shaped]. Bow-shaped; curved ; arcuate. Arch (arch) \_arcus, a bow]. A term applied to the curved shape of several various parts of the body. A. of Aorta. See Aorta. A., Branchial, the cartilagin- ous arches that support the gills (branchiie) of fishes. In the human fetus they are also present. See C/eft. A. of Colon. See Colon. A. of Corti, the arch that the pillars of the organ of Corti make over the basilar membrane of the cochlea. A., Crural. See- Pou- parf s Ligament. A. of Fallopius, a name for the arch formed by Poupart's ligament. A. Femoral, same as A. Crural. A., Palmar, the arch formed by the radial artery in crossing the bones of the metacarpus. A., Plantar, the arch made by the external plantar artery. A., Post-oral, arches in the fetus, five in num- ber, that develop into the lower jaw and throat. See A., Branchial. A. of Pubes, that part of the pelvis formed by the convergence of the rami of the ischia and pubes on each side. A., Supra-orbital, the curved and prominent margin of the frontal bone beneath the superciliary ridge, that forms the upper boundary of the orbit. A. of a Vertebra, the part of a vertebra formed of two pedicles and two lamina; and enclosing the spinal foramen. A., Zygomatic, the arch formed by the malar and temporal bones. Archaeocyte {ar'-kc-o-s'it) \apxo.lo^, ancient ; kvtoq, a hollow (a cell)]. In biology, one of the irregular ameboid cells — mesameboids— imbedded in a jelly-like matrix and occurring between the two primitive epi- thelia of the body, in the Porifera. Archaeostoma, Archaeostome (ar-ke-os'-to-mah, ar'- ke-o-stom). .See Archistome. Archaeus {ar-ke'-us) \apxaioq, ancient]. In spagiric medicine, the invisible counterpart of the visible body ; solar heat as a source of life. Archamoeba {ark-am-c'-bah) [apxi/, primitive; d/xoijS//, change]. Haeckel's hypothetical progenitor of all amebae and of all higher forms of life. Archamphiaster, or Archiamphiaster (ark-am-fe-as'- ter, or ar-ke-am-fc-as' -tcr) \apx'>h first ; ajm, around ; CKJTrip, star]. In biology, those amphiasters concerned in the production of the polar globules. Archangelica {ark-an-jel'-ik-ah) [ap;i'a>')E/(M^f, arch- angel], A genus of umbelliferous plants; A. abropur- purea, officinalis, and satii'a afford Angelica Root, q.v. Archebiology [ar-ke-bi-ol'-o-jc) [apxili beginning ; /3")f , life ; Myog, discourse]. The study of the simplest or most primitive forms or beginnings of life. Archebiosis {ar-ke-bi-o'-sis) {apx'ti the beginning ; fiiuoir, life]. The theoretical origin of living organ- ARCHECFTOMA 107 ARCHOSYRINX isms from non-living matter. See Generation, Spon- taneous ; Biogenesis, and Abiogenesis. Archecptoma (ark-ek-to' -uiali) [ap;);df, anus ; in, out ; nTufia, a falling]. Prolapse of the rectum. Archegenesis (ark-e-jen' -es-is'). The same as Archebi- osis. Archegonium [ark-e-go'-ne-tii?i) \_apxih first ; yovoQ, race] . The female reproductive organ of the higher cryptogams. Archegony {ar-keg' -o-ne) [apxi^yovoi;, first of a race]. The doctrine of spontaneous generation. Archenteric (ark-en-ter' -ik) {apx'l-, first ; ivrepov, in- testine]. Relating to the archenteron. Archenteron (ark-en' -ter-on') \_apxr/, a- beginning; ivTspov, intestine]. In biology, the embryonic ali- mentary cavity. The entodermal sac of the gastrula ; archigaster ; ccelenteron. Archepyon [ar-ke-pi' -on) [apt^, a beginning; ■kvov, pus]. Pus that has become caseated, or so thick that it does not flow. A term proposed by Roswell Park. Archespore, Archesporium [ar'-ke-spor, -e-uni) \apx>h a beginning ; aivopd, a seed]. In biology, the cells that give rise to the lining of the anther-cell and to the mother-cells of the pollen. Archesthetism (ark-es' -thet-izm) \apxi}, first ; aiadave- adai, to perceive]. The doctrine that animal move- ments are primitively determined by sensibility or consciousness. Archet (ar-chef or ar-sha') [Fr.]. A bow formerly used to operate the drill in lithotrity. Archetype (iir' -ke-tlp) [_apx'i, a beginning ; t'vkoc;, a type]. In comparative anatomy, an ideal type or form with which the individuals or classes may be compared. A standard type. Archhydra [ark-hi' -drah) [_apx'/, first; v6u>p, water]. A primitive polyp. Archiater {ar-ke-a' -ter) \_apxi.a.Tp6q, a chief physician]. The head physician in a court, as in that of Russia. Archiblast \ar' -ke-blast') \a.px>ii first; (S'Aaaroi;, germ]. In embryology, the granular areola surrounding the germinal vesicle. It is composed of three layers, the outer, or epiblast, from which the skin and its adnexa, the nervous system, and the terminal portions of the alimentary canal are formed ; the middle, or niesoblast, from which the epithelium of the genito-urinary organs and the smooth and striated muscle-tissue is derived ; and the inner, or hypoblast, for the develop- ment of the epithelium of the respiratory tract and of the alimentary canal. Archiblastic [ar-ke-blas'-tik) [apxr/, first ; fi7iaar6<;, germ]. Derived or supposed to be derived from the archiblast. The parenchymatous elements are regarded as archiblastic. Archiblastoma (ar-ke-blas-to' -maJi) [dp;i;^, first ; filao- rof, germ; bjia, a tumor: , Archihlastomatd\. Any tumor composed of archiblastic or parenchyma- tous elements, such as myoma, neuroma, papilloma, epithelioma, adenoma, carcinoma, etc. Archiblastula (ar- ke-blas' -tu- lah')\hpxiu first ; jiAaaToi;, a gurm or bud]. In embryology, a ciliated, vesicular morula, resulting from complete and regular yelk- division and by invagination forming the archigastrula. ^Tchic^Tzal [ar-ke-ser' -kal ) \_apxv, chief; Ktpog, tail]. In biology, having the tail primitive, without fin-folds. Archicharp [ar'-ke-karp) [apxv, first; Kapnoi;, fruit]. See Ascogonium. Archicytula [ar-ke-sif -u-lah) \Jipxv, a beginning ; KWTOf, a cell]. A fertilized egg cell in which the nucleus is discernible. Archigaster [ar-ke-gas' -ter) [ap;^;^, first ; yaorr/p, belly]. The primitive, perfectly simple intestine ; archenteron. Archigastrula {ar-ke-gas' -tru-lah) [apxil, beginning ; yaorr/p, belly]. The gastrula as it is observed in the most primitive types of animal development ; called also bell-gastrula from its shape. Archigenesis [ar-ke-jen' -es-is). See Archebiosis. Archil (ar'-kil) [M.¥.. , orc/iell '\. A coloring matter somewhat like litmus, chiefly obtained from the lichen, Roccella tinctoria ; used for staining animal tissues. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment. Archimonerula [ar-ke-nion-er' -it-lah) SJipx^i first; povr/pr/^, single, solitary]. In embryology, a special name given by Haeckel to the monerula stage of an egg undergoing primitive and total cleavage. Archimorula (ar-ke-mor' -n-lah) [iipXij, first ; uopov, a mulberry]. In embryology, the solid mass of cleavage cells, or mulberry mass, arising from the segmentation of an archicytula, and preceding the archiblastula and archigastrula. Archinephric (ar-ke-ne/t-rik) [apxV-, first ; ve(pp6Q, the kidney]. Pertaining to the archinephron. Archinephron [ar-ke-nef -ron) \a.pxii, beginning ; vK^poi;, the kidney]. The primitive or embryonic stage of the kidney or renal apparatus. Archipin [ar-kip'-in). See Chibou. Archipterygium (ar-/'z/-^'d'r-?/'''-c-/;:;«) \apxv-, first; ttts- p6v, a wing]. In biology, a ground form, persisting in a few cases only, and representing the first and lowest stage of the skeleton of the anterior extremity of vertebrates. Archistome (ar'-zJ/j-ZdOT) [ap^^, first ; arofia, mouth]. The gastrula mouth or opening to the archenteron ; blastoporus. Architis ((7r-/^/''-/M) [ap^df, anus]. Proctitis; inflam- mation of the anus. Architroch (ar' -ke-trok) \Jj.pxVi first; rpo^^-df, a disk]. The ciliated band about the mouth of a planula. Archocele {a?-'-ko-sel, or ar-ko-se' -le) [dp;i;df, anus ; Krilt), hernia]. Rectal hernia. Archocystocolposyrinx, or Archocolpocystosyrinx (ar-ko-sis-to-kol-po-sir' -ingks, or ar-ko-kol-po-sis-to- sir' -ingks) [dp;j;df, anus ; Kvarig, bladder ; k6atto<;, vagina ; avpty^, fistula] . Recto- vesico-vaginal fistula. Archometrum [ar-ko-mef -rum) [apxoi;, anus ; plrpov, measure] . A device for ascertaining the caliber of the anus, or for dilating its sphincters. Archoptoma (ar-kop-to' -mah) [dp^^df, anus ; TTTtjiia, a fall]. A prolapse of the rectum. Archoptotic (ar-kop-tot'-ik) [dp^df, anus ; Trrujia, a fall]. Relating to archoptoma or archoptosis. Archoptosis (ar-kop-to' -sis) [dp,:i;df , anus ; TrruaiQ, a falling]. Rectal prolapse. Archorrhagia (a7--ko-ra' -je-ah) \_apx6<:, anus; pijyvvadai, to break out]. Rectal hemorrhage. Archorrhagic (ar-ko-raj' -ik) [dp^dc, anus ; 'pijyvvadai, to break out]. Relating to rectal hemorrhage. Archorrhea (ar-ko-re'-ah) [dp^df, anus; pfii', to flow] . A discharge of blood or of any pathologic fluid from the anus. Archos (ar'-kos) \hpx^i) [arena, sand]. A sand-bath. The application of hot sand to a limb or part of the body. See Ammotherapy . Areola [ar-e' -o-!ah) [dim. o[ area, an open space: //. , Areola-]. I. The brownish space surrounding the nipple of the female breast. This is sometimes called Areola papillaris . A secondary areola, surrounding this, occurs during pregnancy. The pigmentation about the umbilicus is called the umbilical areola. 2. Any interstice or minute space in a tissue. Areolar [ar-e' -o-lar) \_areola, dim. of area, an open space]. Relating to or characterized by areolae. A. Tissue, cellular tissue ; connective tissue. Areolate, or Areolated (ar-e'-o-lat, or ar-e' -o-la-ted) \areola, dim. of area, an open space]. Marked or characterized by areolae. Areometer [ar-e-ont'-et-er) [dpa((5f, thin, light ; fikrpov, a measure]. An instrument for estimating the specific gravity or strength of liquids, especially alcoholic liquids. Areometry (ar-e-om' -et-re) [apnib^, thin, light ; fierpov, a measure] . The use of the areometer ; estimation of the specific gravity of fluids. Areotic [ar-e-ot'-ik) \Jipai6i^, thin]. I. Attenuant ; thinning the humors ; increasing perspiration. 2. An attenuant remedy. Arethusa [ar-eth-u'-sah] KptOovaa, a fountain]. A genus of orchidaceous plants. A. bulbosa, of North America, has root-tubes that are popularly used as a material for poultices, and are said to form a useful application for toothache. Unof Arevareva [ar-a-var-a' -vah) [Tahitian]. A scaly skin-disease said to be caused by the habitual use of the drug Kava, q. v. It is accompanied by eye-disease, with dimness of vision. Argal [ar'-gal). See Argol. Argamblyopia {ar-gam-ble-o'-pe-ah) [dpydf, idle, dis- used ; (iiLfVAvcmia, dim-sightedness]. Amblyopia due to disuse of the eye. Argamblyopic (ar-ga?n-ble-op' -ik) \_apy6^, idle ; ap.ji'/.vunLa, dim-sightedness]. Affected with argam- blyopia. Argand-lamp. A form of lamp with a tubular wick. Argan-oil (ar'-gan-oil) [Arab., argdn]. An oil derived from the seeds contained in the fruit of the argan-tree. It is a good substitute for olive-oil. Argan-tree (ar'-ga}i-lre) [Arab., arga?!]. The Argania sideroxylon, an evergreen tree of the N. W. of Africa, order Sapotace.), and is a good tonic and stimulant. A. serpentaria (see Serpcntaria) is at present more used in medicine than any other species. Aristolochic {ar-is-to-lo' -kik) [dp/crrof, best ; 'koxe'ia., the lochia]. I. Having the property of expelling the placenta, or of exciting or promoting the lochial dis- charge. 2. A medicine used for expelling the secun- dinesor for exciting the lochial flow. Aristolochin [ar-is-to-lo' -kin) \hptaro<;, best; 'hnx^i-a, the lochia]. A bitter principle found in Virginia snake-root. See Serpentaria. Aristotle's Experiment. The double feeling experi- enced by the fingers when a single pebble is placed between the crossed fingers of one hand. Aristulate (ar-is' -iu-lat) \jiristula, dim. of Arista, awn or beard of grain]. In biology, having a short awn. Arithmomania (ar-ith-mo-ma' -ne-ah) \!if)ti^ix6i;, a num- ber ; fiavLa, madness] . An insane anxiety with regard to the number of things that fall under the observation. Sometimes it consists in constant or uncalled-for counting, either of objects or in mere repeating of consecutive numbers. Arlt-Jaesche's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Arlt's Ointment. An ointment containing grs. viiss of belladonna to of blue ointment, for use in bleph- arospasm. Arlt's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Arm [arm) \armare, to arm] . I . That part of the upper extremity from the shoulder to the wrist. 2. That por- tion of the stand connecting the body or tube of a microscope to the pillar. Armadillo {ar-ma-dil' -o) [Sp.,dim. of armado, armed]. A trade-name for a proprietary arrangement of plates, straps, and buckles worn upon the person for its alleged electric effects. Armamentarium [ar-ma-men-ta' -re-um) [L. , an arsenal]. The outfit of medicines or instruments of the physician or surgeon. Pi.xn\axi\yn\ [ar-7na' -re-uni) [L.]. Set Armamentariztm. Armature [ar'-mat-ckur) [ari?iatura,t(\m^m.ent]. A mass of soft iron at the extremity of a magnet. Also, the core of iron around which coils of insulated wire are wound or disposed. Arma urticaria [ar'-mah er-tik-a' -re-ah) [L.]. The urticating weapons of Calenterates. Arm-chair, Charcot's. 'Aet Shaking Cw-e. Armed Tape-worm. See Tenia solium. Armenian (rt;'-;«;"'-«i'-<2«) [Armenia]. Of or belonging to Armenia. A. Blue. Same as Ultramarine. A. Bole, a reddish, unctuous earth or clay formerly much used in medicine, now used in tooth-powders and in veterinary practice. It is absorbent and astringent. Armilla (ar-/«//'-/v, male; rd/cof, a bringing forth]. A form of parthenogenesis in which without coitus male eggs are deposited, as in bees. Arrhinia (ah-rin' -e-ah). iia.me as A rhinia. Arrhizous (ah-ri'-zus) [a priv.; p/fa, a root]. In biology, destitute of roots or rhizoids, as parasitic plants, certain mosses, hepaticK, etc. Arrhythmia (ah-i-ith'-ine-ah) [fi priv. ; /juS/vof, rhythm]. Absence of rhythm ; chiefly used in the expression ar- rhytlunia cordis, denoting irregularity or lack of rhythm in the heart's action. See Cardiac Kliythm. Arrhythmic (ah-rith' -luik) [n priv. ; pvtlpug, rhythm]. Without rhythm ; irregular. Arrhythmous {ah-ritli' -inus). See Arrhythmic. Arrhythmy (ah-rith'-tne). Same as Arrhythmia. Arrow-poison [ar'-o-poi'-zun). See Curare and Gua- chamaco. Arrowroot (a?-' -o-root) [ME., aroio ; roote\ A kind of starch derived from Alaranta arundinacea of the West Indies, Southern States, etc. It is a popular remedy for diarrhea, and is widely used as a food. Many other starchy preparations are sold as arrow- root. Arseniasis (ar-sen-i'-as-is). ^ame us Arsenism. Arseniate, or Arsenate {ar-se' -ne-dt, or ar'-sen-dt) \_arsenium'\. Any salt of arsenic acid. Ferrous arseniate, arseniate of iron, sparingly used in medi- cine : it is the ferri arsenias of the B. P. It is a tasteless, greenish powder, combining the effects of iron and arsenic ; used largely in anemia and skin diseases. Dose gr. xV~2 - Arsenic, Arsenicum, or Arsenium (ar'-sen-ik, ar- sen' -ik-utn, ox ar-se' -ne-um). As = 75; quantivalence 111, V. A non-metal having a metallic luster and crys- talline structure. In small doses it is a stomachic and general tonic, promoting appetite and cardiac action, and .stimulating mental activity. It is of great value in irritative dyspepsia, and is sometimes used internally to blanch and clear the skin. In larger doses it creates skin-eruptions and behaves as a violent corrosive poison, acting with cumulative eftect. Externally, it is a pow- erful escharotic, used in cancer. Only the salts and oxids are used in medicine. A. acid., arsenious acid, white arsenic, " ratsbane," As^O.,. Dose gr. jq-tV- A., acid., liquor. [Liq. arsenici hydrochlorici, B. P.), a I per cent, solution of the acid in hydrochloric acid and distilled water. Dose tT\,ij-x. Ferri Arsenias, Pe.^As.O,,. Dose gr. J^-i. Liq. Ar- senici hydrochlor. (B. P.). Dose tTLij-viij. Po- tassii arsenit., Liq. (Liquor Arsenicalis, B. P.). Eowler's solution, contains A. acid I, potass, bicar- bonate I, comp. tinct. lavender 3, and distilled water q. s. ad ICQ parts. Dose TT\,ij-x. Sodii arsenias, Na^HAs04.7H.p. Dose of the dried salt gr. jV-jV- Sodii arseniat., Liq., Pearson's solution. Dose, n\^ij XV. A. iodid, Asl.,. Dose gr. ,'5-?. A. et hydrargyri iod., Liq., liquor of the iodid of arsenic and mercury, Donovan's solution, contains A. iodid I, mercuric iodid I, distilled water 100 parts. Dose TT\^ij-x. A. bromas, AsBr, valuable in diabetes. Dose gr. 3'^. A. brom., Liq., Clemens' solution, a one per cent, solution of the arsenite of bromin. Dose TTL j-iv. The tests for arsenic are Fleitmann's, Marsh's, and Reinsch's, for which see Tests, '/able of. Arsenical [cir-sen'-ik-al) [arseuiiiii/ , arsenic]. Per- taining to arsenic. A. Devitalizing Fiber, used ARSENICALISM 111 ARTERIOSITY in places where pastes would be dangerous, from leakage. ffe. Absorbent cotton (cross-cut fine) Arsenious oxid, gr. v Acetate of morphin, gr x Oily carbolic acid, q. s., to very thin paste. Saturate cotton with paste and dry. A. Paste [Pale Arsenicale), a French composition, used as application for destroying the pulps of decayed teeth. 3. Arsenious oxid, gr. v Acetate of raorphin, gr. X Mull in mortar; moisten cotton pellet in either oil of cloves, eugenol, oily carbolic acid, or dental aconite, and dip into powder. See also Frire Coyne. Arsenicalism [ar-sen' -ik-al-izni). Same as Arsenism. Arsenicism [ar-sen' -is-izrn). Same as Arsenism. Arsenicophagy [ar-sen-ik-off' -a-je) \arscnmm, arsenic ; ii\, AsH^. A univalent radical in which arsenic replaces the nitrogen of ammonium. Arsura [ar-su' -rah) [L., a " burn "]. An old name for gonorrhea. Art [art) \ars, artis, skill]. Skill; dexterity. A., Dental, the application of the rules of dental surgery to the treatment of the diseases of the teeth and the replacement of the loss of those organs. Artanthe [ar-tan' -the) [L.]. A genus of piperaceous plants. A. elongata, the plant that affords the drug Matieo, q. 7'. It is a vine of the pepper family, a native of Peru. Artefact [ar'-te-fakt). 'Ase Artifact. Artemisia [ar-tem-is' -e-ah) S^KpTSfiiq, the goddess Diana]. A genus of plants of the order composite. A. abrotanum, j(J«///iV-« wood, is stimulant, tonic, and vermifuge, and is popularly used as a vulnerary. It is similar in properties to wormwood. Dose of fid. ext. TTLx-xx. Unof. A. absinthium. See Absinthe. A. maritima affords pure IVorinseed, q. v. A. vul- garis, mugwort, is a popular remedy in various diseases. Arteria [ar-te' -re-ah) \a.prcp'M, the trachea]. Hollow tubes. The plural was applied to the bronchial tubes. The ancients supposed these filled with vital spirit during life. See Artery. Arteriac [ar-te' -re-ak) \hpTEpia, the trachea]. I. Per- taining to the trachea, or to the arteries. 2. A remedy used in diseases of the trachea or of the arteries. Arteriagra [ar-ter-e-a' -grah) [a/jrfp/a, trachea ; aypa, a seizure]. Neuralgia of an artery. Arterial [ar-te' -re-al) [aprEpi'a, the trachea]. Pertain- ing to an artery. Arterialization [ar-te-re-al-iz-a'-shun) \apTep[a, the trachea]. The process of making or becoming arte- rial ; the change from dark, venous blood into that which is bright-red, as in the arteries. Arteriarctia [ar-te-re-ark'-te-ah) [^cipTepin, trachea; arcties, bound]. Constriction or stenosis of.an artery. Arteriectasis [ar-te-re-ek' -tas-is) \hp-(pia, trachea; (K-aai^, a stretching out] . Arterial dilatation. Arteriectopia [ar-te-re-ek-to' -pe-ali) \_npTepia, trachea; iKTOTvitQ, out of place]. Displacement or abnormality in the course of an artery. Arterin (ar'-to--?;?) [dprEp/a, trachea] . Hoppe-Seyler's term for the arterial blood-pigment as contained in the corpuscles. Arterioarctia [ar-te-re-o-ark' -te-aJi) . vSee Arteriarctia. Arterio-capillary [ar-te-re-o-kap' -il-a-re) [^nprep'ia, trachea; capiUits, a hair]. Pertaining to arteries and capillaries. A. Fibrosis, the undue augmentation, or abnormal preponderance, of connective-tissue ele- ments in the walls of capillaries and arteries. Arteriodiastasis [a r-te-re-o-di-as' -tas-is) \_aprepia, trachea; f)«i(jra(7/c, separation]. The retraction of the two ends of a divided artery. Arterio-fibrosis [ar-te-re-o-Ji-bro' -sis) \apTtp'ia, trachea ; fibra, a fiber]. A term applied to the condition of the arterial capillaries in chronic interstitial disease. Arteriogram [ar-te'-j-e-o-gram). See Sphygmograiii . Arteriograph [ar-te' -re-o-graf) [Jiprepia, trachea ; -ypcKpew, to record]. A form of sphygmograph. Arteriography [ar-te-re-og'-ra-fe) \apTKp'ia, trachea; YpcKptj, a writing]. I. A description of the arteries. 2. The graphic representation of the pulse- waves or of the arterial blood-current. Arteriola [ar-te-ri' -o-lali) [L.: //. , Arteriolcc'\. An arteriole. Arteriolse Rectse [ar-te-re-o'-le rek'-te) [L. ]. The small blood-vessels that supply the medullary pyramids of the kidneys. Arteriole [ar-te' -re-dl) \_arteriola\ A very small artery, Arteriology [ar-te-re-oF -0- je) \_apT£p'ia, trachea ; MyoQ, science]. The science of the arteries; the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the arteries. Arteriomalacia [ar-te-i-e-o-mal-a' -se-ah) [apTEpla, trachea ; i/a'AaKla, softness] . The softening of an artery. Arteriopathy [ar-te-re-op' -a-the) SJiorspia; trachea ; TTciHoc, illness]. Any disease of an artery or of arteries. Arteriophlebotomy [ar-te-re-o-Jle-bot' -o-me) \apTtpia, trachea ; (jyMifi, a vein ; Tefiveiv, to cut]. Local blood- letting. Arterioplania [ar-te-re-o-pla' -ue-ah) l_iipTep!a, trachea; irXavaaBai., to wander]. Deviation or tortuousness in the course of an artery. Arterio-renal [ar-te-re-o-re' -nal) [(i/)r£p(o, trachea ; ren, the kidney]. Pertaining to the renal blood-vessels. A. Disease, a pathologic condition of middle life characterized by an early stage of renal cirrhosis due primarily to vascular lesions. Its symptoms are mainly high vascular tension, albuminuria, and tendency to apoplectic seizures. Arteriorrhagia [ar-te-re-or-a' -je-ah) \^dpTep!a, trachea ; p)/yvvaHai, to break forth]. Arterial hemorrhage. Arteriorrhexis [ar-te-re-or-eks' -is) \apTtp'ia, trachea ; PV^ii;, a bursting]. Rupture of an artery. Arteriosclerosis [ar-te- re-o-slde-ro' -sis) [aprepia, trachea; aKM/poc, hard]. The hardening of the walls of an artery, and especially of the intima. See Endarteritis. Arterio-sclerotic [ar-te-re-o-skle-rof -ik) [aprep/ii, trachea ; an'/jjpd^, hard] . Pertaining to arteriosclerosis. A. Kidney. See Bright 's Disease. Arteriosity [ar-te-re-os'-it-e) [aprepia, trachea]. The quality of being arterious, or arterial. 112 114 THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM ARTERIOSTENOSIS 115 ARTHROGRYPOSIS Arteriostenosis [nr-te-re-o-ste-no' -sis) [^apre/ua, trachea ; crrfiof, narrow]. The narrowing of the caliber of an artery in any part. Arteriostrepsis [ar-te-re-o-strep' -sis) \apTt{na, trachea ; OTpt^nc, a twisting]. The twisting of an artery for the purpose of staying a hemorrhage. Arteriotome (ar-te' -re-o-tdni) \aprsp'ia, trachea ; rkjivtLv, to cut] . A knife for use in arteriotomy. Arteriotomy [ar-te-re-of -o-me) \apTtpia, trachea ; Te/iveLv, to cut]. I. The cutting or opening of an artery, as for the purpose of letting blood. 2. Dissec- tion or anatomy of the arteries. Arterious {ar-te' -rc-us) [apTep'ta, trachea]. Relating to anatomy or to the arteries ; arterial. Arterio-venous [ar-te -re-o-ve'-nus) [aprepia, trachea ; vena, vein]. Both arterial and venous; involving an artery and a vein, as an arterio-venous aneurysm. f\xX&r'\o-v&Tsion(ar-te-re-o-ver'-skun) [apTepia, trachea; vertere, to turn] . Weber' s method of arresting hemor- rhage by turning vessels inside out by means of an instrument called the arterio-verter. Arterio- verier. See Arterioversion. Arteritis (ar-te-ri' -tis) [aprrjpia, trachea ; iTig, inflam- mation]. Inflammation of an artery. The acute /or >;t, always local, is generally consecutive to trauma, thrombosis, or embolism, and may be purulent in character, and attended with ulceration ; the chronic, ■ more properly Etidarteritis, q. v. , arterial sclerosis, leading to atheroma or atheromatous changes, is a frequent disease of the aged. A. deformans, the result of atheromatous changes producing crumpling or irregularities of the walls. See Chronic Endarteritis . A. obliterans, great inflammatory development of the endothelium of an artery, resulting in obliteration of the lumen by thrombosis. See Endarteritis obliterans. Artery (ar'-ter-e) \_arteria ; apr)?p/'a, trachea] . Arteries are the tube-like vessels through which the blood is propelled by the heart to the peripheral organs. They end in arterioles and capillaries. They are com- posed of three layers : the outer, or tunica adventitia; the middle, or tunica media, the muscular coat ; the internal, or intima, composed of nucleated epithelial cells, connective and elastic tissue. A. Terminal, an artery whose branches do not form anastomoses with other arteries. A table of the arteries is appended. Arthragra [ar-thra'-grah) \hpf>pov, a joint; ay pa, seizure]. Gout. Anh.xaX\^ar'-thra!) [apdpov, a joint]. Articular; relat- ing to an arthron. Arthralgia [ar-thraU -je-ah) \ap^pi)v, a joint ; akyoq, pain]. Pain in a joint; gout ; arthritis ; rheumatism. Arthralgic (ar-thral'-jik) [a/uSpoi', a joint ; dAyof, pain]. Relating to arthralgia. Arthrectomy (ar-threk' -to-me) \hpdpov, a joint ; tKTOfii], a cutting out]. Surgical excision of a joint. Arthrelcosis (ar-threl-ko'-sis) [opfl/xw, a joint ; 'Eknuai^, ulceration]. Ulceration of a joint. Coats of a Small Artery. a, endothelium; b, internal elastic lamina; c, circular muscular fibers of the middle coat ; d, the outer coat. (Landois.) Arthremia [ar-thrc' -me-ah) \hpftpov, a joint ; alfia, blood]. A congested condition of a joint. Arthrempyema [ar-threm-pi-e' -mah) [apfpof, a joint; ip,- T^'i'iljia, suppuration]. Suppuration or abscess of a joint. Arthrempyesis {ar-threm-pi-e' -sis). See Arthroem- pyesis. Arthritic {ar-thrit'-ik) [ap6pov, a joint]. Relating to arthritis or to gout. Arthritis {ar-thri' -tis) \_apdpov, a joint ; na. Thyroid, superior. External carotid. Omo-hyoid, sterno-hyoid, sterno-thy- roid, thyroid gland. Hyoid, sterno-mastoid, superior laryngeal, crico-thyroid. Thyroidea ima. Innominate (usually). Thyroid body. Thyro-1 ary ngeal . Thyroid superior. ; — « Larynx and thyroid body. Tibial, anterior. Popliteal. Leg. Posterior and anterior tibial recurrent, muscular, internal and external mal- leolar. Tibial, anterior, recur- rent. Anterior tibial. Tibialis anticus muscle. Tibial, posterior. Popliteal. Leg, heel and foot. Peroneal, muscular, medullary, cuta- neous, communicating, malleolar, calcanean, internal and external plantar. Tibial, profunda (of foot). Internal plantar, (in- nermost branch). Abductor pollicis muscle Unites with the plantar poUicar. Tibial, recurrent, post- erior. Anterior tibial. Back of knee joint. Anastomoses with the inferior articu- lar arteries of knee. Tonsillar. Ascending palatine. Tonsil and Eustachian tube. Tonsillar. Facial. Tonsil and root of tongue. Tracheal. Inferior thyroid. Trachea. Trachelo-m u s c u 1 a r. See Cervical, infe- rior. Tf!) ticvfifCQ lie i^rA 1 1 1 I alia V Cl oalls ^uiii. Thyroid axis- Superficial cervical and posterior scapular. Transversalis humeri. See Suprascapular. Transverse. External circumflex. Muscles of upper part of thigh. Transverse. See Pon- tal. Transverse. Right coronarj'. Heart muscle. ARTERIES 137 ARTERIES TABLE OF AKT'EKIF.'S,.— Continued. Name. Origin. Distribution. Branches. Transverse humeral. See Suprascapular. Transverse nasal. Nasal (of ophthalmic). Root of nose. Transverse perineal. Superficial perineal. Muscles and integuments of perineum. Tricipital. Posterior circumflex. Triceps muscle (of arm). Tympanic. See Gla- serian. Tympanic. Ascending pharyngeal. Tympanum. Tympanic. Middle meningeal. Tensor tympani. Tympanic. Stylo-mastoid. Membrana tympani. Tympanic. Vidian. Tympanum. Tubal. Ovarian. Fallopian tube. Ulnar. Brachial. Forearm, wrist, and hand. Anterior and posterior ulnar recur- rent, common interosseous, muscu- lar, nutrient, anterior and posterior ulnar carpal, palmar arch. Ulnar carpal, anterior and posterior. Ulnar. Carpal region. Ulnar, recurrent, ante- rior and posterior. Ulnar. Muscles of arm and elbow-joint. Ulno-carpal, anterior. Ulnar. Muscles of hand. Umbilical. Hypogastric. Chorionic villi. Uncinate. Posterior cerebral. Uncinate convolution. Uracheric. Superior vesical. Urachus. Ureteral. Ovarian. Ureter. Ureteral. Renal. Ureter. Ureteral. Spermatic. Ureter. Ureteric. Common iliac. Ureter. Ureteric, inferior. Superior vesical (or uterine). Ureter ana blauaer. - Ureteric, middle. Of aorta, common iliac, or internal spermatic Middle part of ureter. Ureteric, superior. Renal. Upper part of ureter. Urethro-bulbar. See Perineal, trans- verse. • Uterine. Internal iliac, anterior branch. Uterus. Cervical, vaginal, azygos. Uterine. Ovarian. Uterus. Utero-placental. Uterine. Gravid uterus and placenta. Uveal. See Ciliary, posterior and short. Vaginal (2 or 3). Internal iliac, anterior division. Vagina. Vaginal azygos. Uterine. Vagina. Vasa brevia. Splenic. Stomach. Vermiform, inferior. Cerebellar, posterior in- ferior. Vermiform process of cerebellum. Vermiform, superior. Superior cerebellar. Superior vermiform process of cerebel- lum. Vertebral. Subclavian. Neck of cerebrum. Lateral spinal, muscular, anastomotic, posterior meningeal, posterior and anterior spinal, posterior cerebellar. ARTHROMENINGITIS 138 ARTICULATE TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Con/miced. Name. Origin. Distribution. Branches. Vertebral, posterior. See aort£s,pri)nilive. Vesical, inferior. Internal iliac, anterior division. Bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, and vagina (in female). Vesical, middle. Superior vesical. | Bladder. Vesical, superior. Internal iliac, anterior division. Diauuer. Deferential, uracheric, ureteric, mid- dle vesical (occasionally). Vesico-prostatic. Middle hemorrhoidal. Prostate and seminal vesicles. Vesico- vaginal. See Vaginal. Vestibular. Internal auditory. Membranous labyrinth. Vestibular. Stylo-mastoid. Vestibule and semicircular canals. Vidian. Internal maxillary. Roof of pharynx. Eustachian tube, and tympanum. r iicti y iigcdi , n. LibLac Ilidll, L^mpdniL. Vitelline. See Om- phalo-mesenteric. Volar, superficial. Radial. Ball of thumb. Enters into formation of superficial palmar arch. Volar, superior. See Volar, superficial. Xiphoid. Superior epigastric. Ensiform cartilage. Zygomatico-o r b i t a 1 . See Orbital (of tem- poral). Arthromeningitis {ar-thro-men-in-ji' -tis) \hpdpov, a joint ; fir/viyi, membrane]. Synovitis. Arthromere [ar' -Ihro-mcr) \_apHpov, a joint ; fiipog, a part]. In biology, one of the rings or somites characteristic of the articulated invertebrates. Arthron {ar' -thron) \aptipov, a joint]. A joint ; espe- cially a movable joint. Arthronalgia [ar-thron-aF -je-ali). See Arthralgia. Arthroncus [ar-thi'ong'-kus) [apQpov, a joint ; byme, a swelling]. I. A cartilaginous body such as occa- sionally forms within the knee-joint. 2. Swelling of a joint. Arthropathia {ar-thyo-path' -e-aJi). See Arthropathy. A. Tabidorum. See Charcot' s Disease. Arthropathies [ar-thro-path' -iks) \_apftpGv, a joint ; -aHitc, disease] . Disease of the joints. Pi.TXhTO'pa.ihy (ar-throp' -a-the) [ap^poj', a joint ; iraOnc, disease]. I. Any joint disease. 2. A peculiar dis- ease of the joints similar to rheumatoid arthritis, but, according to Charcot, a distinct disease. It belongs to the prodromal stage of tabes, rapidly destroys the joint, is painless, without fever or inflammation, pre- fers the large joints, and is connected with hydrar- throsis and swelling of the joints. Arthrophlogosis [ar-thi-o-flo-go'-sis) [apftpov, joint ; (fi'Atyeiv, to burn]. Inflammation of a joint. Arthrophragm (ar'-thro-fram) [apHpov, a joint; a fence] . Partitions between the articulations of arthropods. Arthroplasty [ar' -tliroplas-te) [^afiOpnv, a joint ; TT/ daaeiv, to form]. The making of an artificial joint. Arthropleure ((7;-'-;'//ro-/'//?r) [dp(^poi', a joint ; n'Aevpn, the side]. One of the pleurites or lateral pieces com- posing a somite of an arthropod. Arthropodous [ar-throp' -o-dtis) [upOpnv, a joint ; ttov^, a foot]. In biology, having jointed legs. Arthropyosis (ar-thropi-o'-sis) [_apf)pnv, a. ]omt; Tr'vuai^, suppuration]. Pus-formation in a joint. Arthrosia {ar-thro' -ze-ali) [_apHpov, a joint]. Painful inflammatory or other affection of a joint. Arthrosis {ar-thro' -sis) [apOpdeiv, to fasten by a joint]. Articulation or jointing. Arthrospore (ar'-thro-spor) [^apOpov, a joint ; o~6pot;, a seed]. In biology, a spore formed by fission, as opposed to an endospore. Arthrosterigma {ar-thro-stcr-ig' -inah) \hpOpox\ a joint ; criipiyjxa, a support : pi. , Arthrosterigiiiata'\. In biol- ogy, a jointed sterigma, as in many lichens. Arthrostome (ar' -thro-stdni) \_ap6pov, a joint ; nrdpa, a mouth]. L. Agassiz's name for the mouth of articu- lates. Compare Actinostonte. Arthrosyrinx [ar-thro-sir'-ingks) [hpHpov, a joint ; avpiy^, a pipe]. A fistulous opening into a joint. Arthrotome (ai-'-thro-td?n) \_apftpov, joint ; ro^df, a cut- ting]. A stout knife used in the surgery of the joints. Arthrotomy (ar-throt'-o-»ie) \_apHpor, a joint ; re/jveiv, to cut]. Incision of a joint. Arthrous (ar'-thrtis) ^apOpov, a joint]. Pertaining to a joint or joints ; jointed. Arthroxesis {ar-throks'-es-is) [apflpov, joint ; Stctg, a scraping]. The surgical treatment of an articular sur- face by scraping. Artiad (ar'-te-ad) [apT/oc, even]. In chemistry, a term used to designate atoms having an even quantivalence, as oxygen, which is bivalent, iron quadrivalent, and sulphur he.xivalent. Articular (ar-tik' -it-lar^ \_articitlaris, of the joints]. Pertaining to an articulation or joint. Articulate {ar-tik' -tt-lat) \_articitlarc to divide in joints]. Divided into joints, distinct. A. Speech, the com- munication of ideas by spoken words. ARTICULATION 139 ARTIFICIAL Articulation {ar-tik-u-la'-shiai) \_a>ticiihis, a joint]. I. A joint or arthrosis ; a connection between two or more bones, whether allowing movement between them or not. The articulations are divided into : (l) Synarthroses, immovable, subdivided into schindyleses, or grooved joints, gomphoses, in sockets, as the teeth, and siitiim, as in the bones of the skull ; (2) Diarth- roses, or movable joints, subdivided into the arthrodia, or gliding joints, the ginglymtis, or hinge-like, the enarthroses, or ball-and-socket joints; (3) Amphiar- throses, or those of a mixed type. 2. The enuncia- tion of spoken speech. A. of Artificial Teeth, the adjustment and arrangement of one or more artificial teeth, so that it, or they, when placed in the mouth, shall sustain the same relationship to the organs with which they antagonize, when the jaws are closed, as the natural teeth did previous to their loss. A., Con- fluent, the clipping of words, or running together of syllables — a symptom of certain cerebral diseases. A. of Models. See Models for Artificial Teeth, Antago- nizing. A. Positions. See Consonants . A. of the Teeth. See Teeth, Articulation of. Articulator {ar-tik' -ii-la-tor) \_articulus, a joint]. An instrument used in mechanical dentistry for holding the models in position while the artificial teeth are being arranged and antagonized upon the plates. h.\\\Q,xA\{ar-tik' -u-li^. See Lenticida. Articulo mortis, In [ar-tik' -zi-lo mor'-tis) [L.]. At the moment of death. In the act of dying. Artifact (ar'-te-fact) [arte, by art; factum, made]. In microscopy and histology, a structure that has been produced by mechanical, chemical, or other artificial means ; a structure or tissue that has been changed from its natural state. Artificial {ar-tefisli' -al) [artificialis']. Made or imitated by art. A. Anus, an opening in the abdomen to give exit to the feces ; an opening made in case of imperforate anus. A. Crowns, porcelain crowns of teeth designed to be united to the roots of natural teeth ; what is commonly called by the misnomer "pivot tooth." A. Dentine, a preparation composed of pure gutta-percha, while in a softened state, mixed with mineral substances, and used for temporary fill- ings. See Temporary Stopping. A. Eye, a film of glass, celluloid, rubber, etc., made in imitation of the front part of the globe of the eye and worn in the socket or over a blind eye for cosmetic reasons. A. Feeding, the feeding of an infant by other means than mother's milk. Various mixtures and foods are to be had, such as Meigs's, Rotch' s, Biederfs Mixtures , etc. , q. v. See Table at end of this article. A. Joint, or false joint, the non-united ends of a broken bone. A. Leech. See Leech. A. Palate, a mechanical contrivance for supplying the loss of the whole or a portion of the hard or soft palate, or both. A. Pupil, removal of a piece of the iris (iridectomy , iridodialysis , etc.), to allow the light to pass through the opening. A. Respiration, the aeration of the blood by artificial means. A method of inducing the normal function of respiration when from any cause it is temporarily in abeyance, as in asphyxia neonatorum, drowning, etc. Bain's Method. a modification of Sylvester's method, the axilla itself being seized so that the traction is made directly upon the pectoral muscles. Byrd' s {R.L.)Method ; thephysi- cian's hands are placed under the middle portion of the child's back with their ulnar borders in contact and at right angles to the spine. With the thumbs extended, the two extremities of the trunk are carried forward by gentle but firm pressure, so that they form an angle of 45 degrees with each other in the diaphragmatic region. Then the angle is reversed by carrying backward the shoulders and the nates. Dew's Method ; the infant is grasped in the left hand, allowing the neck to rest between the thumb and forefinger, the head falling far over backward. The upper portion of the back and scapulae rest in the palm of the hand, the other three fingers being inserted in the axilla of the babe's left arm, raising it upward and outward. The right hand grasps the babe's knees, and the lower portion of the body is depressed to favor inspiration. The move- ment is reversed to favor expiration, the head, shoulders, and chest being brought forward and the thighs pressed upon the abdomen. Forest's Method ; the child is placed on its face and quick, violent pres- sure is made on the back ; then it is placed in a pail of hot water, and the hands carried upward until the child is suspended by its arms, and mouth- to-mouth insufflation is practised ; the arms are then lowered and the body doubled forward ; these move- ments are repeated at the rate of 40 per minute. Hall 's Method ; by turning the body alternately upon the side or face to compress the chest, and then upon the back to allow the lungs to expand. ILnvard's Method : by pressure upon the lower ribs every few seconds. Pacini's Method ; for resuscitating asphyxi- ated infants. The child lying on its back, the operator stands at its head, and grasps the axillae, pulling the shoulders forward and upward to com- press the thorax, and allowing them to fall in order to expand the chest. Satterthwaite' s Method; pres- sure upon the abdomen alternating with relaxation to allow descent of the diaptiragm. Schrccder' s Method ; the babe while in a bath is supported by the opera- tor on the back, its head, arms, and pelvis being allowed to fall backward ; a forceful expiration is then effected by bending up the babe over its belly, thereby compressing the thorax. Schultze's Method : the child is seized from behind with both hands, by the shoulders, in such a way that the right index finger of the operator is in the right axilla of the child from behind forward, and the left index finger in the left axilla, the thumbs hanging loosely over the clavicles. The other three fingers hang diagonally downward along the back of the thorax. The" opera- tor stands with his feet apart and holds the child as above, practically hanging on the index fingers in the first position, with the feet downward, the whole weight resting on the index fingers in the axillae, the head being supported by the ulnar borders of the hands. This is the first inspiratory position. At once the operator swings the child gently forward and up- ward. When the operator's hands are somewhat above the horizontal the child is moved gently, so that the lower end of the body falls forward toward its head. The body is not flung over, but moved gently until the lower end rests on the chest. In this position the chest and upper end of the abdomen are compressed tightly. The child's thorax rests on the tips of the thumbs of the operator. As a result of this forcible expiration the fluids usually pour out of the nose and mouth of the infant. The child is allowed to rest in this position (the first expiratory position) about one or two seconds. The operator gradually lowers his arms, the child's body bends back, and he again holds the infant hanging on his index fingers with its feet downward; this is the second inspiratory position. These movements are repeated 15 to 20 times in the minute. Sylvester' s Method, chiefly by movements of the arms. This method is valueless in asphyxia neo- natorum, owing to non-development of the pectoral muscles. A. Urticaria, a condition much resembling that seen in the autographic skin q. v. A. Vitre- ous. See Evisceration. ARTUS 140 ASCHISTODACTVLISM ARTIFICIAL FEEDING OF INFANTS. Table of Quantity Required. Age. Interval. Number of Feedings in 24 Hours. Amount of Food at Each Feeding. Total Amount in 24 Hours. 1st week, 2 hours. 10 I oz. 10 ozs. 2d to 4th week, . . . 2 " 9 l'/2 ozs. 1354" 2d to 3d month, . . 3 " 6 3 18 " 3d to 4th month, . . 3 " 6 4 " 24 " 4th to 5th month, . . 3 " 6 4-4H " 24-27 " 3 " 6 5 30 " 8th month, 3 " 6 6 36 " loth month, .... 3 8 40 " Artus {ar'-tus) [L.: //. , Artus\. A joint ; a limb; the joints collectively. Aryepiglottic (ar-e-ep-e-glot'-ik). Same as Aiyteno- epiglottic. Arytenoepiglottic {ar-i' -ten-o-ep-e-glot' -ik) \a.pvTaLva, a pitcher; eZdof, likeness; iiri, upon; yXurric;, glottis]. Relating to an arytenoid cartilage and to the epiglottis ; as the aryteno-epiglottic fold (or folds) , con- sisting of a fold of mucous membrane that extends from either arytenoid cartilage to the epiglottis. Arytenoid [ar-i-te'-noid] \apvraiva, a pitcher; u&nc, likeness]. Resembling the mouth of a pitcher. A. cartilages, two cartilages of the larynx regulating, by the means of the attached muscles, the tension of the vocal cords. A. Glands, muciparous glands found in large numbers along the posterior margin of the aryteno-epiglottidean fold in front of the arytenoid cartilages. A. Muscle, arises from the posterior sur- face of one arytenoid cartilage and is inserted into the corresponding parts of the other. It is composed of three planes of fibers, two oblique and one transverse. It draws the arytenoid cartilages together. PixyX^wnxA (ar-ith' -»ie-ah). See A?-rkythmia. Arythmic [ar-iih' -mik). See Arrhythmic Asa (a'-ja//) [Pers., asa, mastic]. A gum. A. dulcis, benzoin ; also the drug called laser. Asafetida [as-a-fef-id-ah) \_asa, gum; fcetida, stink- ing]. A resinous gum obtained from the root of Ferula nartliex and F. scordosonta. It is somewhat solu- ble in alcohol and forms an emulsion with water. Its properties are due toallyl sulphid, CgH,|)S. It is a power- ful antispasmodic, stimulant, and expectorant, and is very serviceable in hysteria and bronchial affections. Dose gr. v-xx. A. tinct., strength 20 per cent. Dose 5ss-ij. A. emplastrum, asafetida 35, lead plaster 35, galbanum 15, yellow wax 15, alcohol 120 parts. A. Enema (B. P.), asafetida and distilled water. A. mistura, a 4 per cent, emulsion. Dose ^ss-Jij. A. et magnesise mist., Dewees's carminative, magne- sium carb. 5, tinct. asafetida 7, tinct. opii I, sugar 10, aq. dest. ad 100 parts. Dose _^ss-^ss. A. pilulae, contain each gr. iij of asafetida and gr. j of soap. Dose j-iv. A. et Aloes pil., have gr. l '/j of each ingredient. A. pil. comp. (B. P.). Galbani pil. comp. SeeGalbanum. A»i//ioiiite/cetidus spt. , contains asafetida 11-2, liq. ammoniae fort. 2, spirit 20 parts. Dose ijss-j. Unof. Asagrea, or Asagraea {as-a-gre' -ah) [Asa Gray, an American botanist]. A genus of melanthaceous herbs. A. officinalis. See Cebadilla. Asak {as'-ak). See Saraca indica. Asaphatum (as-af'-at-um) [Arab.]. An old name for comedones. Asaphia (as-af-i' -ah) [affa(pEra, indistinctness]. Indis- tinctness of utterance, especially that due to cleft palate. Asaprol (as' -ap-rol), Ca(OH.CioHgS03)2,3Aq. Cal- cium-/3-naphthol- a -mono- sulphonate, a substance readily soluble in water and alcohol , and recommended as an antiseptic in 5 per cent, solution. It is also used in acute articular rheumatism in doses of from 15 to 60 grains. Asarabacca (as-ar-ah-ak' -ah) [a priv. ; aetpa, a band ; bacca, a berry]. The plant Asarum europaum, an errhin, aperient, and emetic. Unof. Asarcia (ah-sar' -se-ah) [d priv.; aap^, flesh]. Ema- ciation ; leanness. Asarin (as'-ar-in). Same as Asarone. Asarkia [ah-sar' -ke-ah). See Asarcia. Asarol (as'-ar-ol) \h.aapov, asarabacca; oleum, oil], CipHjgO. A camphor-like body derived from asarum. Asarone (as'-ar-dn) \_haapov, asarabacca], C2(,H,2g05. Asarin. The solid component of the oil from Asarum europceum . It forms monoclinic prisms, melting at 61°, and boils at 295°. It has an aromatic taste, and smells like camphor. Asarum {as'-ar-nm) \_aaapov, asarabacca]. A genus of aristolochiaceous plants. A. europaeum has diaph- orectic, emetic, purgative, and diuretic qualities, but is now little used except in veterinary practice. A. canadense, called wild ginger, Canada snakeroot, with other N. American species, are used chiefly in domestic practice. A. canadense is a fragrant, aro- matic stimulant. Dose of fld. ext. tT\, xv-gss. Unof. Asbestos (as-bes'-tos) [d(7,.5c(jrof, unquenchable]. A mineral more or less flexible and fibrous. It is used in mechanical dentistry, mixed with plaster, as a substi- tute for sand, to form the investment preparatory to soldering. In surgery, it has also a limited use. Ascariasis [as-kar-i'-as-is) [aanapii^cLv, to jump]. The symptoms produced by the presence of ascarides in the gastro-intestinal canal. Ascaricide (as-har'-is-id) \_ascaris, a mite; ccedere, to kill]. A medicine that kills ascarides. Ascarides (as-kar' -id-ez). See Thread-worms. Ascaridiasis [as-kar-id-i' -as-is) \aaK.apiL,iLv, to jump]. The presence of ascarides in the intestine. Ascaris (as' -kar-is) \aciiapi(,tiv to jump : //. , Ascaridei\. A genus of the family Ascarides. Parasitical worms inhabiting the bodies, and especially the intestines, of most animals. A. lumbricis, is found in the ox, hog and man. It inhabits the small intestine, especi- ally of children. A. mystax, the round-worm of the cat, and A. alata have rarely been found in man. A. vermicularis, a synonym of Oxyuris ver- micularis. See Parasites, Table of. Ascending (as-end'-ing) \_ascendere, to rise]. Taking an upward course (as parts of the aorta, and colon, and as one of the vencecavne). A. Current, in electricity, one going from the periphery to a nerve-center. A. Metamorphosis. Same as Anabolism. A. Para- lysis. See Paralysis. Ascherson's Vesicles. The peculiar small globules formed when oil and an albuminous fluid are agitated together. Formerly thought to be cells. Ascheturesis ( as-ket-u-re' -sis ) [ aax^ro^, resistless ; ol'l»imc, urination]. An uncontrollable desire to urinate; irrepressible urination. Aschistodactylism (as-kis-to-dal:'-til-izm)\JiaxiaTO(;,-an- cloven ; (M/cru/lof , a finger] . A synonym of Syndacty- lism. ASCIA 141 , ASEXUAL Ascia ia' -se-ah or as^-ke-aK) [a priv. ; okici, shadow]. Fascia spiralis ; dolabra currens ; a spiral bandage applied without reverses, each turn of which overlaps the preceding for about a third of its width. Dolabra repcns, is the same as the preceding, in which, how- ever, the spirals are formed more obliquely, and do not overlap each other, but are separated by a greater or less interval. Ascidium [as-id' -e-um^ \a(5K.i&iov, dim. of acKoc, a wine- skin] . In biology, a pitcher, or a pitcher-shaped organ, as in the pitcher plant or bladder wort. Asciferous (as-if -er-ics) [offKOf, a bladder (spec. , a spore case) ; ferre, to bear]. Producing asci. Ascigerous [as-ij'-er-us) \_asi iis, a spore case ; gerei-e, to bear]. Ascus-bearing. Ascites [as-i'-tez] [ocr/c/rz/f, a kind of dropsy ; from (jff/cof, a bag]. An abnormal collection of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity ; dropsy of the peritoneum. It is either local in origin or a part of a general dropsy. The ascitic fluid is usually clear, yellow, coagulating on standing, and if renal in origin contains urea. It may be turbid, blood-stained, and contain lymph-particles or shreds. There is a uniform enlargement of the ab- domen, fluctuation, percussion-dulness, etc. A. adi- posus. A milky appearance of ascitic fluid due to the presence in it of numerous cells that have undergone fatty degeneration and solution. It is seen in certain cases of cancer, tuberculosis, or chronic inflammation of the peritoneum. A. chylosus. The presence of chyle in a greater or less degree of purity in ascitic fluid. It follows rupture of the chyle duct. Ascitic, Ascitical [as-it'-ik, as-it' -ik-al) [affK/r?;f, a kind of dropsy]. Pertaining to or affected with ascites. Asclepiad (as-kic'-pc-ad) ['A(TK/l7/TWfS;;f, a Greek poet]. In ancient Greece, any priest of Asclepias (^scula- pius),of the family or class that claimed descent from that hero or demigod. The Asclepiads were also physicians, at least in some period of their history. Asclepiadin (as-kle-pi' -ad-iii) [(i(7hA?;7riOf ] . A bitter glucosid obtainable from various species of Asclepias. It is poisonous, with emetic, purgative, and sudorific effects. Unof. Asclepias (as-kle' -pe-as) [(io-KA;/-(of]. Pleurisy Root. The root of Asclepias tubcrosa. A popular remedy in the Southern States for pleurisy. A powerful diapho- retic and a moderate emetic and cathartic. The in- fusion recommended has a strength of of the powdered root to ,^ xxxij of water. Dose, a teacupful every three or four hours. Unof. Also, A. curassavica, Blood flower, an herb common to tropical America ; astringent, styptic, and anthelmintic against the tape- worm. A popular remedy for checking capillary hemorrhage. Dose of fld. ext. 5j-ij ; of the drug, gr. xx-xl. Unof. Many other species of this genus have active medicinal qualities, at present but little under, stood. Asclepin [as-kle' -pin) [aaKlT]iTL6g'\. i. A poisonous principle obtainable from asclepiadin by the separation of ghicose from the latter. It is a heart paralyzant, with reputed alterative, purgative, and diaphoretic effects. It is offensive to the taste and smell. Unof. 2. The precipitate from a tincture o{ Asclepias tuberosa ; alterative, evacuant, tonic, sedative. Dose grs. ii-iv. Unof. Ascocarp (as' -ko-karp) [nfjKof, a bag; KapTxoc,, fruit]. In biology, the organ that in Ascomycetes and Lichenes produces ascospores. Ascococcus {as-ko-kok' -Its'] {aoKoq, a leather bag; KOKKog, a kernel]. A genus of the family of Schizo- mycetes. The ascococci are microorganisms made up of round or ovoid cells ; with elements united in massive colonies, surrounded by tough, thick, gelatin- ous envelops. A. Billrothii, found in putrefied meat; its natural habitat is the air; zymogenic, probably not pathogenic. See Bacteria., Table of. Ascogenous [as-koj' -en-us) [d(j«:oc, a bag ; ytvr/q, pro- ducing]. In biology, producing asci. Ascogonium [as-ko-go' -ne-iiiii) [(icr/i-df, a bag ; yovdf, pro- ducing] . In biology, the corkscrew-shaped female organ of the mould-fungi. It is formed by several fine branches given off from a mycelium ; an archicarp, or, generally, an imperfectly developed carpogonium. Ascomyceter (as-ko-mi-se'-tei-) [(wk.6q, a bag; fi'viujq, mushroom]. In biology, a group of fungi including morchella, helvella, leotia, etc. , which have cup-shaped depressions, lacunre, and sinuosities. Aspergillus, penicillium, and oidium belong here. Ascophora [as-koff'-o-rah) [dffKor, a bag ; (jiepeiv, to bear]. A genus of fungi. A. elegans, a vegetable growth occasionally found in the ear; bread-mould. A. mucedo, a microscopic fungus, of which the mould of bread is an example. Ascophora (as'-ko-/dr) [d(T/cdf, a bag; (j>ep£lv, to bear]. The spore-bearing stage, surface, or hyphae of a fungus. Ascospore (as' -ko-spor) [dcKdj, a bag; anopot;, seed]. In biology a spore produced by or in an ascus. Ascus (as'-kus) [dtTKOf, a bag, or bladder]. In biology, the characteristic spore case of some fungi and lichens, usually consisting of a single terminal cell containing eight spores. Ascyphous (as'-if-us) [a priv.; /t) [d priv. ; ar/Tv-oc, septic]. The doctrine or principles of aseptic surgery. Asepticity (a/i-sep-/is'-il-e) [d priv. ; criTTTuc, septic]. Quality of being aseptic. Asepticize (ah-sep'-tis-iz) [d priv. ; arinToq, septic]. To render aseptic ; to free from the power of conveying septic poison. Aseptin (ah-sep' -tin) [d priv.; oriTTToq, septic]. A secret preparation containing boric acid, used for preserving articles of food. Aseptizable (ah-sep' -tiz-a-bl) [d priv. ; oi-roc, septic]. Susceptible of being rendered aseptic. Aseptol (ah-sep' -tol) [d priv. ; arinrog, septic], QH^- SO^. Sulphocarbolic acid; sozolic acid. A reddish liquid, with an odor of carbolic acid, recommended as a disinfectant and antiseptic. It is used externally (l : looo), and internally in about the same dose as carbolic acid. Asexual (ah-seks' -tt-al) [d priv. ; sexits, sex]. With- out sex ; non-sexual. ASH 142 ASPIRATE Ash (ash) [ME. asch']. See Fraxiuus. A. manna. See Fraxinus. A., Poison. See Chioiiaiil/iiis . A., Prickly. See Xaiilhoxylujii. Asialia [as-e-a' -le-ah) [a priv. ; aia'Aov, spittle]. Defect or failure of tlie secretion of saliva. Asialorrhea [as-e-al-or-e' -ah) . .Same as Asialia. Asiatic (a-ze-at'-ik) [Asia]. Pertaining or belonging to Asia. A. Cholera." See Cholera. A. Pill, a method of administering arsenic in skin diseases. The formula is, arsenious acid gr. ij ; black pepper, powdered licorice, each gr. xxxij ; mucilage q. s. M. et ft. pil. no. xxxij. S. One to be taken t. d. after meals. Asimina {as-iiii-e' -7iah) [L.]. A genus of trees. A. triloba. The papaw or pawpaw tree of North America, bearing an edible fruit. Asiminin [as-i/ii'-iii-iii) \_asi!/ii>ia'\. An alkaloid de- rived from the seeds of Asimina t) Holm. It has active medicinal properties but is not much used. Unof. Asitia {ali-sish' -e-ali) \ji priv. ; alrof;, food]. The want of food. Also a loathing for food. Asmegmatia (ali-smeg-ma' -she-ali) [a priv. ; afir/yfia, an unguent]. Deficiency or lack of smegma. Asomata {ali-so' -inat-ah) \a priv. ; aidjia, body]. A species of omphalositic monster characterized by an absence of the trunk. The head is never well-formed, and the vessels run from it to the placenta in the membranes. Beneath the head is a sac in which rudiments of body organs may be found. This is the rarest form of omphalosites. Also called Acardiacus acormus. Asomia [ali-so' -me-ali). See Acormns. Aspalasoma ias-pal-as-o' -mah') [acTra/'iftf, mole ; aujia, body]. A variety of single autositic monsters of the species celosoma, in which there is a lateral or median eventration occupying principally the lower portion of the abdomen, witli the urinary apparatus, the genital apparatus, and the rectum opening externally by three distinct orifices. Asparagin (as-pw' -ag-iji) [nffTrapaj'or, asparagus], QH^N./ 1^. H.,0.,. An alkaloid isomeric with malamid. It is found in the seeds of many plants, in asparagus, beet root, peas and beans. It forms shining, four- sided, rhombic prisms, readily soluble in hot water, but not in alcohol or ether. It is an amid of aspartic acid, and forms compounds with both acids and bases. It is diuretic and sedative to the circulation. Dose gr. j-vj. Asparagus \as-pai''-ag iis) [aawapayn^, asparagus]. The green root of Asparagus officinalis, a mild diuretic. Dose of fld. ext. Jss-j. Unof. Aspartic Acid (as-par'-tik). See Acid. Asper-artery [as' -per-ar' -ter-e) [arieria aspera, rough artery]. The trachea. Aspergilliform (as-per-jil' -if-onn) \_aspergere, to sprin- kle ; forma, shape]. In biology, shaped like the brush used to sprinkle holy water ; as the stigmas of many grasses. Aspergillus (as-per-jil' -us) \aspergere, to scatter]. A nominal genus of fungi, probably containing only the conidial forms of Eurotiiim. A. auricularis, a fun- gus found in the wax of the ear. A. fumigatus, found in the ear, nose, and lungs. A. glaucus, the bluish mould found, e. g., upon dried fruit. A. mucoroides, a species found in tuberculous or gan- grenous lung tissue. Aspergillusmycosis (as-per-jil' -iis-mi-ko' -sis). See Otom vcosis. Asperifoliate (as-per-if-o' -Ic-at) \asper, rough ; folium, a leaf]. With leaves producing a sensation of rough- ness when handled. Aspermatia (ah-sper-ma' -she-ali), \!i priv. ; anepixa, seed] . Aspermatism. Aspermatic (ah-sper-mat' -ik) [a priv. ; antpjia, seed]. Affected with or relating to aspermatism. Aspermatism (aJi-sper' -mat-izm) [a priv. ; cTTTf/j/za, seed]. Non-emission of semen, whether ovv'ing to non-secretion or non-ejaculation. Aspermous (ah-sper' -miis) [o priv. ; airtpfia, seed]. Without seed. Aspersion (as-per' -zhwi) \_aspcrsio, aspergere, to sprin- kle]. Treatment of disease by sprinkling with a medicinal agent, or by dropping a medicine slowly upon the body or part affected. Asperula (as-pcr' -u-lah) [L.]. A genus of rubiaceous plants, of which the European woodruff (A. odorata) is an example. This plant is a fragrant aromatic, rich in coumarin, and has diaphoretic and astringent qualities. The Maitrank or Maimein of the Germans is flavored witli this herb. Unof. Asphalt (as' -fait) \hoi^a'kTov , bitumen]. Bitumen (q. v.). Asphalt is now scarcely used in medicine, but a varnish prepared with it is employed in making cells for use in microscopy. Asphyctic (ffj-/?/"'-///^), or Asphyctous (as-fk'-ttis) [a priv. ; avKTO(;, pulseless]. I. Producing asphyxia. 2. An agent capable of produc- ing asphyxia. Asphyxiate (as-fiks' -e-at) \h priv. ; a(l>{>^eiv, to pulsate]. To produce or cause asphyxia; to suffocate, or to nearly suffocate. Aspic (as'-pik) \_a and spic, lavender spike]. The great lavender, or spike lavender, Lavandula spica. Its oil is at present used in veterinary practice and occasionally in liniments. Unof. Aspidium (as-pid'-e-um) [L. : gen. Aspidii]. A genus of ferns, known as shield-ferns. There are many recognized species. The rhizome of several species of A., especially A. marginale, Filix mas, or male fern. Its properties are due to a resin containing filicilic acid. It is valuable chiefly as a vermicide against tape- worm. Dose 3ss-§ss. A. Oleoresina, an ethereal extract. Dosegss-j. Extractum Filicis Liquidum (B. P.). Dose Tt\^ xv-_;^j. Aspidosamin (as-pid-os' -am-in) [ddTr/f , a shield ; n-tpiia, a seed], C^^H^kN/).^. A basic principle, from quebracho bark. Emetic. Unof. Aspidosperma (as-pid-o-sper'-tnali) [iwiil^, a shield ; OTTFpiia, seed]. A genus of apocynaceous trees, of which the Quebracho is the most important. Aspidosperrhatin (as-pid-o-spei-' -mat-in) [acTr/f, a shield; (7Tfp//a, seed]. A basic substance, from que- bracho bark, said to be isomeric with aspidosamin and to depress the temperature when administered. Unof. Aspidospermin (as-pid-o-sper' -min) \jwKiQ, shield ; mrepiia, seed], Q.^Hj^N.p.,. An alkaloid extracted from Quebracho, I/. V. (Aspidosperma quebracho). It has the general effects of quebracho. Unof. Aspirate (as'-pir-at) [^ad, to; spirare, to breathe]. Any consonant sound that is aspirated or pronounced with a rough breathing. See Consonants. ASPIRATION 143 ASTHMA Aspiration (as-pir-a' -shun) \_acl, to ; spirare, to breathe]. Used as a synonym of inspiration, also of imbibition. Tlie act of using the aspirator. A method of withdrawing tlie fluids and gases from a wound, or- gan or cavity. A. of Cataract Extraction. See Extraction of Cataract , Suction JMethoJ'. A. Theory (of Weber and Hasner), the theory that accounts for the transmission of tears into the nose by suction into the lachrymal sac through the rarefaction of the air in the nose during inspiration. Aspirator (as'-pir-a-tor) \_ai/, to; x//ra;Y, to breathe] . An instrument for withdrawing the contents of an abscess, tumor, etc. , without the admission of air. Asplenium (ah-sple' -ne-iiiii) [a priv. ; o-7rX?/i;,' spleen ; a plant of this name was once thought to destroy the spleen]. A genus of ferns called spleen- worts, or miltwastes. A. ceterach and A. filix-femina for- merly had a great repute as medicines, but are now little used. Unof. Asporogenic (ah-spor-o-jen' -ik) [(i priv. ; OKopd, seed; yevlig, producing] . Not reproducing by means of spores; not producing spores. Assafetida {as-a-fet'-id-ah). '&tt Asafetida. Assalini's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Assault {as-aiiilt') \_assaiire, to assail]. An attack. A., Criminal, in medical jurisprudence, the touching or attempting to touch, on the part of a male, any of the sexual organs (the breasts included) of a female, against her will, even though they be covered by clothing. Assibilation [as-ib-il-a' -shitn) \_assibilare, to whisper to] . The utterance of sounds with a sibilant or hiss- ing quality. Assideration (as-id-er-a^ -s/iun) \_ad, intensive ; sidera- tio,&x\ evil influence]. In forensic medicine, infanti- cide by immersing in ice-water. Assimilable [as-ini' -il-a-bl) [assi/milare, to make like]. Capable of being assimilated ; nutritious. Assimilation {as-i/n-il-a'-s/iitn) \assimulare, to make like]. The process of transforming food into such a nutrient condition that it is taken up by the circula- tory system, to form an integral part of the economy ; synthetic or constructive metabolism ; anabolism. In biology, the formation of carbohydrate from water and carbon dio.xid by the agency of chlorophyll. A., Mental, the mental reception of impressions and their assignment by the consciousness to their proper place. A., Primary, that concerned in the conversion of food into chyle and blood. A., Secondary, that relating to the formation of the organized tissues of the body. Associated ias-o' -se-a-ted) \_associatus ,\x'i\\X.e.A'\. Joined. A. Antagonist. See Antagonist. A. Movements, coincident or consensual movements of other muscles than the leading one, and which by habit or unity of purpose are involuntarily connected with its action. Both eyeballs move alike in reading, though one be a blind eye. Movement of the normal arm will some- times produce slight motion of the opposite paralyzed arm. Uniformity of innervation is usually the cause of these movements. A. Paralysis, a common para- lysis of associated muscles. Assurgent [as-er' -jent) . See Ascending. Assurin [as'-u-rin), C^^U^^^i.^V.f)^. A name given by Thudichum to a complex substance occurring in brain tissue, classed as a di-nitrogenized diphosphatid. Astacolith (as-tak' -o-lith) [atrrahof, a crab; XSoi,, a stone] . A concretion obtainable from the stomach of a European craw-fish, Astacus fliiviatilis, and often gathered from brooks. These are called Crabs' Eyes, and Eye-stones, q.v. Astasia (as-ta' -se-ali) \a priv. ; araaiQ, standing]. Motor incoordination for standing. See Abasia. A. Abasia, a symptom consisting in inability to stand or walk in a normal manner. Asteatodes (as-te-at-o' -dez) [a priv. ; areap, tallow ; cj(S//f, fullness]. Deficient in the secretion of the sebaceous glands. Asteatosis [as-te-at-o' -sis) \Ji priv. ; areap, tallow ; a)(5//f, fullness]. I. A deficiency or absence of the sebaceous secretion. 2. Any skin disease (as xero- derma) characterized by scantiness or lack of the sebaceous secretion. A. cutis, a condition of di- minished sebaceous secretion, as the result of which the skin becomes dry, scaly, and often fissured. Aster [as'-tcr) \_aster, a star]. I. An extensive genus of composite flowered plants, mainly N. American. A. cordifolius is a nervin and antispasmodic. A. pumiceus is stimulant and diuretic. Unof. 2. See Karyokinesis, Alotlier-star, Dyaster, Amphiaster, and Cytaster. Asterion (as-te' -re-on) . See Craniometrical Points. Asternal (ah-ster' -nal) [a priv.; aripvor, the breast bone]. Not connected with the sternum. A. Ribs, the five lower pairs, because not joined directly to the sternum. Asternia {ah-sler' -ne-ah) [li priv. ; arkpvov, the breast- bone]. Absence of the sternum. Asteroid [as' -ter-oid ) \ami]p, a star ; cl&oc, resem- blance]. I. Shaped like a star. 2. In biology, with radiate lobes. Asthenia [as-the' -ne-ah, or as-tke-ni' -ak) [aaStveia ; a priv. ; cBi'voi, strength]. General loss or absence of strength ; adynamia. Asthenic (as-then' -ik) [a priv.; aOipo^, strength]. Characterized by asthenia. Asthenometer (iis-then-om' -et-er) l_aa6eveia, want of strength; /itrpoi', a measure]. An instrument for de- tecting and measuring asthenia; especially, a device for measuring muscular asthenopia. Asthenopia (as-then-o' -pe-ah)\a priv. ; afthog, strength ; ii'ip, eye]. Weakness, speedy fatigue of the ocular muscles or visual powers, due to errors of refraction, insufficiency, over-use, anemia, etc. A., Accommo- dative, due to hyperopia, astigmatism, or a combina- tion of the two, producing strain of the ciliary muscle. A., Muscular, due to weakness, incoordination (het- erophoria), or strain of the external ocular muscles. A., Retinal, or Nervous, a rare variety, caused by retinal hyperesthesia, anesthesia, or other abnormality , or by general nervous affections. Asthenopic (as-tlien-op' -ik) [a priv. ; aOsvo^, strength ; ui/i, eye]. Characterized by asthenopia. Asthma \az'-mali) I_du6/Lia, panting]. Paroxysmal or intermittent dyspnea, generally accompanied by cough, bronchial secretion, and a feeling of constriction and suffocation. The etiology is obscure, being ascribed to heredity, nasal disease, gout, exhalations of plants and atmospheric impurities, colds, etc. It is undoubt- edly a neurosis, the spasm of the muscular tissue of the bronchial tubes being due either to central or to peripheral nervous irritation. The duration of a paroxysm may be from two to six hours to four or five nights. When dependent upon disease of the heart, the kidneys, .stomach, thymus, etc., it has been designated, cardiac, renal, peptic, thymic, etc. A. convulsivum. Synonym of Bronchial Asthma. A. Crystals, acicular crystals contained in the sputum of asthmatic patients. A. dyspepticum, is due to nervous reflexes through the vagus. A., Grinders'. Same as Fibroid Phthisis. A., Hay. See Hay P'ever. A., Heberden's, angina pectoris. A., Kopp's, spasm of the glottis. A., Marine. See Beriberi. A., Millar's. See Laryngismus stridulus. A., Miner's. See Anthi-acosis. A. nervosum. ASTHMATIC 144 ATAVISM Synonym o{ Bro/ii/u'n/ Ast/imti. A., Thymic. Syn- onym of Laiyngisinus stridulus. A. uteri. Syn- onym of Hysteria. Asthmatic \az-niat' -ik) \_aodyLa, ■\^^n'i\ng\. Relating to or affected with asthma. Astigmagraph {as-tig' -»ia-graf) \a priv. ; cTiyjia, a point; ;7)o0f(i', to write]. An instrument for illustrat- ing the phenomena of astigmatism. Astigmatic [as-ti^-mat' -ik) \_h priv. ; ariyiia, a point]. Pertaining to or affected with astigmatism. Astigmatism (as-tig' -inat-izm) [« priv. ; aTiyna, a point, because rays of light from a point are never brought to a point by the refractive media of the eye] . That condition of the eye wherein homocentric rays of light are not brought to a focus by the media. It is usually due to inequality of curvature of the different merid- ians of the cornea (corneal A.), but may be caused by imperfections of the lens (lenticular), unequal con- Diagram Illustrating ths Formation of Astigmatic Images. The figures below give the images corresponding to the posi- tions of the perpendicular lines above. The vertical rays are brought to a focus anterior to the horizontal. V. = ver- tical rays ; H. = horizontal. traction of the ciliary muscle, or may perhaps be due to retinal imperfection. It may be acquired or con- genital, and may complicate hypermetropia or myopia, producing either simple hypermetropic A., in which one principal meridian is emmetropic, the other hyper- metropic ; or compound hypermetropic A., in which both meridians are hypermetropic, but one more so than the other. Complicating myopia, we may in the same way have simple myopic or compound myopic A. In mixed A., one principal meridian is myopic, the other hypermetropic. Regular A. is when the two principal meridians are at right angles to each other. Irregular A., when different parts of a meridian have different refracting powers. Astigmatometer (as-tig-mat-om' -et-er) [« priv. ; oTiy/ia, a point ; fxsTpov, a measure] . An instrument for measuring the degree of astigmatism. Astigmometer [as-tig-mom'-et-er). See Astigmatom- eter. Astigmometry [as-tig-mom' -et-re) [a priv. ; CTiy/ia, a point ; |Werpov, a measure] . The measurement of astig- matism. Astomous (a/i-sto'-miis) [d priv. ; ard/ia, mouth]. In biology, without a mouth or aperture. Astragalectomy (as-trag-al-ek' -to-nie) \a(!rpaya\o^, astragalus ; tuTOjiij, excision]. Surgical excision of the astragalus. Astragaloscaphoid (as-trag-al-o-skaf'-oid^ \aaTpaya- 'tioQ, astragalus; (7Ka(jio(i.6rf^, like a boat]. Relating to the astragalus and the scaphoid bone. Astragalotibial {as-trag-al-o-tib' -e-al) \a(tTpaya7.n(;, astragalus ; tihia, the shin-bone]. Relating to the astragalus and the tibia. Astragalus {as-trag' -al-tis) [d(Trp(i)'a?iof, a dice ; the ana- logous bones of the sheep were used by the ancients as dice]. The ankle-bone, upon which the tibia rests. Also, a genus of leguminous plants from some varieties of which gum tragacanth is derived. A. mollissi- mus, Loco' Plant. The active principle of this plant has mydriatic properties. Unof. Astrapaphobia {as-trap-af-o' -be-ali) [dorpa-/), light- ning; oo/?of, fear]. Morbid and unreasonable fear of lightning. Astraphobia {as-trah-fo' -be-ah). See Astrapaphobia. Astriction [as-trik' -shun) \_astrictio ; ad, to ; stringere, to bind] . Constipation or any condition resulting from the use of astringents. Astringency {as-trin' -jen-se) \_ad, to ; stringei-e, to bind]. The quality of being astringent. Astringent {as-trin' -jent) \_ad, to ; stringere, to bind]. I. Causing contraction; binding. 2. An agent pro- ducing contraction of organic tissues, or that arrests hemorrhages, diarrheas, etc. Tannin, alum, opium, alcohol, the salts of silver, lead, etc., are examples. Astrokinetic {as-tro-kin-ef -ik) [acrpov, a star ; kivecv, to move] . In biology, applied by Ryder to the pheno- mena of motion as exhibited by the centrosomes of cells. Astrostatic {as-tro-stat' -ik') \h(jTpov, a star ; loTaadai, to stand]. In biology, applied by Ryder to the resting condition of the centrosomes of cells. Asylum [as-i'-luDi) \_asyhim, a place of refuge]. An institution for the support, safe-keeping, cure, or edu- cation of those incapable of caring for themselves, such as the insane, the blind, etc. A. Ear. See Hematoma auris, and Ear Deformities . Asymbolia (ah-sim-bo' -le-ah) [d priv. ; avfifSokov, sym- bol]. The loss of all power of communication, even by signs or symbols. Asymmetry (ah-siin' -et-re) [d priv. ; nvfifierpla, sym- metry]. I. Unlikeness of corresponding organs or parts of opposite sides of the body that are normally of the same size, etc., as e.g., asymmetry of the two halves of the skull or brain. 2. The linking of carbon atoms to four different groups ; the combination of carbon atoms with different atoms or atomic groups. Asynergia (ah-sin-er' -je-ah) [d priv. ; avvepyta, co- operation]. Faulty coordination of the different or- gans or muscles normally acting in unison. Asynesia (as-in-e'-ze-a/i) [dcrui'fO'/a, stupidity] . Stupid- ity ; loss or disorder of mental power. Asynodia (ah-sin-o'-de-ah) [d priv. ; avvodia, a travel- ling together]. Impotence. Asystematic {ah-sis-tem-at' -i/;) [d priv. ; a'varrjfia, system] . Diffuse ; not restricted to any one or several systems of nerve fibers ; applied to nervous diseases that are general. Asystole (ak-sis'-to-le) [d priv ; (riwro/i?;, a shortening]. Absence or imperfection of the cardiac systole, due to feebleness, dilatation, etc., of the heart. Asystolic (ah-sis-to/'-i/c) [d priv ; avoToTiij, a .shorten- ing]. Marked by, due to, or suffering from asystole. Asystolism {ah-sis' -tol-izm') [d priv. ; rriioro/.?/, a shorten- ing]. Inability of the right ventricle of the heart to empty itself of its contents, a condition encountered in the last stages of mitral incompetence. See Asystole. Asystoly [ak-sis'-to-le). Same as Asystole. Atactic {at-ak'-tic) [dra/trof, irregular]. Irregular, incoordinate. Pertaining to muscular incoordination, especially in aphasia. Also applied to atypical fevers. Atavic (at-av'-ik) [atai'us, a forefather]. Relating to or characterized by atavism. Atavism {at' -av-izm) \_atavus, a forefather]. The re- appearance of an anomaly, physical, mental, or patho- logic, in an individual whose more or less remote ATAVISTIC 145 ATHEROMASIA progenitors were similarly affected, but in whose immediate ancestors it had not been shown. Atavistic {at-av-is'-tik). Same as Atavic. Ataxaphasia (^at-aks-af-a' -ze-ali). See Aphasia. Ataxia (at-aks'-e-ah) \aTaiia, want of order]. The word means primarily irregularity or want of order, but it is most commonly used to express incoordination of muscular action ; an excess or deficiency in contrac- tion of the various muscles concerned in a given action. Both static and locomotor ataxia are prominent symp- toms of tabes or disease of the posterior columns of the cord, but it is absurd to speak of ataxia as if it were a disease itself, instead of being only one of many symp- toms of many diseases. A., Briquet's, a hysterical state marked by loss of sensation in the skin and in the leg muscles. A. cordis. -See Delirium co)-dis. A. of Drunkards. See Polyneuritis potatorum. A., Family. See A. , Hereditary. A., Hereditary, Friedreich's ataxia, a family disease of children and the young. See Friedreich'' s Disease. A., Locomotor, the failure of muscular coordination as regards movements, and especially in walking. A., Motor, inability to coordinate the muscles in walking. A., Signs of. I. Romberg [ox Brach-Rombej-g sign)., swaying of the body with closed eyes. 2. Signe de cloche-pied ; standing on one leg with open eyes, and with closed eyes. The ataxic finds difficulty in standing upon one foot while the other is raised from the ground, particularly when the eyes are closed. 3. Sign of crossing the legs ; in crossing the legs a normal person raises the one leg to the level of the other knee and deposits the former upon the latter. The ataxic raises the one leg a considerable distance above the other knee, and in depositing the former upon the latter makes the arc of a large circle. 4. Sign '^de r escalier ; sign of descending stall's ; difficulty in descending stairs experienced by the ataxic. 5. Marching at command; a. march! h. halt ! c. about face ! a. When an ataxic that has been seated is told to walk, he manifests uncertainty or hesitation in his effort, first on rising, to gain his equilibrium. b. The marching ataxic finds great difficulty and is likely not to succeed in halting with precision Vhen commanded to do so. c. The ataxic patient cannot turn about face with the same promptitude and the same certainty as the normal individual. 6. WestphaF s sign : abolition of the knee-jerk. A., Static,- the failure of muscular coordination in standing still, or in fixed positions of the limbs. A., Thermal, peculiar large and irregular fluctuations of the body temperature, due to a condition of incoordination, or a disordered or weakened thermotaxic mechanism. This may give rise to the so-called paradoxic or hysterical temperatures, rising occasionally to 108° or 110° F., without grave or permanent injury. Ataxiagram {at-aks' -e-a-grani) [liraf/a, want of order ; ypafifia, a marking] . A line drawn by a patient suff'er- ing with an ataxial disease. The patient's eyes are open or closed and he attempts to make a straight line. The character of the deviations from a straight line that result are conceived to have a certain diagnostic value. Ataxiamnesia {at-aks-e-am-ne' -ze-ah) [araf/a, want of order; o/u7/crf«, forgetfulness]. Muscular ataxia with loss of or impairment of memory. Ataxic [at-aks'-ik) [draf/a, want of order]. I. Per- taining to or affected with ataxia. 2. A person affected with ataxia. A. Aphasia. Aphasia. A. Fever. Synomyn of Typhus Fever, q. v. Ataxophemia {at-aks-o-fe' -7ne-ah) [d-af/a, want of order; (^ijfii, to speak]. Lack of coordination in speech. 10 Ataxy (at-aks'-e). See Ataxia. Atelectasis (at-el-ek' -tas-is') [dre/l^f, imperfect ; iKracic, expansion]. Pulmonary collapse, with failure of the air to enter the vesicles. It may be either acquired (apneumatosis), or fetal. The condition is due not to disease of the lungs, but to nerve injuries, weakness, etc. In fetal cases the lung has never been inflated, whilst in apneumatosis it has been inflated. Atelectatic [at-el-ek-taf -ili) [drf///f, imperfect ; tKraoi^, expansion] . Relating to or characterized by atelec- tasis. Ateleocephalous ((7/-6'/-f-(?-jf/"^-«/-?/.i ) [ore/i//f, imperfect; K£(j)aAij, head]. Having the skull or head more or less incomplete. Atelia (at-el-i'-ali) [nri/l.f(a, imperfection]. A terato- logic term for imperfection or failure of development of some part of the fetus. The word is compounded with others to designate the member wanting, as atelocardia, etc., expressing such a defect of the heart, etc. Atelocardia (at-el-o-kar' -de-ali) [dreA/zf , imperfect ; urifii^ia, heart]. An imperfect or undeveloped state of the heart ; cardiatelia. Atelocheilia (at-el-o-ki' -le-ah) [dreA^f, imperfect ; \ii'/.oq, lip]. Defective development of a lip. Atelochiria (at-el-o-ki' -re-ah) [drEA//f, imperfect ; x^'Pi hand]. Deficiency in the development of the hand. Ateloencephalia (at-el-o-en-sef-a' -le-ah) \JiTtkl]q, incom- plete ; hyKt^a'Kov, brain]. Incomplete development of the brain. Ateloglossia (at-el-o-glos' -e-ah) [drE/l?/f, imperfect ; y'/.uaaa, tongue]. Congenital defect in the tongue. Atelognathia (at-cl-og-na' -the-ah) [dreAv/f, imperfect ; yvixdoq, jaw]. Imperfect development of a jaw, espec- ially of the lower jaw. Atelomyelia (at-el-o-mi-e'-le-ali) [drf/l/;f, imperfect ; Ixve'Aoi;, marrow]. Congenital defect or incomplete- ness of the spinal cord. Atelopodia [at-el-o-po'-de-ah) [d-fAz/f , imperfect ; tto'v^, foot]. Defective development of the foot. Ateloprosopia [at-el-o-pro-so'-pe-ah) [dreA^/f, incom- plete ; TTpuauTTov, face]. Incomplete facial develop- ment. Atelorrhachidia {at-el-o-rak-id' -e-ah) {(LTEkr)^, imper- fect; pdx'C, spine]. Imperfect development of the spinal column, as in spina bifida. Atelostomia (at-el-o-sto' -me-ah) [drfP^f, incomplete ; OTofia, mouth]. Incomplete development of the mouth. Athalamous (ah-thal' -am-us) [dpriv.; ^?d/lo//of, a bed]. Absence of the optic thalamus. In biology, without apothecia, as certain lichens. Athalline [d priv. ; feAAdf, a frond] . In biology, destitute of a thallus. Athelasmus (ah-thel-az' -mus) [d priv. ; Brj7iafjii6c, a suckling]. Inability to give suck, from defect or want of the nipples. Athelia [ah-the' -le-ah) [d priv.; Qrfkr], a nipplel. Ab- sence of the nipple. Athermasia (ah-ther-ma' -ze-ah) [d priv. ; 6epim(yia, heat]. Lack or deficiency of heat. Atheroma, (ath-er-o'-mah) [drtz/p;?, gruel ; tumor]. Primarily, a soft encysted tumor ; more commonly, the fatty degeneration of the walls of the arteries in con- sequence of chronic arteritis, and called atheromatous degeneration. Atheromatous abscess, resulting from chronic arteritis, is a collection of soft matter beneath the intima, while an atheromatous ulcer is formed by the abscess breaking through the intima. Atheromasia [ath-er-o-ma' -ze-ah) \adr/puij.a, an athero- matous tumor]. Atheromatous degeneration ; the condition of atheroma. ATHEROMATOUS 14B ATRACTVLIS Atheromatous (alJi-er-o' -)Hat-its) \_hOiji)uaa, an athero- matous tumor]. Characterized by or affected with atheroma. Atherosperma (ath-er-o-sper' -mali) \ii^iii>^ beard ; (j-cpfxa, seed]. A genus of trees. A. moschatum, Australian sassafras, a diaphoretic and diuretic some- times used in pulmonary affections and asthma. Dose of tlie tincture. Unof. Athetoid (a/h'-et-oid) [aft/;rof , unfi.\ed] . Pertaining to or affected witli athetosis. A. Spasm, a symptom of liemiplegia and some cerebral lesions. Athetosis (rt/'/;-t'/-o'-.rw) [a%rof, unfixed ; changeable]. A symptom most frequently occurring in children, and characterized by continual change of position of the fingers and toes, and inability to keep them still, save in sleep. It is due to some lesion or derangement of the brain or cord. It is also called " post-hemiplegic chorea," from its occurrence after hemiplegia, in adults. A., Double Congenital. See Paraplegia, Infantile Spasmodic ; also Double Athetosis. Athlete (ath-lef) [iitfAfiv, to contend with]. Robust ; vigorous. A.'s Heart, incompetency of the aortic valves, a condition frequently found in athletes. Athletics {ath-lef -iks) to contend]. The art of physical exercise for development or for health. Athrepsia [a/i-threps'-e-ak) [o priv ; rpttjieiv, to nourish]. The symptom-complex resulting from imperfect nutri- tion in children. Athroisemia [ath-roi-se' -me-ali) \_adpoia/j.a, accumula- tion ; ai/ia, blood]. Congestion or accumulation of blood. Athymia [ah-thi' -me-ah) \n priv. ; (?iyiOf, mind]. I. Despondency. 2. Loss of consciousness. 3. Insanity. Athymic [ah-thi' -inik) [a priv. ; dvfiog, mind]. Affected with athymia. AtlsLniad (at-lan' -tad) ["Ar^.af, a Greek hero]. Toward the atlas in situation or direction. Atlantal [at-lan' -tal) ["ArXaf, a Greek hero]. Relating to the atlas. K\\a.-n\.&r\. {at-lan' -fen) ["A-Aaf, a Greek hero]. Belong- ing to the atlas in itself. Atlanti-obliquus {at-lan' -ti-oh-li' -k-aus) [L-]. The obliquus capitis superior muscle. Atlanti-rectus {at-lan' -ti-rek'-tus) [L.]. The muscle called rectus capitis posticus minor. Atlanto- {at-lan' -to) ['ArAref, a Greek hero]. A prefix signifying relation to the atlas ; seen in the words Atlanto-axial, (relating to the atlas and the axis) Atlan- to-occipital, Atlanto-odontoid, etc. Atlas {at' -las) [arXac, able]. The uppermost of the cervical vertebra\ It articulates with the occipital bone of the skull. A. Silk. See Silk. Atlee's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Atlodidymus {at-lo-did' -im-us). 'Aa.me a.i Atlodynuts. Atlodymus {at-lod'-im-tes) [ar^.nf, able; tS/VTiy/of, doul)le]. A monosomic dual monstrosity; with two heads and a single body. Atloido- {at-loi'-do) [ar/af, able]. In composition, the same as atlanto ; seen in such examples as atloido- a.xoid, atloido-odontoid, etc. Atmiatry {at-ini' -at-re) vapor ; 'inTiKia, medical treatment]. Treatment of diseases of the lungs or mucous membranes, by inhalation, fumigation, or by directing a current of vapor or gas upon the part. Atmid-albumose {at-mid-al' -hu-mbs) [ar/z/f, vapor; albutnen'\ . Neumeister's term for the albumose formed by the action of superheated steam. Atmidometer {at-inid-oni'-et-er). See Atmonieter. Atmidoscope {at-iiiid'-o-skdp) [ar///f, vapor; nuDTre'iv, to view]. .See Atinometcr. Atmograph {at'-mo-graf) [ar//(5f, breath ; y/inipF/v, to record]. A form of self-registering respirometer. Atmometer, or Atmidometer {at-nioin' -et-er ; at-mid- oin'-et-er) [ar/i/f, vapor; iLt-pov, a measure]. An in- strument to measure the amount of water exhaled from a given surface in a given time, in order to deter- mine the humidity of the atmosphere. Atmosphere {at' -mos-fer) [ar//of , vapor ; c!\\\aTy {at-rah-biV -e-a-re) [rj'/cr, black ; bills, \)\\t\. An obsolescent term relating to melancholy and hypo- chondriasis ; also referring to the renal and supra-renal glands, once believed to produce black bile, or atra- bilis, the cause of the gloomy disposition. A., Capsules, an old name for the supra-renal capsules. Atractylis {at-rak' -tit -is) [fir^n/crr'/'V]. A genus of composite-flowered plants, nearly related to the saf- fiower {Carthainus). A. gummifera, of the Mediter- ranean region, affords acaiithoiiiastii . A. lancea, of ATRAMENTAL 147 ATROPHODERMA China and Japan, is stomachic and tonic. A. ovata, of the same regions, is tonic, diuretic, sudorific, and stimulant. Atramental [at-raui-en' -tal) \_atramentuiii ,\'a^~\. Of an inky-black color. Atremia (ah-tre' -me-ah) [a priv. ; rpk^eiv, to tremble]. I. An absence of tremor. 2. An hysterical condition in which there is an imaginary inability to walk, stand, sit, or read. Atreselytria [at-res-el-i' -tre-ali) . Atretelyh-ia. Atresenteria {at-res-en-te' -re-aJi). See Atretenteria. Atresia [ah-tre' -zc-aJi) [a priv. ; rpfjaii;, perforation]. Imperforation, either congenital or acquired, of a nor- mal opening or canal, as of the anus, vagina, meatus auditorius, pupil, etc. The word is often compounded with the name of the organ affected ; e.t;. , atrestocystia, atreteiitt'ria, etc., denoting, respectively, imperforation of the bladder, intestine, etc. Atresic (ah-tre' -zik) [a, priv. ; Tpijai^, perforation]. Marked by atresia or imperforation. See Teratism. Atresoblepharea (at-res-o-blef-a' -re-ali). See Atreto- blepharea. Atresocysia (at-res-o-sis^-e-ali). See Atretocysia. Atresocystia [at-res-o-sis' -te-aJi). See Atretocystia. Atresogastria (at-res-o-gas' -tre-ali). See Ati\'togastria. Atresometria {at-res-o-me'-trc-ah). See Airetometria. Atresopia (ah-tres-o' -pe-ali). See Atretopsia. Atretelytria (at-ret-el-i' -tre-ah') \a.Tpr]roq, imperforate ; e?aiTpov, sheath]. Atresia of the vagina. Atretenteria [at-ret-en-te' -re-ah) [ar/j//rot', imperforate ; ivTEpov, intestine]. Atresia, or imperforation of the intestinal canal. Atreto- (at-ret' -0). As a prefix, represents the Gr. arpr/Tog, imperforated. Atretoblepharia (^at-ret-o-blef-a' -re-ah) [arp/;-of, imper- forate ; /^Afi/iajooi', lid] . Symblepharon, 17. z'. Atretocysia (al-ret-o-sis'-e-ak) \aTpeToq, imperforate ; /craof , anus]. Atresia of the anus. Atretocystia (at-ret-o-sis' -te-ali) [arp^rof, imperforate ; Kvarig, bladder]. Atresia of the bladder. Atretometria {at-7'et-o-me' -tve-ah') [arperof, imperforate ; iU^/rpa, womb]. Atresia of the uterus. KXxtXa^^xz. (at-ret-op' -se-ah) [arp//rof, imperforate ; ui/;, eye]. Imperforation of the pupil. Atrial (fl'-Z/^'-fz/) the fore-court, or hall]. Re- lating to an atrium. Atrichia [ah-trik'-c-ah) [a priv. ; i)pi~, hair]. Loss or absence of the hair. Atrichosis {ah-trik-o' -sis) {liTpixoc, hairless] . Failure of the hair to grow ; a condition characterized by absence of hair. Atrioventricular (a-tre-o-vcn-ts-ik'-ii-lar) \_atriiim, the hall ; ventricidits, ventricle]. Relating both to the atrium (or auricle) and to the ventricle of the heart. Atrium [a' -tre-iun) [atrium, the fore-court, or hall]. I . That part of the auricle of the heart into which the venous blood is poured. 2. The principal part of the tympanic cavity of the ear, exclusive of the attic. A. cordis, the auricle of the heart. A. vaginae, the vestibule of the vulva. Atrocha (ah-tj-o' -kah) [a priv. ; rpoxb<:,, a wheel]. In biology, wheelless, as certain annelid embryos, roti- fers, etc. ; destitute of cilia. Atrolactinic Acid (at-ro-Iak-tin'-ik). See Acid. Atropa {at'-ro-pah) ['Ar/ion-of, " she who turns not," undeviating ; one of the three Fates, who cut the thread of life, in allusion to the poisonous effects of the plant]. A genus of the natural order Solanacetr. A. bella- donna, the deadly nightshade, whence is obtained atropin. See Belladonna. Atropal, or Atropous (at'-ro-pal: at' -j-o-piis). See Orthotropoiis. Atrophia {at-ro' -fc-ah) \a priv. ; Tpotpi/, nourishment]. Atrophy, q. v. A term applied to a condition marked by wasting or innutrition. A. cordis, atrophy of the heart, following senile changes, or occurring in cachectic conditions, or as a result of pressure exerted by mediastinal tumors, etc. A. cutis, Atrophoderma ; a term applied to various changes in the skin charac- terized by the diminution or disappearance of certain of its elements, especially seen in advanced age. The skin becomes thin, loose, wrinkled, and discolored. A. cutis senilis, Senile Atrophoderma ; an atrophy of the skin usually associated with general signs of senile degeneration. The whole skin may be affected, together with its appendages and the subcutaneous tissues. The skin is in folds, slightly shrunken, wrinkled, and dry. It feels thin, and is transparent and shining. Pruritus is sometimes present, and there is usually an increased pigmentation, with warty de- velopments. A. infantum. Synonym of Tabes mesen- terica. A. mesenterica. Synonym of Tabes niesen- terica. A. pilorum propria, atrophy of the hair, either .symptomatic or of idiopathic origin. It may be local or generalized. The hair becomes lusterless, brittle, fibrillated, readily cleft, and readily fractured. A. unguis, atrophy of the nails ; marked by pitting, brittleness, furrowing, thinning, crumbling, etc. It may be symptomatic of such disorders as lepra and syphilis, or it may be idiopathic. Atrophic [at-ro' -fik) [a priv. ; rpixbi/, nourishment]. Pertaining to, affected with, due to, characterized by, or causing atrophy. A. Catarrh, a chronic form of rhinitis in children characterized by marked atrophy and anemia of the pituitary membrane, with the for- mation of crusts in the nasal and naso-pharyngeal cavities and a peculiar and offensive odor. A. Forms, the name suggested by His for those malformations that are characterized by want of general development, and, in some instances, by subsequent atrophy, whereby all resemblance to the human embryo is lost. Atrophicum melanosis progressiva {at-ro' -fik-um iiit'l-an-o' -sis pro-gres' -iv-ali). See Atrophoderma. Atrophied [at'-ro-/id) [a priv. ; Tpo&i/, nourishment]. Wasted ; affected with atrophy. Atrophoderma {at-ro-fo-der' -mah) [a priv. ; rprxf)?/, nourishment ; Sipiia, the skin]. Atrophia cutis, atrophy of the skin, a wasting of the skin due to in- nutrition. .See Atrophia cutis. A. albidum, a type of xeroderma in which the skin from the middle of the thigh to the sole, more rarely from the upper arm to the palm, is in places very white, stretched, and diffi- cult to pick up, with the epidermis extremely thinned, faintly glistening, wrinkled, and peeling off in thin, shining flakes. There is extreme sensibility on the finger-tips, palms, and soles. The condition remains stationary from the earliest childhood. A. neuri- ticum, Glossy Skin ; an atrophy of the skin in the area of a nerve affected by disease or injury. It chiefly attacks the extremities. The skin of the affected part becomes very dry, smooth, and glossy, like a thin scar ; the fingers are tapering, hairless, and almost void of wrinkles and of a pink or deep-red color. A severe and persistent burning pain precedes and accompanies this condition. The nails become curved both longitudinally and transversely, and there is some thickening of the cutis beneath the free end. A. pigmentosum. See Xcrodeniui pigmentoswu. A., Senile. See Atrophia cutis senilis. A. striatum et maculatum, an atrophic condition of the skin of adults characterized by streaks of a pearly or bluish- white color, glistening, scar-like, from one inch to several inches long and a quarter of an inch or more wide, and which follow the natural cleavage of the ATROPHY 148 ATTENUATING skin, and are situated chiefly about the buttocks, anterior border of the ilium, trochanters, and thighs. The " spots " are less common, small, usually isolated, and are seen mostly on the trunk and neck. Atrophy [at'-ro-fe) \_a.Tpo(bia^ want of nourishment] . A retrogressive change in parts originally well-formed and well-nourished, consisting in loss of weight, size, and function of an organ or tissue, owing to some disorder of nutrition, disuse, continuous pressure, or a dimin- ished blood-supply to the part. A., Active, due to the inherent inability of the cells of a tissue to assimi- late the nutriment brought to them. A., Acute Yellow. See litems gravis. A., Brown, a form of atrophy in which the normal pigment of the organ is retained, and in which there is also frequently the addition of new pigment from the blood and disinte- grated albuminates. It occurs most frequently in the heart, muscles, and liver, and is caused by chronic congestion ; also called Pigmented Atrophy. A. of the Bulb, progressive shrinking of the eyeball. A., Correlated, an atrophy of certain portions of the body following the removal or destruction of other portions. Thus amputation of an arm will be fol- lowed by an atrophy of the scapula ; of a leg, of the corresponding os innominatum, together with a diminution in the size of the heart and large blood-vessels. A., Cruveilhier's. See Diseases, Table of. A., Gray, a degenerative change in the optic disc in which the latter assumes a grayish color. A. of Hair, a wasting or deficient growth of the hair. A., Idiopathic Muscular, primary muscular dystrophy ; muscular wasting, with or without an initial hypertrophy, beginning in various groups of muscles, usually progressive in character, and depend- ent on primary changes in the muscles themselves. There is a strong hereditary predisposition to the dis- ease. A., Muscular, affects the muscles and may be hereditary or acquired, idiopathic, myelopathic, myo- pathic, neuropathic, primary, secondary, simple, or progressive. A., Passive, caused by diminished nutrition supplied to the part. A., Pigmentary, so called from a deposit of pigment (yellow or yellowish- brown) in the atrophied fat-cells. A., Pigmented. See A., Broum. A., Progressive Muscular; Chronic Anterior Poliomyelitis ; Wasting Palsy. A chronic disease characterized by progressive wasting of individual muscles or physiologic groups of mus- cles, and by an associated and proportional amount of paralysis. It is due to a degeneration and atrophy of the multipolar cells in the anterior gray matter of the cord, with consecutive degeneration of the anterior nerve-roots and muscles. The right hand is usually the part first attacked, and it takes on a peculiar claw- like form {main en griffe). The disease is most fre- quent in males of adult life, and follows excessive muscular exertion. A., Progressive Unilateral Facial, a disease characterized by progressive wasting of the skin, connecdve tissue, fat, bone, and more rarely the muscles of one side of the face. It is most common in females ; its course is .slow and generally progressive. Opinions vary as to whether the disease is central or peripheral in origin. A., Red, a form of cirrhosis of the liver due to chronic congestion, as seen in mitral and tricuspid valvular lesions. It is also seen in emphysema and chronic pleurisy with contrac- tion. The cut surface of the liver presents a nutmeg appearance, and is therefore called the mitmeg liver. A., Serous, that characterized by a transudation of serum into the tissue after the fat has gone, giving it a gelatinous appearance. A. Senile, the physio- logical variety of Simple Atrophy. A., Simple, the retrogressive processes and shrinking due to patho- logic causes, allied to the physiologic retrogression of senility, but occurring, as it were, prematurely. A. of the Teeth, a name fonnerly used to designate erosion of the teeth, an affection characterized either by perforations in, or discolored spots of a shriveled, yellowish, or brownish aspect, on the enamel, of two, four, or more teeth in each jaw. A., Trophoneuro- tic, that dependent upon abnormality of the nervous supply or control of an organ or tissue, best illustrated in muscular atrophy from injury of the proper nen'es of the muscle, or in disease of the anterior horns of gray matter of the cord. Atropina, or Atropin (at-ro-pi' -nah ; at'-ro-pin) ['Arpo- TTOf , one of the Fates who cut the thread of life : gen., Atropinte'], Cj^Hj^NOj. A crystalline alka- loid derived from Atropa belladonna. The sulphate is a white powder of bitter taste, neutral reaction, soluble in water. Homatropin. Cji-H^jNO.,, is a de- rivative alkaloid, the hydrobromate being used by ophthalmologists as a mydriatic, principally because its effects pass off more quickly than those of atropin. Homatropin slows the heart, atropin quickens it. Atropin is an irritant narcotic, a mydriatic, antispas- modic, and anodyne ; in small doses a cardiac, respira- tory, and spinal stimulant, in large doses a paralyzant of the cardiac and respiratory centers, the spinal cord, motor nerves, and voluntary muscles. It produces congestion and dryness of the mucous membrane of the mouth, nose, pharynx, and larynx, at first lessen- ing the gastric and intestinal secretion, to be followed by an increase of the same. It is extensively used in ophthalmic practice to dilate the pupil, paralyze accommodation, and also in various corneal, iritic, and other ocular diseases. Its therapeutic use in general medicine is also manifold; e.g., in inflammatory affections and the pain of cerebral and spinal hypere- mia, atonic constipation, cardiac failure, hypersecre- tions, etc., and as a physiologic antagonist in opium poisoning. Dose of atropin sulphate gr. Injectio Homatropina Hypodermica, i in 120. Dose gr. - 3^^. A. -catarrh. See Conjunctivitis, Atropin. A. -conjunctivitis. See Conjunctivitis. Atropinism (at' -ropin-izm). See Atropism. AtTopinize (at' -ropin-iz) ["ArpoTrof]. To bring under the influence of, or treat with atropin. Atropism (at' -ropizm) ['ArpoTrof ] . Poisoning with, or the morbid condition induced by, atropin. Attachement (at-tash'-mon{g)) [Fr.]. In massage, concentric curves eccentric ; starting from a point taken as a center, one describes, by circular move- ments, circumferences wider and wider till the outside of the part is reached ; return is then made by circles smaller and smaller till the starting point is reached. Attack (at-tak') [Fr., attaqite']. The onset of a seizure or of a disease. Attar (at'-ar) [Pers., afar']. A general name for any of the volatile oils. A. of Rose, Oil of Rose. The vol- atile oil distilled from the fresh flowers of the Damas- cene rose. It comes mainly from E. Roumelia and is generally adulterated with other volatile oils. It is used only as a perfume. A.\.\.&nAa.nt(at-/en'-dant) [aftendere,to a.\.ttx\A'\. Anon- professional attache of an asylum or hospital, espe- cially of an insane asylum. Attention (at-ten'-s/iun) \_attentio, a giving heed to]. The direction of the will or thought upon an object or to a particular sensation. A. Time. See Tune. Attenuant (at-teti'-u-ant) to make thin]. A medicine or agent increasing the fluidity or thinness of the blood or other secretion. Attenuating (at-ten' -u-a-ling) [atteniiare, to make thin]. Making thin A. Medium. 'See FractionalCitltii'ation. ATTENUATION 14& AURA Attenuation iat-ten-u-a' -shiai) \_attenuare , to make thin] . A thinning, narrowing, or reduction of the strength or size of a substance. A. of Microbes, weakening the pathogenic virulence of microbes by successive cul- tures and other methods, so that they may be used as a vaccine to confer immunity from future attacks of the disease. A., Sanderson's Method of, by passing the virus through the system of another animal (t'.,i,'"., the guinea-pig, in anthrax), so that it becomes modified in virulency. Toussaint and Chauveau have shown that heat is a valuable means of attenuation ; oxygen, chemical reagents, exposure to sunlight, etc. , have also been used. Atterminal [af-ei-'-iniu-al). See Adteniiinal. Attic {at'-ik) \_Atiiiiis, Attic]. Part of the tympanic cavity situated above the atrium. A. Disease, chronic suppurative inflammation of the attic of the tympanum. Attitude [at'-c-tud) \_aplitudo, aptitude]. See Posture. A., Crucifixion, in hystero-epilepsy, a rigid state of the body, the arms stretched out at right angles. A., Frozen, a peculiar stiffness of the gait characteristic of disease of the spinal cord, especially of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A., Passionate, the assumption of a dramatic or theatrical expression, a position assumed by some hysterical patients. Attollens (at-oF -enz) [«//■g-i?ien-ta'-shun) \augmentatio, an increasing]. I. Sa.me a.s Augment. 2. Increase in the violence of symptoms. Augnathus [awg-na'-thus') [av, besides ; yvdOog, the jaw]. A monster with two lower jaws. See Dipro- sopus. Aula, (a-cv' -lah) \_avAij,a. hall or open court]. I. The common mesal cavity of the cerebrum, it being also the anterior portion of the third ventricle. 2. In biology, a space or cavity formed by a colony of infusorians. Aulatela (aiv-lat-e' lah) \aula, a hall; tela, a web]. The roof or covering membrane of the aula. Aulic (aiv'-lik) \_av7.rj, a hall]. Belonging or pertaining to the aula. A. Recess, a triangular depression between the precommissure and the two fornicolumns of the brain. Auliplexus (ci'M-le-pleks' -us) \aula, hall ; plexus, a net- work]. The choroid plexus of the aula. Aulix (aio' -liks)\_auli.x . a furrow]. The sulcus of Monro, a groove on the mesal surface of the thalamus just ventrad of the medicommissure. Aulophyte (aiv' -lo-f'it) \_av'k6(;, a pipe or tube; <^vt6v, a plant]. In biology, a symbiotic plant ; one that lives within another, but not as a parasite. Aura (aw' -rah) [ni/ia, a breath]. A breath of wind; a soft vapor. A sensation sometimes like a gentle AURAL 150 AUSCULTATION current of air rising from the limbs or body to the » head ; a frequent forerunner of an epilepitic attack, — aura epileptica. Also applied to any slight symptom preceding an attack of any disease or paroxysm, as the aura liystci'ica, aura vertiginosa, etc. A. seminalis theory, a theory of Swammerdam, who, observing a strong odor from drone bees, supposed that this, per- meating the body of the queen, fertilized the eggs. Aural {aw'-ral) \auris, the ear]. Relating to the ear or to hearing. A. Vertigo. See Aleniere' s Disease. Aurally (azv' -ral-e) \_auris, the ear]. By means of the ear. Auramin tyaiv' -ram-iii)\aurum, ^o\A; aiiiiii\. Yellow Pyoktanin, q. v. ; a yellow anilin color used to some extent as a bactericide and preventive of suppuration. Unof. See Cotispectiis of Pigmen/s, under Pigment. Aurantia (aiv-ran' -ske-ak) \_aurantiwn, an orange]. An orange coal-tar dye ; an ammonium salt of hexa- nitro-diphenyl-amin. The use of this dye has been said to produce skin-diseases. See Conspecius of Pigments, under Pigment. Aurantin {aw- ran' -tin'). '&t.t Heptane. Aurantium [aw-ran' -she-iini) [L. : gen., Aurantii'\. ( )range. The fruit of Citrus vulgaris and C. auran- tium. Both the flowers and the rind of the fruit are employed in medicine. The volatile oil from the rind is aromatic and a mild tonic but is used mainly as a flavor. A. amara. Ext. Fid., bitter orange peel, alco- hol, and water. Used as a flavor. Dose p; ss-j. A. amara, Tinct., bitter orange peel 20, dilute alcohol, q. s. ad 100. Dosegj-ij. A. corticis, Ol., the vola- tile oil expressed from the rind of the orange. Dose gtt. j-v. A. dulcis, Tinct., sweet orange peel 20, dilute alcohol, q. s. ad loo. Dose 3j-ij. A., Elixir, oil of orange I, sugar loo, alcohol and water, q. s. ad 300. A. flores, Aq., fresh orange flowers 40, water 2O0. Distil to roo parts. A. florum, Ol., " oil of neroli," a volatile oil distilled from fresh orange flowers. Dose gtt. j-v. A. florum, Syr., orange water 35, sugar 65. A common flavoring agent. A.. Infus, (B.P.). Dose 5j-ij. A. Infus. Comp. (B.P.). Dose 5j-ij. A. Spt., oil of orange 6, alcohol 94. Dose according to quantity of alcohol desired. A., Syr., sweet orange peel 5, alcohol 5, calcium phos- phate precip. I, sugar 60, water, q. s. ad 100. A., Tinct. (B. P.). Dose .^j-ij. A., Tinct. Recentis (B. P.), tincture of fresh orange peel. Dose ,^j-ij. A., Vinum (B. P.), contains 12 per cent, of alcohol. Auric Acid [aw'-rik). See Acid. Auricle [azv' -rik-l) [auricula, the outer ear]. The pinna and external meatus of the ear. The auricles of the heart are the two cavities between the veins and the ventricles. See Circulation, and Heart. Auricular [aiv-rik'-u-lar) \auricula, the outer ear]. Relating to the auricle, or to the ear ; as the auricular nerve, arteries, veins, etc. The Auricular arteries, anterior and posterior, are branches of the temporal and external carotid, supplying the auricle of the ear. A. Finger, the little finger. A. Fissure. See Fissure. A. Foramen, the outlet of the meatus of the ear. A. Lymphatics, small lymphatic glands near the upper end of the sterno-mastoid muscle. A. Point, the central point of the auricular foramen. See Cranioiiietrical Points. Auriculars (aw-rik'-u-lar-:) \_auricula, the ear]. In biology, the feathered area that conceals the ears in most birds ; regio-auricularis. Auriculo-bregmatic [azu-rik' -u-lo-hreg-iiiat' -ik) [^auri- cula, the ear ; (3pfy/ja, a soft spot]. Relating to the auricle and to the bregma. Auriculo-occipitali a-c-riA-'-u-lo-o/^-sip'-it-al) [auricula, the ear; occiput, the back of the head]. Pertaining both to the ear and the back of the head. A. Trian- gle. See 7'ria/igle. Auriculo-parotidean {a-n-rik' -u-lo-par-ot-id' -e-an) [au- ricula, \\\& ear; -(;/)<,)-/(•, the parotid gland]. Relat- ing to the auricle and to the parotid gland. Auriculo-temporal {azv-rik' -u-lo-tem' -po-ral) [auric- ula, the ear; teinpora, the temples]. Relating to the auricle and to the temporal region. A. nerve, a branch of the inferior maxillary, supplying superficial parts about the auricle. Ax^\\Q,Vi\o-v^T\Xx\z\!\^.x(aw-rik' -ii-lo-ven-trik' -it-lar)[ati- ricula, the ear; ventriculus, the ventricle]. Relating to an auricle and a ventricle of the heart. A. open- ing, the opening between the auricles and the ventri- cles of the heart. Auriform (0.70' -rif-orm) [auris, the ear; forma, shape]. Ear-shaped. Aurigo (a-u-ri' -go) [L.]. An incorrect form of the word aurugo. Aurilave [a-u' -ril-a-') [auris, the ear ; laz'are, to wash]. An ear-brush or ear-sponge mounted upon a handle. Aurin [a7,''-rin) [ne/it ) [auripigmentum , golden pigment]. See Orpiment. Auripuncture {azv' -re-piinkt-chur) [auris, ear; punc- tura, puncture]. Surgical or traumatic puncture of the membrana tympani. Auris {aiii'-ris) [L.]. The ear. Auriscalp (aw' -ris-kalp) [auris, the ear ; scalpare, to scrape]. An ear-pick or probe for the ear. Auriscope {aw' -ris-kbp) [auris, the ear ; oko-kuv, to examine]. An instrument for examining the ear, and especially the Eustachian passage ; an otoscope. Aurist {aw'-rist) [auris, the ear]. A specialist in dis- eases of the ear. Aurugo (aw-ru'-go) [L.]. Yellowness; jaundice; icterus. Aurum (aw' -rum) [L. : gen., Auri\ Gold. Au = 196.7; quantivalence, III. One of the metals char- acteriz^ed as "noble" by the ancients, because of its weight and luster. It has a brilliant yellow color and will not tarnish. The metal is sometimes used as a plate on which artificial teeth are set. The chlorid locally is an escharotic. Internally its action resem- bles that of mercuric chlorid. In small doses it pro- motes digestion and stimulates the functions of the brain ; in large doses it is a violent poison. It is useful in certain forms of dyspepsia, hypochondriasis, amen- orrhea, and functional impotence. Poisoning is treated by albumen (eggs) or flour, and evacuation of the stomach. A. brom., AuBr^, is used in epi- lepsy and migraine. Dose gr. t}^\. A. et sodii chlor., soluble in water. Dose gr. aV-iff- A. chlo- ridum (unof). Soluble. Dose gr. ^-^ia- ^o''^ chlorid is also valued as a stain for sections of brain- tissue and of nerve-ganglia ; it has been vaunted as a cure for the alcoholic habit. Auscult, or Auscultate (aws-kulf'; aws' -kul-tat) [atis- cultare,\.o listen to]. To jierfonn or practise ausculta- tion ; to examine by auscultation. Auscultation (aws-kul-ta' -sliun) [ausctiltare, to listen to]. A method of investigation of the functions and condition of the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and other organs by the .sounds they themselves give out, or AUSCULTATORY 151 AUTOPHAGIA that are elicited by percussion. It is called imi)iediate, when the ear is directly applied to the part, and mediate, if by the aid of the stethoscope. Obstetric auscultation is practised in pregnancy to detect or study the fetal heart-sounds or the placental murmur. See Murmur, Respiration, Rales, Rhonchus, Bron- chophony, Pectoriloquy, Egophony, Brtiit, Souffie, etc. A. -tube, in otology, an instrument for listening to the forced passage of air through the ear of another. Auscultatory [aitis-kul ' -tat-or-e) \_auscultarc, to listen to]. Relating to auscultation. A. Percussion, the practise of auscultation by one person, while another practises percussion. Australian [a-as-trdl ' -van) [Australia]. Of or belong- ing to Australia. A. Blight. See Angio-neurotic Edetna. A. Sassafras. See Athcrosperma mos- chafa. Autacanthid [ait'-ta/c-an' -t/iid) [aiTOf, self ; ciKavHa, a spine]. In biology, applied to a star-fish having many of the spines on special plates. Autechoscope (^aw-tek' -o-skop) [ai'rdf, self; iiX'K, sound; GnoTveiv, to inspect]. A device for enabling a person to listen to sounds produced within his own body. Autecious, or Autcecious [aw-te' -sluis) [aiVof, self ; oidof , dwelling] . In biology, same as Alonecious ; also applied to parasitic fungi that pass through all the stages of their existence on the same host. Autenrieth and Hinsberg's Test. See 7\-sts, Taide Autocarpous [aw-to-kar^ -pus) \_avT(j(;, self; unp—or, fruit]. In biology, said of a fruit consisting of a supe- rior and free ovary. Autocatheterism {aw-to-kath' -et-cr-izm') [aiVof, self ; KaHeri/p, a catheter]. The passage of a catheter by a person upon himself. Autocatheterist [aiv-to-katld -et-er-ist) [avroc, .self ; Kafteri/p, a catheter]. One who practises autocatheter- ism. Autocatheterization [aw-to-kath-et-er-iz-a'-shun) . The process of catheterizing one's self. Autochthon (ci'iu-tok' -tliun) ^^ahrox^^t^v, sprung from the land]. An aboriginal inhabitant. Autochthonous [aw-tok' -thon-us') [aiirtj ■^;'^tJ^', sprung from the land]. Aboriginal ; formed (as a clot) in the place where it is found. Autocinesis iaw-to-sin-e' -sis) [ftirdf , self ; nivi/ai^, mo- tion]. Motion that is voluntary, or apparently so. Autocinetic (aiv-to-sin-ef -ik) \_a\noc, self; Kiv>/ai(;, mo- tion]. Possessed of the power of spontaneous motion. Autoclave (aw' -to-klav) [ai)r(5f, self; clavis, a key]. I. Self-fastening; closing itself. 2. An instrument for sterilizing or killing germ-life by steam-heat, the gauge indicating automatically the pressure, and therefore the degree of heat, to which the microorganism is sub- jected. Autodiagnosis (aw-to-di-ag-no' -sis) \_av-6<;, self; rfwyiiuffff, a discovering]. Self-diagnosis; the morbid impression sometimes possessed by a patient that he is affected with some particular disease. This impression may amount to a fixed and dominant idea. Autodidact [aw'-to-di-dakt) [a iTtif , self ; (5/f5a«:rt5f , taught]. One who is self-taught in his profession. Autodigestion [aui-to-di-jes' -chun) \_avr6i;, self; digere, to digest] . Digestion of the walls of the stomach by the gastric juice consequent upon loss of the epithe- lium, or upon other gastric disease. Autopepsia. Autogamous [a%v-tog' -ain-us) \_aW(iq, self; ya/j-or. mar- riage]. In botany, a name applied to flowers that are habitually self-fertilizing. Autogenesis {aw-to-jeid -es-is) [ftirdf, self ; yiviGLC, production]. Spontaneous generation ; self-production. Autogenetic ((7-/f [atVof, self; >'frf(Tif, pro- duction]. Developed by or due to autogenesis ; pro- duced, as disease, within the organism; not enthetic. Autogenous [aiu-toj' -en-us) \cihr6q, self; yivioiq, pro- duction]. Pertaining to diseases or conditions self- producing within the body and not derived from exter- nal or objective sources ; applied to poisons generated in the body by its inherent processes, — e.g., puerperal fever has been falsely supposed to be due to self-gen- eration of the septic material. Autographic {aio-to-graf'-ik) [aiVdf, self ; ypd<^i:iv, to write]. Self-registering. A. Skin, a condition of va.so-motor paralysis, usually in hysterical patients, in which markings made upon the skin form quite per- sistent and intensely red traces. A. Woman, one with an Autographic Skin. Autographism {aw' -to-graf-izin) [avrdf, self; ypdcjieiv, to write]. The condition observed in the so-called autographic skin ; dermographism. See Urticaria factitia. Autographist (aw' -to-graf-ist) \_a'v7dq, self; ypdt^uv, to write]. One who has an autographic skin. Autohypnotism (a-u-to-hip' -not-izm) [ni'irdf, self ; vTTvoc, sleep]. Mental stupor induced by dwelling in- tensely upon some all-absorbing delusion. See also Statuvolence. Autoinoculation (aw-to-in-ok-u-la' -shun) \civtw, self; inoculare, to implant]. Reinoculation by virus ob- tained from the same person. Autointoxication (aw-to-in-toks-ik-a' -shun). See Au- to toxic . Autokinesis (aw-to-kin-e'-sis) [aiVof, self; Kivr/aig, movement]. I. Voluntary movement ; movement not reflex or allokinetic. 2. Movement that is appar- ently not volitional, but that arises from causes within the organism. Autokinetic (a2(<-to-kin-et'-ik)\_avT6c, self ; Kivrjoic, move- ment]. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, autokinesis. Autolaryngoscopy (aw-to-la?--itig-gos'-ko-pc) [aiVdf, self; tdpvyS, the larynx ; aKmrelv, to examine]. The examination of one's larynx by himself. Auto-massage (a-a-to-inas-sahzh') [aiTOf, self; iida- ccir, to knead]. Self-massage ; therapeutic manipula- tions of the body performed by the patient himself Automatic (aiti-to-iuat'-ik) [^avro/nari^en', to act spon- taneously]. Performed without the influence of the will. A. Plugger, an instrument adapted for pound- ing gold foil in the cavities of teeth. Automatism (aiv-tom' -at-izni) [_ai>TOfiaTlCeiv, to act spontaneously]. The performance of acts without apparent volition, as seen in certain somnambulists and in some hysterical and epileptic patients. Automatograph (a^ii-to-maf -o-graf) \^rivTO/jaTt^eiv, to act spontaneously ; ypamiv, to record]. An instru- ment for registering involuntary movements of the hand. Automaton [aiu-toin' -at-on) \nvrdimTnr, spontaneous]. One who acts in an involuntary or mechanical man- ner. A. Blowpipe. .See Blowpipe. Automysophobia (a7v-to-mis-o-fo' -be-ah) \_avT6c, self; fi'i'cnr, filth; ®d,'?of, fear]. Insane dread of personal uncleanliness. Autonomy (a-u-ton' -o-tne) \a'vT6c, self; voiinq, law]. The independent existence of a disease or of a tnateries inorbi within the organism. Autonyctobatesis (aw-to-?iik-to-bat-e'-sis) \_av-6q, self; night ; /3owe(7.', to walk]. Somnambulism. Autopathic (a'w-to-path'-ik) [airdf, self ; Trdfef, suffer- ing]. The same as Endopathic. Autopepsia (aw-to-pep' -^e-ah) [awrdf, self; tt'etttclv, to digest]. Autodigestion. Autophagia (aiv-to-pha' -je-ah) \a.vT6c_, self ; (pciyiiv, to eat]. Self-consumption; emaciation. AUTOPHAGOUS 152 AVENIN Autophagous [aw-toff ' -ag-tis) [a)>rdf, self; faydv, to eat]. In biology, self-feeding as soon as hatched. Autophagy [aiv-ioff' -a-je) [afVor, self; (paydv, to eat]. In starvation the absorption of the tissues themselves for nutrition. Life may be thus continued until about half the body-weight has been consumed. Autophilia [aiv-to-fil' -e-ah) [aiirof,self ; to love]. Morbid self-esteem. Autophobia {aw-io-fo' -be-aJi) [airdr, self; 9d/3of , fear]. A morbid dread of one's self, or of solitude. Autophonia (aii.i-to-fo' -ne-aJt). See Aiitophony. Autophonomania {aw-io-fo-no-nia' -ne-ah) \_avTo^ov'La, suicide ; jtavia, madness]. Suicidal mania. Autophonous [acu-Zoff'' -on-us) [rnVdf, self ; (puvi/, voice]. Having the character of autophony. Axito'phony [aw-toff' -o-)ic)\_avT(j(;,se\{; rdf, self; TrAaatyeiv, to form]. A method of repairing the effects of a wound or lesion involving loss of tissue by grafting or implant- ing fresh parts taken from other portions of the patient's body. Autopsic (aw-top' -sik) \_avr6^, self; oi/jif, a seeing]. Relating to an autopsy. Autopsy (aw'-top-se) [airdf, self ; OTpL^, a seeing]. I. E.Kamination, or seeing one's own self; self-inspec- tion. 2. The post-mortem study of the body of another. The use of the word in this sense, however, is ety- mologically absurd. See Necropsy.. Autoscope [a7ti' -to-skop) [airdf, self; ono-fiv^ to see]. An instrument, e.g., the ophthalmoscope, arranged for the examination of an organ by oneself. Autoscopy {aw-tos' -ko-pe) [aiVof, self; aKOTreh', to see]. The examination of one's own organs or disease by means of an autoscope. Autosite {aw' -/o-slf) [rti'-rdr, self ; cr/rof , food] . I. A mon- ster capable of an independent existence after bii-th. 2. That member of a double fetal monstrosity that nourishes itself by its own organs as well as the other member, which is called the parasite. Autositic {aw-to-sif -ik) [ai'-df, self; crtrof, food]. Of the nature of an autosite. Autostethoscope {aw-to-sieth' -o-skop') [aiirdr, self ; crrfioq, the breast ; aKOTveiv, to examine]. A stetho- scope so arranged that by it one may listen to his own chest-sounds. Autosuggestion {aiv-to-siig-jes' -chuii) [ai'rdf, self ; szigges/io, an intimation]. A term suggested by Page for that peculiar mental condition, often developing after railway accidents; it is intimately associated with the hypnotic .state. In both of these conditions the mental spontaneity, the will, or the judgment, is more or less suppressed or obscured, and suggestions become easy. Thus the slightest traumatic action directed to any member may become the occasion of a paralysis, of a contracture, or of an arthralgia. It is also called traianaiic stigges/ion . Autotemnon {aw-to-teiii' -non^ [r/iTor, self; Tniveiv, cut]. In biology, the self-dividing unicellular organism. Autotherapy (atv-to-ther' -ape) [Vii'-df, self ; lUfMireia, a waiting on]. The spontaneous or self-cure of a disease. Autotoxemia {aw-to-ioks-e' -me-ah') [airdf , self ; to^lkov, a poison ; ai/za, blood]. Toxemia from poisons derived from the organism itself. A\lX.o\.oi!AC {ani-to-toks' -ik) [arrof, self; rof/Koi^, poison] . Self-empoisonment through the absorption of noxious products of katabolism, as in uremia. Cf. Autointoxi- cation. Autotoxin [aiLi-to-toks' -in) [airdf , self ; to^ikov, a poison]. Any product of tissue-metamorphosis with- in the organism that has a toxic effect upon that or- ganism. Autotransfusion {aw-to-tranz-fu' -zhun) [nirdf, self ; transfusio, a pouring from one vessel into another]. The transfer of the blood to the brain and other cen- tral organs by elevating the hips and legs, and by the use of elastic bandages. Autovaccination {aw-to-vaks-in-a' -shiin^ [rtiVdf , self ; vaccinarc, to vaccinate]. The reinsertion of fresh vaccine-lymph upon the same person from whom it is taken, either by the vaccinated person himself or by some other person, whether intentionally or by accident. Autumn (aiv' -fiiiii) \autiimnus, autumn]. The fall of the year. A. Catarrh. Synonym of Hay-fever, occur- ring in August and the fall of the year. Autumnal {aw-tum' -nal) [atititnimis, autumn]. Per- taining to the fall of the year. A. Fever. Synonym of Typhoid Fever, q. v. Auxanometer {awks-an-om' -et-er') \avS,avtLv , to grow ; litrpoT, measure]. An instrument used in biologic study for measuring the growth of young organisms. Auxe (a7<.i/cs'-e) \_av^>i, increase]. Enlargement in bulk or volume. AuiL^sis {azvks-e' -sis) [rti'if^/mr, enlargement] . Increase in size or bulk. Hypertrophy is a word often incor- rectly used where Auxesis is meant. Auxetic (tfw/'.r-i?/"'-?'/!') [aiifr/ri/cdf, enlargement] . Charac- terized by auxesis. Auxiliary {awks-ii' -e-a-re) [(7«.r;7/z^;«, a helper] . Aid- ing. Auxilium {azvks-iF -e-mii) [L., "help"]. A wheeled vehicle or ambulance with couch and mattresses, for use in the service of field military hospitals. Auxocardia {awks-o-kar' -de-ah) \_ai'ii], an increase; Kap6!a, the heart]. The normal increase of the volume of the heart during diastole, in distinction from meiocardia, the diminution during systole. Auxospore {awhs'-o-spor) [r/rfen', to grow ; anopoc, seed, ofi'spring]. A large spore produced, either asexually, or by conjugation, in the Diatomacere. Auxotonic {aKi/cs-o-toii'-ik) \_ah^£iv, to grow ; ropof, tension]. Determined by growth. A. Move- ments, in biology, movements due to growth rather than to stimulation. Ava Kava {ah'-Tah kah' -iiali). See Kava-Kava. Avalanche Theory. Ptliiger's opinion that nerve- energy gathers intensity as it passes toward the muscles. Aveling's Apparatus. An ajiparatus employed in the immediate transfusion of blood. A. Curve. The S-shaped curve of the handles of obstetric forceps. A. Operation. See Operations, Table of. Avena {aT-e'-nah) [T.]. A genus of plants. Oat. A. farina, oatmeal. A. sativa, the embryo of the the seed of the common oat plant. It contains starch, gluten, a ferment called diastase, and a small amount of alkaline phosphates, and is a nutritious food. Dose of the concentrated tinct. or fid. ext. Tl^x-^ ij. The pericarp contains an alkaloid possessed of slight nar- cotic powers. Unof. Avenin {a7'-e'-nin) \_avena, oat]. I. precipi- tate made from a tincture of avena sati7'a. or the oat. It is a nerve-stimulant and tonic. Unof. 2. A AVENS 153 AZOIC nitrogenous principle obtained from the oat, and nearly identical with legumin ; the gluten-casein of oats. Avens [av'-enz) [Welsh, afans'\. A name given to several plants of the genus Geum. A. Root, the root of Geum rivale, a tonic and astringent. It contains gallic and tannic acids. Dose of fid. ext. g ss-j. Unof. Avery's Operation. See Operations , Table of. Aviation [a-ve-a' -shun) \_avis, a bird]. Artificial flight. Avidity [nv-id' -it-e) \_avidus, greedy]. In chemistry, the tendency of certain weak acids, in suitable con- ditions, to dispossess even the strongest acids and to unite with their bases. Avocado Pear {av-o-ka' -do). See Alligator Pear. Avogadro, Law of. See LawesiA Ampere. Avoirdupois Weight [av-or-du-poiz' wdt) [Fr. , avoir, to have; dii poids, o{ The common English weight used for all commodities except precious metals, gems and medicines. The pound is equal to 7000 grains Troy, or 453.54 grams, or 16 ounces. The ounce is divided into 16 drams, each of 437.5 grains. See IVeights and Measures. Avulsion [av-iiV -shiin) \_aint/sio : avellere, to tear away]. A traumatic or surgical tearing or wrenching away of a part, as a polypus, a limb, etc. Awn (awn) chaff]. The bristle or beard of barley, oats, etc ; or any other similar appendage. Axial (aks'-e-al) \_axis, axis]. Pertaining to or situated in an axis. A. Current. Same as A. Stream. A Hypermetropia. See Hypermetropia. A. Stream. The name given to the red column in a vessel at the seat of inflammation. The blood-corpuscles are separated, the red being packed together in the center of the vessel, while between this and the walls of the vessel is a clear layer of serum in which the white cor- puscles roll along. See Foisettille's Space. Axiferous [aks-if -er-us) \axis, axis; ferre, to bear]. In biology, producing a stem-like, leafless axis, ascer- tain fungi and algx. Axilemma (aks' -il-em-ah) \_axis, axis ; Mfijia, husk, skin]. In histology, an elastic sheath composed of neurokeratin enclosing the axis cylinder of meduUated nerve-fibers. Axilla [aks-iF-ali) [L. : AxillcB^ The armpit. Axillar (aks' -il-ar) [axilla, axil]. In biology, one of the tufts of soft feathers growing from the axilla, and forming part of the under wing-coverts of a bird. ^ Axillary [aks' -il-a-re) \_axilla, axil]. Pertaining to the axilla. A. Artery, the continuation of the subclavian artery, extending from the lower border of the first rib to the insertion of the pectoralis major muscle, where it becomes the brachial. See Arteries, Table of. A. Glands, the lymphatic glands in the axilla. A. Plexus, the brachial plexus, formed by the last three cervical and the first dorsal nerves. A. Space, the irregular conical space of the axilla. A. Vein, a continuation of the brachial, corresponding with the artery and terminating in the subclavian vein. Axin (fiks'-in') \_axinus'\. A fatty and varnish-like sub- stance produced in Mexico by an insect, Coccus axinus. It is used in the arts and locally in medicine, being regarded as a good vulnerary and resolvent. Axis (aks' -is) [L. for axletree]. I. An imaginary line passing through the center of a body. 2. The second cervical vertebra. A., Basicranial, in craniometry, a line drawn from the basion to the middle of the anterior border of the cerebral surface of the sphenoid bone. A., Basifacial, in craniometry, a line drawn from the anterior border of the cerebral surface of the sphenoid to the alveolar point. A., Binauricular, in cranio- metry, the imaginary line joining the two auricular points. A., Cerebrospinal, the central nervous system. A. Cylinder (of a nerve), the conducting or essential part of a nerve lying in the center and sur- rounded by the sheath of Schwann. It is also called the axis-cylinder of Purkinje. A., Frontal (of the eye), an imaginary line running through the eyeball from right to left, and corresponding with the move- ments of elevation and depression of the eyeball. A., Optic, the line from the corneal apex to the macula lutea. A., Optical, an imaginary line passing from the center of the eye-piece of a microscope through the body, objective, stage and sub-stage, to the mirror. A., Sagittal (of the eye), an imaginary line running through the eyeball from before backward, and coinciding with the line of vision. A., Visual, the line from the object through the nodal point to the macula. Axle Teeth (aks'-l teth). See Azzle Teeth. Axogaster (aks'-o-gas-te?-) [a^uv, axis ; yauriip, stom- ach]. In biology the principal intestine, the gaster principalis . Axon (aks' -01?) [ai'wi', an axis] . The axis of the body ; especially the bony axis of the neuro-skeleton. Axospermous (aks-o-sperm' -us) [liiwr, axis ; a-ipfia, seed]. In biology, applied to fruits the seeds of which are attached to an axial placenta. Axungia (aks-un' -je-ah) [L.: gen., Axungiaf]. Fat; lard ; adeps. Ayres's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Azale (az-dl'). See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pig- ment. Azalein (az-a' -Ic-in) . Same as Rosanilin. See also Conspectus of Pigments , under Pigment. Azarin (az' -ar-in). See Conspectus of Pigfnents, under Pigment. Azedarach (az-ed'-ar-ak) [Pars, azad, free; dirakht,a tree]. Pride of China, the bark of Melia azedarach, an Asiatic tree naturalized in the southern U. S. It occurs in curved pieces or quills, having a sweetish taste. The decoction, 5 ij to Oj , is a gastro-intestinal irritant and anthelmintic against the round-worm. Dose 5ss-j. A., Ext. Fid. Dose "7^]. A., Tinct- ura, I to 8. Dose ^ss-ij. Unof Azerin (az'-er-in) [badly formed from a priv. ; ^r/pdc, dry]. A ferment analogous to ptyalin and found in the digestive secretions of Drosera, Nepenthes , and probably all other insectivorous plants. It is actively antiseptic and strongly deliquescent, and hastens rapidly the wetting of flies that fall into its solution. Azobenzene (az-o-ben'-zen) [a priv.; fwrdf, living; benzo!n'\ , CjjH]|,N,^. A compound formed by the action of sodium amalgam upon the alcoholic solution of nitro-benzene. It forms orange-red, rhombic crystals, readily soluble in alcohol and ether, but sparingly soluble in water. It melts at 68°, and distils at 293°. Azo-compounds. In chemistry, compounds interme- diate between the nitro-compounds and the amido- compounds, and made from the former by partial reduction, or from the latter by partial oxidation. Azodiphenyl Blue. Same as Coupler' s Blue. Azo-dyes. A well defined group of the coal-tar colors, all containing the diatomic group — N = N — , bound on either side to a benzene radical. They may be prepared by reduction of the nitro-compounds in alkaline solutions, or by acting on diazo-compounds with phenols or amins of the aromatic series. The azo-dyes are the amido-derivatives of simple azo- compounds, and are to be distinguished as amidoazo- dyes and oxyazo-dyes. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment. Azoic (az-o'-ik) [a priv. ; lu>i, life]. In biology, desti- tute of living organisms. AZOLITMIN 154 BACILLURIA Azolitmin {az-o-Uf -inin) [a priv.; Cwr/, life; Dan. lak, lac; pulp], CjH-NO^. A deep blood-red color- ing matter obtained from litmus. See Conspectus of Pix/?ients, under Pigment. Azoospermia [a/rzo-o-sper' ->ne-ah) [d priv.; fu?/, life ; rrntp/uu, seed]. Want of, or deficient vitality of, the spermatozoids. Azoospermism (ah-zo-o-sperm'-izm) [i; priv.; Cw//, life ; airepiia, seed]. Absence of the spermatic ele- ments from the seminal fluid. Azorella [az-o-rel' -ah) [L.]. A genus of umbellifer- ous plants. A. glebaria. See Balsam Bog. Azoresorcin {az-o-rcz-oi-' -siii) [d priv.; Cwrof, living ; Fr. , rhoirinc'\ , Cj.^HgNO^. A derivative of resorcin, occurring as dark-red and greenish crystals. Azote [az'-ot) [d priv. ; C(j//,life]. A synonym of ni- trogen. Azotic acid, nitric acid. Azotemia [az-o-te' -me-ah) [azotiim, nitrogen ; a'lfia, blood]. The presence of nitrogenous compounds in the blood ; uremia. Azotenesis (az-o-ten-c'-sis) \_azottim, nitrogen]. Any one of a class of diseases said to be due to a supera- bundance of nitrogen in the system, such as carcinoma, scurvy, gangrene, etc. Azotometer [az-o-tom' -et-er) \^azotiiin, nitrogen ; fierpov, a measure]. A device for the measurement of nitrogen. Azoturia [az-o-tu' -re-ah) \azottim, nitrogen ; urina, the urine]. An increase of the urea and urates in the urine. Azoxybenzene {az-oks-,--ben' -zeii) \azotiiin, nitrogen ; of if, sharp; benzcne'\, CjjHjdN^O. A compound obtained by the reduction of nitrobenzene. It forms long yellow needles, easily soluble in alcohol and ether, but not in water. It melts at 36'-'. Azulene [az' -ii-len). Same as Ceruleiii. Azulin {a-J -ii-lin). See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pig7)ient. Azure [ME., blue]. Sky-blue. A. Blue. Same as Cobalt Blue, and Ultramarine. A. Mala- chite. See Azurite in Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment. Azurin [az^-ur-in). Same as Azulin. Azurite {az' -ur-lt). vSee Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment. Azygomatous {ah-zi-gom' -af-us) [d priv. ; ^I'yu/na, the zygomatic arch]. Destitute of zygomatic arches, as the shrews. Azygos (az'-ig-os) [d priv. ; Cv)6(:,a yoke]. Applied to parts that are single, not in pairs. A. uvulae, a small muscle of the uvula. A. Vein, a vein connecting the superior and inferior vena; cavre. Azygospore (az-i' -go-spor) [d priv. ; l.vy6v, yoke ; OTTopd, seed]. An asexually produced spore, but re- sembling the sexual spore or zygospore. Azygous [az'-ig-tis) [d priv. ; ft)yof, a yoke]. Not paired ; or, if paired, so blended as to seem one organ. Azymia (ah-zim' -e-a/i) [d priv. ; C'V'/; ^ ferment]. Ab- sence or lack of ferment. Azymic (ah-zim' -ik) [d priv. ; C'V-"?) a ferment]. Not giving rise to fermentation. Azzle Teeth [az'-l-tetli] [E. dial., assal teeth'\. A name given to the molar teeth. B. In chemical terminology the symbol of Boron. Ba. The chemical symbol of Barium. B. A. A contraction of Balneum aquor-\>a.\\\. Babbitt Metal, a compound of metals used in prosthetic dentistry for dies in swaging plates. Babe (ba'b) [ME., babt\ An infant. Babes' Method. See Stains, Table of B. Oven. ■See O'i'en. Babul Gum {ba-bool') [Bengal]. The gum of the tree Acacia arabica, or babul ; an inferior sort of gum arable. "Qa^sy (ba'-be). Same as .Sa/v. B.-farm. An institu- tion for raising orphan and pauper infants. B.- farming, the business of receiving and caring for the infants of those who, for any reason, may be unable or unwilling to bring up their own children. Baccaceous (bak-a'-she-us) \_bacca, a berry]. Like a berrv ; baccate. Baccate (bah' -at) \_bacca, a berry]. Berry-like, or bearing berries. Baccelli's Method. A method of treating aneurysm by passing a wire thread into the sac. See Treat- ment. B. Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. Baccharis (bah'-ar-is) \_finKKapic, a fragrant herb]. A genus of composite trees. B. halimifolia, the ground- B sel tree, a composite-flowered shrub of N. America; a decoction of the leaves and bark is a popular demul- cent and pectoral medicine. Unof. Bacchia (bak-' e-ah, or bak-i'-ah) \_Bacchus, the god of wine]. A synonym of Acne rosacea, a condition often found in drunkards. B. rosacea. Synonym oi Acne rosacea . Bacillar, or Bacillary (bas'-il-ar; bas'-il-a-re) \_bacil- lu/ii,& rod; bacillus']. 1. Relating to bacilli or to a bacillus. 2. Consisting of or containing rods. Bacilli (bas-il'-i) \_baeillum, a rod]. I. Plural of Bacillus, q. v. 2. In pharmacy, cylindrical lozenges made by cutting the lozenge mass, and rolling it into a soft cylinder, on a pill-machine. Bacillicidal (bas-il-is-'ul' -al) [bacillum, a rod ; ccidere, to kill]. Destructive to bacilli. Bacillicide (bas-il'-is-id) \_bacillum, a rod; cccdere, to kill]. I. Destructive to bacilli. 2. An agent that destroys bacilli. Bacilliculture (bas-il' -e-kul-chi'ir) \_bacillum, a rod ; cultura, cultivation]. The artificial culture of bacilli for the purpose of studying their nature and life. Bacilliform (bas-il' -if-orm) \_bacilhim, rod ; forma, form]. Having the shape or appearance of a bacillus. Bacillum (bas-il' -um) [L., a rod, a stick]. A stick; a cylindrical troche ; an instrument for carrying a sponge ; any one of the rods in the layer of rods and cones of the retina. Bacilluria (bns-il-u' -re-ali) \_bacillum, a rod ; nvpov, urine]. The presence of bacilli in the urine. B. ACIDIFORMANS 155 B. MALLEI TYPES OF BACILLI, SHOWING MORPHOLOGIC CHARACTERS AND ARRANGEMENT. B. acidiformar.s (X looo). 4 B. acidi lactici (X looo) B. capsulatus (X 1200). B. cavicida havaniensis (X 1000). IS B. erysipelatos suis (X looo). B. gracilis cadaveris (X 1200J. B. cedematis inaligni (X 1000). B. antliracis (X 1200). B. arborescens (X 1200). B. buccalis maximus (X 1000). B. buccalis minutus (X 1000). B. butyricus (X 1000). B. cadaveris (X 1000), B. circulans (X 1200). B. crassus sputigenus (X 1200). B. cuniculicida havaniensis (X 1200). B. cyanogenus (X 700). B. of Dantec (X 1000). B. diflFusus (X 1000). B. sranulosus (X 800). Those witliout granules represent ab- normal forms. B. havaniensis (X 1000). B. of Hog Cholera (X 1000). B. of influenza (X 1000). B. leprae (X 1200). B. limosus (X 1000). B. diphtheriae (X 1000). B. mallei (X 1200). B. MEGATERIUM 156 B. ZOPFII B. megaterium (X 1200). B. scissus (X 1200). B. thalassaophilus ( < 1000). B. mesentericus vulgatus (X 1200). B. septicaemiae hasmorrhagica (X 1200). B. tuberculosis (X 1000), B. neapolitanus (X tooo). Nitrifying B. of Winogradsky (X 900). B. pneumoniae friedlanderi (X 1000). m B. prodigiosus (X 1000). B rhinoscleromatis (X 1400). B. of symptomatic anthrax (X 1000). B. of symptomatic anthrax, flagellate form (X 1000). B. syphilidis (Lustgarten) (X 1000). B. subtilis (X 1200). B. tetaiii (X 1200). B. typhi abdomiiialis (X 1200). B. typhi abdomiiialis, showing flagella (X 1200). B. ulna of Vignal (X 1000), B. vermicularis (X 1000). B. zopfii (various stages of growth) (X 1000). BACILLUS 157 BACTERIA Bacillus [bas-il'-iis) [dim. of baculum ; hacillum, a small staff: //. , BaciUi\ [a] A genus of the Schizo- mycetes established by Cohn ; synonym, Bacteridium, Davaine ; j^^rft-r/^w, Delafond ; JV/'Wo, Cohn ; and including all the elongated forms except such as are spiral and have a gyratory motion, which are classed in the genus Spirillum. The bacilli are rigid or flexible, motile or non-motile, and reproduce either by direct fission or by endogenous spore-formation. See Bacteria, Synonyinatic 7'able of. (i) An individual of the genus Bacillus. {c) A medicated rod or bougie, (d) Any rod-like body, or specifically, one of the retinal rods. (£■) In botany, the term applied to the cotyledon of certain plants, e.g., the' hyacinth ; or to the basal portion of some flower-clusters. Back {bak) [ME., bak'l. Dorsum; posterior aspect. B. Comijination. See Combination. B. Draught {bak' draft), the inspiration of whooping-cough. B. Posture. See Postures. B. Stroke of the Heart. See Diastole. Backache {bak'-ak) [ME., bak; aken\ Pain in the back. Backbone {bak'-bdn) [ME., bak; boon]. The verte- bral column. Back-cut of Salmon. See Salmon, and Operations, Table of. Bacony Infiltration (ba'-kon-e in-fil-t>-a' -shun). Same as Albuminoid Infiltration. Bacteremia {bak-ter-e' -me-ali) \bacterium, rod ; al)ia, blood]. The presence of bacteria in the blood. Bacterium {bak-te'-re-um) \_jiaKTripi(n>, a little stick: pi.. Bacteria]. I. A genus of schizomycetous fungi estab- lished by Ehrenberg (1838) and Dujardin {1841) ; characterized by short, linear, inflexible, rod-like forms, without tendency to unite into chains or fila- ments. 2. The distinction between the genus Bacte- rium (Dujardin), and the genus Bacillus (Cohn) is not well founded, and all straight, elongated forms should be referred to the latter genus. The word bacteria as now employed is practically synonymous with Schizo- mycetes. Microorganisms, or Microbes, and includes those minute Thallophytes, with or without chloro- phyll, related on the one hand to the Nostocacece, and on the other to the Flagellata. Morphologically, bacteria are either spherical (cocci) ; in the form of straight rods (bacilli) ; or of twisted rods (spirilli). They occur either free, as filaments in layers, or in cube-like packets. Frequently large gelatinous masses called Zodglcea are formed. As regards growth they are grouped either as Endosporous bacteria, includ- ing those that form spores endogenously ; or as Arthrosporous bacteria, including those that mul- tiply by fission. Bacteria are either aerobic, i.e., dependent upon the presence of free oxygen for the purpose of vegetation, or anaerobic, in which free oxygen is not essential, as they possess the power of appropriating the oxygen of unstable organic combi- nations, thus acting as disorganizing, fermentative, or putrefactive agents. Again, certain forms appear to possess the ability to flourish in either condition, and are known as facultative anaerobic. Bacteria are either motile or non-motile ; they may exist as saprophytes, facultative parasites, strict, obligate, or true parasites. Those that produce pigm_ent are known as chromogenic ; those that produce fer- mentation as zymogenic ; those that affect adversely the health of plants or animals as pathogenic. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of, and special terms under appropriate headings. SYNONYMATIC TABLE OF BACTERIA.* Actinobacter du lait visqueux, Duclaux. Found in ropy milk, aer., )iliqf., npg. Actinobacter poly- morphus. See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. Actinomyces bovis, Harz. Syn. Cladothri.x bovis, Cladothrix canis, Rabe (?) Found in Actinomycosis and in sputum of tuberculous patients. Discovered by Langenbeck (1845) ; first correctly described by Israel (1878). Bollinger first to recognize it in cattle. Considered by Paltauf, Israel, and Wolf as a pleo- morphic schizophyte. Occurs in grains the size of a poppy-seed ; composed of radiating threads. Stains with anilin dyes; is not decolorized by Gram's method. Grows on egg albumin, gelatin, potato, and bouillon. liqf.,pg.,chg. (Sulphur-yellow.) ^Ethyl- bacillus de Fitz. See Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg, etc. Ainylobacter Clostridium, Trecul. See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. A New Bacillus of Ma- lignant Edema, Klein. See Bacillus a'dematis aerobicus, Klein. Anthrax bacillus. See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. Arthrobacterium aceti, De Bary. See Bacillus aceti, Kiitzing. Arthrobacterium chlorinum, De Bary. See Ba- cillus chlorinus, Engelmann. Arthrobacterium merismopcedioides, De Bary. See Bacillus meris- ?nopcedioides, Zopf. Arthrobacterium pastorianum, De Bary. See Bacillus pastcurianus , Hansen. Arthrobacterium viride, De Bary. See Bacillus viridis. Van Tieghem. Arthrobacterium zopfii. See Bacillus zopfii. Arthro-kokkaceen, Ger. Arthro- spore bacteria forming only cocci and cocci-chains. Ascobacillus citreus, Unna and Tommasoli. Syn. Ascococcus citreus. On the skin, in cases of eczema seborrhoeicum. aer. , liqf. , mot., dig. (lemon-yellow), npg. Ascobacterium ulvina. Van Tieghem. Short rods occurring in liquids containing decaying legumi- nous seeds. Ascococcus billrothii, Cohn. Lobu- lated masses, producing a viscous fermentation of saccharine fluids and evolving butyric acid in solution of ammonium tartrate. Ascococcus citreus, Unna and Tommasoli. See Ascobacillus citreus. Ascococcus johnei, Cohn. See Alicrococcus botryogenus, Rabe. Ascococcus mesenteroides, Cienkowski. See Leu- conostoc mesenteroides, Cienkowski. Ascococcus vibrans, Van Tieghem. Upon water containing BeggiatocE ; distinguished from A. billrothii by the whirling and oscillating of the cells. Aussatz- bacillus, Ger. See Bacillus lepriF, Hansen. Bacille aerogene, Fr. See Bacillus lactis aerogenes. Miller. Bacille ^erophile, Fr. See Bacillus a'ero- philus, Liborius. Bacille brun de la pomme de terre, Fr. See Bacillus inesentericits fuscus, Flugge. Bacille butylique, Fr. See Bacillus buty- licus, Fitz. Bacille butyrique, Fr. .See Bacillus butyricus, Pasteur. Bacille commune de la pomme de terre, Fr. See Bacillus mesentericus I'ulgatus, Flugge. Bacille coprogene fetide, Fr. See Bacillus coprogenes fcetidus, Schottelius. Bacille cyanogene, Fr. See Bacillus cyanogenus , Hueppe. Bacille de Bienstock, I, II, Fr. See Bacillus subtilis simulans, Bienstock. Bacille de Brieger, Fr. See Bacillus cavifidus, Brieger. Bacille de Denecke, Fr. See Spir- illum tyrogenum, Denecke. Bacille de Finkler et Prior, Fr. See Spirillum of Finkler and Prior. Bacille de Hauser. See Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus zenkeri, Hauser. Bacille de Koch. See Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. Bacille de la chylurie, Fr. See Bacillus of chyluria, Wilson. Abbreviations. — a^r. = aerobic. awa^V. = anaerobic, c/ij?-. = chromogenic. /acawoi^r. = facultative anaerobic, ftg/. = liquefac- tive. monom. = monomorpliic. mot. = motile, nligf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. — non-motile, npg. — non-pathogenic. oA/. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating. pathogenic. /Aoj = phosphorescent = pleomorphic, ia/. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 158 BACTERIA Bacille de la coqueluche, Fr. See Bai-ilhts tussis cc)!-'ii/sk'ic, Aianassiew. Bacille de la decomposi- tion de I'albumine, Fr. See Bai illus putrificus coli, Bienstock. Bacille de la diarrhee verte infantile, Fr. See Bacillus of green diarrhea in children, Lesage. Bacille de la diphtherie. See Bacillus diphlhcriiT, Loffler. Bacille de la diphtherie des pigeons, Fr. See Bacillus diphtlieriic coluiiiliarnni, Loffler. Bacille de la diphtherie des veaux, Fr. See Bacillus iliphthcri,c vitnloiinii , Loffler. Bacille de la diphtherie intestinale chez les lapins, Fr. See Bacillus of intestinal diphtheria in rabbits, Rib- bert. Bacille de la dysenteric epidemique, Fr. See Bad lilts dysi'iitcjitr, Chantemesse and Widal. Bacille de la dysenterie epizootique des poules et des dindes, Fr. See Bacillus of Lucet. Bacille de la fermentation butyrique, Fr. See Bacillus butyricus, I'razmowski. Bacille de la fermentation lactique, Fr. See Bacillus acidi taclici, Hueppe. Bacille de la fievre jaune, Fr. See Bacillus of yellow fever. Bacille de la fievre puerperale, Fr. See Bacillus of puerperal fever. Bacille de la fievre typholde, Fr. See Bacillus typhi ab(lomi)ialis , Eberth. Bacille de la gangrene emphysemateuse pro- gressive. Bacille de la gangrene gazeuse, Fr. See Bacillus adcinaiis iiialigui , Koch. Bacille de la gangrene senile, Fr. See Bacillus of senile gangrene, Tricomi. Bacille de la lepre, Fr. See Bacillus lepra:, Hansen. Bacille de la malaria, Fr. See Bacillus nuilariir, Klebs and Tommasi-Crudeli. Ba- cille de la morve, Fr. See Bacillus ?iiallei, Loffler. Bacille de la necrose du foie des cochins d'inde, Fr. See Bacillus of necrosis of the liver of guinea- pigs, Eberth. Bacille de la pest porcine, Fr. See Bacillus of swine-plague, Marseilles, Rietsch, and Jobert. Bacille de la pseudo-tuberculose du lapin, Fr. See Bacillus of pseudo-tuberculosis in rabbits, Mallassez and Vignal. Bacille de la pyemic, Fr. See Bacillus of pyemia, Beltzow. Bacille de la rage, Fr. See Bacillus lyssic, Pasteur. Bacille de la scarlatina, Fr. See Bacillus of scarlet fever, Crooke. Bacille de la septicemic. See Bacillus of septicemia in man, Klein. Bacille de la septi- cemic du lapin, Fr. See Bacillus septicirniiu- lurmor- rhagicce, Sternberg. Bacille de la septicemic de la souris, Fr. See Bacillus ciysipelatos suis, Loffler, Schiitz. Bacille de la septicemic gangrencuse de la grenouille, Legrain, Fr. See Bacillus hydro- philus fuscus, Sanarelli. Bacille de la sueur des pieds, Fr. See Bacillus saprogenes, II, Rosenbach, Bacillus fcetidus, Passet, and Bacillus graveolens, Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. Bacille de la syphilis, Fr. See Bacillus syphilidis, Lustgarten. Bacille de la tubcrculosc, P'r. See Bacillus tuber czilosis, Koch. Bacille de la tuberculose des vignes, Fr. See Bacillus of tuberculosis of vines, Corvo. Bacille de la tuberculose zoogleique, Fr. See Bacillus of pseudo-tuberculosis in rabbits, Mallassez and Vignal. Bacille dc la tetanic, Fr. See Bacillus tetani, Nicolaier. Bacille de I'erysipfele du lapin, Fr. See Bacillus of erysipelas in rabbits, Koch. Bacille de liborius, Fr. See Bacillus butyricus, I'razmowski. Bacille dc I'oedeme, bacille de I'cedeme malin, Fr. See Bacillus a-ilciiiatis iiuiligtti, Pasteur, Koch. Bacille de I'uree, Fr. See Bacillus urcic, Miquel. Bacille de Lustgarten, Fr. See Bacillus syphilidis, Lustgarten. Bacille de pneumoniae, Fr. See Bacillus pneumouiw fricdlaiidcri. Bacille de Praz- mowski, Fr. See Bacillus butyricus, I'razmowski. Bacille des pomme de terre, Fr. See Bacillus mesentericus vulgatus, Flugge. Bacille du beri- beri, Fr. See Bacillus heribericus, De Lacerda. Bacille du cancer, Fr. See Bacillus of carcinoma, Rappin and Scheurlen. Bacille du catarrhe con- jonctival. See Bacillus of conjunctival catarrh, Koch. Bacille du charbon, Fr. See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender. Bacille du charbon symptomatique, Fr. .See Bacillus chauvcci, Bollinger and Feser. Bacille du cholera, Fr. See Spirillum cholera- asiaticcB, Koch. Bacille du cholera des poules, Fr. See Bacillus septiciemicc hicniorrluigicic , Stern- berg. Bacille du erysipele du pore, Fr. See Bacillus ciysipelatos suis, Pasteur. Bacille du farcin du bceuf, Fr. See Bacillus of Nocard. Bacille du foin, Fr. See Bacillus subtilis, Cohn. Bacille du jequirity, Fr. See Bacillus of jequirity ophthalmia. Bacille du lait bleu, Fr. See Bacillus cyajiogenus, Hueppe. Bacille du lait jaune, Fr. See Bacillus synxanthus, Ehrenberg. Bacille du lait rouge, Fr. See Bacillus prodigiosus, P^hrenberg. Bacille du mal rouge, Fr. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Pas- teur. Bacille du pain rouge, Fr. See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Bacille du rouget du pore, Fr. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Pasteur. Bacille du pus bleu, Fr. See Bacillus pyocyaneus, Gessard. Bacille du pus vert, Fr. See Bacillus pyocyaneus, Gessard. Bacille du rhinosclerome, Fr. See Bacillus rJiiuoscleromatis, Cornil and Alva- rez. Bacille du rhumatisme, Fr. See Bacillus rheuTnarthritidis, Kussmaul. Bacille du rouge de morue, Fr. See Bacillus of Dantec. Bacille du t^tanos, Fr. See Bacillus tetani, Nicolaier. Bacille du xerosis conjunctivae, Fr. See Bacillus of xerosis epithelialis conjunctive, Leber, Kuschbert, and Neisser. Bacille en virgule, Fr. See Spirillum cholera asiatiae, Koch. Bacille erythrospore, Fr. See Bacillus erythrosporus, Eidam, Cohn. Bacille muri- septique, Fr. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Pasteur. Bacille mycoide, Fr. See Bacillus mycoides, Fliigge. Bacille neapolitaine, Fr. Set Bacillus neapolitanus, Emmerich. Bacille pneumonique, Fr. See Bacillus pneumonicus agilis, Schou. Bacille puerperale, Fr. See Bacillus puerperalis, Spillman. Bacille pyogene fetide, Fr. See Bacillus pyogenes fcetidus, Passet. Bacille rouge de globig, Fr. Bacille rouge de la pomme de terre, Fr. See Bacillus juesentericus ruber, Globig. Bacille saprogene, Fr. See Bacillus saprogenes, Rosenbach. Bacille septiquc. See Bacillus septicus, Klein. Bacille septique agri- gene, Fr. See Bacillus septicus agregenus, Nicolaier. Bacille typhique, Fr. See Bacillus typhi abdomi- valis, Eberth. Bacille virgule, bacille virgule cholerique, Fr. See Spirillum choler,r asiaticic, Koch. Bacillen der Vergahrung von Kohlenhy- draten, Ger. See Bacilli of fermentation of carbo- hydrates. Bacillen aus Faeces, Ger. Microbes of the feces. Bacilles de la bouche, Fr. Microbes of the mouth. Bacilles de la fermentation des carbohydrates, Fr. See Bacilli" of fermentation of carbohydrates. Bacilles de I'air, Fr. Microbes of the air. Bacilles de I'eau, Fr. Microbes of water. Bacilles dc I'intestin, Fr. Microbes of the intestine. Bacilles dc Purine, Fr. Microbes of the urine. Bacilles de la terre, F'r. Microbes of the soil. Bacilles des scllcs, Fr. Microbes of the feces. Bacilles du crachat, Fr. Microbes of the sputum. Bacilles du pus, Fr. Microbes of pus. Bacilles chromogeniques, Fr. Chromogenic microbes. Ba- Abbreviations.— = aerobic, anaet . = anaerobic, che:. = chromogenic. facanaer.= facultative anaerobic, //y/. — liquefac- tive. mhiiom. = monomor[ihic. mot. = motile, nliiif. = non-liquefactive. >mwt. = non-motile, npf^. = non-pathogemc. oW. = obIigate. oic?. —oscillating. Z'^. = pathogenic. />Aoi. = phosphorescent. />/fo>«. = pleomorphic. jrt/>. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 159 BACTERIA cilles fluorescentes, Fr. Fluorescent microbes. Bacilles pathogeniques, Ft. Pathogenic microbes. Bacilles du sang, Fr. Microbes of the blood. Bacilles du smegma, Fr. Microbes of the smegma. Bacilles zymogenes, P"r. Zymogenic microbes. Bacilli zymogeni, L. Zymogenic microbes. Ba- cilli of Butyric Acid Fermentation. Syn., Bacilles de la fermentation butyrique, Fr. ; Bacillen der Butter- sauregahrung, Ger. See Bacillus Imtyriins, Hueppe and Prazmowski. Bacillus biitylicus, Fitz. Bacilli of Fermentation of Carbohydrates. Syn., Bacilles de la fermentation des -carbohydrates, F>. ; Bacillen der Vergahrung von Kohlenhydraten, Ger. ^iee Bacil- lus acidi lactici, Hueppe. Bacillus hutyn-icus, Hueppe and Prazmowski. Bacillus butylicus, Fitz. Bacillus dy socles, Zopf. Bacillus polymixa, Prazmowski. Ba- cilli of Guillebeau (a, b, c) , obtained from milk of cows with mastitis ; give rise to a peculiar fermentation of cheese, (a) aer., facanaer., mot., nliqf.: (b) a'er., facanaer., liqf., mot. ; (c) a'ir., nliqf. Bacilli of Ice. Syn., Eisbacillen. Microbes of ice. ' Bacilli of Pus. Syn., Bacilles du pus, Yx. ; Eiterbacillen, Ger. Microbes of pus. Bacilli of Putrefaction. Syn., Faulniss erregende Bacillen, Ger. Microbes of putrefaction. Bacilli of Sputum. Microbes of the mouth. Bacilli of the Air. Syn., Bacilles de Pair, Fr. ; Luftbacillen, Ger. Microbes of the air. Bacilli of the Feces. Syn., Bacilles des selles, Fr. ; Kot- bacillen, Bacillen aus Faeces, Ger. Microbes of the feces. Bacilli of the Intestine. Syn., Bacilles de I'intestine, Fr. ; Darmbacillen, Ger. Microbes of the intestine. Bacilli of the Mouth. Syn., Bacilles de la bouche, Fr. ; Mundhohlebacillen, Ger. Microbes of the mouth. Bacilli of the Soil. Syn., Bacilles de la terre, Fr. ; Erdbacillen, Bodenbacillen, Ger. Microbes of the soil. Bacilli of the Urine. Syn., Bacilles de Purine, Fr. ; Bacillen des Hams, Ger. Microbes of the urine. Bacilli of Water. Syn. , Bacilles de I'eau, F'r. ; Wasserbacillen, Ger. Microbes of water. Bacillo a virgola, Ital. See Spirillum cholene asiaticcB, Koch. Bacillo buterrico, Ital. See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. Bacillo. del carbonichio, Ital. See Bacillus antliracis, Pol- lender. Bacillo del carbonichio sintomatico, Ital. See Bacillus ckauvcei, Bollinger and Feser. Bacillo del fieno, Ital. See Bacillus subtilis, Cohn. Bacillo della malaria, Ital. See Bacillus malaria, Klebs and Tommasi-Crudeli. Bacillo del mollusco con- tagioso, Ital. See Bacillus 7nollusci, Dominico. Bacillo del sifilide, Ital. See Bacillus syphilidis, Lustgarten. Bacillo della tuberculosi, Ital. See Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. Bacillo tifoso, Ital. See Bacillus typhi abdominalis, Eberth. Bacillo tuberculare, Ital. See Bacillus tttberculosis, Koch. Bacillo virgolato, Ital. See Spirillum cholem asi- aticce, Koch. Bacillus a, Vignal. See Bacillus buccalis, Vignal. Bacillus aceti, Kiitzing, Sommer. Syn. , Arthrobacterium aceti, De Bary. Bacillus aceticus, Fliigge ; Bacterie du vinaigre ; Bacterium aceti, "L&nzi. Bacterium der Essiggahrung ; Essigfer- ment ; Essigpilz ; Micrococcus aceti; Mycoderma aceti, Pasteur. Mycoderme du vinaigre. Uhiina aceti, Kiitzing. Found in air and vinegar; common. Large cylindrical cells of varying size. Absorbs oxygen from air and oxidizes alcohol to acetic acid ; produces vinegar; may, by further oxidation, convert this into carbonic acid and water, aer., nliqf., mot., npg., pleotn. Cf. Bacillus pasteuriaiium, Hansen ; Bacte- rium xylinum, A. J. Brown. Bacillus aceticus. Fliigge. See Bacillus aceti, Kiitzing. Bacillus acidiformans, Sternberg. Obtained from the liver of a yellow fever cadaver, aer., facanaer ., nliqf., timot., pg. Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. Syn., Bacterium lactis. Lister. Bacterie ou Bacille de la fermentation lactique, Fr. ; Bacterium der Milch- sauregahrung, Ger. Found in the air and in sour milk. aer., facanaer., nliqf., innot., npg. Ba- cillus actinobacter, Duclaux. Syn., Actinobacter polvmorphus. A minute capsulated bacillus, ren- dering milk gelatinous and ropy, aer., nmot. See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. Bacillus aero- genes, I, II, III, Miller. Syn., Bacterium aero- genes. Miller. Helicobacterium aerogenes. Miller. Three small bacilli from the alimentary tract of healthy persons. aer.,7iliqf.,mot.,npg. Bacillus lactis aeroge7ies, Escherich. Bacillus aerogenes capsulatus, Welch and Nuttall. Found in the blood- vessels in a case of thoracic aneurysm, anaer., nliqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus aerophilus, Liborius. Ob- tained from the air. aer., liqf., nmot., npg. Syn., Bacille aerophile, Fr. Bacillus aeruginosum. See Bacillus pyocyaneus, Gessard. Bacillus albuminis, Bienstock. F'ound abundantly in feces. Decomposes albumin, hence its name, aer., mot., npg. Bacillus albus, Becker, Eisenberg. The white bacillus of water. Weisser Bacillus aus Wasser, Ger. aer. , filiqf , mot., npg. Bacillus albus anaerobiescens,Vaughan. Found in water, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , ntnot. , npg. Bacillus albus cadaveris, Strassmann and Strieker. Found in blood of cadaver, aer., liqf., mot., pg. Bacillus albus putridis, De Bary.. Found in water. aer., liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus allantoides, Klein. Obtained from the air. aer. , mot. , npg. Not suffi- ciently studied. Bacillus alii, Grifiiths. Syn., Bacterium alii. Found on surface of decaying onions. aer., chg. (green), npg. Bacillus alvei, Cheshire and Cheyne. Syn., Bacillus preussii, Ciesielski. Bacillus melittoptkorus, Cohn. Bacillus of foul brood. Bacillus der Faulbrut, Ger. Obtained from bee larvK infected with "foul brood." aer., facanaer., liqf., 7jiot.,pg. Also pathogenic for mice and guinea'pigs. Cf. Bacillus of Canestrini. Bacillus amylobacter. Van Tieghem. See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. Bacillus a777ylovorous , Burrill. See Bacillus butyricus, Botkin, Prazmowski. Bacillus amylozyma, Perdrix. Found in hydrant water (Paris), a/iaer., 7iliqf., 7not. Pathogenesis not determined. Bacillus anaero- bicus liquefaciens, Sternberg. Obtained from con- tents of intestine of yellow fever cadaver, a/uier., liqf, 7imot. Pathogenesis not determined. Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. Syn., Bacteriii77i a7ithracicu7/i, Bollinger. Bacteriui/i a7ithracis, Zopf. Bacteriu7/t carbu7tculare , Pollender, Brauell, Dela- fond, Davaine. Metallacter anthracis, Trevisan. Ba- cille du charbon, Fr. ; Bacteridie charbonneuse, Fr. ; Bacteridie du charbon, Fr. ; Bacillus anthracis e car- bonchio, Bacillo del carbonichio. It. ; Milzbrand- bacillus, Ger. Bacillus of Braxy. Found in the blood of animals and persons infected with anthrax. aer. , faca7iaer. , liqf. , 7i/iiot. , pg. Bacillus aquaticus liquefaciens, Pokrowsky. Found in river water (Kura), and hydrant water (Tiflis). Bacillus aqua- tilis, Frankland. Found in well-water in the chalk- formations of Kent, Eng. aer., liqf., 77iot., npg. Bacillus aquatilis sulcatus, I, II, III, IV, V, Weichselbaum. Found in hydrant water (Vienna). aer. , facanaer. , 7iliqf. , 7not., npg. Bacillus arbo- rescens, Frankland. Pound in hydrant water (Lon- Abbreyiations. — of >-.= aerobic. a)za?j-. = anaerobic. cAe- = chromogenic. yaca«a<^r. = facultative anaerobic. = liquefac- tive. OTOKOOT. = monomorphic. wo/. = motile, w/z^y. = non-liquefactive, /jwo/. = non-motile. j;/>^. = non-pathogenic. oW. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating. = pathogenic, /i/ioj. = phosphorescent. ^J/cow. = pleomorphic, ia/i. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 160 BACTERIA don). ae>\ , liqf. , osi:L , chg. (ora.ngt xtA), npg. Bacil- lus argenteo-phosphorescens, I, II, III, Katz. Obtained respectively from sea-water, pliosphorescent pieces of tish, and cuttle-tish (Sydney, N. S. W). aer., nliqf., mot. (except II), phos., npg. Bacillus argenteo-phosphorescens liquefaciens, Katz. Ob- tained from sea-water, near Sydney, N. S. W. aer., faianai'i-., Uqf-^ mot. , phos. , iipg. Bacillus auran- tiacus, Frankland. Found in well-water. aer.,nliqf., mot., chg. (orange), npg. Bacillus aureus, Adametz. Found in water ; also on the skin in cases of eczema seborrhceicum, Unna and Tommasoli. a'ir., nliqf., wo/. , f/;^. (golden yellow). Bacillus Vignal. See Bacillus Intccalis, Vignal. Bacillus B., Hofmann. Found in the larvae of Liparis inonacha. The cause of Flacherie, or Schlaffsucht. Bacillus bei Diphtheria des Menschen, Ger. See Bacillus diphthcriic, Klebs and Loffler. Bacillus bei Erysipel am Kaninchen, Bacillus bei Erysipel am Kaninchenohr, Ger. See Bacillus ei'ysipelatosus leporis, Koch. Bacillus bei Lichen ruber, Ger. See Bacillus of Lichen ruber. Laser. Bacillus bei Keuchhusten, Ger. See Bacil- lus ttissis convulsiviC , Afanassiew. Bacillus beri-beri- cus, Lacerda. Syn. ,Micrococcus of bcri-beri, Lacerda, Neisseria, Winkleri. Bacille du beri-beri, Fr. Bacil- lus of Beri-beri, Eykmann. Found by Lacerda, Pekel- haring, and Winkler, in the blood of persons affected with beri-beri. Negative results were obtained by Eyk- mann and Sternberg. The disease is now held to be identical with dochmiasis, produced by the nematode worm Dochmitis duodcnalis, Leuckart. See Beri-beri. Bacillus berolinensis indicus, Classen. Found in water of the Spree, aer., nliqf., mot., chg. (indigo- blue) , Bacillus bienstockii, Bienstock. Found in human feces. mot.,pg. Bacillus brassicae, Pom- mer. Found in infusions of cabbage-leaves. aer.,facan- aer.Jiqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus brunneus, Adametz and Weichmann. Found in water, aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus buccalis, Vignal. Syn., Bacillus zilna,\igna\ . Bacillus a,V\gna\; Bacillus b, Vignal ; Bacillus f, Vignal ; Bacillus g, Vignal ; Bacillus 7',Vignal. Bacillus buccalis foi-tuitus, V\gna\. Bacillus buccalis minutus, Vignal. Leptothri.x buccalis, Vignal. From the salivary secretions of healthy persons, aer., liqf, npg., chg. (golden yellow). Bacillus buccalis maximus. Miller. Found in the mouth of man. Common. Biologic characters undetermined. Ba- cillus buccalis minutus, Vignal. See Bacillus buccalis, Vignal. Bacillus butylicus, Fitz. Syn., Bacille butylique, Fr. '^et Bacillus butyricus, Hueppe. Bacillus butyricus, Botkin, Hueppe, Prazmowski. Obtained from milk, hydrant water and well-water, old cheese, garden earth, dust, etc. Syn., Actinobacter polvmorphus, Duclaux, Amvlobacter Clostridium, Trecul. Bacillus actinobacter, Duclaux. Bacillus amylobacter, Van Tieghem. Bacillus butylicus, Fitz. Bacterium navicida, Reinke and Berthold. Clostridi- um butyricum, Prazmowski. Micrococcus amylovo- rous, Burrill. Vibrione butyrique, Pasteur. Bacille de la fermentation butyrique, Bacille de Liborius, Bacille de Prazmowski, Bacterie de la fermentation bu- tyrique, P"r. ; Bacillo buterrico, Ital. Bacterium der But- tersauregahrung, Butterbacillus, Buttersaurebacillus, Fettbacillus, Liborius' Buttersaure bildender Bacillus, Kartoffelfaulebacillus, Ger. Butylbacillus ; Bacillus of butyric acid fermentation ; Bacillus of fire-blight ; Bacillus of pear-blight ; Micrococcus of apple-blight ; Micrococcus of pear-blight. One of the most widely diffused forms, exceedingly important and varied in its powers of decomposition. It is typically anaerobic and the chief of all the ferments giving rise to butyric acid as a primary product. It plays an important part in the human economy and in the destruction of plant cellulose. Botkin regards the form observed by him as distinct, aer., facanaer., liqf., mot., npg., plcom. Bacillus butyri fluorescens, Lafar. Occur- ring in every sample of natural butter examined. See Bacterium butyri colloideum, Lafar. Bacillus nielochloros, Winkler and Schroter. Bacillus butyri viscosus, Lafar. Found in butter, aer. , nliqf. , npg. Bacillus cadaveris, Sternberg ; obtained from yellow fever cadavers. obl.,anaer.(s,tric\.),n>not.,pg. Bacillus canalis capsulatus, Mori. P'ound in sewer water. acr. , facanaer ., nliqf . , nntot., pg. (for mice; guinea pigs, and rabbits immune). Bacillus canalis parvus, Mori. P'ound in sewer water, aer., nliqf., nmot., pg. (for mice and guinea pigs). Bacillus candicans, Frankland. Found in soil, aer., nliqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus capsulatus, Pfeififer. Obtained from the blood of a guinea pig. aer., facanaer. , nliqf., nmot., pg. (for white mice and house mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and pigeons (septicemia). Cf. Capsule ba- cillus of Loeb. Bacillus capsulatus mucosus, Fasching. Found in the nasal secretions of man in cases of influenza, aer. , facanaer ., nmot. , 72liqf , pg. (for white mice and field mice), npg. (for rabbits and pigeons) . Bacillus capsulatus smithii, a, b, c, Theo- bald Smith. Syn. , Capsule bacillus of Smith. F'ound in the intestines of swine, aer ., facanaer. , tiliqf. , nmot. , npg. According to Smith, possibly identical with Ba- cillus lactis aerogenes, Escherich. Bacillus carabi- formis, Kaczynsky. Found in the stomach of meat- fed dogs. acr. , liqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus carotarum, A. Koch. Obtained from cooked carrots and sugar beets, aer., liqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus catenula, Duclaux. Syn. , 'J'yroihrix catenula. Found in cheese. anaer. (will however grow in air), nmot., npg. Bacillus caucasicus, Kern. Syn., Bacteriian cau- casicum. Dispora caucasica. Kern. Grains de Ke- phyr, Fr. ; Kefirbacillus, Kefirferment, Kefirpilz- glomerat, Hirse des Propheten, Ger. Used in the preparation of the peculiar milk-wine, "Kefir." aer., facanaer., nmot., npg. Bacillus cavicida, Brieger. See Bacillus cavicidus, Brieger. Bacillus cavicida havaniensis, Sternberg. Obtained from intestine of yellow fever cadaver, aer., facanaer., nliqf, mot. Bacillus cavicidus, Brieger. Syn., Bacillus cavicida. Brieger' s bacillus. Bacillus de Brieger, bacterie de la fermentation propionique, Fr. Obtained from human feces, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf., pg. (not for rabbits or mice). Perhaps identical with Bacillus ncapolitaiius, Emmerich. Bacillus caviae fortuitus, Sternberg. Found in exudates of guinea pig inoculated with liver from yellow fever cadaver. aer., facanaer., nliqf, mot., npg. Bacillus chau- vaei, Bollinger and Feser, Arloing, Cornevin, and Thomas. Syn., Bacillus of symptomatic anthrax. Bacille du charbon symptomatique, Bacteridie du charbon symptomatique, Fr. ; Rauschbrandbacillus, Bacillus des Rauschbrandes, Ger. ; Ilacillo del car- bonchio sintomatico, Ital. Clostridium of sympto- matic anthrax, Neelsen and Ehlers. Found in tissues of cattle suffering from symptomatic anthrax, "black leg," or "quarter evil." anacr., liqf, mot., pg. Bacillus chlorinus, Engelmann. Syn., Arthrobacterium chlorinum, De Bary. Bacterium chlorinum, Engelmann. Found in infusions of de- caying vegetable matter, aer. , sap. , chg. (green) , npg. Abbreviations. — ai^r. = aerobic. a«a^>'. = anaerobic. cAj?;. = chromogenic. yairaKaf>-. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = \iq\ie- faclive. ?«ono?K. = monomorphic. wo/. = motile, k//?/. = non-liquefactive. nwo/. = non-motile. = non-pathogenic. oW. = obligate. ojc/. = oscillating. />^. = pathogenic. /Aoi. = phosphorescent. >/^'0»«. = pleomorphic. ia;>. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 161 BACTERIA Bacillus cholerae asiaticae, Koch. See Spirillum cholera asiatiae, Koch. Bacillus cholerae galli- narum, Fliigge. See Bacillus seplictrmiir hcsmor- rhagica, Sternberg. Bacillus chromo-aromaticus, Galtier. Obtained from the carcass of a diseased pig. aer. ,facanaer. , liqf. , mot. ,pg. (for rabbits) . Bacillus circulans, Jordan. Found in the water of Merrimac River, aer. , facatiaer. , liqf. , met. , npg. Bacillus citreus. See Ascohacillus citreus, Unna and Tom- masoli. Bacillus citreus cadaveris, Strassmann. Found in cadaver, aer., liqf., n?}iot., chg. (yellow). Bacillus claviformis, Duclaux. Syn. , Tyrothrix claviformis, Duclaux. Found in fermenting casein. anaer. , pg. Bacillus cloacae, Jordan. One of the most common microbes in sewage, a'ir., facanaer., liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus coeruleus, Smith. Found in river water (Schuylkill), aer., liqf, chg. (blue), npg. Bacillus coli communis. See Bacillus >2ca- politanus, Emmerich. Bacillus coli similis, Stern- berg. Obtained from human liver, aer., facanaer., nliqf, nmot., npg. Bacillus constrictus, Zim- mermann. Found in water, aer., facanaer. , nliqf . , mot. , chg. (cadmium yellow) , npg. Bacillus copro- genes fcetidus, Schottelius. Syn., Darmbacillus von Schottelius, Ger. ; Bacille coprogene fetide, Fr. Obtained from intestinal contents of pigs dead of malignant erysipelas, aer., nliqf, nmot., pg. Ba- cillus coprogenes parvus. Syn., Mausesepti- kamieahnlicher Bacillus, Eisenberg. Obtained from human feces. aer., nliqf., nmot., pg. Bacillus c r a s s u s , Van Tieghem. The broadest known bacterium, 4 //. ttiot., npg. Bacillus crassus sputigenus, Kreibohm. Syn. , Bacillus sputigenus crassus. From the sputum and tongue of man. aer. , nliqf. , nmot. , pg. Bacillus crystallosus. Bacillus cuneatus. Syn., Bacterium cuneatum.'R.rvoXt.a. Found in the blood and viscera of horses, cattle, and dogs dead of septic processes, pg. Bacillus cuniculicida, Fliigge. Bacillus cuniculicidus, Koch. See Bacil- lus septiccemice hceinorrhagicce, Sternberg. Bacillus cuniculicida havaniensis, Sternberg. Found in viscera of yellow fever cadavers, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. pg. Bacillus cuticularis, Tils. Found in water, aer., liqf., mot., chg. (yellow), npg. Bacillus cyaneo phosphorescens, Katz. Obtained from sea water Australia), aer., facanaer. , liqf. , mot., phos.,chg. greenish), npg. Bacillus cyanofuscus, Beyerinck. Obtained from glue and Edam cheese. aer.,chj[. , (green, changing to blue, brown, black), liqf, tnot., npg. Bacillus cyanogenus, Fuchs. Hueppe, Neelsen. Syn. , Bacillus lactis cyanogenus. Bacillus syncyanum. Bacterium cyanogenum, Fuchs, Bacterium syncy- anum, Ehrenberg, Schroter. Vibrio cyanogenus, Fuchs. Vibrio syncyanus, Ehrenberg. Bacille du lait blue, Bacille cyanogene, Microbe du lait blue, Fr. Pilz der blauen Milch, Ger. Bacillus of blue milk. Found in milk. aer., nliqf, mot., chg. (grayish blue), npg. Bacillus cystiformis, Clado. Found in urine of patient with cystitis, aer., nliqf., mot., npg. Bacillus delicatulus, Jordan. Found in hydrant water (Lawrence, Mass.). acr., liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus dentalis viridans. Miller. Syn., Miller's bacillus. Found in carious dentine, aer., facanaer., nliqf ., pg. Bacillus deni- trificans, Giltay and Aberson. Obtained from the soil, air, and sewage, aer., nliqf ., mot., npg. Cf Bacterium denitrificans , Gayon and Dupetit. Bacil- lus der Akne contagiosa des Pferdes. See Bacil- lus of horse pox. Bacillus der amerikanischen Rinderseuche, Canerva. See Bacillus of swine plague, Marseilles. Bacillus des Bindehautcatarrhs, Koch. See Bacillus of conjunctival catarrh. Bacillus der blauen Milch. See Bacillus cyanogenus, Fuchs. Bacillus der Biiffelseuche, Oreste, Armenni. See Bacillus septicemia: hic?Norrhagiccc , Sternberg. Bacil- lus der Buttersauregahrung. See Bacillus hutyri- cus, Prazmowski. Bacillus der Chyluria. See Bacillus of chyluria, Wilson. Bacillus der Dachs- leber, Marpmann. Found in the necrotic por- tions from the abscesses in the liver of a badger. Bacillus der Eiweisszersetzung. See Bacillus putrificus coli, Bienstock. Bacillus der Faulbrut. See Bacillus alvei, Cheshire and Cheyne. Bacil- lus der Frettchenseuche (ferret disease), Eberth and Schimmelbusch. See Bacillus of swine plague, Marseilles. Bacillus des gelben Fiebers. See Bacillus of yellow fever. Bacillus der Hadern- krankheit. See Bacillus hominis capsulatus, Bordoni- Uffreduzzi. Bacillus der Harnstoffgahrung. See Bacillus urea:, Leube. Bacillus der Hiihner- cholera. See Bacillus septiccemice hemorrhagica, Sternberg. Bacillus der Jequirity Opthalmie, Ger. See Bacillus of jequirity ophthalmia, De Wecker. Bacillus der Kalberdiphtherie, Ger. See Bacillus diphthericc vitulorum , Loffler. Bacillus der Kaninchenseptikamie, Koch. See Bacillus septicirmiic hamorrhagiccc, Sternberg. Bacillus der Lepra. See Bacillus lepra, Hansen. Bacillus der Lungen des Rindviehs, Ger. See Bacillus of the lungs of cattle, Liistig. Bacillus der Mala- ria, Ger. See Bacillus malaria, Klebs and Tommasi Crudeli. Bacillus der Mauseseptikamie. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Sternberg. Bacillus der Pseudotuberculose der Kaninchen, Ger. See Bacillus of pseudotuberculosis in rabbits. Bacillus des Puerperalfiebers, Ger. See Bacillus puerperalis, Engel and Spillman. Bacillus der Pyamie, Ger. See Bacillus of pyemia, Beltzow. Bacillus der Rinder- seuche, Kitt. , Ger. See Bacillus septicamia hamor- rhagiccc, Sternberg. Bacillus der roten Milch. See Bacillus prodigiosus , Ehrenberg. Bacillus der schleimigen Milch, Loffler, Ger. See Bacillus lactis pituitosi, Loffler. Bacillus der Schweinepest, Ger. See Bacillus ex pnetimo-enteritide suis, Klein. Bacil- lus der Schweineseuche, Loffler and .Schutz. See Bacillus septicamia hamorrhagica, Sternberg. Bacil- lus der Schweineseuche Marseilles, Rietsch and Jobert. See Bacillus of swine plague, Marseilles. Bacillus der Septikamie bei Mausen, Ger. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Sternberg. Bacillus der Taubendiphtherie. See Bacillus diphtheria colutn- barum, Loffler. Bacillus der Wildseuche, Hueppe, Ger. See Bacillus septiccemia hatnorrhagica, Stern- berg. Bacillus der Wurmkrankheit. See Bacillus of Nocard. Bacillus der Xerosis epithelialis con- junctivae. See Bacillus of xerosis epithelialis conjunc- tivas, Leber, Kuschbert, and Neisser. Bacillus des Aussatzes, Ger. See Bacillus lepra, Hansen. Bacillus des Blutes, Ger. See Bacillus of the blood. Bacillus des Erysipelas malignum beim Schwein, Ger. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Stern- berg. Bacillus des Gefliigeltyphoid, Ger. See Bacillus septic(emia lucmorrhagica, Sternberg. Bacil- lus des griinblauen Eiters, Ger., also Bacillus des griinen Eiters. See Bacillus pyocyaneus, Ges- sard. Bacillus des Harns, Ger. Microbe of the urine. Bacillus des Keuchhustens, Ger. See Bacillus tussis convulsiva , Afanassiew. Bacillus des Abbreviations. — = aerobic. aHafK = anaerobic. cA^. = chromogenic. yaca»zaf>-. = facultative anaerobic, //yy. = liquefac- tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic, oi/. = obligate, o^c/. = oscillating. = pathogenic. /Aoj. = phosphorescent, //cow. = pleomorphic, ia^. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 162 BACTERIA Milchfaeces, Bacillus des Milchkotes, Ger. See Bacillus neapolitanus, Emmerich, and Bacillus lactis aerogenes, Escherich. Bacillus des Pseudo- schweinerotlaufs, Ger. See Bacillus parvus ova- ttts, Loffler. Bacillus des Rauschbrandes, Ger. See Bacillus chauvcri, Bollinger and Feser. Bacil- lus des Rhinoscleroms, Ger. See Bacillus rliino- scleroinatis, Cornil and Alvarez. Bacillus des roten Brodes, Ger. See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Bacillus des Rotzes. See Bacillus mallei, Loffler. Bacillus des Schweinerotlaufs, Loffler and SchiUz,Ger. Syn., Bacillus oysipelatos suis, Sternberg. Bacillus des Wundstarrkrampfes, Ger. See Bacillus tetani, Nicolaier. Bacillus de- vorans, Zimmermann. Found in well water, aer., facanaer., Hqf-, mot., tipg. Bacillus diffusus, FVankland. Found in the soil. aei'. , liqf., npg. Bacillus diphtherias, Klebs and Loffler. Syn. , Ba- cillus diphtheriticus. Bacillus diplitheritidis, Micro- cocctis diphtheriticus, Cohn. Bacillus bei Diphtherie des Menschen, Bacterie der Diphtherie, Ger. Bacille de la diphtherie, Bacterie de la diphtherie, Fr. Found in diphtheritic false membranes, aer., nliqf., nmot., facanaer., pg. Bacillus diphtheriae columbarum, Loffler. Bacillus der Taubendiphtherie, Bacterium der Diphtherie bei Menschen und Tauben, Ger. Bacille de la diphtherie des pigeons, F'r. From the pseudomembranes in the mouths of pigeons infected with pigeon diphtheria. aer., nliqf., nmot., pg. Bacillus diphtheriae vitulorum, LofHer. Bacille de la diphtherie des veaux, Fr. Bacillus der Kalber- diphtherie, Ger. From the pseudomembranes in the mouths of calves infected with epidemic diphtheria ; culture experiments unsuccessful, pg. Rabbits and guinea pigs immune. Bacillus diphtheriticus, Ba- cillus diphtheridis, Bacillus diphtheritis. See Bacillus diphthericc, Klebs and Loffler. Bacillus distortus, Duclaux. ?)yn.,Tvroth?ixdistortus. Found in milk and cheese. aer. , mot. , npg. Bacillus dysenteriae, Chantemesse and Widal. Syn. , Bacille de la dysenterie epidemique ; Microbe de la dysenterie epidemique, Fr. Found in the intestinal contents and viscera of dysentery cadavers. aer. , uliqf. , pg. Bacillus dysodes, Zopf. Syn. , Bacterium dysodes. Found in yeast, inducing fermentative changes in bread, causing it to smell disagreeably and to become greasy and unfit for use. Bacillus Emmerich. See Bacillus neapolitanus , Emmerich. Bacillus endo- carditidis capsulatus, Weichselbaum. From viscera of man who died of endocarditis with thrombi, aer., nliqf., pg. Bacillus endocarditidis griseus, Weich- selbaum. P'rom the heart in a case of endocarditis recurrens ulcerosa, aer., nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus enteritidis, Gartner. Obtained from the tissues of a cow killed on account of sickness attended with mucous diarrhea, and from the spleen of a man who died shortly after eating of the flesh of this cow. aer., nliqf., mot., pg. Dogs, cats, chickens, and sparrows are immune. Bacillus epidermidis, Bizzo- zero. Syn. , Leptothrix epidermidis. Microsporon min- iitissitnum , Burchart. From the epidermis between the toes, aer., nliqf. , npg. Bacillus epidermidis, Bor- doni-Uffreduzzi. See Bacillus of Scheurlen. Bacillus Epsilon, von Miller. See Spirillum, Finkler- Prior. Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Koch, Loffler, Schiitz, Pasteur. Syn., Bacillus erysipelas tnaligniim. Bacillus mi}iii)ius. Bacillus murisepticus, Fliigge. Bacilbts septicus, Koch. Bacille de la septicemic de la souris, Bacille du erysipSle du pore, Bacille du mal rouge. Bacille du rouget du pore, Pasteur, Bacille murisep- tique, Fr. Bacillus der Mauseseptikamie, Koch. Bacillus des Rotlaufs, Bacillus des Schweinerot- laufs, Loffler, Schiitz. Rotlauf bacillus, Ger. Bacillus of mouse septicemia. Bacillus of hog erysipelas. First obtained by Koch by injecting putrefying flesh beneath the skin of mice, afterward by Loffler and Schiitz from carcasses of swine dead of " Rotlauf ' ' aer. , faca- naer., nliqf, pg. Bacillus erysipelatos leporis, Koch. Syn., Bacillus bei Erysipel am Kaninchen, Bacillus bei Erysipel am Kaninchenohr, Ger. Bacille de I'erysipele du lapin, Fr. Bacillus of erysipelas in the rabbit. Found in the erysipelatous inflammation in a rabbit's ear caused by the injection of mouse's dung. Bacillus erythrosporus, Eidam, Cohn, and Miflet. Syn., Bacille erythrosopore, Fr. Found in putrefying albuminous fluids, water, etc. aer., nliqf, mot., chg. (greenish yellow, fluorescent), npg. Ba- cillus ethaceticus, Frankland. Cause of fermentation of arabinose. Bacillus ex pneumo-enteritide suis, E. Klein, Schiitz, Salmon, Cornil, Chantemesse, .Selander. Syn., Microbe der Schweinspocken, Ger. ; Bacille de la pneumo-enterite du pore, Fr. Bacillus of hog cholera. Found in the intestinal contents, blood, and viscera of swine dead of hog cholera, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf, mot., pg. Bacillus f, Vignal. See Bacillus buccalis, Vignal. Bacillus facultatus, Sadebeck and E. Frankel. Found in non-malignant pharyngeal mycosis. Bacillus figurans, Crookshank. See Ba- cillus mesenterictis vulgatus. Bacillus figurans, Vaughan. Found in water, aer., liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus filiformis, Duclaux. Syn. , Tyrothrix fili- formis. Found in cheese and milk. aer. , mot. , npg. Bacillus filiformis, Tils. Found in water, aer., liqf., oscl., npg. Bacillus filiformis havaniensis, Sternberg. From the liver of a yellow fever cadaver. ana'er., facanaer. , nliqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus fit- zianus, Zopf. See Bacillus subtilis, Cohn. Bacillus flavescens, Pohl. Found in swamp water, aer. , nliqf., chg. (yellow). Bacillus fcetidus, Liborius. Syn., Bacterium fa;tidum. Clostridittm fcetidus, Libo- rius. Corpuscles brillants. Micrococci of S. Le. M. Moore. Obtained from soil. anaer. , liqf. , mot. Bacillus fcetidus lactis, Jensen. From milk, aer., nliqf, npg. Bacillus fcetidus ozaenae, Hajek. Ob- tained from nasal secretions of patients with ozena. aer., facanaer., liqf. , tnot.,pg. Bacillus flavoco- riaceus,* Eisenberg. Syn. , Sulphur yellow bacillus (Adametz). Found in water, aer., nliqf., nmot., chg. (sulphur yellow) , Bacillus flavus. Mace. Found in drinking water. aer., liqf, chg. (golden yellow), nmot. Bacillus fluorescens aureus, Zim- mermann. Found in hydrant water (Chemnitz), aer., nliqf., »!ot., chg. (ocher yellow), jtpg. Bacillus fluo- rescens longus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant water (Chemnitz), aer., nliqf, mot., chg. (grayish yellow), npg. Bacillus fluorescens liquefaciens, Fliigge. Common in water and putrefying infusions. ai'r., liqf, mot., chg. (greenish yellow), npg. Cf Bacillus Ttscosus, Frankland. Bacillus fluorescens liquefaciens minutissimus, Unna and Tommasoli. Found upon skin in cases of eczema seborrhoeicum. aer., facanaer., liqf.,tnot., chg., (greenish yellow), nf'g. Possibly identical with the preceding species. Bacillus fluorescens nivalis, Schmolck. Syn. , Ba- cillus tiivalis, Gletscher bacillus, Glacier bacillus. Found in snow and ice water from Norwegian glaciers, aer., liqf, mot., chg. (bluish green), }ipg. Bacillus fluorescens non-liquefaciens, Schiller. Abbreviations. — «;■';■. = aerobic, awa?? . = anaerobic. = chromogenic. yaca?!ai^r. = facultative anaerobic, //^y. = liquefac- live. ?HOHo«/. = monomorphic. = motile. n/;yy. = non-liquefactive. «>ho/. = non-motile. = non-pathogenic oA/. —obligate, oic/. = oscillating, /.j-. = pathogenic. /Aoj. = phosphorescent. = pleomorphic, ia/. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 163 BACTERIA Found in water, aer. , nliqf. , nmot. , chg. (greenish yellow), npg. According to Baumgarten identical with the Bacillus of Lesage. Bacillus fluorescens putidus, Fliigge. Found in water, aer., nliqf., mot., chg. (greenish), npg. Bacillus fluorescens tenuis, Zinimermann. Found in hydrant water (Chemnitz), aer., nliqf., nmot., chg. (greenish yel- low), npg. Bacillus foetidus, Passet. Syn., Bac- terium fatidiim. Thin. Clostridium fxtidum, Libo- rius. Corpuscles brillants. Found in cases of fetid sweating feet, in the exudations of mice inoculated with garden earth, and in cases of malignant edema, anaer., liqf. , mot., 7ipg. Bacillus fcetidus lactis, Jensen. Found in milk. aer. , nliqf. , npg. Resembles Bacillus neapolitanus, Emmerich. Bacil- lus fulvus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant water, (Chemnitz) . aer. , liqf. , 7imot. , chg. (gamboge yellow) , npg. Bacillus fuscus. Obtained from a putrefying infusion of maize, from the air, etc. Cf. Bacterium brtmneum, Schroter. Bacillus fuscus limbatus, Scheibenzuber. Obtained from rotten eggs. aer. , facanaer. , nliqf, mot., chg. (brown), npg. Bacillus galinarum, Klein. Found in blood of chickens dead of a disease resembling chicken cholera, aer. , nliqf. , nmot. , pg. Bacillus gasoformans, Eisenberg. Found in water, aer., facanaer. , liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus gaytoni, Cheshire. The cause of a disease of honey-bees. Cf. Bacillus alvei, Cheshire and Cheyne. Bacillus geniculatus, De Bary. Syn., Tyrothrix goiiculatus, Duclaux, Bacterium en zig- zag, Fr. Found in the contents of the stomach, aer. , nliqf., mot., npg. Bacillus gingivae. Miller. Ba- cillus gingivae pyogenes, Miller. See Bacterium gingivce pyogenes. Miller. Found in a filthy mouth, and in purulent dental pulp, aer., facanaer., liqf., pg. (for white mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits). Ba- cillus glaucus, Maschek. F"ound in water, aer., liqf, nmot., chg. (gray),«/^A Bacillus gliscroge- num. See Bacterium gliscrogenum, Malerba. Bacil- lus glycerinae, Buchner. See Bacillus stibtilis, Cohn. Bacillus gracilis, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant water, (Chemnitz), aer., facanaer., liqf., oscL, npg. Bacillus gracilis anaerobiescens, Vaughan. Found in water, aer. , facanaer. , )ilicif. , mot. , npg. Bacillus gracilis cadaveris, Sternberg. Obtained in human liver, aer. , facanaer. , nmot. , nliqf. , pg. Bacillus granulosus, Russel. Found in mud (Bay of Naples). aer., facanaer. , liqf., nmot. Pathogenesis not deter- mined. Bacillus graveolens, Bordoni and Uffre- duzzi. Syn., Bacille de la sueur des pieds, Fr. Com- pare Bacillus saprogcnes, II, Rosenbach, and Bacillus foetidus, Passet. Found on epidermis between the toes of man. aer., liqf, npg. Bacillus guttatus, Zim- mermann. Found in hydrant water (Chemnitz), aer., facanaer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus halophilus, Russel. Obtained from water and mud (Bay of Naples), aer., liqf. , mot. Pathogenesis not determined. Bacillus hansenii, Raspmussen. Found in various nutrient liquids. aer., mot., chg. (chrome yellow to yellowish brown). Bacillus havaniensis, Sternberg. ?>yn. , Micrococcus havanicnsis , (?) Sternberg. Bacil- lus havaniensis liquefaciens, Sternberg. Obtained from the surface of the body of patients in the hospital at Havana, a'dr., nliqf., chg. (blood-red). Bacillus helvolus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant water (Chemnitz) . aer., liqf. , mot. (rotary only) , chg . (Naples yellow), npg. Bacillus heminecrobiophilus, Ar- loing. Found in a caseous lymphatic gland of a guinea pig. aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , mot. , pg. Bacillus hepaticus fortuitus, Sternberg. Obtained from the exudations of a guinea pig inoculated with liver from a yellow fever patient, aer. , nliqf ., mot., npg. Bacillus hessii, Guillebeau. Found in cow's milk, aer., liqf. , mot. Pathogenesis not determined. Bacillus homi- nis capsulatus, Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. Syn., Proteus capsulatus septicus, Banti. Proteus Iiominis capsulatus, Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. Bacillus der Hadernkrankheit, Bacillus of rag-picker's disease. Obtained from persons dead from rag-picker's disease, aer., nliqf., nmot., pg. Bacillus hyacinthi septicus, Heinz. Found in diseased hyacinths, aer., facanaer., nli<^f., mot., npg. Cf. Bacterium hyacinthi, Wakker. Bacillus hya- linus, Jordan. Found in hydrant water (Lawrence, Mass.). a^r., facanaer., liqf, mot., npg. Reduces nitrates rapidly. Bacillus hydrophilus fuscus, Sanerelli. Syn. , Bacille de la septicemic gangreneuse de la grenouille , Legrain. From the lymph of diseased frogs, aer. , liqf. , mot., pg. Bacillus implexus, Zim- mermann. Found in hydrant water (Chemnitz), aer., liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus incanus, Pohl. Found in swamp water, aer. , liqf. , mot. Not sufficiently studied. Bacillus indicus, Koch. Syn., Bacillus indictts ruber, Koch. Micrococcus indicus, Koch. Found in the intestinal contents of a monkey, aer. , facanaer. , liqf., mot., chg. (brick-red), Z^"-. (for rabbits). Bacillus indigoferus, Classen. Found in river water (Spree). aer., nliqf., mot., chg. (deep indigo blue), npg. Bacillus indigogenus, Alvarez. Found in an in- fusion of the leaves of the indigo plant. i^Indigofera tinctoria, L,). aer., mot. chg. (indigo blue), pg. Bacillus inflatus, A. Koch. Obtained from the air. aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus intestinus motilis, Sternberg. From the intestinal contents of yellow fever cadavers, aer., facanaer ., nliqf., mot., npg. Bacillus inunctus, Pohl. Found in swamp water, aer., facanaer., liqf., mot. Pathogenesis not determined. Bacillus invisibilis, Vaughan. Found in water, aer. , facanaer. , tiliq f. , mot. , npg. Bacillus iodococcus vaginatus. Miller. See lodococcus vaginatus. Bacillus iris, Frick. aer., tiliqf., nmot. {green), n/>g. Bacillus janthinus, Zopf. Syn., Bac- terium janthinus, Zopf. Violet bacillus, found in sewage (Lawrence, Mass.). aer., liqf., mot., chg. (bluish violet), npg. Bacillus kaukasicus, Ger. See Bacillus caucasicus , Kern. Bacillus klebsii. See Bacillus syphilidis, Lustgarten. Bacillus lacti- cus, Pasteur. See Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. Bacillus lactis aerogenes, Escherich and Abelous. Syn., Bacillus aerogoies , Bacillus capsulatus. Smith. Bacterium lactis aerogenes, Escherich. Bacille aero- gene, Fr. ; Bacillus des Milchkotes, Bacillus des Milchfaeces, Ger. Found in the stomach and in- testine of healthy adults. aer., facanaer., nliqf., npg. Bacillus lactis albus, Loffler. Found in milk, aer., liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus lactis cy- anogenus. See Bacillus cyanogenus, Hueppe. Ba- cillus lactis erythrogenes, Hueppe and I5aginsky. Syn., Bacillus of red milk. Found in milk and the feces of a child, aer., liqf., nmot., ch'^. (yellow and xe^,npg. Bacillus lactis pituitosi, Loffler. Syn., Bacillus lactis 7'iscosus, Adametz, Loffler' che Bacil- lus der schleimigen Milch. Found in milk, aer., nliqf. , npg. Bacillus lactis viscosus, Adametz. Found in ropy milk. aer. , nliqf. , nmot., npg. Capsu- lated. Bacillus latericeus, Eisenberg. Syn., Ziegelro- ter bacillus, Adametz. Found in water, aer., nliqf, nmot., chg. (brick red), npg. Bacillus leioder- mos, Loifler. Syn. , Bacillus liodcriiios, Fliigge. Abbreviations. — oi^'r. = aerobic. awflfV. = anaerobic. cA^. = chromogenic. yacanafV. = facultative anaerobic. Ag/". = liquefac- tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg: = non-pathosjenic. oW. = obligate. o5c/. = oscillating, /i^. = pathogenic. /Aoj. = phosphorescent. >/^07«. = pleomorphic, ^a/. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 164 BACTERIA Glatthautbildender Kartoflelbacillus, Gummibacillus. Found in milk, aer., Hqf-, mot., npg. Bacillus leporis lethalis, Gibier and Sternberg. From the intestinal contents of yellow fever patients, aer. , liqf. , mot., pg. Bacillus leprae, Armauer and Hansen. Syn. , Aussatzbacillus, Bacillus der Lepra, Bacillus des Aussatzes, Ger. ; Bacille de la lepre, Fr. ; Bacillo della lebbra. It. Found in leprous tubercles. Can- not be cultivated in ordinary media. Specific patho- genesis settled by inoculation of a condemned criminal. Bacillus leptosporus, L. Klein. Obtained from the air. aer. , mot. , npg. Bacillus lethalis, Babes. Syn. , Proteus lethalis. Proteus bei Lungengangrane des Menschen. Obtained from spleen and lung of patient dead of septicemia, aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , mot., pg. Bacillus limbatus acidi lactici, Marp- mann. Found in cow's milk, aer., nliqf., ntnot., npg. Bacillus limosus, Russel. Obtained from mud (Bay of Naples), aer. , liqf mot. Pathogenesis not determined. Bacillus lineola. See Bacterium line- ola, Cohn. Bacillus liodermos, Flugge. See Ba- cillus leiodermos, Loffler. Bacillus liquefaciens, Eisenberg. Found in water, aer., liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus liquefaciens bovis, Arloing. Syn. , Pneu^ Diobacillus liquefaciens bovis. From the lungs of a diseased ox. aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , nmot. , pg. Bacil- lus liquefaciens communis, Sternberg. Obtained from the feces of yellow fever patients, aer. , facanaer. , liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus liquefaciens magnus, Luderitz. Found in the exudates of mice inoculated with garden earth. anaer., liqf., mot., npg. Bacil- lus liquefaciens parvus, Luderitz. Source same as last, anaer., liqf. , nmot., npg. Bacillus liquidus, Frankland. Found in river water (Thames). Com- mon, aer., liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus litoralis, Russel. Obtained from mud (Bay of Naples), aer., facanaer., liqf, mot. Pathogenesis not determined. Bacillus lividus, Plagge and Proskauer. Found in hydrant water (Berlin), aer. , facanaer., liqf. , mot., dig. (brick red), npg. Bacillus lucens. Van Tieg- hem. Syn., Bacteritim lucens, Van T'KgYism. Found on the surface of water, aer., nmot. Brilliant. Ba- cillus luteus, Flugge. Syn., Bacterium luteum. List. Gelber Bacillus, Ger. Found in superficial layers of gelatin plate culture, aer., nmot., nliqf, dig. (yellow), npg. Bacillus luteus suis, Salmon and Smith. Found in the perivisceral fluids of swine. aer., liqf, mot., dig. (yellow red). Smells like glue. Bacillus lyssae, Pasteur. Syn., Coccohacterium lyssic, Rivolta. Lissophyton suspectum, Hallier. Micrococci della rabbia, Ital. Bacille de la rage, Fr.; Hundswut- bacillus, Ger. Cf. Bacterium septicum sputigenum, Fraenkel. Found in saliva of hydrophobic patients and animals. Cf. Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Flugge. Bacillus maidis, Cuboni. From macerated corn and the feces of pellagra patients, aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus malandriae, Israel. See Bacillus mallei, Loffler. Bacillus malariae, Klebs and Tommasi-Cru- deli. Syn., Bacille de la malaria, Bacille du sang, Fr. ; Bacillus der Malaria, Bacillus des Blutes, Blut- bacillus, Ger. ; Bacillo della malaria. It. Bacillus of the blood. Obtained from the soil and air of the Campagnia, from swamps, from the blood of malarial patients, etc. Pathogenesis disputed. Bacillus mallei, Loffler. Syn. , Bacillus malandria , Israel ; Rotzbacillus, Bacillus des Rotzes, Ger.; Bacille de la morve, Fr. Found in the nasal discharges, nodules, etc., of animals with glanders, aer., facanaer. , nmot. (strictly parasitic), pg. (proven by inoculation). Bacillus martinez, Sternberg. Obtained from the liver of a yellow fever cadaver, aer., facanaer., nliqf. , nmot. , npg. Bacillus maydis. See Bacillus maidis, Cuboni. Syn. , Bacterium maydis, Cuboni ; Batterio della pellagra. It. Bacillus megaterium, De Bary. Found on the leaves of boiled cabbage. aer., liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus melanosporus, Eidam. Obtained from the air. aer., facanaer., dig. (black) , «/n-. Bacillus melittopthorus. See Bacillus alvei, Cheshire and Cheyne. Bacillus melo- chloros, Winkler and Schrotter. Syn. , Bacillus butyri fluorescens, Lafar. Obtained from the dejec- tions of the larva in a wormy apple, aer., liqf., mot., dig. (emerald green), pg. (for rabbits). Bacillus membranaceus amethystinus, Eisenberg. Found in well water (Spalato). aer., liqf, nmot., dig. (dark violet), npg. Bacillus meningitidis puru- lentae, Naumann and Schaffer. Obtained from pus taken from beneath the pia mater in a person dead of purulent meningitis, aer., facanaer. , nliqf., mot.,pg. Bacillus merismopoedioides, Zopf. Syn., Arthro- bacterium or Bacterium mei'ismopccdioides, De Bary. Obtained from sewage mud ; the type of the so-called "tablet cocci." Bacillus mesentericus fuscus, Flugge. Syn., Kartoflelbacillus, Ger.; Bacille brun de la pomme de terre, Fr. Potato bacillus. Obtained from the air, hay dust, water, etc. Common. aer., liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus mesentericus ruber, Globig. Syn. , Kartoflelbacillus ; Roter Kar- toflelbacillus, Ger. ; Bacille rouge de la pomme de terre, Bacille rouge de Globig, Fr. Potato bacillus. Found upon potatoes, aer. , liqf. , mot. , dig. (reddish yellow or pink), npg. Bacillus mesentericus vul- gatus, Flugge. Syn., Bacillus figurans. Crook- shank. Proteus vulgaris. Bacille commun de la pomme de terre, Bacille des pomme de terre, Fr. ; Kartoflelbacillus, Ger. Potato bacillus. Common. Found in potatoes, water, milk, intestinal contents of man, etc. aer. , liqf. , npg. Bacillus miniaceus, Zimmermann. See Bacillus ruber, Frank and Cohn. Bacillus minimus, Klebs. See Bacillus erysipe- latos suis, Koch, etc. Bacillus miriabilis, Hau- ser. Syn. , Proteus mirabilis. Bacille de Hauser, Fr. Obtained from decaying animal matter, aer., facan- aer., liqf., mot.,pg. Bacillus mollusci, Domenico. Syn., Bacillo del mollusco contagioso, Dominico, Ital. Found in molluscum contagiosum ; resembles somewhat Bacillus lepne and Bacillus malariic. Pa- thogenesis disputed, the disease being attributed by some to psorosperms. Bacillus multipediculosus, Flugge. Syn. , Bacillus jnultipediculus. Found in air and water, aer., nliqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus murisepticus, Flugge. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Koch. Bacillus murisepticus pleomorphus, Kar- linski. Found in purulent uterine discharges, aer., facanaer., liqf, mot., pg. Probably identical with Proteus vulgaris, Hauser. Bacillus muscoides, Liborius. Found in soil, old cheese, cow dung, etc. anaer., nliqf, mot., npg. Bacillus mycoides, Flugge. Syn. , Erdbacillus, Ger.; Bacille mycoide, Fr. Common in soil and water, aer. , nliqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus mycoides roseus, Scholl. Found in the soil, aer., liqf., dig. (red), npg. Bacillus neapolitanus, Emmerich. Syn., Bacillus coli com- munis. Bacterium coli commune, Escherich, Bacterium neapolitanum. Colon bacillus of Escherich, Emmer- ich's Bacillus, Emmerich's Neaplerbacillus ; Bacille neapolitaine, Fr. ; Bacillus des Milchkotes, Bacillus des Milchfaeces, Ger. ; Bacillus of Booker, a to n. Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic, ch^. = chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, tig/. = liquefac- tive. nionoin. = monomorphic. mol. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. oW. = obligate, oic/. = oscillating. = pathogenic. = phosphorescent, //^ow. = pleomorphic, jc/. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 165 BACTERIA Found in the air, in putrefying infusions and con- stantly in the alvine discharges of healthy and un- healthy human beings, also in those of many animals. From the blood, various organs and feces of cholera patients at Naples, hence the name, aer., facanaer., nliqf.,pg. Bacillus necrophorus, Loffler. Obtained from rabbits after inoculation in the anterior chamber of the eye with portions of condyloma, aer., facanaer., }iliqf., pleom. , pg. Bacillus nivalis, Schmolck. See Bacillus Jliiorescens nivalis, Schmolck. Bacillus nodosus parvus, Lustgarten. From the healthy urethra of man. aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus nubilus, Frankland. From hydrant water (London), aer., facanaer., liqf, npg. Bacillus ochraceus, Zimmermann. From hydrant water (Chemnitz), aer., liqf, mot., chg. (ocher-yellow), npg. Bacillus cedematis aerobicus. A new bacil- lus of malignant edema, Klein. Found in the exu- dates of guinea pigs after inoculating with garden earth, aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus cedematis maligni, Koch. Syn. , Bacillus oedematis, Koch ; Bacillus septicus, Pasteur ; Vibrion sep- tique, Vibrion pyogenique, Pasteur; Bacille de I'oedeme, Bacille de I'oedeme malin, Bacille de la gangrene emphysemateuse progressive, Bacille de la gangrene gazeuse, P"r. ; Microben der gasigen Gan- grane, Ger. Bacillus of gangrene. Bacillus of gangre- nous septicemia. Pink bacillus of spreading edema, A. B. Harris. A widely scattered species, obtained from surface soil, dust, putrefying matter, foul water, etc., and from the exudates produced by inoculating animals with garden earth, anaer. , liqf. , mot., pg. Bacillus of Acne Contagiosa of Horses. See Bacillus of horse pox. Bacillus of Afanassiew. See Bacillus tussis convulsivie, Afanassiew. Bacillus of Albumin- ous Decomposition. See Bacillus putrifcus coli, Bienstock. Bacillus of Allantiasis, Muller, Hoppe- Seyler. See also Sarcina botulina. Van den Corput. Cf. Bacillus of choleraic diarrhea from meat poison- ing, Klein. Found in poisonous sausages, particularly in ' ' Blunzen. ' ' aer. , liqf. , pg. Bacillus of Alopecia areata, Kasauli. Found attached to the hairs from the diseased patches ; easily cultivated. See Mi- crococcus of Alopecia areata, Robinson, and Bac- terium decalvans. Thin. Bacillus of Babes and Oprescu. Obtained from a case presenting symp- toms of typhus fever, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , mot. , pg. Bacillus of Belfanti and Pascarola. Syn., Impftetanusbacillus, Ger. From the pus of wounds in a person dead of tetanus, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , nmot.,pg. Bacillus of Beri-beri, Eykmann. See Bacillus beribericus, Lacerda. Bacillus of Blue Milk. See Bacillus cyanogenus, Hueppe. Bacillus of Blue or Green Pus. See Bacillus pyocyaneus, Gessard. Bacillus of Booker, a to n. Found in alvine discharges of children suffering from cholera infantum ; probably varieties of Bacillus neapolitanus , Emmerich. Bacillus of Bovet. Obtained from the intestines of a woman dead of acute choleraic enteritis. aer., nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus of Braxy. See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. Bacillus of Bronchitis, Lumnitzer. Syn. , Bacillus of Lum- nitzer. From the bronchial secretions in cases of putrid bronchitis. aer. , mot. Cf. Micrococcus of bronchitis, Picchini. Bacillus of Butyric Acid Fermentation. See Bacillus biityricus, Prazmowski. Bacillus of Carcinoma, Rappin and Scheurlen and Domingo-Freire. Syn. , Bacille du cancer, Fr. See Bacillus of Scheurlen. Bacillus of Canestrini. Found in larvas and bees suffering from a malady com- mon among bees in certain parts of Italy, aer. , liqf., mot, chg. (pink),/^. Bacillus of Canon and Pie- licke. See Bacillus of measles. Bacillus of Cattle Plague, Metschnikoft. See Bacillus scpticicmicE hcemor- rhagicic, Sternberg. Bacillus of Cazal and Vaillard. Obtained from cheesy nodules upon the peritoneum and in the pancreas, aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , mot. , pg. Bacillus of Chancroid, Ducrey. Found in pustules developed upon the arm from the inoculation of chancroidal virus ; does not grow in artificial cultures. Cf. Micrococcus ulceris mollis. Bacillus of Cheese. See Spirillum tyrogenum, Denecke. Bacillus of Chicken Cholera. See Bacillus scpticcemice hainorrhagicce, Sternberg. Bacillus of Cholera. See Spirillum cholerce asiaticcr, Koch. Bacillus of Choleraic Diarrhea from Meat Poisoning, Klein. Found in the blood and feces of persons poisoned with tainted meat. Cf. Bacillus of allantiasis, Miiller and Hoppe-Seyler. Bacillus of Cholera in Ducks, Cornil and Toupet. Obtained from the blood of ducks that had died of an epidemic disease char- acterized by choleraic symptoms, aer. , nliqf. , n7not. , pg. (for ducks, but not for chickens or pigeons). Bacillus of Chyluria, Wilson. Syn. , Bacillus der Chyluria, Ger. ; Bacille de la chylurie, Fr. ; Found in the coagulum of chylous urine, aer. , facanaer. , mot. Bacillus of Colomiatti. Obtained from cases of conjunctivitis and xerotic masses in the eye. aer., nliqf ., nmot., npg. Cf Bacillus of xerosis epithelialis conjunctiva, Leber. Bacillus of Conjunctival Catarrh, Koch. Syn., Bacille du catarrhe conjonc- tival, Fr. ; Bacillus des Bindehautcatarrhs, Ger. ; Bacillus of conjunctivitis. Bacillus of pink eye. Weeks. aer.,nliqf., pg. Resembles .Z?(Zir;///cj .rtvw/j. Bacillus of Dantec. Syn., Bacille du rouge de morue, Fr. Obtained from salted codfish to which it gives a red color, aer., liqf., mot., chg. (red), npg. Bacillus of Davaine's septicemia. See Bacillus septiccBmice luemorrkagica, Sternberg. Bacillus of Demme. Obtained from the contents of tumors and pustules and from the blood of patients suffering from erythema nodosum, aer., facanaer. , (?) jiliqf., pg. (to guinea pigs ; rabbits, dogs and goats refractory). Bacillus of Diphtheria in Calves. See Bacillus diphtherice vitulorum, Loffler. Bacillus of Diphtheria in Doves. See Bacillus diphtherice columbarum, Loffler. Bacillus of Diphtheria in Man. .See Bacillus diplitheriir, Klebs and Loffler. Bacillus of Doder- lein. .See Bacillus vaginalis, Doderlein. Bacillus of Endocarditis. .See Bacillus pyogenes fcetidus, Frankel and Saenger. Bacillus of Egyptian Ca- tarrhal Conjunctivitis. See Bacillus of Kartulis. Bacillus of Erysipelas in the Rabbit, Koch. See Bacillus erysipelatos leporis, Koch. Bacillus of False Hog Cholera. See Bacillus parvus ovatus, Loffler. Bacillus of False Tuberculosis in Rabbits. See Bacillus of pseudo-tuberculosis in rabbits, Malassez and Vignal. Bacillus of Fiocca. Found in the saliva of cats and dogs. aer., facanaer ., nliqf, nmot., pg. (for rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, mice). Bacillus of Foot Sweat. Syn. , Fussschweissbacillus, Ger. ; Bacille de la sueur des pieds, Fr. See Bacillus fcetidus. Bacillus saprogcnes Xo. II, and Bacteriutii graveolens. Bacillus of Foul Brood of Bees. See Bacillus alvei, Cheshire and Cheyne. Bacillus of Fowl Cholera. See Bacillus scpticicmia: lunmorrhagicce, Sternberg. Bacillus of Friedlander. See Bacillus pneumoJiix fnedldnderi. Bacillus of FuUes, III. Abbreviations. — a^r. = aerobic, ana^r. = anaerobic. cA^r- = chromogenic. y"acaKa<'r. = facultative anaerobic, /z'g/". = Hquefac- tive. monom. == monomorphic. mot. = motile, n/ig/. = non-Iiquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg:. = non-pathogenic. oA/. = obligate, oic/. = oscillating, /.g-- = pathogenic. //;oi. = phosphorescent. //d-OOT. = pleomorphic. ia/>. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 166 BACTERIA Found in the soil, a'er ., jiliqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus of Gangrene. See Bacillus ai/einafis iiialigni, Koch. Bacillus saprogenes , III., Rosenbach, and Bacillus of senile gangrene. Bacillus of Gangrenous Sep- ticemia. Syn. , Bacille de la gangrene gazeuse. See Bacillus adcinatis maligni, Koch. Bacillus of Gessner. 'ies Bacteritini tholoide2ci?i,(jeiir\er. Bacil- lus of Glanders. See Bacillus mallei, hoffier. Bacillus of Green Diarrhea in Children, Lesage. See Bacillus of Lesage. Bacillus of Green Pus. See Bacillus pyocyaneus , Gessard. Bacillus of Grouse Disease, Klein. Obtained from the lungs and liver of grouse that had died of an epidemic disease, aer., tiliqf., ni?wt. , pg. (for mice, guinea pigs, linnets, green finches, sparrows; chickens, pigeons and rabbits immune). Bacillus of Hay Infusions. See Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg. Bacillus of Heminecrobiophilus, Arloing. Obtained from the callous lymphatic glands of a guinea pig. aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot ., pleom., pg. Bacillus of Hog Cholera, Salmon and Smith. See Bacillus cx pneumo-enteritide suis, Klein. Bacil- lus of Hog Erysipelas. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Koch, etc. Bacillus of Horse Pox, Diecker- hofl and Grawitz. Syn., Bacillus of acne contagiosa of horses. Bacillus der Akne contagiosa des Pferdes, Ger. Obtained from the pustules of horses suffering from acne contagiosa. aer.,nliqf., pg. Bacillus of Hydrophobia. See Bacillus lysscc ,Ya.'iXe\ix. Bacillus of Icterus, Karlinsky and Ducamp. Found in the blood during an attack of infectious icterus. Did not thrive on ordinary culture media. Bacillus of Influ- enza, Pfeiffer, Kitasato and Canon. Syn., Bacille de Pfeiffer, Bacille de Tinfluenza, Influenza bacillus. Found in the purulent bronchial secretions and in the blood of persons suffering from epidemic influenza, a'er., >i!i!ot., pg. Cf Micrococcus influenzie, Letzerich. Bacillus of Intestinal Diphtheria in Rabbits, Rib- bert. Syn., Bacille de la diphtherie intestinale chez les lapins, Fr. Obtained from the viscera of rabbits dead of a disease characterized by a diphtheritic in- flammation of the intestinal mucous membrane, aer. , nliqf., nmot. (?) pg. Bacillus of Jeffries. A group (A, G, J, K, P, S, Z,) of bacilli, resembling Bacillus neapolitaiius, Emmerich, and Bacillus lactis aerogenes, Escherich. Found in the alvine discharges of children suffering from summer diarrhea, anaer. , npg. Bacillus of Jequirity Ophthalmia, DeWecker and Sattler. Syn., Bacille du jequirity, Fr. ; Jequiri- typilz, Ger. Found in cases of jequirity ophthalmia and in infusions of jequirity seeds [Alirus precatorius'), the supposed source of Abrin. aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. The disease is now held to be caused by a soluble poison, jequiritin. Bacillus of Karlinski. See Bacillus murisepticus plcomorphus, Karlinski. Bacil- lus of Kartulis, Koch and Kartulis. Obtained from the conjunctiva in cases of Egyptian catarrhal conjunc- tivitis, aer. Pathogenesis not well determined. Ba- cillus of KoubasofT. Obtained from carcinomatous growth in the human stomach, aer. , facaiiaer. , uliqf., mot.,pg. (for guinea pigs and rabbits). Cf. Bacillus of Scheuerlen. Bacillus of Lactic Acid Fermenta- tion. .See Bacillus acidi lactici. Hueppe. Bacillus of Laser. Obtained from mice infected with an epidemic di.sease. aer. , facanaer., nliqf., tnot., pg. (for field mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and pigeons). Bacillus of Leprosy. See Bacillus leprce, Hansen. Bacillus of Lesage. Syn. , Bacille de la diarrhea verte infantile, Fr. Bacillus of green diarrhea in children. Obtained in the green alvine discharges of infants suffering from green diarrhea, aer., nliqf., mot., pg. According to Baumgarten identical with Bacillus fluorescens non-liquefaciens, Schiller. Ba- cillus of Letzerich. Obtained from the urine of children suflering from nephritis interstitialis primaria. aer., liqf., pg. Bacillus of Liborius. See Bacillus amylobacter , Prazmowski. Bacillus of Lichen Ru- ber, Laser. Syn., Bacillus bei Lichen ruber, Ger. Found in the lymph passages in cases of lichen ruber. Bacillus of Lucet. Syn., Bacille de la dysenterie epizootique des poules et des dindes, Fr. Obtained from chickens and turkeys suflering from an infectious form of septicemia characterized by dysenteric dis- charges, aer., facanaer. , jiliqf., niuot. , pg. Bacillus of Lumnitzer. See Bacillus of Bronchitis. Bacillus of Lupus. See Bacillus Tuierculosis, Koch. Bacil- lus of Lustgarten. See Bacillus syp/iilidis, Lust- garten. Bacillus of Lymph in Fishes, Oliver and Richet. Observed in the lymph of certain fishes, aer., mot. , npg. Bacillus of Malaria. See Bacillus ??ialaricr, Klebs and Tommasi-Crudeli. Bacillus of Malignant Edema. See Bacillus cedematis maligni, Koch. Bacillus of Measles, Canon and Pielicke. Syn., Bacillus of Canon and Pielicke. Found in the blood and in the secretions of the nose and conjunctiva of persons with measles. Cf. Micrococcus of measles, Klebs and Keating. Bacillus of Mouse Septicemia. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Pasteur. Bacillus of Necrosis of the Liver in Badgers, Eberth. Found in the necrotic liver of a badger. Bacillus of Necrosis of the Liver in Guinea Pigs, Eberth. Found in the necrotic liver of a guinea pig. Bacillus of Nephritis, Letzerich. See Bacillus of Letzerich. Bacillus of Nocard. Syn., Bacille du farcin du boeuf, Fr. ; Bacillus der Wurmkrankheit, Ger. Pound in the superficial abscesses of cattle suffering from farcy, aer. , nmot ., pg. Bacillus of Okada. Ob- tained from the dust between the boards of a floor. aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , nmot. , pg. Bacillus of Osteomyelitis, Kraske and Becker. Found in cases of osteomyelitis, aer., liqf- (or in some forms nliqf.'), mot., pleom., pg. Held by Pasteur as iden- tical with the micrococcus of furuncle, q. v. Bacillus of Phthisis. See Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. Ba- cillus of Pink Eye, Weeks. See Bacillus of con- junctival catarrh, Koch. Bacillus of Potato Rot, Kramer. Syn. , Nassfaulebacillus. Obtained from potatoes affected with wet rot. aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. Putrefies the albuminous substances of potatoes. Ba- cillus of Pseudo-tuberculosis in Rabbits, Eberth, Malassez, and Vignal. Syn. , Bacille de la tubercu- lose zoogleique, Bacille de la pseudo-tuberculose du lapin, Fr. ; Bacillus der Pseudo-tuberculose der Kaninchen, Ger. Found in the nodular deposits characteristic of this disease. Bacillus of Puerperal Fever. See Bacillus pticrperalis, Engel and Spill- mann. Bacillus of Purpura Haemorrhagica of Babes. Obtained from the viscera of a patient dead of purpura hemorrhagica. aer., facanaer. , liqf., nmot., pg. Resembles the next two forms. Bacillus of Purpura Haemorrhagica of Kolb. Obtained from the viscera of patients dead of purpura, aer. , facanaer., nliqf., nmot., pg. Bacillus of Purpura Haemorrhagica of Tizzoni and Giovannini. Ob- tained from the blood of two children dead of purpura hemorrhagica, aer., facanaer., nliqf, nmot., pg. Bacillus of Pyemia, Beltzow. Syn., Bacille de la py6mie, Fr.; Bacillus der Pyamie, Ger. Two forms found in pyemia, one of which resembles Bacillus cedematis Abbreviations. — a^^n = aerobic. aHaf>". = anaerobic. cA,?'. = chromogenic. yafaKaf>. = facultative anaerobic, /jy/". = liquefac- tive. monom. = monomorphic. mo/. = motile, nliqf. = non-Iiqiiefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. oW. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating, /ig-. = pathogenic. /Aoj. = phosphorescent. />/i?o?h. = pleomorphic, ja/. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 167 BACTERIA maligni, Koch. Bacillus of Rabbit Septicemia. See Bacillus septicamice hemorrhagica, Sternberg. Bacillus of Rabies. See Bacillus lyssir, Pasteur. Bacillus of Rag Pickers' Disease. See Bacillus hominis capsnlalis, Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. Bacillus of Red Bread. See Bacillus prodigiosiis, Ehrenberg. Bacillus of Red Milk. See Bacillus lactis crythro- gcties, Hueppe ; and Bacillus prodigiosiis, Ehrenberg. Bacillus of Rheumatism. See Bacillus rhcumai-- thritidis, Kussmaul. Bacillus of Rhinoscleroma. See Bacillus rliinosclero/?iatis, Cornil and Alvarez. Bacillus of Roth, I, II. Obtained from old rags. aer. , facanaer. , nlicjf. , nmot. , pg. Resembleg Bacillus iicapolitanus, Emmerich ; and Bacillus cavicidus. Burger. Bacillus of Rouget. See Bacillus erysipe- latos suis, Koch, etc. Bacillus of Scarlet Fever, Crooke. Syn., Bacille de la scarlatine, Fr. Found in the nasal mucus and tissues of the throat in a case of anginose scarlet fever. mot Resembles Bacillus adematis maligni, Koch, and the Proteus of Hauser. According to Dcehle the parasite of this disease is a protozoon. Cf. Micrococcus Scarlatina:. Bacillus of Scheurlen, Scheuerlen, Rapin, and Domingo- Freire. Syn., Bacillus cpidermidis, Bordoni- Uffreduzzi. From cancerous tissues and from mam- mary epithelia of healthy persons. According to Mace possibly identical with a variety of Bacillus Dicsoitericus vulgatus, Fliigge. aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus of Schimmelbusch. Obtained from the necrotic tissues of a case of cancrum oris or noma. aer. , nlitjf. , pg. Bacillus of Schou. See Bacillus pneumonicus agilis, Schou. Bacillus of Senile Gangrene, Tricomi. Syn., Bacille de la gangrene senile, Fr. Bacillus of gangrene. Bacillus of Tricomi. Found in the blood, in the tissues along the line of demarcation, in the subcutaneous tissue and the lymph spaces of the skin, and in the ichorous discharge. aer., liqf., Hmot.,pg. Cf. Bacillus adematis maligni, Koch, and Bacillus saprogenes. III, Rosenbach. Ba- cillus of Septicemia in Man, Klein. Syn., Bacille de la septicemic, Fr. Bacillus of Southern Cattle Plague, F. S. Billings. Syn., Bacillus of Texas fever in cattle. Bacillus der amerikanischen Rinder- seuche, Canerva. Found in the blood, viscera, and manure of cattle infected with cattle plague or Texas fever ; also in the ticks (BoSphilus bovis, Curtice) infecting the cattle, and in their discharges. The spread of the disease is largely due to the manure of the cattle and also indirectly to the ticks, aer., izliqf., mot., pleom., pg. Smith and Kilborn now attribute this disease to the psorosperm Pyrosoma higemitium. Bacillus of Spontaneous Rabbit Septicemia, Eberth. See Bacillus of swine plague, Marseilles. Bacillus of Symptomatic Anthrax. See Bacillus chaiiva:i, Bollinger and Feser. Bacillus of Swine Pest, Selander. See Bacillus ex pneumo-enteritide sziis, Klein. Bacillus of Swine Plague, Marseilles, Reitsch, and Jobert. Syn., Bacillus suis, Detmers. Bacillus der Schweineseuche, Marseilles ; Bacillus der Frettchenseuche (ferret disease), Eberth and Schim- melbusch; Bacille de la pest porcine, Fr. ; Bacillus of spontaneous rabbit septicemia ; Bacillus of swine plague, Detmers and Billings; Swine plague, Schizo- phyte, Detmers. First obtained from swine attacked by a fatal epidemic disease in Marseilles, aer. , nliqf. , mot. , pg. Canerva and others identify this with the Bacillus of ferret disease and with that of American swine plague ; also with the Bacillus of Southern cattle plague, Billings; but this latter seems to be a distinct species. See Bacillus fardigradus. Bacillus of Syphilis. See Bacillus syphiliilis, Lustgarten, Ba- cillus of Tetanus. See Bacillus tetani, Nicolaier. Bacillus of Texas Cattle Fever, P'. S. Billings. See Bacillus of Southern cattle plague. Bacillus of the Blood. Syn., Bacille du sang, Fr.; Blutbacillus, Bacillus des Blutes, Hoffmann, Ger. Bacillus of the Lungs of Cattle, Liistig. Found in the lungs of healthy and diseased cattle, .ler. , liqf. Bacillus of the Meconium, Escherich Found in the meco- nium. Bacillus of the Pneumo-enteritis of the Pig. See Bacillus ex p)icutno-cnteritide suis, Klein. Bacillus of the Smegma. Syn. , Bacille du smegma preputial, Fr. ; Smegmabacillus, Ger. Found in the smegma of the male and female genitals. Bacillus of Tommasoli. See Bacillus sycosiferus fntidus, Tommasoli. Bacillus of Tricomi. See Bacillus of senile gangrene. Bacillus of Tuberculosis of Vines. Syn., Bacille de la tuberculosis des vignes, Corvo, Fr. Regarded by Corvo as the cause of the diseased condition of vines usually attributed to Phyl- loxera vastatrix, Planchon. Bacillus of Ulcerative Stomatitis of Cattle, Lingard and Batt. Found on the skin, the mucous membranes, and in the lungs of young cattle. Cf. Streptocytus of eczema epizootica, Schottelius. Bacillus of Ulcus Molle, Krofting. Identical with that described by Ducrey as the Bacil- lus of Chancroid. Bacillus of Utpadel, Utpadel and Gessner. Obtained from the stuffing of the bed quilts in a military hospital (Augsburg), and from the intestinal contents of man. aer., nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus of Vagus Pneumonia. See Bacillus pneumonicus agilis, Schou. Bacillus of Verruga Peruana, Izqui ■ erdo. P'ound in the intercellular spaces and blood- vessels in the nodules characteristic of Peruvian wart. Bacillus of Vignal. See Bacillus buccalis minutus, Vignal. Bacillus of Whooping Cough. See Bacillus tussis convtdsivcE, Afanassiew. Bacillus of Xerosis Epithelialis Conjunctivae, Leber, Kusch- bert, Frankel, and Neisser. Syn., Bacillus xerosis, Frankel ; Bacillus of Colomiatti, Bacillus of xerosis, Schreiber ; Xerosebacillus, Bacillus der Xerosis epi- thelialis conjunctivae, Ger. ; Bacille du xerosis con- jonctivas, Fr. Found in the white, fatty scales of the conjunctivae in cases of Xeropthalmia. nmot. Does not grow on gelatin or potato. Pathogenesis not fully determined. Bacillus oxytocus perniciosus, Wysso- kowitsch. Found in milk left standing a long time. aer., nliqf., pg. Bacillus ovatus minutissimus, Unna. Found upon the skin in cases of eczema seborrhoeicum. aer., facanaer., nliqf. , npg. Bacillus of Yellow Fever. Bacille de la fievre jaune, Fr. ; Bacillus des gelben Fiebers, Ger. Found in the mucous membrane of the small intestine in two cases of yellow fever. Sternberg has found many forms in the intes- tinal contents and viscera of yellow fever cadavers, the most frequent and abundant being the Bacillus neapolitanus, Emmerich ; Bacillus cadaverus, .Stem- berg ; and Bacillus X, Sternberg. This latter is held by Sternberg as being possibly concerned in the etiology of yellow fever. Cf. Microbe de la fievre jaune, Freire et Rebougeon. Bacillus of Yellow Milk. See Bacillus synxaiithus, Ehrenberg and Schroter. Bacillus panificans, Laurent. Claimed as the active agent in the raising of bread. Found especially in black bread. Dunnenberger considers it a mere impurity and not concerned in the leavening processes. Bacillus parvus ovatus, Loffler. Syn. , Pseudorotlaufbacillus, Ger. Bacillus of false hog Abbreyiations. — a^r, = aerobic, awafr. = anaerobic. cA^. = chromogenic. yacaKo^n = facultative anaerobic, //^'y. = liquefac- tive. ?«OHo?n. = monomorphic. oto/. = motile. = non-liquefactive wtho/. = non-motile. non-pathogenic. oW. = obligate, oic/. = oscillating. = pathogenic, //ioj. = phosphorescent. />/«o^. = non-motile. «^^. = non-pathogenic. 6>4/. =i= obligate, ojc/. = oscillating. = pathogenic. />Aoj. = phosphorescent. />/?o?«. = pleomorphic, ia/. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 169 BACTERIA See Bacillus ruber, Frank and Cohn. Bacillus rubefaciens, Zimmemiann. Found in hydrant water (Chemnitz), acr., iiliijf., mot., ckg. (pale pink) , Bacillus rubellus, Okada. Pound in the exudates of guinea-pigs after inoculation with street dust. ana'er., liqf., mot., dig. (red), npg. Bacillus ruber, Frank, Cohn, and Becker. Syn., Bacillus miniaceus, Zimmermann. Bacillus (or Bacterium) rosaceuni metalloides, Dowdeswell. The red bacillus of water. Found in water and on boiled rice, aer., liqf ., mot., dig. (magenta red) , npg. Bacillus ruber indicus. See Bacillus indicus, Koch. Bacillus rubes- cens, Jordan. Found in sewage (Lawrence, -Mass.). aer., nliqf., mot., dig. (pale pink), npg. Bacillus rubidus, Eisenberg. Found in water, aer., liqf., mot., dig. (brownish red), npg. (Lustig describes a red bacillus from river water which he claims to be different from this). Bacillus salivarius septicus, Biondi. See Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. Bacillus sanguinis typhi, Brannan and Cheesman. Obtained from the blood of typhus-fever patients. aer., facanaer., nmot. Bacillus saprogenes, I, II, III, Rosenbach. Syn., Bacille saprogene, Bacille de la sueur des pied, Fr. Faulnisbacillus, Ger. Found in putrefying matter on fetid feet, the white plugs of the pharyngeal follicles, etc. aer ., facanaer., pg. Bacillus scaber, Duclaux. Syn., Tyrothrix scaber. Found in cheese, aer., nliqf., mot. (in early stages becoming non-motile), npg. Bacillus schafferi, Freudenreich. Obtained from cheese and fermenting potato infusion, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , mot. , npg. Closely resembles Bacillus neapolitanus, Emmerich. Bacillus scissus, Frankland. Found in the soil. aer. , nliqf. , nmot. , npg. Bacillus septicaemiae haemorrhagicae, Sternberg. Bacillus diolerce galli- narum, Fliigge. Bacillus ciiniculicida, Fliigge. Bacillus ctmiculicidus, Koch. Bacterium septicamiiv , Koch. Bacterium morbilli, Lanzi. Coccobacteria septica, Billroth. Micrococcus septicus, Cohn. Micro- coccus diolercB gallinarttm. Micrococcus gallicidus, Microsporon septicus, Klebs. Bacillus der Hiihner- cholera, Bacillus der Kaninchenseptikamie (Koch). Bacterium der Septikamie bei Kaninchen, Bacillus der Rinderseuche, Kitt. Bacillus der Schweineseuche, Loffler and Schiitz. Bacillus der Wildseuche, Hueppe. Bacillus der Biiffelseuche, Oreste-Armanni. Rinder- pestbacillus, Ger. Bacille de la septicemie du lapin. Bacille du cholera des poules. Microbe du cholera des poules, Pasteur, Fr. Bacillus septicus, Koch. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Koch. Bacillus sep- ticus, Pasteur. See Bacillus adematis maligni, Koch. Cf. Proteus septicus. Bacillus septicus acuminatus, Babes. Obtained from the umbilical stump, blood and viscera of a five days old child, dead of septic infection. aer. (no growth on gelatin), /j,'. (for rabbits and guinea- pigs, not for mice). Bacillus septicus agrigenus, Nicolaier. Obtained from manured garden soil. aer. , nliqf. (?) Resembles Bacillus septicamiice kcemor- rhagicce, Sternberg. Bacillus septicus aus Speichel. See Bacillus septicus sputi, I, II, Kreibohm. Bacil- lus septicus keratomalaciae. Babes. Obtained from the corneal tissues and viscera of a child that died of septicemia following keratomalacia. aer. , facanaer., nliqf., pg. (for rabbits and mice, slightly for birds, not for guinea-pigs). Bacillus septicus sputi, I, II, Kreibohm. Syn. , Bacillus septicus aus Speichel, Ger. Obtained from human buccal secre- tions. Does not grow in any known culture-medium. Resembles Bacillus septicivmia hceinorrhagiccv, Stern- berg. Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. Syn., Bacillus salivarius septicus, Biondi. Bacterium seplicum sputigenum, I'rankel. Alicrococcus pneumo- tiiir crouposce, Frankel. Micrococcus pasteuri. Stem- berg. Diplococcus pneumonia: , Weichselbaum. Strep- tococcus lanceolatus pasteuri, Gamaleia. Microbe of Pasteur. Micrococcus of Salvioli. Micrococcus of sputum septicemia, Frankel. Frankel'scher Diplococ- cus. Frankel'scher Pneumobacillus. Frankel'scher Pneumonie-Diplococcus. Lancet-shaped micrococcus, Talamon. Lanceolatecoccus, Talamon. Found both in healthy and in pneumonic sputum, in the fibrinous exudates of croupous pneumonia, and in the pus of meningitis, aer. , facanaer., nmot. , nliqf . , pg. Held to be the cause of croupous pneumonia in man, and by some to be identical with Bacillus lyssae, Pasteur. Bacillus septicus ulceris gangraenosi, Babes. Found in the blood and viscera of a boy dead of sep- ticemia following gangrene of the skin, aer., liqf., mot.,pg. Bacillus septicus vesicae, Clado. Found in the urine of a patient with cystitis, aer. , facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus sessilis, L. Klein. Found in the blood of a cow supposed to have died of anthrax. aer., mot. (convulsive jerking), npg. Bacillus sim- ilis, Bienstock. See Bacillus subtilis simulans, I, II, Bienstock. Bacillus smaragdinus foetidus, Reimann. Found in the nasal secretions in a case of ozena, aer. , facanaer., liqf ., pg. Bacillus smarag- dino phosphorescens, Katz. Obtained from a herring in fish market (Sidney, N. S. W.). aer., nliqf., nmot., plios. (emerald green), Resembles Pliotobacteriitm phosphorescens, Cohn, and Photobac- terium pjliigeri, Ludwig. Bacillus solidus, Liide- ritz. Found in the exudates of mice inoculated with garden earth, aer. , nliqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus spin- iferus, Unna. Pound upon the skin in cases of eczema seborrhoeicum. aer., nliqf., dig. (grayish yellow), npg. Bacillus sputigenus crassus. See Bacillus crassus sputigenus, Kriebohm. Bacillus stolonatus, Adametz. Found in water, aer. , nliqf. , mot., npg. Bacillus stoloniferus, Pohl. Found in swamp water, aer. , liqf. , mot. Pathogenesis not determined. Bacillus striatus albus. Von Besser. Found in the nasal secretions of healthy persons, aer. , nliqf. , 7ipg. Bacillus striatus flavus, Von Besser. Occasionally found in nasal mucus. aer. , nliqf. , dig. (sulphur yellow), npg. Bacillus subflavus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant water (Chemnitz). aer., nliqf., mot., dig. (pale yellow), Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg, Cohn, Brefeld, Prazmowski, and Fitz. Syn. Bacillus glyc crime, Fitz ; Bacillus ftzianus, Zopf; Bacterium subtile, Zopf ; Metallacter subtile, Pertz ; Vibrio subtilis, Ehrenberg ; Bacille du foin, Pr. ; Bacillo del fieno, Ital.; Heubacillus ; Fitz'scher Aethyl- bacillus, Ger. DeBary confines B. subtilis to the form described by Brefeld and Prazmowski. The relation of the starch fermentation species of Fitz remains doubt- ful. An abundant form obtained from the air, water, soil, and on plants, aer., liqf, oscL, npg. Bacillus subtiliformis, Bienstock. See Bacillus subtilis simu- lans, I, II, Bienstock. Bacillus subtilis simulans, I, II, Bienstock. Syn., Bacillus similis, Bienstock. Pleubacillusahnlicher Bacillus, Ger. Bacille de Bien- stock, I, II, Fr. Found in human feces, aer., nliqf, nmot. , npg. Bacillus suis, Detmers. See Bacillus tar- digradus. Bacillus sulf-hydrogenus, Miquel. Found in water, aer., mot. Decomposes albumin with evolu- tion of PI.^S. Bacillus sulfureum, Holschewnikoff and Rosenheim. Two forms found in urine and in mud. Abbreviations. — afn = aerobic. awafr. = anaerobic. cA.?-. = chromogenic. yacaKa?; . = facultative anaerobic, //^y. = liquefac- tive. monoin. = monomorphic. mot. - motile, nliqf. = non-Iiquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic, oi/. = obligate, o^c/. = oscillating. = pathogenic. = phosphorescent, //^-ow. = pleomorphic, ja/. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 170 BACTERIA (l) ni'r. , facanaer.,nlii]f., (2) liqf. , tiwt. , c/ig. (reddish brown), npg. Syn., Proteus su/fiireiis, Lindenborn. Found in water. Bacillus superficialis, Jordan. Common in sewage (Lawrence, Mass.). ai'r. , Ii(jf., mot., npg. Bacillus sycosiferus foetidus, Tomma- soli. 'Ayn., BaciHiis sycosiferus. Bacillus of Tomma- soli. Found on the hairs of the head of a patient affected with sycosis, trer., nliqf., niiiol., pg. Ba- cillus syncyanum. See Bacillus cyanogenits, Hueppe. Bacillus synxanthus, Ehrenberg and Schrdter. Syn., Bacillus xanthogenus, Fuchs and Ehrenberg. Bacterium xanthimim , Schroter. Vibrio synxanthus, Ehrenberg. Vibrio xanthogenus, Fuchs. Bacillus of yellow milk. Bacille du lait jaune, Fr. Found in milk that has been boiled, aer., mot., chg., (golden yellow), npg. Precipitates the casein, renders the milk alkaline. Bacillus syphi- lidis, Lustgarten. Syn., Bacillus syphilis, Lustgar- ten. Bacille de la syphilis, Bacille de Lustgarten, Fr. ; Syphilis bacillus, Luesbacillus, Ger. ; Bacillo del sifilide, Ital. ; Bacillus of Lustgarten. Found in syphilitic new growths and secretions ; does not de- velop in ordinary culture media. In staining, reaction seems to be identical with that of the Bacillus of the Smegma. Doehle describes parasitic infusoria as the causative agents of syphilis. Cf. Helicomonas, Klebs, and Syphilis of bacillus of Eve and Lingard. Bacillus tardigradus. Syn. , Bacillus suis, Detmers. Micro- coccus suis, Burrill. Found in dew, water, and in the fluids of pigs affected with swine plague, aer. , mot., npg. Cf. Bacillus of Swine plague, Marseilles, Rietsch and Jobert. Bacillus tenuis, Duclaux. Syn., 1 vrothrix tenuis, Duclaux. Found in decomposing albuminoid matter, cheese, etc. aer., facanaer., (?) mot., npg. Used in ripening certain trench cheeses. Bacillus tenuis sputigenus, Pansini. Obtained from sputum, aer., nlit/f., nmot., pg. Bacillus termo, Dujardin and Ehrenberg. Bacterium termo, Cohn. Bacillus tetani, Nicolaier. Syn. , Bacillus tetajii traumatici, Rosenbach ; Bacille du t^tanos, Bacille de la tetanie, Fr. ; Tetanusbacillus, Bacillus des Wundstarrkrampfes, Ger. ; Bacillus of tetanus. Found in garden earth and in the wounds of persons dead of tetanus. anaer., liqf., inot., pg. .Specific etio- logic relations determined by Carle and Rattome. Bacillus tetani traumatici, Rosenbach. See next preceding. Bacillus thalassophilus, Russel. Ob- tained from mud (Bay of Naples), anaer. , liqf., mot. Pathogenesis not determined. Bacillus thermoph- ilus, Miquel. Found in the intestinal tract of man and animals, in sewage and in the soil, aer., nmot., npg. Bacillus tremelloides, Schottelius. Found in hydrant water (Freiburg), aer., liqf., chg. (golden yellow), npg. Bacillus tremulus, Koch. Syn., Mitallacter tremulus, Trevisan. Found as a sur- face pellicle on decomposing plant infusions. Re- sembles Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg. Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. Syn., Bacterium tuberculosis, Zopf; Bacteriutn tuberculosum. Bacillus tuberculi. Bacillus tuberculosiis, Bacille de la tuberculeux. Bacille de la tuberculose ; Bacille de Koch, Fr. ; Tuberkelbacillus, Bacillus der Tuberculose, Ger. ; Bacillo tubercolare, Bacillo della tuberculose, Ital. ; Bacillo de la tuberculosi, Sp. Found in the sputum, in tuberculous organs, and elsewhere in per- sons and animals affected with tuberculosis. Parasitic. aer., facanaer. , nmot., pg. Bacillus tuberculosis gallinarum, Mafifucci. Obtained from cases of spontaneous tuberculosis in fowls. This seems to be a distinct species, characterized by its staining re- actions, etc., its growth in pure cultures, and its pathogenic qualities, Koch. Bacillus tumescens, Zopf Syn., Bacterium tumescens, Zopf. P"ound upon beets, aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus tur- gidus, Duclaux. Syn., Tyrothrix turgidus, Duclaux. Found in cheese, aer. Produces alkaline reaction (carbonate and butyrate of ammonia) in milk. Bacillus tussis convulsivae, Afanassiew. Syn., Bacillus of Afanassieiv, Bacille de la coqueluche, Fr. , Keuchhustenpilz, Ger., Burger. Found in the sputum of persons afl'ected with pertussis, aer. , nliqf. , mot. ,pg. Bacillus typhi abdominalis, Eberth, Gaffky, Klebs, Eppinger, Brautlecht. ':r>yn. , Bacillus typhosus. Bac- terium typhosum, Bacille typhique, Bacille de la fievre typhoide. Microbe de la fievre typhoide, Fr.; Typhusbacillus, Ger. ; Bacillo tifoso, Ital. Found in water and in milk, and in the feces and organs in ty- phoid fever, aer. , nliqf. , facanaer. Bacillus typhi murium, Loffler. Obtained from mice affected with an epidemic disease. aer., facanaer. , nliqf, mot. Bacillus typhosus. See Bacillus typhi abdomi- nalis, Eberth, etc. Bacillus ubiquitus, Jordan. Found in air, water, sewage (Lawrence, Mass.). aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , nmot. , npg. Resembles Bacil- lus candicans, FVankland. Bacillus ulna, Cohn, and PrazmovyTski. Syn., Vibrio b, Ehrenberg. Bacterium ulna. Miller. Vibrio bacillus, Miiller, Ehrenberg. Found in egg albumin, aer., tnot., npg. Bacillus ulna of Vignal. Found in saliva of healthy persons ; perhaps identical with the pre- ceding form, aer., liqf., npg. Bacillus ureae, Miquel. Pound in the air. aer. , facanaer., nliqf, npg. Perhaps identical with the preceding form. Bacillus ureae, Leube. Found in old urine, three varieties. aer. , nliqf. , npg. Converts urea into ammonium carbonate. Bacillus urocephalus, Duclaux. Syn., Tyrothrix urocephalus, Duclaux. One of the commonest forms associated with putre- faction of animal matter. aer., facanaer., npg. Bacillus vasculosis, Sternberg. Obtained from the intestine and stomach of yellow-fever cadavers. aer., liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus vaginalis, Doder- lein. Syn., Doderlein'scher Scheidenbacillus, Doder- leins Bacillus, Scheidenbacillus, Ger. Constantly found in the normal vaginal secretions of adults. aer., facanaer. , nmot. (no growth in gelatin), npg. Bacil- lus varicosus conjunctivae, Gombert. Found in the healthy conjunctival sac of man. aer., facanaer. , nliqf, mot., pg. Bacillus venenosus, Vaughan. Found in water, aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus venenosus brevis, Vaughan. Found in water, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , mot. , pg. Bacil- lus venenosus invisibilis, Vaughan. Found in water, aer., facanaer. , nliqf, mot., pg. Bacillus venenosus liquefaciens, Vaughan. Found in water. aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , mot. , pg. Bacillus ventriculi, Raczynssky. Obtained from the stomach of meat- fed dogs, aer., facanaer., nliqf, mot., npg. Bacillus vermicularis, Frankland. Found in river water. aer., liqf, oscl., npg. Bacillus vermiculosus, Zim- mermann. Found in water, aer., liqf, oscl., npg. Bacillus violaceus, Becker. Found in river water. aer., facanaer., liqf., mot., chg. (dark violet). Bacil- lus violaceus laurentius, Jordan. Found in hy- drant water (Lawrence, Mass.). aer., facanaer., liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus virens. Van Tieghem. Syn., Sporonema gracile. Found in stagnant water. aer., mot., chg. (green, held by some to be chlorophyll, Abbreviations. — a^>. = aerobic. = anaerobic. cAe. = chromogeiiic. /"ncnwat^r. = facultative anaerobic, /r'^y. = liquefac- tive. »fo»o»i. = monoinorphic. »zo/. = motile. H//'yy. = non-liquefactive. koto/. = non-motile. 7(/!>^. = noii-palhogenic. oW. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating. = pathogenic. /■Aoi. == phosphorescent. /i/d'o/H. = pleomorphic. ja>. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 171 BACTERIA but not sufliciently studied), «/;,■. Bacillus virescens, Frick. Found in green sputum. a'e}\, nliqf.,niot., dig. (green), npg. Bacillus virgula, Duclaux. Syn., Tvi'othrix virgula, Duclaux. Found in albuminous solutions, a'ei'., nniot., npg. Bacillus virgula. See Spirillum cholera asiaticcc, Koch. Bacillus viridis flavus, Frick. Syn., Bacillus viridis pal- lescens, Frick. aer., iiliqf., mot, dig. (yellowish green), tipg. Resembles Bacillus virescens, Frick. Bacillus viridis, Van Tieghem. Syn. Bacterium viriile. Van Tieghem, Arthrobacterium viridc, De Bary. .Found in water collected in the hollow of a polyporous fungus, aer., dig. (green). Not thor- oughly investigated. Bacillus viridis pal- lescens, P'riclv. .See Bacillus viridis Jiavus, Frick. Bacillus viscosus, Frankland. Found in river water, a'ir. licjf. mot. dig. (fluorescent green). Per- haps identical with Bacillus Jluorescens, Fliigge. Bacillus viscosus, I, II, Van Laer. Found in ropy milk, aer., nliqf., npg. Bacillus viscosus cerevisiae. Van Laer. Found in viscous beer and in milk. aer., liqf., I'pg- Bacillus visco- sus sacchari, Kramer. Found in viscous sac- charine fluids. aer., liqf., npg. Bacillus von Denecke. See Spirillum tyrogetium, Denecke. Bacillus von Finkler- Prior. See Spirillum Finkler- Trior. Bacillus vulgaris, Hauser ; Syn., Proteus vulgaris. Proteus sulfureus, Holschenikoft". Proteus of Hauser. Commonly associated with putre- faction, aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , niot. , pg. This species is probably one of those formerly included under Bac- terium termo. Bacillus X, Sternberg. Found in yel- low-fever cadavers. Sternberg thinks it possible that this form is concerned in the etiology of yellow fever. pg. (for rabbits). Bacillus xanthogenus, Fuchs and Ehrenberg. See Bacillus svnxanthus, Ehrenberg. Bacillus xerosis, Frankel. Syn., Xerose bacillus. See Bacillus of xerosis epithelialis conjunctivje, Leber. Bacillus zenkeri, Hauser. Syn., Proteus zenkeri. Bacille de Hauser, Fr. Found in putrefying animal matter, aer., facanaer., nliqf. , tnot. , pg. Bacillus zopfii. Syn., Bacterium zopfii, Kurth. Arthro- bacterium zopfii, De Bary. Knauelbildender Bacillus, Ger. Found in the intestinal tract of fowls, aer., nliqf, mot., npg. Bacillus zurnianum. List. Found in water, aer., nliqf., nmot., npg. Bacilo virgula, Bacilo virgulado, Sp. See Spirilhan cholerce asiatica-, Koch. Bacteria of pus. Syn., Eitermicroben, Ger. Bacteria of putrefaction. Syn., Bacteries de la putrefaction, Fr.; Faulnisbacterien, Ger. Bacteria of sea water. Syn., Bacteries de I'eau de mer, Fr.; Bacterien des Meerwassers,Ger. Bacteria of the air. Syn., Bacteries de Pair, Fr. ; Luftbacte- rien, Ger. ; micrococci of the air. Bacteria of the mouth. Syn., Bacteries de la bouche, Fr. Bacterien der Mundhohle. Bacteria of the soil. Syn., Bac- teries de la terre, Fr. ; Erdebacterien, Ger. Bacteria of urine. Syn., Bacteries de Purine, Fr. ; Bacterien des Harns, Ger. Bacteria of water. Bacteries de I'eau, Fr. ; Wasserbacterien, Ger. Bacteridie char- bonneuse. See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. Bacteridie du charbon. See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. Bacteridie du charbon symptomatique. See Bacillus chauvcci, Arloing, Cornevin, Thomas. Bacteridium prodigi- osum, Schroter. See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehren- berg. Bacterie chainette. Stee Bacterium cateuula , Dujardin. Bacterie chromogene. Chromogenic bacteria. Bacterie commune, Miquel. See Bacil- lus termo, Dujardin. Bacteries de la bouche. Bac- teria of the mouth. Bacteries de la diphtheric, Emmerich. See Bacillus diphtheriic, Klebs. Bac- terie de la fermentation butyrique. See Bacillus butyricits, Prazmowski. Bacterie de la fermenta- tion lactique. See Bacillus acidi lactic i, Hueppe. Bacterie de la fermentation propionique. See Bacillus cavicidus, Brieger. Bacteries de I'eau. Microbes of water. Bacteries de la putrefaction. Microbes of putrefaction. Bacterium der Brust- seuche des Pferdes. See Streptococcus coryza contagiosir equorum, Schiitz. Bacterium der Butter- sauregahrung. See Bacillus btityricus, Prazmowski. Bacterium der Diphtheric, Emmerich. See Bacillus diphtherice, Klebs. Bacterium der Milchsaurc- gahrung. See Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. Bacterie du pus bleu. See Bacillus pyocyaneus a, Gessard. Bacterie point. Bacterium lineola, Cohn. Bacterium des Sauerteigs. See Bacterium farina- ceum, Wigand. Bacterie du vinaigrc. See Bacillus accti, Kiitzing. Bacterie lumineuse de la mer du Nord. See Photobacterium lumiiiosum, Beyerinck. Bacteries de la terre. Microbes of the soil. Bac- terien der Mundhohle. Microbes of the mouth. Bacterien des Meerwassers. Microbes of sea water. Bacterium aceti, Lanzi. See Bacillus aceti, Kiitz- ing. Bacterium aerogencs, Miller. See Bacillus acrogcncs, II, Miller. Bacterium aeruginosum, Schroter. ^et Bacillus pyocyaneus a, Gessard. Bac- terium allii. See Bacillus allii, Griffiths. Bacterium anthracis, Zopf. See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. Bacterium articulatum, Ehrenberg. See Bacterium lineola, Cohn. Bacterium auranti- acum, Trelease; a chromogenic form. Bacterium bacillus, Pasteur. See Bacillus termo, Davaine. Bacterium aus Diphtheric bei Menschen. See Bacillus diphtheriic, Klebs. Bacterium aus der Diphtheric bei Tauben. See Bacillus diphtheria; columbarum, Loffler. Bacterium brunneum, Schroter. Found in a putrid infusion of Indian corn, chg. (brown). Perhaps identical with Bacillus fuscus, Zimmemiann. Bacterium butyri coUoi- deum, Lafar. Found in every sample of natural butter examined. Cf. Bacillus butyri fluorescens, Lafar. Bacterium candidum, Trelease. A chro- mogenous form, identical with Bacillus mesentericus fuscus, Fliigge. Bacterium capitatum, Davaine. Found in an infusion of albuminous matter, aer., mot. Bacterium carbuncolare, Pollender, Brauell, Dela- fond, and Davaine. See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. Bacterium carlsbergense, Hansen. Found in the air. Cf. Bacterium kochii, Hansen. Bacterium catenula, Dujardin. Syn., Bacterium chainette. Bacterie chainette, Fr. Observed especially in putrid wine or putrefying blood, generally in albu- minous liquids in contact with air. Coze and Feltz found it in typhoid fever in man and rabbits. It resem- bles Bacillus acidi lactici, Davaine, Hueppe. Bac- terium caucasicum. See Bacillus caucasicus. Kern. Bacterium chainette. See Bacterium catenula, Dujar- din. Bacterium chlorinum, Engelmann. Found in water, aer., chg. (green). Engelmann holds this to be chlorophyll, as a small amount of oxygen is given off, indicating the assimilation of carbon. Bacterium coli commune, Escherich. See Bacillus neapolitanus. Bacterium commune, Pasteur. See Bacterium termo, Dujardin. Bacterium cuneatum, Rivolta. See Bacillus cuneatus. Bacterium cyanogenum, Fuchs. See Bacillus cyanogenus, Hueppe. Bacterium eyiations. — n^r. = aerobic, nwa?)-, = anaerobic. cA;?. = chromogenic. yV!c««<7i?)'. = facultative anaerobic. A'^y. = liquefac- tive. >HO(io)». = monomorphic. wo/. = motile. w/Zyy". = non-liquel'active. kwo/. = non-motile. «/^. = non-pathogenic wW.=obIigate. ojc/. = oscillating. /■^. = pathogenic. /Aoi. = phosphorescent, //fnw. = pleomorphic, ia/. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 172 BACTERIA decalvans, Thin. See Mii-rococcus area cehii, Buch- ner and Sehlen. Bacterie de la pourriture. See Baiterium putrcdinis. Bacterium denitrificans, a p, Gayon and Dupetit. See Bacillus deiiitrificans, Giltay and Aberson. Bacterium der Brustseuche des Pferdes. See Sireptococcus coryzic coii/agiosie equonii?i , Schutz. Bacterium der Essiggahrung. See Ba- cillus aceti, Kiitzing. Bacterium der Milchsaure- gahrung. See Bacillus acidi lactici, Davaine and Hueppe. Bacterium der Septikamie bei Ka- ninchen. See Bacillus septiccxmicc liamorrhaf^ica, Sternberg. Bacterium dysodes, Zopf. See Bacil- lus dysodcs, Zopf. Bacterium enchelys, Ehrenberg. Found in river water. Thought by Ehrenberg to be an infusorian. Bacterie en zigzag, Fr. See Bacil- lus f^cniculatus, De Bary. Bacterium farinace- um, Wigand. Syn., Bacterium' des Sauerteigs. Found in sour sponge or dough. Bacterium fitzianum, Zopf. See Bacillus sublilis, Ehrenberg. Bacterium foetidum, Thin. See Bacillus fa-tidus, Passat. Bac- terium fusiforme, Warming. Found in sea water. Bacterium gingivae pyogenes, Miller. See Bacillus gingiviT pyogenes. Bacterium gliscrogenum, Malerba. See Bacillus gliscrogenus. Found in viscid acid urine, aer., filiqf.., mot., npg. Bacterium gris- eum, Warming. Syn., Micrococcus griseus. Winter, a doubtful form. Bacterium gummis, Commes. Syn., Microbe de la mal nero, Ital. The cause of the gummous disease of the fig, almond, and orange trees, and the mal nero of vines. Cf. Bacterium putrediiiis, Davaine. Bacterium gummosum, Ritsert. Found to produce the viscosity of infusions of Digitalis. aer.Jiq f. , pleom. Bacterium hessii, Guillebeau. One of the two forms found by Gillebeau to cause milk to become ropy. Thrives best in Pasteurized milk. aer. , liqf. , tnot.,npg. Cf. Micrococcus freudenreichii. Bacterium hyacinthi, Wakker. Found in the bulbs and leaves of the hyacinth and causing the yellows of hyacinths. Cf. Bacteriu?n hyacinthi septicus, Heinz. Bacterium janthinum, Zopf. See Bacillus Janthinus, Zopf. Bacterium kochii, Hansen. Found in the air of Carlsberg. Cf. Bacterium carlsbergense , Hansen. Bacterium lactis, Lister. See Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. Bacterium lactis aerogenes, Escherich. See Bacillus lactis aerogenes, Abelous. Bacterium lineola, Muller, Cohn. Syn., Bacterium punctum, Rivolta. Bacterium tremulans, Trevisan. Bacterium triloculari, Ehrenberg. Bacterium articulatum, Ehren- berg. Vibrio lineola (Miiller), Ehrenberg. Vibrio tremulans, Ehrenberg. Bacillus lineola, Bacterie point, Fr. Found in well and other water, in infusions, soil on vegetables, etc. aer., mot. (trembling and darting back and forth) , pleom. , npg. Probably represerTts several species, or a developmental form of a spirillum. Bacterium litoreum, Warming. Found only in sea water. aer., mot., npg. Bacterium lucens. Van Tieghem. .See Bacillus lucens. Van T. Bacterium luteum, Trelease. See Bacillus luteus, Fliigge. Bac- terium maidis, Cuboni. See Bacillus maidis, Cuboni. Bacterium merismopcedioides, Zopf. See Bacillus merismopadioidcs, Zopf. Bacterium morbilli, Lanzi. Syn., Microbe di morbillo. Found in the urine of persons with measles. Cf. Bacillus septicamicp hcemor- rhagictc, .Sternberg. Bacterium navicula, Reinke and Berthold. See Bacillus hutyricus, Prazmowski. Bacterium neapolitanum. See Bacillus ncapolitanus. Emmerich. Bacterium oblongum, Boutroux. Syn., Micrococcus oblongus, Boutroux. f"ound in beer; the agent of gluconic fermentation. Bacterium of Bu- tyric Acid Fermentation. See Bacillus bufyricus, Prazmowski. Bacterium of Diphtheria, Emmerich. Syn., Bacterie de la diphtheric, Fr. Bacterium der Diphtherie, Ger. Found in cases of diphtheria in man and doves. Bacterium of Fire Blight. See Ba- cillus butyricus, Prazmow.ski. Bacterium of Infec- tious Pneumonia in the Horse. See Streptococcus coryzic contagiosa: equorum, Schiitz. Bacterium of Kefir. See Bacillus caucasicus. Kern. Bacterium of Pear Blight. Cf. Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski, and Micrococcus amylovorus, Burrill. Bacterium of Sheep Pox. Syn., Microbe de la clavelee. Found in cases of sheep pox, or " Schafblattern. " Bacte- rium of variola. Cose and Feltz. Syn., Bacterie de la petite variole, Fr. Bacterium der Variola (oder der Blattern). Found in the vesicles of smallpox; patho- genic for rabbits. Bacterium oleae, Arcangeli. Said to cause the so-called tuberculosis (" Maladie de la loupe;'" "Rogner") of olives. Bacterium ova- tum, Lebert. See Nosema bombycis, Nageli. Bac- terium pasteurianum, or Bacterium pastorianum. See Bacillus pasteurianus, Hansen. Bacterium periplanetae, Tichomirow. Found in the common cockroach [Periplanetce orientalis), and producing in it a specific disease. Bacterium pfliigeri, Liidwig. See Fhotobacterium pfliigeri, Ludwig. Bacterium phosphorescens, Hermes. See Bacillus phospho- reus, Cohn. Bacterium Phosphorescens, Cohn. See Pliotobacterium phosphorescens. Bacterium photometricum, Engelmann. Found in water; motion dependent on light ; possibly not a bacterium at all. Bacterium pneumoniae, Bacterium pneu- moniae crouposae, Friedlander. See Bacillus pneu- mo7iia friedldnderi. Bacterium porri, Tommasi- Crudeli. Found in warts. Bacterium prodigio- sum. See Bacillus prodigiosus , Ehrenberg. Bac- terium pseudopneumonicum. vSee Bacillus pseudo- pneumonicus, Fliigge. Bacterium punctum, Rivolta. See Bacterium lineola (Muller), Cohn. Bacterium pu- trcdinis, Davaine. Syn. , Bacterie de ]a pourriture. Found in rapidly-decaying plants. Cf. Bacterium gummis. Comes. Bacterium pyriforme, Hansen. Found in the air. Bacterium radicicola, Praz- mowski. ^yn.. Bacillus radicicola, Beyerinck ; Rhizo- hiu??i leguminosarum, Frank. Found in the soil, particularly in the roots of the Lei;uminosce, where they are held to stimulate the cells to unusual growth, affect nitrification, constitute the " bacteroids " of Woronin, and form the so-called " bacteroid tis- sue." Bacterium rosaceum metalloides, Dow- deswell. See Bacillus ruber, Frank, Cohn. Bacte- rium rubescens, Lankester. See Beggiatoa roseo- persicina, Zopf. Bacterium septicaemiae, Koch. See Bacillus septiavmiie htcmorrhagica, Sternberg. Bacterium septicum sputigenum. See Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. Bacterium subtile, Buchner. See Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg. Bacte- rium sulfuratum ; Bacterium sulphuratum, Warming. See Beggiatoa roseo-persicina, Zopf Bac- terium sulfureum, Rosenheim. Found in wine. nliqf. Evolves H.^S. Bacterium syncyaneum, Ehrenberg, Schroter. See Bacillus cyanogenus, Hueppe. Bacterium synxanthum, Schroter. See Bacillus synxanthus. Bacterium termo, Dujardin and Ehrenberg. Syn., Bacillus termo, Davaine. Bacterie [Bacterium) commune, Pasteur. Bacterium bacillus, Pasteur. Ciyptococcus natans, Kiitzing. Cryptococcus nebulosus, Kiitzing. Micrococcus crepus- culum, Cohn. Zooglxa termo (Miiller), Cohn. Monas Abbreviations. — a?r. = aerobic. <7«a^>- = anaerobic. <:/;.?•.= chromogenic. ya. = facultative anaerobic, //y/. = liquefac- tive iiionom. = moiiomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-Iiquefactive. nmol. = iion-niotile. n/>g. = non-pathogenic. oW. = obligate. Oic/. = oscillating. pathogenic. ^Aoi. = phosphorescent. //!s, Lankester. Bacterium sulfuratum or Bacteriu?n sulphuratuin. Warming. Clathrocystis roseo-persicina, Cohn. Cohnia roseo-persicina. Winter, Kutzing. Microhaloa rosea, Kutz. Opkidiomonas sanguinea , Ehrenberg. Plcurococcus roseo-persicina , Rabenhorst. Peach-colored bacterium. Morphologically identical with Beggiatoa alba, Vaucher. P'orms rose-colored to violet pellicles on putrid matter. Produces bacte- rio-purpurin. Beggiatoa tigrina, Rabenhorst. Syn., Oscillaria tigrina, Roemer. Found in swamps on submerged wood. Forms a thin white layer. Bie- nenfaulbrutbacillus. See Bacillus alvei, Cheshire and Cheyne. Bienstock's Bacillus. Bienstock's Bacillus aus Faeces. Bienstock's Putrefactive Bacillus. Bienstock's Putrefactive Bacillus from the Feces. See Bacillus putreficus coli, Bienstock. Blutbacillus. Microbe of the blood. Blutpilz. See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Bodenbacillus. Microbe of the soil. BoUingera equi, Saccardo. See Alicrococcus botryogenes, Rabe. Brauner Kar- toffelbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus mesenterictts fuscus, Flugge. Brieger's Bacillus. Ste. Bacillus cavicidus, Brieger. Brunnenfaden. See Crenotkrix kiihniana Rabenhorst. Buff Bacillus of Spreading Edema, A. B. Harris. nliqf., aer., chg. (buff), pleoiii. Butterbacillus, Ger., Buttersaurebacillus, Butyl- bacillus, Ger. See Bacillus btttyricus, Prazmowski. Capsule Bacillus of Loeb. Obtained from a case of keratomalacia infantum, aer., facanaer. , nliqf., nmot., pg. Resembles Bacillus capsulatus , Pfeiffer. Capsule Bacillus of Ozena, Marano. Found in the nasal secretions in ten cases of ozena. Resembles Bacillus pneuinonitc friedldndcrii . Cf Micrococcus la:wenbergii. Capsule Bacillus of Smith. See Bacillus capsulatus smithii. Champignon du tube digestif du lapin at autres herbivores, Remack. See Saccharomyces guttulatus , Robin. Cheese Spiril- lum. See Spirillum tyrogenum, Denecke. Chromo- bacterium violaceum, Bergonzini. See Bacterium violaceum, Bergonzini. Chromogene Bacterien, Ger. Syn. , Bact^ries chromogenes, Fr. Batteria chromogeni, It. Chromogenic bacteria. Chromo- genic Micrococci. Chromogenous Micrococci. Microcoque chromogene, Fr. Chromogenic micrococci. Chromogenous Bacteria. Bacteries chromogenes, Fr. Batteria cromogeni, Ital. Chromogenic bacteria. Cladothrix bovis. See Actinomyces bovis, Harz. Cladothrix canis. Held by Rabe to be very like Actinomyces bovis. Cladothrix dichotoma, Cohn and Zopf. See Leptothrix ochracea, Kutzing. JMyconostoc gregarium, Cohn. Cladothrix fcersteri, Cohn. Syn. , Crenothri.x fmrsteri, Streptothrix fa^rsieri, Cohn. Leptrothrix der Thranenrohrchen, Graefe, Ger. Forms yellowish or grayish concretions in the human lachrymal ducts. Cladothrix intricata, Russel. Obtained from sea mud (bay of Naples), aer., liqf, mot. Clathrocystis roseo-persicina, Cohn. See Beggiatoa roseo-persicina, Zopf. Clostridium buty- ricum, Prazmowski. See Bacillus btttyricus, Praz- mowski. Clostridium foetidum, Liborius. See Ba- cillus fcctidiis, Passet. Clostridium of Symptomatic Anthrax (or Charbon), Neelsen and Ehlers. See Bacillus chattvivi, Bollinger and P'eser. Clostridium polymyxa, Prazmowski. See Bacillus polymyxa, Prazmowski. Coccobacillus pyogenes ureae, Ror- Abbreyiations. — af>-. = aerobic, anaf) . = anaerobic, c/z^. = chromogenic. yacaKOf-r. = facultative anaerobic, /z'^y. = liquefac- tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. mnot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. o4/. = obligate. oic/. = oscillating. = pathogenic. /Aoj. = phosphorescent. //imot., chg. (lemon-yellow), npg. Diplo- coccus coryzae, Klebs and Hajek. Obtained from the nasal secretions in cases of acute nasal catarrh. aer., nliqf, npg. Diplococcus der Pferdepneu- monie. See Diplococcus of pneumonia in horses, Schiitz. Diplococcus des Pemphigus acutus, Demme. See Diplococcus of pemphigus acutus, Demme. Diplococcus flavus liquefaciens tardus, Unna and Tommasoli. Found on the skin in cases of eczema seborrhoeicum. aer., facanaer., liqf, chg. (chrome-yellow), npg. Diplococcus fluorescens fcetidus, Klamann. Obtained from the posterior nares. aer. , facanaer. , liqf, chg. (grass-green to violet), npg. Diplococcus intercellularis meningitidis, Gold- schmidt and Weichselbaum. Found within the cells of the exudates in cerebro-spinal meningitis, aer. , nliqf. , p!^. Diplococcus jaune blanc. See APicrococ- cus subjlavus, Bumm. Diplococcus lacteus favi- formis, Bumm. Found frequently in the vaginal secretions, aer. , nliqf ., npg. Diplococcus luteus, Adametz. Found in water, aer. , liqf. , mot. , chg. (yellow), npg. Diplococcus of Gonorrhea. See Micrococcus gonorrha-u:, Neisser. Diplococcus of Orchitis, Hugouneng and Eraud. Syn., Orchiococ- cus. Frequently found in gonorrheal pus during the first few days, aer., nliqf. , pg. The specific microbe of blennorrhagic epididymitis. Diplococcus of Ozena., Loewenberg. Found in the secretions in cases of ozena. Diplococcus of Pemphigus, Diplococ- cus of Pemphigus Acutus, Demme. Syn., Micro- coccus of Demme. Diplococcus des Pemphigus acu- tus, Ger. P'ound in the bullee of pemphigus, aer., nliqf. , pg. Resembles the Gonococcus. Diplococcus of Pneumonia in Horses, Schiitz. Syn., Diplococ- cus der Pferdepneumonie. Obtained from the lungs of a horse affected with acute pneumonia. aer. , nliqf, pg. Diplococcus pneumoniae fibrinosae, Friedlander. See Bacillus pyieumonie friedldnderi. Diplococcus pneumoniae, Weichselbaum. See Bacillus septicus sputigenus, I*"liigge. Diplococcus pyogenes ureae, Rorsing. Syn. , Diplococcus urece, Rorsing. Coccobacillus pyogenes tirece, Rorsing. Coc- cobacterium urea, Rorsing. Found in purulent urine. Cf. Diplococcus urea trifoliatus, Rorsing. APio-ococ- cus pyogenes urea flavus, Rorsing. Diplococcus roseus, Bumm. Found in the air. aer., facanaer., liqf., chg. (pink), npg. Diplococcus ureae, Rorsing. See Diplococcus pyogenes iirea, Rorsing. Diplococ- cus ureae trifoliatus, Rorsing. Found in purulent urine. Cf. Diplococcus pyogenes urea, Rorsing. Alicrococcus pyogenes urea Jlavus, Rorsing. Dispora caucasica. Kern. See Bacillus caucasicus. Kern. Drumstick Bacillus. See Bacillus putrificus coli, Bienstock. Einheimischer Leuchtbacillus. See Bacillus phosphorescens indigenus. Fisher. Eisbacil- len. Bacilli of ice. Eiterbacillen, Eiterkokken, Eitermikroben. Microbes of pus. Eiterketten- kokkus. See Micrococcus pyogenes, Rosenbach. Emmerich's Bacillus, Emmerich's Neapler Bacillus. See Bacillus ncapolitanus. Endosporous bacteria. Syn. , Bacteries endospores , Fr. Endosporen- Bacterien, Ger. Bacteria that produce by endogen- ous spore formation. Epsilon Bacillus, Miller. See Spirillum finkleri. Erdbacillus. See Bacillus myocoides, Fliigge. Erdebacillen, Erdebacterien. Microbes of the soil. Erythrocjpnus litoralis, CErstedt. See Sarcina litoralis, CErstedt. Essig- ferment, Essigpilz. See Bacillus aceti, Kiitzing. Faecesbacillen, Ger. Bacilli of the feces. Faul- nisbacillen, Ger. See Bacillus saprogenes, I, II, III, Rosengarten. Faulnisbacterium, Ger. See I-iacterium termo. Dujardin and Davaine. Faul- nisbacterien. Bacteria of putrefaction. Feet-sweat Bacillus. See Bacillus faiidus. Bacillus sapro- genes, II, and Bacterium graveolens. Ferment de la fermentation butyrique, Fr. See Bacillus buty- ricus, Prazmowski. Fettbacillus, Cler. See Bacillus btttyricus Prazmowski. Finkler- Prior's Bacillus. Abbreviations. — ai^r. = aerobic. aKaf>-. = anaerobic, t/?^. = chromogenic. yacawa^r. = facultative anaerobic, /zyy. = liquefac- ttve. OTOKOW. = monomorphic. tho^. = motile. = non-liquefactive. moto^. = non-motile. = non-pathogenic. tiW. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating. = pathogenic. = phosphorescent, //cow. = pleomorphic. ju/>. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 175 BACTERIA See Spirillum Finkler- Prior. Fiore del vino e della birra, Ital. See Saccharomyces iiiyroderma, Reess. Fitz'scher Aethylbacillus.Ger. See Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg, etc. Flesh-colored Bacillus, Tils. Found in water. ae>-. , liqf. mot. , chg. (pink) , npg. Flowers of Wine. See Saccharomyces mycoderma., Reess. Fluorescent bacilli. Bacilles fluorescents, Fr. Fluorescirende Bacillen, Ger. See Bacillus Jluorescens putidus, Bacillus erythrosporus , Bacillus Jluorescens liquefaciens, etc. Fraenkel's Pneumo- bacillus, Fraenkel'scher Diplococcus, Fraenkel- Weichselbaum'scher Pneumococcus, Fraenkel'- scher Pneumonic - Diplococcus. See Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Flugge. Frog-spawn Bacte- rium of Sugar Factories, Frog-spawn fungus, Froschlaich, Froschlaichpilz, Ger. See Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Gaffkya tetragenes, Saccardo. See Mic7-ococcus tetragemis, Gaffky. Gahrungerregende Bacillen, Ger. Zymogenic bacilli. Gasbildende Bacillen aus dem Magen, Ger. See Bacillus lactis aerogenes, Escherich. Gasbildende Bacillen aus Wasser, Ger. Bacilli of water. Gas Forming Ba- cillus. Bacillus gasoformaiiSjYAitnbexg. Gelber Bacillus. See Bacillus luieus, Flugge. Gelber Traubencoccus. See Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, Ogston. Ginger Beer Plant, Marshall Ward. Forms jelly-like, semi-transparent, yellowish-white, brain-like masses at the bottom of the fermentation ; resembles Caucasian kephir grains ; it is a symbiotic association of Saccharomyces pyriforinis, and of Bacterium vermi- forme. Glacier Bacillus, Gletscherbacillus. See Bacillus Jluorescens nivalis, Schmolck. Glatthaut- bildender Kartoffelbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus leiodermos, Loffler. Gliococcus, a micrococcus with a slimy capsule. Glycerinathylbacillus, Glycer- inaethylbacterium. Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg, Cohn, etc. Golden Staphylococcus. See Staphy- lococcus pyogenes aureus, Ogston, Beeker. Gomme de sucrerie. See Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Cien- kowski. Gonococcus, Gonococque, Gonorrhoecoc- cus. Syn. , Trippercoccus. 'ie.e. Micrococcus gonorrhcece Neisser. Grains de kephyr. See Bacillus caucus-' icus. Kern. Gray-white micrococcus, Bumm. See Diplococcus albicans amplus, Bumm. Griingel- ber Bacillus aus Wasser, Ger. Greenish-yellow ba- cillus of water. Gummibacillus, Ger. See, B. lio- dermos, hoffiei. Haematococcus bovis. Babes. Syn., Microbe de I'hemoglobinurie du boeuf. Zimmermann. Obtained from the blood and viscera of cattle dead of an epidemic, infectious disease characterized by hemoglolainuria (in Roumania). aer. , facanaer., nliqf., pg. Harnmicrococcus. See Micrococcus urece, Cohn. Harnsarcine, Hartze. See Sarcina of urine. Harnstoffmicrococcus. See Micrococcus urece, Cohn. Hauser's Faulnisbacillen. See Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus zenkerii. Hay bacillus, Bacille du foin, Fr. Heubacillus. Ger. Bacillus del fieno, Ital. See Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg. Helicobacterium aerogenes. Miller. See Bacillus aerogenes. III, Miller. Helicobac- terium klebsii, Escherich. Found in the intestine of guinea pigs, pleom. Helicomonas, Klebs. Syph- ilis fungus. Cf. Bacillus syphilidis, Lustgarten. Heubacillus. See Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg. Heubacillusahnlicher Bacillus, Ger. See Bacillus subtilis simulans, Bienstock. Heupilz, See Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg. Hirse des Propheten. See Bacillus caucasicus. Kern. Hormiscium cerevisiae, Bonard. Hormiscium vini. Hormiscium vini et cerevisiae, Bonard. See Saccharomyces myco- derma. Hostienblut. See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Hiihnercholerabacillus. Hiihner- micrococcus. Bacillus of chicken cholera. See Ba- cillus septiccxmice hetnorrhagicce , Sternberg. Huep- pe's Bacillus of Butyric Acid Fermentation — Hueppe's Buttersaurebacillus. See Bacillus butyricus, Hueppe. Hundswutbacillus. See Ba- cillus lysscB, Pasteur. Hygrocrocis vandelli, Men- eghi. See Beggiatoa alba, Trevisan. Hypaeothrix kuehniana. See Crenothrix kilhniana. Indi- scher Leuchtbacillus. See Bacillus phosphoresceiis indicus, Fischer. Influenzabacillus. See Bacillus of Influenza, Pfeiffer. lodococcus vaginatus. Miller. Found in unclean mouths; gives peculiar reaction with iodin, the sheath being stained yellow, the cocci dark blue. Jequeritypilz. See Bacillus of jequirity ophthalmia. Kartoffelbacillus. Potato bacillus, applied to Bacillus mesenterictis fuscus, Flugge ; Bacillus 77iesentericus ruber, Globig ; and Bacillus mesentericus vulgatus, Flugge. Kasespiril- lum. See Spirillum tyrogenum, Deneke. Kefir- bacillus. Kefirferment. See Bacillus caucasicus , Kern. Keuchhustenpilz, Burger. See Bacillus tussis convulsivce, Afanassiew. Knauelbildender Bacillus, Ger. See Bacillus zopfii. Koch's Bacillus, Koch'- scher Bacillus. Kommabacillus der Cholera asiaticse. Koch's Comma Bacillus, Kommaba- cillus. See Spirillum cholera: asiatiae, Koch. Kot- bacillen. Syn., Bacilles des selles, Fr. Bacilli of the feces. Krankheiterregende Bacillen (or Bacterien). Pathogenic bacilli. Lanceolate Coc- cus, Lancet-shaped Micrococcus, Talamon. See Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Flugge. Leprabacil- lus. See Bacillus leprcE, Hansen. Leptonema niveum. See Beggiatoa nivea, Rabenhorst. Lepto- thrix buccalis, Robin. Pilz der Zahncaries, Ger. Syn. Leptothrix gigantea ,y^\W&c . Leptothrix pulmo7i- alis, Kas77iussenia buccalis, Saccardo. Found in the mouth of man and animals. Falsely considered the cause of dental caries. Leptothrix buccalis of Vignal. See Bacillus buccalis (a), Vignal. Lepto- thrix epidermidis. Syn. , Bacillus epider/ziidis, Biz- zozero. Microsporo7i 77ii7iutissii/ni77i, Burchart. Found on the epidermis between the toes, and held by Biz- zozero to be non-pathogenic, but by Boeck as the cause of erythrasma. Leptothrix der Thranenrohrchen. See Cladothrix fcersteri, Cohn. Leptothrix gi- gantea. Miller. Found on the teeth of dogs, sheep, cattle and other animals affected with Pyorrha-a alveolaris. Some consider it identical with Leptoth7-ix buccalis, Robin. Leptothrix hyalina, Reinsch. Found on marine algee. Leptothrix innominata, Miller. See, Leptothrix buccalis, Robin. Lepto- thrix kvihniana. See Cre7iothrix kiVuiiana Sac- cardo. Leptothrix lacrimalis. Syn. Leptothrix der Thranenrohrchen. See Cladothrix fcerstez-i, Cohn. Leptothrix lanugo, Kiitzing. Found on marine algse near Heligoland. Leptothrix maxima buc- calis, Miller. See Bacillus buccalis 7naxi77ius, Miller. Leptothrix muralis, Kiitzing. See Leptothrix para- sitica. Leptothrix natans. See Sphcerotilus tiatans, Saccardo. Leptothrix ochracea, Kiitzing. Syn. Detio7iella ochracea, Saccardo. Cladothrix dichoto/na, Zopf. According to Zopf, this represents filaments of Cladothrix stained with oxid of iron. Leptothrix of Puerperal Fever, Leptothrix puerperalis, Fettz. See Bacillus puerperalis, Engel and Spillman. Leptothrix parasitica, Kiitzing. Parasitic on fresh Abbreviations. — ofV. = aerobic. OKa^V. = anaerobic. cA^. = chromogenic. yacawafn = facultative anaerobic, /z'^y^ = liquefac- tive. OTowom. = monomorphic. wo^. = motile, k/z?/^ = non-liquefactive. k»/o/. = non-motile. = non-patiiop:enic. oW. = obligate, oic/. = oscillating. = pathogenic, //ioi. = phosphorescent. />/^ow. = pleomorphic. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 176 BACTERIA water alga;. This and Lcptot/i?-ix tiiuralis are genetically connected with Drilosiphon julianus^ Kutzing, the ordinary hormogones of which produce filaments known as Nostoc pavietinii7)t, Rabenhorst ; the cells of these Nostoc filaments eventually separate and produce slender filaments constituting Leptothrix parasiiiia and innralis, Kutzing (Bennet and Murray). Leptothrix pulmonalis. See Leptothrix biiccahs, Robin. Leptothrix pusilla, Rabenhorst. Found on fresh water algx", also in the mouth, Klebs. Leptothrix symplacoides, Dickie. Found on marine algae. Leptothrix vaginalis. Found in the vagina of animals and women. Leptothrix varia- bilis, Saccardo. Found in saliva of healthy persons. Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Van Tieghem. Syn. , Ascocoitiis />icsi'iitiToiitt's, Cienkowski. Gomme de Sucrerie, Fr. Froschlaich, Froschlaichpilz, Pilz der Dextrangahrung, Ger. Frog spawn bacterium of sugar factories, Frog spawn fungus. A source of great loss to the manufacturers of beet sugar, fre- quently and rapidly converting large quantities of the beet juice into a mucilagino-gelatinous mass. Libor- ius's Bacillus of Butyric Acid Fermentation, Liborius. Buttersaurebildender Bacillus, Ger. See Bacillus biityficus, Prazmowski. Lissophyton sus- pectum, Hallier. 'Stt Bacillus Ivssa ,Y'a.i,te.v.r. Lues- bacillus. See Bacillus syphilides, Lustgarten. Luft- bacillen. Syn., Bacilli of the air. Bacilles de I'air. Luftbacterien. Bacteriaof the air. Lungenseuche- micrococcus. See Micrococcus of bovine pneumonia, Poels and Nolen. Lupusbacillen. Bacilli of lupus, identical with Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. Mause- septikamieahnlicher Bacillus, Eisenberg. See Ba- cillus coprogcnes parvus. Melunella flexuosa, Borg. See Spirillum rugula, Muller. Merismopedia chon- droidea. With, Merismopedia glauca. See Sar- cina renis, Hepworth. Merismopedia goodsirii. See Sarcina veutriculi, Goodsir. Merismopedia hyalina, Kiitzing. Sarcina hyaliiia, Kutzing. Mer- ismopedia litoralis, Rabenhorst. .See Sarcina litoralis, (Erstedt. Merismopedia reitenbachii, Cas- pary. See Sarcina reitenbachii, Caspary. Meris- mopedia urinae, Rabenhorst. See Sarcina urince, Welcker. Merismopedia ventriculi, Husem. See Sarcina ventriculi, Goodsir. Merismopedia viola- cea, Kutzing. See Sarcina violacea, Kutzing. Meerschweinchenbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus cavi- ciiliis, Brieger. Metallacter anthracis, Trevisan. See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. Metallacter tremulus, Trevisan. See Bacillus tremulus, Koch. Metallacter ulna, Trevisan. See Bacillus ulna, Cohn. Micoderma cerevisiae, Trecul. See Saccharomyces mycodcrma, Reess. Microbe de I'hemoglobinurie du boeuf, Zimmerman. See Ha:ma- tococcus bovis,Babes. Microbe de I'araignee. See yl//- croccocus mastobius, Nocard and Mollereau. Microbe de la bouton d'Alep, Microbe de la bouton de Nil, Microbe de la bouton d' Orient, Microbe de la clou de Biskra, Microbe de la clou de Gafsa (Poncet). See Micrococcus of Heydenreich. Microbe de la clavelee. See Bacterium of Sheep-pox. Microbe de la dysenterie epidemique, Chantemesse andWidal. 'iee Bacillus Jysentericc,C&.y^ . Microbe de la fievre jaune, Freire, Rebougeon and Carmonay Valle. Syn. , Micrococcus ( Cryptococcus) xatzthogerzicus Freire, Micrococcus of Freire. Obtained from the blood of yellow fever patients ; attenuated by heat, and used by permission of the Emperor of Brazil (Nov. , 1882) to inoculate several hundred persons. The organism described Carmona y Valle, appears to be a fungus not related to the bacteria. Cf. Bacillus of yellow fever. Babes. Microbe de la fievre typhoide, Tayon. See Bacillus typhi abdotiiinalis, Eberth. Microbe de la flacherie. Microbe de la maladie des morts-plats. See Micrococcus boiiiby- cis, Cohn. Microbe de Themoglobinurie du boeuf, Zimmermann. See Hamatococcus bovis. Microbe de la pebrine. Syn. , Bacterium ovatuin, Lebert ; Bacillus pasteurianus, Hansen ; Micrococcus ovatus ; Micrococ- cus pasteuriamis ; Nosetna bomhycis, Nageli ; Pan- hystophyton ovatum ; Lebert ; Micrococcus of pebrine ; Cornelian corpuscles ; Cornelian bodies ; Micrococcus der Fleckenkrankheit, Ger.; Corpuscles du ver a sole, Fr. The specific microbe of a disease of silkworms known for hundreds of years, called pebritie, gattine, petechia, maladie des corpuscles, and spotted disease. It was particularly destructive between 1850 and 1875. According to the investigations of Cornalia, Leydig, Balbiani, Pasteur, and Metschnikofif, these bodies belong to the Psorospermiii: and are not bacteria at all. Microbe del mal nero, Ital. See Bacterium guiii- mis, Comes ; or Bacterium piitredinis, Davaine. Microbe des gasigen Gangrans, Ger. See Bacillus cedenuitis tnaligni, Koch. Microbe des pus blen- norrhagique, Weiss, Fr. See Micj-ococcus gonor- rha-ic, Neisser. Microbe der Schweinspocken, Ger. See Bacillus ex pneumo-e?tteritide suis, Klein. Microbe di morbillo, Lanzi, Ital. Microbe du cholera des poules, Fr. , Pasteur. See Bacillus septicamiic hccmor- rhagicce, Sternberg. Microbe du lait bleu, Fr. See Bacillus cyanogenus, Fuchs. Microbe du pus bleu, Fr. See Bacillus pyocyaneus, Gessard. Microbe of Friedlander. See Bacillus pneumonia friedldnderii. Microbe of Pasteur. Microbe septicemique du salive, FV. See Bacillus sputigenus septiciis, Flugge. Micrococci della rabbia, Ital. See Micrococcus Ivssie, and Bacillus lysscr, Pasteur. Micrococco dell afta epizootica, Ital. .See Streptocytus of eczema epizootica, Schottelius. Micrococcus aceti. See Bacillus aceti, Kutzing. Micrococcus acidi lactici, Marpman. Found in milk ; resembles in its action Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. aer., nliqf.,nmot., npg. Cf. Sphtrrococcus acidi lactici, Marpman. Mic- rococcus acidi lactici liquefaciens, Kriiger. F'ound in butter and cheese. aer., facanaer., liqf., nniot. Micrococcus aerogenes, Miller. Found in the intes- tinal tract of man. aer. , liqf ., iimot., npg. Micro- coccus agilis, Ali-Cohen. Found in drinking water. aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. A motile coccus, provided with a flagellum ; described by Menge. Micrococcus agilis citreus, Menge. Micrococcus (Diplococcus) albicans amplus, Bumm. Syn. , Neisseria albicans. Frequently found in the vaginal secretions, aer. , liqf. , npg. Micrococcus (diplococcus) albicans tardus, Unna and Tommasoli. Found in eczema, aer., nliq/. , nmot. Micrococcus albicans tardissimus, Eisen- berg, Burnm. Found in the vaginal secretions of puerperal women. aer., facanaer., nliqf., npg. Micrococcus liquefaciens, Von Besser. Found in the nasal secretions of healthy persons, aer. , facanaer. , liqf, npg. Micrococcus albus urinae. See A/icro- coccus urinalbus. Micrococcus amylovorus, Bur- rill and Arthur. Syn., Micrococcus of apple blight. Bacterium of pear blight. Produces fermentation in saccharine fluids. acr., nliqf., mot., pg. (for apple and pear trees). Cf. Bacillus, butyricus, Prazmowski. Micrococcus aquatilis, Bolton. Found frequently in water, acr. , nliqf., npg. Micrococcus aquatilis Abbreviations. — a^r. = aerobic, awaf;'. = anaerobic. = chromogenic. /acawnf?-. = facultative anaerobic, //^y. = liquefac- tive. woHOW. = monomorphic. = motile, h/;?/. = non-liquefactive. wwo/. = non-motile, w^^?-. = non-pathogenic, o*/. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating. />g-. = pathogenic. = phosphorescent. //fo»;. = pleomorphic. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 177 BACTERIA invisibilis, Vaughan. Found in water, ner., nliijf., npg. Micrococcus arei celsii, Buchner and Sehlen. Syn., Bacterium decalvans. Thin. Found on the diseased hairs in Alopecia areata. Cf. Bacillus of alopecia areata, KasauH, and Micrococcus of alopecia «m;/(z, Robinson. Micrococcus ascoformansjohne. See Micrococcus botryoi;enus, Rabe. Micrococcus aurantiacus, Cohn. Syn., Pediococcus auraiitiacus. Found in water, aer., nliqf. , chg. (orange-yellow), npg. Micrococcus bei hepatitis enzootica porcel- lorum. See Micrococcus porcellorum. Micrococcus biskrse. See Micrococcus of Heydenreich. Micro- coccus blennorrhceus. See Micrococcus gonor- rkcece, Neisser. Micrococcus bombycis,' Cohn, Bechamp. Syn., Streptococcus bombycis, Bechamp. Micrococcus de la maladie des morts plat, Fr. Microbe de la flacherie, Fr. Micrococcus der Schlafsucht der Seidenraupen, Ger. Found in the intestinal tract of silkworms and other Lepidoptera dead of the epidemic disease known in France as la flacherie ; etiologic relation demonstrated by Pasteur. Micrococcus botryogenes, Bollinger, Rabe. Syn., Bollingera equi, Saccardo ; Ascococcus johnei, Cohn ; Micrococcus ascoforinans, Johne ; Micrococcus of myko-desmoids of the horse. Found in colonies in the connective tissue of horses affected with "myko-desmoids." aer., liqftpg. Micrococcus candicans, Fliigge. Found abundantly in air and water. aer., nliqf., npg. Micrococcus candidus, Cohn. Found in water. aer., nliqf., npg. Micrococcus capillorum. Found on the scalp and said to alter the color of the hair. aer., dig. (reddish-yellow). Micrococcus carneus, Zimmermann. Found in water, aer., tiliqf., chg. (red to violet), npg. Micrococcus cerasinus siccus, List, aer., tiliqf., chg. (cherry red), npg. Micro- coccus cereus albus, Passet. Syn., Staphylococcus cereus albus, Passet. Found in the pus of acute abscesses, and by Tils, in hydrant water (Freiburg), aer. , nliqf, npg. Micrococcus cereus aureus, Schroter and Winkler. Syn., Staphylococcus cereus aureus, S. and W. Found in the thin secretions of coryza. aer. , nliqf, chg. (orange-red), Micrococcus cereus flavus, Passet. Syn., Staphylococcus cereus flavus, Passet. Staphylococcus passetii. Found in an acute abscess. aer., nliqf, chg. (lemon-yellow), npg. Micrococcus chlorinus. Occurs in zooglcea masses. aer., dig. (greenish-yellow), npg. Micrococcus cholerse gallinarum, Pasteur. See Bacillus septi- ccemite hamorrhagiccE, Sternberg. Micrococcus cin- nabareus, Fliigge. Syn., Streptococcus cinnahareus, Fliigge. Found in air and water, aer., nliqf., chg. (reddish-brown), npg. Micrococcus citreus. List. Syn., Staphylococcus citreus. List. Micrococcus couleur cr^me, Fr. Cremefarbiger Micrococcus, Ger. Found in water, also by Lannelongue and Achard in the seat of an old osteomyelitis, aer., nliqf., chg. (pale- yellow), npg. Micrococcus citreus conglomeratus, Bumm. See Diplococcus citreus conglomeratus, Bumm ; Micrococcus concentricus, Zimmermann. F'ound in water. aer., nliqf., sap., npg. Micrococcus conglomeratus, Weichselbaum. Syn., Neissera coii- glomerata, W. Micrococcus coronatus, Flugge. Syn. , Streptococcus coronatus, Fliigge. Found in the air. aer., liqf, npg. Micrococcus couleur creme, List. See Micrococcus citreus. List. Micro- coccus cremoides, Zimmermann. P'ound in water. aer., liqf., chg. (yellowish-white), npg. Micro- coccus crepusculum, Cohn. See Bacillus termo, Ehrenberg and Dujardin. Micrococcus cumulatus tenuis, Von Besser. Found in abundance in the nasal mucus of man. aer., facanaer., nliqf., npg. Micro- coccus cyaneus, Schroter. Obtained from the air, on boiled potatoes, aer., dig. (cobalt blue, altered to car- mine by acids, restored by alkalies). Micrococcus de- calvans, Schroter. Syn. , Bacterium decalvans, Saccar- do. Cf Bacillus of Alopecia areata, Kasauli, Micrococcus arei celsii, Buchner and Sehlen ; Micrococcus of Alo- pecia areata, Robinson. Micrococcus de la mam- mite gangreneuse de la brebis, Micrococcus de la mammite contagieuse de la vache, Fr. See Micrococcus mastobius , Nocard and Mollereau. Micro- coccus de la necrose progressive du tissue con- nective de la souris, Fr. See Micrococcus of pro- gressive tissue necrosis of mice, Koch. Micrococcus de la pyemie du lapin, Fr. See Micrococcus of pyemia in rabbits, Koch. Micrococcus de le rage, Fr. "A^^ Micrococcus lyssce Micrococcus de la septicemie consecutive du charbon, Charrin. Found in the blood and tissues of a rabbit inoculated with blood from another rabbit dead of anthrax, aer., mot. ,pg. Micrococcus de la septicemie du lapin, Fr. See Micrococcusof septicemia of rabbits, Koch. Micro- coccus de la suppuration progfessive du lapin, Fr. See Micrococcus of progressive abscess-forma- tion in rabbits. Micrococcus der Mastitis der Kiihe, Ger. See Micrococcus mastohius, Nocard and Moller- eau. Micrococcus der Maul- und Klauen- seuche. See Streptocytus of eczema epizootica, Schot- telius. Micrococcus des mort plats, Fr. See Micrococcus bombycis, Cohn. Micrococcus der Osteo- myelitis, Becker. See Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, Ogston, Becker. Micrococcus der Fleckenkrank- heit, Ger. See Microbe de la pebrine, Pasteur. Micrococcus des Pende'schen Geschwiirs. See Micrococcus of Heydenreich. Micrococcus desi- dens, Fliigge. See Micrococcus flavus desidens, Fliigge. Micrococcus des roten Schweisses. See Micrococcus hmmatodes. Babes. Micrococcus diffluens, Schroter. Found in the air, dust, and in excrement; common. aer., nliqf., chg. (yellow, with a greenish fluorescence; not modified by acids). Resembles Bacillus fluorescens putidus, Fliigge. Micrococcus diphtheriticus, Oertel, Cohn, LofHer. Syn., Streptococcus articulorum, Loffler. Micrococcus en chaines, Fr. Kettenbildender Bacillus, Ger., Loffler. Found in the false membranes, and in the tissues of diphtheria patients ; Cornil identifies this with Micrococcus pyogenes, Rosenbach. aer., nliqf. ,pg. Micrococcus doyenii. See Micrococcus urince albus olearius. Doyen. Micrococcus en chaines, Loffler. See Micrococcus diphtheriticus, Oertel, Cohn. Micro- coccus endocarditicus. Syn., Streptococcus endocardi- ticus. Micrococcus endocarditidis rugatus, Weich- selbaum. Found in a case of ulcerative endocarditis. aer., nliqf, pg. Micrococcus erysipelatis. Micro- coccus erysipelatos, Micrococcus erysipelatosus, Fehleisen. See Micrococcus pyogenes, Rosenbach. Micrococcus fermenti. See Micrococcus I'iniperda. Micrococcus fervidosus, Adametz. Found in water, aer ., nliqf . ,ngp . Micrococcusfickii. Found in healthy and diseased eyes. Micrococcus finlay- ensis, Sternberg. Obtained from the viscera of a yellovif-fever cadaver, aer., liqf., chg. (pale-yellow), npg. Micrococcus flavus. See Micrococcus flavus liquefaciens , Flugge. Micrococcus flavus desidens, Fliigge. Found in air and water, aer., liqf., chg. (yellowish-brown) , npg. Micrococcus flavus lique- faciens, Fliigge. Syn., Micrococcus flavus, Micrococ- Abbreyiations.— a^r. = aerobic, ajznfy. = anaerobic. cAjf. = chromogenic. /"ncaHo^r. = facultative anaerobic, /j'l;,/". = liqiiefac- tive. ?«0K07K. = monomorphic, wo^. = motile. = tion-liquefactive. = non-motile, k/^. = non-pathogenic. o*/.=obligate. ojc/. = oscillating, /.g-. = pathogenic. ^Aoi. = phosphorescent. = pleomorphic, ia/. = saprophytic. 12 BACTERIA ] ^7/^ liquefciciens. Found in air and water, aer. , liqf. ( chg. (yellow), npg. Micrococcus flavus tardi- gradus, Pliigge. Syn. , Aliirococciis tardigradus. Found in the air and water, a 'cr. , nliqf. , c/ig. (dark olive-green), npg. Micrococcus foetidus, Klamann, Rosenbach. Found in the posterior nares of man. aer. , liqf )ipg. Micrococcus fervidosus, Adametz. Found in water, a'cr., nliqf., npg. Micrococcus freudenreichii, Guillebeau. One of the two forms found by Guillebeau to produce ropiness in milk, air., liqf., npg. Cf. Bacterium Jiessii, Guillebeau. Micro- coccus friedlanderii. See Bacillus pneumonite friedldnderii. Micrococcus fulvus, Cohn. Syn., Staphylococcus ful-jus. Found in horse and rabbit dung, aer., nmot., nliqf ., chg. (rose), npg. Micro- coccus fuscus, Maschek. Found in water, aer., nmot., liqf, chg. (sepia-brown), npg. Micrococcus gallicidus. See Bacillus septiciemiie lucinorrhagicce, Sternberg. Micrococcus gelatinosus. Found in milk, which it causes to coagulate at about 22° C. Micrococcus gingivae pyogenes. Miller. Found in the mouth of a man affected with alveolar abscess. aer., facana'ir., nliqf, pg. Micrococcus gon- orrhoeae, NeisseV. Micrococcus blennorrlia'us, Neissera gonorrhccce. Micrococcus gonococcus. Microbe du pus blennorrhagique, Weiss, Fr. Trippercoccus, Gonor- rhoecoccus, Ger. Found in gonorrheal pus. aer. No growth on gelatin ; an obligate parasite, pg. Micro- coccus griseus. Winter. See Bacterium griseum. Warming. Micrococcus haematodes, Babes. Syn., Micrococcus of red sweat. Micrococque de la sueur rouge, Fr. Micrococcus des roten Schweisses, Ger. Found in foul sweat from the axilla, aer., chg. (red), npg. Micrococcus havaniensis, Sternberg. Syn., Bacillus havaniensis , Sternberg. Obtained by Stern- berg in his investigation of yellow fever, aer. , nliqf. , chg. (blood-red). Only found in the presence of free oxygen. Micrococcus imetrophus, Trevisan. .See Bacilhis prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Micrococcus indicus, Koch. See Bacillus indicus, Koch. Mi- crococcus influenzae, Letzerich. Syn., Streptococ- cus seiferti. Micrococcus of influenza, Seifert. See Bacillus of influenza, Pfeiffer. Micrococcus insec- torum, Burrill, Streptococcus insectorum. Found in the cecal appendages or pancreatic organs in the Chinch bug (Blisstis leucnpterus , Say) and the higher Hemip- tera. Especially recommended as a remedy for the Chinch bug and for Halticus minutus, so damaging to the peanut. Micrococcus intercellularis meningi- tidis, Neumann and .Schaffer. Syn. , Micrococcus jueningitidis , Neumann. Neisseria IVeichselbaumii. Found in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord in cases of cerebro-spinal meningitis. Micrococcus lacteus faviformis, Bumm. ':~:yn. , Neisser-ia lactea. Frequently found in normal vaginal mucus, acr., nliqf, uftg. Micrococcus lactis viscosus. Conn. Syn., Micrococcus of bitter milk. Conn. The cause of the bitter taste of milk and cream, aer., liqf, n?not. , npg. Micrococcus liquefaciens. See Micrococcus flavus liquefaciens, Fliigge. Micrococcus loewenbergii. Syn., Micrococcus of ozena, Micro- cocque de I'ozene, Fr. Found in the secretions, in cases of ozena, aer. , liqf. , pg. Micrococcus luteus, Cohn. Found in water, the superficial soil, dust of bed-rooms, moist foods, etc. acr., nliqf, chg. (yel- low), npg. Micrococcus lyssae, Neisser. Syn., Neisseria lyssce. Micrococcus of hydrophobia. Micro- coccus of rabies, Pol. Micrococcus de la rage, Fr. Found in the spinal cord of rabid animals. Cornil 178 BACTERIA and Babes throw doubt on the culture experiments of Fol. Micrococcus major, Doyen. .See Micrococcus urincB major, Uoyen. Micrococcus manfredii. Syn., Streptococcus nuinfredii. Micrococcus of pro- gressive granuloma formation. Found in the sputum of two cases of pneumonia following measles; aer., nliqf. ,pg. Micrococcus mastobius, Nocard, Mol- lereau and Kitt. Syn. , Streptococcus nocardi. Micro- coccus of bovine mastitis, Kitt. Micrococcus of mastitis in cows. Streptococcus of mastitis in cows. Micrococcus of contagious mammitis. Micrococcus of gangrenous mastitis in sheep, Nocard. Microbe de la mal de pis. Microbe de I'araign^e, Micrococcus de la mammite contagieuse de la vache, Nocard and MoUereau, Yx. Micrococcus der Mastitis der Kiihe, Ger. Obtained from the milk of cows and sheep affected with mastitis, aer. , facanaer. The form found in cattle is said to be non-liquefactive ; that of sheep liquefies both gelatin and blood serum. Sternberg re- cognizes three distinct forms producing mastitis. Micrococcus meningitidis, Neumann. See Mici-o- coccus intercellularis meningitidis, Neumann and Schaffer. Micrococcus meningitidis purulentae, Heydenreich. Micrococcus morbillosus. Syn., Streptococcus morbillosus. Micrococcus nasalis, Hack. Found in the cavum pharyngonasale. aer., 7not. , nliqf. , npg. Micrococcus nitrificans, Van Tieghem. Syn. , Micrococque de la fermentation de I'ammoniaque. • Found in water, aer. , npg. Mi- crococcus, II, of Fischel. Found in the blood of two cases of influenza, aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , pg. Micrococcus oblongus. See Bacterium ob- longum, Boutroux. Micrococcus ochroleucus. Prove and Legrain. Syn. , Streptococcus ochroleucus. Found in urine, aer., nliqf., chg. (sulphur yellow), npg. Micrococcus of Acute Infectious Osteo- myelitis. See Micrococcus pyogenes aureus, Rosen- bach. Micrococcus of Alopecia areata, Von Sehlen, Robinson, Vaillard and Vincent. Found on the hairs from the diseased patches, aer., liqf, pg. Cf. Bacillus of Alopecia areata, and Micrococcus decalvans. Schroter. Micrococcus of Ammoniacal Urine. See Micrococcus urea, Cohn, and Micrococ- cus iireiF liqitefaciois, Fliigge. Micrococcus of Apple Blight. See Bacillus butyricus, Botkin, Praz- mowski, etc. Micrococcus of Beri-beri, Lacerda. See Bacillus beribericus , Lacerda. Micrococcus of Biskra Button. See Micrococcus of Heyden- reich. Micrococcus of Bitter Milk. See Micro- coccus lactis viscosus. Conn. Micrococcus of Bronchitis, Picchini. Three distinct forms, aer., nliqf. Cf. Bacillus of Lumnitzer. Micrococcus of Bovine Mastitis, Kitt. See Micrococcus mas- tobius, Nocard, MoUereau and Kitt. Micrococcus of Bovine Pneumonia, Poels and Nolen. Syn., Lungenseuchemicrococcus, Micrococcus of cattle pneumonia. Found in the lungs of cattle suffering from infectious pleuro-pneumonia. aer., nliqf, pg. Micrococcus of Cerebro-spinal Meningitis. See Micrococcus Intercellularis Meningitidis. Neumann and Schaffer. Micrococcus of Chicken Pox. See Staphylococcus viridis flavescens, Guttmann. Micro- coccus of Contagious Mammitis. See Micro- coccus ?nastobius, Nocard, MoUereau, and Kitt. Micrococcus of Cow Pox. See Micrococcus vari- ola et vaccina, Cohn. Micrococcus of Dantec. Obtained from salted codfish which had turned red. aer. , nliqf. , chg. (yellow, changing to deep red), 7zpg. Micrococcus of Demme. See Diplococ- Abbreviations. — a^V. = aerobic. ana?>-. = anaerobic. cA?;. = chromogenic. yacana,';'. = facultative anaerobic, //y/'. = lique- factive. tookoot. = monomorphic. ?ho/. = motile. = non-liquefactive. nwo^ = non-motile. «/>.§■. = non-pathogenic. o3/. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating. = pathogenic. /Aoi. = phosphorescent. ;>/<'0»!. = pleomorphic. ia>. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 179 BACTERIA cus of pemphigus acutus, Demme. Micrococcus of Dental Caries. See Leptothrix vulgaris, Robin ; Leptothrix gigantea. Miller ; Miller's Epsilon Bacillus, and Spirillum dentium, Arnt. Micrococcus of Dengue, McLaughlin. See Scheutzia laughlini. Micrococcus of Diphtheria. Streptococcus articu- lorum, Loffler. Micrococcus of Disse and Ta- guchi. Syn., Tokiobacillen. Obtained from the blood, the secretions of broad condyloma, as well as the primary indurations of syphilitics. Etiologic relations not confirmed. Micrococcus of Drink- ing Water. See Micrococcus aquatilis, Bolton. Micrococcus of Egyptian Ophthalmia. See Micrococcus of Trachoma, Sattler and Michel. Mi- crococcus of Endocarditis. See Streptococcus endocarditicus and Micrococcus endocarditicus ru- gatus, Weichselbaum. Micrococcus of Erysipelas, Fehleisen. See Alicrococcus pyogenes, Rosenbach. Micrococcus of Foot and Mouth Disease. Syn., Streptocytus of eczema epizootica, Schottelius, Slreptocytus apthicola, Hallier. Micrococcus der Maul- und Klauenseuche, Ger. Micrococco dell afta epizootica, Ital. Found in the vesicular erup- tions about the mouth and feet of cattle, pigs, and sheep. Communicable to man. a'er. , facana'ir. Patho- genesis not fully settled. Cf. Bacillus of ulcerative stomatitis of cattle. Micrococcus of Forbes. Found in the bodies of larva; of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapcE, affected vi^ith an infectious disease. Micrococ- cus of Fowl Cholera. See Bacillus septicannice hemorrhagica, Sternberg. Micrococcus of Freire. See Microbe de la Jievie jaune, Domingo Freire. Micrococcus of Furuncle, Pasteur. See Bacillus osteomyelitidis, Becker and Kraske. Micrococcus of Gangrenous Mastitis in Sheep, Micrococcus of Gangrenous Mammitis. See Micrococcus masto- bius. Nocard, Mollereau and Kitt. Micrococcus of Gonorrhea. See Alicrococcus gonorrhcece , Neisser. Micrococcus of Gray Parrot Disease. See Micro- coccus psittaci, Eberth and Wolff". Micrococcus of Heydenreich. Syn., Streptococcus biskrce. Micro- coccus of Biskra Button. Clou de Biskra, Duclaux. Microbe de la bouton de Nil, Chantemesse, Microbe de la clou de Gafsa. Microbe de la bouton d'Alep, Poucet. Microbe de la bouton d' Orient, Fr. Micrococcus of Biskra button, Fr. Pendjeh- geschwiir, Ger. Found in the tumors and ulcers characteristic of Aleppo boil or Biskra button, a'er., liqf., pg. Micrococcus of Hydrophobia. See Micrococcus lyssce, Pasteur. Micrococcus of Infec- tious Osteomyelitis. See Micrococcus pyogenes aureus, Rosenbach, and Alicrococcus osteomyelitidis, Becker and Kraske. Micrococcus of Influenza, Seifert, Streptococcus seiferti. See Alicrococcus iujlucn- zce, Letzerich. Micrococcus of Kirchner. Obtained from the sputum of patients suffering with influenza. aer.,pg. Micrococcus of Manfredi. See A/icrococ- cus manfredii. Micrococcus of Mastitis, Kitt. See Micrococcus tnastohitis , Nocard and Mollereau. Microccocus of Measles, Klebs and Keating. Syn. Streptococcus morbillosus. Micrococcus morbillosus. Found in the blood and exudates of persons afflicted with measles. Flugge considers them unimportant. Micrococcus of Myko-desmoids of the Horse. See Micrococcus botryogenes, Rabe. Micrococcus of Osteomyelitis. See Alicrococcus pyogenes aureus, Ogston. Micrococcus of Ozena. See Alicrococcus loewenbergii. Micrococcus of Pear Blight, Burrill. See Bacillus butyricus, Frazmowski. Micrococcus of Pebrine. See Microbe de la pebrine, Pasteur. Micrococcus of Pneumonia. See Bacillus pneu- moniie fricdlanderii and Alicrococcus septicus, Flugge. Micrococcus of Progressive Abscess Formation in Rabbits, Koch. Syn., Micrococcus de la suppura- tion progressive du lapin. Fr. Found in the exu- dates of rabbits inoculated with putrefying blood, pg. Micrococcus of Progressive Granuloma Forma- tion. See Alicrococcus manfredii. Micrococcus of Progressive Tissue Necrosis in Mice, Koch. Syn. , Micrococcus de la necrose progressive du tissue con- nective de la souris. Found in the exudates of mice inoculated with putrid blood, pg. Micrococcus of Pyemia in Rabbits, Koch. Found in the exudates of rabbits inoculated with putrefying flesh infusion. pg. Micrococcus of Rabies, Fol. See Alicrococcus lyssce, Neisser. Micrococcus of Red Sweat. See Alicrococcus hamatodes, Babes. Micrococcus of S. Le M. Moore. See Bacillus fcetidus, Liborius. Micrococcus of Salvioli. See Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Flugge. Micrococcus of Scarlet Fever, Pohl and Pincus. See Alicrococctis scarlatince. Mi- crococcus of Septicemia in Rabbits, Koch. Syn. , Streptococcus Kochii. Micrococcus de la septicemic du lapin. Fr. Found in the exudates of rabbits inocu- lated with putrefying flesh-infusion, pg. Micrococ- cus of Smallpox. See Alicrococcus variola; et vaccina, Cohn. Micrococcus of Sputum Septicemia. See Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Flugge. Micrococcus of Swine Plague or Hog Cholera. See Bacillus of swine plague, Marseilles, Rietsch and Jobert, and Bacillus e.x pneumo-enteritide suis, Klein. Micro- coccus of Syphilis, Haberkorn and Marcus. Found in the white blood corpuscles in cases of syphilis, aer. , osc.,chg. (red). Micrococcus of Trachoma, Sattler and Michel. Syn., Neisseria rebellis. Tracliomcoc- cus, Ger. Micrococcus of Egyptian ophthalmia. Found in the secretions and nodules of the conjunctiva in cases of trachoma, aer. , nliqf. , pg. Researches of Baumgarten and Kartulis go to show that this form has no etiologic relation to the diseases mentioned. Micrococcus of Vaccinia. See Micrococcus variolas et vaccinK, Cohn. Micrococcus of whooping cough, Letzerich. Found in the sputum in cases of whooping cough. See Bacillus tussis convulsivce , Afa- nassiew. Micrococcus olearius. See Micrococcus u) ina: Jlavus olearius. Micrococcus osteomyelitidis, Becker. Syn. , Micrococcus of acute infectious osteo- myelitis. See Alicrococcus pyogenes aureus, Rosenbach. Micrococcus ovalis, Escherich. Found in the meco- nium and feces of infants, aer. ,facanaer. , nliqf. , izpg. Micrococcus ovatus. See Alicrobe de la pebrine, Pasteur. Micrococcus pasteuri, Sternberg. See Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Flugge. Micrococcus petechialis. Syn., Neisseria petechialis. Micrococ- cus pfliigeri, Ludwig. See Pliotobacterium pfliigeri, Ludwig. Micrococcus phosphoreus, Cohn. See Bacillus pliosphoreus , Cohn. Micrococcus plumosus, Brautigam. Found in water, aer. , nUqf. , npg. Mi- crococcus pneumoniae crouposae, Sternberg. See Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Flugge. Micrococcus pneumoniae infectiosae, Friedlander. See Bacillus pneumonic! friedldnderii. Micrococcus porcellorum. ' Syn., Micrococcus bei Hepatitis enzootica porcellorum. Ger. Found in hogs aff"ected with hepatitis (Russia). aer., liqf.,pg- Micrococcus prodigiosus, Cohn. See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Micrococcus pseudo-cyanus, Cohn. Found in boiled potatoes exposed to air. aer., dig. (verdigris green), npg. Abbreviations. — a^r. = aerobic, owaf;-. = anaerobic, c^e. = chroniogenic. yaca?;afi-. = facultative anaerobic, /z'^y". = liquefac- tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathos;enic. oi/. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating. = pathogenic, //ioi. = phosphorescent. j*/<»0OT. = pleomorphic, ja/. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 180 BACTERIA Not sufficiently known. Micrococcus psittaci,Wolf. Syn. , Streptococcus perniciosus psittacoriiDi, Eberth and Wolf. Micrococcus of gray parrot disease. Micro- coccus der Papageimycose. Ger. The cause of a disease of parrots resembling fowl cholera ; fatal to many of the parrots imported from Guinea into Europe. Micrococcus putridus. A form emitting a fetid gas from gelatin when mixed with iodoform. Micrococcus pyocyaneus, Gessard. See Bacillus pyocyaneiis a, Gessard. Micrococcus pyogenes, Rosenbach. Syn. , Streptococcus pyogenes. Streptococcus erysipelatos. Streptococcus longns, Von Lingelsheim. Micrococcus erysipelatis (tos) (fosus). Streptococcus of pus. Streptococque pyogene, Vrai Streptococque de I'erysipele, Fr., Eiterkettenkokkus, Ger., Micrococcus of erysipelas, Fehleisen. Found in the pus of acute abscesses, and in the skin in cases of erysipelas, aer. , facanai'r., iiliqf., pg. Micrococcus pyogenes al- bus, Rosenbach. Syn. , Staphylococcus pyogenes albus, Passet. Staphylococcus epidermidis albus, Welch. Frequently found in company with Micrococcus pyo- genes aureus. The cause of " stitch abscesses. " aer., liqf., pg. Micrococcus pyogenes aureus, Rosen- bach, '^ny'a. , Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. Stafilo- cocco piogeno aureo, Ital. Staphylococque dore, Fr. Gelber Traubencoccus, Ger. Micrococcus of infec- tious osteomyelitis. The species most frequently found in pus. Obtained from various suppurations, boils, an- thrax, osteomyelitis, ulcerative endocardititis, phleg- mon, etc. aer., facanaer., liqf., chg. (brilliant golden yellow), Micrococcus pyogenes citreus, Passet. Syn., Staphylococcus citreus, Passet. Micrococcus pyogenes Jlainis. Found associated with the forms first described in acute abscesses and with Bacillus tuber- culosis, Koch, aer., facanaer., liqf., chg. (lemon yellow), pg. Held by some to be but a variety of Mi- crococcus pyogenes aureus. Micrococcus pyogenes tenuis, Rosenbach. Syn., Micrococcus rosenbachii. Found in pus. Culture thin, varnish-like ; pathoge- nesis not settled. Cf. Micrococcus septicus, Fliigge. Micrococcus pyogenes ureae flavus, Rorsing. Found in purulent urine. Cf. Diplococcus pyogenes urea:, Rorsing ; Diplococcus urece trifoliatus, Rorsing. Micrococcus pyosepticus, Richet. Syn., Staphylo- coccus pyoscpticus, Hericourt and Richet. Obtained from a carcinomatous tumor in a dog. aer. , liqf. , pg. Resembles Micrococcus pyogenes albus, Rosen- bach. Micrococcus radiatus, Fliigge. Syn., Strep- tococcus radiatus, Fliigge. Found in air and water. aer., liqf, npg. Micrococcus rheumarthritidis, Kiissmaul. See Bacillus rheumarthritidis, Kiiss- maul. Micrococcus rosenbachii. See Micro- coccus pyogenes tenuis, Rosenbach. Micrococcus rosettaceus, Zimmermann. Found in water, aer., nliqf, npg. Micrococcus roseus, Eisenberg. Found in the sputum of a person suffering from influ- enza, aer. , facanaer ., liqf . , chg. (pink), npg. Micro- coccus roseus, Bumm. See Diplococcus roseus, Bumm. Micrococcus roseus, Maggiora, Fliigge. Syn. , A/eisseria rosea. Found on the .skin. aer. , npg. Micrococcus salivarius pyogenes, Biondi. Syn., Staphylococcus varius pyogenes, Biondi. Found in an abscess produced in a guinea-pig by inoculation with saliva from a child affected with anginose scarlatina. aer., liqf, pg. Micrococcus salivarius septicus, Biondi. Obtained from animals after inoculation with saliva from a person with puerperal septicemia, aer. , nliqf. , pg. Cf. Micrococcus sialosepticus. Micrococ- cus scarlatinae, Micrococcus scarlatinosus, Coze and Feltz. Syn. , Perroncitoa scarlatinosa. Micro- coccus of scarlet fever, Pohl and Pincus. Found in the blood on the desquamating skin, and on the palate of scarlet fever patients ; resembles Micrococcus septicus, Fliigge. Cf. Streptococcus rubiginosus, Edington,and Bacillus of scarlet fever, Crooke. Micrococcus septicus, Cohn. See Bacillus septicceiuiis hirmor- rhagicts, Sternberg. Micrococcus septicus, Fliigge. Syn., Streptococcus septicus, Fliigge, and Streptococcus pyogenes, Saccardo, Streptococcus pneujnonice, Weich- selbaum. Found in soil. aer. , nliqf. , pg. Micro- coccus septopyaemicus. Syn. , Streptococcus septo- pycemicus. Obtained from cases of phlegmonous angina and erysipelas of the larynx, aer., nliqf, pg. Re- sembles Alicrococcus septicus, Fliigge. Micrococcus sialosepticus. Found in the saliva in a case of puer- peral septicemia, aer. , nliqf. , pg. Cf. Alicrococcus salivarius septicus, Biondi. Micrococcus subflavus, Fliigge, Neisser. Syn. , Neisseria subflava. Yellowish- white micrococcus or diplococcus, Bumm. Diplococ- cus jaune blanc, Fr. Obtained from the lochia of puerperal women, and from vaginal mucus, aer. , liqf., pg. Micrococcus suis, Burrill. See Bacil- lus tardigradus. Micrococcus tardigradus. See Micrococcus flavus tardigradus, Fliigge. Micro- coccus tetragenes, Micrococcus tetragenus, Gaffky . Syn . , Gaffkya tetragenus, Saccardo. Obtained from a cavity in the lung of a person with pulmonary tuberculosis, aer., facanaer., nliqf. , pg. Micrococ- cus tetragenus, Marotta. Constantly found in small- pox vesicles and pustules, aer , liqf. , pg. Produces vaccinia in calves. Micrococcus tetragenus febris flavae, Finlay. .Syn. , Micrococcus tetragenus versatilis, Sternberg. Obtained from the excrements of mosqui- toes which had drawn blood from yellow fever pa- tients ; also from the surface of the body in the same disease, (Sternberg), aer., liqf, chg. (lemon-yellow), npg. Micrococcus tetragenus subflavus, Von Besser. Found in nasal mucus, aer., facanaer. (no growth in gelatin), npg. Micrococcus tetragenus mobilis ventriculi, Mendosa. Found in the contents of the stomach of man. aer. , nliqf .,nwt., npg. Micro- coccus tetragenus versatilis, Sternberg. See Alicro- coccus tetragenus febris flavcr, Finlay, Micrococcus toxicatus, Burrill. Syn., Alicrococcus variola et vac- cines, Cohn. Streptococcus toxicatus, Burrill. P'ound in the poison of the poison ivy, Rhus to.xicodendron. Mi- crococcus ulceris mollis. See Bacillus of chancroid, Ducrey. Micrococcus urese, Cohn. Syn., Bacterium urece, Cohn. Streptococcus uretr . Torula ureir, Pasteur. Found in urine, in which it produces ammoniacal fer- mentation. Micrococcus ureae, Pasteur and Van Tieghem. Found in the air and in ammoniacal urine. aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , npg. Possibly the last two forms and the Bacterium ureer, Jaksch, are identical. Micro- coccus ureae liquefaciens, Fliigge. Syn. , Streptococ- cus cFthehius. Found in ammoniacal urine, aer. , fac- anaer., liqf, npg. Micrococcus urinalbus. Syn., Alicrococcus albus urimr. Found in the urine in cases of pyelonephritis and cystitis. Micrococcus urinae albus olearius. Doyen. Syn. , Micrococcus doyenii. Found under the same circumstances as the last form. aer. , liqf. Micrococcus urinae flavus olearius. Doyen. Syn., Alicrococcits olearius. Found in the urine of cystitis, with the two preceding forms, aer., liqf., chg. (golden-yellow). Micrococcus urinae major, Doyen. Syn. , Alicrococcus major. Found in same circumstances as the three preceding forms. Micro- coccus variolae, Micrococcus variolas et vaccinae. Abbreviations. — aerobic. = anaerobic. cA^. = cliromop;enic. /rtcaKa^V. = facultative anaerobic, /j'^y. = liqiiefac- tive. mnnom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. oA/. = obligate, oic/. = oscillating, /i^. = pathogenic. >Aoj. = phosphorescent. /S/^ow. = pleomorphic, ia/. = saprophytic. • BACTERIA 181 BACTERIA Cohn. Syn., Streptococcus variolce. Micrococcus of smallpox, Micrococcus of vaccinia. Obtained by Cohn, Guttmani), Marotta, Hlava and others from the lymph of vaccine pustules in man and animals ; by Coze and Feltz from the blood of persons affected with variola ; by Cornil and Babes, in the lacuna of the mu- cous bodies of variola papules ; by Quist and Voigt from vaccine; (Bfeiffer and Loefif find certain ameboid or coccidian protozoans which they re- gard as specific ; also a ferment). Cf. Saccharoinyces vaccinic. Alicrococcus viridis flavescens, Guttmann. Micrococcus versatilis. Found on the skin of healthy persons, also in the liver, spleen and kidneys after death by yellow fever. Not sufficiently studied. Micrococcus versicolor, Plugge. Found in water. aer., iiliqf. , chg. (yellow), w/^f. Micrococcus vini perda. Syn. , Streptococcus fertiienti , Micrococcus fei titenti. Found in spoiled wine. Micrococcus vio- laceus, Cohn. Found in water, aer., fitic/f., c/ig. (violet), npg. Micrococcus viridis flavescens, Guttmann. Found in the lymph of a varicella pus- tule, aer., nliqf., npg. Micrococcus viscosus, Pasteur. Found in the disease of wine known as la graisse. Micrococcus viticulosus, Fliigge, Katz. Found in air and water. aer.,facanaer., nliqf., npg. Micrococcus xanthogenicus. Cryptococcus xantho- genicus, Freire. Found in cases of yellow fever. Cf. Microbe de la fievre jaune. Micrococque de la fer- mentation de I'ammoniaque, Fr. See Micrococcus nitrijicans , Van Tieghem. Micrococque chromo- gene, Fr. Any Chromogenic Micrococcus. Micro- cocque de la mammite gangreneuse des brebis laiteres. See Micrococcus inastobius, Nocard, Mol- lereau, and Kitt. Micrococque de la sueur rouge. S>e.e Micrococcus hcematoJes, Babes. Micrococque de I'ozene. Micrococcus Icewenbergii. Microhaloa rosea, Kiitzing. See Beggiatoa roseo-persicina, Zopf. Microsporon minutissimum, Burchardt. S&e Bacil- lus cpidermidis, Bizzozero. Microsporon septicum, Klebs. See Bacillus septiccemice tucDtorrhagicce, Stern- berg. Microzyma bombycis, Bechamp. See Micro- coccus boi?ibycis, Cohn, Beck. Milchsaurebacil- lus. See Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. Milk- white Micrococcus, Bumm. See Micrococcus albicans tardissimus , Eisenberg. Milk Yeast. See Saccharomyces lactis, Adametz. Miller's Bacillus. See Bacillus dentalis I'iridans, Miller, and Spirillum of Miller. Miller's Bacillus of the Intestine. See Bacillus aerogencs, I, II, III, Miller. Miller's Epsi- lon Bacillus. See Epsilon Bacillus, Miller. Milz- brandbacillus. See Bacillus antliracis, Pollender and Davaine. Monas prodigiosa, Ehrenberg. See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Monas termo, Miiller. See Bacillus termo, Dujardin. Mundhoh- lebacillen. Bacilli of the mouth. Mycoderma aceti, Mycoderm du vinaigre, Pasteur. See Bacillus aceti, Kiitzing. Myconostoc gregarium, Cohn. A spiral or crumpled condition of a filamentous schizomycete, perhaps Cladothrix dichotoiua, Cohn. Mycoderma cerevisiae et vini, Desm. Mycoderma mesenteri- cum, Pers. Mycoderma vini, Pasteur. See Saccharo- mycetes mycoderma, Reess. Nasenschleim vibrio, Weibel. See Spirillum nasale, Weibel. Nassfaule- bacillus. SeeBacillusof potato rot, Kramer. Neapler Bacillus. 'Ae^ Bacillus neapolitamis,Y,mm.mc\i. Neis- seria albicans. See Micrococcus albicans amplus, Neisser. Neisseria; citrea. ^ee Micrococcus citretcs con - glomeratus, Bumm. Neisseria conglomerata. See Micrococcus conglomeratus, Weichselbaum. Neisseria gonorrhoeae. See Alicrococcus gottorrhcecE , Neisser. Neisseria lactea. See Micrococcus lacteus favifor- tnis, Neisser. Neisseria lyssae. See Micrococcus lyssce, Neisser. Neisseria petechialis. See Micro- coccus petechialis, Neisser. Neisseria rebellis. See Micrococcus of trachoma, Sattler. Neisseria rosea. See Micrococcus roseus, Maggiora. Neisseria sub- flava. Alicrococcus subjiavus, YKxggt. Neisseria tardissima. See Micrococcus albicans tardissimi/s, Bumm. Neisseria weichselbaumii. See Micro- coccus intercellularis meningitidis, Neumann and Schaft'er. Neisseria winckleri. See Bacillus bei-i- bericus, Lacerda. Nitrifying Bacillus of Wino- gradsky, Nitromonas of Winogradsky. Obtained from the soil. No growth on ordinary culture media. One of the very few nitrifying ferments. ^ Nosema bombycis, Nageli. See Microbe de la pebrine, Pasteur. Obermeier'scher Recurrensfaden, Weigert. Ober- meier'scher Recurrensspirillum, Engelmann. See Spirillum obermeierii . Ophidomonas jenensis, Ophidomonas sanguinea, Ehrenberg. See Beggi- atoa roseo-persicina, Zopf. Orchiococcus. See Diplococcus of Orchitis, Hugouneng and Eraud. Oscillaria alba, Vaucher. See Beggiatoa alba, Trev- isan. Oscillaria arachnoidea, Agardh. See Beg- giatoa araclmoidea, Trevisan. Oscillaria leptomi- tiformis, Meneghi. See Beggiatoa leptomitiformis, Trevisan. Oscillaria tigrina. See Beggiatoa tigrina, Rabenhorst. Oscillaria versatilis, Kiitzing. See Beggiatoa araclmoidea, Trevisan. Osteo-myelitis- kokken, Becker. See Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, Ogston. Palmella infusionum, Ehrenberg. See Bacillus ter??io, Dujardin. Palmella prodigiosa, Mont. See Bacillus prodigiosus, ¥,hrenberg. Palmel- lina capillorum ( Radlkoffer) , Bulh. Syn., Zodglcca capillorum , Bulh. Found in the epidermis of the head ; supposed to affect the color of the hair. Panhystophy- ton ovatum, Lebert. See Microbe de la pebrine, Pas- teur. Passet's Faulnissbacillus. Passet's Putrefy- ing Bacillus of Pus. See Bacillus pyogenes fatidus, Passet. Peach-colored Bacterium, Lankester. See Beggiatoa roseo-persicina , Zopf. Pediococcus acidi lactici, Lindner. P ound in hay infusion and in mash from malt. aer. , facanaer., nliqf. , npg. Pediococcus albus, Lindner. Found in well water, aer. , liqf. , npg. Pediococcus aurantiacus, Cohn. See Micrococcus atirantiacus, Cohn. Pediococcus cerevisiae, Balcke. Syn., Sarcina cerevisioc, Lindner. Found in beer and in the air of breweries, aer. , facanaer. , jiliqf., npg. Peroncitoa scarlatinosae. See Micrococcus scarla- tince, Pohl-Pincus. Pfeiffer's Bacillus. See Bacil- lus capsulatus, Pfeiffer. Photobacterium balticum, P'ischer. Found in the waters of the Baltic, aei^., liqf. , phos. , npg. Cf. Bacillus phosphorescens indigen- us, Fischer. Photobacterium fischeri, Katz. Found in the waters of the Baltic. aer. , liqf. , phos. , npg. Photobacterium indicum, Fischer. See Bacillus phosphorescens, Fischer. Photobacterium luminosum, Beyerinck. Syn., Bacterie lumineuse de la mer du nord. Found on many of the phospho- rescent animals, crustaceous polyps, infusoria, of the North Sea. aer., liqf, phos., npg. Photobacte- rium pfliigeri, Ludwig. Syn., Bacterium pjliigeri, Alicrococcus pfliigeri. Found upon butcher's meat and upon market fish. The most phosphorescent of all light-producing bacteria. aer. , liqf. , phos. , ngp. Photobacterium phosphorescens, Fischer. See Bacillus phosphoreus, Cohn. Photobacterium phos- phorescens, Cohn. .Syn., Bacterium phosphorescens. Abbreviations. — a^n = aerobic. a»af>-. = anaerobic. cA^. = chromogenic. yacawafV. = facultative anaerobic, /z'yy. = liquefac- tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. oW. = obUgate. ojc/. = oscillating. pathogenic. ^Aoj. = phosphorescent. /S/i-ow. = pleomorphic. ja>. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 182 BACTERIA Cohn. Found upon h^h and in sea water. ner., itiiqf., >ipg-. Pilz der blauen Milch. See Biu illns cyanogenus, P'uchs. Pilz der Dextrangahrung. See Leiicoiiostoc iiieseiztt'roicifs, Cienkowski. Pilz der Zahncaries. See Lcptothrix lumalis, Robin. Pink Bacillus of Spreading Edema, A. B. Harris. /<'o;«. = pleomorphic, ja/. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 183 BACTERIA golden yellow). Sarcina botulina, Van den Corput. Found in cases of poisoning with tainted sausage, {hotulismus) and believed to be the active agent. Cf. Bacillus of allantiasis. Sarcina Candida, Reinke. Found in the air of breweries. aer., liqf., iipg. Sarcina cerevisiae, Lindner. Syn., Pedioiociiis cci-evisi(£, Balcke. P'ound in beer and the air of brew- eries, aer., faca}iaer., nlitjf. , npi:;. Sarcine de restomac. See Sarcina ventriciili , Goodsir. Sar- cina flava, De Bary. Found in beer, aer., liqf., chg. (yellow), npg. Sarcina fuscescens, Falken- heim. Found in the human stomach. Sarcina hya- lina, Kiitzing. Syn., Alerisiuopcdia !iyaUua\ Kiltz- ing. Found in swamps. Sarcina intestinalis, Zopf. Found in the intestines of chickens and tur- keys, principally in the cecum. Sarcina in the Mouth and Lungs, Fischer. According to De Bary the original description is not sufliciently clear for com- parison. Sarcina litoralis, CErstedt. Syn., Meris- mopedia litoralis, Rabenhorst, Erythroconis , CErstedt. Found in sea water ; forms a thin reddish layer be- tween decomposing algse on the shore. Sarcina lutea, Schroter. Found in the air, and in fungus cul- tures, aer., liqf., chg. (yellow), npg. Sarcina minuta, De Bary. Occurred spontaneously in a culture of sour milk on a microscopic slide ; resem- bles Sarcina welckeri. Sarcina mobilis, Maurea. Found in old ascitic fluid, aer., liqf., mot., chg. (brick-red). Sarcina morrhuse. Obtained from codfish. Sarcina of the Lungs. See Sarcina pulmoniim, Hauser. Sarcina of the Urine. See Sarcina urince, Welcker. Sarcine paludosa, Schroter. Found in bog water. Sarcina pulmo- num, Hauser. Syn., Sarcina of the lungs. Lungen- sarcine, Ger. Found in sputum, aer., nliqf., npg. Sarcina reitenbachii, Caspary. Syn., Alerismope- diiim reitenbachii, Caspary — (also misprinted Reichen- bachii). Found in fresh water on decaying plants. Sarcina renis, Hepworth. Found in the lungs of per- sons dead of pulmonary tuberculosis. Sarcina rosea, Menge. Found in milk and other food-stuffs. Held to be distinct from the form described by Schroter. aer. , liqf, chg. (rose-red), npg. Sarcina rosea, Schroter. Found in the air. aer., liqf., chg. (intense red, giving same reaction as the pigment of Sarcina aurantiacd), ngp. Sarcina urinae, Welcker. 'Ayn., Aferismopedia urince, Rabenhorst. Sarcina of the urine ; sarcine de la urine, Fr. , Hartze. Found in the bladder; appears to be destitute of zymotic action. Sarcina ventri- culi, Goodsir. Syn., .Sarcine de I'estomac, Fr. Harn- sarcine, Ger. Common in the stomach of man and animals. De Bary finds two forms side by side, but offers no information as to their genetic relations, aer. , nliqf., npg. Sarcina welckeri, Rossmann. Re- peatedly found in the human bladder and voided for months at a time in the urine, which is usually abnor- mally rich in phosphates, the patient retaining good health. Scheidenbacillus. See Bacillus vaginalis, Doderlein. Scheutzia laughlini. .Syn., Micrococcus of Dengue, Staphylococcus of Dengue, Dengue Micro- cocci. Found in the blood of patients suffering from dengue. Pathogenetic relations not determined. Schweinerotlaufbacillus. See Bacillus erysipela- tos stiis, Koch. Septischer Erdbacillus. See Ba- cillus septicus agrigenus, Nicolaier. Septischer Spu- tumbacillus. See Bacillus septicus sputigentts , Fliigge. Smegma bacillus. See Bacillus of the Smegma. Sphaerococcus acidi lactici, Marpmann. Found in fresh cow's milk. aer. , nliqf ., npg. Sphaerotilus natans, Kiitzing, Saccardo. Syn. , Leptothrix natans. Found in running and stagnant water. Old portions yellowish, younger portions colorless. Spirille du cholera. See Spirillum cholerce asiatictc, Koch. Spirille du mucus nasal. See Spirillum nasale, Weibel. Spirillo colerogeno di Koch, Ital. See Spirillum choleric asiaticic, Koch ; Spirillum amylife- rum, Van Tieghem. Found in water. Forms granu- lose at certain developmental stages ; gives the blue reaction with iodin. Cf. Bacillus butyricus, Praz- mowski. Spirillum anserum. Syn. , Spirochete anserina, Sakharoff. P'ound in the blood of geese affected with a fatal form of septicemia due to this microbe. A disease prevalent in the swampy regions of Caucasia. aer., mot., pg. (not for chickens). Spirillum a of Weibel. See Spirillum saprophiles a, Weibel. Spirillum attenuatum. Warming. Found in sea water. Spirillum aureum. Syn., Vibj-io aureus, Weibel. Found in the air and the slime of sewers, aer., )iliqf., nriiot., chg. (golden yellow), npg. Spirillum li of Weibel. See .Spirillum sapro- philes p, Weibel. Spirillum cholerae asiaticae, Koch. Syn., Spirillum choleric. Spirillum of cholera. Bacillus of cholera, Comma bacillus of Koch, Spirille du cholera, Bacille du cholera, Bacille en virgule, Bacille virgula choleregene, Fr. Bacillo a virgola, Bacillo virgulato, Ital. Found in the discharges of cholera patients and in the intestines of cholera cadavers, aer... facanaer., liqf., mot. , pg. Spirillum concentricum, Kitasato. P'ound in putrefying blood, aer., nliqf., mot., npg. Spirillum denticola. Miller; or, Spiril- lum dentium, Arnt. Syn., Spirochccta denticola, Spirochicta dentium. Found under the margins of the gums in the mouths of healthy persons ; biologic characters unknown, as it does not thrive in culture fluids. Spirillum endoparagogicum, .Sorokin. Found in a glairy liquid exuding from a [)oplar tree. Spirillum finkleri, Spirillum Finkler-Prior. Syn., Vibrio proteus. Bacillus von Finkler-Prior, Bacillus Epsilon von Miller. Found in the feces of persons affected with cholera nostras, after allowing the discharge to stand for some time, aer., facanaer., liqf. , mot. Pathogenetic relation not confirmed. Spirillum flavescens. Syn., Vibrio Jiavescens, Weibel. Found in the slime of sewers, aer., nliqf. , nmot., chg. (yellowish-green), npg. Spirillum flavum. Syn., VibrioJlavescens,y^e\he\. Found in the slime of sewers, aer., nliqf, nmot., chg. (ocher yellow), npg. Spirillum jenensis, Ehrenberg. Syn., Ophidomonas jciiensis, Ehrenberg. A doubtful species. Spirillum leucomelaenum, Perty. Found in water containing decaying algre. Spirillum linguae. Syn., Vibrio lingualis, Zungenbelagvibrio, Weibel. Found in the deposit on the tongue of a mouse, after inocu- lation, aer. , facanaer.. nliqf., nmot.. tipg. (for mice). Spirillum litorale. Warming. Syn., Vibrio spirillum, Muller ; Melunella spirillum, Borg. Found in bog water. Spirillum metschnikovi. Syn., Vibrio metschnikovi, Gameleia. Found in the intestinal con- tents of chickens affected, in Russia, with an epi- demic infectious disease resembling fowl cholera, aer. , facanaer, {?)liqf., mot., pg. Spirillum nasale. Syn., Vibrio nasale, Weibel. Nasenschleimvibrio, Ger. Spirille du mucus nasale, Fr. Found in nasal mucus. aer., facanaer, nliqf, nmot., npg. Spirillum ober- meieri, Cohn. Syn., Spirochccta obermeieri. Spiril- lum of relapsing fever. Recurrensspirochfete, Ober- meier'scher Recurrensfaden, Weigert, Obermeier'scher Recurrensspirillum, Engel. Found in the blood Abbreviations. — aerobic. a«afr. = anaerobic. cA.?;. = chromogenic. y"acaH(7fr. = facultative anaerobic, /z'?/"- = liquefac- tive. moHom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. — non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. oW. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating, /ig-. = pathogenic. /Aoj. = phosphorescent /i/<'0>«. = pleomorphic, in/i. =• saprophytic. BACTERIA 184 BACTERIA of persons affected with relapsing fever, aei:, mot. (efforts to cultivate thus far unsuccessful), /^o-. Spiril- lum of Asiatic cholera. Spirillum of cholera. See Spirillitni c/ioU'm asiaticic , Koch. Spirillum of Denecke. See Spirilluin tyrogeniiiii, Denecke. Spirillum of Finkler and Prior. See Spirilluin Jinkleri. Spirillum of Miller. Syn., Miller's bacillus. Found in carious teeth, aer., facanaer., liqf., mot., npg. Spirillum of Relapsing Fever. See Spirillum olicrmeieri, Cohn. Spirillum of Smith. Found in the intestines of swine, air. , iiliqf., mot., npg. Spirillum plicatile, Dujardin. Syn., Spirochi£te plicatilii , Ehrenberg ; Spiruliiia plicatilis, Cohn. Found in water containing decomposing alga:. Biologic characters undetermined. Spirillum rosa- ceum. Observed upon excrement in water, aer., dig. (red), npg. Spirillum rosenbergii, Warming. Found in brackish water. Contains refractive sulphur grains, aer., mot. Spirillum roseum, Mac6. Found in a tube culture of blennor- rhagic pus. aer., nliqf., mot., chg. (rose-red), npg. Spirillum rubrum, von Esmarch. Obtained from the putrefying body of a mouse, aer. , facanaer., nliqf., mot., chg. (pink), 7ipg. Spirillum rufum, Perty. Found in cistern water. aer. , mot. , ihg. (rose-red), 7ipg. Spirillum rugula, Miiller. Syn., 'Vibrio rugula. P'ound in swamp water and frequent- ly in the alimentary canal, on the teeth, etc. a'ir., facanaer. , mot. , npg. According to Prazmowski this species gives rise to decomposition of cellulose. Spirillum sanguineum. .See Beggiatoa roseo- persicina, Zopf. Spirillum saprophiles a of Weibel. Syn., Vibrio saprophiles a of Weibel. Found in rotting hay infusion and in the slime of sewers, aer., nliqf., mot., npg. Spirillum sapro- philes /3 of . Weibel. Syn., Vibrio saprophiles B, Weibel. Found in rotting hay infusion, aer. , nliqf. , mot., npg. Spirillum saprophiles y of Weibel. Syn., Vibrio saprophiles y, Weibel. Found in the slime of sewers, aer., nliqf, mot., npg. Spirillum serpens, Miiller. Syn., Vibrio serpens, Miiller. Found in stagnant water containing decaying plants, etc. Biologic characters not determined. Spirillum sputigenum, Miller. Common in the neglected mouths of healthy persons. Does not grow on culture media. Spirillum tenue, Ehren- berg. Found in putrefying plant infusions. Biologic characters undetermined. Spirillum tyrogenum, Denecke. Syn., Bacille de Denecke, Fr. Bacillus von Denecke, Kasespirillum, Ger. Spirillum of Denecke, Bacillus of cheese, Denecke's cheese spiril- lum. Found in old cheese. aer., facanaer., liqf, mot., pg. (for guinea pigs). Spirillum undula, Cohn, Miiller. Syn., Vibrio undula, MUller; Vibrio prolifer, Ehrenberg. Found in zooglea masses in swamp water, vegetable ip*"usions, etc. aer., mot., npg. Spirillum violaceuin. Warming. Found in brackish water; cell contents violet, with a few sul- phur grains. Spirillum volutans, Ehrenberg. Syn., Vibrio spirilluin, Miiller; Melunella spirillum, Borg. Found in infusions and in bog water. Biologic characters undetermined. Spirochaete anserina, Sakharoff. See Spirillum aiiseruiii. Spirochaete denticola, Miller. Spirochaete dentium, Arnt. See Spirillum dentium. Spirochaete obermeieri. See Spirilluin obermeieri, Cohn. Spirochaete plicatilis, Ehrenberg. See Spirillum plicatile, Dujardin. Spiro- monas cohnii. Warming. Found in foul water. Spiromonas volubilis, Pertz. Found in putrefy- ing infusions and in bog water. Sporonema gra- cile. See Bacillus virens. Van Tieghem. Spu- tumbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus septicus sputigenus , Fliigge. Stafilococco piogeno aureo, Ital. See Micrococcus pyogenes aureus, Rosenbach. Staphy- lococcus albus liquefaciens, Escherich. Syn., White liquefying staphylococcus. Found in the alvine discharges of healthy infants, aer., liqf. , npg. Sta- phylococcus biskrae. See Micrococcus of Heyden- reich. Staphylococcus cereus albus, Passet. See Micrococcus cereus albus, Passet. Staphylococcus cereus aureus, Schroter and Winkler. See Micro- coccus cereus aureus, S. and W. Staphylococcus cereus flavus, Passet. See Micrococcus cereus Jlaviis, Passet. Staphylococcus citreus. See Micrococcus citreus. List. Staphylococcus epidermidis albus, Welch. See Micrococcus pyogenes albus, Rosenbach. Staphylococcus pulvus. See Micrococcus pulvus, Cohn. Staphylococcus of Dengue, McLaughlin. See Scheutzia lauhglini. Staphylococcus of pem- phigus, De Michele. Obtained from the skin, kid- ney and spleen of a case of pemphigus chronica. Staphylococcus passetti. See Micrococcus cereus fla'i'us, Passet. Staphylococcus pyogenes albus, Rosenbach. See Micrococcus pyogenes albus, Rosen- bach. Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, Ogston, Becker. Syn., Staphylococco pyogeno aureo, Ital. See Micrococcus pyogenes aureus, Rosenbach. Sta- phylococcus pyogenes citreus, Passet. See Micro- coccus pyogenes citreus, Passet. Staphylococcus pyosepticus, Hericourt and Richet. See Micrococcus pyosepticus, Richet. Staphylococcus salivarius pyogenes, Biondi. See Micrococcus salivarius pyo- genes, Biondi. Staphylococcus viridis flavescens, Guttmann. Syn. , Micrococcus of chicken-pox. P'ound in the vesicles of varicella, aer., nliqf ., chg. (greenish yellow), npg. Streptococcus acidi lactici, Groten- feldt. Found in coagulated milk in Finland, ana'er. (not strictly), nliqf, npg. Streptococcus aethebius. See Micrococcus tirea liquefaciens , Fliigge. Strepto- coccus albus, Maschek. Syn.,Weisser Streptococcus, Ger. Found in hydrant water (Freiburg), aer., liqf., npg. Streptococcus apthicola, Hallier. See Strep- tocytus of eczema epizootica, Schottelius. Strepto- coccus articulorum, Loffler. Syn., Micrococcus of diphtheria. Obtained from the affected mucous mem- brane in cases of diphtheria. Possibly a variety of Alicrococcus pyogenes. (for mice). Streptococcus bombycis. See Micrococcus bombycis, Cohn. Strep- tococcus brevis. Von Lingelsheirn. Obtained from normal human saliva, aer., facanaer., nliqf., npg. Streptococcus cadaveris, Sternberg. F'ound in the liver of a yellow-fever cadaver. aer., facanaer., nliqf., npg. Probably identical with the pre- ceding species. Streptococcus cinnabareus. See Micrococcus cinnabareus, P"liigge. Streptococcus coli gracilis, Escherich. Found in the feces of healthy children living on a meat diet. aer. , facanaer. , liqf., npg. Streptococcus conglomeratus, Kurth. Obtained from cases of scarlet fever, pg. (for mice). Streptococcus coronatus, Fliigge. See Micrococcus corouatus, Fliigge. Streptococcus coryzae conta- giosae equorum, Schiitz. Syn., Streptococcus der Druse des Pferdes. Bacterium der Brustseuche des Pferdes, Ger. Bacterium of infectious pneumonia in the horse. Found in the pus from diseased lymphatic glands in horses suffering with infectious pneumonia, the disease being known in Germany as Druse des Pferdes. aer., facanaer., pg. (for horses and mice), Abbreviations. — a^r. = aerobic. fl'Mae'>- = anaerobic. cAg-. =chromngenic. yacareaff. = facultative anaerobic, /z'^;/". = liquefac- tive. tnonorn. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, jiliqf. == noii-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, nfi^. = non-pathogenic. oA/. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating. = pathogenic. />Aoj. = phosphorescent, //^'ow. = pleomorphic, iay*. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 185 BACTERIA npg. (for rabbits, guinea pigs and pigeons). Strep- tococcus des Gelenkrheumatismus, Leyden. See Bacillus rheuinarthrilidis, Kussmaul. Strep- tococcus endocarditicus. See Alicrococctts endo- carditicHs rugatus^ Weichselbaum. Streptococcus erysipelatis (erysipelatos), Fehleisen. See Micio- coccHs pyogenes, Rosenbach. Streptococcus fer- menti. See Alicrococcus viniperda. Streptococ- cus giganteus urethrae, Lustgarten and Manne- berg. Found in the healthy human urethra, aer., npg. Streptococcus havaniensis, Sternberg. Found in the acid vomit of a yellow-fever patient. Biologic characters undetermined. Streptococcus in'secto- rum, Burrill. See JMicrococcits insectoriim, Burrill. Streptococcus kochii. See Micrococcus of septi- cemia in rabbits, Koch. Streptococcus lanceolatus pasteuri, Gamaleia. See Bacillus septiciis spiitigcnus , Fliigge. Streptococcus liquefaciens, Sternberg. Obtained from the intestines and livers of yellow-fever cadavers, aer., faeanaer. , li\xQ\w.yi. Tyrothrix tenuis, Duclaux. See Bacillus tenuis, Duclaux. Tyrothrix turgidus, Duclaux. See Bacillus turgidiis, Duclaux. Tyrothrix urocephalus, Duclaux. See Bacillus uroccphahis. Duclaux. Tyrothrix virgula, Duclaux. See Bacillus virgula, Duclaux. Ulvina aceti, Kiitzing. See Bacillus aceti, Kiitzing. Uro- bacillus duclauxi, Miquel. Found in sewage and river water, aer., faeanaer., mot., liqf. Pathogenesis not determined. Urobacillus freudenreichii. Miquel, Obtained from air, dust, sewage. aer., liqf ., mot. Pathogenesis not determined. Urobacillus maddoxi, Miquel. Obtained from sewage and river water. aer., liqf., mot. Pathogenesis not determined. Urobacillus pasteuri, Miquel. Obtained from decomposing urine, aer. , liqf ., mot. Pathogenesis not Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic, ch^. = chromogrenic. faeanaer. = facultative anaerobic, ligf. = liquefac- tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmof. = non-motile, nfig-. = non-pathopfenic. oA/. = obligate, ojr/. = oscillating. />^. = pathogenic. /!i/(05. = phosphorescent, //t'cww. = pleomorphic, ja/. = saprophytic. BACTERIA 186 BAG determined. Urobacillus schiitzenbergii, Miquel. Obtained from sewage and river water, aer., Hqf-, mot. Pathogenesis not detennined. Verfliissi- gender Bacillus aus Wasser, Ger. Liquefying bacillus of water. See Bacillus aqiiatiius liqucfacii-tis , Pokrowslus, Becker. Weis- ser Streptococcus, Ger. See Streptococcus alius, Maschek. White Bacillus of Water. See Bacillus albus, Becker. White Liquefying Staphylococcus. See Staphylococcus albus liquefaciens, Escherich. Wunderblut, Ger. .See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehren- berg. Wurzelbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus rantosus, Eisenberg. Wurzelbacillus aus Erde. See Ba- cillus mycoides, Fliigge. Xerosebacillus, Ger. See Bacillus of xerosis epithelialis conjunctive, Leber. Yellowish-white Micrococcus, Bumm. See Micrococcus suhflavus, Fliigge. Ziegelroter Ba- cillus, Adametz. See Bacillus latericeus, Eisenberg. Zooglcea capillorum, Buhl. See Palmellina capil- lorum, Radlkofer. Zooglcea termo, Miiller, Cohn. See Bacillus termo, Dujardin. Zooglcea ramigera. A tree-like variety of Cladothrix dichofoma, q. v. Zoogalactina imetropa, Sette. See Bacillus pro- digiosus, Ehrenberg. Zungenbelagvibrio, Ger. See Spirillum linguce, Weibel. Bacteriacese (hak-te-re-a' -se-e) \_l3aKTi/piov, a little stick]. A group or order of microscopic fungi ; the same as Sc/iizomycetes. Bacterial {hak-te' -re-al ) [fiaKTr/piov, a little stick]. Re- sembling or of the nature of bacteria. Bactericidal (bak-ie-ris-id' -al) [/?aKr//p(oi', a little stick; ctrdere, to kill]. Destructive to bacteria. Bactericide [bak-te' -ris-id) \_ISnKTi/pinv, a little stick; caderc, to slay]. I. Destructive to bacteria. 2. An agent that destroys bacteria. Bacteridium [bak-ter-id'-e-um') l^aKri/piov, a little stick: //. , Bacteridia'\. According to Davaine, a genus of Bacteriaceje characterized by immobility of the elements at all periods of their existence. The distinction does not now obtain. Bacteriemia (bak-te-re-e'-me-ah) \_paKTrip(ov , a little stick; a'iiia, blood]. The presence of bacteria in the blood. Bacterioid {bak-tc'-re-oid) \_jiaKTi/pim', a little stick; fifSof , form]. Applied to certain microorganisms flour- ishing in and around the roots of leguminous plants, assisting in the accumulation of nitrogen, and giving rise to tubercles. They may be cultivated in artifi- cial media like ordinary bacteria. (Brunchoist, Nobbe, etc.) Bacteriologist (hak-te-re-ol' -o-jist) ySanTi/pioi', a little stick; /loyof, science]. One who makes a special study of bacteriology. Bacteriology (bak-te- re-ol^ -o-je) \_f^aKTi/piov,a. little stick; 'Aoyo^, science]. That department of science that is concerned with the study of bacteria. Bacterio-protein {bak-te-re-o-pro' -te-in) ^[^anTi/piov, a little stick; Trpwrof, first]. A protein contained in bacteria. Bacterio-purpurin (l>ak-te-re-o-per' -pu-rin) \_liaKTi/piov, a little stick ; purpura, purple]. A peach-colored pigment found t)y Lankester in the protoplasm of Beggiatoa roseo-persicina. It is insoluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, ammonia, acetic and sulphuric acids, etc. Bacterioscopic (bak-te-re-o-skop' -ik) \_PaKT)ipiov, a little stick ; oKonav, to view]. Pertaining to bacterioscopy. Bacterioscopy (hak-te-re-os' -ko-pe) \_l3aKTr/pim', a little stick ; aaoKEiv, to inspect]. The microscopic study of bacteria. Bacterio-therapeutic {hak-te-re-o-ther-ap-u' -lik) \fiaK- Tijpiov, a little stick ; Oepanda, treatment]. Relating to bacterio-therapy. Bacteriotherapy (bak-te-re-o-tkcr'-ap-e) [ (iaKrijpiov, a little stick; Ospaneia, treatment]. The treatment of disease by the introduction of bacteria into the system. Bacterious {bak-te' -re-tis) [^ftaKri/piov, a little stick]. Bacterial. Bacterium {bak-te' -re-um) [^iSaKTr/piov, a little stick ; dim. of jiaiiTr]pia, a stick, staff: //., Bacteria'\. I. A term used to distinguish in a general way some of the simplest microscopic fungi, the Bacteriacece , Fission- fungi, or Schizomycetes, and other closely allied microbes. 2. A genus of short, cylindrical, motile Fission-fungi. Bacteriuria {bak-te-re-u' -?-e-ah) [^jiaicTi/piov, a little stick; oypoi', urine]. The presence of bacteria in the urine. Bacteroid {bak'-ter-oid) \_PaiiTTipwi', a little stick ; eMof, form]. Resembling bacteria. Bad Disorder. Synonym of Syphilis. Badal's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Bader's Operations. See Operations, Table of. Badiaga (bah-de-ah'-gah) [Rus., badyaga']. A Rus- sian fresh- water sponge, Spongia lactistris, valued as a discutient and as a remover of the marks of bruises. Unof. '^a.AKa.w {ba' -de-an)\_badius,\>&y\ The Star-anise. See Illiciuvi. Baer's Law. See La7f. B. Operations. See Opera- tions, Table of. B. Plane. .See Plane. Bag {bag) [AS., ba;lg']. I. A sac. 2. The scrotum. B., Barnes's, '^iee Barnes's Dilators. B., Politzer's, a soft rubber bag for inflating the internal ear. B. of Abbreviations. — a^n = aerobic, a^/a,")-. = anaerobic. <:/;?•.== chromogenic. yaca»af>. = facultative anaerobic, //^y. = liquefac- tive. iiionom. = monomorphic mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic. oA/. = obligate. oicA = oscillating, /.g-. = pathogenic. />Aoj. = phosphorescent, //cow. = pleomorphic. = saprophytic. BAGNIO 187 BALNEOLOGY Waters, the fetal membranes enclosing the liquor amnii, projecting through the os uteri early in labor. The sac usually ruptures when the cervix is dilated. Bagnio (ban'-yo) [It., hagno'\. I. A house of prosti- tution. 2. A bath-house. Bailey's Flask. In dentistry, an apparatus for making metal dies. It consists of two semi-elliptic rings of iron — one nearly straight, the other a truncated cone with four keys — jointed so as to fit together. The straight ring is used as a casting-box for the sand as well as a form for the lead ; the other gives the pro- per shape to the zinc. Baillarger's Lines. See Lines, Table of. B. Streak. Same as Baillarger' s Lines. Bain-Marie {bdn-mah-re') [Fr.]. An instrument for immersing solutions, microorganisms, etc., in water or chemical solutions, thus keeping them at a desired temperature. Bain's Method. See Treatment , Methods of; also Arti- ficial Respiration. Bakers' Itch. An eczematous affection of the hands, caused by the irritation of the yeast. B. Salt, a syno- nym of smelling salts, or the subcarbonate of ammo- nia ; it is sometimes used by bakers in leavening cakes. Baker's Leg, knock-knee, or z'(7/^zal-oon' -ing) [Mod. E. baloon, a large bag]. Surgical distention of the vagina by air-bags or water- bags. Ballota (bal-o'-tah) \jia't 'kuTii , black hoarhound]. A genus of labiate plants. B. nigra, or black hoarhound, was formerly much used in medicine. B. (or Hyptis) suaveolens, of the E. and W. Indies, has been lately introduced into general practice as a powerful and yet safe nervin, antilithic, diuretic, evacuant, and laxative remedy. Unof. B. lanata, of N. Asia, has similar uses. Unof. Ballottement (bal-ot'-mon(g)) [Fr. , from ballotte, a ball]. A method of diagnosticating pregnancy from the fourth to the eighth month. A push is given the uterus by the finger inserted into the vagina, and if the fetus be present, it will rise and fall again like a heavy body in water. Ball's Operations. See Operations , Table of . Balm (Imhm) \balsamum, a balsam]. A popular syn- onym of balsamum. Any soothing application or ointment. B. of Gilead. See Balsam, Abies, and Alelissa. Balmony {baU -mo-ne) [origin uncertain]. The herb Chelone glabra ; cathartic and anthelmintic. Dose of the fld. ext. 3ss-j. Chelonin, the concentrated ext. Dose gr. j-iv. Unof. Balneography (hal-ne-og' -ra-fe) [balneum, a bath ; ypdcpT/, a writing]. A treatise on bathing. Balneology (bal-ne-ol^-o-je) [^balneum, a bath ; ?i6yo(, science]. The science of baths and their effects upon the system. BALNEOTHERAPEUTICS 188 BANDAGE Balneotherapeutics {bal-ne-o4her-ap-tt' -tiks). SeeBir/- iieotiierapy. Balneotherapy {bal-ne-o-ther' -ap-e) \l>alneum, a bath ; Wfyja-f (a, healing]. Systematic bathing for therapeutic purposes, or the treatment of disease by baths or bathing. Balneum [l>al'-ne-2iiii) [L. ]. A bath. See Bath. B. arense, a sand bath. See Ammotherapy. B. lacteum, a milk bath. B. luteum, a mud-bath. See Illuiation. B. pneumaticum, an Air-bath, q. v. Balonea (bal-o' -ne-ah). See Valonia. Balsam (bawl' -sam) \_^a'Kaa^iov , the resin of the balsam tree]. The resinous, volatile, aromatic substance, liquid or concrete, obtained from certain trees by natural exudation or by artificial extraction. Balsams are divided into two classes, those with, and those without, benzoic and cinnamic acids. In general they are mixtures of various essential oils, resins, and acids. B. Apple, the plant Momordica bahamina, and its warty, gourd-like fruit. It is purgative, but its tincture is chiefly used in domestic medicine as a vulnerary. Unof. B. Bog, a singular stone-like, woody, umbelli- ferous plant, Bolax or A^orella glebaria, of the Falk- land Islands and Patagonia. Its aromatic gum is locally prized as a vulnerary, desiccative, and anti-gon- orrheal remedy. Unof. B., Canada, a turpentine gathered from the natural blisters of the bark of Abies bahamiim. It is much used as a mounting medium by microscopists. B. of Copaiba. See Copaiba. B. of Fir. Same as Canada Balsam. See Abies. B., Friar's. See Benzoin. B. of Gilead, the balm of the Old Testament ; an oleo-resin obtained from the Balsamodoidron gileadense. B. of Peru, the balsam obtained ixom. Myroxylon pereira; ; antiseptic, stimulant to the circulation, and sedative to the nervous system; generally a tonic, and expectorant in bronchitis. Ap- plied locally it is useful in chronic inflammatory skin- diseases. Dose of the emulsion TT\^x-xxv. B. Root, a popular name for certain composite-flowered plants of the genus Balsamorrhiza. B. hookerii, B. inacro- phylla, B. sagittata are common in the Pacific States and abound in a resinous balsam. Unof. B. of Tolutan, or of Tolu, obtained from Myroxylon tolu- fera. Its properties are due to a volatile oil, tohiette. It possesses an agreeable odor, and is a basis for many cough-mixtures. It is a fair expectorant. T. Tinct. contains ten per cent, of the balsam in 90 per cent, of alcohol. Dose rt\^x-xxx. T. Syr., balsam four parts; simple syrup 96. Dose^j-ij. Balsamation (bawl-sain-a' -shtai) \fiakaayLov , the resin of the balsam tree]. Embalmment with balsamic or aromatic spices. Balsamic (JmioV -sam-ik) \_^aKaapLOv , the resin of the balsam tree]. Having the nature or qualities of a balsam. Balsamine [bawl-sam-in) \_j3akaafiov , balsam]. Any plant of the genus Impatiens, q. v. Balsamito {ba-col'-sam-e'-to) [Sp. ] . A tincture of balsam of Peru in rum ; anthelmintic, diuretic, and tonic ; it is used externally as a cosmetic and a stimulant wash for sores. Unof. Balsamodendron [bawl-sam-o-den'-dron). See Myrrh and Bdellium. Balsams {bawl' -samz) \fiaAaaiion>, the resin of the bal- sam tree]. The natuijp.1, thick solutions of the gum resins in the essential oils and turpentines. See Resins. Balsamum (hal' -satii-um) \_liaXaafiov , balsam: gen., Balsami\ A balsam, q.v. B. dipterocarpi. See Ciirjun Balsam. Balser's Fatty Necrosis. See Diseases, Table of. Bambalia {bam-ba'-le-ah) [L.]. Stammering ; thick- ness of speech, or other impediment to utterance. Bamberger's Fluid. An albuminous mercuric com- pound used in the treatment of syphilis. It is made as follows : To loo c.c. of a filtered solution of white of egg (containing 40 c.c. of albumin and 60 c.c. of water) there are added 60 c.c. of a solution of mercu- ric chlorid (containing 5 per cent. , or 3 grams, of bichlorid of mercury) and 60 c.c. of a solution of sodium chlorid (containing 20 per cent.) ; finally, 80 grams of distilled water are added, which brings the bulk of the solution up to 300, containing 0.010 mercuric chlorid in every cubic centimeter. Bamboo (bam-boo') [E. YwA. , baiid)ii'\. A popular name for many tree-like, woody-stemmed grasses, es- pecially those of the genus Baiiibusa. Apart from a limited use in surgery, none of the bamboos is em- ployed in regular medicine. Locally, B. arundi- nacea is employed as an alterative, anthelmintic, and depurative. Unof. See also Tafashccr. B. Brier, the root of Smilax sarsaparilla, habitat. Southern United States. Its properties are identical with those of sarsaparilla. Dose of the fld. ext. 3 ss-ij. Unof Banana [ban-an'-ah) [Sp.]. The root of the common banana, Ahisa sapientiim , said to be a valuable altera- tive, and useful in strumous affections. Dose of the fld. ext. Tl\, x-xxx. Unof. 'Qz.nA (band) \)AY..,bande'\. That which binds. A stripe. A ligament. B., Axis, Baer's primitive streak. B., Belly, a band to pass around the abdo- men. B., Head, a strap for securing a mirror to the forehead. B., Horny, of Tarinus, the fore part of the tenia semicircularis. B., Moderator. See B. , Reir s. B., Rail's, a fibrous muscular fillet that frequently extends across the right ventricle of the heart ; it is called also the moderator band. B. of Remak. See Fiber, axial ; also Purkinje , Axis Cyl- inder of. B. of Tarinus. See B., Horny. 'Ba.ndage {ban' -dd/' ) [Fr. , /;(7«(Z't', a strip]. Bandages are usually strips of muslin or other material, of vary- ing widths and lengths, used in surgery for the purpose of protecting, compressing, etc., a part, or for the re- tention of dressings and applications. A simple ban- dage or roller consists of one piece ; a compound, of two or more pieces. Starch, plaster-of-Paris, silica, dextrin, tripolith, etc., etc., are used or recom- mended for making stiff and iitimovable dressings or bandages. According to their direction bandages are classed as : I. C/rr/z/rtr, circular turns about the part. 2. Figure-of-8, the turns crossing each other like that figure. 3. Oblique, covering the part by ob- lique turns. 4. Recurrent, the turns returning suc- cessively to the point of origin. 5. Spica, the turns resembling the arrangement of the husks of an ear of corn. 6. Spiral, each turn covering one-half of the preceding. 7. Spiral reverse, the bandage is reversed in order to better adapt it to the part. Bandages are also classed according to the part to which they are applied. Of Bandages of the head we have : I. Circidar, of the forehead, to retain dressings upon the head. 2. Circular, of the eyes. 3. Crossed, of the to hold dressings upon one or both eyes. 4. T.,of the eye, a small piece of muslin cut in the shape of a right-angled triangle, and sufficiently large to cover the eye, is sewn by its base, with the perpendicular toward the ear, to a horizontal strip of a length to encircle the head. The apex of the triangle is sewn to a vertical strip long enough to pass under the jaw and meet the horizontal strip on the opposite side. 5. Crossed, of the angle of the /a'cci, to support the parts in fracture of the angle of the jaw. 6. Knotted, of the head, a double-headed roller with compress, to make compres- sion in wound of the temporal artery. 7. Recurrent, of the head, a single-headed or double headed roller, to BANDAGES 189 BANDAGES BANDAGES 190 BANDAGES Ascending Spica of the Groi Spiral Reversed of the Forearm (or Leg). Recurrent Bandage of Stump. BANDAGE 191 BANTING TREATMENT retain dressings upon the head. 8. Four-tailed, of the head, a piece of cloth eight inches wide and long enough to pass over the head and under the chin, is torn from either end to within three or four inches of the middle. The body of the bandage is placed on the top of the head, the posterior ends are tied under the chin, and the two anterior ends carried backward and tied at the nape of the neck. g. Gibson's, for the body of the lower ja-tv, to support the parts in fracture. lo. Rhea Barton's, for the same purpose. II. Capeline or iMitra llippoeratis ; made by a doitble-hcaded roller (one which is rolled from each end, the two heads lying on the same side of the bandage and being of equal size). One roll being taken in each hand, the intervening strip is applied low down over the center of the forehead, and the bandage unrolled on either side until the two heads meet posteriorly below the occipital protuberance. Prom this point the two rollers are applied in different directions, one passing continuously around the head in a circle, the other forward and backward over the cranium until the latter is entirely covered. 12. Galen's six-tailed bandage; the bandage is so arranged that it has three strips at each end. The middle portion is placed on the crown of the head, the anterior ends are tied at the back of the neck, the middle under the chin, and the posterior at the forehead. 13. C^/vy/^owV, a bandage for the lower jaw, passing above the forehead and back again to cross under the occiput, and finally ending in front of the chin. 14. Pressure-bandage , an eye-bandage applied with a considerable degree of firmness in order to afford pressure. 15. Protective-bandage, a bandage for the eye, lightly applied. 16. Hamilton's, a form of compound bandage for the lower jaw, consisting mainly of a firm leather strap to support the jaw. 17. Liebreich' s , a variety of bandage for the eye, made from a knitted-cotton band. 18. Thillaye' s , a com- pound bandage for joining the edges of the wounds in hare-lip operation. Of Bandages of the trunk there are: I. Circtdar, of the tieck. 2. Figure-of-8, of the jieck and axilla, to retain dressings upon the shoulder or in the axilla. 3. Anterior figure-of-8, of chest, to draw the shoulder forward and to retairi dressings on the anterior surface of the chest. 4. Pos- terior figure-of-8 , of chest, to draw the shoulders back in fractured clavicle, or to retain dressings on the posterior surface of the chest. 5- Crossed, of one or both breasts, to support the breasts in excessive lacta- tion or in mammary disease. 6. Spica, of shoulder, to retain the head of the humerus in place after disloca- tion. 7. Spiral, of the chest, to make compression in fracture of the sternum or ribs. 8. Circular, of the abdomen, to support the abdominal walls. 9. Spiral, of the abdomen, to compress the abdominal walls or to retain dressings. 10. Spica, of one or both groins, to compress groin or retain dressings. 11. Spiral reverse, of the penis, to retain dressings upon this organ. The Bandages of the arm are: I. Circular, of the wrist. 2. Figure-of-8 , of wrist, to compress the joint or retain dressings. 3. Figui e-of8 , of elbow. 4. Circular, of arm or forearm. 5. Oblique, of arm or forearm. 6. Spiral, of arm, to retain dressings. 7. Spiral reverse, of tipper extremity, to support the arm in dislocations, fractures, etc. 8. Velpeau's, used to support the arm in fracture of the clavicle, the neck, or acromial process of the scapula. The hand of the mjured side being placed on the sound shoulder, an oblique turn is made from the axilla of the sound side, across the back of the chest to the opposite .shoulder, covering the fracture, down under the elbow in front to axilla of the sound side, then across the back over the outside of the point of the elbow to the axilla of the sound side, thus continuing the oblique and cir- cular turns alternately and advancing over the arm till it is held firmly. 9. Desault' s Apparatus, consists of an axillary pad held by tapes about the neck, a sling for the hand, and two single-headed rollers. The forearm is placed at right angles with the humerus, held in place by many circular and oblique turns about the shoulder and body. 10. Bayer' s, a fonn of apparatus consisting of a chest-belt, an arm -belt, and an axil- lary pad. It is used in treating fractured clavicles. The Bandages of the hand are: l. Spiral, of the finger. 2. Spiral, of all the fingers, or gauntlet. 3. Spiral, of pabiL, or demi-gauntlet. 4. Spica, of tlmmb. All the bandages of the hand are used in cases of frac- ture or to retain dressings. The Bandages of the lower extremity are: I. Figure-of-8, of ankle, to cover the part or retain dressings. 2. Figure-of-8 , of knee, to cover the part or compress it. 3. Pigure-of- 8, of thighs, to compress the part after wounds or operations. 4. Spica, of instep, to compress the parts. 5. Spiral reverse, of 'whole loiver extremity, to support the limb after fracture, etc. 6. Baynton' s, a series of straps of adhesive plaster used in the treatment of chronic leg ulcers. 7. Ribbail' s, a spica bandage of the foot. B., Genga's. See B., Thedeu's. B., Heliodorus's. The T-bandage. B., Hippocrates'. See B., Capeline. B., Hueter's, a spica bandage for the perineum. B., Langier's, a many-tailed paper bandage. B., Larrey's, a form of many-tailed band- age, the edges being glued together. B., Maison- neuve's, a variety of Plaster-of- Paris bandage, formed from cloths folded, these being supported by other bandages. B. of the Poor. See Galen' s Bandage. B., Recurrent, for stumps, is used after amputations, to support the flaps. B., Richet's, a form of Plaster- of-Paris bandage to which a small amount of gelatin has been added. B. of Scultetus, a compound bandage, similar to a spiral reverse in appearance and action, used in compound fractures, so that the short pieces of which it is composed may be removed with- out motion of the limb. T-Bandages are compound, and resemble that letter ; the menstrual napkin is an example. B., Theden's, a fonii of roller bandage applied from below upward over a graduated com- press, to control hemorrhage from a limb. See Hand- kerchief Dressing. Bandager (ban'-da-jer) [Fr., bande, a strip]. One skilled in the application of bandages. See Dresser. Bandagist [ban' -da-jist) [Fr., bande a strip] . A maker of trusses, bandages, and other surgical appliances to be worn upon the person. Banded Hair [ban'-ded hdr). See Ringed Hair. Bandl, Operation of. See Operations, Table of. B., Ring of, the superior limit of the cervical canal, in pregnancy at a level with the pelvic inlet, marking the boundary between the lower uterine segment and the rest of the uterus. It is about six inches above the os externum. Bandolin (han'-do-lin) [origin uncertain]. A mucilage made usually of quince-seeds, or of gum-tragacanth, used mainly as a paste for confining the hair and making it lustrous ; it is called also fixature. See Cydonium. Bandy Leg {ban' -de leg). Bow-leg, q. v. Baneberry (ban' -ber-e) . See Actaa. Bang, Bhang, or Bangue (bang). See Cannabis indica. Banian (ban'-yan) [Ar., banyan, a trader]. A South Asiatic fig-tree, Ficus bengalensis, remarkable for the development of roots and secondary trunks from its branches. Its juice is antodontalgic ; the bark and seeds tonic, diuretic, and antipyretic. Unof. Banks's Operations. See Operations, Table of. Banting Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of. BANTINGISM 192 BARKING Bantingism (ban' -ting-hni) [From Banting, the name o{ the inventor]. A method proposed for the reduc- tion of corpulence, by abstinence from saccharine and farinaceous foods. See Treatment, Methods of. Banyan (J>an'-yan). See Banian. Baobab Tree. See Adansonia digitata. Baptin (bap' -tin) [/SaTrr/c/f, a dipping] . A moderately purgative glucosid, obtainable from Baptisia tinc- toria. Baptisia [bap-tiz'-e-ah) [_l3aiTTiaLi;, a dipping]. Wild Indigo. The root bark of B. tinetoria with proper- ties due to an impure glucosid, the so-called Baptisin. It is laxative and stimulant in moderate doses ; emetic and cathartic in large doses, and is valuable in amenor- rhea, typhus and typhoid fevers. It is excellent for local application to indolent ulcers and gangrenous sores. B., Extract. Dose gr. j-x. B.,Ext. Fid. Dose tTLij-xx. B.,Tinct. Dose TTLv-xxx. Dose of the resin gr. j-v. All unof. Baptisin {bap' -tiz-in) \ji(nxTwic^, a dipping]. I. A pre- cipitate from the tincture of Baptisia tinetoria ; anti- septic, evacuant, acholic, resolvent. Dose one to three grains. Unof. 2. A bitter glucosid obtainable from the plant, Baptisia tinetoria ; it has little medicinal activity. Baptitoxin (bap-tit-oks' -in) [_8(nrriai(:, a dipping ; to^lkov, a poison] . A poisonous alkaloid obtained from Baptisia tinetoria. It hastens respiration and exaggerates vaso- motor activity. Baptorrhea (bap-tor-e' -all) [/M-rof, infected ; pkeiv, to flow]. Any infectious discharge from a mucous sur- face, as gonorrhea. Baptothecorrhea {bap-to-the-kor-e' -ali) [/SdTrrof, in- fected ; vagina ; petiv, to flow]. Gonorrhea in women. Bapturethrorrhea (bap-tu-reth-ro-re'-ah) [jianro^, in- fected; o(ip//f pa, urethra ; pieiv, to flow]. Urethral gonorrhea ; gonorrhea of men. Baranilin {bar-an' -il-in) [/Sappf, heavy; anilin'^. Heavy aniiin oil. See Heavy Oil and Creosote Oil. Baraquet (/«?r-a//-/^7yf/') [Fr.]. 's^xiowyxvi oi Inflieenza. Barb (barb) \_barba, a beard]. I. In biology, the retrorse tooth of an awn or prickle. 2. One of the narrow acute plates diverging from the rachis and going to form the vane of a feather. 'Buxha. (ba J-'- bah) [L.]. The beard. Barbadoes Leg {bar-ba'-ddz leg). See Elephantiasis Arabuin. B. Nut. See Purging Nut. B. Tar, a form of bitumen (q. v.) formerly employed in medicine. Barbaloin (bar-bal'-o-in) \_Barbadoes ; akdrj, aloe], C,,H,^jO,. The aloin derived from Barbadoes aloes. Barbarossa's Pills. A mercurial preparation con- taining in addition rhubarb, scammony, musk, etc. Barbasco (bar-bas' -ko) \j.ierbaseum , mullein]. A com- posite-flowered plant of tropical America, the Cliba- diuin biocarpwn. The stalks are used in preparing hair-washes, and are said to restore gray hair to its natural color. The plant is also used in eye-troubles. It is said to be very poisonous. Unof. Barbellate (bar-bel'-at) [barbella, dim. of barba, a beard]. In biology, applied to the bristles of the pappus of some compositse when beset with short, stiff hairs, longer than when denticulate, but shorter than when plumose. Barben Cholera (bar-ben kol'-er-ah). A form of poi- soning resulting, in Central Europe, from the eating of the barb. Barber's Itch (bar'-berz ich). The disease called Tinea barbie, Syeosis parasititria, or Tinea syeosis, q. V. Barberry (bar'-her-e). See Berberis. B. Gum, a commercial name of certain varieties of gum-arabic. Barber- Surgeon (bar'-ber ser'-jtcn) ^barba, a. beard; MF,. , soiugeon^. Formerly, a barber who also prac- tised surgery. Barbicel (bar' -bis-el) [barbieella, dim. of barba, a beard]. In biology, one of the fringes of a barbule of a feather. Barbiers (bar'-berz) [E. Ind.]. A paralytic affection common in India, and probably a myelitis. It is often confounded with beriberi. Barbigerous (bar-bij' -er-us) \_barba, a beard ; gerere, to carry] . In biology, bearded ; hirsute ; coarsely pubescent ; applied to petals. Barbotine (bar-bo-teen') [Fr. , wormwood]. Levant worm-seed. Barbule (bar' -bill) \_barbula, dim. of barba, beard]. In biology, one of the fringes of the barb in a feather, going to make up the vane of the barb, as the barbs make the vane of the feather. Barclay's Angles. See An^le. B.'s Plane. See Plane. Barcoo (bar'-koo) [Australian]. A peculiar disease, marked by nausea and vomiting, common in Australia. Its cause is unknown. It is also called " Fly-sick- ness." Bardana (bar-da'-nah) [L.]. The burdock. See Lappa. Bardeleben's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Bardenheuer's' Operations. See Ope rations, Table of. Barden's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Baregin (bar-a'-zhin). See Glaisin. Baresthesiometer (bar-es-the-ze-oin'-et-er) [/5d/jof, weight; e((T(??/mf, perception ; //trpoi', a measure]. An instrument for estimating the weight-sense in disturb- ances of sensibility. Baresthesiometric (bar-es-the-ze-o-met' -rik) [ftapog, weight; aioH)/air, perception; /acrpov, a measure]. Relating to the baresthesiometer. Bareswill's Solution. A solution for the detection of sugar in the urine. It consists of sulphate of copper, acid potassium tartrate and sodic hydrate. See Tests, Table of. Barford's Test. -See Tests, Table of. Baric (ba'-rik) [fldpof, heavy]. Pertaining to or con- taining barium. Barilla (bar-il' -ah) \Yr., barille, impure soda]. Impure sodium carbonate ; being the ashes obtained by burn- ing various chenopodiaceous plants of the genera Salieornia and Salsola. Barium (ba'-re-tun) [/?dpof, heavy]. Ba = 136.8; quantivalence 11. A metal of the alkaline group, of pale yellow color, characterized by a strong affinity for oxygen. Neither the metal nor its salts are much employed in medicine ; all are poisonous. B. Car- bonate, BaCOj, used in the preparation of the chlorid. B. Chlorid, BaCl2.2H.^O, soluble, used as a reagent, and also as a cardiac and vasomotor stimulant in the treatment of aneurysm. Dose gr. ss-v. B. Chlorid Test. See Tests, Table of. B. lodid, formerly used as an alterative. Dose gr. \. Mostly employed in ointments. Unof. B. Monohydrate, caustic baryta ; reagent. B. Oxid, Ba(J, baryta. B. Sulphate, BaSO^, used as a pigment ; formerly used in skin diseases, and in lotions. B. Yellow. Same as Ultramarine Yellow. Bark (bark) [ME., ^ffr/fv]. The cortex or covering surrounding the wood of exogens. It is sometimes used as a synonym of cinchona or calisaya bark. B. Peruvian, Cittekona. (For other barks, see the names of the plants or trees that produce them. ) Barker's Operations. See Operations, Table of. 'Bar'kmg (bar' -king). [ME., <5^7;-/i'<'/?, to bark.'] The uttering of a peculiar sharp, short cry, as a dog. See BARLERIA 193 BASE Ahoieiiuiit. B. Disease, a guttural, barking cough, with nervous disorder and impairment of the will ; cynobex hebetis. Barleria {Imr-le' -re-ah) [L.]. A genus of acanthaceous plants. B. buxifolia and B. ciliata, of India, are aperient. B. prionitis, of S. Asia, is employed as a polychrest. Unof. Barley [har'-k) [ME., barly]. A cereal belonging to the order Graiiiinea ; the most common variety, Hordetim distichon, is much used as a food, and also in the preparation of malt. B. Decoct. (B. P.). Dose 3j-iv. B. Pearl, is the decorticated grain, rounded and polished. B. Water, decociiim hordei, a decoction consisting of two ozs. of Pearl B. boiled in one and one-half pints of water and afterward strained. See Ptisan. B. Sugar, saccharum hordea- titm ; practically a glucose. Applied also to an amor- phous mass obtained by melting cane-sugar. Barnes's Curve. In obstetrics, the segment of a cir- cle, having for its center the sacral promontory, its concavity looking backward. B.'s Dilators, gradu- ated rubber bags used for dilating the cervix uteri in the induction of abortion or premature labor. B.'s Method. See Treatment, Methods of. Barograph [Imr' -o-graf) [/Jdpoc, weight ; ypa.ar-e-ek-oi' -ah) [^fiapvr/Koia, hardness of hear- ing] . Hardness of hearing ; partial deafness. Baryencephalia (har-e-en-sef-a' -le-ah) [/Soprf, heavy ; Ktas' -il-en') \l)asis, base]. Belonging to the basilar portion in itself Basilic [bas-il' -ik) [basilicus : (iaaiXiKOQ, royal]. Any structure or medicine of importance (obsolescent). B. Vein, a large vein of the arm on the inner side of the biceps. See Vein. Basilicon Ointment {bas-il' -ik-on oint' -pient^. An ointment composed of yellow wax, yellow resin, and Burgundy pitch aa I 11)., olive oil fl. xvj, to which, when melted, turpentine iij are added. It is called also the "four drug" ointment. There are several other ointments bearing this name. See Resina. Basilo-bregmatic [bas-il-o-breg-mat'-ik) SJiauiq, found- ation ; the sinciput]. Pertaining to the base of the skull and the bregma. Basilo-mental [bas-il-o-men'-tal) \_basis, base ; 7?ien- ttun, the chin]. Pertaining to the base of the skull and to the chin. Basil-thyme [ba'-sil-fim) \_fla(7i7uK(>v, royal; Ovfiov, thyme]. A European species of mint, Calamintha acinos ; aromatic and calmative. Unof. Basilysis [bas-iF -is-is) [/Wfi/f, base ; Tivatg, a loosen- ing]. The breaking up of the fetal skull in crani- otomy. Basilyst (bas' -il-ist) [^ftarjig, a base ; I'mic, a loosen- ing]. An instrument for use in craniotomy, designed BASIN 195 BATH to perforate the cranial vault and break up the base of the skull. Basin [ba'-sin) [yiYL. , basiii'\. I. The third ventricle of the brain. 2. The pelvis. B.-Trap. A trap or seat in the outlet of the basin of a water-closet, placed there to prevent the entrance into the apartment of noxious and offensive vapors and gases. 'BaLsin3iSa.\[bas-e-na^-sal) [/'ajm, base; tiasus,\h.t nose]. Relating to the basion and the nasion. Basinerved (has' -in-ervd) \basis, a base; nervus, nerve]. In biology, applied to a leaf having all the veins or nerves springing from the base. Basi-occipital [/jdff(f, base; occiput, the back of the head]. A bone, separate in many of the lower vertebrate animals, forming the central axis of the skull. In adult human life, it is the basilar process of the occipital bone. Basiocestrum [has-e-o-ses' -frmn) base ; nearpov, a point]. A perforator for use in opening the fetal head in craniotomy. Basio-glossus (bas-e-o-glos' -tis) [/3d(T(f , base ; yAuaaa, the tongue]. That part of the hyoglossus muscle that is attached to the base of the hyoid bone. Basion (ba'-se-oti) \jia(siq, base]. In biology, a point of measurement in craniometry, located at the middle of the anterior margin of the foramen magnum. See Cranioinctric Points. Basiophthalmite {bas-e-off-thal' -ttiit) [/Jdffic, a base ; offtaXjuoc, eye]. In biology, the basal joint of the eye- stalk in a stalk-eyed crustacean. Basiotic (i^a.s-c-o/''-//^) [/3d(7(f , base ; o^f, ear]. Relat- ing to the base of the ear. Basiotribe [pas' -e-o-trib') [/Jdmf , base ; rp/'/Bwi', to grind or crush]. An instrument used in craniotomy for per- foiating or crushing the fetal head. Basiotripsy (bas-e-of -rip-se) \fia(!iq, base ; rpipe/.v, to grind or crush]. The operation of crushing the fetal head. Basipetal (bas-ip'-it-al^ [^Wj, a base ; petere,\.o seek]. In biology, applied to growth in plants from the apex toward the base. Basipodite (bas-ip' -o-dtt') \fiaaix, base; ■novq (Trorf), foot]. The basal joint of an arthropod limb, or the joint between the first and third. Basipterygial [bas-ip-ter-ij' -e-al) [/3d(7«f , a ' base ; TTTcpbyiov, a little wing, a fin]. At the base of the fin. Basipterygoid [bas-ip-ter' -ig-oid) \Jiaaiq, base ; nrepv- yiQv, a little wing]. Relating to the base of the ali- sphenoid bone. Basirostral [bas-e-ros'-tral) [basis, a base ; rostrum, a beak]. In biology, having to do with the base of a bird's beak. Basirrhinal [bas-ir-i'-ttal) \_(iaaiq, base ; pig, nose]. Relating to the base of the brain and to the nose. Applied to a cerebral fissure located at the base of the olfactory lobe. Basis (ba'-sis) l_j3daig, base]. Base, t/. v. The Latin form is used to designate the lower or fundamental part of any organ, as B. cerebri, B. cordce, etc. Basiscopic [bas-is-kop'-ic) [/?d(Tif , base ; cjkotteiv, to see]. Looking toward or on the side of the base. Basi-sphenoid [bas-e-sfe'-noid) [/3dc7if, base; cr0^i>, wedge; taSof, form]. The lower part of the sphenoid bone. Basisylvian {bas-e-siV -ve-ati) \basis, base ; Sylvius, an anatomist]. Applied by Wilder to the transverse basilar portion or stem of the Sylvian fissure. See Fissure, Table (and Diagrani). Basitemporal [bas-e-tem' -po-ral) \^basis, hast; iempora, the temples] . Relating to the base or lower part of the temporal bone. Basivertebral (bas-c-ver' -te-bral) \basis, base ; verte- bra, a joint]. Relating to the basis or centrum of a vertebra. Basophile (bas'-o-Jil). See Basopliilous. Basophilic [bas-o-fil'-ic) \_pdcnc, base ; 6poc, fear]. A morbid dread of pins and needles. 'Belonoid {hel' -on-oid) [/3fAoj';?, a needle, bodkin]. Sty- loid ; needle-shaped. Belt {belt) [M.E., Ml']. A girdle about the waist. B., Abdominal, a broad, elastic belt worn about the abdomen as a support during pregnancy. B., Mag- netic, a belt consisting of plates of metal fastened upon a strip of felt moistened with dilute acid. It is a cure-all largely sold by empirics. Ben, or Benne Oil {ben, or ben'-e). Oleum balatinum, is obtained by expression from the seeds of the several species oi APoringia. It is a colorless, odorless oil, not readily turning rancid. It is used by perfumers for extracting odors, and for lubricating clocks and light machinery. See Behen-tiut and Sesame. Bence Jones's Albumin. See Albumin. Bendas's Method. See Stains, Table of. Bending {hcnd'-ing) [ME., bencT^. Active Swedish movements in which the body is bent or inclined in various directions in order to develop certain portions of the muscular system. Benedictine {ben-e-dik'-tin) \benedicere, to bless]. A liquor or cordial originally prepared by Benedictine monks, and distilled at Fecamp, in France. It much resembles chartreuse and trappistine. Benedikt, Syndrome of. Paralysis of the muscles sup- plied by the oculo-motor nerves of one side and tremor and paresis of the upper extremity of the other side. Beng {beng). See Cannabis Indica. Bengal {ben' -gal) \Y{.\r\A. , BengaT\. A province of India. B. Quince. See Bela. B. Red. Same as Rose Bengale. Bengalin {ben' -gal-in) [Hind., BengaT\. Same as Coupler^ s Blue. Benger's Food. Partially digested and solidified beef- tea, used as a food for invalids. Benham, Gland of. See Gland. Benham's Operation. See Operations , Table of. Benign ((^(>-«z7?^), or Benignant {be-nig' -nant) [benig- nus, kind]. A term applied to medicines that are characterized by mildness. It is used chiefly to distinguish tumors that are not malignant {q. v.) or carcinomatous. Benjamin, or Gum Benjamin {ben' -jam-in). See Benzoin. Bennett's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Benson's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Bent's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Benzal {hen'-zal). See Benzylidene. B. Green. Same as Malachite Greefi. Benzaldehyd {hen-zaF -de-hid) \_henzoin ; nldehyd^ C,Hf,0. Bitter-almond oil ; a compound that results from the oxidation of benzyl alcohol ; it is a colorless liquid with a pleasant odor, and boils at 179°; its specific gravity is 1. 050 at 15°. It is soluble in 30 BENZALDOXIN 202 BENZYL parts water, and is miscible with alcohol and _ether. It is used in making benzoic acid as well as various pigments. B. Green. Same as MalacJtite Green. Benzaldoxin (hen-zal-doks' -in), C^HnNO. A thick oil formed by the action of hydroxylamin upon benzal- dehyd. Benzamid (lioi' -zaiii-id) \hc)izpi}i : aiii!d~\, CjH.NO. A compound that results when benzoyl chlorid acts upon alcoholic ammonia. It is best obtained by heating benzoic acid and ammonium thiocyanate to 170° C. It crystallizes in pearly leaflets, melts at 130°, and boils near 288° ; it is readily soluble in hot water, alcohol, and ether. It may be regarded as the amid of benzoyl. Benzanilid {ben-zan'-il-id ) \_liLHzoin ; aitilin'\, C,.,Hjj- NO. Benzoyl-anilid, prepared by the action of ben- zoyl chlorid on anilin. It is used as an antifebrile in children, in doses of gr. iij-viij. Unof. Benzene {hen'-zen) \bcnzoin\, CgHg. A hydrocarbon contained in coal-tar. It is formed by the dry dis- tillation of all benzene acids. It is a mobile, ethereal- smelling liquid, of specific gravity 0.899 at 0°. It solidifies about 0°, melts at + 6°, and boils at 80.5°. It burns with a luminous flame. It readily dissolves resins, fats, sulphur, iodin, and phosphorus. It is the material from which anilin and the anilin colors are derived. B.-sulphonic Acid, QH5.SO.jH, is prepared by boiling together eciual parts of benzene and H.2SO4. It occurs in small plates, readily soluble in alcohol and water, and which deliquesce in the air. In its dry distillation the acid yields benzene phenyl- sulphone, and when fused with caustic potash phenol is produced. Benzidin {hen'-zid-iu') \heuzoiii'\, C]2H,.^N2. Diamido- diphenyl ; a compound obtained by the action of tin and HCl upon the alcoholic solution of azo-benzene. Benzidin dissolves easily in hot water and alcohol, and crystallizes in silvery leaflets, melting at 122°. Benzil [heii'-zH) \henzoin'\, Cj^Hj^Oj. A compound produced in the oxidation of benzoin with ciilorin. It crystallizes from ether in large, six-sided prisms, melting at 90° and boiling at 347°. Benzimid {benzoin; aniidl, C^^^^.fi^. A compound formed by the action of hydrocyanic acid on hydrid of benzoyl. It occurs also in the resinous residue of the rectification of the oil of bitter almonds. Benzine [ben'-zin). See Benzinum. Benzinum [ben-zi' -niiin') [L. : gen. , Btnzini'\. Benzine, Petroleum Ether. A purified distillate from Ameri- can petroleum, having a specific gravity of .77 to .79, boiling at 80° to 90° C. , colorless, of ethereal odor, and a slightly peppermint-like taste. It is a valuable solvent for oils, fats, resins, caoutchouc, and some alkaloids. It is a vermicide against tapeworm. It should be distinguished from Benzol, which is called Benzene by English chemists. Dose gtt. v-x, on sugar or in mucilage. Benzoate (ben'-zo-at) {benzoinl. salt of benzoic acid. B. of Naphthol. See Benzo-naphthol. Benzoated [bett'-zo-at-ed) \benzoin'\. Impregnated with benzoin or with benzoic acid. Benzoic (ben-zo'-i/c) \_benzoin'\. Pertaining to or de- rived from benzoin. B. Acid. See Aeid. Benzoin {ben' -zo-iit or -zoin) [origin obscure]. A resin obtained from Stvreix benzoin, a tree native to Sumatra and Siam. It is also a ketone alcohol, CnH,.,0.„ and maybe produced by oxidizing hydrobenzoin with con- centrated HNO,. It is sparingly soluble in water, cold alcohol, and ether, and crystallizes in shining prisms, melting at 134°. It is used as a remedy for bronchitis and in making court-plaster. It occurs in tears con- sisting of several resins agglutinated by a balsam. It yields benzoic and cinnamic acids, is antiseptic and disinfectant, and is used mainly as a stimulant expec- torant in chronic bronchitis. Sodium and potassium compounds are sometimes used in place of like salicylic acid compounds. Adeps benzoinatus, benzoinated lard, contains 2 per cent, of benzoin. B., Tinct., 20 percent, of the resin in alcohol. Dose ^ss-j. B., Tinct. Comp., Friar's Balsam, benzoin 12, aloes 2, styrax 8, balsam of Tolu 4, alcohol, q. s. ad 100 parts. Dose _^ss-ij. Benzoic Acid, CjHgO^, alcohol the best solvent. A constituent of opii, tinct. camphorat. Dose gr. x-xxv. Trochisci Acidi Benzoici (B. P.). Unguentuin Cetacei P.). See Cetaceiitn. Ammo- nium Boizoate, water the best solvent. Dose gr. v-xxx. Bismuth Benzoate, an antiseptic ctressing for chancroid. Lithium Benzoate. Dose gr. v-xxx. Sodi- ii/n Benzoate, water the best solvent. Dose gr. v-gj. Benzol (hen'-zol) {benzoin'], CgHg. A hydrocarbon formed by the dry distillation of organic substances, but derived chiefly from coal-tar. It is inflammable and very volatile, and is an excellent solvent for grease. It is used internally to destroy epizoa. Its vapor is used in whooping-cough. Dose gtt. v-x. See, also. Stains, Table of. B. Balsam. See Stains, Table of. B. Colors. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment. Benzo-naphthol (ben-zo-naf -thol) {benzoin; vdfOa, a kind of asphalt], C,qHjO(C,HjO). The benzoate of beta-naphthol, used as an intestinal antiseptic in typhoid fever and other intestinal diseases. Dose gr. ij to viij. Benzonitrile (ben-zo-ni'-tril) {benzoin; nitru/n, niter], C^HjN. Cyanbenzene ; a compound isomeric with phenyl carbylamin. It is obtained from benzene sul- phonic acid by distillation with potassium cyanid. It is an oil with an odor resembling that of oil of bitter almonds, and boils at 191° ; its specific gravity is 1.023 0°. Benzophenone (ben-zo-fe'-non) {benzoin ; ^olviS, pur- ple-red], CjjHjqO. Diphenyl ketone; a compound ob- tained by distilling calcium benzoate. It is dimorphous, but generally crystallizes in large, rhombic prisms, melting at 48-49°, sometimes in rhombohedra, that melt at 27°. It has an aromatic odor and boils at 295°. Benzophenoneid {ben-zo-fe-no' -ne-id) {benzoin ; (bolvi^, purple-red]. Tetramethyl-diapsido-benzo-phenoid ; an anilin dye. A solution of one part in 200 parts of water has been pronounced a valuable bactericide, neither caustic nor irritant, and very serviceable in eye-diseases. Unof. Benzopurpurin. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Benzoquinone [ben-zo' -qwin-dn). See Quinone. Benzosalicin [ben-zo-sal'-is-i7t). See Populin. Benzosol (ben-zo' -sol) {benzoin], Cj5Hj,^03. Benzoyl- guaiacol, an agreeable and harmless substitute for creasote in tuberculous affections. It also has antipy- retic properties. Dose gr. i v-x. Benzoyl (ben' -zo-il, or -zoil) {benzoin], C^HjO. The radical of benzoic acid, of oil of bitter almonds, and of an extensive series of compounds derived from this oil, or connected with it by certain relations. B.- ecgonin, C[gH]gN04H, a substance intermediate in composition between cocain and ecgonin. B.-Gly- cocoll. See Acid, Hippuric. B. Green. Same as iMalachiie Green. B.-Pseudo-tropein. See Tropa- eocain. Benzyl (ben'-zil) {benzoin], C,H,. An organic ra- dical that does not exist in the free state, but in com- bination forms a considerable number of compounds. B. Alcohol. See Alcohol. B. Violet. See Pigments^ Conspectus of. BENZYLIDENE 203 BETH ROOT Benzylidene [hen-zil' -id-eti) \l)enzo{n'\, C^H^. A bi- valent radical derived from Ijenzoin compounds. Beral's Apparatus. In pharmacy, an apparatus for effecting lixiviation. Berard's Aneurysm. See Aneurysm and Diseases, Table of. B.'s Operation. See Operations, Table of. Beraud, Ligament of. The ligament that suspends the pericardium. B., Valve of, a valve supposed to exist at the bottom of the lachrymal sac over the entrance to the nasal duct. Berberin (ber'-ber-iii) \berberina : gen., Berberinie\, C2qH,,NC)^. An alkaloid found in the bark of Berberis, and in many other plants of exceedingly various botanic character. It is a tonic to the capillary vessels and increases the blood-pressure. It is recom- mended as a tonic and antiperiodic, and is an ingre- dient of various lotions for the mucous ' membranes ; it is useful in nasal catarrh, etc. Dose gr. j-x. Unof. Berberis [per' -ber-is) [L.]. Barberry. The root of Berberis vulgaris, or common barberry. Its properties are due to an alkaloid, berberin, QqHjjNO^. It is an astringent, bitter tonic ; in large doses a cathartic. It is used locally in conjunctivitis, and internally in malarial and typhoid fevers. B., Ext. Fid. Dose TTL v-xxx. B., Tinct., contains 20 per cent, of the root. Dose r\y.-'7^]. Berberin, the alkaloid. Dose gr. j-x. B., Hydrochl., an efficient injection in gonorrhea. All unof. B. asiatica, B. aquifolium (or Oregon grape), and B. lycium are all medicinally active, and have similar properties to those of the common barberry. Bergamii, Oleum {ber-ga' -ine-i o'-le-unt). Oil of Ber- gamot. See Bergainot. Bergamot, Oil of {ber' -gam-ot^ [Bergamo, a town in Italy] , CjgHjg. A volatile oil derived from the rind of the Citrus bergamia. It is used mainly as a perfume, and as a clearing-agent in histologic work. Bergeron's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. B. Method. See Treatment, Methods of. Bergkrankheit (bdig'-kraUDnk-hlt). See Mountain Sickness. Bergmann's (von) Operations. See Operations, Table of. Beri-beri [ber'-e-ber'-e) [.Singalese,, beri, weakness]. A dropsical ailment, occurring in an acute and chronic form, and characterized by the appearance of pleuritic or pericardial effusions, with general anasarca, anemia, extreme weakness, and paraplegia. The acute form is generally fatal ; recovery frequently takes place in the chronic form. It is prevalent in India, Japan, and Ceylon, and is most common among men. Its cause is not known, but possibly it is of microbic origm. Improper diet also has some influence upon the pro- duction of the disease. Berlier System of Sewage. See Sewage, Disposal of. Berlin Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Berlin's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Berlinghieri's Operation. See Operations , Table of. Bernard, Canal of. Stt Canals, Table of. B.'s Granu- lar Layer, the inner zone of the cells lining the acini of the pancreas. It is granular in appearance and stains but slightly with carmin. Bernay's Operation. See Operations , Table of. Bernheim's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Bernstein's Theory of Muscular Contraction. He claims that the seat of the contraction is in the inter- stitial material surrounding the system of inotagmata, and that it consists in the migration of that labile material from pole to equator, this being synchronous with explosive chemic change, sudden disengagement of heat, and change in the electric state of the living substance. Berried Tea (ber'-ed fe). A popular name for Gaid- tliaria prociiinbens. Berry [ber'-e) [ME., beiy\ An indehiscent fruit with a pericarp that is succulent throughout, as the grape and gooseberry. Bert's Experiment. Bert removed the skin from the tip of the tail of a rat, stitched it into the skin of the back of the animal, and after union had taken place the tail was divided at its base. Sensation vas preserved. Nerve-fibers were thus proved capable of transmitting impulses in both directions. B's. Method. See .J7z«- thetic. Berthold's Method. See Myringo-plastic Method. Bertillonage {ber-til-lon-a(li)j) \_Bertillon, a French criminologist]. A system of carefully-recorded measurements and descriptions of criminals, for the purpose of future identification, introduced into France by M. Bertillon and adopted by the police of many large cities. Bertin, Bones of. The sphenoidal turbinated bones, partly closing the sphenoidal sinuses. B., Column of, a cortical column of the kidney ; the part separ- ating the sides of any two pyramids. B., Ligament of, the ilio-femoral ligament. See Ligament. Bertrandi's Suture. See Suture. Beryllium (ber-il'-e-Hin) [p>/pv?.?io^, beryl]. A bivalent metal obtainable from the beryl, whence its name ; it is called also glucinum. See £lei//ents. Table of. Besnier's Lotion. A wash used in treating acne. It consists of precipitated sulphur, 1)4 ounces; glycerin, 4 to 6 drams ; to which are added after mixing, spirits of camphor, 6 drams, rose-water, a sufficient quantity. Besoin {bez-wan{gy) [Fr.]. A desire ; an impulse. Besoin de respirer, the sense of the need of air ex- perienced when respiration is impeded. '&&^\.\aX\X.y {bes-che-al' -it-e) a beast] . Unnatural intercourse with an animal. Bestiarian (bes-te-a' -re-an) \bestm, a beast]. An anti- vivisectionist, contemptuously so called as being a professed friend of the beasts. BestuchefTs Mixture or Tincture. The ethereal tinc- ture of chlorid of iron, used in erysipelas. It is made as follows : R . Tinct. ferri sesquichloridi, I part ; spt. ether, nit., 4 parts. Mix and expose to the rays of the sun in well-closed bottles until the brownish color disappears. The dose is one to two teaspoonfuls every three hours. Beta (i^^^-to/^) [T.]. I. The beet. SeeBetin. 2. The second letter of the Greek alphabet, used in chemic nomenclature. B. Angle. See Angle. B.-naphthol. See Naphthol. Betacism [ba' -tas-izm^ [beta, PvTa, the second letter of the Greek alphabet]. The too-frequent use of the b- sound in speech, or the conversion of other sounds into it. Betain (be-ta'-in') [beta, a. beet], CjHjjNO.^, or CjoHj.,- N20^. Called also Oxyneurin and Lycin. A basic sub- stance obtained by the careful oxidation of choliii. It occurs already formed in the sugar-beet [Beta vul- garis) and crystallizes from alcohol with one molecule of water in shining crystals that deliquesce in the air ; it has an alkaline reaction and a sweetish taste. Betel (be^-tel) [E. Ind.]. A masticatory used in the East. A few grains of the nut of the Catechu palm, Areca C, are rolled up with a small amount of quick- lime in a leaf of Piper betel, and chewed. It is tonic, astringent, stimulant, and aphrodisiac, and increases the powers of endurance. Dose of fld. ext. . Unof. Beth Root [belli root). The rhizome of Trillium erect a, astringent and tonic. Dose of fid. ext. ITLxxx-^j. Trillin, a concentrated ext. Dose gr. ij-iv. Unof. BETIN 204 BIENNIAL Betin (I'c'-tin) [^/n'fa, a beet]. A precipitate prepared from a tincture of the common beet. It has been pro- posed as a substitute for ergot. Unof. Betol C'loH^O.CjHjOj. Salinaphthol. Naph- thalol. A salicylic ether of naphthol, of alleged value in rheumatism and cystitis. It resembles salicylic acid in its properties. Dose gr. x-xv. Unof. Betony [hef -o-iie) \_betoiiica, a corrupt form of vettonica'\ . Any labiate plant of the genus Btionica, especially B. offiLinalis, of Europe, formerly highly prized for its medicinal virtues, which are, however, unimportant. Unof. Bettmann's Method. See Cataract, Artificial Matu- ration of. Betula {bet'-ti-laJi). See Birch. - Betulin (bet'-u-lin) \betida, birch], Cj^H^-jOj (Haus- mann). Birch resin, or birch camphor, derived from the bark of the white birch. Between-brain. The interbrain ; also the midbrain. Betz's Cells. See Cell. Bex (Jyeks) [_iii/^, a cough]. A cough, or disease char- acterized by coughing. B. convulsiva, whooping- cough. B. theriodes. Synonym of IVhoopiiiif- COUgll. Bezet or Bezette [be-zet'). See Pigments, Conspectus of. Bezoar (be'-zo-ar) [Ar. , bazahr, the bezoar-stone]. A name for certain calculi or concretions found in the stomach or intestines of some animals (especially ruminants), formerly supposed to be efficacious in pre- venting the fatal effects of poison. B., Vegetable. See Calapite. Bezoardic (bez-o-ar'-dik) [Ar., bazahr, the bezoar- stone]. I. Acting as a bezoar ; antidotal. 2. Any alexipharmic agent. Bezold's (von) Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. Bhang [han^'). See Cannabis indica. Bhel (bel). ' See Bcla. Bi- [^/^, twice]. A prefix signifying "twice" or "two;" as bicuspid, with two cusps; bilobed, twice lobed ; bivalved, with two valves ; bilateral, two- sided, etc. In chemistry, the prefix di is commonly employed. Biacid [bi-as'-id) \_bi, two; acidum, an acid]. In chemistry, a term applied to a base that may combine in two proportions with an acid. Biauricular [bi-am-rik' -u-lar') \bis, twice; auricula, the ear]. Relating to two auricles, or to two corres- ponding auricular points. Bibirin (bi-bir' -in). See Bitxin. Bibiru (bi-be'-ru). Same as Beheeru. Bibitorius (bib-it-o'-re-us) \bibere, to drink]. The rectus internus muscle of the eye ; so called because it turns the eye inward in the act of drinking. Bibliography [bib-le-og' -ra-fe) [fSipiiov, a book ; ypaipeiv, to write]. A classified list of references, books, or authorities on any subject. Bibliophobia (Inb-le-o-fo' -be-ali) \flL^'Kiov, a book ; 6l3nc, dread]. Morbid dislike of books. Bibron's Antidote. Formerly quite a famous remedy for rattlesnake bite. It consists of bromin, ^iiss; potassium iodid, gr. ij ; corrosive chlorid of mercury, gr. j ; dilute alcohol, _^xxx. Of this a teaspoonful is given in wine or brandy, p. r. n. Bibulous (bib'-u-lus) \bibere, to drink]. Having the property of absorbing moisture or liquids. B. lapis, pumice stone. B. Paper, used in dentistry for drying cavities preparatory to introducing the filling. Blot- ting paper. Bicarbonate (bi-kar' -bon-ai) \bis, twice; carbo, a coal]. Any supercarbonate that has two carbonic acid equiv- alents for one of the base. Bicarinate (bi-kar' -in-af) \_bi, two ; carinatus, keel- shaped]. In biology, having two keel-like projec- tions, as certain grasses. Bicaudal (bi-kaw'-dal) [bicaudalis, two-tailed]. Hav- ing two tails or appendages. B. Muscle, the abduc- tor auris. See Aluscles, Table of. Bicephalium (bi-sef-a' -le-um) \_bi, two; Ke(j>a'/J/, head]. A tumor of the scalp so large that it gives the patient the appearance of having two heads. Biceps {bi'-seps) [bis, twice ; caput, the head]. A term applied to several muscles, as B. brachii, B. extensor, B. flexor cruris. They are so called from their double origin. See Muscles, Table of. B. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. Bichat, Canal of. See Canal. B., Fissure of. See Fissure. B., Foramen of. See Foratnina, Table of. B., Tunic of, the intima of the blood-vessels. Bichlorid (bi-klo'-rid) {_bi, ivfo; chlorin\ In chem- istry, a basic compound containing two equivalents of chlorin. B. of Gold. See Gold. B. of Mercury. See Hydrargyrum. Bicho do mar (be' -cho-do-i7iar). See Beche de iner. Bichromate [bi-kro'-mdt) \^bi, two; chromiu>n'\. In chemistry, a basic compound containing two equiva- lents of chromium. B. of Potash. See Potassium. Bicipital (bi-sip'-it-al) \bi, two; caput, the head]. Pertaining to the biceps muscle. Bi-concave (bi-kon' -kaz>). See Lens. Biconvex [bi-kon' -veks). See Lens. Bicornute (bi-kor' -nut) \bicornutm, with two horns]. Having two horns, as a bicornute uterus. Bicuspid (bi-kus' -pid) \bi, two; cuspis, the point of a spear]. Having two cusps, as B. Teeth, the fourth and fifth teeth. B. Valve, the mitral valve of the heart. Bidder and Schmidt's Method. A method of estimat- ing the amount of acids in the stomach. It consists in performing an ultimate analysis, apportioning the chlorin to the metals and ammonium present, and calculating the remainder as HCl. Bidder's Ganglia. See Ganglia, Table of. B.'s Organ, a singular structure found in male toads and sometimes in male frogs, between the testis and fat-body; it is a rudimentary ovary, and in conjunction with the testis forms an ovotestis ; the development of the Miillerian duct, or oviduct, being in direct proportion to the size of " Bidder's Organ." These functionless ducts frequently become cystic (in ten per cent, of male frogs, and in fifteen per cent, of male toads). Bidens (bi'-dcnz) \_bidens, having two teeth]. A genus of herbaceous composite plants. B. bipennata, Spanish needles, an herbaceous composite-flowered plant. The seeds and roots are said to be emmen- agogue and antibechic. Dose of fid. ext. gtt. xv-^j. Unof. Bidet (be-det' , or -da) \Yx. for pony]. A tub or basin with fixed attachments for the administering of injec- tions ; also for use as a sitz-bath or hip-bath. Biebrich Scarlet. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Biedert's Cream Mixture. An infant's food made by mixing 4 oz. of cream with 12 oz. of warm water, and adding oz. of milk-sugar. It contains I per cent, of casein, 2.5 per cent, of fat, and 3.8 per cent, of sugar. As the child grows older a larger proportion of milk is added. Bi-electrolysis [bi-e-lek-trol' -is-is) [/'/, two ; ifkmrpov, amber; 'kv(H(i, resolution]. The electrolysis of two substances at the same time. Biennial {bi-en'-e-al) \ln, two ; annus, a year]. Every two years. In botany, plants that produce foliage and a root-stalk the first year, flowering and maturing the second. BIERMER'S CHANGE OF NOTE 205 BILIN Biermer's Change of Note. See Signs and Symptoms, ■J able of. Sifenestrate (/li-fcH-es^-Zraf). Same zs, Bipcrf orate. Bifid [bi'-Jid) \lns, twice ; findere, to cleave]. Divided in two ; cleft, as the spina bifida. Bifocal [bi-fo'-kab) [/'/.two; fi>cus, a point]. With a double focus. Applied to a system of lenses or spectacle- glasses with two foci, chiefly used for the correction of presbyopia, when there is at the same time an error of refraction for distant vision. The distance lens is above that for near work. These are sometimes Bifocal Lens. B. Distance Lens. A. Reading Lens, cemented to the Distance lens. called Pantoscopic lenses, and also Franklin spectacles, because the device was first made by Benjamin Franklin. They are also called Cement lenses, because now made by cementing the lower segment to the distance lens. Biforate [bi-fo'-rdt) \_bi, two; foratus, perforated]. Having two foramina. , Biforin [bi'-for-in) \biforis, having two doors]. In biology, the name applied by Turpin to raphides- bearing cells in which the raphides are discharged from both ends of the cell. Bifurcate [bi-fer'-kdt) \bi, two; furca, a fork]. Di- vided into two, like a fork. Bifurcation {bi-fer-ka' -shtni) \biftircatio ; from hi, two ; furca, a fork]. Division into two branches, as of a tooth into two roots ; of the trachea and of the aorta into two branches. Big {big) [ME., big, large]. Great with young; preg- nant. B.-jaw, actinomycosis in the ox. Bigarade (be-gah-ra(h)d') [Fr.]. The bitter orange. Its volatile oil (essence or hicile de bigarade) is used in pharmacy and in perfumery. Bigelovia (big-lo' -ve-ah) [Bigelow, an American botan- ist]. A genus of composite-flowered plants. See Damiana. Bigelow's Ligament. The Y-ligament ; ilio femoral ligament. B.'s Method. See Treatment, Methods of. B.'s Operation. See Operations, Table of. B.'s Septum, in anatomy, a layer of hard bony tissue in the neck of the thigh-bone. Bigeminate (bi-Jem'-in-dt) \bigeminus, doubled]. In biology, forked, doubled. Bigeminum (In-jem' -in-uiii) \_bi, two ; geminus, a twin]. One of the corpora bigemina of the brain ; one of the optic lobes of the brain. Biglenoid (bi-gle' -noid) \bi, two; yHjvT], a socket; elSoQ, form]. Relating to both of any pair of glenoid cavities. Bignonia [big-no' -ne-ak) \_Bigtton, a French sa- vant]. A genus of climbing-plants, often woody. B. alliacea, of the W. Indies, and B. capreolata, of N. America, are regarded as antisyphilitic. Several other species are reputed to be actively medicinal. Unof. Bigoniac [bi-go' -tie-ak) \_bi, two; yuvia, an angle]. Re- lating to the two gonions. Bijugular [bi-ju'-gu-lar) two ; Jiigulum, the collar- bone]. Relating to the two jugular points. Bikh {bik) [native Nepalese] . The Nepalese poison, bish ; it is derived from the roots of Aconitum fero.x. See Aconite. Bilabe (l>i'-lab, ox be-la{h)b') [Fr. ; bi, two ; labium lip]. A surgical instrument for removing foreign bodies from the bladder through the urethra. Bilateral (bi-lat' -er-al) \bi, two; latiis, a side]. Relat- ing to two sides; sinistrodextral. B. Symmetry, the symmetry of right and left halves. B. Operation. See Lithotomy. Bilateralism (In-lat'-er-al-izm) \bi, two; latus a side]. Bilateral symmetry. Bile (bil) [bills ; x^'^Vi the bile]. The substance secreted by the liver. It is mucilaginous, golden-brown in man, golden-red in carnivora , brownish-green in herbivora, and green in birds. It is composed of biliary salts, cholesterin, mucus, and certain pigments. The principal acids are taiirocholic (Q.^^yi^^'a'OS) and glycocholic (CjgH^jNOj), both commonly combined with sodium. The taste of bile is intensely bitter ; its reaction feebly alkaline, and its density from 1026 to 1032. It exercises a diastatic action on starch, emul- sifies fats, and precipitates soluble peptone. Its com- position varies, but according to Hoppe-Seyler, in 100 parts bile there are of inorgiiniL iimiLci , j - Organic matter 8.32 Mucus 1.29 Taurocholate of sodium, 0.87 Glycocholate of sodium 3.03 Saponified fat 1.39 Cholesterin 0.35 Lecithin, 0.53 Fat, 0.73 B. Pigments, the coloring-matters of the bile. B. P., Tests for. See Tests, Table of. Bilharzia {bil-har' -ze-ah) [named after Theodor Bil- harz, an helminthologist]. A genus of trematode helminths, established by Cobbold, characterized by having the sexes separate. See Gynecophorus and Parasites {Animal), Table of. B. haematobia. See Distoma. Bilharziosis {bil-har-ze-o' -sis) \_Bilharzia\ The en- semble of symptoms produced by the presence in the intestine of worms of the genus Bilharzia. Biliary {bil'-e-a-re) [/'///j, bile] . Pertaining to the bile. B. Acids, glycocholic and taurocholic acids formed in the liver. For tests for B. A. in the urine, see 7^ests, Table of. B. Colic, colic produced by the passage of gall-stones. See Gall-stones. B. Ducts, the hepatic, the cystic and the ductus communis choledochus. The first leads from the liver, the second from the gall-bladder. The third is a common excretory duct. See Liver. Bilicyanin {bil-e-si'-an-in) [^?7/j, bile; /cmcfoc, blue]. Cholecyanin, choleverdin. A blue pigment obtained from bilirubin. Biliflavin (bil-e-fia'-vin) [bills, hWt; fiaTus, yellow]. A yellow coloring-matter derivable from biliverdin. Bilifulvin {hil-e-ful'-vin) [bills, bile ; fiilvus, fulvous]. An impure form of bilirubin ; also a yellow bile-color from ox-gall, not normally present in human bile. Bilifuscin {bil-e-fus' -in) [bills, bile; fusciis, brown], Ci^H^qNjO^. a pigmentary matter occurring in bile, and in human gall-stones. Bilihumin [bil-e-hit'-min) [bills, \yAt; earth]. An insoluble residue left after treating gall-stones with various solvents. Bilin {bi'-lin) [bills, bile]. A mixture of the taurocho- late and glycocholate of sodium, forming a copious resinoid constituent of the bile. BILINEURIN 206 BIOMETER Bilineurin {bil-e-nu'-riti). See Cholin. Bilious {bil'-yus) \biliosus, full of bile]. A term popu- larly applied to disorders supposed to arise from a too free secretion of bile. B. Fever, a term loosely applied to certain enteric and malarial fevers. Biliphein (bil-e-fe^-iii) \_bilis, bile; life ; fiirpov, measure]. Dr. Farr speaks of the Life-Table as a biometer, and of equal importance in all inquiries connected with human life or sanitary improvements with the barometer or thermometer, etc., in physical research ; and the keystone or pivot on which the whole science of life-assurance rests. BIOMETRY 207 BIRD'S-NEST Biometry (l>i-om' -et-re) [/3'Of, life ; utrpov, a measure]. Life-measurement; the estimation of the probable duration of any given life-form — -in the past or future. Biomorphotic [In-o-nioi'-fot' -ik) \_l3ioi;, life ; fj.op(j>cjriK6(:, fit for shaping]. In biology, having an active pupa. Biondi's Fluid. A staining-medium used in histo- logic laboratories. It is a mixture of orange-G., methyl-green, and acid fuchsin. See Stains, Table of. "Bioncrgy [bi-on'-er-je) \_pioi;, Wis • fpyoy, work]. Life- force ; force exercised in the living organism. Bionomy {bi-on' -o-tne) [/3'of, life; vofwg, a law]. Dynamic biology ; biodynamics ; the science of the laws of life. Biontology {bi-on-tol'-o-je) [/3(of , life ; i>v(bvT), being ; leyuv, to speak]. In biology, the physiology of the species or genus, embracing the transcendental or strictly philosophic in physiology (J. Aitken Meigs.) Biophagous (bi-off' -ag-ics) [/3iOf , life ; ^ayeiv, to eat] . Feeding upon living organisms, or upon living tissue, as insectivorous plants. Biophore [bi'-o-for) [/?/yf, life; (pipetv, to bear]. One of Weismann's hypothetic " bearers of vitality," cor- responding to the " plasomes " of Wiesner and Briicke and to the " pangenes " of de Vries, the smallest units that exhibit the primary vital forces, the bearers of the cell-qualities. 'Biophy siogTSiphy [bt-o-Jiz-e-og''-ra-/e) [/3toc, life; (tivoir, nature; ypd(^eii', to write]. Descriptive or structural biology ; organography, as distinguished from bio- physiology. Biophysiology ((^/-f-/?2-^-o/''-o-/V) [/3(0f,life; (pvatc:, na- ture; Adyof, science] . That branch of biology that in- cludes organogeny, morphology and general physi- ology. Bioplasm (bi'-o-plazni) [/?tof, life; TrKaaim, form]. Any living matter, but especially germinal or forming matter ; matter possessing reproductive vitality. See Protoplasm. Bioplasmic (bi-o-plaz'-mik) [/3«of, life; Tz'kaafj.a, form]. Relating to or of the nature of bioplasm. Bioplasson (l)i-o-plas' -on) [^pio^, life ; Tr?Ldif, vision]. Observation of the living subject; opposed to necropsy. Biorbital ((^?'-or//-?V-(7/) \_b!,t\^o; orbita, a. path"]. Re- lating to both orbits. Bioscope (bi'-o-skop') [/?/of,life; ff/co7rf(v, to view]. An instrument used in bioscopy. Bioscopy (bi-os' -ko-pe) [/3/'of, life ; ckotteIv, to examine]. Examination of the body to ascertain if life be extinct. B., Electro-, examination by the aid of the electric current. The muscular reaction is lost to faradic stimulation in about two hours after death in the tongue ; after three or four hours in the extremities ; after five or six hours in the trunk. The reaction to galvanism persists somewhat longer. Biosis (bi-o'-sis) [/?/of, life]. Life; vitality. Biostatics (bi-o-stat' -iks) [/3''of, life ; araTiKor, causing to stand]. Static biology ; the science of the deter- minate parts of biology, including anatomy, and the physics of the living body. Biot's Respiration. See Respiration. Biotaxis {bi-o-taks' -is) [/3/'of, life ; ra^ia, arrangement]. I. The selective and arranging function or activity of life, or of living cells. 2. Systematic biology; the classification of living organisms. Biotaxy (bi' -o-taks-e). See Biotaxis. Biothalmy [bi' -o-thal-tne) [_3wHaA/unc, vigorous; /3(0f, life; OaA'AEw, to be vigorous]. The art of living long and well. Biotic {bi-ot'-ik) \_\iiuTLii6ii\. Pertaining to life or to the laws of animal and vegetable progress and evolution. Biotome {bi'-o-tom) [/3/of, life; ro/f?/, a cutting]. A term applied by Cobbold to a stage in the development of certain entozoa. Biotomy (/'/-oi"-(7-OTt') [/?/or, life ; rf/ii^f(i', to cut]. Vi- visection. Biotophagous {bi-o-toff' -ag-tis). See Biophagous. Biparasitic {bi-par-as-it'-ik) \bi, two ; napdaiTor, a parasite]. Parasitic upon a parasite. Biparietal (bi-par-i' -et-al) two ; /a;7>to, a wall]. Relating to both parietal bones. B. Diameter, the distance from one parietal eminence of the cranium to the other. Biparous [bip' -ar-iis) \_bi, double ; parere, to bring forth]. Producing two at a birth. Bipartite {bi-par'-tlt ) [bi, two; pars, a part]. In biology, composed of two parts or divisions. Biped (bi^-ped) \_bi, two; pes, a foot]. With or having two feet. Biperforate (bi-per'- fo-rat) \_bi, two ; perforatus, bored through]. Having two perforations ; as a biperforate hymen. Bipetalous {bi-pet'-al-zis) \_bi, two; irtraZoi', a petal]. In biology, having two petals. Biphosphate (^;-/<7j-'-/a/) \_bi, \.\\o; phosphorus']. In chemistry, an acid phosphate. Biphosphid {bi-fos'-fid) \_bi, two; phosphorus]. In chemistry, a phosphid containing twice as much phos- phorus as the lower member of the phosphid series. Biphosphite (bi-fos'-fil) \Jn, two; phosphorus]. In chemistry, an acid phosphite. Bipinnate (bi-pifz'-dt) two; pinnatus, feathered]. In biology, doubly pinnate, as a leaf. "SipoXaiX [bi-po' -III?-) [i^;, two ; polus,a pole]. Having two poles. B. Nerve-cells, nerve-cells that have two prolongations of the cell-matter. They are found chiefly in the ganglia of the gray matter of the brain. Bipubiotomy (bi-pu-be-of -o-me') \bi, double; pubes, pubes; re/ivecv, tocut]. An obsolete operation (in the place of the Cesarean section) in which the pubic bones were both divided. See Galbiati's and Fara- beuf s Operations. Birch {berch') [AS., birce]. Any tree of the genus Betula. Birch tar, or the tarry oii of B. alba, is useful in certain skin diseases. The bark of B . lenta, the American black birch, yields a fragrant volatile oil, identical with that of Gaultheria procumbens, for which it is extensively substituted. B. Camphor. Same as B. Resin. B. Resin. See Betulin. Bird-lime [Iterd' -lint). A viscous vegetable substance used in Japan as a local dressing for wounds. Bird's Formula. The last two figures of the specific gravity of urine nearly represent the number of grains of solids to the ounce contained in the urine. The same two figures multiplied by 2 (Trapp's Factor) give the parts per looo. Hseser's Factor is 2.33. B. Operations. See Operations, Table of. Bird's-nest Bodies, or Cells. The cells of certain forms of carcinoma, distinguished by the concentric arrangement of their cell-walls. See also Cancer A'^ests. B. Edible, the nest of certain species of swift, used by the Chinese as food. It consists of marine algas, Gelidiian, cemented by the salivary BIRHINIA 208 BISULCATE mucus of the bird. B. Sternum, a deformity of the sternum found in lateral curvature of the spine. Birhinia (In-rin' -e-ah) [/'/,two; p/f , the nose]. A con- genital defect in which there is the formation of two noses. Birth [berth) [ME., I. The delivery of a child; parturition. 2. That which is brought forth in par- turition. B.-mark. See Naviis pigmeii/osus. B.- palsy, any paralytic affection due to an injury re- ceived at birth; less correctly, a congenital paralytic affection due to a lesion that existed in the fetal state. See Paraplegia, Infantile Spasmodic. B., Partial, the incomplete expulsion of a child in labor ; of legal value in lawsuits for property. B., Plural, the birth of more than a single child. B., Posthumous, the birth of a child after the death of its father. B., Precocious, the occurrence of natural labor after a shorter pregnancy than is usual. B., Premature. See Labor. B.-rate, the proportion of births per thousand. B.-root. See Beth Roof. B.-wort, the plant Aristolochia clitnatitis (see Aristoloekia), so called from its former employment as a depurant after childbirth. Unof. B., Still. See Still-born. Some of the Tests of live birth are appended : B'reslaii Test. If the intestines and stomach of the infant float in water on removal from the body it was thought to be proof that the child was bom alive. This test is of no value. Hydrostatic Test. Suggested by Raygat. It consists in placing the lungs in water and noting their specific gravity. If inflation has occurred they will float. This test is valuable. Ploiic- qiief s Test. This consists in estimating the ratio of the weight of the lungs to the weight of the body of the child. Ploucquet laid down this rule, that before respiration the weight of the lungs compared to the weight of the body was in the ratio of I to 70, and that after respiration it was in the ratio of I to 35. The test is of but slight value. Static test. Also called Fodere' s or Schmidt's Test. This consists in ascertaining the absolute weight of the lungs, and comparing this weight with the average lung- weights of stillborn children, and of children who have died soon after birth. Fodere fixes the weight of the lungs of stillborn children born at term at 480 grains (l oz. ), and 960 grains (2 oz.) as the weight of the lungs soon after breathing has been established. This test is also of but slight value. Bisacromial (fus-ak-ro' -me-al) \Iiis, two ; aKpufiia, the point of the shoulder-blade]. Relating to the two acromia. Biscara Button [bis'-kar-ah biit'-iai). See Furun- c III Its orientalis. Bischoff's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Biscuit (bis'-kit) [Fr. , "twice baked"]. A kind of cake : properly, a small, hard cake. In French phar- macy, medicated biscuits of various kinds are known. B., Camplin's, biscuits made of bran for the use of diabetics. They are made as follows : Take one quart of wheat-bran and boil in two successive waters for fifteen minutes, straining the mixture through a sieve until the water comes through clear ; after each wash- ing squeeze in a cloth until perfectly dry ; spread thinly on a dish and place in a slow oven. If put in at night, let it remain in until morning, when, if dry and crisp, it is fit for grinding. The mass so obtained must be ground in a fine mill and passed through a wire sieve so fine that a brush will be required to push the flour through. Grind again that which remains in the sieve until quite soft and fine. Take three ounces of the powder, three new-laid eggs, from one and a half to two ounces of butter and about half a pint of milk. Mix the eggs with a little of the milk, and warm the butter with the other portion. Stir the whole well together, adding a little nutmeg and ginger or other spices. Bake in small well-buttered tins in a rather quick oven for about half an hour. Make the cake a little thicker than a captain's biscuit. Biscuiting [bis' -kit-itig). See Block Teeth. Bisection [bi-sek' -skttn) \_bi, two ; sectio, a cutting]. In obstetrics, embryotomy. Bisexual [bi-seks' -u-al) \l>i, two; sexus, sex]. Having the reproductive organs of both sexes. Hermaphrodite. Bish [bisli). Same as Bikh. Bishop's (Stanmore) Operation. See Operations, Table of. B.'s Weed. 'Sue AJozuan. 'Gisho'pin^ [bish' -op-ing) \JiA¥..,bischopen']. In farriery, filing a space between the teeth of a horse. Bisiliac [bis-il'-e-ak)\_bis, two ; iliaciis\ Relating to the two most distant points of the two iliac crests. Bisischiadic [bis-is-ke-ad' -ik) \_bis, two ; lOKiaAiKo^, relating to the hip] . Relating to corresponding points on the two ischia. Biskra Boil, or Button. See Fiirunciilus orientalis. Bismarck Brown. Same as Phenylene Brown and P'esuvin. Bismuth, or Bismuthum [biz' -muth) [L., gen.. Bis- miithi'\. Bi = 210 ; quantivalence I, III, v. A pink- ish-white crystalline metal, not used in medicine in its metallic form. Its commercial salts are likely to contain arsenic. The insoluble salts of bismuth are feebly astringent and are useful in disordered digestion, acne, eczema, etc. ,B. at Ammonii Citras, soluble in water. Dose gr. j-v. B. et Ammon. Citras, Liquor (B.P.). Dose gss-j. B. Carbonas (B.P.), (Bi20.^C03)2,H.,0. Dose gr. v-xx. B. Citras, BiCg- HjUj, soluble in water of ammonia ; used in the U. S. only for pharmaceutic purposes. Dose gr. ij-v. B. Oxid. (B.P.), 'Qip-i- Dose gr. v-xv. B. Oxy- chlorid, pearl white. Unof. It is used as a cosmetic. B. Pulvis, Comp., Ferrier'' s Snuff. Contains two grains of hydrochlorate of morphin in one ounce, with bismuth and acacia. It is used for treating coryza. B. Salicylas. Bi(C7H-03).j.Bi,p3. Dose gr. v-x. B. Subcarbonas, [VA(y)^CO.^.W.f) , insoluble; it is best given in emulsion with milk. Dosegr. x-_^j. B. Sub- gallate. See Dertnatol. B. Subiodid, 15iOI, used as an antiseptic dusting-powder, like iodoform. B. Sub- nitras, BiONOj.HjO, the salt chiefly used in medi- cine. It is also used as a cosmetic. Dose gr. x-^^j. B. Test, "iee Tests, Table of B., Trochisci (B.P.) ; each contains gr. ij. B., Unguent., 60 grains to one ounce. For herpes, piles, etc. B. White. See Con- specttis of Figments, under Pigment. Bissa [bis' -ah) [native African]. An affection of man and sheep, common in Egypt, and characterized by the production of edema. B. Bol, a kind of myrrh, from Balsamodendron Kafal, a tree of E. Africa. It is used largely in adulterating the finer grades of myrrh, and is said to stimulate powerfully the flow of milk in cows. Unof. Bistellate [bi-stcF -at) \bi, two; Stella, a star]. Shaped like a double star. Bistephanic (^/-j/£'-/?7;z''-/X') \bi, two; arei^avLov, dim. of aTe(pavoc, a wreath]. Relating to the stephanions. Bistort [bis' -tort) \bis, twice ; tortus, twisted]. Snake- weed, Adder's- wort. The rhizome oi Polyi^omim bis- an astringent. Dose of fld. ext. TT\^xx-xl. Unof. Bistoury [bis' -lo-re) [Fr. bistotiri']. A small (straight or curved) knife used in surgery. B. -cache, one that has the blade concealed for passing to the point to be in- cised, and by pressure on the handle the blade is exjiosed and the incision made. Bisulcate [hi-siil' -kdt) \bi, two; sulcus, a furrow]. Having two furrows or grooves. BISULPHATE 209 BLACK Bisulphate {lii-suF -fat) \bi, two ; ME., su/phur~\. Any acid sulphate having twice the amount of acid con- tained in the corresponding normal sulphate. Bisulphid [(^/, two ; sulphuy\ In chem- istry, a sulphur compound in which there are two atoms of sulphur to one atom of the other substance of the compound. B. of Carbon. See Anesthetic. Bisulphite [l>i-sul' -fit) \bi, two; sulphur\. An acid sulphite. The bisulphite of lime is used as an anti- ferment. Bitartrate [l>i-tar'-trdt) [bi, two; rdpTapov, tartar]. Any tartrate in which one normal hydrogen atom has been replaced by a base. See Tartaric acid. Bitemporal {bi-tem' -por-al) \bi, two; tempora, the temples] . Pertaining or belonging to the two temples. B. Triangle. See Triangle. Biti [be'-te] [E. Ind.]. The E. Indian tree £>albergia latifolia ; the oil of the root is said to cure or prevent baldness. Unof. Bitnoben [bit-no'-ben) [Hind, for "black salt"]. An East Indian polychrest remedy composed of salt, myrobalan and iron. Bitter [bit'-er) [AS., bitan, to bite]. A peculiar, well- known taste, of which quinin presents an example ; unpalatable. B. Almond, the nut of the Amygdahtm amartim. It contains hydrocyanic acid. B. Almond Green. Same as Malachite Green. B. Almond Oil, oleum amygdalce amaras. 'iee Benzaldehyd. B.Apple, the fruit of the colocynth, a purgative remedy. B. Blain, a West Indian herb, Vandellia diffusa, em- ployed in fevers and in hepatic disorders. Unof. B. Bloom. The same as American Centaury, q. v. B. Bugleweed, the herb Lycopus europaus, alterative and tonic. Dose of fid. ext. gss-j. Unof. B. Cup, a cup made of quassia wood. It is a tonic. B. King, the shrub or tree, Soulamea amara, intensely bitter in all parts, and reputed to be antiperiodic. Unof. B. Purging Salt, sulphate of magnesia. B. Root, the root of Gentiana catesbai, a tonic. B. Tincture, the tinctura atiiara (N.F.), prescribed also in the Ger- man pharmacy; it is a tincture of gentian, centaury, bitter orange-peel, orange-berries, and zedoary ; it is known also as Stomach Drops. B. Wine of Iron, a solution of white wine, syrup, citrate of iron and quinin. Tonic. See Iron. Bittering (i//'-(V--?/?^) [AS., <5?A7;?, to bite]. A disease of wine in which it acquires a bitter flavor, due to the formation of a substance that develops as the wine ages, or if it be exposed to too high a temperature. Bitters [bil'-ers) [AS., bitan, to bite]. Medicines char- acterized by a bitter taste. B., Aromatic, medicines that unite the properties of aromatics with those of simple bitters. B., Simple, medicines that stimulate the gastro-intestinal tract without influencing the gen- eral system. B., Styptic, medicines that add styptic and astringent properties to those of bitterness. See Angustura. 'Bittersweet {bit^-er-s7iigt). See Dulcamara. B., False. See Climbing Staff Tree. Bitumen {bit-u' -meii) [L., bitumen'\. Mineral pitch or oil composed of various hydrocarbons. In the solid form it is usually called asphalt ; in the liquid form, petroleum. An intermediate form is known as mineral tar or maltha. By distillation, bitumen yields benzol, naphtha, paraffin, and various other hydrocarbons, liquid and gaseous. Bituminous {bit-u' -niin-us^ \bitumen, bitumen]. Of the nature of or containing bitumen. B. Coal. See Coal. Biuret {bi' -u-rei)\bi, tvto; cw'pov, urine], C^HjNjOj + H.^O. A compound formed by exposing urea to a high temperature for a long time. It is readily soluble 14 in water and in alcohol ; it crystallizes with one molecule of water in the form of warts and needles. When anhydrous, biuret melts at 190° with decomposition. B. Reaction, or Test. See 71-.?/^, Table of. Bivalence (Inv' -al-ens) \hi, two ; valens, having power]. In chemistry, a valence or saturating power that is double that of the hydrogen atom. Bivalent [biv' -al-ent) [/^/, two; valens, having power]. In chemistry, applied to an element of which an atom can replace two atoms of hydrogen or other univalent element, or to a radical that has the same valence as a bivalent atom. Bivalve [bi'-valv) [_bi, two; valva, a. ■va\ve'\. Having two valves or shells, as a mollusc or a speculum. Biventer (lu-7'en' -ter) \_bi, two; venter, a belly]. Hav- ing two bellies, as a muscle. B. cervicis, the inner portion of the complexus muscle. B. maxillae, the digastricus muscle. Biventral {bi-ven' -tral) \bi, two ; ventrtim ,a. stomach]. Having two stomachs ; having two bellies ; as a digas- tric muscle. Bixin (biks'-in) \^Bi.xa, a genus of plants], CjgHjgO.^. An orange-red coloring-matter found in Annatto. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Bizygomatic [bi-zi-go-mat'-ik] [/;/,■ two; C,vyufia, the zygomatic arch]. Relating to the most prominent points on the two zygomatic arches. Bizzozero's Blood-plates. See Blood-plates. B. Method,^ a method of studying blood-plaques : A drop of a three-quarter per cent, sodium chlorid solution with one part of a concentrated aqueous solution of methyl violet for every 5000 of salt solu- tion, is placed on the finger, which is then punctured. The blood and solution are mixed on the finger. Bjeloussow's Gum Arabic and Borax Mass. For injecting tissues. Take one part, by weight, of gum arable and make a syrupy solution in water. Take a half part, by weight, of sodium biborate and make a solution in water. Mix the two solutions, when a mass resembling gelatin will be obtained. This mass, which is almost insoluble in water, is rubbed up with water and forcibly strained through linen. Repeat the operation, when a solution miscible in all propor- tions with water is obtained. This may be colored by carmin or any pigment except cadmium and cobalt. Black (blak) [AS., blac^. Absence of color or light. The appearance of an object from whose surface none of the spectrum colors is reflected. B. Alder. See Frinos. B. Antimony, antimonium tersulphid, Sb- S3. B. Ash, the bark of Fra.xinus sambticifolia, a mild tonic and astringent. Dose of fld. ext. '7^ ss— j. Unof. B. Asphaltum. Qzme a?, Japan Black. B. Birch. See Birch. B. Blood, venous blood. B. Cancer. See Melanosis. B. Cohosh. See Cimici- fuga. B.-damp, carbon dioxid gas, which is found in greater or less quantity in all collieries, being given off by many coals, either mixed with fire-damp, or separately, or produced in various other ways, as by the exhalations of the men, by fires, and by explo- sions of fire-damp. Also called choke-damp. B. Death. See Plague. B. Disease, I. A disease of malarial origin and pernicious course, character- ized by extreme darkening of the skin, which may be brown or black in color. It occurs in the Garo Hills in Assam. 2. See Aubernage. B. Draught. See Senna. B. Drop. See Opium. B. Erysipe- las. Synonym of Anthrax. B. Eye, livor (or sugillatio) oculi. See Ecchymosis. B. Haw. See Viburnu/n. B.-head. See Comedo. B. Hellebore. See Hellebore. B. Hoarhound. See Ballota. B. Induration. See Induration. B. Infiltration. .See Miner' s Phthisis. B. Jaundice, an excessive jaun- BLACKBERRY 210 BLASTOCELE dice arising from obstruction of the gall-ducts. The color of the skin is greenish-black. B. Lead, a form of carbon properly known as the mineral graphite. B.-Leg, I. A febrile, generally fatal disease, chiefly affecting cattle and sheep, which is characterized by the rapid appearance of irregular nodules in the skin and muscular tissues, that are at first tense and very pain- ful , but rapidly become painless and crepitating. There is no enlargement of the spleen. It is caused by anae- robic bacilli. It is also called Syinptotnatic Anthrax. 2. A synonym of the severe form of Purpura. B. Leprosy. See Leprosy. B. Measles, i. The local Californian name for a disease of the grape, due to Plasmodiophora califoniica (Viala and Sanragean). Cf. Briinissurc. 2. Rubeola nigra ; a grave or malig- nant form of measles. B. Pepper. Piper nigrum. B. Phthisis. A synonym of Miners' Asthma. B. Quarter. Synonym of Antlirax. See also Black Leg. B. Sampon. See Echinacea Angiistifolia. B. Snake-root. See Cimicifuga. B. Spauld. See Black-Leg. B. Spit. See Miner's Phthisis. B. Sweat. See Chromidrosis. B. Tongue, I. See Glossophvtia. 2. A name given to a condition char- acterized by the formation upon the dorsum of the tongue of a hair-like deposit that passes through various stages of coloration from yellow to brown and finally black, ultimately disappearing by desqua- mation as gradually as it came. Repeated recurrence is the rule. It is probably an undue proliferation of the epithelium, the result of irritation. 3. See JVigri- ties. 4. A term applied to erysipelatous glossitis. B. Vomit, the coffee-ground vomit of yellow fever, etc. B. Walnut, the leaves of Jtiglans 7iigra, a tonic, alterative and deobstruent. Dose of fid. ext. TV\^ xx- XXX. Unof. B. Wash. See Hydrargyrum. B. Willow, the buds of Salix nigra, a bitter tonic with aphrodisiac properties. Dose of fld. ext. T1\^ xv-^j. Unof Blackberry (blak'-ber-e) blac; berie, berry]. See Rubus. B. Cordial, the cordiale rubi frucius (N.F.). Its formula is : blackberry juice, 3 pints ; cinnamon in coarse powder, 2 Tr. oz. ; cloves and nutmeg, in coarse powder, each ]4. Tr. oz. ; dilute alcohol, 2 pints ; syrup, 3 pints. Blackboy Gum. See Acaroid Resin. Blackley Blue. Same as Soluble Blue. Blackwater Fever {blak' -~mt-er fe'-ver). See Fever. Bladder {blad'-er) [AS. , bhedre, a blister]. The mem- branous, sac-like reservoir or receptacle for the urine. B., Atony of, inability to expel the urine, from de- ficient muscular power. B., Catarrh of. See Cystitis. B., Extrophy, or Extroversion of, absence of the anterior wall of the bladder, and more or less de- ficiency of the corresponding part of the abdomen. B., Fasciculated, the walls thrown into ridges by chronic cystitis. B. -green. See Pigment, Conspectus of. B., Hernia of. See Cystocele. B., Inflammation of. See Cystitis. B., Inversion of, a protrusion or an invagination of the bladder through the urethra. B., Irritable, a condition characterized by constant desire to urinate. B., Neck of, the constricted portion con- tinuous with the urethra in front. B., Nervous, a condition in nervous patients in which there is a fre- quent desire to pass water, with inability at the same time to perform the act perfectly, and consequent slight dribbling at its close. B., Paralysis of, the same symptoms as in atony, but more marked and due to nervous or central disease. If affecting the neck alone, there is incontinence : if the body of the organ, retention of urine. B., Sacculated, pouches formed between the hypertrophied muscular fibers. B. Senna, the plant Coliitea arborescens of Europe ; its leaves are used as a substitute for senna. Unof. B. Tetter. See Pemphigus. B., Trigone of, the triangular, smooth surface upon the inner surface of the base of the bladder, immediately behind the urethral orifice. B. Worm. See Worm. B.- wort. See Utriciilaria. B. -wrack. See Lucus 7'esiculosus. Bladdery Fever (blad'-er-e fever). See Fever. Blade (blad) [ME., blad, a leaf of grass]. In biology, the broad part of a leaf B.-bone. The scapula or shoulder-blade. Blaesitas {blc'-sit-as). See Blesitas. Blain (bldn) [ME., blane, a blister]. I. A blister; an elevation of the cuticle containing serum. Synonym o{ Anthrax. 2. A disease peculiar to the ox, marked by sudden swelling of the head, neck, and throat, and by the development of several large vesicles on the tongue that tend to cause suffocation. Blainville's Ear. See Diseases, Table of, and Ear, Deformities of. Blair's Wheat Food. A variety of farinaceous food for infants. Blake's Disc. A device used in treating purulent otitis media. It is a paper disc pasted over the perforation of the tympanic membrane after the discharge has ceased. Blanc {bloh[ng)) [Fr.]. White. B. d'argent. See Pigment. B. fixe. Same as Permanent White. B. -mange, a jelly-like food-preparation, having as a basis gelatin, carragheen, isinglass, starch, or arrow- root, boiled with milk and variously flavored. Blancard's Pills. Pills containing the iodid of iron. Bland {bland) \blandus, mild]. A term applied to mild and soothing medicines and applications. Blandin [blan'-din). See Glairin. Blandin's Glands. See Gland. B.'s Operations. See Operations, Table of. Blanket [blan'-ket) [Fr. , blanc, white]. A woolen covering, so called because originally of white color. B. Bath. See Bath, Sheet or Pack. Blasius's Operations. .See Operations, Table of. Blastelasma {blas-tel-az' -mah) [/^/laordf , a germ ; £Aa(7|aa, plate : //. , Blastelasmata'\. In embryology, any secondary germ-layer appearing from, or later than, the endoderm and ectoderm. Blastema (l>las-te' -mah) \_3'kaarrj[ia from fHaaraveiv , to germinate]. The formative lymph or pabulum of capillary exudation. A synonym of protoplasm. Blastemal {blas-te' -mal) \Ji\aaTaveLv , to germinate]. Of the nature of a blastema ; pertaining to a blastema.' Blastematic {blas-tem-at'-ik), or Blastematous {blas- tem'-af-us) [/5/la(jrdi'etj), to germinate] . Blastemal. Blastemic [blas-tem'-ik) \_ftXanTaveLv, to germinate]. Relating to blastema ; rudimentary ; bioplasmic. Blastide [hlas'-tid) [/J/acrrof, a germ]. In embryolo- gy, a very small clear spot on the fecundated ovum marking the place of the nucleus or cytoblast. Blasting Gelatin [blas'-ting jel'-at-in). Gelatin Dynamite. A mixture of about 80 parts of nitro- glycerin with 20 of nitro-cellulose. Any non-nitrated cotton or trinitro-cellulose interferes with the solution of the nitro-glycerin. The addition of 4 per cent, of camphor renders the mixture incapable of exploding when struck by a rifle-bullet, but it can be detonated by a strong dynamite cap. Blastocardia {blas-to-kar' -de-ali) \fl~AaaT6c, a genu ; m/x^ia, the heart]. The germinal spot. Blastocarpous (blas-to-knr' -pus) [/i/o^rrof, a germ; KaiiTTor, a fruit]. In biology, developing in the fruit. Blastocele [blas'-to-sel) [^jjAaoTix; , a germ; Ko'Aog, hol- low]. The central cavity of the blastula or vesicular morula. BLASTOCHEME 211 BLEEDING Blastocheme i^blas' -to-kem) [/SAacrrdf, a germ ; f:;ifn', to hold, to have]. In biology, a medusiform zooid that gives origin to generative elements not imme- diately, but through the intervention of sexual buds. (Allman.) Blastochyle [blas'-to-kl/) [/3/ucFrdf, a germ; juice]. In biology, the colorless fluid in the blasto- dermic vesicles. Blastocoelum, Blastocceloma (blas-to-se' -lorn, blas-to- se-lo' -mah) . Same as Blastocelc. Blastocolla (l>las-to-col' -ali) \fl'kaar6^, a shoot ; KolXa, glue]. In biology, the balsam produced on buds by glandular hairs. Blastocolysis [blas-/o-kol-i'-sis) [/i/aardf, a germ ; K.61ovatg, a cutting otf]. The arrest of a develop- mental process. Blastocyst (blas'-to-sist) \_li'AaaT6q, a germ; Kvang, a bladder]. The germinal vesicle. Blastoderm [bias' -to-dcrm) [/JXaordf , a germ ; (Ufifia, the skin]. In embryology, the germinal membrane formed by the cells of the morula, lying on the inter- nal surface of the vitelline membrane of the impreg- nated ovum. The whole hollow sphere, with its sur- rounding cells, is called the blastodermic vesicle, and is formed about the tenth day. The ectoderm (or epi- blast ) and the endoderm {entoderm or hypoblast ) layers are simply due to a proliferation of the blastodermic cells about ihe germinal area, whereby the blastoderm is doubled, thus forming these outer and inner layers. The mesoblast or middle layer is developed after the latter, and probably from the hypoblast. Blastodermic [hlas-to-der' -jnik) [/iAacrrdf, a germ ; &kpjia, the skin]. Relating to the blastoderm. Blastodisc (blas'-to-disk) \ji'A.aepe(v, to bear]. That part of a sperm-cell that does not be- come converted into spermatozoa. Blastophyllum [blas-fo-fil' -um) [/J/aurdf , a germ ; i^vXkav, a leaf: //. , Blast ophylla\ An endoderm or an ectoderm ; a primitive germ-layer. Blastophyly (blas-toff'-il-e) [/3/ia(7rdf, a germ ; (pv'/i/, a tribe]. The tribal history of individual organ- isms. Blastopore (bias' -topor) \_fi?.aaT6(;, a germ ; ivopog, passage, pore]. In biology, the primitive mouth or archistome, the orifice to the two-layered embryo (blastula). "The blastopore is the small opening which leads into the notochordal canal, or after the canal has fused with the yolk-cavity, leads into the archenteron. It is situated at the hind end of the primitive axis (head-process) and marks the anterior boundary of the anus of Rusconi in amphibia, or of the primitive streak, properly so-called, of amniota." (Minot). "Van Beneden's blastopore" is formed previously to the blastodermic cavity. Blastosphere (blas'-to-s/er) [/J/.ncrrdf, a germ ; a^alpa, a sphere]. In biology, the "blastula," "germinal vesicle," or "vesicular germ." A hollow sphere composed of a single, simple layer of germinal cells. A vesicular morula. Blastostyle (blas'-to-stll) [ri'/narog, a germ ; arvAog, a pillar]. In biology, a columnar zooid devoted to the origination of sexual buds. Blastula (bias' -tu-lah) [dim. of pjaarog, a germ: //. , Blastubr^. In embryology, " The earliest form of the diaderm, a simple epithelial vesicle, the cavity of which is the large segmentation cavity " (Minot). Cf. Blastosphere. Blastulation (blas-tii-la'-shon) [dim. of ft'/aaruc;, a germ]. In embryology, the conversion of a morula or mulberry-germ into a blastula or vesicular germ. Blatta (blat'-ah) [L., " blood-colored "]. A genus of the Blattidic. B. (Periplaneta) orientalis, the cock- roach ; the powdered body of the cockroach. A pop- ular remedy for dropsy among Russian peasants. It increases the amount of urine and diminishes the amount of albumin. Dose gr. iv— xx. Unof. See AntiJiydropin. Blaud's Pill. A pill containing sulphate of iron and carbonate of potash ; for use in amenorrhea, etc. See Pill. Bleach (blecli) [ME., blechen, to make white]. To make white or pale, to diminish the intensity of color. Bleached Lac. See Lac. Bleaching Powder, chlorinated lime, a mixture of calcium chlorid and calcium hypochlorite, containing free chlorin gas. It is much used as a disinfectant. Bleaching Fluid, eaii de JaTcllc, a similar composition obtained by pass- ing chlorin gas into an emulsion of calcium hydrate. The most important bleaching agents are the follow- ing: Bleaching Agents. — Acids: Hydrochloric, Nitric, Sulphuric ; Carbonate of Potassium (K.^C03) ; its value depends upon the percentage of carbonate it contains ; Caustic Soda (NaOH), a coarse white powder ; Chlorid of lime, a white powder with a chlo- rinous odor ; it is the most important of all ; Hydrogen dioxid (H2O.2), a colorless, odorless liquid. It is called "Golden Hair-dye; " Permanganate of Potas- sium (K^Mn^Og) ; Soaps : Tallow, Rosin, and Olive Oil ; Soda Ash (Na,^C0.5) ; its value depends on the amount of Na20 it contains ; Soda Crystals (Na^COj.- ioH.,0). Bleacher's Eczema (blech'-erz ek' -zem-ali). Eczema of the hands of bleachers, due to their continuous im- mersion in hot water and strong lye. Blear Eye (bler'-i). See Blepharitis ulcerosa. Bleb (bleb). See Bulla. Blebby (bleb'-e) \_Scotch, bleb, " a blister"]. Covered with blebs. Blechropyra (blek-rop' -ir-ah) \fi'ki)XI""'.y 'ca\\A ; nvp, heat]. A transient fever ; a febricula. Blechrosphygmia (blek-i-o-sfig' -me-ah) [Ph/xP^i, weak ; ff(/)(ij /i6r, pulse]. Weakness or slowness of the pulse. Bleed (bled) [AS., bledan , to bleed]. To shed or give vent to blood. Bleeders (ble'-derz) \_kS>., bledan, \.o bleed]. A popular term for those who are subjects of the hemon-hagic diathesis. B.'s Disease. See Hemophilia . Bleeding (ble'-ding). See Bloodletting and Hemorrhage. BLEMMATROPE 212 BLEPHAROPLASTIC Blemmatrope (bleni' -at-rop) \fi\t^y.a, a glance ; Tpeneiv, to turn]. An apparatus for showing the various posi- tions of the eye in its orbit. Blennadenitis [/>h'n-ad-en-i' -/is) \_(i'Ah>vog, mucus ; a6//v, gland]. Inflammation of the mucous glands and follicles. Blennelytria (blen-el-if -re-ali) \fi'khvoq, mucus ; fkvTpov, sheath]. Leucorrhea. Blennemesis {blen-eni' -es-is) [/i/i ci'a, mucus ; ijikeiv^ to vomit]. The vomiting of mucus. Blennemetic (blen-em-et' -ik) \_ii'ktvva, mucus ; ijikuv, to vomit]. Relating to or of the nature of blenneme- sis. Blennenteria (blen-en-te' -re-ah) \fi'kkvva, mucus ; evT£pov, intestine]. A mucous diarrhea or dysentery. Blennenteritis (bkn-en-ter-i' -tis) \_ii'ktvva, mucus ; eiTEpoi', intestine ; i:ai^, production]. Producing or secreting mucus ; muciparous. Blennoid {Itlcn' -oid) \jiktvva, mucus ; tldoq, form]. Resembling mucus ; myxoid ; muciform ; mucoid. Blennoma (blen-o' -tnah) \_(ikivi'a, mucus ; b/ia, a tumor : //. , Blennomata\. I. A mucous polypus. 2. A myxoma. Blennometritis (blen-o-me-tri'-lis) \^fiMvva, mucus ; iUA;rpa, womb ; ;nf, inflammation] . Catarrhal metritis. Blennophthalmia (blen-off-thaF -me-ah) \_{ikkvva, mucus ; b(l>flak./jia, disease of the eyes]. Catarrhal conjunctivitis. Blennoptysis (^blen-op' -tis-is) \pkkvva, mucus ; Trrrcrif , a spitting]. Bronchial mucous expectoration. Blennorrhagia [b/en-or-a' -je-ak) [[ikivva, mucus ; prjyvvvai, to burst forth]. An excessive catarrhal dis- charge from the urethra or vagina. See Gonorrhea. Blennorrhagic {blen-or-a' -jik) \jiktvva, mucus ; priy- vvvai, to burst forth]. Relating to blennorrhagia. Blennorrhea (blen-or-e' -ah) \_^kkt>va, mucus ; pEEiv, to flow]. Same as Blennorrhagia. Blennorrhea! [blen-or-e'-al) \_fikevva, mucus; pteiv, to flow]. Relating to blennorrhea. Blennorrhinia {blen-or-in' -e-ah) [/J/ltwa, mucus ; p/f, the nose]. Coryza ; nasal catarrh. Blennosis {blen-o'-sis) \Ji\ivva, mucus ; j'offof, disease : //. , Blennoses~\. Any disease of a mucous membrane. Blennostasis (blen-os' -tas-is) \jiktvva, mucus ; araair^, a staying]. The checking or suppression of any mu- cous discharge. Blennostatic (blen-os-tat' -ik) [/3Afi^ra, mucus ; (jTaaic, a staying]. Effecting a blennostasis; checking mu- cous discharges. Blennothorax (blen-o-tho'-raks) \_^kiivva, mucus ; dupa^, the thorax]. Pulmonary catarrh. Blennotorrhea (blen-ot-or-e' -ah) \fik,hva, mucus ; ovq, ear ; po'ia, a flow]. A mucous discharge from the ear. Blennozemia i^blen-o-ze' -me-ah) [/J/^fi'm, mucus ; (,rifiia, loss]. Same as Blennorrhea. Blennuria (blen-it' -re-ah) [/3Aswa, mucus; ovpov, urine]. The presence of mucus in the urine. Blennymenitis (blcn-im-en-i' -tis) \_^kivva, mucus ; vfiriv, membrane]. Inflammation of any mucous sur- face. Blephara {blcf -ar-ah'). Plural oi Blepharon, q.v. Blepharadenitis [blef-ar-ad-en-i' -tis) \jikki^apov, the eyelid; (i'S?/)', a gland]. Inflammation of the Meibomian glands. Blepharal [blef -ar-al) [pMfapov, the eyelid]. Relat- ing to an eyelid or to the eyelids. Blepharanthracosis (blef-ar-an-thrak-o' -sis) \fikt<^apov. the eyelid ; (ivftpciKuuLg, a charring; carbunculization]. Carbunciilar inflammation of the eyelid. Blepharedema [blef-ar-e-de' -}nah) \_ffk'e.<^apov , the eye- lid ; oldi/na, a swelling]. Swelling or edema of the eyelids. Blepharelosis (blef-ar-el-o' -sis) [/i2t-0apoi', the eyelid ; ukciv, to roll]. Synonym of Entropion. Blepharemphysema [blef-ar-em-fis-e' -mah) {filki^apav, eyelid; kpcfharjfia, an inflation]. Emphysema of an eyelid. Blepharis (blef'-ar-is) [P'kecjiapic:, an eyelash]. An eyelash. Blepharism (hlef'-ar-izm) ^f{ke- apov, the eyelid; aJz/i;, a gland; hfia, a tumor ; //., BlepJiaro-adenomatd^. An adenoma on the ciliary margin of the eyelid. Blepharo-atheroma (blef ' -ar-o-ath-er-o' -mah) [/3Ati)!i- apov, an eyelid ; afti'/pufia, a tumor full of gruel-like matter]. An atheromatous tumor imbedded in the tarsus of the lid ; it is cystic and contains a semifluid detrital substance. Blepharochromidrosis {blef -ar-o-kro-mid-ro' -sis) [/3^f- (jjapov, the eyelid; ;t;p(j//a, color; Mpwf, sweat]. Colored sweat of the eyelids, usually of a bluish tint. Blepharocleisis (l>lef-ar-o-kli' -sis) \^^'kk^apov, the eye- lid ; K/lf/fi/f , closure]. Ankyloblepharon ; abnormal closure of the eyelids. Blepharodyschrea (blef-ar-o-dis-kre' -ah), or Blepha- rodyschroia (hlef-ar-o-dis-kroi' -ah) \_fikk(papov, the eyelid ; Sva-, bad ; xpo'^y color]. Discoloration of the eyelid from nevus or from any other cause. Blepharoedema (l>lef-ar-o-e-de' -tnah). See Blephare- dema. Blepharolithiasis [blef -ar-o-lith-i' -as-is) \_^kk<^apov, the eyelid; liOog, a stone]. The formation of marginal concretions within the eyelid. Blepharon (blef'-ar-on) [(Skkcjiapov, the eyelid: //. , Blephara'\. The eyelid ; palpebra. Blepharoncus [blef-ar-otig' -kus) \fi\k<\)apov, the eye- lid; 67/cor, an enlargement]. A swelling of the eye- lid. Blepharopachynsis [blef-ar-o-pak-in' -sis) \_pkkf , brow ; 7rXa(jr(fcdf, plastic]. Per- taining to the plastic surgery of the lid and eyebrow. Blepharophyma [blef-ar-o-fi' -mah) [fSki^apov, the eye- lid ; (l)upa, a growth: //. , Blepharophymata'\. A tumor of, or outgrowth from, the eyelid. Blepharoplastic (blef-ar-o-plas' -tik) \_^kk(^apov, the eyelid; TrAaort/cdf, plastic]. Pertaining to blepharo- plasty. BLEPHAROPLASTY 213 BLOOD Blepharoplasty [blef -ar-o-plas-te) \_ft'/hpaf>i)v , the eye- lid ; TT/lacrtTeii', to form]. An operation for the for- mation of any part of the eyelid destroyed by wound or lesion, by engrafting or transplanting from a con- tiguous healthy part. Blepharoplegia [blef-ar-o-ph' -je-ah) \_j3'Ac(l>af)nv, the eye- lid ; TvAr/yr/, a stroke] . Paralysis of an eyelid. Blepharoptosis (hlef-ar-op-to' -sis) [_(3Xt(l>apov, the eyelid; TTTuatQ, a fall]. Ptosis of an upper eyelid. See Flosis. Blepharopyorrhea {blcf-ar-o-pi-or-e' -ali) [_fi'Ae(j)apov, the eyelid; ttI-ov pus; pkeiv, to flow]. A flow of pus from the eyelid. Blepharorrhaphy [blef-ar-or' -a-fe) \^fl'kkapov , the eye- lid; 'paiu a seam]. The stitching together of apart of the blepharal slit. Blepharorrhea (blef-ar-or-e' -ah) \fiXti^apov, the eyelid ; po'ia, a flow]. A discharge from the eyelid.' Blepharospasm {blef -ar-o-spazni) \fi\k<^apov, the eye- lid ; a-n-anfjio^, a spasm]. Spasm of the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle. Excessive winking. Blepharospath [blef -ar-o-spath) yiAccpapuf, the eyelid ; and6>/, a blade]. A forceps for taking up or holding an artery ; for use in operations on the eyelid. Blepharostat [blef'-ar-o-stat) \fiX'ti^apov, the eyelid ; \aTavaL, to cause to stand]. An instrument for hold- ing the eyelids apart or firm whilst performing opera- tions upon the eyes or lids. Blepharostenosis [blef-ar-o-ste-no' -sis) ^P?JIu>k' -en) [Cier. ]. A peculiar Wiirtemberg sausage, made by filling the stomachs of hogs with meat, and cured by a method favoring putrefaction. This is the most common source of sausage-poisoning. See Allantiasis and Botulisnnis. Blushing (blush' -ing) [ME., blusheii, to glow]. The reddening of the face through shame, modesty, or confusion. See Kiihor. Boa {bo' -ah) [L.]. An ancient name applied to various eruptions and eruptive diseases, as measles, smallpox, hydroa, syphilis. B. Vista Fever. See Fever. Boas's Test. See Tests, Table of. Boat-belly (/'o/'-/'i'/-c'). See Scaphoid Abdomen. Bobb's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Bochdalek's Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. B's Pseudo-ganglion. See Pseudo-ganglion. Bock, Nerve of. See Nerves, Table of. Bockhart's Blood-serum Mercury. A mercurial used in the treatment of syphilis. It is prepared as follows from the blood of sheep, horses, or oxen : loV^ drams of blood-serum, sterilized after Koch's method, are placed in a graduated glass, and then mixed with a solution of 45 grains of bichlorid of mercury dis- solved in one ounce of boiling distilled water. The precipitate formed is redissolved by the addition of 105 grains of chlorid of sodium, dissolved in five drams of distilled water. This compound is then a three per cent, solution of blood-serum mercury. By adding enough distilled water to make six ounces five drams, we have the solution generally used, containing one and one-half per cent of the mercurial salt. Injections of 15 minims (containing one-quarter grain of subli- mate, combined with albumin) are made daily. Bodo [bo'-do] [L.]. A genus of flagellate protozoans. B. saltans has been reported as living in great num- bers in unhealthy ulcerations. B. urinarius has been found in the urine of cholera-patients. "Qo&y {bod'-e) \_A.ii.,bodig'\. I. The animal frame with its organs. Also a cadaver or corpse. 2. This term is applied by the manufacturer of porcelain teeth to the parts composing the principal portion of the artificial organ. 3. The tube of a microscope, including the draw-tube ; it is the tube receiving the ocular at one end and the objective at the other. See also Corpus, and Corpora. B. Cells. See Heredity. B. Louse. See Pedieulus. B. -plasm. 'Ae.s Somatoplasm, vmAtx Here- dity. B., Sub-thalamic. See Luys, Body of. Boeckel's Operations. See Operations, Table of. Boerhaave, Glands of. See Gland. Bog {bog') [E. dial.]. To ease the body by stool. Bog {bog) [Gael., bogan, a bog]. Ground that is wet and spongy. B.-bean. S>e& Biickbean. B. -spavin. See Spavin. Bogue's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Bohm's Acid Carmin. See Stains, Table of. B.'s Operation. See Operations, Table of. Bohm.er's Hematoxylin Solution. See Stains, Table of. Bohun Upas [bo'-hu?!-ii'-pas). See Antiar and Upas. Boil {boil) [ME., boile\ A furuncle ; a localized inflam- mation of the skin and subcutaneous connective tissue attended by the formation of pus. See Turuneulus. B., Aleppo or B., Delhi, a peculiar ulcerative affection endemic in India, due to a specific and pathogenic mi- crobe. It has been proposed by Heydenreich to call this Tropical Boil. Other names are Penjdch Boil and Bouton Biskra. B. -plague. Synonym of Anthrax. Boiled Oil. Linseed oil that has been heated to a high temperature {130". C. and upward), while a current of air is passed through or over the oil, and the temperature increased until the oil begins to effervesce from evolution of products of decomposi- tion. B.-sago Matter. Vitreous-looking bodies fre- quently seen in the stools of dysentery. They are simply granules of starch ingested as food and remain- ing partially or wholly undigested. They are also called Frogs'' -spawn matter. Boiler-makers' Deafness. See Deafness. Boiling {boil' -ing) [ME., boilen, to stir]. The vapori- zation of a liquid when it gives off vapor having the same tension as the surrounding air. Most tissues, animal and vegetable, are softened and rendered more or less soluble by boiling. Albumin and most albu- minoids, however, are rendered insoluble. The tem- perature of boiling water at the level of the sea is 212° Y. (100° C.) ; it decreases with increasing alti- tude. B. Test. See Tests, Table of. Boissons {bwah'-song) \^Fr.'\. Cheap fermented liquors made from raisins or other dried fruits to which sweet- ened water is added and fermentation allowed. Bola {bo'-lah). See Myrrh. Bolary {bo'-lar-e) \bolics, clay]. Of the nature of bole. Bolax {bo'-laks). See Balsam-bog. B. Gum. See Balsam-bog. Bolbomelanoma {bol-bo-mel-an-o'-mah) \_l3oAfi6r, a bulb ; /if ?dii6;/ia, blackness] . Melanotic carcinoma of the eyeball. Boldin {bol'-din). See Boldus. Boldo {bol'-do). See Boldus. B.-glucine, an aro- matic glucosid obtained from Peumus boldo and other species. It is a hypnotic in doses of gr. xx-^j. Unof. Boldoa [bol'-do-ah) [Chilian, Boldn']. A genus of monimiaceous trees. B. fragrans, the tree Peumus boldo. See Boldus. Boldus {bol'-dus) [L. ]. Boldo. The leaves and stems of an evergreen, Peumus boldo, native to Chili and vicinity, sometimes used in anemia and general debility as a substitute for quinin. It contains a bitter aWaXoiA, Boldin, an hypnotic in doses of gr. iij. B., Ext., Fid. Dose tl\,j-iv. B., Tinct., contains 20 per cent, of the drug. Dose ITLv-viij. Bole (/'o/) [/3(j/'of, a clod of earth] . I. A translucent, soft variety of clay formerly much used in medicine, internally as an astringent, externally as an absorbent. Dose gr. v-x. Several varieties are used, as the Armenian bole; the Lemnian, and the Fre)ich bole. 2. A bolus. See Bolus. Boletus {bo-le' -tus) \jiwkirriq, il kind of mushroom]. A genus of fungi, some species of which are edible, while others are highly poisonous. None is official. Bologna {bo-ldn' -yah) [It ]. A city of northern Italy. B. Lime. .Same as Vienna White. B. Phosphorus, a sulphid of barium, having the property of emitting a pale, feeble light in the dark. Bolus {ho' -Ills') [L. : pl.,Boli; Eng. pi. , Boluses']. A mass of medicine exhibited in the form of a large pill. Bombardier Beetle {bom-bar-der be'-tl). See Brach- enin. 'Qorol'oz.yi { bo7u' -bales') [bo?nbyx, cotton]. A genus of huge tropical malvaceous trees of many species. Some of these trees afford demulcent diuretic medi- cines. JMocinain, q. v., is a product of B. malabarieum. Bombus {boin'-hiis) \_j^j6/jftoc, a humming sound]. A ringing or buzzing sound in the ears ; tinnitus. Also a sonorous movement or rumbling flatus of the intestines : borborygmus. Bona Fever {ho'-nah fc'-ver'). See Fever. Bonbon [Fr. ]. A confection. B., Pectoral, a medicated antibechic confection. Bond's Operation. .See Operations, Table of Bonduc Seeds {bon'-duk sedz). See Bonducella. BONDUCELLA 216 BORON Bonducella (hoti-du-sel' -ali] [L.]. Bonduc Seeds. The seeds of Ccesalpinia bonducella , a tropical plant. It is a bitter tonic and antiperiodic in intermittent fevers. Dose gr. x-xv.b B., Pulv., Comp., contains bonduc and black pepper. Dose gr. xv-xx. Bone [hd)i) [AS., ban, a bone]. A hard tissue that constitutes the framework or skeleton of the body. It is composed mainly of tri-calcium phosphate and cartilage. Bone usually consists of a compact outer mass covered with periosteum , surrounding a reticu- lated inner structure that encloses a central cavity filled with marrow. A transverse section of a long bone shows bone-tissue to be composed of a number of nearly circular zones, each having a central tube, the Haversian canal, through which the blood circu- lates. Surrounding the Haversian canal are concen- trically arranged belts of oblong spaces called lacuna-. Each lacuna is the outlet of a number of canaliculi, through which the nutrition is conveyed to all parts of the bone. A table of bones is appended. B. Ash, the calcic phosphate remaining after bones have been incinerated. B. Binder. See Osteocolla. B. -black. Same as Animal Black. B. -brown. See Pigments, Conspectus of. B. Cartilage. See Ostein. B.- conduction, the transmission of sound-waves to the auditory nerve by means of sonorous vibrations com- municated to the bones of the skull, the impression reaching the nerve in part directly and in part by way of the tympanic structure. The tuning-fork is the instrument most commonly used as a test of bone- conduction. Bone-conduction is lost or diminished in many of the typical labyrinthine lesions, if. in true Meniere's disease. See Air-conduction. B. Karth. See Ossiterra. B., Epipteric [fTr/, upon; TTTepdv, a wing], a small Wonnian bone sometimes found between the great wing of the sphenoid and the anterior inferior angle of the parietal. B.-fat, a whitish-yellow fat obtained by boiling bones. It is used in soap making. B. -gelatin. See Gelatin. B.- glue. See Glue. B. incarial. See Incarial. B.- nippers, surgical cutting-forceps for use on bones. B.-oil, a foul-smelling oil obtained in the dry distilla- tion of bone. B. -setter, a specialist at setting bones ; usually an uneducated empiric, and often a pretender to hereditary skill in the business. B. -spavin. See Spavin. B. -tumor. %yx\owyva oi Actinomycosis . Bonelet [bon'-let). See Ossicle. Bonellein {ho-neV -in) \_Bonellia, a genus of gephyrean worms, named after ¥. A. Bonelli, an Italian natu- ralist]. In biology, the green pigment of certain annelids, as Bonellia viridis. Boneset. See Eupatorium. Bonnafond's Apparatus. An apparatus for generating vapors and injecting them into the middle ear through the Eustachian tube. Bonnet's Capsule. See Ocular Sheath. B. Opera- tions. See Operations , Table of. Bontius, Pills of. Purgative pills used in dropsy. They contain gamboge, Socotrin aloes, and gum am- moniac. Bonwill's Crown. In dentistry, an artificial crown of all porcelain to be engrafted on a natural root. B's. Method, I. A method of producing anesthesia. It . is done by rapid breathing of the ordinary atmos- pheric air. The patient opens his mouth and breathes freely, quickly, and deeply, and in a few seconds or minutes partial anesthesia supervenes. 2. A method of articulating teeth. Bonzel's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Booboo (boo^-boo). See Boohoo. Boohoo (boo^-hoo) [native S. Pacific]. A kind of gas- tritis with slight fever and with great nostalgia and depression of spirits. It attacks strangers in some of the Pacific Islands. Booker, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of Boot, Junod's. See Junod Boot. Boracic Acid (bo-ras'-ik as^-id). See Acid, Boric ; also Boron. Borage [bo' -raj) [ME., borage"]. The plant Borago officinalis, a demulcent, mild refrigerant and diapho- retic. Dose of fld. ext., 5 j. Unof. Boraginaceous (ho-raj-in-a' -se-ns) \_Boraginacece , a natural order of plants]. Pertaining to the Boragin- acese. Borate [bo' -rat ) [Ar., boraq, borax]. Any salt of bo- ric acid. Borax [bo'-raks). See Boron. B. Bath. See Bath. Borborygmus [bor-bor-ig' -mus) \_j3opjiopvyn6^ , a rum- bling : Borborygmi]. A rumbling of the bowels. Bordeaux Method. A form of cotton antiseptic dress- ing for stumps. Borelli's Operation. See Operations , Table of. Boric Acid [bo'-rik as' -id). See Boron. Born [born) [AS., boren, to bear, bring forth]. Brought into the world by the process of parturition. B. Alive. See Live Birth. Borneo Camphor [bor' -ne-o-kam' -for). See Borneol. Borneol [bor' -ne-ol) [^Borneo'], Cj|,HjjO. Borneo Camphor ; a substance that occurs in Dryobalanops camphoree , a tree growing in Borneo and Sumatra. It is artificially prepared by acting with sodium upon the alcoholic solution of common camphor. It is quite like Japan camphor, and has a peculiar odor resem- bling that of peppermint. It sublimes in six-sided leaflets, melts at 198° and boils at 212°. It produces spasms of an epileptiform character. Bom's Method. A method of reconstructing objects from microscopic sections ; by means of a camera, the outlines are transferred to wax plates, which are then cut out so as to correspond to the sections. Boro-borax [bo-ro-bo' -raks). A crystalline combina- tion of borax and boric acid. It is used as an anti- septic. Borofuchsin. See Stains, Conspectus of. Boroglycerid [bo-ro-glis' -er-id). See Boroglycerin. Boroglycerin [bo-ro-glis' -er-in) [Ar., boraq, borax; }//,''/)'(£77V, and glyceryl borate. It is a solid preparation, soluble in water. It is used as a local application in eye and skin affections. It is an active antiseptic in a solution of I to 40. Unof. Boron [bo'-ron) [Ar., boraq, borax]. B--= II ; quanti- valence ill, v. The base of boric acid and of the mineral borax. Boracic, or, more properly, Boric Acid, H,,BO.j, a crystalline substance, found native in the volcanic lagoons of Tuscany. It occurs in white, transparent crystals, soluble in water and alcohol ; it is an active antiseptic, and is much used in parasitic diseases of the skin. Dose gr. v-xx. Un- guent. Acidi Bo?-ici (B. P.), contains hard paraffin 2, soft paraffin 4, boric acid I. It is used as an antiseptic and in dermatology. Borax, Na2B.^O,,loH.,0, sodium biborate, occurs in lacustrine deposits as white, trans- parent crystals, soluble in water, alcohol and glycerin. It is used as an antiseptic wash for ulcers and indolent lesions and is valuable also as an emmenagogue, and in leucorrhea. Dose gr. v-xl. All unof Glycerinum Boracis (B. P.), contains borax, glycerin and distilled water ; it is used as a local application. Mel Boracis (B. P.), borax honey, contains borax, clarified honey and glycerin (about I in 7) ; it is used as a local application. BONES 217 BONES TABLE OF BONES. Name. Principal Featl'Res. Articulations and Variety. Muscular and Ligamentous Attachments. Astragalus. Irregularly cubical ; forms the key- stone of arch of foot ; head, neck, six articular surfaces. Fibu'lk,}^'"^'^'""^- i'c^rhoi'l: Internal and external lateral ligaments. Atlas. First cervical vertebra ; ring-like : anterior and posterior arches and tubercles; articular surfaces. Occipital bone — double arthrodia. Axis, four joints — diarthrodia rota- toria and double arthrodia. Longus colli (tubercle), rectus capitis posticus minor (spinous process). Axis. Second cervical vertebra ; body, odontoid process, pedicles, 1am- inse, spinous process, transverse, processes, articular surfaces. First cervical vertebra — diarthrodia rotatoria and double arthrodia Third cervical vertebra — double ar- throdia. Longus colli, check ligaments. Calcaneura. The heel bone ; irregularly cu- boidal ; lesser process [sustenta- culum tali], greater process, pero- neal ridge or spine, superior groove, articular surfaces. Astragalus, "1 Cuboid, yarthrodia. Scaphoid, J Tibialis posticus, tendo Achillis, plant- aris, abductor poUicis, abductor mini- mi digiti, flexor brevis digitorum, flexor accessorius, extensor brevis digitorum. Carpal. Consists of scaphoid, semilunar, cuneiform, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, os magnum, unciform. See Indiviaual Bones. Clavicle. Collar bone, resembles the italic "_/"; conoid tubercle, deltoid tubercle, oblique line. Sternum, Scapula, Cartilage of first rib. ^arthrodia. Sterno-cleido-mastoid, trapezius, pec- toralis major, deltoid, subclavius, sterno-hyoid, platysma. Coccyx. The last bone of the vertebral col- umn : resembles a cuckoo's beak; usually composed of four small segments ; base, apex, cornua. SacrvLxa—amphiarthrodia. Coccygeus, gluteus maximus, extensor coccygis, sphincter ani, levator ani. Cranial. Occipital, parietal (two), frontal, temporal (two), sphenoid, eth- moid. See Individual Bones. Cuboid. Somewhat pyramidal ; tuberosity. Os calcis, "j External cuneiform, ! „,,i,„„j.-„ 4th and 5th metatarsal '^'throdia. bones. J Flexor brevis poUicis. Cuneiform (of carpus). Pyramidal. Semilunar, ") Pisiform, j Unciform, \ arthrodia. Interarticular fibro-car- tilage. J Cuneiform (of tarsus). Internal. Middle. External. Irregularly wedge-shaped; the largest of the three. Wedge-shaped ; smallest of the three. Wedge-shaped. Scaphoid, "j Middle cuneiform, arthrodia. First and second meta- tarsal bones. J Scaphoid, 1 Internal cuneiform, 1 „,.,i,^„j,-„ External cuneiform, ^'^'^^odia. Second metatarsal. J Scaphoid, 1 Middle cuneiform, 1 Cuboid, } arthrodia. Second, third, andfourth j metatarsal bones. J Tibialis anticus and posticus. Tibialis posticus. Tibialis posticus, flexor brevis poUicis. Ethmoid. Irregularly cubical ; situated at an- terior part of base of skull ; hori- zontal or cribriform plate, per- pendicular plate, two lateral masses, crista galli. Sphenoid, Two sphenoidal — turbinated. Frontal, Two nasal. Two superior max- illary. Two lachrymal. Two palate. Two inferior turb- inated, Vomer. synarthrodia. None. Femur. Cylindrical ; longest, largest, and strongest bone in the body ; shaft and two extremities, head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters, linea aspera, condyles ; a long bone. Os innominatum — enarthrodia. Tibia — giyiglymus. Patella.— arthrodia. Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, pyri- formis, obturator internus, obturator externus, gemellus superior, gemel- lus inferior, quadratus femoris, psoas magnus, iliacus, vastus externus, gluteus maximus, short head of the biceps, vastus internus, adductor magnus, pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, crureus, subcrureus, gastrocnemius, plantaris, popliteus. BONES 218 BONES BONES OF THE HUMAN SKELETON. Atlas, Superior Surface. Superior articular process, transverse ligament. . Tubercle of an- terior arch. 2 Articular facet for odontoid process of axis. 3. Poste- rior arch and pos- terior tubercle. 4. Groove for verte- bral artery and first cervical nerve. 5. Trans- verse process. 6. Foramen for ver- tebral artery. 7. rubercle for attachment of Axis, Lateral Aspect. . Body. 2. Odontoid pro- cess. 3. Facet for articu- lating with anterior arch of atlas. 4. Lamina. 5. Spinous process. 6. Trans- verse process. 7. Superior articular process. 8. Infe- rior articular process. Atlas and Axis, Anterior Surface. 7, 7. Inferior articular processes. 8, 8 9. Anterior surface of body of axis, process. Axis, Postero-Superior View. . Posterior surface of body. Odontoid process. 3,3. Supe rior articular processes 4, 4 Inferior articular processes 5, 5. Transverse processes. 6, Spinous process. 1,1. Lateral mass- es of atlas. 2, 2. Anterior arch of atlas, including odontoid pro- cess of axis. 3. Tubercle of an- terior arch 4,4. Transverse pro- cesses of atlas. 5, 5 Inferior ar- t i c u 1 a r pro- cesses of atlas. 6, 6. Superior articular pro- cesses of axis. Transverse processes. 10. Apex of odontoid Dorsal Vertebra, Antero-Superior View. . Anterior surface. 2. Vertebral foramen. 3. Spinous pro- cess. 4, 4. Transverse processes. 5, 5. Articular surfaces for tubercles of ribs. 6, 6. Superior articular processes. 7, 7. Pedicles. First Dorsal Vertebra, Lateral View. . Superior surface of body. 2, 2. Semi-lunar processes. 3. Articular facet for head of first rib. 4. Demi-facet for head of second rib. 5. Superior articular process. 6, 6. Inferior articular processes. 7. Transverse process. 8. Articular facet for tubercle of first rib 9. Spinous process. Eleventh Dorsal Vertebra, Lateral View. . Articular facet for head of eleventh rib. 2. Transverse process. 3. Superior tubercle of transverse process. 4. In- ferior and anterior tubercle. 5. Inferior and posterior tuber- cle. 6. Superior articular process. 7. Inferior articular pro- cess. 8. Spinous process. Seventh Cervical Vertebra, Postero-Superior View. I. Body. 2, 2. Transverse processes. 3, 3. Anterior or costal roots of transverse processes. 4, 4. Foramina for vertebral arteries. 5, 5. Superior articular processes. 6, 6. Inferior articular processes. 7, 7. Laminae. 8. Spinous process. 9. Spinal foramen. Twelfth Dorsal Vertebra, Lateral View. I. Articular facet for head of twelfth rib. 2. Transverse pro- cess. 3. Superior and posterior tubercle of transverse pro- cess. 4. Inferior and posterior tubercle. ,5. Inferior and anterior tubercle. 6. Superior articular process. 7, 7. Infe- rior articular processes. 8. Spinous process. BONES 219 BONES TABLE OF BONES.- -Continued. Name. Principal Features. Articulations and Variety. Muscular and Ligamentous Attachments. Fibula. Long bone ; shaft , upper extremity or head, lower extremity or ex- ternal malleolus. Tibia — arthrodia. Astragalus, with the tibia and fibula — ginglymus. SiccpSf solcus pcroiiGiis lon^us, cx~ tensor longus digitorum, peroneus tertius, extensor proprius pollicis, tibialis posticus, flexor longus pollicis, peroneus brevis. Foot. Composed of tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges, q. v. Frontal. The forehead bone ; a flat bone ; a frontal portion and an orbito- nasal portion ; frontal eminences, superciliary ridges, supraorbital arches, supraorbital notches or foramina, internal and exteriial angular processes, temporal ridges, nasal notch, nasal spine, nasal eminence or glabella. Two parietal, ^ Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Two nasal. Two superior max- illary. Two lachrymal. Two malar, ■ synarthrodia. Corrugator supercilii, orbicularis pal- pebrarum, and temporal on each side. Hand. Composed of carpus, metacarpus and phalanges, q. v. Humerus. Largest bone of upper extremity ; long bone ; a shaft and two ex- tremities. Upper extremity pre- sents a head, neck and greater and lesser tuberosities. Lower extremity, trochlea, olecranon fossa, coronoid fossa, external and internal condyles, supra- trochlear foramen, supracondy- loid ridges. Scapula (glenoid cavity) — enarthrodia. Radius, l^--?'-'"""- Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, coraco-brachialis, brachialis anticus, triceps, sub-anconeus, pronator radii teres flexor carpi radialis palmaris longus, flexor digitorum sublimis, flexor carpi ulnaris, supinator longus, extensor carpi radialis longior, exten- sor carpi radialis brevier, extensor communis digitorum, extensor mini- mi digiti extensor carpi ulnaris, sup- inator brevis and anconeus. Hyoid. A bony arch ; irregular bone ; a body, two greater and two lesser cornua. None. Sterno-hyoid, thyro-hyoid, omo-hyoid, digastricus, stylo-hyoid, mylo-hyoid, genio-hyoid, genio-hyo-glossus, hyo- glossus Tnidcllc constrictor of the pharynx. Ilium. See fnnofmnate. Incus. Resembles a bicuspid tooth with two roots, body, and two pro- cesses. Malleus — arthrodia {trigger-joint). SX.a\>&s— arthrodia. None. I n f e r i o r maxillary. • Body and two rami ; contains the teeth of the lower jaw ; symphy- sis, mental process, mental fora- men, coronoid and condyloid process, head, neck, sigmoid notch ; irregular bone. The two temporal bones — bilateral condyloid — diarthrodia. Levator menti, depressor labii infe- rioris, depressor anguli oris, platysma myoides, buccinator, masseter, orbi- cularis oris, genio-hyo-glossus, genio- hyoideus, mylo-hyoideus, digastric, superior constrictor, temporal, in- ternal pterygoid, external pterygoid. Inferior tur- binated. Situated on the outer wall of the nasal fossa ; irregular bone. Ethmoid, Superior maxillary, Lachrymal, Palate, ■ synarthrodia. None. Innominate. Large, 3 parts ; flat bone ; with its fellow and sacrum and coccyx forms pelvis. Ilium — superior broad expanded portion, crest, superior, middle and inferior curved lines, ilio- pectineal line, venter, auricular surface, anterior and posterior, superior and inferior spinous processes, | (about) of acetabu- lum. Ischium — lower and back portion, body, tuberosity and ramus, spine, greater and lesser sacro- sciatic notches, external and in- ternal lips of tuberosity, lower boundary of obturator foramen, § (about) of acetabulum. Pubis — body, horizontal ramus, descenditig ramus, spine, ilio- pectineal line, angle, symphysis, obturator foramen (upper bound- ary), 5 of acetabulum. fWith its fellow of) I opposite side, V synarthrodia. 1 Sacrum, ) [ Femur — enarthrodia. Hium — tensor vaginae femoris, external oblique, latissimus dorsi, iliacus, transversalis, quadratus lumborum, erector spinae, internal oblique, glu- teus maximus, medius and mini- mus, rectus, pyriformis, multifidus spinas, sartorius. /icA/aw— obturator externus and in- ternus, gracilis, levator ani, gemelli superior and inferior, coccygeus, bi- ceps, semi-tendinosus, semi-mem- branous, quadratus femoris, adductor magnus, transversus perinei, erector internal and external oblique, transversalis, rectus, pyramidalis, psoas parvus, pectineus, adductor magnus, longus and brevis, gracilis, external and internal obturator, leva- tor ani, compressor urethrae, accele- rator urinse. BONES 220 BONES Lumbar Vertebra, Postero-Superior View. , I. Anterior surface of body. 2, 2. Trans- verse processes. 3. Spinous process. 4. Superior articular processes. 5, 5. ferior articular processes. Sacrum, Anterior Aspect. , I, I, I. Bodies of sacral vertebrae, with transverse lines of union. 2, 2, 2, 2. Anterior sacral foramina. 3. Base. 4. Auricular surface of lat- eral aspect. 5. Its inferior portion. 6. Articular surface of base. 7. Notch for formation of last lumbar intervertebral foramen. 8 Superior articular process of first sacral ver- tebra. 9. Apex of sacrum. 10. Cornu. II. Notch for transmission of fifth sacral nerve. Coccyx, Ante- rior Aspect. I. Base. 2,2. Cor- nua. 3. Sec- ond coccygeal vertebra. 4. Third coccy- geal vertebra. 5. Fourth coc- cygeal verte- bra. 6. Fifth coccygeal ver- tebra. Occipital Bone, Postero-Inferior View I. Basilar process. 2. Foramen magnum. 3, 3. Posterior condyloid foramina. 4. Crest. 5. External occipital protuber- ance. 6, 6. Condyles. 7, 7. Jugular pro- cesses. 8, 8. Jugular fossae. Parietal, Temporal, and Sphenoid Bones; Posterior Aspect. I. Body of sphenoid bone. 2, 2. Sphenoid and temporal bones. 3, 3. Parietal bones. 4, 4. Mastoid processes. 5, 5. Jugular fossae. 6, 6. Notches entering into formation of sphenoidal fissures. 7, 7. Spheno-parietal sutures. 8, 8. Spheno-tem- poral sutures. 9, 9. Temporo-parietal sutures. Sacrum, Posterior Aspect. I, I, I. Spinous processes of sacral vertebrae. 2, 2. Sacral groove. 3, 3, 3. 3- Posterior sacral foramina. 4,4,4,4. Articular processes, united. 5, 5. ."i. ,S. Transverse processes. 6, 5. Cribriform fossa. 7, 7, Auricular surface. 8, 8. Superior articular processes of first sacral vertebra. 9. Superior orifice of sacral canal. 10. Groove representing inferior ori- fice. II, II. Cornua. 12. Apex. Vertebral Column, Lateral Aspect. 1-7. Cervical vertebras. 8-19. Dorsal vertebrae. 20-24. Lumbar verte- brae. A, A. Spinous processes. B, B. Artic- ular facets of trans- verse processes of first ten dorsal vertebrae. C. Auricular surface of sacrum. D. Foramina in transverse processes of cervical vertebra;. Nasal Bones I, I. The two nasal bones External Aspect. ferior border, border. 2. Superior extremity. 3, 3. In- Internal border. 5, 5, 5, 5. External BONES 221 BONES TABLE OF BONES.— Continued. Name. Principal Features. Articulations and Variety. Muscular and Ligamentous Attachments. Ischium. See Innominate. Lachrymal. Small ; situated at front part of inner wall of orbit ; resembles finger-nail ; crest, lachrymal groove ; flat bone. Frontal, 1 f^S'maxillary, ^ynartHrodra. Inferior turbinated, J Tensor tarsi. Lingual. See Hyoid. Magnum (OS). Largest bone of carpus ; occupies center of wrist; head, neck, body ; short bone. Second "l Third >- Metacarpal — arthrodia. Fourth ) Trapezoid, \ „^,i,^„j,„ Unciform, ]<^>-throdia. Flexor brevis poUicis (part). Malar. Small ; quadrangular ; at upper and outer part of face ; forms prominence of cheek, part of outer wall and floor of orbit, part of temporal and zygomatic fossae; frontal, orbital, maxillary ana zygomatic processes, malar foramen, four borders ; irregular bone. Frontal, 1 I'empolfl, 1 ^ynartkrod^a. Superior maxillary, J Levator labii superioris proprius, zygomaticus major and minor, mas- seter, temporal. Malleus. Resembles a hammer : head, neck, handle or manubrium, processus gracilis, processus brevis ; irreg- ular. XwcMS— arthrodia (trigger-joint). Tensor tympani. Maxillary, in ferior. Maxillary, superior. See Inferior maxillary. See Superior maxillary. Metacarpal. Five in number; shaft, base, and head ; long bones. Second row of carpus— arthrodia. Phalanges — condyloid. To the thum^— flexor and extensor ossis metacarpi poUicis, first dorsal interosseous. Second metacarpal bone — flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis lon- gior, first and second dorsal interosse- ous, first palmar interosseous, flexor brevis pollicis (frequently). Third metacarpal — extensor carpi ra- dialis brevior, flexor brevis pollicis, adductor pollicis, second and third dorsal interosseous. Fourth metacarpal — third and fourth dorsal and second palmar interos- seous. Fifth metacarpal — extensor carpi ul- naris, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor ossis metacarpi minimi digiti, fourth dorsal, and third palmar interos- seous. Metatarsal. Five in number ; shaft, base, and head ; long bones. Tarsus— arthrodia Phalanges — condyloid. First — tibialis anticus (part), peroneus longus, first dorsal interosseous. Second — adductor pollicis, first and second dorsal interosseous, tibialis posticus (part). Third — adductor pollicis, second and third dorsal, and first plantar inter- osseous, tibialis posticus (part). Fourth— adducior pollicis, third and fourth dorsal and second plantar in- terosseous, tibialis posticus (part). Fifth— ptroneus brevis, peroneus ter- tius, flexor brevis minimi digiti, transversus pedis, fourth dorsal, and third plantar interosseous. Nasal. Oblong ; forms with its fellow the bridge of the nose; nasal fora- men, spine, crest ; flat bone. Frontal, ~1 NasT/opposite), [ synarthrodia. Superior maxillary, J BONES 222 BONES Superior Maxillary Bone, Exter NAL Aspect. nasal process, fossae. Anterior aspect of pyramidal process, or canine fossa. 2. Incisive or myrti- form fossa. 3. Infra- orbital foramen. 4. Summit of pyramid- al process, or malar process. 5. Posterior aspect of pyramidal process. 6. Inferior border of pyramidal process. 7. Posterior border, or maxillary tuberosity. 8. Nasal process. 9. Posterior border, grooved for lachrymal duct. 10. Anterior nasal spine. II. Infra-orbital groove. 12. Summit of nasal process. 13. Posterior and supe- rior angle. 14. Su- perior Dorder. 15. Anterior border of 16. Notch for anterior opening of nasal Lachrymal Bone, External Aspect. , I. Vertical crest, dividing external sur- face into two parts. 2. Spine, in which crest terminates. 3. Sulcus contribut- ing to formation of lachrymal canal. 4. Continuation of preceding, contributing to formation of nasal canal. 5. Posterior division of external surface, contribut- ing to formation of orbit. 6, 6. Anterior border. 7, 7. Posterior border. 8. Su- perior extremity. 9. Portion of inferior border that articulates with lachrymal process of inferior turbinated bone. 10. Portion that articulates with orbital plate of superior maxillary bone. Malar Bone, External Aspect. . Orifice for malar nerve. 2, 2. Superior or orbital border. 3, 3. Inferior or zygomatic border. 4, 4. Posterior or tem- poral border. 5, 5. Anterior or maxillary border. 6. Supe- rior angle. 7. Inferior angle. 8. Anterior angle. 9. Posterior angle. . External surface of orbital process. 2. Superior or or- bital surface. 3. Anterior or maxillary surface. 4. Notch forming greater part of spheno-palatine foramen. 5. Sphenoidal process. 6. Groove entering into forma- tion of posterior palatine canal. 7. Surface that enters into the formation of base of maxillary sinus. 8. External surface of pterygoid process. 9. Groove to receive posterior border of internal plate of pterygoid process. Inferior Turbinated Bone, Internal or Convex Aspect. 1,1. Antero-posteri- or ridge, dividing the internal sur- face into two al- most equal parts. 2, 2. Inferior bor- der. 3, 3. Anter- ior portion of superior border, articulating with nasal process of superior maxil- lary bone. 4. Lachrymal pro- cess. 5. Ethmoidal process. 6. Portion of superior border that articulates with palate bone. 7. Anterior extremity. 8. Posterior extremity. I. Body of bone and external oblique line. 2. Ramus. 3. Sym- physis. 4. In- cisive fossa. 5. Mental fora- men. 6. De- pression in in- ferior border for attachment of digastric muscle. 7 . Depression for passage of facial artery. 8. Angle of jaw. 9. Posterior ex- tremity of in- ternal oblique line. 10. Cor- onoid process. 12. Sigmoid notch. 13. Origin of inferior 14. Mylo-hyoid groove. 15. Alveolar border. b. Bicuspids, c. Canines, m. Molars. Inferior Maxillary Bone, Aspect. External II. Condyle, dental canal. a. Incisors. Palate Bone, External Aspect. Lateral Aspect of Skull. . Frontal bone. 2. Parietal bone. 3. Occipital bone. 4. Tem- poral bone. 5. Greater wing of sphenoid bone. 6. Lamb- doid suture. 7. Occipito-parietal suture. 8. Squamo-parietal suture. 9. Masto-parietal suture. 10. Spheuo-parietal su- ture. II. Spheno-temporal suture. 12. Spheno-frontal suture. 13, 13. Temporal ridge. 14. Malar bone. i,s. Fronto-malar suture. 16. Malo-temporal suture. 17. Malo-maxillary su- ture. 18. Superior maxillary bone. 19 Infraorbital foramen. 20. Nasal bone. 21. Naso-maxillary suture. 22. Naso-frcntal suture. 23. Lachrymal groove, at the bottom of which may be seen the suture between the lachrymal and the superior maxillary bones. 24. Nasal eminence. 25. Inferior maxil- lary bone. 26. Mental foramen. 27. Angle of lower jaw. 28. Coronoid process. 29. Condyle. 30. Neck of condyle. 31. External auditory canal. 32. Styloid process. 33. Mas- toid process. 34. Masto-occipital suture. BONES 223 BONES TABLE OF BO'NES.—Contmued. Name. Principal Features. Articulations and Variety. Muscular and Ligamentous Attachments. Occipital. Back part and base of cranium ; trapeKoid in shape ; outer and inner tables ; external protuber- ance, external occipital crest, superior and inferior curved lines, foramen magnum, con- dyles, jugular process, anterior and posterior condyloid forami- na, basilar process, pharyngeal spine, 4 fossae on internal sur- face, internal occipital protuber- ance and crest, grooves for the cerebral sinuses, torcular Hero- phili, jugular foramen ; flat bone. Parietal (two), ") Temporal (two), > synarthrodia. Sphenoid, J Atlas — double arthrodia. Twelve pairs — occipito-frontalis, tra- pezius, sterno-cleido-mastoid, com- plexus, biventer cervicis, splenius capitis, superior oblique, rectus capitis posticus, major and minor, rectus lateralis, rectus capitis anticus, major and minor, superior constrictor of the pharynx. Palate. Back part of nasal fossa ; helps to form floor and outer wall of nose, the roof of mouth and floor of orbit, also spheno-maxillary and pterygoid fossae and the spheno- maxillary fissure; L-shaped; inferior or horizontal plate, su- perior or vertical plate, posterior palatine canal, posterior nasal spine, inferior and superior tur- binated crests, maxillary pro- cess, pterygoid process, acces- sory descending palatine canals, orbital process, sphenoidal pro- cess, spheno-palatine foramen. Sphenoid, ") Ethmoid, Superior maxillary, ! ,„„„^ju^„^;„ Inferior turbinated! f 'y^'-i'^^odia. Vomer, Opposite palate, J Tensor palati, azygos uvulae, internal and external pterygoid, superior con- strictor of pharynx. Parietal. Form sides and roof of skull ; irregular, quadrilateral; two sur- faces, four borders, four angles, parietal eminence, temporal ridge, parietal foraniert, furrows for cerebral sinuses, depressions for Pacchionian bodies; flat bone. Opposite parietal, ] Occipital, Frontal, \ synarthrodia. Temporal, | Sphenoid, J Temporal. Patella. Flat ; triangular ; sesamoid ; an- terior part of knee-joint ; two surfaces, three borders, apex ; flat bone. Condyles of {&Xi\xr— partly arthrodial. Rectus, crureus, vastus internus, vas- tus externus. Pelvic. Composed of two ossa innomi- nata, sacrum and coccyx, g. v. Phalanges of foot. ,Two of great toe, three of each of the others ; shaft, base, head ; long bones. First row with metatarsal and second phalanges — condyloid. Second of great toe ~\ with first phalanx ; of other toes, with first ! and third phalanges, S^nglymus. Third row with second row, J First — great toe — inner tendon exten- sor brevis digitorum, abductor pol- licis, adductor pollicis, flexor brevis pollicis, transversus pedis. Second toe — first and second dorsa! in- terosseous, first lumbrical. Third third dorsal and first plan- tar interosseous, second lumbrical. Fourth toe — fourth dorsal and second plantar interosseous, third lumbrical. Fifth toe — flexor brevis minimi digiti, abductor minimi digiti, third plantar interosseous, fourth lumbrical. Second — great toe — extensor longus pollicis, flexor longus pollicis. Other /o«— flexor brevis digitorum, one slip of common tendon of exten- sor longus and brevis digitorum. Third— Xvio slips from the common tendon of the extensor longus and extensor brevis digitorum, and flexor longus digitorum. Phalanges, of hand. 14 in number, three for each finger and two for thumb ; shaft, head, base ; long bones. First row with metacarpal bones and second row of phalanges — condyloid. Second row with first 1 and third rows, 1 • , Third row with second \ S^nglymus. row, J Thumb — extensor primi internodii pol- licis, flexor brevis pollicis, abductor pollicis, adductor pollicis, flexor lon- gus pollicis, extensor secundi inter- nodii. First — index finger — first dorsal and first palmar interosseous. Middle finger — second and third dorsal interosseous. Ri?ig finger — fourth dorsal and second palmar interosseous. Little finger — third palmar interosse- ous, flexor brevis minimi digiti, ab- ductor minimi digiti. Second — to a//— flexor sublimis digit- BONES 224 BONES Hyoid Bone, Anterior Aspect. , I. Anterior or convex surface of body. 2,2. Greater cornua. 3, 3. Junction of greater cornua with body. 4, 4. Lesser cornua. Base of Skull. I. Median sjiture of palatine vault. 2. Inferior orifice of an- terior palatine canal. 3, 3. Inferior openings of posterior palatine canals. 4. Posterior border of palatine vault ; pos- terior nasal spine. 5. Posterior border of nasal septum. 6. Hamular process of internal pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone. 7. Internal pterygoid plate. 8. External pterygoid plate. 9. Scaphoid fossa. 10. Oval or inferior maxillary foramen. 11. Foramen spinosum. 12. Foramen lacerum medium. 13. Zygomatic arch. 14. Spheno-occipital suture. 15. Glenoid cavity. 16. External auditory canal. 17. Mas- toid process. 18, 18. Styloid process and stylo-mastoid fora- men. 19. Inferior orifice of carotid canal. 20. Foramen lacerum posterius. 21, 21. Occipital condyles. 22. Basilar process. 23. Foramen magnum. 24. External occipital crest. 25, 25. Inferior curved lines of occipital bone. The Orbital Cavities. . Anterior opening of nasal fossae. 2. Anterior extremity of inferior turbinated bone. 3. Malar bone. 4,4. Orbital cavi- f.^r. - I „„i 1 1 g Qg planum of ethm ir lurninaiea oone. 3 i.^a. 5. Lachrymal canal, o. us planum 01 etnmoia. 7. Optic foramen. 8. Sphenoidal fissure. 9. Spheno-maxillary c Great wing of sphenoid " Qr,iiQm^..= r,r.i-iir.t. Thorax, Anterior View. Manubrium sterni. 2. Gladiolus. 3. Ensiform cartilage or xiphoid appendix. 4. Circumference of apex of thorax. 5 Circumference of base. 6. ist rib. 7. 2d rib. 8, 8. 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th ribs. 9. 8th, 9th and 10 ribs. 10. nth and 12th ribs. II, II. Costal cartilages. Ribs of Left Side, Posterior Aspect. 1-12. Anterior ex- tremities of 12 ribs of left side. 13, 13. Internal surface. 14, 14. External surface. 15. Head of 1st rib. 16. Head of 2d rib. 17. Head of 3d rib. 18, 18. Heads of ribs from 4th to 9th. 19. Head of loth rib. 20, 20. Heads of iith and 12th ribs. 21,21. Necks of ribs. 22. Tuber- cle of ist rib. 23. Articular facet of tubercle of 2d rib. 24, 24. Articular facets of tubercles of ribs from 3d to 9th. 25. Articu- lar facet for tu- bercle of loth rib. 26, 26. Angles of ribs. 8. Sphen fissure. 10. Great wing of sphenoid. 11. Squamous po of temporal. 12. Antero-inferior angle of parietal. 13. tion of frontal entering into formation of temporal fossa. Mastoid process. 15. Styloid process. Squamous portion ;„t„i por- BONES 225 TABLE OF BONES.— Con/inueJ. BONES Name. Phalanges, of hand. Continued. Pisiform. Pubis. Radius. Principal Features. Anterior and inner side of carpus ; small ; spherical ; one articular facet : short bone. See Innominate. Outer side of forearm ; shaft, head, neck, tuberosity, lower extrem- ity, oblique hne, sigmoid cavity, styloid process. Articulations and Variety. Cuneiform — arthrodia. Muscular and Ligamentous Attachments. orum and extensor communis digit- orum ; in addition. To index yfw^^'r— extensor indicis. To little finger — extensor minimi digiti. Third — flexor profundus digitorum, extensor communis digitorum. Flexor carpi ulnaris, abductor minimi digiti, anterior annular ligament. Humerus — ginglymiis. I superior — diarthrodia rota- toria. middle — membranous. Inferior — diarthrodia rota- toria. Semilunar — condyloid. Biceps, supinator brevis, flexor subli- mis digitorum, flexor longus pollicis, pronator quadratus, extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis, extensor primi internodii pollicis, pronator radii teres, supinator longus. Ribs. Twelve in number on each side ; shaft, head, neck, tuberosity, angle (anterior and posterior), anterior or sternal extremity ; first, second, tenth, eleventh and twelfth are peculiar ; flat bones. Vertebrae— a>'i'/!rorf/n. First rib — synarthrodia. Sternum, Others— ar/Arorfi'a. Internal and external intercostals, scalenus, anticus, medius and posti- cus, pectoralis minor, serratus mag- nus, obliquus externus, transversalis, quadratus lumborum, diaphragm, la- tissimus dorsi, serratus posticus su- perior and inferior, sacro-lumbalis, musculus accessorius ad sacro-lum- balem, longissimus dorsi, cervicalis ascendens, levatores costarum, infra- costales. Sacrum. V Large triangular bone at lower part of vertebral column, and upper and back part of pelvic cavity ; composed of five verte- brae ; base, promontory, four sur- faces, apex, central canal, an- terior and posterior sacral fora- minae, lateral masses, laminae, articular processes, sacral cor- nua, transverse processes, sacral groove, ala ; irregular bone. Last lumbar ver- | j Pyriformis, coccygeus, iliacus, gluteus tebra, maximus, latissimus dorsi, mullifidus Coccyx, y ampkiarthrodia. Ossa innominata | (two), J spinfe, erector spinae, extensor coc- cygis. Scaphoid, of carpus. Largest bone of first row ; boat- shaped ; upper and outer part of carpus ; four surfaces ; tuber- cle ; short bone. Radius — condyloid. Trapezium, SrSum, ^ ^^'"^"d.a. Semilunar, External lateral ligament of wrist. Scaphoid, of tarsus. Or navicular bone ; boat-shaped ; inner side of tarsus, four sur- faces, tuberosity ; short bone. Astragalus, Cuneiform (three), > arthrodia. Cuboid (occasionally), ) Tibialis posticus (part). Scapula. Back part of shoulder ; triangular ; posterior aspect and side of thorax; two surfaces, three borders, three angles, subscapu- lar fossa, subscapular angle, dorsum, spine, supra-spinous and infra-spinous fossae, acromion process, glenoid cavity, neck, head,coracoid process ; flat bone. Humerus — enarthrodia. Clavicle — arthrodia. Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infra- spinatus, trapezius, deltoid, omo- hyoid, serratus magnus, levator an- guli scapulae, rhomboideus major and minor, triceps, teres major and minor, biceps, coraco-brachialis, pectoralis minor, platysma, latissimus dorsi. Semilunar. Upper row of carpus ; four sur- faces, crescentic outline. Radius— coHrfy/o^rf. Os magnum, "| Unciform, I „,,,,.„ j- Cuneiform, \ a'l'"od,a. Scaphoid, J Sesamoid. Small, rounded masses, cartila- ginous in early life, osseous in the adult ; developed in tendons; inconstant, except patellae. Sphenoid. Anterior part of base of skull ; bat-shaped , with wings extended body, two greater and two lesser wings, two pterygoid processes, ethmoidal spine, optic groove, optic foramen, olivary process, pituitary fossa, anterior, middle and posterior clinoid processes, sella turcica, carotid or cavern- All the bones of era- ") nium, I Malar (two), } synarthrodia. Palate (two), I Vomer, J Temporal, external and internal ptery- goids, superior constrictor, tensor palati, levator tympani, levator pal- pebrae, obliquus superior, superior, inferior, internal and external recti. 15 BONES 226 BONES Clavicle, Inferior Aspect. . Longitudinal de- pression for inser- tion of subclavius muscle. 2. Rough impression for attachment of cos- to-clavicular liga- ment. 3, 3. For attachment of coraco-clavicular ligaments. 4, 4. Posterior border. 5, 5. Anterior border. 6. Facet for articulation with sternum. 7. Facet for articulation with acromion. Scapula, Postero-kx- TERNAL Aspect. I. Supraspinous fossa. 2. Infra-spinous fossa. 3. Superior or cora- coid border. 4. Cora- coid or suprascapu- lar notch. 5. Axillary or external border. 6. Anterior angle and glenoid cavity. 7. I n fe r i o r angle. 8. Rough impression for long head of triceps. 9. Internal or spinal or vertebral border. 10. Spine. II. Smooth surface over which trapezius muscle glides. 12. Acro- mion. 13. Base of spine. 14. Coracoid process. Humerus, Anterior Aspect. I. Diaphysis. 2. Humeral head. 3. Anatomic neck. 4. Greater or external tuberosity. 5. Lesser or anterior tuberosity. 6. Bicipital groove. 7. Ridge for attachment of coraco- brachialis muscle. 8. Anter- ior border of shaft. 9. Ex- ternal surface. 10. Orifice of nutrient canal. ii.Lesseror radial head. 12. Trochlea. 13. External condyle or epi- condyle. 14. Internal con- dyle or epitrochlea. 15. In- ferior portion of external bor- der. 16. Inferior portion of internal border. i7.Coronoid fossa. Radius and Ulna, Anterior Aspect. I. Anterior surface of body of ulna. 2. Greater sigmoid cavity. 3. Lesser sigmoid cavity. 4. Olecranon. 5. Coronoid process. 6. Orifice of nutrient canal. 7. Interos- seous space. 8. Head of ulna. 9. Styloid process. 10. Body of radius. 11. Head. 12. Neck. 13. Bicipital tu- berosity. 14. Ridge for in- sertion of pronator radii teres. 15. Inferior extremity of radius. 16. Styloid pro- cess. Bones of Carpus, Dorsal Aspect R. Inferior extremity of radius. U. Inferior extremity of ulna. F. Interarticular fibro-cartilage. S. Scaphoid. L. Semi- lunar. C. Cuneiform. P. Pisiform. T. Trapezium. T. Trapezoid. M. Os magnum. U. Unciform. The numbers upon these bones indicate the number of others with which each articulates 1,2,3,4,5. Proximal extremities of ist, 2d, 3d, 4th and 5th metacarpal bones. Hand, Palmar Surface. I. Scaphoid. 2. Semilunar. 3. Cuneiform. 4. Pisiform. 5. Trapezium. 6. Groove for tendon of flexor carpi radialis. 7. Trapezoid. 8 Os magnum. 9. Unciform. 10, 10. Meta- carpal bones. 11, 11. First phalanges of fingers. 12, 12. Second phalanges. 13, 13. Third phalanges. 14. First phal- anx of thumb. 15. Second phalanx. Sac ro- vertebral angle. 2, 2. Me- dian section of sacrum. 3. Me- dian section of coccyx. 4. Junc- tion of sacrum and coccyx. 5, 5. Sacral canal. 6, 6. Median sec- tion of symphysis pubis. 7. Antero- posterior or sa- cro pubic diam- eter of pelvic in- let. 6. Prolong- ation of this di- ameter. 8. Line perpendicular to this diameter at its middle. 9 Antero-posterior or cocci-pubic diameter of pel- vic outlet. 10. Horizontal line passing through inferior margin of symphysis pubis. 11. Line perpendicular to last. 12. Arc of angle between these two. Median Section of Pelvis, Plane and Axis of Superior Strait. BONES 227 BONES TABLE OF 'QOti'E.'A, —Continued. Name. Principal Features. Articulations and Variety. Muscular and Ligamentous Attachments. Sphenoid .~~* Continued. ous groove, lingula, ethmoidal crest, sphenoidal cells or sin- uses, sphenoidal turbinated bones, rostrum, vaginal pro- cesses, pterygo-palatine canal, spinous processes, round fora- men oval foramen, foramen Vesalii, foramen spinosum, ptery- goid ridge, external orbital fora- mina, vidian canal, pterygoid fossa, internal and external pterygoid plates hamular pro- cess, scaphoid fossa. Sphenoidal turbinated or sphenoid- al spongy bones. Situated at anterior and inferior part of body of sphenoid ; exist as separate pieces untii puberty and occasionally are not joined in the adult. PallTe"'*^' } ^y"^rlkrod,a. None. Stapes. Resembles a stirrup ; one of the ossicles of the tympanum ; head, neck, two branches (crura), base ; irregular bone. Incus — artlirodia. Stapedius. Sternum. The breast bone; manubrium, gladiolus, ensiform cartilage, or first, second and third pieces, anterior and posterior surface, borders. Clavicles (two) — arthrodia. Costal cartilages (seven on each side) first — synarthrodia ; others, arthro- dia. Pectoralis major, sterno-cleido-mas- toid, sterno-hyoid, steriio-thyroid, triangularis sterni, aponeuroses of the obliquus and internus, and trans- versalis muscles, rectus, diaphragm. Superior maxillary. Forms with its fellow the whole of the upper jaw ; somewhat cu- boidal ; body and malar, nasal, alveolar and palatine processes ; hollow (the antrum of Highmore or maxillary sinus), incisive or myrtiform fossa, canine fossa, canine eminence, infra-orbital fo- ramen, posterior dental canals, maxillary tuberosity, posterior palatine canal, infra-orbital groove ; irregular bone. Frontal, Ethmoid, Nasal, Malar, Lachrymal, Inferior turbinated. Palate, Vomer, Fellow of opposite side. - synarthrodia. Orbicularis palpebrarum, obliquus in- ferior oculi, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, levator labii superioris proprius, levator anguli oris, com- pressor nasi, depressor al3e nasi, dilator naris posterior, masseter, buccinator, internal pterygoid, orbi- cularis oris. Tarsal. Consist of calcaneum, or os calcis, astragalus, cuboid, scaphoid, in- ternal, middle and external cuneiform. Individual bones. Temporal. Situated at side and base of skull ; squamous, mastoid and petrous portions, temporal ridge, zygo- ma or zygomatic process, emi- nentia articularis, Glaserian fis- sure, tubercle, glenoid fossa, post-glenoid process, tympanic plate, mastoid foramen, digastric fossa, occipital groove, sigmoid fossa, mastoid cells, meatus audi- torius externus, hiatus Fallopii, meatus auditorius inlernus, lamina cribrosa, aqua?ductus vestibuli, styloid process, stylo- mastoid foramen, auricular fis- sure ; irregular bone. Occipital, 1 Parietal, Sphenoid, Inferior maxillary, Malar, ' J synarthrodia. Temporal, masseter, occipito-frontalis, sterno-mastoid, splenius capitis, trachelo-mastoid, digastricus, retra- hens aurem, stylo-pharyngeus, stylo- hyoideus, stylo-glossus, levator pa- lati, tensor tympani, tensor palati, stapedius. Tibia. At front and inner side of leg ; next to femur in length and size ; prismoid in form ; upper extremity or head, tuberosities, spinous process, tubercle, popli- teal notch, shaft, crest (the shin), oblique line, internal malleolus ; long bone. Femur — gin^lymus. { superior — arthrodia. Fibula,-; middle — menibrayiovs . ( inferior — arthrodia. Astragalus with fibula— ^;K^/i'«/;(i. Semi-membranosus, tibialis anticus, extensor longus digitorum, biceps, sartorius, gracilis, semi-tendinosus, tibialis anticus, popliteus, soleus, flexor longus digitorum, tibialis pos- ticus, ligamentum patellae. Trapezium. In lower row of carpus ; very irregular; six surfaces, groove; short bone. Scaphoid, Trapezoid, First and second meta- carpal. ■ arthrodia. Adductor pollicis, flexor ossis meta- carpi pollicis, flexor brevis pollicis (part). Trapezoid. Smallest bone in second row of carpus ; wedge-shaped ; six sur- faces ; short bone. Scaphoid, Second metacarpal. Trapezium, Os magnum. • arthrodia. Flexor brevis pollicis (part). Triquetral. See IVormian bones. BONES 228 BONES Right Innominate Bone, External Aspect. I. Superior border, or crest. 2. Anterior superior iliac spine. 3. Posterior superior iliac spine. 4, 4, 4. Superior curved line. 5, 5. Inferior curved line. 6. Surface between inferior curved line and acetabulum. 7, Anterior inferior iliac spine. 8. Anterior interspinous notch. 9. Posterior inferior iliac spine. 10. Posterior interspinous notch. 11. Spine of ischium. 12. Great sacro-sciatic notch. 13. Acetabulum. 14. Fundus of acetabulum. 15, 15. Circumference of acetabulum. 16. Cotyloid notch. 17. Spine of pubes. 18. Horizontal branch of pubes. 19. Descending branch of pubes. 20, 20, Ischium. 21. Groove for tendon of obturator externus mus- cle. 22. Obturator foramen. u 12 Femur, Posterior Aspect. I, I. Linea aspera. 2, 2. Ex- terna! division. 3. Internal division. 4, 4. Inferior divi- sions. 5. Head. 6. Depres- sion for attachment of round ligament. 7. Neck. 8. Great trochanter. 9. Digital or trochanteric fossa. 10. Lesser trochanter. 11. Outer con- dyle. 12. Inner condyle. 13. Intercondyloid notch. 14. Outer tuberosity. 15 Inner tuberosity. Tibia and Fibula, Anterior Aspect. I. Shaft of tibia. 2. Internal tuberosity. 3. External tu- berosity. 4. Spine. 5. Tuber- cle. 6. Crest. 7. Inferior ex- tremity. 8. Internal malleo- lus. 9. Shaft of fibula. 10. Superior extremity. 11. In- ferior extremity and external malleolus. Pelvis, Antero-superior View, Superior Strait. , I. Internal iliac fossas. 2, 2. Iliac crests. 3, 3. Anterior superior iliac spines. 4, 4. Anterior inferior iliac spines. 5, 5. Ilio-pectineal eminences. 6, 6. Horizontal branches of pubes. 7, 7. Bodies and symphysis of pubes. 8, 8. Aceta- bula. 9, 9. Tuberosities of ischia. 10, 10. Ascending rami of ischium. 11, 11. Descending rami of pubes. 12, 12. Spines of ischia. 13, 13. Posterior wall of pelvic cavity. 14, 14. Sacro-iliac symphyses. 15. Sacro-vertebral angle. 16, 16. Superior strait. Foot, Plantar Aspect. . Inferior surface of calca- neum. 2. Inner tuberosity. 3. Outer tuberosity. 4. Angu- lar depression between these tuberosities. 5. Inferior por- tion of head of astragalus. 6. Plantar surface of cuboid, for attachment of inferior cal- caneo-cuboid ligament. 7. Tuberosity of cuboid. 8. Sca- phoid. 9. Tuberosity of sca- phoid. 10. Inferior portion of internal cuneiform. 11. Apex of middle cuneiform. 12. Apex of internal cunei- form. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. First, second, third, fourth and fifth metatarsal bones. 18. Tuber- osity of fifth metatarsal bone. 19. Two sesamoid bones. 20. i First phalanx of great toe. 21. Last phalanx of great toe. 22, 22. First phalanges of 2 remaining toes. 23, 23. Sec- ond and third phalanges of these toes. BONES 229 TABLE OF BONES.— CwZ/wz/^^/. BONES Name. Principal Features. Articulations and Variety. Muscular and Ligamentous Attachments. Turbinate, inferior. Turbinate, middle. Turbinate, superior. One on each side of outer wall of nasal fossae ; curled like a scroll ; two surfaces, two borders, two extremities, lachrymal pro- cess, ethmoidal process, maxil- lary process. The free convoluted margin of the thin lamella, that descends from the under surface of the cribri- form plate of the ethmoid bone. The thin curved plate of the ethmoid, that bounds the supe- rior meatus of the nose above. Ethmoid, I Superior maxillary, I Lachrymal, 1 Palate, | synarthrodia. Tympanic. Includes the Incus, Malleus and Stapes (y. v.). Ulna. Inner side of forearm, parallel with radius ; prismatic ; shaft and two extremities, olecranon process, coronoid process, greater and lesser sigmoid cavi- ties, oblique ridge, perpendicular line, head or lower extremity, styloid process ; long bone. Ylumexns—ginglymus. { superior — diarthrodia ro- tatoria. Radius, \ m\&A\e.— membranous. inferior — diarthrodia rota- \ toria. Triceps, anconeus, flexor carpi ulnaris, brachialis anticus, pronator radii teres, flexor sublimis digitorum, flexor profundus digitorum, flexor longus pollicis (occasionally), pronator quad- ratus, supinator brevis, extensor ossis nietacarpi pollicis, extensor secundi internodii pollicis, extensor indicis, extensor carpi ulnaris. Unciform. Wedge-shaped ; hook-like pro- cess ; in lower row of carpus ; short bone. Semilunar, "| Fourth and fifth meta- | carpal, j- arthrodia. Cuneiform, Os magnum, J Flexor brevis minimi digiti, flexor ossis metacarpi minimi digiti, anterior annular ligament. Vertebras. Twenty-six ; cervical seven, dor- sal twelve, lumbar five, sacrum (composed of five), coccyx (com- posed of four; each has a body and an arch ; latter has two pedi- cles, two laminae and seven pro- cesses, viz.: four articular, two transverse, one spinous. Pecu- liar vertebras, first, second and seventh cervical; first, ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth dor- sal, sacrum, coccyx ; irregular bones. Articulate with each other, and with occipital and innominate bones and ribs (q. v.). Intervertebral articulations, between the bodies — amphiarthrodia. Between articular processes — arthro- dia. Attachment of muscles. — To the Atlas are attached nine pairs : the longus colli, rectus anticus minor, rectus lateralis, rectus posticus minor, ob- liquus superior and inferior, splenius colli, levator anguli scapulas and first intertransverse. To the Axis are attached eleven pairs : the longus colli, obliquus inferior, rectus posticus major, semispinalis colli, multifidus spinas, levator anguli scapulas, splenius colli, scalenus medius, transversalis colli, intertrans- versales, interspinales. To the remaining vertebm generally are attached thirty-five pairs and a single muscle: anteriorly, the rectus anticus major, longus colli, scalenus anticus, medius, and posticus, psoas magnus, psoas parvus, quadratus lumborum, diaphragm, obliquus in- ternusand transversalis ; posteriorly, the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, leva- tor anguli scapulae, rhomboideus major and minor, serratus posticus superior and inferior, splenius, erec- tor spinas, sacro-lumbalis, longissi- mus dorsi, spinalis dorsi, cervicalis ascendens, transversalis colli, trachelo-mastoid, complexus, biven- ter cervicis, semispinalis dorsi and colli, multifidus spinae, rotatores spinae, interspinales, supraspinales, intertransversales, levatores costa- rum. Vomer. Situated vertically at back part of nasal fossae ; forms part of sep- tum of nose ; somewhat like a plow-share ; two surfaces and four borders. Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Superior maxillary (two). Palate (two). Cartilage of the sep- tum. ■ synarthrodia. Wormian. Supernumerary bones ; irregular, inconstant, isolated, interposed between the cranial bones, most frequently in the 1 a m b d o i d suture. BOSE'S OPERATION 230 BOUQUET Bose's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Boss {hos) [ME., bos\ A wide, flattish protuberance, as on the skull or on a tumor. Bosselated {bos' -el-a-ted) [ME., bos\ Covered with bosses or small nodules. Bosselation (l)os-el-a' -shiai) [ME., bos\ A boss-like elevation of the surface. Bostock's Catarrh. See Diseases, Table of. Bostryx [hos'-triks) \_ji6(yTpvx'K, a curl]. In biology, a helicoid cyme. Boswellia (boz-wel' -e-ah) [after Bos-vell, a Scotch botanist]. A genus of burseraceous trees of S. Asia and E. and Central Africa. B. carteri furnishes olibanum, as also B. serrata. Boswrorth's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Bot {bot) \_botus, a belly worm]. The larva of certain species of flies of the genus GEstrus, which are con- veyed into the stomach of man, where they hatch. Also the thread-worm, Oxyuris vermicidaris. See Parasites [Animal), Table of. Botal, or Botallo, Duct of. See Duct. B., Fora- men of. See Foramitta, Table of. B., Valve of. See B. , Foramen of. Botalismus (bot-al-iz' -mtts). See Botnlismiis. Botanic [l>ot' -an-ik) [/iordiv/, an herb]. Pertaining to botany. B. Physician, a title assumed by certain persons who profess to use only vegetable remedies. See Eclectic. Botanist (bot' -an-ist) \jiordvrj, herb]. A student of botany. Botanophile {bot-an'-ofl) [jioTavti, herb; fiXelv, to love]. Botanic dilettanti. Persons fond of botany, but not true botanists. Botany (bot'-an-e) [/3ordi7/, an herb]. The science of plants — their classification and structure. B. Bay Gum. See Acaroides. Bote (bot). See Passivism. Bothria (both' -re-ali) [L.]. Plural of Bothrion, or of Bothritim. Bothriocephalus [botli-re-o sef'-al-tis) \_(io6piov, a. -pil; Ke(pa'Aii, a head]. A genus of tapeworms. See Tape- worm. B. latus, the Broad tapeworm ; a common parasite of man in certain European localities. It may reach twenty-five feet in length, with a breadth of three-fourtlrs of an inch. It is also called Tienia lata, and Dibothrium latum. See Parasites (Animal), Table of Bothrion (botli'-re-on) [_(iodpiov, a pit]. I. A small cavity ; the socket of a tooth. 2. A facet, or fosset, such as is seen upon the head of most of the tape- wonns. 3. A deep corneal ulcer. Bothrium (both' -re-um). See Bothrion. Botium (bo'-she-ttm) [L.]. A goiter or tumor of the neck. B. trachelophyma. Synonym of Goiter. Botrel's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Botryoid (bof -re-oid) [/Wr/jvf , a cluster; f/rSof , likeness]. Resembling in shape a bunch of grapes. Botryomycosis (bot-re-o-mi-ko'-sis) [/Sdrpuf, a bunch of grapes; /iVKi/g, a fungus]. A disease of horses in which fibromatous nodules form in the lungs. It is dependent upon the presence of a microorganism called Botriomyces. Botryose (bot'-re-ds) \_ft6rpv(;, a cluster of grapes]. An inflorescence constructed on the plan of a raceme. Botryo-therapeutics (bot-re-o-ther-ap-ii' -tiks) [/Sdrpyf, a bunch of grapes ; BepanevTiKij, medical art]. See Grape- Cure. Bots (botz), Bott (bot). See Bot. Bottcher's Cells. Small cells in the cochlea, occur- ring in a single layer in the basilar membrane. B.'s Crystals, peculiar microscopic crystals formed by adding a drop of a one per cent, solution of phos- phate of ammonia to a drop of prostatic secretion. They are composed of a phosphate formed from a base that exists in prostatic fluid, and that is sup- posed to impart to it its peculiar odor. B.'s Test. See Tests, 7 able of. Botteker's Test. See Tests, Table of. Bottger's Test. See Tests, Table of. Bottini's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Bottle (bot'-l) \M'E.,botel; ¥r., bouteille']. A vessel, usually of glass, with a narrow neck. B., Feeding, a flat flask with a nipple of India-rubber attached, used for feeding infants. B. Nose, a common name for Acne rosacea. B., Specific Gravity, a Florence flask graduated to contain 500-IOOO grains of water, with the weight of which an equal volume of any other liquid may be compared. B. -stoop, in pharmacy, a block so grooved that it serves to hold a wide-mouthed bottle in an oblique position while a powder is being dispensed from it. B.-wax, a hard, stiff variety of wa.x used in sealing bottles. Botts [botz). See Bot. Botulinic Acid (^bot-u-lin' -ik as' -id) \botulus, a sau- sage]. An acid asserted to exist in putrefying sau- sages, and to constitute their specific poison. Botulism (bot'-H-lizm), Botulismus (bot-u-liz'-miis) [^(j/«/«^, a sausage] . Sausage-poisoning. See Allan- tiasis, Blimzen, and Allanto-toxicon. Bouchard's Diet. .See Treatment , Methods of. B.'s Method. See Treatment, Methods of. B.'s Nod- ules, nodules appearing upon the phalangeal joints of the hands of persons suffering with gastrectasis. Bouchut's Tubes. A variety of tubes for intubation of the larynx. Bougard's Paste. A caustic paste containing bichlorid of mercury, chlorid of zinc, arsenic, cinnabar, starch, and wheat flour. It is used as an application to carcinoma. Bougie (boo-zhe') [Fr., a candle]. A slender, cylin- drical instrument made of waxed silk, catgut, etc., for introduction into the urethra or other passage, for the purpose of dilation, exploration, etc. Some- times bougies are covered with preparations that are thus conveyed to the inner mucous surfaces. B., Armed, a bougie with a piece of nitrate of silver or other caustic attached to its extremity. B., Filiform, a whalebone or other bougie of very small size. Bouhou (boo-hoo'). See Boohoo. Bouillaud's Disease. .See Endocarditis , and Diseases, Table of. Bouillon (boo-c-yon'(g)) [Fr.]. An alimentary broth made by boiling meat, usually beef, in water. A soup. Also a liquid nutritive medium made by boiling meat, for the culture of microorganisms. Peptonized bouil- lons and solutions of powdered meats have also been used. B. of Liebig, made by dissolving Liebig's meat extract, 5 grams, in boiling water, 100 grams, neutralizing with bicarbonate of soda and filtering. Its nutritive value is increased by adding glucose. Bouisson's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Bouknemia (book-ne' -ine-ah). Synonym of Elephan- tiasis arabitm. Boulesis (boo-le'-sis). See Bulesis. Boulimia (boo-lim'-e-ah). See Bulimia. Boulopeithia (boo-lo-pi'-the-ah). See Bulopeithia. Boulton's Solution. A solution used in the form of a spray in the treatment of rhinitis. Its formula is, com- pound tincture of iodin TTLxx ; carbolic acid (cryst.), rr\^vj ; glycerin, 3 vij ; distilled water, J v. This is placed in a water bath at 100°, in a tightly-corked bottle until the solution becomes colorless, and is then filtered. Bouquet (boo-ka') [Fr.]. I. In anatomy, a cluster, of nerves, blood-vessels, or muscles. 2. The delicate BOURDIN'S PASTE 231 BRACHIONIGRAPH perfume and flavor of good wine. 3. The odor charac- teristic of a disease. B. of Riolan, the cluster of ligaments and muscles attached to the styloid process. Bourdin's Paste. A mixture of nitric acid with flow- ers of sulphur; used as an escharotic. Bourdonnement {boor-don-monyg)') [Fr., bciirdon- ner, to biizz\. Any buzzing sound. The murmur that is heard when the stethoscope is applied to any part of the body. It is thought to result from con- traction of the muscular fibrillas. See, also, Bo/iibics. Boutha {Iwo' -tliali). A non-alcoholic, stimulating, aer- ated beverage, containing thein; proprietary. Bouton [boo-iomg)') [Kr.]. I. A bud or bulb. 2. A pimple. B. d'Alep, the Aleppo button or boil. See Furwicidus orientalis. B. de Biskra. See Fiintn- culus orientalis. Boutons Terminals. Small terminal enlargements or tactile-cells of sensory nerves, as in the nose of the guinea pig and mole. Boutonniere Operations. See Operations , Table of. Bovet, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. Bovey Coal {ho'-ve kol). See Lignite. Bovina Fames [bo-vi'-fiak fa'-mez) [L.]. Bovine hunger ; bulimia. Bovine (l>o'-viii) [bovinus, of an ox]. Ox-like. B. Heart, the immensely hypertrophied heart of aortic valvular disease. B. Hunger. See Bovina Fames. Bovinine (bo'-vin-in') \bos , bovis , oy.\ A propriet- ary preparation of beef used as a food for invalids and convalescents. 'Zov\&Xs. [bo-vis' -tall) [L.]. I. A genus of fungi closely allied to Lycoperdon ; some of the species are edible. 2. The Lycoperdon bovista, a fungus or puff-ball. When dry it is a good styptic, and its tincture is used for nervous diseases. It is chiefly employed by homeo- pathists. Bow (^(?) [ME., bowel. A bending. B. -drill, a kind of drill worked by a bow and string, formerly em- ployed in lithotripsy. B.-leg,a bending outward of the lower limbs. See Genu varum. Bowditch Island Ringworm. See Tinea imbricata. Bowels {how'-elz) [ME., bowele : (^(j/f/Z/w, a sausage] . The intestines. Bowman's Capsule. The hyaline membrane that forms the wall of the enlargement at the origin of a uriniferous tubule. Same as Malpig- hian Capsule. B. Discs, the pro- ducts of a break- ing up of muscle- fibers in the direc- tion of the trans- verse striations. These correspond to the discs of principal sub- stance''^ of Dobie. B. Glands. See Gland. B. La- mellae of the Cor- nea. See Mem- brane of Descemet. B. Membrane, a thin homogeneous membrane repre- senting the upper- most layer of the stroma of the cor- nea, with which it is intimately connected Bowman's Capsule anh Glomerulus. Vas afferens. e. Vas efferens. c. Capillary network of the cor- tex, k. Endothelium of the cap- sule, h. Origin of a convoluted tubule. {After Landois.) B. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. B. Operations. See Operations, Table of. B. Physic. See Gillenia. B. Probe. See Lachrymal. B. Root. See Gillenia. B. Tubes, artificial passages made by forcing air or fluids be- tween the corneal lamellce. Box, Boxwood [boks, boks' -wood). See Buxus. B.- berry, a popular name for Gaultheria procumbens. B. Plate, a metallic plate with an air-tight chamber, used as an obturator, or in connection with artificial teeth, for the replacement of the loss of natural struc- ture. See Raised Base. B. Pulse-measurer, an instrument for measuring the pulse by its action upon a column of liquid when the exposed artery is placed within an oblong box communicating with the column. Boyer's Apparatus. An apparatus for reducing frac- tures of the humerus ; it is composed of four splints and two spiral bandages, one within and one around the splints. B. Bandage. See Bandage. B. Cyst. See Diseases, Table of. B. Splint. See B.' s Apparatus. Boyle's Law. See Laiu. B. Ventilator. See Ven- tilation. Boynton's Method. See Operations, Table of. B. Treatment. See Treatment , Methods of. Bozeman's Apparatus. A wooden framework intended to hold a patient in the knee-elbow posture in the operation for vesico-vaginal fistula. B. Catheter, a double-current catheter. B. Operation. See Opera- tions, Table of. Braccate (brak'-dt) [bracce, breeches]. In biology, having the feet completely feathered. Brachelytrous [bra-kel'-it-rus) [^ipaxv^, short ; iXvTpov, a sheath]. In biology, with short elytra or wing- covers. Brachia {bra' -kc-ali). Plural of Brachium. Brachial {bra' -ke-al) \l>racliiiim , the arm]. Pertaining to the arm. B. Artery, the continuation of the axil- lary artery, extending along the inner side of the arm. See Artei-ies, Table of. B. Diplegia. See Paralysis. B. Glands, the lymphatic glands of the arm. .See Gland. B. Plexus, the plexus of the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth cervical and the first dorsal pair of nerves. .See Plexuses, Table of. B. Veins, the veins of the arm that accompany the brachial artery. See Vein. Brachialgia (l>ra-ke-al' -je-ali) [/3^a;)'/(jp, the arm ; aAyof, pain]. Pain or neuralgia in the arm or in the brachial plexus. Brachialis anticus (bra-ke-a' -lis an'-tik-us). See Muscles, Table of. Brachiate [bra' -ke-dt) [brachium, an arm]. Inbiology, possessing arms or branches. Brachinin [bi-ak' -in-in) [/Jpa^j'r, short]. A substance obtained from the Bombardier Beetle, Bracliinus crep- itans, of Europe. It is said to be efficacious against rheumatism. Unof. Brachiocephalic [bra-ke-o-sefal'-ik) [/Spax'iuv, the arm ; K((i>a'Ai/, head']. Pertaining to the ann and the head. B. Artery and Vein, the innominate artery and vein. Brachiocubital (bra-ke-o-ku' -bit-al) {jipax'ii^v, the arm ; cubitus the forearm] . Relating to the arm and forearm ; as the brachio-cubital ligament. ' Brachiocyllosis [bra-ke-o-sil-o'-sis) [jipax'iuv, the arm ; kv'a'/mxjic, a bending]. A crookedness of the arm; also the paralysis that may accompany it. Brachiodermian [bra-ke-o-der'-me-an] \_j3paxiiov, the arm; (Upfia, the skin]. Relating to the skin of the arm. Brachioncus [bra-ke-ong'-kus) [j3paxi(JV, the arm ; oy/iof, a swelling]. Any hard and chronic swelling of the arm. Brachionigraph [bra-ke-on' -ig-raf) [;3papW, the arm ; ■)paax'n,n>, the arm ; radius, a staff]. The supinator radii longus muscle. See Mtiscles, Table of. Brachiorrheuma (bra-ke-o-ru' -mali) [/3pa;i;/(ji', the arm ; pivfia, a flux]. Rheumatism of the arm. Brachiostrophosis {bra-/ct--o-stro-fo'-sis) [/3/ja;i;/uv, the arm ; crrpa/itu', to turn]. A twist or twisted deformity of the arm. Brachiotomy {hra-ke-ot'-o-ine) \_l3paxio>i', the arm ; Toui/, a section]. The surgical or obstetric removal of an arm. Brachiplex [bra' -ke-plcks) ^fipaxii^v, the arm ; plexus, a twining]. The brachial plexus. Brachiplexal [bra-ke-pleks' -al) [/jpa^j'/ui', the arm; plexus, a twining]. Relating to the brachiplex. Brachistocephalic, or Brachistocephalous [bra-kis- to-scf-al' -ik, or bra-kis-to-sef -al-us) \flf)axi'^TOi;, shortest ; Kt(^a\ri, head] . Having an extremely short and very broad head. Brachium [bra'-ke-uiii) \brachium, jipaxii^v, the arm : pi. , Bmchia'\. The arm, especially the upper arm; the arm above the elbow. An extensor process of an organ. B. Cerebri or B. of Optic Lobes, the bands connecting the nates and testes with the optic thalamus. B. Pontis, the brachium of the pons, being also the middle peduncle of the cerebellum. Brachia cerebelli, the peduncles of the cerebellum. Brach-Romberg Symotom. See Signs arid Sympto7HS , Table of. Brachybiotic [brak-e-bi-oi'-ik ) \_^pax'fC, short ; /?'0f , life]. Short-lived. Brachycardia [brak-e-kar^-de-ah). Same as Brady- cardia. Brachycephalia (brak-e-sefa' -le-ah ) [/Jpa^^'fi short ; KstidWij, a head]. The quality of being brachycepha- lic. Brachycephalic (brak-e-sefal' -ik) [/}pa,^i')f, short; Kerak-e-stf'-a-le). See Brachycepha- lia. Brachydactylia {brak-e-dak-til' -e-ali) \jipaxv(;, short : (Sd/c7D/lof, a digit]. Abnormal shortness of the fingers or toes. Brachydactylism (brak-e-dak' -til-izni). See Brachy- dactylia. Brachydactylous {brak-e-dak' -til-us) \_lipaxvQ, short ; SanTvAtii;, a finger]. Pertaining to an abnormal short- ness of the fingers or toes. Brachygnathism [brak-ig' -nath-izm) \fipaxvq, short ; yv(\i)oc, a jaw]. Excess of length of the superior incisive arch, as in a horse. Brachykephalia {brak-e-kefa'-L'-nli). See Brachy- cephalia. Brachymetropia (brak-e-me-tro' -pe-ah) \Jipax^Ki short ; fn-TpKv, a measure ; wi/', the eye]. See Myopia. Brachymetropic (brak-e-me-trop' -ik) \Jipax'v short ; Trduf , foot]. In biology, possessing a short foot or stalk. Brachypterous {brak-ip' -ter-us) [/i/3a,^i'f, short ; Krepoi', a wing]. In biology, short-winged. Brachyrrhinia {brak-e-rin' -e-ah ) [^fipaxvc, short ; pig, a nose]. Abnormal shortness of the nose. Brachysomia [brak-e-so' -me-ali) [/3/«j;tftif, short ; aijfia, body]. Shortness of the body. Brachyurous {brak-e-u' -rus) \_iipc-X'J^j short ; ovpd, tail]. In biology, short-tailed. Bracklet {brak'-let) \bracteola, a thin leaf]. Inbiology, the smaller bract borne on pedicles. Bract {brakt) \_braclea, a thin plate]. In biology, the name of the modified leaves borne on flower-peduncles or at the base of flower-clusters. Bracteole. Same as Bracklet. Bradesthesia {brad-es-the' -ze-ah). See Bradyesthesia. Bradyarthria {brad-e-ar' -ihre-ah)\^jipa6vg ,s\oyi ; apdpov, articulation] . Abnormally slow articulation of words : bradylalia. Bradybolism {brad-ib'-o-lizm) \jipa6hq, slow ; ^aWtiv, to throw]. Same as Brady spermatism. Bradycardia {brad-e-kar' -de-ali) \jipa&vq, slow ; Kap&ia, the heart]. Slow pulse — -the opposite of tachycardia. Bradycauma {brad-e-kazv' -inali) \Jipa&vq, slow ; aavfia, burn: //. , Bradycauinata']. Slow cautery, as with the moxa. Bradycrote {brad' -e-krot) \Jipa6vq, slow ; icpdrog, a beat- ing] . Marked by or relating to slowness of the pulse. Bradycrotic {brad-e-krof -ik) \fipa8hq, slow ; KpoToq, a beating]. Bradycrote. Bradyecoia {brad-e-ek-oi' -ah) \Jipa&v<;, slow ; aKohsip, to hear]. Hardness of hearing. Bradyesthesia {brad-e-es-the' -ze-ali) [/ipafSf'jf, slow ; alaOiini-r^, perception]. Dulness of perception. Bradylalia {brad-e-la' -le-ah) \_^pa&'w;, slow ; 'auKeIv, to talk]. A slow and disordered utterance. Bradylogia {brad-e-lo' -je-ah) [/JpaJ/'f, slow ; 'kbyoq, dis- course]. Bradylalia. Bradymasesis, Bradymassesis {brad-e-mas-e' -sis), or Bradymastesis {brad-e-mas-te' -sis) \Jipa6w, slow ; lxaa>imQ, mastication]. Slow or difficult mastication, especially that seen in general paralysis, or after lesions of the fifth nerve. Bradypepsia {brad-e-pep' -se-ah) \jipa6vq, slow ; TreTpiq, digestion]. Difficult or slow digestion. Bradyphasia {brad-e-fa' -ze-ah) [/ipacSi'f , slow ; -a)iihc'\. A name given to the divisions or ol^shoots of blood-vessels, lymphatics, or nerves, from the trunk or main stem. Branchiae [lirang' -kc-t) \_,ipa)XLa, gills]. The gills of h.shes. Branchial ibrang' -ke-al) \_iipayxi(i-, gills]. Pertaining to branchice. B. Arches. .See Arches. B. Open- ings. See Clefts, Msccral. Branchiostegite [brang-ke-os' -tej-it') [/3p(iy^i;'"> gi^s ; oriyii, a roof]. In biology, that portion of the cara- pace of a crustacean that covers the gills and branchial chamber. Branchireme (Itrang' -kc-rein) \_braiic/iiran'-de). See Spiritus. B. Nose. See Acne rosacea. 'Q\z.ri!&% [brangks) [Gael. , /'ra«((7i, a kind of pillory]. The mumps. Branny [bran'-e) [ME., bran~\. Like bran. B. Kidney. Same as Large White Kidney, q. v. B. Tetter. Synonym of Pityriasis. Brasdor's Operation. See Operations, Table of Brash [brash) \_l)wt.c\\, braaken, to wom.\i\. A common name indicating almost any disorder of the digestive system; any i ash, or eruption ; a short fit of illness. B., Water. See Pyrosis. Brasilin (/);-(z'-z?7-/«) \fAY,.,brasil'\, Cj^Hj^Oj. Brazilin, a coloring-matter found in Brazil-wood and red- wood ; it crystallizes in white, shining needles, and dissolves in alkalies with a carmin-red color on exposure to the air. .See Pigments, Conspectus of. Brass [bras) \JAY,., bras']. An alloy of copper with 25- 40 per cent, of zinc. B. -Founder's Ague. See Ague. Brassica [bras'-ik-ali) [AS., brassiea, cabbage]. A genus of plants, Nat. Order, Cruciferce, including the common cabbage. B. acidulata, sour crout (or Sauer Kraut). B. asperifolia esculenta, the common turnip. B. caulifiora (or florida), the cauliflower. B. cutnana or rubra, the red cabbage. B. napus, the rape plant. B. nigra, the black mustard. B. sativa, the common cabbage. Brassidic Acid [bras-id' -ik). See Acid. Braun's Canal. See Canal. B. Operation. See Operations, Table of. B. Test. See Tests, Table <'/■ Braune [brann). See Brunissure. Braune's Canal. .See Canal. Brawn [braim) [ME., a piece of flesh]. The flesh of a muscle ; well-developed muscles. Brawny [brawn'-e) [ME., brawn, a piece of flesh]. Eleshy ; muscular. B. Induration, pathologic harden- ing and thickening of the tissues. Braxy [braks'-e) [E. dial.]. A terrn applied to cer- tain forms of blood-disease, as anthrax in sheep. Three forms are recognized by shepherds : a, turnip ; b, wet; c, red. B., Red, a form of septicemia in sheep in which the tissues are uniformly stained of a deep- red color by the coloring-matter of the blood. B., Turnip, a form of malnutrition of the blood occur- ring in sheep that are fed on an unlimited supply of roots, particularly of swedes. The attack is sudden in onset, short in duration, and fatal in termination. See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and Davaine, under Bacteria, Svnonyi)iatic Table of. Brayeia [bra-ye'-rah) \_Ft., braye/']. Kousso. Cusso. The female flowers of B. anthclinintica , containing tannic acid, a volatile oil and a crystalline principle, Koussin, CjjH.j^Ojd. In large doses it produces nausea and emesis. It is valuable mainly as an anthelmintic against tapeworm. Dose 3 ij- 555, in infusion of boil- ing water. B., Ext., Fid., dose ^ij-.^ j- Infusum Cusso (B. P.). Dose ,^ iv-viij. Brazilin [hra'-zil-in). See Brasilin. Bread [bred) [Sax., bredan to nourish; Y,iX., panis; Gr., apTof\. A mixture of flour and water made porous by carbon dioxid and then baked. The flour may be of wheat, corn, oat, or rye. The carbon dioxid may be introduced by decomposing an alkaline carbonate (sodium or potassium) , by an acid (" cream of tartar"), or by fermenting the starch with yeast. B., Brown, a kind of bread made from a mixture of corn, rye and wheat flour. B., Graham, made from unbolted wheat flour; it contains more gluten, diastase and mineral phosphates than ordinary bread. B., White, bread made from bolted wheaten flour, and therefore defi- cient in diastase, gluten and mineral phosphates. Other kinds, such as rye (or black), corn, bran, barley, etc. , indicate their composition by their name. B.- jelly, a food of service as an occasional change from mushes, but with a tendency to constipate if given freely. It is prepared by pouring boiling water upon stale bread and allowing it to soak for an hour. The water is then removed, fresh water added, and the whole boiled until a thick mass forms. On pouring off the excess of water and cooling, a jelly-like material re- mains which may be eaten with milk or sugar. B. -mould. See Ascophora. B. -paste, a culture- medium for bacteria. Stale, coarse bread is dried, ground to powder and made into a paste with water. It is well suited for the growth of moulds. Break [briik) [ME., breken, to break]. In electricity, an opening in the circuit of a battery. See Make. In surgery, a fracture. B.-bone Fever. See Dengue. B. Shock, a term sometimes employed in electro- therapeutics for the physiologic shock produced on the opening or breaking of an electric circuit. Breast [brest) [ME., brest,\\\(t breast]. The upper anterior part of the body between the neck and abdo- men. Also, the mamma. B.-bone. See Sternum. B., Broken, abscess of the mammary gland. B., Chicken, Pectus carinatum ; a deformity marked by prominence of the sternal portion of the chest. B. Glass, a glass receptacle for the overflow of milk from the breast. B. Pang, angina pectoris. See ^Vi"- nocardia. B. Pump, 'r^e.e. Antlia. B., Pigeon. Same as B., Chicken. B. Tea, German, a mixture of althea, or marshmallow, eight parts ; coltsfoot leaves, four parts ; liquorice, three parts ; anise and mullein leaves, each two parts; orris, one part : this is called also species pectoralis. Breastweed. See Sauriirus cermats. Breath [breth) [AS., brath]. The air exhaled from the lungs. It has lost a part of its oxygen and gained a certain but varying amount of ammonia, aqueous vapor and carbon dioxid from the oxidation of the waste- matter of the blood. Also applied to the air inspired. B. Sounds, the respiratory sounds heard upon auscultation. In the healthy chest three varieties of respiratory sounds may be recognized : I . Those pro- duced in the glottis, and audible over the lower end of the trachea — tracheal or bronchial breathing. 2. Those produced in the alveoli and audible over the lungs — -,'esicular breathing. 3. Those audible about the roots of the lungs, combining the character of the two preceding — broncho-vesicular breathing. A Table of Breath-Sounds is given on the next page. BREATHING 235 BREGMATO-ANTERIOR TABLE OF BREATH-SOUNDS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. (^Altered and enlarged frotn J. K. Fowler). Variety OF Breathing. Period. 1. Inspira- tion. 2. Expira- tion. Pitch. Quality. Interval Duration. Intensity. Where Heard. Condition in which Heard. Vesicular. Low. Lower. Vesicular. Blowing. None. Shorter than in- spiration or absent. Variable. Faint or ab- sent. Over the lungs, in health. In health. Broncliial. 1. Inspira- tion. 2. Expira- tion. High. Higher. Tracheal. Tracheal. Distinct. Equal to or longer than inspiration. Variable. Greater. In health, over the seventh cervical spine In disease, over areas of consolidation In health; pulmonary tuberculosis, lobar pneu- monia, large pleuritic e ff u si o n s , thoracic a n e u rysm, mediastinal tumors. Broncho- vesicular. 1. Inspira- tion. 2. Expira- tion. Higher than in vesicular breathing. Higher than in vesicular breathing. More or less tracheal. More or less tracheal. Slight. About equal to inspiration. Variable. Greater. In health, ant., over sternal portion of in- fra-clavic. region ; post., upper part of inter-scapular region. In disease, over slight con- solidation. In health; pneumonia, pu Imonary t ubercu lo- sis. Amphoric. 1. Inspira- tion. 2. Expira- tion. Low. Hollow and me- tallic. Both characters more marked. Distinct. Longer than inspiration. Variable. Greater. Over a laige cavity com- mun icating with an open bronchus. Pulmonary tu- berculosis. Cavernous. 1. Inspira- tion. 2. Expira- tion. Low. Lower. Blowing and hollow. Both characters more marked. Distinct. Longer than inspiration. Variable. Greater. Over a cavity communicat- ing with an open bron- chus. P u 1 m o n ary tuberculo- sis. Tubular. 1. Inspira- tion. 2. Expira- tion. Higher than in bronchial breathing. Higher. Laryngeal or whiffing. Laryngeal or whiffing. Distinct. Equal to or longer than inspiration. Variable. Greater. Over consolid- ated areas. Lobar pneu- monia, pul- monary tu- berculosis. Breathing [lirlth' -ing) [AS., brertli^. See Respiration. B., Abdominal, breathing in which the abdominal walls move decidedly and in which the diaphragm is actively engaged. B., Diminished, is the reverse of B. Exaggerated. The normal breath-sound is present, but its intensity is much diminished. It is very fre- quently heard at the apex in the early stage of pulmo- nary tuberculosis. B., Exaggerated, is the normal breath-sound of children, but when occurring in adults, it indicates a compensatory action of one part of the lungs for deficient action elsewhere. It is an exaggerated degree of the normal vesicular breathing. B., Interrupted, Wavy or Cogwheel, a broken or interrupted inspiratory sound produced by nervous- ness, irregular contraction of the muscles of respira- tion, or irregular expansion of the lung from disease. B., Mouth, habitual respiration through the mouth. B., Puerile, i^et B. , Exaggerated. B., Suppressed, entire absence of breath-sounds, as in pleuritic effu- sion and certain solid conditions of the lung. B., Thoracic, respiration in which the thoracic walls are actively moved. Bredsore [bred' -sor) [Vulgar]. A sore coming with- out any visible cause ; a whitlow ; also called Breeder. Breech [brech) [ME., breeeli']. The buttocks. B. Position. See Fetus, Position of. Breeches Splint. A splint that surrounds the leg ; oftenest made of woven wire. Breed [bred) [AS., bredan, to nourish]. To beget, produce ; to nurse ; to develop. Breeder [bred'-er). See Bredsore. Breeding-season [bre'-ding se'-znn) [AS., bredaii, to nourish] . The period during which certain species of animals, especially the lower forms of vertebrates, beget and rear their young. Breeze [brez). See Head-breeze and Statie-breeze. Brefeld and Nagele's Method. See Fractional Cul- tivation. Bregenin [hreg' -en-in) [Low Ger. , bregen, brain], CjijHg^NO-. A name given by Thudichum to a vis- cous principle, soluble in and crystallizable from alcohol, by means of which it has been extracted from brain-tissue. It is fusible like a fat, but is miscible with water. Bregma [breg' -niah) [l-lph///a, the sinciput : //., Breg- mata\ A term applied to the anterior fontanelle. See Cratziornetric Points. Bregmatic [breg- mat' -ik) [(3pe}iJ.a, the sinciput]. Re- lating to a bregma. Bregmato-anterior [breg' -mat-o-an-te' -j-e-or) \_jip(-}fia, the sinciput; anterius, front]. Having the bregma in the anterior portion of the mother's pelvis ; applied to the presentation in labor. BREGMATO-COTYLOID 236 BRIGHT' S DISEASE Bregmato-cotyloid (breg' -mat-o-kot' -il-oid) \jipkyiLa, the sinciput; kot'vAii, a. socket; eldoi', fomi]. With the bregma toward the cotyloid depression (acetabu- lum) of the mother's pelvis ; a term used in obstetrics. Bregmatodymia (breg-mat-o-dim' -c-ah) \fii)Cyy.a, the sinciput ; 6i6v/xog, twin]. Teratic union of twins by the bregmata. Bregmato-lambdoid Arc (hrcg' -mat-o-latn' -doid a>-k). See Arc. Bregmato-posterior (breg' -»iat-o-pos-te' -}-e-or) \_(ipe-)'/xa, the sinciput; posterius, backward]. Having the bregma toward the rear of the mother's pelvis ; a term used in obstetrics. Bremen [brem'-en) [Ger.]. A town in Germany. B. Blue. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pig??ient. B. Green. See Conspectus of Figments, under Fig- ment. Bremond's Method. See Treatment, Methods of Brenner's Formula. The feeble tone heard when the anode is opened in galvanic stimulation of the auditory nerve. This tone corresponds with the reson- ance fundamental tone of the sound-conducting appar- atus of the ear itself. Brenzcatechinsulphuric Acid {brenz-kat-e-kin-sul- fu'-rik). See Acid. Brephalus {bref'-al-us) [/3pf0of , the new-born babe or young]. In biology, applied to the young of a crustacean just as it quits the ovum, in whatever stage. Bates's substitute for larva. Brephopolysarcia (brefo-pol-e-sar' -ke-ah) [/Jpe^of, an infant; -o/.rr, much ; aiip^, flesh]. Excess of flesh in an infant. Brephotrophium (brefo-tro-fe' - um) \_ftpe.]. The extensor brevis digitorum. See Muscles, Table of. Brevicaudate (hrev-e-kazv' -ddt) \lirevis, short ; cauda, tail]. In biology, short-tailed. Breviductor (brev-e-duk'-for) [L.], The adductor brevis muscle of the thigh. See Muscles, Table of. Breviflexor [brev-efleks' -or) [L.]. Any short, flexor muscle. Brevifoliate (brev-e-fo' -le-at) \brevis, short ; folium, a leaf]. In biology, short-leaved. Brevilingual {brev-e-ling' -giijal) \_brevis, short ; lingua, a tongue]. In biology, short-tongued. Breviped \brev' -e-ped) [brei'is, short; pes, a foot]. In biology, short- footed. Brevipen (brev'-e-pen) \hrevis, short; penna, a wing]. In biology, short- winged. Brevirostrate (brev-e-ros'-trat) [/';-<»z'/.r, short ; rostrum, a beak. In biology, short-billed. Brevissimus oculi (hrev-iz' -em-us ok'-u-li) [L.]. The shortest muscle of the eye ; the obliquus inferior. See Muscles, Table of Brewcke's Test. See Tests, Table of. Bnan9on Manna (bi-e-an-sdn' man'-ali). A kind of manna from the twigs of the European larch-tree. Bribosia's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Brick-Dust Deposit {brik'-dust de-pos' -it). A lateriti- ous sediment from urine. Bricklayers' Itch (brik-la'-erz ich). Eczema due to irritation of lime mortar. Brick-makers' Anemia. See Anchylostomiasis. 'BxYdL^e {hrij)\W^.,brigge\ I. The upper ridge of the nose formed by the union of the two nasal bones. 2. In electricity, an apparatus for measuring the resist- ance of a conductor. B. Coloboma. See Coloboma. B., Herpetic, a tenn for Fascicular Keratitis, q. v. B. of Nose, the prominent ridge formed by the nasal bones. B. of Varolius, the pons Varolii. B.-Work, in dentistry, the adaptation of artificial crowns of teeth to and over spaces made by the loss of natural teeth, by connecting such crowns to natural teeth or roots for anchorage by means of a bridge, and thereby dispensing with plates covering more or less of the roof of the mouth and the alveolar ridge. Bridle {bri'-dl) {WY.., bridel\ I. A Frenum, q.v. 2. A band or filament stretching across the lumen of a passage, or from side to side of an ulcer, scar, or ab- scess. B. Stricture, a stricture due to the presence of a bridle traversing the caliber of the urethra. Brieger, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. B.'s Method, a method of separating ptomaines from a putrefying mass. Briggs's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Brightic [brit'-ik) \_Bright, an English physician]. A person suffering from Bright's disease. Bright's Disease (brits dis-ez') \_Bright, an English physician]. A name formerly incorrectly used as a synonym of albuminuria, and at present covering several forms of disease of the kidney associated with albumin in the urine. It may be acute [acute parenchy- matous 7iephritis) or chronic (which includes chronic parenchvmatous nephritis, granular contraction of the kidneys, and albuminoid degeneration of the kidneys). Bright's disease is considered by Fothergill as a secondary condition arising from a tendency to- ward the reversion to that preanthropic type in which the liver performed the additional office of excreting uric acid. Acute Bright's Disease is sudden in its onset, and is associated with chills, headache, back- ache, vomiting, and edema, especially marked in the eyelids and the cheeks. The urine is scanty or even suppressed, of a dark, smoky hue, and contains a large amount of albumin, and blood. Microscopically, blood- corpuscles, renal epithelium, debris, and hyalin, epi- thelial, and blood-casts are found, and occasionally, also, granular casts. Occasionally the glomeruli of the kidney are the seat of the most marked changes, and to this condition the term " glomerulo-neph7-itis," has been given. The most frequent cause of acute Bright's disease is exposure to cold. It is often a com- plication of the specific fevers, especially scarlet fever. Death frequently results from uremia or cardiac failure, or the disease may assume a chronic form. Chronic Bright's Disease embraces, as has been said, three distinct diseases of the kidney. Chronic parenchy- Diatous nephritis, usually following an acute at- tack, is also known as chronic tubal and -chronic desquamative nephritis, and from its size and pallor, the kidney resulting from the disease is called the " large white kidncv," The capsule peels off readily and leaves a smooth or very slightly granular sur- face. The tubules are most involved in the change ; they are enlarged and distended with proliferated and swollen epithelial cells. There is some thick- ening of the interstitial tissue, as a rule. This large kidney is prone to undergo degenerative changes, the protoplasm of the cells in the tubules break- ing down into an amorphous debris. The kidney shrinks, and at the same time undergoes an increase in the interstitial tissue, forming what is known as the " small white kidney.'''' Granular contraction of the kidney is also known as chronic interstitial nephritis. BRILLIANT 237 BROMAMID and the kidney resulting is called the " small red granular kidney,^'' the " red contracted kidney,^'' and at times the "-^ gouty kidney'''' or the " arterio- sclerotic kidney. ' ' This kidney is usually much di- minished in size and weight ; the capsule is greatly thickened and adherent, so that it cannot be removed without tearing the kidney-tissue. The renal sub- stance is reddish, granular, with small cysts, and firm on section. Microscopically, there is found a great increase in the interstitial tissue, reducing the caliber of the tubules. This excess of fibrous tissue has given origin to the name ' ' cirrhotic kidney,''' and this fonn of Bright' s disease is frequently associated with gout, syphilis, chronic lead-poisoning, or alcoholic excess. Albuminoid degeneration of the kidneys is also known as the amyloid, waxy, or lardaceous kidney. This kidney is enlarged and quite pale ; its consistence is firm, and the section has a peculiar, glistening, bacon- like appearance. The glomeruli stand out as bright points upon the surface ; the capsule peels off easily and leaves a smooth surface. lodin applied to the surface of the section turns the diseased portions a mahogany-brown color. The change in this disease is most marked in the glomeruli and the blood-vessel walls, but may be found elsewhere ; it is most fre- quently due to prolonged suppuration, bone and joint disease, tuberculosis, syphilis, malaria, and mercurial poisoning. The onset of chronic Bright' s disease is usually insidious, and may only be indicated by slight puffiness of the eyelids or the ankles, shortness of breath, dull and persistent headache, disorder of vision and hebetude. The pulse is one of high arterial ten- sion, and there is hypertrophy of the left ventricle of the heart, especially in the case of the contracted kidney; there is frequent micturition, progressive anemia, dryness of the skin, indigestion, and a ten- dency to uremia. The urine is always scanty with the large white kidney, but abundant with the other forms of the disease. The specific gravity and the reaction vary ; occasionally there may be present a small quantity of blood, and albumin is always present at some period in chronic Bright' s disease. The quantity of albumin is very large in the large white and amy- loid kidneys ; very slight in the contracted form. Mi- croscopically, the urine contains renal epithelium, granular and fatty matter, and tube-casts. The latter are most plentiful in the large white kidney, but are never so numerous as in acute nephritis ; they are granular, fatty, and hyaline in nature. A frequent symptom of chronic Bright' s disease is the so-called " albuminuric retinitis,''' in which condition there are ecchymoses of the retina, together with white glisten- ing spots, most numerous near the macula lutea, and frequently arranged in lines like the radiations from a star. This is diagnostic of chronic renal disease. The prognosis of chronic Bright' s disease is bad, death eventually resulting from uremia or apoplexy. Brilliant {bril'-yant) [Fr.]. Bright, glittering. B. Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. B. Yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Brim (brim) [ME., brim\ An edge or margin. B. of Pelvis. See Pelvis. Brimstone (britn' -stmi). See Sulphur. Brine Test. See Tests, Table of. Brinton's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Briquet's Ataxia. See Ataxia, and Diseases, fable of. Briquettes [brik-etz'). See Pitch. Brise-coque [brez'-kok) [Fr. , ".shell-breaker"]. An instrument for crushing the shell of a calculus after its inner part has been pulverized. Brisement [brez-tnon [g)' ) [Fr. ]. A crushing; the forcible breaking up of an ankylosis. Brise-pierre (brez'-pe-ar') [Fr. , "stone-crusher"]. An old form of lithotrite. Bristle [bris'-l) [ME., bristel'\. In biology, a stiff, coarse hair on certain animals and plants. A stiff feather. B.-cell, any one of the ciliated cells at the terminations of the auditory nerve-filaments. B., Den- tist's. See Nerve-Bristles. British (/t/V'-zj/;) , Britanni , the original inhabit- ants of Britain]. Of or pertaining to Great Britain. B. Gum. See Dextrin. B. Oil, a mixture of petroleum, Barbadoes tar, oil of amber, oil of juniper, oil of turpentine and linseed oil ; it is prized as a domestic remedy. Unof. Broach, Watchmaker's [brooch). A five-sided steel instrument used by dentists for enlarging the canal in the root, and the opening into a decayed cavity in the crown of a tooth. 'BToa.A. [brod) [ME., broody. Wide; extensive. B. Land Irrigation. See Seiuage, Disposal of. B.- leafed Laurel. See Kalniia. B. Ligament. See Liganwnt. B. Tapeworm. See Bothriocephalus latus. Broca, " Grand Lobe Limbique " of. The cortical cerebral convolution formed by the continuation of the gyrus hippocampi with the gyrus fornicatzts. This should not be confused with " Broca' s Convolution," i. e., the third left frontal. Broca's Angles. See Angle. B. Aphasia. See Dis- eases, Table of. B. Area, the speech-center of the frontal convolution. B. Auricular Point, the cen- ter of the external auditory meatus. B. Center. See Center. B. Convolution. See Convolutions, Table of. B. Fissure. See Fissures, Table of. B. Plane, the alveolo-condyloid plane. A line passing from the alveolar process of the superior maxilla and through the lowest part (condyles) of the occipital bone, the shaven head being so placed that this line shall be horizontal. This is employed in cranio- cerebral topography. B. Speech-center, the folded part of the base of the third frontal gyrus. Brochus (liro'-kus) [L.]. A person whose teeth pro- ject, or one who has a prominent upper lip. Brocq's Pomade. A pomade used in lupus erythe- matosus. It consists of salicylic and lactic acids, each 3 ss ; resorcin, grs. xiv ; oxid of zinc, pure vaselin, 3 xvij. Brodie's Disease. '^^a.vtx&^A Brodie' s Knee. B. Knee. See Diseases, Table of. Brokaw Ring [brok'-aw ring). A ring used in intes- tinal anastomosis, made of segments of rubber drain- age-tubing and threaded with catgut strands. Broken [AS. to break]. In surgery, fractured, as a bone. B. Breast, abscess of the mammary gland. B. Wind, B. -winded, in farriery, a term applied to a condition of heart-strain following severe muscular effort. It is characterized by par- oxysms of cardiac dyspnea. See Heaves. B.-wing Fever. Synonym of Dengue. Bromal (In-o'-mal) [Ppu/ioc, a stench,; aldehyd'], CBr.i.CHO. Tribromaldehyd, analogous to chloral. It is produced by the action of bromin on alcohol. It is a colorless, oily fluid, of a penetrating odor, and sharp burning taste, boiling at I72°-I73° ; it has been used in medicine, having properties similar to those of chloral. B. Hydrate, CBr.,.CHO -4- H,,0, a fluid of oily consistence, having a structure similar to that of chloral hydrate, but more irritating and narcotic than the latter. It is used as a hypnotic and in epilepsy. Dose gr. j-v. Unof. Bromamid {bro'-mam-id) ^jSpa/ioc, a stench; amid'\. A bromin compound of the anilid group with the formula, CflH2Br3NH.HBr. It contains 75 per cent. BROMANIL 238 BRONCHIECTASIS of bromin, and is much used as an antipyretic, in lo- to 1 5 -grain doses. Bromanil {bro' -niati-il') [/J/jw/ro' -ino-foi-m) \^Ppc)fio(;, a stench ; forma, form], CHBr.j. A bromid having a structure like that of chloroform, CHCl.; ; it is an active anesthetic. Its use is not followed by voiniting. It causes irrita- tion of the conjunctiva and respiratory organs. It is used in whooping-cough in doses of gtt. ij-v in a mix- ture of wine and water. Unof. Bromography {l>ro-iiiog' -ra-fe). Same as Bromatog- raphy. Bromoiodism (bro-mo-i' -o-dizm) \_Bromism ; iodism'\. Poisoning by bromin and iodin compounds together. Bromol (^z-iZ-wo/), CgH.^Br.jOH. Tribromophenol ; an antiseptic substance used in the fomiof a powder, solu- tion (I : 30 olive oil), or ointment (I : 10). Internally it is used in cholera infantum and typhoid fever. Dose gr- To-¥- Unof. Bronchadenitis {brongk-ad-en-i' -tis) \fip6yxia, the bronchial tubes; ixdiiv, gland; /nf, inflammation]. Inflammatiori of the bronchial lymphatic glands. Bronchaphrosia [brongk-af-ro' -ze-ah^ [^l3p6}x'-a, bron- chial tubes; a(j>p6(;, foam]. Obstruction due to the presence of froth in the bronchioles. Bronchi (broiig'-ki) \_pp6yxoiy the windpipe]. The two tubes into which the trachea divides opposite the third dorsal vertebra, called respectively the right and the left bronchus. Bronchia {brotig'-kc-ah) [/ipfSj'jof, the windpipe]. The bronchial tubes, especially those that are smaller than the two bronchi. Bronchial [brong'-ke-al) \_flpoyX'^Q^ windpipe]. Relating to the bronchi or to their branches, or to the smaller air-passages in the lungs. B. Arteries, branches of the thoracic aorta, three or four in num- ber. They are the nutrient vessels of the lungs. See Arteries, Table of. B. Catarrh, the simplest form of acute inflammation of the bronchi. It is the so-called '■'■cold on the chest.''' The feeling of oppression and constriction, with slight mucous discharge, is due to hyperemia and swelling of the mucous membrane of the larger bronchi. B. Fluke. -See Distoma ringeri. B. Glands, the chain of glands running beside the bronchi. They frequently undergo pathologic enlarge- ment and give rise to a group of symptoms — cough, pain, spasmodic dyspnea, dysphagia, and change in the voice. The enlargement is usually tuberculous in nature. Bronchiectasis [In-oug-ke-ek' -tas-is) [/3po}';t^of , the windpipe ; tKTanii;, dilatation]. A term denoting the dilatation or relaxation of the walls of the bronchi, arising from inflammation and other causes. It is very rare as a primary condition, but is frequently associated with some chronic pulmonary disease. It occurs most frequently in pulmonary tuberculosis at the apex of the lung, but is also frequently seen in the bronchi at the base of the lung. It may involve a tube uniformly for some distance, producing the cylin- drical form ; or it may occur irregularly in sacs or pockets, the sacculated form. If the whole lung be involved in the change we have produced the so-called turtle lung. The characteristic symptom of bron- chiectasis is paroxysmal coughing, with the expectora- tion of large quantities of muco-jiurulent, often fetid. BRONCHIOCELE 239 BRONCHUS matter. Cavernous breathing will be heard over the dilated tubes. Bronchiocele (prong' -kc-o-sel^ \_broncliioltis, a little air passage; KifXi), tumor]. A swelling or dilatation of a bronchiole. Bronchiole (hroiig' -ke-bl) [dim. of bnmchiis\. One of the smallest subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchiolitis [bron-ke-o-li' -tis) \broitcIiiolus, a little bronchus; inflammation]. Inflammation of the bronchioles. B. exudativa, an inflammation of the bronchioles, with exudation. Curschmann's theory of the production of bronchial asthma. Bronchiostenosis ( brong-ke-o-ste-7to' -sis ) [ Ppdyx'K, the windpipe; arevog, narrow]. Contraction of a bronchus or of any one or more of the bronchial tubes. Bronchitic (brong-kif -ik) \jip6yxo<;, the Windpipe]. Relating to, of the nature of, or affected with, bronchitis. Bronchitis (brong-ki' -tis) [/Spoy^of, the windpipe ; ni^, inflammation]. Inflammation of the mucous mem- brane that lines the bronchial tubes. It is usually attended with soreness, cough, alteration of the voice, and febrile symptoms. B., Acute, a severe form of simple bronchial catarrh. It is the initiatory stage of the other forms of the disease, and is usually the re- sult of a chill, though it may be associated with some other disease, as the exanthemata, and affections of the kidney and heart. Sibilant and sonorous rhonchi and bubbling rales may be heard on auscultation. B., Acute Capillary, a variety in which there is an involvement of the minute tubes of the lung. It is most frequently met with in children, usually secon- darily to other diseases of the lung or other organs. The symptoms are urgent— dyspnea, short, irritating cough, nervous depr^sion, and excited action of the heart. Collapse of portions of the lung frequently occurs, and the patient may die of asphyxia and ex- treme exhaustion. B., Catarrhal, a form attended with profuse muco-purulent discharges. B., Chronic, a form occurring either as an independent disease or as the result of repeated attacks of the acute variety. It is generally associated with organic changes in the lungs and other organs, such as emphysema, bronchiec- tasis, pulmonary tuberculosis and pleurisy. Occurring in old people, it produces the well-known " 7vinter cotigh " of the aged. B., Croupous, Fibrinous, or Plastic, a rare variety attended with the expectora- tion of casts of the bronchial tubes, after a paroxysm of dyspnea and violent coughing. The casts are fibrinous in nature, hollow, yellowish-white, and vary froifi one to seven inches in length. This form of bronchitis is usually seen in males, and be- tween the ages of ten and thirty. B., Mechanical, or Potter's, a form caused by the inhalation of dust, etc. B., Potter's. B., Mechanical. B., Putrid, or Fetid, a variety of chronic bronchitis characterized by the discharge of a copious, half-liquid, extremely offensive sputum. The peculiar odor is thought to be due to a microorganism, especially to a short, slightly- curved bacillus described by Lumnitzer. B., Sum- mer. Synonymous wdth Ilay Fevct\ q. v. Bronchlemmitis [brong-kkiii-i' -tis) [/J/J"} ;t:of , the wind- pipe ; Af/^//a, a skin]. Croupous bronchitis. Bronchoaegophony {hro7ig-ko-e-goff' -o-ne). See Bron- cltoegophony- Bronchocele [brong' -ko-sel, or -se'-le) \pp6yxoc., the windpipe; /i7//i?/, a tumor]. See Goiter. Bronchocephalitis (J>rong-ko-sef-al-i' -tis). Synonym of Whooping-cough . Bronchoegophony {l)roug-ko-e-goff' -o-ne) [/3/}0}';fof, the windpipe; aif, a goat; ipuj'?/, a voice, sound]. Bronchophony combined with egophony. Broncholemmitis {brong-ko-lem-i' -tis). See Bronch- Icnunitis. Broncholith (brong' -ko-litJi) [,Jpo;-,^-of , the windpipe ; XSq^, a stone]. A calculus or concretion formed in a bronchial tube. Bronchomycosis (hrong-ko-ini-ko' -sis) yipoyxog, the windpipe; /ii'/»7/(;, a fungus] . The growth or presence of fungi in a bronchial tube. Bronchopathy (brong-kop' -a-the) \_^7Myxoi, the wind- pipe ; TTattog, disease]. Any disease of the air- passages. Bronchophonic (brong-ko-fon' -ik) \Jipoyxoc, the wind- pipe ; ijiufij, a voice]. Relating to bronchophony. Bronchophony (l>rong-koff' -o-ne) \_jip6yxog, the wind- pipe ; (fiuvr/, the voice]. The resonance of the voice within the bronchi as heard through the stethoscope. It is normally present over the lower cervical spines, in the upper inter-scapular region, and over the sternal portion of the infra-clavicular regions. B., Whis- pered, bronchophony elicited by causing the patient to whisper. Bronchophthisis ( brong-ko-thi' -sis ) \fip6yxcK, the windpipe; (li8l(7i(;, a wasting]. Pulmonary tubercu- losis characterized by extensive lesions of the bron- chial tubes. Bronchophyma (brong-ko-fi' -mah) {fipoyx'^Zt the air- passage ; (lihfia, a growth]. Any growth, as a tuber- cle, in a bronchial tube. Bronchoplasty (brong' -ko-plas-te) \fipbyxoq, the tra- chea ; TrAflffCTf/i', to form]. The surgical closure of a tracheal fissure or fistula. Broncho-pneumonia (brong-ko-nii-nio' -ne-ah) [/3pO}- Xoq, the windpipe; ttviv/uuv, the lung]. Lobular pneumonia, a term applied to inflammation of the lungs, which, beginning in the bronchi, finally in- volves the parenchyma of the lungs. This disease is most frequently encountered in children, but may occur in old age. Three varieties are described: I. A simple, acute form, following a severe bronchial catarrh. 2. A secondary form, occurring after whoop- ing-cough or some general febrile infective disease. 3. A rare suppurative form, with the formation of abscesses throughout the lung. The patient suffering with broncho-pneumonia presents the following symp- toms: dyspnea, cough, fever, often high, restlessness, and occasionally marked cerebral symptoms. If con- valescence be not properly guarded relapses are likely to occur. The physical signs vary greatly, and are often not marked. The course of the disease is generally chronic, and the prognosis must be guarded. Bronchorrhagia (brong-kor-a' -je-ah) [/3/)0}xof, the bronchus ; priyvvvat, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the air-passages. Bronchorrhea (broiig-kor-e'-ah) \_pp6yxoZy the bron- chus ; pieiv, to flow] . A form of bronchitis attended with profuse expectoration. Bronchostenosis (brong-ho-ste-no'-sis) [/5/)d; ,\'0f , the windpipe ; crevog, narrow]. Contraction of a bronchus. Bronchotome (brong'-ko-tom) \_l3p6yxoi;, the windpipe; Ti/jvetv, to cut]. An instrument for cutting the larynx or trachea in the operation of bronchotomy. Bronchotomy (hrotig-kof -o-nie) [/3po>'jof, bronchus; TEiiveiv, to cut]. A surgical cutting-operation upon the bronchus, larynx, or trachea. Broncho-tracheal (brong-ko-tra' -ke-al) \_iipoyxoQ, the bronchus; Tpax^^'ia, the windpipe]. Relating to a bronchus (or to both bronchi) and to the trachea. Broncho-vesicular (bron-ko-ves-ik'-u-lar) [/'Jpd; jor, the bronchus ; vesictila, a vesicle]. Both bronchial and vesicular. See Breath-Sounds, Table of. Bronchus (brong' -kits). See Bronchi. BRONSON'S METHOD 240 BRUIT Bronson's Method. See Treatment, MeiJwds of . Bronze (bro)iz) [_i>roi!ziiii?i , bronze]. An alloy of cop- per and tin. B. John, a popular term for Yello7o Fever, q. v. B. Liver, a dark reddish-brown or olive-black color of the liver, seen in post-mortem ex- aminations of certain cases of chronic malarial poisoning. Bronzed [l>ronzd) \_broiiziuni, bronze]. Tanned; of a bronzed color. B. Skin, a symptom of Addison's Disease. B. -skin Disease. 'Ate Addison'' s Disease. Brood [brood) [}A}L., l>rood~\. In biology, offspring ; progeny. B. -cells, in cell-division, the mother- cells inclosing the daughter-cells. B.-food, a highly nitrogenous tissue-forming pap, derived by bees from pollen by digestion. Brooke's Ointment. An ointment for treating lupus. It is composed of oxid of zinc and powdered starch each % ounce; white vaseline )^ ounce; hyd. oleatis (five per cent.) one ounce; salicylic acid 20 grains; ichthyol 20 minims ; oil of lavender q. s. ; enough red Armenian bole and raw umber may be added to match the color of the skin. Broom [i>roo/ii). See Scopariiis. Brosimum (bro'-sim-um) [/Spiic/f , food]. A genus of moraceous trees of S. America. B. galactoden- dron, the Venezuelan cow-tree ; its milky sap is nutritious, and yields both a cheesy food and a wax iygalactiii) serviceable for candles. Broth [broth). See Bouilloti. Brother Ulcer [hruth'-er ul'-ser). See Donda Ndugu. Brousnika [broos' -ne-kah ) [Rus.]. The berries of red whortleberry, red bilberry ( \'acci)i{um vitis idiva), used in the form of a decoction in Russia for the relief of rheumatic affections. Unof. Broussaisism [brils-a' -izm) \_Brmissais, a French phy- sician]. The physiologic, pathologic, and therapeutic doctrines taught by J. V. Broussais. Broussaism [brus-a' -izm). See Broussaisism. Brow [brow) [ME., //roTi't']. The forehead ; the upper anterior portion of the head. B.-Ague, neuralgia of the first division of the fifth cranial nerve, com- monly met with in malarious districts, though at times occurring independently of such surroundings, and then dependent upon some diathesis, especially the gouty. B. Presentation, presentation of the fetal brow in labor. See Fetus, Position of. Brown [broion) [ME., bro'iiin'\. A dark reddish-yel- low color. B. Atrophy, an atrophy of a tissue asso- ciated with a deposit therein of a brown or yellow pigment. B.Coal. See Coal a.nia, bryony]. A precipitate from the tincture of Bryonia alba ; useful as a hydra- gogue, and in rheumatism and bronchial affections. Dose gr. Unof. See Bryonia. Dose as a drastic purgative, gr. ],'(>-/{■ Bryony (bri'-o-ne). See Bryonia. B. Black. See Ta/nus. Bryoplastic (bri-oplas' -111?) \jipvov, moss ; Tr'Aaaaew, to form]. A descriptive term loosely applied to such abnormal growths of tissue as resemble vegetable forms. Bryoretin (bri-o-re' -tin) \jipvm>'ia, bryony ; 'pr/Tivrj, resin]. A resin-like substance obtainable from the glucosid bryonin. Bubaline (bti' -bal-in) \bubalinus, pertaining to the bubalus, buffalo]. In biology, resembling or pertain- ing to the buffalo. Bubby (bub'-e) [E. dial.]. I. A vulgar name for the mamma. 2. A local name for Calycanthus florid us. Bubo (bii'-bo) [Bnvjicjv, the groin]. Inflammation and swelling of a lymphatic gland, properly and generally of the groin, and usually following chancroid, gon- orrhea or syphilitic infection. B., Parotid. See Parotitis. B., Primary, a slight adenitis of the groin due to mechanical irritation, or other cause; formerly supposed to be due to syphilis without a chancre having preceded. B., Sympathetic, one caused by irritation, friction, injury, etc., and not arising from an infectious disease. Bubonadenitis (bu-bon-ad-en-i' -tis) \_^ovfiLv, the groin ; aSijv, a gland ; m^, inflammation]. Inflammation of an inguinal gland. Bubonalgia (bu-boJi-aU -je-ah) ^ox'i^uv, the groin ; a'Ayoc, pain]. Pain in the inguinal region. Bubonic (bu-boti'-ik) [/3oi'/3uk'-o). Same as Buchu. Buckthorn {buk' -thorn). See Frangula. B., Cali- fornia. .See Cascara Sagrada. Bucku {buk'-ii). Same as Buchu. Buckwheat (buk'-lnvet). The seed or grain of Fago- pvrum esculoitum and of other species of the same genus. It is used to some extent as a substitute for the true cereals. In theory, it takes a high rank as a food ; but its free use tends to constipation, indigestion and headache, and especially to a peculiar roughness and itching of the skin. The flowers of the plant af- ford rich bee-pasturage, but the honey is inferior. Bucnemia (buk-ne^-me-ah) \_ftov, increase ; Kv}]jir], the leg]. Inflammation of the leg characterized by tense- ne.ss and swelling ; elephantiasis ; also phlegmasia dolens. B. Tropica. .See Elephantiasis arabum. Bud {bud) [ME., buddc, a bud]. In biology, the unde- veloped germ-state of a leaf or flower. Budd's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. Budding [bud'-ing) \W^.,budden\ In biology, a form of reproduction or cell-division, occurring among the polyps and infusoriee, in which a bud is given off by the parent and comes to resemble the latter. The bud may remain permanently attached or may form a colony, each member acquiring a differentiation of function, even to the formation of male and female ele- ments. The process is also called Gemmatioji, q. v. Budge's Center. See Center. Buffalo Rubin {buf'-al-o ru' -bin). See Pigments, Con- spectus of. Buffers' Consumption (buf'-erz con-sump' -shun). The phthisis occurring among metal-polishers. Buffy Coat {buf'-e-kot). A grayish or bufi'-colored crust or layer sometimes seen upon a blood-clot, after phlebotomy, and once looked upon as a sign of inflam- mation. It is caused by the partial subsidence of the red blood-corpuscles. Bufidin [bu'-fid-in) \bufo, the toad], Phrynin; an alkaloid from the venom of the toad; it is poisonous, and said to resemble digitalin in its effects. Bufoniform {bu-fon'-iform) \_bufo, a toad ; forma, shape]. In biology, toad-like. Bugbane [bug' -ban). See Cimicifuga. Buggery (bug'-er-e) [OF., bougrc, an heretic]. Sodomy; bestiality. Bugleweed (bu' -gl-wed). The herb, Lycopus virgini- cus, narcotic and astringent. Dose of fld. ext. 7, ss- ij. Lycopin, concentrated extract. Dose gr. j-iv. Unof. Buhach {Ini' -hatch) [Serbo-croatian for flea-bane ; buha, a flea]. The plant Pyrcthrum cinerariafolium. See Insect Powder. Buhl's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. Bulam, or Bulama Boil {bu'-lam ox bu-lam'-ah boil). A boil occurring on the African island of Bulam ; probably caused by a burrowing-worm or insect- larva. B. Fever, a West-Africa coast fever, said to be identical with yellow fever. Bulata (buF-at-ah). See Batata. Bulb {bulb) [/3oA/3of, a bulb]. I. The expansion or dilatation of a canal or vessel. 2. Applied to the medulla and pons. 3. A short underground stem covered with fleshy leaf-bases or fleshy leaves, as the onion and squill. B. of Aorta, the dilatation of the aorta near its beginning. B. of Corpus Cavernosum, the muscle beneath the bulb of the urethra. B. of an Eye, the eyeball. B. of For- nix. See Corpora. B. of a Hair, the swelling at the root of a hair. B., Olfactory, one of the two bulbs of the olfactory nerve situated on either side of the longitudinal fissure upon the under surface of each anterior lobe of the cerebrum. B. of a Tooth, the papilla that forms the germ of a tooth. B. of Urethra, the posterior expanded part of the corpus spongiosum penis. B. of the Vagina, a small body of erectile tissue on each side of the vestibule of the vagina, homologous to the bulb of the urethra of the male. B. of Vena Jugularis, the dilatation at the beginning of the external jugular vein. Bulbar {but' -bar) [/fo;i/jof, a bulb]. Bulbous. Pertain- ing to the medulla. B. Disease, or Paralysis, a term applied to the progressive and symmetrical paral- ysis of the facial muscles about the mouth, including those of the tongue, pharynx, and sometimes those of the larynx. This paralysis is due to a disease of the motor nuclei in the medulla oblongata ; an acute and a chronic form are met with. The acute form is due to hemorrhage or softening ; the chronic to degenera- tion. The chronic form is insidious in its approach, the tongue often being the first organ involved ; the BULBI VESTIBULI 243 BURNER course is slow but progressive, and death usually results in from one to four years. Bulbar paralysis usually occurs after forty years of age. Syphilis is not a predisposing cause. The disease is also called Labio-glosso-la>y)igeal Paralysis. There is also a pseudo-bulba}- paralysis, due to symmetrical lesions of the motor cerebral cortex. Bulbi vestibuli (Iml'-bi ves-tib' -n-li ) [L.]. A name sometimes given to the glands of Bartholin. Bulbil, or Bulblet [biil'-bil, Imlb'-ld) [/JoA/Wf, a bulb]. Small bulbs of fleshy buds frequently occurring on above-ground parts of plants, as the bulblets of some onions and of the tiger-lily. Bulbillse [Intl-bil' -e) \lnilbillus, dim. of biilbus, a bulb]. In biology, gemma; of hydroid zoophytes that become detached at an early stage, and are then capable of independent development. Bulbo-cavernosus [Inil-bo-kav-ern-o' -sus') [ jio'kpo^, a bulb; caverna, a cavern]. A perineal muscle in the male subject, corresponding to the sphincter vaginae of the female. See Muscles, Table of. Bulbo-urethral [bnl-bo-u-retk'-ral) [/ioX/^df, a bulb; oiipr/Hpa, the urethra]. Relating to the bulb of the urethra. Bulbus (bul'-bus) [L.]. A bulb. B. arteriosus; in a certain stage in the development of the heart, the upper aortic enlargement is so called. B. rhachidi- chus, the medulla oblongata. Bulesis (Jm-le'-sis) [[iovh/aic;, the will]. The will, or an act of the will. Bulimia {bii-lim' -e-ali) [/3ot), increase; "kifio^, hunger]. Excessive, morbid hunger ; it sometimes occurs in idiots and insane persons, and it is also a symptom of diabetes mellitus. Bulimic (bu-lim'-ik) \_^iov, increase; /l^/^of, hunger]. Pertaining to or affected with bulimia. Bulithos (bu'-litk-os) \_(iorre, a harshness in the throat]. Rhotacism ; in stammering, the mispronun- ciation of the letter r. B. Engine, a dental appliance for the use of burs, etc., in forming cavities, etc. See Dental Engine. Burrow {biir'-o) [ME. , (^o^-OTy, a hole]. I. To make a hole or furrow, as in the skin ; said of the itch insect. 2. To force a way through, as pus through the tissues. Burrowing [biir'-o-ing) [ME., bonnii, a hole]. The term given to the passage of pus through the tissues, after the formation of an abscess that has not bin-st or been evacuated by surgical methods. Bursa (bnr'-sa/i) [bursa, a purse: //. , Burscr'\. A small sac interposed between parts that move upon one another. B. anserina, a pouch situated between the long internal lateral ligament and the lower inter- nal hamstring tendons. B. colera, the gall-bladder. B. cordis, the pericardium. B. fabricii, "A glan- dular organ existing in both sexes and all species of birds ; most developed in young birds, more or less atrophied in adults ; it opens on the dorsal wall of the cloaca, into the lowest chamber of that organ." (F"orbes.) B. mucosae, a bursa situated in sub- cutaneous areolar tissue. B., Plantar, a bursa situ- ated over the instep, either above or below a tendon. B., Popliteal, a bursa situated in the popliteal space between the tendon of the semimembranosus and the tendon of the inner head of the gastrocnemius, where they rub against each other. B., Prepatellar, a bursa situated over the patella and over the upper part of the patellar ligament. B., Synovial, found be- tween tendons and bony surfaces. B. vaginalis, the synovial sheath. Bursal (bur'-sal) \_biirsa, a purse]. Pertaining to a bursa, sac, or follicle. Bursalogy [bur-sal' -o-je) \_bursa, a purse ; t^oyvi;, sci- ence]. The science or study of the bursa; ; the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the bursre. "QniseTa. (bur'-ser-ah) [A/m;-, a German botanist]. A genus of tropical trees, several species of which afford resinous gums. £. acuminata aff ords caranna ; B. tomentosa furnishes tacamahac. Burseraceous (bur-ser-a' -se-us) \_Bitrser, a German botanist]. Pertaining to or resembling the genus Bur sera. Bursiculate [bur-sik' -u-lat ) \bursicula ; dim. of bursa, a purse]. In biology, pouch orpurse-like, or possessing a bursa. Bursiform [bur' -sif-orm) \_bursa, a purse ; forma, form]. Resembling a bursa. Bursitis [bur-si' -tis) \_bicrsa, a purse ; iTi<;, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of a bursa. B., Tornwaldt's, catarrhal inflammation of the anterior portion of the median recess of the naso-pharnyx. Bursula [bur' -su-lah) [dim. of bursa, a purse]. A small bursa ; the scrotum. Burton's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. Busch's Operations, 's,^^ Operations, Table of . B.'s Version, in obstetrics, direct version, the head being grasped by one hand ; while the other hand pushes the breech of the child upward, the head is pulled down into the cervix. Bushmaster [bush'-mast-er). See Lac/iesis. Busk, Diameter of. In craniometry, the auriculo- bregmatic diameter. B., Horizontal Plane of. See Plane. Butalanin [bu-tal'-an-in) \_butyl ; alanin'], CjHg- (NH.2)0.2. a-amidoisovaleric acid ; it consists of shining prisms that sublime without fusing. It is found in the pancreas of the ox. Butcher's Operations. See Operations , Table of. Butea [bu'-te-ah) [John, Earl of Bute (1713-92)]. A genus of leguminous tropical trees and shrubs. B. frondosa and B. superba afford Bengal Kino (see Kino) ; also called Butea Gum. B. Gum. See Kino. Butter [but'-er) \butyrum, butter]. The fatty part of the milk obtained by rupturing the cells of the fat- globules by "churning" or mechanical agitation. Also, various vegetable fats having the consistency of butter, as B. of Cacao. See Thcobroina. Also applied to certain chemical products having the appearance or consistence of butter, as B. of Anti- mony, antimonious chlorid ; B. of Tin, stannic chlo- rid ; B. of Zinc, zinc chlorid. See, also, Acid, Butyric. B.-and-Eggs. ^ee Anlirr/iinum linaria. BUTTERIN 245 BYTHUS B.-fat. I. The oily portion of the milk of mammalia. 2. The fatty portion of butter, made up of the gly- cerids of oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids (the so- called insoluble acids), and the glycerids of butyric, caproic, caprylic, and capric acids (the so-called soluble acids). The average proportion of the in- soluble acids present in butter-fat is 88 per cent., and the average proportion of the soluble acids from five to six per cent. This gives a very important means of distinguishing between a natural butter and oleo- margarin. The pure fat has a sp. gr. of from .910 to .914, and its melting-point varies from 85° to 92° F. B.-fly, a winged pledget or tampon of cotton for vaginal application. B.-fly Lupus. Synonym of Lupus e7-ythematosus. B. Kidney. See Amyloid Kidney. B.-nut. See Juglans. Butterin [Iml'-er-en) \butyrum, butter]. An artificial substitute for butter, made principally of beef- fat. See Oleomargarin. 'BvXtozVs, {hut' -uks) , buttok\ The nates. The fleshy part of the body posterior to the hip-joints, formed by the masses of the glutei muscles. Button [Intt'-uu] , bofon'\. H&e. Ftcrunciilus orieu- talis. B., Amboyna. See Frambesia. B., Belly, the navel. B., Biskra, the Aleppo Ulcer. B., Cor- rigan's, a steel button-shaped cautery-iron, introduced by Sir J. C. Corrigan (1802-80). B.-bush, the bark of Cephalanthus occidentalism a tonic, febrifuge, and •diuretic. Dose of fld. ext. gss-j. Unof. B.-hole, Mitral. See Funnel, Miti-al. B.-hole Operation. See Boutonniere Operation and Operations, Table of. B.-lac. See Z(7(-. B. -maker's Chorea, 'i^ft Chorea. B. -scurvy, a disease of privation, apparently similar to sibbens or to yaws. B.-snakeroot, the root of Liatris spicata, and of Eryngium yucccefolium ; a stimulant, tonic, diuretic, and emmenagogue. Dose of fld. ext. 5 ss-j. Unof. Butyl (bii'-til) [butyrum, butter], C^H^. A hydro- carbon alcohol radical, that cannot be isolated, and that occurs only in combination with other radicals. B. Chloral. See Chloral butylicum. B. -chloral Hydrate. See Chloral butylicum. Butylamin [bu-til'-am-in) \_butyrutn, butter; amin'\. Any primary amin of butyl. The butylamin of cod- liver oil is said to be one of its medicinal con- stituents. Butylene [bu' -til-en') \butyrum, butter], C^Hg. A hydrocarbon belonging to the olefin series. It exists in three isomeric forms, all of which are gases at ordinary temperatures. Butyric Acid [bn-tir'-ik). See Acid, Butyric. Butyrin (/*«'-///•-/«) \_butyrum, butter], C.^U.^(C^Y^.O.^).^. A constant constituent of butter, together with olein, stearin, and other glycerids. It is a neutral yellowi.sh liquid fat, having a sharp, bitter taste. Butyrone (Inc' -tir-on) \_butyrum, butter], C-H,^0. Dipropyl ketone. The principal product of the distil- lation of calcium butyrate. It boils at 144° and at 20° has a sp. gr. of .82. Buxin {buks'-in) \_buxus, the box-tree]. Bibirin ; be- beerin ; pelosin ; the alkaloid of Nectandra. It is a white, amorphous powder with a persistent bitter taste ; very insoluble in water, but easily soluble in alcohol and chloroform. Dose of it or its salts, from grains three to six in pill-form. It is used as a febrifuge. Unof Buxton's Apparatus. See Anesthetic. Buxus {bilks' -us) [L., the box-tree]. A genus of trees affording boxwood. B. sempervirens, the common box or box-tree of Europe and Asia. Its leaves, wood, and oil.havebeen employed in medicine. Unof. Buzzi's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Byrd's Method. See Artificial Respiration. B. Operation. See Operations, Table of. Byrne's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. Byrsa {bur'-sah). Same as Bursa. Bysma {biz' -mali) \_\i\>ajia, a stopper ; plug : //. , Bys- mata'\. A plug or tampon. Byssaceous {bis-a' -she-iis) \_j3vaaoi;, a variety of flax]. In biology, composed of fine flax-like threads. Byssinosis (bis-in-o'-sis) \_l3vaao^, cotton, flax ; voao^, disease]. A diseased condition of the lungs due to the inhalation of cotton-dust in factories. Byssocausis {bis-o-kaw'-sis) \_livaaoi;, cotton ; Kavaig, a burning]. Cauterization by the moxa ; moxibustion. Byssogenous {bis-of -en-us) [/ii'dfrof, cotton ; yevr/g, producing]. In biology, producing a byssus. Byssus {bis'-us) \_ftvaaoq, cotton, flax]. I. Charpie, lint, or cotton. 2. The hairy growth of the pubic region. 3. In biology, a bunch of silky filaments secreted by the foot, in several molluscs. A name formerly given to the mycelium of large fungi. B. Gland. See Gland. Byssys {bis'-is) \_li'vaaoc, flax]. Same as Byssus. B. Gland. See Gland. Bythus {bith'-us) \_3vd6t:, the depth]. The lower or vesical portion of the abdomen. c 246 CACOGENESIS C. The chemic symbol of Carbon. Abbreviation of centigrade. C.c. Abbreviation of cubic centimeter . cm. Abbreviation of cetitimeter. C. M. Abbreviation of eras mane, to-morrow morning. C. N. Abbreviation of eras nocte, to-morrow night. Caballine Aloes (kab' -al-in aF-ds). See Aloes. Cabbage [kab'-dj). See Brassica. C. Rose. See Rosa centifolia. C, Skunk, a fetid plant of N. America, Symplocarpus fcetidus. Its tincture and fluid extract are prescribed as antispasmodic and antasth- matic. Unof. C.-Tree. See Andira. Cabinet [kab'-in-et) [Fr., a closet]. A closed compart- ment. C, Pneumatic. See Pneumatic. Cacaemia {kas-e' -ine-ah or kak-e' -me-ali). See Cacemia. Cacaemic l^kas- or kak-ei>i' -ik). See Caceniic. Cacain {kak-a' -in) [Nahuatl, cacauatl, cacao]. Theo- bromin, q. v. Cacalia [kak-a'-le-ah] \_KaKaX'ia,a. plant, colt'sfoot (?)]. A genus of composite-flowered herbs, many species of which have been used in medicine. C. suaveolens, is the sweet centaury of N. America. Unof. Cacanthrax [kak-an' -thraks) [/ia/cof, bad ; avdpa^, a coal]. Contagious anthrax. See Anthrax. Cacao [kak-a'-o). ■ See Theobroma. C. Butter, oleum theobromse is obtained from seeds or nibs of Theo- broma cacao. It is a pure white fat, with a pleasant odor and taste ; it fuses at 86° P". (30° C.) ; its specific gravity is .945 to .952. It is used in cosmetics, and for pharmaceutic preparations. See also Theobroma. Cacaphthae (kak-af -the) [/ca/iof , bad ; a(^i)a, an erup- tion]. Malignant or cachectic aphtha. See Aphthce. Cacation {kak-a' -shun) \cacatio, a going to stool]. Def- ecation ; alvine discharge. Cacatory [kak' -at-o-re) [cacatio, a going to stool]. At- tended with diarrhea ; as a cacatory fever. Caccagogue (kak'-a-gog) [/cd/c/a/, dung ; dyuyof , lead- ing]. I. Aperient; laxative. 2. An aperient, espe- cially an ointment or suppository that induces gentle purgation. [Archaic] Qac&vciia. [kas-e' -?ne-ah, or kak-e' -me-ah) [/co/cdf, bad; aXjia, blood]. An ill-condition of the blood; de- pravity of the blood. Cacemic (i'a/^-£V«'-//J) [/ca/fdf, bad ; a7//n, blood]. Asso- ciated with or suffering from cacemia. Cacesthesis (kak-es-the' -sis) [ra/cdf, bad ; aladrjaix; , sen- sation]. Morbid sensation. Cachaemia [kak-e' -me-ah). See Cacemia. Cachectic (-^■a/^-d'i''-i'?V) [KQKdf, bad; ff'f, a habit]. Ill- conditioned: marked by cachexia. C. Aphthae. See Aphthce. Cachelcoma [kak-el-ko' -mah) [/ca/cdf, ill ; f/lxu/za, ulcer: pi. , Cachelcomata]. A malignant or foul ulcer. Cachemia [kak-e' -me-ah). See Cacemia. Cachet [ka-sha') [Fr.]. A pharmaceutic preparation consisting of two concave pieces of wafer, varying in size from |^ to 1]/% inches in diameter, round or oblong in shape, in one of which the powder to be administered is placed, and the other, having pre- viously been moistened, is then laid over the powder and the two margins are pressed together, when they adhere and completely enclose the powder. C. de Pain. Same as Cachet, q. v. Cachexia [kak-eks' -e-ah) [/cfflKdf, bad ; ff(f, a habit]. A term used to designate any morbid tendency, dyscrasia, depraved condition of general nutrition, or impoverishment of the blood, etc. It is applied par- • ticularly to scrofulous, syphilitic, or carcinomatous c patients. It is characterized by emaciation and a peculiar sallow or muddy complexion. C. africana, dirt- eating : geophagy. A disease supposed to be identical with miners' anemia. C. aquosa, a dropsical and anemic state. C. icterica, jaundice. C, Lymphatic. Synonym of Hodgkin's Disease. C, Negro. Same as C. africana. C, Pachyder- mic. See Myxedema. C. strumipriva, the con- dition allied to if not identical with myxedema, following the extirpation or arrest of function of the thyroid gland. It is a cretinoid state, characterized in monkeys by hebetude, malnutrition, muscular tremor, puffy edema, leukocytosis, and the presence of mucin in tiie blood and connective tissue. C. thyreopriva. See Myxedema. C. virginum. .See Chlorosis. Cachexy [kak-eks' -e). See Cachexia. Cachibou [kash-e-boo'). See Chiboii. Cachinnation [kak-in-a' -shun) \cachinnare, to laugh loudly]. Immoderate laughter, as in the insane. Cachou [kash-00') [Fr. for " catechu "]. An aromatic pill or tablet for concealing the odor of the breath. Cachunde [ka-chun' -de) [.Sp.]. An oriental electuary used as a breath-perfume, and also as a stomachic and carminative. Unof Cacocholia [kak-o-ko'-le-ah) [/caKOf, ill; X'^^Vi bile]. A morbid condition of the bile. Cacochroia [kak-o-kroi'-ah) or Cacochroea [kak-o- /'rf'-rt//) [/ca/vdf, bad ; ;t;po«d, color]. A bad complex- ion ; unnatural color of the skin. Cachochylia [kak-o-kil'-e-ah) [/ca/cd?, bad ; X''''^'":^ juice]. Imperfect or disordered digestion. Cacochymia [kak-o-kim' -e-ah) [/ca/cdf, bad ; X'^l'-^Z, juice]. A morbid state of the fluids, humors, blood, or secretions ; faulty stomachic digestion. Cacochymic [kak-o-kim' -ik) [/ca^df, bad ; ;i;i'//dc, juice]. Affected with cachochymia ; dyspeptic. Q,&cozvi&m.\at[kak-ok-ne' -me-ah) [/coKOf , ill ; Kvfjjirj, leg]. Thinness or ill-condition of the leg or shin. Cacocolpia [kak-o-kol' -pe-ah ) [m/cdf, ill ; /cdAirof , va- gina]. A diseased state of the vagina. Cacodemon [kak-o-de' -mon) [/ca/cdf , ill ; daf/zcji', spirit]. An old name for a supposed besetting evil spirit ; also, the nightmare. Cacodemonia [kak-o-de-mo' -ne-ah ) [_Kai'.o6aifiovia, pos- session by an evil spirit]. Supposed possession or obsession by an evil spirit. Cacodemonomania [kak-o-de-mo-?io->na'->ze-ah ) [kqko- (^ai/iovia, possession by an evil spirit ; fiavtn, madness]. A delusional belief, on the part of a patient, that he is possessed of a devil. Cacodontia [kak-o-don' -te-ah ) [Ka/cdf, bad ; '060'vc,,. tooth]. A bad condition of the teeth. Cacodyl [kak'-o-dil) [/,:a\df, bad; o^eiv, to smell; vkrj, matter], As(CH3).^. Kakodyl ; dimethylarsin ; a radical containing arsenic, hydrogen, and carbon. It is a colorless, heavy liquid, with an extremely offen- sive odor, and poisonous vapor ; it is inflammable when exposed to air. Its protoxid is called alkarsin, q. v. Cacoesthesis [kak-o-es-the'-sis). See Cacesthesis. Cacoethes [kak-o-e' -thez) [/cn/cdf , bad ; 7]tioq a habit]. Any bad habit, disposition, or disorder. Cacogalactia [kak-o-gal-ak' -te-ah ) [Ka/idf, bad ; ya/M, milk]. A bad or abnormal condition of the milk. Cacogastric [kak-o-gas'-trik) [/la/cdf, bad ; yaarr/ij, the stomach]. Dyspeptic. Cacogenesis [kak-o-jen'-cs-is) [«:«Kdf , bad ; yeveaic, for- mation]. Any morbid, monstrous, or pathologic growth or product. CACOGLOSSIA 247 CADMIUM Cacoglossia [kak-o-glos'-c-ah ) [/ca/fdf, evil ; y'hCdOoa, the tongue]. Gangrene of the tongue. Cacolet [kak'-o-/a) [Fr. ]. A mule-chair or horse- pannier for the transportation of the wounded. Cacomorphia (^kak-o-mor' -fe-aJi ) [/la/cof , bad ; jjuinfj], form]. Malformation; deformity. Cachonychia [kak-o-nik'-e-ah) [/ca/cof, bad; oi^i'f , nail] . Disease or defect of a nail or of the nails. Caconym [kak^ -o-nim) [/ca/iof, bad ; opofia, a name]. An undesirable or objectionable name, e. g. , in biologic nomenclature or terminology. Cacopathy, or Cacopathia {kak-op' -a-tlie or kak-o- path' -e-ah) [m^of, bad; Trd^yoi;, illness]. Any severe, malignant, or untoward condition or disease. Cacophonia (kak-o-fo' -ne-ah) [/vmdc, bad; (puv!/, voice]. An altered, depraved, or abnormal voice. Cacophonic [kak-o-fon'-ik) [/caKcif, bad ; cpuvrj, voice]. Affected with cacophonia. Cacoplastic [kak-o-plas' -tik ) [/oa/cdf , bad ; TrAoordf, formed]. I. Characterized by or adapted to a low degree or kind of organization. 2. Relating to, causing, or attended with defective formation ; liable to be changed into an abnormal tissue. Cacopragia [kak-o-pra' -jc-ah) [/ia/cdf, bad; irfjaaaeiv, to do]. Functional derangement, as of nutritive pro- cesses, or of organs. Cacoproctia i^kak-o-prok'-te-ali) [/cd/c/;, gangrene; ■KpuKTOq, anus]. A gangrenous state of the rectum. Cacorrhachis (ka-koi-'-rak-is) [xa/idf, ill ; pax'Q, spine]. A diseased state of the vertebral column. Cacorrhinia [kak-or-i)i' -e-ali ) [/ca/cdf, ill ; piq, nose]. Any diseased condition of the nose. Cacosmia, or Kakosmia (^kak-oz' -iiie-ah ) [/caKdf, foul ; hajiii, smell]. A repugnant or disgusting smell. C, Subjective, a disturbance of the olfactory nerve or center, from hysteria or from other disease, giving rise to the perception of an offensive smell. Cacosomium [kak-o-so'-iiie-uni] [/ca/cdf, bad; auiia, body]. A hospital for leprosy and other incurable • diseases. Cacospermia [kak-o-sper' -me-ah ) [/cawdf, ill ; aTripfia, seed]. Any diseased state of the semen. Cacosphyxia (kak-o-sfiks' -e-ah ) [/ca/cdf, ill ; d^rf/f , pulse]. A disordered state of the pulse. Cacostomia [kak-o-s/o' -me-ak ) [m/cdf, ill ; ardfia, mouth]. Any diseased or gangrenous state of the mouth. Cacothanasia (kak-o-than-a' -ze-aJi) [KOA-df, bad ; davarng, death]. A painful death. Cacothelin {kak-oth'-el-in) C^jH.v^NO.^p. An alkaloid produced from brucin by the action of HNO,. Cacothymia {kak-o-thini' -e-ah ) [/la/cdf , bad ; Ovfiog, mind]. A disordered state of the mind or disposition ; mental disorder with moral depravity ; insane malig- nity of temper. Cacotrophia (kak-o-tro' -fe-ah ). Same as Cacotrophy. Cacotrophy (kak-ot'-i-o-fe) [/ca/cdf, bad; rpecpEcv, to nourish]. Disordered or defective nutrition. Cacozyme (kak'-o-zim) [/ca/cdf, bad; i^iifir/, a ferment]. A disorganizing, putrefactive, fermentative, or patho- genic microorganism. Cactina [kak-ti' -nah) [/cd/crof, a prickly plant]. A proprietary preparation said to be a proximate prin- ciple derived from night-blooming cereus [Ceretis grandiJlo)-a and C". inexicana). It is a cardiac stimu- lant recommended as a substitute for digitalis. Unof Cactus {kak'-tus) [/cd/crof, a prickly plant]. A genus of plants. C. grandiflorus. See Night-blooiiiing Cereiis. C. Nipple. See Mammillaria. Cacumen (/W-«'-;«£'«) [L. : pi. , Cacui)iina'\. I. The top, as of a plant. 2. The culmen of the vermis su- perior of the cerebellum. Cadaver (kad-a-y -er) \_eadere, to fall]. The dead body, especially that of man. A corpse. C. Tubercle, anatomic wart. A peculiar circumscribed hyper- plasia of the papillary structures of the skin occurring chiefly on the dorsal surface of the hands and fingers of persons who are in the habit of handhng dead and decomposing bodies. Cadaveric {kad-av-er' -ik) \cadcre, to fall]. Pertaining to the cadaver or dead body. C. Alkaloids, rtoiiunnes, q. v. C. Ecchymoses, certain post- mortem stains, closely resembling in their general appearance the effects of bruises or contusions. They occur, both externally and internally, on the lowest and most dependent parts of the body. They are also called hypostases, sugillations, and vibices. C. Spasm, the early, at times instantaneous,^ appear- ance of rigor mortis, seen after death from certain causes. It is also called instantaneous rigor and tetanic rigidity. Cadaverin {kad-av' -er-in) \cadere, to fall], CjHj^N2. A ptomaine, isomeric with neuridin, and, like it, occurring very frecjuently in decomposing animal tis- sues. It is obtained from human hearts, lungs, livers, etc. , after three days' decomposition at ordinary tem- perature,— also from horseflesh, from putrid mussel, from herring and haddock. It is a constant product of the growth of the comma-bacillus, irrespective of the medium. It does not occur in culture-media from which bacteria are absent. It is a thick, water-clear, syrupy liquid, having an exceedingly unpleasant odor, somewhat resembling that of coniin and semen. It is certainly identical with so-called "animal coniin." Putrescin and cadaverin were both formerly believed to be physiologically indifferent ; but recent investiga- tions show both bases capable of producing active inflammation and necrosis. The necrosis of the in- testinal epithelium in Asiatic cholera seems due to their presence. They also have the power, even in small quantities, of preventing blood from coagulating, and rendering it "laky." Cadaverin is believed by Grawitz to hinder the growth of bacteria. Cadaverin hydrochlorid, on dry distillation, decomposes into ammonium chlorid, NH.jHCl, and piperidin, CjHj,N. Whether or not this change, whereby the non-poison- ous cadaverin becomes a toxic base, can take place under the influence of bacteria during putrefaction, is not known. Cadaverization (kad-av-er-iz-a'-shun) \_caderc, to fall]. The passage of a living body to the state of a cadaver. Applied to the algid and cyanotic stage of cholera. Cadaverous [kad-av'-er-us) \cadere, to fall]. Resem- bling a cadaver ; ghastly ; of a deathly pallor. Cade (kdd^ [a Languedoc name]. See Juniper ns. C, Oil of {ideiun eadinuin), a tarry oil from the wood of Juniperus communis ; it is used in the treatment of skin-diseases. Cadet's Fuming Liquid. See Alkarsin. C.'s Test. .See Tests, Table of. Cadiva Insania [kad-i'-vah in-sa' -ne-ali) [L.]. Fall- ing insanity ; an old name for epilepsy. Cadlock (kad'-lok). Wild mustard, Brassica sinapis- trtcm. .See Brassica. Cadmium (kad'-me-it/n) [^Kaflfiia, calamin]. Cd = ll2; quantivalence II. A bluisli- white metal resembling zinc in its general properties. Only the sulphate and iodid are used in medicine. In its physiologic action it is escharotic and astringent, producing in large doses emesis and violent gastritis. See Elements, Table of. C. iodidum, Cdl.,, used as an ointment, I to 8 of lard. C. sulphas, CdS0^.4H20, a valuable astringent in gonorrhea and in corneal opacities ; used in a lotion in strength of gr. yi or 4 to ^j of CADUCA 248 CALAGE water, or as an ointment I to 40 of fresh lard. Unof. C.-Red. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment. C. - Yellow. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment. Caduca [/;ad-du'-ka/i) \cadei-e, to fall]. See Decidua. C. Passio. See Caducus Morbus. Caducibranchiate [kad-ti-se-b>-ang' -ke-dt) \caducus, falling off ; branchicT, gills]. In biology, applied to such amphibia as lose the gills or branchire upon reach- ing maturity. Caducicorn [kad-u'-se-kom^ \_caducus, falling off; lornii, horn]. In biology, applied to animals that shed their horns or antlers. Caducity {kad-du'-sit-e) \_caducitas, senility]. Senility; the feebleness of advanced age. . Caducous (kad-u' -kus) \_iaducus, falling oft ]. In biology, the shedding or falling off of certain parts, as gills, antlers, horns. Dropping off very early, as compared with other parts. Caducus Morbus [kad-du'-kus moi-'-bus) [L.]. Fall- ing sickness ; an old name for epilepsy. Caecal [se'-kal). See Cecal. Caecitas Verbalis. See Word-blindness. Csecitis [se-si^-tis). See Cecifis. Caecum {se'-kum). See Cecum. Caenaesthesis (cen-es-the' -sis). See Cenesthesis. Caenogenetic [se-no-jen-et' -ik) \Kaiv6r, recent ; yeveaiQ, generation]. In biology, the appearance of a new character very late in the course of development. This usually arises from comparatively recent varia- tions of the type-form. Caeruleus (se-ru' -le-us) [L.]. Sky-blue. C. morbus, blue disease. See Cyanosis. Caerulosis [se-ru-lo'-sis). See Cyanosis. Caesalpinia [ses-al-pin' -e-ali) [L. ]. A genus of tropi- cal leguminous trees. C. bonducella. See Bondu- cella. C. moringa has a diuretic bark. All unof. Caesarean Operation (se-sar' -e-an"). See Cesarean. Caesium [se' -se-uui). See Cesium. Caffea (kaf-e-ah) [L.]. The seeds of C. arabica. The dried and roasted seeds are almost universally used in infusion as a beverage, forming a cerebral stimulant and stomachic tonic. They are valuable in promoting digestion and allaying hunger and fatigue. Coffee frequently causes excessive palpitation of the heart. Its properties are due to an alkaloid, Caffein, Cj,H[„N^O,,. H./3, identical with Thein. See Tea. Dose of the alkaloid gr. j-v. C. citrate. Dose gr. j-v. C. valerianas, for nervous vomiting in hysteria. Dose gr. j-iv. Ext. Caffeae Viridis Fid. Unof. Intended as a substitute for the Fluid Extract of Guarana. Dose _^ss-ij. See Guarana. Injectio Caf. Hypodermatica, one grain of caffein in three minims. Dose iTLj-vj. Caffeic Acid (kaf-e'-ik). See Acid. Caffeidin (kaf-e' -id-in) [caffea, coffee], C7H,,jN20. A liquid alkaloid produced by acting on caffein with potash. Caffein {kaf-e-in) coffee], CsH,„N^O., + H.jO. Thein ; an alkaloid that occurs in the leaves and beans of the coffee-tree, in tea, in Paraguay tea, and in guarana, the roasted pulp of the fruit of Paullinia sorbilis. It occurs in long, silky needles, slightly soluble in cold water and alcohol, with a feebly bitter taste. It is a cerebral and spinal stimu- lant. See Caffea. C.-iodol, a crystalline addition- product obtained by mixing alcoholic solutions of caffein and iodol in molecular proportion. It con- tains 74.6 per cent, of iodol and 25.4 per cent, of caffein, and is a light-gray, odorless, tasteless, and nearly insoluble compound. It is proposed as a sub- stitute for iodol. Unof Caffeina [ka-fe' -in-ah). See Caffein. Caffeinism [kaf-e' -in-izm) \_caffea, coffee]. Chronic coffee-poisoning ; a train of morbid symptoms due to excess in the use of coffee. Cagot {kali-go') [Fr.]. I. A member of an outcast race or clan in the S. W. of France ; formerly regarded as lepers. 2. (By error) a cretin. C. Ear. See^'a;- Deformities. Cahinca, or Cainca [kah-hing' -kali) [native S. Ameri- can]. The diuretic root of Chiococca racemosa, C. densifolia, or C'. anguifuga, rubiaceous shrubs of tropical America. Unof. Cahn and V. Mering's Method. A method of esti- mating the amount of acids in the stomach. It con- sists in distilling the contents of the stomach with water three times. The volatile acids are estimated in the distillate. The residue is shaken six times with 500 c.c. of ether, and this is evaporated to dryness, and the lactic acid estimated by titration. The residue contains the HCl, and this also can be estimated by titration. Cailcedra [kal-sc' -drali) [origin unknown]. I. The Ced- rela odorata,a. large tree of tropical America. The bark and wood are used in intermittent fevers; a fragrant oil (cedar-wood oil) is distilled from the wood. The tree also affords a resin. 2. The Khaya senegalensis of Africa and tropical America, a tree that closely re- sembles the foregoing. Cailletet's Test. See Tests, Table of Caillian's Test. See Tests, Table of. Caisson Disease [ka'-son diz-ez'). The symptoms due to increased atmospheric pressure sometimes occurring in divers, caisson workers, etc. Paraplegia, hemi- plegia, anesthesia, or apoplectic attacks are common, but paralysis of the legs is the most frequent symptom, coming on only after return to the normal atmosphere. The nature of the lesion is obscure. Cajeput Oil (ka/ -e-put oil). See Cajuputi, oleum. Cajuputene [caj-ti-pu-ten') [Malay], Ci„H,g. The principal constituent of cajeput oil ; it is a liquid of an agreeable odor. Cajuputi, Oleum {kafu-pu'-te, dl'-e-um). [Malay, '•white wooil ; " oleum, oil]. Oil of Cajuput. A volatile oil distilled from the leaves of Leitkaden- dron cajuputi. It resembles oil of turpentine in its general effects, being irritant externally and produc- ing a sense of warmth internally, with accelerated pulse. It is used with benefit for flatulent colic, dropsy, hysteria, and cutaneous disorders ; it also relieves toothache. Dose try-v. C, Spiritus (B.P.). Dose .qss-j. Cajuputol {kaj-u-pu'-tol) [Malay, Cajuputi, white wood]. The more limpid part of oil of cajuput ; it is found also in some other fragrant volatile oils. Cake Colors [kak kul'-orz). See Pigments, Colors, and D vcstuffs. Caked (kakd) [ME., cake\ Compressed or hardened into a solid mass. C. Breast, a breast in a puer- peral woman in which the milk has become hardened and inspissated. C. Bug, in cows, an inflammation of the mammary gland. Calabar Bean {kaF -ab-ar ben). See Physostigiiia. Calabarin (kal-ab' -ar-in) [Calabar^ An alkaloid from Calabar bean, apparently acting much like strychnin. Caladana (kal-ad-a'-nali). See Kaladana. Caladium {kal-a' -de-um) [L.]. A genus of large- leaved araceous plants. C. bicolor, of Brazil, is anthelmintic and cathartic. Various other species are employed locally in medicine. Unof. Calage {kal-ahzh') [Fr., %vedging\ A method of pro- phylaxis or treatment of sea-sickness by fixation of the viscera by pillows placed between the abdomen and CALAMARY 249 CALCIUM the wall of the cabin and between the back and edge of the berth, the patient lying upon the side. Calatnary [ka/' -ain-a-i-c) \_Ka'Aa/jai)i, inkstand]. Same as Cuttle-bone . Calamin [kaf -am-in) \_cala7nina, a coiTuption of cad- mia\. Native zinc carbonate. Calaniina prcsparata, the prepared calamin, washed and pulverized, is used mainly as an external exsiccant and astringent. Un- giicntum calamine. Turner's cerate. Unof. Calamint, Calaminth [kal'-am-int or -iiiintk ). Any plant of the labiate genus Calamintha. The cala- mints are aromatic stimulants, with the general prop- erties of the other mints, such as pennyroyal. Unof. Calamistrum [kal-am-is' -tri{i?i) [<-a/awz^j, a reed]. In biology, one of the spines found on the hind-legs of spiders, used in arranging the silk as it issues from the spinnerets. Calamus {kal' -am-tis) [L. , a reed: gen., Calami\ Sweet Flag. The rhizome of Acorns cahimus. It contains a volatile oil and acoi-in, a. bitter nitrogenous principle. The root is an aromatic, stomachic tonic, and a common ingredient of many popular "bitters." C, Ext., Fid. Dose l\xv-gj. C., Draco, a species of rattan-palm that affords a part of the so-called Dragon's Blood (te.Phosphortis. Calcis Liniment, carron oil, contains equal parts of lime-water, and olive oil. C, Liquor, lime-water, contains about parts of lime in 1000 of water. Dose f, ss-ij. C. Liq. Saccharatus (B. P). Dose TT\^xv-_;5i. C. Syr., saccharated syrup of lime, contains 5 per cent, lime, 30 per cent, sugar, 65 per cent, water. It is the antidote to poisoning by carbolic or oxalic acid. Dose ss-ij. Calx, CaO, calcium oxid, quicklime, not used internally. C. chlorinata. See Chlorin. C. Sulphurata. Dose gr. yL, Creta, native calcium carbonate ; chalk. C. Mist., consists of C. pulv. comp. 20, cinnamon- water 40, water 40. Dose 5 ss. C. Preparata, chalk freed from impurities by washing and elutriation. Dose gr. v-xx. C. Pulv. Aromat. (B.P. ). Dose gr. x-^j. C. Pulv. Aromat. cum Opii {B.P. ). Dose gr. x-|^j. C. Pulv. Comp., compound chalk-powder, CALCULARY 250 CALLUS consists of C. prep. 30, acacia 20, sugar 50 parts. Dose gr. v-^^^j. Testa praeparata, prepared oyster- shell. Unof. Dose gr. x-xx. C. trochisci, each contains prepared chalk 4 gr., acacia I, sugar 6, with a little nutmeg. Calculary (hi/' -/ci(-/a-r, ) [ra/n/Z/is, a stonel. Relating to or of the nature of a calculus. Calculifragous [kal-kii-li f -rag-its) \_calciiliis, a stone ; frangere, to break]. Lithotritic ; breaking or redu- cing a stone in the bladder. Calculous {kal' -ku-lus) \calcHlus, a stone]. Of the na- ture of a calculus. Calculus (/•«/'-/■«-//«) [dim. of i-al\\ chalk : //. , Cah nli^ A calcareous or stone-like concretion found in the blad- der, kidney, etc. C, Arthritic, a gouty concretion. C, Biliary, a gall-stone. C, Bronchial, a concretion in an air-passage. C, Cutaneous. See Milium. C, Dental, tartar on the teeth or gums. C, Fusible, a urinary calculus composed of phosphates of ammonium, calcium, and magnesium. C, Lacteal, or Mammary, a calcareous nodule sometimes obstruct- ing the lactiferous ducts. C, Mulberry, the oxalate- of-lime variety, resembling a mulberry in shape and color. C, Nasal. See Rhiuolith. C, Prostatic, one in the prostate gland. C, Renal, a calculus found in the kidney, producing what has been called nephritic colic. C, Salivary, one forming in the ducts of the salivary glands. C, Uterine, an in- trauterine concretion ; a wombstone ; formed mainly by calcareous degeneration of a tumor. C, Vesical, one that may have originally descended from the kidney or formed primarily in the bladder. Calea [kal'-e-ah) [L.]. A genus of tropical American composite-flowered plants. C. zacatechichi, a Mexican plant, tonic, antiperiodic, and a hepatic stimu- lant. Unof Caledonia Brown. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment. Calefacient [kal-e-fa'-she-ent) [L. , calidus, warm; facere, to make] . I . Warming ; producing a sensa- tion of heat. 2. A medicine, externally applied, that causes a sensation of warmth. Calefactor [kal-e-fak' -tor) \^caledus, warm ; facere^ to make]. A warmer; a little, porfable stove ; a pocket stove ; a chafing-dish. Calendula {kal-en' -dii-lah) \_catendie, the first day of the month: gen., Calendulce'\. Marigold. The flowering plant known as the garden-marigold, C. offi- cinalis. C., Tinct., contains 20 per cent, of the leaves and stems. It is used exclusively as a local applica- tion to wounds, bruises, and ulcers, and has been vaunted as a cure for carcinoma. Calendulin (kal-en' -du-lin) \calendct, the first day of the month]. An amorphous principle obtainable from calendula. Calentur [kal'-en-tur) [Sp., calentura, heat ; L., ealere, to be hot]. A tropical remittent fever with delirium ; formerly, a supposed fever of this kind that attacked mariners, leading them to leap into the sea. Calf [ME., calfe\. The thick fleshy posterior portion of the leg. -See Sura. C.-bone, the fibula. C- knee. See Genu Valgum. Calices of the Kidneys {ka'-lis-ez). Plural of Calyx. The cup-like tubes of the ureter that encircle the apices of the Malpighian pyramids of the kidneys. Calico Bush [kal'-ik-o boosh). See Kalmia . California [kal-if-or'-ne-aft] [Mex.]. A western State. C. Buckthorn. See Cascara Sagrada. C. Elm. See Fremontia. C. Feverbush. See Garrya. C. Laurel, the leaves of Umbellaria californica, com- mon to the Pacific slope. It is recommended for nervous headaches, cerebro-spinal meningitis, neu- ralgia, etc. Dose of fld. ext., gtt. x-xxx. C. Poppy, .See Eschscholtzia californica. Caligated {knl'-ig-a-ted) [caliga, a boot]. In biology, applied to the booted tarsus of the typical oscine birds. Caligation [I'al-ig-a' -shun), or Caliginosity [kal-ifin- os'-it-e). See Caligo. Calignani's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Caligo (kal-i'-go) [L.]. Dimness of vision ; an opacity of the cornea, lens, or vitreous humor. Caligula {kal-ig'-u-lah) [caliga, a boot]. In biology, ajiplied to the tarsal envelop of oscine birds. Caliology {kal-e-ol' -o-je) \KaXia, a nest ; Myeiv, to- speak]. In biology, the systematized knowledge of birds' nests. Calipers {kal' -ip-erz) [corruption of ca/iber~\. Com- passes with curved legs ; they are used in vulcanite and celluloid dental work to measure the thickness of the plate. Calipers are used also in pelvimetry, craniometry, and other measurements of parts of the body. Calisaya [kal-is-a'-yak) [South America]. Cinchona bark, especially that of Cinchona calisaya. See Cin- chona. Calisthenics, or Callisthenics (kal-is-then' -iks), [/caAOf , beautiful ; aflivoc, strength]. The practise of various rhythmic movements of the body, intended to develop the muscles and produce gracefulness of carriage ; light gymnastics, especially designed for the use of girls and young women. Callaway's Test. In dislocation of the shoulder the loss of from one to two inches in the vertical circum- ference of the shoulder-joint of the injured side, as determined by measuring with a tape-line over the acromion and through the axilla. This test is not reliable after traumatic swelling has set in. Callicarpa (kal-ik-ar' -pah) \KaX6q, beautiful ; Kafiiru^, fruit]. A genus of verbenaceous plants. C. ameri- cana, a shrub of the U. S. , called "French Mul- berry," is used locally for skin-diseases and for dropsy. Unof C. bouplandiana, of South America, and C. cana, C. lanata, and C.rheedii,of the E. Indies, are similarly employed. All unof. Callisection [kal-is-ek'-shun) [callus, insensibility ; sectio, a cutting]. Painless vivisection. Callisen's Operation. See Operatio7is, Table of. Callitriche [kal-it' -rik-e) [/ca/ldf, beautiful ; iipiS,, hair]. A genus of aquatic herbs. C. heterophylla and C. verna are diuretic ; these and other species afford a mucilage employed as a hair-dressing and they are used in domestic practice for making poultices. Unof. Callomania {kal-o-ma' -ne-ah) \K.aK6(;, beautiful ; fiavia, madness]. The mania of beauty and grace ; a mono- mania in which the patient believes herself to be en- dowed with extraordinary beauty. Callosal (kal-o'-sal) [callosus, hard]. Pertaining to the corpus callosum. Callose [kal'-os) [callosus, thick-skinned, hard]. In biology, having hardened spots or protuberances. Callositas {kal-os' -it-as). See Callosity. Callosity (cal-os' -it-e) [callus, hardness]. Callositas, Tylosis, Tyloma, Keratoma. A hard, thickened patch on the skin produced by excessive accumulation of the horny layers. Calloso-marginal (kal-o-so-mar'-jin-al)[caUosus, hard ; margo, margin]. Relating to the callosal and mar- ginal gyri of the brain. Callosum (kal-o' -suni). Same as Corpus Callosum. Callous {kal'-us) [callosus, hard]. Hard ; tough, like callus. Callus (kal'-us) [L.]. I. A callosity; hardened and thickened skin. 2. The new growth of incomplete osseous tissue that surrounds the ends of a fractured CALMANT 251 CAMATINA bone, during the process of repair. See Callosity. C, Permanent, the permanent bond of bony union after re-absorption of the C. Provisional, or cartilage- like, plastic material first thrown out. C. of Skin, induration and thickening of the skin. Calmant [kahtn'-ant) [ME., cahne\. A calmative medicine. Calmative {kn(h)l'-mat-iv) [ME., calme\ I. Calm- ing ; sedative. 2. An agent that produces a calming or sedative effect. Calomel (kal'-o-mel). See Hydrargyrum. Calophyllum {kal-o-fif -uni) [/caAof, beautiful ; <^v7CKov, leaf]. A genus of large tropical guttiferous trees. Several of the species (as C. tacamahaca, C. inophyl- luiii) yield medicinal oils and resins. Unof. Calor (/(vr'-Zor) [L. " heat "]. I. Heat. 2. Moderate fever heat ; less than fervor and ardor. C animalis, animal heat. C. febrilis, fever-heat. C. fervens, boiling heat. C. innatus, natural or normal heat. C. mordicans, biting or pungent heat (an unfavorable symptom of typhus). C. nativus, native or animal heat ; blood heat ; normal heat. C. internus, inward fever : fever not appreciable on the surface of the body. Caloricity [kal-or-is'-it-e) \_cahr, heat]. The heat-pro- ducing power of the living animal body. Calorie (kal'-or-e) [Fr.]. See Calory. Calorifacient [kal-or-if-a^ -she-ent) [calor, heat ; facere, to make]. Heat-producing (applied to certain foods). Calorimeter [kal-or-im'-et-er) [calor, heat ; fj-hpov, a measure]. An instrument for transforming the poten- tial energy of the food into heat, and for measuring the number of heat-units produced. Two forms are used, the Water-Calorimeter and the Ice-Calorimeter. Calorimetry [l;al-or-ii)i' -et-re) [calor, heat ; /uhpov, a measure]. The estimation of the heat-units by the calorimeter. Calorimotor {kal-or-im-o'-tor') \calor, heat ; motor, mover]. A galvanic battery that produces heating- effects, generating electricity in large quantity, but not necessarily with a high electro-motive force. Calorinesis [kal-or-iti'-es-is) [calor, heat : //. , Calori- neses\. Any disease characterized by an alteration in the quantity of animal heat. Calory [kal'-or-e) [Fr. , Calorie\ A heat-unit; the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water one degree Centigrade. See Unit. Calotropis [kal-at'-ro-pis) [/caA(5f, beautiful ; Tpmiq, a ship's keel]. A genus of E. Indian asclepiadaceous trees and shrubs. See Madar. Caltha [kal' -thali) [L.]. A genus of ranunculaceous herbs. C. palustris, the marsh-marigold of cold and cool regions ; it is vesicant when fresh. It is often cooked and eaten as a pot-herb. Unof. Calumba (kal-um' -bah) [native Mozambique, kaliimb'\. Columbo. The root of C. jatcorrhiza , native to .South Africa and parts of the E. Indies. It is an excellent example of a simple bitter, and contains a bitter prin- ciple, Calumbin, C^jH^^O,, of which the dose is gr. j-iij. It is not astringent, and may be prescribed with salts of iron. It is useful in atonic dyspepsia, and as a mild, appetizing tonic in convalescence. C, Bxt. (b. P.). Dose gr. ij-x. C, Fid. Ext. Dose n\^v-xxx. C, Infus. (B. P.). Dose gj-ij. C, Tinct., con- tains ten per cent, of C. Dose ^^^ss-ij. See also American Coliimbo. Calumbin {kal-nm'-bi7i). See Calumba. Calva {kal'-vah). Same as Calvaria. Calvaria [kal va'-re-ah) \calva, the scalp]. The upper part of the skull. Calvarian [kal-va' -re-aii) \_cah'a, the scalp]. Relating to the calvaria. Calvarium (kiil--ia'-re-ttm). See Calvaria. Calvert's Test. See Tests, Table of. Calvities [kal-vish' -e-ez) \calvHS, bald]. Baldness, especially general or senile baldness. See Alopecia. C. senilis. See Alopecia senilis. Calx (kalks) [L.]. The heel. In chemistry, a name formerly applied to any oxid of a metal, especially an alkaline metal, and chiefly to lime, or oxid of calcium, CaO. See Calcium. Calycanthemous (kal-ik-an' -them-us) [/cd/.cf , calyx ; avOtiiov, a flower]. In biology, with petaloid sepals. Calycanthin [kal-ik-aii' -thin) (kAav^, calyx ; avHor^, flower] , C-(|H.^g0.2.2. A glucosid obtained from cer- tain plants of the genus Calycanthus. Calycanthus [kal-ik-an' -thus) [/cd/uf, calyx; hvBoc, flower]. A g;enus of North American shrubs. C, floridus, the Carolina allspice, sweet-shrub, or bubby, is tonic, emetic, and antifebrile. C. occidentalis is the California sweet-shrub. Unof. Calyciflorate [kal-is-e-fio' -rat) [calyx, calyx ; fios, flower]. In biology, with the petals and stamens borne on the calyx. Calycine [kal'-is-in) [calyx, calyx]. In biology, per- taining to or resembling a calyx. Calycle [kal'-ik-l) [ra/j'c«/;« , a little calyx]. In bio- logy, applied to parts that resemble a calyx , as the bracts or leaflets of certain plants, or the cup-cells of zoo- phytes. Calycular [kal-ik'-tt-lar) [calyculus, a calycle]. I. In biology, having bracts resembling accessory calices or a cup-cell resembling a calycle. 2. An old name for the plant Hyoscyamtts. Calymna [kal-im'-ttah) [naXvTTTeiv, to cover, hide]. A jelly-like envelop of radiolarians. Calyphyomy [kal-if-i'-o-me) [mAv^, a calyx ; (pveiv, to grow]. In biology, the growing together of sepals and petals. Calyptera [kal-ip-te' -rah) [Kakx^KTripiov, a covering]. In biology, the tail coverts of birds. Calyptoblastic [kal-ip-to-blas' -tik) [/cnXiiTrrdf, covered ; ^'kaaroq, a germ] . In biology, having capsulated gen- erative buds, as the campanularian and sertularian hy- droids. Calyptra {kal-ip' -trali) [K.akv'KTpa, a veil]. In biology, a hood-like body covering the fruit-organ in plants, as the modified archegonium of mosses, or tlie united bracts of some flowers. Calyptrate [kal-ip' -trat) [KakvizTpa, a veil]. In biology, having a hood-like investment. Calyptrogen [kal-ip' -tro-gen) [MikvizTpa, a veil ; ytvr]<;, producing]. In biology, the root-cap. Calyx [ka'-liks^ [/cdAuf , the cups or calyx of a flower : //. , Calices'\. In biology, applied to various cup-like ensheathing structures, as the funnel-shaped tissues surrounding the Malpighian pyramids of the kidney, the cups of a polyzoan, or a Crinoid ; an ovarian cap- sule. C. of Ovum, the wall of the Graafian follicle from which the ovum has escaped. Camass [kam-as') [nat. American Indian], The edible bulb of Camassia esculenta, C. fraseri, or C. leicht- linii, squill-like plants of Western N. America. Death Camass, the poisonous root or bulb of Zygadenus ven- enosus ; called also hog'' s potato, as it is eaten by swine. The bulb or corm of the Blue Camass [Bro- diica gratidi flora), is also considered poisonous, al- though it may be eaten. Camata [kah-mah' -tah) [origin unknown]. The dried acorns of Quercus legilops, used in the arts for their astringency. See Camatina and I'alonia. Camatina [kah-mah-te' -nah) [origin unknown]. The immature acorns of Quercus icgilops, used in the arts for their astringency. See Camata and I'alonia. CAMBIFORM 252 CAMPHOR Cambiform (kai?i' -bif-orm) \_iai>ihiiii?i , cambium ; forma, shape]. In biology, applied to narrow, thin- walled succulent cells, often found in connection with sieve-tubes, but whose nature is not well understood. Cambi-Resin [East Indian]. The resinous juice of Gardenia lucida an H). Indian plant. It has been recommended for use in hospital dressings, from which it is said to expel flies. Cambium [kain' -be-iim) [L.]. In biology, a layer of tissue formed between the wood and the bark of exog- enous plants. It is composed of extremely delicate, thin-walled cells, filled with protoplasm and organiz- able nutrient matter, and appearing like a thin film of mucilage. Cambogia [kaiii-ho' -Je-a/i) \_Cainhoja, or Cambodia, a country in Farther India]. Gamboge. A resinous gum from Carcinia hanburii, a tree native to Southern Asia. Its properties are due to gambogic acid. It is a drastic hydragogue cathartic, decidedly diuretic. C, Pil. Comp., (B. P.), contains gamboge, Barbadoes aloes, hard soap, compound powder of cinnamon, and syrup. Dose gr. v-x. It is also officially a constit- uent of Pil. Cath. Comp. See Colocyntk. Dose gr. ij-v. Cambuca [kain-bu'-kah) [L.]. An old name for a bubo or venereal ulcer. Camel's Hair. The hair of the camel, used in Africa, Asia Minor, and the Caucasus, and latterly in Europe, for the manufacture of woven goods, that are made from the unbleached hair. C.'s-h. Brush, a small fine brush used for making various applications to the surface of the body, and for cleansing the ear, etc. Camelina [kam-cl-i' -nah) \_xafia'i, dwarf; Aivov, flax]. A genus of cruciferous plants. C. sativa, the gold of pleasure. A cruciferous plant of the old world, naturalized in N. America. Its seeds afford a fixed oil ; the plant itself was formerly esteemed in eye- diseases. Unof. Camellia {kam-el' -e-ah) [after Kamel, a scientist of the seventeenth century]. A genus of shrubs. C. the- ifera. See Tea. Camellin [kam-el' -iii) [see Camellia^ Cj^Hj^Ojg. A glucosid obtained from the seeds of Camellia japonica. Camembert Cheese. See Cheese. Camera (kam' -er-ali) [^Ka/J,apa, an arched roof or chamber]. In biology, a chamber or vaulted structure. In optics, the chamber or dark-box of the apparatus used for photography. C. cordis, the envel- oping membrane of the heart, the pericardium. C. of Cranium, the chamber of the skull. C. lucida, an optical device for superimposing or combining two fields of view in one eye, invented by the chemist Wollaston. C. oculi, the chamber of the eye. Camerated {lca/n'-er-a-/ed) [_Kafiapa, a vault]. In biology, chambered, vaulted. Camerer's Method. A method of estimating uric acid in the urine. It is done by means of Salkowski's magnesia mixture (one part of crystallized magnesium sulphate, two parts of ammonium chlorid, four parts of ammonia solution, of sp. gr. 0.924, and eight parts of water), to remove the phosphates, and the addition of silver nitrate. Camerine {kam'-er-iti) [/ca/tdpra, a vault]. In biology, a foraminiferous shell of the numulite limestone. Cameritelous {kam-er-it-e'-lus) \_Lamera, a vault; tela, a web]. Applied to spiders that spin intricate webs or hiding-chambers. Camerostoma [kam-er-os' -to-mali) [/ca//n^;n, a vault ; ardi/a, a mouth]. In biology, the vaulted cover of the manducatory organs of spiders. Camisole {kam-is-dl' ) [Fr. ]. The straight-jacket, for- merly used for the restraint of violently insane persons. Camomile, or Chamomile [kam'-o-mil ). See Anlhemis and Alatricaria. Campana [kam-pa'-nah). See Pulsatilla. Camp Cure. Life in camp and in the open air, adopted as a therapeutic measure. C. Fever. Synonym of Typhus P'ever. C. Measles, an epidemic of measles among soldiers. Campani's Ocular. See Ocular. C. Tests. .See Tests, Table of . Campanula {kam-pan' -u-lah) [L., "a little bell"]. I. Any bell-shaped part or process. 2. A genus of plants with bell-shaped flowers : blue-bell : Canterbury bell. Several of the species, as C. trachelitim and C. glomerata have been employed in medicine, as deter- gents, astringents, and vulneraries. Unof. Campanulate {kam-pan' -u-lat) \_campanula, a little bell]. Bell-shaped. Camper's Angles. See Angle. C. Ligament. See Ligament. C. Lines. See Lines, Table of. C. Plane. See Plane. C. Profile Line. See Profile Litie. Camphene {kam-fen' , or ka?ii'-fe}t') \_camphor'\, Cj^Hjg. The solid teqaerie obtained from pinene halogen hydrid by the elimination of the haloid acid. Camphenes (J;am' fenz) \camphor\ The volatile oils or hydrocarbons having the general formula C,|,H,^, isomeric with oil of turpentine. Many camphenes exist ready-formed in plants, as oil of cloves, etc. They are liquid at ordinary temperatures. They are also called terpenes, but by some authorities the latter is made the generic name of all the volatile hydrocar- bons having the formula CjqHjj, while the name camphene is limited to those terpenes that are solid at ordinary temperatures. Camphoid [kam'-foid) \camphor\ A substitute for collodion. It is a solution, one in 40, of pyroxylin, in equal parts by weight of camphor and absolute alcohol. It may be used as a vehicle for applications to the skin. The application dries in a few minutes, leaving an elastic opaque film, not easily washed off. Campholic Acid [kam-fol'-ik). See Acid, Campholic. Campho-phenique {kain-fo-fen-ek') [Fr.]. A proprie- tary preparation combining camphor and phenol ; it is recommended as an antiseptic and local stimulant. Unof. Camphor (kajn'-for) \camphora, camphor : gen. , Camphorce\, C^gHjgO. A solid volatile oil ob- tained from Ci7inamomum catnphora, a tree indig- enous to Eastern Asia. It yields camphoric and cam- phretic acids, also C. Cymol when distilled with zinc chlorid. It is a valuable antispasmodic, anodyne and diaphoretic. Applied locally, it is an excellent rube- facient. It is a moderate cerebral excitant. It is effectual in cholera, vomiting, cardiac depression and affections requiring an antispasmodic. C, aqua, con- sists of camphor 8, alcohol 16, distilled water q. s. ad 1000 parts. Dose,::5j-iv. C. Ball, an English pre- paration used as an application to chapped-skin. Its composition is spermaceti 4, white wax 12, oil of almonds 5 ; melt in a water bath, and add flowers of camphor 4. Dissolve and when nearly cold pour into boxes or mould in gallipots. C, Borneo. .See Borneol. C, Carbolated, a mixture of 2}4 parts of camphor with one each of carbolic acid and alcohol. A good antiseptic dressing for wounds. C, ceratum, consists of camphor liniment 3, olive oil 12, simple cerate 85. Used for itching skin-affections. C, Chloral, a fluid prepared by mixing equal parts of camphor and chloral hydrate. It is an excellent solvent for many alkaloids. Used externally. C.-ice, the ceratum catnplionc compositum , N. F. C, linimen- tum, has camphor 20, cottonseed oil 80 parts. C, Liniment. Comp. (I>. P.), contains camphor and oil of CAMPHORIC ACID 253 CANAL lavender dissolved in rectified spirit, and strong solu- tion of ammonia added. C, Monobromated, Cj^Hj^- BrO, camphor in which one atom of hydrogen has been replaced by an atom of bromin. It resembles the broraids in therapeutic action. Dose gr. j-x, in emulsion. C. salicylate, prepared by heating to- gether 14 parts of camphor with 11 of salicylic acid. It is used as an ointment. C, Spt., contains camphor ID, alcohol 70, water 20 parts. Dose rr^v-xx. C, Tinct., Comp. (B. P. ), contains opium, benzoic acid, camphor, oil of anise, and proof spirit. Dose tT\^xv-3j. C. Tinct., Rubini's. Unof. A saturated solution of camphor in alcohol. Dose gtt. iv-x. Raspail's " Eau Sedative." Unof. Contains aq. ammonia 5 ij, sodium chlorid ^ ij, camph. spt. wine 3 iij, water Oij. Used externally. Camphoric Acid [kam-for' -ik). See Acid'. Camphoronic Acid [kain-fo-ron' ik). See Acui. Camphors [kain' -forz) \_i-a/Hphora, camphor]. Peculiar- smelling substances containing oxygen and intimately related to the terpenes. They are often found with the latter in plant-secretions and can be artificially prepared by oxidizing the same. Camphylene {kaiii' -Jil-eii)\camphora, camphor], Cj^H,^. I. A liquid terpene produced by decomposing cam- phene with lime at a great heat. 2. A commercial name for naphthalin, occurring in blocks that are sold for protecting furs and woolens from moths, and are placed in urinals for disinfecting purposes. Campimeter (kam-piin'-ct-e)'). See Perimeter. Camplin's Biscuits. See Biscuits. Campsis (kamp'-sis) [_Kdfiijn^, a curving]. Any abnormal curvature or flexion. Campterium (^/:ainp-te' -re-iini) \_KaiJ.nT!jp, a bending]. In biology, the anterior border of the wing ; the bend of the wing. Campylochirus {kam-pil-o-ki'-nis) l_Ka/iTr'ulog, crooked ; X^'p, hand]. Having distorted hands. Campylorrhachis {kam-pil-or' -a-kis) [Ka/iwiXog, crooked; pa-xic, backbone]. A fetus with spinal deformity. Campylorrhinus(A7OT-///-(>-?7^-;?/«) [«:a,(/7r(i^of, crooked; p/f, nose]. A monstrosity with a deformity of the nose. Campylospermous {kam-pil-o-sper' -mils') [KO^TriiAof , curved; (T7r£p//a, a seed]. In biology, applied to seeds having the material curved so as to form longitudinal furrows. Campylotropal (kam-pil-of -ro-pal^ \Kaii-Kvkoc,, curved ; rpeTTeiv, to turn]. In biology, applied to ovules or seeds that are bent or curved on themselves. Canada (Jiaii' -a-dah) [Sp.]. A British possession in North America. C. Balsam. See Balsamum can- adense. For its uses in microscopy, see Mounting Media. C. Snakeroot, the root of Asariim canadense. See Asarum. C. Hemp. See Apocynum. Canadian [kan-a' -de-an) \_Canada\. Pertaining or belonging to Canada. Canadol (knn'-ad-ol). A transparent volatile liquid re- sembling benzene in smell. It is an excellent local anesthetic for minor surgical operations. Unof. See also Gasolene. Canaigre [kan-a' -gra) [Sp.]. The Rtimex hvmeno- sepalus, a plant of Texas, Mexico, Utah and Cali- fornia. The root is highly astringent : the sour stalks are used, like rhubarb-stalks, in making pies. Unof. Canal, or Canalis [kan-a/', or kan-a'-Ks) [canna, a reed or tube], I. A tube or duct for carrying the fluids of the body. 2. A hollow instrument used as a splint. C , Abdominal. See C, Inguinal. C, Abital. See C, Aphodal. C, Aerial. See C, Air. C, Afferent. See C, Inciirrent. C, Air, a cavity containing air, such as exists in most vegetable organs ; it is formed by an arrest of development or by a destruc- tion of some of the anatomic elements. C, Al- cock's, a strong sheath of the obturator layer of the pelvic fascia containing the internal pudic artery. C, Alimentary, the whole digestive tube from the mouth to the anus. C, Alisphenoid, in comparative anatomy, a canal in the alisphenoid bone, opening anteriorly into the foramen rotundum, and transmitting the external carotid artery. C, Alveolar, Anterior, one located in the superior maxilla ; it transmits the anterior supe- rior dental nerve. C, Alveolar, Inferior, the inferior dental canal. C, Alveolar, Median, one located in the superior maxilla and transmitting the middle supe- rior dental nerve. C, Alveolar, Posterior, one situated in the superior maxilla ; it transmits the posterior superior dental nerve. C, Alveolo-dental, .See C, Dental. C, Ambulacral, in the Eclnnoder- mata, branches of the circular canal. C, Anal, leads from the rectum to the external opening of the anus. C, Aphodal, in certain sponges, one connecting a chamber with an excurrent canal. C, Apical, in the Ctenopliora, two canals extending from the funnel to the apical pores. C, Aquiferous. l. Canals that in many molluscs traverse the substance of the foot, opening externally by pores, or internally into the blood-sinuses. 2. In the Entozoa, a series of ramify- ing excretory canals, with blind extremities, converging to a common canal that opens externally. C, Arach- noid, a space formed beneath the arachnoid membrane of the brain ; it transmits the vence magna; Galeni. C. of Arantius, the ductus venosus. C, Archinephric, the duct of the archinephron or primitive kidney. C, Arterial. See Ductus arteriosus. C, Atrial, the cavity of the atrium. C, Auditory, External, that from the auricle to the tympanic membrane. C, Auditory, Internal, that beginning on the posterior surface of the petrous bone, and extending outward and backward for a distance of about four lines ; it transmits the auditory and facial nerves, and the audi- tory artery. C, Auricular. I. See C, Auditory, External. 2. The constriction between the auricular and ventricular portions of the fetal heart. C. , Avant, the anterior portion of the male urethra. C, Axial, in certain Echinodermata, the central canal of a brachium, opening into the alimentary canal. C, Bartholin's, the duct of Bartholin's gland. C. of Bernard, a supplementary duct of the pancreas. Also called Santorini's canal. C, Bichat's. See C, Arachnoid. C, Biflex. See Gland, Interungulate. C, Biliary. See C, Hepatic. C, Biliary, Inter- lobular, canals situated between the acini of the liver, containing small branches of the portal vein, etc. C, Blastoporic. See C., A'eurenteric. C. of Bone, a canaliculus of bone. C, Braun's. See C. , A'tv/rdv/- teric. C, Braune's, the continuous passage formed by the uterine cavity and the vagina during labor, after full dilatation of the os. C, Breschet's. See C. of the Diploe. C, Bullular. See C. of Petit. C, Carinal, an air-canal in the Equiseta, situated on the inner side of the xylem. C, Carotic. See C, Carotid. C, Carotico-tympanic, two or three short canals extending from the carotid canal to the tym- panum ; they transmit branches of the carotid plexus. C, Carotid, one in the petrous portion of the temporal bone ; it transmits the internal carotid artery. C. of Cartilage, the canals in ossifying cartilage, during its vascularization intended to receive prolongations of the osteogenetic layer of the periosteum. They radiate in all directions from the center of ossification. C, Central (of the modiolus), a canal running from the base to the apex of the cochlea. C, Central (of spinal CANAL 254 CANAL cord), the small canal that extends through the center of the spinal cord from the conus medullaris to the lower part of the fourth ventricle. It represents the embryonic ectodermal canal. C, Cerebro-spinal, I. The neural or cranio- vertebral canal, formed by the skull and the spine, and containing the biain and spinal marrow. 2. The primitive continuous cavity of the brain and spinal cord, not infrequently more or less extensively obliterated in the latter, but in the former modified in the form of the several ventricles and other cavities. C, CervicaL See C. of Cervix Uteri. C, Cervico-uterine. See C. , Uterine. C. of Cervix Uteri, that portion of the uterine canal that extends between the internal and external os. C. of Chorda Tympani, a small canal in the temporal bone, be- tween its squamous and petrous portions, parallel with the Glaserian fissure ; it transmits the chorda tympani nerve. C, Chyleaqueous, in certain invertebrates, a system of canals containing water and digestive pro- ducts. C, Ciliary. See C, of Fontana. C, Cir- cular, in the Ee/iinoderiiiata, a vessel surrounding the esophagus, connected with the exterior by the madre- poric canal, and giving oft the ambulacra! canals. C. clavellaris, in biology, a cecal canal running into the olfactory clubs of Mcdusin. C, Cloacal. See C, Exeiirrent. C. of Cloquet. See C, Hyaloid. C, Cochlear, the spiral and snail-like cavity of the cochlea, 28 to 30 mm. long. The base is turned inward toward the internal auditory meatus, and the apex outward toward the tympanum. C. of Com- munication, in the embryo of the fowl, canals that run from the cavity of each protovertebra to the pleuro- peritoneal space. C, Connecting, the arched or coiled portion of a uriniferous tubule, joining with a collect- ing tubule. C, Corona, in biology, the coronal in- testine of Aledusa. Same as Poiteh corona. C. of Corti, the triangular canal formed by the pillars of Corti, the base of which corresponds to the membrana basilaris. It extends over the entire length of the lamina spiralis. C. of Cotunnius. See Aqueduct of the Vestibule. C, Cranio-vertebral. See C, Cerebro-spinal, and C, Neural. C, Crural. See C, Femoral. C, Ctenophoral, in the Ctenophora, eight canals connected at right angles with the tertiary radial canals, and corresponding in their course with the eight locomotive bands. C. of Cuvier, the ductus venosus. C, Cystic, the cystic duct. C. of De Candolle. See C, Medullary. C, Deferent, the vas deferens. C, Demicircular. See (7. , Semi- circular. C, Dental, Anterior, one extending into the facial portion of the superior maxilla ; it transmits the anterior dental vessels and nerves. C, Dental, Inferior, the dental canal of the inferior maxilla; it tran.smits the inferior dental nerve and vessels. C, Dental, Posterior, two canals in the superior maxilla. They transmit the superior posterior dental vessels and nerves. C, Dentinal, the minute canals in dentine, extending approximately at right- angles to the surface of a tooth from the pulp-cavity, into which they open, to the cementum and enamel. C, Digestive. See C, Alimentary. C. of Diploe, canals in the diploe of the cranium transmitting Breschet's veins. C, Efferent. l. See C, Excur- rent. 2. In the Cwto/i'i', canals connecting the testicles with the deferent canals. C, Ejaculatory. See Duet, Ejaculatory. C. of Epididymis, a convoluted tube, about 20 feet long when straightened, forming the epididymis and continuous with the vas deferens. C, Eschricht's Yellow, in certain of the Cestoda , a system of canals, opening into the fertilizing canal, and terminating in round or oval sacs. C, Eth- moidal, Anterior, one between the ethmoid and frontal bones ; it transmits the nasal branch of the ophthalmic nerve, and the anterior ethmoidal ves- sels. C, Ethmoidal, Posterior. .See C. , Orbital, Posterior, Internal. C, Eustachian, one in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, containing a portion of the Eustachian tube. C, Excurrent, in sponges, the tubes that carry water from the ciliated chambers to the exterior. C, Facial, the aqueduct of Fallopius ; it transmits the facial nerve. C, Fal- lopian. See Aqueduct of Fallopius. C, Femoral. I. The inner compartment of the sheath of the femoral vessels behind Poupart's ligament; a femoral hernia descends through this. 2. See C, Hunter's. C. of Ferrein, a triangular channel, supposed to exist between the free edges of the eyelids when they are closed, and to serve for conducting the tears toward the puncta lachrymalia during sleep. C, Fertilizing, in many cestoda, a tube connecting the vagina and the uterus. C, Fibro-adipose, in certain fishes, a canal, filled with adipose tissue, on the dorsal side of the neural canal. C. of Fontana, a series of small spaces formed by the interlacing of the connective-tissue fibers of the framework of the peripheral processes of the iris, situated in the angle of the anterior cham- ber, and serving as a medium for the transudation of the aqueous humor from the posterior to the anterior chamber of the eye. They are also called C. of Hovius, C, Ciliary, and Fontana' s Spaces. C, Galactophorous, the lactiferous tubules of the mammary gland. C. of Gartner, in the female, a relic of the main portion of the Wolffian duct of the embryo; it is a tube extending from the broad ligament of the uterus to the wall of the uterus and vagina. C, Gastro-vascular, in the Hydrozoa, canals extending from the stomach into the substance of the disc of the umbrella. C, Genital, in com- parative anatomy, any canal designed for copulation or for the discharge of ova. C, Gonocalycine, a system of canals found in the gonocalyx of the Hy- drozoa. C. of Groin. See C., Inguinal. C. of Guidi. See C, Vidian. C, Gynecophoric, in Bilharzia, a groove extending from a little below the ventral sucker to the end of the tail. It lodges the female during copulation. C. of Havers. See C, Haversian. C, Haversian, canals in the compact substance of bone forming a wide-meshed network, and establishing communication between the medullary cavity and the surface of the bone. Their average diameter is -ji-j- inch, and they are lined by a continuation of the endosteum ; they transmit blood-vessels, lymph-vessels and nerves. C, Hemal, one in the ventral surface of the vertebral column, enclosed by the hemal arches ; it is incom- plete in certain portions. C. of Henle, a portion of the uriniferous tubules. C, Hepatic. I. The excre- tory duct of the liver. 2. The radicles of the hepatic duct. C, Hernial, one transmitting a hernia. C. of Hovius. See C. of Fontana. C. of Huguier. See C. of the Chorda Tympani. C, Hunter's, a triangular canal formed in the adductor magnus muscle of the thigh ; it transmits the femoral artery and vein and internal saphenous nerve. C. of Huschke, one formed by the junction of the tuber- cles of the annulus tympanicus. This is generally obliterated after the fifth year, but may persist through life. C, Hyaloid, an irregularly-cylindrical canal running antero-posteriorly through the vitreous body, through which in the fetus the hyaloid artery passes, to ramify on the posterior surface of the crystalline lens. C., Hyapophyseal, in birds, that formed by the inferior spinous processes of the upper cervical vertebrre; it transmits the carotid artery. C, Inci- CANAL 255 CANAL sive. See C, Incisfi: C, Incisor, a canal that opens into tlie mouth by an aperture just behind the incisor teeth of the upper jaw ; it is formed by a groove on the adjoining surfaces of the superior maxillae, and has two branches that open into the nasal fossae. C, Incurrent, in sponges, the canals that convey water from the exterior to the ciliated chambers. C, Infra- orbital, a small canal running obliquely through the bony floor of the orbit ; it transmits the infraorbital artery and nerve. C, Inguinal, a canal about one and one-half inches long, running obliquely downward and inward from the internal to the external abdominal ring, and constituting the channel through which an inguinal hernia descends; it transmits the spermatic cord in the male, and the round ligament of the uterus in the female. C, Inter-. See C. , C, Inter- cellular, in biology, canals formed by the' interspaces between vegetable cells. C, Intestinal, that portion of the alimentary canal that is included between the. pylorus and the anus. C, Intrafascicular, one formed in a fibro-vascular bundle by the destruction of the vascular tissue and parenchyma. C, Intralobular, Biliary, the radicles of the bile-ducts, forming a fine network in and around the hepatic cells, and com- municating with vacuoles in the cells. C. of Jacob- son. See C, Tympanic. C, Kidney, in the Platt-l- minthes, excretory tubes that take up excrementitious matter from the tissues. C, Kidney, Primitive, in some of the lower animals canals that appear to re- place the kidneys. C. of Kowalevsky. See C, iW-u- renteric. C. , Lacrymal. I. The bony canal that lodges the nasal duct. 2. One of the lachrymal canal- iculi. C, Lateral, in most fishes, two canals, one on each side, that communicate with cavities in the head, and with the exterior, by apertures in each overlying scale ; they are probably sensory in function. C. of Laurer, in certain worms, one by which the oviduct opens externally on the dorsal surface ; according to some, the vitellarian duct. C, Lingual, in the horse, etc. , the floor of the mouth, from its lodging the tongue. C. of Loewenberg, that portion of the cochlear canal that is situated above the membrane of Corti. C, Longitudinal, in the Cestoda, canals, one on each side of a joint ; they are of uncertain function. C, Looped, in the Annulata, the segmental organs. C, Macro-myelonal, the central canal of the spinal cord. C, Madreporic, in the Echinodo-inata , one joining the madreporite, and the circular canal. C, Malar, one in the malar bone transmitting the malar division of the temporo-malar branch of the superior maxillary nerve. C. of Marrow. See C, Cartilage. C, Maxillary. See C, Dental. C, Median. I. The central canal of the spinal cord. 2. The aqueduct of Sylvius. C, Medullary. I . The hollow cavity of a long bone, con- taining the marrow. 2. 'Ae^e. C, Vertebral. 3. The cen- tral canal of the spinal cord. 4. An Haversian canal. 5. The canal of De Candolle, enclosing the pith in the stem of plants. 6. In embryology, the medullary tube. C, Medullary, Cerebro-spinal, the central canal of the spinal cord. C, Membranous, of the Cochlea, a canal in the cochlea, following the turns of the lamina spiralis ; it is bounded by the basilar mem- brane, the membrane of Reissner, and the wall of the cochlea. C, Membranous, Semicircular. See C, Semicircular. C. of Modiolus, the spiral canal of the cochlea. C, Muciparous. See C, Mucous. C, Mucous, in general, canals lined with mucous membrane. In zoology, canals found beneath the scales of fishes and other scaly animals, furnishing the mucus that lubricates the surface. C. of MuUer. See Miillerian Duct. C, Myelonal, the central canal of the spinal cord. C, Nasal. I. See C, Lachrymal. 2. An occasional canal found in the posterior portion of the nasal bone ; it transmits the nasal nerves. C, Naso-lachrymal. See C, Lach- rymal. C, Naso-palatine. See C, Lncisor. C, Neural. l. See C, Vertebral. 2. In Echinodenns, a canal a part of the wall of which is formed by the ambulacral nerve and its connections. C, Neurenteric, of Kowalewsky, also called Blasto- poric Canal, in the embryo, a passage leading from the posterior part of the medullary tube into the arch- enteron. C, Neuro-central. See C, Vertebral. C. of Nuck, a pouch of peritoneum which, in the female fetus, descends for a short distance along the round ligament of the uterus into the inguinal canal ; it is the analogue of the processus vaginalis in the male. It sometimes persists after birth. C, Nutritive. See C, Haversian. C, Obstetric. See C. , Parturient. C, Obturator, a canal in the ilium transmitting the obtu- rator nerve and vessels. C, Olfactory, in the embryo, the nasal fossa; at an early period of development. C, Omphalo-mesenteric, in the embryo, a canal that connects the cavity of the intestine with the umbilical vesicle. C, Optic. See Optic Foramen. C, Orb- ital, Anterior Internal. See C, Ethmoidal, An- terior. C, Orbital, Posterior Internal, the poste- rior of two canals formed by the ethmoid bone and the orbital plate of the frontal. It transmits the pos- terior ethmoidal vessels. C, Palatine, Accessory Posterior, one or two canals in the horizontal plate of the palate bone, near the groove entering into the formation of the posterior palatine canal. C., Pala- tine, Anterior, formed by the union of the incisive canals ; it opens on the palate behind the incisor teeth. C, Palatine, Descending. See C, Palato- Maxillary. C, Palatine, External, Small, a small canal in the pyramidal process of the palate bone, close to its connection with the horizontal plate. It transmits the external palatine nerve. C, Palatine, Posterior. See C. , Palato- maxillary. C, Palatine, Smaller. See C. , Palatine, Posterior. C, Palatine, Superior, one fomied by the palate bone and the superior maxilla, transmitting the large palatine nerve and blood-vessels. C, Palato maxillary, one formed by the outer surface of the palate bone and the adjoin- ing surface of the superior maxilla. It transmits the large palatine nerve and blood-vessel. C, Para- gastric, in the Ctenophora , one that branches off on each side of the funnel, and terminates near the oral extremity of the funnel. C, Parturient, the channel through which the fetus passes in parturition, includ- ing the pelvic canal, and the uterus and vagina con- sidered as a single canal. C, Pelvic, the canal of the pelvis, from the superior to the inferior strait. C, Pericardio-peritoneal, in some of the lower verte- brates ; canals connecting the pericardium and the peritoneal cavity. C, Perigastric, in the Hydrozoa, two canals running parallel to the stomach, from the infundibulum, and terminating in culs-de-sac near the mouth. C, Peritoneal, in the Plagiostomata, etc., two canals leading from the peritoneal cavity, one to each side of the cloaca. C, Perivascular, the cir- cumvascular lymph spaces. C. of Petit. Properly, a space, intersected by numerous fine interlacing fibers, existing between the anterior and posterior laminae of the suspensory ligament of the crystalline lens. It extends from the periphery of the lens, nearly to the apices of the ciliary process, and transmits the secre- tion from the posterior chamber. C, Petro-mas- toid, a small canal not always present, situated at the angle of union between the mastoid and petrous bones. It transmits a small vein from the middle fossa of the skull to the transverse sinus. C, Petrosal, two canals CANAL 256 CANAL on the upper surface of the petrous portion of the tem- poral bone, transmitting the large and small superficial petrosal nerves. C, Plasmatic. I. An Haversian canal. 2. In the Tcniadic, canals given oft from the longitudinal vessels, containing a homogeneous fluid which is supposed to serv^ for the nutrition of the animal. C, Poison, in snakes, the canal in the poi- son-fang, serving for the ejaculation of the venom. C, Pore. See C, Porous. C, Porous, in the ovule, supposed to serve for the entrance of the spermato- zoids in fecundation. C, Portal. See Intralobular , Biliary. C, Preputial, in the lower animals, the sheath of the penis. C, Primitive, the neural canal of the embyro. C, Prosodal, in sponges, a canal connecting the chamber with the prosopyle. C, Pseudostomatous, the processes of branched cells that extend from a sub-epithelial or endothelial layer to the free surface, their free ends forming the pseudo- stomata. C, Pterygoid. SeeC. ,Viialiiulus, a little canal]. The formation of canaliculi, as in bone, or as in calcified cartilage. Canaliculus {kan-al-ik'-n-liis) [L. : pi. , Canaliculi']. A small canal ; especially that leading from the punc- tum to the lachrymal sac of the eye ; and in the plural, the minute canals opening into the lacunK of bone. See Bout'. Canalization [kan-al-iz-a'-skiin) \_c'analis, a- canal]. I. The formation of canals, as in tissues, etc. 2. A system of wound-drainage without tubes. C. of the clot, formation of a channel through a clot in a vessel for the passage of the blood-current, occurring from the 50th to the 70th day after ligation. See Cells, I'asifactive . Canarin (kan' -ar-iii). See Pio-ments, Conspectus of. Canarium {kan-a' -re-uni) [E. Ind. , canari]. A genus of burseraceous trees and shrubs of warm regions. C, commune affords a part (at least) of the manila elemi, and also a balsam resembling copaiba. Other species yield similar products. Canatillo [kah-nah-tel'-yo). See Tepopote. Cancellate (^kan'-sel-dt) \_cancellare, to provide with a lattice]. Reticulated, or characterized by latticed lines, as the spongy tissue of bones, or certain leaves consisting entirely of veins. Cancellation (^kan-sel-a^ -sliuii) \_cancelH, lattice-work]. The quality of being cancellate ; cancellous structure. Cancellous {l;an' -sel-us) \_cancelli, lattice- work]. Re- sembling lattice-work. C. Tissue. See Tissue. Cancellus [kan'-sel-us) \_cancelli, lattice-work]. A space, or unit of structure, in cancellous bone ; any one of the minute divisions in spongy bone. The spongy, lattice-work texture of bone. Cancer (Ican'-ser). See Carcinoma. C, Alveolar, a carcinoma with an alveolar structure. C. aquaticus. Synonym of Stomatitis, Gangrenous. C. -bandage, a crab-shaped bandage ; a split-cloth of eight tails. C.-cell, a peculiar cell sometimes seen in adenoid cancer and in sarcoma. It was formerly thought to be pathognomonic of the malignant quality of a tumor. C, Clay-pipe. See C, Smokers\ C, Colloid, one containing colloid material. C. en cuirasse, dis- seminated lenticular cancer of the skin. C. -Juice, the milky fluid yielded by the cut surface of a hard cancer on scraping. C, Melanotic, a malignant pigmented form. C, Smokers', epithelioma of the lip due to the irritation of a pipe. C.-root, a name of Epiphegus virginiana, Apliyllon uniflorum, Conopholis americana and other plants vaunted as cancer-cures. The above are all either root-para- sites or saprophytes. Unof. See Aphyllon. C.-r. Beech-drop, a name for a plant used as a local ap- plication for cancer. C.-weed, Prenanthes alba, a plant. C.-wort, Linuria spuria and L. elatine, European herbs. Cancerate [kan' -ser-dt) \_KapK'n'OQ, a crab]. To become cancerous ; to be developed into a cancer. Canceration [ka}i-ser-a' -shun) [/cap/c/vof , a crab]. De- velopment into a cancer ; the assumption of malig- nant qualities by a tumor. Cancerous (kan'-ser-us) \_KapKlvoQ, a crab]. Having the qualities of a cancer; malignant. Canchalagua [kan-cka-la'-g7mk) [Sp.]. A Spanish- American name for various plants, chiefly of the genus Erythma, (as E. chilensis, E. venusta, E. tri- chantka). They are bitter tonics, with the qualities of gentian. Unof. Canchasmus {kan-kaz'-/nus) [my/caff/zof, loud laugh- ter]. Hysterical or immoderate laughter. Cancriform [kang'-krif-orm] \_cancer, 2l ctah ; forma, form]. Resembling a cancer in appearance. Cancrisocial (kang-kris-o'-shal) [^cancer, a crah ; socias, a companion]. In biology, a communalistic associa- tion of sea-anemonies, sponges, molluscs, etc. on the shell inhabited by a hermit crab. Cancrivorous [kang-kriv' -o-rus) \cancer, a crab ; vorare, to eat]. Applied to animals that feed upon crabs. Cancroid [kang' -kroid) \cancer, a crab]. Cancer-like; semi-malignant. C. Ulcer. See Rodent Ulcer. Cancroin [kan'-kro-in) [cancer, a crab]. A substance (said to be identical with neurin), introduced by Adam- kiewicz as a material for hypodermatic injection in cases of malignant disease, it being regarded by him as an alexin destructive of cancer- tissue. Cancrophagous (kang-kroff' -ag-us) [cancer, a crab ; tjiayelv, to eat]. Same as Cancrivorous. Cancrum [kang'-krum) [L., "a cancer"]. A cancer or rapidly-spreading ulcer. C. Oris, also called Canker of the Moutli, Gangrenous Stomatitis, Noma, Gangrenous Ulceration of the Mouth. It is a disease of childhood between the ages of one and five, char- acterized by the formation of foul, deep ulcers of the buccal surfaces of the cheeks or lips. There is but slight pain, but the prostration is great, and death usually results from exhaustion or blood-poisoning. The disease is generally the i^esult of poor hygienic surroundings acting upon a debilitated system. C. Nasi, gangrenous rhinitis of children. Candela [kan-de'-lah ) [candere, to glow], I. A medi- cated candle for fumigation. 2. A wax bougie. Candle (J;an'-dl) {candela, a candle]. A taper; a bougie. C. -berry, the bay-berry, Myrica cerifera, or its waxy fruit, from which a greenish wax is ob- tained. See Myrica. C.-fish OiL See Eulachoni Oleum. C.-foot. See Unit Quantity of Light. C- house, an establishment in which candles are manufac- tured. C. -power, in photometry, the candle-power of a lamp is measured by the ratio of the illumination of the light considered to that of a standard candle, both sources being at the same distance from the object illuminated. Cane Sugar (kan-shug' -ar^. See Saccharum . Canella {kan-el' -ah ) [dim. of Canna, a reed]. The bark of C. alba deprived of its corky layer and dried. It is a native of the West Indies and is an aromatic tonic and bitter stomachic. Dose of the powdered bark, gr. xv-xxx. Officinal in the B. P. Canelle-Brown. Same as Phenylene Brown. Canescent [katt-es' -ent) \_canns, white or hoary]. In biology, applied to the gray, hoary or white plumage or fur of animals and to the pubescence of plants. Canestrini, Bacillus of. See Bacteria. Canine [ka' -nin or ka-mn') [can is, a dog]. Partaking of the nature of, relating to, or resembling a dog, or the sharp tearing-teeth of mammals, located between the incisors and the molars. C. Appetite, bulimia, V. C. Eminence, a prominence on the outer side of the upper maxillary bone. C. Fossa. See Eossa. C. Laugh, a sardonic smile, or grin. C. Madness, rabies, hydrophobia. C. Muscle, the levator anguli oris. See Muscles, Table of. C. Teeth, dentes canini ; cynodontes ; dentes laniarii ; dents angulaires; cuspidati ; conoides ; eye-teeth. The cuspid teeth next to the lateral incisors ; so called from their re- semblance to a dog's teeth. CANINIFORM 258 CANTUS GALLI Caniniform [kan-in'-if-orm) \_caninus, pertaining to the dog ; forma, shape]. AppHed to teeth resembling canines. Canis {^ka^-nis) [L., "a dog"]. I. The dog. 2. A genus of animals. C. rabiosa. Synonym of Hydro- pliobia. Canities [kan-ish'-e-ez) [Lat.]. Poliosis; hoariness ; hair-blanching; Trichonosis cana; Trichonosis discolor; a premature or senile, partial or universal decoloriza- tion of the hair, the change varying from black or brown through every gradation to the whiteness of wool. This change may be physiologic or pathologic, gradual or rapid, general or confined to localized patches. Canker \kang'-kcr) \cancrui)i , a cancer]. An ulcera- tion of the mouth, or any ulcerous or gangrenous sore ; cancrum oris ; in farriery, a fetid abscess of the horse's foot. See Cancrum Oris. C.-rash. Synonym of Scarlet Fever. Canna iykan'-ali) \Kavva, a cane]. A genus of large- leaved marantaceous plants. C. indica, lias an acrid and stimulant root ; it is alterative, diuretic and dia- phoretic. Unof. The rhizome of C. speciosa affords caiiiia-starch, or tous-les-mois, a good substitute for true arrow-root. C. Starch. See Tous-les-mois. Cannabene (kan'-ab-en). See Cannabis. Cannabin. See Cannabis. Cannabinin (kan-ab'-in-in) \cannabis, hemp]. A volatile alkaloid from cannabis indica. Cannabinon, Cannabinone [kan-ab' -in-mi) \_cannabis, hemp]. An amorphous bitter resinoid from Indian hemp, used as an hypnotic. Dose I to 3 grains. Unof. Cannabis [kan'-ab-is) [L.]. Hemp. Indian hemp. The flowering tops of C. saliva, of which there are two varieties, C. indica and C. americana, the former being the more potent. They contain a resin, cannabin, and a volatile oil, from which are obtained Cannabene C,gH,,g, alight hydrocarbon, a.nA Hydrid of Cannabene, a crystalline body. It is an antispasmodic, anesthetic, narcotic, and a powerful aphrodisiac. In large doses it produces mental exaltation, intoxication, and a sensa- tion of double-consciousness. It is a valuable hypnotic in delirium tremens, and is useful for' painful affections of the 'bladder and for functional impotence. Bhang, Gnnjah, CInirriis, and Hashish are the various Indian names by which the drug is known. Strychnin and faradism are antagonistic. C. Indica, Ext., dose gr. C. Ind., Ext. Fid., an alcoholic preparation. Dose tt\,i-v. C. Ind., Tinct., contains 20 per cent, of the drug. Dose X(\ji-si- "T^'y Cannabin Tannate, the tannate, a glucosid. Dose as a hypnotic gr. v-x. Cannabism [kan' -ab-iziii) \_ca71nabis, hemp]. The habitual use of Cannabis indica ; ill-health caused by the misuse of Cannabis indica. Cannabist (kan'-ab-isl ) \cannabis, hemp]. A devotee to the use of Cannabis indica. Cannel Coal [kan'-el kdl). See Coal. Cannoid (kan'-oid) \_Kain>a, a reed ; ft(5of, form]. Tulnilar, as the skeleton of certain radiolarians. Cannon-bone (kan'-on boti). One ftf the functional and complete metacarpal or metatarsal bones of a hoofed quadruped, supporting the weight of the body upon the feet. Cannula (kan' -ii-lah) [dim. of canna, a tube]. A surgical instrument consisting of a tube or sheath obliquely pointed and a stiletto. It is used for tap- ping and draining tumors and cavities. Cannulated {kan' -u-lat-ed) \canntila, a little tube]. Made hollow : as a cannulated needle. Canquoin's Paste. A paste of flour, water, and zinc chlorid ; it is a powerful escharotic. Cantani's Diet. An exclusive meat-diet in diabetes. Canterbury Bell {kan'-ler-ber-e bel). See Campanula. Cantering Rhythm [kan'-ter-ing rithm). See Bruit de Galop. Canthal (kan' -thai) \_Kav%g, a canthus]. Relating to a canthus. Canthariasis (kan-/har-i'-as-is) [Kavfcpof, a kind of beetle] . A term proposed by Hope for the diseases that originate from the presence in the body of coleop- terous insects or their larva;. Cantharidal {kan-tha r' -id-al )[_KavHapk^, a blistering fly]. Relating to or containing cantharides. Cantharides (kan-thar'-id-ez). Plural of Cantharis. Cantharidin (kan-thar' -id-iii) \t\avdap'ic, a blistering fly], Cj^Hj^O^. The bitter principle contained in Spanish flies and other insects ; it crystallizes in prisms or leaflets, and melts at 2l8°. It has an ex- tremly bitter taste, and produces blisters on the skin. See Cantharis. Cantharidism (kan-thar' -id-izni) [^Kavflapig, a blistering fly]. Cantharidal poisoning. Cantharis {kan'-thar-is) \_Kavdap!^, a blistering fly: //. , Cantliarides^. Spanish Fly. The dried body of a species of beetle, C. vesicatoria (nat. ord. Coleoplera'). It contains a powerful poisonous principle, cantharidin , CjqHj.^Oj. Locally applied, cantharis is a rubefacient and vesicant ; internally it is an irritant, causing gastral- gia and vomiting. In toxic doses it produces severe gastro-enteritis, strangury, and priapism. It is used chiefly as an external counter-irritant in the form of "blisters." C, acetum (B. P.), of the strength of ^ ij to Oj. C, ceratum, cantharides 35, yellow wax 20, resin 20, lard 35, alcohol q. s. C, Ext., cera- tum, cantharides 30, resin 15, yellow wax 35, lard 35, alcohol q. s. C, charta, cantharides I, Canada turpentine I, olive oil 4, spermaceti 3, white wax 8, water 10 parts, spread on paper. Charta epispastica (B. P.), blistering-paper (white wax, spermaceti, olive oil, resin, Canada balsam, cantharides, distilled water). C. cum collodio, cantharides 60, flexible collodion 85, chloroform q. s. C. cum picis emplast.. Warm- ing Plaster, Burgundy pitch 92, cerat. canthar. 8 parts. Emplastrum calefaciens (B. P.), cantharides, ex- pressed oil of nutmeg, yellow wax, resin, resin-plaster, soap-plaster, boiling water. C, emplastrum (B. P.), cantharides, yellow wax, prepared suet, prepared lard, resin. C, liniment., cantharides 15, oil of turpen- tine q. s. ad ICQ. C. Tinct., contains 5 per cent, of the drug. Dose TTLj-xx. C, unguent. {B. P.), can- tharides, yellow wax, olive oil. Canthectomy [kan-thek'-to-?ne) \_Kavd6i;, canthus ; tKrofu'/, a cutting out]. Excision of a canthus. Canthitis [kan-thi' -tis) \_Kavd6<;, canthus ; iri^, inflam- mation]. Inflammation of a canthus. Cantholysis [kau-thol'-is-is) [_Kavd6c, canthus ; }d'aii;, a loosening]. Canthotomy with section of the ex- ternal canthal ligament. Canthoplastic (kan-t/io-plas' -tik) [haiWdf, the canthus; Trlaaneiv, to form]. Relating to canthoplasty. Canthoplasty ikan'-tho-plas-te) [Knrfof, the angle of the eye ; TrPf/fro-f/v, to form], A surgical operation for increasing the size of the palpebral fissure by cutting the outer canthus. Canthorraphy (kan-thor' -a-fe) [Kav66g, ca.n(hni ; paipi/, a seam]. A surgical operation to reduce the size of the palpebral fissure by suture of the canthus. Canthotomy {kan-thof -o-mc) \K.avdoq, canthus ; rofxi], a cutting]. Surgical division of a canthus. Canthus (kan' -thus') [rar^^of, canthus]. The inner or outer angle formed by the jimcture of the eyelids. Cantus galli (kan/' -us gal' -i) [L. ," cock-crowing"]. Same as Child-crowing. CANULA 259 CAPRIFY Canula [kan' -u-lali) . See Cannulci. Canutillo {kahn-oo-tel'-yo). See Tepopotc. Caoutchouc [koo-chook') [S. American]. India-rubber. The chief substance contained in the milky juice that exudes upon incision of a number of tropical trees belonging to the natural orders Euphorbiacea, Arto- carpaceiF, and Apocynacea:. The juice is a vegetable emulsion, the caoutchouc being suspended in it in the form of minute transparent globules. When pure, caoutchouc is nearly white, soft, elastic, and glutinous ; it swells up in water without dissolving ; the best solvents are carbon disulphid and chloroform. It melts at about 150° C. , and decomposes at 200° C. Capacity (kap-as' -it-e) \capacitas, capacity]. Mental receptivity ; passive (or active) mental capability ; moral or legal responsibility. Capax Doli \ka'-paks do'-li). See Doli Capax. Capelina {kap-el-i' -nah). See Capistrian. Capeline {kap'-el-in). See Bandage. Capeman's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. Caper [ka'-per). See Capparis. Capiat {ka'-pe-at) [L., " let it take]. An instrument intended for use in removing remnants of the placenta, polypi, or the like, from the uterine cavity. Capillaire (Jmp-il-ar') [Fr. ]. 'Y\\n capil- lus veneris, a species of maiden-hair fern ; also a cough-syrup prepared from the same. See Adiantimi. Capillarity (kap-il-ar' -it-e) \capiUus, a hair]. Capillary attraction : the force that causes fluids to rise in fine tubes or bores, or in very thin chinks. In an electric battery, the disturbing effects of the proper action of a voltaic cell caused by capillary action. Capillary [kap'-it-a-re, ox kap-il' -ar-e) [eapilhis, a hair]. I. A minute blood-vessel connecting the smallest ramifications of the arteries with those of the veins. Also a very minute fissure of the skull. Also the intercellular biliary passages. 2. Hair-like : relating to a hair, or to a hair-like filament, or to a tube with a hair-like bore. C. Attraction capillarity. C. Bron- chitis. .See Bronchitis. C. Embolism. See Embo- lism. C. Fissure, C. Fracture, a linear fracture, without displacement. C. Nevus. .See Ncevus Vas- cularis. C. Pulse, a visible change of color or an artificial blush in aortic regurgitation. C. Vessels, the capillaries. Capillaries, Meigs's, branching capillaries discovered by A. V. Meigs in the human heart. C, Pulmonary, a name used to designate the plexuses beneath the mucous membrane, on the walls and septa of the alveoli of the lungs. Capilli (kap-iF-i) [Plural of Capillus, hair]. In biol- ogy, applied to the hairs on the front and top of an insect's head. Capilliculture [kap-il' -e-ktd-chilr) \_capilhis, hair; ctd- tura, culture]. Systematic treatment for the improve- ment or restoration of the hair. Capilliculus {kap-il-ik' -u-lus') [dim. oi capillus: pi., Capilliculi\ Any one of the very smallest of the capillary vesicles. Capillifolious [kap-il-if-o' -le-tis) [capillus, hair; folium, a leaf]. Characterized by hair-like leaves. Capilliform (kap-iU -if-orm) \_capilhis, hair ; forma, form]. Hair-shaped. Capillitium {kap-il-ish' -e-tim) [capillus, ihehscix]. In biology, the hair-like threads within the spore-cases of many fungi. Capillus {kap-il' -us) [L. : //. , Capilli\ A hair; the hair of the head. Capistrum [kap-is' -trum) [L., a muzzle or halter: //. , Capistra\ I. A bandage for the head or for the lower jaw. Called also Capelina. 2. In biology, a mask or hood-like coloration of the face and part of the head in certain birds. Capital (/'<7/''-/i'-i7/) [caput, \\\t head]. I. Pertaining to the head, or to the summit of a body or object. 2. Of great importance ; as a capital operation in surgery. Capitate (kcip' -it-dt) [caput, head]. In biology, hav- ing a head or a head-like termination. Capitellate {kap-it-el' -at) [capitcllum, a little head]. In biology, bearing small heads. Capitellum {kap-it-el' -iim) [dim. of capul'\. The rounded, external surface of the lower end of the humerus. Capitiluvium {kap-it-el-u' -ve-um) [caput, head ; lucre, to wash]. A washing or bathing of the head; a wash for the head. Capitopedal [hap-it-o-ped'-al) [caput, a head; pes, foot]. In biology, pertaining to or near the junction of the head and foot. Capitular [kap-it'-u-la?-) [caput, head]. Pertaining to a capitulum or head. C. Process of a vertebra, one with which the head of a rib articulates. Capitulum [kap-if -u-lum) [capitidum, a small head]. In anatomy and biology, the enlarged terminal por- tion of an organ, plant, or animal, as the head of a bone ; the enlarged free portion of a stalked animal ; the knobbed end of an antenna or of an insect's poiser ; a dense cluster or head of flowers, leaves, or spores in plants. C. of Santorini, a small elevation on the apex of the arytenoid cartilage corresponding in posi- tion to the posterior extremity of the vocal band. Capotement [kap-dt-mon{g'))[Yx.'\. A splashing-sound diagnostic of dilatation of the stomach. Cappa {kap'-ah). The ectocinereal lamina of the mesen- cephal. Cappagh Brow^n. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment. Capparis (kap'-ar-is) [L., the caper-bush]. A genus of shrubs including the caper-bush, C. spinosa. Its flower-buds (capers) are pickled, or made into a piquant sauce. The bark of the root and the flowers are official remedies in some countries (as Spain) ; it is diuretic, cathartic, depurative, stimulant. Unof. Cappazwoli's Test. See Tests, Table of. Capped Elbow (kapd el'-bow). See Shoe-boil. Capped Hock [kapd' hole). In farriery, the develop- ment of a bruise at the point of the hock of a horse, with the formation of an hygroma, the result of rub- bing or striking that part against the partition of the stall. Capped Knee [kapd' ne). A dropsical collection in the bursa in front of the knee-joint of the horse. Capranica's Tests. See Tests, Table of. Caprantilopine (kap-ran-til'-o-pin) [capra, a she-goat ; atitilopinus , antelope]. Uniting the characters of a goat and an antelope. Capre (kap'-er). See Mulatto. Capreolar [kap-re'-o-lar), Capieolary [kap'-?'e-o-la-re) , Capreolate (kap'-re-o-lat) [capreolus, a tendril]. In biology,climbing, furnished with tendrils ; in anatomy, resembling tendrils, as the spermatic vessels, vase, capreolaria. C. Vessels, the spermatic vessels, from their twined and twisted appearance. Capreolus [kap-re' -o-lus) [capreolus, a wild goat ; a tendril of a plant]. I. A buck or he-goat. 2. The tendril of a plant. Capric Acid [kap'-rik as' -id). See Acid. Caprification (kap-rif-ik-a' -slum) [caprificus, the wild- fig tree]. In biology, the process of hastening ferti- lization and ripening of cultivated figs by the introduc- tion of gall-insects, by hanging a branch of the wild fig in the tree, or planting a wild fig in the midst of the fig orchard. Caprify [kap'-rif-i) [caprificus, the wild-fig tree]. To fertilize by means of Caprif cation, q. v. CAPRILOQUIUM 260 CARANNA Capriloquium [kap->-U-o' -kwe-ttm) \caper, a goat ; loqui, to speak]. Same as Egophony. Caprin [kap'-rin) [caper, a. goat]. An oily and flavor- ing constituent of butter ; glycerin caprate. Caproic Acid {^kap-ro'-ik as' -id). See Acid. Caprolactone {kap-ro-lak' -ton) [caper, a goat ; lac, milk], CgHjijO.^. A compound obtained from brom- caproic acid on heating the latter with water. It is a liquid boiling at 200°. Caprone (/'o, a coal ; acidiim, acid; f/trpov, a. measure]. A forrii of air- tester for estimating the amount of carbonic acid gas in the atmosphere of a room or compartment. Carbamic Acid {kar-bam' -ik as' -id). See Acid. Carbamid (Jcar' -bam-id, or -mid) \_i-arbo, a coal ; a??iid~\, CHjN.^O. Urea. Amid of carboxyl. It is prepared from urine, and crystallizes in long, rhombic prisms or needles that have a cooling taste. It is soluble in one part of cold water and in five parts of alcohol, but almost insoluble in ether; it melts at 132°; at a higher temperature it decomposes into ammonia, ammelid, biuret, and cyanuric acid; it is found in urine and in various animal fluids. C,arha.n\\. (^kar' -ba?i-il) [rari^o, a coal ; (?«///«], C^H^NO. Phenyl isocyanate ; a compound produced in the distillation of oxanilid. It is a mobile liquid, boiling at 163°, and has a pungent odor, provoking tears. Carbanilamid (kar-ban-il' -am-id) \carbo, a coal; ani- lin : a//iid'\, C^H^N.^. Phenylurea ; prepared by evaporating the aqueous solution of anilin hydrochlo- rid and potassium isocyanid. It forms needles easily soluble in hot water, alcohi'^l, and ether, and melting at 144-145°- Carbanilid (kar-han' -il-id) \carbo, coal; anilin'^, CjjHjjN.^O. Diphenyl urea ; a compound formed by the action of phosgene gas on anilin, or by heating carbanilamid with anilin to 190°. It consists of silky needles, easily soluble in alcohol and ether, but sparingly soluble in water, and melts at 235°. Carbasus [kar'-bas-i/s) [Kap(3aoa, cotton]. Gauze; thin muslin used in surgery. C. carbolata (N. F.), carbolized gauze. C. iodoformata (N. F.), iodo- form gauze. Carbazol (^kar' -baz-ol) \cai-bo, coal ; azotum, nitrogen], Cj.^HjjN. Diphenylimid ; a body produced when the vapors of anilin are conducted through a tube heated to redness. It is a by-product in the manufacture of anilin. It dissolves in hot alcohol, ether, and benzene, and crystallizes in colorless leaflets that melt at 238°. Carbazotate [kai'-baz-o'-tdt) [_carbo, a coal ; azotum, nitrogen]. Same as Picrate. Carbazotic Acid (kar-baz-ot'-ik). See Picric Acid. Carbo (kar'-bo) [L.]. A coal; charcoal. C. ani- malis, animal charcoal ; bone-black ; it is used in pharmacy and in manufacturing chemistry largely as a decolorizing agent and as a filter. C. ligni, wood charcoal ; an absorbent, disinfectant, and deodorizer, used in poulticing wounds and dressing ulcers. Given powdered, in capsules, it benefits certain cases of gastric irritation. Carbohydrate {kar-bo-hi'-drat) \carbo, coal ; vSup, water]. An organic substance containing six carbon atoms or some multiple of six, and hydrogen and oxygen in the proportion in which they form water ; that is, twice as many hydrogen as oxygen atoms. The carbohydrates form a large group of interesting organic compounds, and may be arranged into three groups : the glucoses (jiiotioses) ; the disaccharids , or sugars ; and the polysaccliai ids. The glucoses are the aldehyd-derivatives or ketone-derivatives of the hexa- hydric alcohols, into which they may be converted by the absorption of two hydrogen atoms. They are mostly crystalline substances, very soluble in water, but dissolving with difficulty in alcohol. They possess a sweet taste The disaccharids and poly- saccharids are ethereal anhydrids of the glucoses. All of them may be converted into the glucoses by hydrolytic decomposition. The disaccharids are ether-like anhydrids of the hexoses. A Table of Carbohydrates is added. C, Test for. See Tests., Table of. SERIES OF THE CARBOHYDRATES. I. GLUCOSES. Name. Formula. Fermentation. Optic Activity. Reducing Power. Monoses. C3H6O3 Erythrose C4H8O4 Pentoses. C5H10O5 Unfermentable. Reduces Fehling's solution. Unfermentable. Reduces Fehling's solution. Rhamnose, C6H12O5 Unfermentable. Reduces Fehling's solution. He.voses. Fermented by yeast. Exists in three forms : 1, dextro-rotatory ; 2, levo-rotatory ; 3, inactive. Reduces Fehling's solution. Glucose, ... Fermented by yeast. Exists in three forms : 1, dextro - rotatory ; 2, levo-rotatory ; 3, inactive. Reduces Fehling's solution. Galactose, CeHioOe Fermented by yeast. Dextro-rotatory. Reduces Fehling's solution. Fructose, Fermented by yeast. Levo-rotatary. Reduces Fehling's solution. CARBOHYDRATE 262 CARBOHYDRATE SERIES OF THE CARBO'HY'DRATES.—Contuutec/. I. GLUCOSES. Name. Formula. Fermentation. Optic Activity. Reducing Power, CfiHisOe U n f e rmen table by yeast. Reduces Fehling's solution. Methyl-hexose, . . . C7H14O6 Heptoses. Manno-heptose, . . C7H14O7 Unfernieiitableby yeast. Gluco-heptose, . . . C7H14O7 Unfermentableby yeast. Gala-heptose, .... C7H14O7 Unfermentableby yeast. Methyl-heptose, . . CgHioO? Un fermentable by yeast. Octoses. Manno-octose, . . . CgHieOs Unfermentableby yeast. ... IVonoses, Manno-nonose, . . . CcjHigOg Fermented by yeast. Reduces Fehling's solution. 2. DISACCHARIDS. Saccharose (Cam— Su- gar), Cl2H220il Un fermentable by yeast. Dextro-rotatory. Does not reduce Fehling's solution. Lactose (Milk-Sugar), C H 0 + H 0 Fermented by yeast. Dextro-rotatory. Reduces Fehling's solution on boiling. C12H22OH + H2O Fermented by yeast. Dextro-rotatory. Reduces Fehling's solution. Mycose (Trehalose), . Ci2H2oOn + 2H2O Fermented by yeast. Dextro-rotatory. Does not reduce Fehling's solution. Ci2H220n 3. TRISACCHARIDS. Melitose (Raffinose), . C18H32O16 + 5H2O Fermented by yeast. Dextro-rotatory. Does not reduce Fehling's solution. Melezitose C,8H320]C+ 2H2O Dextro-rotatory. 4. POLYSACCHARIDS. Name. Formula. Optic Activity. loDiN Reaction. Reducing Power and Fer- mentation. Starch (Amylum), . . CeHioOs, or Dextro-rotatory. Blue coloration. Fermentable. Paramylum, . . CoHioOs Negative. Lichenin (Moss-starch) CcHioOs Dextro-rotatory. Dirty blue color. CeHioOs Yellow color. Glycogen (Animal CeHioOj Dextro-rotatory. Reddish-brown color. Fermentable. The Gums. Dextrin, CoHioOs Dextro-rotatory . Does not reduce Fehling's solu- tion. Unfermentable. (C6H,o05)2 + H2O Dextro-rotatory. Does not reduce Fehling's solu- tion. Unfermentable. Bassorin (Vegetable Gum), CeHjoOs Dextro-rotatory. Does not reduce Fehling's solu- tion. Unfermentable. C]2H2oOlo Dextro-rotatory. Blue color. CARBOHYDRATURIA 263 CARCINOMA Carbohydraturia {kar-ho-ki-dt'at-u'-ir-a/i) \_cayhohy- drate \ ovpov, urine]. The presence of an abnormally large proportion of carbohydrates in the urine. Carbolic [kar-hol' -ik) \j:arbo, a. coal; oleum, oil]. Containing or derived from coal-tar oil. C. Acid. See Acid, Carbolic. C. Mask, Curschmann's res- pirator for use in fetid bronchitis. It is fastened in front of the nose and mouth, and contains cotton in a special receptacle, impregnated with carbolic acid, equal parts of carbolic acid and alcohol, turpentine, creasote, etc. Carbolism (^kar' -bol-izin) \_carbo, a coal ; cileui?i, oW]. Carbolic-acid poisoning : a diseased state induced by the misuse or maladministration of carbolic acid. Carbolize [kar'-bol-iz) \_cafbo, a coal; oleum, oil]. To impregnate with carbolic acid. To render aseptic or antiseptic by the use of carbolic acid. Carboluria [kar-bol-u' -re-ah ) \carbo, a coal ; oleum, oil ; ovpov, urine]. The presence of carbolic acid in the urine, producing a dark discoloration. It is one of the signs of carbolic-acid poisoning. Carbon (/^(7r'-3o«) [cari^o, charcoal]. Charcoal. C = 12 ; quantivalence II, iv. A non-metal occurring in the various forms of diamond, graphite or " black lead," and charcoal. In medicine only the last named form is employed, which may be, — C, Animal, useful as a deodorant and disinfectant, as it readily absorbs and aids in o.xidizing many gases. It is used internally to absorb fermenting products of digestion. Carbo animal., purificat., purified animal charcoal. Dose gr.xx-g j. C. Cataplasma (B. P.), charcoal poultice; wood-charcoal I, bread-crumb I, linseed meal 3, boiling water 20. C. dioxid, the acid, gas- eous product, having the composition of CO.^, com- monly known as " carbonic acid gas," or carbonic acid. It is a colorless gas having a sp. gr. of 1.52, soluble in cold water, and possessing a pungent smell and an acid taste. Inhaled, it destroys animal life by asphyxiation. In solution, it is an excellent refrigerant and stomachic. Its inhalation is fatal in a short time, even when diluted with 95 parts of air. It is a pro- duct of respiration. It is used in medicine for inhala- tion in whooping cough, asthma, and to stop hiccough. It is also used as a local anesthetic in minor surgery. C. bisulphid, bisulphid of carbon, CS.,, a colorless, transparent liquid of offensive odor, highly inflamma- ble, very poisonous. A good solvent for caoutchouc. A diluted spray of it is recommended in diphtheria. Dose iT\,ss-j. Carbo ligni, wood charcoal. C. mon- oxid, Co, carbonic oxid, a colorless, tasteless, and inodorous gas, one of the products of imperfect com- bustion. When inhaled it is actively poisonous. C. tetrachlorid, CCl^, anesthetic, recommended locally for asthma, by inhalation. Unof. See Anesthetic. C. oxysulphid, a body, COS, formed by conducting sulphur vapor and carbon monoxid through red-hot tubes ; it is a colorless gas, with a faint and peculiar odor. It unites readily with air, forming an explosive mixture. It is soluble in an equal volume of water. It is present in the waters of some mineral springs. Carbonaphtholic Acid [kar-bon-af-thol' -ik ). See Acid alpha-oxy naphthoic. Carbonemia [kar-bon-e' -me-ah) \_carbon, charcoal; aiixa, the blood]. A word denoting the accumulation of carbon dioxid in the blood. Carbonic Acid (kar-bon'-ik as' -id). See Carbon di- oxid. Carbonis detergens. Liquor. See Fix. Carbonization (kar-bon-iz-a' -shun) \carbo, coal]. The process of decomposing organic substances by heat without air, until the volatile products are driven off and the carbon remains. Carbonyl [kar'-bon-il] \carbo, charcoal]. A hypo- thetic organic radical having the formula CO. Carbostyril [kar-bo-stir'-il) \cai'bo, charcoal; sty rax, storax], C,|H,NO. Oxyquinolin ; a compound pre- pared by digesting quinolin with a bleaching-Iime solu- tion. It crystallizes from hot water in fine needles, and from alcohol in large prisms, that melt at 198-199°. Carboxyl {^har' -boks-il) [carbo, charcoal ; o^iif, sharp]. The atomic group, CO. OH, characteristic of the organic acids. The hydrogen of this can be replaced by metals, forming salts. Carbuncle, or Carbunculus [kar' -bung-kel, or kar- buHi^'-ku-lus) [carbo, a live coal]. A hard, circum- scribed, deep-seated, painful inflammation of the sub- cutaneous tissue, accompanied by chill, fever, and constitutional disturbance. It differs from a boil in having greater size, a flat top, and several points of suppuration. It is erroneously called anthrax. Carbuncular (Jzar-bung' -ku-lar) [carbo, a live coal]. Pertaining to a carbuncle. C. Disease. See A?i- thracosis. Carbunculo contagioso. Synonym of Anthrax. Carbyl [kai-'-bil] [crtr^o, charcoal ; v'Ati, matter], A name given by Magnus to the hydrocarbon ethylene when it acts as a basic radical. Carbylamin (Jcar-biF -am-in) [rrzr^o, charcoal ; amin'\. I. A name for hydrocyanic acid. 2. One of a series of compounds parallel to, and isomeric with, the nitrites, characterized by their ready decomposition by dilute acids into formic acid and amins. They are colorless liquids that can be distilled, and possess an exceedingly disgusting odor. They are sparingly soluble in water, but readily soluble in alcohol and ether. Carcassonne's Ligament. See Ligament. Carcerule {kar' -ser-ool ) [career, a prison]. In biology, a many-celled, many-seeded, indehiscent pericarp. CaTchsiTodont(har-kar'-o-dont) [mpxapog, sharp, jagged; b^o'vc, tooth]. In biology, having compressed, tren- chant, acute, pointed teeth, as sharks and snakes. Carcinoid [kar' -sin-aid) [KapKii'og, a crab ; eWof, shape]. In biology, crab-like. Carcinology {kar-sin-oF -o-je) [napKivoc;, a crab; '/oyeiv, to speak]. The systematized knowledge of crusta- ceans, or crabs, etc., a department of zoology. Carcinoma {kar-sin-o'-inali) [KnpKivcjua ; napKivog, a crab, thus called from the appearance of the veins]. A malignant tumor, characterized by a network of connective tissue whose areolae are filled with cell- masses resembling epithelial cells. See Tumors, Table of. C, Chimney-Sweepers'. See Epithe- lioma. C, colloid (Alveolar), affects chiefly the alimentary canal, uterus, peritoneum, etc.; the deli- cate connective-tissue stroma is filled with colloid matter in alveoli, or cysts. C. cutis, cancer of the skin. See Epithelioma. C, desmoid. See Hodg- kin' s Disease. C, encephaloid, is of rapid growth, with a small amount of stroma, large alveoli, and greater amount of cells and blood-vessels. Hematoid (bloody), Osteoid (in bones). Villous (papillary), etc., are other varieties, encephaloid in character. C, epitheliomatous, or squamous-celled, the cells resemble squamous epithelium, and they invade the adjacent tissue in a columnar manner. C. lenticulare, the most common form of cutaneous scirrhus. It begins as small, shot-sized, flattish, red papules, that enlarge to the size of a pea, bean, or filbert, most of them projecting above the surface, while others are subcutaneous. They are generally seated on a red or violaceous surface, and these coalesce into large irregular masses that sooner or later break down, ulcerate, and fungate, sometimes bleeding profusely. CARCINOMATOUS 264 CARDIOCELE The patient soon dies of exhaustion. C, lipomat- ous, contains cells infiltrated with fat. C, medullary. Same as C, Eiicephaloid. C. melanodes, similar to C. Lentictdare, but marked by dark-blue, brown or black papules, that break into fungous growths. C, melanotic, has cells filled with dark pigment. C, scirrhous, or Hard, most commonly in the breast ; it has a stout fibrillated stroma, closely packed with large nucleated cells. C. tuberosum, a rarer form of cutaneous scirrhus in which the nodules are of a larger size, even up to that of a hen's egg. The patient speedily dies of exhaustion consequent upon ulceration of the tubercles. C, Stiles's Test for; the excised part is washed in a five per cent, solution of nitric acid for ten minutes, washing it then in cold water for five minutes. The carcinomatous tissue appears a dull- white, the normal tissue translucent. Carcinomatous (kar-siu-o'-mat-iis) [^Kapnivo^, a crab]. Relating to or affected with carcinoma. Carcinomorphic (kar-siii-o-mor' -fik) \K.apKivor, a crab ; IJOfKpij, form]. In biology, resembhng a crab. Carcinophagous [kar-sin-off' -ag-Hs) \_iiapK.ivoQ, a crab ; (f)ayelv, to eat]. Feeding upon crabs and other crus- taceans . Carcinosis (X'(z/--jm-o'-j/j-) [/ta^)K(Vof, a crab]. I. A can- cerous cachexia ; a tendency to the development of malignant disease. 2. A form of cancer, usually fatal, beginning generally in the uterus or the stomach and spreading to the peritoneum. C, Acute, rapidly fatal carcinosis. C, Miliary, carcinosis in minute foci. Carcinus [kar' -sin-iis) [^Kapdvog, crab]. Same as Ca/i- cci\ or Carcinoma. Cardamom [^kar' -datn-oni) . See Cardamomum. Cardamomum [^liar-dam-o' -nmni) [L. : gen. , Carda- momi\ Cardamom. The fruit of C. elettaria, culti- vated in Malabar. Its properties are due to a volatile oil, Cj|,H]p. It is an aromatic, canninative stomachic, used as an ingredient of several " bitters." It is useful when combined with purgatives to prevent griping. C, infusum. Unof. Consists of cardamom gj' water O^. Dose a wineglassful. C, Tinct., 15 per cent, strength. Dose gj-ij. C, Tinct. Comp., cardamom 20, cinnamon 20, caraway 10, cochineal 5, glycerin 60, dilute alcohol, q. s. ad 1000 parts. Dose Cardan's Operations. See Operations., Table of. Cardia {kar' -de-ali) [/capfi/a, the heart]. The heart. C. of the Stomach, the esophageal orifice of the stomach. Cardiac (kar'-de-ak) [^apfS/Vi, the heart]. Pertaining to the heart. C. Aspect, that nearest the heart. C. Cycle, the total cardiac movement or revolution. C. Dropsy. See Dropsy. C. Dulness, the region covering the position of the heart, as shown by percussion. C. Dysp- nea. See Dyspnea. C. Epilepsy, a rare affec- tion, with intense pain in the region of the heart, occurring in paroxysms. This paroxysm usually follows a momentary loss of consciousness, and at times is associated with twitching of the facial muscles and other spas- modic movements. C. Ganglia, lie in the grooves and substance — the Cardiac Cvci-k. The inner circle shows the events that occur in the heart ; the outer circle shows the relations of the sounds and silences to the events. Facies, See Fades. C. principal are Remak's and Bidder's, the first on the surface of the sinus venosus, and the latter (two) at the auriculo-ventricular groove. See Ganglia, Table of. C. Impulse, the elevation caused by the movement of the heart, usually seen in the fifth left intercostal space. C. Murmurs. See Murmurs. C. Orifice, of the stomach, the esophageal orifice. C. Passion, pain in the heart, or the stomach. C. Plexus. See Plexus. C. Rhythm, the term given to the normal regularity in the force and volume of the individual heart-beats. In cases of cardiac in- sufficiency this regularity is disturbed to a greater or less degree, as is also the interval between the beats, and this condition has been termed arrhythmia. The name allorrhythmia has been applied to various per- versions of rhythm. These abnonnal conditions are due very probably to some derangement of the intrinsic nerve-apparatus of the heart, and are considered as un- favorable indications. Cardiagra (kar-de-a' -grah) [Kap(5/a, heart ; aypa, seiz- ure]. Gouty attack of the heart. Cardialgia [kar-de-al' -je-ah) \Kap(Yia, heart; akyoq, pain]. A term loosely used as a synonym of gastro- dynia in general, heartburn, and stomachic pains on the left side. Cardiamorphia (Jcar-de-am-or'-fe-ah) {liapfYia, heart; a priv. ; fiop--de-az' -mail) [/capdf'a, heart ; aaBfia, asthma]. Dyspnea or so-called asthma due to heart- disease. Cardiatelia {kar-de-ah-te'-le-ah). See Atelocardia. Cardiatrophia {kar-de-at-ro-' -fe-ah) \Kap8ia, heart ; a-po(pia, wasting]. Atrophy of the heart. Cardiauxe {kar-de-awks'-e) \K.ap&ia, heart; a'v^ii, in- crease]. Enlargement of the heart. Cardicentesis (kar-de-sen-te'-sis). See Cardiocentesis. Cardiechema [kar-de-ek-e'-mah) IjiapiVia, heart ; >/;\ifia, sound : //. , Cardierhemata] . A sound produced in or by the heart. Cardiectasis (kar-de-ek'-tas-is) [napSia, heart ; iKvaai^, a stretching out]. Dilatation of the heart. Cardielcosis {kar-de-el-ko' -sis) [rapJ/a, heart ; t'AKuaiq, ulceration]. Ulceration of the heart. Cardiemphraxia [kar-de-em-fraks'-e-ali) \_Kap6'ta, heart; quppa^iq, obstruction]. Obstruction to the blood-cur- rent in the heart. Cardieurysma {kar-de-u-riz' -mah) \Kap6ia, heart ; fT'/jiV, wide]. Dilatation of the heart. Cardiform [kar'-dif-orm) [eardus, a card ; forma, shape]. In biology, having the teeth set as in a card. Cardinal [kar' -din-al) \_eardo, a hinge]. A chief or principal part. C. Flower, a common name for sev- eral species of Lobelia, chiefly L. cardinalis. C. Points. See Eye, Diagrammatic. C. Points of Capuron. See Pelvis, t. Veins, the venous trunks which, in the embryonic stage, fonn the primitive jugu- lar veins. Cardiocele [kar'-de-o-sel) [/mprS/a, heart ; /c'/A?/, tumor]. Hernial protrusion of the heart, chiefly through the diaphragm. CARDIOCENTESIS 265 CARICOLOGIST Cardiograph of v. ^. Exit tube. c. Spring. Cardiocentesis (kar-de-o-scn-/f' -sis) \_iiap6ia, heart ; Kf i/Ti/Gi^, puncture]. Surgical puncture and aspiration of one of the chambers of the heart. Cardioclasia (J;ar-dc-o-kla' -ze-ah) [/capfS/a, heart ; Klaaiq, rupture]. Rupture of the heart. Cardiocrystallus (kar-de-o-kris-tal' -us) [Kap^ia, heart ; Kpi'gTa?i'Aog, crystal://., CardiocrystaUi'\. A heart crystal ; a microscopic white crystal sometimes found in the tissues of the heart. Cardiodemia [kar-de-o-de' -im-ah) [KapSia, heart ; Sr/pdc, fat]. Fatty heart; fatty degeneration of the heart. Cardiodynia 'ykar-de-o-din' -e-alt) [Kapc5/a, heart ; odbvi/, pain]. Pain in or about the heart. Cardiogmus {kar-de-og' -nius) [/captSm, heart; hyp,oq, a furrow]. Angina pectoris; cardialgia ; palpitation; aneurysm of a vessel near the heart ; exophthalmic goiter. C. strumosus. Synonym of Exophthaltnic Goiter. ■Cardiogram {kar' -dc-o-gram) \Kap&ia, heart ; ypap-pa, a writing] . The tracing made of the cardiac impulse by the cardiograph. See, also. Heart. Cardiograph (kar'-de- o-graf) [/ca/jJ/o, , heart ; ■ypd, to write] . Pertaining to or recorded by the cardiograph. Cardiography {kar-de- og'-ra-fe) [/captS/a, the heart; ypd(f>eiv, to write]. I. graph. 2. A description of the anatomy of the heart. Cardiohemothrombus [kar-de-o-hem-o-t li rom'-hus) [/capfVa, heart; dipa, blood; dp6fil3ua/c:, a. becoming curdled]. Heart-clot. Cardio-inhibitory (kar-de-o-in-hih' -it-o-re) [MpfJ/u, the heart; inhibere,to restrain]. Pertaining to the dim- inution of the heart's action. C.-i. Center, located in the medulla. C.-i. Nerves, the fibers of the spinal accessory supplied to the vagus. Cardiolith [knr' -de-o-lith) \jiap6ia, heart ; XSoq, a stone]. A cardiac concretion. Cardiology [kar-de-oF -o-je) \_Kap6ia, heart ; Adyof, dis- course]. The anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the heart. Cardiomalacia (^kar-de-o-mal-a' -se-ali) [/foprS/a, heart ; pa'Aania, softness]. Morbid softening of the substance of the heart. Cardiomegalia (kar-de-o-meg-a' -le-ah) \Kapila, heart ; p£ya(;, large]. Cardiac enlargement. Cardiometer {kar-de-oi)i' -et-er) [xaptS/a, heart ; fierpov, a measure]. An instrument for estimating the force of the heart's action. Cardiometry {kar-de-oni' -et-re) [/cap(5/n, the heart ; phpov, a measure]. The estimation of the size and dimensions of the heart (as by means of auscultation and percussion). Cardiopalmus (kar-de-o-paU -niiis) [mp^la, heart ; TraX/jog, palpitation] . Palpitation of the heart. Cardiopathy lykar-de-op' -a-the) [rapd/a, heart ; rraOoq, disease]. Any disease of the heart. Cardiopericarditis {kar-de-o-per-e-kar-di' -tis) {jiapSia, heart ; Trep/', around ; napfiia, the heart ; ltlq, inflam- mation]. Carditis and pericarditis together; inflam- mation of the heart-tissues and of the pericardium. (Landois) The use of the cardio- Cardioplegia [kar-de-o-p/e' -/e-ah) \_Kapt)ia, heart ; Tz'Arjyfj, a stroke]. Paralysis of the heart. Cardio-pneumatic [kar-de-o-iiu-iiiai' -ik) [/capfS/a, heart ; Tri>Ev/xa, the breath]. Pertaining to the heart and the breath. C.-p. Movements. Those move- ments of the air in the lungs that are caused by the pulsations of the heart and larger vessels. Cardio-pneumograph (/car-de-o-md-zuo-graf) [Kcipdia, heart; Tvrehpa, breath; ypd(peiv, to write]. An in- strument designed for graphically recording cardio- pneumatic movements. Cardiopuncture [kar-de-o-punk' -cliur) \Kap6ia, heart; punctura, a puncture]. I. Cardiocentesis. 2. Any surgical or vivisectional puncture of the heart. Cardiopyloric [liar-de-o-pi-lor' -ik) \Kap6ia, heart ; TTv/cj/xjr, a gate-keeper] . Referring to both the cardiac and pyloric portions of the stoinach. Cardiorrhexis (J;ar-de-o-reks' -is) [/iapJ/a, heart ; iy'/^ii;, rupture]. Rupture of the heart. Cardiosclerosis [kar-de-o-skle-ro' -sis) [_Kap6'ia, heart ; aK/r/poew, to harden]. Induration of the tissues of the heart. See Fibroid Heart. Cardioscope (kar'-de-o-skop) \_Kap(Via , heart ; aKoirelv, to view]. An instrument for the observation of the movements or of lesions of the heart. Cardiostenosis [kar-de-o-ste-no' -sis) \Kap6'ia, heart ; OTiv(jai<:, narrowing]. Constriction of the heart, especially of the eoniis arteriosus ; also the develop- ment of such a constriction. Cardio-thyroid Exophthalmos [kar' -de-o-tki-roid eks- ojf-thal' -»ios). Synonym of Exophthaltnic Goiter. Cardiotomy {kar-de-ot' -o-ine) [Kapdi'a, heart ; TOfiii, cut- ting]. The anatomy or dissection of the heart. Cardiotopography(/J'a;'-(/6'-y-/'f)-/()^''-ra-yi') [Kapd/a, heart; roTTOf, place ; ypa((ieiv, to write]. The topography or topographic anatomy of the heart and the cardiac area. Cardiotoxic i^kar-de-o-toks' -ik) \Kap6'La, heart ; -ni,i.mv, poison]. Having a poisonous effect upon or through the heart. Cardiotrauma {kar-de-o-traiv' -mah) \Kap6ia, heart ; Tpai'/ia, a wound]. Traumatism or wound of the heart. Cardiotromus {kar-de-ot' -ro-mus) [/lapd/a, heart ; rpo- pof, a quivering]. A fluttering or slight palpitation of the heart. Cardiovascular (kar-de-o-vas' -kii-lar) [/trtpf5/'a, heart ; vasculiim, a small vessel]. Both cardiac and vascular; pertaining to the blood-vessels of the heart. Carditic (kar-dit'-ik) \_Kap(Ua, the heart ; itli;, inflamma- tion]. Relating to or affected with carditis. Carditis {kar-di'-tis) [mpeS/a, the heart ; trig, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of the heart. C, Internal. Synonym of Etidocarditis. Cardo [kar'-do) \cardo, a hinge]. In biology, a hinge- joint, as that of a bivalve shell or the maxilla of an insect. Cardol (kar'-dol). See Anacardiuni. Carduus (kar'-du-us) [L. , a thistle]. The seeds of C. marianus, St. Mary's thistle, and C. benedictiis, blessed thistle. A decoction of the former, ij ad Oj, con- stitutes an old and popular remedy for hemoptysis. The latter is also a popular cure-all, used mainly as a tonic bitter. Dose of decoction ^ii^j-^ss; of a tinc- ture, TTLx-xx. Carferal [kar'-fer-al) [^carbon, charcoal; ferru?n, iron; aluminum. '\ A proprietary combination of carbon, iron oxid, and clay ; it is used as a filtering material for water. Carica Papaya (kar'-ik-ah pap-a' -yah). See Papain. Caricin {kar'-is-in). See Papain. Caricologist {kar-ik-ol'-o-jist) \_cariw, sedge; "kkyeiv, to speak]. A student of sedges. CARICOUS 266 CARPAGRA Caricous [kar' -ik-us) \carica, a fig]. Fig-shaped, as a caricous tumor. Caries [ka' -re-ez) \caries, rottenness]. A chronic in- flammation of tone with rarefaction or absorption of bony tissue, followed usually by pus-formation ; molecular death of bone, with the accompanying process, as ulceration. C. fungosa, tuberculosis of a bone with attached sequestrum, the meshes of the latter being filled with granulations growing into them from the inner surface of the cavity. C, necrotic, when portions of the bone lie in a suppurating cavity. C. sicca, a form of tuberculous caries characterized by absence of suppuration, obliteration of the cavity of the joint, and sclerosis and concentric atrophy of the articular extremity of the bone. C. of Spine, or Pott's Disease, osteitis of the bodies of the vertebras and intervertebral fibro-cartilage, producing curvature of the spine. C. of Teeth, a chemical decomposition of the earthy part of any portion of a tooth, accom- panied by a partial or complete disorganization of the animal framework of the affected part. Carina {kar-i' -naJi) [carina, the keel]. In biology, one of many keel-like structures ; as the breast-bone of most birds, the median piece to the carapace of a cirriped, etc. Carinate (/v?;-'-/?z-i7i')[(arz'«a/z imcula, a caruncle]. The nymphae. C. myrtiformes, the projections of membrane near the orifice of the vagina, thought to be the remains of the hymen after its rupture. They have also been found in the imperforated hymen. Caruncular [kar-ung' -kii-lar) [caruncula, a caruncle]. Like or pertaining to a caruncle. C^^Tus [ka'-i-Ms) [mpni.-, stupor]. Deep, lethargic sleep. C. cataleptica, catalepsy. C. ecstasis, trance, or catalepsy. C. lethargus, lethargy. Carus, Curve or Circle of. See Curve. Carvacrol [kar-ii' -ak-rol ] [Ital. , ('(rrz/z, caraway ; ciKpng, sharp], C||,H,.,.OH. A liquid body occurring in the oil of certain varieties of satureja. It is produced on heating carvol with glacial phosphoric acid. It is a thick oil, solidifying at low temperatures ; it melts at o° and boils at 236°. It has a very disagreeable odor and strong taste. It has been used to relieve toothache. Carvene (karv'-ett) [It., carvi, caraway], C[f,H,p. A hydrocarbon contained in caraway. It is a light ter- pene. See also Citrene. Carvol {karv'-ol) [It., carvi, caraway; oleum, oil], C,qH,^0. An aromatic alcohol isomeric with car- vacrol, and obtained from oil of cumin. It is an oil with a pleasant odor, boiling at 225° C. Caryoblast [kar' -e-o-blast) [aapvov, a nucleus; (iXaardi;, a germ]. Any nucleated plastidule. Caryocinesis {kar-e-o-sin-e'-sis) [mpvov, a nut (nu- cleus) ; KivijaiQ, movement]. See Karyokinesis . Caryocinetic [liar- c-o-sin-et' -iky See Kary akinetic. Caryolysis [kar-e-oV -is-is) \_mpvov, nucleus; Aiiew, to loose]. The process of the dissolution of cell-nuclei. Caryolytic [kar-e-o-lit^ -ik) [Kapvov, nucleus ; 'Avcjiq, dissolution] . Pertaining to Caryolysis. Caryomitosis [kar-e-o-mit-o' -sis). See Karyomitosis. Caryophyllin [kar-e-o-Jil' -in) [mpvov, a nut ; (/ivTlAov, a leaf]. C,„HjgO or Cj^H.jjO.^. The neutral crystalline principle of cloves. It occurs in tasteless and odor- less silky acicular crystals, soluble in warm alcohol and ether. See Caryophyllus. Caryophyllus [kar-e-o-fil' -us) [jiapvov, a nut ; (pvXkov, a leaf]. Clove. The unexpanded flowers of Eugenia caryophyllata, distinguished by their pungent, spicy taste. Its properties are due to a volatile oil, which is antiseptic, stimulant, and irritant. It also contains a crystalline body, Eugenin, CjqHj.^O,, and a camphor, Caryophyllin, C,f|H,gO. It is useful as a stomachic, and to prevent griping when combined with purgatives. C, Infusum (B. P.). A strength of l to 40 recom- mended. Dose 5j-ij. C, 01., contains an acid and a phenol compound. Dose Tl\j-iv. It is used also by microscopists to clarify preparations and tissues for mounting. Caryoplasm [kar' -e-o-plazm) \_Kapvov, a nucleus ; nXaaiia, that which is formed]. The plasm of a cell- nucleus ; nuclear plasm. Caryopsis (kar-e-op' -sis) [jiapvov, a nut ; 6i/);f, appear- ance]. In biology, an indehiscent dry fruit, like that of the wheat, in which the single seed is enveloped in the closely-adhering pericarp. Casali Green. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pig- ment. Casali's Test. See Tests, Table of. Casamajor's Test. See Tests, Table of. Casaubon's Apparatus. One for charging water with CO., by the intermittent method. Casca Bark [kas'-kali bark). Sassy Bark ; Ordeal Bark. The bark of F.ryihrophlcEum guijiense, a tree native to Africa, with properties due to an alkaloid. It pro- duces nausea and vomiting. It is valuable in inter- mittent fevers, and is a more powerful heart-tonic than digitalis. C, Tinct., 25 per cent, in strength. Dose Tr\^x. Unof. C, Ext. Aq. Dose gr. j. C, Ext. Fid. Dose n\^v-xv. Erythrophlein, the active alka- loid, unof., is locally an anesthetic. Cascadoe [kas-kad-o'-e). See Tinea imbricata. Cascara [Sp., " bark "]. The bark. C. amarga, Honduras Bark. The bark of a tree native to Mexico, much used as an alterative tonic in syphilis and skin-affections. C. Cordial, a trade preparation. Dose tT\,xv-3 ij. C, Fid. Ext. Dose 5 ss-j ; of the powdered extract gr. v-x. Unof. C. sagrada, Chit- tem Bark, Sacred Bark. The bark of Rliamnus purshiana, or California Buckthorn. Its properties are due to a volatile oil. It is useful in the treatment of chronic constipation. All unof Case, sagrad., Ext. (B. P.). Dose gr. ij-viij. Case, sagrad., Ext. Liquidum (B. P.). Dose rt\_v-3j. CASCARILLA 269 CATABOLIC Cascarilla {^kas-kar-il' -ah) [Sp., dim. of casca, bark]. The bark of Crotoii ehtterin, native to the Bahama Islands, an aromatic bitter, increasing the natural se- cretions of the digestive organs. C, Infus. (B. P.). Dose %]-\]- C, Tinctura (B. P.). Dose ^ss-ij. Cascarillin [kas-kaj--il' -in) \cascariUa, dim. of casca, bark] , C'^H^Oj. The active principle of cascarilla bark; a white, crystalline, bitter substance, scarcely soluble in water. Case [kds) \_i-adi'n', io happen]. A single instance or example of a disease. A covering, or box-like struc- ture. C, Brain-, the calvaria. C, Muscle-. See ■ Muscle. C. -taking, the collection of memoranda and notes of an individual case for service in diagnosis or prognosis, or for use in a medico-legal inquiry. C, Trial-, in ophthalmology, a case containing various lenses for refracting the eye, etc. Caseation (ka-ze-a' -shun^ [cascuiii, cheese]. The pre- cipitation of casein during the coagulation of milk. Also a fatty degeneration of pus, tubercle, etc. , in which the structure is converted into a soft, cheese- like substance. Casein [ka'-ze-iu) \_t(is:ii/n , cheese]. A derived albu- min, the chief proteid of milk, precipitated by acids and by rennet at 40° C. It is closely allied to alkali- albumin, but contains more nitrogen and a large amount of phosphorus. It constitutes most of the curd of milk. Two varieties of C, Vegetable, have been described, — Legumin, in peas, beans, etc., and Conglutin, in hops and almonds. C. Saccharid, a compound of dry casein one part, cane-sugar nine parts, and sodium bicarbonate enough to render it slightly alkaline. It is useful in preparing emul- sions, whether of oils, balsams, terpenes, resins, or gum-resins. Caseinogen {ka-zc-in' -o-jen) [(Y^j^^;;/, cheese ; yEvvav, to produce]. A peculiar substance occumng in milk, neither an alkali-albumin nor a globulin, but occupy- ing a distinct position among proteids. When acted upon by a digestive ferment it produces casein, or the curd of milk. Caseinogen is a proteid analogous to fibrinogen, myosinogen, etc. Caseose {ka'-zc-os) \caseum, cheese]. A product of the gastric digestion of casein. Caseous [ka'-ze-us) \_i:aseu/ii, cheese]. Having the na- ture or consistence of cheese. Cashew (kcish-00''). The cashew-nut, the product of Anacardium occidentalc. See Acajou. Cashoo [kash-00'). Same as Catechu. Cassava (kas-a'-vah) [Sp., casabe']. The fecula of nx'imoc, Jan Ipha manihot, separated from the juice. Unof See Tapioca. Cassel Brown. Same as Vandyke Bmm. C. Green. Same as Manganese Green. C. Yellow. See Con- spectus of PigDwnts, under Pigment. Cassel's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Casselmann's Green. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment. Cassena (kas-e' -nah) [L.]. The Ilex cassine,\hQyonY>on- tree of the Southern U. S. Its leaves are expectorant, cathartic, emetic, and stimulant. Unof. Casser, Ganglion of. See Ganglia, Table of. C, Nerve of. See Nerves, Table of. Casserian Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. Cassia [cash' -e-aJi) [^Kaaia, a perfume]. I. A genus of leguminous plants, several species of which afford Senna, q. v. 2. An old name, still used commer- cially, for the coarser varieties of cinnamon. See Cin- najnon. C. Bark, Cassia lignea. See Cinnamon. C. Buds, the immature fruit of Chinese cinnamon ; used chiefly as a spice. C. marilandica, of N. America, produces the leaves called American senna, which are less active as a cathartic than the true senna. C. Oil, a variety of oil of cinnamon, used in pharmacy and in perfumery. C, Purging, is the fruit of a tree, C. fistula, growing in tropical regions. The pulp, C.Pulpa (B. P.), in gj-ij doses is a mild laxative. Cassideus [kas-id'-e-us) \_cassis, a helmet]. In biology, helmet-shaped. Cassimuniar, or Cassumunar [kas-im-u' -ne-ar, or kas-um-u' -nar). The plant Zingiber cassumunar and its aromatic rhizome, formerly used like true ginger ; now scarcely known in commerce or in phar- macy. It is tonic and stimulant. Unof Cassius's Purple. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Cassonade [kns-on-ad') [Fr.]. A name formerly applied in the French colonies to Muscovado Sugars, q. v. Cast [kast) [ME., caj-A'w, to throw]. I. A mass of fibrous or plastic material that has taken the form of some cavity in which it has been moulded. From their source, casts may be classified as bronchial, intestinal, nasal, esophageal, renal, tracheal, urethral, vaginal, etc. Of these, the renal casts are the most important, by reason of their significance in diseases of the kidney. Classed according to their constitution, casts are epi- thelial, fatty, fibrinous, granular, hyaline, mucous, sanguineous, waxy, etc. See Tube-casts. 2. To throw oft ; applied to labor in cattle. 3. Strabismus. Castanea ) [L.]. Chestnut. The leaves of C. vesca. They contain tannic and gallic acids and other principles whose value is not known. They are used in infusion or decoction as a remedy for whooping-cough. C, Fid. Ext. Dose rr^ v-lx. Castillon's Powders. Powders containing sago, salep, tragacanth, of each 8 parts, prepared oyster-shells, 2, cochineal, I. They are used in treating diarrhea and dysentery. Casting (kast'-ing) [ME. , raj-to?, to throw]. In den- tal mechanism, running fused lead, tin, zinc, or brass into a mould made in sand, with a plaster transfer of any portion or the whole of the alveolar border and so many of the teeth as may be remaining in it, and the palatine arch when it becomes necessary to adapt a plate to it. Castor [kas'-tor). See Castoreum. C. Bean and C. Oil. See Ricini. Castoreum [kas-to'-re-um) [kootwp, the beaver]. The dried preputial follicles and their secretion, obtained from the beaver. Castor fiber. It is a reddish-brown substance with a strong odor. It is antispasmodic and stimulant, its action resembling that of musk. C, Tinct. Dose ss-j. Unof. Castoria [kas-to' -re-ah) [/idcrrwp, the beaver]. A pro- prietary medicine recommended as a substitute for cas- tor oil. Castorin [kas' -tor-in) [Kaarup, the beaver]. A crystal- line substance obtained from castor. Castration [kas-tra'-shun) \castrare, to cut]. Orchec- tomy ; the excision of one or both testicles. C, Fe- male, removal of the ovaries ; oophorectomy ; spaying. Casts [kasts^. See Cast, and Tube-Casts. Casual [kaz'-u-al) \_casus, chance]. Fitted or set apart for the treatment of accidental injuries, as a casual ward in a hospital. Casualty [kaz'-u-al-te) \_caszis, chance]. An accidental injury ; a wound, or logs of life, accidentally incurred ; an injury in a battle. QaXabAsis (kat-ab'-as-is) [/crtrd/3a(7/f, a descent] . The decline of a disease. Catabolergy, or Katabolergy [kat-ab-ol'-er-je) [ward, down; pdXAeiv, to throw ; ipyov, work]. Energy expended in katabolic processes. Catabolic [kat-ab-ol' -ik ) \_mra, down ; pilAew, to throw]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, catabolism. CATABOLISM 270 CATAPHORA Catabolism [kat-ab'-o-lhm) [Kara, clown ; piXKeiv, to throw]. Destructive metamorphosis; dissimilation; physiologic disintegration ; movement toward a cata- state. Catabythismomania [kat-ab-ith-iz-mo-ma'-ne-aJi) [har- aftvflia/j6(;, submergence; fiavta, madness]. Insane impulse to suicide by drowning. Catabythismus {kat-ab-iih-iz' -mus) iKarapvtlfa/joc:, sub- mergence]. Drowning; especially suicidal drowning. Catacathartic {kat-ak-nth-ar'-tik ) [/card, down ; Ka- Odpair, purgation]. I. Purging. 2. A medicine or agent that causes purgation. Catacausis [kat-ak-aw'-sis) [ko-q, down ; miew, to burn]. .Spontaneous combustion. Cataclasis i^kat-ak' -las-is) [/card, down ; iikatLv, to break]. A fracture. Catacleisis [Kard/iZcfcr/f, a locking]. Clo- sure of the eyelids by adhesion or by spasm. Catacorolla (^kat-a-ko-roV -ah ) [/card, against ; corolla, a little crown]. In biology, a secondary corolla either within or without the true corolla. Catacrotic {kat-ak-rof -ik) \K.aTa, down ; KpoTo^, a striking] . Interrupting the line of descent in a sphyg- mogram. Catacrotism [kat-ak'-rot-izni) [Kard, do wn ; KpoTog, a striking]. An interruption or oscillation of the line of descent in a sphygmogram ; the quality of being cat- acrotic or of being marked by oscillation in the sphyg- mographic line of descent. Catadicrotism, or Katadicrotism (kat-ad-ik' -rot-izni) [Kord, down; d/'/cporof, double beating]. The occur- rence of a divided or double pulsation in the down- ward stroke of the sphygmograph. Catadidymous [kat-ad-id' -ii?i-2is) [rard, down ; 6i6v- iUof,twin]. Joined into one, as a twin monstrosity, but with a downward cleavage, so that the upper parts are double. Catadidymus {kat-ad-id' -im-iis) [/cn-d, down ; SiSvfioc, twin]. A catadidymous monstrosity. Catadromous [kat-ad' -ro-mus) [/card, down ; Apdfieiv, running down]. In biology, applied to such fishes as descend rivers to spawn in the sea, e. g. , the eel. Catagenesis (kat-aj-en'-es-is) [/card, down; yeveaii;, generation]. In biology, the process of creation by retrograde metamorphosis of energy, or by the special- ization of energy (Cope). Catagma {kat-ag' -malt') \_iiara-yfia, a fracture : //. , Catag- ?>iata~\. A fracture. Catagmatic {kat-ag-mat' -ik) [/cdra)'//a, a fracture]. I. Relating to or serviceable in cases of fracture. 2. A remedy that promotes the union of broken parts. Catagoglossum {kat-ag-o-glos' -uin) \_KnTdyn\\ to draw down; j/wfrira, the tongue]. A tongue-depressor. Catalepsia [kai-al-ep'-se-ah). See Catalepsy. C. arti- ficialis, artificial or hypnotic catalepsy. C. acces- soria, catalepsy associated with some other leading nervous affection. C. cerea, waxen catalep.sy ; cata- lepsy in which the limbs if placed in any given posi- tion will retain it as if they were made of wax. C. epidemica, the epidemic or imitative variety. C. spuria, or false catalepsy. -See Ecstasy. Catalepsy {kaf -al-cp-sc) [/card, down ; '/ aji^dveiv, to seize]. A peculiar neurosis characterized by loss of will and muscular rigidity, due to a diseased condition of the central nervous system. It occurs in those of the neurotic diathesis, and usually between the ages of 20 and 30 years. It is commonly associated with hys- teria, but may be found in conjunction with tetanus and the various psychoses. It often forms a part of the hypnotic state. Somnambulism . C, Local, that affecting a single organ or group of muscles. C, Plastic. See Catalepsia cerea. Cataleptic (kat-al-ep' -tik) [/card, down ; Xaji^dvziv, to seize]. Relating to, affected with, or of the nature of, catalepsy. Cataleptiform [kat-al-ep' -tif-onn) [/card, down; "KayL- ffdveii', to seize ; forma., form]. Resembling cata- lepsy. Catalpa {kat-al'-pali) [native Am. Indian]. A genus of American and Asiatic bignoniaceous trees. A. big- noniodes and A. speciosa, of North America, have astringent, anthelmintic, and tonic qualities ; the leaves and pods are reputed anodyne, em611ient, and antasth- matic. Unof. Catalysis [kat-al'-is-is) \_KaTa'/v£iv, to dissolve]. In chemistry, a reaction that appears to take place owing to the mere presence of another body that apparently undergoes no change. Catalytic [h-araZ/'e/i', to dissolve]. I. Of the nature of, or characterized by, catalysis. 2. Any medicine that is supposed to break down, destroy, or counteract morbid agencies existing within the economy. .See Alterative. Catamenia [kat-am-e' -7ie-ali) [/card, concerning, accord- ing to ; jiiiv, month]. The recurrent monthly dis- charge of blood during sexual life from the genital canal of the female. Catamenial [kat-am-e' -ne-al) [/card, concerning ; a month]. Pertaining to the catamenia. Catantochasmus (kat-ati-to-kaz'-mns) [/cdrai'ra, down- ward ; xd(T//e, an expanse]. In craniometry, Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle between the radius fixus and a line joining the anterior point of the fora- men magnum and the posterior nasal spine is less than I3°- Catantopylus [kat-ati-top'-il-tts) [/cdrni'ra, downward ; ■KvTii], an opening]. In craniometry, Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle between the radius fixus and the line joining the anterior and posterior points of the foramen magnum is between one and eight degrees. Catantorrhinus (kat-an-tor-i'-nus) [/cdravra, down- ward; pig, the nose]. In craniometry, Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle between the radius fixus and the line joining the wing of the vomer and the anterior nasal spine is between 1° and 16.5°. Catantostomus {kat-an-tos'-to-mus) [^tidravra, down- ward; ardfia, the mouth]. In craniometry, Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle between the radius fixus and a line joining the premaxillary point and the wing of the vomer is between 9° and 25.5°. Catanturaniscus [kat-an-tiir-an-is' -kiis) [/cdrarra, downward; o'vpav'ioKog, the roof of the mouth]. In craniometry, Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle between the radius fixus and the line joining the posterior rim of the incisor foramen and the pre- maxillary point is between 1° and 20°. Catanturanus (kat-an-tiir' -an-tis) [/cdravra, downward; oipai'df, the palate]. In craniometry, Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle between the radius fixus and the line joining the premaxillary point and the nasal spine is between 1° and 17°. Catapasm [kat'-ap-azm] [h-a-d7racr//a, powder]. A dry powder to be sprinkled upon the skin or upon a sore. Q,SiX.a-p&X.a\o\xs(kat-ap-ct'-al-us) [/card, against ; TzhaXov, a leaf]. In biology, applied to polypetalous flowers in which the bases of the petals are adherent to the bases of the stamens. Cataphasia {kat-af-a' -ze-aJi) [/card^acr^f , assent]. A condition of imperfect consciousness, in which the patient repeatedly utters the same word or words spon- taneously, or in reply to a question. Cataphora (kat-af-o-rali) \_iiaTa(popd, a fall]. Lethargy ; imperfect or restless coma, with intervals of coma-vigil. CATAPHORESIS 271 CATECHU Cataphoresis [kat-uf -or-f' -sis) \_KaTaqiepeiv, to bring down]. The introduction of drugs into the system through the skin, by means of ointments or solutions applied by the electrode of a battery. Cataphoric [^kat-af-or' -ik) [/card, down ; i^opkeiv, to carry]. Passing, or causing a passage, from the anode to the kathode, through a diaphragm or septum. Cataphract \^kat' -af-rakt) ]_KaratppdKTr/g, a coat of mail]. In biology, the protective armor-plates or scales of some animals. Cataphracted iykat' -af-rak-ted^ l_KaTdij)paKTng, mailed]. In biology, protected by an armor of thick skin, heavy plates or scales. Cataphyllum iykat-af-il' -uni) [hard, down ; fv^Aov, a leaf]. In biology, a rudimentary scale-like leaf, as a cotyledon or bud-scale. Cataplasis iykat-ap' -las-is) [Kara, down ; Tr/da/f, forma- tion]. The stage of decline in the individual life. Cataplasm [kaf -ap-lazm) \Ka-aTx'Xaapa, n poultice]. See /'('«//' /iv. C, Emollient. Species emollientes. Cataplasma {J;at-ap-laz' -mah) [L.]. A cataplasm. C. fermenti (B.P. ),beer yeast, wheaten flour, water at Ioo° F. A stimulant and antiseptic for indolent ulcers. Cataplectic [kat-ap-lek' -tik) [ra-d7rA?/f/f, a striking down]. Fulminant ; sudden and overwhelming. Cataplexis [kat-ap-leks'-is) [ft:ard/r/l;/f(f , a striking down]. I. A sudden and overwhelming shock or attack of disease ; prostration by the onset of disease, or by shock. 2. Hypnotic sleep. Cataptosis [kat-ap-to' -sis) [«:ard, down ; tttCkji^, a fall- ing]. Apoplexy; epilepsy; paralysis; ptosis. Cataract [kaf -ar-akt) \_KaTapaKT!/^, a falling down or over, as of something over the vision]. Diminished transparency or an opacity of the crystalline lens, or of its capsule. C, Artificial Maturation of, Forster' s Method consists in friction of the cornea against the lens by pressure upon the cornea. Beltmaitn^ s Method consists in " direct trituration ' ' of the lens with a spatula introduced into the anterior chamber. Both methods are preceded by an iridectomy. C, Black, the lens is pigmented, and of a dark-brown color. C, Capsular, consists in non-transparent de- posits on the inner surface of the capsule. C, Cor- tical, opacification of the outer layers of the lens. C, Diabetic, is associated with diabetes. C, Discis- sion of, an operation preliminary to absorption, or ex- traction by suction, consisting in rupturing the capsule, so that the aqueous humor gains access to the lens. C, Extraction of, removal of the cataractous lens by surgical operation, 'net Extraction of C. C, Fluid, C. , Lacteal, the breaking up of an opaque lens into a milky fluid. C, Green, a name given to a grayish- green reflex seen in glaucoma ; it is also seen when the pupil is dilated and at the same time the media are not completely transparent. C, Immature, or Unripe, only a part of the lens-substance is cataractous. C, Lacteal. See C. , Fluid. C, Lamellar, or Zonular; certain layers between the cortex and nucleus are opaque, the remaining layers being transparent. C, Mature, or C, Ripe, the whole lens-substance is cataractous. C, Morgagnian, when a hypermatiire or ozerripe C. shrinks and leaves a nucleus floating in the dissolved outer layers. C, Naphthalinic, an opacity of the lens of a rabbit following the administra- tion of naphthalin. C, Polar (anterior or posterior), the opacity is confined to one pole of the lens. C- pricker. See Cata7-act-pricki>ig. C. -pricking, a name given to the old method of artificial luxation of the lens in cases of cataract. A needle was passed into the sclera on the outer margin of the cornea and into the lens, which was then depressed into the vitreous. Those who performed this operation were called cataract- prickers. C, Pyramidal, the opacity is at the an- terior pole and is conoid, the apex extending forward. C, Recurrent Capsular, or Secondary, capsular cataract, appearing after the extraction of the lens. C, Senile, the cataract of old persons, the most fre- quent form, and that understood when not specified as congenital, juvenile, traumatic, soft, etc. C, Soft, is especially that of the young ; the lens matter is of soft consistency and milky appearance. Cataracta [kat-ar-ak'-tah). See Cataract. C. secun- daria. See After-cataract. Cataractous [kat-ar-ak'-tns) [/<:arapdKr//f,a falling down or over]. Of the nature of or affected with cataract. Catarrh {kat-ar') \KaTappktw , to flow down]. Inflam- mation of a mucous membrane, especially of the respiratory tract, but also applied to the bladder, etc. Its main symptoms are redness and swelling of the affected membrane with a more or less profuse mucous discharge. C, Epidemic. .See Influenza. C, Gastric, gastritis, acute or chronic. C, Intes- tinal, enteritis, acute or chronic. C, Nasal, coryza, q.v. 'See also Fhinitis. C, Pulmonary, bronchitis, acute or chronic. C, Suffocative. Synonym of Capillary Bronchitis, q. v. See also Suffocative Catarrh. C, Uterine, endometritis. C, Venereal. Synonym of Gonorrhea. C, Vesical, cystitis. Catarrhal [kat-ar'-al) [/varo/op/e/i', to flow down]. Of the nature of, affected with, or relating to catarrh. C. Fever. Synonym of Influenza. Ca.ta.rTh.\is (kat-ar' -us). See Catarrh. C. genitalium. ' Synonym of Leucorrhea . Cataschasm (kat'-as-kazm) [nara, down; axda/iog, a cutting]. Deep or thorough scarification. Catastaltic {kat-as-tal' -tik) \K.aTaa-tXAtiv , to check, to send downward]. I. Astringent. 2. Passing from above downward (as a nerve impulse). Catastasis {kat-as' -tas-is) [/ca7d(Tra(T/f, a settling]. Con- dition, state, habit; a decline, or quieting of symp- toms ; restitution, as of a displaced part. Catastate [kat'-as-tdt) [naraaTaroi^ , settling down]. Any one of a series of successive catabolic states, sub- stances, or conditions, each one of which is less com- plex, more stable, and exhibits less functional activity than its predecessor. Catastatic (kat-as-tat'-ik) [/>:ard(7ra(T(f, a settling down]. Relating to a catastasis, or to a catastate. Catatonia, or Katatonia {kat-at-o'-ne-ah) [/ca7d,down; ropog, tension]. A form of mental derangement pro- gressing from melancholia successively through mania and stupidity to imbecility and tonic convulsions. Catatoniac (kat-at-o' -ne-ak) [/card, down ; tovoi;, ten- sion]. One who is the subject of catatonia. Catatony [kat-at'-o-tte). See Catatonia. . Catechin (kat'-e-chin) '[catechu'\, C^iKj^Ocj -|- SHjO. Catechinic acid, the active principle of catechu. It crystallizes in shining needles of a snow-white, silky appearance. Catechol {kat' -e-chol). See Pyrocatechin. Catechu [kat'-e-choo) [E. Ind.]. An extract prepared from the wood of Acacia catechu, a native of the East Indies. It contains 50 per cent, of tannic acid, and hence is a powerful astringent. It is used for the diarrhea of children and as a gargle and mouth-wash. Dose of the powdered extract gr. j-Jss. See also Pigments , Conspectus of . C, Infusum (B. P.). Dose §j-iss. C, Pulv. Comp. (B. P.). Contains catechu, kino, and rhatany. Dose gr. xx-xl. C, Tinct. Composita, contains catechu 12, cinnamon 8, dilute alcohol q.s. ad 100. Dose rT\^x- :^ j . C, Trochisci, each contains one grain of catechu with sugar, tra- gacanth, and orange-flower water. CATELECTROTONUS 272 CATOTRETOUS Catelectrotonus {kat-el-ek-trot' -o-nus) [/>r(ra, down ; T]2,£KTpov, amber ; tovoq, tension]. The state of in- creased irritability of a nerve near the cathode. See A nclfctrotomis. Catenulate i^kat-en' -it-lat) \catemcla , a small chain]. In biology, having a chain-like arrangement. Catgut {kat'-gut). The intestines of a sheep treated to make ligatures. C, Carbolized, catgut rendered aseptic by soaking in a solution of carbolic acid. C, Chromicized, treated with chromic acid. C. Mat, an appliance used in intestinal anastomosis for the pur- pose of approximating the edges of the severed intes- tines. C. Plate, an appliance for uniting the intestinal edges in intestinal anastomosis. It is made of a solid catgut sheet ; is thin, large, and flat, and resembles the Senn decalcified bone-plates. Q,2LXhA (ka' -thah) \_kx., kaf\. A genus of celastraceous plants. C. edulis affords leaves and twigs which the Arabs use as a substitute for tea and coffee. Catharma (/J'tf/Z^-tfr'-wf?/; ) [/cnfep/zn, refuse : pL, Cath- armata\. That which is removed by purgation ; ex- crement. Catharsis (Jcath-ar' -sis) [_Ka6aipeiv, to purge]. Purga- tion. Cathartic {kath-ar' -tik) \_KaOapTiii6c;, purging]. I. Purgative. 2. A medicine used to produce evacuations of the bowels. A purgative. C. Acid. See Senna. C. Pill, Compound. See Colocyiith. Cathelectrotonus See Cal elect rotoniis. Catheresis or Cathaeresis {kath-er-e' -sis) [_KaHa!peiv, to cut down]. I. Prostration or weakness induced by medication. 2. Caustic action ; it often designates a feebly caustic action. Catheretic [katli-er-ct' -ik) l_Ka6a!peiv, to reduce]. I. Reducing; weakening; prostrating. 2. Caustic. 3. A reducing or caustic agent. Catheter {kath' -ct-er) [_KadETi/p, a thing put down]. A tube-like instrument for evacuating the liquid of a cav- ity, usually the bladder. C, Bozeman's, a double- current uterine catheter. C, Eustachian, an instru- 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 ? ? 9 9 9 0 o g 9 10 II 12 13 14 20 21 22 23 The Sizes of Catheters. The upper number indicates that of the American system ; the lower, that of the French. ment for examining the E. tube, distending or making applications to it. C. Fever, systemic disturbance, with fever, following the introduction of the catheter into the urethra. C., Gouley's, a solid curved-steel instrument grooved on its inferior aspect, for passing over a guide, through a stricture into the bladder. C, Lung, a soft-rubber tube that may be passed down the trachea. C, Schrotter's, instruments of hard rubber and of varying caliber, somewhat triangular on section, used for the dilatation of laryngeal stric- tures. C, Self-retaining, one that will hold itself within the bladder without other appliances to assist it. Catheterism, or Catheterization {kath' -et-er-izm, or kath-et-cr-iz-a' -sJiun) \_Kaf1tTi/p, a thing put down]. The use or passing of a catheter. Catheterize {kath' -et-er-iz) [Ka()fr/;/3, a thing put down]. To operate upon with a catheter. Q,sX\\^\.on\&\.&x (kath-et-oiii' -et-er) [Koferof, a plumb-line; fxtrpdv, a. measure]. An instrument of precision used in craniometry for determining the length, breadth, height, and possible abnormity of the skull. Cathetometric {katli-ei-o-mct' rik) [/luffrof, a plumb- line ; jitrpov, a measure]. Relating to the catheto- meter. Cathetometry [kath-ef-om' -et-re) [«:af9f-o(:, a plumb-line; fiirpov, a measure]. The measurement of the skull by the cathetometer. Cathodal [kath' -o-dal) [/lora, down ; wtSof, way]. Relating to a cathode. Cathode [kat/i'-od) [koto, down ; wridf, way]. The negative electrode or pole of an electric circuit. Cathodic [kath-od' -ik) [Karri, down; w(S<5f, way]. I. Relating to a cathode. 2. Proceeding downward; efferent or centrifugal (applied to a nerve-current or nerve-impulse). Catholicon [katJi-oV -ik-on) \KaQokiK.6v , universal]. A universal remedy ; a cure-all. Cation [kat' -e-on) [/card, downward; Mvai, to go]. An electro-positive element ; one that accumulates at the cathode in electrolysis. See Io7i. Catkin {kat'-kin) [Ger. , Kdtzchen, dim. of cat]. In biology, the indeterminate deciduous, scaly spike of unisexual sessile flowers, forming the inflorescence of many trees, e.g. , the willow and birch. Cf. Ament. Catling, or.Catlin (kat'-ling, or kat'-lin). A long, pointed, two-edged knife for amputating. Catnep, or Catnip [kat'-ttep, or -nip) [corruption of cat- mint]. The leaves and tops of the herb Nepeta cataria, a stimulant and tonic ; a popular remedy for chlorosis, hysteria, etc. Dose of fld. ext. gj-ij. Unof. Catocathartic {kat-o-kath-ar' -tik). See Catacathartic. Catoche [kat'-o-ke) \_Ka-ox'i, catalepsy]. Catochus. Catochus (kaf -o-kus) \K.a-oxoc, a holding down]. I. Catalepsy ; coma-vigil. 2. Apparent death ; trance. Q.aXodiOW.'t (kat' -o-dont) [A-dru, down ; o6o'vc^, tooth]. Pos- sessing teeth only in the lower jaw. Catoptric Test, the diagnosis of cataract by means of the reflection of images from the cornea and lens- capsules. Catoptrics (kat-op'-triks) [(foroTrrp/zci^r, in a mirror]. The laws of the reflection of light. Catorhinus [kai-o-rin' -us) [/idru, below ; p/f, the nose]. In craniometry, Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle between the radius fixus and the line joining the wing of the nose and the anterior nasal spine is between 16.5° and 33°. Catostomus [kat-os' -fo-mus) [/id-w, below ; (yT6iia, the mouth]. In craniometry, Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle between the radius fixus and the line joining the premaxillary point and the wing of the vomer is between 25.5° and 42.5°. Catoteric [kat-o-te>-' -ik) l^KaruTepiiii'ic, a carrying down- ward]. A purgative or cathartic. Catotica {kat-ol' -ik-ah) \KaTuTtpndtc, a carrying down- ward]. Medicines or diseases that affect the internal surfaces of the body. Catotretous [kat-ot' -ret-us) [xnrd, down ; Tpi/roc, per- forate]. In biology, having the oral and anal aper- tures on the ventral surface. C, Amaurosis, a condition noted in suppurative choroiditis in which the CATOURANISCUS 273 CAUSTICITY exudate is visible at a distance as a vivid whitish or yellowish reflex from the pupil. C. Pupil. See Pupil. Catouraniscus [kai-o-iir-aii-is' -kits) [/carw, below ; ohpuvidKor^, the roof of the mouth]. In craniometry, Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle between the radius fixus and the line joining the center of the posterior margin of the incisor foramen and the pre- maxillary point is between 20° and 40°. Catouranus {kat-o-ur'-an-us) [/idru, below ; ovpavoq, the roof of the mouth]. In craniometry, Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle between the radius fixus and the line joining the premaxillary point and the posterior nasal spine is between 17° and 34°. Cattarrhine (kaf -ar-iii) [mrd, down ; p/f, the nose]. In biology, of or pertaining to those monkeys and apes that have approximated nostrils, directed downward and separated by a narrow septum. Cattimandu {kat-im-an' -doo) [E. Ind.]. An E. Indian tree. Euphorbia cattimajidoo : also its medicinal gum. It is used as a cement and as a remedy for rheumatism. When fresh it is an active vesicant. Unof. Cattle-Plague (kaf -I plag). Stt Jiindeipesf. Caucasian Idiocy [kaw-kaz'-yan id'-e-o-se). See Idiocy, Ethnic. Cauda {^kaw'-daJi) [L.]. A tail-shaped appendage. The tail-like part of the caudatum. C. cerebelli, the vermiform process. C. epididymidis, the inferior part of the epididymis. C. equina, the terminal extremity of the spinal cord, in conjunction with the roots of the sacral nerves. C. pancreatis, the slender left extension of the pancreas. Caudad {kaw' -dad ) {catida, the tail ; ad, to]. Toward the tail or cauda ; opposed to cephalad ; in man, down- ward. Caudal {!;aw' -dal^ \caiuia. the tail]. Pertaining to a Cauda, or tail. The term Ural has been proposed to take the place of caudal. Caudalis (kaiv-da' -lis) \_cauda, a tail]. In biology, applied as the specific name of fins or other organs near the tail. Caudate (kaw' -daf) \cauda, a tail]. Having or re- sembling a tail. C. Lobe of Liver, a small elevation of the liver. C. Nucleus, the intra-ventricular por- tion of the corpus striatum. See also Caudatum. Caudatum [kaw-da' -tuni) [cauda, a tail]. A ganglion or free ring of gray matter circling round the lenticu- laris of the brain. It is massive in the frontal portion, but becomes attenuated caudad ; the anterior portion is called the head, the posterior the tail. Caxid^iL [kaw'-deks) [ircWi'x, a tree-stem]. In biology, applied to the scaly, unbranching trunk of a palm tree or tree fern. Caudicle [kaw'-dik-l) \caudex, the stem of a tree]. In biology, a little stalk, as that of the pollen-masses in orchideous plants. Caudiduct \katij' -de-dukt') [cauda, tail ; ducere, to draw]. In biology, to draw or carry backward toward the tail. Cauditrunk [ka^u' -de-trunk) [cauda, tail ; truncus, trunk]. In biology, that part of the body behind the head of fishes and fish-like mammals. Caudle [kaw'-dl) [ME., caudel,SL warm drink]. A nutritious food for invalids. It is made as follows : Beat up an egg to a froth ; add a glass of sherry and half a pint of gruel. Flavor with lemon-peel, nut- meg, and sugar. Caudula (l;mv' -du-lah) [cauda, a tail]. In biology, a marginal tail-like process. Caul {kawl) [ME., calle, a hood]. I. A portion or all of the fetal membranes covering the head and carried out in advance of it in labor. 2. The great omentum. 18 Caulescent [kaw-les'-ent) [(V7////.f , a stalk] . In biology, applied to plants having a distinct leaf-bearing stem. Caulicle {kaw' -lik-l) [caulis, a stalk]. In biology, that portion of the stem of an embryo plant that is below the cotyledons and above the radicle. Cauliflower Excrescence (kaw-le-Jlow' -er eks-kres'- ens). Epithelioma of the cervix uteri. See also Verruca acuminata. Cauliform (kaw' -lif-orm) [caulis, a stalk ; forma, shape]. In biology, resembling a stem. Cauligenous (kaw-lij' -en-us) [caulis, a stalk ; genus, producing]. Borne upon the stem. Cauline {kaw'-lin) [mvAuc, a stalk]. In biology, of or pertaining to the stem. Caulis (kaw' -lis) [KavA/jc, a stalk]. In biology, a plant- stem. Caulocarpous (ka7a-lo-kar' -pus)[Kav'A(jQ, a stem; Kapnor, fruit]. In biology, applied to plants that bear fruit from year to year upon the same stem. Caulome (kaw' -ld?n) [KavKnc, a stem]. In biology, a general term for all kinds of stems. Caulophyllin (kaw-lo-fil' -in) [Kavkoq, a stalk ; i^vXXov, a leaf]. A resinoid precipitate from the tincture of caulophyllum. See Caulophyllum. Caulophyllum (kaiv-lo-fil' -um) [KavAoq, stalk; i) l^iiavrr/pid^eiv, to cauterize]. The surgical application of a cautery; the efiect of such application. Cauterize {kaw' -ter-lz) [Kavrz/ptdi^etv, to cauterize]. To sear or burn with a cautery or a caustic Cautery (kaw'-ter-c) \_KavTlipiov ; Kaietv, to burn]. Primarily, the term was applied to caustics, but more frequently now to the platinum-wire heated by an electric current, or the hot iron, for counter-irritation, removal of tissue, etc. C, Actual, the white-hot iron. C. Button, iron heated in hot water. C, Corrigan's. See Button. C, Dento-Elfectric, consists of a looped wire, held by set-screws, in con- tact with metal conductors that pass through a hard- rubber handle. The battery wires are coupled to two terminals. This appliance is held in the hand like a pencil in writing, and the current is closed by pressing a spring with the forefinger, when the resistance of the loop of wire causes it to become heated. It is employed for obtunding sensitive dentine. C, Gal- vanic,*a platinum wire heated by electricity. C, Gas, cauterization by a stream of burning gas directed upon the part. C, Paquelin's, or C, Thermo-, a hol- low platinum point kept at e, uniform temperature by a current of benzene vapor. C, Potential, or C, Virtual, the application of caustic substances. Cava [ka'-vah) [L. : //., Cavir'\. A vena cava. Caval (ka'-val) \_cava, a hollow]. Relating to a vena cava. Cavalry Bone [kav'-al-re bou). A bony deposit in the adductor muscles of the thigh. Cavernoma [kav-crn-o' -ma) \_caverna, a cavern; 6/;a, a tumor]. A cavernous tumor; a cavernous angioma. Cavernous (kav' -ern-us) \_iavema^ a cave]. Having cave-like spaces or hollow places. C. Bodies, the corpora cavernosa of the penis. C. Breathing, the reverberating or hollow sound of bronchial breathing in dilated or abnormal bronchi. C. Groove, the carotid groove. C. Plexus. See Plexus. C. R^le. See C. Breathing. C. Sinus, situated at the side of the body of the sphenoid. C. Tissue, erectile tissue. C. Tumor. Angioma. C. Whisper, whispering resonance in auscultation, modified by transmission through a cavity. C. Voice. See Pectoriloquy. Cavernula Tentacularis. In biology, a subumbral tentacle-funnel, surrounding the base of each tentacle in many Cuboinedusii: and Peroinedustv. Cavernulae Subumbrales. In biology, niches of the subumbral cavity in Mcdusce. Caviar, or Caviare {kav-e-ar') [Fr.]. The salted hard roe of the sturgeon and other large fish. Cavicorn (ka'''-ik-orn) [;v?77m, hollow ; corim, horn]. In biology, having hollow horns ; or a hollow-horned ruminant. Cavitary (kav'-it-a-re) \^cavitarius,\\o\\ov;'\. Hollow; applied to any nematode worm ; any intestinal worm that has a body-cavity ; a worm that is not anenterous. Cavitas [kav'-it-as] [L.]. A hollow. C. cochleata. See Duct, Spinal. C. pulpae, the pulp-cavity of a tooth. See Dental Cavity. Cavity [kav'-it-e) \_cavitas, from ca-'us, hollow]. Any hollow, normal or pathologic. Among the normal cavities are the abdominal, arachnoid, axial, buccal, cranial, frontal, nasal, pelvic, pleural, thoracic, ven- tricular, etc. ; among the abnormal are pulmonary and dental cavities. C. -plate, a term applied in mechan- ical dentistry to a metallic base for artificial teeth, so constructed as to have one or more vacant spaces be- tween it and the gums, which, when applied, and the air exhausted, contributes very greatly to the firmness of its adhesion. C, Preperitoneal, a name given by Retzius to the loose and yielding subperitoneal tissue in front of the bladder, under the supposition that it could be inflated. It is not a true cavity, but merely a succession of areolar spaces. C, Sigmoid. See Sigmoid . Ca.vo-va\g\is [ka'-vo-z'al'-gus) \_cavtts , h.o\\ovf ; valgus, bow-legged]. Cavus combined with valgus. See Club- foot. Cavum [ka'-vum) [L.]. Any hollow or cavity, normal or pathologic. C. dentis. See Dental Cavity. Cavus (ka'-vzis) [L.]. i. A hollow; a cavity. 2. Talipes arcuatus ; hollow-foot. Cayenne Pepper {ki'-en pep'-er). See Capsicum. Cazenave's Lupus. See Diseases, Table of. C. Solution. An animal parasiticide used in derma- tology. It consists of iodid of sulphur, iodid of potassium, of each i drams, water 32 ounces. Cazeneuve's Test. See Tests, Table of. Ceanothus {sc-an-o' -thus) [/ctdi^wfc'of , a kind of thistle]. A genus of rhamnaceous shrubs, chiefly N. American. C. americanus. New Jersey tea, red root, is used in domestic medicine as an astringent and alterative ; its leaves are substituted for tea. Unof. Ceasma [se-az'-mah) [ft:taff//a, a chip: //. , Ceasmata']. A splinter ; a fissured state. Ceasmic [se-az'-mik) [Kfacr/ia, a chip]. Fissured; re- maining in the primitive fissured state of the embryo. See TeratisDi. Cebadilla {thev-ad-el'-yali) [Sp., "little barley"]. The seed of A5agra:a officinalis, or Scha nocaulon offici- nale ; official in the B. P., and important as the prin- cipal source of the alkaloid veratrin. It is highly poisonous. Cebocephalia {se-bo-sef-a' -le-ali) [_Kijj3n(;, a kind of mon- key ; Ke/arr/ia;a alim or Diarrhaa chylosa. It is due probably to a temporary suspension of the pancreatic function. C. Artery. Same as C. Axis. See Arteries, Table of. C. Axis, a branch of the abdominal aorta ; it divides into the gastric, hepatic, and splenic arteries. See Arteries, Table of. C. Ganglion. See Ganglion, Semilunar. C. Passion, painful diarrhea, or dysentery. C. Plexus. See Plexuses, Table of. Celiaca (se-W -ak-ah) \iioiXia, the abdomen]. Diseases of the abdominal organs. Celiadelphus [se-le-ad-el'-fus) [KO(/t/a, belly ; afiEl, vein ; /r^f , inllammation] . Inflammation of a vena cava. Celophthalmia [se-lojf-lhal' -}ne-ah) [/coZ/of, hollow ; 'o(pfta7iji6(:, eye]. Hollowness of the eyes. Celoscope {se'-lo-skof) [/co«/of , hollow ; moTrelv, to observe]. An instrument for examining the cavities of the body by means of the electric light, enclosed in a flask and mounted upon a glass shank. Celosis [se-lo' -sis) [/coiXof, hollow]. The formation of any cavity. Celosoma (se-h-so'-iiiak) \_iilj\r], hernia; aufxa, a body]. I. A species of single autositic monsters characterized by "more or less extensive body-cleft with eventration, associated with various anomalies of the extremities, of the genito-urinary apparatus, of the intestinal tract, and even of the whole trunk." 2. A variety of the foregoing species in which there is a lateral or median eventration, with fissure, atrophy, or even total absence of the sternum, and protrusion of the heart. Celostomia [se-lo-sto'-me-ah) [«:o(/lof, hollow; arofia, mouth] . Hollowness of the voice. Celotome (se' -lo-tdm) [/ir/^//, hernia ; refiveiv, to cut]. A hernia-knife. Celotomy (se-lot'-o-me) \_K.tjl7], hernia ; TEfiveiv, to cut]. The operation for strangulated hernia by incision of the stricture. Celsus's Operations. See Operations, Table of. Celtis [sel'-tis) [L., an African species of lotus]. A genus of ulmaceous trees. C. australis, the European nettle-tree, honey-berry, or lote, has mild, astringent leaves and bark. C. occidentalis, the hackberry of N. America, has edible, astringent berries; the bark is said to be anodyne, astringent, febrifuge. Unof. Cement (se-me)it') \camentinn, a rough stone]. Any plastic material capable of becoming hard and of binding together the objects that are contiguous to it ; filling-material for the teeth ; the crusta petrosa of the teeth. See Teeth. C.-disc, the glandular disc of orchids. C.-duct, the duct of the cement-gland in cirriped crustaceans. C, Shellac, a cement for seal- ing microscopic preparations and for making shallow cells. It is prepared by dissolving the gum or scales of shellac in about an equal volume of alcohol. Decant or filter the fluid, and to prevent brittleness add to every 50 parts 5 parts each of castor oil and Venetian turpentine. Cementoblast [se-menf -o-blast ) \_camenttitn, cement ; (3/lat7rdf, germ]. A cement-corpuscle in tooth-tissue ; more correctly, an osteoblast that takes part in the de- velopment of the dental cement. Cemento-dentinary [se-ment-o-den' -tin-a-re) \ctsment- um, cement; dens, dentis, a tooth]. Relating to the cement and dentine of a tooth. Cementoma {se-i7ient-o' ->nah ) \_ci^mentiim , cement ; b)ia, tumor: //. , Cementomata'\. A tumor thrown out by the irritated alveolar periosteum. Cementum [se-ment' -utii). See Tooth and Cement. Cenanthy (,ff-«(i'«''-///f) \Kev6c,, empty; hvQoq, flower]. In biology, that condition of a flower in which the stamens and pistils are suppressed. Cenchrus [seng' -krtt.s) \_K-f;yxpoc, a small grain]. In biology, a small spot on the metathorax of an insect. Cenesthesis (sen-es-the'-sis) [/con'of , common ; aladr]at<;, feeling]. A sense of existence, either painful or pleasur- able. It is the prevailing conscious state of feeling, either of depression or of exaltation, which is the resultant of the subconscious organic sympathies of the whole organism. It does not exceed physiologic limits so long as it does not exclude the normal exercise of mental functions. Cenogenetic [se-no-jen-ef -ik ) \kc>iv6<;, common ; ykv- f(j/f, generation]. In biology, a modified, shortened, and simplified mode of development. Cenogenous [sen- oj' -en-its') [/con'of, common; )oi'or, produced]. In biology, the power of reproducing by . means of eggs at one time and viviparously at another, as seen in the Aphides. Cenosis [sen-o'-sis) [/if I'txr/f, a draining]. Evacuation; apocenosis. Cenosphaera {sen-o-sfe'-rah ) [/cfiiof , . empty ; aa'tJi , head; fiJof, likeness]. Resembling the head. Cephalology (sef-al-ol' -o-je) [/cf^a/l^, head ; Aoyof, science]. The science of cranial measurements and indications. Cephaloma (sef-al-o^ -niah) [/.fcpa/;/, head ; 6//0, tumor: //. , Cepltalomata'^. Encephaloid carcinoma; soft car- cinoma. Cephalomelus [sef-al-o/n'-el-ns) [/i"f(/aA//, head ; TrdOog, disease]. Any disease of the head. Cephalophalsia (sef-al-op'al' -se-ah). Same as Ceph- alotripsy. Cephalophragm [sef -al-o-fram^ \KE^a'kr], head ; Bpdypa, division]. In biology, a Y-shaped septum transversely dividing the head-chamber of certain insects. Cephalophyma [sef-al-o-fi' -viah). Synonym of Ccph- alheniatonia. Cephalorrhachidian [sef-al-o-rak-id'-e-an) [Ke(pa}irj, head; pdxic, spine]. Same as Cerebrospinal. Cephaloscope [sef -al-o-skop') [^^(/la/ // , head ; (tkotteZv, to examine]. A stethoscope for use in auscultation of the head or the ear. Cephalo-spinal [sef-al-o-spi' -naT). 9i-ds] [cerasus, a cherry-tree]. A crystalline carbohydrate isomeric with arabinose ; it is derivable from cherry-gum. Cerate {se'-rat) \_cera, wax]. In pharmacy, an unc- tuous preparation consisting of wax mixed with oils, fatty substances, or resins, and of such a consistence that at ordinary temperatures it can be readily spread upon linen or muslin, and yet is so lirm that it will not melt or run when applied to the skin. There are eight official cerates. C, Goulard's. See Goulard. C, Hufeland's. See Hufeland. Ceratectasia (ser-at-ek-ta' -ze-ah). See Keratectasia. Ceratectomy (ser-at-ek'-to-me). See Kcrectomy . Ceratiasis (ser-at-i' -as-is). See Keratiasis. Ceratin (ser'-at-in). See Kei-atin. Ceratitis (ser-af-i'-tis). See Keratitis. Cerato- [ser'-at-o-). See Kerato-. Ceratum [se-ra' -tiim). See Cerate. Cerbera (ser'-ber-ah) \_Cerberiis, a dog of mythology]. A genus of apocynaceous old-world trees, several of them actively poisonous. C. odollum, of India, has purgative leaves and bark ; it contains Cerberin, q.v. C. taughin, the ordeal-tree of Madagascar, is highly poisonous ; one seed is said to have destroyed 20 people. Cerberin [ser' -ber-in) [^Cerberus, a dog of mythology]. A poisonous glucosid from the seeds of Cerbera odol- lu?ii and other related trees. Cercaria [ser-ka'-re-ah) [/cfp/eof, tail]. Any trematode worm (fluke) in its second (or tailed) stage of larval life. Cercarian [ser-ka' -re-an) \_KipKoi;, a tail]. Any tre- matode, or fluke-worm, in the Cercaria stage. C&cchrvas [serk' -)i!is) [/tf/j^^t'Of, rough, hoarse]. Hoarse- ness ; noisy respiration. Cercis [ser'-sis). See Judas Tree. Cercomonas (ser-kom' -o-)ias) [/ct/jKof, tail ; fiova^, monad]. A genus of flagellate infusorians. C. in- testinalis, a minute animal parasite, a protozoon, occasionally found in the fecal discharges of patients suffering with typhoid fever, chronic diarrhea, and cholera. Its pathologic significance has not yet been ascertained. C. urinarius. See Bodo. Cercus [ser'-kus) [/cEp/cof, the tail of a beast]. In biology, one of the antenna-like structures projecting from the hinder parts of certain insects. Cere (sei-) \_cera, wax]. In biology, that portion of the sheath of the bill in certain birds, e.g., parrots and birds of prey, which has a waxy appearance. Cereal [se'-re-al) \_Ce?-cs, the goddess of agriculture]. I. Relating to edible grains. 2. Any edible grain or bread-corn ; also the plant that produces it. The composition of the more important cereals is thus given by Bell : — Constituents. Wheat, winter- sown. Wheat, spring- sown. Long-eared Barley. English Oats. Maize. Rye. Carolina Rice J (without husk). Fat 1.48 1.56 1.03 5-14 3-58 1-43 0.19 Starch 63-71 65.86 63^51 49.78 64.66 61.87 77.66 Sugar (as su- crose) 2-57 2.24 1-34 2.36 1.94 4-30 038 Albumin (insolu- ,„ _„ ble in alcohol), 1 7.19 8.18 10.62 9.67 9.78 7-94 Nitrogenous matter (solu- ble in alcohol), 4-83 4.40 3-28 4-05 4.60 5-09 1.40 Cellulose, . . . 3-03 2.93 7.28 13-53 1.86 3.23 Tra- ces. Mineral matter, I 60 1.74 14.08 2.32 2.66 1-35 1.85 0.28 Moisture, . . . 12 08 13.06 11.86 12-34 12.45 12.15 Total 100.00 100.00 100 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Cerealin {se' -re-al-in) [Ceres, the goddess of agricul- ture]. An albuminoid found in various cereals and obtainable from bran. See Flour. Cerebel [ser' -e-bel). See Cerebellum. Cerebellar (ser-e-beF-ar) [dim. of cerebriim\ Re- lating to the cerebellum. C. Fossa. See Fossa. C. Ganglion. See Ganglion. Cerebellic [ser-e-bel'-ik). .See Cerebellar. Cerebellitis (ser-e-bel-i' -lis) [cerebelliiiii , a little brain ; /r(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the cerebellum. Cerebellocortex [ser-e-bel-o-kor' -leks) \_cercbcllum, the little brain ; corte.x, bark]. The cortex of the cere- bellum. Cerebello-spinal [ser-e-bel-o-spi' -nal) \_cerebelliim, the little^brain ; spina, the spine]. Relating to the cere- bellum and the spinal cord. Cerebellous [scr-e-beU -us). See Cerebellar. CEREBELLUM 281 CEREBROSULPHATID Cerebellum {ser-e-beF -utii) [dim. of cerebrutit\. The inferior part of the brain lying below the cerebrum. Inferior Aspect of the Cerebellum. I, I. Inferior vermiform process. 2, 2. Median fissure. 3, 3, 3. Lobes and lobules. 4. Amygdala or tonsil. 5. Flocculus, subpeduncular lobe or pneumogastric lobule. 6. Pons varolii. 7. Median fissure of pons. 8. Middle cerebellar peduncle. 9. Medulla oblongata. 10. Anterior extremity of circumferential fissure of cerebellum. 11. Anterior border ot superior surface. 12. Small or motor root of trigeminus. 13. Large or sensory root. 14. 6th nerve. 15. Facial nerve 16 Nerve of Wrisberg. 17. Auditory nerve. 18. Glosso- pharyngeal 19. Pneumogastric. 20. Spinal accessory. 21. Hypoglossal. Cerebral [ser'-e-l>ral) \_cerebrHm, the brain]. Relating to the cerebrum. C. Apoplexy. See Apoplexy. C. Arteries. See Arteries, Table of. C. Index. See Index. C. Maculae, spots on the skin caused by slight irritation, and abnormally persistent. They may indicate disorder of the vaso-motor mechanism. C. Nerves. See N'erves, Table of. C. Pneumonia. See Pneumonia. C. Surprise, the speedy, but not long-persistent stupor that often follows sudden mental shock or grave lesion or injury of the brain. C. Vesicles. See Brain-bladder. Q,e.\€tixaX^\ai.(ser-e-bral' -je-ah)\_cerebrum brain; aXyoq, pain]. Pain in the head. Q,&c^xzWs,ra.{ser' -e-bral-izni)\_cerebrHin , the brain]. The theory that mental operations are due to the activity of the brain ; or that thought is a function of the brain. Cerebrasthenia [ser-e-bras-the' -ne-ali) \_cerebritm, the brain; afrfe)'//f, without strength] . Cerebral asthenia. See Phrenasthenia. Cerebrasthenic [ser-e-bras' -then-ik) \_eerebruin, the brain; antievi/c, without strength]. Characterized by, or pertaining to, cerebrasthenia. Cerebration (ser-e-hra'-shun) [^cerebrum, the brain]. Mental and cerebral activity. C., Unconscious, men- tal activity of which the subject is not conscious. Cerebria (ser-e'-bre-ali) \_cerehrtitn, the brain]. Tem- porary cerebral exhaustion (but the term is variously applied by different writers) ; acute, chronic, partial, and sympathetic cerebria are among the varieties described. Cerebric Acid {ser' -e-brik) . Same as Cerebrinic Acid. Cerebrifugal (ser-e-brif-u-gal) {^cerebrum, the brain ; to flee] . Centrifugal; efferent; transmitting or transmitted from the brain to the periphery. Cerebrin [ser' -e-brin) [cerebrum, the brain], Ci^H.^NO.,. A nitrogenous glucosid obtained from brain-tissue, nerves, and pus-corpuscles. It is a light, colorless, ex- ceedingly hygroscopic powder. The term has been applied to an " organic extract " of unknown consti- tution, derived from brain-tissue. Cerebrinacide [ser-e-brin'-as-'id) \_cerebru?n , the brain]. One of certain substances found in brain-tissue, and capable of combining with metallic oxids. Cerebrinic Acid [ser-e-brin'-ik). See Acid. Cerebripetal yser-e-brip'.-ct-al ) \cercbriim, the brain ; petere, to seek]. Centripetal ; afferent ; transmitting or transmitted from the periphery to the brain. Cerebritis (ser-e-b?'i' -lis) \_cerebrum, the brain ; iTiq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the proper substance of the cerebrum, due to traumatism, contiguous inflam- mation, or septic influence. Headache, possibly vom- iting, and convulsions are the most marked symptoms. C, Enzootic — of horses. Also called staggers, or mad staggers. A disease of horses in the Western United States caused by eating corn that has been attacked by a mold, Aspergillus glaucus, the spores of which, finding lodgment in the kidneys and liver, germinate and cause derangements of the circulation with central abscesses. Neither mules, cattle, nor pigs appear to contract this disease. Cerebrogalactose {ser-e-bro gal-ak'-tds). Same as Ce?'ebi-ose. Cerebro-hyphoid {ser-e-bro-hi' -foid) \cerebrum , the brain; i'l^//, tissue ; tZdof, likeness] . Resembling the substance of the brain. Cerebrol [ser'-e-brol] [cerebrum, brain; oleum, oil]. An oily, reddish fluid obtainable from brain-tissue. Cerebroma [ser-e-bro' -mail) [cerebrum, the brain ; hjxa, a tumor: //. , Cerebromata'\. A growth, outside the cranium, that contains cerebral tissue. Cerebromalacia [ser-e-bro-mal-a' -se-ali) [cerebrum, the brain; fialaida, softness]. Softening of the brain- tissue. Cerebromedullary [ser-e-bro-med-ul' -ar-e) [cerebrum, the brain ; medulla, marrow] . Relating to the brain and spinal cord. Cerebropathy (ser-e-brop'-a-ihe) [cerebrum , the brain; TTofef, illness]. I. A train of symptoms following over- work and approaching the character of insanity. 2. Cerebral disease in general. Cerebropsychosis [ser-e-brop-sik-o' -sis) [cerebrum, the brain; i/irjt'aHT/r, animating] . Mental disturbance due to a disease of the psychic centers., Cerebrosclerosis (ser-e-bro-skle-ro'-sis) [cerebrum, the brain; c!K?j/p6(:, hard]. Sclerosis of cerebral tissue. Cerebroscopic [ser-e-bro-skop' -ik) [cerebrum , the brain ; GKovdv, to inspect]. Pertaining to cerebroscopy. Cerebroscopy {ser-e-bros' -ko-pe) [cerebrum, the brain ; amirflv, to inspect]. Ophthalmoscopy in the diagno- sis of brain-disease. Cerebrose (ser'-e-bros) [cerebrum, the brain], CpH,.,Og. A crystallized sugar isomeric with glucose, occurring in brain-tissue. Cerebro-sensorial [ser-e-bro-sen-so' -re-al ) [cerebrum , the brain; sensorium, the organ of sensation]. Per- taining to the cerebral sensorium. Cerebroside [ser' -e-bro-sid ) [cerebrum, the brain]. One of a class of substances occurring in brain-tissue, con- taining cerebrose, just as glucosids contain glucose. Cerebrosis (ser-e-bro'-sis) [cerebrum , the brain]. Any cerebral disorder. Cerebro-spinal^^tv--f-/^r()-j//''-«(?/) [cerebrum , the brain; spina, the spine]. Pertaining to the whole of the brain and spinal structure. C. Axis. See A.ris. C. Fluid, the fluid between the arachnoid membrane and the pia-mater. C. Meningitis. See PeTcr, Cerebro- spinal. C. System, the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Cerebro-spinant [ser-e-bro-spi' -nant ) [cerebrum, the brain ; spina, the spine]. A medicine that acts upon the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrosulphatid {ser-e-bro-suV -fat-id) [cerebrum , the brain; sulphur^ Any cerebrinacide containing sulphur. CEREBROT 282 CESIUM Cerebrot, Cerebrote {ser'-e-brot, ser'-c-brot ) \^ci're- hruiii, the brain]. A white, fatty principle obtainable from brain-substance. Cf. Ccplialot. Cerebrotomy (ser-c-brof -o-ine) \_i-e)-ihniiji, the brain ; Ttfiviiv, to cut]. Surgical or anatomic section of brain-tissue. Cerebrum [ser' -c-byuni) [L.]. The chief portion of the brain, occupying the whole upper part of the cranium. See Brain. Cerectomy (ser-ek' -to-ine). See Kcrectoiny. Cerencephalot (ser-en-sef -al-ot) [w/pdr, wax ; kyiitip- akoq, brain]. Cephalot. Cereolus (scr-c' -o-liis) [iv;v?, wax: pL,Ccreoli\ A bougie of waxed linen, often medicated. Ceresin (ser'-es-in) \_cera, wax]. Ozokerite that has been bleached without distillation ; it is used as a sub- stitute for beeswax. Cereus (se'-re-iu) [L., " a wax candle "]. A genus of cactaceous plants. C. grandiflorus. See AUght- bloomi)ig Cereus. Q,&x&v\%\a. {ser-e-vis' -e-ali) Ale or beer. C. fer- mentum, beer-yeast. The ferment obtained in brew- ing beer, and produced by SaciJiaromyces cerevisia. It is given in low states of the system. Dose ^ss-j. Cerin (se'-rin) [av;?, wax]. An ether of cerotic acid ; one of the substances found in wax. Cerise (ser-iz')\_eeraszts, a cherry-tree]. A pigment of a cherry color. See Pignients, Conspectus of. Cerium [se' -re-iiiii) [named after the planet Ceres^. Ce = 140 ; quantivalence II, IV. One of the rarer metals. See Elements, Table of. C. oxalas, Ce.^- (€20.4)3.911,^0, a white, granular powder, insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble in hydrochloric acid. The oxalate is the only salt commonly employed in medicine. It is a gastric sedative useful in the vomit- ing of pregnancy. Dose gr. j-x, in pill. C. val- erianate has been used in the same class of cases. Dose gr. iss. Ceromel [se'-ro-mcl) \_Kr]p6c, wax; ukki, honey]. Honey cerate ; wax one part, honey two or four parts. It is applied to wounds and ulcers, chiefly in Asiatic countries. Ceroplastic {se-ro-plas' -tik) [/>7/pof , wax ; irAaaaeiv, to mould]. Modeled, or as if modeled, in wax]. C. Catalepsy. See Catalepsy. Ceroplasty {se' -ro-plas-te) [h7/pof, wax ; ■jT\aa(5tn\ to mould]. The modeling of anatomic preparations in wax. Cerosin (jt'''-;-f-.fm) [/i;?/jof , wax] . A wax-like substance forming a white or grayish-green coating on some species of sugar-cane. When purified, it yields fine, light pearly scales. Cerosis (ser-o'-sis) \_KTip6c, wax]. That morbid condi- tion of a membrane in which it seems to consist of wax- like scales. Cerotene [se' -ro-ten) [w;/'J(5f, wax]. An alkylen or ole- fin, C.,,H-,, obtained from Chinese wax ; it melts at 58° ; cerylene. Cerotic Acid [se-rot'-ik). See Acul, Cerotic. Certificate (ser-tif -ik-at) \ccrtificare, to certify]. A written statement, as for insurance, or in case of birth or death. Cerulean Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Cerulein (ser-u'-le-iii). .Same as Alizarin Green, one of the Alizarins. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Cerumen [scr-u' -men) \_cera, wax]. The wax of the ear. Ceruminous (ser-u' -min-us) \_cera, wax]. Pertaining to cerumen. Ceruse (se'-rus) \_cerussa, white lead]. I. White lead : basic carbonate and hydrate of lead. 2. A white face-powder. C. of antimony, white oxid of anti- mony ; also antimonic acid. Cervical {ser'-Tik-al) \_cervix, the neck]. Pertaining to the neck, or to the cervix uteri. C. Carcinoma, carcinoma of the neck of the womb. C. Choke, in the horse, the lodgment of a foreign body in the esophagus at any point between the " throat-latch " and the shoulder. C. Endometritis. See Endometritis. C. Pregnancy, a rare condition in which from atrophy of the decidual membranes the impregnated ovum is not properly held in place, and dropping, lodges in the cervical canal, where it develops until the uterus, not being able to hold it longer, expels it. Cervicen [scr' -vis-en) \_cerz'ix, the neck]. Belonging solely to the cervix. Cervicicardiac (ser-vis-ik-ar' -de-ak) \_ccrvix, the neck ; Kap()(d, the heart]. Relating to the neck and the heart, as the cervicicardiac nerves, branches of the vagus. Cerviciplex (ser' -vis-ip-leks) \_ecrvix, the neck ; plexus, a network]. The cervical plexus. Cervicitis [ser-vis-i' -lis) \_ce?-vix, the neck ; itlc, inflam- mation]. Inflammation of the cervix uteri. Cervicobrachial [ser-vik-o-bra'-ke-al) \_cervix, the neck ; brachium, the arm]. Relating to the neck and the arm. Cervico-bregmatic (ser-vik-o-breg-mat' -ik) [cervix, the neck ; 'flpiyjxa, the sinciput]. Relating to the cervix or nucha and the bregma. Cervicodynia [ser-vik-o-din' -e-ali) \cervix, the neck ; o&'vvi], pain]. Cramp or neuralgia of the neck. Cervico-facial {ser-vik-o-fa' -shaP) \_cervix, neck; fades, face]. Relating to the neck and the face. Cervico-occipital (ser-vik-o-ok-sip' -it-al ) \_cervix, the neck; occiput, the back of the head]. Relating to the neck and the back of the head. Cervico-orbicular [ser-^'ik-o-or-bik' -u-lar) \_cervix, neck; orbicularis, circular]. Relating to the neck and the orbicular muscle. Cervico-vaginal [ser-vik-o--'af-in-al) [cervix, the neck ; 7'agina, a sheath]. Relating to the cervix uteri and the vagina. Cerviculate {scr-vik' -u-lat) \cervicula, a little neck]. In biology, having a slender neck. Cervix {ser'-viks) [L.]. The neck; also the posterior part of the neck. Applied also to constricted parts of other organs, as the cervix of the bladder, or of the penis. C. Uteri, the neck of the womb. C. Vesicae , the neck of the bladder. Ceryl {se'-ril) [cera, wax], Cj^H^j. An organic radical found in combination in beeswax. Cerylene [se'-ril-en). See Cerotene. Cesarean, or Csesarean, Operation [se-za' -re-an op-er- a'-s/nin) [^ccedere, to cut] . Extraction of the fetus through an incision made in the abdomen. C. O., Con- servative, the removal of the fetus through an open- ing in the anterior abdominal wall, without removing the uterus or its appendages. C. O., Elective, one done at a selected time prior to labor. C. O., Improved. See Sanger's Operation, Porro's Operation, etc. C. O., Post-mortem, extraction of the child after the mother's death. For the various methods proposed of performing the Cesarean Operation, see Gastro-elytro- tomv, Laparo-elytrotom'y, Gastro-hysterectomy, Gas- tro-hysterotomy, and the operations of Porro, Sanger, Porro- Midler, Kehrer, and Thomas, under Opera- tions, Table of. Cesarean Section. See Operations, Table of Cesium, or Caesium {se'-ze-um) [L., "bluish-gray"], Cs = 132.6; quantivalence I. A rare alkahrie metal resembling potassium in physical and chemic properties. C. bromid, like the other bromids, is a good sedative, but its cost is very great. The oxalate and nitrate have also been employed medicinally. CESPITOSE 283 CHAMOIS-SKIN Unof. C. chlorid, uiiof. , lowers the pulse- rate and raises the arterial pressure. Dose gr. ij-v. Cespitose [scs' -f^i/-ds) [_itcspi's, a turf or sod]. In biology, growing in or characterized by tangled or matted tufts. Cesspool {scs' -/'oo/ ] [E. dial., sttss, a puddle; ME., pool'\. A reservoir for water ; a privy. Cestoid, or Cestode {si's'-foid, or ses'-tdd ) [ft-eordc, a gir- dle ; ettSof , likeness]. Shaped like a girdle, or ribbon ; applied to worms, of which Tanin is a type. Cetacea (^f-Za'-j-t'-fz/i ) [ci'/wj-, a whale]. An order of mammals living in the sea, as the whale, dolphin, etc. Cetaceum [se-ta'-se-uiu) [L. : gfii., Ctian'i~\. Sperma- ceti. A fatty substance somewhat resembling paraffin in its physical properties. It is obtained from the head of the sperm whale, Fhyseter tnacroceplialus. It is soluble in ether, chloroform, and boiling alcohol, and is employed only as an emollient. C, Ceratum, contains spermacti lo, white wax 35, olive oil 55 parts. C, Ung. (B. P.), contains spermaceti, white wa.\, almond oil, and benzoin. Cetraria \sc-tra' -re-ah^ \_ca:tra, a short Spanish shield], I. A genus of lichens. 2. Iceland moss. A lichen, C. hlandica, found in Iceland and other northern countries. It contains a form of starch, Lichenin, that gelatinizes when boiled with water. It is a feebly tonic demulcent, sometimes recommended in pulmon- ary affections. C, Decoct. (B. P.), contains five per cent, of the lichen. Dose ^ ij-iv. Cetrarin (sc-t)-a' -rin^ \_c(t:tra, a short Spanish shield]. The bitter principle of Iceland moss, crystallizing in fine needles, and nearly insoluble in water. Cetyl [se'-til) [a'/z/j, a whale], Cj^H.jj. An alcoholic radical existing in beeswax and spermaceti. Cetylid {sc' -til-id) \_CL-tHS, a whale], C^^yi^fi-^. Geoghegan's term for the substance in the brain that reduces alkaline solutions of cupric salts. Cevadilla {sev-ad-il'-ah). See CebadUla. Cevadillin [ccvadilhil , Cg^Hj.^NOg. An uncrystallizable alkaloid obtained from cevadilla. Cevadin (,ft':''-a;/-/«), C^H^gNOg. A crystalline alkaloid of cevadilla. See Vcratrin. Ceylon Sickness. See Beriberi. Chabert's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. Chaeraphrosyne (ke-raf-ros' -in-e) \_xaipeLv, to rejoice ; acl>poaip//, senselessness]. Amenomania. Chaeromania {Jze-ro-ina' -ne-ah) \_xa.iptiv, to rejoice ; ixavia, madness]. Amenomania. Chaeta (kc'-la/i) [_xai-!j, a long hair]. A bristle. Chaetophorous (ke-toff' -or-ns) \_xahri, a long hair ; (ptpsiv,X.o bear]. In biology, bearing bristles. Chaffbone {ehaf-bon) [AS., ceaf, husk; ban, a bone]. A name for the inferior maxilla. Chagres Fever. See Fever. Chain [ME., i//(7/«t', a chain]. I. A series of connected links of metal, etc. 2. In chemistry, a group of like atoms joined together by chemic affinity without the intervention of atoms of another kind. C. Ecraseur, an ecraseur of which a chain forms the cutting part. C.-saw, a surgeon's saw, the teeth of which are linked together like a chain. Chair (char) [ME., chaire, a chair]. I. A seat of office, as that of a professor. 2. A piece of furniture consisting of a seat with a back support. C, Vibra- ting. See Shaking Cure. C, Whirling, a revolv- ing-chair in which formerly a maniacal patient was rapidly whirled. This was regarded as both a seda- tive and a curative procedure. Chalastic [kal-as' -tik) [;^-a/.a(7r«of , making supple]. I. Emollient, softening. 2. An emollient or laxative medicine. Chalastodermia {kal-as-to-der' -7ne-ah). Synonym of Dermatolysis. ChaXsiza. (kal-a^-zah) [;t-a/laC«, a hailstone]. In biology, one of the twisted cords binding the yolk-bag of an egg to the lining membrane of the shell ; or that part of a seed where its coats unite with each other and the nucleus. Chalazion {kal-a' -ze-on) \_xaXai:,iov , a small hailstone]. A tumor of the eyelid from retained secretion of the Meibomian glands : a Meibomian cyst. Chalazonephritis (kal-a-zo-nef-ri' -lis) \_x(ika(,a, hail ; ritl>poi.', the kidney; iTtc;, inflammation]. Granular nephritis. Chalicosis [kal-ik-o' -sis) [^|;aA(f, gravel]. A disease of the lungs of workmen caused by the inhalation of dust or sand. Chalk [ckawk) [ME., chalk, lime]. Carbonate of lime. See Calcitiiii. C. Stone, gout-stone — a deposit be- neath the skin in gouty patients. Chalot's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Chalybeate [ka-lib' -e-at) [^;«Xiii/;, iron]. Containing iron. Chalybs (ka'-libz) [L. ]. See Ferritin. Chamber [chain' -ber) [ME., chamber, a room]. A cavity or space. C, Anterior (of the eye), the space between the cornea and the iris. C, Posterior (of the eye), the space between the iris and the lens. The chambers of the eye contain the aqueous humor. Chamberlaine's Operations. See Operations, Table of. Chamberland's Bougie or Filter. See Filter. Chamecephalic {kain-e-sef-al' -ik) [;t-a//ra(, low ; Ke and loss, J 5.00 4-50 3-90 570 7.00 II. 6 7 8 9 10 Water, 36.60 35-90 40.00 36.10 27.60 Nitrogenous matter, 8.00 26.00 31-50 29.40 44.10 Nitrogen, 1,27 4-13 5.00 4.80 7.00 Fatty matters, . . . 40.70 26.30 24.00 27.50 16.00 Salts 0.50 4 20 3.00 0.90 5-70 Non - nitrogenous 1 organic matter > and loss, J 14.20 7.60 1.50 6.IO 6.60 The character of a few of the different varieties of cheese is as follows : Neufchatel cheese is a Swiss cream cheese. Limburger cheese is a soft, fat cheese. Fromage de Brie is a soft French cheese, rapidly ripen- ing and developing ammoniacal compounds. Camem- bert cheese is also a cream cheese. Roquefort cheese is a cheese made from the milk of the ewe. Gruyere cheese is a peculiarly flavored Swiss cheese. Ched- dar cheese is a hard cheese made from whole milk. Single and double Gloucester are made, the first from a mixture of skimmed and entire milk, and the second from the entire milk. Parmesan cheese is a very dry cheese, with a large amount of casein and only a moderate percentage of fat. Eidam cheese is a Dutch cheese, also relatively dry, and covered with red coloring. As to the bacillus of cheese see SpirilluDi tyrogcnum, Denecke, under Bacteria, Table of. Cheese-rennet [diez'-ren-et). See Ladies^ Bed-stra7v. Cheesy (chez' -e)\y\.Y^. , chese\ Of the nature of cheese. C. Degeneration, caseous degeneration, or caseation. C. Tubercle, a mass of caseously degenerated tissue. Cheil-, or Cheilo- (kil- , ox kil' -0-). For words thus beginning see Chil-, or Chilo-. Cheiro- (^klr'-o). For words thus beginning see C/^/ro-. Chekan, or Cheken (chek'-en) [Chilian]. I. The leaves of Eugenia chekeii, a South American shrub. Its properties are due to an alkaloid and a volatile oil. It is diuretic and expectorant and similar in action to eucalyptus. It is serviceable in chronic catarrh, laryn- gitis, etc. Dose of the fluid extract ss-j. Unof. 2. The crude resin obtained from Cannabis indica. Chela (ke'-laJi) \_xv'^V, a claw]. In biology, the claw or pincers of a crustacean. Chelicera [ke-lis' -e>--a/i) \_x>l'^'l, a claw ; idpa^, a horn]. In biology, a claw-like appendage of scorpions and spiders, containing a poison-gland in the latter. Chelidonic Acid {kel-id-on' -ik). See Acid. Chelidonin [kel-id-o'-ftin) \_xsli66viov,ce\2Lr\dmt\, C^^- HjjNjO,, + H.p, or CijHjjNO^. A crystalline alkaloid of celandin [^Chelidoniiim niajtts), of a bitter and acrid taste, and forming colorless salts with acids. It is not a very active substance. See Sangiiinarin. Chelidonium (J;el-id-o' -ne-ttin') [;t;E/l/(ioi>(oi', celandine]. Celandin. The leaves and stems of C. majiis, with properties due to a number of alkaloids and acids. It is a drastic cathartic, and externally an irritant, and is of service in jaundice, whooping-cough, and catarrhal pneumonia. Dose of the plant gr. x-xxx ; of the juice Tt|^v-xx. Unof. Chelidoxanthin (kel-id-oks-aii' -thiit) \_xeki66viov , celan- dine]. One of the bitter, crystalline constituents of celandin. Cheloid [ke'-loid) [xi'^Vi a claw; fZrJof , form]. A raised or elevated fibroma of the skin ; so called from its fre- quent claw-shape. See also Keloid. Cheloma [kc-lo' -niali). Same as Keloid. Chelonin [kel^-on-in). See Balmony. Chelotomy [ke-loi'-o-tne). See Kelotomy. Chematropism (kem-af -ro-piztii). See Chemotropisin, and C/iemotaxis. Chernic, Chemical [kem'-ik, kem'-ik-al) \_xtn''ia, chemistry]. Of or pertaining to chemistry. C. Black. See Figments, Conspectus of. C. Food, compound syrup of the phosphates, a very complex preparation used in disorders attended with impaired nutrition. C. Lung. See Neale' s Lung. C. Pathology, the chemistry of disease. Chemico-radical Theory. A theory of the constitution of the carbon compounds. It is that the object of organic chemistry is the investigation and isolation of radicals as the more intimate components of the organic compounds. Chemiotaxis, Chimiotaxis [kem' -e-o-taks-is, kitn'-e-o- taks-is). See Chemotaxis. Chemise, Rectal {slie-mez'^. A form of surgical dressing made of muslin and applied after operations upon the rectum to control or prevent hemoirhage. Chemism (ke7n'-izm) \_xriinM, chemistry]. Chemic force. Chemistry [■c;///E/'a, chemistry]. The sci- ence of the molecular and atomic structure of bodies. Chemocephalus {kem-o-sef -al-iis) [;i;'^//a/, low ; K^i^aki], head]. An individual possessed of a flat head. Chemosis {ke-mo'-sis) [,Y?//«jOTf , a gaping]. Conjunc- tival and sub-conjunctival swelling. CHEMOTACTIC 286 CHIBRET'S OPERATION Chemotactic {kem-o-tak' -lik) \_x)ipfia, chemistry ; rof/f, battle-anay]. Pertaining or relating to chem- otaxis. Chemotaxis [Aciii-o-taks'-is), Chemiotaxis [kcni-e-o- taks'-is) \_xmi^ia-, chemistry ; rnaaeiv, to order, arrange]. The property of cellular attraction and repulsion. It is displayed by the proteid constituents of the proto- plasm of various species of bacteria, as well as by proteids from a great variety of sources. The quali- fications positive and negative are added according as the phenomenon is one of attraction or repulsion. Chemotic (^ke-inot' -ik') [j///.;u(T;f, a gaping]. Pertaining to or marked by chemosis. Chemotropism [kein-oi' -ro-pizm) [^y'//^^"^> chemistry ; Tpoirii, a turning, a rout, a putting to flight]. In biology, the destruction of bacteria by phagocytes ; the victory of the phagocytes over bacteria, or of bacteria over phagocytes. In biology, the attraction of leu- kocytes by certain chemic substances held in solution in the blood, either positive or negative. Cf. Clieino- taxis. Q^t,'a.l'^'-, a goose; ttoSiov, a little foot]. American Wormseed ; the fruit of C. ambrosicni/es, or anthebiiintieitin , a plant native to the United States with properties due to a volatile oil, which is the only preparation used. It is a mild car- diac stimulant, promoting the secretions of the skin and kidneys, and also a very' efficient anthelmintic against the round- worm. Dose of the oil ir^v-xv. Cheoplastic [/ce-oplas'-tik) [;t'f^"'> to pour ; Tr'AaaTinoi;, plastic]. Made soft and yielding by heat. C. Metal, an alloy composed of tin, silver, and bismuth, with a small trace of antimony. Cherry (cher'-e) [ME., cheiy']. The bark of the com- mon cherry, Prunus serotina, a mild bitter and tonic, containing tannin. Dose of fid. ext. ^ss-j. I'niiiin^ a concentrated ext. Dose gr. j-iij. C. -Compound, each Oj represents cherry-bark 5 viij, lettuce horehound 3 iijss, bloodroot veratrum viride 5SS. Dosen^xv- gj. All unof. See also CV/f/tr-fZ/tw-;' and Prumis virginiana. C. -laurel, the European ever- green cherry, Pntniis laitro-eerams. Water distilled from its leaves is used in the same way as dilute hy- drocyanic acid. See Acid, Hydrocyanic . Cheselden's Operations. See Operations, Table of . Chest. See Thorax. C, Barrel-, a peculiar formation of the chest observed in cases of long-standing em- physema of the lungs ; it is round like a barrel, and in respiration is lifted vertically instead of being expanded laterally. See Emphysema . C. -founder. See Founder. C. Sweetbread. See Siveetbread. Chestnut. See Castanea. C. Extract. See Horse- chesfnicf-bark. C.-wood, a wood used in leather- manufactures, derived from the Castanea vesca, and containing from eight to ten per cent, of a tannin that closely resembles gallotannic acid. The extract, containing from 14 to 20 per cent, of tannin, is used largely to modify the color produced by hem- lock extract and for tanning and dyeing. Chevreul's Test. See Tests, Table of. Chevron-bone [shev'-ron-bon^ [ML. , r^^/ro, a rafter; boon, bone]. One of two bones forming a V-shaped arch beneath the caudal portion of the back-bone of many animals. Chewstick [ME., cheiven, to chew ; stiken, to pierce]. The bark of Gonania domingetisis, a popular aro- matic bitter in the West Indies. It is also used as a dentifrice and masticatory. Dose of the fid. ext. 3j-ij. Unof. Cheyne's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Cheyne-Stokes Breathing or Respiration. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. C. Nystagmus, a variety of nystagmus in which the oscillations of the Tracing of Chevne-Stokes Breathing. eyeball have a rhythmic variation similar to the rhythm of Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Chian [ki'-aii) [;f/of, Chios]. Pertaining to Chios, an island in the /Egean Sea. C. Turpentine. See Terebinthina. Chiasm, Chiasma [ki'-azin, ki-az' -niali) [ Y/o.,Va', to make a cross, as an X]. The optic commissure. Optic Chiasm and Adjacent Parts. I. Infundibulum. 2. Tuber cinereum. 3. Corpora albicantia, or mammillaria. 4. Crus cerebri. 5. Pons varolii. 6. Middle cerebellar peduncle. 7. Anterior pyramid. 8. Decussation. 9. Olivary body. 10. Gray tubercle of Rolando, n. Arci- forni fibers. 12. Superior extremity of spinal cord. 13, 13. Denticulate ligament. 14. Spinal dura mater. 15. Optic tract. 16. Optic chiasm. 17. 3d nerve. 18. 4th nerve. 19. 5th nerve. 20. 6th nerve. 21. Facial nerve. 22. Audi- tory nerve. 23. Nerve of Wrisberg. 24. Glosso-pharyn- geal nerve. 25. Pneumogastric nerve. 26, 26. Spinal accessory nerve. 27. Hypoglossal. 28 ist cervical pair. 29. 2d cervical pair. 30. 3d cervical pair. Chiastometer [ki-as-tom'-et-er) \_ xi-o.ar6(: , crossed; fiirpov, a measure]. An instrument for measuring any deviation of the optic axes from parallelism. Chibou (see-boo'] [Fr.]. The resin or gum of Bursera gMinmifera , a tree of Florida and tropical America ; it is locally valued in diseases of the lung and kidneys, and is used in various plasters and ointments ; it is called also cachibou and archipin. Unof. Chibret's Operation. See Operations, Table of. CHICA RED 287 CHINESE Chica Red (che'-kali) [S. Amer.]. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Chick Pea \chik'-pe) [ME., chick-pea']. The plant Cicer aristimtiit ; also the pulse derived from it; much used as an article of food in various countries. Lathy- risni (apparently chronic oxalic-acid poisoning), q. v., sometimes results from the too free use of the chick- pea as a food. Chickahominy Fever [chik-a-liom' -in-e fe'-ver). See pever. Chicken {chik' -en) [ME. , a chicken]. A domes- tic fowl. C. Breast, an abnormally prominent condi- tion of the sternum and of the sternal region'; pigeon - breast; it is seen in rhachitic persons, etc. C. Cholera, See Cholera. C.-fat Clot. A clot of blood consist- ing largely of fibrin, yellowish in color, and contain- ing but few red-cells. C.-pox. See Varicella. Chicle (chik'-l) [S. Amer.]. A gum obtained from the Achras sapota, a tree of tropical America, and used as a masticatory. Chico Red (che'-ko) [S. Amer.]. Same as Chica Red. Chicory [chik'-or-e) \_Kixoi)a, chicory]. Ciclioriuni intybiis, a composite plant of Europe and Asia, natur- alized and growing in the United States. Its ground- root is used to adulterate coffee. Chicot {che'-ko) [Fr.]. Kentucky Coffee Bean. The seeds of Gymnocladus canadensis. Chicot contains a volatile oil and a glucosid, and is probably a cere- bro-spinal stimulant. It is sometimes used as a sub- stitute for coffee. Unof. Chiene's (John) Method. A method of locating the fissure of Rolando. A square piece of paper is folded once, so as to form a triangle. Either of the two equal angles is then 45°. One free edge is then folded back so that this angle is bisected, thus form- ing an angle of 22.5°. The paper is then unfolded at the first crease, so as to secure an angle of 67.5, the apex of which is placed ^ inch behind the mid-point between the glabella and the inion,so that the straight side of the paper corresponds to the middle of the anterior aspect of the head ; the other margin of the paper, the fold, corresponds to the fissure of Rolando, the length of which is about inches. C.'s Opera- tion. See Operaiions, Table of. Chignon Fungus [shen-yon') [Fr.]. A fungoid dis- ease of the hair in which oval or roundish masses sur- round the hair-shaft at irregular intervals. It is also miscalled Chignon gregarine. Chigoe [chig'-o) [Fr., Chiqice]. Sand-flea; Sarcop- sylla penetrans, a small parasite of the skin, affecting usually that portion between the toes and fingers ; also the red harvest mite, Leptus irritans. It is also written chigo, chegoe, chigga, chiggre, chigger, jigger. See Parasites {Animal), Table of. Chilblain (chil'-blan) [AS., cele, cold ; blegan, to boil]. Pernio ; Erythema pernio. An erythematous local inflammation and swelling of the skin, due to cold. It is most common in the young of lymphatic consti- tution. The symptoms are an eruption of circular, raised erythematous spots, attended with severe itch- ing or burning ; later, bullfe may form, and these may lead to ulceration. Child (child) \y[.Y.., child : pi.. Children']. A young person. C.-bed, the popular term for the condition of a woman during and after labor. C.-bed Fever. See Puerperal Fever. C. -birth, parturition. C- crowing, the crowing sound of the respiration that characterizes Laryngismus stridulus, q. v. C.-hood, the age of childishness ; the period before puberty. C. -murder. See Infuiticide. Children's Diseases. See Pediatrics. Chile (chiF-e). See Capsicum. Chili Saltpeter. See Sodium. Chilitis {kil-i'-lis) \_xel/^o(;, lip]. Inflammation of a lip. Chill {chil) [ME., chif]. A sensation of cold accom- panied by shivering, usually appearing shortly after exposure to cold or wet. It is frequently the initial symptom of grave acute disorders, as pneumonia, etc. It is a prominent symptom of various fonns of malarial fever. See Rigor. Chilli [cliil'-e). See Capsicum and African Pepper. Chills and Fever. A popular term for intermittent fever. Chilo-angioscope (ki-lo-an' -je-o-skop) [,-^-riXor, lip ; dyy^'W, vessel ; aKorrelv, to look]. An apparatus for observing the circulation of the blood in the human Chilocace {kll-ok' -as-e) [;{'f?Aof, lip; KaKb<;, evil]. A firm, reddish swelling of the lip in scrofulous children. Chiloglossa [ki' -lo-glos-ah) [Yf/Aof, lip; y'Auaaa, tongue]. In biology, the anterior lip, or the mem- branous protuberance that lies in front of the mandibles and is continued under these in certain arthropods. Chilograimma. (ki-lo-g?'am'-?nah) \_x£'i7-oc, lip; y/infi/ja, a mark : pi., Chilogrammata], Jadelot's labial line. See Lines, Jadelot ' j. Chiloma [ki-lo'-mah ) [;t;ei'A6;//a, a lip]. In biology, a projecting thickened upper lip — as in the camel. Chiloplasty (ki'-lo-plas-te) [it''' of , lip ; TT7idaaELv, to form]. Any plastic operation upon the lip. Chilorrhagia [ki-lor-a' -je-ah) \_xe'iko(^, lip ; pi/yvvvaL, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the lips. Chiloschisis [ki-los'-kis-is) [x^'t^'K, lip ; ox'toi-<:, a split]. Hare-lip. Chimaphila {ki-inaf -il-ah) [;t;ri//a, winter; ^I'/lof, loving]. Pipsissewa, Prince's Pine ; the leaves of C. umbellata, an evergreen found in the U. S , an astrin- gent tonic and excellent diuretic. The bruised leaves are used as a rubefacient. It is valuable in dropsy, several forms of kidney disease, and for affections of the urinary passages. C, Fid. Ext. Dose ^l^ss-ij. C, Decoctum. l to 17. Dose 5j-iij. Unof. Chimaphilin {ki-maf'-il-in) \_xeliia, winter; (p'lXo^, loving]. A precipitate from the tincture of Cliimaphila umbellata, used in cancers; it is a diuretic, discutient, and alterative. Dose two to three grains. Unof. Chimiotaxis (him-e-o-taks'-is). See Cke?notaxis. Chimiotetic [kim-e-o-tet' -ik). See Chemotactic. Chimney-sweep's Cancer. Cancer of the scrotum, formerly not uncommon among chimney-sweepers. Chin [ME., chin]. The mentum ; the lower part of the face, at or near the symphysis of the lower jaw. C, Double. See Buccula. C. -cough, whoop- ing-cough. C.-jerk. See faw-jerk, and Rejlexes, Table of. C. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. China [kin'-ah, or ke'-nah) [Sp.]. Same as Cinchona. China [chi'-nah) [Pers., C//i«2 , China] . A country of Asia. C.-blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. C- clay. Pigments, Conspectus of . C. -grass, Ramie ; a soft, silky vegetable substance used as a sur- gical dressing ; the fiber of Bcehmcria 7iivea. C- root, the rhizome of Smilax china, a plant of Eastern Asia ; it is used as a substitute for true sarsaparilla. Unof C.-root, False, the plant Smilax pseudo- china of N. America. Unof. C.-white. Same as White Lead. Chinese {chi-ties' ,ox -nez) [Pers., Ch'uii, China]. Per- taining or belonging to China. C. Catarrh. Synonym of Lnfluenza. C. Foot, a deformed and undeveloped foot due to atrophy from compression. It is a popular fashion among Chinese ladies. C. Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of . C. Red. Same as Ver- milion. C. Twist, a name given to a variety of silk-thread used in surgery. C. Wax, Insect Wax ; a CHINOIDIN 288 CHLORAL substance deposited by an insect, Coccus cerifcra, upon the Chinese ash-tree. It is a white, very crystalHne, and brittle wax, resembling spertnaceti in appearance, with a specific gravity of .973 at 15° C. ; it fuses at 82° to 83° C. It is slightly soluble in alcohol and ether, very soluble in benzene. It is used in candle - making. C. White. Same as Zinc--iuhiic. C. Yellow. Same as King's Yellotu and Ocher. Chinoidin, or Chinoidinum [kin-oi' -din , or kin-oi-din' - tim) [Sp., Ckina'\. Quinoidin. ^ A mixture of amorphous alkaloids obtained in the manufacture of quinin. It has the therapeutic properties of quinin. Chinolin (kin' -o-lin). See Chinoiina and Qninolin. Chinolina (kin-o-li'-nah) [_c/iinti, quinin], C^H^N. Chinolin, Leukolin. An alkaloidal derivative of quinin and cinchonin, occurring also in coal-tar. It is now generally prepared by heating anilin or nitro-benzol with glycerin and a dehydrating agent. It is a valu- able antiseptic and antipyretic, and is useful in pneu- monia and typhus and other fevers. It is commonly used in the form of the tartrate because of the deli- quescence of the other salts. Dose TT\^iij to x ; of the tartrate gr. v-xv. Unof. Chinovin i^kiii' -o-vin) \china, quinin], CgdH-jgOg. A glucosid obtained from Ciiu/wna. Chinwhelk. Synonym of Tinea sycosis. Chiococca [ki-o-kok' -ah) [,v'"!', snow; KO/c/cof , a berry]. A genus of rubiaceous plants. See Cahinca. Chionanthin {ki-o-nan'-thin) \_xl^v, snow ; avdo^, a flower]. A precipitate from the tincture of the root- bark of Chio7iantlms virginiana : it is an aperient, diuretic, tonic, and narcotic. Dose I to 3 grains. Unof. Chionanthus {lii-o-nan'-thits') [;t'"''t snow ; avdor, a flovifer]. A genus of oleaceous trees and shrubs. C. virginiana, fringe-tree or poison-ash. The root is used as a vulnerary. See also Fringe-free. Unof. Chionyphe (ki-on'-if-e) snow ; a texture]. A genus of fungi. C. carteri, a parasitic fungus, apparently the cause of the disease known as Fungus Foot, or Madura Foot, q. v. Chip Blower [^chip blo'-er'). A warm-air blow-pipe. Chiragra (ki-ra'-grali) [ ^-c/p, the hand; ay/ja, a seiz- ure]. Gout in the hand. Chirarthritis (J;i-rar-thri' -tis) \_X£ip, hand; apftpov, a joint; iT/c, inflammation]. Rheumatism or arthritis of the hand. Chirata (kc-ra' -tali, ox chc-ra' -tali ) \yWx\d.. , chirdeta , a species of gentian]. Chiretta. The leaves and lighter stems of C. Ophelia. It resembles gentian in its thera- peutic properties, and is an excellent tonic. It does not contain any tannin. Dose of the powdered plant gr. xv-xxx. C., Fid. Ext., in glycerin and alcohol. Dose Tt\,xv-xxx. C, Infusum (B. P.). Dose a wineglassful. C, Tinct., ten per cent, in strength. Dose 3 ss-ij. Chiratin [kir-at' -iii) [Hind., chiraetd, a species of gentian], C.,^H^gO,5. A light-yellow, crystalline, bitter glucosid, obtained from Chirata. Chiretta (kir-et'-ah). See Cliirata. Chirettin (kir-et'-in) [Hind., chiraetd, & species of gen- tian]. A precipitate obtained from the tincture of chirata. Chirismus [ki-ris' -iiius) \_x^ 'P'CI^"Ct ^ handling]. I. Manipulation ; a kind of massage. 2. Spasm of the hand. Chiromancy [ki' -ro-man-se'). See Palmistry . Chiropelvimeter (ki-ro-pel-vim' -et-er) \_x^U'>y the hand ; pelvis, the pelvis ; fit-pov, a measure] . An instrument for use in the manual measurement of the pelvis. Chiropodist [ki-rop' -o-dist) hand ; n-oiif , TrorSdf , foot] . A surgeon or person who professionally treats diseases of the hands and feet, especially corns, bun- ions, etc. Chiro-Pompholyx [ki-ro-pom'-fo-liks) [x^'P, hand; nufupoXv^ , blister]. Dysidrosis ; pompholyx ; an ill- defined, inflammatory skin-disease confined to the hands and feet, and characterized by the development of peculiar "Vesicles or blebs, arranged in groups. They are deeply seated and distributed chiefly on the soles and palms and sides of the fingers. Itching, burning, pain, and stiffness are present. The disease is common in neurotic women in the prime of life; it is almost invariably recurrent, and is rare in winter. Chirurgeon (ki-rer' -jon) [^tf'/wup; of , a surgeon]. A surgeon . Chirurgia (X7'-;r;"'-yc'-rt/^) l_x^>p, hand; ipyov, work]. Surgery. Chirurgical {ki-rer' -jik-al) [Yf'po!)p)'(a, surgery]. Per- taining to surgery. Chirurgien Dentiste {ki-rer' -je-en den-tist') [Fr.]. Surgeon-dentist. Chisel Cramp (r///G'-f/-/f;v?w/). See Cramp. Chitin [ki'-tin] \_xit<1)v, a tunic], C,5H,^gN.^0i„. The substance composing the chief part of the exoskeleton of many invertebrates, as crabs, lobsters, etc. It is the animal analogue of the cellulose of plants. When heated with concentrated HCl it is decomposed into glycosamin and acetic acid. C/rrf^aw/w (CgHj-jNOj), crystallizes from alcohol in fine needles, is dextro-rotatory, and re- duces Fehling's fluid to the same extent as does dex- ■ trose, but is not fermentable. C. Substance, a gela- tinous substance found in hydatid cysts. Chittim Bark [chit'-im bark). See Cascara Sagrada. Chlamydate [klam' -id-dt) [j^a/it'f, a mantle]. In biology, provided with a pallium or mantle. Chlamydeous [klam-id' -e-us) [^Aa//()f, a mantle]. In biology, pertaining to the floral envelops. Chlamydospore [kiam'-id-o-spor) \_x't.apv(;, mantle; anopd, seed]. In biology, applied to a spore having its own protective envelop. Chloasma [k/o-az'-Jiiah) \_x'?ionCeiv, to be pale-green]. Melanodenna ; melasma; a condition characterized by dyschromia; of the skin of various sizes and shapes, and of a yellow, brown, and black color. They occur chiefly upon the face, and are idiopathic or symptomatic in character. An old name for Tinea versicolor. C. hepaticum, Liver-spots ; a form following dyspepsia and popularly associated with hepatic disturbance. C. phthisicorum, the brown patches upon the skin of the forehead or upper portions of the cheeks in tuberculous patients. C. uterinum, chiefly located on the fore- head, temples, cheeks, nipples, and median line of abdomen. They are marked during pregnancy, and often during menstruation. Chloracetic Acid (klo-ras-e'-tik). .See Acid. Chloral (klo'-ral) {chlorin ; aldeh^uQ, C.fl^HO. A pungent, colorless, mobile liquid. The name is often misapplied to chloral hydrate. C. Butylicum, Butyl- Chloral Hydrate (B.P.), croton-chloral, C^H-Cl.p,- H./j, a solid occuiTing in crystalline scales, resembling chloral hydrate, but made with butyl, CiH,,, as a base, instead of ethyl, C.,H-. Its properties are parallel to those of chloral, but are much feebler. Dose gr. v-xx in syrup. Syrupus Butyl-Chloral, 16 grains to the ounce. Dose gj-iv. Unof. C. Hydrate, a colorless, crystalline solid having the composition C.,IICI.j(H0).2, the hydrate of chloral. It is a powerful hypnotic, anti- spasmodic, and depressant to the cerebral, medullary, and spinal centers, and, to a limited extent, is an anesthetic. It is serviceable in fevers accompanied by cerebral excitement, in chorea, convulsions, and all affections requiring a cerebral depressant, and is excellent in delirium tremens, but should be used with CHLORALAMID 289 CHLOROMA great caution. Dose gr. v-xx ; smaller if combined with potassium or sodium bromid. C, Syrupus (B.P.). Dose ^^ss-ij. C.-urethane. See Uraliiun. Q.W.oxaS.zxniA^klo-ral-am' -id ) \chloral ; amid ] , CCI.,CH- ^NHCHO" ^ name inaptly applied to chloral for- mamidate. In doses of 30 to 45 grains it is a hypnotic. Chloralid {/do'-ral-id) \_chrofal\ Q..^.f.\Oy A sub- stance obtained when trichlorlactic acid is heated to 150°, with an excess of chloral ; it crystallizes from alcohol and ether in large prisms, is insoluble in water, and melts at from 114° to 115° ; it boils at from 272° to 273°. Chloralimid {klo-nxF -ini-id) \_chloyal : iiind'\, CCl.,.- CH.NH. A hypnotic allied to cliloral, soluble in alcohol. Dose same as that of chloral hydrate.' Unof. Chloralism (klo'-ral-izm) \_rIilorai'\. I. Chloral- poisoning ; the morbid state caused by the injudicious use of chloral. 2. The habit of using chloral. Chloralize [k/o'-ral-iz) \_chloral^. To put under the in- fluence of chloral. Chloralose {klo'-i-al-os) \_ihlora! ; gIucosL'\. Anhydro- glycochloral ; a jiroduct of the action of anhydrous chloral upon glucose. Chloramyl {klo'-rcim-il). Hee Anesi/uiic. Chloranemia {J;lo-nin-e' -me-ah'). Synonym of CIilo- rosis. Chloranil {klo' -rau-il) [,7;/<)r/;/] , C^Cip^. A com- pound obtained from many benzene compounds (anilin, phenol, isatin) by the action of chlorin or potassium chlorate and HCl. It consists of bright, golden leaflets, insoluble in water, but soluble in hot alcohol and ether. Chlor-anodyne (l-/or-au'-o-dlii) \_chlorin ; av priv. ; oifi'OT;, pain] . A proprietary remedy introduced as an improvement on chlorodyne. It contains morphin hydrochlorate, tinct. cannab. Ind., chlorofonn, dilute hydrocyanic acid, and aromatics. Dose for an adult ITLxv. Unof. Chloranthus (Jilo-rau' -thus) [ v^upor, yellowish-green ; avdor, a flower]. A genus of chloranthaceous plants of hot climates. C. officinalis, of Java, is a valuable febrifuge and anti-spasmodic. Unof. Chlorate {klo' -rat) \j:!ilonn'\. Any salt of chloric acid. See Pofassii chloras; Sodii chloras, etc. Chloremia (klo-re' -iiie-ah)\_x'^^('>p6^ , green ; alfjia, blood]. A blood-disorder, either idiopathic or associated with other ailments, consisting in a diminution of the per- centage of the hemoglobin and a decrease in the number of red blood-corpuscles. Chlorethyl [klo-reth' -il). Ethyl chlorid. Chloric (klo'-yik) [chlorin^. Pertaining to or contain- ing chlorin. C. Acid. See Acid. C. Ether. I. See Ethyl chlorid. 2. See Spirit us Chloroformi. Chlorid [klo' -rid) \_chlorin'\. In chemistry, a binary compound, one of the elements of which is chlorin. C. of Iron Test. See Tests, Table of. C. of Methyl. See .Anesthetic. Chlorids, Test for. See Tests, Table of. Chlorin, or Chlorine (klo'-rin) green]. CI = 35-5 ) quantivalence I. A non-metallic element. At ordinary temperatures it is a greenish-yellow gas, prepared by decomposing sodium chlorid, NaCl. It is highly irritative to the skin and mucous membranes, producing spasmodic closure of the glottis. It is the most valuable of disinfectants. Chlori, Aqua, C, Liquor (B.P.), chlorin water, contains four per cent, of the gas in solution. It is a good antiseptic wash. Dose, internally, n^x-xxx. Calx Chlorinata, " chlorid of lime," a hypochlorite of calcium contain- ing free chlorin ; a valuable disinfectant. Dose, in- ternally, gr. iij-vj. Calx Chloral, Liq. (P. B.), con- 19 tains I pound of the salt per gallon of water. Sodium Chloral., Liq., Labarraqite^ s Solutionu^AwiXa. carbon- ate 10, calx chlorinata 8, water ad l^^^Lpose Tr^ x- ^ j in 20 parts of water. Chlorin^^Hfcr (B. P.), used for inhalation. C. -Hunger, theijpnaition of the body when chlorin (usually in the form of common salt) is lacking. Among the immediate results of this deficiency are indigestion and albuminuria. Chloroanemia [klo-ro-an-e' -me-ah ). Synonym of Chlorosis. Chlorobrom (klo'-ro-brdm) [chlorin; bromin'\. A solution each ounce of which contains 30 grains of chloralamid and potassium bromid. It is a hypnotic. Chlorocruorin [klo-ro-kru' -or-in') \_x'kupbc, green ; iruor, blood]. A green respiratory pigment from the greenish blood of the Sabella. Chlorodyne [klo'-ro-din) \_yA(ii>6r, green ; bM'v?}, pain]. A proprietary remedy supposed to contain chloroform, ether, morphin, cannabis Indica, hydrocyanic acid, and capsicum. The various imitations differ widely. It is a good anodyne and narcotic. Dose Tt\^ x-xxx, ■mith care. Unof. Chloroform (klo' -ro-fori?!) \_chloroformum , chloroform : gen. , Clilorofor7ni'\. Methyl Terchlorid, CHCI3. A heavy, colorless liquid obtained by the action of chlorinated lime on methyl alcohol. (The commercial article, C. veiiale, contains 2 per cent, of impurities and is unfit for administration.) Administered inter- nally, chloroform produces narcosis and violent gastro- enteritis. Chloroform has an agreeable odor and a sweetish taste. It solidifies in the cold, melts at 71°, boils at 61°, and its specific gravity is 1.526. It is excellent in true cholera and in similar diseases of the stomach and bowels. Externally, it is much employed as an ingredient of rubefacient and anodyne liniments. Mixed with a large per cent, of air and inhaled, it is one of the most valuable of general anesthetics, but occasionally (I : 3000) causing death by cardiac paralysis. See Anesthetic. Deep injections in the vicinity of the sciatic nerve are recommended in sciatica. C, Alcoholized, a mixture of chloroform and alcohol. C, Ammonialed, equal parts of am- monia in alcohol and chloroform ; antipyretic and anodyne. Unof C, Aqua (B.P.). Dose ^^ss-ij. C. -liniment, commercial chloroform 40, soap-lini- ment 60 parts. C, Liniment., Comp., chloroform 5j, oil of turpentine Jj, tincture of opium ^iv, tinc- ture of aconite _"ij. Unof. C, Mislura, pure chlo- roform 8, camphor 2, fresh yolk of egg 10, water 80 parts. Dose ^j-^j- C, Spt., pure chloroform 10, alcohol 90 parts. Dose n\,x-3j. Tinct. Chloro- formi el Morphinas (B.P.), a substitute for chloro- dyne. Each dose of TT\^lo contains chloroform rr^l^, ether Tr^,'^', alcohol X(\\\{, morphin hydrochlorate gr. -jlj-, dilute hydrocyanic acid Tr\^^, oil of peppermint TTL-J^, fluid extract of licorice treacle and syrup q. s. Tinct. C. Comp. (B.P.), chloroform 2, alcohol 8, comp. tinct. of cardamon 10. Dose ni.xx-.'^j. Chloroformism [klo' -ro-for-inizjn) \chloroformum, chloroform]. I. The use of chloroform to excess for its narcotic effect. 2. The symptoms produced by this use of the drug. Chlorolymphoma {klo-ro-liuf-o'-mali) \jkup6i;, green ; /)'OT///(7, water; biia, a. tvamor]. Another name for chloroma ; it is thought by some to be a variety of lymphoma, from its containing lymphocytes. Chloroma (klo-ro' -niah) \_x'^<^pbc, yellowish-green ; bjxa, a tumor: //. , Chloj-omata']. " Green cancer"; a rare variety of sarcoma, of a greenish tint, usually seated upon the periosteum of the bones of the head, or upon the dura. CHLORONITROBENZENE 290 CHOLECYSTORRAPHY Chloronitrobenzene iyklo-ro-ni-lro-ben' -zeii) [.YAojpof , green; nilKWu, niter; benzoiii]. Una of the ingre- dients of ^musite, q. v. Chlorophari?*('/'/o''-ro-/a«) [^^-Au^jof , green; (baiveaflni, to appear]. A yellowish-green chromophane. See Cliromopiianes. Chlorophyl [klo' -ro-fil) [;i/ai/jof, green ; <^'\iXhov, leaf]. A coloring-matter occurring in the chlorophyl-granules in all the green parts of plants. Wax and other sub- stances are associated witli it. Its constitution is not yet known. It is the substance by whose agency car- bohydrates are formed in green plants. Chlorophyllan [Ido-ro-jW -an) \_xA,u)pu(;, green ; fvAAov, leaf]. A substance obtained from fresh grass by ex- tracting the latter with boiling absolute alcohol. It appears as crystals that melt at llo° C. to a black liquid, which on further heating burns with a luminous flame. It is easily soluble in ether, benzol, and chloroform. Chloroplastid (klo-ro-plas' -tid ) [x/^w/JOf, green ; ir'kao- rdf, to form or mold]. In biology, a chlorophyl- granule. Applied by Lankester to chlorophyl-bearing cells as seen in Hydra viridis. Probably these are secretory cells or digestive glands comparable to the liver-cells of Amphioxus. Chlorosarcoma [klo-ro-sar-ko' -mali). See Chloronia. Chlorosis (klo-ro' -sis) \_x'/:wpiiQ, green]. The " green sickness," a disease of young women, associated with anemia and menstrual abnormality, usually suppression. It is the most common form of idiopathic anemia. It is favored by a sedentary life and poor hygiene. The blood shows a marked deficiency in hemoglobin, with some decrease in the number of red corpuscles, together with an increase in its watery elements. The patients do not seem to suffer from any interference with the general nutrition ; in fact, there is often a ten- dency to the accumulation of fat in the tissues. There is present well-marked neurasthenia, with, at times, hysterical manifestations. There can always be heard a systolic bruit at the base of the heart and in the neck, anemic in nature. The bowels are constipated, and there may be some fever. C. pituitosis. Syno- nym of Enteritis, Pseudo-membranous. C. rubra, cases of chlorosis of moderate grade, with a reddish tint of the cheeks, especially on exertion. Chlorotic (klo rot'-ik) \_x/'<^pdr)/(, paleness]. Relating to chlorobis. A person affected by chlorosis. Chlorozone [klo-ro' -zon) [^Xw/jof , green ; bi^uv, to smell]. A yellow liquid assumed to be a mixture of chlorin and ozone ; it is formed by passing nascent chlorin through caustic soda ; its composition is not known. It is a strong bleaching-agent and disinfec- tant. Chlorphenol {klor-fe' -nol) [,^;/'i.(jpof , green; ^oii';^, pur- ple-red], CgH^Cl.OH. Mono-chlor-phenol, a sub- stance possessed of marked antiseptic and antituber- culotic properties. It is strongly recommended for inhalation in diseases of the respiratory passages. Chlorum [klo'-ruin) [^i-zupor, green : geti. , Chlori ] . The official pharmaceutic name of chlorin. See Chlorin. Choana [ko'-an-ah) [_xodv>/, a funnel : //., C/wance']. A funnel-like opening. A name applied to the posterior nasal orifices. Choanocyte (ko'-an-o-sit) [,\'oaiv/, a funnel; m rof , a cell]. In biology, a collar-cell. Choanosome [ko'-au-o-som) \_xoavij, a funnel ; cuiia, body]. In biology, that portion of the cavity of a sponge that is lined with collar-cells. Chocolate (chok'-o-lat) [Mex., choco, cacao; latl, water]. I. A dried paste prepared from the powder of cacao-seeds (see Cacao) with various mucilaginous and amylaceous ingredients. 2. A beverage prepared from the foregoing. 3. A sugared comfit, variously compounded and flavored, containing some proportion of the foregoing paste ; sometimes medicated, as with cinchona, scammoiiy, or magnesia. C, African. See Iba. Choke {chbk) [ME., choken, to choke]. To suffocate ; to prevent the access of air to the lungs by compres- sing or obstructing the trachea. C. -cherry, the fruit of Pruniis (Cerasus) virginiana, not the P. vir- giniana of the pharmacopeia; common in the U. S. It is antispasmodic, tonic, and slightly astringent. Cerasin is a concentrated extract. Dose gr. ij-viij. Unof. C.-damp, a name given by miners to car- bonic acid gas. Called also Black-damp. Choked Disc [chokd disk). See Papillitis. Choking [ckok'-ing) [ME. , cAo/J'fw, to choke] . Partial or complete suftbcation, whether by the lodgment of food, or any foreign body in the larynx, trachea, phar- ynx, or esophagus, or by the inhalation of any irres- pirable gas or vapor. C. Distemper, a name applied in Eastern Pennsylvania to cerebro-spinal meningitis in the horse. Cholagogic (kdl-ag-og' -ik) \_x<''^'l-, bile; ayuyix;, carrying oft"]. I. Stimulating the flow of bile. 2. A cholagogue. Cholagogue {kdl'-ag-og) \_xo'kii, bile; (lyuyoQ, leading]. Any medicine that promotes the flow of bile ; an agent that is supposed to stimulate the secretion or excretion of bile. Cholalic Acid [ko-laV -ik). See Choloidinic Acid. Cholangitis {ko-lan-ji' -tis) \xoKrj, bile; dyyeiov, a ves- sel]. Inflammation of a bile-duct. It is attended with ague-like paroxysms, chills, fever, and sweating, and jaundice of varying intensity. Cholate [kol'-at) [^o/l?/, bile]. Any salt of cholic acid. Choleate [kol'-e-ai] [;i;oA//, bile]. Any salt of choleic acid. Cholecyanin [kol-e-si' -an-in). See Bilicyanin. Cholecyst [kol'-e-sist) \_xo'^-V, bile; Kvarit;, a bladder]. The gall-bladder. Cholecystectasia {kol-e-sis-tek-ta' -se-ah) \_xo^>/, bile; Kvaric, a cyst; eKraaii;, a distention]. Distention or dilatation of the gall-bladder. Cholecystectomy [kol-e-sis-tek' -to-me) [xO'^'A bile ; nvGTic, bladder; kKTOfiij, a cutting oft"]. Excision of the gall-bladder. Cholecystendysis (kol-e-sis-ten'-dis-is) \_xo^^li bile; KnaTir, a bladder; h'Svatg, an entering]. Cholecys- totomy, I/. "'. Cholecystenterostomy(,^()/-£'-jzj-/t'«-/t'r-(;^''-/f-OT£')[;);oA//, bile ; Kvarig, a bladder ; evrepov, intestine ; aropn, a mouth]. Incision of the gall-bladder and intestine, with suture of the intestinal wound to that of the gall-bladder, so as to relieve the effects of obstruction of the gall-duct by openmg a new passage mto the intestine. Cholecystic (kol-e-sis'-tik) [xo/*'/, bile; Kvarig, a blad- der]. Relating to the gall-bladder. Cholecystitis [kol-e-sis-ti'-lis) [.yoA?/, bile ; kvutic, bladder; iri^, inflammation]. Inflammation of the gall-bladder. Cholecystocolostomy [kol-e-sis-to-ko-los' -fo-me) \_xo'^il, bile ; Krarit;, a bladder ; KoXnv, the colon ; ro/i//, a cutting]. The surgical establishment of a passage between the gall-bladder and the colon. Cholecystolithotripsy {kol-e-sis-to-lith'-o-trip-se) [ lo/i//, bile; Kvariq, a bladder; X/fof, a stone; Tp't^eiv, to crush]. The crushing of gall-stones in the gall-bladder. Cholecystoncus [kol-e-sis-tong'-kus) [,);o^/'/, bile ; kvotii;, bladder; oj-mr, a tumor]. A swelling or tumor of the gall-bladder. Cholecystorrhaphy (kol-e-sist-or'-a-/e) [f'^'A hWe ; KidTi^, bladder ; pa/, bile; (U ^soHiit , to receive; duodecim, twelve; OTOfia, mouth]. The surgical establishment of a passage between the common bile-duct and the duodenum. Choledocho-enterostomy {kol-ed-o-ko-en-ter-os' -to-me) [_Xo^''i, bile ; SexeoOai, to receive ; kvrefxiv, bowel ; (jTdfia, mouth]. The surgical establishment of a pass- age between the cavity of the choledoch duct and the small intestine. Choledocho\ithotnpsy(io/-ed-o-io-/it/i'-o-^n'J>-se)l_xo'/Jj, bile; dtxeaflai, to receive; 2i0og, a stone; rpilieiv, to rub]. The crushing of a gall-stone in the ductus choledochus. Choledochostomy (kol-ed-o-kos' -to-me) [^o^r;, bile ; (5f;t;f(j(^a( , to receive ; oro^a, mouth]. The formation of a fistula in the gall-duct through the abdominal wall. Choledochotomy (kol-ed-o-kof -o-me) l_X"^'/^ bile; d^x^odat, to receive ; to/it/, section]. Opening of the common bile-duct by incision. Choledochus (/&o/-d'(/'-o-/^z«) [x"/^'/, bile; Skx^odai, to receive]. Receiving or holding bile, C, Ductus Communis, the common excretory duct of the liver and gall-bladder. Choledology i^kol-ed-oF -o-je) \_xo'kri^ bile ; Ityciv, to speak]. The sum of knowledge concerning the bile. Choleic {kol-e'-ik) \_xo'kr], bile]. Pertaining to the bile. Cholein (kol'-e-in) \_xo'ky, bile]. A mi.xture of several principles of the bile ; a fatty principle found in bile. Cholelith [kol' -e-litli) [;t;oA//, bile ; A/fiof, a stone]. A biliary calculus or gall-stone. Cholelithiasis [kol-e-lith-i'-as-is) \_xo'kii, bile ; A/Qof, a stone]. The presence of, or a condition associated with, calculi in the gall-bladder or in a gall-duct. Cholemesis (ko/-e?>i'-es-is) [;i;o/l?/, bile ; ifieai^, vomit- ing]. The vomiting of bile. Cholemia (ko-le' -me-ah) \_xo'^V, bile; alfxa, blood]. The presence of bile in the blood. Cholemic {ko-le' -inik) \_xo'^?j, bile; ai/ia, blood]. Re- lating to cholemia; marked or caused by cholemia. Cholepyrrhin iykol-e-pir' -in) \_x°^Vi bile; Tri^ppdf, orange- colored] . The brown coloring-matter of bile. Also called Bilepyrrhin. Cholera [kol^-er-ak) [;t;o/lfpa ; from Xo'^Vt bile]. A name given to a number of acute diseases charac- terized mainly by large discharges of fluid material from the bowels. A synonym of C. asiatica. C. asiatica, an acute, specific, highly malignant dis- ease, existing in India and the tropics of Asia during the entire year, and occasionally spreading as an epidemic over large areas. It is character- ized by excessive vomiting, alvine discharges resemb- ling flocculent rice-water, severe cramps, collapse, and frequently death. The rate of mortality varies from 10 to 66 per cent. , the average being over 50 per cent. The cause or specific virus is very generally believed to be the so-called '■'■comma bacillus''^ of Koch, which is contained in the rice- water discharges. Cultures of this germ have in some instances produced the disease and in others have failed. The virus, whatever it may be, commonly gains entrance into the system by means of the drink- ing-water ; hence in cases of threatened epidemic, and during the prevalence of an epidemic the purity of the water-supply should be carefully investigated. C, Bilious, a form of the disease attended with exces- sive discharge of bile. C, Chicken, a very fatal epi- demic disease of fowls, marked by tumefaction of the lymphatic glands, with inflammation and ulceration of the digestive organs. The symptoms peculiar to cholera are wanting. C, English. See C. nos- tras. C, European. See C. , Simp/c. C. gravior. Synonym of C. asiatica. C.-hand, a livid, grayish- blue, corrugated state of the palms of the hand from immersion in water. It is present in death from drowning, and is also called " washerwoman's hand." C, Hog, an infectious disease attacking swine and characterized by a patchy redness of the skin, with inflammation and ulceration of the bowels, enlargement of the abdominal glands, and congestion of the lungs. C. infantum, the '^summer com- p/aint'^ of infants and young children; an acute dis- ease occurring in wann weather, and characterized by gastric pain, vomiting, purgation, fever, and prostra- tion. The cause of the disease is the prolonged action of heat, together with errors in diet and hygiene. It is most common among the poor and in hand-fed babes. The disease is of short duration, death fre- quently ensuing in three to five days. C. infec- tiosa. See Cholera asiatica. C. morbus, an acute catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, with enteric pain, purging, vomiting, spasmodic contractions of the muscles, etc. It is a disease of the heated term and is very similar to Asiatic cholera in its symptomatology. C. nostras, also called English Cholera and Choleri>ie. Same as C. morbus. C. sicca, a term applied to those cases of Asiatic cholera in which rice-water liquid is found in the intestines after death, though none had been voided during life. C, Simple, the diarrhea with cramps, purging, and collapse, common in the autumn or late summer. C, Summer. See C, Simple. C. Voice, the peculiar whispering voice of those in the cold stage of cholera. Choleraic [kol-er-a' -ik) [^foXt/ja, cholera]. Pertaining to or resembling cholera. C. Diarrhea. See Diar- rhea. Choleraphobia (kol-er-af-o' -be-ali) [ ( oPifpa, cholera ; a priv. ; 6fjo(;, fear]. Morbid dread of cholera. Cholerrhagia [kol-er-a' -je-ah) \_xo7iii ,\y\t; p/p/vvvai, to burst forth]. Synonym of Cholera morbus. Cholesteatoma [kol-es-te-at-o' -mah) [;i;o/l?/, bile (chol- esterin) ; ureaTu/xa, a sebaceous tumor : pi., Cholesteat- omata^. A tumor containing cells inclosing plates of cholesterin, and occurring most frequently at the base CHOLESTEATOMATOUS 292 CHONDROGEN of the brain, but occasionally in subcutaneous tissue. It often incloses sebaceous glands, hair-follicles, and other dermal structures. Cholesteatomatous {kol-es-te-at-oiii' -al-us) [xo'^'A bile; areaTu/j-a, a sebaceous tumor]. Of the nature of, per- taining to, or afi'ected with, cholesteatoma. Cholesteremia [kol-es-ter-e' -me-ah^, or Cholesterin- emia {kol-es-ter-in-e' -me-ali) [j^foX//, bile; aTtd/i, stiff fat; al//a, blood]. The retention of cholesterin in the blood ; also, the morbid state ascribed to such retention. Cholesterin {Jzol-es' -te7--ui) \_xo'Ari,\yA(t; urepfof, solid], C2gH^^0, or CjjH^.jO. A monatomic alcohol, a con- stituent of bile, and a normal ingredient of nervous tissue. Also the fatty substance forming the acid principle of biliary calculi. It is a glitter- ing, white, crystalline substance, soapy to the touch, crystallizing in hne needles and rhom- bic plates. It is quite insoluble in water and in cold alcohol, but Cholesterin Crystals. soluble in solutions of bile-salts ; it is levo-rotatory. Choletelin [kol-et' -el-in) \_xo^V> bile; re/lof, comple- tion], C,gH,gN.,Og. An amorphous, soluble, yellow pigment derived from bilirubin. It is the final pro- duct of the oxidation of bile-pigments. It is readily soluble in alkalies, alcohol, and chloroform. Choleuria [kol-e-ii' -rc-ah) \_xo^V> bile; oi'pov, urine]. The presence of bile in the urine. Choleverdin {kol-e-ver'-din^ \_X'j'^'h bile; lin'dis, green], 'n^t Bilicyanin. Cholic [kol'-ik) [^xo'^V, bile]. Pertaining to the bile. C. Acid. See Acid. Cholin {kol'-in) [xo^, bile], CjHjjNO^. A substance found among the products of the decomposition of pig's bile and ox-bile, hence its name. It is also found in the extracts of the suprarenals, and is a pro- duct of the decomposition of lecithin. It is a colorless fluid, of oily consistence, possesses a strong alkaline reaction, and forms with acids very deliquescent salts. It is a very unstable body. It is soluble in alcohol or ether. It is distinct from, though closely related to, neurin. C. Group of Ptomaines, four ptomaines — Cholin, Neurin, Beta'in, and Muscarin — have been thus classified. All these bases may be considered as oxida- tion-products of trimethyl-ethyl-ammonium hydrate. Cholochrome (/!W-o-/?TO///)[;i;o^i^,bile ; x/36j/-/o, color]. Any bile-pigment. Cholocyst {kol' -o-sist). See Cholecyst. Cholohematin {kol-o-heiii'-a1-iii) \_xo'^Vi bile; o(//a, blood]. A pigment found in the bile of the ox and sheep. It is probably a derivative of hematin. Choloidinic Acid {J;ol-oi-din' -ik). See Acid. Chololith {kol'-o-lith). See Cholelith. Chololithiasis i^kol-o-lith-i' -as-is). See Cliolclithiasis. Chololithic {kol-o-lith'-ik') [^o?'^, bile ; A/fer, a stone]. Pertaining to a cholelith. Cholophein {ko!-o-fc'-in). See Bilipheiii. Cholopoiesis [kol-o-poi-e' -sis) \_xoAr/, bile ; Tvoh/aic:, a making]. Ihe fonnation of bile. Cholorrhagia [koi-or-a^-fc-a/i) [x^^V, bile ; p-rjyvbvai, to burst forth]. A sudden flow of bile. Cholorrhea (Jiol-or-e'-aK) \_xo7J], bile; pnia, a flow]. Any excessive discharge of bile. Cholosis (kol-o'-sis) \_xo'A fi ,h\\e'\. Any disease caused by or associated with a perversion of the biliary secretion. Cholotic {kol-of -ik) \_xokri, bile]. Due to or associated with a cholosis. Q,\\Q!i\yc\.2k (kol-it' -7'e-al!) [;i'o?t//, bile ; ot'/jop, urine]. The presence of bile, bile-salts, or bile-pigments in the urine. Also, the greenish coloration of the urine. Chondodendron (Jion-do-den'-dron). See Chondro- dend 1-071. Chondral (kon' -dral) \_xov6po(^, cartilage]. Cartilagin- ous ; relating to or composed of cartilage. Chondralgia [Jton-di'al' -je-ah) \_X^>'f&poq, cartilage ; h'kyoc, pain]. Pain in or about a cartilage. Chondrectomy (Jioti-drek' -to-iiie') \_xdv&poi;, cartilage ; kuToiiij, a cutting out]. Surgical excision of a cartil- age, or of a part of one. Chondren [koii' -dren) [;foi-'(5/jof, cartilage]. Belonging to a cartilage in itself. Chondrification {koii-drif-iJz-a'-sluiit) \_X"v&po<;, cartil- age ; facei'e, to make]. The process of being con- verted into cartilage ; the state of being chondrified. Chondrify [kon' -di-if-i') \_xbvSpoq, cartilage ; Jiei-i, to become]. To convert into cartilage; to become car- tilaginous. Chondrigen [l'0)i' -drij-eii') [,voi'f^pof , cartilage ; yevve'iv, to produce]. That material of the hyaline cartilage which on boiling with water becomes chondrin. Chondrigenous iyko>i-drij' -cit-us) [,V('i''V^of, cartilage; yevve'iv, to produce]. Producing chondrin ; relating to cartilage that has not hardened. Chondriglucose (koii-dre-glti' -kos) [;f(ii'c!/)r)(', cartilage ; y\vK.vq, sweet]. A materia! formed by boiling car- tilage with mineral acids. It has a sweet taste and the properties of glucose. Chondrin [kon' -drin) [jorti/jor, cartilage]. A substance obtained from the matrix of hyaline cartilage by boil- ing. It resembles gelatin in general properties, but differs from it in not being precipitated by tannic acid. The substance yielding it is cJiondrigen, probably an anhydrid. See also Glue. Chondritis {koii-dri'-/is) [x^'>"^P"C, cartilage ; iric, in- flammation]. Inflammation of a cartilage. Chondroblast {kon'-dro-blasf) [jovrfpor, cartilage; P?.aGT6q, germ]. A cell of developing cartilage. Chondroclasis {kon-di-ok' -las-is) [.T^oi'J/for, cartilage ; Kkciaiq, fracture]. The crushing of a cartilage. Chondroclast \kon'-di-o-klasf) \_xl>vdp cartilage; yEvsoiq, formation]. P'orming cartilage ; relating to chondrogenesis. Chondrogenous (lion-droj'-en-us) [;i;oj'(Vjo(:, cartilage ; yeveaiq, production]. Of the nature of chondrogen ; producing cartilage. Chondroglucose {kon-dro-glu'-kos') \_xbv6poq, cartilage; y'AvKvg, sweet]. One of the glucoses. See Carbohy- drate and Glucose. Chondrography {kon-drog'-ra-fv) [,vt'i''Vjff > cartilage ; ypaibeiv, to write]. An anatomic description of the cartilages. Chondroid (kon'-droid) \_xov6por, cartilage; eMof, form]. Resembling cartilage. Chondrology {kon-droF -o-je) \_xov(ipoi;, cartilage; "koyoq, science]. The science of cartilages. Chondroma (kon-dro'-niaJi) [,i'oi'<5/5or, cartilage ; bim, tumor]. A cartilaginous tumor. See £72ehoudro!na. Chondromalacia [kon-dro-i/ial-a'-se-ah) [,i-<(vdpof, car- tilage; |UaZa/c/a, softening]. Softening of a cartilage. C. atiris. Same as Hciinatoma aiiris. Chondromalacosis [kon-dro-mal-ak-o' -sis). See Chon- dromalacia. Chondromatous {kon-drdin^-at-iis) \_xov&poi;, cartilage; 6|(/a, a tumor]. Relating to or of the nature of cartilage. Chondro-myxoma {kon-dro-miks-o' -mah') [;^;oi'Jpo£-, car- tilage ; /"'fa, mucus; ojia, a tumor: pi., Chondro- myxomata'\. A chondroma with myxomatous ele- ments. Chondrosarcoma [koit-dro-sar-ko' -}iialt) [ai'i'iV'^C, car- tilage ; (Tnp«:6)/^a, sarcoma : //., Chondrosarcojnata'\. A cartilaginous and sarcomatous tumor. Chondrosarcomatous (kon-dro-sar-koiid -at-zis^ [A'"''- (Sfjor, cartilage ; oup/tWiUa, sarcoma]. Relating to chon- drosarcoma. Chondrosis (kon-dro'-sis) \_X"''"h""^-' cartilage]. For- mation of cartilage. Chondrosteous {Jcon-dros' de-US') [ ^oi'd/'or, cartilage ; oarlop, bone]. In biology, having a cartilaginous skeleton. Chondrotome {kon^-dro-/d//i) [j^-ovtSpof , cartilage ; rn/ioc, cutting]. An instrument for cutting cartilage. Chondrotomy (l^on-drot' -o-tiic') [x"''"^pof > cartilage ; rtjivcLV, to cut]. The dissection or surgical division of a cartilage, or the anatomic analysis of a cartilage. Chondrus [koii'-drus') \_xi>vipnr, a grain; cartilage]. I. Irish Moss. The substance of the algss C. crispiis and C. Diaminillosus. These yield, on boiling with water, a soluble colloid consisting mainly of mucilage. This is demulcent and somewhat nutrient, and is sometimes used in making blanc mange. Dose indefi- nite. Unof. See Carragheen. 2. A cartilage ; the ensiform cartilage. Chopart's Amputation. See Operations, Table of. C. Operations. See Operations, Table of. Chopping [chop' -iiig). See Percussion. Chorda {kor' -dah')\\^. ,a cord : pi., Chord, e'\. A cord, ten- don, or filament of nerve. C. caudalis, the urochord. C. dorsalis. See Notochord. C. spinalis, the spinal cord. C. tendineae, the tendinous strings connecting the cohimna carncce of the heart with the auriculo-ventricular valves, C. tympani, a filament of the Vidian nerve that enters the tympanum. C. umbilicalis, the umbilical cord. C. vertebralis, the notochord ; the spinal cord. C. vocalis, one of the vocal bands or thyro-arytenoid ligaments. Chordal [kor'-dal) [chorda, a cord]. Relating to a chorda, especially to the notochord. Chordapsus [kor-dap' -siis) \_xopfiii, an intestine ; aiTTEiv, to tie up]. Synonym of Acute Intestinal Catarrh. Chordae (kor-de') [x^P'^'l, a cord]. .\ symptom of gonorrhea consisting of painful erection and down- ward curvature of the penis. Chorditis [kor-dd -tis) \_x^>f'^'ly a cord ; itk;, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of the vocal bands. C. tuber- osa, a localized thickening on the vocal bands, often bilateral, and situated at the junction of the posterior two-thirds with the anterior third. Chordotonal {Jzor-do-to' -nal) \_X'^P'^'l-i chord; tovik^ tone]. In biology, applied to sense-organs or parts of arthropods that are responsive to sound- vibrations. Chorea [ko-re'-ah) [^Y^P^'fl, dancing]. St. Vitus's dance. A functional nervous disorder, usually occur- ring in youth, characterized by spasmodic and con- vulsive contraction and non-rhythmic action of the muscles of the extremities, face, etc. The action of the heart is irregular, and in a large number of cases a systolic murmur is present. Rheumatism is a fre- quent complication. Chorea may be caused by a number of conditions, among which are fright and reflex irritations, but it is essentially a disease of the later period of childhood, and affects girls about three times as frequently as boys. Occasionally it is seen in the adult, and may become a serious complication of pregnancy, resulting in the death of both fetus and mother. When it occurs late in life it generally resists treatment. C, Automatic, an afiection in which paroxysms of apparently purposive actions occur independently of the will, as the result of an impulse that arises spontaneously or that occurs in response to a stimulus received from without. C, Buttonmaker's, a form of chorea in girls employed in button-mills, the result of application at their trade. The fingers move involuntarily when not at work, following the same motions as when guiding the procession of buttons. It is due to an erethism of the centers in the brain for the hands and fingers. C, Chronic. St& C, Huntingdon' s. C, Electric. See Dubini'' s Disease. C, Epidemic, dancing mania. See Choromania. C. festinans. See Paralysis agi- tans. C. germanorum, a term for the major form of chorea. C. -habit. See Spasm. C, Hereditary. SteC, Ihtntingdon's. C, Hysterical. See C, J\/ajor. C, Huntingdon's, an affection frequently hereditary, of adult or middle life, characterized by irregular movements, disturbance of speech, and gradual de- mentia. It was first described by Huntingdon, a physician of Long Island, U. S. C. insaniens, maniacal chorea ; a grave form of chorea usually seen in adult women, and associated with maniacal symp- toms. This may develop from the ordinary form, and usually ends fatally. It may develop during preg- nancy. C, Maniacal. See C. insaniens. C, Major, the hysterical chorea of the French, in which there are regular oscillatory movements of the parts. C, Mimetic, that which is caused by imitation. C, Minor, simple chorea. C. oscillatoria is marked by more or less regular oscillations of the head, trunk, or limbs. C, Post-hemiplegic. See Athetosis. C, Post-paralytic, a form of involuntary movement seen in patients after an attack of hemiplegia. C, Rhyth- mic. See C, Major. C, Rotatory, a hysterical form associated with rhythmic movements of the body or head. C, School-made, chorea resulting from overstimulation of children at school by parents and teachers. C. scriptorum. See Cramp, Writers\ C, Senile. See Paralysis agitans. C. spastica. See Paraplegia , Infantile Spasmodic. C, Syden- ham's, ordinary chorea. Choreic {ko-re'-ik) \_xopeia, dancing]. Relating to, of the nature of, or affected with, chorea. CHOREIFORM 294 CHROMATOPSEUUOPSIS Choreiform {ko-re' -if-orni) [;t;c)pf'"-> dancing; forma, form]. Resembling chorea. Choremania [ko-re-ma' -ne-aJi) \_xoptia, dancing ; fiavia, madness]. Synonym of Choioniaiiia. Choreoid (ko-i-e'-oid ) [,|-opfva, dancing ; fJJof, like]. Pertaining or similar to chorea. Choreomania [ko-re-o-ina^-ne-ah). See C/ioi-omania. Chorial (ko'-re-al) \_xopiQv, skin]. Chorionic. Chorioblastosis [ko-j-i'-o-b/as-to' -sis) \_x^i)iov, skin ; [i'/auTdveiv, to germinate]. Any anomaly of growth of the corium and subcutaneous connective tissue. Chorio-capillaris [ko-re-o-kap-il-a'-ris) \_xoinoi>, skin ; capilhts, a hair]. The network of capillaries over the inner portion of the choroid coat of the eye. See Ruysch, Alembrane of. Choriocele (ko' -re-o-sll, or ko-re-o-se'-le) \_xopi'iv, a skin ; /c/y///, hernia]. A hernial protrusion of the choroid coat of the eye. Chorioid [ko'-re-oid). See Choroid. Chorioidal {ko-re-oid' -al). See Choroid. Chorioideremia {ko-re-oid-er-e' -?ne-ak'). See Choroi- dercmia. Chorioidiritis (ko-re-oid-i-ri' -lis). See Choroido-iritis. Chorioiditis [ko-re-oid-i'-tis). See Choroiditis. Chorioido-retinitis [ko-re-oid' -o-ret-in-i' -tis). See Ch oroido- retinitis. Chorion [ko'-re-on) \_xopiov, fetal membrane]. The outermost of the fetal membranes, fonned from the external layer of the non-germinal epiblast. The chorion lies between the amnion and the decidute (reflexa and vera). C. , Cystic Degeneratiori of, a rare myxomatous disease of the chorion, producing the so-called -^hydatid mole.''' It is characterized by rapid increase in the size of the uterus, hemorrhage, often profuse, beginning during the second month of pregnancy, and the discharge of small cysts, whitish in appearance, surrounded by bloody clots. These cysts vary in size from a pin's-head to a filbert. C. leve, the smooth or non-villous portion of the chorion. C, Primitive, the Vitelline niemhrane (or Zona pellucida) during the time of the development of the hollow, structureless villi upon its surface. C, Shaggy, or C. frondosum, the part covered by villi. Chorionic {ko-i-e-on' -ik) \_\LipiQv, the chorion]. Relat- ing to the chorion. Chorionitis {ko-re-on-i'-tis). See Scleroderma. Choripetalous [kor-ip-et' -al-iis) [^V"P'?) asunder ; ti'vA'kov, leaf]. In biology, applied to a corolla whose petals are distinct. Chorisis (/^o-r/''-^M) [^)'"P"'''f> ^ separation]. In biology, the development of two or more members when but one is expected ; a doubling. Choroid {ko'-roid) \^x6i)nv, the chorion; fMoc, like- ness]. The second or vascular tunic of the eye, con- tinuous with the iris in front and lying between the sclerotic and the retina. C. Plexus, a vascular plexus in the lateral ventricles of the Ijrain. C. Sulcus (of Schwalbe). See Sclrwalhe, Fissure of. C. Vein. See ]'ein. Choroidal {ko-roid'-al). See Choroid. Choroideremia (Jio-roid-er-e' -nie-aJi) \_x6piov, the cho- rion ; eiAic, like; kprj/jJa, desolation]. Absence of the choroid; absence of the epithelium of the choroid. Choroiditis (ko-roid-i' -tis) \_xl>piov, the chorion ; iti^, inflammation]. Inflammation of the choroid coat of the eye. It may be anterior, the foci of exudation being at the periphery of the choroid ; or central, the exudate being in the region of the macula lutea ; diffuse or disseminated, characterized by numerous round or irregular spots scattered over the fundus ; exudative or non- suppurative , when there are isolated foci of inflammation scattered over the choroid; metastatic , when due to embolism ; and suppurative, when proceeding to suppuration. C. serosa. Syno- nym of Glaucoma. Choroido-iritis (ko-roid' -o-i-ri'-tis)\jxl>pi-ov, the chorion; fif^oc, like; //j/c, the rainbow; ^rtf, inflammation]. Inflammation of the choroid and the iris. Choroido-retinitis i^ko-roid' -o-ret-in-i' -tis) [h-op/or, the chorion; fitSor, like ; retina, the retina; (rir, inflam- mation]. Choroiditis with retinitis. C.-r., Ametro- pic, caused by ametropia. Choromania [ko-ro-ina'-tie-ah) [xopog, a dance ; pavia, madness]. A nervous disorder manifest at various times and places, and characterized by dancing or other rhythmic movements ; epidemic chorea ; dan- cing mania. Chrchtschonovitsch's Method. A method of stain- ing tissues. See Stains, Table of. Christian Science {kris'-chan si' -ens). An alleged system of therapy ; faith-cure, or one form of it. Christison's Formula. A formula for estimating the amount of solids in the urine : Multiply the last two figures of the specific gravity expressed in four figures by 2.33 (or by 2, Trapp ; or by 2.2, Lcebiscli). This gives the amount of solids in every 1000 parts. Chromate i^kro'-mat) [,\75w//a, color]. Any salt of chromic acid. Chromatic [kro-mat'-ik) \_xp<''ipn, color]. Relating to or possessing color. C. Audition, luminous sensations aroused by sound. See Photism. C. Gustation. See Gustation. Chromatin [kro'-mat-in) ]|,vpw/'"> color]. The chro- matophilous, or tingible portion of the protoplasm, forming a delicate reticular network or plexus of fibrils permeating the achromatin of a typical cell in process of division. It is called also Karyomiton. .See Cell-bod V. Chromation [kro-ma' -shun) [,^;pu,ua, color]. The pro- cess of tingeing or staining. Chromatism [kro' -mat-izm) [xpopariapo^ , coloring]. I. Abnormal coloration of any tissue. 2. Chromatic aberration. Chromatoblast lykro-mat' -o-blast) \_xp<^\J-a-, color; [iAaa-6g, a germ]. Same as Chromatophore. Chromatodysopia [kro-mat-o-dis-o' -pe-ah ) [jpwtta, color; (Si'ff, ill ; oi/)/r, vision]. Color-blindness. Chromatogenous (J;ro-nmt-oj'-en-us) [j/yw/za, color; yivvde/v, to beget]. Producing color. Chromatology (^kro-tnat-oF -o-je) [^pu/za, color ; Poyof, science]. The science of colors. Also the spectro- scopic investigation of colors. Chromatopathia [kro-mat-o-path'-e-ak) \_xp6pn(;, bearing]. In biology, (l) one of the contractile pig- ment-sacs, abundant in the skin of many animals, e.g., squid, chameleon ; (2) one of the pigmented marginal sense-organs of an Actinozoan ; " bourse calicinale f (3) a plastid containing chlorophyl, or other coloring- matter; color-granule, chromoplast, chromoleucite. Chromatophorous {kro-mat-off' -or-us) [fp(j//a, color ; -//!a/-i/-s/s) [);/)6)^ua, color]. .Pigmen- tation ; a pathologic process or pigmentary disease consisting in a deposit of coloring-matter in a locality where it is usually not present, or in excessive quan- tity in regions where pigment normally exists. Chromatosome [kro-7iiat' -o-som) [,Ypw,"a, color; aufia, body]. In biology, the ' ' nuclear rods " of the nucleus. Chromaturia [ki-o-inal-u'-re-a/i) color ; oi'pov, urine]. Abnormal coloration of the urine. Chrome (^krd>/i) [xpuiia, color]. Chromium,^.-/. C- alum. See Figi?ients, Cotispectus of. C. -black. See Pigments, Conspectus of. C.-carmin. Same as Chrome-reii. C. chlorid. See Pigments, Conspectus of. C. -garnet. Same as Chrome-red. C. -green. See Pig)iients,Consfectus of. C. -orange. Same as C//;'f;«<-- red. C.-red, a pigment ; basic lead chromate. See Pigments, Conspectus of. C. -vermilion. Same as Chrome-red. C. -yellow, lead chromate, a pigment. See Chromium, and Pigments, Conspectus of. Chromesthesia (kro7)!-es-the'-ze-ah) \_xpoifia, color; alath/aig, perception by the senses]. The association of colors with words, letters, and sounds. Chromhidrosis (krom-liid-ro' -sis'). Same as ChroDiid- rosis. Chromic if^rdm' -ik^ \_\piiim, color]. Pertaining to or made from chromium. C. Acid. See ^ivV/. C. Acid Test. See Tests, Table of Chromicize (Jtro' -mis-iz). To impregnate with chromic acid. Chromidrosis (^krom-id-ro'-sis) [y/jw/zo, color; iipuic, sweat]. A rare condition of the sweat in which it is variously colored, being bluish, blackish, reddish, green- ish, or yellowish. Black sweat [Sel>orrho:a nigricans) occurs usually in hysterical girls, the part affected being the face. It is associated with chronic constipation and is due to the presence of indican in the sweat, died s-cvea^, hematidrosis, may be due to an exudation of blood into the sweat-glands, or to the presence of a microorganism in the sweat. See Micrococcus hiema- todes. Babes, under Bacteria, Table of. Chromium (kro'-me-tim) [,Yp6)//a color]. Cr=52.2; quantivalence 11 and IV. One of the elements of the iron group. The various salts of chromium, especially chromic acid, Cr.,0,,, are much used in the manufacture of pigments and in dyeing textile fabrics. All are poisonous. Potassium dichromate (bichromate of potash), K,^Cr.,Oj, is used in various pharmaceutic and chemic operations. C. -green. Same as Chrome- green. Chromocrinia (kro-mo-kri?!' -e-ah) [i-pw/'o, color ; Kpivetv, to separate]. The secretion of coloring- matter, as in the sweat, etc. Chromocytometer (kro-mo-si-ton/-et-er) [^xP^f'"-7 color; kI'-oc, cell; furpov, a m.easure] . An instru- ment for estimating the proportion of hemoglobin present in the blood. Chromocytometry i^kro-mo-si-tom' -et-re) [,fpwua, color ; Kt'Toq, cell ; f-drpov, a measure ; voaoc^, disease]. The estimation of hemoglobin by means of the chromocytometer. Chromodermatosis [kro-mo-der-mat-o'-sis) [xpi^fia, color; (i/p//a, skin]. A skin-disease characterized by discoloration of the surface. Chromogen [kro' -mo-Jen) [ y/iu/^a, color ; yiveaig, pro- duction]. Any principle of the animal or vegetable economy which (though it is itself not of any pro- nounced color) is susceptible, under suitable circum- stances, of being changed into a coloring-matter. Chromogenic (Jcro-mo-jen' -ik^ [,Yp(j//a, color; ytvtoLq, production]. I. Relating to chromogen. 2. Color- producing. Chromoleucite {kro-mo-lzt^-sit) \_xpCii-ia, color ; Afi'KOf , white]. Same as Chromoflastid. Chromopare {kiv'-mo-pdr) [,Ypw^a, color]. In biology, applied by Beyerinck to those chromogenic bacteria that excrete the pigment, remaining colorless them- selves. Cf. Chromophore and Para-chromophor. Chromophan (kro' -mo-fan) [vpf^/'"-, color; ^aiveiv, to appear]. In biology, the pigment of the inner seg- ments of the retinal cones of certain animals. There are at least three varieties, chlorophan, rhodophan, xanthophan. (Ruhnes). Chromophile ifcro' -mo-fil). Same as Chromophilous. Chromophilous (kro-moff' -il-us) \_xpZ>ii.a., color ; (piTiog, loving]. Readily stained; easily absorbing color; applied to tissues prepared for microscopic study. Chromophore (kro'-mo-for) [^yP'^V-"'> color; (pipeiv, to bear]. In biology, applied by Beyerinck to those chromogenic bacteria that possess pigment as an integral part of their organism. Cf. Chromopare and Para-chromophor. Chromophytosis (kro-mo-fi-to'-sis) \)^pCdiia, color; ^iToi', a plant]. I. Any microscopic plant-growth that produces a discoloration of the skin in which it grows ; any pigmentary skin-disease caused by microscopic vegetation. 2. A synonym of Tinea versicolor, or Eichstedf s Disease. See Tinea versicolor, and Diseases, Table of Chromoplastid, or Chromoplastidule [kro-tno-plas'- tid, ox kro-mo-plas' -tid-ill ) [xP'''l'"-7 color; ir/aaaeiv, to form]. In biology, a pigment-granule imbedded in the protoplasm of a plant or animal. It is also called chromoleucite. Chromopsia {l;rdm-op' -se-ah). See Chromatopsia. Chromoptometer (kro-mop-tom'-et-er) , color ; phpov, a measure]. A contrivance for determining the extent of development of color-vision. Chromosome [kro'-mo-som) [;|-p(j//a, color; aa/ia, bodv]. Any one of the nuclear cliromatin-fibrils of a cell. According to some observers there is only one such fibril in closely intertwined folds. Others say that the chromosomes are many, and of two varieties, the fine and the coarse. Chromostroboscope (kro-mo-stro' -bo-skop) \_xpi'>jia, color; o-rpo;3of, a twisting ; CKorreiv, to inspect]. A device for showing the persistence of visual impres- sions of color. Chromule {kro'-miil) [tpw/"', color; v/Ji, matter]. In biology, coloring-matter in plants, especially when not green, or when liquid. Chronic [kron'-ik) [vpoi'of, time]. Long-continued; of long duration ; slow of progress ; opposed to acute, and to subacute. Chronicity {kro-nis'-it-e) \_xpovoc, time]. The state of being chronic or long-continued. Chronizoospore (kro-niz-o' -o-spor) [/cpdi'/of , late ; (,C)ov, an animal ; OTTOpd, seed]. One of the microzoogoni- dia or minute zoospores or resting-spores, produced by the water-net, Hydrodictyon. CHRONOGRAPH 296 CHYLIFICATORY Chronograph [kron'-o-graf) [xpovnr, time ; ypdtpeiv, to write]. An instrument for graphically recording inter- vals of time, in physiologic and psycho-physical experiments. Chronoscope [kro' -no-skop) [xpovof, time ; anoTrtiv, to inspect]. An instrument for measuring extremely short intervals of time. C, A-form, an apparatus introduced by Galton for measuring the time of certain psycho-physical reactions. It is so called from its outline, which somewhat resembles that of the letter A. Chronosteal (^kro-nos' -te-al) [,VP<'''"f> time ; oaTtov, bone]. Relating to the chronosteon. Chronosteon [kro-nos' -te-oii) [;);poi'of , time (temporal) ; bartoi', bone]. The temporal bone. Chronothermal (Jcrdn-o-ther' -maiy\_x()Ovoi;, time ; 6ip/j,a, heat]. Pertaining to the theory that all diseases are characterized by periods of intermitting chill and heat ; relating to periodicity in changes of bodily tempera- ture. Chroopsia {kro-op' -se-ali) color; 6i/;;f, sight]. See Chfoiiiatopsia. Chrotal Epithelium [kro'-tal ep-e-the'-le-mu). The ectoderm. Chrotic (kro'-tik) \_xp<^<:, the skin]. Relating to the skin. Chrotoplast {krot^-o-pla;t) [^'pwf, skin ; -KXaacjuLv , to form]. A skin-cell ; a dermal or epithelial cell. Chrymar's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Chrysalis (kris' -al-is) \_xp'>o6^, gold]. The pupa or secondary stage in the transformation of insects. So called from the golden color of certain chrysa- lides. Chrysamin (kris' -am-iji) [jj^pwdf, gold; «ot/«], C^gHjg- N^O„Na.^. Flavophenin ; a coal-tar color of the oxy- azo group, used in dyeing. It dyes on cotton a sulphur- yellow, remarkably fast to light. See Pigments, Con- spectus of. Chrysanilin [kris-an'-il-in) [^;pwdf, gold; anilin'\, C,3H[jN(NH.^).^. A body obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of rosanilin. It crystallizes from dilute alcohol in golden-yellow needles, melting at about 268°. It is used largely as a dye-stuff", yielding a very beautiful yellow color. See Pigments, Con- spectus of. Chrysanisic Acid (kris-an-is'-ik). See Acid. Chrysarobin, or Chrysarobinum (kris-ar-o' -bin, or kris-ar-o-bi' -nttiii) [ ^yjiwdf , gold ; aroba (nat. East Ind. ), bark of a leguminous tree], Cj^HjgO,. A reduc- tion-product of chrysophanic acid ; it occurs in goa- powder and araroba-powder. It is a yellow-colored powder, the product of the decay of Andira araroba, a Brazilian tree. It is a gastro-intestinal irritant, and is almost a specific when applied locally in psoriasis. It stains the skin a dark yellowish-brown color, which may be removed by a weak solution of chlorinated lime. Dose, internally, gr. C, Ung., contains 10 per cent, of the drug with go per cent, benzoated lard. Chrysaurin (kris-a7o' -rin) [v/"'ff"f, gold; aurum, gold]. See Orange Colors. Chrysene [kris'-eji) [,t;pwdf, gold], CigH,2. A hy- drocarbon derived from coal-tar. It is generally colored yellow, but can be rendered perfectly colorless. It is sparingly soluble in alcohol or ether ; melts at 250° C. {482° F.); boils at 436° ; crystallizes and sub- limes in silvery leaflets, that exhibit an intense violet fluorescence. Chrysenic Acid [kris-en' -ik). See Acid. Chrysin (kris'-iu) [r/^yffdf, gold], C,^H,|,0^. A color- ing-matter found in the buds of the European Black Poplar. Chrysoidin {kris-oi' -din) \_x(}va6i, gold ; etrfof, like]. I. Cj.^H.jN^Cl. A coal-tar color used in dyeing. It is the hydrochlorid of diamidoazobenzene. It consists of dark-violet crystals soluble in water. It dyes bright- yellow on silk and cotton. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 2. C,H2204. A yellow coloring-substance found in asparagus berries. Chrysoin (^rM'-(7-?'«). See Orange Colors. Chrysolin [kris'-o-lin) \_xpva6(;, gold; oleum, oil], C.2|,H,„0.j(OCjH7)(JH. A coal-tar color of the phtha- lein group, used in dyeing. It is the sodium salt of benzyl-fluorescein. It produces a yellow color, similar to that of turmeric, on silk, cotton and wool. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Chrysophan (kris' -o-fan) [,vpwdf gold ; tpaiveiv, to show], CjgHjgOg. A yellow, crystalline body found in rhubarb. It has a distinctly bitter taste, is readily soluble in warm water and diluted alcohol, but insolu- ble in ether. It is also called Chrysophanin. Chrysophanic Acid (kris-o-fan'-ik). See Acid. Chrysophanin (kris-o-fan'-in). See Crysophan, and Pigmetits, Conspectus of. Chrysophyl (kris' -o-fil) [.Ypwdf, gold; 0t)A^oi',. a leaf]. Xanthophyl ; a bright golden-yellow crystalline pig- ment derived from leaves. Chrysorrhamnin (kris-or-ai?i'-nin) [xpvadi;, gold ; paji- TOf, a prickly shrub]. The yellow pigment found in French berries. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Chthonophagia, or Chthonophagy (thon-o-fa' -je-ah, ox tlion-off' -a-je) [^x^'^i^es.xxh; (/lajriv, to eat]. Dirt- eating ; geophagy. Churning Sound (churn' -ing sound). A peculiar splashing-sound like that made by a churn, heard in the chest in some cases of pleural effusion. Churrus (chur'-us) \\\vi\A. ,charas'\. Hemp-resin. See Cannabis. Chvostek's Sign. See Tetan y ; also Signs and Symp- toms, Table of. Chylaceous (ki-la'-se-tts) \chylus, chyle]. Composed of chyle. Chylangioma (ki-lan-je-o' -mah)\chylus , chyle ; ayyeiov, a vessel]. Retention of chyle in lymphatic vessels with dilatation of the latter. Chylaqueous (kil-a' -kwe-us) chyle; aqua, water]. Like water and chyle. C. Fluid, the diges- ted food or nutritive fluid in the somatic or perigastric cavity of invertebrates ; it is never enclosed in dis- tinct vessels and represents the blood of higher animals. Chyle (kll) [,\'DAdf, juice]. The milk-white fluid ab- sorbed by the lacteals during digestion. On standing, it separates into a thin, jelly-like clot and a substance identical with serum. C. -corpuscle, any floating cell of the chyle. These cells resemble, and are probably identical with, the colorless blood-corpuscles. C- gland, Cheshire's name for system 11, of the "sali- vary glands " of bees. Chylidrosis (kil-id-ro' -sis) [^^''/^ of, chyle ; h)pua/<;, a sweating]. Milkiness of the sweat. Chylifaction (ki-le-, or kilif-ak' -sliun) \_cliyliis, chyle; facere, to make]. The forming of chyle from food. Chylifactive (ki-le-, or kil-ifak' -tii') [r7/)'/«i, chyle ; facere, make]. Chyle-forming. Chyliferous (ki-lif -er-us) [cAylus, chyle ; ferre, to carry]. I. Chyle forming. 2. Containing chyle. Chylific (ki-lif -ik) \_chylus, chyle ; facere, to make]. Making chyle ; pertaining to chylifaction. Chylification (ki-le-, ox kil-if-ik-a' -shun) \_xv'K(K, chyle; facere, to make]. The process by which the chyle 'is formed, separated and absorbed by the villi of the small intestine. Chylificatory (ki-lif -ik-at-o-re) [cl/ylus, chyle; facere, to make]. Chyle-making. CHYLIFY 297 CILIARY Chylify (/'/'-///-/) [(7/j7;«, chyle : /aceiT, to make^. I. To make into chyle. 2. To be made into chyle. Chylocele {^ki'-lo-sel^ \,X^'^^q, chyle; k/////, a tumor]. An effusion of chyle into the tunica vaginalis testis. C, Parasitic. See Filaria sanguitiis hominis. Chylocyst (ki' -lo-sist) [,ti'/'o';, juice; /ci;crr«f, bladder]. The chyle-bladder ; the reservoir of Pecquet. Chylocystic (ki-lo-sis' -i/k) \_x^^0(;, juice ; Kuari<;, blad- der]. Relating to the chylocyst. Chyloderma ^^o<^, chyle ; yaari/pj stomach]. Pertaining to the chylogaster. Chylopericardium [ki-lo-per-ik-ar'-Je-iim) [,\-D/i,or, chyle ; Tvepi, around ; Kapdia, the heart]. A rare con- ditioji, in which chyle is present in the pericardium, as a consequence of the formation of a channel of com- munication between a chyle-duct and the cavity of the heart-sac. Chylopoiesis [lii-lo-poi-e' -sis) ^^xvkonoiriaKi ; ;^;DAdf , chyle; noiEcv, to make]. Chylification. Chylopoietic {ki-lo-poi-et' -ik) [;^;fAdf, chyle ; vote'tv, to make]. Chylifaction ; making or forming chyle. Chyloptyalism {ki-lop-ti'-al-hm) [^v^'''df. chyle ; tttoi- Xl^eiv, a spitting]. Milkiness of the saliva. Chylorrhea {I;i-lor-e' -ah) \_xvAbc, chyle ; phw, to flow]. The excessive flow of chyle. Also, a diarrhea characterized by a milky color of the feces. Chylosis [ki-lo'-sis) [;t;i'/.(j(T/f, a converting into juice]. Chylification. Chylothorax [ki-lo-tho'-raks) \_xvA6q, chyle ; ftupa^, the chest]. The presence of chyle within the pleural cavity. It is consequent upon wounds or rupture of the thoracic duct, and is usually fatal. Chylous iyki' lus) \_x'^^^^'^i chyle]. Relating to or re- sembling chyle. Chyluria [ki-lu'-re-ah) [ximoc, juice; ovpov, urine]. The passage of milky-colored urine. It is thought to be caused hy a disordered condition of the lacteals and is also connected with the presence in the blood of Filaria sanguinis hominis. The urine passed is generally above the normal in quantity, has the color of milk, and becomes jelly-like on standing, after- ward again becoming liquid. It readily undergoes decomposition. The condition arises from a blocking of the lymph-channels by the parasites. See Bacillus of Chyluria under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of: also Filaria sanguinis ho??iinis, Lewis, under Parasites [Animal), Table of. Chyme {kim) [ji;//df, juice]. Food that has under- gone gastric digestion and has not yet been acted upon by the biliary, pancreatic, and intestinal secre- tions. Chymiferous [kim-if -er-us) \_chvmus,c\iymr, chyme ; ai/il'ic, putrefaction]. Putrefactive fermentation of the chyme. Chyron (ki^-ron) [ciron, cyron']. The name given by ancient writers to the itch-mite, Sarcoptes scabei. Cibarious [sib-a'-re-us) \cibum, food]. Serving as food ; nutritious ; edible. Cicatricial (sik-at-rish' -al) [(-^ra/r/.i , a scar] . Pertain- ing to or of the nature of a cicatrix. C. Deformities, abnormal contractions caused by cicatrices. C. Tis- sue, a form of dense connective tissue, seen in cicatrices. Cicatricula {sik-at-rik' -u-lah) [L., dim. oi cicatrix, 2l scar]. The germinating point of the fecundated egg. Cicatrisant [sik'-at-ri-sant). See Cicatrizant. Cicatrisive {sik' -at-ri-siv) \cicatrix, a scar]. Tending to form a cicatrix. Cicatrix [sik-a'-triks) [L.: //., Cicatrices']. A scar; a connective-ti.ssue new-formation replacing loss of substance in the skin. It extends as far as the corium. It may be depressed below or elevated above the surface ; its color is usually whitish and glistening when old, red or purple when young. Cicatrizant {sik'-at-ri-zant)\_cicatrix,^.sca.r'\. I. Tend- ing to cicatrize or heal. 2. A medicine that aids the formation of a cicatrix. Cicatrization [sik-at-riz-a' -shun) [^cicatrix, a scar]. The process of healing. Cicer \si'-ser) [L.]. A genus of leguminous plants. See Chick-pea. Cicuta {sik-u'-tah) [L.]. A genus of umbelliferous plants. C. virosa. See Coivbanc. Cicutin {sik-u' -tin) \_cicuta, hemlock]. I. An alkaloid obtained from Cicuta -'irosa. 2. The same as Conein. Cicutoxin [sik-n-toks' -in) \cicuta, hemlock ; to^ikov, poison]. The poisonous active principle of Cicuta virosa. It is a viscid, non-crystallizable liquid of un- pleasant taste and acid reaction. Cider (si'-der) \W^.,cidre\ The expressed juice of apples or pears. C. Brandy. See Apple-Brandy. C. Vinegar. See Vinegar. Cigaret [sig-ar-et'). See Cigarette. Cigarette [sig-ar-et') [Fr., dim. of cigare, a cigar]. A roll of inflammable material medicated and adapted for smoking. Nasal catarrhs and spasmodic attacks of dyspnea are among the disorders sometimes treated by cigarette-smoking. C. -makers' Cramp. See Cramp. Cigarmakers' Cramp. See Cramp. Q,\gu'6 [se-gu-e) {Vr.]. Cicuta. Cilia [sil'-e-ah) \cilium, the eyelid or lash]. The eye- lashes. Also, the locomotor and prehensile organs of certain infusoria, and the hair-like appendages of certain epithelial cells, whose function it is to propel fluid or particles along the passages that they line. Ciliariscope [sil-e-a;-' -is-kop) \ciliiim, eyelid ; anoTreiv, to look at]. An instrument (essentially a prism) for examining the ciliary region of the eye. Ciliary [sil'-e-a -re) [ciliu/n, an eyelash]. Pertaining to the eyelid or eyelash, and also by extension to the C. Apparatus, or the structure related to the mechanism of accommodation. C. Arteries — anterior, posterior long, and posterior short, branches of the ophthalmic artery, supplying the recti muscles, the ciliary appara- tus, and the posterior structures of the eye, with the exception of the retina. See Arteries, Table of. C. Body, the ciliary muscle and processes. C. Canal, the canal of Fontana. See Canal. C. Ganglion, the ganglion at the apex of the orbit, supplying the ciliary muscle and iris. See Ganglia, Table of. C. Muscle, the muscle of accommodation, whose contraction les- sens the tension upon the suspensory ligament of the CILIATE 298 CINEREA lens. See Muscles, also. Eye. C. Nerves, branches of the ophthalmic ganglion supplying the anterior structures of the eyeball and the accommodative apparatus. See Nerves, Table of. C. Neuralgia, neuralgic pain of the eye, brow, temple, etc. C. Processes, circularly arranged choroidal foldings continuous with the iris in front. C. Region, the pericorneal or "danger" zone, corresponding to the position of the ciliary body. C. Zone, the ciliary processes collectively. Ciliate, or Ciliated [sil'-e-af, or -a-led) \_eiliuin, an eye- lash]. Having cilia. Ciliation {sil-e-a' -shttii) \ciliiiiii, an eyelash] . The con- dition of having cilia. Cilio-spinal [sil-e-o-spi'-nal) \_eiliii//:, an eyelash; spina, the .spine]. Relating to the ciliary zone and the spine. C. Center. See Center. Cilium {sil' -e-wti). [L.]. See Cilia and Eyelash. Cillo [siF-o), or Cillosis [sil-o'-sis) \_ciliiim, an eyelash]. A continued trembling of the eyelid. Cillotic (sil-ot' -ik) {cilitiin, an eyelash]. Pertaining to or affected with cillo. Cimbia {\im' -be-ah) [L.]. The white band seen upon the ventral aspect of the crus cerebri, the tractus pedun- culi transversus of Gudden. Cimbial {sim' -be-al) \_cimbia, a cincture]. Relating to the cimbia. Cimex (si' -nicks') [L., a bug]. A genus of hemipterous insects. C. lectularius, the common bed-bug. A disgusting insect that infests beds, furniture, and the walls of bed-rooms, and that feeds on the human body, puncturing the skin and injecting an irritating fluid to increase the flow of blood. It is characterized by the repulsive odor of its secretion. Cimicifuga (siin-is-e-fu' -gali) \cimex,^ bug; fugare, to drive away]. Black Snake Root, Black Cohosh. The root of C. raccmosa, ord. Ranunculace;ie. A stomachic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, expectorant, and diuretic. Its action on the heart is similar to that of digitalis. It is efficient as a tonic in many cardiac diseases, in functional impotence, and ovarian neural- gia. C, Ext. fid. (alcoholic). Dose rt\^v-xxx. C, Ext. liquid., (B. P.). Dose TT\^iij-xxx. C, Tinct., 20 per cent, in strength. Dose Tr\^xv-^:^j. Macrotin (uhof. ), a resinous extract. Dose gr. ^-ij. Cimicifugin [siin-is-e-ftt'-gin) \_ci/!icx, a bug ; fugare, to drive away]. The precipitate from a tincture of the root of Cimicifuga racemosa ; it is an antispasmodic , diaphoretic, nervin, emmenagogue, parturient, and narcotic. Dose I to 2 grains. As an oxytocic, 2 to 3 grains, to be repeated in from 40-60 minutes, if neces- sary. Unof. Cimolia (sim-o'-le-a/i), Cimolite {si/ii' -o-li/) [«:///w//Vi, earth]. Cimolian earth ; a white, soapy clay formerly brought from the Greek island of Cimolus. The ancients prized it as a remedy ; now little used, ex- cept in the Levant. Cina [si' -nail) [L.]. The plant Artemisia santonica. See Santonica . Cinchamidin (sin-kaiii' -id-ui) \_cinchona ; ainidin'\, C.^fiH.ji,N.,0. An alkaloid frequently present in commercial cinchonidin. Cinchocerotin {sin-ko-ser-o' -tin)\_cincliona : cera, wax], C.^.M^i^d,. A white crystalline alkaloid of calisaya bark. Cinchona [sin-ko' -nali) [from the Countess of Cinc/wn'\. Peruvian Bark. The bark of several varieties of cin- chona, a tree native to the eastern slopes of the Andes and cultivated in India, the most valuable being 6^ calisaya. Other varieties are t'. succirubra, red bark, C. condaminca , pale bark, C. pitayenis, pitaya bark, and C. micrantha. Cinchona bark contains 21 alka- loids, of which 4, quinin, cinchonin, quinidin and cin- chonidin, are the most important. Cinchona has the same physiologic action and therapeutic uses as its chief alkaloid, quinin. ^ee Qiiinin. It is also an astringent, bitter and stomachic tonic, stimulating appetite and promoting digestion, beneficial in atonic dyspepsia and adynamia, but especially useful in malarial affections. C, decoctum (B. P.). Dose ^j-ij. C. Febrifuge. See Quinetiim. C, Ext. Dose gr. j-v. C, Fid. Ext. Dose n\x-^']. C, Ext. liquidum (B. P.). Dose Tr\^v-x. C, infusum, bark 0, arom. sulph. acid I, water 93 parts. Dose Sj-^j. C., in- fus. acidum (B. P.). Dose ,^j-ij. C, Tinct., 20 per cent, of the bark. Dose ^ss-ij. C, Tinct., Comp., red bark 10, bitter-orange peel 8, serpentaria 2, alcohol 80 parts. Dosegj-^ss. Huxham's Tinct. of Bark is still used, red bark ^ iv, orange peel ,^iij, serpentaria gr. Ixxx, Spanish saftron gr. clx, cochi- neal gr. Ixxx, brandy xl, digested for four days, expressed and filtered. Dose ^ss-ij. Cinchonamin [sin-ko' -7iam-in) \cinchona ; amin'\, Cj„- H.,^N,^0. An all-caloid of cuprea bark. It occurs in glistening, colorless crystals that are nearly insoluble in water, and but slightly soluble in ether. Cinchonicin (sin-koii' -is-in) \_cinchona'\, C^„H.^jN^O. An artificial alkaloid derived from cinchonin. Cinchonidin, or Cinchonidina [sin-kon' -id-in, or sin- kon-id-i'-nali), C^^H.^^N.^O. An alkaloid derived from cinchona. It is a crystalline substance resembling quinin in general properties. C. salicylate (unof.) has decided anti-malarial properties. C. sulph., (C^,,- H,^jN.p),3.iS0^.3H,_,0, less bitter than quinin and valuable as an antipyretic. Dose gr. j-xx or more. Cinchonina, or Cinchonin [sin-ko-ni'-na/i, or sin'-ko- nin) \cinchona : gen., Cinclionime'], Cj^H.j.^N.^O. An official alkaloid derived from cinchona. It is a color- less crystalline body, similar to quinin in therapeutic effects, but less active, producing much headache and some muscular weakness. C. sulph., (C,9H2.jN20)2- H,^SO,.2H./J. .Soluble with difficulty in water, but soluble in acidulated water. Dose gr. v— xxx. Cinchoninic Acid (sin-ko-nin'-ik). See Acid. Cinchonism (sin'-ko-nizni) [cinchona']. The systemic effect of cinchona or its alkaloids in full doses. The symptoms produced are a ringing in the ears with deafness, headache, often severe, giddiness, dimness of sight, and a weakening of the heart's action. Cinchonize (sin'-ko-niz) [cinchona]. To bring under the influence of cinchona or its alkaloids. Cinchotin [sin'-kot-in) [cinchona], C|;,H.,jN,^0. An almost insoluble crystalline alkaloid derived from a species of cinchona bark. Cincinulus (sin-sin' -u-lus) [KiKivvv?o(;, a curl]. In biologv, small hooks attached to the stylamblys of crustaceans. Cincture (singk'-tnr) [cinctiira, a girdle]. A belt or girdle. C. -feeling, a sensation as if the waist were encircled by a tight girdle. Cinene (si-nen') [cina, wormseed]. See Dipentene. Cineol (sin'-e-dl) [cina, wormseed; oleum, oil], C,^- Hi„0. The principal constituent of wormseed, caje- put, and eucalyptus oils. It is a pleasant camphora- ceous liquid, inactive to polarized light, that boils between 176° and 177° C, and crystallizes at — 1° C. ; its sp. gr. at 16° is 0.923. Cineraria (sin-er-a'-re-ah) [cinerariiis, pertaining to ashes]. A genus of composite plants. C. maritima, the juice of this plant has been long used in Venezuela for the absorption of cataract. Two minims are dropped into the eye three times daily. Unof. Cinerea (sin-e'-re-ah) [cincrcus, ashen]. The gray, cineritious, or cellular substance of the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia. C, Lamina, a thin layer of gray CINEREUM 299 CIRCULATION substance extending backward above the optic com- missure from tlie termination of the corpus cullosum to the tuber cinereum. Cinereum, Tuber. See Tuber Cinereu??!. Cineritious [si/i i-r-isA^-us) [r/wm'j, ashes]. Ash-Hke or pertaining to ashes. C. Substance, the cortex of the brain, from tlie color of tlie same. C, Tubercle, the tuber cinereum. Cinesiology [sin-es-c-ol' -o-je). See Kinesiology. Cinesis [sin-e'-sis ). See Kinesis. Cinesitherapy [sin-es-e-ther' -a-pe). See Kinesitherapy. Cinetic {sin-et'-ik). See Kinetic. Cinetica (sin-et' -ik-ali) \_klvuv, to move]. Medicines or diseases that affect the motor apparatus. Cingulum (sing' -gu-luiu) \cingere, to gird : //. , Cin- giil'f\- I- A girdle or zone; the waist. 2. Herpes zoster, or shingles, q. v. Cinnabar (sin' --ar) [^luvvdjiapi, a pigment]. Mercuric suljihid, HgS. Hydrargyriini 2LXiA Verinilion. C- green. Same as Chrotne-green. Cinnamene (sin' -aiii-en). See Slyrol. Cinnamic (sin-am' -ik) [wu'd/zw/zor, cinnamon]. Per- taining to or derived from cinnamon. C. Acid. See Arid. C. Aldehyd. See Aldehyd. Cinnamomum, or Cinnamon (sin-am-o' -)nti>n, or sift' -am-o)i)\_mvvaixufj.ov , cinnamon : gen. ,Cinnainonii'\. The inner bark of the shoots of several species of Cinnamojnum , native to Ceylon and China, the latter being known in commerce under the name of cassia. Its properties are due to a volatile oil. It is an agreeable carminative and aromatic stimulant, useful when combined with opium for flatulence, colic, enteralgia, etc. C, Aqua, 2 parts of oil in looo of water. Dose ,^j-ij. C, Ext. Fid. Arom., contains aromatic powder lo parts, alcohol 8 parts. Dose n\,x-xxx. C, Oleum, the volatile oil. Dose gtt. j-v. C, Pulv. Comp. (B. P.), cinnamon bark, cardamom seeds, and ginger. Dose gr. iij-x. C, Spt., lo per cent, of the oil in spirit. Dose rr\^v-xxx. C, Tinct., lo per cent, of the powdered bark in alcohol. Dose ss-ij . Pulvis aromaticus, aromat- ic powder, cinnamon, ginger, aa 35. cardamon, nut- meg, aa 15. Dose gr. x-xxx. C. -brown. Same as Phenylene-broum. Cinnamyl (sin' -am-il) [^Kivvd/iu/wr, cinnamon], C,,H,0. The radicle believed to exist in cinnamic acid. Cionectomy [si-on-ek'-io-me) [/c/cjf, the uvula ; iKrofti/, a cutting out]. Ablation of the uvula. Cionitis (si-on-i'-iis) \_kiuv, the uvula ; irig, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of the uvula. Cionoptosis [si-on-op-fo'-sis) \_k'idv, uvula ; Ttruair, a drooping]. Prolapse of the uvula. Cionorrhaphia (si-on-or-af -e-aJi) [/v/oji', the uvula; patf))/, a suture]. See Staphvlorrliaphy. Cionotome (si-on' -o-toni) [/i/uc, the uvula ; toiioq, cut- ting]. An instrument for cutting off the uvula. Cionotomy (si-on-of -o-me) [/c/W, uvula; To/iii, a sec- tion]. Incision of the uvula. Circinate (sir' -sin- at') \circinatus, circular] . In biology, rolled inward from the top, like a crozier. C. Erup- tion. See Wandering Rash. Circinus (sir' -sin-us) \_KipKLvoq, circle]. Herpes zoster ; zona. Circle [sii-'-k/) [/f/p/fof, a circle]. A ring; a line, every point of which is equi-distant from a point called the center. C. of Diffusion. 'Aee: Diffusioji. C.ofHaller, I. The plexus of vessels formed by the short ciliary arteries upon the sclerotic, at the entrance of the optic nerve. 2. The circulus venosus mammre. .See also Circtilzis. C. of Willis, the remarkable arterial anasto- mosis at the base of the brain. The passage between the anterior cerebral arteries anteriorly, and the internal carotids and middle and posterior cerebral arteries pos- teriorly, by communicating vessels. Circle of Willis. I. Middle cerebral artery. 2. Internal carotid artery. 3. Pos- tero- median perforating. 4. Posterior cerebral artery. 5. Superior cerebellar artery. 6. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery. 7. Anterior communicating artery. 8. Antero-lateral perforating, g. Anterior choroid. 10. Posterior communi- cating. II. Posterior choroid. 12. Basilar artery. 13. Crus cerebelli cut. Circuit [ser'-kit) \circuitits, a going round]. The course of an electric current. C. -breaker, an apparatus for interrupting the circuit of an electric current. Circulation (sir-kii-la-' shun) \_circulatio, a circular course]. The passage of the blood through various vessels ; distinguished as capillary, fetal, portal, pulmonary, etc. C, Cross, a laboratory ex- periment in which the vessels in one vascular area of an animal are separated from the rest of the circulation by ligation of anastomos- ing channels, and then supplied with blood from the circulation of a second animal. In this way, for example, the vascular area of the head may be isolated, and precluded from receiving chloroform inhaled by the lungs, but which is distributed to other parts of the body. By connecting the cerebral ends of the severed carotid arteries of one dog with the car- diac ends of the severed carotids of another dog, the cerebral and gen- eral circulatory systems of the first dog may pre- sumably be separated. The first animal is called the fed. and the Scheme of the Circulation. animal supplying the a. Right, b, left auricle. A. Right blood the feeder. The experiment is of little value. C, Collateral, that through branches and secondary channels after stoppage of the principal route. C, Fetal, that of the fetus, including the circulation through the placenta B, left ventricle, i. Pulmonary artery. 2. Aorta. /. Area of pul- monary circulation. K. Upper area of systemic circulatioii- G. Lower area of systemic cir- culation. 0. The superior vena cava. 2<. Inferior vena cava, d, d. Intestine, m. Mesenteric ar- tery, a. Portal vein. L. Liver, /i. Hepatic vein. (Landois.) CIRCULUS 300 and umbilical cord. C, First, or Primitive, that of the embryo, a closed system, carrying nutriment and oxygen to the embryo. C, Placental, the fetal circulation. C, Portal. See Portal System. C, Pulmonary, the circulation of blood through the The Fetal Circulation. a. Umbilical vein. b. Ductus venosus. c. Ductus arteriosus. d. Hypogastric arteries, e. Mesenteric arteries and vein. f. Portal vein. lungs by means of the pulmonary artery and veins, for the purpose of oxygenation and purification. C, Second, the fetal circulation, replacing the omphalo- mesenteric system. C, Systemic, the general circu- lation, as distinct from the pulmonary circulation. C, Third, that of the adult. C, Vitelline, first, or primitive circulation. Circulus [sir'-ku-liis) [L.]. A circle. C. arteriosus, the circle of Haller. The plexus of arteries that surrounds the outer border of the iris. C. iridis minor, an arterial circle near the pupillary border of the iris. C. venosus mammae (or Halleri), a ring of anastomosing veins that surround the nipple. Circum- (sir' -kiim-^ [L.]. A prefix meaning around, about. Circumagentes {sir-kum-aj-en'-tez) [L. , "causing to revolve"]. I. The oblique muscles of the eye. 2. The infraspinatus and supraspinatus muscles that revolve the arm. Circumanal (sir-kiim-a'-nal) \_nrniii!, around ; anus., the fundament]. Periproctous ; surrounding the anus. Circumcision (sir-kum-sizh' -nn) \j:ircuiiicidere , to cut around]. Excision of a circular piece of the prepuce. Circumclusion [sir-kum-klu' -zhun) \_circz(iii, around ; cludere, to close]. A form of acupressure in which I CIRSOMPHALOS the pin is passed beneath the vessel, a wire loop placed over its point, and its ends brought over the artery and made fast. Circumcorneal [sir-kum-kor' -nc-al) \_ciriiti?!, about; comcus, horny] . Around or about the cornea. Circumduction {sir-kum-duk' -shun) \circtiinducere, to lead around]. The movement of a limb in such a manner that its distal part describes a circle, the proxi- mal end being fixed. See Motion. Circumference [sir-kutn' -fer-ens) \circui)ifere , to carry around]. The distance around a part. Circumflex [sir'-kum-Jieks) {circuinflcctere, to bend about]. Applied to a number of arteries, veins and nerves. Circumgyration [sir-kutn-ji-ra'-shun] \ci>cuin, around; gyrare, to turn]. See Vertigo. Circuminsular (sir-kuni-in' -su-lar) \circum, about ; insula, island]. .Surrounding the island of Reil. Circumlental {sir-kum-len' -tal) \_circum, around ; lens, a lentil; lens]. Surrounding the lens. C. Space. See Space. Circumnuclear (sir-kui?i-nu' -kle-ar) [rireum, about; }iuileus, kernel]. Surrounding the nucleus. Circumnutation {sir- kmn-nu-ta' -shun) \_circtim, around; nutare, to nod]. In biology, a bowing suc- cessively toward all points of the compass. Applied to the movements of young and growing organs. Circumocular (sir-kum-ok' -u-lar) \_circum, about ; oculus, eye]. Surrounding the eye. Circumoral (sir-kitin-o' -ral) [^circu/n, about ; os, mouth]. .Surrounding the mouth. Circumpolarization (sir-ku/n-po-lar-iz-a' -shun) \_eir- cum, around ; polus, pole.] The quantitative estima- tion of sugar in a .suspected liquid by the degree of the rotation of polarized light, sugar rotating the ray to the right, albumin to the left. Circumrenal [sir-kuni-re' -nal) [eireuiii, about; ren, the kidney]. Around or about the kidneys. Circumscribed (sir'-kuin-skriM) \cireumscribere, to draw a line around]. .Strictly limited or marked off ; well defined ; distinct from surrounding parts, as a circumscribed inflammation or tumor. Circumvallate [sir-kum-val'-dt) \_circHmvallare, to sur- round with a wall] . Surrounded by a wall or promi- nence. C. Papillae, certain papillae at the base of the tongue. Cirrhonosus [sir-on' -o-sus) [_Kipp6c, yellow ; rocrof , dis- ease]. I. A fetal disorder, marked by yellowness of the serous membranes. 2. Abnormal post-mortem yellowness of any surface or tissue. Cirrhose (sir-ds') [eirrus, a tendril]. In biology, pro- vided with tendrils. Cirrhosis (sir-o'-sis) [^Kif>p6c, reddish-yellow ; from the color of the cirrhotic liver]. Increase and thickening of the connective tissue of an organ, especially of the liver. C, Biliary, a form due to chronic retention of bile in the liver from long-continued obstruction in the bile-ducts from any cause. C, Fatty, a rare form in which the hepatic cells become infiltrated with fat. The surface is smooth and the organ enlarged, but very tough, owing to increase in the interstitial connec- tive tissue, which does not contract. This form is usually seen in the intemperate. Cirrhotic (sir-ot'-ik) \_Kipp/j^, yellow]. Affected with, or relating to, cirrhosis. C. Kidney. See Bright' s Disease. Cirsocele [sir'-so-sel) [^Kipaoc, a varix ; Ki/Ar/, tumor]. A varicose tumor, especially of the spermatic cord. Cirsoid (sir' -sold) \_iiipa6r, a varix; tZfJof, likeness]. Resembling a varix, or dilated vein. Cirsomphalos (sir-soni' -fal-os) [/f/pcrdf , varix ; b/ji(j>aX6^, have!]. A varicose condition of the navel. CIRSOPHTHALMIA 301 CLARIFYING Cirsophthalmia [sir-soff-thal' -me-aJi) \K.ipa6t;, varix ; b(pOali.i6(; , the eye]. I. Ophthalmia, with an apparent varicose condition of the conjunctival vessels. 2. Corneal staphyloma, with an appearance of varicosity of the surface. Cirsotome [sir' -so-/di?i) \_Kipa6g, a varix ; rofiii, a cut- ting]. A cutting instrument for the operation of cir- sotoniy. Cirsotomy (sir-sot' -o-me) \_Kipa6(;, varix ; re/zeiv, to cut]. Excision of a varix. Cisma [siz'-mah). Same as Absus. Cismatan [sis' -/nat-nn) . Same as Absus. Cissampelos [sis-ai?i' -pci-os) [/c/crffdf, ivy ; ajiTreTiOQ, a vine]. A genus of climbing menispermaceous plants. The root of C. capensis, of South America, is cath- artic and emetic. C. pareira, of tropical America, false pareira brava ((/. v.), is tonic and diuretic. Cistern [sis' -tern) \_cisterna, a vessel; receptacle]. I. Any dilatation : reservoir. 2. Any dilatation of the space between the pia and arachnoid. The cisterns are true lymph-sacs. C. of Pequet. See Receptaculum chyli. C. of the Cerebrum. See Cistern, 2. Cisterna [sis-tcr' -nah) [L.]. Same as Cistej-n. C. ambiens, one of the pockets situated over the optic lobes. C. magna, a large cisterna where the arach- noid spreads across from the caudad border of the cerebellum to the oblongata. C. perilymphatica, in the ear, a large space adjacent to the foot-plate of the stapes. Cistus [sis'-tiis) [/i/(Trof, the rock-rose]. A genus of plants of the order Cistaceas, growing in the old world. C. oreticus, C. cyprius, C. ladaniferus, and C. ledon afford the drug labdanum, or ladanum. Citerior [si-te' -re-or) [L. , "hither"]. Brainward, centripetal, or afferent. Citrate [sit' -rat) \_ei/riis, citron-tree]. Any salt of cit- ric acid. Citrene [sit' -ren) [citrus, citron-tree], Cj^Hjg. Hes- peridene ; carvene. The oil of Citrus aiirantiiF, axiA the chief ingredient of cedar oil, cumin oil, and dill oil. It occurs associated with pinene in lemon oil. It is an agreeable-smelling, colorless liquid, sp. gr. 0.846 at 20°, and boiling at 175-176°. Citric [sit'-rik) \citrus, citron-tree]. Pertaining to or derived from lemons or citrons. C. Acid. See Acid. Citrine [sit'-rin] \_citrus, a lemon]. Yellow ; of a lemon color. C. Ointment. See Hydrargyrum. Citronella [sit-ron-el' -ah) [dim. of ulrpov, the citron- tree]. A fragrant grass. C. Oil, the essential oil of various grasses, mostly of the genus Andrnpogon ; used chiefly as a perfume ; antirheumatic. Unof. Citrus [sit'-rus) [L.]. A genus of aurantiaceous trees. See Aurantium , Bergamot, Lime, Limon. Cittosis [sit-to' -sis) [/ciVra, Kiaaa, pica]. Pica; a long- ing for strange or improper food. Civet [siv'-et) [ME.]. A semi-liquid, unctuous secre- tion from the anal glands of Viverra civetta, I', zibctlia, and V. rasse, carnivorous old-world animals, them- selves called civets. It is now used as a perfume ; formerly as an antispasmodic and stimulant, like musk. Unof. Civiale's Operations. See Operations, Table of. Clacking Pivot, or Tenon [klnk'-ing piv'-ot). Clack pivot ; a method of attaching an artificial crown to the root of a natural tooth ; it was invented by Magiola. Cladocarpous [klad-o-kai-' -pus) \Kka6or, a branch ; Kapnog, fruit]. In biology, having the fruit borne at the end of short lateral branches. Cladocerous [klad-os' -er-us) [(cXafJof, a branch ; Ktpac,, horn]. In biology, with branched antennae. Cladode [klad'-od) \Kka<^oc, a branch; eMof, form]. In biology, branch-like. See Phyllocladium. Cladodont [klad' -o-dont) [/i/ldrSof , a branch ; h^o'vc, tooth]. Same as Hybodont. Cladonea [klad-o' -ne-ah) [K/ld(!of, a' branch]. A genus of lichens. C. rangiferina, the reindeer-moss ; a lichen that grows extensively in Asia, Europe and N. America. It is used as a food in famine-seasons, and is locally distilled, affording an alcoholic spirit. Cladophyl [klad' -o-fil) [K/ld(Sof, a branch; &v7'aov, a leaf]. In biology, a branch that in form mimics a leaf. Same as Cladode. Cladoptosis [klad-op-to' -sis) [/iAd(5of,a branch ; Tri-iTTeiv, to fall]. In biology, the annual falling of twigs bear- ing leaves instead of the leaves alone. Cladose [klad' -ds) [/iAd<5of, a branch]. In biology, ramose or branched. Cladothrix [klad' -o-thriks) \Kkafioc, branch ; Sp/'f, a hair]. A genus of bacteria, having long filaments, in pseudo-ramifications, with true spores. See Bacteria, Synonyinatic, Table of. Clairaudience [klar-aw' -de-ens) [Fr. clair, clear ; audi- ence, hearing]. The alleged telepathic hearing of sounds uttered at a great distance. Clairvoyance [klar-voi'-ans) [Fr. c'air, clear; voir, to see]. The alleged ability (in certain states), to see things not normally visible ; the pretended ability to see the internal organs of a patient, and thus diagnos- ticate his ailments. Clamp [klamp] [Ger. Klampe\ An instrument for compressing the parts in surgical operations, to fix them or to prevent hemorrhage, etc. C, Gaskell's, an instrument applied over the heart so that the pulsation of the auricles and ventricles may be separately registered ; it is used in the study of cardiac pulsation. Clang [klang) \_KAayyT], a clang]. A sharp metallic sound ; ahoarse voice. C. -deafness, a defect of hear- ing in which sounds are heard, but their more delicate qualities are not perceived. C.-tint, the timbre, or delicate shading of a tone. See Timbre. Clap [klap) [OF., clapoir, a venereal sore]. Gonor- rhea. C.-threads, characteristic slimy threads in the urine of gonorrheal cystitis. Clapotage [klak-po-ta(k)zh') [Fr.]. The splashing sound of a liquid in succussion. Clapping [klap' -ing). See Percussion and Tapotement. Clapton's Lines. See Lines, Table of. Claquement [klahk' -mon{g)) [Fr. , clapping, slapping]. 1. In massage, percussion with the flat of the hand. 2. The clack, or flapping sound caused by sudden closure of the heart- valves. «■ Claret [klar'-et) \clarus, clear]. A wine of a light-red color. C.-red. See Pigments, Conspectus of. C. Stain. Same as Navus materjius. Clarificant [klar' -if-ik-ant) {clarus, clear]. A sub- stance used for the purpose of clearing solutions turbid from insoluble matter. Clarification [klar-ifik-a' -shun) \_clarus, clear ; facere, to make]. The operation of removing the turbidity of a liquid or naturally transparent substance. It may be accomplished by allowing the suspended matter to subside, by the addition of a clarificant or substance that precipitates suspended matters, or by moderate heating. See Fining. Clarify [klar'-if-i) [clarus, clear; facere, \o make]. To free a liquid or solution from insoluble or hetero- geneous substances. To make clear. Clarifying [klar'-ifi-ing) [clarus, clear; facere, to make]. Clearing ; purifying. C. Reagent, any pre- paration used for purifying microscopic and anatomic preparations that have been mounted in gummy media. Oil of cloves, turpentine, creasote, xylol, and oil of bergamot are the chief. CLARIONET-PLAYER'S CRAMP 302 CLEARING Clarionet-player's Cramp. See Cramp. Clark's Operation. See Operations, Table of. C. Sign. See Signs atid Symptoms, Table of. C. (Alonzo), Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. Clarke's Corroding Ulcer. An ulcer of the cervix uteri tliat shows a tendency to spread. C. Inter- medio-lateral Tract. See Column of. C. Poste- rior Vesicular Column. See Column of. C. Pro- cess. See Water, Softening of. C. Rule, a rule for dosage. The dose is to be graded by the weight of the child. One hundred and fifty pounds is taken as the weight of an average human adult, and in order to obtain the fractional dose this number serves for the denominator of a fraction whose numerator corresponds to the weight of the child in avoidupois pounds. Thus, the formula for a child of 50 pounds would be j''_o_ or 1 of the dose for the adult. Clasmacytosis (klas-)nah-si-to' -sis). Same as Clasma- tocytosis. Clasmatocyte [klas-maf'-o-stt) [/vAdcr^a, fragment ; KuToi;, cell]. A form of very large connective-tissue corpuscles that tend to break up into granules or pieces. Clasmatocytosis (klas-inat-o-si-to'-sis) [/i-Adc/za, a frag- ment; /f/'-of, a cell]. The breaking up of clasmato- cytes, and the formation of islands of granules from their debris. Clasp (klasp) [ME., claspen, to grasp firmly]. In mechanical dentistry, a hook fitted to a tooth and de- signed for the retention of a dental substitute or other apparatus to be worn in the mouth. In biology, an apparatus at the end of the male abdomen in certain insects, intended to grasp the female. C. -knife Rigidity, a reflex spasmodic action of the legs from increased myotatic irritability, as a result of which extension is completed with a " spring," as in the knife. Classification (j;las-ifik-a' -shun) \_classis, a class; facere,X.o make]. An orderly arrangement of names, objects, diseases, etc. , according to their properties and peculiarities. Clastothrix [klas' -to-thriks). Synonym of Trichorrhexis nodosa. Clathrate (/{7rt//;'-;-«/) [/^/^;/^/;«, a lattice]. In biology, latticed ; a name given by Mohl to cribriform cells ; also written clathroid. Clathrocystis [klath-ro-sis' -tis) [_K?J/ftpa, a trellis; k'votk;, pouch], A genus of microbes with round or oval cells, forming zooglcea; in the form of circular layers. See Bacteria, Synonvinatic Table of. Clathrose [klath' -rbs) \KA:i)i)fm, a lattice]. In biology, having deep furrows crossing at right angles. Claudication, or Claudicatio {l;law-dik-a' -shun, kla-o-dik-a' -she-o) \claiidicare, to halt or limp]. The act of limping ; lameness. Claudius, Doctrine of. The doctrine that, in the pro- duction of fetal monstrosities, attributes the atrophic changes primarily to the reversal and impairment of the circulation, consequent upon the overpowering vigor of the stronger fetus. C, Cells of, the outer epithe- lial layer of the ducts of the cochlea. Claustrophobia {kla-os-tro-fo' -be-ah) \claustra, a bolt; (;)o/3()?, fear]. Morbid distress at being in any room or confined space ; clithrophobia. Claustrum (/i'/(7Z£'j'-/';-«w) [rA?W<»7r, to shut : /'/., Claus- tra\ A barrier ; applied to several apertures that may be closed against entrance. Also, a layer of gray mat- ter in the cerebrum near the lenticular nucleus. Clausura i^klaiv-su' -rati) [L.]. Closure; atresia; as of a passage. C. tubalis, closure of a Fallopian tube. C. uteri, an imperforate state of the uterine cervix. Clava, Clavola, or Clavolet {kla'-vah, kla'-vo lah, or kla'-vo-let) \_clava,2k club]. I. In biology, clubbed at the end, as the antennae of certain insects. 2. See Fuuieutus gracilis. Clavate {klav'-at) \clava, a club.] In biology, club- shaped. Applied to a stigma, antenna, or other organ that is thick toward the apex and gradually narrowed toward the base-. Clavation [klai'-a' -shun) \_clavatio ; clavus, a nail]. Same as Gomphosis. Clavelization (klav-el-iz-a' -shun) [Fr. , clavelee, sheep- pox]; Inoculation with sheep-pox virus ; ovination. Claven, or Claviculen {kla'-ven, kla-vik' -u-len) \_clavis, a key]. Belonging to the clavicle in itself. Claviceps {klav'-is-eps) \_clava, club; caput, hes.A']. A genus of fungi. C. purpurea, the fungus produc- ing the ergot of rye. Clavicle (klav'-ik-l) \_clavicula ; clavus, a. key]. The collar-bone. See Bones, Table of. Clavicular [kla-vik' -u-lar) \_clavus, a key]. Relating to the clavicle. Clavilla marginales {kla-vil' -ah mar-jin-al' -ez) [L.]. The " olfactory clubs " or marginal clubs in Medusie ; also called Cordyli marginales. Clavula [klav' -u-lali) [clava, a club]. In biology, applied to various clubbed organs ; as, a knobbed bristle in echinoderms, or the swollen receptacle of some fungi. Clavus [kla'-7'us) [clai'us, a nail, a wart, a corn]. Corn ; a hyperplasia of the horny layer of the epider- mis, in which there is an ingrowth as well as an out- growth of horny substance, forming circumscribed epidermal thickenings, chiefiy about the toes. Corns may be hard or soft, the latter being situated between the toes, where they are softened by maceration. Both forms are due to pressure and friction. C. hysteri- cus, a local neuralgic pain in hysteria, anemia, etc., in the head, as if a nail were being driven in. Claw [klazu) [A.S., clazun, a claw]. The stalk, or con- tracted base of a petal. In biology, the hooked limb or appendage of an animal. C.-hand, a condition of the hand characterized by over-extension of the first phalanges and extreme flexion of the others. The condition is a result of atrophy of the interosseous muscles, with contraction of the tendons of the com- mon extensor and long flexor. (French, main-en- griffe. ) Clayed Sugars {klad sug'-arz). Sugars that have been freed from the dark molasses by covering them in moulds by moist clay, which allows of a gradual washing and displacement of the adhering syrup. Cleaning (klen'-ing) [MY.., clemen, to make clean]. Cleansing ; removal of dirt ; purifying. C. Mix- ture for Glass, 1. Potassium bichromate 2 parts, water 10 parts, sulphuric acid 10 parts ; dissolve the potassium in the water with heat, pour into a warm bottle, add the sulphuric acid slowly and at intervals. 2. Nitric acid (cone.) 2 parts, sulphuric acid 3 parts. Cleansings [klen' -zingz) [ME., clensen, to clean]. The lochia. Clearer (kler' -er) . See Clearing Mixture. Clearing (kler'-ing) [ME., cleren, to make clear]. Clarification ; making clear. 'A^t. Fitting. C. Agent, a substance used in microscopy to render tissues trans- parent and suitable for mounting. To replace alcohol in a dehydrated section , creasote, turpentine, xylol, and the oils of bergamot, cedar, cloves, and origanum are used. For celloidin sections, Bergamot or cedar oil or creasote is preferable. Before mounting vegetable sec- tions, glycerin, solution of carbolic acid, liquor potassse, alcoholic solution of potash, liquor ammonire, solution of chloral hydrate, Javelle water, Labarraque's solu- tion, are used. See Stains, Table of. C. Mixture, a fluid used in microscopy for rendering sections trans- CLEAVAGE 303 CLINICIST parent after dehydration. It must be miscible with the mounting medium. A very satisfactory and generally applicable mixture is the following : Carbolic acid crys- tals 4 parts, rectified oil of turpentine 6 parts. Cleavage {kW -vaj) [ME. , cleven'\ . I . The linear clefts in the skin indicating the general direction of the fibers. They govern to a certain extent the arrange- ment of the lesions in skin-diseases. The lines of cleavage run, for the most part, obliquely to the axis of the trunk, sloping from the spine downward and forward ; in the limbs they are mostly transverse to their longitudinal axis. 2. A mode of cell-division. Cleavers [klc' -vcrz) . See Galium apariiie. Cleft {klcft) [ME., clift]. I. A fissure ; crevice. 2. The crotch, or point of junction of the legs. 3. In botany, divided half-way, as a leaf. C. Fa,ce. See Schistoprosopia. C, Olfactory. See Olfactory. C. Palate, a congenital malformation of the palate, usually occurring with hare-lip. C. Sternum, con- genital fissure of the sternum. C, Visceral, or Branchial. The four slit-like openings on each side in the cervical region in the fetus, sometimes called the Branchial openings. The slits close (in the human fetus), except the upper, from which are developed the auditory meatus, tympanic cavity and Eustachian tube. See Branchial Clefts. Cleidagra [kli-da^-grah) [/^/^t/f, clavicle ; iiypa, seiz- ure]. Gout in the clavicular region. Cleidal (kli'-dal) [/cXe/'r, clavicle]. Relating to the clavicle ; clavicular. • Cleido- {kli' -do-) [/cAe/'f the clavicle]. A prefix, mean- ing a relation to the clavicle. Cleido-hyoid [kli' -do-hi' -oid) [kAe/V, clavicle ; voeiSi/c, shaped like the letter upsilon]. Relating to the clav- icle and the hyoid. Cleido-mastoid {^kli' -do-uias' -toid) [hPif/'f, the clavicle ; jiaaTo^, the breast ; iWof, like]. Pertaining to the clavicle and to the mastoid process. Cleisagra {klis-a' -gra) . See Cleidagra. Cleistocarp [klls'-to-karf) [KAfmror, that may be closed ; napTTOQ, fruit]. In biology, an ascocarp in which the spores are completely enclosed and from which they escape by the rupturing of its walls. Cleistogamy {klls-tog' -ani-e) [K/lf iOTOf , that may he closed; }(j//of, marriage]. In biology, self-fertiliza- tion in closed flowers. Cleithrophobia [kli-thro-fo' -be-ali) l_K'AelOpoi>, a bolt ; nat'-ik) \_K7Jna, a region or zone of the earth]. Pertaining to climate. Climatology {kli-mat-oF -o-je') [/i/'i///a, climate, a clime ; /dyof, science]. The science of climate. Climatotherapy (kli-tnat-o-ther' -a-pe) \_K/J/ja, clime; Oepantin, a waiting on]. The employment of clima- tic measures in the treatment of disease. Climbing Staff-tree. False Bittersweet. The bark of the root of Celastrus scandens, alterative, diuretic and slightly narcotic. It has been advantageously employed in syphilitic and scrofulous afi'ections. Dose of fld. ext. 3j-ij. Unof. See Celastrus. Clinandrium (klin-an' -dre-uin) [/cX/r//, a bed ; avi/p, a man]. In biology, a cavity at the apex of the column in orchids in which the anthers rest. This is also called the Androclinium. Clinantheum {klin-an' -the-uni) [k?./'i';/, bed ; avOor, a flower]. In biology, the receptacle of a composite plant. Clinic (/f'/Zw'-^/f') [/f?uwKdf,pertainingtoabed]. I. Medi- cal instruction given at the bedside, or in the presence of the patient whose symptoms are studied and whose treatment is considered. 2. A gathering of instructors, students, and patients, for the study and tr&atment of disease. Clinical (klin'-ik-al) \_kXlvik6<;, pertaining to a bed]. Relating to bedside treatment, or to a clinic. Clinician [klin-ish' -an) \fAiviK6(;, pertaining to a bed]. A phy.sician whose opinions, teachings, and treatment are based upon experience at the bedside ; a clinical instructor ; one who practises medicine. Clinicist (klin'-is-ist) \_K\tviK6^, pertaining to a bed]. A clinician. CLINOCErHALIA 304 CLUBBED FINGERS Clinocephalia {kli-no-sef-a' -/I'-nli) bed ; Kf(pa7i{], head]. Abnormal flatness of the top of the head. Clinocephalous (/'//-^ii-j-fy'-;^/-//,?) \_ti, bed: Kt(pa'Af/, head]. Having the top of the head abnormally flat. Clinodactylous [kli-no-dak' -til-iis) [KA/i'fn', to flex or lie; (Ja/cri'/'iOf, finger]. Pertaining to an abnormal flexure, deviation or curvature of the fingers or toes. QXv!\o\A(Jdi' -noid) [kX/'iv/, a bed ; fZtSof, likeness]. Re- sembling a bed ; applied to sundry bony structures of the body, as the clinoid processes, plate, walls, etc. Clinostat {kli' -no-stal) {jiKmiv, to incline ; araroi;, placed]. An apparatus for regulating the exposure of plants to the sunlight. Clip (ki'p)- See Compressor. Clire, or Clyers [Idi'-er, or kli'-erz) [E. dial.]. Tuber- culous disease of cattle. See Kernels. Cliseometer {Jdis-e-oiii' -et-er) \jik'wi<;, inclination ; /utTjior, a measure]. An instrument for measuring the degree of inclination of the pelvic axis. Clistocarpous lyklis-to-kar' -pus) \k'Kswt6(;, that can be closed; ha/jTrof, fruit]. In biology, having a closed capsule, as certain mosses. Clithrophobia (klith-ro-fo' -be-ali). Same as Cleithro- pliobia. Clitoralgia {klit-or-aF -je-ah) l_i<'/eiTop!g, the clitoris; a/}Of, pain]. Pain referred to the clitoris. Clitoridectomy (klit-or-id-e¥ -to-me) [/c/lf/rop/f, clitoris ; eKTOfifj, excision]. Excision of the clitoris. Clitoris [klit'-or-is) \_K?iei-opi(, clitoris] . The homologue in the female of the penis, attached by two crura or branches to the ischio-pubic rami, which meet in front of the pubic joint to form the body, or corpus. The so-called "gland" is such only in appearance and name. C. Crises, paroxysms of sexual excitement in women suftering from tabes. Clitorism {klii'-or-izm) [/lAKriYj/f , the clitoris]. I. En- largement or hypertrophy of the clitoris. 2. Tribadism. Clitoritis {klit-or-i' -tis) [/lAfcropfc, clitoris ; triq, inflam- mation]. Inflammation of the clitoris. Clitorotomy {klit-or-ot'-o-mc). Incision of the clitoris. Clitorrhagia (klit-or-a' -je-ah) [k/I e /-op/'f , clitoris; pijyv'vvdi, to burst]. HemoiThage from the clitoris. Clivus [kii'-vus) [L., aslope]. Aslope. C. Ossis, or C. of Blumenbach, the slanting .surface of the body of the sphenoid between the dorsum sella; and the basi-occipital. Cloaca [klo-a'-kak) [cloaca, a sewer] . I. In early fetal life, ttie common orifice of the intestine and the allan- tois. 2. In surgery, the long canal of escape of pus from a necrotic sequestrum. 3. In biology, the cham- ber into which open the large intestine and urogenital ducts of birds, amphibians and monotremata. Cloaca! (k/o-a' -kal) [c"/(7ff(V?, a sewer]. Pertaining to or serving as a cloaca. Clonic [klon'-ik) [/cAorof, commotion]. Applied to convulsive and spasmodic conditions of muscles in which alternate contractions and relaxations occur in- voluntarily. Clonici (klon'-is-i) [L.]. Diseases marked by clonic spasm. Clonism, Clonismus (klo'-nizm, klo-uiz' -inus) [kaovoc, commotion]. A clonic spasm; clonospasm. Clonospasm f^klon' -o-spazni) [hVtdi'or, commotion ; a-!Tno!i6<;, a spasm]. A clonic spasm. Clonus [klo'-nus) [/f/ouof, commotion]. Involuntary, reflex, irregular contractions of muscles when put sud- denly upon the stretch. According to the part stimu- lated, the phenomenon is spoken of as ankle, foot, rectus, or 'tirist C, etc. See A'e/lexes, Table of. It is a valuable diagnostic sign in certain lesions of the spinal cord. Cathodal closure clonus, and Catho- dal opening clonus, etc. See Contraction. See Ankle C. , Wrist C. , etc. Clopemania [klo-pe-ma' -ne-ak) [nAonrj, robbery ; fiavia, mania]. See A'lepto/nania. Cloquet, Angle of. See Angle. C, Canal of. See Canals, and Hyaloid Artery. C, Fascia of, the sep- tum crurale, q. v. C, Ganglion of. See Ganglia, Table of. C, Hernia of. See Hernia, and Diseases, Table of. C, Needle Test of. See Death, Signs of. C, Operation of. See Operations, Table of. C, Pseudoganglion of. See Pseudoganglion. Closing Tetanus {k/o^-zing tet^-an-us). See Gahano- tonus. Clostridial [klos-trid' -e-al) \_K?-(jaT^p, a spindle]. Re- ferring to spindle-shaped bacilli and especially to the agent of the butyric acid feiTnentation. Clostridium [klos-trid^-e-u/n) [kAugtz/p, a spindle : //. , Clostridia'\. A genus of bacteria, differing from bacilli in the fact that their spores are formed in character- istically enlarged rods. See Bacillus butyricus, under Bacteria. Closure [klo'-zur^ [clausura , a closing]. The act of completing or closing an electric circuit. According as a closure is anodal or cathodal, its effects may so differ as to give it a marked significance in diag- nosis. Clot [klot) [ME., clot, a round mass]. A coagulum, especially that of blood ; a crassamentura. See Throm- bus, Embolism. White clots are formed of the pure fibrin of white corpuscles and of blood-plaques. If the white clot has become slightly stained with red blood- cells, it becomes yellowish [chicken-fat clot) ; if it be red and soft, it is a currant-jelly clot. Stratified clots contain layers of more than one variety. C, Distal, a clot formed in a vessel beyond the seat of ligature. C. -districts, the small divisions into which a clot is broken by the dissemination through it of the fibro- blastic plasma-corpuscles. C, Proximal, the clot formed in a vessel above the seat of ligature. Clotbur (klot'- or klot'-bur). The leaves of Xanthium strumarium, much used as a domestic remedy for bites of poisonous insects and venomous serpents. Also an active styptic. Dose of the fluid extract .^j-ij. Unof. See also Spiny Clotbur. Clottage of the Ureters. An operation proposed in case of hematuria from a kidney hopelessly crushed or with advanced carcinoma. The procedure consists in blocking or corking up the ureter with a clot. Cloudberry (klo7tid'-ber-e). The leaves of Rubus cha- mtrmorus, used in Russia as a diuretic. Dose ^] a cupful of boiling water. Unof. Cloudy Swelling. Parenchymatous degeneration ; a swelling up of the elements of a tissue by imbibition or accretion, a form of hypertrophy with a tendency to degeneration. Clove (klov). See Caryophyllus. C. -hitch Knot, a form of double-knot in which two successive loops are made close to one another on the same piece of cord or bandage, a half-twist being given to the junction of each loop at the time of making it. .See A'not. Clover's Gas and Ether Inhaler. See Anesthetic. Clownism {khnvn'-izm) [ME., cloune\ Charcot's term for that stage of hystero-epilep.sy in which there is an emotional display and a remarkable series of con- tortions or cataleptic poses. Club [kltd)) [ME., club, a club]. In biology, a broad ending of an antenna. C.-foot. .See Talipes. C- hand, a deformity of the hand similar to that of club- foot. Clubbed Fingers (klubd fing'-gerz). Knobbed defor- mity of the finger-ends, with curvature of the nails, seen in some cases of pulmonary and cardiac disease. CLYERS 305 COCAIN Clyers (kli'-erz). See Clire and Kernels. Clypeate {klip'-e-at) \elypeiis, a shield]. In biology, shaped like a buckler. Clyster [k/is'-/er\ [K'Avarr/p, an injection]. An enema. Cnemis (ne^-mis) [nvr/fiig, a legging]. The tibia or shin-bone. Cnemitis (ite-mi'-tis) \K.vr)\iri,^Ys\\ /r^f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the tibia. Cnicin [^ni'-sUi) \Kvfiiioq, a plant of the thistle kind], C^jHjgOjj. A crystalline bitter substance found in Blessed Thistle. Cnidoblast [ni' -do-blast) \_Kvkhi, a nettle ; (SAaaroc, a germ]. In biology, the budding thread-cell or urticat- ing cell. Cnidocell (ni^-do-sel) [^enida, a. nettle ; cella, a. ceW]. In biology, a lasso-cell, nematocyst, or urticating cell. Cnidocil [ni'-do-sil) l_em'da, a nettle; <77/«w, an eye- lash]. In biology, the thread of a nematocyst. Cnidophorous {jiid-off' -or-tis) [kv/cS;/, a nettle ; (pepeiv, to bear]. In biology, bearing lasso-cells or nemato- cysts. Cnidosis (tii-do^-sis) [/cwrf;?, nettle]. Urtication ; net- tle-rash. Coacervate {ko-as-erv' -at") \coacervai-e, to heap up] . In biology, clustered, bunched; said of grains or flowers. Coach {kocli). See Quizzer. Coachmen's Cramp. See Cramp. • Coadnate {^ko-ad' -nat) \con, together; adnatiis, bunched]. In biology, clustered. Coagulant (ko-ag' -u-lant) \_coagitlare , to curdle]. I. Causing the formation of a clot or coagulum. 2. A coagulating agent. Coagulated [ko-ag' -u-la-tcd) [eoagularc, to curdle]. Clotted ; curdled. C. Proteids, a class of proteids produced by heating solutions of egg- albumin or serum-albumin globulin suspended in water or dis- solved in saline solutions, up to loo° C. At the body- temperature they are readily converted into peptones by the action of the gastric juice in an acid, or of pancreatic juice in an alkaline medium. Coagulation [ko-ag-u-la' -shun') \coagulatio , z. clot- ting]. The formation of a coagulum or clot, as in blood or in milk. Coagulative [ko-ag' -u-la-thi) \_eoagulare, to curdle]. Causing or marked by coagulation. C. Necrosis. See Necrosis. Coagulum [ko-ag' -u-lunt) \coagulare , to curdle : //. , Coagula\ Clot. The mass of fibrin, enclosing red and colorless corpuscles and serum, that forms from the plasma of the blood after the latter has been drawn from the body. Also, the curd of milk, and the insoluble form of albumin. Coal [kol) [ME., cole\ A solid and more or less distinctly stratified mineral, varying in color from dark- brown to black, brittle, combustible, and used as a fuel ; not fusible without decomposition, and very insoluble. C, Anthracite, the hard variety of coal, used largely as a heating-agent. It contains but little hydrogen, and is mainly (over 90 percent.) composed of pure car- bon. C, Bituminous, is black or grayish-black in color, of a resinous luster, and somewhat friable, being easily broken into cubical fragments of more or less regularity ; upon ignition it burns with a yellow flame. When heated to bright redness in retorts or ovens, free from the access of air, the volatile matter, composed of carbon compounds of hydrogen and oxygen with water, passes off. It is used in the manufacture of gas. C, Cannel is much more compact than gas or coking coals, duller in appearance, possessing a grayish-black to brown color, and burning with a clean candle-like flame. It does not soil the hands, and is not readily 20 fractured. C, Brown, or Lignite, appears to occupy an intermediate position between the bituminous coals and wood. It retains the ligneous structure of the material from which it is formed, hence the name Lignite. The vegetable remains are in a great many cases quite distinct. The color varies from yellowish- brown in the earthy, to black in the more compact, coal-like varieties. It does not yield coke. It is used as fuel in some localities. Peat, or Turf, occurring in large areas in Ireland and in some parts of Europe, consists of the decayed remains of certain forms of plants. It has been destructively distilled for tarry products, without profit, however. C. -miner's Lung. See Mine7-'s Lung. C.-tar, a by-product in the manufacture of illuminating gas ; it is a black, viscid fluid of a characteristic and disagreeable odor. The specific gravity ranges from 1. 10 to 1. 20. Its compo- sition is extremely complex, and its principal constitu- ents are separated, one from the other, by means of fractional distillation. C.-tar Colors. %ee Pigments, Colors, and Dyestuffs. Coalescence [ko-al-es' -ens) \_coaleseere, to grow to- gether]. The union of two or more parts or things. Coaptation [ko-ap-ta'-s/nat) \_eon, together; aptare, to fit]. The proper union or adjustment of the ends of a fractured bone, the lips of a wound, etc. Coarctate [ko-ark'-ttit) \_coarctare, to press together]. Crowded together. Coarctation [ko-ark-ta' -s/iun) \_eoaretare, to put to- gether]. A compression of the walls of a vessel or canal, thus narrowing or closing the lumen ; reduction of the normal or previous volume, as of the pulse ; shrivelling and consequent detachment, as of the retina. A stricture. Coarctotomy [ko-ark-fot' -o-me) \_eoaretattis, constructed ; Ti/iveiv, to cut]. The cutting of a structure. Coarse [kors) [ME. , eoi/rsr]. Not fine; gross. C. Adjustment. See Adjustment. C. Features of Disease, macroscopic organic lesions, such as tumor, hemorrhage, etc. Coarticulation [ko-ar-tik-ii-la' -slmn) \_con, together; artictdare, to join, articulate]. A synarthrosis. Coat [kot) \_cottits, a tunic]. A cover, or membrane covering a part or substance. C, Buffy, the upper fibrinous layer of the clot of coagulated blood, marked by its color, and absence of red-corpuscles. Coates's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Coating [kot'-ing) [eottits, a tunic]. A covering, as of a wound, the tongue, etc. C. of the Tongue, a con- dition of the tongue indicative of abnonnality of the digestive tract. C. of Pills, a covering of various sub- stances to conceal the taste in swallowing. Cobalt [ko' -baudt) \_ICobold, a German mythologic goblin]. .A tough, heavy metal having some of the general properties of iron. Its oxids have been em- ployed in medicine, but are now very little used. See Elements, Table of. C.-blue. See Pigments, Con- spectus of. C. -green. Same as Rinmann'' s Green. C.-red. See Pigments, Conspectics of. C. -ultra- marine. Same as Cobalt-blue. C. -yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Cobweb [kob'-tveb) [ME., cobweb, 2l spider's web]. Tela aranea, spider's web. The web of a common house spider, Tegeneria domestica. It is a styptic recom- mended for bleeding after tooth-extraction, and in pulmonary tuberculosis, in 30-grain doses. It forms a serviceable moxa, with the aid of the blowpipe. Coca [ko'-kaJi). See Erythroxylon. Cocain [ko'-kah-in,ox ko'-kaii)\S.A, , coca"] , CjjHjiNO^. The chief alkaloid extract of Erytliroxylon coca. It is at first stimulant and afterward narcotic, and resem- bles caffein in its action on the nerve-centers, and COCAINISM 306 COCHIN CHINA atropin in its effects on the respiratory and circulatory organs. Its long-continued use [cocain-Zialnt) is followed by insomnia, decay of moral and intellectual power, emaciation, and death. Locally, it is a pow- erful anesthetic in a limited area of surface. It acts most rapidly on mucous tissues. Applied to the con- junctiva of the eye it causes also dilatation of the pupil and paralysis of the function of accommodation. Applied to the tongue it temporarily destroys the sense of taste. Dose gr. ^-ij. -See also Anesthetic. C.- Bug, an imaginary insect which cocainomaniacs fre- quently think they are infested with ; a belief that is pro- bably due to some formicational sense-perversion. C, Ceratum, i in 30, for burns, etc. C. Citras, used in dentistry to ease aching teeth. C. Hydrochloras , or chlorid of cocain, Cj7H2jNO.jCl, more properly cocain chlorid, most commonly used for local anes- thesia in 2-8 per cent, solution. Dose, internally, gr. i-ij. C. Hydrochlorat., Liquor. (B. P.). DosetTLij-x. Injectio C. Hydrochlorat., Hypoderm. ; I grain in 20 minims. C., Lamellae (B.P.), each containing gr. of cocain hydrochl orate. C. Oleas, a 10 per cent, solution in oleic acid, for external use. C. Phenas or Carbolas, a topical application in catarrhs and in rheumatism. Used as a five to ten per cent, alcoholic solution, also internally, gr j*— ^• Cocainism {ko-ka' -in-izni) [S. Amer. coca^ The cocain-habit. Cocainization (ko-ka-in-iz-a'-shitn') [S. Amer., coca'\. The bringing of the system or organ under the influ- ence of cocain. Cocainomania (^ko-ka-in-o-ma' -ne-aii) [cocain: fzai'la, madness]. The habit of using cocain; properly, insanity due to the cocain-habit. Cocainomaniac {ko-ka-in-o-ma' -ne-ak') \_cocain ; /xavia, madness]. One who is insane from the effects of cocain. Cocamin [ko' -kain-in') [S. Amer. coca; amiri], CjjH^jNO^. Truxillin, or Isotropyl-cocain; an alkaloid from coca. It has active properties, but its physio- logic effects are little known. Coccaceae (kok-kas' -e-e) [Fr. , coccacees ; kSkkoc, a ker- nel]. A group of schizomycetous fungi, or bacteria, including as genera the Micrococcus, Sarcina, Asco- coccus, and Leuconostoc. The elements are normally spherical, reproduction usually taking place by divi- sion. Some writers place the genus Leuconostoc alone in this group ; others exclude it entirely. Coccidia {kok-sid'-e-aJi) [/fOK/(or, a berry]. The so-called psoi-ospennicT—mmvAe. oval structures about 0.035 mm. long, with a thick capsule and coarsely granular con- tents. They are frequently found in the liver of the rabbit, and have been found in the liver, in a pleuritic exudate, and in the kidney, ureter, and heart-muscle in man. The organism is more properly called Coc- cidium oviforme, while the spores that it forms are termed psorospermiae. Coccidiosis [kok-sid-i^-o-sis) [kokkoq, a berry; vdmr, disease]. The group of symptoms produced by the presence of coccidia in the body. Coccidium {kok-sid'-e-um) [/fo/i«:of , a berry : //. . Coc- cidia\. I. In biology, applied (a) to the spore-bearing conceptacle of certain algfe, and {h) to egg-shaped psorosperms. 2. A genus of protozoans, by some re- ferred to as the so-called psorosperms (see Psorospenii). See Coccidia. C. oviforme has been found in intes- tinal epithelium, and in the liver of man, and often in the liver of the rabbit. True coccidia are non-motile cell-parasites. C. sarkolytus, the name given by Adamkiewicz to the parasite of carcinoma. Coccillana {kok-sil-a'-nali) [S. Amer.]. The bark of Guarea swartzii, of the W. Indies, a tree of the fam- ily Meiiacece, an emetic and purgative ; in over-doses it is poisonous as an irritant narcotic. It acts locally upon the mucous membrane when directly applied or when absorbed. It is commended forbronchial catarrh. Dose of fl. ext. tl^^x-xxx. Unof. Coccinella {Jiok-sin-el'-ah). See Cochineal. Coccinellin [kok-sin-el' -in), or Coccinellina (kok-se- nel' -lei-na'). See Carniin. Coccinin [kok'-sin-in) \_cocciniis, scarlet], Cj^HjjOj. I. A substance obtained by heating carmic acid with po- tassium hydrate. It crystallizes in yellowish leaflets from an alcoholic solution. 2. A coal-tar color belong- ing to the azo-group. Same as New Coccin and Phene- tol Red. Coccobacteria [kok-o-bak-te' -re-a/i) [/co/f/cof, a kernel ; paKTJ/jiiov, a little rod]. The rod-like or spheroidal bacteria found in putrefying liquids, and called C. septica. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. Coccoloba (kok-oV -o-bah) \_cocolobis, a kind of grape] A genus of polygonaceous trees of tropical Americ C. uvifera, the sea-side grape, has a hard and valu able wood, which, when boiled, yields what is called Jamaica kino. Coccomelasma ( kok-o-mel-az' -mah ) \k.6kkoq, berry ; //£/'ia(T//a, blackness] . A granular dermal melanosis. Cocculus (kok'-u-liis) [dim. of coccus, a berry]. A genus of menispermaceous plants of the tropics. C. indicus, is the dried fruit of Anamirta cocculus. It is an active narcotic poison, and is employed as a de- stroyer of vermin ; its preparations have proved ser- viceable for headaches, dysmenorrhea, etc. See Picro- toxin. Coccus {kok'-iis) [/id/cKof, a berry]. I. A cell or cap- sule. 2. In biology, (a) the separable carpels or mit- lets of dry fruits ; {U) a spherical bacterium, a micro- coccus. C. cacti, the cochineal insect. See Cochineal. Coccyalgia [kok-se-al'-je-ah) \_k6kkv^ , coccyx ; akyoQ, pain]. Coccygodynia. Coccydynia (J;ok-se-din' -e-ah). See Coccygodynia. Coccygalgia [kok-sig-al'-je-ah). See Coccvgodynia. Coccygeal (kok-sif -e-al) [kokkv^, coccyx]. Pertaining to the coccyx. Coccygectomy [kok-sig-ek' -to-me) \k6kkvS., coccyx ; iKTopfi, excision]. Surgical excision of the coccyx. Coccygeus [kok-sif -e-us) \_k6kkv^, coccyx]. One of the pelvic muscles. See Muscles, Table of Coccygodynia [kok-sig-o-din^ -e-alf) \_k6kkv^, coccyx ; bfiiw)/, pain]. Pain referred to the region of the coc- cyx ; confined almost exclusively to women who have given birth to children. The pain is due to a rupture or stretching of the ligaments surrounding the coccyx, or to fracture or dislocation of that bone. Coccygotomy {kok-sig-of -o-me) \k.6kkvS,, coccyx ; ro,ar/, a cutting]. Cutting of the coccyx. Coccyx [kok' -siks) [/foKKuf, the cuckoo (resembling the bill) ]. The last bone of the spinal column, formed by the union of four rudimentary vertebrte. See Bones, Table of. Cochenille [Fr.]. Same as Cochineal. Cochia [ko'-ke-ah, or ko'-che-ali) [L. ; of Gr. kokk'iov, a pill]. An old, but not obsolete, name for certain drastic and mainly aloetic pills (pilitltr cockier). The name cochia is now adjectival. Cochin China [ko'-chin chi'-nah) [native Asiatic]. A country of lower Asia. C. Diarrhea, a form of tropical diarrhea dependent upon the presence in the intestine of a thread-worm, Anguillula intestinalis, and its larval offspring. C. Leg. Synonym of Elephantiasis arabttm. C. Ulcer, an affection of Cochin China characterized by deep ulceration of the extremities. It is supposed to be the same as FuruJiculus orietitalis. COCHINEAL 307 CGELOSPERM Cochineal {koch'-in-el, or kock-in-el') [ME., czit- chaiital^ The dried insects of a species of plant lice, Coccus cacti, parasitic upon a cactus of Mexico and Central America. It contains a rich red coloring- matter, carinin, used mainly as a dyeing agent. See F:g-i>!ci!ts, Conspectus of. It is thought to be valuable in infantile whooping-cough. Dose gr. J^. Cochlea [kok' -le-ah) \_k6x^o(;, a conch-shell]. A cav- ity of the internal ear resembling a snail-shell. It describes two and a half turns about a central pillar called the modiolus or columnella, forming the spiral canal, about I inches in length. The latter is di- vided into three canals or scalse, — the scales tympani, vestihtili, and media. See also, Eai-. 2. In botany, a coiled legume, like that of Medicago. Cochlea. I. Scala tympani. 2. Scala vestibuli. 3. Anterior or triangu- lar canal. 4. Posterior or quadrilateral canal. 5, 5. Spiral ligament. 6. External spiral sulcus. 7. Membrana tectoria, or membrane of Corti. 8. Membrana basilaris. 9. Spiral vessel. 10. Limbus lamince spiralis. 11. Pillars of Organ of Corti. 12. Branch of cochlear nerve. 13. Ganglion spirale. 14 Branch of cochlear nerve between the lamellae of the lamina spiralis ossea. 15. One of the orifices by which this branch penetrates the canal of Corti. 16. Part of bony cochlea. 17. Lining periosteum. 18. Membrane of Reissner. Cochlear [kok'-le-ar^ [f'^T'^T > a conch-shell]. Per- taining or belonging to the cochlea. C. Nerve, the nerve supplying the cochlea. See Nerves, Table of. Cochlear, or Cochleare { kok'-le-ar, or kok-le-a'-re) [I-,.: pi., Cochlearia']. A spoon ; a spoonful. C. mag- num, a tablespoon ; C. medium, a dessert-spoon ; C. minimum, a teaspoon. Cochlearia {kok-le-ar' -e-ali). See Horseradish. Cochleate (kok'-le-at) \_cochleatits, spiral]. Spirally coiled, like a snail-shell. Cochlitis [kok-li' -lis) \_k6x')ioi;, a conch-shell ; itiq, in- flammation]. Inflammation of the cochlea. Cockroach { kok' -roch). See Blatta. Coco {ko'-kd). Synonym of Yazus. See Framhxsia. Coco, or Cocoa (/io'-i'o) [Port., cacad\. See Cacao s.nA Theobroma. C.-nut, the nut of Cocos tiucifera, a palm-tree of tropical coast-regions. The oil is used as a substitute for cod-liver oil, and in Germany it is employed in pharmacy in the place of lard. C.-nut Fiber, coir. The coarse fibrous covering of the nut of the cocoa-palm is largely used in making brooms, brushes, matting, and coarse carpeting. The fiber is coarse, stiff, very elastic, round, and smooth like hair. It also has great tenacity, and is well adapted for cordage. C.-nut Oil, oleum cocois, is obtained from the dried pulp of the cocoa-nut by expression. It is an oil of the consistency of butter, fusing at from 73° to 80° F.(22.7° to 26.6° C). When fresh, it is white in color and of sweet taste and agreeable odor, but it easily becomes rancid. It is easily saponified, even in the cold. It is used in the manufacture of candles and soap. Cocomania [ko-ko-ma' -tte-a/i) . See Cocainotiiania . Cocomaniac [ko-ko-ma' -ne-alc). See Cocainonianiac. Cocoolein [ko-ko-o'-le-in) [Port., cacao; oleum, oil]. A proprietary substitute for cod-liver oil, said to be derived from cocoa-nut oil. Cocotte {ko-kol') [Fr.]. Synonym of Influenza. Coction (kok' -shun) [coctio ; coquere, to cook]. I. Digestion. 2. Thepreparatory alteration that morbific matter undergoes in preparation for its discharge. Cod (iW) [ME., (■(?(/]. I. The scrotum. 2. The belly. 3. In the plural, the testes. 4. Gadus morrhua, a fish furnishing a valuable medicinal product. C. - liver Oil, an oil derived from the liver of the Gadus morrhua, and ranging in color according to the method of its preparation from pale-straw to dark-brown ; its specific gravity is .923 to .924 or even .930 at 15° C. The finer qualities are used for medicinal purposes, the darker by tanners and curriers. See Alorrhua. Codamin [ko' -dam-in) [Koide/n, the head; poppy-head; amin'\, Q.^^^:^Q^. A crystalline alkaloid of opium, isomeric with laudanin. When ferric chlorid is added 6 to it, it assumes a deep-green color. Codein [ko'-den) [/i(jf5«a, the poppy-head], CjgHjjNOj- H.^O. A white, crystalline alkaloid of opium. It is '"^ mildly calmative and is serviceable in diabetes mel- litus. It is also valuable in ovarian pain. Dose gr. ss-ij. C. Phosphate, soluble in water. Similar to morphin in action, but less toxic. Dose, hypodermi- cally, gr. ss. C. Sulphas, dose gr. Vd-li- C. Valeri- anate, an antispasmodic and sedative. Dose gr. Codex [ko'-deks) [L. : //. , Codices'\. A pharmacopeia or book of formulas ; specifically, the French pharma- copeia. Codie Pine Resin. See CcMdie-gum. Codonostoma. (ko-do-nos'-lo->/iah) [/i(jr56)i',a bell ; arSfia, a mouth]. In biology, applied to the oral or disc aperture of certain marine invertebrates, medusae, etc. Ccelelminth {se' -lel-niinth). See Celelminth. Ccelia (se'-le-ah). See Celia. Cceliac [se'-le-cik). See Celiac. Coeliaca (se-W -ak-ah). See Celiaca. Coeliadelphus (jt?-/^-<2(/-f/'-/«i-). See Celiadelphus. Coeliagra [se-le-a' -grah). See Celiagra. Ccelialgia {se-le-al' -je-ah). See Celialgia. Ccelian, Coeline (se'-le-an, se'-lin). See Celean, Celine. CcEliocyesis [se-le-o-si-e' -sis). See Celiocyesis. Coeliolymph [se'-le-o-limf). See Celiolymph. Cceliomyalgia [se-le-o-mi-al' -je-ah). See Celiomvalgia. Coelioncus {se-le-ong' -kus). See Celioncus. Ccelioplegia (se-le-o-ple' -je-ah) \K.oLkia, the belly; ■n'/Tiyii, a stroke]. A synonym of Asiatic cholera. Cceliopyosis [se-le-o-pi-o'-sis). See Celiopyosis. Cceliorrhcea [se-le-or-e' -ah). See Celiorrhea. Ccelioschisis [se-le-os'-kis-is). See Celioschisis. Coelioscope (se'-le-o-skdp). See Celioscope. Coeliotomy {se-le-ot' -o-me). See Celiotomy. Coelitis [se-li'-tis). See Celitis. Ccelodont (se' -lo-dont) [/coMof, hollow ; oJofcf, tooth]. Hollow-toothed, as certain lizards — the opposite of Pleodont, or solid-toothed. Ccelom, Cceloma [se'-lom, se-lo'-mah). See Celom. Ccelophlebitis (se-lo-fle-bi'-tis). See Celophlehiiis. Coelophthalmia (se-loff-thal' -me ah). See Celophthal- inia. Ccelosis (se-lo'-sis). See Celosis. Coelosoma (se-lo-so' -mah). See Celosoma. Coelosperm (se'-lo-sperm) \_ko11oq, hollow ; dKEpjia, seed]. In biology, a seed so curved as to form a con- cavity on one of its surfaces. CCELOSTOMIA 308 COKE Coelostomia [se-lo-sto' -me-ah). See Celostomia. CcElumbrella (scl-iim-brel' -aJi) [/(oZ/lof , hollow ; ntn- brella, the disc of acalephs] . In biology, the con- cave surface of the gelatinous umbrella of Medusce. Coenenchyma (sc-neng' -kim-ali) [/towdf, common ; iyXiiv, to infuse]. In biology, the calcified tissue common to the several polyps of a compound Acti- nozoon. Coenesthesis [sen-es-the' -sis). See Cenesthesis. Ccenobium (se-no' -be-uin) \k.olv6^, common ; /3(0C, life]. In biology, a composite zoophyte or any colony of independent cells held together by a common invest- ment. Coenoblast [se' -no-blast) \_Koi.v6g, common ; piagroc:, a germ]. In biology, the primitive germinal layer, giving rise to the endoderm and mesoderm. Ccenoecium {se-ne'-se-um) \_koi.v6q, common ; alKoq a dwelling]. In biology, the common dermal system of a polyzoan colony. The polypidom of Johnson. Coenosarc [se'-no-sark) \_k.olv6c, common; ffopf, flesh]. In biology, Allman's term for the "common living basis by which several polyps in a composite zoo- phyte are connected with one another." CcEnosteum (se-nos' -tc-nm) \koivuc^, common ; ooteSv, bone]. In biology, the calcareous ectoderm of hy- drocorallines. CcEnotype (se' -no-t'ip) [ koivoc, common ; tvttoc, type]. The fundamental type-form of a group. Ccenurus [se-niir'-tis) \jwiv6q, common ; ovpa, tail]. The larva of TiFnia cceniwus, Kiichenmeister, pro ducing the disease of sheep called staggers. See also Alternations of Generation. C. cerebralis, a many- headed hydatid found mainly in the brain and spinal canal of the ox and sheep (mostly in young animals). Occasionally it has been discovered in the muscles of man. It is now known to be the larva of the tape- worm, Tania ccemirm. See Parasites (Animal), Table of. Coeroulignone (se-m-lig' -non) \cceruleiis , blue ; lig- num, wood] , C,,;HjgOg. Cedriret ; a derivative of hexa-oxidi-phenyl. It separates as a violet powder when crude wood-spirit is purified on a large scale by means of potassium chromate. It is insoluble in the ordinary solvents, and is precipitated in fine, steel-blue needles, from its phenol solution, by alcohol or ether. Coffee (J;of'-e). See Caffea. C.-bean, Kentucky, the popular name for Gymnocladus canadensis. C- ground Vomit, the material ejected by emesis in carcinoma and ulceration of the stomach and other gastric conditions. It consists of blood and other contents of the stomach changed by the action of the gastric juice. C.-tree, Kentucky. See Chicot. Coffeinism [kof -e-in-izm) \_caffea, coffee]. Excessive habitual use of cofiee, or the state of ill-health that results from it. Coffer Dam, Barnum's. See Rubber Dam. Coffeurin (kof-e-u'-rin) \_caffea, coffee; ovpov, urine]. A principle said to sometimes be present in urine after the free use of coffee as a beverage or medicine. The urine then has the odor of coffee, and its color is red, brownish, or deep-brown. Coffin (kof '-in) \k.6^lvoc,, a basket]. I. A case in- tended to hold the dead body. 2. In farriery, the hollow portion of a horse's hoof. C. -birth, post- mortem expulsion of the fetus. C.-bone, the last or distal phalanx of a horse's foot. Coffinism [kof -in-izm) [after Dr. Coffin, who advo- cated it] . A variety of quackery or professed system of medical practice. It resemlsles so-called Thom- sonianism. Cogged Breath-sound. Cog-wheel respiration or breathing. See Cog-zvheel Sound. Cogwheel Breathing or Respiration. See Cogwheel Sound and Breafh-sou)ids. C. Sound, a pathologic sound sometimes heard in auscultation of the lungs, due to interruptions in the accession of air to a part ; this gives the sound an intermitting character. See Breath-Sounds. Cohabitation {ko-hab-it-a' -shun) \con, together; habitare, to dwell]. The living together of a man and woman, with or without legal marriage. Sexual connection. Cohen's Method. A method of inducing premature labor. It consists in injecting fluid into the uterine cavity between the uterine wall and the ovum. See Treatment, Alethods of. Cohesion [ko-he' -zhun) [cohccrere, to stick together]. The force whereby molecules of matter adhere to each other. The "attraction of aggregation." Cohn's Fluid. A fluid culture-medium. It is com- posed of potassium phosphate, o.l gm. ; magnesium sulphate, o.l gm. ; tricalcic phosphate, o.oi gm.; dis- tilled water, 20 gm.; ammonium tartrate, 0.2 gm. Cohnheim's Areas. See Area. C. Fields. See Cohn- heim's Areas. C. Frog. See Salt-frog. C. Method, a method of staining tissues. See Stains, Table of. C. Theory, a theory as to the origin of tumors ; a satisfactory hypothesis, namely, to the effect that all true tumors are due to faulty embryonal development. The embryonal cells do not undergo the normal changes, are displaced, or are superfluous. When the favorable conditions are presented later in life they take on growth, with the formation of tumors of various kinds. Cohnstein' s Operation. See Operations, Table of. Cohobation (ko-ho-ba' -shun) \cohobare, to redistil]. I. Redistillation. 2. Recurrence of disease. Cohosh (ko'-hosh) [Am. Ind.]. A name given to several medicinal plants. C, Black. See Cimicifuga. C, Blue. See Caulophyltum. Coil (koil) \_colligere, to gather together]. Rings formed by winding, as a wire. C. -gland. See Siveat-gland. C, Induction, rolls of wire in which an electric cur- rent is induced by the alternate opening and closing of a circviit. C, Leiter's. See Letter's Tubes. C, Ruhmkorff, an induction-coil, or spark-coil. Coiling [koil'-ing) \eolligere, to bind together]. Form- ing into spirals or rings. C. of the Cord. See Cord. Coindication (ko-in-de-ka' -shun) \_con, with ; indicare, to indicate]. A concurrent indication ; a collateral and confirmatory indication. Cf Contraindication. Coin-test (koin' -test). See BaccellPs Sign, and Bell- Sound. Coir (^ki)') [Tamil, kayaru, a rope]. See Cocoanut- fiber. Colter's Corrugator. The corrugator supercilii. -See Muscles, Table of. Coition [ko-ish'-un) \_coire, to come together]. Same as Coitus. Coitus [ko'-it-us] [ coire, to come together]. The act of sexual connection. Copulation. C. Disease, the venereal disease of the horse. C. reservatus, con- gressus interruptus ; incomplete copulation ; the in- complete performance of the sexual act ; onanism. Coix \ko'-iks) [fd/f, an Egyptian variety of palm]. -A. genus of coarse monecious grasses. C. lacrima, an old-world species of grass, having very large and hard seeds, called Job's tears, from which beads are made which are worn as amulets, and are thought to assist the process of dentition when bitten upon by young teething children. The seeds are used locally for lung-troubles and for dropsy. Unof. Coke (kok) [origin uncertain]. The solid product of the carbonization of coal. COKO DISEASE 309 COLIC Coko Disease {ko'-ko dis-e-J). A name applied in the Fiji Islands to a disease resembling Yaws. Cola [ko'-lah). See Kola-nut. Colalgia [ko-laV -je-ali)\_iiokov,\\\^ aoXon; aZyof, pain] . Pain in the great intestine. Colation {ko-la' -shun) \colare, to strain]. The opera- tion of straining. Colatorium (^kol-at-o' -re-ttm) [L.]. A sieve, colander, or strainer ; used in pharmacy. Colature (ko' -lat-yiir) \_colatum, straining]. In phar- macy, a liquid that has been subjected to eolation. Colchicein {ko/-ckis-e'-in) [_Ko'kxi-i^ov, colchicum], C[j- H.,jN()5+2H.^O. A crystalline decomposition-product of colchicin. Colchicin {kol' -chis-vi) \Ko'kx^'^''v , colchicum], C],H,g- NO5. An alkaloid of colchicum; it is a pale, brown- ish-yellow, exceedingly bitter powder, freely soluble in water. It is a very active poison. Its dose is gr. xi^' 2' milligram, hypodermatically. Q,o\z\)\z\!tm {kol' -cJiik-iim) [«:o/l,-t;"i'oi', colchicum : gen., Colchici\. Meadow Saflron. The corm and seed of C. autitinnale , with properties due to an alkaloid, l olchicin. It is an emetic, diuretic, diaphoretic, and drastic cathartic. It is valuable in acute gout, and is used with good results in gonorrhea. Dose of the pow- dered root gr. ij-viij, of the powdered seeds gr. j-v. C, Extract. (B.P.). Dose gr. ss-ij . C, Extract., Aceticum (B.P.). Dose gr. ss-ij. C. Rad., Ext., dilute acetic acid 35, powdered root 100 parts, water q. s. Dose gr. ^-ij. C. Rad., Ext., Fid. Dose Tr\^ij-x. C. Rad., Vinum, 40 per cent, in strength. Dose TTLv-xv. C. Sem., Ext., Fid. Dose rt\,i-v. C. Sem., Vinum, 15 per cent, in strength. Dose Tt\,x-xxx. C, Tinct., prepared from the seed ; strength 15 per cent. Dose tTLx-xxx. C, Vinum (B.P.). Dose n\,x-xxx. Colcothar {kol'-ko-thar) [ML.]. A crude sesquioxid of iron ; red oxid of iron ; a tonic and hemostatic. Unof. See also Pigments, Conspectus of. Cold [kold) [AS. , a'a/i/]. I. The comparative want of heat. 2. A term used popularly for coryza and catarrhal conditions of the respiratory tract. Cold is employed largely in various forms as a therapeutic agent, mainly for the purpose of lowering temperature and allay- ing irritation and inflammation. It may be used in the form of affusion, that is, the sudden application of a considerable volume of cold water to the body. This application of the cold douche is contraindicated in all cases of extreme weakness, with feeble pulse. Cold may be used as an anesthetic (see Anesthetic) ; in baths (see Bath) ; in the form of compresses applied over the affected part; in the form of irrigation, especially in the treatment of bruised and injured members ; as a lotion, for the purpose of relieving local heat, pain, and swelling; as an injection, in the form of ice- water, into the vagina or rectum, for various conditions ; and as the cold pack, which is a valuable means of reducing the body-temperature in cases of hyperpyrexia. The patient is wrapped in a sheet wrung out of cold water ; as this becomes warm, it is replaced by a fresh cold one, or iced water may be poured upon it, or lumps of ice placed upon and around it. When the temperature is reduced the wet sheet should be removed and a light covering applied, but not a blanket. This is not as efficacious as the cold bath. Cold may be applied in the dry form by means of the ice-cap or bladder, an india-rubber bag filled with ice, snow, or a freezing mixture. C. Abscess. See Abscess. C. -blooded. See Poikilothermic. C. on the Chest, bronchial catarrh, g. v. C. Coil. See Letter's Coils. C. Cream. See Rosa. C. Freckles. See Lentigo. C. Pack. See Cold. C. Plague. Synonym of Cerebrospinal Meningitis. C. Sore, same as Fever- blister. C. Spots. See Temperature Sense. C. Stroke, a condition, the analogue of heat-stroke, in which from excessive cold the patient is suddenly over- come and falls into a comatose state, shortly followed, as a rule, by death. C. Test, a test applied chiefly to lubricating oils to determine the point at which the oil begins to congeal, and ceases to flow. Colectomy {ko-lek' -to-me) \k6\ov, colon ; eKTOii-rj, cut- ting out]. Excision of a portion of the colon. Coleitis [col-e-i'-tis) [/coAfdf , sheath ; trie, inflamma- tion]. Vaginitis. Q,o\&oce.\s [kol'-e-o-sel) [/to/,fdf, sheath ; /f?/X?/, tumor]. Vaginal tumor or hernia. Coleophyl [kol'-e-o-Jil) \_Ko7^e6c, sheath; ^hTilov, leaf]. In biology, the investing sheath of the monocotyle- donous plumule. Coleoptosis (kol-e-op-to' -sis) [doAfdf , sheath ; -rv-uai^, a fall]. Prolapse of the vaginal wall. Coleorhiza ikol-e-or-i' -zah) [KO/'ifdf, sheath ; pf^a, root]. In biology, a sheath that envelops the radicle in some embryos and through which roots penetrate when the seed germinates. Coleorrhexis {kol-e-or-eks' -is) [ftoAedf, a sheath ; pfi^iq, a rupture]. Rupture of the vagina. Coleostegnosis [kol-e-o-steg-no' -sis) \Ko\e6c, a sheath ; CTh/vuoiq, a constriction]. Contraction or atresia of the vagina. Colic {kol'-ik) \colicu5, KuliKoq, pertaining to the colon]. I. Pertaining to the colon. 2. A severe griping pain in the bowels or adjacent organs, as, e.g., hepatic, nephritic, etc. In intestinal colic the pains radiate over the abdomen from the region of the umbilicus. The belly is usually distended (save in Lead-colic, q. v.), and pressure will usually relieve the pain. Colic may be due to irritation from the intestinal contents, a diseased condition of the bowel-wall, re- flex irritation from other abdominal viscera, and general blood-poisoning. C. of the Antilles, an ende- mic form of colic somewhat resembling lead-colic. C. Arteries. See Arteries, Table of. C, Biliary. See Gall-stones. C, Bilious. See C, Endemic. C, Copper, a colic or pain in the intestinal canal seen in workers in copper, and differing from lead colic in being attended with extreme prostration and diar- rhea. The duration is short and the prognosis favor- able. C, Cramp. See Cramp. C, Devonshire. Synonym of C, Lead. C, Dry. See C, Endemic. Also a synonym of C, Lead. C, Endemic, a variety of colic occurring epidemically in some of the inter- tropical countries. Its symptoms resemble those of lead-colic. It is not accompanied by any constant lesion ; it lasts from eight to fifteen days and may end in general paralysis and death, or it may become chronic. Relapses are frequent. C, Hill. See ILill Diarrhea. C, Horn. Synonym of Priapism. C, Lead, or C, Saturnine, or Colica Pictonum, painter's colic, is that due to lead-poisoning. It is common among those who use or work with lead. It is characterized by excruciating abdominal pain, a hard and retracted condition of the abdomen, slow pulse, and increased arterial tension. C, Madrid. Synonym of C, Lead. C, Meconial, the colic of the new-born. C, Menstrual, the pain of menstrua- tion. C, Mucous. See Entcritii, Pseudo-membra- nous. C, Nervous. See C, Etidetnic C, Nor- mandy. Synonym of C". , Lead. C. of Poitou. Synonym of C, Lead. C. Root. See Aletris and Dioscorea. C, Sailors', a form of colic common among sailors. C. of Surinam. Synonym of C, Lead. C, Uterine, colic-like pains experienced at the menstrual epochs, often coming on in paroxysms. COLIC A 310 COLLODION C, West Indian. Synonym of C, Lead. C, Zinc, a form of colic due to chronic zinc-poisoning. CoMoa {kol'-ik-ah) [\^.'\. Colic. C. pictonum (liter- ally, colic of the people of Poitou), lead-colic. Paint- ers' Colic. See Colii:, Lead. C. pituitosa. Syno- nym of Enteritis, Pseudo-memhra)ioits. C. scorto- rum, a pain in the pelvis of youthful prostitutes, symp- tomatic of the ovarian disease that results from their unnatural sexual relations. It is due probably to a pyosalpinx. Colicodynia (kol-ik-o-din' -e-aJi). Pain in the large intestine. Colicoplegia {kol-ik-o-ple' -je-aJi) [KwZ(/(Of , pertaining to the colon ; nXriyrj, a stroke]. Paralysis of the intes- tines. Also a synonym of Lead-colic . Colitis [ko-li'-tis) \_Ko/ftv, the large intestine ; iTiq, in- flammation]. Inflammation of the colon. See also Dysentery. C, Mucous. See Enteritis, Pseudo- membranous. C, Pellicular. A synonym of Mem- branous Enteritis. Collagen (koF -aj-en^ [/c<5/?ia, glue ; ytvvativ, to pro- duce]. A substance existing in various tissues of the body, especially bone and cartilage ; it is converted into gelatin by boiling. Collapse (Jiol-aps') [collabere, to fall together] . Extreme depression and prostration from failure of nervous force, as in cholera, shock, hemorrhage, etc. C. of Lung, return of a portion or the whole of a lung to its fetal or airless condition from some mechanical hindrance to the entrance of air. It is characterized by dyspnea, with more or less cyanosis, and is mainly encountered in broncho-pneumonia. C, Parturient, parturient apoplexy ; vitular or vitulary fever ; puer- peral fever in cows. Collapsing [kol-aps^ -ing) [collabere, to fall together]. Suddenly breaking down. C. Pulse. See Cor- rigan s Pulse. Collapsus {kol-aps'-us) [L.]. Collapse. C. corneae, entire collapse of the cornea. Collar (kol'-aj-) [ME. , i(?/lJ-c-, an infusion]. In biology, a colorless gelatinous matrix in which are embedded the coUencytes of sponges. Collencyte [kol' -en-slt ) [noXXa, glue ; ev, in ; kvtoc, cell]. In biology, the branched connective-tissue cells embedded in the collenchyme of sponges. CoUes' Fascia. The deep layer of the perineal fascia. It is attached to the base of the triangular ligament, to the anterior lips of the rami of the pubes aiad ischia laterally, and anteriorly it is continuous with the fascia of the scrotum. C. Fracture. See Fracture, and Diseases, Table of. C. Law. See Law. C. Ligament. See Ligament. C. Opera- tion. See Operations, Table of. Collet {kol'-et) [Fr. ; collum, the neck]. A neck or collar. A term applied by some writers on dental anatomy to the neck of a tooth. Colleterium {kol-et-e'-re-nm) \jioKkri-6(;, glued to- gether]. In biology, a gland in certain insects that secretes a viscid substance for gluing the ova together. Colletic [kol-et'-ik) [lioAtiTjTiKOi; ; Ki5AAa, glue]. Gluey; promoting surgical union in wounds. CoUetocystophore [ko-let-o-sis' -to-for) \_KolArjTrig, one who glues; Kvarig, bladder; (pepeiv, to bear]. In biology, marginal bodies found in lucernarian hydro- zoans. Colliculus [kol-ik'-u-lus) [dim. of collis, hill: //., Colliculi'\. Any eminence of the cerebral parietes. The coUiculi are the caudatum, hippocamp, calcar, collateral eminence, occipital eminence, and amyg- daline eminence. Collidin (kol' -id-in') [xdAAa, glue], CgHjjN. A name given to Nencki's ptomaine-base, isomeric but not identical with aldehyd-collidin. The ptomaine was obtained from pancreas and gelatin allowed to putrefy together in water. Its constitution is still unknown. The free base is oily, and possesses a peculiar, agree- able odor. Nencki believed it an aromatic base. Its physiologic action appears to be doubtful, but an isomer of it discovered in ox-blood fibrin and in putrefied jelly-fish has a poisonous effect resembling that of curara. P'rogs poisoned by the isomer emit an orange-flower odor. Nencki's collidin is isomeric with collidin obtained from coal-tar. Collier's Lung. Synonym oi Anthracosis. Collilongus [kol-e-long' -gus) [collum, neck ; longus, long]. The muscle called longus colli. See Aluscles. Collimator [kol'-im-a-to?-) [colli>!uire,to 3.\m 3.x]. The receiving telescope of a spectroscope. Collin's Black, CgH^N. A name for Anilin Black, employed in staining microscopic sections. Collinsonia [kol-in-so'-ne-ali) [after Peter Collinson, an English gentleman]. A genus of labiate herbs. C. canadensis (stone-root, heal-all), is a coarse plant with a disagreeable smell ; it has useful tonic, diuretic, and diaphoretic properties. Dose gr. xv-lx in decoc- tion ; of the fluid extract Tttx-^j; of the tincture (l in id) 3ss-ij. Collinsonin {kol-in-so'-nin) [ Collinsonia] . A precipitate from the tincture of the root of Collinsonia cajiadensis. It is tonic, diaphoretic, resolvent, and diuretic. Dose 2 to 4 grains. Unof. Colliquation {kol-ik-iva' -shuti) [con, together ; liquare, to melt]. The liquefaction or breaking down of a tissue or organ. Colliquative {kol-ik' --wa-tiv) [con, together; liquare, to melt]. Exhausting; enfeebling; copiously pro- fuse or excessive ; marked by excessive fluid dis- charge. C. Diarrhea, a profuse watery diarrhea. C. Necrosis, a high degree of inflammatory process in the tissues, with active movement of the leucocytes toward the central focus and rapid breaking down of the tissues, forming an abscess-cavity. C. Sweat, a profuse, clammy sweat. Collocystis {kol-o-sis'-tis) [koX/m, glue ; k'votk;, cysts]. A gelatin capsule to facilitate the swallowing of a drug. Collodion [kol-o' -de-on) [m/.yMriq, glue-like]. See Pyroxylin . COLLODIUM 311 COLOR Collodium (^kol-o'-de-tini). See Pyroxylin. Colloid [koF-oid) \_KdXAa, glue]. I. A non-crystalliza- ble and generally soluble organic substance. See Dialysis. 2. A mobile pathologic material, jelly-like, firmer than mucus, and differing in its reactions from albumin and from lardacein. 3. Having the nature of glue. 4. In chemistry, amorphous and non-crystal- line. C. Cancer. See Cancer. C. Degeneration of the Skin, a rare disease, occurring chiefly on the upper part of the face, in the form of small, glistening, translucent, flattish elevations, and yielding by pres- sure a small, jelly-like mass. C. Milium. See Mil- iuni. CoUoma (kol-o'-mah^ [/ct^AXa, glue ; 6//a, a tumor : //., Colloinata'\. A cystic tumor containing a gelatiniform, amorphous, and non-vascular substance. Collonema {kol-o-ne' -mah) [_K6/i'Aa, glue ; vi/fia, tissue : //. , Collonemata'\ . Myxoma, or myxosarcoma. Collum {kol'-uni) [L.]. The neck; especially the anterior part of the neck. C. distortum. Synonym of Torticollis. Collunarium [kol-nn-a'-re-um) [L.]. A nasal douche. Collutory (koV-u-to-re) [collutorium, colluere, to r\nie'\. A gargle or mouth-wash. Collyrium [kol-ir'-e-tim) \_KoWvf)iov, an eye-salve: //. , Collyrial. An astringent, antiseptic, or medicinal lotion for the eyes. More rarely, a vaporous or gase- ous medicament for application to the eyes, or even a powder, or solid, to be used in treating the eye topically, is called a collyrium. (Anciently, any suppository or medicated bougie was thus called.) C. adstringens luteum. See Graefe's Collyrium and Horsf s Eye-water. Qolohoma. {kol-o-bo'-mah) [/coAo/Joeiv, to mutilate : //. , Colobomata\ A cleavage or fissure of parts of the eye, of congenital or traumatic origin. Congenital C. are due to imperfect closure of fissures during fetal development. C, Bridge, a variety in which the pupil is separated from the coloboma by a narrow thread of iris-tissue that stretches like a bridge from one pillar of the coloboma to the other. Colocentesis (kol-o-sett-te' -sis) \_k67\ux\ colon ; KkvTijaii;, puncture]. Surgical puncture of the colon. Colocleisis (kol-o-kli' -sis') [/coZov, colon ; KAelcig, clo- sure]. Occlusion of the colon. Colocynth (koV -o-sinth). See Colocynthus. Colocynthein ( kol-o-sin' -the-in ) \Ko'KoK.vv6iq , colo- cynth], C^^Hg^Oij. A resinous decomposition-product of colocynthin. Colocynthin [kol-o-sin' -thin) \_Ko?^nicvvdtc;, colocynth], C-^ffi-gJJ^^. The active principle of colocynth ; an extract, or a yellow amorphous, neutral, exceedingly bitter powder, soluble in water and alcohol, but not in ether. It is an irritant hydragogue cathartic. Dose gr. IJ^f to I. Unof. Colocynthis {/eol-o-sin^-t/iis) [Ko'?ioKvv0ig, colocynth]. Colocynth. The fruit of C. citriillus, from which the seeds and rind have been rejected. Its properties are due to a bitter glucosid, colocynthin , C^gHg^O.^,, the dose of which is gr. -^^ - -1. It is a tonic and astringent pur- gative, and is used mainly as an ingredient of compound cathartic pills. It is somewhat useful in colic, sciatic rheumatism, and neuralgia. C, Ext., alcoholic. Dose gr. )4-i}. C, Ext., Comp., contains colocynth ex- tract 16, aloes 50, cardamom 6, resin of scammony I4, soap 14, alcohol 10. Dose gr. v-xx. C, Pilula Comp. (B. P.) contains colocynth, aloes, scammony, sulphate of potassium and oil of cloves. Dose gr. v-x. Pilulae Cathartic. Comp., compound cathar- tic pills ; contain each, comp. ext. of colocynth gr. 1.3, abstract jalap gr. j, calomel gr. j, gamboge gr. X- Dose j-iij pills. Pilula Colocynth et Hyoscyam. Dose gr. v-x. Laville's Anti-gout Remedy, con- tains colocynthin 2^, quinin, cinchonin aa 5, Span- ish wine 800, alcohol 100, water 1000 parts. Colocynthitin {^kol-o-sin' -thit-in) '[no'AoKvvdir, colo- cynth]. A crystalline, tasteless, inactive principle of colocynth. Colo-enteritis {iol-o-en-ter-i^-tis) [ /cw/lov, colon; ii'Tcpov, an intestine; trig, inflammation]. Inflamma- tion of the small and large intestine. See Entero- colitis. Cologne (kol-on'). See Spiritiis odoratus. C. Spirit, rectified commercial alcohol. C. Glue. See Glue. C. -water, aqua cologniensis. See Spiritus odoratus. C. -water Habit, the use of cologne-water as a drink for the purpose of experiencing the effects of the alcohol which it contains. Colognese i^kol-bn-ez'). Same as Umber. Colomba, Colombo [kol-om'-bah, kol-om'-bo). See Calumba. Colomiatti, Bacillus of. See Bacteria. Colon [ko^-lon) [\o/ior, ku/jiv, the colon]. The secon>» and principal part of the large intestine. In the various parts of its course it is known as the ascending C, the transverse C, the descending C, and the sig- moid Jlextire. Colonia [ko-lon-i^-a/i). Synonym of Dysentery. Colonic [ko-lon^-ik) [/cw/oi', the colon]. Pertaining to the colon. Colonitis [ko-lon-i'-tis). See Colitis. Colony [kol'-o-ne) \colonia, a colony]. A collection or assemblage, as of microorganisms in a special culture. C. Treatment, for the insane. See Gheel System. Colophony Resin [koV -o-fo-ne) [/coAoipwi', a city of Ionia]. Rosin. The solid residue left on distilling off the volatile oil from crude turpentine. Rosin is a brittle, tasteless, very friable solid, of smooth, shining fracture, specific gravity about 1. 08. It, softens at 80° C. (176° F. ), and fuses completely to a limpid, yellow liquid at 135° C. (275° F.). It is insoluble in water, with difficulty soluble in alcohol, freely soluble in ether, acetone, benzene, and fatty oils. See Resin. Coloproctia [kol-o-prok' -te-ali) \k6\ov, colon ; TrpunrSc, anus]. The formation of an artificial colonic anus. Colopuncture [koF -o-piink' -chur) [_ii6?iov, colon ; punc- tura, puncture]. Same as Colocentesis. Coloquintida {kol-o-k-aiin'-tid-ah) [ML.]. An old name for colocynth. Color (kull'-er) {color, color]. The differences in the appearance of a thing seen, other than those due to form and relief. The tint or hue of an object, de- pendent upon the number of vibrations of the ethereal stimulus. See Pigment. C. -blindness. See Blind- ness. C, Complementary, any color that added to another color, or to a mixture of colors, produces white. C. -contrast, any two colors that, when mixed, supplement the prevailing tone of the light. C.-cure, the supposed therapeutic effect of exposure to variously colored light. C. -hearing, the excitation of the visual center for color through the auditory nerve ; the perception of sound photisms. See Photism. C- image, an image of a highly-colored object lighted with so wide an aperture that the refraction-images are drowned in the light. C. -sensation, depends on the number of vibrations of the ether, the same as the pitch of a note depends on the number of vibrations of the sounding body. Hej'ing' s Theojy of C.-s pre- dicates disassimilation and assimilation (decomposition and restitution) of the visual substance in vision — white, red, and yellow representing the sensation of disassimilation, black, green, and blue that of restitu- tion. The Young- Helmholtz Theory assumes three COLORECTITIS 312 COLTSFOOT kinds of nerve-elements corresponding to the three primary colors. Stimulation of the first develops red, of the second, green, of the third, violet. See Photism. C. -sense, the faculty by which the various colors are distinguished. C.-top, a top containing on the sectors of its disc a number of colors to be " mixed" by rapid whirling. Colors, Mixed, those produced when the retina is excited by two or more simple colors. C, Saturated, those containing little or no white. C, Simple, those of the spectrum. Colorectitis [ko-lo-rek-ti' -tis) \koa.ov^ colon ; rectus, straight; mf, inflammation]. Inflammation of the colon and rectum. Also, a synonym of Dysentery. Colorectostomy [ko-lo-rek-tos'-to-me) [ko'Aov, colon ; rectus, straight; arofia, a mouth]. The surgical establishment of a passage between the colon and the rectum. Colorimeter {kull-or-itn'-et-er') [color, color ; fierpov, measure]. An instrument for determining the quan- tity of coloring matter in a mixture, as in the blood. See HemocJiroinonieicr. Colorin [kulF-or-in) [color, color]. An alcoholic extract of madder. See PigineJits, Conspectus of. Coloring (knlV -or-ing) [color, color]. A tint or combi- nation of colors. C. Matters, 'iitt Pigments, Colors, and Dye-stuffs. Colostomy [ko-los' -to-me) [koXov, colon ; OTofia, open- ing]. I. The formation of an artificial anus by an opening into the colon ; coloproctia. 2. Any surgical operation upon the colon that makes a perma- nent opening into it, whether internal or external. Colostration {kol-os-tra' -shun) [colostrum, the first milk after delivery]. A disease or illness of young infants ascribed to the effects of the colostrum. Colostric [kol-os'-trik) [colostrum, the first milk after delivery]. Relating to colostrum. Colostrous i^kol-os' -trus) [colostrum, the first milk after delivery]. Of the nature of or containing colostrum. Colostrum [kol-os' -trum) [L.]. The first milk from the mother's breasts after the birth of the child. It is laxative, and assists in the expulsion of the meconium. C. Corpuscles, small microscopic bodies contained in the colostrum. They are the epithelial cells of the mammary glands, full of oil globules. After about the third day these cells burst and set free the fat globules before they leave the gland, and in this way the true milk is formed. Colotomy [ko-lot'-o-me) [ko'Aov, colon ; re/Livciv, to cut]. Incision of the colon, either abdominal , lateral, lum- bar, or inguinal, according to the region of entrance. Colotyphus {kol-o-fi'-fus) [lidTiov, colon ; riijof, smoke] . Enteric fever with involvement of the colon. Also a synonym of Dysentery. Colpalgia i^kol-paV -je-ali) [m'knor, vagina ; aXyQ(;, pain]. Vaginal pain or neuralgia. Colpaporrhexis (kol-pap-or-7-eks'-is) [k6Xtto<;, vagina; OTTO, from ; p/'/^ii;, a tearing, or breakage]. Severance of the cervix from the body of the uterus. Colpatresia [kol-pat-re^-se-a/i) [ko'Attoc, vagina; aTfu/rog, not perforated]. Occlusion or atresia of the vagina. Colpectasia i^kol-pek-ta' -se-ali) [/vo/l.Trof, vagina ; iK-acSLC,, a stretching out]. Vaginal dilatation. Colpedema [kol-ped-e' -mali) [mi/iTrof , vagina ; oi6rifia, swelling]. Edema of the vagina. Colpemphraxis (kol-petn-fraks' -is) [/co^Trof, vagina ; tiittipa^K;, a stoppage]. Obstruction of the vagina. Colpeurynter (/•o/-/«-r//;''-A>r)[/ioA7rof , vagina ; ehpvveit', to widen]. An inflatable bag or sac used for dilating the vagina. Colpeurysis [kol-pu'-ris-is) [ra^Trof, vagina ; evphveiv, to dilate]. Vaginal dilatation, especially that effected by the colpeurynter. Colpitis (kol-pi' -tis)[K67,Troi; , vagina ; irtr, inflammation]. Inflammation of the vagina. Colpocele [kol' -po-sel, or se'-le) [koXttoc;, vagina; KipJ/, tumor]. Hernia or tumor in the vagina. Colpocleisis {kol-po-kW -sis) [^(^//rof, vagina; KXdcn(;,a. closure]. The surgical closure of the vagina. Colpocystic {kol-po-sis' -tik) [no'kTtoc^, vagina ; kvoti^, bladder]. Relating to the vagina and the bladder; vesico-vaginal. Colpocystitis (kol-po-sis-ti'-tis) [/cd/~of, vagina ; Kvtjri^, bladder; trii;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the vagina and the bladder. Colpocystocele (^kol-po-sis' -to-sel) [Ka'K-^n<;, vagina ; Kva-iq, a bladder ; Kifki], a tumor]. A hernia of the bladder into the vagina, with prolapse of the anterior vaginal wall. Colpocystosyrinx (kol-po-sis-to-sir' -ingks) [nok-rzoq, vagina ; Kuang, cyst ; avpty^, pipe] . Vesico-vaginal fistula. Colpocystotomia (kol-po-sis-to-to'-me-ali). See Colpo- cystotomy. Colpocystotomy {kol-po-sis-tott -o-tne) [KoXfroq, vagina ; Kva-Lc, bladder; ro//^, a cut]. Surgical incision of the bladder through the vaginal wall. Colpohyperplasia {kol-po-hi-per-pla' -ze-ah) [/c(5/l7roc, vagina; ('Trf/j, over ; TrAaacrezi', to form]. Hyperplasia of the vagina. Colpo-hysterectomy [kol-po-his-ter-ek' -to-mc) [KoXiroq, vagina; I'trrepa, womb ; £hro/i^, excision]. Removal of the uterus through the vagina. Colpo-hysterotomy {kol-po-his-ter-of -o-me) [/cdPiTrof, vagina; ('urfpn, womb ; ro////, section]. Surgical in- cision of the vagina and uterus. Colpoleukorrhea [kol-po-lu-kor-e'-ah) [koXtvoi;, vagina ; Atchtif, white; pieiv, to flow]. Vaginal leucorrhea. Colpo-myomotomy [kol-po-mi-o-mof -o-me) [K.6\iToq, vagina ; pvi;, a muscle ; renveiv, to cut]. Vaginal myomotomy. Colpopathy (kol-pop' -a-tlie) [koAko^, vagina ; iraBog, illness]. Any disease of the vagina. Colpoperineoplasty [kol-po-per-in-e'-o-plas-te) [KoAnog, vagina; Trupivsop, the perineum ; Tr/idaaeiv, to form]. Plastic operation for abnormality of the vagina and perineum. Colpoplastic {kol-po-plas' -tik) [/cd^Trof , vagina ; TTLaa- ativ, to fonn]. Relating to colpoplasty. Colpoplasty (kol' -po-plas-te) [koI^-o^, vagina ; TrAdcffwi', to form]. Plastic surgical operation upon the vagina. Colpoptosis (kol-pop-to' -sis) [Ko'kKot;, vagina ; Trruu/f, a falling]. Prolapse of the vagina. Colporrhagia (kol-por-a' -je-ali) [ku'/.ttoc, vagina ; piiyvbvai, to burst forth]. Vaginal hemorrhage. Colporrhaphy [kol-por'-a-fe) [noX-og, vagina ; paijii], seam]. Suture of the vagina. Colporrhea [kol-por-e' -ak) [koXtto^, vagina ; pn'ia, a flow]. Vaginal leucorrhea ; a mucous discharge from the vagina. Colporrhexis [kol-for-ek'-sis) [k6Xivo(;, vagina ; p'/f/f, rupture]. Laceration or rupture of the vagina. Colpostegnosis [kol-po-steg-no' -sis) [Kok-aoq, vagina ; areyvuGir, closure]. Same as Colpostenosis. Colpostenosis {kol-po-ste-no' -sis) [k^Xtto^, vagina ; cr-f- viic, narrow]. Stenosis or constriction of the vagina. Colpotomy [kol-pot' -o-me) [/fd/irrof, vagina ; TOfii^, a cutting]. Surgical or obstetric incision of the vagina. Colpoxerosis [kal-po-ze-ro'-sis) [koXtto^, vagina ; fepdf, dry]. Morbid dryness of the vagina. Colt-ill {kdlt'-il). See Strangles. Coltsfoot (>;oltz'-foot). The leaves of Tussilago far- fara, a demulcent and tonic, sometimes prescribed for chronic cough. Dose of decoction, to Oj, a tea- cupful ; of fld. ext. 3j-ij. Unof. COLUMBIN 313 COMA Columbin (kol-um' -bin). An active principle of Ca- lumba. It is a colorless crystalline substance of excessively bitter taste and neutral reaction. Columbo {kol-iim' -bo) . See Calumbo. Columella {kol-u-inel' -ali) [L., a little column]. I. The column-like rod of birds and reptiles, a part of the organ of hearing, corresponding to the stapes of the higher animals. 2. The modiolus or central axis of the cochlea of the human ear. See Cochlea and Modioltts. C. res denies ; the cuspid teeth are so called from their shape. Column fykol' -uni) \columna, a column]. A pillar or column. Applied to sundry column-like organs of the body, and especially to certain parts of the spinal cord. C, Anterior, the layer of white matter in either half of the spinal cord included between the anterior horn and anterior nerve-roots, and the anterior median fis- sure. It contains the anterior or direct pyramidal tract, a portion of the antero-Iateral ascending tract, and a portion of the anterior ground- fibers. C, Antero - lateral Ascending. See C. of Gowers. C. of Burdach, the postero-external column of the cord. C. of Clarke, a column of gray substance oc- cupying the region to the outer and posterior part of the central canal of the spinal cord, at the inner part of the base of the posterior cornu. It is most marked in the dorsal region, and contains fusiform cells, some furnished with axis-cylinder processes. It is also called the posterior vesicular column of the cord. C, Direct Cerebellar, in the spinal cord, is situated outside of the lateral pyramidal tract, and ventrad of the Spitzka- Lissauer column. It is sensory or afferent. C, Dor- so-mesal, a name for the postero-median column of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata. C. of Goll, the postero-median column of the spinal cord. C, Gowers', in the spinal cord, a bunch of fibers lying in front of the direct cerebellar tract and reaching around upon the periphery of the anterior pyramidal tract. It is probably a sensory column containing the nerves of pain and temperature. C, Lateral, the layer of white matter in either half of the spinal cord included between the posterior horn and posterior nerve- roots, and the anterior horn and anterior nerve- roots. It contains the lateral pyramidal tract, the di- rect cerebellar tract, and the greater part of the anterior ground-fibers and antero-lateral ascending tract. C. of Morgagni, vertical folds of the rectal mu- cous membrane seen at the point of union of the latter with the skin of the anus. They diminish, but are not entirely effaced, when the bowel is distended. Between their lower ends little arches are sometimes found stretching from one to the other, forming pockets of skin and mucous membrane. These are the sinuses of Morgagni ; they are more developed in old people. C, Posterior, a collection of white-matter situated in the spinal cord on either side between the posterior horns and posterior nerve-roots, and the posterior median fissure. It is divided into two parts by the imperfect intermediate septum, a narrow "pos- tero-median column," and a wide "postero-external column." C, Postero- external, the outer wider division of the posterior column of the cord ; the column of Burdach. C, Postero-median, the me- dian division of the poste- rior column of the cord ; the column of Goll. C. of Rolando, an eminence on the lateral border of the medulla oblongata. C. of Spitzka-Lissauer, in the spinal cord a group of nerve-fibers lying just in front and just behind the posterior horns or cornua. C, Posterior - vesicu- lar. See Column of Clarke. C. of Turck, the anterior or direct pyramidal tract. Col- umns of the External Abdominal Ring, the free borders of the apon- eurosis of the external oblique muscle. Columna (/&t>/-Mw'-«(7//) [L.]. A column or pillar. C. bertini, that part of the cortical structure of the kid- neys that separates the sides of any two pyramids, and through which the arteries and nerves enter, and the veins and lymphatics emerge. C. nasi, the antero- posterior septum between the nostrils. C. vertebralis, the spinal column. Columnse carneae, muscular col- umns projecting from the inner surface of the cardiac ventricles. Colytic {ko-lif'-ik) \_Ko'kvTiii6^, preventive]. Prevent- ive; inhibitory; caused by an obstruction ; antiseptic. Coma {ko' -mah) \_K.6firi, the hair of the head]. In bi- ology, any tuft, as the top of a pineapple, the hairs on the end of a seed, etc. Coma {ko'-mah) [Kw/za, deep sleep]. Abnormally deep and prolonged sleep, with the cerebral functions in abey- ance ; it is due to many conditions affecting the cere- brum directly or indirectly. The well-marked form is characterized by stertorous breathing, relaxation of the sphincters, lividity of the face, and loss of parallelism of the optic axes. C, Alcohol, that due to poison- ing by alcohol. C, Apoplectic, that due to apoplexy. C. diaceticum, a fonn of coma occurring in carcinoma of the stomach and in diabetes. It is due to the pres- ence of diacetic acid in the system. It is also called Diabetic coma. C. Kussmaul's. See Kussmatd. C, Uremic, that due to uremia. C. Vigil, a comatose Columns of Spinal Cord. A. C. Anterior commissure. P.C. Posterior commissure. I.g.s. Intermediate gray substance. P. cor. Posterior cornu. c. c p. Caput cornu posterioris. L. L. L. Lateral limiting layer. A.-L. A. T. Antero-lateral ascending tract, which extends along the periphery of the cord. (^Gowers.) COMANIC ACID 314 COMPLEXUS condition in which the patient lies with open eyes, but unconscious and delirious. This is occasionally met with in typhoid and typhus fevers, and in deli- rium tremens. Comanic Acid [ko-man'-ik). See Acid. Comatose [ko'-inat-ds) [Kufia, a deep sleep]. In a con- dition of coma. Combination [kom-bin-a' -skun) [_combinare, to com- bine]. The act of grouping or uniting; chemic union. C.-back, in the microscope, the lens-system of an objective farthest from the object, composed of a plano-concave of flint glass and a bi-concave of crown glass, or a bi-concave and two bi-convex glasses. C. -front, in the microscope, the lens-system nearest the objective. Combustion {kom-bus'-chwt) [combtirere, to burn up]. The process of o.xidation, attended with the liberation of heat and sometimes of light. It is loosely used as a synonym of inflammation. C, Spontaneous, that due to heat from chemic changes, such as the spon- taneous ignition of oiled waste or shoddy in woolen mills, factories, etc. C, Spontaneous Human, the supposed burning of the body without the external application of heat. Comedo [kom'-e-do) [cow^o'f, a glutton : //., Comedones']. Grubs ; Grub- worms ; Black-heads. A chronic dis- order of the sebaceous glands characterized by yellow- ish or whitish pin-point and pin-head sized elevations, containing in their center exposed blackish points. They are found usually on the face, back of the neck, chest, and back, and are often associated with acne. They occur as a rule in the young. Occasionally a parasite, the Deinodex foUicidoruiit, a small mite, is found in each comedo. Comenic Acid {ko-men'-ik). See Acid. Comes {ko'-mez) [L.://. , Comites\. A companion, as a vein or nerve to an artery. Comfrey [kiim'-fre) [ME., cuiiifirie]. The root of Syinphytnin officinale., a demulcent, slightly astringent and tonic drug. It is a common ingredient of domes- tic cough-mixtures. Dose of the decoction indefinite ; of the fld. ext. 3j-ij. Unof. Comma-bacillus {kom' -ah-bas-il' -us). See Bacteria, Svnouviiiaiic Table of. Commensal [ko?!i-cn'-sal) [co/?i, together; mensa, table]. In biology, the harmonious living together of two animals or plants. One of two such organisms. Commi i^koin'-e) \_K6fifiL, a gum]. Any gum; the purgative gum-resin of Exccecaria cochinckinensis, a tree of Indo-china. Comminution {lioin-in-ti' -shun') \comminiitio ; com- viinuere, to break in pieces]. The process by which a solid body is reduced to pieces of varying sizes. It includes the various operations of cutting, rasping, grating, slicing, pulverizing, levigating, triturating, elutriating, granulating, etc. See, also, Fracture, Comminuted . Commissure, Commissura (Itom'-is-iir, kom-is-u'- rah) \_cominittere , to unite]. A joining or uniting together. C, Anterior ^of third ventricle) , a rounded cord of white fibers placed in front of the anterior crura of the fornix. It perforates the corpus striatum on either side, and spreads out into the substance of the hemispheres over the roof of the descending horns of the lateral ventricles. C, Anterior White {of spinal cord), a layer of fibers separating the posterior gray commissure from the bottom of the aterior median fissure. C, Gray {of spinal cord), the transverse band of gray matter connecting the crescentic masses of gray matter of each half of the spinal cord. C. magna, the corpus callosum. C, Middle, a band of soft gray matter connecting the optic thalami, and continuous with the gray matter lining the anterior part of the third ventricle. C, Optic, the union and crossing of the two optic nerves in front of the tuber cinereum. C, Posterior {of third ventricle), a flattened white band connecting the optic thalami posteriorly. C, Posterior White {of spinal cord ) , a band of fibers separating the gray commissure from the bottom of the posterior median fissure. Commissura brevis, a portion of the inferior vermiform process of the cerebellum, situated in the incisura posterior. C. simplex, a small lobe on the upper surface of the cerebellum near the incisura posterior. Common {kom' -un) \_communis, common]. Belonging or pertaining to all. Prostitute. C. Black. See Pigments , Conspectus of. Commotio {kom-o' -shc-o) [L.]. A commotion or shock. C. cerebri. Synonym of Shock. C. retinae, the name given to those cases in which a depreciation, or perhaps an entire loss of vision, follows a blow on or near the eye. It can be explained as the result of insensibility due to the same changes in the retina as occur in the central organ of patients suffering from concussion of the brain. Communicans {kom-id -nik-ans)\\^.'\. Communicating. C. noni. See Nerves, Table of. Communication {kom-u-nik-a' -shim) [^cominunicare, to communicate]. I. The transference of a contagium from one person to another. 2. The channel between two or more parts. C. -plate, in biology, a perforated diaphragm between the zooids of a composite actin- ozoon (the " Rosettenplatte " of Reichert, and the Communication-pore of Smith) by means of which communication is maintained between all the cells in a colony and between all the compartments of the stolon in Polyzoa. C.-pore. See C. -plate. Commutator {koin' -u-ta-tor) \_commutare , to exchange]. An instrument for automatically interrupting or revers- ing the flow of an electric current, making and break- ing it with desired frequency. See Electj-ic. Comose {ko'-mos) \_coma, hair]. Having much hair. Compass Plant {kum' -pas plant). .See Rosin Weed. Compatibility {kom-pat-ib-iF -it-e) \_compati, to suffer with]. The property of being compatible ; suscepti- bility (as of different medicines) of being exhibited in the same solution with no loss of the desired effect, and without change in constitution. Compensating {kom' pen-sa-ting) \compensare, to com- pensate]. Making amends for. C. Ocular. Se.e Oc- ular. C. Operation, in ophthalmology, tenotomy of the associated antagonist in cases of diplopia from paresis of one of the ocular muscles. Complaisance, Operations of {kom-pla-zongs' ). See Election . Complanate {kom'-plan-at) \complanatus, to make plane or level]. In biology, flattened. Complemental {kom-ple-mcn'-tal) \complementum, that which completes or fills up]. Supplying a defi- ciency. In biology, forming a complement to a female. C. Air. See Air. C. Ma^, one of such supernumerary males as those cirripedia {Ihla) that lie within the sac of the female. Complementary {koiu-ple-men' -ter-e) \_complementarc, to fill up; to complete]. Complemental. C. Colors. See Color and Pigment. Completely Born {kom-plef -le born). As employed in legal medicine, this expression implies that the child must be in the world in all its parts, i. e. , completely external to the mother. It does not imply that the pla- centa has been separated or the cord divided. Complexus {kom-pleks'-us) [comflexus, complex]. The totality of symptoms, phenomena, or signs of a morbid condition. C. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. COMPLICATION 315 CONCHOSCOPE Complication {kom-plik-a' -shun) \_cotnplicare, to fold together]. A disease or a process secondary to and more or less dependent upon some primary disease. Compos Mentis {koin'-pos men'-tis) [L.]. Of sound mind, memory, and understanding. See No7t Com- pos RIoitis. Composite [kom-poz'-it) \_co??iponere, to put together]. 1. Composed of distinct portions. 2. In biology, be- longing to the order Composite. C. Monsters ; this is a term used to designate any form of monstrosity showing some degree of duplicity in the main regions of the body. Composition {kom-po-zish'-im) \_i-ompositio, a putting together] . Compounding ; applied tO drugs. The constitution of a mixture. C. Powder, a popular name (originally Thomsonian) for the pidvis tnyrica coiiipositiis, N. Y . At present it is a mixture of finely powdered bayberry bark [Alyrica cerifera), 12 parts; ginger, 6 parts; capsicum and cloves, each I part. It is useful for sore throat and severe coryza. Unof. C. Tea, a warm drink composed of different spices, and used as a stomachic and to abort an attack of coryza. Compound [kom' -pound, or koin-pound') [ME., coni- pounen, to mix or compound]. I. To mix, as drugs. 2. Composed of several parts ; in chemistry, a com- pound l3ody. C. Cathartic Pills. See Colocynth. C. Cavities, cavities in teeth that are produced by the coalescence of two cavities or by the extension of a single cavity in such a manner as to include two sur- faces of a tooth. C. Fracture. See Fracture. C. Granule-Cell. See Corpuscle, Gluge's. C. Oxy- gen, a quack cure-all consisting of a strong solution of potassium nitrate or chlorate through which the air to be inhaled is passed. Compounding {koin-pound' -ing) [ME., conipounen, to mix]. The mixing, manipulation, and preparation of the drugs ordered in a prescription. Compress {kom' -pres) \cot)ipressus, pressed together]. Folded cloths, wet or dry, applied firmly to the part for relief of inflammation, or to prevent hemorrhage. C, Fenestrated, with a hole for drainage or inspec- tion. C, Graduated, the strip applied directly is small ; the others, progressively larger, cover it. Compressed (koin-presd') \_cotiipi-essus, pressed to- gether]. Firmly pressed together. C. Air, air the density of which has been increased by forcible com- pression. C. Air Bath. See Bath. Compression [kom-presli' -un) \conipressus , pressed to- gether]. The state of being compressed. C. -atro- phy, atrophy of a part from constant compression. Instances are the Chinese foot, liver-atrophy of tight lacing, atrophy of tissues from pressure by an aneurysm. C. of Brain. Stt Brain. C. -myelitis, myelitis due to compression. See Myelitis. Compressor [kom-pres'-or) \c01npri7nere, to press to- gether]. I. An instrument for compressing an artery, vein, etc. 2. It is also applied to muscles having a com- pressing function, as the C. naris, C. vence dorsalis penis, etc. See Muscles, Table of. 3. One of the light springs inserted on either side of the stage of a microscope for holding the slide in position ; a clip. C. sacculi laryngis, the inferior aryteno-epiglottideus muscle. See Muscles, Table of. C. urethrae, constrictor urethrre. See Muscles, Table of. Compressorium [kom-pi-es-o' re-uvi) \_coJ7ipressor, a compress] . An instrument devised for making pressure on the cover-glass of a microscope-slide in order to favor separation of the elements of the specimen to be examined. Comptonia [komp-to' -ne-ah) [after Henry Compton, Bishop of London, a botanist] . A genus of plants. C. asplenifolia. See Liquidambar. Conarial (ko-?ia' -rc-al) \_K(jvaf)Lov , the pineal gland]. Relating to the conarium. C. Vein. See I'eiti. Conario-hypophyseal {ko-na-re-o-hi-po-fis' -e-al) [ko- yd/j^jr, the pineal gland ; v-ocpvatc, an undergrowth]. Relating to the conarium and to the hypophysis of the cerebrum ; pineo-pituitary. Conarium (ko-na' -re-icni) \KuvapLuv ; dim. of kuvo(;, a cone]. See Pineal Gland. Q-oxiAXSovi {ko-na' -shim^ [(Wwr/, to endeavor]. Theex- ertive power of the mind, including will and desire ; a special act or exercise of the exertive power. Concassation {^kon-kas-a'-shun) \_concassatio ; con,\.o- gethtr ; cassare or quassare, to shake, tohsa.t.']. 1. The shaking of medicines, as in a bottle ; the pulverizing of drugs by beating. 2. Mental distress or affliction. Concato's Disease. See Diseases, Table of, and Polvorrh vineii it is. Concaulescence {kon-ka7ul-cs'-e}is) \_coj!, together; caulis,a. stalk]. In biology, the partial fusion of the pedicle of a flower with the stem from which it springs. Concavo-concave (Jwn-kah' -vo-kon' -kav). See Lens, Biconcai'c. Concavo-convex [kon-kak'-vo-kon^-veks). See Lens, Periscopic. Conceive [kon-sev'^ \_concipere , to take in]. To become pregnant. Concentration [kon-sen-tra'-shun) [irow, together ; cen- trum, the center] . Evaporation of part of the water of a mixture, thus rendering it relatively more dense. Concentric [kon-sen'-trik) [a?«, together ; centru/n,\ihe center] . Arranged in an equidistant manner about a center. C. Hypertrophy of the Heart, increase in the muscular texture of the heart, the capacity of the cavities remaining unchanged. Conception {ko7i-sep'-shun) \_concipere, to conceive]. I. The fecundation of the ovum by the spermatozoid. See Pregnancy. 2. The abstract mental idea of any- thing ; the power or act of mentally conceiving. C, Imperative, a false idea that an insane person dwells upon, and which he cannot expel from his mind, even when he knows it to be absurd, and which dominates his actions. Concha [/cd)';t;a, a shell]. A shell. Applied to organs having some resemblance to a shell, as the patella, vulva, etc., and especially to C. auris, or the hollow part of the external ear. C. narium, the tur- binated bones. C. santoriniana, a name applied to a fourth turbinated bone sometimes found in the nose; Conchiolin {kong-ki' -o-lin) \KbyxcL, a shell ; inv, a vio- let] , C.|jH^gN;|0,j. The skeletin material that forms the organic bases of the shells of gastropods. C. Os- teomyelitis. See Osteomyelitis. Conchitis [ko)ig-ki'-tis) [^Kdyxa, a shell ; ing, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of the concha. Concho-anthelix lykong' -ko-aiit' -he-liks) [/ioyja, a shell; ni^'^f//;, the inner curvature of the ear]. The muscle called obliquus auriculse. See Muscles, Table of. Concho-helix (kong'-ko-he'-liks) \_K6yxa, a shell ; f?i(f , a spiral]. The muscle called transversus auriculas. See Muscles, Table of. Conchology [kong-koF -o-jc) {jioyxci, a shell ; Asyeiv, to speak]. That department of science that deals with the shells of molluscs. Conchometer [kong-kom'-et-er) \_K6yxa, a shell ; fjirpov, a measure]. An instrument for the measurement of the shells of molluscs. Conchoscope [kong'-ko-skop) \_K6yxa, a shell ; the na- ris; dKOTTtlv, to inspect]. A speculum and mirror for inspecting the nasal cavity. CONCOCTIO 316 CONDURANGO BARK Concoctio {ion-^o/;'-s/u'-o) [h. J. Digestion. C. tarda. Synonym of Dyspepsia. Concoction (kon-kok' -shun) \_concoquere, to boil to- gether]. Tlie act of boiling two substances together. Concolor [kon-kiill' -oi-) \con, together; color, color]. In biology, having the same color on both sides or over the entire surface. Concomitant (J;on-kom' -it-ant) \ioncoinitari, to accom- pany]. Accompanying. C. Strabismus. See Stra- bismus. C. Symptoms, symptoms that are not in themselves essential to the course of a disease, but that may occur in association with the essential symptoms. Concrement {kon' -kre-metit) [coticrescere, to grow to- gether]. A concretion. Concresce (kon' -kres) \_con, together; crescere, to grow]. In biology, to grow together. Concrescescence {kon-kres-es' -ens) \con, together ; crescere, to grow]. In biology, the union of the germ-bands to form the primitive streak. Concrete i^kon' -kret , or kon-kret' ) \_concrescere, to grow together]. Solidified or condensed. Concreted Sugar, the product of the Fryer concretor, or simi- lar form of apparatus. It is a compact, boiled-down mass, containing both the crystallizable sugar and im- purities that ordinarily go into the molasses. It shows little or no distinct grain. Concretion (kon-kre'-shun) \_concretio ; concrescere , \.o grow together] . The solidification or condensation of a fluid substance ; a calculus ; a union of parts normally separate, as the fingers. C, Animal, an earthy deposit found in any of the various organs or secretions of the body. These concretions have a fibrous base containing salts of calcium, phosphorus, or magnesium. Concubitus {kon-ku' -bit-us) \concumbere , to lie to- gether]. Copulation. Concursus (kon-ker' -sus) [!:o«<:«ri«r, to run together] . A synonym oi Anastomosis. Concussion [kon-kush' -un) \concussio, a violent shock]. Shock ; the state of being shaken ; a severe or inju- rious shaking or jarring of a part ; also, the tnorbid state resulting from such a jarring. C. of Brain. Sse: Brain. C. of Spinal Cord. A condition caused by severe shock of the spinal column, with or without appreciable lesion of the myelon. Concussor [kon-kus' -o>-) \_concutere, to shake]. In massage, an apparatus for gently beating the part to be treated. Condaminea (kon-dam-in' -e-ah) [after Condamijte, the botanist]. A genus of Cinchona-yielding trees. Condensability [kon-detis-ab-i/'-it-e) \_condensare, to condense] . Capacity for undergoing condensation. Condensation [kon-de7i-sa' -shun) \condensare, to con- dense]. In chemistry, the union of two or more mole- cules by the linking of carbon-atoms and the forma- tion of complicated carbon-chains. 2. The patholog- ic hardening, with or without contraction, of a soft organ or tissue. Condensed [kon-densd') \condensare, to make thick]. Made compact; reduced to a denser form. C. Milk, milk that has had most of its watery elements evapo- rated according to a known process. Condensed milk prepared with the addition of cane-sugar is a white or yellowish-white product of about the consistency of honey and ranging in specific gravity from 1. 25 to 1. 41. It should be completely soluble in from four to five times its bulk of water, without separation of any ilocculent residue, and then possess the taste of fresh, sweetened milk. Condensed milk prepared without the addition of cane-sugar is not boiled down to the same degree, and therefore remains liquid. Batter- shall gives the following analysis of both classes: — CONDENSED MILK WITH ADDITION OF SUGAR. Brand. Water. Fat. Cane-sugar and Milk-sugar. Casein. Salts. Alderney, 30.05 10.08 46.01 12.04 1.82 1.80 Anglo-Swiss (American), . . 29.46 8.11 50.41 10.22 Anglo-Swiss (English), . . . 27.80 8.24 51-07 10.80 2.09 Anglo-Swiss (Swiss), .... 25.51 8.51 53-27 10.71 2.00 27.30 6.60 44-47 10.77 1.86 1.92 29.44 9.27 49.26 10.11 CONDENSED MILK WITHOUT CANE-SUGAR. Brand. Water. Fat. Milk-sugar. Casein. Salts. 52-07 15.06 16.97 14.26 2.80 New York 56.71 14-13 13-98 13.18 2.00 Granulated Milk Company, . 55-43 13.16 14.84 14.04 2.53 56.01 14.02 14.06 13.90 2.01 Condenser [kon-den' -ser) \condensare , to make dense]. A lens or combination of lenses used in microscopy for gathering and concentrating rays of light. Condiment {^kon' -dim-ent) \_condimentum, spice]. Spice, sauce, or other appetizing ingredients used with food. Condom, or Cundum {kon' -dum , or kim'-diim) [cor- ruption of Conton, the name of the inventor]. A sheath worn over the penis during copulation for the purpose of preventing conception. Conduction ( kon -duk' -shun) \_conductio ; conducerc, to draw together]. The passage or transfer of force or material from one part to another. C. -resistance, the resistance encountered by an electric current in passing through a circuit. Conductor [kon-duk'-tor) \_condz(cere, to draw together]. I. A body that transmits force- vibrations, such as those of heat or electricity. A term applied to the elec- trodes and cords by which they are joined to the bat- tery. 2. An instrument serving as a guide for the surgeon's knife." Conduplicate {kon-du' -plik-dt) \_conduplicare, to double together]. In biology, doubled or folded together, as leaves or wings. Condurango Bark {kon-du-ran^'-go bark) [native of S. Amer.]. Bark of Gonolobus fet?-a![ontis, or of Conglobus condurango ; a remedy much used in S. America as an alterative in syphilis. It was intro- duced into the U. S. as a remedy for carcinoma of the CONDY'S FLUID 317 CONICAL stomach, but yielded uncertain results. Dose of the fluid extract ^ss-j ; of the tincture, .^j-ij- Unof. Condy's Fluid. C)ne part of sodium or potassium per- manganate dissolved in 500 parts of water ; it is a useful disinfectant. Condylar [kon'-di/-ar) [/cdi'dtjAof, a knuckle]. Pertain- ing to the condyles. Condylarthrosis {kon-dil-ar-thro' -sis) \_k6v6v'Ko<; , a knuckle; apOpov, a joint]. A form of diarthrosis, wherein a condyle is set in a shallow and elliptic cavity, and free and varied movement of the joint is possible ; condylar articulation. Condyle {kon'-d'il) [/idffjuAof, a knuckle]. Any rounded eminence such as occurs in the joints of many of the bones, especially the femur, humerus, atid lower jaw. Condyloid {/c'o«'-^///-o!V/) \_K6vdv7iOQ , a knuckle; eWof, likeness]. Resembling or pertaining to a condyle. Condyloma [kon-dil-o' -mak) [Kovdi>'A.upa, a swelling : //. , Condylomata]. A wart-like growth or tumor about the anus or pudendum. The term is applied also to syphilitic patches and discolorations. Condylomatous (kon-dil-o' -mat-ics) \Kov6v7Miia , a swelling]. Of the nature of a condyloma. Condylotomy [kon-di/-ot' -o-me) \_k.6v6v\oi;, a knuckle ; T£p'Eiv,{.o cwi]. Extra-articular osteotomy ; a division through the condyles of a bone. Cone, Conus [ion, ko'-nus^ \Klsvoq, a cone]. A solid body having a circle for its base, and terminating in a point. A patch of choroidal atrophy near the pa- pilla of the eye, in myopia. C, Graduated, a cone- shaped body used for measuring the size of orifices of vessels, etc., especially in post-mortem examinations. C. Inhaler. See Anesthetic. C. of Light, the tri- angular reflection from the normal membrana tympani. C, Retinal, one of the rod-like bodies of elongated conical form, which, with the associated rods, form one of the outer layers of the retina, the so-called rod-and-cone layer. C, Spermatic, one of the series of cones forming the head of the epididymis, and composed of the coiled efferent tubules. Conenchyma [kon-eng' -kim-aJt) \_Kavoq, a cone ; lyx^lia., an infusion]. In biology, a term applied to tissues formed of conical cells, as the velvety surface of some petals. Confectio [kon-fek'-she-o) [L. : gen., Confectionis]. Official name for any confection, q. v. C. damocratis. See Mithridate. Confection [kon-fek' -shun) [^confectio, a preparation]. In pharmacy, a mass of sugar and water, or of honey, used as an excipient with a prescribed medicinal sub- stance. There are two official (U.S. P.) confectiones ; in the B. P. there are eight. Confectioners' Disease [kon-fek' -shiin-erz dis-ez'). A disease frequently occurring in the workpeople manu- facturing candied fruits, nuts, etc. It is confined to the nails of the fingers of the hands ; the nail loses its polish, and becomes black, and the periungual portion becomes loosened and raised. Configuration [kon-fig-u-ra' -shun) \configurare , to form after something]. In chemistry, a term now designating what was formerly called the " constitu- tion" or " structure " of the molecules. Confinement [kon-fin'-ment) [L. , confiner, to shut up] . The condition of women during childbirth. Confirmatory [kon-fir' -maf-or-e) \confirmare , to con- firm]. Confirming. C. Incision, an abdominal section, made to confirm a diagnosis, as in case of malignant disease of the ovary, uterus, peritoneum, etc. Confluent {kon'-Jlu-ent) \confluere, to flow together]. In descriptive pathology, a term applied to eruptions that run together. The opposite of discrete. In anatomy, coalesced or blended ; applied to two or more bones originally separate, but subsequently formed into one. Conformator (kon'-for-ma-tor) [Fr. , eonformateur]. A form of cephalograph used in determining the out- lines of the skull in craniometry. Confrontation [kon-frun-ta'-shun] \confrontari , to be contiguous to]. The bringing of one person into the presence of another from whom he or she has con- tracted a disease, as an aid in diagnosis. Confusion [kon-fu' -zhun) \confusio, a confounding]. Mixing ; confounding. Embarrassment. C. Colors, a set of colors so chosen with regard to their degree of brilliancy that they cannot be distinguished by one who is color-blind ; a good test for color-blindness. Congelation [kon-jel-a' -shun) \_congelatio, a freezing]. I. Freezing; frost-bite; intense cold or its effect on the animal economy, or any organ or part. 2. The chilling or benumbing effect of any freezing-mixture or application ; mainly employed for its local anes- thetic effect. 3. Coagulation. Congener [kon' -jen-er) [L. , of the same race]. In biology, belonging to the same genus ; closely allied. Congenital [kon-jen'-it-al) \con, together; genitus, born]. Existing at birth. Congestion [kon-jes'-chun) \_congerere, to heap up]. An abnonmal collection of blood in a part or organ. Congestion may be active or passive, atonic or inflam- matory, functional or hypostatic. It is also named from the parts affected ; the most important varieties of morbid congestion are the cerebral, spinal, pul- monary, hepatic, and renal. Congestive [kon-jes' -tiv) [congerere, to heap up]. Marked by, due to, or of the nature of congestion. Congius [kon'-je-us) [L.]. A Roman measure. A gallon. Conglobate (kon-glo' -bat) \con, together; globare, to make into a globe]. Rounded. C. Glands, the absorbent or lymphatic glands. See Gland. Conglomerate [kon-glom' -er-at) \_conglomerare, to heap up]. I. Massed together; aggregated. 2. A mass of units without order. C. Glands, acinous glands. Cong\n\\n [kon-glu'- tin) [row, together,- gluten, glue]. One of the proteids found in peas, beans, and other kinds of pulse. Vines considers it an artificial pro- duct. It is more glutinous and more soluble in acetic acid, and richer in nitrogen, than ordinary legumin. See Casein. Conglutination (kon-glu-tin-a' -shun) \_conglutinare, to glue together]. The abnormal union of two contig- uous surfaces or bodies, as of two fingers, or of the opposed surfaces of the pleural or pericardial sac. Congo (kon'-go) [native African]. A country of western Africa. C. Fever. See Fever. C. Paper, a test-paper stained with Congo-red. C. -paper Test. See Tests, Table of. C.-red, a red coloring matter which becomes blue in the presence of free HCl. It is used in chemic investigation of the gastric juice. See Pigments, Conspectus of. C. Solu- tion. See Tests, Table of. Congress [kong' -gres) \_congressus , a meeting together]. An assemblage for deliberative purpose. C, Sexual, coition, or carnal intercourse. Congressus {kong-gres' -us) [L.]. Congress; sexual intercourse. C. interruptus. See Coitus reservatus. Conhydrin {kon-hi' -drin) \_Kuveiov, hemlock ; v&up, water], Cf,Hj,NO. A solid alkaloid of conium, an oxyconin, occurring in pearly, iridescent, white, folia- ceous crystals, with a faint, conin-like odor, and melting at 121° C. and distilling at 226°. Conical [kon' -ik-al) \KuvLK.6q, pertaining to a cone]. Cone-shaped. C. Cornea. See Kerato-globus. CONIDIOPHORE 318 CONSCIOUSNESS Conidiophore iko-nid'-e-o-for') \k6vl(;, dust ; (pepecv, to bear]. In biology, applied to the hypha that produces conidia. Conidium (i'o-nu/^ -e-!t/;i)[_K6vic , dust ; iSiov, dim. suffix : //. Coiiii//o/-e a.nd Acros/>ore. Conidosis fykon-id-o' -sis). Synonym of Urticaria. Coniferin {ko-nif'-er-in) \conifer, cone-bearing], Cjg H,^,Og -f- 2H.^O. A crystalline glucosid found in the cambium of coniferous woods, and consisting of shining needles. It effloresces in the air and melts at 185° C. It is also called Abietin. Coniin [ko-ni'-in). See Coniiim and Conin. Conin (ko'-tiitt) \K.Lveiov, hemlock], C^H^jN. A vol- atile alkaloid that occurs in hemlock [Ccviium macii- latum), chiefly in the seeds, and is obtained by extrac- tion with acetic acid or distillation with soda. It is a colorless, oily liquid, having the odor of hemlock and boiling at 167-168° ; its specific gravity is 0.886 at 0°. Conium [ko-ni^ -uin) \_iiidvsiov, hemlock]. Hemlock. The green, full-grown fruit of the spotted hemlock, C. maculatum. It contains three alkaloids and a volatile oil. Its properties are mainly due to the alkaloids coniin, CgHj^N, and inethylconiin, CgHj^NCHj. It produces motor paralysis, without loss of sensation or of consciousness. Toxic doses cause death by para- lysis of the organs of respiration. It is valuable in acute mania, delirium tremens, tetanus, blepharospasm, asthma, and whooping-cough. C, Abstract., made from conium 200, dilute hydrochloric acid 6, sugar of milk and alcohol q. s. , to make 100 parts of abstract. Dose gr. ss-iij. C, cataplasma (B. P.), made from the leaves. For external use. C, Ext., Alcoholic. , each grain representing one grain of the drug. Dose gr. ij-v-xl. C, Fid. Ext., same strength as preceding. Dose l\ij-v-xl. C, pilula Comp. (B. P.), contains extract of hemlock and ipecac. Dose gr. v-x. C, succus (B. P. ), made from the leaves. Dose Tt\,xxx- ^ij. C, Tinct., 15 per cent, strength. Dose rvLx- 3j. C. Vapor (B. P.), for inhalations. Coniin, unof. , volatile alkaloid of conium. Dose gr. ^VtV- Coniin Hydrobrom., C-Hg(C3H7), unof., recom- mended for spasmodic affections. Dose gr. 3V~tV- All preparations uncertain in strength. Coniin. Hydrobrom., Injectio Hypoderm. Dose TTLj-iij. Conjugal (kon' -jii-gal ) \_i-onJzigaIis , a. husband or wife]. Pertaining to marriage ; connubial. C. Diabetes, diabetes affecting husband and wife together ; this is said to be not infrequently observed. Conjugate [kon' -ju-gaf) [con, together; jiis^are, to yoke]. Yoked or coupled. C. Deviation. See Deviation. C. Diagonal, Internal, an internal measurement of the pelvis from the middle of the sub-pubic ligament to the sacro-vertebral angle. It is 12% cm. C. Diameter (of the pelvis), the antero- posterior or sacro-pubic. 'Aee Diameter. C. Diameter (of the pelvis), external. See Baudelocque, Diameter of. C. Focus. See Focus. C.-symphyseal Angle, the angle that the conjugate diameter of the pelvis makes with the pubic bone at the symphysis. C, True, the minimum useful diameter of the pelvic inlet. See Diameter. Conjugation [kon-ju-ga' -s/ion) \_con/iigat!is, joined to- gether]. In biology, that form of sexual reproduc- tion in which two cells, similar in size and appearance, unite to form a spore. The sexual character of con- jugation was first pointed out by Vaucher, in 1803. Conjunctiva {^kon-jnnk-ti' -vali) \conjiinctiviis, connect- ing]. The mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the globe of the eye, reflected on and ex- tending to the free edges of the lids. Its parts are called palpebral and ocular, or bulbar. Conjunctival (kon-jimk'-tiv-al, or kon-junk-ti' -val^ \_coujHnctivits , connecting]. Relating to the con- junctiva. Conjunctivitis (kon-jiink-tiv-i' -Its) \_con/n7ictivus, con- necting ; (r(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the conjunctiva. It may be catarrhal, croupous, diphtheric (or membranous), gonorrheal, phlyctenular, puru- lent, etc. , in character or origin. C, Atropin, a peculiar idiosyncratic catarrh of the conjunctiva pro- duced by prolonged use of atropin as a mydriatic, and characterized by the formation of numerous folli- cles. C. crouposa, a form associated with the form- ation of a whitish-gray membrane that is easily re- moved. C. diphtheritica, a specific purulent inflam- mation of the conjunctiva spreading by infection, yielding a contagious secretion, and leading to necro- sis of the infiltrated tissue. C. eczematosa. See C. lymphatica. C, Egyptian. See Trachoma. C. exanthematica. See C. lymphatica. C. foUicularis, a form characterized by the presence of follicles. C, Granular. See Trachoma. C. lymphatica, that occurring in scrofulous individuals. It is accom- panied by the formation of ulcers. C. membranacea. See C. crouposa and Ophthalmia. C. phlyctenulosa. See C. lymphatica. C. pustulosa. See C. lymphatica. C. scrofulosa. See C. lymphatica. Connate [kon' -at). See Coiiflnent and Congetiital. Connection [kon-ek' -shun) \connectere, to connect]. Sexual intercourse. Connective [kon-ek' -tiv') \connectere, to connect]. I. Connecting ; binding. 2. In botany, the portion of the filament that connects the two cells of an anther. C. Tissue. See Animal Tissue. Connivent [kon-i' -vent) \_con7iivere, to wink at]. In botany converging toward each other ; applied to stamens that converge above, as those of the violet. Conocephalic, or Conocephalous [ko-no-sef-al'-ik, ko-no-sef -al-us) \_Kavor, cone; K.eare , to keep]. A confection, q. v. Conservancy i^kon-ser' -van-se) \_conservare , to keep]. Public conservation of health or of things that make for health ; the sum of hygienic or preservative legis- lation. C. System. See Sewage, Disposal of. Conservative ikon-ser' -vat-iv) \_ionservare , to keep]. Aiming at the preservation and restoration of injured parts ; as conservative surgery or dentistry. Conservator [Icon' -ser-va-tor) [rwzj'^rz'art', to preserve]. A person appointed to look after the business interests and general welfare of an insane person or idiot. Consolidant, Consolidating {kon-sol' -id-aiit , or kon- soV -id-a-ting) \_consolidare , to make firm]. Tending to heal or promoting the healing of wounds or frac- tures ; favoring cicatrization. Consolidation [kon-sol-id-a' -shun) \consoUdare, to make firm]. The process of becoming firm or solid, as a lung in pneumonia. Consonants [kon' -so-nants) [(■<>;;, together ; sonare^Xa souna]. Non- vowel sounds in speaking produced at certain parts of the resonance-chamber. They are sounded only with a vowel. They consist of E.xplo- sives. Aspirates, Vibratives, and Resonants ; they are also divided into four classes, according to the situation in which they are produced — the Articulation Posi- tions,— the first •■being between the lips ; the second between the tongue and hard palate ; the third be- tween the tongue and soft palate ; the fourth between the vocal bands. Labials, made at the lips, may be explosive (h,p), aspirate (/", 7v), vibrative (the " burr "), and resonant (w). These form the conso- nants of the first articulation position. Those of the second position are the explosives / and d ; the aspi- rates s, z, seh, th ; the vibrative r; the resonant n. Those of the third position are the explosives k and g; the aspirates are the unvoiced consonants, unvoiced ch and j \ the vibrative, palatal r\ the resonant, pala- tal 71. That of the fourth position is the aspirate, the glottis-formed h. Constant (kon' -stant ) \_consta7is, steady] . Fixed ; not changing. C. Battery, Element, or Cell. One yielding a constant current. A galvanic battery, of which the most common types are those of Bunsen, Callaud, Daniell, Gren^t, Grove, Leclanche, and Smee. Consternatio {kon-sfer-tia'-she-o) [L.]. See Night- Teri-ors. Constipation {ko7i-stip-a' -shitn) \co7istipare , to crush tightly together]. Costiveness ; retention and hard- ness of the feces from functional inactivity of the intes- tinal canal, or from abnormalism of the biliary or other secretions. It may also be due to mechanical obstruction of the intestinal canal, paresis of the intes- tinal walls, the use of certain foods, and general de- pression of vital activity. Constituent (kon-stit'-ii-c/it) \_fonstiluereAo establish]. A formative element or ingredient. The Constitu- ents of the Organism are organic and inorganic. The Inorganic C. are Water, forming 58.5 per cent, of the body ; Gases, such as oxygen, marsh-gas, etc. ; Salts, of which the chief are sodium chlorid, calcium phosphate ( forming more than one-half of the bones), sodium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium and potassium sulphates, potassium chlorid, calcium fluorid and carbonate ; Free Acids, as hydrochloric, sulphuric, etc. ; Bases, such as silicon, manganese, iron. The Organic C. comprise the large classes of the proteids, albuminoids, fats, etc. Constitution [kon-sfif-u'-shtai) \_constihiei-e, to dis- pose]. In chemistry, the atomic or molecular com- position of a body. In pharmacy, the composition of a substance. In physiology, the general temperament and functional condition of the body. Constitutional iykon-stit-u' -shim-al) \_co7istihiere , to dispose]. Pertaining to the state of the constitution. C. Diseases, in pathology, such diseases as are inhe- rent, owing to an abnormal structure of the body. Also, inherited diseases. Also, a condition in which the disease pervades the whole system. General, in contradistinction to local. Constrictor [ko7i-strik'-for) \co7isfri7jge7-e, to bind to- gether]. Any muscle that contracts or tightens any part of the body. See Muscles, Table of. Constringent (kon-sl7-in'-jent) \constringere , to con- strict]. Same as Asti-i7tge7tt, q. i>.. Consultation [ko/i-siil-ta' -sliioi) \j:onsultare , to take counsel]. A deliberation between two or more phy- sicians concerning the diagnosis of the disease of a patient and the proper method of treatment. Consumption (kon-stuiip' -shim) \_co7isii77iere , to con- sume or wear away]. Wasting, denutrition, or atrophy, loosely used as a synonym of Tuberculosis , especially pulmonary tuberculosis. Phthisis, q. v. C. of the Bowels. See Diarrhea, Chro7iic l7if!a/ni7iatorv. Consumptive {^ko7i-su7np' -tiv) [coiisiii/iere, to consume or wear away]. I. Of the nature of tuberculosis. 2. One afflicted with pulmonary tuberculosis. Contact (kon' -takt) \contactus, a touching]. A touch- ing. C. Lenses, in optics, a glass shell the con- cavity of which is in contact with the globe of the eye, a layer of liquid being interposed between the lens and the cornea. C. Series, a series of metals arranged in such an order that each becomes positively electrified by contact with the one that follows it. The contact- values of some metals, according to Ary- ton and Perry, are as follows : — DIFFERENCE OF POTENTIAL IN VOLTS. Zinc, Lead 210 Iron, Copper 1.^6 Lead, Tin 0.69 Copper, Platinum . .238 Tin, Iron 3.13 Platinum, Carbon . .113 C. Test, Heller's test. See Tests, Table of. Contactile, or Contactual (ko7i-tak' -til, or kon-tak'- tu-al) \_contactus, contact]. I. Tactile. 2. Due to or spreading by actual contact. Contagion [ko7i-ta'-ju7i) \co7itagio ; C07iti7igere, to touch]. The process by which a specific disease is communicated between persons, either by direct con- tact or by means of an intermediate agent. (See, also, l7ifectio7i.) Also the specific germ of virus from which a communicable disease develops. C, Mental. See I/nitafio7i. Contagionist {kon-ta' -jtm-ist) \co7itagio ; contittgere, to touch]. One who believes in the contagious origin or transmission of any given disease. Contagious [ko7i-ta' -jus) \co7ttagiii7ii , a touching]. Communicable or transmissible by contagion, nr by a specific contagium. //z/i'rf/ijz/j— applied to a CONTAGIUM 320 CONTROL disease engendered by a specific agency, which, once present, may multiply and renew itself in- definitely, and which always gives rise to the same disease, (a) Miasmatic — applied to an infectious dis- ease of which the specific cause exists only in certain localities, t'. , malaria, pneumonia, acute rheumatism, (b) Contagions — applied to a disease of which the cause is transmitted from person to person, through houses, villages, cities, and countries, e.g., variola, morbilli, scarlatina, diphtheria, etc. (c) jMiasmatic- contagious — applied to an infectious disease of which the specific cause is carried by persons, or their emanations, to a locality, and in the soil, water or houses of which it multiplies and thence generates the disease, e.g., cholera, enteric fever, yellow fever. C. Typhus. Synonym of Typhus Fever, q. v. Contagium [kon-fa'-je-it/ii) [L.]. Any virus or mor- bific matter by means of which a communicable dis- ease is transmitted from the sick to the well. C. ani- matum, same as C. viinim. C. vivum ("living contagium"), any living vegetable or animal organism that causes the spread of an infectious disease. Contest (kon'-test) \_contestari , to call to witness]. To dispute ; to strive for. C. Theory, the doctrine of chemiotaxis. Contiguity [kon-tig-u' -it-e') \_contiguitas, a touching]. Proximity. C, Amputation in the, is performed at a joint, without section of a bone. Continued [koti-tin'-ud ) \continuare , to make continu- ous]. Persisted in. C. Fever, a fever that is neither intermittent nor typically remittent. See Ferer. Continuity (kon-tiii-it' -it-e) \j:o>itinuitas, uninterrupted- ness]. In anatomy, the portion lying between two ends, as the shaft of a bone. C, Solution of. See Solution. C, Amputation in the, amputation in which a bone is divided. Continuous [kon-tin' -u-us) \_continiins, ']ome.d \ uninter- rupted]. Unbroken. C.-gum Work, a method of constructing artificial dentures. Contortion [kon-tor'-shitn) \contorquere, to twist]. A twisting or writhing, as of the body. Contour I /4i?«-/i>i?r') [Fr., circuit]. I. The line that bounds, defines, or terminates a figure. 2. In operative dentistry, to eftect the restoration of lost parts of teeth by building them up with gold, etc. C- feather-hair, one of those outer and longer hairs or feathers that go to determine the contour of a bird or mammal, as distinguished from a soft down-feather or a hair of the under-fur. C. -fillings, in dentistry fillings in which the material is so built out as to restore the lost portion of the crown of the tooth ; distinguished from plane or flush-fillings. Contracted Heels. See Hoofbound. Contractility [kon-trak-tiU -it-e') \_contrahere , to draw together]. That property of certain tissues, especially muscle, manifested by shortening upon the applica- tion of a stimulus. Contraction [kon-trak'-shzin) \_contrahere, to draw to- gether]. Approximation of the elements of a tissue or organ, thus diminishing its volume or contents. C, Carpo-pedal, a variety of tetany occurring in infants, and generally associated with dentition or seat-worms. There is a flexing of the fingers, toes, elbows, and knees, and a general tendency to convulsions. C, Closing, muscular contractions produced at the instant that the electric current is closed. C, Front- tap, Gowers" term for a phenomenon often observed in cases with exaggerated knee-jerk. It is a delicate test of increased spinal irritability. The foot is placed at a right angle to the leg, and the muscles of the front of the leg are tapped, the result being extension of the foot from contraction of the gastrocnemius. See Re- flexes, Table of. C. -furrows, a number of concentric curved lines near the ciliary margin of the iris. They are produced in the living iris by a folding of the iris upon itself during dilatation of the pupil. C, Hour- Glass. See Uterus. C, Opening, the muscular contraction produced by opening or breaking the cir- cuit. C, Paradoxic, Westphal's term for a phe- nomenon that consists in the contraction of a muscle, caused by the passive approximation of its extremities. C. -remainder, the stage of elastic after-vibration or residual contraction persisting in a muscle after with- drawal of the stimulus. C.-ring, the boundary line between the upper and lower uterine segments, often marked by a perceptible ridge. That portion of the uter- ine canal that must be dilated to allow the escape of the fetus is called the lower ttterine segment ; that portion above the point at which the dilatation ceases, i. e., the contracting portion of the muscle, is called the upper uterine segment. Contractions. See Contracture and also Abbreviations, in Introductory Tables. Contracture (kon-trak'-chur) [^contractus, a drawing to- gether]. Contraction; permanent shortening, as of a muscle ; distortion or deformity due to the shortening of a muscle or of various muscles. In electro-thera- peutics, muscular spasms, clonic or tonic, the variety determined in regard to time, by the method of appli- cation of the current. Contra-extensio [kon-trah-ek-sten'-se-o)\l-,.'\. Counter- extension. Contra-fissura {kon' -trah-Jis-su' -rali) \contra, opposite to; /fj-wra, a fissure]. Cranial fissure or fracture pro- duced by a blow upon the skull at a point distant from or opposite to the seat of the fracture. Contra-indicant [kon-trak-in'-dik-ant] \_contra, op- posed to ; /«'in) . See Conhydrin. Cook's (AUeyer) Hematoxylin Solution. A solu- tion for staining microscopic sections. Extract of log- wood 6 gm., alum 6gm., cupric sulphate I gm. , and water, 40 c. c. are rubbed up into a paste in a mortar. This is allowed to stand for two days, and then filtered, and a crystal of thymol is added to the filtrate for preserving. See Stains, Table of. Cooper's (Sir Astley) Arsenious Ointment. An oint- ment composed of arsenious acid and sulphur, each one part, spermaceti cerate, eight parts. It has been used as a local application in skin-affections. C. Fascia. See Scarpa^ s Fascia. C. Hernia. See Hernia, scaA Diseases, Table of. C. Irritable Breast. Synonym of Mastodynia. C. Irritable Testicle. Synonym of Orchialgia. C. Ligaments. See Ligaments. C. Method. See Treattnent, Methods of. C. Operations. CONVOLUTIONS 322 COPIOPIA Convolutions of the Superior Aspect or Convexity of the Cerebrum. 1,1. Fissure of Rolando. 2,2. Ascending frontal convolution. 3,3. As- cending and superior parietal convolutions. 4, 4. First frontal con- volution. 5, 5. Second frontal. 6, 6. Third frontal. 7, 7. First occi- pital. 8, 8. Second occipital. 9, 9. Third occipital. 10. Anterior extremity of corpus callosum. 11, 11. Posterior extremity. Convolutions of the Inferior Aspect of the Cerebrum. I. Anterior extremity of corpus callosum. 2. Optic chiasm. 3. Tuber cinereum and infundibulum. 4. Corpora albicantia or mammillaria. 5. Pons varolii. 6. Third nerve. 7. Aqueduct of Sylvius. 8. Testes. 10. Inferior surface of frontal lobe. ii. Convolution of the fissure of See Operations, Table of. C. Ventilator. See / 'entilatioii. Coopers' Knee. An enlarged bursa patellae found in coopers, as the result of pressure exerted by the knee against the barrel. Coordination {ko-or-din-a' -sJiuti) \con, to- gether ; onHnare, to regulate] . The har- monious activity and proper sequence of operation of the various organs of the body, especially of those parts that cooperate in the performance of any function. Copaiba [ko-pa'-e-bah) [Sp.]. Balsam of Copaiba. The oleoresin of Copaifera offi- cinalis, C. coriacea, C. guianensis, C. niulti- juga, C. cordifolia, C. laxa, C. nitida, C. oblongifolia, and C. langsdoiffii ; legumin- ous trees, native to South America. It is a stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and an ex- pectorant, and is much used in gonorrhea, although now considered of doubtful value. C, Massa, copaiba 94, magnesia 6 parts. Dose TTLx-^j. C, Mist. Comp., Lafay- ette's mixture, unof. , copaiba ^vij, oil cubebs 3 j , glyceriti vitelli 3 vij ; triturate and add syr. aq. menth. piperit. ^ iiss; then add, with constant stirring, liq. potass. ss, tinct. cardamon comp. ij, spt. aether. nitrosi, 3 ss, aq. mentli. piperit. q.s. to make § viij. Dose gj-gss. C, 01. Dose Ti\,x-xv. C, Re- sina, mainly copaibic acid. Dose gr. j-v. Copal {ko'-pal) [Mex., copalli, resins]. Anime. These terms include a number of related resins that are of both fossil and recent origin. The copal resins, when of good quality, are too hard to be scratched by the nail, have a conchoid fracture, and a specific gravity ranging from 1.059 1.080. Unlike others, they are soluble with difficulty in alcohol and essential oils, and are, therefore, valuable for making var- nishes. The softer kinds are called anivie. Copalche {ko-pal'-cke) [Mex.]. The bark of Croton niveiis and other trees of tropical America. The term is a vague one, and is little used in medical literature. Copalin, Copalm {ko' -pal-in, ko'-palin) [Mex., copalli, resins]. The sweet-gum tree, IJquidambar styraciflua ; also the resin that in warm latitudes exudes from it, the so-called Highgate resin. Copeman's Method. A method of over- coming the nausea and vomiting of preg- nancy. It consists in digital dilatation of the cervix uteri to a slight degree, not sufficient to induce abortion. Copernicia cerifera (ko-pe7--iiish'-e-ak ser- if -er-ali) . See Carnatiba . Cophosis [ko-fo'-sis) \^Ku6^, deaf]. Deaf- ness or dulness of hearing. Copiopia [kop-i-o' -pe-ah) [/cf^Trof, a straining; t,n\), eye]. Eye-strain ; weariness of the eyes. C. hysterica, a term applied to those symptoms that indicate hyperesthesia of the fifth and optic nerves. Sylvius. 12. Olfactory nerve. 13. Third convolu- tion of inferior surface of frontal lobe. 14. Fourth convolution. 15. Third convolution of external surface of frontal lobe. 16. External border of posterior lobe. 17. Sphenoidal extremity. 18. Oc- cipital extremity. 19. Hippocampal convolution. 20. External convolution of posterior lobe. 21. Middle convolution. 22. Internal convolution. 23. Gyrus fornicatus. CONVOLUTIONS 323 CONVOLUTIONS TABLE OF CONVOLUTIONS OR GYRI OF THE CEREBRUM. Name. Location. Boundaries. Abrupt. Small convolutions at the extremity of the occipi- tal lobe. Angular. Posterior portion of inferior parietal lobule. Anteriorly, continuous with the supra- marginal convolution. Inferiorly, continuous with the middle temporo- sphenoidal convolution. Posteriorly, connected with the occipital lobe by the annectant convolutions. Annectant (4). Occipital lobe. Connect the occipital with the tem- poro-sphenoidal and parietal lobes. Annectant, external. See Annectant, first. Annectant, first. Occipital lobe; a portion of the superior occipital convolution. - Joins the superior occipital convolu- tion with the superior parietal lobe. Annectant, second. Occipital lobe, posterior part. Connects the angular and middle con- volutions. Annectant, superior. See Paroccipital. Antero-parietal. See Frontal, ascending. Antero-temporal. Sec Td^povdl fivstt Ant orbital . Frontfll lobe (of or3.n^-outsn§[)j orbitsl surfscc Internally , olfactory lobe* Arcuate. Of Arnold. See Posterior, inferior. Fronts! Iodg (orbits.! 13.cc) \ probsbly the rectus convolution, q. v. Basirrhinal. Tempora,] lobe, near tip. Hippocampal and amygdaline fissures. Breves. The larger number of the insular convolutions, as distinguished from the long insular. Bridging. See Annectant. Broca's. The inferior or third frontal convolution, q. v. Callosal. See Fornicate. Calloso-marginal. See Fornicate. Central, anterior. See Frontal, ascending. Central, posterior. See Parietal, ascending. Choroid, anterior. In the embryo, the convexity of the parietes of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle. Choroid, inferior. See Choroid, posterior. Choroid, posteriof . In the embryo, a convexity posterior to the ante- rior choroid convolution in the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle. Choroid, superior. See Choroid, anterior. Of the corpus callosum. See Fornicate. Cruciate. See Orbital convolutions . Cuneate. Occipital lobe, median aspect of cerebrum ; wedge-shaped. Above, parieto-occipital fissure. Be- low, calcarine fissure. Cuneiform. See Abrupt. Dentate. In the dentate fissure ; rudimentary in man. Above, the taenia hippocampi ; termi- nates in the notch of the uncinate gyrus. Descending. Occipital lobe. Anteriorly, post-calcarine fissure. Divisus. See Frontal, ascending. D'ourlet. See Fornicate. External (4). Convexity of each cerebral hemisphere (of dog). CONVOLUTIONS 324 CONVOLUTIONS TABLE OF CONVOLUTIONS OR GYRI OF THE CEREBRUM.— Con/ittued. Name. Location. Boundaries. Fornicate. Median surface of cerebrum, immediately above the corpus callosum. Above, calloso-marginal fissure. In- ternally, great longitudinal fissure. Below, corpus callosum. r roniai. See FyoHtcily asccficLifi^ • Frontal, ascending. Frontal lobe. — : A.oOD€ 3.nQ ucloiv, ^cncnfllly cotitinuous with the ascending parietal convolu- tion. Post^ytofly fissure of Rol3.ricio. Anteriorly , precentral and supercen- tral fissures. Frontal, first. See Frontal, superior. Frontal, inferior. Frontal lobe, lower and outer portion. U-shaped convolution ; forms an essential part of Broca's speech-center. Above, subfrontal fissure. Posteriorly, the ascending frontal convolution. Anteriorly, becomes the posterior orbital convolution. Frontal, lower. See Frontal, inferior. Frontal, middle. See Frontal, second. Frontal, second. Frontal lobe between the superior and inferior frontal convolutions. Posteriorly , continuous with the as- cending frontal convolution. Ante- riorly, continuous with the middle orbital convolution. Above, super- frontal fissure. B eloiv , subfrontal fissure. Frontal, straight. See Rectus. Frontal, superior. Frontal lobe. Posteriorly, continuous with ascend- ing frontal c. Anteriorly, continuous with the internal orbital. Its mesal surface is called the marginal c. Be- low, the superfrontal fissure. Frontal, third. See Frontal, inferior. Frontal, transverse. See Frontal, ascending. Frontal, upper. See Frontal, superior. Fronto-marginal. Frontal lobe of cerebrum, median aspect. Above, fronto-marginal fissure. Below, supercallosal fissure. Fronto~parietal , middle. See Frontal, superior. X USilUl III • See Subcollateral. Geniculate. " Passes from the anterior extremity of the forni- cate convolution over the upper surface of the callosum, becoming the medial and lateral striae Lancisi." Glossiform. See Subcalcarine. Kxtends from the splenium, dipping behind and below the callosum, and continuing forward to the uncinate convolution. The hippocampal and collateral fis- sures. Anteriorly, the uncinate con- volution. Posteriorly, the splenium. Infero-frontal. See Subfrontal. Inflected. A V-shaped convolution about the inflected fis- sure. Infra-marginal. Temporo-sphenoidal lobe, the superior convolu- tion. Above, the Sylvian fissure. Below, the super-temporal or parallel fissure. Insular. One of a group of small convolutions that form the island of Reil. Insular, long. A portion of the insula ; recognized by its length and horizontal direction. Intercentral. The convolution between the two parallel central fissures, in the rare cases in which two co-exist. The parallel central fissures. Internal. See Fornicate. Lingual. See Subcalcarine. Longitudinal, superior internal. See Fornicate. Marginal. Frontal lobe. [ntemally, longitudinal fissure. Infe- riorly, the calloso-marginal fissure. Posteriorly, the calloso-marginal fis- sure and fissure of Rolando. CONVOLUTIONS 325 CONVOLUTIONS TABLE OF CONVOLUTIONS OR GYRI OF THE CEREBRVM.—Con/imeed. BoUNDARI ES. Marginal, external. See fornicate. Marginal, inferior. See Supertemporal. Marginal, internal. The lamina of the septum lucidum and dentate convolution. Above and externally, by the fornicate convolution. Medifrontal. See Frontal, second. Medio-parietal, transverse. See Parietal, ascending. Meditemporal. Middle of temporal lobe ; a small horizontal con- volution'. ^Jow?, the supertemporal fissure. Be- low, meditemporal fissure. Posteri- orly, continuous with the angular convolution. Mendel's. See Opercular. Nuclear; also called Rauber's con- volution. A fold of gray matter in the olivary body. Occipital, fifth. Occipital lobe (of gorilla). Corresponds to the lingual convolution of man. Occipital, first. See Occipital, superior. Occipital, fourth. Occipital lobe (of gorilla). Corresponds to the fusiform of man. Occipital, inferior. Occipital lobe. ^ioz/^, middle occipital fissure. Below, inferior occipital fissure. Anteriorly, continuous with middle temporo- sphenoidal convolution. Occipital, lower. See Occipital, inferior. Occipital, middle. Occipital lobe, between the first and third occi- pital convolutions. Superiorly, transverse occipital fis- sure. Itiferiorly, inferior longitudi- nal and occipital fissures. Internally, the median longitudinal fissure. Ex- ternally o\ anteriorly, it runs into the angular gyrus. Occipital, second. See Occipital, middle. Occipital, superior. Occipital lobe, superior surface, upper convolu- tion. Connected with the superior parietal by the annectant gyrus. Occipital, third. See Occipital, inferior. Occipital, upper. See Occipital, superior. Occipito-temporal . Lower surface of temporo-sphenoidal lobe. Occipito-temporal, inferior. See Subcollateral. Occipito-temporal, lateral. See Subcollateral. Occipito-temporal, middle. See Subcaicarine. Occipito-temporal, superior. See Subcalcarijie. Olfactory. Arises in the anterior perforated space, passing forward in the olfactory sulcus, and ending in the olfactory bulb. Olfactory, external. The lateral root of the olfactory tract. Internally, the olfactory groove. Olfactory, internal. Frontal lobe ; the ridge along the inner side of the olfactory groove. The internal root of the ol- factory tract. Opercular ; also called MendePs con- volution. Frontal lobe. Enters into the operculum. Of the operculum. See Breves. Orbital. Frontal lobe ; small convolutions on the orbital surface. Orbital, anterior. Frontal lobe. Continuous with the middle frontal convolution. Posteriorly, orbital sul- cus. Orbital, external. See Frontal, inferior. Orbital, internal. Frontal lobe. Internally, the rectus convolution. CONVOLUTIONS 326 CONVOLUTIONS TABLE OF CONVOLUTIONS OR GYRI OF THE CEREBRUU.—Confinued. Name. Location. Boundaries. Orbital, lateral. Frontal lobe. The ventral portion of the subfrontal convolution. Orbital, middle. Frontal lobe. ■Internally, the internal orbital convo- lution. Orbital, posterior. Frontal lobe, a small convolution. Anteriorly and internally, the orbital fissure. Continuous with the inferior frontal convolution. Orbital, transverse. Frontal lobe, posterior portion of inferior surface. Paracentral. Parietal and post-frontal lobes, mesial aspect. It is the motor area for some part of the leg. Below, the paracentral fissure. Dor- sal, the precuneus. Pararolandicus. See Paracentral. Parietal. See Superior. Parietal, ascending. Parietal lobe. Anteriorly, fissure of Rolando. Poste- riorly, intraparietal fissure. Below, fissure of Sylvius. Above and below, usually continuous with the ascend- ing frontal, and also above with the superior parietal convolutions. Parietal, first. See Parietal, superior. Parietal, inferior. See Subparietal. Parietal, middle. See Angular. Parietal, posterior. See Parietal, ascending'. Parietal, second. See Ang^ular and Subparietal. Parietal, superior. Parietal lobe. Continuous anteriorly with ascending frontal (generally). Anteriorly, upper part of fissure of Rolando. Posteri- orly, the external parieto-occipital fissure. Inferiorly , the intraparietal fissure. Parietal, third. See Marginal. Parietal, upper. See Parietal, superior. Parieto-occipital, lateral. See Occipital, middle. Parieto-occipital, middle (of Schwalbe). Occipital lobe ; the dorsal surface of the superior occipital convolution. Paroccipital. Occipital and parietal lobes; U-shaped, curving around the dorsal end of the occipital fissure. Laterally, the paroccipital fissure. Mesially, the margin of the cerebrum. Post-central. See Parietal, ascending. Postcruciate. Posterior portion of the sigmoid convolution. Posterior, inferior (of Arnold). Occipito-temporal lobe, ventral aspect. Postero-parietal. See Parietal, ascending. Post-frontal. See Post-cruciate. Postrolandicus. See Parietal, ascending. Precentral. See Frontal, ascending. Precruciate. In the dog's brain, the convolution lying in front of the cruciate fissure. Posteriorly, the cruciate fissure. Prefrontal. See Precruciate. Preorbital. Prefrontal lobes at junction of frontal and orbital aspects of the cerebrum. Caudad, preorbital (or orbito-frontal) fissure. Prerolandicus. See Frontal, ascending. Quadrate. Parietal lobe of cerebrum, median surface. Anteriorly, calloso-marginal fissure. Posteriorly, the parieto-occipital fis- sure. Beloiv, continuous with the fornicate convolution. Rauber's See Nuclear. Rectus. Frontal lobe, orbital aspect. Between the olfactory fissure and the mesial margin. CONVOLUTIONS 327 CONVOLUTIONS TABLE OF CONVOLUTIONS OR GYRI OF THE CEREBRUM.— C^w/wz/fa'. Name. Location. Boundaries. Rctroccntrsl. See PcLfictcLl^ ascending , See Pyscsfit^al^ Rolandicus, posterior. See Post-cenlral. Sagittal. In Edentata, the longitudinal convolution. Lies next to the longitudinal fissure. Of Schwalbe. See Parieto-occipital, middle. Sigmoid. A U-shaped convolution, including important motor areas. Surrounding the cruciate fissure. Straight. See Rectus. Subcalcarine. Occipital and temporal lobes ; a narrow convolu- tion. Above, calcarine fissure. Below, col- lateral fissure. Peripherad, the cu- neus. Subcallosal (of Zuckerkandl). Mesial aspect of cerebrum. Reaches from the chiasm to the ros- trum. Subcollateral. Temporal lobe ; the fusiform lobules of the brain. Connects the occipital and temporal lobes. Above, collateral fissure. He- low, subtemporal fissure. » Subfrontal. See Frontal, inferior. Subparietal. Parietal lobe. Above, parietal fissure. Anteriorly, continuous with the marginal and angular convolutions. Posteriorly, the paroccipital fissure. Subtemporal. See Teinporal, vnfevior , Superfrontal. See Frontal, supevror. Superior. See "Fetnporo-sphenoidalf supcKiOY, Supertemporal. See Infra-marginal. Supra-marginal. Inferior parietal lobe, anterior portion. Anteriorly , the inferior extremity of the intraparietal fissure. Pelow, con- tinuous with the ascending parietal and superior temporo-sphenoidal convolutions. Supra-orbital. See Frontal , inferior . Supra-sylvian. The third external convolution of the dog. Sylvian. In Afarsupials , the portion of the brain surround- ing the fissure of Sylvius. Temporal, first. See Infra-marginal. Temporal, inferior. Temporo-sphenoidal lobe ; the lowest of the three conv'olutions. Posteriorly, connected with the third occipital convolution. Above, the meditemporal fissure. Below, the subtemporal fissure. Temporal, inframarginal. See Temporo-sphenoidal, superior. Temporal, lateral inferior. See Temporal, inferior. Temporal, lower. See Temporo-sphenoidal, inferior. Temporal, middle. See Meditemporal. Temporal, second. See Meditemporal. Temporal, superior. See Infra-marginal. Temporal, third. See Subtemporal. Temporal, transverse. Temporal lobe, ental surface; a number (2 to 4) of short convolutions near its extremity. Temporal, upper. See Infra-marginal. Temporo-occipital. See Occipital, inferior. Temporo-occipital, internal. See Fuiiform. Temporo-occipital, middle. See Calcarine. Temporo-sphenoidal, first. See Temporo-sphenoidal, superior. COPODYSCINESIA 328 COPYOPIA TABLE OF CONVOLUTIONS OR GYRI OF THE CEREBRUM.— Continued. Name. Location. Boundaries. Temporo-sphenoidal, inferior. See Temporal, inferior. Teraporo-sphenoidal, middle. See Meditemporal. Temporo-sphenoidal, superior. See Infra-marginal. Transeundus. See Transitional. Transitional. A small convolution. Anteriorly, the ascending branch of the fissure of Sylvius. Transverse. See Frontal, ascending. Triangular. Frontal lobe. Posteriorly, the opercular convolution. Unciform. See Breves. Uncinate. Temporo-sphenoidal lobe (median surface). Above, the calcarine and dentate fis- sures. Below, the collateral fissure. Internally , the great longitudinal fis- sure. Vaulted. See Fornicate. Of Zuckerkandl. See Subcallosal. Copodyscinesia [kop-o-dis-in-e'-ze-ah) \k6koi;, toil, fatigue ; due, hard ; n'wijoiQ, motion] . Difficult or faulty motion due to constant repetition of the same act. Lewis's term for the so-called Fatigue-diseases. Copopsia [ko-pop' -se-ah). See Copiopia. Copos (/t'f/'-oj") [K^TTOf, fatigue]. I. Lassitude ; exhaus- tion after illness. 2. Cramp in the calves of the legs. Copper (kop'-er) [ME., coper, copper]. Cuprum. A reddish-brown metal not used in medicine in its metallic form, but represented by several salts. The latter are gastro-intestinal irritants, producing nausea and emesis. See Elements, Table of. C. acetate, Cu (C2H302).^, verdigris, used in pulmonary diseases, and as a lotion in skin-diseases. Dose gr. C. aceto-arsenite, Paris Green, used as a pigment and an insecticide. C. ammoniate, unof , ammonium carbonate 3, cop- per sulphate 4 parts. Useful in chorea, hysteria, etc. Dose gr. ]/(,-']■ C. arsenite, a salt valuable in intes- tinal diseases. Dose gr. jij. C. nitrate (B. P.), Cu (N03)3H.^0, is used for the same purposes as the sulphate. C. sulphate, CuS0j.5H.,0, soluble in water, valuable as an emetic. Dose, as an emetic, gr. ij-v, as a tonic, gr. J-^-'/^. C. Amalgam, a metallic filling-material composed of chemically pure copper and redistilled mercury. C.-colic. See Colic. C. -glass. Sa.m.sa.s Egyptian Blue. C. -green. Same SA Malachite-green. C. Indigo. Same as Oil Blue. C. Lazulite. Same as Azurite. C.-nose. Synonym of Acne rosacea. C, Potassio-tartrate Sol., Fehling's solution, unof, copper sulphate gr. 70, distilled water Tr\^400 ; also dissolve Rochelle salt, gr. 488, in water rt\^ 1600 ; when required, mix and add water to make 2720. Used as a test for glucose. Copperas (/{v/'-ifr-a^) \_cupri rosa,xoi,ii of copper (?) ]. A common name for ferrous sulphate. See Eerrnm. C- black. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Coppice--bark (/fo/'-zj-Z^izr/t' ). See Oak-bark. Copra [kop'-!-ah) [Hind.]. The dried and crushed kernel of the cocoa-nut, from which cocoa-oil is ex- pressed. Copragogue [kop'-rag-og) [Kdnpor, dung ; aycjyoQ, leading]. A remedy to carry off feces; a purgative. Copremesis [kop-rcm' -es-is) \_K.6npni;, dung ; eiieaic;, vomiting]. The vomiting of fecal matter. Copremia ( kop-re' -me-ah ) [ Kd-rrpoc, dung ; alfia, blood]. A form of general blood-poisoning arising from absorption of unduly retained feces. This con- dition is occasionally met with in chronic constipation. The symptoms are anemia, sallow complexion, ano- rexia, frontal headache, vertigo, nausea, flatulence, thirst, lithemia, fetid breath, lassitude, hypochondri- asis, and irritability of temper. Copremic {kop-rem' -ik') [/coirpof, dung ; ei-ieaig, vom- iting]. Relating to or affected with copremia. Coproctic [kop-rok'-lik) [^■07^pof, feces]. Relating to feces ; fecal. Coproecholalia [kop-ro-ek-o-la'-le-ah) [/cdrrpof, filth ; an echo ; 'kaXia, a babbling]. The mechanical and purposeless utterance of obscene words by the insane. Coprolalia ( kop-ro-la' -le-ah ) [/((^Trpof, filth ; 'kaXia, speech]. The use of filthy and offensive language as a manifestation of disease. See Habit-spasm. Coprolith {kop' -ro-lith) [/con-pof , dung ; ^(^?of, stone]. A hard mass of fecal matter in the bowels. Coprophagous [kop-roff'-ag-us) [/cdrr/aof, dung; (j>ay£iv, eat]. In biology, applied to dung-feeding beetles. Coprophagy {kop-roff' -a-je) [/lOT/jof, dung ; l'A.nc, loving]. In biology, fond of feeding or growing upon dung. Coprorrhea (kop-ror-e' -ali) [/cdirpof, dung; piiuv to flow]. Synonym of Diarrhea. Coprostasia [kop-ro-sta'-se-ah) . See Coprostasis. Coprostasis [kop-ros'-tas-is] [/coTrpof, dung ; ariai^ a standing]. The accumulation of fecal matter ; arrest of the onward movement of fecal matters. Coptin [kop'-tin) \_ii6nTetv, to cut]. A colorless alka- loid of Goldthread. See Coptis Coptis [kop'-tis) [KdiTTew, to cut]. Goldthread. The root of C. l>-ifolia, a simple bitter tonic resembling quassia. It contains coptin, an alkaloid closely allied to berberin. Dose gr. x-xxx. Copula [kop'-u-lah) [L. , " a band " ]. I. The co/- u/a alba cerebri, an anterior commissure of the cere- brum, 2. A thin lamina joining the rostrum with the terma. Copulation (kop-u-la' -shun) \_copnlarc, to couple]. The act of sexual intercourse. Copyopia (kop-e-o' -pe-ah). See Copiopia. COQUELUCHE 329 CORIANDER Coqueluche [kok-liisk') [Fr. , a hood or cowl]. Syn- onym of Injiiic7iza ; also of Whooping-cough. Coquet or Coquette {ko-ket') [Fr.]. Synonym of /«- Jlicoiza. Coquilles [ko-ke/') [Fr.]. A variety of dark eyeglasses curved like shells. Cor [koj') [L. ; geii., cordisl- The heart. See Heart. In biology, according to Casalpino, the seat of the principle of life in plants. See Roof-neck. C. adipo- sum, a heart with a simple excess of the normal sub- pericardial fat. C. biloculare, reptilian heart; a congenital condition in which there is absence or de- ficiency of the septa of both cardiac auricles and ventricles. C. bovinum. See Bovme Heart. C. seminis, the heart of the seed ; the corcle or corcule. C. villosum, hairy heart ; the peculiar shaggy ap- pearance presented by the heart in acute plastic peri- carditis, with the deposited fibrin existing in long shreds. Coraco- [kor'-ak-o-) [/cdpaf , a crow] . Pertaining to the coracoid process, as C.-brachialis. See Aluscles, Table of. Coracoid [koi-'-ak-oid) [fcdpaf, a crow ; uduq, likeness]. I. Having the shape of a crow's beak. 2. The cora- coid process. C. Ligament, a triangular ligament joining the coracoid process to the acromion. C. Process, a beak-shaped process of the scapula. Coracopectoralis {kor-ak-o-pek-tor-a' -lis) \K6pa^, a crow ; pectus, the breast]. The pectoralis minor muscle. See Muscles, Table of. Coral {kor'-al) \jtopa/CKLov , coral]. The hard sub- stance secreted by marine polyps. C. Calculus, a peculiar dendritic form of calculus found in the pelvis of the kidney, and forming a complete mold of the infundibula and calices. Coral Root (Jtor'-al root). Crawley. The root of Corallorhiza odontorhiza , a prompt and powerful diaphoretic that is used in fevers. Dose gr. xxx. C, Fid., Ext. Dose n\^xv-xxx. Unof. Coralliform {kor-al' -if-orm) \_corallum , coral ; forma, shape]. In biology, resembling coral. Corallin (kor' -al-in) \corallinus, coral-red]. A color- ing-matter derived from rosolic acid and alcoholic am- monia. It is used for dyeing red, and is noteworthy as being a cause of local and general poisoning, and it is liable to lead to cutaneous and constitutional affections in those who wear garments dyed with it. Some observers ascribe its ill-effects to an arsenical admixture. C. -red. See Pigments, Conspectus of. C. -yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Corallite i^kor' -al-it) \corallum, coral]. In biology, the calcareous calyx or cup of a single coral polyp. Corbiculum [kor-bik',-u-him) \corbis, a basket]. In biology, applied to the pollen-basket or the inner side of the tarsus of a bee. Cord \_chorda, a. string]. Used as a synonym for the Umbilical Cord, the vascular, cord-like structure con- necting the placenta and fetus. C. , Coiling of, loops about the fetus or its members. C, Columns of. See Colu7nns. C, False or Superior (vocal), a fold of mucous membrane on either side of the middle line of the larynx, inclosing the superior thyro-aryte- noid ligament. C, Knots of, real knots of the cord formed by the passage of the fetus through a loop. False Knots, accumulations of Wharton's jelly at par- ticular points. C, Presentation of, descent of the cord, at the beginning of labor, between the presenting part and the membranes. C, Prolapse of, descent at the rupture of the bag of waters ; incomplete, if remaining in the vagina, complete, if protruding there- from. C, Spinal. See Spinal Cord. C, Torsion of, twisting upon its axis. The blood-vessels of the cord make about 40 spiral turns. C, Vocal. See Vocal Band. C. of Weitbrecht, the orbicular liga- ment of the elbow. See also Chorda. Corda [ko?-' -dah). See Chorda. C. valvuleux, Du- four's term for the cecal pouches or pancreatic organs invariably and normally loaded with bacteria [Alicro- coccus insectorum, Burrill) in certain families of the higher Hemiptera [Pentato?nida, Scute Her idee, Corime- Icenidce) ; invariably wanting in the lower Hemiptera. Cordial (Jzor'-jal) \_cor, the heart]. I. Pertaining to the heart ; exhilarant ; stimulant. 2. An aromatic, spirituous stimulant. Cordiale (/Jor-t/t'-a'-Zt?) [L.]. A cordial. C. rubi fruc- tus. See Blackberry Cordial. Corditis {kor-di' -tis). See Chorditis. Cordon (for' -don) [Fr. , a cord or rope]. A chain of posts to enforce a quarantine against a place infected with an epidemic disease. Cordylus {kor'-dil-us) [rapdiX?;, a club]. In biology, one of the tentacular ' ' auditory clubs ' ' of Hydrome- dusce. Core (kor) [ME., core, a core]. I. The central slough of a boil or carbuncle. 2. The axial or central por- tion of the terminal corpuscle in a nerve. 3. A bundle of soft iron wires used as a magnet in the cen- ter of a coil. Coreclisis [kor-ek-li'-sis). See Coroclisis. Corectasis (kor-ek' -tas-is) [ffdp?/, pupil ; CKTaaic;, a stretching out]. Dilatation of the pupil. Corectome [kor-ek' -tom) [hop;/, the pupil ; inTeixve/.v, to cut out]. An instrument used in iridectomy. Corectomy [kor-ek' -to-me) \ji6pri, pupil ; eKriftveiv, to cut out]. See Iridectomy , and Pupil, Artificial. Corectopia (kor-ek-to' -pe-ah) [fdp//, pupil ; eKTonoQ, misplaced]. An anomalous position of the pupil; displacement of the pupil. Coredialysis (kor-e-di-al' -is-is) pupil ; 6ia7JveLv, to liberate]. The production of an artificial pupil at the ciliary border of the iris. Corediastasis (kor-e-di-as' -tas-is) [jiopi], pupil ; diaora- ai^, dilatation]. Dilatation of the pupil. Corelysis (kor-el'-is-is) [/top;?, pupil ; 'Avai^, a. loosen- ing]. The detachment of iritic adhesions to the lens, or to the cornea. Coremorphosis [kor-e-mor' -fo-sis) [/fdp/;, pupil ; /i6p(l>- 6j(7(f, formation]. See Pupil, Artificial. Corenclisis [kor-en-kli' -sis) \_K6pri, pupil ; eyKlstaic, in- clusion]. The formation of a new pupil by displace- ment, the iris being drawn aside and in part excised. Coreometer [kor-e-om'-et-er) [_K6p//, pupil, pkrpov, a measure]. An instrument for measuring the pupil of the eye. Corephthisis (kor-ef -tis-is) \K.bpi], pupil ; (ifliaic, a wasting]. See Corephthisis. Coreplasty (kor'-e-plas-te). See Pupil, Artificial. Coreses (kor'-es-ez) \_K6pig, a bed-bug]. In botany, reddish discoid bodies found beneath the skin of grapes. Coretomy (kor-et'-o-me) \K-6pr], pupil ; re/xveiv to cut] . Iridotomy or iridectomy ; any surgical cutting opera- tion on the iris. Coriaceous {kor-e-a'-she-us) \_corium,\tz.i'htr'\. In biol- ogy, leathery. Coriamyrtin [ko-re-am-er'-tin) \corium, a hide ; myr- tus, myrtle]. An exceedingly poisonous principle, a glucosid, obtained from the fruit of Coriaria myrtifolia. Coriander, or Coriandrum (ko-re-an' -der, ko-re-an'- drum) \_Kop'iavvm', coriander]. Coriander. The fruit of C. sativum, an aromatic carminative and stim- ulant, used mainly to give flavor to other remedies and as a corrective to griping purgatives. Dose gr. x-xx. C, 01., the volatile oil. Dose TT\^ij-v. CORIARIA 330 CORONAL Coriaria (ko-re-a' -re-ah \ [L-]- A genus of poisonous shrubs of several species, having a wide geographic distribution. C. myrtifolia, used in dyeing and tan- ning, has poisonous berries and shoots. The seeds and shoots of C. sarmentosa of New Zealand afford what is called toot-poison. The memory is said to be impaired after recovery from poisoning by this plant. Unof. Corium [ko' -re-uni) [L. , leather]. The deep layer of the cutis. Cork (kork ) \_co)icx, bark] . A substance obtained from the outer part of the sub-epidermic bark of certain oaks, cLiQueri iis ruber ■i.nAQ. occidentalism of the Mediterranean region ; extensively used in pharmacy, and to some extent in surgery. C.-oak. See Oak- bark. C. -black. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Corm iykoriii) [mp/idf the trunk of a tree]. The bulb- ous underground part of certain plants, as the crocus. Cormophyte [kor' -ino-flt) \_Kop[i6(;, the trunk of a tree ; (pvTov a plant]. In biology, a term formerly applied to vascular crypitogams and flowering plants — to all plants possessing roots, stems and leaves. Cormus (^kor'-mns) [iwwwj-, a tree-trunk : //. , Cormi']. In biology, a colony of animals, associated " per- sons." See Corm. Corn \_Lor?iz<., horn]. A local induration and thicken- ing of the skin from friction or pressure. See Claviis. C. -flower. Stt Centaurea. C. -plaster, a thick plaster worn over a corn, sometimes as a direct curative agent, and sometimes to prevent pressure and friction from the shoe. C.-silk, the long, thread-like styles of Indian corn, gathered while still green and succulent. It is used occasionally to relieve the pain and spasm of chronic and subacute cystitis, and is also recommended for gonorrhea, gravel, rheumatism, gout, etc. Dose of the tincture gss toj. See Zea mays. C.-smut. See Ustilago. C. -starch, the com- mercial name of a starch derived from maize, and| extensively used as an article of food, especially for invalids. Cornalia's Corpuscles. See Bacteria, Synonytnatic Table of. Cornalian Corpuscles. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. Corne's Test. See Tests, Table of. Cornea [kor'-ne-ali] \_corneus, horny]. The transparent anterior portion of the eyeball, its area occupying about one-sixth the circumference of the globe. It is continuous with the sclerotic, and is nourished by lymph from the looped blood-vessels at its peripheral border. It is lined posteriorly by Descemet's membrane ; the conjunctiva is firmly adherent to its substance in front. C, Conical. See Keratoglobtis. C, Leu- koma of. See Leukoma. C, Tattooing of. See Tattooing. C, Transplantation of, the operation of engrafting a section of transparent cornea from some animal into the space of an excised portion of leuko- matous human cornea. Corneal [kor'-nc-al ) \_corneus, horny]. Relating to the cornea. C. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. Cornein (kor'-ne-ir,) [^corneus, horny], C.,„H^^NgOu. The skeleton of gorgonia and certain corals. Corneitis (kor-ne-i'-tis). See Keratitis. Corneocalcareous (kor-ne-o-kal-ka' -re-US') \corneus, horny; calcareus, pertaining to lime]. In biology, formed of a mixture of horny and calcareous substances. Corneosilicious [kor-ne-o-sil isk'-us) \_corneus, horny ; siliceus, pertaining to flint]. In biology, applied to sponges containing both horny and silicious substances. Corneous [kor' -ne-i/s) \_iorneus, horny]. Horny, or horn-like. C. Tissue, the substance of the nails. Cornet [kor-net') \_cornu, a horn]. A small ear-trum- pet worn within the auricula, and sometimes concealed by the hair of the wearer. Comic Acid {kor'-nik). See Cornin. Cornicle [kor' -nik-l) \_coniiculum, dim. of cornu, a horn]. In biology, one of the horn-like excretory ducts on the back of a plant-louse. Corniculum {kor-nik'-u-lum) \_cornicula, a little horn : //. , Cornicula~\. A small cornu or horn-like process. C. laryngis, a small, horn-shaped mass of cartilage on the arytenoid cartilages ; called also the Cartilages of Santorini. Cornification (^kor-nif-ik-a'-shun) \_corneus, horny; facere, to make] . The process of hardening or mak- ing horny. Corniform [kor' -nif-orm) [cor>ni, a horn ; forma, shape]. In biology, shaped like the horn of an ox. Cornin [kor'-nin) [corneus, horny]. A precipitate from the tincture of the bark of Dogwood, Cornus fiorida ; it occurs in white, silky, bitter crystals, and is a tonic, stimulant, and astringent. Dose two to four grains. Unof. Coming's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. Cornu [kor' -mi) [L. : //. , Cornua\ A horn. A name applied to any excrescence resembling a horn. C, ammonis, the hippocafnpus major of the brain. C. cervi, hartshorn or ammonium hydrate. C. cuta- neum, cornu humanum, a horn or excrescence arising from the skin, with a deeper portion imbedded within. These horns vary in shape and size, and may resemble the horns of lower animals. They are solid, dry, dense, smooth or corrugated, laminated or excavated on the surface, often elongated and conical at the extremity. In color they are white, gray, yellow, brown, or black. They may be single or multiple, and may in- volve any region of the body, though usually seen on the scalp and face. They are likely to recur on re- moval. C. humanum. Ste C. cutaneum. C. sacri, the prominence on each bone of the sacrum. Cornual [kor'-nu-al) \_co?mu, & ):iorn\. Relating to a cornu. C. Myelitis, myelitis aff^ecting the anterior cornua of the spinal cord. Cornuan's Operation. See Operations , Table of. Cornus {kor'-nus) [L.]. Dogwood. The bark of the root of C yfom/a, with properties due to a crystalline principle, cornin. It is a simple stomachic, bitter and somewhat antiperiodic. C, Fid. Ext. Dose ITLx-^j. Cornutin {kor-nu'-tin). One of the poisonous basic principles or alkaloids of Ergot. Unof. Coroclisis, or Corocleisis (ko-ro-kli'-sis) \_K6pri, pu- pil; KAdoLC, a closure]. Pathologic closure or oblit- eration of the pupil. Corodialysis {kor-o-di-aF-is-is)\_K6pr),Xhe-p\i^i\; 6td\vaig, a loosening]. See Iridodialysis. Corodiastasis [kor-o-di-as' -tas-is) [^K6pr/, the pupil ; Stdaraaii;, separation]. Dilatation of the pupil. Corolla [ko-rol' -ah) \_corolla, dim. oi corona, a crown]. In biology, the inner floral envelop. Corona (ko-ro^-nah) [fwo«(7, a garland]. A crown. See, also, Capsula. C. ciliaris, the ciliary ligament. C. dentis, the crown of a tooth, q. v. C. glandis, the ridge of the glans penis. C. ovariana, the cres- centic area of tympany above the area of dulness in cases of ovarian tumor. C. radiata, a radiating mass of white brain-substance ascending from the in- ternal capsule to the cortex cerebri. C. veneris, a circle of syphilitic blotches occurring on the forehead; sometimes dependent upon caries or inflammation of the frontal bone. Coronad (kor'-o-nad) [corona, the crown; ad, to]. Toward the coronal aspect of the head. Coronal (kor-o' -nal) [corona, the crown]. Pertain- ing to the crown of the head. C. Intestine. See CORONAMEN 331 CORPUSCLE Perogaster. C. Suture, the suture joining the frontal with the two parietal bones. Coronamen [kor-o-na' -men) [L. , a crowning: Ccroiiatnina\. Same as Coronet. Coronary [kor'-o-na-re) \corona, a crown]. A term applied to vessels, nerves, or attachments that encircle a part or organ. C. Bone, the small pastern or me- dian phalan.x of a horse's foot. Coronate (J;oy' -o-nat) \coyo)iatus, to crown]. In bi- ology, provided with a crown. Coronen [ko-ro' -nen) \corona, a crown]. Belonging to the corona in itself. Coroner (kor' -o-ner) \_coronalor, a crown, an officer ap- pointed by the Crown]. An officer who inquires by authority of the law into the causes 'of deaths of sudden or violent occurrence. C, Inquest of, the legal inquiry before a jury into the cause of a sudden or violent death. Coronet [kor'-o-net) [Fr. , coronette, dim. of eorone, a crown]. I. In biology, a crowning circle of hairs. 2. In veterinary surgery, the lowest part of the pas- tern of the hoof, also called coronamen. Coronilla {kor-o-niU -aJi) [dim. of corona, a crown] . A genus of leguminous herbs. C. emerus is purga- tive. C. scorpeoides, abundant in southwestern Europe, has doubtful value in cardiac affections when increased amplitude of pulsation is required. C. varia is diuretic, purgative, and poisonous. Unof Coronillin [kor-o-nil' -in) [dim. of corona, a crown]. A glucosid from Coronilla scorpeoides ; it is said to be a diuretic cardiant. Corono-basilar {kor-o-no-ba' -sil-ar) \corona, a crown ; the base]. Extending from the coronal suture to the basilar aspect of the head. Coronofacial [kor-o-fio-fa' -shal)\_corona, crown ; fades, face]. Relating to the crown of the head and to the face. Coronoid (kor'-o-noid) \_corona, crown; fWof, like- ness]. Crown-shaped; as the C. process of the ulna or of the jaw. Coronule {kor' -o-m'd) [^coromtla, dim. of corona, a crown]. In biology, the tuft of down forming a crown to certain seeds. Corophthisis {ko-roff' -tis-is) [Kdpij, pupil ; Biai^, a wasting]. Habitual or permanent contraction of the pupil due to a wasting disease of the eye. Corpora [kor'-por-ak ) [pi . of corpus, a body] . A general term applied to certain parts of the body having a rounded or ovoid shape. C. albicantia. See C. ?nam- miliaria. C. arantii, the tubercles, one in the center of each segment of the semilunar valves. C. cavernosa, the cylindric bodies of erectile tissue forming the chief part of the penis. Also the two masses of erectile tissue composing the clitoris. See Penis. C. geni- culata, two small eminences projecting from the optic thalami. C. libera ar- ticulorum. Mures Ar- ticulorum ; joint - mice ; loose bodies, either fibro- matous, lipomatous, or chondromatous in nature, occurring occasionally in 1 joints. They vary in size from that of a pea to that of a walnut, and are of all shapes. They are most frequent in the knee-joint. They are of traumatic Corpora Cavernosa and Ad- origin. C. mammilla- jacent Parts. {Potter.) ria. Corpora albicantia ; r- Corpora cavernosa. 2. Cor- the mammillary bodies P".^ spongiosum 3- Dorsal , , , . ■', vein. 4, 4. Arteries. 5, 5. 01 the brain, ihey are Nerves. formed by the spreading out on the surface of Gud- den's ganglion and an adjoining ganglion of the some- what interwoven fibers of Gudden's and Vicq d' Azyr's bundles. They form the bulbs of the fornix. C. olivaria, the two oval masses behind the pyramids of the medulla oblongata. C. oryzoidea, the rice- like corpuscles or melon-seed bodies of hygromata. C. pyramidalia, the two bundles of white matter of the medulla oblongata, situated below the pons varolii. C. quadrigemina, the optic lobes of the brain, the four rounded eminences situated under the corpus cal- losum. The anterior pair are called the nates, and the posterior, the testes. C. restiformia, the large columns or cord-like bodies extending from the me- dulla to the cerebrum. C. striata, two organs, one in each lateral ventricle of the brain, composed of the caudate and lenticular nuclei. The first, or intra- ventricular portion, extends into the lateral ventricle. C. wolffiana, the " primordial kidney." Corporeal (kor-por' -e-al) \_corpus, a body]. Pertain- ing to the body. C. Endometritis. See Endome- tritis . Corpse [korps) [ME., cojps, a dead body]. See Cada- ver. C. -plant, the APonotropa utiiflora, a singular saprophytic plant of Asia and N. America ; it is a popular remedy for epilepsy and for sore-eyes. Unof. Corpulency (kor' -pii-leit-sc) \_corpitlejittis , corpulent]. Obesity ; fatness of the body. Corpulent [kor' -pu- lent) \_corpulentits, corpulent]. Ex- cessively fat ; obese. Corpus {kor' -pus) \corpus, a body : //., Corpora\ A body ; the human body. C. of Arantius. See Cor- pora. C. callosum. See Commissure. C. caver- nosum vaginae, the spongy tissue of the vagina. C. candicans, corpus mamillare ; a small white tubercle lying on the base of the brain, one on each side under the thalamus. The two form the boundary-point between the fore-brain and inter-brain ; each is com- posed of three nuclei. C. ciliare, the ciliary body of the eye. C. dentatum. See Olivary Body. Also a ganglion of the cerebellum, an open bag or capsule of gray matter, on section of a dentated outline, and open anteriorly. C. highmorianum, the mediastinum of the testis, a reflection inward of the tunica albuginea into the testicle at its posterior border. C. fimbriatum, the lateral thin edge of the tjenia hippocampi. See also Fimbria. C. luteum, the yellow body. Hyper- trophy of the membrana propria, or reticulata of the ovisac, after the escape of the ovule. C. L., False, that resulting when pregnancy does not occur, called also the C. L. of Menstruation. C. L., True, that re- sulting when pregnancy takes place, called also the C. L. of Pregnancy, and differing in several respects from the first. C. mamillare. See Corpus candicans. C. pampiniforme, the parovarium. C. spongiosum, the spongy body enclosing the urethra, etc. C. stri- atum. See Corpora. C. trapezoides, the arbor of the cerebellum. C. trigonum. See Trigonum vesicce. C. uteri. See Uterus. C. vertebrae. See Centrum. C. Vitreum. -See Vitreous Humor. Corpuscle {kor'-pus-l) [dim. of corpns^. A nanie loosely applied to almost any small, rounded, or oval body. C., Bizzozero's. See Blood-platelets. C. of Blood, the minute, biconcave, fiat discs, circular in man, elliptic in the camel, and oval in birds and reptiles. They are distinguished as red and white, or colorless. Red corpuscles have been divided, accord- ing to their size, into normoblasts (normal in size), megaloblasts or megalocytes (of excessive size), microblasts or microcytes (abnormally small), and poikiloblasts or poikilocytes (of irregular shape and size). The red corpuscles in the blood of man CORPUSCLE 332 CORROSION are about in diameter and Tirx? thick. They consist of a colorless stroma (paraglobuhn, cholesterin, lecithin, and neurin) infiltrated with color- ing-matter (hemoglobin). The white or colorless corpuscles are flattened, binucleated or trinucleated cells, about tt-j^q- in. in diameter, and exist in the ratio of I : 400 compared with red corpuscles. They possess contractile power, alter their shape readily, and in general appearance closely resemble amebae. They are most numerous in venous blood. The color- less corpuscles are variously designated as eosinophile , basophile, neutrophile, mononuclear, polyniiclear, lym- phocytes, transitional, large, small, etc. C. of Donne. See Colostrum-corpuscles. C, Eichhorst's, a special form of microcyte in the blood of those suffering from pernicious anemia. C, Gluge's, a variety of large cells containing fat-drops, myelin, or detritus. They are called also Compound Granule- Cells and Inflamma- CORPUSCLE OF KraUSE. I, I, I. Nerve-tubule. 2, 2, 2. Its medullary sub- stance. 3, 3, 3 Nuclei of the sheath of Schwann. 4. Granular substance occupying the center of the corpuscle and the contained nuclei. Corpuscle of Pacini. . Base, or proximal extremity. 2. Summit, or distal extremity. 3. Capsules displaying nuclei. 4. 4. Attachment of capsules to sheath of nerve-tubule. 5. Cavity of corpuscle. 6 Nerve-tubule. 7, 7. Nerve-tubule successively losing its medullary sheath and neurilemma. 8. Enlargement in which it terminates. 9. Granu- lar matter continuous with the base of this enlargement. toiy Corpuscles. C. of Krause, the spherical or ovoid corpuscles occurring at the ends of the nerve- fubules that emerge from a nerve-plexus. They occur in the conjunctiva, the edges of the lips, and various mucous and glandular surfaces. C, Malpighian, a name applied to the splenic corpuscles, and to the Malpighian bodies. C. of Neumann, the nucleated colored corpuscles of the blood seen after repeated hemorrhages. C, Norris's Invisible, colorless, transparent, biconcave discs of the same size as the red ones, invisible in the serum because their color and refractive index are the same as those of the liquor san- guinis ; they are believed by Norris to exist normally in the blood. They are probably red corpuscles that have lost their hemoglobin. C, Pacinian, certain small corpuscles occurring in the subcutaneous cellular tissue of the fingers and toes. C. of Purkinje, a bone- cell, iitt Purl'inje. C, Shadow. See Sl/aiMv. C, Tactile, of Wagner, the small., oval bodies found Tactile Corpus- cle WITH Two Lobes. in the papillae of the skin and enveloped by nerve- fibers. C. of V. Troltsch, a name formerly given to a series of lymph-channels between the two layers of the lamina propria of the ear. They are spindle-shaped on longitudinal section and stellate on transverse section, and are lined with endothe- lium. C, Valentin's, the small, roundish amyloid bodies found in nerve-substance. C, Weber's, the sinus pocularis. Corpuscula {kor-pus' -ku-lah) [L.]. Plural of Corpusculum. C. margi- nalia, in biology, the marginal sense- organs of Aleduscc. Corpuscular {kor-pus' -ku-lar) [^cor- pusculum, a little body]. Relating to or of the nature of a corpuscle. Corpusculation {kor-pus-ku-la' -shuti) \corpuscuhtm, a corpuscle]. A con- dition in which the corpuscles of the blood have undergone hyperplasia, being larger and more numerous than normally. Corpusculous (kor-pus' -ku-lus) \_cor- pusculum, a corpuscle]. Corpuscular. Corpusculum (kor-pus' -ku-lmn) [L. : //. , Corpuscula'\. A corpuscle. Correctant, or Corrective (kor-ek'- tant or kor-ek' -ti7<) \_corrigere, to correct]. I. Having the power to correct or to modify favorably. 2. A substance used to modify or make more pleasant the action of a purgative or other remedy. Correction (kor-ek'-shun) \_corrcctus ; corrigere, to amend]. The rectification of any abnormality (as a refractive or muscular defect), or of any undesirable quality (as in a medicine). Correlated (koi-'-el-a-ted ) \correlatus, related]. Inter- dependent; related. C. Atrophy. See Atrophy. Correlation (kor-el-a' -shun) \_correlafus, related]. In- terdependence ; relationship. Corrigan's Button. A cautery-iron. It consists of a button of iron, ^4 inch in diameter by ]4 inch thick, fastened in a wooden handle by a rod 2 inches long. C. Cautery. Same as C. But/on. C. Disease. See Diseases, Table of. C. Line. See Signs and Symp- toms, Table of, and Line. C. Pulse, water-hammer pulse. The jerking pulse of aortic regurgitation. The volume of the pulse is large, owing to the hyper- trophy and dilatation of the left ventricle ; hence there is a sudden expansion of the arteries. The regurgitation of the blood, however, as suddenly empties the artery, and the pulse- wave subsides rapidly. The peculiarities of the radial pulse may usually be intensified by rais- ing the hand. It is also called the collapsing, speaking, reading, locomotive, kicking, and shuttle pulse. See Pulse, and Signs and Symptoms, Table of. Corrigent (kor' -ij-eitt). See Corrective. Corroborant (kor-oh' -o-rant^ \_corroborans , strengthen- ing]. I. Tonic; strengthening. 2. A strengthening medicine. Corrosion (kor-o' -zhun) \corrodere, to corrode]. The process of corroding, or the state of being corroded. C. -anatomy, the preparation of any anatomic speci- men by means of a corrosive process that eats away those parts which it is not desired to preserve. In some cases a resisting-substance is injected, so as to preserve the vessels and ducts from corrosion. C- preparation, one in which the vessels, ducts, or cavi- ties of organs are filled by a fluid that will harden and preserve the shape of the vessel or cavity after the organ itself is corroded or digested or otherwise de- CORROSIVE 333 COSTEN stroyed, the cast remaining. Three methods are used : I. The injection is composed of rosin and white wax colored with paint, dissolved in balsam of copaiba ; after the injection, the organ is destroyed by hydro- chloric acid and water. 2. H'ooii's Fmiform Aletal, consisting of 7 parts of bismuth, 4 parts lead, 2 parts tin, and I part cadmium. The tissues are destroyed by caustic potash. 3. Celloidin : The cold celloidin is slowly and forcibly injected by a syringe, and the soft parts eaten by an acid or a digesting fluid. Corrosive [kor-o^-siv) \_coii, intensive ; rodere, to gnaw]. A substance that destroys organic tissue either by direct chemic means or by causing inflammation and suppuration. C. Chlorid, mercuric chlorid. C. Sublimate. See Hydrargyrum. C. -sublimate Bath. See Bath. Corroval (kor'-o-va/). A variety of curare, or arrow- poison ; a cardiac and muscular paralyzant. Corrovalin [kor-o' -val-in). A poisonous alkaloid ob- tained from corroval. Unof. Corrugator {ko7-' -u-ga-tor) \corrugere, to wrinkle]. That which wrinkles. See Muscles, Table of. Corset {kor'-set) [F. ,dim. oi cars, body]. In sur- gery, an investment for the abdomen or chest, or both ; useful in some spinal disorders and deformities, and in fractures or injuries of the thoracic walls. C. -liver, a liver characterized by a furrow resulting from the pressure exerted by a corset and situated chiefly in the right lobe. It is due to habitual tight lacing, and hence is found in women and, rarely, among soldiers. If extreme, the furrow can be felt along the margin of the ribs if the abdominal walls are lax. Corsican Moss. A mixture of fragments of various seaweeds, brought from Corsica, etc. ; called, also, hebtiintlwchorton . It is said to be alterative, febri- fuge, anthelmintic, and nutritious. Unof. Corson's Paint. A substance used as a means of coun- ter-irritation. It consists of croton oil 2 drams, ether 4 drams, compound tincture of iodin sufficient to make 2 ounces. Paint over the affected part with a camel' s- hair pencil once daily. ' Cortex {kor'-teks) [L. , bark]. The bark of an exo- genous plant. C. aurantii, orange-peel. C. cerebri, the external layer of gray matter of the brain. C. renalis, the cortical substance of the kidney. Corti (kor'-te). A celebrated Italian anatomist, 1729- 1813. C, Arch of. %titArck. C, Canal of. .See Canal. C, Cells of, the external hair-cells of the organ of Corti. ^eeCell. C, Fibers of, the rods of Corti. C, Ganglion of. 'Sise Ganglia, Table of. C, Membrane of. See Afembratte. C, Organ of, a series of some 3000 arches upon the floor of the basilar membrane within the ductus cochlearis of the internal ear. C, Pillars of, the rods of Corti. C, Rods of, the pil- lars of the arch of the organ of Corti. C, Rolls of, the fibers forming the inner limb of the arches of Corti. C, Tunnel of, a triangular canal between the layers of the rods of Corti. Cortical (kor'-tik-al) \_cortex, bark]. Pertaining to the cortex or bark, or to the cortex of the brain, or of the kidney. C. Epilepsy, C. Paralysis, such as is due to a lesion of the cortical substance of the brain. Corticiferous [kor-tis-if -er-iis) [^cortex, bark ; ferre, to bear]. In biology, producing a bark. Corticin [kor'-tjs-in) \_corte.x, bark]. I. An alkaloid from poplar-bark. 2. A form of tannin from certain wood-barks. Corticole [kor^-tik-dl) \_cortex,h&rV; colere, to inhabit]. In biology, growing on bark. Cortina {kor-ti'-nah) \_cortina,a. curtain]. In biology, the marginal veil of certain fungi. Corviform {kor' -ve-for»i) \_cflr7n1s, a crow ; forma, shape]. In biology, resembling a crow. Corvisart's Facies. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of . Corybantism [kor-e-hanf -izni) ^Kopvfim'avTia/xoc, cory- bantic frenzy]. Maniacal frenzy, with sleeplessness, choreic excitement and visual hallucinations. Corydalin (^kor-id'-al-in) [/copuJa/iA/f, the crested lark] , C,„H[;|NO^. A precipitate from the tincture of the root of Corydalis formosa ; it is tonic, diuretic, anti- syphilitic, resolvent, etc. Dose I to 5 grains. Unof. Corydalis {kor-id' -al-is) \_iiopv6nXAig, the crested lark]. Turkey corn. The tuber of C. formosa (Dicentra can- adensis), a tonic, diuretic, and alterative. Dose of fld. ext. n\,x-xl. Corydalin, the alkaloid. Dosegr. j-v. Unof Corymb {kor'-imb) [^Kopv/nSog, a head or cluster of fruit or flowers]. In biology, a flower-cluster on the inde- terminate plan, in which the axis is somewhat short- ened and the pedicels of the lower flowers somewhat lengthened, so as to form a flat-topped cluster. Corymbose (kor-im^-bos) [^KSpv/Lipog, a flower-cluster]. In biology, corymb-like, or arranged in corymbs. C. Eruption, a variety of the eruption of smallpox in which it shows itself in patches or clusters the size of the hand, as thickly set as possible, while the surround- ing skin often remains entirely free. The grouping may be symmetrically distributed. This variety of small-pox is very dangerous. Coryphodont [kor-if -o-dont) [^Kopixpi/, summit ; orSoi'f (bSovT-) tooth]. In biology, having teeth with pointed cusps. Corysterium {kor-is-te' -re-ti7n) \_KO(>vori](;, one having a helmet]. In biology, an organ found in the abdomen of certain female insects, that secretes a jelly-like pro- tective envelop for the eggs. Coryza [ko-ri'-za/i) \_K6pvg, Kdpv^a, the head]. Catarrh of the mucous membrane of the nasal passages and adjacent sinuses, popularly called a " cold in the head." See Rhinitis. C. caseosa, a term applied by Cozzolino to a disease in which the nostrils are filled with caseous masses. C, Idiosyncratic. See Hay-fever. C. maligna. ':r-,y\-\onym Snuffles of the New-born. C, Periodic Vasomotor. See Hay-fever. C, Vaso- motor. -Synonym of Hay-fever. Cosme's Paste. See Hebra's Arsenical Paste. Cosmesis [koz-me'-sis) {Koafieeiv, to adorn]. The art of preserving or increasing beauty. Cosmetic ijtoz-mct' -ik) l^Koa/jr/TiKOf; ; KO(yfih/i>, to adorn]. A remedy designed to improve or to hide defects of the skin or other external parts. It may be a white powder, such as starch, magnesic oxid, calcium car- bonate (levigated), zinc oxid, mercurous chlorid, or bismuth subnitrate applied externally ; it may be a white substance dissolved in dilute alcohol, which is left upon the face after the evaporation of the solvent ; or it may be a stimulant to the skin used internally, such as arsenic. C. Operation, a surgical operation to give a natural appearance to a defective or unsightly part. Cosmetology (koz-met-oF -o-je) [KOcr/zErof , orderly ; /dyof, science]. The science of the proper care of the body with respect to cleanliness, dress, etc. Cosmic Disease. Syphilis of the heart-valves. Cosmolin [koz'-mo-lin). Set Petiolatum. CoslSL {kos'-tah) ['L.'\. A rib. Set A'ib. Costal [kos'-tal) [_costa, a rib]. Pertaining to the ribs. C. Arch, the arch of the ribs. C. Cartilages, the 12 cartilaginous extensions of the ribs. Costalgia (kos-tal'-je-ah) \_costa, a rib; aXyoq, pain]. Intercostal neuralgia ; pain in the ribs. Costen (kos'-ten) \costa, a rib]. Belonging to a rib in itself. COSTER'S PASTE 334 COUP DE SOLEIL Coster's Paste. A remedy of some value in the treat- ment of Tinea tonstiraiis. It is made of iodin, 2 drams, in one ounce of oil of pitch. This is to be painted upon the patch and allowed to remain until the crust which is produced by the application falls off. Costicartilage i^kos-te-kar' -til-dj^ \c05ta, a rib; cai-- tilago, gristle]. A costal cartilage or unossitied sternal rib. Costicervical [kos-fe-ser^-vik-al) \_cosla, j, rib; cervix, a neck]. Relating to the neck and ribs. Costicervicalis {kos-te-ser-vik-a' -lis) \j:osta, a rib ; cer- vix, the neck]. The cervicalis ascendens muscle. See Muscles, Table of. Costispinal [kos-te-spi'-nal ) \_cos!a, a. nh ; spina, the spine]. Relating to the ribs and vertebral column. C. muscles, levatores costarum. See Muscles, Table of. Costive [kos'-tiv) \constipare, to be bound]. Consti- pated ; affected with costiveness. Costiveness (J;os' -tiv-ness) \_consiipare , to be bound]. An abnormality of digestion characterized by reten- tion and hardness of the feces. Costo- [kos'-to-) \_costa, a ribj. A prefix denoting con- nection with the ribs. Costotome [kos' -fo-tdin) \_costa, rib; TOfioQ, cutting]. A strong knife for cutting the costal cartilages in dis- section, etc. Costus Root [kos'-tus roof ). See Piitchuk. Cotnar [ko/'-nar) [a Moldavian place-name]. A rich, strong, and highly esteemed wine from Roumania. Coto {ko'-to) [Sp., a cubit]. Goto Bark. The bark of a tree native to Bolivia. It contains a bitter principle, Cotoin, CjjHji^Og, irritant to the skin and mucous membranes. Its therapeutic properties are not known. It is recommended for diarrhea and zymotic fevers and for the night-sweats of pulmonary tuberculosis. Dose of the powder, gr. j-xv ; of the fluid extract gtt. v-xv ; of the tincture (l in 10), gtt. x-xxx ; of cotoin, gr. ss-j. Cotoin [ko'-io-in) [Sp. , coto, a cubit], C22HjgOg. A crystalline substance found in Coto Bark. See Coto. Cottage-hospital [kot'-aj-hos'-pit-al). A small esta- blishment for the purpose of providing for the sick in a small and isolated community. Cotting's Operation. See Operations , Table of. Cotton [kol'-n) [yiF.. , cotoiDi]. Gossypium, a white fibrous seed-hair that envelops the seeds of the cotton- plant. The structure of the cotton-fiber is very char- acteristic. It presents a flattened and collapsed tube, slightly twisted in a spiral form, with comparatively thick walls and a small central opening. Chemically, it contains about 91 per cent, of pure cellulose, 7 per cent, of moisture, and a small amount of fat, nitrog- enous materia! and cuticular substance. C, Absor- bent, is the fiber prepared, by removal of oily matters, for the surgeon's use. C.-blue. 9>a.me Soluble Bhte. C. -holder, a probe roughened near the end, upon which cotton may be twisted into a pledget. C.-oil. See C. -seed Oil. C.-root. SeeGossrpium. C. -phthisis, a variety of pulmonary disease occurring among cotton operatives from inhalation of cotton-dust. C- seed Oil or C.-oil, olevim gossypii seminis, an oil obtained by pressure from the hulled seeds of several species of Gossvpium. The raw oil is brownish-yellow in color, somewhat viscid, of a specific gravity of .922 to .9306 at 15° C. The refined oil has a straw- yellow color, or is colorless, of a pleasant, nutty flavor, specific gravity .9264 at 15° C. , boiling at about 600° F. It possesses slight drying properties, and issaponi- fiable, but is chiefly used in adulterating olive, lard, sperm, and other oils. Cotton's Test. See Test' s. Table of. Cotunnius, Aqueduct of. See Aqueduct. C, Canal of. See Canals. C, Liquor, or Water of, the perilymph. See Aqua labyrinthi. C, Nerve of, the naso-palatine. See Nerves, Table of. Cotyledon {Jcot-il-e' -don) [/fort)/l;/Jwi', a socket]. A mass or tuft of villi on the fetal side of the placenta ; not normally present upon the human placenta. The placenta of the ruminant mammals has many such masses, hence is polycotydedonous. Cotyloid [kot'-il-oid) [kotij/i)/, a cup; eZJof, form]. Cup-shape. C. Fossa, or Cavity, the acetabulum. C. Ligament, surrounds the acetabulum. C. Notch, a notch in the anterior and lower border of the acet- abulum. Couch-grass (kowch' -gras). See Triticuin. Couching [kowcA'-ing) \^¥t. , coucher , lo depress]. The operation, now fallen into disuse, of depressing a cataractous lens into the vitreous chamber, where it was left to be absorbed. Couerbe's Test. See Tests, Table of. Cough {kof) [ME., cough, a cough]. A sudden vio- lent expiratory explosion after deep inspiration and closure of the glottis. C. -center. See Center. C, Trigeminal, a reflex paroxysmal cough, occurring in individuals whose respiratory organs are perfectly sound, and due to an irritation of the trigeminal fibers distributed to the nose, pharynx and external auditory meatus. C, Winter, a short troublesome cough of old people due to chronic bronchitis, and recurring every winter. Coulomb [koo-loin') [after Coulomb, a French physi- cist]. The unit of measurement of electric quan- tity ; the quantity of electricity that passes during one second through a conductor having a resistance of one ohm, with one volt of electromotive force. The micro-coulomb is the millionth part of this amount. Coulomb's Law. See Law. Coumalic Acid {koo-inal'-ik). See Acid. Coumaric Acid [koo-mar'-ik). See Acid. Coumarilic Acid {koo-mar-il'-ik). See Acid. Coumarin [koo'-?nar-in), CgH^Oj. A vegetable proxi- mate principle that occurs in Asperula odorata, in the Tonka bean, and in Melilotils of/icinalis. It is solu- ble in hot water, readily so in alcohol and ether ; it crystallizes in shining prisms, possesses the odor of the Asperula, and melts at 67°, in the proportion of 2 grains to the dram. It covers the odor of iodoform. Unof. Coumarone [koo'-»iar-on), CgHgO. A body, formed by distilling coumarilic acid with lime. It is present in coal-tar. It is an oil that sinks in water, and boils at 169° C. Counter-extension {koim' -ter-cks-ten' -shun). See Ex- tension. Counter-indication {kown' -ter-in-dik-a' -shun). See Cotitra-indication . Counter-irritation [l^own' -ter-ir-it-a' -shun) \contra, against ; irritai-e, to irritate]. Superficial and arti- ficially-produced inflammation, in order to exercise a good effect upon some adjacent or deep-seated morbid process. This is generally accomplished by vesicants, rubefacients, etc. Counter - opening ( koivn' -ter-op' -en-ing ) \contra, against; ME., openyng, an opening]. An incision made in an abscess or cavity, opposite to another, generally for purposes of drainage. Counter-poison {kown' -ter-poi' -zn) [^contra, against ; ME., poison]. A poison given as an anti- dote to another poison. Counter- stroke ifcown' -ter-strdk). See Contre-coup. Country Fever. See Fever, Plorida. C. F. of Con- stantinople. .Synonym of Mediterranean Fever. Coup de Soleil [koo duh so-lay') [Fr.]. Sunstroke. See Heat-stroke. COUP SUR COUP 335 CRADIN Coup sur Coup (koo sur /coo') [Fr.]. Blow upon blow ; a designation for an obsolete method of apply- ing venesection ; the successive bleedings following each other rapidly. Couperose [kup'-roz) [Fr.]. Synonym of Acne rosacea. Coupler's Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. C. Red. Same as Rosanilin. Courses {kors' -ez). See Menses. Court Plaster {kort plas'-ter). See Ichthycolla. Courty's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. Couvade (koo-z'a/ui') [Fr. , couver, to hatch]. Male child-bed. A custom of certain savage tribes in which, after child-birth, the father goes to bed, etc., and the mother gets up, etc. Couveuse (koo-viAr)z') [Fr.]. See Incubator. Tarnier's Couveuse. (From Fullerton' s " Obstetric Nursmg.") Qov&x (kuv' -ei-^ cuveren, \.o zo\^x\. I. To pro- tect. 2. To copulate with ; said of male animals. C- correction, an arrangement to so adjust the lenses of a microscope that the best definition may be obtained for varying thicknesses of cover-glasses. C. -glass, in microscopy, the thin lamina of glass covering the object mounted on the slide. It should not exceed inch in thickness. On account of its effect on the transmission of light, the thickness of the cover-glass must be considered in correcting the objective. C- glass Preparation, the fixing and staining of a fluid upon a cover-glass. C.-slip. Same as C-^Va^j. Cow (koiv) [AS., cu, cow]. The female of the genus Bos, and of other large animals. C.-bane, Water Hemlock. The leaves of Cicuta virosa, an acrid nar- cotic, highly poisonous to cattle, but not affecting sheep and goats. It causes intoxication and spasm. It is sometimes used externally as an anodyne in rheumatism. C. -parsnip. See Masterwort. C.-pox, C.-pock, a variety of pock seen in the cow, and thought to correspond with smallpox in man. C- tree. See Brosiinuvt. Cowage [kow'-dj) [Hind., kaivdnch, cowhage]. The external hairs of the pod of Mucuna pruriens, used in medicine as a mechanical vermifuge. Cowan-plant {kow' -an-plant'). 'its Atonsenel. Cowdie-gum {kow' -de-gum) [nat. N. Zeal.]. Codie pine resin. The resinous juice from the Dammara australis, a coniferous tree of New Zealand. It is one of the ingredients of copal varnishes. It is also one of the ingredients of the impression-material known as " Modeling Composition." It is one of the varieties oi Dammar, q. v., and is also called Kauri- gum. Cowell's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Cowhage, Cowitch (koiv'-dj, kow'-icli). ^tt Muctttui and Cowage. Cowl (kowl) [AS., cule,a. hood]. A cover for a chim- ney, that turns with the wind and assists in ventila- tion. Cowling's Rule. A rule for dosage. In his formula the age of the child at the next birthday is the nume- rator and 24 the denominator. According to this, the dose of a child approaching four years of age would be ^■j = ^ of the dose for an adult. Cowper's Glands. See Gland. Cowperitis [kozt'-per-i'-tis) \_Cowper, an English anato- mist ; iTii:, inflammation]. Inflammation of the glands of Cowper, usually gonorrheal in origin. Cowpoxing [kow-poks' -ing). Synonym of Vacci?u7tion. Coxa {koks'-ali) \_coxa, hip]. The hip-joint or the hip. In biology, the basal joint of the leg of an arthropod, abbreviated from cojcognailiite SiWd coxopodite ,o{ Milne Edwards ; also Coxopodite. Coxagra (koks-a^-gra/i) [(ro.v<7, the hip ; d)/>a, seizure]. Gout in the hip ; sciatica. Coxal (koks'-al) [_coxa, the hip]. Relating to the coxa or hip. Coxalgia (koks-al'-je-ah) \_(Oxa,B. hip; u/)Of, pain]. Pain in the hip-joint. See Sciatica, and Htp-joint Disease. Coxalgic [koks-al' -Jik) \_coxa, the hip ; a'Axpog, pain]. Relating to coxalgia. Coxarthrocace {koks-arth-rok' -as-e) [co.i'r?, hip ; apdpov, joint; KUKOc;, bad]. A fungoid inflammation of the hip-joint. Coxe's Hive-mixture. See Scilla and Antimonium. Coxecphysis [koks-ek' -fs-is) \_co.x:a, hip ; iufvaav, to blow out]. In biology, a branch springing from the coxa of an arthropod ; synonymous with the epignatk- ite 2caA epipodite of Milne Edwards, and with the podo- branchia of Huxley when it is connected with the branchial plumes, as in Homarus. Coxitis (koks-i'-tis) \_coxa, the hip; (r;f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the hip-joint. Coxocerite [koks-os' -er-it) [aj.ra, the hip ; /ifpar, horn]. In biology, the basal joint of the antenna of an arthro- pod. QiOxodLyrtxa {koks-o-din' -e-ali) \_coxa,\vv^\ 6(}i'i'/;,,pain]. Same as Coxalgia. Coxo-femoral {koks-o-fon' -or-al) \coxa, the hip; femur, the thigh-bone]. Relating to the coxa and the femur. Coxopodite {koks-op'-o-dit) \_Loxa, hip ; Troi'f, a foot]. See Coxa. Coxotuberculosis {koks-o-tu-ber-ku-lo' -sis) \_coxa, the hip; /2-e-kos'-tat) \_<:rcbe!\ close; casta, rib]. In biology, characterized by closely-set ridges. Q,re.'brisvL\ca.\.& {kreb-re-siiF-kat ) [r/Ww, close ; sulcus, a furrow]. In biology, marked by closely-set furrows. Crebruria [kreb-rtc' -re-ak)\_cfeber , close together ; ovpov, urine] . Frequent micturition. Creche ikrash') [Fr., a crib]. See Infant Shelter. Crede's Method {kre-da'). See Treatment, Methods of. C. Operation. See Operations , Table of. Credivite (kra-div-it-a') [Fr. ]. See Hypnotisi7i. Creeping Sickness {krep'-ing sik'-nes). The gangren- ous form of ergotism. Cremaster [kre-mas'-ter) [KpEfiaeiv, to support]. The muscle that draws up the testis. See Muscles, Table of. Cremasteric ikre-ynas-ter' -ik) \_KpEiLideiv , to support]. Pertaining to the cremaster muscle. C. Refiex. See Reflexes, Table of. Cremation {kre-ma' -shtnt) [cremare, to burn] . The destruction of the body by burning, as distinguished from interment. Cremator [kre-7)ia^ -tor) \_cremare, to burn]. A crema- tory, ^. V. C, Engle System, a variety of cremator for the destruction of garbage, in which the smoke and gases generated by the destruction of the waste material are consumed by a second fire. Crematory (krem' -at-or-e) \_cremare, to burn]. An establishment for burning the bodies of the dead, or for consuming garbage and other refuse matter. Cremnitz White. Same as White Lead. Cremocarp [krei?t'-o-karp) \_K.pEjiav, to hang ; Kapwo^, fruit]. The peculiar capsular fruit of the natural order Unibelliferie. Cremor (kre'-mor) \creinor, broth]. Cream. Any thick substance formed on the surface of a liquid. C. tartari, cream of tartar. Crena [kre'-tiah) [L.]. A notch, especially such a notch as is seen on the sutural margins of the cranial bones. Crenate {kre'-nat), or Crenated [kre' -na-ted') \crcna. a notch]. Notched or scalloped. In botany, leaves that are serrated. See Crenation. Crenation (kre-na' -shun')\_crena,a. uotcW]. A notched or mulberry appearance of the red corpuscles of the blood ; it may be spontaneous or due to poisoning with Calabar bean, etc. Crenic Acid (kre'-nik). See Acid. Crenothrix [kren-oth'-riks) \_iipijvij, a spring ; ^p't, hair]. A genus of Schizomycetes the filaments of which are enveloped in a gelatinous sheath. C. kiihniana, abundant in fresh waters ; when putrefied it gives drinking-water a very bad taste, but the role attributed to it in the production of typhoid fever is unjustified. Crenulate [kren' -u-ldt) \crena, a notch]. Finely crenate. Creolin {kre'-o-lin) [/fptaf, flesh ; oleum, oil]. A coal- tar product deprived of carbolic acid. It is hemostatic and highly antiseptic, and is more active than car- bolic acid in pure cvdtures of pathogenic microbes, but less efficacious in putrefying masses. It is an excel- lent non-poisonous deodorizer, used in a two per cent, solution or a five per cent, ointment with lanolin. It is used internally in typhoid fever and catarrh of the bladder in five-drop doses. Creosol [kre^-o-sol). See Creasol. Creosote [kre^ -o-sot). See Creasote. C.-bush, Larrea mexicana, an odorous and resinous shrub of the Pacific States and Mexico. It is a local remedy for rheumatism and for wounds and sores. Unof. Crepitant i^krep' -it-ant) \crepitare, to crackle]. Pos- sessing the character of crepitus. C. R^le. See Rale and Breath-soiDids. Crepitation [krep-it-a' -shun). Crepitus [krep' -it-us) \_crepitare, to crackle] . The noise produced by escap- ing flatus. The grating of fractured bones. The crackling of the joints. The noise produced by pres- sure upon tissues containing an abnormal amount of air or gas, as in cellular emphysema. Also the pecu- liar murmur of respiration observed in pneumonia dur- ing inspiration. It closely resembles the sound pro- duced by rubbing the hair between the fingers held close to the ear. C, Redux, a crepitant rale heard in pneumonia during the stage of resolution ; usually the first manifestation of the recession of the disease. Cresalol (kres'-al-ol) [cresol ; saloT\, CgH^.OH.COO.- CgH^. CH3. Salicylate of cresol. It possesses antisep- tic properties very similar to those of salol. Dose gr. iv in water from one to eight times daily. Unof Crescent (kres^-ent) \_crescere, to grow]. Shaped like the moon in its first quarter. A name given to one form of the malarial hematozoon. C. of Gianuzzi. Groups of non-secreting cells in the acinus of a gland, pushed to one side by the secreting cells. C, Myopic. Set Myopia. C. Operation. See Opo-ations, Table of. Crescentia {kres-en' -she-ah ) [crescere, to grow]. A genus of bignoniaceous trees and shrubs. C. alata, of tropical Asia and America, affords leaves that are useful in hemoptysis, and the fruit is employed in pul- monary diseases. The pulp of the West Indian C. cujete is similarly used. Unof. Cresol {kre' -sol) \K.pkaQ, flesh; oleum, oil], CjHgO^. Cresylic acid ; a body obtained from the distillation of coal-tar. It is a colorless, caustic liquid, with prop- erties similar to those of phenol, but is superior as an antiseptic. Unof Cresolin {kres' -o-li7t) \Kpkai;, flesh ; oleum, oil]. A proprietary preparation used as a disinfectant in diph- theria, etc. Cresosulphuric Acid {kres-o-sul-fu' -7'ik^. See Acid. Crest {k?-est) \_crista, a crest]. The surmounting part of any bone, organ, or process. C, Frontal, a ridge CRESTI'S TEST 340 CROCKER'S CALAMIN LINIMENT along the middle line of the internal surface of the frontal bone. C. of Ilium, the thickened and expanded upper border of the ilium. C, Lachrymal, a vertical ridge dividing the external surface of the lachrymal bone into two parts. C, Nasal, a crest on the internal border of the nasal bone and forming part of the septum of the nose. C, Neural, a series of swellings along each side of the rudimentary spinal cord in the embryo from which the spinal nerves are developed. C, Occipital, a vertical ridge on the ex- ternal surface of the occipital bone extending from the occipital protuberance to the foramen magnum. C. of Pubes, a crest extending from the spine to the inner extremity of the pubes. C. of Tibia, the prominent border or ridge on the front of the tibia ; the shin. C, Turbinated, a prominent horizontal ridge on the internal surface of the palate bone. C, Urethral. See Vertanontanmn. Cresti's Test. See Tests, Table of. Cresylic Acid {kres-il'-ik). See Cresol. Creta {kre'-taJi) [L.]. Chalk. See Calcium. Cretaceous (kre-ta'-she-us) [creta , chalV]. Chalky; abounding in calcium carbonate. Cretefaction (kre-tc-fak' -shiai). See Calcification. Cretin [kre'-tin) [Fr. , a-etiii, a simple-minded person]. A person affected with cretinism. Cretinism {kre' -tin-iznt) [Fr., cretin, a simple-minded person]. The condition of a cretin. Also an en- demic disease, characterized by goiter and a condition of physical, physiologic, and mental degeneracy and non-development. The subjects of this disease sel- dom reach five feet in height. C, Sporadic, the congenital form of myxedema, characterized by ab- sence of the thyroid gland, diminutiveness of size, thickness of neck, shortness of arms and legs, prom- inence of abdomen, large size of face, thickness of lips, large and protruding tongue, and imbecility or idiocy. It is popularly supposed that coitus during intoxication is a cause of this condition. Cretinoid [kre' -tin-oid ) \_cretin, a simple-minded per- son]. I. Resembling a cretin ; resembling cretinism. 2. A person who resembles a cretin. Creuse's Test. See Tests, Table of. Crewels (kroo'-elz) [Fr. , ecroiielles, scrofula]. Syno- nym of Scrofula. Crib [krih) [ME., crib, a manger]. A small frame with inclosed sides for a child's bed. 2. A stall for cattle. C. Biting. See Cribbing and Wind- sticking. Cribbing (krib'-inf) [ME., crib, a manger]. The pe- culiar wearing of a horses' teeth, due to a habit of biting his crib or manger, and at the same time suck- ing air into the stomach. Cribriform [krib' -reform) \_cribritm , ?i %\^v^; forma, form]. Similar to a sieve in being perforated, as the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. Cribrose [krib'-rds) [ir/^r/fOT, a sieve]. In biology, sieve-like. Crick (krik) [ME., cricke, a twist in the neck]. Any painful spasmodic affection, as of the back or neck. Crico- {kri'-ko-') [/cp/Kof, a ring]. A prefix denoting connection with the cricoid cartilage. Cricoid (kri'-koid) [/fp/KOf, a ring]. Ring-shaped. C. Cartilage. See Cartilages of the Laryjix. Cricothyroid (kri-ko-thi' -roid) [kp'ikoc;, a ring ; dvpeo- stdi/g, shield-shaped]. Pertaining to the cricoid and thyroid cartilages. C. Artery, a small branch of the superior thyroid, crossing the crico thyroid mem- brane. It is of much surgical importance. See Arteries, Table of. C. Membrane, a ligamentous membrane that lies between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages. C. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. Cricotomy {kri-kot' -o-me) [fcp/zcof, ring ; ri/iiveLv, to cut]. Surgical laryngotomy by cutting through the cricoid cartilage. Criminal [krim' -in-al) \crimen, a crime]. Of the nature of crime. C. Abortion. See Abortion. C. Assault. See Assault. Criminalogy {krim-in-al'-o-/e). See Criminology. Criminology (krim-in-ol' -o-je) [crimen, crime ; /dyof, science]. The science of crime and of criminals ; criminal anthropology ; the study of crime as a branch of morbid psychology. Crino (kri'-no) [crinis, hair: //. , Crino}ies'\. I. A skin-affection of infants supposed to be due to the presence of a hair-worm. 2. Same as Comedo. Crinosin [krin' -o-sin) [crinis, hair]. A nitrogenized fat from brain-substance, crystallizing in hair-like threads. Cripple {krip'-l) [M.'E. , cripel, a. paralytic]. One who is unable to walk or to use his members normally. Cripps' Operations. See Operations, Table of. Crisis [kri'-sis) [/cp/(T(f , a decisive point: //. , C)'ises'\. The turning-point in a disease, fever, time of life, etc., and in disease, marking a change either for the better or worse. C. clitoridiennes, periods of voluptuous excitement in women suffering with tabes dorsalis, ac- companied by vaginal secretion, analogous to the violent erections and spermatorrhea found in men in the initial stages of tabes. C. gastriques, Charcot's term for certain gastric symptoms sometimes encount- ered in the course of progressive locomotor ataxia. The symptoms are shooting pains in the groin and abdomen, ending finally in gastralgia, pains in the shoulders and arms, a quick pulse, and often vertigo and vomiting. C, Laryngeal, paroxysmal spasm of the larynx sometimes observed in cases of posterior spinal sclerosis. Crispate [kris'-pdt) [crispatus, curl]. In biology, crisped on the margin. Crista [kris'-tah ) [L.]. .Same as Crest. C. acustica, a yellow elevation projecting into the equator of the ampulla of the ear. C. fornicis, the crest of the fornix ; a half-oval or semi-globular mass on the pos- terior surface of the fornix of the brain. C. galli, cock's crest, the superior triangular process of the ethmoid bone C. helicis, spina helicis ; a projec- tion of the helix above the external auditory meatus. C. spiralis, a crest of the limbus of the ear over- hanging the internal spiral sulcus of Waldeyer. C. urethralis. See Veriemontanitm. Critchett's Operations. See Operations, Table of. Crith [kritJi) [KptHi/, barley-corn]. The assumed unit of mass and weight for hydrogen, and hence for gases generally. It is .o8g6 of a gram or 1.37 grains. Critical (krit'-ik-al) [Kpiff/g, a decisive point]. I. Per- taining to a crisis in disease, period of life, etc. 2. A qualification applied to temperature and to pressure in relation to gases. Crocein Scarlet [kro'-se-in skar'-let). -See Pigments, Conspectus of. Crochet [kro-ska') [Fr., dim. of croc, a hook]. A hook. C. of Uncinate Gyrus, the narrow portion of the uncinate gyrus at its anterior extremity which is reversed in the form of a hook. Crocin {k?-o'-sin), CjgHjgOg. Polychroit ; the coloring- matter of Saffron. It is a deliquescent, orange-red, amorphous substance, odorless, with a sweetish taste, freely soluble in water and diluted alcohol. Crocitin {kro' -sit-in). A coloring-substance of saffron ; a red powder, easily soluble in alcohol, but not in water or ether. Crocker's Calamin Liniment. A liniment used in the treatment of dermatitis. It consists of prepared CROCONIC ACID 341 CRUSO-CREATININ calamin powder, 2 scruples ; powdered zinc oxid, dram ; olive oil and lime-water each one ounce. It is applied on soft rags. Croconic Acid [kro-kon'-ik). See Acid. Crocus (k>-o'-kiis) \jip6iio<;, crocus, saflVon]. Saffron. The stigmata of the flowers of C. sativiis. (This should not be confounded with American Saftron, Carthamus tinctorius.) It is an aromatic stimulant and emmena- gogue, commonly used as a cooling-agent. C, Tinct., lo per cent, in strength. Dose 3j-ij; of the drug, gr. V— XX, in infusion. Crocydismus {kro-sid-iz' -nms) [_KfjoKv6iCeiv, to pick at]. Same as Carphology. Croft's Operations. See Operations, Tabk of. Crook's Test. See Tests, Table of. Crop (krop) [WE.,ci-op, the craw of a bird]. The craw or pouch of the esophagus of a bird. C. -bound, a disease of poultry in which the fowls are unable to pass the food from the crop into the gizzard, and the former becomes filled with food, hanging like a bag in front of the bird. Crosby's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Cross [kros) \_crnx, a cross]. In biology, a cross-breed in plants, the result of cross-fertilization. C. -birth, shoulder-presentation, or other presentation requiring version. C. -circulation. See Circulation. C.-eye. See Strahisiuus. C. -fertilization, in biology, the fer- tilization of the ovules of one species by the seed- germs of another. C.-knee. See Genu valgum. C.-leg, a deformity that sometimes follows double hip-joint disease ; the legs are crossed in walking. C. -legged Progression, a method of walking in which one foot gets over or in front of the other. It is a symptom of certain cord-lesions. Crossed [krosd) [crux, a cross]. Having the shape of a cross. Applied to alternate sides of the body. C. Anesthesia. See Anesthesia. C. Hemiplegia. See Stauroplegia. C. Paralysis. See Paralysis. C. Reflexes, an exception to the usual law of reflex movements, in which, ij, neck]. In biology, having a concealed neck. Cryptogam {krip'-to-ga/ii) \_kpv~t6q, hidden; ^dfiog, marriage]. In biology, a general term applied to any plant below Phanerogamia ; any flowerless plant is called a cryptogam. Cryptogamia iykrip-to-ga' -rne-ali) [/c/jiiTrrtif, hidden ; jii/j-oi;, marriage]. A division of the vegetable king- dom comprising all plants with concealed sexual organs, without pistils or stamens. Cryptogamic {krip-to-gam' -ik). See Cryptogamoiis . Cryptogamous (krip-tog'-am-iis) [^7Jl'-r^i(■, concealed ; ''ju/iiic, marriage]. Belonging to the cryptogamia; having the processes of the reproductive function ob- scured or concealed. Cryptogenetic (krip-to-/en-et^ -ik) [/c/juTrrdf, concealed ; ytrvneif, to beget]. Same as Crvptogamons. Cryptolith (krip'-to-lith) \_Kpi<~Tr/, crypt; //6'of, stone]. A concretion or calculus formed within a crypt. Cryptophanic,or Kryptophanic Acid {krip-to-fan' -ik) [ft/jii-rdf , concealed ; ipalvetv, to bring to light], Cjg HjgNjOjp. An acid said to occur in a free state in urine, though regarded by Landwehr as an animal gum. Cryptophthalmia [krip-toff-thal' -me-ah). Same as Cryptophfhalinos. Cryptophthalmos [krip-toff-thal' -mos) [hpy-rtif, hid- den ; !joOa'/.j.io^, the eye]. I. Congenital union of the eyelids, usually over imperfect eyes. 2. A person who has congenital union of the eyelids. Cryptopia (krip-to'-pe-ah). Same as Cryptopiu. Cryptopin {ktip' -to-pin) [/cpuTtrof, hidden ; OTrtov, opium], QjH,2.jN0j. One of the alkaloids of opium, colorless and odorless. It is said to be anodyne and hypnotic, but it is less safe than morphin. Dose, )4 gr. Unof. Cryptopyic (Jirip-to-pi' -ik) [/cpi'Trrof , hidden ; ttvov, pus]. Characterized by concealed suppuration. Cryptorchid, or Cryptorchis [krip-tor' -kid, -kis) \_Kpv--iji;, hidden ; opxic, testicle]. A person with retained testicles, i. e., not descended into the scrotum. Cryptorchidism [krip-tor' -kid-izm) [/cpii/rrof , hidden ; opT'f' testicle] . Retention of the testes in the abdom- inal cavity. Cryptorchism {krip-tor' -kizm). See Cryptorchidism. Cryptozygosity (krip-to-zi-gos' -it-e) \kpvkt6i:, hidden ; L,vy6v, arch]. The quality of being cryptozygous. Cryptozygous [krip-toz'-ig-its) [/cpy-rdf , hidden ; Cvyov, arch]. Having the dental arches or zygomata concealed from view when the skull is viewed from above. Crystal [kris'-tal) ^KpuoTokloq, clear ice]. In chemis- try, a substance that assumes a definite geometric form. C, Charcot-Leyden. See Charcot- Leyden. C, Charcot's, minute colorless crystals found in the sputa of asthmatic and bronchitic patients and others. They are said to consist of tyrosin, or according to some, of mucin. C, Violet. See Pigments, Con- spectus of. Crystalli {kris-tal' -i). Synonym of Chicken-pox. Crystallin {kris' -tal-in) \_Kp'iarak\oq, clear ice]. The globulin of the crystalline lens. Crystalline [ki is'-tal-en ox -in) [fcpiVra/lAoc, crystal]. Like a crystal. C. Lens. See Lens. C. Swelling. See Scemmcring. Crystallitis (kris-tal-i'-tis). See Phakitis. Crystallization [kris-tal-iz-a'-shit?i) [^pi'ffreA/tof , ice]. The process by which the molecules of a substance arrange themselves in geometric forms when passing from a gaseous or a liquid to a solid state. C, Water of, the water of salts that cannot be extracted without destruction of their crystalline nature. Crystallized [kris'-tal-izd) [Kpi-ara'Aloc, ice]. Formed into crystals. C. Green. Same as /odin Green. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 343 CUMBERLAND DISEASE Crystallography (kris-tal-og' -ra-fe) \_K()'vaTa7Xo(;, crys- tal; -jpcKpeni, to write]. The science of crystals, their formation, etc. Crystalloid (kris' -tal-oid') \KpvoTa'k\oq, crystal ; etJof, likeness]. Having a crystalline structure, as distin- guished from colloid. In biology, one of the crystal- like proteid bodies found in seeds, tubers, etc. Ctenes [ten'-ez) [CTfi'ff]. Incisor teeth. Ctenocyst [ten^-o-sut) [/fTf/f [kthv), comb; Kvarig, a bladder]. In biology, applied to the auditory vesicles of ctenophorans. Ctenoid (tcn'-oid) [/cre/f (jirfi'-), comb; el&oq, like]. In biology, pectinate or comb-like. Cubeb, or Cubeba {kn'-beb, o-c ku be'-bali)^\Y(txi,., ka- baba, cubeb: gen., Cubebcc']. The unripe fruit of C. officinalis, cultivated in Java. Its properties are due to a volatile oil, CjjH,^^, and an organic acid. It is an aromatic stimulant, diuretic in small doses, and is use- ful in affections of the bladder and urethra. It is a good remedy (applied by insufflation or smoked in cigarets) for diseases of the fauces, catarrh of the air-passages, etc. Dose gr. x-gij. C, Fid. Ext., alcoholic. Dose tT\^v-.\xx. C, Oleoresina, ethereal. Dose TTLv-xxx. C, OL, the volatile oil. Dose TTLv- XX. C, Tinct., lo per cent, in strength. Dose TT\^x- giij. C, Trochisci, oleoresin gr. oil of sassafras gr. jou, ext. of glycyrrhiza gr. iv, acacia gr. ij, syr. of tolu q.s., in each troche. Dose j-iij. Cubebene [Im'-beb-en) \cubeb'\, C.^QHjg. The light portion of the essential oil of cubebs. Cubebic Acid {ku-beh'-ik) [cubeb'] , Cj.jHiP,. A resi- nous acid body from cubebs ; actively diuretic and cathartic.^ Unof. Cubebin [ku-beb'-in) \_cubeb~\, C,pH,j|Og. An odor- less crystalline substance obtained from cubebs. Cubic [kti'-bik) [Kt)/3of, a cube]. Pertaining to a cube. C. Space (of air), the amount of space re- quired by persons in health and in disease. In hos- pitals about looo cubic feet to each patient is necessary for proper ventilation. Cubital {kii' -bit-al) [«:y/3of, a cube]. Relating to the forearm, to the elbow, or to the ulna. Cubitocarpal ( ku' -bit-o-kar' -pal ) [ /c/')/3of , a cube ; Kapnog, the wrist]. Relating to the forearm and to the carpus. Cubitoradial {ku' -bit-o-ra' -de-al) [ «:i)/3of , a cube; radius, a staff]. Relating to both the ulna and the radius. Cubitus [ku'-bit-us) \_cuhitits, the elbow]. The fore- arm. Cubitus {ku'-bit-us) \_ciibare, to lie down], A bed; a couch. Cuboid [ku'-boid) [K.vj}o<;, cube; eMof, resemblance]. Resembling a cube. C. Bone, a bone of the foot situ- ated at the outer anterior part of the tarsus. Cuca (koo' -kali). See Erythro.xylon. Cucullate [ku-kul'-dt) \cucullus, a cap, hood]. In biology, hooded. CucuUus {ku-kul' -us) [L., a hood], i. In biology, a hood-shaped formation of the head. 2. Synonym of Whooping-cough. Cucumber, Squirting. See Elaterium. Cucumis {ku' -ku-mis) [L. , a cucumber]. A genus of plants. C. colocynthis. See Colocynth. Cucurbit (ku-ker' -bit) \cucurbita, a gourd]. I. A cupping-glass. [Old,] 2. The body of an alembic. Cucurbitation ( ku-ker-bit-a' -shim ) \_cucurbitatio, a cupping]. The operation of cupping. Cud (kud) [AS., cuddc]. The regurgitated food of ruminants. C.-weed (kud-wed) . See Life Ever- lasting. Cudbear {kud' -bar) [After Dr. Cuthbert Gordon]. A purplish-red powder, nearly identical with Orchil, q.v. From it the Tinctura persionis, and Tiuctura persionis coniposita, N. F. , are prepared. Both are used mainly in coloring various pharmaceutic preparations. .See Pig)itents, Conspectus of. CuichunchuUi [Peruvian]. The root of lonidiuni parviflorum ; said to be diaphoretic, diuretic, siala- gogue, emetic, and cathartic ; it is useful in elephan- tiasis. Unof. Q,M\XASS {kwe-ras') [Fr.]. A close-fitting or immovable bandage for the front of the chest. C. Cancer, a large, flat cancerous growth upon the front of the chest. Cul-de-sac {kul' -de-sak') [Fr. cul, the bottom ; de, of; sac, bag]. A cavity of the body closed at one end. Douglas's C, a pouch between the anterior wall of the rectum and the posterior wall of the uterus, formed by the reflection of the peritoneum. It is called, also, the recto-uterine or retro-uterine ctcl-de-sac. Culex {ku'-leks) [L. , a gnat]. A mosquito. A well- known insect that punctures the skin to obtain its food, the blood. See Parasites {Animal), Table of. Culicifuge {ku-lis'-if-iij) \culex, a gnat ; fugare, to drive away]. An agent that prevents the biting of mosqui- toes ; as oil of pennyroyal. CuUen's Theory. A theory as to the origin of gout, which he claims to be primarily an affection of the nervous system. Culm {kulm) [cuhnus, a stalk]. In biology, a hollow- jointed stem. Culmen {kul'-men) [L. , the summit]. The cacumen ; a portion of the cerebellum situated to the cephalic side of the vermis. In biology, the highest middle lengthwise line of the bill of a bird. Cultrate {kul'-trat) \_culter, a knife]. Sharp-edged; also cultriform. Cultriform {kul'-trif-orni) \_cultcr, a knife ; forma, shape]. See Cultrate. Culture {kul'-chiir) \_colo, cultwn, to till, cultivate]. A name loosely and indiscriminately applied to the act, the liquid or solid medium used, and the product of the process, in culture-experiments upon microorganisms. The culture-media are of various kinds; mineral liquids (see Ranlin's Liquid, Cohn's Liquid, etc.), bouillons of various kinds, gelatinous fluids, gelose, potato, serum, etc. These media are first sterilized, usually by heat (see Oven, Sterilization), but possibly also by chemicals, by filtration, by cold, by steam, etc. The infectious matter is then taken upon a sterilized plati- num needle-point, pipet, or other instrument, and transferred to the culture-medium. When the latter is of semi-solid consistency, as gelatin, the inoculation by the needle is called Stab-culture, Stichcultur (Ger.), ox par piqUre (Fr,)., the needle being thrust into the substance. When smeared over the surface, it is called smear-culture, Strichcultur (Ger.), or en stries (Fr.). The macroscopic features of the sub- sequent development give important means of differ- entiation. For example, when the inoculated matter forms a mass in the medium, pointed below and rising like a nail-head above, it is called en clou, nail-shaped. Then the medium may be liquefied or not, variously colored, peculiarly changed, sediment deposited or not, etc. Subsequent microscopic examination of the cul- ture-product, inoculation-experiments upon animals, etc., complete the study. Culture-bulbs, culture-cells, culture-fluids, culture-media, culture-ove7is, culture- tubes, etc., are among the equipments of the bacteri- ologist. C.-oven. See Oven. Culver's Physic, or Root {ktd'-verz fiz'-ik or root). See Leptandra . Cumberland Disease. An Australian term for An- thrax, q. v. CUMENE 344 CURD Cumene {ku'-7nen) \j:iimi>iu)n , cumin], C,,H]2. Iso- propyl benzene ; a compound made by distilling cumic acid with lime. It boils at 153° C., and its specific gravity at 0° C. is 0.879. Cumic [ku'-mik) [_cu>?iinum, cumin]. Derived from or pertaining to cumin. C. Acid. See Acid. C. Aldehyd. See CuminoL Cumidin {kn'-mid-in) cumin] , CgHj.,N. A methylated homologue of anilin. It melts at 63° C, boils at 235° C. C.-red. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Cumin (kii'-mi>i) \_cnminiim, cumin]. A fennel-like, cultivated, umbelliferous plant, Cuminiim cyminuiii, found native in Egypt and Syria. The fruit is agreeably aromatic and possesses well-marked stim- ulating and carminative properties. Its active prin- ciple is an oil. Cuminol [ku'-i?iiii-ol) [cn??iinnm, cvimm; oleum, oiV\, CjqHj.^O. Cumic aldehyd, occurs in Roman cara- way oil, and in oil of Ciczita 7'irosa, or water hemlock, etc. It possesses an aromatic odor and a burning taste, has a specific gravity of 0.973 13° C, and boils at 235° C. (430° F.). Cumulative {ku' -mii-la-tiv') \cumnlare, to heap up]. Increasing ; adding to. C. Action, or Effect, the production of a noteworthy and sudden result, after the administration of a considerable number of com- paratively ineffective doses. The possible cumulative effect of certain drugs is one of the sources of danger that attend their administration. Cumulus (kit' -mii-hts) [L., a heap]. A heap or mound. C. ovigerus. See Ovule. Cundurango {kun-du-ran'-go). See Condurango. Cuneate {ku' -ne-at) \_cuneus, a wedge]. Wedge- shaped. Cuneiform {ku-ne'-if-oym) \_cuneus, a wedge ; forma, shape]. Wedge-shaped, cuneate. C. Bones, three wedge-shaped bones at the anterior part of the tarsus. C. Columns. See Columns of Burdach. Cuneihysterectomy [ku-ne-i-his-tei--ek'-to-me) \cuneus, wedge; vartpa, the womb; kKTOfif/, a cutting out]. The excision of a wedge-shaped piece of uterine tis- sue, a procedure that has been advocated in the treat- ment of anteflexion of the uterus. Cuneus (ku'-ne-us) [L. , a wedge]. A wedge-shaped convolution on the internal aspect of the cortex of the occipital lobe. Cunicular (ku-nik' -u-lar^ [h-oi'w/cAof , a subterranean passage]. P'urrowed. Cuniculate (ku-nik' -u-lat). Same as Cunicular. Cuniculus (ku-nik' -u-lus) [I-]. The burrow of the itch-insect. Cunila [ku-ni'-lah) [L., a plant]. A genus of labiate plants of the U. S. C. mariana, dittany ; a labiate plant of N. America. It is aromatic, carminative, and gently stimulant. Unof. Cunisset's Test. See Tests, Table of. Cunnilinguist {kun-i-ling' -gwist) \_cunnus, the vulva ; lingere, to lick]. One who practices licking the vulva. See Passivism . Cunnus (kun'-us) [L. : gen., Cunni'\. The vulva. Cup (/{•«/) [AS., cuppe,2L cup]. I. To bleed. 2. A cupping-glass. C, Dry, a cup for drawing the blood to the surface merely. C, Favus, a depression in a favus scale surrounding a hair. C, Physiologic. See Funnel, Vascular. C, Wet, a cup for abstract- ing blood through incisions in the skin. Cuphosis [ku-fo'-sis). See Kyphosis. Cupola (ku'-po-lah) \_cupola, a dome]. The dome- shaped extremity of the canal of the cochlea. Also, the summit of a solitary gland of the small intestines. Cupped [kupt) [AS., cuppe, a cup]. Having the upper surface depressed ; applied to the coagulum of blood after phlebotomy. C. Disc, excavation of the fundus oculi, normally present in slight degree, but pathologic if excessive. Cupping [kup'-ing) [AS., cuppe, & cup]. A method of blood-derivation by means of the application of cup- ping-glasses to the surface of the body. C, Dry, without the abstraction of blood — a form of counter- irritation. This is used mainly in inflammatory affec- tions of the lung. C. -glass, a small bell-shaped glass capable of holding three to four ounces, in which the air is rarefied either by heat or exhaustion, and the glass applied to the skin, either with or without scarifica- tion of the latter. C, Wet, with the abstraction of blood after scarification. Cuprea Bark (ku' -pre-a!i) \cupreus, coppery ; ME., barke, bark]. The bark of certain species of Re77iijia, q. v. ; it affords quinin and the associated alkaloids. Cuprum [ku'-prum) [1^.: gen., Cupri\ See Copper. Cupule (ku'pul) \_cupula,2L little cup]. In biology, a cup-shaped organ, as an acorn-cup, or the sucking apparatus of an insect's foot. Curasao [kti-ra-so'') [Island of Cwrafao, north of Vene- zuela]. A cordial or elixir prepared from brandy, and variously flavored, principally with orange-peel. It is sometimes used as a vehicle for certain medicines. Q,w.X2i<^oai(ku-ras-o' -ah). See Cura(ao. Q,VL\a.%& (ku-rahzh') \Yx.'\. Curettage; cleansing of the eye, or of an ulcerated or carious surface. Curara (koo-rah' -rah). Curare [koo-rah-re), Curari [koo-j-ah'-re) [S.Am.]. Woorara. A vegetable ex- tract obtained from Paullinia curare and certain mem- bers of the Strychnos family. It is a powerful paraly- zant of the motor nerves and of the voluntary muscles. Its active principle is Curarin, CjqH,jN (^Preyer), dose gr. a^o""!^^' liypodermatically. It is used in S. America and elsewhere as an arrow-poison. Toxic doses cause death by paralysis of the organs of respira- tion. It has been reported effectual in two cases of hydrophobia, and has been successful in the treatment of tetanus. Dose by hypodermatic injection gr. ^^\- Injectio Curare Hypodermatica, 5 grains in 60 minims. Dose 1T\,j-vj. Curarin [koo-rah'-rin). See Curara. Curarism, Curarization (koo-7-ah'-rizm, koo-rah-riz-a' - shun) [S. A., curare'\. The state of one subjected to the full influence of curare by hypodermatic injection. The voice and power of motion are generally abol- ished, but not the sensibility to pain. Curatio [ku-ra'-shc-o) \cura, care]. The treatment and nursing of a patient. Curative [ku'-rat-iv) \_cura, care]. Having a healing tendency. Curb (kerb) [ME., courben, to bend]. A hard and callous swelling on various parts of a horse's leg, as the hinder part of the hock, the inside of the hoof, etc. Curcas (ker'-kas). See Barbadoes Nut. Curcuma (/!r;-^-/'i/-OTff//) [L.]. Turmeric. The rhizome of Curcuma longa of India. Its action is similar to that of ginger. It is employed as a yellow dye ; in chemistry, as a test for alkalies ; and in pharmacy, occasionally, to color ointments and other preparations. Curcumin [ker' -ku-min) \_curcuma, saffron], CuHnO^. The coloring-matter of turmeric ; it crystallizes in orange-yellow prisms, and melts at 177° C. It dis- solves in the alkalies to brownish-red salts. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Curd (kerd) [ME., curd, curds]. The coagulum of milk that separates on the addition of remiet or an acid. CURDLING FERMENT, TEST FOR 345 CUSCO BARK Curdling Ferment, Test for. See Tes/s, Table of. Cure [kuf] [iiira, care]. The successful treatment of a disease; also, a system of treatment. See Faith- cure, Mind-cure, Grape-cure, Water-cure (see Hydro- pathy), Hunger-ctti-e, Rest-cure, etc. C.-all, a Pana- cea, q. V. C. , Herb-juice, a method of treating certain intestinal and gastric troubles. It consists in drinking daily the fresh juice of various herbs and wild plants. C, Potato, Cameron's method of treating foreign bodies in the alimentary tract by the ingestion of mashed potatoes. The body becomes imbedded in the potato-mass that is formed. C, Shaking-. See Slictking-citrc. Curet {ku-ret') [Fr. ]. An instrument shaped like a spoon or scoop, for detaching substances from one another, as the placenta from the uterine wall, etc. Curettage [ku-ret' -dj). See Curage. Curling's Operation. See Operations, Table of. C. Ulcer. See Ulcer and Diseases, Table of. Currant [ker'-ant) [ME.]. I. Uva passa minor ; the small, dried, seedless grapes of Greece ; formerly used in pharmacy. 2. The fruit of various species of Kibes, as A', nigrum, the black currant, preparations of which have long been employed in the home- treatment of sore-throats. Unof C. -jelly Clot, a soft variety of clot seen in thrombi, the fibrin being stained by the presence of red cells. Current [ker'-ent) \_currere, to run]. In electricity, a term applied to the transference of electric force, which is arbitrarily likened to the flow of a liquid in a confined passage. C, Action, the physiologic current obtained during the activity of a muscle or nerve. C, After, a current produced in nervous or muscular tissue when a constant current which has been flowing through the same has been stopped. C, Alternating, a term applied to a current which, by means of an interrupter, is alternately direct and reverse. This current is employed (in New York) for the execution of capital sentences. C, Ascending, the current formed by placing the positive electrode upon the periphery of a nerve and the negative upon the surface over the nerve-center in the spinal cord. C, Axial, a current passing through a nerve in the direction opposite to that taken by the normal impulse. C, Battery, a galvanic current. C, Blood, the stream of blood as it flows from and back to the heart. C, Centrifugal, a descending current . C . , Centripetal, an ascending current. C, Constant. See C, Con- tinuous. C, Continuous, a constant, uninterrupted current in one direction. C, Critical, the current at which a certain result is reached. C, Demarcation, the muscle-current of Du Bois Reymond ; the current obtained from an injured muscle. C, Derived, a cur- rent drawn off by a derivation-wire from the main cur- rent. C, Descending, one passing through a nerve centrifugally, the anode being placed proximally, the cathode distally. C, Diffusion of, the power of a galvanic current to extend its influence in all direc- tions, the same power never being limited to the two electrodes. C, Direct, a current constant in direction, in contradistinction to an alternating cuiTent. C, Electrotonic, in electro-therapeutics, a current due to internal polarization in the nerve-fiber between the conducting core of the nerve and the enclosing sheath. C, Faradic, the current produced by an in- duction-coil, or by a magneto-electric machine. C, Franklinic, a term sometimes used in electro-thera- peutics for a current produced by the action of a fric- tional electric machine. C, Galvanic, a current generated by the decomposition of acidulated water by means of metallic plates. C, Induced. See C, Secondary. C, Interrupted, a current that is alter- nately opened and closed. C, Inverse, an ascending or centripetal current. C, Labile, moving one or both electrodes over the surface treated. C, Muscu- lar or Nerve, Alteration Theory of, a theory pro- posed by L. Hermann, in which the currents of nerve or muscular fibers are regarded as a result of their altera- tion from any original condition ; Molecular Theory of, a theory proposed by Du Bois Reymond, according to which every nerve or muscular fiber is regarded as composed of a series of electro-motive molecules ar- ranged in series and surrounded by a neutral conduct- ing fluid. C, Reversed, that produced by changing the poles. C, Secondary, a momentary current produced when a coil of insulated wire is introduced within the field of another coil, through which a con- tinuous current is passing. When the coil is removed from the field there is a momentary current in the op- posite direction. C, Secretion, a current following stimulation of the secretory nerves. C. -selector, a device for altering the strength of a current. C, Stabile, a current applied with both electrodes in a fixed position. C, Swelling, one that begins weak and is gradually made stronger, and again gradually diminished. C, To and Fro, a Faradic current. C, 'Voltaic, the continuous current. Curry {ker'-e) [Canarese, kari^ A sauce, originally Anglo-Indian, containing turmeric, coriander, capsi- cum, garlic, ginger, etc. ; it is much employed as a relish or appetizer, especially in warm countries ; also, a dish seasoned with the foregoing. Curschmann's Spirals. Corkscrew-like threads of mucin contained in the small, thick pellets that are expectorated during or at the close of an asthmatic paroxysm. They are supposed to be casts of the bronchioles, and have also been seen in simple bron- chitis and in pneumonia. C. Theory. See Broncliio- litis exudativa. Curtate i^ker'-tdt ) \curtatiis, shortened] . See Expecta- tion of Life. C. Expectation. ^e.e: Expectation of Life. Curtman's Test. See Tests, Table of. Curvature (yker' -vat-nr) \_curvare, to curve]. A bend- ing or curving. C, Angular, "n^tft Spondylitis. C, Potts', angular curvature of the spine, with a posterior projection. C. of Spine. See Caries, Kypliosis, Scoliosis. Curve {keni) \curvus, bent]. A bending or flexure. C. of Carus, in obstetrics, a portion of the arc of a circle the circumference of which lies in the median line of the pelvis, the center being at the symphysis pubis ; the curve is that part of the arc that lies l)etween the planes of the inlet and the outlet. Curvicaudate {ker-ve-kaw' -dat ) \_curvus, curved ; Cauda, a tail]. In biology, having a curved tail. Curvidentate [ker-ve-den' -tat ) \cu7-vus, curved ; dens, tooth]. In biology, having curved teeth. Curvifoliate [ke7--ve-fo'-le-at ) \_curvus, caxstA \ folium, leaf]. In biology, having curved leaves. Curvinervate [ker-ve-ner'-vdt) [ctirvus, curved; nervus, nerve]. In biology, applied to leaves the veins of which are curved and nearly parallel in their course. Curvirostral {ker-ve-ros' -tral\ \_curvus, curved; beak]. In biology, having a crooked bill or beak. Curvoisier and 'Von Hacker's Method. See Opo-a- tions. Table of. Cusack's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Q,M%zacm.\6.Yn. {kus-kam'-id-in')\^cusco ; amid'\. A sub- stance found in Cinchonas . Cuscamin [kus' -kam-in) \cusco ; amin\ A crystalline substance found in Cinchonas. Cusco Bark [kits' -ko bark). A kind of cinchona ; the bark of a variety of Cinchona pubescens. CUSCONIDIN 346 CYANOGEN Cusconidin [kus-kon' -id-iii^ \_cusco\. An alkaloid found in Cinchonas. Cusconin (kns' -ko-nin) \cnsco\, C.^H.^uN^O^. A crys- talline alkaloid found in Cinchona bark. Cushing's Operation. See Operations , Table of. Cushion {knsli'-un) [ME., cuschone, a cushion]. A soft body used as a pillow, for the purpose of reclin- ing or sitting. Q.M'srp (Jiicsp) [rwj/'/.r, a point]. The crown or project- ing part of a tooth. Cusparia Bark [kus-pa' -re-ah bark). See Angustura. Cuspid Teeth [kiis'-pid). The four teeth that have conical crowns. They are situated, one on each side, in each jaw, between the lateral incisor and first bicuspid. Cuspidate [kus' -pid-at) \_cuspis, a point]. In biology, tipped with a sharp, rigid point. Cuspidatus [kiis-pid-a' -tus) \cuspis, a point: //. , Cus- pidati^. A cuspid tooth. Cuspidor (kiis'-pid-or') [Pg. , cuspidor, a spittoon]. A spittoon ; a vessel for receiving the ejecta from the mouth. C, Sanitary, a small pasteboard or wooden cup with a cover supported in a rim of metal. These cuspidors should contain some water or disinfecting solution, and at the end of the day should be thrown into the fire. They are used to prevent the dissem- ination of the germs of tuberculosis. Cusso (kus' -so). See Brayera and Kooso. Cat {kut) [ME., cuften, to cut]. To incise, as with a knife. To castrate. An incision. In biology, a cleft. C. -velvet. See Velvet. Cutaneous [ku-ta' -ne-iis') \ciitis, the skin]. Pertaining to the skin. C. Calculus. See Milium. C. Em- physema. See Emphysema. C. Horns. See Cornu cutancum. C. Respiration, the transpiration of gases through the skin. Cutch (J;uch) [Anglo.-Ind.]. I. A name given to Catechu, the dried extract from Acacia catechu, cul- tivated in India and Burmah,and containing 45 to 55 per cent, of a special variety of tannic acid (catechu- tannic or mimotannic). It is used in leather-manu- factures. 2. The tool, or book of parchment leaves, between which gold is beaten into foil. Cuticle {ku'-tik-l) [dim. of cutis, the skin]. The epi- dermis or scarf-skin. See Skin. Cuticula [ku-tik' -udah) [dim. of cutis, a skin]. The outer, finely lamellated layer of the wall of hydatid cysts. C. dentis, the cuticle of a tooth; Nasmyth's membrane ; the delicate horny envelop that covers the enamel of young and unworn teeth. Cuticular (ku-tik'-u-lar) [cuticula, dim. of cutis, the skin]. Belonging or pertaining to the skin. Cuticularization [ku-tik-udar-iz-a'-shun) \cuticula, dim. of cutis, the skin]. The formation of a cuticula. Cutin [ku'-tin] \_cutis, skin]. In biology, cork-sub- stance ; a modification of cellulose (Fremy), also called suberiti. Cutipunctor [Icu-tc-punk' -tor) \cutis, skin ; punctor, puncturer]. An instrument for puncturing the skin. Cutis [ku'-tis) [L.]. The derma, or true skin. C. anserina. See Goose Skin. C. pendula. Synonym of Dermafoh'sis. C. testacea, a variety of seborrhea in which the trunk and e.xtensor surfaces of the ex- tremities are covered with large, thick plates of greasy, inspissated sebum, usually greenish or blackish, from accumulation of dirt upon them. There is no inflam- mation of the subjacent skin. C. unctuosa. Syn- onym of Seborrhea . Cutisation (k^ir-tis-a' -sluing [r?///f, skin]. The acquire- ment of the characters of true skin by exposed mucous membrane. Q,\lX\^^zXo\ (Jzu-ti-s-ek'-tor) \cutis ,'A^\q. \ sector, 3, cutter]. An instrument for taking .small sections of skin from the living subject for microscopic study. Cut-off Muscle. A popular designation for the com- pressor urethrre muscle. See Muscles, Table of. Cutose [ku'-fos) [cutis, skin]. In biology, the substance forming the thin outer covering of the aerial organs of plants (Fremy). Cuttle, Cuttlebone [kut'd, kut'-l bon). See Sepia. Cuvier, Angle of. See Angle. C, Canals of. See Canal. C, Ducts of. See Duct. Cyanalcohol (si-an-al' -ko-hol) \Kvavoq, dark-blue; alcoJiol\ Cyanhydrin ; a substance obtained by the union of an aldehyd with hydrocyanic acid. Cyanaldehyd {si-an-al'-de-htd ) [Kvavo^, dark-blue ; aldchvd^. A substitution-compound of acetic alde- hyd.' Cyanalkin (si-an-aV -kin') [/ctVi'Of, blue; alkali'^. One of the products of the action of sodium upon the pure nitrites. The cyanalkins are crystalline and strongly alkaline bases, and form salts with one equivalent of the acids. Cyanamid [si-an'-atn-id) [/c/'ai'of, blue; «■/«/ color]. Cyanosis. Cyanoderma [si-an-o-dcr'-mah) [/ii'oi'of, blue; iepfia, skin]. Cyanosis. Cyanodermia (si-an-o-der' -me-ah). See Cyanoderma. Cyanogen ( si-an'-o-jen ) [ Kvavoc, blue ; ym>av, to produce]. A radical molecule having the structure CN, an acid-compound of carbon and nitrogen, exist- ing as a colorless, combustible gas, exceedingly pois- onous. With hydrogen it forms hydrocyanic or prussic acid; with metals, the cyanids ; with oxygen, CYANOHEMOGLOBIN 347 CYLINDROCEPHALIC the compound known as fulminic acid. Cyanogen and hydrocyanic acid are usually distinguished by the odor of bitter almonds. Cyanohemoglobin ( si-an' -o-Jieiii-o-glo' -bin ) [/imi'Of , blue ; ytvvav, to produce ; aifia, blood ; globus^ a ball]. A peculiar compound of hydrocyanic acid and hemoglobin, made by the addition of hydrocyanic acid to warm blood outside of the body. This substance is entirely wanting in the ozonizing power of normal oxyhemoglobin. Cyanomycosis (^si-an' -o-mi-ko' -sis)\K.'vav(K ^Xvit ; ^lvkik, fungus]. The production of blue pus, or of pus charged with Micrococcus pyocyaneiis. See Bacteria. Cyanopathy [si-aii-op'-a-ihe). See Cyanosis. Cyanophilous {si-an-off' -il-us) [/crai^of, blue ; (fnAeeiv, to love] . Stainable with blue coloring-matter. Cyanophyl {si-an' -o-fil) [/cmw)f, dark-blue; i^vA^vov, leaf]. Fremy's name for a supposed blue constituent of chlorophyl. Cyanopia [si-an-o'-pe-a/i) [(cmi'Of, blue; cii/', eye]. A perverted state of the visual powers, during which all objects appear blue. Cyanosin [si-an' -o-sin) [/f/'oi'Of, blue]. One of the Fluorescein colors. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Cyanosis [si-an-o' -sis) [Kvavog, blue]. A bluish dis- coloration of the skin from non-o.\idation of the blood, caused by local or general circulatory diseases. It may be due to the admixture of arterial and venous blood, as when there is a deficiency of the septum between the auricles and ventricles. It is seen in various diseases of the heart and lungs. C, Con- genital. See Blue Disease. Cyanospermia [si-an' -o-sper'-ine-ah ) \jivai>oc, blue ; anepfja, sperm]. A condition wherein the semen has a bluish tint. ^ Cyanotic [si-an-of -ik) \_iivavoc^, blue]. Relating to or affected with cyanosis. Cyanuric Acid [si-an-u'-rik). See Acid, Tricyanic. Cyanurin [si-au'u' -rin) [/ct'avof, blue; oiipoi', urine]. Uroglaucin or urine-indigo ; indigo found in the urine in cystitis and in chronic kidney-diseases ; it is also occasionally found in apparent health. Cyar [si' -ar) [/cijap, the eye of a needle]. The internal auditory meatus. Cyasma [si-as' -mah) \K.vhn', to be pregnant: //. , Cyasmata~\. The peculiar freckle sometimes seen upon pregnant women. Cyathiform [si' -ath-if-orm) \_cyathus, a cup ; forma, shape]. In biology, cup-shaped. Cyclarthrosis [sik-lar-tliro' -sis)\KvtO\0(; ,Cvcc\t. ; apBpuaic;, a joint]. A pivot-joint ; lateral ginglymus, or rotary diarthrosis ; an articulation that admits of decided rota- tion in one of its elements. Cyclic [si'-klik) \KVKKiKac^, circular]. Having cycles or periods of exacerbation or change, as cyclic insanity. In biology, applied to flowers whose organs are ar- ranged in whorls. C. Albuminuria. See Albumi- nuria. C. Insanity. See Insanity. Cyclicotomy [si-klik-ot' -o-me) \k.vk)\.lk.6(;, circular ; Tkfj.vELv, to cut]. Surgical incision or division of the ciliary body. Cyclitic Shell [si-klit' -ik) {liviikiKOi;, circular]. A co- herent, solid, fibrous mass of exudate, completely enveloping the crystalline lens. Cyclitis [sik-li' -tis) [/tfc/c/of , a circle ; itk, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of the ciliary body, characterized by a zone of congestion in the sclerotic coat surround- ing the cornea. It is a serious condition, often impli- cating adjacent structures. It may be serous, plastic, or suppurative. Irido-cyclitis, the involvement of both iris and ciliary body in the inflammatory process. Cyclocephalus [si-klo-sef -al-us) \K'vKko<;, a circle ; /cf^aA?/, head]. I. A species of single autositic mon- sters characterized by a more or less complete absence of the olfactory organs, together with an intimate union of imperfectly developed or rudimentary visual organs, situated in the median line. 2. A variety of this species in which there is a fusion of the orbital cavities and of the eyes, without a vestige of a nose or of a proboscis. Cycloid [si'-kloid) [/>y/cAof, a circle; tifioc, form]. In biology, having a circular form. Cyclophoria [sik-lo-fo' -re-ah) [«:i'K/!,of, a circle ; (pope'iv, to bear]. I. A term applied to the circulation of the fluids of the body. 2. An insufficiency of the oblique muscles of the eye, giving the eyes a tendency to roll outward or inward, so that the naturally vertical meri- dians would diverge either at the upper or lower extremities. Cyclopia [si-klo' -pe-ali). See Synophthalmia. Cycloplegia [si-klo-ple' -je-ah) \ji'vKko<;, circle; TTTirjyfj, a stroke]. Paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye. Cyclops [si'-klops) \KhK7ioq, circle ; cii/), eye]. A con- genital malformation consisting in a fusion of the two e\es into one. See Khinocephahts. Cyclosis [si-klo' -sis) [kvkaoc, a circle]. In biology, circulation, as of the protoplasm within a cell. Cyclothymia (si-klo-fliim'-e-ah) \_ki'k7j)i;, circle ; Ovfioc, mind]. Cyclic insanity. See Insanity. Cyclotome [sik'-lo-tbtti) \K.vH.'ko<;, circle ; TOfioQ, cut- ting]. A kind of knife for performing cyclotomy. Q,yCioX.ors\y [sik-lof -o-me) [/Ci'/c/'.of , round; ro//^/, section]. An operation proposed for the relief of glaucoma, con- sisting of an incision through the ciliary body. Cydonium [si-do' -ne-um) \Kv^i)Vtov, a quince]. Quince- seed. The seeds of C. vulgaris, employed mainly for the mucilage contained in the epithelial covering, which consists of a compound of gum and glucose. C. mucilago, quince-seeds 2, macerated in water 100 parts, is a bland demulcent, known as Bandolin, and used as a hair-dressing. Cyematocardia [si-em-at-o-kar' -de-ali) \_K'viijm, a fetus ; Kap6ia, a heart]. Fetal rhythm of the heart-sounds. Cyesiognosis [si-e-se-og-no'-sis) [/c!7/mf, pregnancy; yvuoK;, knowledge]. The diagnosis of pregnancy. Cyesiology [si-e-se-ol' -o-je) [^kid/cic, pregnancy ; Aoyvc, treatise]. The science of gestation in its medical aspects. Cyesis [si-e'-sis) \_Kvrjaic, pregnancy]. Pregnancy. Cyetic [si-et'-ik) \kvi)tik6c^, pregnant]. Relating to pregnancy. Cylicotomy [sil-ik-of -o-me) \kv)\,iS,, cup ; rinveiv, to cut]. Surgical incision of the ciliary muscle. Cylinder [sil' -in-der) [/vMa'dpof, a cylinder]. A long, circular body. See, also, Lenses. C.-cone of Kuhnt, one of the conical sections marked off by the " incisures" and going to build up the annular seg- ments of a medullated nerve-fiber. C. -filling, a fill- ing, the material of which is composed of gold-foil or tin-foil cylinders, sometimes called block-filling. C. of Gold-foil, a form of gold-foil for filling teeth, made by rolling a tape of non-cohesive gold upon a fine broach, commencing at one end of the tape and continuing the movement until the desired size of the cylinder is reached. Cylindrenchyma [sil-in-dreng' -kim-ali) [/fiiAivrfpof, a cylinder ; ly^vfia, an infusion]. In biology, tissue composed of cylindric cells. Cylindric [sil-in'-drik), or Cylindrical [sil-in'-drik-al) \_Kij7iiv6po(;, a cylinder]. Pertaining to or like a cylinder. C. Lenses. See Lenses. Cylindrocephalic (sil-in'-dro-sef-al'-ik) [Kv'AivSpor, cylinder; K£(f)a?ir/, head]. Affected with cylindro- cephaly. CYLINDROCEPHALY 348 CYRTOCEPHALUS Cylindroids. a and />. Cast-like forms. c. Filamentous forms. Cylindrocephaly {sil-in' -dro-sef -a-le) ^jivXivufioq, cylin- der ; Kti)>a'Ai/, head]. A cylindric formation of the ikull. Cylindroid {siF-in-droid) \K.v'A,w&poq, cyhnder ; eldof, likeness]. A name given to a mucous cast frequently found in the urine in scarlet fever, and other diseases. It closely resembles a hya- line tube-cast. Cylin- droids are ribbon-like forms, usually of great length, and of about the same diameter as renal casts. They may as- sume various shapes, due to bends and twists, giving them a cork-screw appearance. The ex- tremities are narrow and elongated and often bi- furcated. Cylindroma [sil-iii-dro' - iiiaJi)\ji'v'KivSj)nq, a cylin- der: pi. ,Cylindroinata~\. A tumor peculiar to the orbit of the eye, to the face, and to the stomach, composed of cylindric or club-like hyaline processes. It is a variety of myxo-sarcoma. Cylindrosis [sil-iit-dyo'-sis) \_kv'Aiv6i)ovv, to roll]. A variety of bony articulation, the bone being rolled upon itself to form a canal and then a suture, as in the cranium. Cyllosis (si/-o'-s!s) ^icIMuaig, crippled]. Club-foot ; lameness from deformity. Cyllosoma [sil-o-so' -mali) \K.vXK6q, lame ; aujia, a body : //. , Cyllosomatd\. A variety of single autositic mon- sters of the species celosoma, in which there is a lateral eventration occupying principally the lower portion of the abdomen, with absence or imperfect development of the lower extremity on that side occupied by the eventration. Cyllum [si/' -mil) \_KvXAog , crooked]. Knock-knee. Cymha. {siin' -bah) [/cy///?;/, a boat]. In biology, a boat- shaped sponge-spicule. Cymbiform {siin'-liif-orin) [i-ymba, boat ; forma, shape]. In biology, boat-shaped. C. Bone, the scaphoid bone. Cymbocephalia (sim-bo-scf-a' -le-ah). See Cymboceph- aly. Cymbocephalic, or Cymbocephalous (sim-bo-sef-aF - ik,ox siiii-bo-sef -al-H^) boat ; KE^aA^, head]. Exhibiting cymbocephaly. Cymbocephaly {siin-bo-sef -a-le) [Kl'/i8/j, boat ; Kecpa'Ai'/, head]. The condition of having a boat-shaped head. Cyme [sim) [ryi/ie, a young sprout]. In biology, a loose flower-cluster on the determinate or centrifugal plan. Cymene (si'-me?i) \_cyminiim, cumin], C,jH,j. A hy- drocarbon that occurs, together with cumic aldehyd, in Roman caraway oil (from Cuminuui cvmimini], and in other ethereal oils. It is prepared by treating oil of turpentine with oil of vitriol. It is a pleasantly- smelling liquid, that boils at I75°-I76° C; its specific gravity at o° C. is 0.8722. Cymogene (si' -tno-jeii) ^kv/luvov, cumin ; yevr/^, produc- ing]. A product obtained from petroleum, gaseous at ordinary temperatures, but liquefiable by cold or pres- sure ; boiling at 0° C. (32° ¥.) ; specific gravity 110° B. It is used in the manufacture of artificial ice, and is serviceable in the production of great cold for local or minor surgical purposes. Cymose (si'-mos) [^Kvfia, a young sprout]. In biology, pertaining to a cyme ; bearing cymes. Cynanche [sin-ang' -ke) \_k.\'i^v, a dog; ayx^iv, to strangle]. An old name for any acute affection of the throat, as diphtheria, croup, tonsillitis, etc., in which the patient struggles for breath (as a panting dog). See also Angina. C. maligna, a fatal form of sore-throat. C. suffocativa. Synonym of Croup. C. tonsillaris. See Quinsy. Cynanthropia [sin-an-thro' -pe-ali) [/c/'oii', dog; avOpuTro^ a man] . A mania in which the patient believes him- self a dog, and imitates the actions of one. Cyniatria (si-ne-a-tri' -ali) [k/'gji', dog ; larpeia, med- ication]. The science or treatise of the diseases of the dog and their treatment. Cynic (sin'-ik) \_kvvik6(;, dog-like]. Pertaining to a dog. C. Spasm, a contraction of the facial muscles upon one side, so as to expose the teeth in the man- ner of an angry dog. Cynobex hebetica {si' -no-beks he-bct' -ik-ah) [/fi'wc, dog; cough; iilirjTiKog, youthful]. The convul- sive cough of puberty; aloud, dry, barking cough that often attacks boys and girls at puberty. General hygienic treatment is usually curative. Cynocephalous {sin-o-scf'-al-us) \_k'vuv, Aog; KsifiaAi/, the head] . With the head dog-shaped. Cynodontes ( si-no-don' -iez ) [ ki'cjv, dog ; bSoix, bSovTog, tooth]. The canine teeth, so called from their resemblance to the teeth of a dog. See Cuspid TectJi. Cynoglossum [si-no-glos' -iim). See Hound' s Tongue. Cynolyssa {si-no-lis' -ali) \K.hwv, dog; Xvaaa, rabies]. Hydrophobia; rabies. Gynophobia {si-no-/o'-bt'-a/i)\_xv(JV, a. dog; (p6(iuc, fear]. I. Morbid fear of dogs. 2. Imaginary hydrophobia. Cynorexia (si-no-reks' -e-ah) \k'vuv, dog ; ope^ig, appe- tite]. Canine voracity ; bulimia. Cynospasmus {si-no-spas' -inus) [/ct'iui', dog ; aizaaiiui;, spasm]. Same as Cynic Spasm. Cynurenic Acid {sin-u-ren' -ik) \kvuv, a dog; ovpiw, urine], C,,(,H,^N.>0,. + 2H.^0. A crystalline acid found in dog's urine. It is a decomposition-product of pro- teids. On heating it cynurin is evolved. Cynurin {sin'-u-rin) [k'vuv, a dog; ovpov, urine], C,gIIj^N.^O.^. A base obtained by heating cynurenic acid to 250°. Cyophoria {si-o-fo' -re-aJi) [«:'''or, fetus ; (pepetv, to carry]. Pregnancy; gestation. Cyopin {si'-o-pin) [/.-I'dwof, blue; ttvov, pus]. The coloring-matter found in blue pus. Cyphosis {si-fo'-sis). See Ky pilosis. Cypripedin [sip-rip-e'-din) [/c/)7rp;f , Venus ; tt66iov, a slipper]. A precipitate from the tincture of Cypripe- diiim pubescens ; antispasmodic, nervine, narcotic. Dose '4 to 3 grains. Unof. Cypripedium [sip-rip- e' -de- u in) [/I'/'Trp/f, Venus ; tt6Siov, a slipper]. Lady's Slipper. The roots of C. pubes- cens and C. parvijloruni, American valerian, with properties due to a volatile oil and acid. It is an antispasmodic and stimulant tonic, used instead of valerian, which it resembles. C, Fid. Ext. Dose ir^x-xxx. Unof Cypriphobia [sip-rif-o' -be-ali) [/cuTrptf, Venus ; (popo^, fear]. Fear of sexual intercourse. Cyprus Vitriol [si'-prus vit'-re-ol). Same as Blue Vitriol. C. Fever. Same as Alalia Fever. Cypsela {sip-sel'-a/i) [/cyi/'t/^a, a hollow, cup-like structure]. In biology, a term sometimes applied to an achenium which is invested with an adnate calyx such as that of the Composita;. Cyron {sir' -on). See Chyron. Cyrtocephalus {sir-to-sef -al-us) [xiiordf, convex; (ifiiia/ head]. Having a short head. CYRTOCORYPHUS 349 CYSTINURIA Cyrtocoryphus (sir-to-kor' -if-us) [wprof, convex ; Kopv^r/, the crown of the head]. Lissauer's term for a skull with a parietal angle between 122° and 132°. Cyrtograph [sir' -to-graf) [/tu/jrof, curved; ■)pa.-omatd\ . A neoplasm presenting the characters of both chondroma and cystoma. Cystocolpitis (sist-o-kol-pi'-tis) [/cwcrrtf , bladder ; koK- Tof, vagina]. Inflammation of both bladder and vagina. Cystocope {sist'-o-kop) [/cwcrtf, bladder ; Koiroq, a blow]. A urethral sound, having at the proximal ex- tremity a plate to amplify the sound produced by striking against a vesical calculus. Cystocyte (sist'-o-sit) [Kucrr^f, a bladder ; /cyrof , a cell]. In biology, one of the bladder-like cells of the cys- tenchyma, as in sponges. Cystodynia [sisf-o-din'-e-ak) [nvaTir, bladder ; bihvri, pain]. Same as Cystalgia. Cystofibroma (sist-o-fi-bro' -maJi) \KvaTiq, a bladder ; Jibra, a fiber; d/za, a tumor: //. , Cystofibromata^. A neoplasm presenting the character of both a fibroma and a cystoma. Cystohemorrhagia [sist-o-hem-or-a' -je-ah) [/ci'iffrzf, the bladder; aZ/za, blood; priyvhvai, to burst]. Vesical hemorrhage. Cystolith (sisf -o-lith) [/cyffTt?, bladder ; XlOoi^, a stone] . Vesical calculus. In biology, a stalked body mainly composed of calcium carbonate, found in the cells of certain leaves, as in those of the nettle. Cystolithiasis [stst-o-lith-i'-as-is] [/ciianf, a bladder; /l(V?of, a stone]. Stone in the bladder; also that con- dition of the system that is associated with the pres- ence of vesical calculus. Cystolithic [sist-o-lith' -ik) [Kixrrtf , bladder ; X'lOog, a stone]. Pertaining to a vesical calculus. Cystolutein [sist-o-lii' -te-in) [/cpcrr/f , a cyst ; Ititeus, yellow]. A yellow coloring-matter found in cysts. Cystoma {sist-o'-mah) [/c/'OTjf, a cyst; 6/za, atumor: , Cystoinata\ A neoplasm, especially an ovarian tumor, containing or made up of cysts. Cystomerocele {sis/-o-mer^ -o-sel) \_KvaTLQ, bladder; /j'/por, thigh ; K>/Xt/, hernia]. A hernia of the bladder through the femoral ring. Cystomorphous (sist-o-mar'-fus) [m'trnf, cyst ; p-opcfi'/, form] . Having the form of a cyst. Cystomyxoma (sist-o-}iiiks-o' -ma!i) \kvctl^, a cyst ; fii'ia, mucus; 6/ia, a tumor: //. , Cystomyxoi?iata'\. A neoplasm presenting the characters of both myxoma and cystoma. Cystoncus [sist-ong^ -ktts) [/crcrr/f , bladder ; ojKog, a swelling]. Any swelling of the bladder. Cystonephrosis {sist-o-nc-fro' -sis) \H.v(STiq, sac ; ve(l>pdg, kidney] . A cystic or cystomorphous dilatation of the kidney. Cystoparalysis [sist-o-par-al' -is-is) \_iivaTit;, bladder ; TrapaXvatg, palsy]. Paralysis of the bladder. Cystopexy (sisf' -o-peks-e) \_KhaTiQ, bladder ; Tvf/^tg, fixa- tion]. Fixation of the bladder. An operation for the cure of cystocele, based upon the principle of the Alexander- Adams operation. Cystophotography (sist-o-fo-tog' -ra-fe) [kvotk^, the blad- der; 0a)f, light ; -ypd(j>etv, to write]. Photographing the interior of the bladder for diagnostic purposes. Cystoplastic (sist-o-plas' -tik) [Kt'crr/f, the bladder ; TrXdaaeii'j to form]. Relating to cystoplasty. Cystoplasty (sist' -o-plas-te) [/i/'or/c, bladder ; ■KXaaaiv, to form]. Plastic operation upon the bladder, espe- cially for vesico-vaginal fistula. Cystoplegia [sist-o-ple' -je-aJi) [/cijtmf, bladder ; TvXrjyrj, a blow]. Paralysis of the bladder. Cystoptosis (sist-op-to' -sis) \_K.haTig, bladder ; -ruaic;, a fall]. The projection of some portion of the bladder into the urethra. Cystopylometer [sist-o-pi-lom' -et-er) \KvaTir, bladder ; TTvA?!, gate; fierpov, measure]. An instrument for measuring any obstruction (as an enlarged prostate) at the entrance to the bladder ; it is called also pylometer. Cystorrhagia [sist-or-a' -je-ah). See Cystokemori-kagia. Cystorrhea (sist-or-e' -ah). Same as Cystirrhea. Cystorrhexis {sist-or-eks' -is) \kvc!tlq, bladder ; pv^ii, rupture]. Rupture of the bladder. Cystoscope [sisf -o-skop) [/cwnf , bladder ; ano-elv, to examine]. An instrument for examining the interior of the bladder. Cystoscopy {sist-os' -ko-pe) [/ct'crnf, bladder; okottcIv, to examine]. Examination of the interior of the bladder by means of the cystoscope. Cystospasmus [sist-o-spaz' -mus) [Kwr/f, bladder ; airao/ii^, spasm]. Spasm of the bladder. Cystospastic [sist-o-spas'-tik) [kvotiq, bladder ; awaaTi- Kdg, pulling]. Relating to spasm of the bladder. Cystostomy [sist-os' -to-me) [/ctior/f, bladder ; orojia, a mouth or opening]. The formation of a fistulous opening in the bladder- wall. Cystotome [sisf -o-toin) [/cytrnf, bladder ; re/iveiv, to cut]. A knife used in cystotomy; also a knife used in rupturing the capsule of the lens in cataract- operations. Cystotomia [sist-o-to' -me-ah) [L.]. Same as Cystotomy. C. hypogastrica. Suprapubic cystotomy. Cystotomy [sist-of -o-me) [ Kvariq, bladder ; Topi], a cutting]. Incision of the bladder. Cyte [sit) [/ci'Tof, a hollow]. Any cell; especially a nuclear cell (used mostly in composition). Cythemolysis ( si-tltem-oF -is-is ) [/curof, cell ; aipa, blood; /'.I'ff/f, dissolution]. Dissolution of the cor- puscles of the blood. Cytin [si'-tin) [h/i-oi,-, a cell]. An insoluble cellular substance that remains in various residues of animal tissue from which cytoglobin has been removed. By decomposition it is changed into an albuminoid. CYTISIN 351 CZUMPELITZ'S TEST Cytisin [sit' -is-in) [Kurtcrof, a kind of clover], Cj^H^,- N3O. A poisonous alkaloid obtained from Cytisus laburntcjn and other species. It occurs in yellowish- white, deliquescent crystals. It is chiefly used in the form of the nitrate, a beautiful crystalline salt, pale- yellow in color and acid in reaction. It is used sub- cutaneously in paralytic migraine, and as a diuretic in dropsy and cardiac disease. Dose, grain to ^Vi hypodermatically. Cytoblast [si' -to-blast ) \k.vto(;, a cell ; ^XaaToq, a germ]. In biology, applied to the nucleus of a cell ; also one of the ameboid cytodes going to make up the cytoblastema of sponges. Cytoblastema ( si-to-blas-te' -mah ) [ KVTog, a cell ; jiXaarijiia, a sprout]. In biology, applied to forma- tive material or protoplasm, as giving rise to cells or cytodes ; also to the matrix in which the individuals of a protozoan colony are imbedded ; the gelatinous ma- trix of a sponge. Cytochylema [si-to-ki-le' -ma!i) [/cOrof, a cell ; x^^oq, juice]. Strasburger's term for the inter-reticular por- tion of protoplasm ; cell-juice. Cytochyma, or Cytochyme [si-to-kim'-ah, or si'-to- klni) [/cwrof, a cell; x^M"Cf juice]. The water-sap in the vacuoles of the cytochylema of protoplasm. Cytococcus [si-to-kok' -us) [/ciTof , cell ; kokkoq, ker- nel: //., Cytococcil. The nucleus of a cytula. Cytode [si' -tod) [/cirof, a cell ; sldoQ, form]. In biol- ogy, a term applied by Haeckel to a non-nucleated cell. The simplest, most primitive form of cell, without nucleus or nucleolus ; Haeckel therefore calls the I\Iotiera cytodes. Cytoderm [si'-to-derm) [/cyrof, a cell; 6ipfia, skin]. In biology, a cell-wall. Cytodieresis [si-to-di-er' -es-is) [/cirof, cell ; Sialpeiyig, division]. The process of cell-division. Cytogenesis ( si-to-jen' -es-is) [xyrof , a cell ; yeveatc:, production]. The formation or genesis of the cell, or of cells. Cytogenetic [si-to-jen-et'-ik) [/cirof , a cell ; -yeveaic, production]. Relating to cell-formation. Cytogenic [si-to-jen' -ik). See Cytogenoiis. Cytogenous [si-toj' -en-us) [xwrof, a cell ; yevrjc, pro- ducing]. In biology, producing cells. Cytogeny [si-toj' -en-e). See Cytogenesis. Cytoglobin [si-to-glo' -biti) [/ci'rof, a cell ; globus, a ball]. An albuminoid, obtainable in the form of a white, soluble powder. It forms three per cent, of the pulp of the lymphatic glands. It is partially convertible into preglobin. Cytography [si-tog' -ra-fe) \_x'vTog, a cell ; ypdcpcLV, to write]. A description of cells. Cytohyaloplasm [si-to-hi' -al-o-plazm) [/cwrof , a cell ; iJaAof, transparent ; nTiaafia, formed matter]. Stras- burger' s name for the reticulum of protoplasm. Qytoidi [si' -toid) [/<{)rof , cell ; £((50?, likeness]. Resem- bling a cell. Cytokinetic [si-to-ki-net'-ik) [/cyrof , a cell ; Kivdv, to move]. In biology, applied to the phenomena of mo- tion of plasma or cells ; the opposite of Cytostatic (Ryder). Cytolergy [si-toF -er-je) [/ciTof, a cell; £p)ov, work]. Cell-activity. Cytologist [si-toF -o-jist) \_K.vTog, a cell; Aojof, science]. One who is versed in cytology. Cytology [si-toF -o-je) [/ci'rof, a cell; "^■6)01;, science]. The science of cell-formation and cell-life. Cytolysis [si-toF-is-is) [/ctirif, cell ; AiV^f , loosening ; solution]. Cell-catabolism ; cell-destruction. Cytometer [si-tom'-et-er) [/cf;r;f, cell; fj-eTpiiv, a measure]. A device for measuring cells. Cyto-mitoma [si' -to-mi-to' -mah) [/ciOrof , cell ; /(/7t) [KiVof , a cell ; ardfia, mouth]. In biology, the oral aperture of a unicellular organ- ism. Cytotaxis [si-to-taks' -is) [kvto^, a cell; rdf^f, order]. The selective, ordering, and arranging function of a living cell. Cytotrophy [si-tof -ro-fe) [/cirof , cell ; rpdcpr], nourish- ment] . The growth of the cell and sustentation of cell-life. Cytozoon [si-to-zo' -on) [/cirof, cell; C^ioi', animal]. A protoplasmic cell-mass, probably parasitic in nature, with independent movement ; found by Gaule in de- fibrinated blood and other structures. Cyttarhagia [sit-ar-a'-je-ah) \iivTTapoq, cell; pi^yvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the socket of a tooth. Cytula [sit'-u-lali ) \_k.vtoq, a cell]. In biology, an im- pregnated ovum. Cytuloplasm [sit' -ii-lo-plazm) \_Kvro<;, a cell ; rr'Aaaaeiv, to form, mold]. In biology, the mingled ovoplasm and sper/noplasm in a cytula. Czermak's Spaces. Certain interglobular spaces in the body. Czerny's Operations. See Operations, Table of. Czerny-Lembert Suture. See Sitture. Czerny-Schrceder Operation. See Operations, Table of. Czoker's Alum Cochineal. A solution for staining microscopic sections. Boil 7 grams of pulverized cochineal and 7 grams of alum in 700 c.c. of distilled water, until the quantity of fluid is reduced to 400 c.c. ; cool, add a few drops of carbolic acid, and filter. After standing for a few days filter again, after which the fluid will be ready for use. See Stains, Table of. Czumpelitz's Test. See Tests, Table of. D 352 DACTYLOSYMPHYSIS D. (Dosis). A dose. In Electro-therapeutics an ab- breviation of Duration and of Density. In ophthal- mology the letter is used as an abbreviation of Dexter and Dioptry. It is also used for detttr, let it be given. Da Costa's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. Dacryadenalgia {liak-re-ad-en-al' -je-aJi) [Ja/fpw, tear; ai'//i', gland; akyoq, pain]. Pain in a lachrymal gland. Dacryadenitis {dak-re-ad-en-i' -tis). See Dacryo- adeiiitis. Dacryagogue [ilak' -re-ag-og) [fSd/cpu, tear; hyuyoq, conducting]. I. Inducing a flow of tears. 2. An agent that induces a flow of tears. Dacrycystalgia (dak-re-sis-tal'-je-ah). See Dacryo- cystalgia. Dacryelcosis {dak-re-el-ko'-sis) [Jd/cpi), tear ; eTiKuaig, ulceration]. Ulceration of the lachrymal apparatus. Dacrygelosis [dak-re-jel-o' -sis^f \6aKpv, tear ; yt Auf laugliter]. Alternate weeping and laughter. Dacryhemorrhysis (liak-reh-em-or' -is-is) [(Sd/c/jc, tear ; ai|Ua, blood; pvoiq, a flow]. The weeping of bloody tears ; a flow of blood from a lachrymal duct. Dacryin [dak' -re-in) [Sdnpv, a tear]. A peculiar sub- stance contained in tears. Dacryma (dak'-re-mak) \_6aKpvua, a tear: pl.,Dacry- mata\ A tear ; the lachrymal secretion. Dacryoadenitis (dak-re-o-ad-en-i' -tis) \fiaKpvov, a tear; d'S;/i', a gland]. Inflammation of a lachrymal gland. Dacryoblenorrhea [dak-re-o-blen-or-e'-ah) [fiaKpvov, a tear; ,iAJvvoi;, mucus; poia, a flow]. Chronic in- flammation and discharge of mucus from the lachry- mal sac. Dacryocele [dak' -re-o-sel, or -se'-lc) [Jd/c/awu', tear ; Kt/Ar/, hernia]. See Dacryocystocele. Dacryocyst (dak'-re-o-sist) \6aKpvov, tear ; Kvaric, cyst]. The lachrymal cyst. Dacryocystalgia (itak-re-o-sis-tal' -je-aK) \&a.Kpvov ,\.t.z.x ; Kviru;, cyst ; akyoq, pain]. Pain in a lachrymal sac. Dacryocystitis {dak-re-o-sis-ti' -tis) [fiaupvov, tear ; Kva- Tii;, a sac]. Inflammation of a lachrymal sac. Dacryocystocele (dak-re-o-sist' -o-sel) \_&dKpvov, a tear; Kvc-ic,, a sac; kz/At?, hernia]. Hernia of a lachrymal sac. Dacryocystoptosis [dak-re-o-sis-top-to' -sis) \6aK.pvov, a tear ; Kvarir^, a cyst ; nTcyaK;, a fall]. Prolapse or downward displacement of a lachrymal sac. Dacryohemorrhea {daA-re-o-Aem-or-e'-a/i). See Dae- rylieinorrhysis. Dacryoid [dak' -re-oid) [SaKpmv, tear; eWof, form]. Resembling a tear. Dacryolite [dak' -re-o-ht). See Dacryolith. Dacryolith [dak' -re-o-lith) [Jd«-pwi', tear ; XSoq, stone]. A lachrymal calculus ; a calcareous concretion in a lachrymal passage or in the palpebral conjunctiva. Dacryolithiasis [dak-re-o-lith-i'-as-is) [(Wk/jdov, a tear ; 'k'Snq, a stone]. The morbid condition that is at- tended by the formation of dacryoliths ; also, the presence of dacryoliths. Dacryoma [dak-re-o' -mah) \_^aKp\'(iv, to weep]. I. A lachrymal tumor. 2. The closure or obstruction of the puncta lachrymalia, causing epiphora. Dacryon [dak' -re-on) [(fd/cpnov, a tear]. I. A tear. 2. See Craniometric Points. Dacryops [dak' -re-ops) \_^aKpvov, tear; 01/1, eye]. I. A watery eye. 2. Cyst of the duct of a lachrymal gland. Dacryoptosis [dak-re-op' -to-sis) \6aKpvov, tear ; -rr-ijoic, D a fall]. I. The falling or shedding of tears. 2. Dacryocystoptosis. Dacryopyorrhea [dak-re-o-pi-or-e' -ah) \J\dKpmv, a tear ; TTi'ov, pus; poia, a flow]. A discharge of pus from the lachrymal apparatus. Dacryopyosis [dak-re-o-pi-o' -sis) \J^aKpvov, tear ; 'kvov, pus]. Suppuration in the lachrymal apparatus. Dacryorrhea [dak-re-or-e'-a/i) \_6dK.pvov, tear ; poia, a flow]. Excessive discharge of tears. Dacryosolen [dak-re-o-so' -ten) [fiaKpvov, tear ; auXijv, pipe]. A lachrymal duct or canal. Dacryosolenitis [dak-rc-o-so-len-i' -tis) \faKpvov, a tear ; au/.i/v, a pipe; itl^, inflammation]. Inflammation of a lachrymal duct. Dacryostenosis [dak-re-o-ste-no'-sis) [t^dapvov, tear ; crrfi'df, narrow]. Stenosis or stricture of a lachrymal duct. Dacryosyrinx [dak-re-o-sir' -inks) [Jd/cpwv, tear ; (7/p;}'f ,pipe]. I. A lachrymal fistula. 2. A syringe for use in the lachrymal ducts. Dactyl [dak' -til) [(Jd/iTi'Xof , a finger]. A finger or toe; a digit. Dactylagra [dak-til-a'-grah) [(Jd/crv/^of, a digit ; dypa, seizure]. An attack of gout or rheumatism in the fingers. Dactylate [dak'-til-dt) [(Sd/trDAof, a finger]. Resem- bling a finger. Possessing five rays or appendages. Dactylion [dak-til' -e-on). See Syndactylism. Dactylitis [dak-til-i' -tis) [paKTvkoq, a finger ; ltlq, in- flammation]. Inflammation of a finger or toe. Dactylognathite [dak-til-og-nath' -it) \&dKTv\oq, a finger ; yvdf)o(;, jaw]. In biology, Milne Edwards' term for the terminal (distal) joint of one of the foot- jaws of a crustacean. See Dactylos. Dactylogryposis [dak-til-o-grip-o' -sis) [rSd/friMof, finger; ypvTToi;, curved]. Abnormal curvature of the fingers or toes. Dactyloid. [dak' -til-oid) [(yd/crn/lof, finger ; tMof, form]. In biology, resembling a finger. Dactylology [dak-til-ol' -o-je) [(W/crtiAof, finger ; "kbyoq, speech]. Conversation or talking by the fingers. Dactylolysis [dak-til-ol' -is-is) [f5d«;™Aof, digit ; Xhai^, loosening]. The falling off of a finger or toe. D. spontanea. See Ainkum. Dactylopatagium [dak-til-o-pat-ag' -e-iim) \J)dKTvXo^, finger; narayeiov, a border to a woman's gown]. In biology, that part of the patagium of a bat which is connected with the digits. Cf. Ectopatagiuin. Dactylopodite [dak-til-op' -o-dit) [(Jd/cri'Xof, a finger; TTOi'f, a foot]. See Dactylos. Dactylopore [dak-til' -o-por) [fidnTvloc, finger; Trdpof, pore]. In biology, applied to the opening of the finger-like, or tentacular dactylozoid of certain hydro- zoans. Dactylopterus [dak-til-op' -ter-us) [fidKTvAog, finger ; TTTepov, wing]. In biology, applied to fishes in which certain of the pectoral fin- rays are separate and finger- like. Dactylorhiza [dak-til-or-i'-zah] [SdKTvloc, finger; p/Cn, root]. A disease of the roots of certain vege- tables, as turnips. Dactylos [dak'-til-os) \_6dKTvXo^, a finger]. In biol- ogy, the seventh joint of any crustacean appendage, as the dactylognathite and dactylopodite of Milne Edwards. Dactylospasmus ( dak-til-o-spaz'-iniis ) [ (SdfcruAof, a digit ; CTvaaiwr, a spasm] . Spasm of a digit. Dactylosymphysis ( dak-til-o-sim' -fis-is ) {pdKTvkoi;, finger; a'vv, together; ^v^iv, to grow]. Syndactylism. DADI GOGO 353 DARWINISM Dadi Gogo {tia' -de go' -go) [African]. See Gogo. Daemonomania {de-mo-no-ina'-ne-ah). See Deniono- maiiia. Daffy's Elixir. A compound aromatic tincture of senna. Unof. Dahlia (dahl' -yah). See Pigments, Conspectus of. Dajaksch {di'-aksli) [Java]. The arrow-poison used in Borneo. It is beheved to be distinct from the Java arrow-poison. Dakryon ((/3/J''-rf-(7«). See Craniotnefric Points. Dakryops [ilak' -re-ops). Same as Dacryops. Dalby's Carminative. An old empiric carminative and mildly opiate mixture, answering nearly to the misttira canninativa of the National Formulary. It contains about two and a half minims of tincture of opium to the fluidounce. Dalgarno Alphabet. Glove-alphabet ; a method of manual communication among deaf-mutes, in which the letters are indicated by touching various parts of the hand. Dallas's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Dalmatian Insect Powder. See Buhach. Dalton's Theory. The atomic theory of compounds. Dalton-Henry Law. See Law. Daltonism [dal' -ton-iztii) \_Dalton, a physician]. Color-blindness. See Blindness. Dam. See Rubber Datn and Coffer Dam. Damalic Acid idam-al' -ik ). See Acid. Damaluric Acid {dam-al-u'-rik). See Acid. Damiana [dam-e-an'-ah ) . The leaves of Turnera aphrodisiaca, found in Mexico and Lower California; a stimulant tonic and said to be a powerful aphrodi- siac. It is the basis of a great number of quack reme- dies. D., Ext. Dose gr. ij-x. D., Fid. Ext. Dose TTLx-^j. Dose of the leaves daily. All unot. Dammar [dam'-ar) [Hind. , damar, resin]. A gum or resin resembling copal, produced by various species of Dammnra and by various other trees. D., True, is obtained from the Dam/iiara oricntalis, a coniferous tree, indigenous in the East Indies, and also from Dammara anstralis, in New Zealand. The latter variety is also known as Kauri, or cowdic resin. The former is the variety commonly called dammar in commerce. It occurs in masses, coated on the exte- rior with white powder from mutual attrition, while the interior is pale-amber colored and transparent. It is harder than rosin, and splits and cracks at the tem- perature of the hand. It is used in the manufacture of varnishes. See Cowdie Gum. Damp. See Choke-damp ; Black-damp ; Fire-damp. Damping Apparatus. The union of the tympanic membrane of the ear with the auditory ossicles acting as a damper to prevent excessive sympathetic vibra- tion for its own fundamental note. Dance [dans] [Fr., danser, to dance]. Any measured tread or system of steps accompanied by music. Also, any motion of the body caused by an abnormal nervous stimulus. D., St. Vitus's. See Chorea. D. Plague. Synonym of Chorea. Dancel's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. Dancer's Cramp. SeeCramp. D. Palsy. See Palsy. Dancing Mania. See Choromania. Dandelion [dan' -de-li-on). See Taraxacum. Gundvafi [dan'-druf). See Seborrhea, Pityriasis, and Alopecia furfuracea. Dandy (dan'-de) [Hind., dandi, a boatman]. I. In India, a kind of stretcher or hammock of canvas with a bamboo frame. It is serviceable in the transportation of the sick and wounded. 2. See Colic, Pndemic. D. Fever. See Dengue. Danforth's Oil. See Naphtha. 23 Daniell (dan'-yel) [Daniell, an electrician]. A unit of electric measurements equal to 1.124 volts. D. Cell. See Cell. Daniella (clan-e-el' -ah) [Dr. Daniell, a traveler], A genus of leguminous trees of W. Africa. D. thuri- fera, the only species of this genus affording olibanum, or true frankincense. Dantec, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Table of. Danube Fever (ilan'-iib fe'-ver). A febrile affection of remittent or relapsing type observed in sailors and others that have sailed on and have drunk the water of the Danube River, characterized by symptoms of gastro-intestinal derangement, albuminuria, hematuria, edema, uremic symptoms, profuse perspiration, en- larged spleen, and nervous symptoms. Its precise nature is unknown ; possibly it is the same as Malta fever. Rock fever , Cretan fever, Mediterranean fever. Daphne (daf'-ne) \_6d(pvii, the laurel]. A genus of thy- melaceous shrubs, mostly poisonous or acrid. See Mezei'eon. Daphnetin (daf -net-in) \&a^vri, the laurel], CgH^O^-)- H.^0. A substance obtained by the decomposition of the glucosid It crystallizes in yellow needles or prisms, melting at 255° C. Daphnin (daf'-itin) \_6d(j>vti, the laurel], Cj5H](^0(,4- 2H2O. I. A glucosid isomeric with esculin ; it is ob- tained from the bark of Daphne alpina, and forms prismatic transparent crystals having a bitter taste and melting at 200° C. 2. See also Pigtnents, Con- spectus of. Darier's Disease. Psorospermose foUiculaire vegetante ; Keratosis follicularis : Ichthyosis sebacea cornea ; a disease of the skin commencing on the face or trunk, but ultimately spreading to other parts of the body, and characterized by the development of papules of small size and dirty-red color, with firmly-adherent grayish-brown, black, or gray horny crusts. These crusts can be squeezed out of the papules by the thumb-nails. In some places the lesions may become confluent. The disease progresses slowly, and the papules may assume considerable size. Ulceration of their surfaces may occur, or the tumors may suppurate en masse. The disease occurs usually in males. Its etiology is obscure. See Diseases, Table of. Darnel (dar'-nel). See Lolium. D'Arsonval's Oven. See Oven. Dartoic, or Dartoid (dar-io' -ik , or dar'-toid) [rfaprof , flayed]. Pertaining to or resembling the dartos. D. Myoma. See Myoma. Darton's Test. See Tests, Table of. Dartos (dar'-tos') [(feprdf, flayed]. The contractile fibrous layer beneath the skin of the scrotum. Dartre {dar'-tr) [Fr.]. Any herpetic or other chronic skin-disease ; a term vaguely used in French and the older English medical literature. Dartrous {dar'-trus) [Fr. , dartre\ Of the nature of tetter or herpes ; herpetic. Dartsac {darf'-sak). A muscular sac containing a cal- careous or chitinous dart or rod, opening into the clo- aca of certain gasteropods. (Helix.) Darwin's Ducts. See Ducts. D. Ear. See Ear, Deformities of, Dar-annian Tubercle, and Diseases, Table of. D. Theory of Heredity. See Heredity. Darwinian Tubercle. A nodule or eminence some- times seen on the edge of the helix of the ear ; it is believed to be a relic corresponding to the point of an ape's ear. Darwinism {dar'-'win-izm). [Named after Charles Darwin, a celebrated naturalist]. The theory of de- scent by evolution, as modified by the doctrine of the survival of the fittest. See Neo-Darwinism and Evolution. DASTRE-MORAT'S METHOD 354 DEATH Dastre-Morat's Method. See Anesthetic. Dasyma [itas' -iin-ak). Same as Hirsitties. Date-disease. See Aleppo Boil. D. -fever. Syn- onym of Dengue. Datisca [Ja-tis'-ka/i) [L.]. A genus of herbs, some- what alhed to the cacti. D. cannabina, of Asia and tlie Levant, is antiperiodic and antiscrofulous. D. glomerata is a CaHfornian species. Datiscin [ila-tis^-in) [^Datisea^, C,jH.^.,0].2. A starch- like glucosid from Datisca cannaiina ; it is a good yellow dye. Datura [da-tti' -raJi) [Hind., dhatftra, a certain plant]. A genus of Solanacea;, or night-shade family. D. stramonium. See Stranioniiini. D. tatula, a plant belonging to the nightshade family, closely resembling stramonium in its therapeutic and physiologic properties. It has been smoked with advantage in asthma. Unof Daturin [da-tii' -rin) [Hind., dhatura, a certain plant]. A poisonous alkaloid from the thorn-apple. See Atropiji. Daturism {dat'-ii-rizm) [Hind., dhalilra, a certain plant]. A morbid condition of mind and body in- duced by excessive dosing with stramonium [Datiu-a); stramonium-poisoning. It is nearly or quite identical with atropism. Daubenton's Angle. See Angle. D. Line. See Line. D. Plane. See Plane. Daughter (daiu'-ter) [AS., dohfor, daughter]. A female child or descendant. D.-cell. See Cell. D.- cyst, a cyst formed within a cyst. D. -nuclei. See Kaiyokinesis. D.-star, an amphiaster. See Karyo- kinesis. Dauvergne's Apparatus. An apparatus used for treat- ing old dislocations of the shoulder. Davat's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Davidsohn, Pupillary Reflex of. The light reflected through the pupil in translumination, when the electric light is held in the mouth. Daviel's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Davier (i). See Eviration. Defensive Proteids. Hankin's name for those sub- stances formed in the bodies of animals that render them immune to certain diseases. See also Sozi?!., Phylaxin, Mycosozin, Toxosozin, Alycophylaxin, Toxo- phylaxin, Alexin. Deferent [def^-er-ent) [deferens, carrying avi^ay]. Car- rying away or down ; efferent. See Vas. Deferentitis (def-er-en-ti'-tis) [deferens, carrying away ; iTi^, inflammation]. Inflammation of a vas deferens. Defervescence [de-fer-ves' -ens) [defervescere, to cease boiling]. A term applied to periods during the course of fevers in which the temperature falls. Defibrillation [dc-fi-bril-a' -slnai) \_de, from ; fibrilla, a small fiber] . The tearing of the brain-substance in the direction of the least resistance, in order to make cleavage-preparations. Defibrination [de-Ji-brin-a' -shwt) [de, from; fibra, a fiber]. The removal of fibrin from blood or lymph. Definition [def-in-isli'-iin] [definitio ; definire, to bound by limits]. In optics, the power- of an object-glass to show clear outlines of area or structure, free from ab- erration or distortion. Defixus (de-Jiks' -US') [defigere, to fasten]. Impotent; sexually powerless ; an old term based upon the idea of a spell wrought by an enemy being the cause of the condition indicated. Deflagration [def-lag-j-a^ -shun) [deflagrare, to be con- sumed]. A sudden, violent combustion, such as accompanies the oxidation of certain inorganic sub- stances by mixing with an easily decomposing salt, such as the alkaline chlorates and nitrates. Deflex (de-fleks') [deflextis, to turn aside]. In biology, to bend down. Deflorate (ile-flo' -rat) [defloratus, to deprive of flow- ers]. In biology, said of a plant or anther that has lost its pollen or flowers, or is past the flowering state. Defloration (def-lo-ra' -shiui) [de, from ; flora, a flower]. On the part of the female the first sexual connection effected by consent, not by rape. The loss of those marks or features that indicate virginity, as rupture of the hymen. Defluvium capillorum {de-flu' -ve-um kap-il-or' -uin). Synonym of Alopecia simplex. Defluxion (de-fliik'-shun') [defluxio : de, down ; flitere, to flow]. I. A catarrh ; a descent of the humors or secretions. 2. A rapid falling, as of the hair or eye- brows. Defcedatio MTi^\i.\\XTCL{de-fe-da' -she-o un' -g^ve-ian) [L., " Fouling of the nails"]. Excessive thickness, with foul appearance of the nails, which often become partly detached from the matrix. Defoliate (de-fo'-le-at ) [de priv. ; folium, a leaf]. To de- stroy the leaves of a plant, or to cause them to drop oft". Deforestation [de-for-es-ta' -shun) [de , down ; foresta, a forest]. The stripping of a country or district of its forests, a process that has a direct influence upon the public health for good or for evil. Deformation (de-for-ma'-shun) [deformere, to disfigure or distort]. A process by which the body or any of its parts acquires an abnormal shape. Deformity {de-form' -it-e) [deformitas, a deformity]. Abnormal shape or structure of a body or any part. D., Anterior. See Lordosis. Defunctionalization {de-fuuk-shiui-al-iz-a'-shun) . Fail- ure or deprival of a function. Degasify (de-gaz'-ifi) [de priv. ; gas"]. To expel from wood, coal-tar or other substance all moisture and gaseous material, by means of the application of heat. Degener's Test. See Tests, Table of. Degeneration {de-jen-er-a' -shun) [degenerare, to dift'er from ancestors]. Deterioration, degradation, or retro- gression of the molecular or cellular structure of a tissue, organ, or cell, so that it can no longer maintain its function ; passage from an anastate to a catastate, or from one catastate to a lower one. Atrophy is a form of degeneration. D., Amyloid or D., Albu- minoid, now regarded as an infiltration from without, and not as a degeneration of the proper cells and fibers. See Albuminoid Disease. D., Ascending, that which takes place in centripetal fibers after a de- structive lesion of the spinal cord. D., Atheromatous. See Endarteritis, Chronic. D., Black. Synonym of Melanosis and of Anthracosis. D., Calcareous, the deposition of insoluble compounds of calcium and magnesium within the tissues. Caseation. See Casea- tion. Cloudy Swelling. See Cloudy S-cvelling. D., Colloid, akin to mucoid, the disorganized material becoming of a structureless, semi-solid, jelly-like con- sistence. D., Descending, that which takes place in the centrifugal fibers of the cord after a destructive lesion between the centra! cortex and the anterior nerve-roots. D., Fatty, the conversion of the proteids of a cell or fiber into oil. D., Fibroid, the substi- tution of fibrous for a higher grade of tissue. D., Glassy, the halo-granular change of the heart-muscle seen in fevers. D., Gray, in nervous tissue a de- generation due to chronic inflammation, and charac- terized by the production of a gray color. D., Hyaline, the disorganized tissue becomes shining and translucent. D., Hydropsic, a form of de- generation in which the degenerating cells imbibe large quantities of water. D., Lardaceous. See Albuminoid Disease. D., Mucoid, hyper-secretion followed by disorganization of the mucus-cells. D., Reaction of. See Reaction of Degeneration. D., Senile, the widely disseminated degenerative changes, largely fibroid in character, that mark old age. D., System, degeneration of a system of fibers, in con- tradistinction to insular or scattered degeneration. D,, Waxy. See Albuminoid Disease. D., Zenker's. Same as D., Glassy. Deglutable (deg-lut'-a-bl) [deglutitio, a swallowing ; ME., able, capable]. Capable of swallowing, or of being swallowed. Deglutitio impedita {de-glu-tish'-e-o im-pe-di' -tah). Synonym of Dysphagia. Deglutition [deg-lu-tish'-un) [deglutitio, a swallowing] . The act of swallowing. Degmus {deg'-mus) [(^//yfjijc, a sting; pain]. A gnawing pain in the stomach. Degradation {deg-rad-a' -shun) [degradatio, a. descent by steps]. Gradual physiologic and histologic change for the worse ; degeneration ; retrograde . metamor- phosis. DEGRAS 358 DELIRIUM Degras (de'-gras). See Leather. Degrease (de-gres'^ [Fr-, degraisse!-\. To remove fat, as from bones in the preparation of slceletons. Degreasing [de-gres' -ing) [Fr., degyaisser\. Removing the fat, as from bones. Degree [de-gi-e') [(/t', from ; ^;v?(/«5, a step]. Position in a graded series ; quality. The units or intervals of thermometric scales. Also, a charter or testimonial of qualification granted by a medical or other college. In trigonometry the -^^-^ part of the arc of a circle. Degut [de-giV') [Russ.]. Birch oil or tar. See Bi'reA. Dehio's Method. A method of outlining the stomach. About a quart of water is introduced in separate quan- tities of a half-pint each, and after the ingestion of each portion, the lower crescentic limit of flatness against the tympanitic transverse colon is outlined. The normal stomach with this additional weight will not quite reach the level of the umbilicus, while in case of dilatation its descent will be rapid and considerable. Dehisce {de-Zi/V) [^de, off; hiscere,\.o gape]. In bi- ology, to split open. Applied to the splitting open of anthers to shed their pollen, of antheridia to set free their antherozoids, of sporangia to shed their spores, of certain fruits to shed their seeds, etc. , Dehiscence (de-his'-ens) \de, off ; hiscere, to gape or yawn]. In biology, the act of dehiscing or splitting open. Dehorn \de, away from; ME., honi\. To deprive cattle of their horns. Dehumanization (de-hu-man-iz-a' -shiiit) \_de, from; huiiianiis, human]. I. The loss of the proper char- acteristics of humanity, either by insane persons, or by debased criminals. 2. The supposed loss of some quality pertaining to the human species ; as in the alleged dehumanization of vaccine virus. Dehydration (de-hi-dra' -shiui) \_d<', away from ; vSi^p water]. The necessary removal of water from microscopic preparations previously to clearing and mounting in balsam. Absolute alcohol is generally best ; anilin is used in special cases in which alcohol is inadmissible. 96 per cent, alcohol will answer if xylol or cedar oil be used as the clearing-agent, and should always be used with celloidin sections. It is also called Anhydration. Deiters' Cells. Certain cellular structures between the outer hair-cells of the organ of Corti. Also certain nucleated cells at the intersection of the fibers of the white substance of nerves. Deiters' Cells (spider- cells) are also found in the neuroglia, especially in that of diseased brain-tissue. D. Nucleus, a nucleus lying in the direct sensory cerebellar tract of the medulla oblongata. Its function is unknown. See Nucleus magno-cellularis. D. Process, the process of a nerve- cell, that goes to form an axis-cylinder. Dejection [de jek'-s/iuii) \_dejectio: de, down; jacere, to throw]. The discharge of fecal or other excremen- titious matter; the matter so discharged. Also, a state of despondency. Dejectiones nigrae [de-jek-she-o'-nez ni'-gre) [L.]. Synonym of Alelena. Dekagram [dek'-a-grain). See Decagratn. Dekaliter (dek' -a-le-ter). See Decaliter. Dekameter [dek'-a-me-te?-). See Decameter. Del Toro's Operation. See Operations^ Table of. Delafield's Hematoxylin. "Aee Hematoxylin and Stains. Delagarde's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Delamination [de-latn-in-a' -shun') \_de, away ; lamina, a thin metal plate]. In biology, applied to the split- ting of the blastoderm into two layers. De la Rue's Method. A method of preparing carminic acid. Exhaust cochineal in boiling water. Precipi- tate the extract with plumbic acetate slightly acidulated with acetic acid, care being taken not to add an excess of the lead. Wash the precipitate with distilled water until the wash-water ceases to give a precipitate with mercuric chlorid ; then decompose it with hydrogen sulphid ; filter, evaporate the filtrate to a syrupy con- sistence on a water-bath, and dry ; extract the dark- purple product with alcohol, which dissolves out the carminic acid. See Stains, Table of. De Laval Method. See Lactocrite Method. Delayed Symptoms. See Shock, Deferred. 'De\e\srio\is [del-et-e'-re-us) [(y^/AT^rz/ptof, hurtful]. Hurt- ful, injurious. Delffs' Tests. See Tests, Table of Delhi Boil [del' -he boil). See Furttnculus orientalis. Delicate (del'-ik-at) \_delicatus, delicate]. Of a refined constitution. Feeble. In a condition of poor health. Deligation [del-ig-a'-shun) \_deligatio, a binding]. Li- gation, as of an artery; bandaging, as of a wound. De Lignerolle's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Deliquescence {del-ik-7ves' -ens) \deliquescere, to melt away]. The breaking down as a result of the ab- sorption of water from the atmosphere, characteristic of certain substances. Such substances are said to be Iiyg roscopic. Deliquescent {del-ik-wes'-ent) \_deliquescere, to melt away]. In biology, dissolving ; applied to a stem that divides into branches. Deliquium [del-ik' -we-um) [L.]. An absence. D. animi. I. Failure of the mind; mental decay ; melan- choly; lowness of the spirits. 2. Syncope or fainting. Delirament (de-lir' -am-ent) \deliramentum, delirium]. Delirium. Deliration (de-lir-a' -shun) \_Deliratio, delirium]. De- lirium. Deliriant [de-lir' -e-ant) \de, out of; lira, the furrow]. An agent that acts on the brain, so as to disorder the mental faculties and produce confusion of will-power. Delirifacient [de-lir-e-fa'-she-ent) \_delirium, delirium; facere, to make]. Producing delirium. Delirious [de-lir' -e-us) \_delirus, mad, raving]. Af- fected with delirium ; wandering in mind. Delirium [de-lir' -e-um) [^delirium, madness]. A dis- turbance of the cerebral functions manifested by im paired action of the nerve-centers, characterized by hallucinations, an incoherence of speech, a staggering gait, etc. D., Alcoholic. -See D. tremens. D. ambitiosum, a condition of boastfulness that is some- times manifest in the course of paretic dementia. D. cordis, a peculiar condition of the myocardium re- sulting when chloroform vapor is administered above a certain point of concentration. The myocardium fails to contract and rapidly becomes insensitive to stimulation, being thrown only into fibrillary contrac- tion. A heart once so dilated beyond the point of its ability to re-contract never recovers, and death results. D. ebrositatis. See D. tremens. D., Febrile, the delirium of fever. D. furibundum, acute ma- nia. D. of Grandeur, delirium ambitiosum. D. mussitans, low, muttering delirium. D. nervosum, the delirium following severe surgical operations, or injuries. D. palignosticum, that in which the pa- tient asserts that he has been before in a place to which he has come for the first time. D. persecu- tionis, that in which the patient imagines himself the object of persecution. D. potatorum, synonym of D. tremens. D., Senile, the delirium of old age; dotage. D., Toxic, the delirium caused by poisons. D. tremens, the delirium arising from alcoholic pois- oning, and usually following some acute sickness, overwork, or the shock consequent upon an injury or surgical operation. It is characterized by constant DELITESCENCE 359 DENDRITIC tremor, great exhaustion, distressing illusions and hallucinations. D. vigilans. See D. tremens. Delitescence {del-it-es' -ejis) \_delitescere, to lie hid]. The sudden disappearance of inflammation by resolu- tion. Also, the period of incubation of the virus of contagious diseases, such as smallpox, etc. Delivery [de-Uv' -er-e) [Er., delivrer ; delibemre, to set free]. Parturition, childbirth. D., Post-mortem, the birth of a fetus after the death of the mother, from an accumulation of gases in the uterine cavity. Delomorphous [dcl-o-mor' -fiis) [(S?/Aof , conspicuous ; //opei//, form] . With open or conspicuous form. D. Cells of Rollet, collections of large, oval, or angular, well-defined, granular, reticulated, nucleated cells, between the membrana propria and the adelomorphous cells of the fundus glands of the gastric mucous mem- brane. They are called, also. Parietal Cells of Heidenhain, or Oxyntic Cells of Langley. The secretory part of the tubes is lined by cells called Adelomorphous, Central, or Principal Cells. Delore's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Delpech's Operations. See Operations , Table of. Delphin (ilel' -fin). Same as Delphinin. Delphini Oleum [del-fi^-ni o'-le-iim) [L.]. The oil of the common porpoise, Phoccena communis. It is said to have all the medicinal virtues of cod-liver oil, without the disagreeable qualities of the latter. Delphinin (del' -fin-in) \_6t'k(i}ivt(>v , larkspur], Cj^H^^- NO.^. A poisonous alkaloid from Staphisagria. See St a pit isagria . Delphinium [del-fin' -e-tim). See Staphisagria. Delphinoidin [del-fin-oid' -in) [fieTuplviov , larkspur; fZrJof, like]. An amorphous alkaloid derived from Stavesacre. Delphisin ((/(?/^-;?^-/«) [i-Je/l^/j'foi', larkspur], C^^H^^N.^Og. An alkaloid of Stavesacre occMrring in crystalline tufts. Delta [del'-tah) [rff'/lra, the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet]. The vulva, from its triangular shape. D. mesoscapulse, the triangular area at the root of the spine of the scapula. Deltidium [liel-tid' -e-um) [the Greek letter A, 8k7.Ta\. In biology, applied to the triangular space on a brach- iopod shell, between the beak and the hinge. Deltoid [del'-toid) \_delta, the Greek letter A; el<)o<:, likeness]. Having the shape of a delta, or a triangular form, as the D. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. Delusion (de-lu' -zhun) \_de, from; liisiis, play]. A false judgment of objective things, as distinguished from illusion and hallucination. It is the result of an abnormal condition of the brain. A delusion may be systematized or unsystematized, the former being the more serious and met with in the chronically insane. Delusional (de-lu' -zhim-al) \_delnde?-e, to delude]. Of the nature of a delusion ; characterized by delusions. D. Stupor. See Insanity, Confiisional . Demarcation (de-mark-a' -shun) \_demarcare, to set the bounds of]. A line of separation, as between gan- grenous and healthy tissue. Demarquay's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Demembration ((le-mem-bra' -shun) \_de?fie!nbrare, to deprive of a limb or limbs]. The cutting off of a member ; amputation ; castration. Dement {de' -ment) \demens, insane]. An insane per- son ; one who is demented. Dementia [de-men' -slie-ak) \_de, out of; mens, the mind]. A mild form of insanity marked by imper- fect conception, illogical sequence of expression, loss of reflection, and impaired perception. There is par- tial loss of self-control and self-respect. Dementia is often a final stage of other forms of insanity. It is described under the various forms of secondary, senile, organi'c, and alcoholic. There is a general atrophy of the brain-substance, with a compensatory thickening of the brain-membranes, and an increase of the fluid of the brain and of the neuroglia. Demersal, or Demersed [de-mer'-sal, or de-merst') \_demersus, plunge into]. In biology, growing beneath the surface of water, as the eggs of the catfish. Demi- [dem'-e-). A Latin prefix denoting one-half. Demilune Cells [dctn' -c-lun selz) \_demiius ,\LsXi ; luna, moon], iitt Cell. D. C. of Adamkiewicz. A pecu- liar form of nerve-corpuscle lying below the neuri- lemma of medullated nerve-fibers ; it is stained yellow by safranin. D. C. of Heidenhain, half-moon shaped bodies lying between the cells and the membrana propria of the alveolus in the salivary glands. Demme, Bacillus and Micrococcus of. See Bac- teria, Synonyijiatic Table of. Demnia [dem' -ne-ah) \_6kiiviov, a bed]. In biology, the subgenital cavities found in the Discomeduscc ; they are also called respiratory cavities, genital cavi- ties, umbrella cavities of the reproductive organs, infundibula subgenitalia. Demimonstrosity [dem-e-tnon-stros'-it-e) \dcfni, half; monstruosus, monstrous]. A variety of congenital deformity that does not give rise to appreciable disorder of function. Demodex [de?n'-o-deks) [frjiiS^, fat,- cJ^/f, an insect]. A genus of parasitic insects. D. foUiculorum, a minute parasite found in the sebaceous follicles, par- ticularly of the face. It probably does not produce any symptoms, though in large numbers it may produce acne. See Co7nedo, also Parasites [Animal^, Table of. Demography ( de-mog' -ra-fe) [ Sf/rjoQ, the people ; ypaipeiv, to write]. The science of peoples collectively considered ; social science, including that of vital sta- tistics and the consideration of various questions of state medicine. De Moivre's Hypothesis. An hypothesis that the de- crements of population are in arithmetic proportion, and that of every 86 persons born, one dies uniformly every year until all are extinct. Demonolatry [de-mon-ol' -at-re) \fia'iiiuv, a demon ; 'axit- l)f:ia, worship] . Insane or delusional worship of devils ; the morbid assumption of the character of a witch. Demonomania [de-mo-no-ma' -ne-ah) \faifioiv, a devil; fiai'ia, madness]. A form of madness in which a person imagines himself possessed of a devil. Demonomaniac ( de-mo-no-ma' -ne-ak ) [ daifiwv, a devil ; fiav'ia, madness]. One who suffers with demo- nomania. Demonopathy [de-mon-op' -a-the) [ fiaLfiuv, a demon ; TTadog, disease]. Same as Demonomania. Demonstrator [dem' -on-stra-tor) \_demonstrare, to show]. One who instructs in the practical application of the arts and sciences. De Morgan's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Demours, Membrane of. See Descemef s Membrane . Demulcent [de-mul' -sent) \demulcere, to smooth]. I Soothing ; locally softening and lenitive. 2. Any substance that protects the mucous membranes. It is generally of a mucilaginous nature. Demutization [de-mu-tiz-a' -shun) [de, not; mutits, dumb]. The education of deaf-mutes to speak and to understand spoken language by the movement of the lips, signs, etc. Denan's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Denarcotized [de-nar'-io-tizd) \_de, priv.; vapicuriKog, narcotic]. Having the narcotin removed, as opium. Dendritic, or Dendroid [den-dp-it' -ih, or den'-droid) \_(hvSp!.T7!C ; 6ev6poEi6i/c; (Uv6pov, a. tree']. Tree-like or arborescent. The arrangement of the structures that make up the arbor -rdta of the cerebellum, or that of the uterus, is dendritic. DENDROCELUS 360 DENTES Dendrocelus {den-dro-se' -/us) \_divt)pnv, a tree ; KoMa, belly]. In biology, having a branched intestine. Dendrodentine {den-dro-den' -titi) \_&iv&pov, a tree ; dentine, tooth-tissue]. In biology, a tooth-tissue formed by the blending of the dentine, enamel, and cement of many teeth. Dendrostyle (deti'-dro-stll) [6iv6pov, tree; arvXoc;, pillar]. In biology, Huxley's term for the stalk of the hydroid stage of certain hydrozoans. Denecke, Spirillum of. See Bacteria. Dengue [deng'-ga) [West Ind.]. A zymotic disease somewhat resembling remittent fever, but much more severe. It is characterized by racking pain in the head and eyeballs, pain in the back and knees, arthralgia, catarrhal inflammation of those mucous surfaces that are exposed to the air, swollen salivary glands and measly eruptions. Cf. Bacteria, Sytionymatic Table of. Denidation ((/i\. During involution after pregnancy, the process of dis- integration and casting off of the superficial portion of the uterine mucosa. Denis's Plasmin. A precipitate of uncoagulated blood with sodic sulphate, and treated with sodic chlorid. Denneth's System. See Treatment, Methods of. Dennis's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Denonvillier's Operation. See Operations , Table of. De novo [de no'-vo) [L.]. Anew. Dens (denz) [L. : //. , T>entes']. A tooth. See Teeth. Density [den'-sit-e) [r/t'wjz'to, thickness] . Closeness; compactness. In electro-therapeutics, the amount of electricity accumulated on a unit of surface. Dent {don(g)) [Fr.]. A tooth. Dentagra (de/i-ta^-grah) \_dens, a tooth; aypa, a seizure]. I. The Denticeps, an instrument for extracting teeth ; a tooth-forceps. 2. The term is also applied to tooth- ache. Dental (den'-tal) {_dens, a tooth : gen., Dentis^ Pertain- ing to the teeth. D. Apparatus, the teeth, together with the alveoli in which they are implanted, and the jaws ; also a set of artificial teeth. The instruments and appliances employed in dental operations are likewise so termed. D. Arches, arcades dentaires. The arches formed by the teeth when arranged in their sockets in the alveolar borders, or the arch formed by the alveolar process of each jaw. D. Arteries, the arteries supply- ing the teeth. See Arteries, Table of. D. Atrophy, atrophia dentalis. 'Sii:^ Atrophy of the Teeth. D. Bone, dentine. The osseous part of a tooth. D. Canals, the canals that perforate the alveoli, and give passage to the blood-vessels and nerves that enter the teeth at the extremities of their roots. See Canal. D. Caries, caries of the teeth. D. Cavity, cavitas pulpre ; cavum dentis ; antrum dentale. The pulp-cavity. The cavity occupied by the dental pulp in the interior of a tooth. Its shape resembles that of the tooth ; it is larger in young persons than in old, and when the teeth suffer great loss of substance, either from mechanical or spon- taneous abrasion, it sometimes becomes completely ob- literated. See Abrasion of the Teeth. D. Engine, a machine first introduced in 1870, but since greatly im- proved, and which has almost wholly .su]>erseded the use of hand-burs and drills. It is operated like a dental lathe, and possesses a flexible cable, or an adjustable arm and hand-piece, which afford great facility of movement and adaptation. By means of attachments to the hand-piece, drills can be operated at a right angle with the shaft, at an acute angle, or with a back- ward inclination of nearly forty-five degrees. Burnishers, discs, etc., are also adapted to these dental engines. D. Excavator, an instrument employed for the removal of the decayed part of a tooth, preparatory to the operation of filling. D. Exostosis. See Exostosis of the Teeth. D. File, a file manufactured for operations on the teeth. See File, Dental. D. Forceps. See Forceps for Extracting Teeth. D. Glands. See Gland. D. Groove, a furrow on the lower border of the upper jaw early in fetal life, in which tiie teeth are developed. D. Laboratory, a room or place where the operations connected with mechanical dentistry are performed. D. Necrosis, odontonecrosis. See Necrosis of the Teeth. D. Neu- ralgia, a form of neuralgia the immediate exciting cause of which is owing to some disease of the dental pulp. See Odontalgia. D. Organism, the organism of the teeth ; the organic structure of these orgaijs ; the vital forces that govern them. D. Orthopedia, the art of correcting deformity occasioned by irregular- ity of the teeth, or other causes. See Irregularity of the Teeth. D. Pathology, considers the causes arid different fonns of the various diseases to which the teeth are liable. D. Periostitis, periostitis dentium. In- flammation of the dental periosteum or peridental membrane. See Odontalgia, and Periodontitis . D. Pulp, a soft, vascular, and highly sensitive sub- stance, of a reddish-gray color, occupying the cavity of a living tooth. It also constitutes the rudiment of a tooth. The dental pulp is the principal blood-supply and nerve-supply of the dentine. D. Pulp, Destruction of; there are two methods of destroying the pulp ; one by an operation, such as the use of a barbed brooch; the other by the application of some devitalizing agent, as arsenious acid. D. Ridges, the projecting borders of the primitive dental groove. D. Sac, the sac that encloses the developing tooth in the embiyo. D. Surgeon (chirurgien dentiste), surgeon-dentist, one who devotes himself to the study and treatment of the diseases of the teeth, and their connections, and the adoption of substitutes for them when, by age, accident or disease, they are lost. D. Therapeutics, con- siders the methods and medicaments used in the treat- ment of diseases of the teeth. D. tubuli, the tubes occurring in the structure of the dentine. Dentalgia ( den-tal' -je-ali) [ dens, tooth ; alyng, pain]. Tooth-ache. Dentalis lapis {den-ta'-lis la' -pis') [L.]. Salivary cal- culus ; tartar of the teeth. Dentaphone {den' -taf-on) [(/cmj, tooth ; ^(jiv/, sound]. A modification of the audiphone, q. v., by means of which the sound-waves are transmitted through the bones of the head to the auditory apparatus. Dentarpaga (den-tar' -pa-gaJi) \_dejis, tooth; apuayii, hook]. An instrument for the extraction of teeth. Dentate [den'-tat) \_dens, a tooth]. In biology, ap- plied to leaves, wings, or other flattened organs that have their margins provided with acute teeth that point directly outward from the margin. Dentatum [den-ta' -tuin) [L.]. The dentate nucleus of the cerebellum. D. olivse. See Dentoliva. Dentes (den'-tez) [L., the plural of dens\. Teeth. See Teeth. D. acuti, the incisor teeth. D. adulti, the teeth of second dentition. D. adversi, the incisor teeth. D. angulares, the canine or cuspid teeth, so called, probably, because they are situated at the an- gles of the alveolar arch, at the corners of the mouth, or from the angular shape of their crowns. D. bicus- pidati, bicuspid teeth. D. canini, the cuspid or ca- nine teeth ; so called from their resemblance to the teeth of a dog. D. cariosi, carious teeth. D. colum- ellares, the molar teeth. D. cuspidati, cuspid teeth. D. exserti \exserte7-e, to thrust out], teeth that project or are in front of the dental arch, but applied more particularly to the cuspidati. D. incisores, in- cisor teeth. D. lactei, the milk, temporary, or de- ciduous teeth. See Deciduous Teeth. D. molares, DENTICULATE 361 DENUDATE molar teeth. D. primores, the incisor teeth ; so called because they occupy the front or anterior part of the dental arch. D. sapientiae, the wisdom-teeth. A name given to the third molar tooth of each half of the jaws. D. tomici \_/onuciis, cutting], the incisor teeth. Denticulate (den - tik' - it - laf) \denticuhis, a small tooth]. In biology, having minute dentations. Furnished with small teeth. Denticulus (deii - tik' - ii - his) ' [L.]. A little tooth. Dentier (i&«(,t,'-)-/^-rt') [Fr.]. A French word signifying a base of metal, ivory or any other substance, employed as a support or attachment for artificial teeth. The term is also sometimes applied to a set of artificial teeth. Dentification [den-tif-ik -a'- shuii) \_dens, a tooth ; facere, tion of teeth. Incisors. Canine. Incisors. Canine Molars. Wisdom tooth. The Teeth of an Adult. The top section of illustration is the upper set, and the bottom is the lower set. to make]. The forma- Milk molars. The Temporary Teeth. The top section of illustration is the upper set, and the bottom section is the lower set. Dentiform {den'-tif-orm) \_dciis, a tooth ; forma, shape]. In biology, tooth-like. Dentifrice [den' -tif-ris) \_dens, tooth; fricere, to rub]. A substance used for cleansing the teeth. Dentigerous [den-tij' -er-us) \_dens, a tooth ; gerere, to carry]. In biology, bearing teeth. Dentinal {den'-im-al) [dens, a tooth]. Pertaining to or composed of dentine. Dentinalgia {den-tin-al'-je-ah) \_dens, a tooth; a\-)or, pain]. Pain in dentine. Dentine [den' -/in) \_dens, a tooth]. The bony structure of the tooth, lying under the enamel of the crown and the pericementum of the root. D., Sensitive- ness of, a hypersensitive condition of the dentine of a tooth, occasioned by distal irritation of the dentinal fibrils. See Sensitive Dentine. Dentinitis (den tiiz-i'-tis) \_dens, &iooXh; /r/f, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of the dentinal fibrils. Dentiphone [den' -tif -on) \dens, atooth ; ^uvrj, a voice]. A form of audiphone in which the vibrating disc is attached to the teeth. Dentist {den' -/is/) \_dens, atooth]. Dentista ; odontia- ter ; a dental surgeon. See Dental Suj-geott. Dentistry {den'-tis-tre) [dens, atooth]. Odontotechny ; odontiatria ; odontotherapia ; dental surgery, embrac- ing everything pertaining to the treatment and re- placement of the loss of the natural teeth. Dentitio [den-tish'-e-o) [L.]. Dentition. Dentition [den-tish'-un) \_dens, a tooth]. The cutting or first appearance of the teeth in infancy. Also, the arrangement and evolution of the teeth. Dentition is primary, that is, the cutting of the temporary or milk teeth, and secondary, or that of the permanent teeth. There are always some vague symptoms associated with the process, such as fretfulness, restlessness, con- vulsions, diarrhea, painful and swollen gum, which may be relieved by lancing over the protruding tooth. Dentium [den'-she-iim) [L.: gen. of Dentii'\. Of the teeth. D. cavernae, the sockets of the teeth. D. cortex, the enamel of the teeth. D. dolor, pain in the teeth ; tooth-ache. D. nitor, enamel of the teeth. D. scalptura, lancing of the gums. D. vacillantia, looseness of the teeth. Dentography (den-/og' -ra-fe) \_dens, ^ tooth; a description]. A description of teeth. Dentoliva {den-/ol' -iv-ah) \_deiis, a tooth ; oliva, an olive]. Dentatum olivre ; olivary nucleus; a capsule of cinerea within the oliva of the brain. Dentology (c/c«-/f/''-f-yf) [(/otj, a tooth ; /1 4}'of, science]. A treatise on the teeth. Dentonomy [den-ton' -o-me) \_dens, a tooth ; vojio^, a law]. The arrangement of the teeth into classes. Dentos [den'-tos) [dens, tooth; os, bone]. Tooth- bone ; tooth-substance. Dentrification [den-trif-ik-a' -shun) [dens, a tooth ; facere, to make]. The deposition of lime- salts on the enamel and dentine of the teeth. Dents {dahnt) [Fr.]. Teeth. D. bicuspidees, the bicuspid teeth. D. coldes, neck of the teeth. D. canides, the canine teeth. D. de lait, the milk or temporary teeth. D. machelures, the molar teeth. D. molares, the molar teeth. D. multicuspidees, the large molar teeth. D. ceilleries, canine teeth. Denture [den'-chur) [dens, a tooth]. A complete set of teeth ; the whole assemblage of teeth in both jaws. Denudate [den'-u-da/) [denudare, to strip]. In bi- ology, lacking covering, as scales, hair, foliage. DENUDING 362 DERENCEPHALOCELE Denuding (den-u'-diui;) \_deniidare, to denude]. A stripping or malving bare. D. of the Teeth, an affec- tion that consists in the gradual destruction of tlie enamel of the anterior or labial surfaces of the inci- sors, cuspidati, and sometimes of the bicuspids ; the molars are rarely affected by it. Denutrition (ile-nu-trish' -un) \de, from ; nutriare, to nourish]. The breaking down or atrophy of tissue arising from lack of nutrition. The opposite of nutri- tion. Deobstruent [de-ob' -stru-eni) \_de, from ; obstruere, to obstruct]. A medicine that removes functional ob- structions of the body. An aperient. Deodand [(Av^jGod; (/arf, to give]. A fine fonnerly imposed on an inanimate thing or animal that had caused the injury or violent death of a person. Deodorant [de-dd'-o!--aitt) \_de priv. ; odorare, to smell]. A substance that removes or corrects offensive odors. Deodorizer {ile-o'-dor-i-zer') \(ie priv. ; odorare, to smell]. A deodorizing agent ; a substance that de- stroys oftensive odors. Deontology [de-on-tol' -o-je) right, binding ; "koyuq, science]. The science of duty. D., Medical, medi- cal ethics. Deoppilant, or Deoppilative (de-op' -il-ant, or de-op- pil'-at-iv) \_de, from; oppilare, to stop]. I. Deob- struent ; aperient. 2. An aperient medicine. Deorsum [L.]. Downward. D.vergens. See Vergens. Deossification (de-os-if-ik-a' -shun) [^^,away; o.f,bone; facere, to do]. The absorption of bony material; the deprivation of any part of its bony character. Deoxidation [cie-oks-id-a' -sJmn) from ; oxidattis, having oxygen]. In chemistry, the separation of an element or compound from the oxygen held in com- bination. Reduction. Deozonize (de-o'-zon-iz) [_de, from ; bi^etv, to smell]. To deprive of ozone. Depauperate (de-paw' -pcr-af) \_de, intensive ; paupe/\ poor]. I. To render poor; to pauperize; to im- poverish. 2. Impoverished ; ill-nourished ; under- fed, and under-grown. Depilation [dtp-il-a'-sliun) '\depilatio, removal of hair]. The removal of hairs. Depilator {de-piU -a-tor) \_depi!nre, to remove the hair]. An instrument for pulling out the hair. Depilatory (de-pil' -at-or-e) \de, from; pihts, the hair]. 1. Having the power to remove the hair. 2. A sub- stance used to destroy the hair, usually a caustic al- kali. Deplethoric (de-pktld -or-ik) \_de priv ; 7r'AT/Hcjp7/ , ple- thora]. Marked by absence of plethora. Depletion [de-plc' -shiai) \_diplcre, to empty]. The process of diminishing the quantity of any tissue or fluid of the body, especially the blood. It may be general or local, the former by venesection and purg- ing, and the latter by leeching, cupping, or scarifica- tion. Depletive, Depletory [de-pk' -tiv ,de-ple' -tor-e) \_depkre, to empty]. I. Causing or tending toward depletion. 2. A medicine that depletes. Deplumation (de-p!u-ina' -shun) \_de, down, off; phima, feather]. The loss of the eyelashes. Depolarization {de-po-lar-iz-a' -shun). Destruction of 1 polarity. The neutralization of the opposite poles of a magnet. The neutralization or recombination of light-waves that have been separated by means of a Nicol prism. Deposit (de-pos'-il) [f/t', from; ponere, to place]. A gathering of particles that have been held in suspen- sion. A gathering of morbid or normal matter in any part of the body. See Urinary Deposit. Deposition [de-po-zish'-iin). See Couching. Depositive [de-poz'-it-iv) \_deponerc, to lay aside]. Tending to or characterized by a morbid deposit ; exudative. Depravation [iLp-rav-a' -shun) \_depravari\ to vitiate]. A deterioration or morbid change in the secretions, tissues, or functions of the body. Depressant (de-pres'-ant) \_deprimere, to press down]. .\ medicine that retards or depresses the physiologic action of an organ. A sedative. D., Cardiac, one that lowers the action of the heart. D., Cerebral, one that arrests the functions of the cerebrum. D., Motor, one that lowers the activity of the spinal cord and motor apparatus. Depressio (de-pres' -e-o) [L.]. A depressing. D. cataractse. Synonym of Couching. Depression (de-presh' -uii) [depressio ; deprimere , to depress]. In anatomy, a hollow, or fossa. In sur- gery, displacement inward of the skull, often giving rise to pressure on the brain. D. and Elevation, one of the Swedish movements, either excentric or concentric, in which, while the part is being raised or depressed, resistance is made by the patient or operator. Depressions, Pacchionian. The depressions on the internal surface of the parietal bone that lodge the Pacchionian bodies. Depressor (de-pres'-or) \_deprimere, to depress]. A name given to a muscle or an instrument that de- presses. See Muscles, Table of. D. Fibers. See Pressor. D. of Sims, an instrument for holding bacic the vaginal wall during exploration with the speculum. D., Tongue, an instrument for depressing the tongue in order to examine the throat. Deprimens ((/;/''-;7'w-^«3) [L. ] . i. Depressing ; press- ing down. 2. A depressing muscle. D. auriculae, the retrahens auris muscle. D. oculi, the rectus in- ferior of the eye. See APuscles, Table of. Deprived Classes. Those persons collectively who have lost or are without their reason or any one of the special senses. Depurant (dep' -u-rani) \_depurare, to purify]. I. Purifying ; cleansing. 2. A medicine that purifies the animal economy. Depurative (dep'-u-ra-tiv), or Depuratory {dep'-u-ra- tor-e) \_depiirare , to purify]. Purifying or cleansing. D. Liver, same as Amyloid Liver. Depurator (dep' -u-ra-tor) \depurare, to purify]. A medicine or a device for promoting a depuratory pro- cess. DeR. A contraction and symbol of the term Reaction of Degeneration , q. v. Deradeiphus (der-ad-el'-fus) [61: pr], neck ; oJeA^i^f, brother]. A monocephalic dual monstrosity, with fusion of the bodies above the umbilicus, and with four lower extremities, and three or four upper. Deradenitis (der-ad-en-i'-tis) [fifp'i, neck ; ixfir/v, a gland; iriq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the glands of the neck. Deradenoncus (dcr-ad-en-ong' -kus) [6tpri, neck ; aSriv, gland ; oyKoc, mass], A swelling of a gland of the neck ; a swollen gland of the neck. Deranencephalia (dcr-an-en-sef-a' -le-ali) \f>'epri, neck ; 01' priv. ; h/Kt(l>a'Aog, brain]. Teratism marked by absence of the head and brain, the neck being present. Derangement (de-rdnj' -ment). See Insanity. Derbyshire Neck (der'-be-sher nek). See Goiter. Derencephalia (der-en-sef-a' -le-ali) \fikpri, neck ; sy/cE- 0a? oc, brain]. The condition of being derencepha- lous ; teratic absence of cranium, the vestiges of the brain being enclosed in the cervical vertebrse. Derencephalocele (der-cn-sef -al-o-sel) [ffrpv, neck ; £>7Cf^aXof, brain ; k?/>j/, tumor], A protrusion of the DERENCEPHALOUS 363 DERMATITIS brain through a split in one or more of the cervical vertebms. Derencephalous [der-en-sef -al-us) \&tpri, neck ; iy/cf- (paAog, brain]. Affected with derencephalia ; of the nature of derencephalus. Derencephalus fyder-en-sef -al-us) [t5f/3//, neck; iyKt- fa/.o(;, brain]. A variety of single autositic monsters of the species anencephalus, in which the bones of the cranial vault are rudimentary, the posterior portion of the occiput absent, and the upper cervical vertebrae bifid, the brain resting in them. DeRheim's Plaster. A celebrated plaster for chilblains, made as follows: Capsicum pods ^j, strong alcohol, ^ ij ; macerate several days, then add mucilage of acacia ^ij. Stir well and brush over sheets of silk or tissue paper, and apply like court-plaster to the unbroken chilblain. Derivant {der' -iv-ant] [(/(?r/'z'art', to derive]. I. Deriv- ative ; revulsive. 2. A derivative medicine or appli- cation. Derivate (der' -iv-at) \_den'vare, to derive] . In chemistry, a substance that is derived from another. Derivation [cler-iv-a'-sJmn) \_derivare, to derive]. I. Derivative action ; the drawing away of a morbid process from one part to another ; revulsive treatment. 2. The supposed suctional power of the heart, or the effect of that power upon the circulation. D. Wire, in an electric battery a wire connecting two points in a closed circuit. Derivative (de-riv' -at-h>) \_derivare , to turn aside a stream]. Diverting or drawing a morbid process from its seat ; revulsive. Derm. See Derma. Derma [der' -mah) \fiEpiia, the skin]. The skin. The true skin. See Cutis. Dermad [der'-mad) \_6Epfj.a, the skin; ad, to]. Ex- ternally ; toward the skin ; ectad. Dermagra [der-ma' -grah). See Dermatagra. Dermal (der'-mal) [dfp/ia, the skin]. Pertaining to the skin. Dermalaxia {der-snal-aks' -e-ah) \_&kpjia, skin ; fiaka^ca, softness]. Morbid softening of the skin. Dermalgia (der-mal' -je-aJi). See Dermatalgia. Dermanoplasty [dcr-inan' -o-plas-te) \_SEpfia, skin ; avan'Aaaasiv, to form anew]. Skin-transplantation ; skin-grafting ; a method of plastic surgery, in which a piece of the whole thickness of the skin is entirely removed from one part and transferred to another distant part to fill up a gap. Dermanyssus (dcy-man-is' -its') [cSf-p/ia, skin ; vvaoEiv, to prick]. A genus of itch-mites. D. avium is a species found on birds and sometimes on the human subject. Dermapostasis (de>--map-os' -ias-is') [f5fp^a, skin ; aTrdcr- Taacg, a falling away]. Any skin-disease dependent upon some constitutional disorder, and marked by metastatic dermal deposits. Dermatagra (der-mat-a' -gyaJi) \pkpim, skin ; aypa, seizure]. See Pellagra. Dermatalgia f^der-mat-al' -je-aJi) SJsep^ia, skin; akyoQ, pain]. Neuralgia of the skin. Rheumatism of the skin. Pain in the skin not due to any structural change in it. Dermataiaxe (der-juat-awks' -e') l_(Upi-ia, skin ; av£?j, augmentation]. Thickening or hypertrophy of the skin. Dermatic {der-maf -ik) \_(hp/LLaTiic6^, pertaining to the skin]. I. Relating to the skin. 2. A remedy for diseases of the skin. Dermatitis [der-mat-i' -tis) [_2, urticaria ; /«r, erythema, vesicles and bulls, acne ; ierebene, papular erythema ; tuberculin, scarlatiniform; turpentine, erythema, pap- ules, vesicles. D. papillaris capillitii. Same as D. papilloiiiatosa capillitii. D. papillomatosa cap- illitii. Acne keloid ; Sycosis frafnbcesiformis ; a rare form of chronic skin-disease affecting the nape of the neck and adjacent portion of the skin. The lesions consist of minute red papules, which occasionally sup- purate, and are usually traversed by a hair. Ulti- mately these unite to form extensive, irregular, hard, white, or reddish keloid-looking growths from which a few brush-like bundles of atrophied, firmly adherent hairs protrude. It occurs usually in males of middle age. D. repens, a spreading dermatitis, usually fol- lowing injuries, and probably neuritic, commencing almost exclusively in the upper extremities. D., Seb- orrheic ; Seborrlieic eczema ; a form of inflammation of the skin associated with seborrhea of the scalp, due to the direct transference of the same pathogenic organism from the head to the region affected. D. traumatica, those inflammatory changes in the skin resulting from traumatism. D. venenata, a term embracing all forms of inflammation of the skin pro- duced by e-xternal irritating agencies, whether from the animal, vegetable, or mineral kingdom. This in- cludes the dermatitis produced by rhus-poisoning. Dermatobia [der-mat-o' -be-ali) [Jep/za, skin ; fiiovv, to live]. A bot-fly of Central America, the eggs of which are not infrequently deposited in the skin and produce a swelling very like an ordinary boil. See Macaco Worm and Parasites [Animal), Table of. Dermatogen {der-mat'-o-jen) l_Sip/ua, skin ; ytm/g, pro- ducing]. In biology, the layer of cells, in a young or growing part, that is destined to become epi- dermis. Dermatography [der-mat-og' -ra-fe) \&f:pjia, skin ; ypdtp^ti), to write]. A description of the skin. Dermatoid (der' -mat-oid) \fiti>fia, skin; fMof, resem- blance].' Like or resembling skin. Dermatokeras [der-ntat-o-ker' -as) \_6(pua, skin ; K(pa(;, a horn]. See Cornu ciitaneum . Dermatol [der' -mat-ol) [fi//5//a, skin], C|;H.^(OH),,. - CC\Bi(0H)2. The subgallate of bismuth, which ap- pears to be a valuable antiseptic agent. It is especi- ally of service in cutaneous aft'ections or lesions associated with copious secretion. Dose internally in aftections of the stomach and intestines, two drams daily. It is valuable as a drying antiseptic for dust- ing wounds. Dermatologist (lier-mat-ol'-o-jist) [rffp//(i, skin ; 'tbyoc, science] . One who is an adept in the treatment of skin-diseases. Dermatology [lier-mat-ol'-o-jc] {fiepim, skin ; 'toyo^, science]. The science of the skin, its nature, struc- ture, functions, diseases, and treatment. Dermatolysis [der-mat-oF -is-is) \fikpiia, skin; Ivaii;, a loosing]. An exaggerated form of Afo/Z/wa/wyf/'/'f - marked by large flaps or folds of hypertrophied skin, their commonest sites being the neck, face, but- tocks, and chest. The skin-flaps are often deeply pigmented, thickened, indurated, and warty. Hyper- trophy of the bones or other subjacent tissues may also be present. Dermatoma [der-mat-o' -mah) [(St/jua, skin ; 6/ja, a tumor: //. , Dermatomata'\. Any tumor of the skin, or one made up of dermal elements. Dermatomalacia {der-mat-o-nial-a' -se-aJi) \_iS'tpiia, skin ; fia'/.aKia, softness]. Morbid softening of the skin. Dermatomelasma [der-mat-o-mel-az' -mali) [dfp/ia, skin ; iii:'AaojjLa, a black color]. Addison's disease. Dermatomycosis [der-mat-o-7ni-ko' -sis) \Jikpfia, skin ; l^i'Kii^, fungus]. Any skin-disease caused by a para- sitic plant-growth. Dermatomyoma (der-juat-o-mi-o' -mali) [(5ep/;a, skin ; fivi;, muscle; bjia, a tumor: //. , Dermatomyotnatci\. Myoma seated upon or involving the skin. Dermatoneurosis [der-mat-o-nu-ro' -sis) [dep|Ua, skin ; vfvpov, a nerve]. Any neurosis of the skin. Dermatonosus [der-!nat-on' -o-siis) [^Sipfia, skin ; i-'ocof, disease]. Any skin-disease. Dermato-pathology (der-mat-o-path-ol'-o-je') \Jikpixa, skin; -aftoc;, disease; /Id j- of, science]. The pathol- ogy of the skin. Dermatopathy [der-mat-op' -ath-e) \&tp)ia, skin ; irdHog, dise.ise]. Any skin-disease. Dermatophony [der-mat-off' -o-ne) \_^ipiia, skin ; (jiuvi/, sound]. The auscultation of the skin ; a process by which, it is alleged, the sound made by the blood in the vessels of the skin can be heard. Dermatophyte {der'-mat-o-fit) \_6kpfj.a, skin ; (pvrSv, a plant]. Any species of fungous vegetation that grows upon the skin. Dermatoplasty (der'-mat-o-plas-te) \_rUpfj.a, skin ; TT2.daaEii', to form]. Plastic surgery of the skin. ' Dermatorrhea [der-mat-or-e' -ah) \J)kpyia, skin ; poia, a flowing]. An increased secretion from the skin. Dermatosclerosis [der-mat-o-skle-ro' -sis). See Sclero- derma. Dermatosis [der-mat-o' -sis) [f5fp//a, skin ; vduof, dis- ease: //. Dermatoses^. Any disorder or disease of the skin. D. Kaposi. Synonym of Xeroderma pig- mentosu>n. Dermatosome [der' -mat-o-soni) \jSkpp.a, skin ; atdfia, body]. A thickening or knot in the equatorial region of each spindle fiber in the process of cell-division. Dermatospasmus [der-mat-o-spaz' -miis) [cSf'p//a, skin ; a7Tna/i6(, spasm]. Cutis anserina, or goose-skin. Dermatosyphilis [der-mat-o-sif -il-is) \fie.pjia, skin ; Syphilus, a. Latin proper name]. The cutaneous manifestations of syphilis. See Syphiloderma. Dermatotomy [der-mat-ot' -o-me) \fikpfia, skin ; rkfiveiv, to cut]. The anatomy or dissection of the skin. Dermatozoon [der-mat-o-zo' -oji) \&kppa, skin ; !iC>ov, an animal: pl.Dermatozoa'\. Any animal parasitic upon the skin. Dermen [der' -men) \Jikpjia, the skin]. Belonging to the derma itself. Dermenchysis [der-men' -kis-is) \_6kp/ua, skin; ky;^vaii;, a pouring in]. Hypodermatic injection. Dermepenthesis [der-mep-en' -thes-is) \J)kpjja, skin; kTvkvHEai^, insertion]. Synonym of skin-grafting. Dermexanthesis [der-mcks-an-the' -sis) [6kp/ia, skin ; ffdi'fr;?(T/f, eruption : //. Dermexanthescs\ Any skin- disease marked by a rash-like eruption. Dermic [der'-mik) [(Upfia, the skin]. Relating to the skin. Dermocyma [der-mo-si'-mah) \&kpiia, skin ; nvjia, the fetus]. A form of double monstrosity in which the parasite is contained within the skin of the host. Dermogastric [der-mo-gas' -trik) \fikppa, skin ; yacri/p, stomach]. In biology, applied to structures having a connection with the skin and the stomach, as dermo- gastric pores. Dermographia [der-nio-graf -e-ali) \6kpii.a, skin ; ypd.- £iii, to write]. The condition observed in the so- DERMOGRAPHIC 365 DESPUMATION called autographic skin ; autographism. See Urticaria factitia. Dermographic (i/<.7--W()-i,'-ra/'-//;') [dfp«a, skin; ypdipciv, to write]. Aft'ected with dermographia. D. pseudo- urticaria. Same as Derriiograpliia. Dermographism (lier-mo-graf -iziii) skin ; ypdfew, to write]. Autographism. See Autographic Skin and Urticaria factitia, Dermography {cier-mog' -ra-fc) \jsipim, skin ; ypa.(j>eiv, to write] . Dermographia ; dermal autographism. Dermohemal (der-mo-he' -mal) \6ipp.a, skin; alfia, blood]. In biology, applied to parts of the ventral or hemal fins of certain fishes. Dermoid (der'-moid). See Dermatoid. D. Cyst, a tera- toma. Dermology (der-moF-o-je). See Dermatology. Dermoneural (der-mo-nti' -ral) [rffp//a, skin ; vnvpov, nerve]. In biology, applied to parts of the dorsal or neural fins of certain fishes. Dermoneurosis (der-ino-nn-ro' -sis). 'Ss^^ Dennatoneu- rosis. Dermoplasty [der' -ino-plas-te) \SkpiLa, skin ; -'Aaoasiv, to form]. Restoration of skin ; skin-grafting. Dermorhynchous {der-mo-ring'-kus) [Seppa, skin ; pvyxoc, snout]. In biology, having a bill or beak covered with skin, as the duck. Dermorrhagia [der-tnor-a' -je-ah) skin; prjyvvvai, to break forth]. Hemorrhage from the skin; bloody sweat ; hematidrosis. Dermosclerite [de>--mo-skic'-rii) [Seppa, skin ; gk/itjpoc^, hard]. In biology, one of the spicular masses found in certain actinozoans. Dermoskeleton (der-mo-skel' -et-zm) \6kppa, skin ; aKe'AeToi', a skeleton]. The exoskeleton of inverte- brates ; the skin and its appendages. Dermo-syphilopathy {i{cr->iio-sif-il-op' -a-the) \6kppa, skin; sypliilis; TrdWof, affection]. A syphilitic skin- disease. Dermotomy (tier-mot' -o-/iie). See Derniatotomv. Derodidymus {der-o-did' -im-iis') ['5fp??, neck ; Sldvpo^, double]. A sysomic monstrosity with a single body, two necks and heads, two upper and lower extremities, with other rudimentary limbs occasionally present. Derospasmus [der-o-spaz' -mils') \&kpri, neck; a-aop6r, spasm]. Spasm or cramp in the neck. Dertrotheca {der-tro-tlie'-Jcali) [(^fprpov, a vulture's beak ; di]Ki], a sheath]. In biology, the skin of the dertrum or tip of the upper mandible in certain birds. Dertrum (der'-trum) \Jikprpov, a beak]. See Dertro- theca. De Salle, Line of. See Lines, Table of. Desanimania {des-an-im-a' -ne-ah) \_des [dis) priv.; animus, V!\\x\di\ pav'ia, mania]. Mindless insanity; amentia. Desault's Apparatus or Bandage. See Bandage. D. Operations. See Operations, Table of. Desbassins' Test. Same as Richmond s Test. See Tests, Table of. D. Splint. See Splint. Descemet's Membrane. The internal or posterior lining membrane of the cornea. Also called the Mem- brane of Demours. Descemetitis (des-em-et-i'-tis) \_Descemet ; itlq, inflam- mation]. Inflammation of Descemet's membrane. Descemetocele {des-em-ef -o-sel) \_Descemet ; Kr/Arj, hernia]. Hernia of Descemet's membrane. Descendens [de-sen' -denz) \_descendere, to go down]. Downward. D. noni, a branch of the hypoglossal nerve. See Nerves, Table of. Descent (de-sent') \_descensus, a going down]. The act of going down ; downward motion. D. Stage of Labor, one of the stages in labor, consisting in the entrance of the fetal head into the pelvis. D. of Testicle. See Testicle. D. of "Womb. See Pro- lapsus. Deschamps' Angle. See Angle. Deshler's Salve. The compound resin cerate of the pharmacopeia. Desiccant (dts'-ik-ant) [desiccare, to dry up]. I. Caus- ing desiccation ; drying. 2. A drying medicine or application. Desiccation (dcs-ik-a' -shun)'\_desiccare, to dry up] . The process of removing moisture from solids and organic tissues. Desiccative (des' -ik-a-tiv) [_desiccare, to dry up]. I. Drying; desiccant. 2. A medicine or application having the property of drying moist tissues, ulcers and running sores. Desma (dez' -mali) \_6eapa, a band]. In biology, a term ajiplied to irregular sponge-spicules. Desmachyme (des' -mali-kim) (deapa, a band ; ,1'17'df, juice]. In biology, the connective tissue of sponge. Desmacyte (des' -mah-sit) \fikapa, a band ; kvto(, a cell]. In biology, one of the connective-tissue cells of a sponge. Desmarres' Operations. See Operations, Table of. Desmitis (des-mi'-tis) [dea/zof, ligament]. Inflamma- tion of a ligament. Desmobacterium (des-mo-hak-te' -re-uni) \_&£ap6q, band; /?aKr/}p/(H', a small staff : //. Desmobacteria\ A group of microbes, so-called by Cohn, corresponding to the genus Bacillus of Klein. Desmodactylous (des- mo-dak' -til-us) \6eap6c, a band ; SaKTvlo^, a finger or toe]. In biology, having the flexor tendons of the toes united. Desmodynia (des-ino-di}i'-e-ak) [Jecr/idf, a band ; b6vv//, pain]. Pain in a ligament. Desmognathism (des-mog'-na-thizm) [iSea/wc, a band ; yraOog, jaw]. Union of the maxillo-palatine bones across the middle line ; normal in certain birds, as hawks, ducks, etc. Desmognathous (des-mog'-na-thus) [^thiypoc, a band ; yvadoq, a jaw]. In biology, applied to birds of the " bound palate " type, in which the vomer is small or absent, the maxillo-palatines united, and the palatines and pterygoids articulate directly with the sphenoid. Desmography (des-mog' -ra-fe') [fJfu/raf, a ligament ; ypci0siv, to write]. The description of the ligaments. Desmoid (des' -moid) \_6eapTj, a bundle ; fJtSof, likeness]. Like a small bundle. D. Carcinoma. Synonym of Hodgkin' s Disease. Desmoma (des-mo' -mah') [rSecr/idf, a band: //. , Desmomafa'\. A connective-tissue tumor. Desmoneoplasma (des-mo-ne-o-plaz'-mah) \fsap6q, band ; I'i'of , new ; -irAaapa, plasma : //. , Desmoneoplas- i?!ata'\. Any neoplasm made up of connective tissue. Desmopathy (des-mop' -a-fhc) \fsap6i;, a band ; ■KadoQ, disease] . Any disease of a ligament. Desmopelmous (des- mo-pel' -m us) \_6eapa, a band; ni'kpa, the sole of the foot]. In biology applied to such birds as have the plantar tendons bound together. Desmosis (des-mo' -sis) [(5e(7//df , a band : pi., Desmoses\ Any disease of connective tissue, especially of the con- nective tissue of the skin. Desmotomy (des-mof -o-me) [df(T//df, band; ropii, sec- tion] . The dissection and anatomy of the ligaments ; surgical cutting of a ligament. Desmotrophy (des-mot' -ro-fe) [d£cr/./df , a band ; rpii(^ELv, to turn]. Tautomerism. Desoxalic Acid (des-oks-al'-ik). See Acid. Desprez' Operation. See Operations, Table of. Despumation (des-pu-ma' -shun) \_despumare, to skim froth]. The purification of a liquid by removal of the scum or froth : also the formation of froth ; purifica- tion ; clarification in general. DESQUAMATION 366 DEW Desquamation [des-kwci/a-a^-shiin] '\_desquamare , to scale oftj. The exfoliation or falling oft of the cuticle in scales. It is bran-like after measles ; in layers after scarlet fever. Desquamative {des-ktiiam' -ai-h<) \_dcsquamaye , to scale oR]. Characterized by desquamation. Destructive (de-stnik'-thi) \desfritctivus, destroying]. Hurtful ; tending to destroy. D. Distillation. See Distillation. Desudation {des-u-da' -shn>i) [desudatio ; de, away ; sudare, to sweat] . I . Excessive or morbidly profuse sweating. 2. Sudamina. Desudatory {de-su' -dat-or-e) \_desiidatio , a sweating]. A sweating-bath. Detergent [de-ter' -jent) \_deterge)'e, to cleanse]. I. Purifying ; cleansing ; abluent. 2. A drug, compound, or solution used for cleansing wounds, ulcers, etc. Determinant or Determining Part [de-ter' -tnin-ant) \_dL'teni!i)iare, to limit]. Weismann's name for one of the particles of germ-plasm corresponding to a group of hiophors ; a primary constituent of a cell or group of cells. Determinate [de-ter' -mi n-dt) \_detenuiiiare, to limit]. I. Applied in botany to an inflorescence in which the blossoming takes place centrifugally, the blossoms being from terminal and not from axillary buds. 2. Weismann's name for one of the cells or groups of cells that are independently variable from the germ onward. They are also called hereditary parts. Determination (de-ter-iiiin-a' -shtm) \_detenninatio , a directing]. The direction or tendency to or toward a part or an organ, as of blood to the head. Determinism (de-ter' -?nin-iz/n) \_deteriiiiuare, to limit, prescribe]. In biology, a term introduced by Claude Bernard to indicate the fatality of the reproduction of phenomena under similar conditions, as seen in Ex- perimental Science. Detersion (de-ter' -zhun) \_detergere, to cleanse]. The action of a detergent ; a cleansing. Detersive [de-ter' -siv). Same as Detergent. Detmold's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. Detrition [de-trish' -zin) \_deterere, to wear off]. The act of wearing or wasting of an organ or part, especi- ally the teeth. Detritus [def -rit-tts) \_deterere, to wear off]. The waste matter resulting from any wearing away, or from a destructive process. Detumescence (de-tu-mes'-eni) \_detwiiescentia , a sub- sidence of a tumor] . The subsidence of any swelling. Deutencephalon (dilt-en-sef -al-on). See Dieneepha- l07l. Deuteria (dti-te' -re-aliS \JiEVTkpid\. The secundines. Deutero-albumose (du-ter-o-al' -bti-mds). See All'ii- 7nose. Deutero-elastose [du-ter-o-e-las' -tos)\fievTepoQ, second; D\.aaTiKo<;, elastic]. Elastin-peptone ; one of the pro- ducts of the digestion of elastin. It is not precipitable by saturation with sodium chlorid. Deuteropathy (dtt-ter-op' -a-the') second ; Tva^or, a disease]. A disease that is secondary to another. Deuteropin (du-ter-o' -pin) [Sevrepoq, second ; b-rriov, opium], C2gH,^jN05. An alkaloid of opium. Deuteroplasm, or Deutoplasm (du-ter-o' -plaznt , or did -to-plazni) ['Sfircpof , second ; TxTyaafm, formed material]. .The food-yolk of an egg; a mass of granules of proteid and fatty matter occurring in the ovum. Deuteroscopy (du-ter-os' -ko-pe) {fie'vTEpoc^ , second ; (jKOTTe^v, to view]. Synonym of Claii~voyance. Deuterostoma (du-ter-os' -to-niah) [(Sffirepof, second ; aTOjia, mouth]. In biology, a secondary blastopore. Deuterozooid (du-ter-o-zo' -oid) [SevTepoq, second; (,C>ov, an animal ; eitSof, likeness]. In biology, a secondary zooid, developed by budding. Deuthyalosome (du-thi-al'-o-sd>n) [Sevt.epoq, second ; vaAD(;, glass, crystal; cuiia, body]. The remains of the germinal vesicle after the polar bodies have been extruded, formed by the union of portions of the chromatic stars or discs with portions of the prothyal- osome. Deutoleucite (du-to-lu'-sit) [i^Et'irtpof, second; ?.tKi6o(, the yolk of an egg]. In biology, a tenn applied by Salensky to the nutritive vitellus of the eggs of stur- geons ; it is homologous to the secondary vitellus (Nebendotter) of osseous fishes. Cf. P}-otoleucyte. Deutomala (du-to-ma' -lalt) [tSeurepof, second; mala, jaw]. In biology, a term applied by A. S. Packard, Jr. , to the second pair of mouth-appendages of the Myriopoda, formerly called labium, laut really homol- ogous with the first maxillse of insects. Deutomerite (du-tom'-er-it) [to'Tf^jof, second ; //f/JOf, a part]. In biology, the posterior segment of a two- celled organism, as a gregarine, the anterior cell being called the protomerite, q. v. Deutoscolex (du-to-sko'-leks) [fSei'irfpof, second ; aKili'?.!]^, worm]. In biology, applied to secondary or daughter-cysts or bladder- worms that are derived from a scolex or primary bladder-worm. Deutospermoblast (dti-to-sper' -mo-blast ) \&t'vTtpo(;, second; ankp/m, sperm; /3?iaoT(;f, germ]. Anyone of the cells produced by the division of a protosper- moblast. Deutoxid [du-toks'-id) \_6evTEpog, second ; o^i'f, sharp]. See Dioxid. Devalgate (de-val'-gdt) \_de, intensive ; valgus, bowleg]. Bowlegged or bandylegged. Development (de-vel' -op-ment') [Fr. , developper, to unfold]. The sequence of organic changes, by which the vitalized ovum becomes the mature animal or plant. Deventer's Diameter. The oblique diameter of the pelvis. D.'s Method. See Treatment, Methods of. Devergie's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. Deviation [de-vc-a'-shun) \_deviare,to AevisA^l. Turn- ing from a regular course, standard, or position. D., Conjugate, the forced and persistent turning of eyes and head toward one side, observed with some lesions of the cerebrum. D., Primary, the deviation of the weaker eye from that position that would make its visual line pass through the object-point of the healthy eye. D., Secondary, the deviation of the healthy eye from that position that would make its visual line pass through the object-point of the weaker eye. D. of Teeth, a faulty direction or position of one or more teeth. Devitalization (de-vi-tal-iz-a'-skun) \_de priv.; vita, life]. Depriving of hfe or vitality. D. of Dental Pulp. See Dental Pulp, Devitalization of. Devitalize (de-vi'-tal-tz) [elonging to diabetes. 2. A person suffering from diabetes. D. Cataract, an opacity of the crystalline lens sometimes found in association with and thought to be a complication of diabetes. D. Coma. See Diabetes mellitus. D. Gangrene. See Spha€eloder?na. D. Sugar, CgHj.^O^, a form of glucose, present in the urine of diabetes mellitus. It is identical with grape-sugar. D. Tabes, a peripheral neuritis occurring in diabetic patients, characterized by lightning-pains in the legs, loss of knee-jerk, and a loss of power in the extensors of the feet. The gait is the characteristic steppage. Diabetin [di-ab-e'-tin) [ciiri, through ; ^aiveiv, to go]. The trademarked name for levulose, which is recom- mended as an innocuous and palatable sugar, and nourishing substance for diabetics. It is a white granular mass, soluble in water, and has a pure sweet taste. Diabetometer [di-ab-e-tom' -et-er) \_6iafiiiTi}q, diabetes ; l-ifrpov, a measure]. A polariscope for ascertaining the proportion of sugar in diabetic urine. Diaboleptic {di-ab-o-lep' -tik) \6Lafio'Ko^, devil ; "kafi- ^aveiv, to seize]. An insane or deluded person who professes to have supernatural communications. Diabrotic (di-ab-rof -ik) [Jm/J/swr^KOf ; (5;a, through; Pi/SpuaKeiv, to eat]. I. Corrosive. 2. A corrosive substance. Diacatholicon {di-ak-ath-ol' -ik-oii) \pLa., through : kcSo- AiKur, universal]. Formerly, a purgative compound. Diacaustic (til-ak-a-cvs'-tik) [iJhI, through; KavariKOC, caustic], A double convex cauterizing lens. Diacele, Diacoele {di'-as-el') \pLa, between ; koTKi], a hollow]. A term for the third ventricle or cavity of the diencephalon or interbrain. Its walls are the thalami ; its floor the tuber and diaterma. Diacetic Acid [di-as-e'-tik'). See Acid. Diacetin {di-as' -et-iii) \_di, two ; acidum, acid], C3H5- (OH)(C.Ji30^)2. A liquid derivative of glycerin, with a bitter taste. It is also called aceiidiii. Diaceturia (di-as-et-u'-re-ah) \di, two; acidum, acid; ovftov, urine]. The presence of diacetic acid in the urine ; it is a precursor of diabetic coma. Diachorema idi-ak-o-re' -niah') [Jm^(ip7?//a, excrement]. Fecal matter; excrement. Diachoresis {di-ak-o-j'e' -sis) [^Siaxupijaic, a passing through]. Excretion or passage of feces. Diachoretic (di-ak-o-ref -ik) \6iaxuprjTiK6r : 6iaxt)pi:£i.v, to go through]. Laxative; aperient. Diachylon (di-ak'-ii-on) [fWri, through ; ,yi'/(jc, juice]. Formerly any emollient plaster composed of the juices of herbs. D. Plaster or Ointment. See Plutidnnn. Diacid (di-as' -id) two ; acidus, acid]. In chemis- try, having an acidity of two; said of an acid or salt. Diaclasis [di-ak' -las-is) [SiciKkaaic, a breaking in two]. Refraction. A breaking. Diaclast (di' -ak-last) \fiiaK'kaELv , to break apart]. An instrument for penetrating and breaking up the fetal head in craniotomy. Diaclastic {di-ak-las' -tik) \fimK'/ ativ, to break apart]. Pertaining to diaclasis. D. Amputation. See Alai- sonnciive's Amputation, in Operations, Table of. Diacodion {di-ak-o-de' -on), or Diacodium {di-ak-o-de' - [fS/a, through ; /curSe/wi', of poppy-heads]. Syrup of poppies or of opium. Diacoele or Diacoelia (di-as-e' -le-ah). See Diaecle. Diacope [di-ak' -o-pe) \fiia, through ; nmrrj, a cut]. A deep, incised wound, especially of the head or skull ; a lengthwise fracture or cut, as of a bone. Diacrisis [di-ak' -r is- is) ['5/d, a part ; Kpivew, to separate or secrete : //. , Diacrises'] . I . A critical discharge. 2. A change or disorder in a secretion. 3. Any dis- ease marked by altered secretions. Diacritic, or Diacritical [di-ak-rif -ik, di-ak-rit' -ik-al) \&LaKpi(ji<;, a separating]. Diagnostic. Diactine [di-ak' -tin) [dig, two; a/ir/f, a ray] . In bio- logy, having two rays. Diad [di'-ad). See Qtiantivalenee. Diadelphous [di-ad-el' -fits) [f5/f,two; af!e?.0(5f, brother]. In botany, applied to stamens that are arranged in two sets or brotherhoods. Diaderm [di'-a-derm) [f!/c, two; <)ippa. skin]. In bi- ology, a general term proposed by Minot for that essential differentiation of the segmenting ovum, char- acterized by the formation of two plates of cells, differing in character, joined at their edges and sur- rounding a segmentation-cavity; the two plates or lamina are the two primitive germ-layers, the ecto- demi and entoderm. Diadermatic, Diadermic [di-ad-er-mat' -ik, di-ad-er'- mik) \&Ld, through ; i^ipfia, skin]. Administered through the skin. Cf. Hypodermatic. Diadexis [di-ad-ek'-sis) [fiMe^iQ, metastasis]. Metas- tasis of a disease, with a change of its character; change in the seat and nature of a disease. Diaeresis [di-er'-es-is). See Dieresis. Diageotropic [di-aj-e-o-trop' -ik) \fiia, through ; yfj, the earth ; rpeTreiv, to turn] . In biology, growing at right angles to the direction of gravitation. Diagnose [di-ag-nos'). See Diagnosticate. Diagnosis (di-ag-no'-sis) \_6ia, a. part; ;j'U(T/f, know- ledge]. The distinguishing, fixation, or interpreta- tion of a disease from its symptoms. D., Differential, the qualitative distinguishing between two diseases of similar character, by comparative symptoms. D., Direct, the recognition of a disease from the existence of one or more signs or symptoms, independently of or in relation with other symptoms, or with age, sex, physical and mental characteristics, residence or occupation, or with the family history. D. by Ex- clusion, the recognition of a disease by excluding all other known conditions. D., Physical, the application of physical methods to the study of disease. Diagnostic [di-ag-nos'-tik) [(Vii, apart ; yvuaic, know- ledge]. Determining or confirming a diagnosis ; ser- ving as sufficient evidence in a diagnosis. D. In- cision, an incision (as through the abdominal wall) made for diagnostic purposes. Diagnosticate [di-ag-nos'-tik-at) [f!(o, apart; ■}vuntg, knowledge]. To make a diagnosis. Diagnostician[di-ag-nos-tis/i'-aii) [tha, through; yfCxjig, knowledge]. One skilled in making diagnoses. Diagometer [di-ag-oin' -et-er) transmission; fiFTpov, a. measure]. An instrument for measuring the electric conductivity of bodies. Diagraph [di'-ag-raf) thoroughly; ypdm>Tj<;, translu- cent ; UKOTrelv, to inspect]. A form of endoscope in which the walls of the inspected cavity are rendered diaphanous by means of an intense light. Diaphanoscopy (di-af-an-os' -ko-pe) \8La^aviiq trans- lucent; OKoirCiv, to see]. The examination of cavi- ties of the body by means of an introduced incandes- cent electric light. Diaphanous [di-af -an-us) \&La, through ; (palveiv, to shine]. Transmitting light ; translucent. D. Test. See Death. Diaphemetric [di-af-em-et'-rik) [cSm, through ; d<^?/, touch; j^nrpov, measure]. Pertaining to measure- ments of tactile sensibility. Diaphoresis (di-af-o-re'-sis) \_fiia, a part ; (popkeiv, to carry]. Perspiration, especially perceptible perspira- tion, or that induced by medical treatment. Diaphoretic (di-af-or-et'-ik) \fui, a part; fopicni, to carry]. I. Causing an increase of perspiration ; sudorific. 2. A medicine that induces diaphoresis. Diaphragm (di' -afram) \fia, across ; (ppdy/na, wall]. I. The wall, muscular at the circumference and ten- dinous at the center, that separates the thorax and abdomen. The chief muscle of respiration and ex- pulsion. 2. A thin septum, such as is used in DIAPHRAGM 370 DIARRHEA dialysis. 3. In microscopy, an apparatus placed be- tween the mirror and object to regulate the amount of light that is to pass through the object. D., Central Stop, in microscopy, a diaphragm having a circular slit -13 0 I If ■7 V ■15 Diaphragm, Inferior Aspect. I. Anterior and middle leaflet of central tendon. 2. Right leaflet. 3. Left leaflet. 4. Right crus. 5. Left crus. 6, 6. Intervals for phrenic nerves. 7. Muscular fibers, from which the ligamenta arcuata originate. 8. Muscular fibers that arise from the inner surface of the six lower ribs. 9. Fibers that arise from ensiform cartilage. 10. Opening for inferior vena cava. 11. Opening for esophagus. 12. Aortic opening. 13, 13. Upper portion of transversahs abdominis, turned up- ward and outward 14. Anterior leaflet of transversalis aponeurosis. 15, 15. Quadratus lumborum. 16, 16. Psoas magnus. 17. Third lumbar vertebra. The Diaphragm in its Rhi.ations to the Heart AND Lungs. I. Left ventricle. 2. Right ventricle. 3. Anterior coronary artery. 4. Left auricle. 5. Right auricle. 6. Superior vena cava. 7. Pulmonary artery. 8. Origin of aorta. 9. Arch of aorta. 10. Innominate artery. 11. Right carotid. 12,12. Subclavian arteries. 13. Scalenus anticus. 14. First rib. 15. Larynx. 16. Trachea. 17, 17. Pneumogastrics. 18, 18. Phrenics. 19. Right lung. 20. Left lung. 21, 21. Dia- phragm. 22, 22. Seventh pair of ribs. just within its margin, the center remaining opaque. D. Iris, a device for changing or regulating the amount of light directed upon an object under the microscope. D. Opening. The opening in the disc or apparatus of a microscope through which the rays of light pass. It should be of about the same size as that of the front lens of the objective. Diaphragmalgia [iii-af-rag-inal' -je-ah). See D iapJi ragiii ata Igia . Diaphragmatalgia {di-af-rag-tnat-aF -je-ah) {&ia , across; (ppayfia, a wall; a/jof, pain]. Pain in or neuralgia of the diaphragm. Diaphragmatic [di -af -rag-mat' -ik) [fi/d, across; ii>liuy/ja, a wall. Relating to the diaphragm. D. Hernia. See Hernia. D. Pleurisy. See Pleurisy. Diaphragmatitis {di-af-rag-mat-i'-tis) \6ia, across; (ppdy/ja, a wall; irtg, inflammation]. Inflammation of the diaphragm. Diaphragmatocele (di-af-rag-maf -o-sel') \pia- (pl>ay/ja, diaphragm ; Kr/?ii/, hernia]. Hernia through the diaphragm. Diaphragmitis (di-af-rag-vii' -tis). See Dia- pliragiiiatitis. Diaphragmodynia (di-af-rag-mo-din' -e-aJi) [(5«d- (pimyiia, diaphragm; bSvvi], pain]. Pain in the diaphragm. Diaphtherin (di-af'-ther-iii) [_(haveiv,\.o grow]. The middle part or shaft of any long, cylindric bone, as considered apart from the apophyses and epiphyses. In biology, applied to an unusually elongated axis, as that of a flower or flower-cluster. Diaplex, or Diaplexus (di'-ap-teks, di-np-leks'-us) [f5/d, between ; plexus., a network]. The cho- roid plexus of the third ventricle or diacele. Diapophysial (di-ap-off-iz'-e-al) [Sic, apart; airSfvcic, an outgrowth]. Relating to a dia- pophysis. Diapophysis((//-i7/-o^'-w-/.r) [Ad, apart; an6(pvaL(;, an outgrowth]. The superior or articular part of a transverse apophysis, or its homologue. Diapyema [di-ap-i-e' -tna/i) \_i)iaTTvii/ta ; Sm, through; -kvov, pus: //., Diapyeniata']. An abscess. Diapyesis {di-ap-i-e'-sis) [6iaTTvrjaiq ; fiia, through ; Tr/V/c/f, suppuration]. Suppuration. Diapyetic (di-ap-i-ef -ik) [fS/n-w/r/Koc, suppu- rating]. Promoting diapyesis or suppuration. Diarch {di'-ark) [A'f , two ; apxoi, rulers]. In biology, a term descriptive of radial fibro-vascular bundles having two rays, Diarrhea (di-ar-e'-aK) [Ad, through ; pitiv, to flow]. An abnormal frequency of evacuation of the feces, which are watery, and sometimes acrid. D., Acute, that due to cold, or to the ingestion of improper food or chemic poisons. In severe forms it is associated with collapse, and may in rare cases be followed by death. DIARRHEA 371 DIASTOLE D., Acute Inflammatory, a term including the se- verer forms of the catarrhal and summer diarrheas of children. It is characterized by griping, vomiting, and the passage of offensive, watery, brown or green- ish stools. The child in the latter stage of this dis- ease presents the same appearance as that seen in advanced tuberculous meningitis — pinched features, drowsiness, sunken and half-closed eyes, and rapid irregular pulse — and to this condition the term " rioiis JiydrocepJiabis''^ has been applied. Death fre- quently results from this form of diarrhea. D., Acute Summer, a term given to sudden attacks of profuse watery diarrhea occurring in children and weak adults during the prevalence of hot weather. (.See Cholera infinitum'). D. alba. See Celiac Affection. D., Cachectic, that depending on some diathetic disease, as syphilis, scurvy, malaria, tuberculo- sis, and carcinoma, or else on chronic intestinal catarrh. D., Choleraic, severe, acute diarrhea of any form not readily traceable to any recognized cause. D., Choleriform. Synonym of Cholera infantum. D., Chronic Inflammatory, a diarrhea of children either following an acute attack, or developing insidiously. The stools are of a dark-brown color, thin and foul, and may occasionally contain a spinach-like material. There is great emaciation and anemia, and the term ^^consumption of the bowels, has been given to this condition. The prognosis must be guarded. D., Chronic Tro-picul, Hill-diarrhea, "white Jizix,^' of India, a severe form of chronic intestinal catarrh, and essentially a tropical disease. In India it develops often in those who, after dwelling in the heat of the plains, pass to the changeable temperature of the hilly country, hence the name '■^Hill-diarrhea.'^ The stools are copious, light, and frothy ; there is progress- ive failure of strength ; the temperature becomes sub- normal ; albuminuria and edema develop, and death results in many cases from exhaustion. D. chylosa. See Celiac Affection. D., Compensatory. vSee D., Vicarious. D., Dissecting-room, a severe form of diarrhea resulting from exposure to the animal efflu- via of the dissecting-room. The discharges are very fetid and may be accompanied by colicky pains, nausea and vomiting, and headache. D., Dysenteric, a form of diarrhea frequently encountered in children in temperate climates. There are tenesmus and colic, the passage of mucous and fecal stools, prolapse of the rectum, and great exhaustion. Death may result. D., Fatty, a rare fonn, the result of the imperfect per- formance of the pancreatic or hepatic function. D. febrilis. Synonym of Enteritis, Pseudo-membranous . D., Fibrinous. Synonym of Enteritis, Fsettdo-mem- branous. D., Gelatinous. See Enteritis, Membran- ous. D., Heat. See D. , Summer. D., Hill. See D., Chronic Tropical. D., Infantile, a term including various forms of diarrhea occurring in infants and young children. D., Irritative, that ^ue to direct irritation of the intestines by improper food and drink, purgative medicines, poisons, intestinal worms, etc. D., Lienteric, a form of diarrhea com- mon in children over two years of age, and character- ized by the passage of fluid stools containing scraps of undigested food, and associated with griping pains. D., Matinal. See D., Chronic Tropical. D., Me- chanical, that due to mechanical obstruction to the portal circulation, with consequent gastro-intesti- nal hyperemia and catarrh. It is seen in cases of mi- tral lesion. D., Mucous. See Enteritis, Aletn- branous. D., Nervous. See D., Liejiteric. D. pituitosa. Synonym of Enteritis, Fseudo-me?nbra- nous. D., Secondary, symptomatic diarrhea ; that secondary to some ulcerative condition of the intes- tines, as in typhoid fever, tuberculosis, pyemia, etc. D., Serous, a variety in which the stools are very watery. D., Simple Catarrhal, a common variety of diarrhea occurring in infants. It is marked by watery evacuations containing feculent matter and un- digested curds. It is due to errors in diet or exposure to cold. D., Summer, an acute form due to the intense heat of summer. A synonym of the Summer Corn- plaint of infants. D., Symptomatic. See D. , Sec- ondary. D., Tuberculous, that form dependent upon tuberculous disease of the bowels. D. tubularis. Synonym of Enteritis, Pseudo-membranous. D., Ul- cerative, a grave form due to intestinal ulceration. D., Vicarious, that due to suppression or arrest of the functions of the skin, kidneys, or lungs, so that the bowels do the extra or vicarious work. It is also called Compensatory diarrhea. It is rather salutary than otherwise. Diarrheal (cii-ar-e'-al^ \&La, through ; piit^iv, to flow]. Relating to, or of the nature of diarrhea. Diarthrodial {di-ar-thro' -de-al) [fJra, throughout; apdpoiat^, articulation]. Relating to or of the nature of a diarthrosis. Diarthrosis (di-ar-thro' -sis') \fi(d, throughout; apOpijaiQ, articulation]. A form of articulation characterized by mobility. The vaiious forms are : Arthrodia, in which the bones glide upon plane surfaces ; Enarthrosis , best known as ball-and-socket joint, with motion in all directions ; Ginglymus, or hinge-joint, with backward and forward motion ; and D. rotatoria, with pivotal movement. Diary Fever [di'-ar-e). See Fever. Diastaltic (di-as-tal' -tik) \6ia, apart; cxEkKew, to send]. Reflex ; performed (as are many reflex actions) through the medium of the spinal cord. Diastase (di' -as-tds') \_^iaarac>i<;, separation]. A nitro- genous vegetable ferment that is either contained or developed in the fermentation of grain, which acts on the molecules of starch, converting this into grape- sugar or glucose. Diastasemia [di-as-tas-e' -me-ah^ \_5ia, apart ; ardaic, settling; aifia, blood]. Acute anasarca. Diastasic, or Diastatic (di-as-tas' -ik, or di-as-tat' -ik) \fiiaaTaai<;, separation]. Relating to a diastasis. D. Ferments. See Ferments. Diastasis {di-as' -tas-is) \_SLaaraaii;, separation]. I. Luxation or dislocation. 2. The separation of an epiphysis from the body of a bone without true fracture. Diastema {di-as-te'-maJi) [f!;dffr?/^a, a distance: //. , Diastemata'\. A space or cleft. In biology, applied to the space between any two consecutive teeth. Diastematelytria (di-as-tem-at-el-it' -re-ah) [SidaTr/fia, fissure ; ilvTpov,va.g'msi]. Longitudinal and congeni- tal fissure of the vagina. Diastematochilia {di-as-tem-at-o-kiF -e-ah) [_6tdaTj]ij.a, fissure ; x^'^'of, lip]. Congenital longitudinal fissure of the lip ; hare-lip. Diastematocystia [di-as-te??i-at-o-sis^-te-ah) [fiLdoTTjiia, fissure; id'arii;, bladder]. Congenital longitudinal fissure of the bladder. Diastematognathia [di-as-tem-at-og-na' -the-ah') [Adcr- r7?^a, fissure ; yvddo<;, jaw]. Congenital longitudinal fissure of the jaw. V)\&%\.&c[^SL'tornQ\.x\a.{di-as-tem-at-o-me' -tre-ahyiJiidGTripLa, fissure ; fiijTpa, womb]. Congenital longitudinal median fissure of the uterus. Diastematosternia {di-as-tem-at-o-ster'-ne-ah) \fnda- rr/f/a, fissure ; are pi'ov, sternum]. Median congenital fissure of the sternum. Diaster [di'-as-ter). See Dyaster and Karyokinesis. '£)\3CsXq\& [di-as' -to-le') [(J/ao'ro)^?), a drawing apart]. The period of expansion or dilatation of the heart during DIASTOLIC 372 DICROTIC its rhythmic cycle or beat. It is applied also to the dilatation of the arteries by the heart's con- traction. Diastolic {(fi-as-tol' -ik) [fiiaoTnAi/, a drawing apart]. Pertaining to diastole. D. Impulse, the back-stroke. D. Murmur. See jMurmnr. D. Thrill, the vibra- tion felt in the region of the heart during the diastole of the ventricles. Diastrephia {di-as-tref -e-ali) [cS/d, apart ; brptipEii', to turn]. Insanity marked by acts of cruelty and by gross perversion of the moral sense. Diatactic {(ii-cit-ak' -tik) \6taTa:jctiv , to make ready] . Preparatory. D. Action, the supposed molecular establishment of unions between different brain-cells and nerve-centers preparatory to coordinated motor activity. Diatela (di-at-c' -lah) \_6ia, between]. The velum inter- positum of the brain. Diaterma (, head]. A dicephalous monster. Dicrotic [di-krot' -il-)[_6iKpoTo^ , double beating]. Having a double beat. D. Pulse, a term applied to a pulse that imparts the sensation of a double beat at each pulsation. D. Wave, the wave of recoil, or the second smaller ascending wave of the sphygmographic tracing. It is generated by closure of the aortic valves. DICROTISM 373 DIFFICULTAS INTESTINORUM Dicrotism {di'-kro-tizni) [tSkporof, a double-beat]. The quality of being dicrotic. A condition of the pulse in which with every wave there is given to the finger of the examiner the sensation of two beats. It is present when the arterial tension is low. The second shock is due to the recoil of the arterial walls when the aortic valves are closed. Dictyitis (dik-te-i' -tis) \JiiKTvov, net, retina]. Retinitis. Dictyopsia (dik-te-op'-se-aJi) [d/KTOOf, net ; oi/;if , view]. The sensation as if a net were stretched before the eyes. Dicyanogen [lii-si-an' -o-jen) [Af, double ; cyanogeif^, NC.CN. Free cyanogen; a colorless, poisonous gas of peculiar odor, and specific gravity 26 (H=l). It may be condensed to a mobile liquid by cold of — 25° C. , or by a pressure of four atmospheres at ordinary temperatures. In this condition it has a specific gravity of .566, solidifies at — 34° C. to a crystalline mass and boils at — 21° C. It burns with a bluish- purple mantled flame. Didactic {di-dak' -tik) \Jia\aKriKtiq, apt at teaching]. Teaching by description, rules, or principles ; opposed to clinical. Didactylism {di-dak' -til-izm) {pk-, double ; (Jd/trtiAof, a finger]. The condition of having congenitally but two digits on a hand or foot. Diday's Operation. See Operations, Tabic of. Didot's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Diduction [di-duk'-shun) \jiidiicere, to draw apart]. Abduction of two parts ; the withdrawal of a part. Didymalgia (did-e-7nal' -je-ali) \6L6viioq, testicle ; akyoc, pain]. Pain in a testicle. Didymitis [did-e-uti'-tis) [f5/Jii//of , a testicle ; itk;, in- flammation] . Orchitis affecting mainly the body of the testicle. Didymium [di-dim'-e-iim) [dtdii/iof, twin]. A rare metal of grayish or yellow color. See Elements, Table of. Didymous (did' -im-us) [d/tSyttof, twin]. Arranged in a pair, or in pairs. Didymus (did' -im-iis) [J/di'/zof , twin]. A twin; a twin-monstrosity ; a testis. Didynamous (di-diiz' -a in-iis)\_6i^ , two; 6vvafiig, power] . In biology, having the stamens in two pairs, one longer than the other. Die ((//) [ME., <&'«]. To cease to live; to become dead. Diecious (di-e' -skits') [cS/f , two ; oZ/iOf, house]. In bi- ology, having the two sexes in different individuals, or in two households, as staminate and pistillate flowers separate and on separate plants. Dieffenbach's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Dielectric (di-e-lek' -trik) [d;d, through ; i/?ieicTpov, amber]. A non-conducting substance that transmits electricity by induction. Dielectrics (di-e-lek' -triks') \&La, through ; rfK^Kxpov, amber]. The property of certain substances to per- mit an inductive electric influence to act through or across them. Dielectrolysis (di-e-lek-trol'-is-is) [Jm, through ; r/XeK- r/joi;, electricity ; Aye; v, to dissolve]. Galvanic elec- trolysis of a compound, the current passing at the same time through a diseased portion of the body and carrying one of the elements of the compound with it. Dien (di'-en) \6id, through ; kyKi)w«to;7. DIFFRACTION 374 DIGITI MORTUI Diffraction {dif-rak' -shuii) \_dis, apart ; fractus, bro- ken]. The deflection suffered by a ray of light when it passes through a narrow slit or aperture. D. Grat- ing, a strip of glass closely ruled with fine lines ; it is often used in the spectroscope in the place of the bat- tery of prisms. Diffuse [Ji/-us') \_(h', apart; funderc, to pour over]. Scattered or spread about. In medicine, applied to diseases that involve a large part of the body. D. Aneurysm, one caused by a rupture of the walls of a blood-vessel. D. Cerebral Sclerosis. See Sclero- sis. D. Inflammation. See Injlaiumatioii. Diffusible {dif-u' -zih-l) \dis, away; fimdcre, to pour]. Susceptible of being rapidly diffused throughout the system; applied to certain quickly-acting stimulants, usually of transient effect. Diffusion (dif-u' -zkiiii) \_diffunderc , to spread]. A spreading or dissemination. D., Anodal, same as Cataphorcsis. D. -circle, the imperfect image formed by incomplete focalization, the position of the true focus not having been reached or else having been passed. Digastric [di-gas' -trik) double ; yaariip, belly] . Having two bellies. D. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. D. Triangle. See Triangles, Table of. Digenesis [di-jen'-es-is) [d/f , two ; yfi^effif, generation]. In biology, the alternation of sexual and asexual gen- eration. Digenous (dij'-en-us) [(5/f , two ; yfvof, sex]. In biol- ogy, pertaining to both sexes, or originating from opposite sexes. Digerent {dij' -er-eiit) [digerere, to Aigt&i]. A digest- ant; also a medicine that excites the secretion of pus in wounds. Digestant [di-jest'-anl) \_digerere, to digest]. I. A body or substance that effects solution of the food in the mouth, stomach, and intestines. 2. A remedy for indigestion. Digestibility (di-jes-tib-il' -it-e) \digestibilis , that can be digested] . Susceptibility of being digested. Digestible {di-jesf -ib-1) \_digestibilis, that can be di- gested]. Capable of being digested. Digestio Difficilis {di-jes' -che-o dif-ik' -il-is) [L.]. Syn- onym of Dyspepsia. Digestion (di-jes' -c him') \_digei-ere, to digest]. In bi- ology, that process whereby the food taken into an organism is made fit to become part thereof. D., Artificial, the production of peptones outside of the body. D., Primary, gastro-intestinal digestion. D., Secondary, the assimilation by the body-cells of their appropriate pabulum. Digestive (di-jes' -tiv) \digerere, X.o dixge^ilC^. I. Relat- ing to or favoring digestion. 2. An agent that pro- motes digestion. 3. Pertaining to the process of digestion. D. Apparatus, the organs of digestion considered collectively. D. Tract, the whole aliment- ary canal from the mouth to the anus. See Illustra- tion . Digit (dij' -it) {digitus, a finger]. A finger or toe. Digital (dij'-it-al) \_digitus, a finger]. Pertaining to the fingers or toes. ' D. Arteries, the arteries of the hands and feet supplying the digits. See Arteries, Table of. D. Compression, the stoppage of a flow of blood by pressure with the finger. D. Dilatation, the enlarg- ing of a cavity by means of the finger. D. Examina- tion, examination or exploration with the finger. D. Nerves, the nerves of the hands and feet. D. Pha- langes, the bones of the fingers or of the toes. Digitalein (dij-it-a' -le-in) \_digitalis, pertaining to the fingers]. One of the constituents of digitalis. Digitalin (dij-il-a' -lin) [dit^^'falis, pertaining to the fingers]. I. Digitaliuum (U. S. P.) ; C^H^,^ (?), the active principle of Digitalis purpurea, q. v. Dose gr. bV^tV- ^' ^ precipitate from a tincture of Digitalis purpurea. Unof. Besides the foregoing there are various commercial preparations known by this name. Digitalis (dij-it-a' -lis) \digitalis, pertaining to the fingers]. Foxglove. The leaves of /). It contains an amorphous complex substance, digitalin, that does not, however, represent the full properties of the leaves. It is a cardiac stimulant and excito- motor, and in large doses causes severe gastric dis- turbance. It is employed mainly in affections of the heart when the latter is rapid and feeble. Dose of the leaves gr. ss-iij. D. abstractum, strength twice that of digitalis itself. Dose gr. ^-ij. D., Ext., leaves yield 25 per cent, of extract. Dose gr. Y^-yi- D., Ext., Fid., strength lOO per cent. Dose TT\,j-iij. D. infusum, i ^4 per cent, in strength. Dose §ss-j. D ., Tinct., 1 5 per cent. Dose V<\y- 5 j . See Digitalin. Digitalose (dij-it-al-oz') \_digitalis, pertaining to the fingers]. A white crystalline constituent of digitalis. General Scheme of the Digestive Tract, with the Chief Glands Opening into It; Together with the Lacteals Arising from the Intestine and Joining THE Thoracic Duct. (Landois.) Digitate (dij'-it-at) {digitus, finger]. In biology, hav- ing finger-like divisions, as when the leaflets of a compound leaf are all borne on the apex of the petiole. Digitation (dij-it-a' -shun) [digitatus, having digits]. A serration; a finger-like process, or a succession of such processes. Digiten [dif -it-en) {digitus, a finger]. Belonging to a digit in itself. Digiti mortui (dij'-it-i mor'-tu-i) [L.]. Dead- fingers ; a cold and white state of the fingers, seen in DIGITIGRADE 375 DIOPTOMETRY some hysterical women, and in certain types of insan- ity. It is a manifestation of some vaso-motor disorder. Digitigrade {dif -it-ig-rad) \_digitus, imgtir; gradi, to walk]. In biology, walking on the toes. Digitonin {dij-it-o-nin') \_digitaUs, pertaining to the fingers], C.j,H-.,Oij. A white, amorphous mass ob- tained from digitalis. It is easily soluble in water, slightly so in alcohol ; insoluble in ether and chloro- form. Digitoxin (dij-it-oks' -in) \_digi/alis, pertaining to the fingers; toxicum , ■po\soTC\, CjjHjjO,, or CjjHjjOj^. A highly poisonous alkaloid from Digitalis purpurea. Its effects are little understood. Its action is cumulative. Unof. Digitule {dig' -it-Ill") \_digittilus, a little digit]. A little finger, toe, or claw ; a small organ or prominence resembling a digit. Digitus [di/ -it-Its) [L.]. A finger or toe. Diglossia [di-glos'-e-a//) [d/f , double ; y'Auaaa, .ongue]. The condition of having a double tongue. Digoneutic {iii-go-nu' -tik) [(5/f, two; }(ivoc, offspring]. In biology, producing two broods a year. Digonoporous (lii-go-nop' -or-iis) [(5/'c, two ; } oi'or , off- spring; -Kopoq, pore]. In biology, having the genital pores separate. Digyn [di'-jin) [(5/?, two; yvvi], woman]. In biology, having two pistils. Dihydrolutidin (ili-hi-dro-lu' -tid-iii) [d/f , double ; iifSuf), water], C,HjjN. One of the alkaloids of cod- liver oil. See Alorrhuolins. Dihysteria (ili-his-te' -re-ah) [(5/f, double ; varcpa, the womb]. The presence of a double womb. Dilaceratio cataractse [di-las-er-a' -she-o kat-ar-ak' -te) [L.]. See Dilaceration. Dilaceration (di-las-er-a' -shun) \_dilaceratio, a tearing apart]. A tearing apart ; division of a membranous cataract by a tearing operation. Dilatatio cordis [di-lat-a' -she-o kor'-dis) [L.]. Dila- tation of the heart. Dilatation (yaoxvjm oi Dengue. Dingler's Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of . Dinic, Dinical [din'-ik, or din' -ik-al) [f^h'Of, whirl]. Pertaining to or useful in the relief of vertigo. Dinitrobenzene (di-ni-tro-ben' -zen) \_di, two ; nitrum, niter ; benzene^, CgH^(N02)2- One of the ingredients of Roburite, q.v. Dinner Pills. A name applied to various mild cathartic pills taken after meals. See Lady Webster Pill. Dinomania (din-o-iua' -ne-ah) [d/x'of, a whirling dance ; jiavia, mania]. Dancing-mania. Choromania, q. v. Dinus {di'-nus) [Jh'of, whirl]. Vertigo or dizziness. Dioecious [di-e'-shus). See Diecious. Diogenes' Cup. See Poculum diogenis. Diogmus (di-og'-nms) [c!;(jj , a chase]. Palpitation of the heart. Dionsea {di-o-ne' -ah) [A^uij;/, Dione]. A genus of plants. D. muscipula, a plant of the Sundew family, growing in the Carolinas ; Venus's fly-trap. It cap- tures and feeds upon various insects, and is said to contain droserin and azerin, the same digestive fer- ments that occur in Drosera, q.v. Unof. Dionym {di' -o-nim) [fS/c, two; ovv/Lia, name]. A name consisting of two words, as medulla oblongata ; corpus callosuj)i. Diophthalmus [di-off-thal' -mtis). See Diprosopus. Diopsimeter {di-op-sim'-et-er) [(5/'oi/"C, clear vision ; fie-pov, a measure]. An instrument for exploration of the visual field. Diopter [di-op'-tej-). See Dioptry. Dioptometer [di-op-tom'-et-er). Same as Optojneter. Dioptometry (di-op-tom' -et-re) [pLOTTrijp, a watchman ; /i£Tpm>, a measure]. The measurement of the accom- modative and refractive states of the eye. DIOPTRAL 376 DIPHYCERCAL Dioptral (di-op' -tral) {pioTrriip, a watchman]. Pertain- ing to a dioptry ; expressed in dioptrics. Dioptre {di-op' -ter). See Dioptry. Dioptric [di-op'-trik) [_dia, through; biptodai, to see]. I. Pertaining to transmitted and refracted light. 2. A dioptry. Dioptrics [di-op' -triks) [(Sid, through ; oipeodac, to see]. A branch of optics treating of the refraction of light by transparent media, especially by the media of the eye. Dioptry [di-op' -tre) \8ia, through; oipeadai., to see]. The most commonly accepted unit of measurement for optic lenses. A positive (or pius) spherical (bi- convex) lens of one dioptry has a focal distance of one meter ; one of two dioptrics, a focal distance of one- half a meter, etc. See Lenses, and Spectacle-lenses. Diorthosis [di-or' -tho-sis) [J(d, throughout ; bf)H6ELV, to straighten]. The surgical correction of a deformity, or repair of an injury done to a limb. Diorthotic [di-or-thol' -ik) \_6ia, throughout; bpOoeiv, to straighten]. Relating to or effecting a diorthosis. Dioscorea [di-os-ko' -i-e-ali) \_Dioscoj-ides, a famous Greek physician and botanist]. Wild Yam, Colic Root. The rhizome of D. villosa, a creeping-plant, indigenous to the eastern U.S. It is claimed to be ex- pectorant, diaphoretic, and stimulant to the intestinal canal, in large doses causing neuralgic pains and erotic excitement. It is used successfully for bilious colic. D., Fid. £xt., of standard strength, dose rr\^xv-xxx. Unof. Dioscorein (di-os-ko' -re-i>i) \_Dioscorides, a Greek bot- anist]. A precipitate from a tincture of the root of Dioscorea villosa. It is antispasmodic, expectorant, and diaphoretic. Dose to 4 grains. Unof. Diosma ((//-fo'-wrt/;) [d/of, divine ; ou^?), odor]. Buchu. See Barosma. Diosmin [di-oz'-min) [rS/'of, divine ; bafii], odor]. An active principle obtained from various species of Buchu. It is an amorphous, bitter substance. Unof. Diosmosis [di-os-!?io' -sis). Same as Osmosis. Diotic [di-oi'-ik) [cSif, two; oif, urdf, ear]. Binaural; pertaining to both ears. Dioxid [di-oks'-id) [(5/f, two; o^vq, sharp]. An oxid containing two atoms of oxygen and one of a metal. Dipentene [di-pen'-feti), Cj^Hjg. Cinene ; a compound produced by heating pinene, camphor, and limonene to 250-300° C. It is present in the Russian and Swedish turpentine oil. It is a liquid with an agree- able lemon-like odor; sp. gr. 0.853; boils at 175- 176° C. Dipetalous [di-pef'-al-us) [^Sic, two; Trf ralov, a leaf ]. In biology, two-petaled. Diphenyl ((//-/t'w'-//) [(S/f,two; Oepa, a skin or mem- brane]. Resembling diphtheria. D. Throat. Syn- onym of Herpetic Tonsi/itis. Diphthongia [dif-thon' -je-ah) [r5/f, double ; two; ■K'Xaaaeiv, to form]. A term applied to cells having two substances in their constitution. Diplegia [di-ple' -je-ali) [tS/f, double; TrXr/yr], stroke]. Coincident paralysis of two corresponding parts, as of the two arms. Double or bilateral hemiplegia. Diplegic {di-ple'-jik) [tJ/f, double ; ■K'knyii, stroke]. Re- lating to or of the nature of diplegia. Dipleuric (di-pln' -rik) [(5'f, two; TrTievpd, side]. In biology, bilaterally symmetric. Diplococcus (dip-lo-kok' -lis) \_&i-k\uo(;, double ; k^kkoq, kernel]. A micrococcus whose spherules are joined two and two. See Micrococcus and Bacteria. Diplocoria {dip-lo-ko' -re-aJi) [JiTr Aoof, double ; KOjirj, pupil]. That state in which the pupil is double. Diploe {dip'-io-e) [JiTrAo//, a fold]. The cellular osse- ous tissue between the tables of the skull. Diploetic {dip-lo-et'-ik) [(5(7rAo;/, a fold]. Relating to the diploe ; diploic. Diplogenesis (dip-lo-jen' -es-is) [dtTrAdof, double ; ykvtaiq, , production]. The development of a double or twin monstrosity. Diploic (dip-lo'-ik) \6m\or], a fold]. Pertaining to the diploe. Diploma (dip-lo' -maJi) \_6L-K\ufia, a diploma]. A doc- ument granted by an authorized body of men, show- ing that the recipient has performed certain work under the prescribed conditions, and is entitled to a definite professional rank and title. Diplomyelia ( dip-lo-mi-e' -le-ah ) [ imkboq, double ; [iveMg, marrow]. An apparent doubleness of the spinal cord, produced by a longitudinal fissure. Diplophony [dip-loff^-o-ne) [^6ikMoq, double ; ^uf//, voice]. Same as Diphthongia. Diplophonia (dip-lo-fo' -ne-ah) double; i^idvii, voice]. A rare symptom of laryngeal disease in which a double note is produced in the larynx. It is stated by Gottstein to occur in some cases of paraly- sis, or when a small tumor is situated so that on pho- nation it lies between the vocal bands. Cf. Diph- thongia. Diplopia {dip-lo' -pe-ah) \_^i-K\6oq, double ; 6t/«c, sight]. Double vision, one object being seen by the eye or eyes as two. D., Binocular, the most frequent, is due to a derangement of the muscular balance, the images of the object being thereby thrown upon non-identical points of the retince. D., Crossed, or D., Heter- onymous, the result of divergent strabismus, the image of the right eye appearing upon the left side, and that of the left eye upon the right side. D., Direct, or D., Homonymous, the reverse of Crossed D., due either to paralysis of the external rectus or over-action of the internal rectus. D., Physiologic, that produced when an imperfect image is seen beyond or within the distance of the object accommodated for and transfixed by the visual axes. D., Monocular, or D., Uniocular, diplopia with a single eye, usually due to polycoria or other imperfections of the media. Diplopia [dip-lo'-pik) [(5/7r/iciof, double ; oi/)(f, sight]. Relating to or affected with diplopia. Diplopiometer (dip-lo-pe-om' -ct-er) \_SLw\6og, double ; otI>i(;, sight; fiirpov, measure]. An instrument for measuring the degree of double vision. Diploplacula (dip-lo-plak' -ti-lah) [cF;7r2oof , double ; TT/ldf, a tablet or plate]. In biology, a placula or discoid embryo composed of two layers of cells. Diplostemonous {dip-to-stem' -o-niis) [_dnTMo<;, double ; aTi/jjuv, a thread]. In biology, applied to a flower in which the stamens are double the number of sepals and petals. Diploteratography {dip-lo-ter-at-og' -ra-fe) [tf^TrAdof, double ; ripaq, a monster ; ypd(peiv, to write] . A term used by Fisher to denote the description and diagnosis of special forms of double monsters. Diploteratology {dip-lo-ter-at-oF-o-je) [(JfTrAdof, double; Tspag, a monster; Xdyog, science]. The science of twin monstrosities. Dippel's Animal Oil. Oleum cornu cervi ; a pyrolig- neous oil, containing ammonium carbonate, amins, and aromatic compounds. It is obtained in distilling bone and deer's horn. It is antispasmodic and stimu- lant. Unof. Dipropargyl (^//-/>;-i3-/ar'-7V/), CgHg. One of the hydro- carbons ; a mobile liquid, of penetrating odor, isomeric with benzene ; it boils at 85° C. ; its specific gravity at 18° C. equals 0.81. If allowed to stand or if heat be ap- plied to it, dipropargyl polymerizes and becomes thick and resinous. Diprosopia {di-pro-so' -pe-ah) [(5/'f, double ; npdauTvov, face]. In teratology, the duplication of the face. Diprosopus {di-pros' -o-piis') [fJ/f, double ; TrpoacjKov, face]. A monster characterized by a duplicity of the face and head, frequently associated with hydroceph- alus, acrania, defective development of the brain, and spina bifida. The diprosopi have been classified as follows: I. Diprosopus diophtha/mus. 2. D. dis- tornus. " Fisher has described the first case of dipro- sopus diophthalmus, or distornus, reported in English. " There was anencephalus, a broad duplex nose, two mouths, one oral cavity, two tongues. 3. D. trioph- thaliiiiis. In this variety there are three eyes, often with other deformities of the face and head, such as acrania, hare-lip, and cleft-palate. 4. D. tetrophthal- inus. In this variety the differentiation of the two faces is further advanced, but there are still but two ears. There are present four eyes. 5. D. triotus. In this variety there are usually four eyes and always three ears. 6. D. tetrotus. In this variety, the intermediate stage between diprosopus and dicephalus, there are four eyes and four ears, with considerable duplicity in the cervical region. This is an extremely rare condi- tion in the human race. Dipsesis {dip-se'-sis) \J)i^i^aiq, thirst]. Extreme thirst. Dipsetic {dip-set' -ik) \8i'\\>riTiKdq, causing thirst] . Caus- ing or attended- with thirst. Dipsomania {dip-so-ma' -ne-ah) [(5/i/;a, thirst ; fiavia, madness]. The uncontrollable desire for spirituous liquors. This is generally considered as a disease. Dipsomaniac {dip-so-ma' -ne-ak) [rf/i/ia, thirst; fiavia, madness]. A person affected with dipsomania. Dipsopathy {dip-sop' -a-the) [fJ/i/)a, thirst ; Tiddoq, affec- tion]. Any disease depending upon or related to alcoholic excess. Dipsosis {dip-so' -sis). See Dipsesis. DIPTEROCARPUS 378 DISEASE Dipterocarpus [dip-ter-o-kar' -pus) [fJ/Trrfpof, two- winged; KaffTTOi;, fruit]. A genus of trees, mostly S. Asiatic. D. alatus, D. costatits , D. hispidus, D. hrvis, and D. zeylanicus afford wood-oil or gurjun balsam. Dipterous [dip' -ter-its) [d/f , two ; Trrspoj', wing]. In biology, two- winged, as a fly or a seed. Dipteryx [dip' -tcr-iks) [(S/f , two ; Trr/yjiif, a wing]. A genus of leguminous trees. D. odorata, the tree that produces the Tonka Bean, q. v.. Dipygus {d/p'-ig--tes) [rf'f, double; ttv}//, buttocks]. A monstrosity with more or less duplication of the pelvis and lower parts of the back. Dirca {lier'-kah) [Ai/j^;?, a fountain near Thebes]. A genus of apetalous shrubs. D. palustris, wicopy, leatherwood, or moose wood ; a N. American thyme- laceous shrub, with the properties of mezereon. It is sparingly used in domestic practice for dyspepsia and hemicrania. Unof. Direct [di-rekt') \_dircctus, straight]. In a right or straight line. D. Current. See Current. D., Image. See Ima::;e. D. Ophthalmoscopy. See OphthalDioiiopy. D. Vision, the perception of an object the image of which falls upon the maculte. Direction (di-rek' -s/iun) \_dirigere, to direct]. Rela- tive position considered without regard to linear dis- tance. D. -spindle, a fusiform body of the ovula, stretching from the germinal vesicle toward the surface. Director {di-rek' -tor) \dirigere, to guide]. Anything that guides or directs. D., Grooved, an instrument grooved to guide the knife in surgical operations. Dirigomotor [dir-ig-o-mo' -tor) \dirigere, to direct; motor, a mover] . Causing or involving motion and at the same time directing that motion to an end. Dirt [dert) [ME., drit\ Excrement; feces. D. -eat- ing. See ChtJionophagia and Geophagisiii. Dis [(5(V, twice], A prefix used to denote t7vo or double. Also, a prefix to denote apai-t from. Disaccharids (di-sak' -ar-ids)- See Carbohydrates. Disarthral [dis-ar' -thral) twice; apOpov, a joint]. Relating to muscles that pass over two joints, e.g. , the triceps. Disarticulation ( dis-ar-tik-ti-la' -shim ) [dis, apart ; artiiiiltiin, a joint]. Amputation in the contiguity of a part or at a joint. Disassimilation [dis-as-sit?i-il-a' -shun) \_disassimilatio'\ . In ophthalmology, the decomposition of visual sub- stances in the retina. Disassociation [dis-as-o-se-a' -shun) \_dis, apart; asso- r/a/c, to unite with]. In chemistry, the decomposi- tion of a compound by heat, the molecules reuniting on the removal of the heat. Disc {disl;)\i.lisiiis, a quoit or round plate]. A cir- cular, plate-like organ or body, especially the papilla of " the eye, the entrance of the optic nerve into the eye- ball. Its area corresponds with that of the blind spot. In dentistry, an instrument in the form of a disc, made of emery, cuttle-fish, bone, or sand-paper, for fin- ishing fillings on surfaces between teeth. D., Blood. See Blood-corpuscle. D. -carrier, an instrument ap- plied to the dental engine for the better application of corundum discs to the teeth. D., Choked. See Papillitis. D., Corundum. A device used in den- tistry for separating teeth, by cutting away a portion ; it is used with the dental engine, and applied by means of carriers, that admit of ready adjustment and change of the disc to any desired angle with the shaft containing it. D., Cupping of. See Excavation of the Optic Nerve. D., Germinal, the small disc of the blastodermic membrane, in which the first traces of the embryo are seen. D., Hypermetropic, hazy ; simulating optic neuritis, observed in hyperme- tropia. D., Proligerous. See Discus proligerus. Discharge {dis-char/) [ME., dischargen, to unload]. Any evacuation ; that which is evacuated. See also Pigments, Colors and Dyestuffs. Discharger {dis-char' -jer). See Electric. Discharging {dis-char/ -ing) [ME., dischargen, to un- load]. Unloading, flowing out, as pus, etc. D. Centers, nerve-centers whence emanate influences which, according to the structures at the other ends of the nerves connected with them, may cause move- ments (muscles), secretion (glands), or contraction of vessels. D. Lesion, a brain-lesion that causes sudden discharges of nervous motor influence. Disciferous {dis-if -er-us)\discus, a disc ; ferre, to bear]. In biology, disc-bearing. Discifloral {dis' -if-lo-ral) \^discus, a disc ; flos {flor), a flower]. In biology, applied to such flowers as have the receptacle expanded into a conspicuous disc. Discissio cataractae. See Discission. Discission {dis-ish' -un) \_discissio ; discindere, to tear or cut apart]. I. Bilateral incision, as of the cervix uteri. 2. An operation for cataract. See Cataract. Discoblastula {dis-ko-blas' -tii-lali) [iVicsmq, a disc ; {YKaaT(n:, a germ]. In embryology, the blastula result- ing from the development of a discomorula. Discocarp {dis' -ko-karp) [ddr/eof, a disc ; KapTrog, a fruit]. In biology, applied to those fruits in which the expanded receptacle encloses the seeds or achenia ; also the same as Apothecium. Discocytula {dis-ko-sif -u-lah) [(S/(tko{, a disc ; k'vto^, a cell]. In embryology, the cytula resulting from the reformation of a nucleus in a discomonerula. Discodactyl {dis-ko-dak' -til) [rf/cr/cof , a disc ; iaKTvko^, a finger]. In biology, applied to those animals {e.g., toads and frogs) the ends of whose toes are provided with disc-like dilatations. Discogastrula {dis-ko-gas'-trtt-lah) [(S/c/cof, a disc; yaa-r/p, belly ; gastrule, a two-layered germ-cup]. The gastrula resulting from discoid egg-cleavage or discoid segmentation of the yolk. Discoid or Discoidal {dis'-koid, dis-koi' -dal) [(S/crTOf , a disc]. Somewhat disc-shaped. Discomonerula {dis-ko-mo-ner'-u-lah) [J/ff/fOf, disc; liovi/pri<;, solitary]. In embryology, a disc-like monerula of a meroblastic ovum. 'D\scomor\i\a.{dis-ko-mor' -ii-lah) [tS/ffftOf, a disc; morula, dim. of tnoriim,a. mulberry]. In embryology, a disc- like morula of a meroblastic ovum. Discrete {dis-kret') \_discretus, separated]. A term applied to exanthematous eruptions in which the pustules or papules remain distinct. The opposite of confluent. Discus {dis'-kus) [(Vigkoq, a disc]. A disc. D. prolig- erus, the elevated cells of the membrana granulosa of the ovum, whereby the ovum is attached. Discussion {dis-kush'-un) \_discussio']. The scattering or driving away of a swelling, effusion, or tumor. Discutient {di.<:-ku'-shent) [discutere, to shake apart]. I. Capable of effecting resolution or discussion. 2. A medicine supposed to have the power of scatter- ing or discussing a swelling. Disdiaclast {dis-di' -ak-last) [(S/c, double ; (5/d, through ; Kkatiiv, to break down]. Any one of the (supposed) small doubly-refractive elements in the contractile discs changing its position during muscular contrac- tion and relaxation. Disease {dis-cz') \dis negative; ease, 3. state of rest]. A condition of the body marked by inharmonious action of one or more of the various organs, owing to abnormal condition or structural change. A Table of Diseases named after men who have described or have especially studied them is appended. D., Acute, a disease marked by rapid onset and course. D., Bad, DISENGAGEMENT 379 DISSEMINATED. a synonym of syphilis. D., Bleeders', synonym of Hemophilia. D., Chronic, one that is slow in its course. D., Constitutional, one in which a system of organs or the whole body is involved. D., Coarse, the macroscopic organic lesions in a disease. D., Cretinoid. See Myxedema. D. of Ditmarsch, a form of endemic syphilis that was seen in Ditmarsch from 1762-1842. D., Fatigue. See Fatigue. D., Feigned, the wilful simulation of disease or injury, through malice or for the purpose of attaining a desired end. D., Focal, a centrally localized disease of the nervous system as distinguished from peripher- ally localized affections. D., Functional, abnor- mality of function without discoverable organic lesion. D., Grouse. See Grouse Disease. D.| Idiopathic, one that exists by itself without any connection with another disorder ; one of which the cause is unknown. D., Intercurrent, a disease occurring during the pro- gress of another of which it is independent. D., Knife-grinder's, chronic catarrhal bronchitis met with in knife-grinders. D., Pearl-worker's, a recurrent bone-inflammation, with enormous hypertrophy of the bone, seen in workers in pearl-dust. D., Saint Goth- ard, a synonym of Anchylostoiniasis or Dochmiasis, q, V. D., Septic, one arising from the putrefactive fermentation of some foreign substance within the body. D.ofSiam. Synonym of Ff//ojc; ivz/tr. D., Specific, one caused by the introduction of a specific virus or poison within the body ; also a synonym of Syphilis. D., Subacute, one more protracted and less active than an acute disease. D., Subchronic, one less protracted than a chronic disease, but more pro- tracted than an acute disease. D., Symptomatic, a disease caused by or connected with another ailment of the body. The opposite of idiopathic disease. D., Zymotic, a term used to include the whole class of germ-diseases, or those arising from the introduction and multiplication of some living germ within the body. Disengagement [ciis-en-gaj' -ment) [Fr. , des engager, to disengage]. Emergence from a confined state ; espe- cially the escape of the fetus from the vaginal canal. Disfigurement (dis-fig'-ur-ment^ \dis, priv.; Jigiirare, to fashion]. Blemish ; deformity. Disinfectant {dis-in-fek'-tant) \_dis, neg. ; inficere, to corrupt]. An agent that destroys disease-germs and noxious properties of fermentation and putrefaction. Disinfection [dis-in-fek' -shiDi) \_dis, neg. ; inficere, to corrupt] . The destroying of disease-germs iDy means of heat, chemic substances, fumigation, or by fresh air. D., Ransom's Apparatus for, a method of disinfection by means of dry heat. Washington Lyon's Apparatus, a method in which steam is em- ployed as the active agent. Disinfectol [dis-in-fek' -tol) \_dis, neg. ; inficere, to cor- rupt]. An antiseptic substance analogous to creolin and lysol. It is used in the form of a two to five per cent, emulsion. Disinfector {dis-in-fek' -tor) \_dis, neg. ; inficere, to cor- rupt]. An apparatus for the purpose of disinfection. Disintegrate [dis-in'-te-grat) \_dis, apart ; integer, the whole]. To break up or decompose. T>\smva.g\n2L\.ion{dis-in-vaj-in-a'-shHn) [<•&, neg. ; in, in ; vagina, a sheath]. The reduction or relief of an invagination. Disjoint (dis-Joinf) {disjoindre, to disjoin]. To dis- articulate ; to separate, as bones, from their natural relations. Disk. See Disc. Disklet {disk' -let) [J/a/cof, a disc]. A little disc. Dislocation [dis-lo-ka' -shun) {dis, apart; locare, to place]. The luxation or abnormal displacement of one or more bones of a joint, or of any organ from its natural position. D., Complete, the bones entirely separated. D., Compound, the coverings of the joint ruptured. D., Consecutive, the displaced bone is not in the same position as when originally misplaced. D. of Eyeball, displacement of the eyeball outside of the lids. D. of Lens, the crystalline lens thrown out of its capsule, or misplaced so that it does not occupy its proper position beliind the pupil. D., Old, inflammatory changes having ensued. D., Partial, or Incomplete, the articulating surfaces re- maining in partial contact ; called, also. Subluxation. D., Primitive, the bones remaining as originally displaced. D., Recent, no inflammatory changes having ensued. D., Simple, without laceration of the surrounding parts. Diastasis, dislocation of an amphiarthrotic joint ; also a separation, as of the parts of a muscle, or of the epiphysis of a bone from the diaphysis. Disorder (dis-or'-der). See Disease. Disorganization [dis-or-gan-iz-a' -shun) \dis, priv. ; organizare, to organize]. Destruction or loss of or- ganic structure ; complete pathologic or traumatic change in the minute structure of any tissue. Disparate (dis'-par-at) \dispar, unequal]. Not alike ; unequal or unmated. D. Points, non-identical points of the two retinse. Diplopia is produced when the images of a single object fall upon such points. Dispareunia [dis-par-oo'-ne-ah). See Dyspareunia . Dispensary (dis-pens' -ar-e) \_dispensare, to distribute]. A charitable institution where medical treatment is given the poor and medicines are dispensed on pre- scription. Dispensatory {dis-pens' -at-or-e) \_dispensatorium , an apothecary's diary]. A treatise on the materia medica, and the composition, effects, and preparation of medi- cines. Dispensing {dis-pens' -ing) \dispensare , to weigh out]. The measuring, weighing, and issuing of the drugs ordered in a prescription. Dispersion {dis-per' -shiui) \dispersio ; dispersus, scat- tered]. The resolution, discussion, or scattering of an inflammation or other morbid condition. In phys- ics, the separation of a ray of white light into colored rays ; also, any scattering of light, as that which has passed through ground glass. Dispirem {di-spi' -rem) \dis, two; spira, a spiral]. In embryology, the two skeins of a dividing nucleus formed from the nuclear loops and giving rise to the daughter nuclei. It is the seventh stage of Karyo- kinesis, q. v. Displacement {dis-plas'-nwnt) [Fr. , desplacer, to dis- place]. A putting out of place ; applied to various organs, as the uterus, heart, etc. D. of Mortality. See Carnof s Doctrine. Dispora caucasica {dis'-por-ah kajv-kas'-ik-ah). See Bacillus caucasicus, under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. Disposition {dis-fo-sish'-un) \_dispositio, an arranging]. Tendency, either physical or mental, to certain diseases. Dissection {dis-ek' -shun) [dissectio, dissecare, to cut up]. The disassociation and exposition by means of incis- ions, cutting apart, etc., of the organs of the body, for purposes of scientific study. Dissecting Aneurysm. See Afieurysm. Dissecting Wound, injury during dissection, with consequent introduction of septic material. It may become constitutional and result in septicemia, or it may take the form of warts, Veri-uca necrogenica. The sore resulting directly from the prick or abrasion is called Post-morteju pustule. Disseminated {dis-em'-in-a-ted) \_disseminare, to scat- ter seed]. Scattered; spread over a large area. D. Sclerosis. 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I2III 2g. « S ^ 3 ■S'-o > f tj - 3 „2 3 •s c E-e s 03 03 -a 03^jj;-- H-4 21 1=1 5 £ « .3-0 3 111 E H 3 01 3i; ^x -3 iJ a3 S 387 13 '5 X.:: I- c 5 n Co «^ .5 a 2 S ffl S --Ss^ S'5 3 o 3 i; 3 S i 3 O-n Srt .t;£ 1> 13 •2 K 5^ O tn 3 w gE 5 w ^ E .a = Si m 3 1; a c 'E-B nfi o > in M V- O 2;^ = 0 o be rt'— 2:^ a> S o c a S 3 3 a; 3 ■a o 3 S o 3 0.2 (J 73 ■c j; O bCt, m M o 3 Etc 'Si: ■5 MC O g M J? 0.° Of . i! c -a .2 bo rt o 3- E < S.2 c O u o — 3 Q, m:3 s o a ^ rt E tn 8=:" 6 — ~ o o. E o >. U lU <^ >! 5 f in Vh 0 « s E 3 dj 3 bo.. 1 1 3 j= t! CO . - C U D C 3 >'u g rt c J2 biS.Sf .2 S 2 3 3 2 a,g •io.2 «3 6^ ■a a 3 o rtO; (5 'S. ao T3 Ot/) a!, 389 o Synonyms. Toothache. Etiology. Caries, etc. Pathology. Neurosis. Symptoms. Toothache and pain in the jaws. Disease. or Sore Eyes, q. v. or of Condylomata, q. v. or Leprosy, q. v. Tinea, and of Measles of the Hog, q. v. q.v. Idiocy, or o{ Epilepsy, q. v. Plague, q. v. Part Affected. Teetli and jaws. Synonym of Epilepsy, q. v. Synonym oi Deafness, q.v. Same as Saint Blasius' Synonym of Quinsy, q. v. Synonym of Ophthalmia, Synonym of Insanity, q.v. Synonym of Colic, q. v. Synonym of Hemorrhoids, O s 0 a >> Synonym of Rheumatism, g. V. Synonym of Carcinoma, Synonym of Chorea, q. v. Synonym Hydrophobia, Synonym of Syphilis, q. v. Synonym of Chorea, q. v. Synonym of Epilepsy, q.v. Synonym of Leprosy, of Synonym of Scabies, q. v. | Synonym of Drunkenness, Synonym of Insanity, of Synonym of Chorea, q. v. Synonym of the Bubonic Synonym of Syphilis, q. v. Synonym of Epilepsy, q.v. Name. Saint Apollonia's dis- ease. 1 Saint Avertin's disease Saint Avidus' disease. Saint Blase's disease. Saint Blasius' disease. Saint Clair's disease. Saint Dymphna's dis- ease. Saint Erasmus' disease Saint Fiacre's disease. Saint Francis' fire. Saint Gervasius' dis- ease. Saint Giles' disease. Saint Guy's dance. Saint Hubert's disease. Saint Job's disease. Saint John's dance. Saint John's evil. Saint Lazarus' dis- ease. Saint Main's disease. Saint Martin's evil. 1 Saint Mathurin's dis- ease. ^ Saint Modestus' dance. Saint Roch's disease. Saint Sement's dis- ease. Saint Valentine's dis- ease. •5 a I/} o c •-S V:3 Oh 3 ci.H S O ui ■"•2 Et3 "o 3 ~ o O ,3 ■S.-g 6 1 o ° ^ Ki5 ■5 s tm >> I 3 c i i; O CO c - 3 V5 a >- " r- (J (U ^ o 3 c tl —1-5 o •- — ..i " to, T3 5 ^ c S 2 ,5 "j'S C u .a ■g E M-^ — S.5 ''be- ll ^■ «r "1 a ii V- o o £ S & ° 3 o •-<-; c (n 2 S ^ E ii-a c eg E tfl o X .S > T3 •- a OJ 3 3 ■ " ii ■Cart C o 3 3 -'5 ° a E O o o o.E_- o3>2 o k c ^ » 0.3 rt b/3 . '_T3,3 ^ a, y) mart ^ ^'"g^ E EJ=5 " .r-S-Ort-g 5 "1 ?^ c s 2 o ° .-g « E rt o S- cz ^ .. 3 •- = ST 3 CT.:: rt S y>^ 3j2 ."3^30; ^ rt I i: a; "J aoo rt o wo yi C/J t/} C/) Ifi yj m rt a «j ^ o 1; e 391 O rf 2^ o 3 3-r! ui (LI be - ^ g 2 3 3 c o o 3 nj OS -a 5 "Ts ^ c u: 5 *- ■;; P ° C CJ ■2 W5 £.S| o t. g 1) 'In o c _ o 392 DISTILLATION 03 c Dissemination {dis-e»i-in-a' -siniii) \_dis, apart ; semin- are, to sow]. The scattering or dispersion of disease or disease-germs. Dissepiment [dis-ep' -e-meni) apart ; stepire, to hedge in]. A partition, sejitum, or diaphragm. Dissipation {dis-ip-a' -shun) to scatter] . A dispersion of matter or of the morbid conditions that cause disease. Dissociation (dis-so-se-a' -shun) apart ; sociare, to associate]. In physiology, the separation of the com- ponent elements of a compound. In chemistry, the decomposition of a compound by means of high tem- perature D. Symptom, anesthesia to pain and to heat and cold, with preservation of tactile sensibility and of the muscular sense ; it is observed in syringo- myelia. Dissolution (dis-o-hi' -shiiii) \dissolutio ; dissolvere, to set free]. A solution of the continuity of a part. De- composition arising from the death of the body or its parts ; death. Dissolvent [diz-oF -Tent) \_dissolvere , to loosen, dis- solve] . A solvent. Dissonance [dis' -o-naiis) \_dissononare, to disagree in sound]. The combination of such tones as are so dif- ferent from each other as to produce beats. Distad [dis'-lad) \_dista?-i\ to be at a distance ; ad, to]. In the direction of the free extremity of an appendage or part. See Position and Direction, Table of. Distal {dis'-tal) \distare, to be at a distance]. At the greatest distance from the trunk, heart, or mesial line. See Position and Direction, Table of. D. Clot. See Clot. Distally (dis'-tal-e) \_distare, to beat a distance]. Dis- tad,,^ Distance [dis' -tans) \_distantia, distance]. The measure of space between two objects. D., Working, in the microscope, the distance from the front lens of an objective to the object, when the objective is correctly focused. Distemper [dis-tem' -per) \_disteniperare, to dissolve]. I. Disease ; malady ; indisposition ; most commonly applied to the diseases of animals. 2. A disease of young dogs, commonly considered as a catarrhal dis- order. D. Colors. See Pigments, Colors, and Dye- stuffs. Disten [dis' -ten) [(fe/^rc, to be at a distance]. Belong- ing to the distal aspect in itself. Distention [dis-ten' -shun) \_distendere, to stretch]. The state of being dilated. Distichiasis [dis-tik-i' -as-is) {jVii, double ; orixog, a row]. The condition of a double row of eyelashes, the inner rubbing against the globe. Distichous {dis' -tik-tis) [(5/oT/;[-of, having two rows]. In biology, in two perpendicular rows ; applied to the arrangement of leaves or other organs. Distillation (dis-til-a' -shun) \destillarc, to drop little by little]. The double process of vaporization and condensation of the vapor. This is used mainly in purifying liquids by separating them from non-volatile substances. D., Destructive, the decomposition of a substance in a close vessel in such a manner as to obtain liquid products. The substances that are sub- mitted to destructive distillation are in the main solids, as wood, coal, shales, bones, and animal refuse. D., Fractional, a process of decomposition of complex liquid bodies depending upon the fact that, if a mixture of liquids, each having a different boiling-point, be heated, the one having the lowest boiling-point will pass over first, and if the temperature is not increased beyond that point at which the distillation of this fraction takes place, no other constituent will come over ; if the temperature be gradually increased the DISTOCIA 393 DOCIMASY others will follow in the order of their boiling-points. In cases in which the boiling-points are close, the action of one substance upon another often prevents exact separations. Distocia {dis-to'-se-ak) double; rdjcof, birth]. Delivery or birth of twins. Distoma (dis-to' -mah), or Distomum {liis-to'-miiiii) [(J/f, double ; CT^jia, a mouth]. A genus of trema- tode worms. See Parasites [Animal ), Table of. Distomiasis [dis-to-mi^ -as-is) [iViQ, double ; oroua, mouth]. The symptoms produced by the presence of certain trematodes or flukes in the human system. Distomum [dis-to' -iniim') double; a-o/ja, mouth]. Same as Distoma. See Parasites [Animal^, Table of. Distomus [dis-to'-tnus). See Diprosopus. Distortion (dis-tor^ -skun) \_distorquere , to distort]. I. A twisted or bent shape ; deformity or malformation, acquired or congenital. 2. A writhing or twisting motion, as of the face ; a grimace. Distorter oris (dis-tor' -ter o'-ris) [L., " the distortor of the mouth " ] . The zygomaticus minor muscle. See Aluscles, Table of. Distribution [dis-trib-ic' -sJum) \_distnbHere, to distri- bute]. The branching of a nerve or artery, and the arrangement of its branches within those parts that it supplies. Distrix [dis'-triks) [(5/f,two; (^p/f, hair]. The splitting of the distal ends of the hair. Disulphate [(//j,two; sulpkur'\. In chem- istry, an acid sulphate. Disulphone (lii-snl' -foti) \dis, double; sulphur'\. One of the solid, crystalline, very stable compounds, produced on oxidizing the di-thio-ethers or thio-acetals with a permanganate solution. The disulphones are not attacked by acids or alkalies. Disuse-amblyopia. See Argamblyopia. Disvulnerability {dis-viil-ner-ab-il' -it-e') \_dis, neg. ; viilnerare, to wound]. The power of abnormally rapid recovery from wounds, said to be a peculiarity of many criminals. Dita Bark [di'-tali) [L.]. The bark of Alstonia scho- larts, native to the Philippine Islands. It is employed as a tonic and antiperiodic in intermittent fever. Dose of the tincture, 3 j-ij ; of the fluid extract, gtt. ij-v ; of the powder, gr. v. Unof. Ditain {dit'-a-in) [Dita] , C^^H^^N.p. An alkaloid of Dita, occurring as a yellow amorphous substance. Ditamin [dit' -am-iu). Same as Ditain. Ditana digitifolia {dit-a'-nah dij-it-if-o' -le-ali) [L.]. A Mexican plant said to possess galactagogue proper- ties. The existence of such a plant has been ques- tioned. Dithecal [di-flie'-kal) {fi'iQ, two; Bl/Kr], a case]. In biology, having two thecre or anther-cells. Ditokus idit'-o-kits) [(5(f, two ; rfh-f/i', to bring forth]. In biology, giving birth to twins, or laying two eggs. Ditrichotomous [di-trik-of -o-mus) [f5/f, two; Tpixni'-as-is) [f5o;f//«of, crumpled]. The diseased condition caused by the presence in the body of parasites belonging to the genus Dochmius. Cf. Ankylostomiasis . Dochmius {dok'-me-its) \_S6xi^'^"^i crumpled]. In biol- ogy, a genus of thread- worms of the family Strongy- lidse. See Parasites [Afiimal), Table of. Docimasia (dos-im-a'-se-ak) [fioKLjiaaia ; 6oKifia(,Eiv , to examine]. I. Examination, especially a post- mortem examination. 2. A test, especially a chemic test, of poisons. 3. In pharmacy, the testing or assaying of medicines. D. pulmonum, a mode of determining whether a child has or has not been born alive, by examination of the lungs. Docimastic (dos-im-as'-tii) [(hKifiaala ; rhKi/m^eiv, to examine]. Making use of tests ; testing; proving. Docimasy {dos'-im-as-e). See Dosimasia. fr DOCK 394 DORSIMESAL Dock {dok'). See Rttmex. Dockmackamus, or Dockmackie {Jok-mak'-am-iis,ox dok' -Ilia k-e^ [aboriginal]. The shrub I'ibiiniuin accr- ifolinm, of N. America ; used in domestic practice in poulticing tumors, and as an alterative. Unof. Doctor (dok'-tor) \_doitoj\ a teacher]. A teacher. A title conferred by a university or college. A physician licensed to practise medicine. D. Gum, the resin of Rhus metopium, a poisonous sumach of tropical Amer- ica; it is said to be purgative and alterative. The name is given in the W. Indies to various other soft resins. Dodecadactylitis [do - dek - a - dak - /// - i'- tis) [(5(j Jf/ca, twelve; dd/crti/t.of, a finger ; ;r/f, inflammation]. In- flammation of the duodenum. Dodecadactylon, or Dodecadactylus (do-dek-a-dak' - til-on, or -lis) [(SufJtha, twelve ; SanTvlog, finger]. The duodenum. Dodecagynous (do-dek-aj' -in-us') [(56j(5t7,a, twelve ; yvvii, a female]. In biology, having twelve pistils. Dodecamerous [do-dek-am' -er-us) \J)i)i^tKa, twelve ; //fpof, part]. In biology, having the floral organs in twelves. Dodecandrous (do-dek-an' -drns) [J(I»5e/ca, twelve ; hv'iip {iipi'ip-), a male]. In biology, having twelve stamens. Dodecapetalous (do-dek-a-pet' -al-us') \_iStd^tKa, twelve ; TT£Ta7.ov, a leaf]. In biology, having a corolla con- sisting of twelve petals. Doderlein, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonyinatic Table of. Dodging Time. The popular term among women for the period of irregular menstruation of varying dura- tion preceding the full establishment of the menopause. Dog-button. See Nux vomica. Dogma [dog' -mail) \Ji6yfxa, opinion ; i^oidtiv, to think]. A tenet or principle taught by authority. A state- ment of medical science. Dog-rose [dog' -roz). See Rosa canina. Dogwood (dog'-wood). See Corniis. Dohrn's Method. A method of dressing the umbilical cord. The stump is covered with cotton-wool fixed with stumps of adhesive plaster. This dressing is likely to be followed by umbilical ulceration. Dolabra [do-la' -brah) [L.]. A name applied to various bandages. D. currens. See Ascia. D. repens. See Ascia. Dolabriform [do-lab' -rif-orm) \_dolabra, a kind of hatchet; forma, shape]. In biology, shaped like an axe. Dolbeau's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Doliariin [do-le-a' -re-iii) \_dolium, a cask]. A vegetable pepsin, like papain and cradin, obtained from Ficiis doliaria, a wild fig-tree of Brazil. It is vermifuge, purgative, and digestive. Unof. Doli capax [do'-li ka'-paks) [L. : //. , Doli capaces\ In legal medicine, one capable of guilt ; one able or old enough to distinguish right and wrong ; one morally or legally responsible. D. incapax, one incapable, or not old enough to distinguish wrong from right, or to be legally responsible for wrong-doing. Dolichocephalia [dol-ik-o-sef-a' -le-ah) \6n'kLxiz, long ; K£(baA.ii, head] . The condition of being dolichocephalic. Dolichocephalic, or Dolichocephalous [dol-ik-o-scf- al'-ik, ox -sef -al-us) [f5o// Yor, long; KKpaXi/, head]. Having a relatively long antero-posterior cephalic diameter (applied to skulls or to persons or races). See Index. Dolichohieric [dol-ik-o-hi-er' -ik) \fiokixo<:, long ; [?p6v, sacrum]. Having a relatively slender sacrum. See Platyhieric. Dolichopellic [dol-ik-o-pel'-ik) [Jo/l/jof , long; irii'XXa, a bowl]. Having a relatively long or narrow pelvis. See Platypellic. Dolor [do' -lor) \dolerc ,\.o feel pain]. Bodily or mental pain or suffering. D. colicus. Synonym of Enter- algia. D. dentium, pain in the teeth. See Odon- talgia. Dolores praesagientes, precursory pains felt by women in advance of labor. Domatophobia [do-mat-o-fo' -be-ah) [du^a, house ; ipoiiur, fear]. Insane dread of being in a house ; a variety of claustrophobia. Donath's Tests. See Tests, 'Table of. D. and Mayr- hofer's Test. See Tests, Table of. Donda Ndugu [African]. Brother Ulcer; a disease common on the east coast of Africa, due to some minute organism that infests stagnant water and enters an abraded joint of the lower extremities, especially of the lower third of the leg. The part becomes swollen, and a deep-seated slough occurs that burrows beneath the healthy tissues. Death may follow from exhaustion or hemorrhage. Those who recover are generally permanently lamed. Donders' Glaucoma. -See Diseases, Table of. D. Law. See Law. D. Schematic Eye, in optics, a device for calculating the path of the rays from one refracting surface to the other. D. Theory, a theory of the formation of glaucoma, in which the disease is supposed to originate in an irritation of the choroid nerves. Donegana's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Donne's Corpuscles, or Globules. See Globule a.nA Colostrum Corpuscles. D. Test. See Tests, Table of. Donovan's Solution. See Arsenic. Doornick's Horizontal Line. See Line. Dorcadizant [dor-kad' -iz-ant) \fiopKa6[^tiv, to leap like a gazelle ; (Sopmq, gazelle]. Leaping; characterized by leaps ; applied to certain forms of insanity. Doremus's Method. A method of estimating the amount of urea in the urine. It is done by allowing the urine to pass through a solution of sodium hypo- bromite and measuring'- the gas that is evolved. Dorsad [dor' -sad) \_dorsum, the back]. Toward the dorsal aspect ; dorsally. See Position and Direction, Table of. Dorsal [dor' -sal) \iilorsum, the back]. Pertaining to the back, or to the posterior part of an organ. The term Neural is sometimes used in place of dorsal. See Position and Direction, Table of D. Artery. See Artery. D. Decubitus, recumbency in the supine position. D. -elevated Position. See Postures, Table of. D. Nerves. See Nerves, Table of. D.- recumbent Position. See Postures, Table of. D. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. D. semi-recumb- ent Posture. See Postures, Table of. Dorsalis pedis [dor-sa' -lis pe'-dis). See Arteries, Table of Dorsen [dor'-sen) \_dorsum, the back]. Belonging to the dorsum in itself. Dorsicollar [dor-se-koF -ar) \_dorsum, the back; collum, the neck]. In biology, having to do with the back and neck. Dorsicumbent [dor-se-kum' -bent ) \_dorsiim, the back ; ciibare, to lie down]. In biology, supine; or lying upon the back. Dorsigerous [dor-si j'-er-iis) [^/orwm, the back ; gerere, to carry]. In biology, bearing the young upon the back. Dorsigrade [dor' -sig-rad) [_-' -stt-lum) [dim. of dorsutn, the back]. The second dorsal sclerite of the thorax in certain insects. Dorsum (a't>;"'-«-(3rt>"'-o«3 i^/W). I. The astringent resin of Calamus ratany and C. draco, E. Indian rat- tan-palms. 2. The resin of various species of Di-acccna, <].v. 3. The resin of Pterocarpus draco, a W. Indian tree. The various kinds of dragon's blood are astrin- gent, but are now used mainly in the arts and in mak- ing court-plasters. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Drain [ME., drainen, to drain]. A channel that re- ceives the drainage or waste water of one building or set of premises. In surgery, a material that affords a channel of exit for the discharge from a wound or cavity. D. -throat, a sore-throat produced by the poison of scarlet fever, and other poisons introduced into the system by breathing the air from defective drains. Drainage ((/raw'-o/') [ME., to drain]. I. The provision, by means of tubes or strands of fibers, of a channel of exit for the discharge from a wound or cavity. 2. See Sewage. D. Anchor, a rubber fila- ment inserted in an abscess or cavity. D.-tube, a rubber tube with perforations for draining wounds or cavities. D.-tube, Decalcified, a decalcified bone {e.g., of a chicken, etc.) used as a drainage-tube. Dram, or Drachm [dram) [(ipa^//?/, a Greek weight]. The eighth part of the apothecaries' ounce, equal to 60 grains or 3.8 grams. Also the one-sixteenth part of the avoirdupois ounce, equal to 27.34 grains. D., Fluid, the eighth part of a fluidounce, equal to 60 minims. Dramatism [dram'-at-izm) \fphi.ia, a drama]. In- sanely stilted and lofty speech or behavior. Draper's Test. See Tests, Table of. Drastic (i/raj'-Zz'/t') [fSpae/i', to draw]. I. A powerful and irritating purgative, such as scammony or gamboge. 2. Severe, harsh, powerful. Draught [draft). See Draft. Draw [ME., draiven, to draw]. To digest and cause to discharge ; said of a poultice. In dentistry, to re- move a tooth from its socket. In andrology, to re- move the urine from the bladder by means of a catheter. D. -bench, a bench for drawing wire, so constructed as to confine a wire-plate at one end, with a roller and windlass at the other end for draw- ing the wire through the plate. Drawer, Gold. An apparatus for use in the dental laboratory to collect gold scraps and filings. Drayman's Bottom. An enlargement of the bursa situated over the tuberosity of the ischium. Dream [drem) [ME., a';r/'«i';z, to dream]. I. An invol- untary series of images, emotions, and thoughts pre- sented to the mind during sleep. 2. To be conscious of such manifestations. D., Waking, an illusion or hallucination. D., Wet, a term given to the emission of semen during sleep. Dreamy [dre'-mc) [ME., dremen, to dream]. Full of dreams. D. State, a common psychic aura of epi- lepsy in which the patient experiences a sensation of strangeness or sometimes of terror. It may be associated with flashes of light or auditory aurce. Drechsel's Test. See Tests, Table of. Drechsler's Test. See Tests, 'Table of. Drench [ME., drenchen, to drench, drown]. In veterinary practice, a draught of medicine. Drepanidium [dre-pan-id' -e-um) \fpfKavq, a sickle]. The sickle-shaped young of certain protozoans. D. ranarum, a (probably) parasitic cytozoon of frogs' blood. Dressed Mouth [drest mowth). That condition pro- duced by the fraudulent practice of filing the teeth, used to make an old horse appear young. Dresser [dres'-er) [ME., dressen, to make straight]. An attendant (in English hospitals, usually a student) whose special duty it is to dress and bandage wounds, and attend to other ward work. Dressing [dres'-ing) [ME., dressen, to make straight]. I. The application of a bandage, lint, or other sub- stance to a wound or ulcer. 2. The material so applied. 3. In metallurgy, the mechanical treatment that an ore receives after being brought to the surface ; concentration. Dressler's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. Drewsen's Test. See Tests, Tabl- of. Drill [dril) [AS., thvrelian, to pierce]. A surgical instrument used in perforating bones, calculi, or teeth. D.-bone, a flat osteoma. D.-bow, a bow and string for rotating a drill-stock, effected by passing the string around it, and moving it backward and forward. D. -stock, an instrument for holding and turning a drill, either by the thumb and finger or hy a handle. D. -stock, Flagg's, an instrument for drilling into the DRIMYS 397 DRYING OILS pulp-cavity of a tooth for the purpose of giving egress to matter formed there in the process of suppuration of the pulp. Drimys (iiis) [dfufibg, piercing]. A genus of magnoliaceous trees, largely S. American. D. gran- atensis, D. mexicana, and D. winteri afford l-Vin^er's Bark, an aromatic and stimulant tonic, formerly in repute as an alterative. Unof Drink [ME., drinken, to drink]. To swallow a liquid. The liquid that is swallowed. A draught. Dripping Sheet (drip' -ing sket). A means of reduc- ing temperature in fever, entirely distinct from the wet pack. The patient is placed erect in a tub containing twelve inches of water at loo°. A linen sheet (the coarser the better) is dipped in water at 7q°, which is reduced daily two degrees until 48° is reached. This sheet is thrown over the patient from behind, covering the head and body, so that it clings to the person. The attendant now makes rapid passes with both hands, beginning anteriorly and posteriorly, so as to produce friction and afflux of blood to the surface. Occasion- ally cold water at from 40° to 70° is thrown on from a cup and friction renewed. The procedure is also said to be useful in anemia. lir\v&\.\mg [driv' -el-ing) [ME., drinckn']. I. An invol- untary flow of the saliva, as in old age, infancy, idiocy, and mental stupor. 2. Senile weakness of mind. HxivGxa' S'paLSm (dri^-verz spazm). See Spasm. Dromograph [di-oni' -o-graf) [(5po//of , a course ; ypa(pea>, to write]. An instrument for registering the velocity of the blood-current. Drop. See GtMa and Minim. I. To let fall in glob- ules or drops, as a liquid. 2. To let fall from the womb. 3. A spheric mass of fluid-material. D.- culture, in bacteriology, a culture prepared by placing a drop of the infected material in a culture-medium. D. -meter. See Dosimeter. D.-serene. See GiUta sei-ena. D. -shoulder, the condition in which one shoulder is on a much lower level than the other ; not uncommonly met with in hysterical girls. Dropped Hand, or Wrist (dropt hand or ri^t). A form of paralysis from lead-poisoning, consisting in the inability to contract the extensors of the forearm. D. Foot, a deformity, especially observed in alco- holic peripheral neuritis, and dependent upon weak- ness of the flexors of the foot. Dropper [ME. , to drop] . A bottle, tube, or pipet, fitted for the emission of a fluid drop by drop. See Mispah-dropper , and Stopper-dropper. Dropsical [drop' -sik-al) [(jJpui/', dropsy]. Affected with or pertaining to dropsy. Dropsy ((/;-o/^-jc) [Wpui/f, dropsy]. See Hydrops. D. of Belly. See Ascites. D. of Brain. See Hydro- cephalus. D., Cardiac, that due to failure of compen- sation in cardiac disease. D., False, an accumula- tion of liquid in a cavity of an organ from obstruction of the outlet ; a. retention-cyst. D. of Chest. See Hydrothorax. D. of Peritoneum, ascites, hydro- peritoneum. D. of Pericardium, hydropericardium. D. of Spine. See Spina bifida and Hydrorrhachis. D. of Testicle. See Hydrocele. D. of Uterus. See Hydrometra. Drosera ((//w'-cr-rt/z) [r^pofffpiif , dewy]. Sundew; the D. rotitndifolia, native of U. S. and Europe. An antispasmodic, useful in whooping-cough and other spasmodic coughs. Dose of the fluid extract rr\^v-xx ; of the tincture fl in ID) TT^v-xv. Unof. Droserin (dros' -er-in) [rfpoafpdc, dewy]. A ferment resembling pepsin and found in the digestive secretions of most of the insectivorous plants. Drown [ME., drownen, to drown]. To deprive of life by immersion in a fluid. Drowning [drown' -ing) [ME., droumen, to drown]. Depriving of life by immersion in a fluid. D., Intra- uterine. See Intra-nterine.' D., Treatment of. See Artificial Respiration. Drowsy (drotv'-ze) [AS., drUsan, to sink]. Inclined to sleep ; sleepy. Drug [ME., dntgges\ A substance, simple or com- pound, natural or prepared, single or mixed with other substances used as a medicine. D., Antago- nistic, one that neutralizes the action of another by a process other than chemic. D. -eruptions. See Dermatitis medicamentosa . D. -habit, the acquiring of a tolerance for a drug after long administration, by which its physiologic action in normal dose is abolished. This may be avoided by intermitting the remedy from time to time. Druggist (drug' -ist) [ME., drngges\ One who deals in drugs. Drum [ME., drumme\ The tympanum. The laby- rinth of a bird. D. -belly. See Tympanites. D. of Ear. See Tympanum. D.-head. See Membratia tyinpani. Drumin (drum' -in) [Drummond, a botanist]. A name given to the alkaloid extractive of Euphorbia dj'um- mondiif an Australian plant. It is said to be a local anesthetic, and is claimed, also, to be an impure calcium oxalate. Unof. See Anesthetic. Drummers' Palsy {dmm'-erz pawl'-ze). A form of occupation-neurosis, dependent upon the constrained attitude of the hand in beating a drum. Drummond's Whiff. See Signs and Symptoms , Table of. Drumstick - bacillus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. Drunkard (drunk' -ard). One given to excessive in- dulgence in spirituous drinks. D.'s Liver, a cir- rhotic liver. D.'s Pneumonia, a grave form of pneumonia occurring in drunkards ; it is usually fatal. Drunkenness (drunk' -en-nes') [AS., druncen, drunken]. Acute or habitual alcoholic intoxication. See Alcoholism , Dipsoviania, Inebriety. Drupe (drup) [i^pitmra, an over-ripe olive]. In biol- ogy, a stone-fruit, as the cherry, peach, and plum. Drupelet (drup' -let) \_6phnna, an over-ripe olive]. A little drupe. Drupetum (dru-pe' -tiinC) \drupa, a drupe]. In biol- ogy, an aggregation of drupes, as in a blackberry. Druse (dn'is) [Ger.]. A wound that does not com- municate with any surface ; a rupture of the tissues with no superficial lesion. Dry (dri) [ME., drye]. I. Without moisture. 2. Barren. 3. To evaporate. D.-ash System. See Dry-earth System. D. Belly-ache. See Girdle- pain. D. Caries. See Onychomycosis. D. Cup- ping. See Cupping. D. -earth System, Dry-ash Svste?n ; a method of disposing of feces by mingling with them dry earth or ashes in sufficient quantity to absorb all moisture from them, so as to render them inodorous and to prevent decomposition. D. Gan- grene. See Gangrene. D. Itch. Synonym of Lichen. D. Labor, one in which there is but a slight discharge of liquor amnii. D. Mouth. See Xeros- tomia. D. -nurse, a nurse who attends and feeds a child, but does not suckle it. D. Pile, a hemorrhoid that does not bleed. D. Pleurisy, pleurisy without effusion. D.-scall, a synonym of psoriasis. D.- swimming, swimming exercise in the air, a useful gymnastic measure. D. Tetter. See Tsoriasis. D. Wine, a wine containing little or no sugar. See Haines. Dryer's Test. See Tests, Table of. Drying Oils. See Oils and Fats. DRYSD ALE'S CELLS OR CORPUSCLES 398 DUCT Drysdale's Cells or Corpuscles. Certain microscopic, cylindric, flattened, or polyhedral cells, often swollen or in a state of fatty degeneration, that have been considered characteristic of ovarian cysts. They are not pathognomonic. Dualin [liu'-al-in) \_dital, of two]. An explosive com- posed of a mixture of nitro-glycerin 50 parts and nitrated sawdust 50 parts. Giant powder and rend- rock are similar mixtures. Dualism (du' -al-izm) \_duo, two]. A system by which natural phenomena are explained upon two principles. D., Chancrous, the theory of the existence of two forms of chancre — the non-infecting, or soft chancre, and the infecting, or true (hard) chancre. Dualistic [iln-al-is'-tik) [dual, of two] . Characterized by duality. D. Theory of the Composition of Carbon-compounds ; every chemic compound is composed of two groups, electrically difterent, and these are further made up of two different groups or elements. The Electro-chciitic , dualistii tJieory of Berzelitis was prevalent in Germany until about i860. Duality [du-aV -it-e) \dualUas, dual]. Dualism; the supposed distinction, and potentially independent ac- tion, of each of the cerebral hemispheres. Dubini's Disease. " Electric chorea ;" myelitis con- vulsiva; a malady met with in Italy, differing from chorea in the character of the movements, which are sudden and shock-like ; in the course of the disease, which is progressive and often fatal ; and in the ad- dition of muscular palsy and wasting. Its etiology and pathology are obscure. See Diseases, Table of. Dublin Method. See Treatment, Methods of. Dubois' Caustic. See Caustic. Duboisia [du-bois' -e-ah) [after Dubois, a French botan- ist]. The leaves of D. myoporoides, an Australian tree. It resembles belladonna in physiologic and therapeutic effects. D., Ext. Dose gr. D., Ext. Fid. Dose rt\, v-x. D., Tinct. Dose TT\^ v-xx. Duboisin {du-bois' -in)\z.i\.^r Dubois, a French botanist], CjqHjjNjO. An alkaloid from Duboisia myoporoides, identical with hyoscyamin. Dubrueil's Operation. See Operations , Table of. Duchenne's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. D. Paralysis. See Diseases, Table of. D.-Aran Type of Muscular Atrophy. See Diseases, Table of. Duck-bill Forceps. See Forceps. D. Speculum. See Speculum. Duckett's Closet. See Seiaage, Disposal of. Duck-foot {duk' -foot). Synonym of Flat-foot. Duck-legged {duk-leg'-ed). Having very short legs. Duck-weed Disease (duk'-7aed dis-ez'). A German name for tuberculosis in cattle. Duckworth's Theory. The neuro-humoral theory of the origin of gout. It is that there is a basic, arthritic stock, a diathetic habit, of which gout and rheumatism are two distinct branches. The gouty diathesis is expressed in («) an abnormality of the nerve-centers, which may be inherited or acquired ; and (/') a peculiar incapacity for normal elaboration within the whole body, whereby uric acid is formed at times in excess or is incapable of being duly transformed into more soluble and less noxious products. Duct, or Ductus \_ducere, to lead]. A tube for the con- veyance of the fluids of the body. D., Aberrant, a small, blind, coiled tube, 2 to 14 inches in length, run- ning from the lower portion of the canal of the epi- didymis. D., Aberrant Bile, one of a number of biliary ducts, occasionally found in the left lateral ligament of the liver. They are not surrounded Isy lobules and are the remains of hepatic substance, present at an early stage of development. D., Acous- tic, the external auditory meatus. D., Adipose, one of the sacs in cellular tissue containing the fat. D., Air, in biology, one of the intercellular spaces in aquatic plants, containing air. D., Alimentary. See D., Thoracic. D., Alveolar, one of the infundibula of the bronchioles. D., Annular, in biology, one of the ring-shaped thickenings of the cells of vascu- lar tissue. D. of Arantius. See D. venosus. D., Archinephric. See D., Mesonephric. D., Arterial. See D. arteriosus. D. arteriosus, a short vessel in the fetus between the main pulmonary artery and the aorta. It becomes obliterated at birth. D., Auditory, the space between the membrana tectoria and the membrana basilaris of the cochlea. D. of Bartholin, the larger and longer of the sublingual ducts, opening into the mouth near to, or in common with, Wharton's duct. D. of Bellini, one of the excretory tubes of the kidneys. D., Biliary. See D. , Common Bile. D. of Botal. See D. arteriosus. D., Branchial, in Mvzontes, a short tube between the branchial pouch and the intestinal cavity. D., Canalicular, one of the smaller galactophorous ducts of the mammEe. D., Cement, in Cirripedia, one of a number of tubes that pass through the antennae from the cement-glands. D. choledochus. See D., Common Bile. D., Cochlear. See Canal, Cochlear. D., Common Bile, a duct about three inches long formed by the union of the cystic and hepatic ducts, and convey- ing the bile to the duodenum. D. of Cuvier, in the fetus, one of two short transverse venous trunks, o^ either side, opening into the auricle of the heart, each being formed by the union of a superior vein, the primitive jugular, and an inferior vein. The right one becomes the superior vena cava ; the left one disappears. D., Cysthepatic. See Hepato-cystic. D., Cystic, the excretory duct of the gall-bladder; it is about I Vi inches long, runs backward, downward, and to the left and unites with the hepatic duct to form the common bile-duct. D. of Darwin. See D., Cement. D., Definitive, one of the straight milk-ducts in the rtipple. D., Efferent. Same as Canal, Deferent. D., Egestive. Stt D., Fxcreto7y. D., Ejaculatory, a duct about an inch long, on either side of the body, formed by the union of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle. The semen passes through it into the urethra. D., Endolymphatic, a tubular process of the mem- branous labyrinth of the ear, passing through the aqueduct of the vestibule into the cranial cavity, where it terminates below the dura mater in a blind enlarge- ment, the sacculus endolymphaticus. D., Esophago- cutaneous, in biology, a duct joining the esophagus with the branchial pore, and thus with the exterior. D., Excretory, the tube through which the secretion of a gland is discharged. D., Galactophorous, one of the 15 or 20 milk-ducts of the lobes of the mammary glands. They converge toward the areola, and ter- minate upon the surface of the nipple in small de- pressions. D., Gall. See D., Bile, D. , Hepatic, and D., Cystic. D. of Gartner, the canal of Gartner. See Canal. D., Genital, the genital canal. See Canal. D., Guttural, the Eustachian tube. D., Hepatic, a duct, I inches long, formed at the margin of the transverse fissure of the liver by the right and left hepatic ducts. It unites with the cy.stic duct to form the common bile-duct. D., Hepatic, Left, a duct arising from the left lobe of the liver, and joining the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. D., Hepatic, Middle, an occasional branch of the hepatic duct, conveying the bile from the quad- rate lobe of the liver. D., Hepatic, Right, a duct arising from the right lobe of the liver, and joining the left hepatic duct, to form the common hepatic duct. D., Hepato-cystic, one of the biliary ducts emptying DUCT 399 DULCAMARA directly into the gall-bladder. D.,Hepato-pancreatic, a duct conveying the secretions of the liver and pancreas into the intestinal canal ; the common bile-duct. D., Hermaphrodite, a duct that in hermaphroditic animals receives the male and female elements. D., Hemi- thoracic, an ascending branch of the thoracic duct, given off high in the thorax, and opening either into the right lymphatic duct or close to the angle of union of the right subclavian and right internal jugular veins. D. inferens, in certain Edentata, one of the ducts leading from the submaxillary glands to a common receptacle for the secretion of the gland. D., Inter- cellular, the intercellular canal. See Canal. D., Interlobular, Bile, one of the ducts situated between the lobules of the liver. They are of twp varieties, small and large. D., Intralobular, Bile, one of the intralobular canals. See Canal. D., Lachrymal. See D., Nasal. D., Lactiferous. 'S&ii D., Galactophorons. D., Leydig's. See D., Mesoncphric and D., Uro- genital. D., Lymph, ^^t. D., Thoracic. D., Lym- phatic. See D. , Thoracic. D., Lymphatic, Left. See D., Thoracic. D., Lymphatic, Right, the vessel that receives the lymph from the absorbent vessels of the right arm, the right side of the head and neck, the chest, lung and right side of the heart, and also from the upper surface of the liver. It terminates at the junction of the right subclavian and internal jugular veins. D., Mammary. See/)., Galactophorous. D., Mesone- phric, an embryonic duct belonging to the mesone- phron, and formed by the longitudinal fission of a por- tion of the segmental duct. In the male, it becomes the vas deferens, while in the female it almost entirely disappears. D., Metanephric, the Ureter, q. v. D., Milk. See D., Galactophorous. D., Muco. See Canal, mitcoits. D., Mucous. See Canal, nincoiis. D. of Miiller, a tube (on either side of the body) formed by the undivided portion of the segmental duct, and of the longitudinal tubes into which it divides. From them in the female are developed the ovi- ducts, uterus and vagina, while in the male they atrophy and disappear. D., Nasal, the duct, J4 an inch long, that conveys the tears from the lachrymal sac into the inferior meatus of the nose. D., Naso-lachrymal. See D., Nasal. D., Nuckian, one of the excretory ducts of the orbital gland of the dog. D., Omphalic. ^e.e.D., -Vitelline. D., Omphalo-mesenteric. SeeZ*. , Vitelline. D., Pancreatic, a duct that extends from the pancreas to the duodenum at the point where the common bile-duct enters the bowel. D., Pancreatic, Accessory, the excretory duct of the lesser pancreas, opening into the pancreatic duct or into the duodenum, close to the orifice of the common bile-duct. D., Pancreatic, Supplementary. See D., Pancreatic, Accessory. D., Parotid. See D. of Stensen. D. of Pecquet, the thoracic duct. D., Pneumatic, in fishes, the tube that connects the swimming-bladder with the esophagus. D., Pronephric. "Aufi D . , Seg- mental. D., Prostatic, one of the ducts conveying the secretion of the prostate into the urethra. D., Reticulate, in biology, an aggregation of parenchy- matous tissue-cells, in which the thickenings assume the form of a network. D. reuniens, a small duct leading from the saccule to the membranous labyrinth of the cochlea. D. of Rivini, one of the ducts of the sublingual gland. D., Roriferous. See D., Thoracic. D., Sacculo-utricular, a small canal connecting the saccule of the internal ear with the utricle. D. of Santorini. Same as D., Pancreatic, Accessory. D., Scalariform, in biology, one of numer- ous parallel narrow and elongated bordered pits in plant-cells set close together like the rounds of a ladder. D., Secretory, one of the smaller ducts of a gland, tributaries of the excretory duct. D., Segmental, in embryology, a tube, on either side of the body, situated between the visceral and parietal layers of the mesoblast, opening anteriorly into the body-cav- ity, and posteriorly into the cloaca. D., Seminal. iise D. , £/aculatory. D., Spermathecal, in certain Alollusca, the duct that connects the spennatheca with the hermaphrodite duct. D., Spermatic, the Vas deferens ; q. v. D., Spiral, in biology, the prosen- chymatous cell-tissue, the walls of which are marked by spiral thickenings. D. of Steno. See D. of Stensen. D., Stenon's. See D. of Stensen. D., Stenonine. See Z>. of Stensen. D. of Stensen, i. a duct about 2 inches long, conveying the secretion of the parotid gland into the mouth, opening on the inner side of the cheek, about opposite to the second upper molar tooth. 2. See Canal, Incisive. D., Sub- lingual. £>. of Pii'i7!i a.nA £>■ of Bartholin. D., Tear, the nasal duct. D., Testicular, the vas de- ferens, q. V. D., Thoracic, a duct 18 to 20 inches long, extending from the receptaculum chyli, in front of the vertebra; as far as the seventh cervical vertebra, where it curves down over the subclavian artery and empties into the left subclavian vein at its junction with the left internal jugular vein. It receives the lymph and chyle not received by the right lymphatic duct. D., Thyroglossus, in the embrjo, a duct that tenni- nates upon the tongue as the foramen cecum, and leads to the rudiments of the thyroid body. D., Trabecular, in biology, prosenchymatous tissue-cells, in which thickenings cross the lumen of the cell. D., Uro- genital, in biology, a duct that receives the urine and the genital products. D., Uropygial, in birds, a duct leading from the uropygial gland. D., Uroseminal. See D., Uro-genital. D. venosus, the .smaller, shorter, and more posterior of the two branches into which the umbilical vein divides after entering the abdomen. It empties directly into the ascending vena cava. After the birth of the fetus it becomes oblit- erated. D., Vitellarian, the canal in which an ovum receives its investment of albuminoid substance. D., Vitelline, a temporary channel of communication be- tween the alimentary canal of the embryo and the umbilical vesicle. D., Vitello-intestinal. SeeZ*. , / 'itelline. D. of Wharton, the duct, about two inches long, of the sublingual gland, opening in the mouth at the side of the frenum lingua;. D. of Wirsung, the pancreatic duct. D., Wolffian, the mesonephric duct. D., Yellow. See Canal, Eschricht^ s. Ductule {duk' -chill) [_ductiihis, a small duct]. A small duct, as the straight seminal ducts. Dudgeon's Recipe. A formula for varnish to preserve sphygmographic and cardiographic tracings. It con- sists of one ounce of gum dammar dissolved in six ounces of rectified benzolin. Dudley's Operation. See Operations, Table of. D. Tests. See Tests, Table of. Dufios' Tests. See Tests, Table of. Dugas' Test. A method of diagnosis in dislocation of the shoulder. If the hand of the affected side is made to clasp the opposite shoulder, the elbow cannot be made to touch the front of the chest. Dugong Oil {dii'-gong). The fixed oil afforded by the dugong, Halicore australis, a marine sirenian mam- mal. It is regarded as a good substitute for cod-liver oil. Duhring's Disease, or Impetigo. See Impetigo, Der- matitis herpetiformis, and Diseases, Table of. Dulcamara [dul-kam-a' -?-a) [ilnlcamara, bitter-sweet]. Bittersweet. The young branches of D. solatium, containing several glucosids and an alkaloid. Its properties are not well understood. It causes nausea, DULCAMARIN 400 DUPLICANA emesis and convulsive muscular movements, and in toxic doses is a narcotic poison. It is now employed in psoriasis and similar skin-diseases. D., Fid. Ext. Dose 3j. D., Decoctum, unof., lo per cent, strength. Dose 5j-ij. Dulcamarin (dul-kani-a' -rin) \dulcamara, bitter-sweet] C.^jHj^OiQ. An alkaloid of Bittersweet. It is a yel- low, amorphous powder, with a sweetish-bitter taste, sparingly soluble in water, freely so in alcohol and acetic acid, insoluble in ether and chloroform. Dulcin [dul'-sin). See Dulcilol. Dulcite [Jul' -sit). See Diilcitol. Dulcitol {did' -sit-o!) \_dulcis, sweet] Cf;H,^Og. Dulcin, dulcite ; an hexahydric alcohol occurring in various plants, and obtained from dulcitol manna (originating from Madagascar manna). It is made artificially by the action of sodium amalgam upon milk-sugar and galactose. It crystallizes in large monoclinic prisms, having a sweet taste. It is sparingly soluble in water, and melts at l8S° C. It is said to be two hundred times as sweet as sugar. Dull ((/«/) [ME., stupid], i. Slow of perception. 2. Not resonant on percussion. 3. Not bright in ap- pearance. 4. Not sharp ; blunt. Dullness [dul'-nes) [ME., diil, stupid]. The quality of being dull, in any sense ; lack of resonance on percussion. Dulong and Petit's Law. See La-.v. Dulse (dii/s) [Gael., duileasg, dulse]. A popular name for various edible sea-weeds, such as Rhodymejiia palmata. These are popularly esteemed as pectoral remedies. Unof. Dumas, Method of. A method for the determination of nitrogen. In a glass tube (from 70 to 80 cm. long) sealed at one end, place a layer (about I cm.) of dry, primary sodium carbonate or magnesite, then pure cupric oxid (6 cm.) , afterwards a mixture of the sub- stance with the cupric oxid ; then again pure granular cupric oxid (from 20 to 30 cm. ), and finally fill the tube with pure copper turnings (about 20 cm.). In the open extremity of the tube is placed a rubber cork, bearing a gas-delivery tube, which extends into a mercury bath. The back part of the combustion-tube, con- taining the carbonate, is heated first, to expel the air from all parts of the apparatus. A graduated cylinder, filled with mercury, is placed over the extremity of the exit-tube ; into the tube containing mercury sev- eral cubic centimeters of concentrated potassium hy- droxid are introduced by means of a pipet. The metallic copper and the layer of cupric oxid in the anterior portion of the tube are first heated and then gradually the mixture. When the combustion is com- pleted, heat is applied to another part of the sodium carbonate layer. The graduated vessel, containing pure nitrogen, is placed in a large cylinder of water, allowed to stand a short time until the temperature is equalized, when the volume of gas is read and the tem- perature of the surrounding air and the barometer- height are noted. V /(h — w) ^ , G = \ ! X 0.0012562 yfio 1 1 -1- 0.00367 G the weight of the nitrogen volume in grams. V = the absorbed volume in cubic centimeters, h = the barometric pressure, w = the tension of aqueous vapor at the temperature l°C. 0.0012562 = the weight, in grams, of I c.c. of nitrogen at o°C. , and 760 mm. pressure. Dumb (du/ii) [ME., dumb, mute]. Unable to utter articulate speech. D. Ague, a popular expression for ague or malarial sickness marked by obscure symp- toms. D.-bell, a weight consisting of two iron balls connected by a shaft, used in exercise for health and development. D.-bell Crystals, crystals of calcium oxalate, sometimes seen in the urine. D.-cane, the Caladizitn scguincum, or Dieffenbachia seguinea, a W. Indian plant ; when bitten it causes the lips and mouth to swell, and thus may produce temporary inability to speak. The plant is used in preparing an ointment, and is said to be useful in dropsies. Dumbness [diun'-nes) [MY,. , dumb, mwt&l. Inability to utter articulate speech. Dumetose (du' -?net-ds) \_dumus, a bramble]. In biol- ogy, belonging to a thicket ; bush-like. Dumont's Blue. Same as Smalts. T)wrao%&{dti' -mos) \_diimHs, a thorn-bush] . In biology, bushy, or pertaining to a bush. Dumoutier's Horizontal Plane. See Platte. Duncan's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Dung [ME., dung, dung]. Excrement; feces; ordure. D.-bath. See Pigments, Colors, and Dye-stuffs. D.-hill, a heap of dung. Dunga (ihin' -gall). Synonym of Dengue. Dunging (dung'-ing). See Pigments, Colors, and Dye-stuffs. Dunham's Solution. A culture-medium composed of sodium chlorid, 5 parts; dried peptone, I part; distilled water, loo parts. Duodenal [dti-o-de'-nal, or du-od'-en-al) [duodeni, twelve each]. Relating to the duodenum. D. Ulcer, ulceration of the duodenum. It may be acute, as after severe burns or scalds, or after exposure to extreme cold ; or (more commonly) it may be chronic, occurring usually in old alcoholic males. Its most frequent seat is in the first part of the duodenum, either on the anterior or posterior wall. It is probably due to the action of the gastric juice upon the intestinal wall which has been devitalized as the result of some form of malnutrition. Perforation and fatal peritonitis may ensue if the ulcer be situated on the anterior wall. Duodenitis [die-o-den-i'-tis) \_dtwdeni, twelve each ; ltk;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the duodenum. Duodeno-cholecystotomy [du-o-de' -no-ko-lc-sis-tot' - o-me) [duodeni, twelve each ; ,^0'*'/, bile ; kvcjtlq, bladder; arofia, mouth]. An operation for establish- ing an artificial communication between the gall-blad- der and duodenum. Duodeno-enterostomy ( du-o-de' -no-eit-ter-os' -to-me) [duodeni, twelve each ; h'TEpov, bowel ; oTo/jta, mouth]. The establishment of an artificial communication be- tween the duodenum and some portion of the small intestine. Duodeno-jejunal [du-o-de' -no-jej-u' -nal) [duodeni, twelve each ; jcjunus, dry]. Pertaining to the duo- denum and the jejunum. Duodeno-renal [du-o-de' -no-Te' -?ial) [duodeni, twelve each; w?, the kidney]. Relating to the duodenum and to the kidney. Duodenostomy [du-o-de-nos'-to-me) [duodenum; nrd/ja, a mouth]. The operation of opening the duo- denum, and the attachment of the lips of the intes- tinal slit to the walls of the abdomen, in order to form an artificial mouth for the introduction of nutriment. Duodenotomy [du-o-den-of -o-i/ic) [duodenum ; rifiveiv, to cut]. Surgical incision of the duodenum. Duodenum {du-o-de'-num, or dit-od'-en-um) [duodeni, twelve each ; so called because it is about twelve finger-breadths long]. The first part of the small in- testine beginning at the pylorus. The inner surface is covered with folds of mucous membrane called vahiiilce connii^entes, or valves of Kerkring. Dupasquier's Test. See Tests, Table of. Duplay's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Duplicana {du-plik-a'-nah) [duplicare , to double]. A double tertian ague. DUPLICATION 401 DYNE Duplication [du-plik-a' -skiin). Same as Reduplication, q. V. Duplicature [liu' -plik-a-chur) [dnplicare, to double]. The reflection, or folding of a membrane upon itself. Duplicity [du-plis' -it-e) \_duplicitas, doubleness]. The condition of being duplex or double. Dupuytren's Contraction. See Diseases, Table of. D. Hydrocele. See Diseases, Table of. D. Oint- ment, an ointment used to correct baldness. It con- tains ox-marrow 250, lead acetate 4, balsam of Peru 8, diluted alcohol 30, tinct. of camphor, I J/2, tinct. of cloves and tinct. of cinnamon, each I. D. Opera- tion. See Operations, Table of. D. Splint, a splint used in the treatment of Pott's fracture of. the leg. D. Suture. See Suture. Dura (du'-rah) \_durus, hard}. The Dura mater, q. v. D. mater, the outer membrane of the brain and spinal cord. It is divided into the cerebral and spinal or rhachidian dura, and its cerebral portion is in part identical vifith the endocranium. D. m. testis, the tunica albuginea of the testis. Duraematoma {i/ur-ein-at-o'-mah). See Durematoma. Dural (du'-ral) \durus,haiA.'\. Pertaining to the dura. Duramen [dur' -ani-eri) [(/wrar^, to harden]. In biology, heart-wood. Durande's Solvent. A solvent for biliary calculi ; it consists of three parts of ether and two of turpentine, administered in capsules immediately before meals. D. Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of. Duration (du-ra' -shtm) \_durare, to last]. Continuance in time. D. of Life, several methods of ascertain- ing the duration of life are employed: I. The Mean Age at Death ; 2. the Probable Duration of Life ; 3. the Mean Duration of Life ; 4. the Expectation of Life, or mean after-lifetime ; and 5. the number living out of which one dies annually. According to the English Life-table No. 3, the mean age at death is 40. 9 years , but this test is, for several reasons, fallacious, though it is of exceptional interest when the deaths from various diseases are considered. See Probable D. of L., Expectation of Life, axid. Life- table. Durematoma [dur-em-at-o' -mah) \_dura, hard; aifia, blood; ()//a, tumor : pL, Duremato7nata'\. Hematoma of the dura ; an accumulation of blood between the dura and arachnoid. Durene [du'-i-m] \_durus, hard] Cj^H,^. A hydrocar- bon, present in coal-tar. It is a crystalline substance that possesses a camphor-like odor ; it melts at 79-80° C, and boils at 190° C. Diirer, Angle of. See Angle. D., Plane of. See Plane. Durham's Tube. The lobster-tail tube largely used in tracheotomy. Durilic Acid {du-ril'-ik). See Acid, Durilic. Duro-arachnitis [did -ro-ar-ak-ni' -tis) \_durus, hard ; d/3d;^;i;7?, a spider ; ltic,, inflammation]. Inflammation of the dura and arachnoid membrane. Duroziez' Murmur. See Signs and Symptoms, Ta- ble of Dusart-Blondlot's Test. See Tests, Table of. Dust-occupations. Those that from, the nature of the particles of the dust produced may give rise to pneumoconiosis, tuberculosis, or bronchitis. Dutch {duch) [ME., Dutche\ Pertaining to Holland. D. Bitters. See Latifia. D. Gold, an alloy of copper and zinc. D. Liquid. See Ethene Chlorid. D. Mineral, copper beaten out info very thin leaves. D. White. Same as Hamburg White. Duval's Operation. See Operations, Tabic of. Du Verger, Suture of. See Suture. D. Method. See Operations, Table of. Duverney, Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of. D. Glands. See Gland. 26 Dware's Test. See Tests, Table of. Dwarf {dworf) [ME., dwarf '\. A being characterized by completed physical development, but having the various parts of unnaturally small dimensions, owing to insufficient growth. This condition is frequently associated with sterility and impotence. See Nanism, Nanus. D. Elder, the Aralia hispidia. Its root is a valuable diuretic. Dose of fld. ext. 3j-ij. Unof. D. Tape-worm. See Tania nana. Dyad [di'-ad). See Quantivalence. Dy aster (i/Aaj' -to ) [(S(f, two ; dcrrr/p, star]. In biology, the karyokinetic figure assumed by the aster of a divid- ing nucleus before the formation of the stars at the ends of the nuclear spindle. It is the sixth stage of A'aryokinesis.' Dye [di) [ME., dyen, to dye]. To color a substance by immersing it in some coloring-matter. The ma- terial used as a coloring-substance. D. -stuffs. See Pigments, Colors, and Dye-stuffs. Dyer's Broom. See Pigmcjits, Conspectus of. Dyerism {di' -er-izm') \_Dyer, the physician who proposed it]. A simple means of giving exercise to all the ocular muscles at once. It consists merely in reading a certain definite small amount daily, and increasing that amount systematically as the strength of the eyes increases. Dyerizing [di'-er-iz-ing). See Dyerism. Dynam [di'-nam). See Dyne. Dynamia [di-na'-ine-ah) \f'vvaiuQ, power]. I. Ability to resist diseases, or to withstand the effects of any strain, physical or mental. 2. The sthenic character of any attack of disease. Dynamic [di-nam'-ik] [SijvamQ, energy]. Pertaining to energy. In medicine, a synonym of Sthenic, q. v. D. Squint. See Jnsufficiency. Dynamics (di-nam' -iks). See Mechanics. Dynamite (di' -nam-it) [d'vvajuq, power]. An explo- sive consisting of nitro glycerin incorporated with in- fusorial earth, to give it consistency. It is eight times as powerful as gunpowder. Dynamization (di-nam-iz-a' -shuii) [(Ji'iya/ztf , power]. The so-called potentizing of medicines by comminu- tion and agitation. Dynamo (di' -nam-6) [firva/ztf, power]. A dynamo- electric machine; a machine that generates dynamic, or current electricity, instead of static electricity ; one in which the current is generated by revolving coiis of insulated wire through the field of a magnet inten- sified by the same current. Dynamogeny (di-nam-oj' -en-e^ [(Swn/i;f , energy ; ytv- vav, to beget]. The production of energy; the phys- iologic generation of force. Dynamograph [di-nam' -o-graf) \f\]vaiiiq, power ; ypa- ^uv, to write]. An instrument designed to measure and graphically record muscular strength. Dynamometer [di-nam-om' -et-er) \f 'vvaiu(;, power ; ficTpov, a measure]. An instrument designed to Dynamometer of Mathieu {Landois.) measure force, or one for the measurement of muscu- lar strength, particularly of the hand. Dyne {ctin) [fivvafnc, power]. A force sufficient to DYS 402 DYSMENORRHEA impart a velocity of one centimeter per second to a mass of one gram. See Electric Uiiils. Dys- ['Suf-,] a prefix implying difficulty, illness, bad- ness ; it may be represented by bad, hard, difficult, painful. Dysacousma [dis-ak-ooz' -mah) \&vi;, painful ; fiKovaia, hearing]. A sensation of pain or discomfort caused by loud or even moderate noises. Dysacusia, or Dysacousis [dis-ak-oo'-ze-ah or -sis) [(Siif , hard ; a«oi;(T(a, hearing]. Hardness or difficulty of hearing. Dyssesthesia (dis-es-thc' -ze-ah'). .See Dysesthesia. Dysalbumose [dis-al'-bu-mdz). See Albumose. Dysanagnosia [dis-an-ag-no' -ze-ah) [(Jiif, hard; avay- vuff/f , recognition, reading]. Word-blindness ; dys- lexia. Dysaphe (<&'-(z/-t') [duf, painful ; d(/)//, touch]. Mor- bid state of the sense of touch. Dysapocatastasis [dis-ap-o-kat-as'-tas-is) \_6vi:, hard; aTTDKariiaraair, reestablishment]. Morbid restlessness and dissatisfaction. Dysaponotocy {dis-ap-o-not' -o-se') \&v^-, difficult; otto- rof, painless; Tonoq, birth.]. Painless, but difficult, labor. Dysarthria [dis-ar'-thre-ah) \pvi;-, difficult; apHfxir, articulation]. Impairment of the power of speech- articulation, from disease of the medulla and pons. D. literalis. Synonym of Stantmering. Dysarthrosis (dis-ar-thro' -sis) \6vq-, bad ; ai^dftov, a joint]. I. A deformed joint. 2. A false-joint. 3. A dislocation of a joint. Dysbasia (dis-ba' -ze-ah) [fSi'f-, difficult; /Jdcr^f, a step] . Difficulty of walking. (Proposed instead of abasia, as in the affection there is rarely absolute inability to walk.) Dysbulia (ilis-bn'-le-ah) [(Juf-, difficult; ftni'/ieaOai , to will]. Impairment of will-power. Dyscataposis {^dis-kat-ap' -o-sis). Synonym of Hydro- phobia. Dyschroa, or DyschrcEa [dis' -kro-ah or -kre'-ah) \fivq-, bad; ;tpoa, color]. Discoloration, especially of the skin. Dyschromatopsia (dis-kro-jnat-op' -se-ah) [t^uf-, ill ; Xp(j/ja, color; or/'(t', vision]. Difficulty in distin- guishing colors. Dyschromia {dis-kro' -me-ali) \fiv(i-, ill ; ;t-/;(j/ja, color]. Discoloration, especially of the skin. Dyschylia {dis-ki' -le-ah) [(Si'f-, ill; ;j^u/ldf, chyle]. Disorder of the chyle. Dyscinesia [dis-siti-e' -ze-ah) [fivg-, ill ; Klvr/ai^, mo- tion]. Difficult or painful motion. Dyscoiia {tlis-/eo'-7-e-ah) ['5"f-, bad; ko/j//, pupil]. Ab- normality of the form of the pupil. Dyscrasia [dis-kra' -ze-ah) [rfyf-, bad; Kficinig, combi- nation]. A depraved or abnormal state; an abnor- mal or impure condition of the blood, due to general disease. Dyscrasic, Dyscratic [dis-kraz'-ik, dis-krat' -ik) [fSuf-, bad ; Kpacjic;, combination]. Of the nature of, or af- fected with a dyscrasia. Dysecoea, or Dysecoia (dis-es-e' -ah, or dis-ek-oi' -ah) \pSva)]mia, deafness]. Hardness of hearing. Dysenteria [dis-cu-te' -re-ah). See Dysentery. D. splenica. Synonym of Melena. Dysenteric (dis-en-ter' -ik) [(Uk;-, bad; tv-epov, the bowels]. Of the nature of or affected with dysentery. Dysentery [dis' -en-ter-c) ['5yf-, bad; evrepov, the bowels]. An acute specific disease marked by inflam- mation of the solitary glands and follicles of the large intestine, with tormina and tenesmus, and the frequent passage of scanty and bloody .stools. Death may result from asthenia, or peritonitis from perforation. Toward the close of grave cases of the disease the stools may become watery, black (the so-called ^^meat- -iii-o-to' -iie-ah) , bad ; //('f, a muscle; rdcof, tone]. I., Atony of the muscles. 2. Excessive tonicity in muscles; myotonia. Dysneuria [dis-nn'-re-ak) [(Jff-.bad; vevpor, nerve]. Nervous disorder or distress ; sense-impairment. Dysnusia {dis-nii' -ze-ah') \f)vq-, bad ; vovq, mind]. Weakness or impairment of the mind. Dysodia {dis-o' -de-ali) [f5i)(Ta)f5/a ; t^v<;- , ill; bQetv, to smell]. Fetor; stench; ill smell. Also a synonym of Rhinitis atro/'kica, q. v. Dysodontiasis [dis-o-don-ti' -as-is) [''ff-, bad ; 6(W- Tiaai^, dentition]. Difficult dentition. Dysodynia (dis-o-din'-e-ali) ill ; b6'i>v//, pain], InefTective labor-pains. Dysopia [dis-o' pe-aJi) [rfwffwTr/a ; (5ti<;-, bad ; ui/), eye]. Defective or painful vision. D. tenebrarum. Syn- onym of Hemeralopia. Dysorexia [dis-or-eks'-e-ak] [rfi'f-, ill ; opE^iA^, appetite]. A depraved or unnatural appetite. Dysosmia (;&-03'-W('-^7//) ill; ou/;//, odor] . I. An unpleasant or fetid odor. 2. Loss or impairment of the sense of smell. Dysosphresia {dis-os-fre' -ze-ali) [tSwf-. ill ; ba(fipTi(sig, smell]. Impairment of the sense of smell. Dysostosis (dis-os-to'-sis) [Aif-, ill; oarioi', bone]. Defective formation of bone. Dyspareunia (dis-par-oo' -ne-ah^ [(hxjTrapeiti'nf, ill- mated]. Painful or difficult performance of copula- tion from fihysical incompatibility. Dyspepsia [dis-pep' -se-a/i) ['ivf-, difficult ; ttc-tsiv, to digest]. Impaired or imperfect digestion. It may be acute, from some error in diet, or chronic, due to catarrh of the mucous coat of the stomach, the presence of abnormal ferments, or to other slowly-acting patho- logic conditions of theviscus. D., Atonic, a derange- ment of the stomach, with disorder of its functions, due to insufficient quantity or impaired quality of the gastric juice, or to deficient action of the gastric muscles. D., Colonic. See Enteritis, Membranous. D., Duode- nal. See Enteritis, Membranous. D., Follicular. Synonym of Enteritis, Membranous. D., Intestinal, due to defects in the pancreatic, biliary, or in- testinal secretions, or to deficient peristalsis. It is marked by borborygmi, flatulence, etc. D., Irrita- tive, the catarrhal form of imperfect gastric digestion. D., Nervous, that form characterized by sensations of distress and uneasiness during digestion, although the act is accomplished within the physiologic time- limit. It occurs most frequently in those of the neu- rotic constitution. D., Smokers'. .See D., Tobacco. D., Tobacco, that due to excessive use of tobacco. Dyspepsodynia [dis-pep-so-din'-e-ah). Synonym of Gastratgia. Dyspepsy {dis-pep' -se^. See Dyspepsia. Dyspeptic (dis-pep' -tik) \_aai<;, speech]. Imperfect or disconnected speech, arising from loss of or faulty arrangement of words, and dependent upon a central lesion. Dysphonia ((//>-/(/-«£»-;7//) [fSur-, difficult ; ^wiv/, voice]. A condition of defective voice ; hoarseness. It is due to some acute or chronic inflammatory condition, new- growths, paralysis, or ulcerations of the vocal bands. D. clericorum, chronic glandular laryngitis ; clergy- man's sore-throat, q.v. D. spastica, speakers' cramp ; stammering of the vocal bands. Dysphoria {dis-/o'-re-ah ) l_rh<(- , difficult ; tjitpeiv, to bear] . Impatience and restlessness ; mental anxiety ; fidgets. Dysphrasia [dis-fra' -zhe-ah) \Jivq-, ill ; (bpaaig, speech]. Imperfect speech, due to impairment of the mental powers. Kussmaul's term for a mental condition in which the emotion is opposed to the words designed to express it. Dysphrenia {dis-fre' -ne-ah) [cSi'f-, bad ; mpiir, mind]. Any mental disorder. Dyspnea [disp-ne' -ah) [('ix;-, difficult; Tzveeiv, to breathe] . Difficult or labored breathing, arising from various causes, as laryngeal or tracheal obstruction, heart-disease, kidney-disease, lung-disease, or anemia. It may be either inspiratoiy or expiratory , according as it is mainly dependent upon the muscles of inspira- tion or expiration ; or it may be genera/, that is, both inspiratory and expiratory. D., Asthmatic, that due to asthma. D., Cardiac, that due to heart-disease. D., Postural. See Orthopnea. D., Renal, that due to renal disease. D., Uremic, that due to uremia. D., Rhythmic. See Cheyne-Stokes Respiration. Dyspneic (disp-ne' -ik) \f>vq-, difficult; Tri'hn', to breathe]. Affected with or caused by dyspnea. D. Coma. See Coma diaceticutn. Dysspermia [dis-sper' -me-ah) \fivc- ,'\\\ ; (77r{'p/i(i, seed] . An imperfect or abnormal condition of the semen. Dysstasia, or Dystasia [dis-ta' -ze-ah) ill ; (TToffK;, standing]. Difficulty in standing. A term DYSTAXIA 404 EARTH proposed for astasia, as in this affection there is rarely absolute inability to stand. p. Dysbasia. See Astasia-abasia. Dystaxia (dis-faks'-e-ah) [_Svq-, bad ; rdf;f, regulation, order]. Ataxia, or partial ataxia. Dysteleologic {dis-te-le-o loj' -ik) [(5iif-,ill; re/leof, per- fect; /dyof, science]. Y&xi'a\\\vci^^\.o Dysteleology. Dysteleology (dis-tc-le-oF -o-je) [(Stii;-, ill ; Tt 'AeoQ, perfect; MyoQ, science]. The study of rudimentary and useless organs, such as the vermiform appendix. Dysthanasia (liis-thau-a' -ze-ah) [rfwf-, painful ; ^ava- rof, death]. A slow and painful death. Dysthelasia [dis-ihd-a' -ze-ah) [cSuf-, ill ; QrfAa^tiv, to suck]. Difficulty in sucking or in giving suck. Dysthesia (liis-thc' -ze-ali) \_6m(itTktiv, to do, or feel ill]. I. Ill condition, especially ill health due to a non- febrile disorder of the blood-vessels. 2. impatience ; fretfulness ; ill-temper in the sick. Dysthetic [dis-t/:et' -ik) \_6oGtiEThiv, to do or feel ill]. Of the nature of a dystiiesia ; cachectic. Dysthymia [dis-fhtm'-e-ah) [c5iif-, bad ; ^'v/idf, mind]. Melancholy or mental perversion. D. algetica, men- tal perversion due to peripheral nerve-irritation. D. neuralgica, mental perversion due to facial or other neuralgias. Dystithia {dis-tith' -e-a]i) \&vq-, difficult ; tltBti, a nipple]. Difficulty of nursing or inability to nurse at the breast. Dystocia (dis-to' -se-aJi) [(Ur-, difficult; tukoi;, birth]. Difficult labor. D., Fetal, difficult labor due to such fetal irregularities as displacement of the arm, exces- sive size, plural pregnancy, monsters, etc. D., Ma- ternal, due to some defect on the side of the mother, as pelvic deformity or disease. Dystonia {dis-to' -7ie-ali) \&vr-, ill ; rdwf, tone]. Dis- order or lack of tonicity. Dystopia (dis-to' -pe-ah) [dff-, ill; roTrof, place]. Dis- placement of any organ. Dystrophia {dis-tro' -fe-ah). See Distrophy. Dystrophic {dis-tro' -fik) [(5('f-, bad; rp6(i»/, nourish- ment]. Poorly nourished. Dystrophoneurosis [dis-trof-o-nit-ro'-sis) [(Jdc-, bad; TOfxpi/, nourishment; vevpov, a nerve ; vdcrof, disease]. A disturbance of nutrition caused by abolition or perversion of nervous influence ; or a nervous disease caused by ill-nutrition. Dystrophy (dis' -tio-fe) [fJi'f-, bad ; Tp6(j>r/, nourish- ment]. Imperfect or faulty nourishment. D., Prim- ary Muscular. See Atrophy, Idiopathic Muscular. Dystropodextrin (ciis-tro-po-deks' -triii) [<5yf-, bad ; TpeKeiv, to turn ; dexter, right]. A starchy material existing in normal blood, and but slightly soluble. Dysulotous {dis-u' -lo-ttis) [(Jnffof'jAurof ; 6vc- , bad ; uv7.ri, scar]. Healing with difliculty. Dysuria {diz-id -re-ali) [diif-,ill ; ovpov, urine]. Difficult or painful urination ; it may be due to calculi, cystitis, spasm, stricture. Dysuric (diz-u' -rik) \Sv, eye- lid]. An ancient form of artificial eye. Ecbloma (ek-blo'-mah') out ; /3d^/leti', to cast]. An abortion ; an aborted fetus. 'EsQ.hoX\t,{ek-bol'-ik') [f/c/fo/l^, a throwing out]. I. Abor- tifacient. 2. A substance used to produce abortion, or to facilitate parturition ; an abortifacient. Ecbolin (ek'-bol-in) [ek, out ; (3oXr/, 2l throw]. An alkaloid said to be one of the active principles of ergot. Little is known about it. Ecbolium [ek-bo' -le-nm') [«/<-/3(5/l;oi' ; f/c, out ; [iaXkzw, to throw : pi., Ecbolia'\. Any abortifacient drug. Eccentric (ek-sen' -trik) [ek, out; KkvTpov, center]. I. .See E.xcentric. 2. Odd or peculiar in behavior, but free from insanity. E. Amputation. See Amputa- tion. E. Convulsion, one due to peripheral irritation . Eccentricity {ek-sen-tris' -it-e') out ; KevTpov, center], I. Oddness or peculiarity of behavior without true in- sanity. 2. A peculiarity. Ecchondroma (ek-kon-dro' -mah') [re, out ; ji^wypof, car- tilage : pi., Ecchondromata'\. A cartilaginous tumor ; a chondroma. Ecchondrosis {ek-kon-dro' -sis') \tK,o\A; x^v^poc, car- tilage : //. , Ecchondroses'] . A cartilaginous out- growth. Ecchondrotome (ek-kon' -dro-tom') [jk, out ; jfivJpor, cartilage; Ton<)q, cutting]. An instrument for the surgical removal of cartilaginous growths. Ecchymoma [ek-e-nio' -mah) [«;(;( yiu/zo, an ecchymo- sis : //. , Ecchymo?na/a'\. A tumor made up of extrav- asated blood. Ecchymosis [ek-e-mo' -sis) \_tKxvit6ea6ai, to extravasate blood]. An effusion of blood into the subcutaneous tissues. It is marked by a purple coloration of" the skin, the color gradually changing to brown, green, and yellow. It is often the result of traumatism. See, also, Purpura. Ecchymotic [ek-e-mot'-ik) [yK^vfiocoOai, to extravasate blood]. Relating to or looking like ecchymosis. Ecchysis [ek' -kis-is) [tKxvaLC, a pouring out]. Any skin-disease characterized by effusion into the dermal tissue. Eccoprosis [ek-o-pro' -sis) [ek, out; KOTvpoc:, feces]. Gentle purgation ; defecation. Eccoprotic {ek-o-prof -ik) [ek, out; Konpoc, feces]. I. Gently aperient. 2. Any aperient remedy ; a purgative. 'E.ccrmoXogy [ck-rin-oF -o-je) [tupivELv, to excrete; Aoyoc, science]. The science of excretion, including its physics, physiology, and pathology. Eccyesis {ek-si-e'-sis) [tK, out ; nmjaiQ, pregnancy]. Exfra-uterine gestation. Eccyliosis [ek-se-le-o' -sis) [Ik, out ; Kv7deLv, to roli]. Anydisorder of development. Ecdemic {ek-aem' -ik) IshcSr/fioc:, away from home]. Applied to diseases originating in a distant locality ; not endemic. Ecdemiomania (ek-de-me-o-)iia' -ne-ah), or Ecdemo- mania [ek-de-ino-ma' -ne-ah) \^kKd7]fiog, away from home ; fiavia, madness]. Insanity marked by a de- sire for wandering. Ecdemionosus (ek-de-me-on' -o-sus) [^iKdij/j.eeiv, to wan- der ; wiffoc, disease]. Ecdemiomania. Ecderon (ek'-der-on) \iK, out; (5f'pof, skin]. I. That layer of skin or mucous membrane that lies outside of the enderon. 2. The outermost or epithelial layer of skin or mucous membrane. Ecderonic (ck-der-on' -ik) [tK, out ; dkpoc,, skin]. Be- longing to or of the nature of the ecderon. Ecdysis [ek' -dis-is) \iK.6vEiv, to cast oft]. In biology, the sloughing or casting off of the skin. Ecgonin {ek' -go-nin), CgHj.NOg + H.^O. An alkaloid produced in the decomposition of cocain by HCl. It is very soluble in water, more sparingly in alcohol, and consists of prismatic crystals that melt at 205° C. Echidnin {e-kid'-nin) \_exi6va, viper]. I. Serpent- poison ; the poison or venom of the viper and other similar serpents. 2. A nitrogenous and venomous principle foimd in the poison-secretion of various ser- pents. Echinacea {ek-in-a' -se-ali) \kiCivoc, a hedgehog]. A genus of coarse composite plants of N. America. E. angustifolia. Black Sampson. The root of a peren- nial herb growing in the U. S. It is claimed that it possesses marked alterative value in strumous and syphilitic conditions. Dose of the fluid extract tt\^xv- XXX. Unof. Echinate {ek'-in-at) \_echinatus, prickly, from echinus, a hedgehog]. Beset with prickles. Echinochrome {e-ki'-no-ki dm) [f;^?^?, a sea-urchin ; Xp(')iin, color]. In biology, a brown pigment of respiratory function found by MacMunn in the peri- visceral fluid of Echinus. Echinochromogen {e-ki-no-kro' -mo-jen) [f;i-Z!'Of, a sea-urchin; xp'->f'"-y color; yhijc, producing]. In biology, the chromogen causing the deepening of color in echinochrome on exposure to air. Echinococcus {e-ki-no-kok'-us) [^x'Wf , a hedgehog ; k6kko<:, a berry]. In biology, the same as E. veteri- norum, the hydatid of the Tcrnia echinococcus of the dog, the most universally distributed of all the hyda- tids. It is found mainly in the liver and in the lungs of cattle. See Parasites {Animal), Table of. Echinopedium {e-ki-no-pe' -de-um) [fjZiioc, a sea- urchin ; TranVov, dim. of tto/c (7ra/(S-),a child]. In biology, Huxley's term for the bilaterally symmetric larva of an echinoderm just as it leaves the egg. It in many ways resembles a worm-larva. Cf. Pluteus. ECHINOPLACID 407 ECPHYMA Echinoplacid [e-ki-no-plas' -id^ [f'X'i'of , a sea-urchin ; 7T>(;f, a plate]. In biology, applied to echinoderms having spines on the madreporic plate. Echinorhyncus (e-ki-jio-rin' -kus) \kxn>o'i, hedgehog; 'pi'yX"''y beak]. A worm parasitic within certain ani- mals and occasionally found in man. E. gigas is the best-known species. E. hominis is smaller, and is perhaps an immature form of the other. See Para- sites [Ann/ml), Table of. Echinulate (e-kin' -n-lai) \eckiinihis, dim. of echinus, a hedgehog]. In biology, beset with prickles of small size. Echitamin (e-kit' -am-iti), C^jHjsN.^O^. An amorphous alkaloid of Dita, with a paralyzing power comparable to that of curare. It is also called Ditain.' Echitenin {e-kit' -eii-in), CjqH^^NO^. An amorphous, brown alkaloid of Dita, solulale in alcohol and water. Echlorophyllose [e-klo-ro-fil' -ds) [f, priv. ; x'A^P^Z, yellowish-green; (pv'/-?iov, sl leaf]. In biology, desti- tute of chlorophyl. Echma (ek'-niah) [t;|;/;a, a stoppage: //. , EiJunata~\. A stoppage or obstruction. Echmasis (ek' -mas-is) \_ex/J^ci^eiv, to hinder: //. , jEck- ///ases'] . An obstruction or an obstructive disease. Echmatic {ek-niat' -ik) \kxi^o,i,ii\>, to hinder]. Due to or marked by an echmasis or an echma. Echo [ek'-c^ \jlX^^ a- sound]. A reverberated sound. E. -sign, a symptom of epilepsy and other brain- conditions in which there is a repetition of the closing word or words of a sentence. It is regarded as the result of perverted will, or impaired or defective inhi- bition. E. -speech, a peculiar method of utterance in one type of hypnotism. Echokinesia, Echokinesis [ek-o-kin-e' -ze-ah ,ox -e' -sis) [;r}x<^, echo ; Kivj/aig, motion]. Imitative unwilled ac- tion, like that observed in palmus or latah. See Pal- mus and Habit-spas7n, 'E,z\\o\3X\3l. [ek-o-la'-le-ali) [//xw,echo; XaA/n, talk]. An aphasic symptom consisting in a repetition of words spoken to the patient by others. Echometer [ek-om' -et-er) [?/;i;"> sound ; //frpoi', a meas- ure]. A stethoscope. Echopathy (ek-o/>'-afk-e) \jiX'->: echo; Tvafioi;, disease]. Any automatic and pui-poseless repetition of a word or sound heard or of an act seen. Echophotony (ck-o-fot'-o-ne) \_rj xi>, e^cho ; (suf, light; t6vo<;, tone]. The production of the sensation of color by the stimulus of aerial waves, or sound. See Phtni- isni, Photism. Echophrasia {ek-o-fra' -%e-aJi) \_vx^i echo ; fpaaig, speech]. Same as Eeholalia. Echos {e'-kos) [^r/xoc, sound]. Any subjective sensa- tion, as of a sound that has no objective cause. Echoscope {ek' -o-skop) \jlX^'>t sound ; ctkottsiv, to ex- amine]. A stethoscope. Echuja {ek' -u-jali). An apocynaceous plant, Adetiiinn hcehinianiim , of Africa. It is extremely poisonous. Echujin, Echugin [ek' -u-jin). A poisonous glucosid from the plant called Echuja ; it has much the same effects as strophanthin. Eciomania [ek-e-o-ina' -jie-ah). See Oikiomania . Ecker's Angle. See Angle. E. Fissure. See Eis- sure. Eclampsia (ek-himp' -se-ah) [f7f/ld//7rfH', to shine or burst forth ; from the suddenness of the attack]. I. A sensation as of a light flashing before the eyes. [Obsolete]. 2. Any epileptiform seizure, espe- pecially one in which consciousness is not lost. 3. Puerperal convulsion. A convulsive or epileptiform seizure suddenly coming on in a woman prior to or during labor, or in the puerperal state. The convul- sions are first tonic and then clonic, and finally affect the involuntary muscles as well as the voluntary ; consciousness is lost, and the attack is followed by coma or sleep. The etiology is obscure, the attack generally repeated, the prognosis grave. The term eclampsia is also used as a general designation for convulsions, and besides the puerperal form described there are the infantile and uremic types. .See Convul- sions. E. nutans, the nodding spasm or salaam con- vulsion of young children. In this affection the head and upper part of the body are bowed forward several times in succession. The attacks tend to occur in paroxysms, during which the child suffers temporarily from disordered consciousness. Eclampsic (ek-lamp'-sik). See Eclamptic. Eclamptic [ek-latnp' -tik) [iKTiafiTreiv , to shine or burst forth]. Relating to, affected with, or of the nature of, eclampsia. Eclectic [ek-lck' -tik) \eK.'Aeii-iK6<5LC, selection]. Pertain- ing to a choosing or selection. Applied by a certain school of physicians to themselves, to denote their principle or plan of selecting or choosing that which is good from all other schools. Eclecticism {ek-lek' -tis-izi>i) [iKkcKTiKoaic;, selection]. The doctrine and practice of the Eclectics. Eclegm [ek'-lem) [t:K'Aer/iJLa, an electuary]. An elect- uary. Eclegma, or Ecleigma [ek-leg'-mah, ek-l'ig' -mah) [{«:, out; TiELxeiVfto lick: , Eclegmata'\. An elec- tuary. Eclimia [ek-lim'-e-ah) [f/fAi/zfo]. .Same as Bulimia. Eclipsis (ek-lip' -sis) [t/cAeii/;;f , a dying out]. A sudden failure ; trance ; catalepsy ; a sudden and transient loss or impairment of consciousness. Eclysis [ek'-lis-is] [e/c/lw/f, a release, a loosening]. Any loosening, as of the bowels. Also a slight amount of, or merely a tendency to, syncope. It is present in anemia of the brain. Ecmnesia [ek-imie' -ze-ali) [f/c, out ; //I'^a^f, memory] . The dropping out of the memory of the events of a certain portion of time. Ecnea [ek-ne'-ah) [eK, out ; I'oi'f, mind]. Insanity. Ecoid (e'-koid) [okof, house]. A blood-shadow ; the colorless stroma or framework of red corpuscles of the blood that have been deprived of their hemoglobin ; a shadow-corpuscle. 'Economy [e-kon'-o-me) [oZ/cof, house ; vo/uog, a. law]. A general name for the human being considered as a whole. Ecorticate (e-kor' -tik-at) \_e, priv. ; cortex, bark]. In biology, destitute of a cortical layer. Ecouvillon (a-koo-ve'-yon{gy)\Yx.^. Stt Ecoiiiiillonage. Ecouvillonage [a-koo-ve-yon-ahzh') [Fr.]. The opera- tion of cleansing, and carrying medicinal agents to, the inside of the uterus by means of a brush. Ecphlysis (ek'-Jlis-is) \_£K(p/.vC£ir, burst out : //. , Ecphly- ses\ Any vesicular eruption. Ecphractic [ek-frak' -tik) \}.Ki^paKTtK()C, clearing ob- struction]. I. Removing obstructions. 2. An ec- phractic medicine. Ecphronia {ek-fro' -ne-ah) [f;(, out of ; ^>p'/)', mind]. Insanity. Ecphyadectomy (ek-fi-ad-ek'-to-me) [fA-^i'-ar, appen- dage; i'KTOfir], excision]. Excision of the vermiform appendix. Ecphyaditis (rk-fi-ad-i' -lis) [cKcpvac, appendage ; nig, inflammation].' Inflammation of the vermiform ap- pendix ; appendicitis. This term has also been used to include typhlitis, perityphlitis, etc. E cphy as -^-aj) [f/c^Jyaf, an offshoot] . The vermi- form appendix. Ecphyma (ek-fi'-mah) [fw, out ; ifivFrTHai, to grow : pi., Ecphy>nata\ An excrescence on the skin. ECPHYSESIS 408 ECTOPAGUS Ecphysesis (ek-fiz-e'-sis) [tK, out ; (pvaavetv, to blow]. Rapid breathing. Ecphysis (ek'-fis-is) [m, out ; ^vaiQ, growth]. In biology, applied by Bate to the branch of any particu- lar crustacean limb ; as coxecphysis, a branch spring- ing from the coxa ; basecphysis, a branch springing from the base. Ecptoma {ek-to' -iiiah) [f/c, out; TriKTeiv, to fall: //. , Ecptomatd\. Any falling of a part or organ. Ecpyesis (ek-pi-e' -sis) [t/c, out ; -kveIv, to suppurate : //. , ]i,kpyeses'\. I. Any suppuration or abscess. 2. Any pu.-5tular skin-disease. Ecpyetic (ck-pi-cl' -ik) \tii, out; irvtiv, to suppurate]. Promoting suppuration. Ecrasernent {a-kra hz' - inon{g)) [Fr.]. Surgical removal ^ of a part or growth by means of the ecraseur. Ecraseur [a-krak-zc?-') [Fr.]. An instrument used in the amputation of parts, and consisting of a chain or wire-loop, tightened by a screw, whereby the tissue is slowly crushed apart rather than cut, thus rendering the operation easier and bloodless. Ecrodactylia (ek-ro-dak-til' -e-ali) [t/cpoof, escape ; &aiiTv'ki)C., digit]. Same as Ainhtini. Ecstaltic [ek-staV -tik) [f/c, out; arkXheiv, to send]. Sent out from a nerve-center; applied specially to ^ nerve-impulses originating from the spinal cord. Ecstasy {i/es' -ta-se) \_kiiOTaatq, a trance]. A derange- ment of the nervous system characterized by an exalted visionary state, absence of volition, insensibil- ity to surroundings, a radiant expression, and immo- bility in statuesque positions. It is also called Carus- exiasis and Catalcpsia spuria. Ecstrophy [ek'-s/i-o-fe) \_(k, out; orpiipeiv, to turn]. Eversion ; the turning inside-out of a part. Ectad {ek'-tad) [f/irof, external; ad, to]. On or toward the ectal part. Ectal [ek'-tal) [t/crof, external]. At some surface or aspect farther from a supposed center than that with which a given object is compared. External, super- ficial. See Position and Direction, Table of. Ectasia {ek-ta'-se-ah). See Ectasis. Ectasis [ek' -tas-is) [tvcratT/f, extension]. Abnormal distention or dilatation of a part. Ectatic (ek-tat'-i/;) [hiraair, extension]. Characterized by ectasis. Ectental (ek-ten'-ta!) [^rof , outward ; evto^, inward] . Pertaining to the line of union between the ectoderm and the entoderm. E. Line. See Lines, Table of. Ectethmoid (ek-teth' -moid) [f/frof , out from ; TjO^otiiSii^, sieve-like]. Either one of the lateral cellular masses of the ethmoid bone. Ecthyma (ek-thi'-mak) [iKflviia, a pustule]. An inflam- matory skin-disease attended with an eruption of large, flat pustules, which are usually flaccid and of a yel- lowish or yellowish-red color. They vary in size from a ten-cent piece to a silver quarter-dollar, and are sur- rounded by a distinct inflammatory areola. Brownish crusts are formed, which on removal leave a slightly excoriated moist surface. The eruption appears as a rule on the legs and thighs where the hairs are thick ; it occurs in crops, and may persist for an indefinite period. It is probably due to inoculation with microorganisms, and is prone to occur after local irritation. Ecthymiform (ck-thi' -luif-orm) [hiftn/w., a pustule; forma, form]. Resembling ecthyma. Ectillotic [e/;-til-ot'-ik) [tK, out ; tiXauv, to pluck]. ^Depilatory ; causing the hairs to fall ; removing corns from the feet. Ectiris (eli-ti' -ris) \iiiTbq, outward; Ipiq, the rainbow]. That part of Descemet's membrane that lies in front of the iris. Ecto- {ek'-to-) [tKrdf, without]. A prefix signifying without, upon the outer side. Ectobatic {ek-to-bat' -ik) [tKrof, out; (3aivetv, to go]. Efferent ; centrifugal ; moving ectad or distad. Ectoblast (el;' -fo-blast) [ih-rdf, outside ; [iXaoTO^, a bud]. In biology, a simple, sensitive, covering, and protecting cell-layer ; the ectoderm. Ectobliquus [ek-to-bli' -k-ints) [e/trdf, outward ; obliquus, slanting]. The external oblique muscle of the abdo- men. See Muscles, Table of. Ectocardia [ek-to-ka?-' -de-a/i) [eKrdf, out ; Kapfiia, the heart]. Abnormality of position of the heart. Ectocarotid (ek-to-kar-ot'-id) [j/crdf, out; Kapoq, stupor]. The external carotid artery. See Ai-teries, Table of. Ectocarpous {ek-to-kar' -pus) [i/crdf, outside ; Kapiro^, fruit]. In biology, applied to such animals as have the reproductive organs located in the ectoderm. Ectoceliac,or Ectocelian [ek-to-se' -le-ak, ek-to-se'-le-an) [f/frdf, out ; noi'Ala, the belly]. Occurring or situated outside a ventricle of the brain. Ectocelic (ek-to-se' -lik) [fK-df , outside ; Kouia, a hollow]. In biology, applied to structures placed outside the body-cavity in a celenterate. Ectochoroidea, or Ectochorioidea (ek-to-ko-roi'-de- ah, or ek-to-ko-re-oi' -de-ah) [e/irdf , out ; ^opiof^tJ^f, like a membrane]. The outer layer of the choroid, composed mainly of fibro-connective tissue. Ectocinerea (ek-to-siti-e' -re-ah) [wrdf, out ; cinereus, ashy]. The gray substance of the cortex of the brain. Cf. Etitocinerea. Ectocondyle (ek-to-kon' -dll) [t/crdf, out; Kiv&vkoq, condyle]. An external condyle. Ectocornea {ek-to-kor' -ne-ak ) [ncrdf , out ; corneus, horny]. The corneal conjunctiva. Ectocyst (ek'-to-sist) [f/crdf, out; kootk;, a cyst]. The thick, laminated, translucent, and highly elastic mem- brane of an hydatid cyst. It is lined by a thin cel- lular membrane called the endocyst. The outer layer of the cenecium (or common dermal system) of a col- ony of Polyzoa. Ectoderm (ek' -to-derni) [l/crdf, outside ; t^epfia, skin]. In biology, the primitive outer wall of the body ; the animal germinal layer ; the term was first applied to the outer of the two membranes of a hydroid zoophyte. See Blastoderm. Ectoentad (ek-to-eti'-tad) \jKr6<;, without; frrdf, with- in; ad, to]. From without inward. Ectogastrocnemius (ek-to-gas-trok-ne' -me-us) [f^rdf, without; yanrpoKvrjiiia, the calf of the leg]. The gastrocnemius externus muscle. See Muscles, Table oj. Ectogenous (ek-toj' -en-iis) [f«:rdf, out; ytvrai', to pro- duce]. Developed outside the body (said of cer- tain pathogenic bacteria and of enthetic poisons). Ectogiuteus (ek-to-glu-te' -us) [c/crdf, without; yXovrU, the rump]. The external gluteus muscle. See Mus- cles, Table of Ectolecithal {ek-to-les' -ifli-al) [Iktoq, outside ; ItmBo;, yolk]. In embryology, applied to such eggs as have the formation-yolk enclosed in a superficial layer of food-yolk. Ectomere (ek'-to-tner) [f/crdf, out ; p'tpoq, a share] . Any one of the cells of the ovum that are destined to take part in forming the ectoderm. Ectopagia (ek-to-pa' -je-ah ) [t'/irdf , out ; -rrhyoq, a fix- ture]. The condition of being ectopagous; an ecto- pagous monstrosity. Ectopagous (ek-top'-ag-us) [t^rd?, out ; Trdj of, a fix- ture]. Of the nature of or pertaining to an ectopagus. Ectopagus (ek-top'-ag-us) [fATdf, out; Trdjof, a fix- ture]. A monomphalic twin monstrosity united later- ally the full extent of the thorax. ECTOPARASITE 409 ECZEMA Ectoparasite (ek-lo-par'-as-lt) [inrog, outside; napd- aiTot;, a parasite]. In biology, a parasite that lives on the exterior of its host. Ectoparasitic (ek-to-par-as-W -ik) [s/crof, out ; ivapa- (jiToc:, a parasite]. Of the nature of or pertaining to an ectoparasite. Ectopatagium (ek-to-pat-aj' -e-mii] [tKror, outside ; ■Karayelov, the border of a garment]. In biology, that part of the wing-membrane or patagium of a bat which is limited to the manus ; it is also called dacty- lopatagiuin. Ectophyte (ek'-to-fit) [f^rof, out; (pvrov, a plant]. An external parasitic plant-growth. Ectophytic [ek-to-fit' -ik) [i/itdf, out; (^vruv, a plant]. Of the nature of or pertaining to an ectopfiyte. Ectopia [ek-to' -pe-ali) [e/croTTOf, displaced]. An ab- normality of position. K. cordis. See Ectocardia. E. lentis, dislocation or congenital malposition of the crystalline lens. E. oculi, abnormal position of the eyeball in the orbit. E. testis, abnormal position of the testicle. E. vesicae, protrusion of the bladder through the wall of the abdomen. Ectopic {ek-top'-ik) \hKTo-Koq, displaced]. Pertaining to ectopia; displaced. See also Teratisin. E. Ges- tation. See Gestation. Ectoplasm [ek' -to-plazni) [i/crof , without ; 'kXclogiiv, to form]. In biology, the outer, hyaline, more com- pact layer of protoplasm in a cell or unicellular or- ganism, as distinguished from the granular endoplasm. Ectopy {ek'-to-pe). Same as Ectopia. Ectoretina [ek-to-ret'-in-ah) [f/crdf, out ; retina, retinsL]. The external and pigmentary layer of the retina. Ectosarc {ek' -to-sark) [e/irdf, outside; crdpf, flesh]. In biology, same as Ectoplasm, q. v. Ectoskeleton (ck-to-skeV -ct-mi). Same as Exoskeleion. Ectosome [ek'-to-sdm) [e/crdf, outside; aufia, body]. In biology, applied to the outer region of a sponge, which forms the covering of the choanosome, or mid- dle region, with its flagellated chambers. Ectosporous {ek-to-spo' -rus') [fATOf, outside ; airupoc,, seed]. See Exosporous. Ectosteal (ek-tos' -te-al) [f/crdf, out ; bcrkov, a bone]. Relating to, situated or occurring outside of, a bone. Ectostosis [ek-tos-to' -sis) [«Tdf, out ; bareov, a bone]. The growth of bone from without ; ossification that begins at the perichondriuiTi, or future periosteum. Ectotheca (ek-toth'-ek-ah) [e/crdf, outside; Oijurj, case]. In biology, applied to the capsule of such compound gonophores as those of Laoynedea ; also to such the- CEe or asci as are exposed, e. g. those of discomycetous fungi and gymnocarpous lichens. Ectoxemia {ek-toks-e' -me-ah) [ek, out ; To^mbv, poison ; aljia, blood]. Toxemia not originating within the organism ; blood-poisoning from some cause not ex- isting within the organism. Ectozoon (ek-to-zo' -on) [f/crdf, out; Cwoi', an animal: //., Ectozoa^. An external animal parasite ; an ecto- parasite. Ectrodactylia, Ectrodactylism {ek-tro-dak-tiU -e-ah , ek-tro-dak' -til-iztn) ^eKvpufia, abortion; fid/cri;/lof, finger]. Congenital absence of any of the fingers or toes. Ectrogenic (ek-tro-jen^-ik) [e/crpu/^a, abortion ; yevvav, to produce]. Due to some loss of tissue, as from traumatism or surgical operation. See also Teratisvi. Ectrogeny (ek-troj' -en-e) \_EKTpo)/Lta, abortion ; yevvav, to produce]. Loss or absence of any part or organ. Ectroma i^ek-tro' -mail) [_eKTpw/Lia, abortion: //., Ectro- mata\ An aborted ovum or fetus. Ectromelus [ek-trom^ -el-zis) [eKrpuaiQ, abortion ; /it?i.o(, limb]. A single autositic monster characterized by the presence of aborted or imperfectly-formed limbs. Ectropion. Examples of this anomaly show every degree of arrested development, from entire absence of the limb to simple shortening. Ectropion [ck-tro' -pe-on) [t'/c, out ; rpt-Keiv, to turn]. An everted eye- lid; abnormal eversion of an eyelid ; also, an everted state of ^ the cervical por- tion of the endo- metrium. E., Cicatricial, due to destruction of part of the skin of the lid, with cicatricial con- traction. E. luxurians, an old name for ec- tropion, with a proud-flesh appearance of the conjunc- tiva. E., Paralytic, that due to paralysis of the orbicularis palpebrarum. E., Sarcomatous. See E. Iuxu7-ians. E., Senile, found only in the lower lid, due to relaxation of the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle. E., Spastic, due to spastic contraction of the fibers of the orbicular muscle lying near the mar- gin of the orbit. Ectropium {ek-tro'-pe-um). Same as Ectropion. Ectrosis {ek-tro' -sis) [f/crpwcr/f, abortion]. An abor- tion, or the production of an abortion. Ectrotic iek-trot' -ik) [f^, out; TirpuaKiiv, to wound]. Tending to cut short ; abortive ; abortifacient. Ectylotic (ek-til-ot' -ik) [f/c, away; rw/lof, callus]. Tending to remove warts or indurations. 'EiZz^vci^ [ek' -ze-mah) [f/cffav, to boil over]. Tetter; Moist Tetter ; an acute or chronic, non-contagious, catarrhal inflammatory disease of the skin, character- ized by multiformity of lesion, and the presence, in varying degrees, of itching, infiltration, and discharge. The skin is reddened, the redness shading off insen- sibly into the surrounding unaffected skin. When well-marked, the skin is fissured, with crusting, leathery infiltration, and scaling. Eczema occurs in skins that are particularly susceptible to the action of external irritants. E. ani — of the anus — a trouble- some variety common in children ; it may simulate condylomata. E. articulorum, eczema of the flexor surfaces of the joints. E. aurium, a common, troublesome, pustular form affecting the ears. E. barbae, a form resembling sycosis, but more superfi- cial. It attacks the bearded portion of the face, but may spread. E. capitis, a variety confined to the head. It is usually seen in children ; is diffuse, pustular, im- petiginous, not itchy, and may be associated with pediculi and seborrhea. E. circumscriptum para- siticum, a name given by Crocker to a form of erup- tion that looks like a dry eczema, but has a border more sharply defined than is usual in E. squamosum. It occurs chiefly on the legs below the knee, and is constituted of minute papules aggregated into a uni- form moderately red, scaly patch, with sharply defined borders. It is a chronic disease, and is probably par- asitic in origin. E. crurum, a form occurring in old people as a result of varicosity of the veins of the leg, and not associated with eczema elsewhere. The skin is much infiltrated, red, scaly, with indolent ulcers. E. crustosum, eczema with the formation of thin and pale-yellowish crusts. If these crusts are thick and dark in color from capillary bleeding the condition is termed E. iuipetiginosum . This latter form occurs frequently on the scalp and face of strumous children. ECZEMA 410 EDEMA E., Diabetic, from the irritation of diabetic urine. E., Epidemic. See Dermatitis^ Epidemic Exfolia- tive. E. epizootica, a disease of domesticated animals due to a microorganism, attended with a characteristic eczematous lesion of the skin and a catarrhal condition of the respiratory tract. It is also called Foot-and- ^loicfh Disease. See Sti-eptocytus of Schottelins under Bacteria, Syiioiiymatie, Table of. E. erythematosum, the mildest form of eczema, in which the skin is reddened, slightly swollen, infiltrated, and tense, from active congestion ; the color of the patches is more vivid, and their edges are less well defined, than in true erythema. It is seen in its most typical form on the face. E. faciei, an acute or chronic form affecting the face ; it resem- bles erysipelas, but is attended with no rise of tem- perature. E. fissum, E. rimosiim: a form affecting the hands and skin over the articulations, and characterized by the formation of deep, painful cracks or fissures. E. folliculare, a form confined largely to the neigh- borhood of the hair-follicles, where irritable, acumin- ate papules may persist for prolonged periods. E. genitalium, an acute form common in men ; it is at- tended with great swelling and edema, with excoriation. E. hypertrophicum, E. verrucosum ; a form charac- terized by permanent hypertrophy of the papillre of the skin, giving rise to general or limited warty outgrowths. This variety results from a tendency to passive con- gestion. See Granuloma fiiiigoides. E. impeti- ginodes. See E. pitstulosiim. E. impetiginosum. See iT. crnstosum. E., Infantile, a form commenc- ing usually within six months of birth, and making its appearance first upon the head or face. E. inter- trigo, a form of E. erythematosum occurring in the groins, on the inner surfaces of the nates, below the mammce, etc. It is due to uncleanliness. See Eiy- tkefiia intertrigo. E. labiorum, a very obstinate variety affecting the lips, and associated with pain- ful fissures. E. madidans, E. rubruni : weeping eczema ; large, raw, weeping surfaces studded with red points. Itfollows.fi'. vesiculositm. E. mammae, a variety common in nursing primiparas ; it is at first vesicular, then squamous, with painful fissures and much crusting. It is very obstinate. E. manuum, a common form implicating the whole of both hands. The acute variety is most marked along the edges of the fingers, where deep-seated vesicles abound ; the chronic form chiefly involves the palms and knuckles. E. marginatum, Hebra's term for the most severe form of ringworm of the body. Its seats are the groins, axillae, fork, and occasion- ally the popliteal spaces. Its lesion is marked by a well-defined, festooned, raised margin. E. meatus, eczema of the external auditory passage. E. mer- curiale, that form due to the irritation produced by mercury. E. narium, a form aftecting the nos trils. E. palmare, or E. palmarum, confined to the palm of the hand. It is also called Psoriasis palmce. E. palpebrarum. Tinea tarsi; an obsti- nate form affecting the eyebrows ; it is common in scrofulous children. E. papillomatosum. Same as E. verrucosum . E. papulosum, Lichen simplex ; a form associated with the formation of minute intensely-itching papules of a deep-red color and firm consistence, arranged in irregularly-shaped groups. They are about the size of a pin's head, acumi- nate, of a bright-red color. Vesicles may form on their summits [Lichen agj-ius). When they are grouped in oval or roundish patches, a form not uncommon on the external aspect of the forearm and hands and on the calves, it is Lichen circumscriflus. E. pedum, eczema of the feet. E. plantarum, con- fined to the sole of the foot. E. pustulosum, E. itnpetiginodes ; the stage of eczema in which the vesicles develop into pustules that are usually of larger size than the preceding vesicles. This is most com- mon in strumous children. E. rimosum. See E. fissum. E. rubrum. .See E. madidans. E. sclero- sum, a chronic form of eczema in which there is induration and thickening of the tissues. E., Sebor- rheic. See Dermatitis, Seborrheic. E. seborrhoei- cum. Synonym of Seborrhea. E. solare, that form due to irritation from the rays of the sun. E. spargo- siforme, a variety of E. sclerosum in which the thickening is so very great that a condition indistin- guishable from Elephantiasis arabum is produced. E. squamosum, a form in which the surfaces of ill- defined irregular patches are covered with more or less adherent scales of shed epithelium. This is often seen on the neck and limbs. E. sulphure, that form due to the irritation produced by sulphur. E. tarsi, a form affecting the edges of the eyelids. E. tuberosum. Synonym of Granuloma fungoides. E. umbilici, a tractable form resembling syphilitic disease of the same part. E. unguium, involvement of the nails in chronic E. manuum. The nails are rough, dull, brittle, and punctate. E. unisquamosum, a rare form having its seat at the root of the nose between the eyebrows. The secretion takes the form of a single epidermic lamella that covers the whole of the affected surface. E. verrucosum. See E. hypertrophi- cum. E. vesiculosum, a stage of vesicular forma- tion in the course of eczema. It is the most common form of the disease. It is best seen on the flexor aspect of the limbs, between the fingers, back of the ears, etc. The vesicles, minute at first and closely aggregated, coalesce and rupture, exuding a clear plasmic fluid that stains and stiffens linen. The burn- ing and itching are worse at night, and the excoriated surfaces continue to weep for a few days, when they gradually heal by crusting. E., Weeping. See E. madidans. Eczematoid (ek-ze»i'-at-oid) [f/cCffn', to boil over]. Resembling an eczema. Eczematosis [ek-zem-at-o'-sis) [fKCff/i', to boil over: //. , Eczematoses']. Any eczematous skin-disease. Eczematous (e/c-zem'-at-us) [fK^hiv, to boil over]. Of the nature of or aftected with eczema. Eczemogenous [ek-zem-oj' -en-tt.'^) to boil over ; yevvav, to produce]. Giving rise to eczema. Edeagra {e-de-a' -grah) \ai6oia, the genitals; aypa, a seizure]. Pain or gout in the genitalia. Edeatrophia [e-de-at-ro' -fe-a}i)\(ii6oLa, genitals; iiTpnfla, a wasting]. Atrophy or wasting of the genital organs. Edeauxe {e-de-a-chs' -e)\^aii'ioia, genitals; av^e, increase]. Swelling or hypertrophy of the genitals. Edebohl's Position or Posture. See Postiires, Tableof. Edeitis [e-de-i'-tis) [^ahSola, genitals; trig, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of the genital organs. Edema [e-de'-mah') \tn.t\riiLa: oi(5ff/i^ to swell]. Swel- ling, especially such as is due to the effusion of serous fluid into areolar tissues. .See Anasarca. E., Acute Circumscribed. .See E., Angio-neu?-otic and Urti- caria a'dematosa. E., Acute Idiopathic. See E., Angio-neurotic. E., Acute Non -inflammatory. See E. , Angio-neurotic. E., Angio-neurotic, C.iant urticaria; a vaso-motor disorder, characterized by the abrupt occurrence of edematous swelling of variable extent, sometimes accompanied Ijy gastro-intestinal crises. There may be a marked hereditary feature in the disease. Death may result from edema of the larynx. E., Brown, the brownish fluid that flows from the cut surface of a lung in the state of l)rown induration. E., Filtration, a peculiar sort of edema EDEMATOUS 411 EGERTIC of the conjunctiva observed after operations or injuries that have produced a perforation in the most anterior sections of the sclera. It is due to the oozing of the aqueous humor between the lips of the wound and under the conjunctiva. E., Intermittent. See E., Angio-neurutii. E., Malarial. See E., Angio-neu- rotic. E., Malignant, the term applied by Koch to a parasitic form of gangrenous inflammation that occurs at times after serious bone-injuries, etc. It is charac- terized by the rapid spread, the septic character of the inflammatory product, and the speedy destruction of the tissue involved, with the formation of gas. It is also called Gangrenous eiiipJiyscina. E., Menstrual. See E., Angio-neiirotic. E. neonatoruni, a disease resembling somewhat sclerema neonatorum, the skin, however, being less generally involved and less edema- tous, lilled with a serous fluid, and assuming a livid or purplish, rather than a whitish tint, as in sclerema. The disease begins before the third day of life, with drow- siness, and then the edema appears in the extremities, especially the legs, gradually spreading upward. E. , Solid, a form of edema in which puncture gives exit not to serum, but to a sanious, stringy, lymphoid material. Edematous [e-detn' -at-us) \oi6iiua, edema]. Marked by edema ; swollen ; puffy. Edentate (e-den'-ldt) \e, priv. ; de)is, a tooth]. In bio- logy, toothless, as an entire leaf, or a member of the Edentata among mammals. Edentation [e-de?i-ta' -shtin) \_e, without ; dens, a tooth]. A deprivation of teeth. Edentulous [c-dcn'-tu-lus) \_e, without; aVwj, a tooth]. Without teeth (applied to one who has lost his teeth). See Caries of the Teeth. Edeocephalus {e-de-o-sef -al-us') [a«5o(a, genitals ; from the resemblance of the proboscis to a penis ; KmoAi/, head]. A variety of single autositic monsters of the species otocephalus, in which there is synopsia, ab- sence of the mouth, very rudimentary jaws, and the presence of a proboscis. Edeodynia {e-de-o-din' -e-ah) [aJfSom, genitalia ; bfivvrj, pain]. Any pain in the reproductive organs. Edeogargalismus [e-de-o-gar-gal-iz' -mus) \a\&ola, gen- itals ; ynpyaA^cr/zof, a tickling]. Masturbation. Edeography (e-de-og^ -ra-fe) \_ai6oia, the genitals ; ypa^eiv, to write]. A description of the genitalia. Edeology [e-de-oF -o-je^laldo'ia, genitals ; Myoq, science]. A treatise or monograph on the organs of genera- tion. Edeomania {e-de-o-ma^-tte-ah) [aifiola, genitals ; fiavia, madness]. Nymphomania; satyriasis. Edeomycodermitis ( e-de-o-mi-ko-der-mi' -tis ) [aitSom, genitals ; uvKog, mucus : lUpiia, skin ; ("if, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of any of the genital organs. Edeopsophy (e-de-op'-so-fe) [a)fiola, genitals ; ■>poiitr, driving away]. A powerful hydragogue cathartic, being the dried sedi- ment from the juice of the squirting cucumber, Ecba- litini elaterium of Europe. Dose y% gr. every two hours ; of the tincture, gtt. x-xxx. Elbow (el' -bo) [ME., elbo7!je\ The elbow-joint; the articulation of the arm and forearm. That part of the forearm and arm adjacent to the elbow-joint. E.- jerk, one of the reflexes. .See Reflexes, 7 able of. Elcoplasty [el'-ko-filas-te). See Helcoplasty. Elcosis (el-ko' -sis). See Helcosis. Elder [el'-der). See Sainbiieits. E., Dwarf. See Dzua?-/ Elder. Elecampane (el-e-kain' -pan). See Inula. Election [e-lek' -shun) \electio, a choosing]. Selection or choice, as of points [poitits of election) to be oper- ated upon ; consideration of circumstances , such as age , condition in life, occupation, sex, etc., in determining whether to proceed with a proposed surgical operation or not. Such operations are called Operations of Elec- tion or of Complaisattce. E., Triangle of, the Su- perior Carotid Triangle. See Triangles, Table of. KlectTepeterle-lei-trep'-et-er) [//> fKrpor, amher ; rpeTTe/p, to turn]. An obsolete term for " commutator," ^. z'. Electric, or Electrical [e-lek' -trik, ox e-lek' -trik-al) \rfktKTpov , amber]. Having the nature of or pro- duced by electricity. E. Aura, a current of electri- fied air. E. Brush, a wire brush used as an elec- trode. E. Commutator, an instrument for automati- cally interrupting or reversing the flow of an electric current, making and breaking the same with desired frequency. E. Chorea. See Dubinins Disease. E. Depilation, the permanent removal of hair from any part of the body by the electrolytic destruction of the hair-follicles. E. Discharger, the instrument that directs the charge from a condenser through an ob- ject. E. Endosmosis, cataphoresis. E. Fustiga- tion, application of electricity through a metallic brush. E. Head-bath, application of electricity by means of an umbrella-shaped electrode .surrounding the head, but separated from it by a distance of from one-half to one inch. E. Inertia, a term sometimes employed instead of electro-magnetic inertia. E. Insolation. See E. Sunstroke. E. Insulation, the placing of non-conducting material with respect to a conductor so as to prevent the loss of a charge or the leakage of a current. E. Irritability, irritability of nervous or muscular tissue to an electric discharge. E. Megaloscope, an apparatus for the medical exploration of the cavities of the body. E. Moxa, a burn made on the skin by electricity. E. Probe, a metallic conductor inserted into the track of a wound in order to ascertain the exact position of a bullet, or other foreign metallic substance. E. Pros- tration. See E. Sunstroke. E. Reactions, the response of muscles and nerves to electric stimulation. E. Shock, the physiologic shock produced in an animal by an electric discharge. E. Shower-bath, a device for general electrization ; one of the poles is immersed in a tub containing an alkaline solution. The patient stands beneath this reservoir on a metallic stoo^ connected with the other pole. The falling water completes the circuit, dispersing the current over the whole body. E. Sphygmograph, an instru- ment for electrically recording the characters of the pulse. E. Sterilization, sterilizing a solution by de- priving it of whatever germs it may contain by means of electric currents. E. Sunstroke, the physiologic effects, similar to those produced by exposure to the sun, experienced by those exposed for a long while to the intense light and heat of the voltaic arc. E. Test, the application of electricity to ascertain the exist- ence or non-existence of central lesions after railway injuries. It must be borne in mind that cutaneous insensibility or absence of response in the muscles is not positive proof of organic lesion ; hence the so- called electric test is not so absolutely relied upon as fonnerly. Electric Units. The lowest integral electric values. They are as follows : — Ampere, the unit of measure- ment of an electric current. It is the electro-motive force of one volt produced in a circuit having one ohm of resistance, equal to j-L C. G. S. electro-magnetic unit. It is sufficient to deposit .3 grain of copper per minute on the plate of a copper voltameter, or to decom- pose sufficient acidulated water to generate 10.32 c. c. of mixed hydrogen and oxygen per minute. For convenience the y^VcT P'^'''^ used in medicine, name- ly, the milliampere. This equals I volt divided by 1000. Ampere-hour, a unit of electric quantity equal to one ampere flowing for one hour ; it is the equivalent of 3600 coulombs. C. G. S. System, Centimeter-gram-second Units, — the system of funda- mental units in which a centimeter is adopted as the unit of length, a gram as the unit of mass, and a second as the unit of time. Coulomb, the unit of measurement of electric quantity ; the quantity of electricity that passes during one second through a conductor having a resistance of one ohm, with one volt of electromotive force. The micro-coulomb is the millionth part of this amount. Unit of Current, a conductor one cm. long which, if bent into an arc of one cm. radius, will act with the force of one degree on a unit magnet pole at the center. Dyne, the unit of force ; /. e., the force which if it acted for one sec- ond on a mass of one gram would, if the mass was previously at rest, give it a velocity of one centimeter per second ; or if it was previously in motion in the direction of the force, would in that time alter its ve- locity by that amount. Erg. See Unit of Work. Ergten, 10,000,000,000 ergs. Farad, the unit of electric capacity. Practically, a capacity sufficient to hold one coulomb of current having a potential of one volt. The micro-farad, xoo^oou P'^''' ''""^ \\.\^o- retic farad, is cornmonly used. A practical form of condenser of one farad capacity consists of 300 leaves of tinfoil, each 16 centimeters in diameter, separated by leaves of mica. The entire surface has an area of about 1. 1 sq. meters. Joule, the unit of electric energy or work. The volt coulomb. It equals 10,000,000 ergs. Unit Magnet Pole, a magnet having a strength of pole sufficient to repel a similar pole at a distance with a force of one degree. Megalerg, 1,000.000 ergs. Megavolt, 1 ,000,000 volts. Micro-coulomb. ELECTRICITY 414 ELECTRODE See Coulomb. Microfarad. See Farad. Micro- volt, one millionth part of a volt. Milliampere. See Ampere. Ohm, the unit of resistance. Practi- tically, it is the resistance of a pure silver wire one meter in length and one millimeter in diameter. The theoretic or absolute unit unit practically used. Volt, the unit of electro-mo- tive force, or the force sufficient to cause a current of one ampere to flow against a resistance of one ohm. The following is the voltage of several popular cells : Smee, 0.65; Bunsen, 1. 90; Daniel!, 1.05; Callaud, 0.60; Leclanche, 1.50. Volt-ampere, the unit of electric work. It is the amount ot pressure developed by a current of one ampere having an electromotive force of one volt. Its mechanical equivalent is about 44.2 foot-pounds per minute. It is sometimes called a Watt. Volt-coulomb, the unit of electric work. Watt. See Volt-ampiri-. Weber, an ampere. Unit of Work, the erg ; it is equal to the work required to move a body through one centimeter against a force of one dyne. The reciprocal relations of these elec- tric units may be expressed thus : — I volt X I coulomb = i joule I volt X I ampere = i watt I volt X I ohm = ..... I ampere 1 ampere X i ohm = i volt I volt X I ampere X i ohm = 1 watt I volt X I ampere X 1 ohm X i second = i joule I ampere X 1 second = . . . .1 coulomb Electricity {e-lek-tris' -it-e) \riXeKTpov, amber]. One of the forces of nature developed or generated by chem- ism, magnetism, or friction, and probably a mode of ethereal vibration, closely analogous to and converti- ble into heat and light. It has been largely employed in its various forms for therapeutic purposes. Most animal and vegetable fibers (living) contract when an electric current is passed through them, and, in fact, no substance is known that does not offer some resist- ance to the passage of an electric current. By the Conducting Fo7ver of a substance is meant the ability of a given length and area of a cross-section of that substance to conduct electricity, as compared with an equal length and area of a cross-section of some other substance, such as pure silver or copper. This power may, in various substances, be pronounced, partial, or absent. Good conductors are silver, copper, other metals, charcoal ; partial conductors are water, the human body, cotton, wood, marble, paper; non-con- ductors, oils, porcelain, dry wood, silk, resins, dry air, shellac, gutta-percha, ebonite, paraffin, glass. E., Animal, free electricity in the body. E., Chemic. See E., Galvanic. E., Faradic, that produced by induction. E., Franklinic, frictional or static elec- tricity. E., Frictional, that produced by friction. E., Galvanic, that which is generated by chemic action in a galvanic cell. E., Inductive, that produced in a body by proximity to an electrified body without contact. E., Magnetic, that developed by bringing a ■ conductor near the poles of a magnet. See Current. E., Medical, that used for therapeutic purposes. E., Static, frictional electricity. E., Voltaic, same as galvanic or chemic electricity. Electrization {e-lek-triz-a' -shttii) [_>/?ieKTpoi', amber]. The application of electricity to the body. E., General, the therapeutic application of electricity to all parts of the surface of the body. Electrize {e-lck' -triz) \ji\eKrpov, amber]. To treat by means of electricity. Electrizer [e-lek' -tri-zcr) \_i/AeKTpov, amber]. A metal disc of copper and zinc, or silver and zinc applied to the surface of the body, and connected with copper wire, exciting, through the perspiration, a feeble galvanic current. Electro- (e-lek' -tro-^ [^Ae/crpoi', amber]. A Greek word used as a prefix to denote connection with or relation to electricity. E. -anesthesia, inability to perceive the sensation made by electricity upon the skin. E. -biology, the science of the electric relations and laws of organic beings. E.-bioscopy. See Bioscopy. E.-centesis, the use of electrolysis to cause absorp- tion of effusions, as in pleurisy. E. -chemistry, the science of the inter-relations and laws of electricity and chemistry. E. -cystoscopy, examination of the bladder by means of electric illumination. E. -diag- nosis, diagnosis by means of the exaggeration or diminution of the reaction of the excitable tissues of the body when subjected to the varying inlluences of electric currents. E.-esthesia, ability to perceive the sensation made by the reception of an electric dis- charge ; it may co-exist with local anesthesia, or with loss of the power to perceive other sensations. E. -magnet, a mass of soft iron surrounded by a coil of wire. E. -magnetic Inertia, a term some- times employed instead of inductance or the self- induction of a current. E. -magnetism, magnetism induced within iron, steel, or nickel, by introducing it within a coil through which a current is passing. E. -massage, the transmission of a current of elec- tricity through a kneading instrument ; the use of labile currents applied by means of a rolling or wheel electrode, or by a sponge or brush. E. -motive, pertaining to the mechanic or motor effects of elec- tricity. E. -motor Force, that which sets electricity in motion ; the difference of potential between two "points. It is estimated in volts. E. -muscular, per- taining to the action of electricity upon muscles. E. -muscular Contractility, the contractile response of a muscle to an electric current. E. -muscular Sen- sibility, the impression upon a sensory nerve by electric irritation. E.-otiatria, electricity applied to the treatment of diseases of the ear. E. -pathology, the study of morbid conditions by the aid of electric irrita- tion. E. -physiology, the study of electric reactions, properties, and relations of organs and organic tissues. E.-puncturation, or E. -puncture, the use of needles as electrodes, which are thrust into an organ, or tumor, e. g., into the cavity of an aneurysm, with the object of coagulating the contained blood. E. -sensibility, an effect produced on a sensory nerve by its electriza- tion. E. -statics, the science of static electricity, or that developed by friction and induction. E.-thanasis, a word proposed for death by electricity. E. -thera- peutic Bath. See Balk. E. -therapeutics, the science and art of the application of electricity for therapeutic purposes. E.-therapy. See E. -thera- peutics. E. -thermometry, the determination of the radiation of body-heat by means of an electric ther- moscope. E. -vital, pertaining both to electricity and to the phenomena of life. E. -vitalism, the theoretic identification of the vital forces with electricity. Electrode (e-lek' -trod) [r/'AsKTpov, amber; 6f5o^-, a way]. The instruments, fastened to the conducting cords of a battery, that are used in the application of electricity to the body. The standard sizes of electrodes gen- erally adopted in therapy are, according to Erb, as follows : — 1. Fine electrode, % cm. diameler. 2. Small " 2 " 3. Medium " 7-5 " " 4. Large " 6X2 " 5. Very large . 8 X16 " E., Brush, one end fitted with a camel's-hair pencil. E., Clay, a therapeutic electrode of clay shaped to fit the part of the body to be treated. E., Electro- therapeutic, the thera]ieutic electrode is generally ELECTROGENESIS 415 ELEPHANTIASIS placed nearer the organ or part to be treated than the indifferent electrode. E., Indifferent, the elec- trode that is employed merely to complete the cir- cuit ; not directly concerned in the treatment or diag- nosis. E., Non-polarizable, zinc wires treated and so arranged as to prevent electrolysis. See Anode and Catliode. Electrogenesis {e-lek-tro-jeii'-es-is) [?//itAT/ioiJ, amber; ykvtaiq, production]. Results following the applica- tion of electricity to the spinal cord or nerve after the withdrawal of the electrodes. Electrolysis {e-lek-troU -is-is) '[j/XcK.rpov, amber ; /luaic;, solution]. The dissolution of a chemic compound by an electric current ; the discussion of any morbid growth by means of an electro-chemic current. It is used in the treatment of hydrocele and some other surgical affections. Electrolytic [e-lek-tro-lW -ik) [i/XeKTpov, amber ; Xvat^, solution]. Relating to electrolysis. Electrometer (e-lek-trom' -et-er') electricity ; fikTpt)v, a measure] . ^n instrument for the measure- ment of differences of electric potential. Electrophonize {e-lek-t7-of' -oii-lz) \iikEKTiMv, amber; 6voQ, a killing]. To inflict capital punishment by means of electricity. Electrophony i^c-lek-trof -o-ne) [//Af/cr/^iov, amber; (^ovoq, a killing]. Capital punishment by means of electricity. Electrophorus [e-!ek-tro/' -or-us) [_>/AeKTpov, amber ; (j>ep£n>, to carry] An instrument used to generate small quantities of static electricity. Electropoion Fluid [e-lek-tro-poi' -on) \ifkEK.Tpov^ amber; notdv, to make]. A battery fluid made by dissolving I lb. of potassium bichromate in a mixture of water lo lbs. to sulphuric acid (commercial) 2)4 lbs. Electroscope (e-lek' -tro-skop) ^//AeKrpov, amber; aKoirelv, to view]. An instrument for detecting the presence of static electricity and determining whether it is posi- tive or negative. Electrostixis [e-lek-tro-stiks' -is) [//Ae/crpoi', amber; ari^Lq, puncture]. Electro-puncture, 7/. Electrothanasize (e-lek-tro-fhan' -as-iz) \jjXEKTpov, am- ber ; Havaroeiv, to kill]. To produce death by elec- tricity, but not as capital punishment. Electrothanatose (e-lek-tt-o-than' -at-ds) \jiXeKTpov, am- ber; t'oTOrof, death]. '&2LxaR 2i?, Electrothanasize . Electrothanatosis [e-lek-tro-t/ian-af-o'-sis) {JjXeKTpov, amber; OavdruaLq, a putting to death]. Death by electricity. Electrotisis [e-lek-trot' -is-is) [jjkEKTpov, amber ; t'iglq, penalty]. Capital punishment by electricity. Electrotistic (e-lek-tro-tis' -tik) [//Xe/frpoi', amber ; r/'ff/f, penalty]. Pertaining to capital punishment by means of electricity. Electrotistis (e-lek-tro-tis' -tis). An incorrect form of Electrotisis, q.v. '^\%c.\xo\.oxw& (e-lek' -tro-tdni) [///f/crpox', amber ; refiueiv, to cut]. The circuit-breaker of an electric battery; especially one that acts automatically. Electrotonic (e-lek-tro-ton' -ik) \_iik(KTpQv , amber ; rovof, tension]. Relating to or of the nature of electrotonus. E. Effect, an altered condition of excitability of a nerve produced when in the electrotonic state. Electrotonus (e-lek-trot' -o-nus) [i/AEKTpnv, amber ; Tovoq, tension]. The change of condition in a nerve during the application of a current of electricity. A decrease in the electro-motive force of a nerve, effected by sending a current through the nerve in the opposite direction to the nerve-current, is termed the net^ative phase of electrotonus, while an increase in the electro- motive force of a nerve, effected by sending a current through a nerve in the same direction as the nerve- current, is termed the positive phase of electrotonus. See Anelectrotonus, Catelectrotonus, and Electrogenesis. E., Law of. See Laio. Electrovection (e-lek-tro-vek' -shun) \_ifAtiiTp to rejoice]. A genus of sedges or cyperaceous plants ; the spike-rushes. E. palustris, a plant very common in Europe, Asia, and N. America, is a popular astring- ent remedy, useful for diarrhea and for hemorrhages. The root, tops, and seeds are used. Unof. Eleoptene (el-e-op'-ten) [_e?Mwv , oil ; Trn/vdq, volatile']. The permanent liquid principle of volatile oils. See Stearoptene. Eleosaccharum (e-le-o-sak' -ar-iini) [L. : pi., Eleosac- chara]. Same as Oleosacchartiin. Elephant Leg. See Elephantiasis arabum. Elephant's Foot (el' -e-f ants foot) . Any plant of the genus Elephantopns, order Compositse. The U. S. has several species. Elephantopns tonientosiis is diu- retic, expectorant, and emetic. Dose of the fld. ext. n\^v— XXX. Unof. E. caroliniamis is tonic and febri- fuge, and so are various tropical species. Elephantiasis (el-e-fan-ti'-as-is) [tAf'^af, an elephant]. Elephantiasis arabnm ; Barbadoes leg ; Tropical big leg; spargosis ; elephant leg: morbus elcphas ; buc- nemia tropica ; pachydermia : a chronic affection of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues, often occurring as an endemic or sporadic disease, due to obliteration of lymph-vessels, resulting in febrile and other systemic symptoms, redness, tumefaction, and infiltration of the affected part, and the eventual production of a well- marked hypertrophy that may become gigantic. It is most common in the leg and genitals. E. grse- corum. See Le/>rosy. E. indica. Synonym of E. arabum. E. telangiectodes, a rare vascular form of elephantiasis arabum of congenital origin but of later development. ■psjaAoosiQ 2 o QJ IJ ui !3«^ . 1 B he, 2 ^ ^■11 ^ rn " 3 ^. 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Eleutheropetalous (e-ln-thcr-o-pet' -al-us) [^eXevOepo^, free; rrfraAor, a leaf, a petal]. Polypetalous. The same as choripetalous. Eleutherophyllous 'ye-lu-ther-o-fil' -its) [eAewf^fpof, free ; 0(i//,of, a leaf]. In biology, made up of distinct leaves ; polypetalous or polysepalous. Elevator {eV -e-va-tor) \elevare, to lift]. I. The same as Levator. See Muscles, Table of. 2. An instrument used in surgery and dentistry. E. Disease, one of the professional neuroses, due to constant traveling in an elevator. Elimination [e-lim-in-a' -shun) [c", out ; limen, thresh- old] . Excretion ; the process of putting forth or out. Eliquation [el-ik-wa'-shiuz) [eliquare, to melt out]. The separation of one substance from another by fusion or melting. ^ Elixir (e-liks' -er) [Arab., el iksir, the philosopher's stone]. A sweetened, aromatic, spirituous prepara- tion, which is practically a flavored syrup designed as an excipient for extracts and tinctures. There are many elixirs, only one of which is official in the U. S. P. [^E. aurantii) ; but in the N. F. more than seventy are described. Elixirium [e-liks-ir' -e-uni) [L. : //. , Elixiria^. -See Elijfir. Elixiviation [e-liks-iv-e-a' -shun). See Lixiviation. Elkodermatosis (el-ko-der-inat-o' -sis) \yKmc, an ulcer ; dtpjia, skin ; voao^, disease]. An ulcerative skin- affection. Ellagic Acid (el-aj'-ik). See .Acid. Elliot's Bassorin Paste. A paste used in the treat- ment of eczema. It consists of bassorin, lo drams; dextrin, 6 drams ; glycerin, 2 drams ; water, sufficient to make 25 J-^ drams. It should be prepared cold. Elliptic, Elliptical {el-ip'-fik, -al) \lXktL\\)i(;, ellipse]. Having the form of an ellipse. E. Amputation. See Amputation. Ellis's Curved Line. See Line. E., Ligament of. See Ligament . Ellison's Ventilating Bricks. See Ventilation. Elm. See Ulmus and Fremontia. Elocution {cl-o-ku' -shun) \e, out of ; loqui, to speak]. The choice, arrangement, and delivery of words and language, including the use of the voice, the action of the lungs, diaphragm, gesture, etc. Elocutionist {el-o-ku' -shun-ist) \e, out of; loqui, to speak]. One who is skilled in the art of elocution. E.'s Cramp. See Cramp. Elodea [el-o-de'-ah) [fA(j(5//f, marshy]. The marsh -St. John's Worts; a genus of liypericaceous plants. E. virginica, common in the U. S. and Canada, is a popular stomachic. Unof. Elodes (e-lo'-dez) [f)^,(i(S7/f, swampy ; iXoc, a swamp]. Marsh or paludal fever ; malarial fever. Elsberg, Plastidules of. See Heredity. Elutriation [e-lu-tre-a' -shun) \elutriare , to wash out]. A water-sifting process whereby the coarser particles of an insoluble substance are separated from the finer. Ely's Operation. See Operations, Table of. E.'s Table. See Pregnancy. Elythritis {el-ith-ri'-tis). See Vaginitis. Elytratresia (el-it-rat-re' -ze-ah) \l\vrpov, sheath ; aTprjToq, imperforate]. Atresia of the vagina; colpa- tresia. Elytreurynter (el-it-ru-rin'-ter) \rAvrpov, sheath ; cvpljvEiv, to make broad]. Same as Colpeurvnter. Elytritis (el-it-ri' -lis) \i'XvTpov, the vagina ; /nf, inflammation]. Inflammation of the vagina. Elytrocele [el'-it-ro-sel) [fAiirpov, sheath ; her- nia]. Colpocele ; vaginal hernia. Elytroclasia {el-it-ro-kla' -se-ah) \i'/MTpov, sheath ; /cAd- nr, to break]. Rupture of the vagina. Elytroncus [el-it-rong'-i-us). Same as Elytropliyi?ia. Elytrophyma [el-it- ro-fi' -tnah) \_DivTpov, sheath ; (pvim, a tumor]. Swelling or tumor of the vagina. Elytroplastic [el-it- ro-plas'-tik) [iAvrpov, sheath ; nlaa- aeiv, to form]. Relating to elytroplasty. Elytroplasty [el' -it-ro-plas-te) \_EkvTpov, sheath ; ■Khaa- at'iv, to form]. Plastic operation upon the vagina, especially for vesico-vaginal fistula. Elytropolypus [el-it-ro-poF -ip-us) \_Ekv7p0v, sheath ; TroXi'iTTouf , polypus]. Vaginal polypus. Elytroptosis [el-it- rop-to' -sis) \i'A,vTpov, sheath ; TrTGiaLt;, a falling]. Prolapse of the vagina. Elytrorrhagia [el-it-ror-a' -je-ah) \JtxiTpov, sheath; 'p)]yvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the vagina. Elytrorrhaphy [el-it-ror' -a-fe) \i'/.vTpov, sheath ; pa^i], a seam]. Suture of the vaginal wall. An operation to close the opening of the vagina in procidentia uteri. Elytrorrhea [el-it-ror-e' -ah) \k'kvTpov, sheath ; poia, a flow]. A vaginal leukorrhea. Elytrostenosis [el-it-ro-ste-no' -sis) \i\vTpov, sheath ; arhuaiQ, a contraction]. Colpostenosis ; vaginal stricture. Elytrotome [el-it' -ro-tom) \pKVTpov, sheath ; rojir), a cutting]. An instrument for performing elytrotomy. Elytrotomy [el-it-rof -o-me) \¥kvTpov, sheath ; ro/z^, a cutting]. Surgical incision of the vaginal wall. Elytrum, Elytron [el' -it-rum, -tron) \iikvTpov, a cover, case: pl.,Elvtra'\. In biology, one of the wing-covers, wing-sheaths, or modified fore-wings of beetles ; also one of the scales on the back of certain worms. Emaciation [c-ma-se-a' -shun) \_emaciare, to make lean]. Loss of the fat and fulness of the flesh of the body. Leanness. Emaculation [e-mak-u-la' -shun) \e>naculare, to remove spots]. The removal of freckles or other spots from the face. Emanation [em-an-a' -shun) \^emanare, to issue]. I. Emission ; radiation. 2. That which flows or issues from a si^bstance ; effluvium. Emandibulate [e-man-dib' -u-lat) [f , priv. ; mandibula, mandible]. In biology, without mandibles, or at least with soft and minute mandibles. Emansio [e-man'-se-o) [L. ]. A failing. E. men- sium, delayed menstruation ; amenorrhea. Emarginate [e-mar' -jin-at) \emarginatus, to deprive of the edge]. In biology, applied to a leaf or feather the margin of which is broken, notched, nicked, or otherwise modified. Emasculation [e-mas-ku-la' -shun) \_emasculare, to make impotent]. Removal of the testicles; impo- tence. See, also. Eviration. Embalming [em-bahm'-ing) [Fr. , en, in; bauma, bal- sam]. The treatment of a cadaver with antiseptic and preservative substances to keep it from putrefying. Embedding [em-bed' -ing). The fixation, in order to pre- serve it intact, of a tissue-specimen in a firmer medium before freezing or otherwise hardening and section. Embelia [em-be' -le-ah) \_Embel, a German traveler]. A genus of shrubs. E. ribes, a myrtaceous shrub that grows in Asia ; it is reputed to have anthelmintic properties. Dose of the powdered fruit, ,^j-iv; of the fluid extract, 3j-iv. Unof. Emblica [em' -blik-ali) [L.]. A genus of euphorbia- ceous trees. E. officinalis, a tree of India; its fruit, the Emblica 7nyrobalan (see Myrobalan), is astringent and vermifuge, the seed is febrifuge, and the bark is also medicinal. Unof. EMBOITMENT 419 EMBRYO Emboitment [on{g)-bwat' -/non(g)) [OF., einboister, to inclose, as in a box]. In biology. Bonnet's doctrine that each germ includes the germs of all generations that shall succeed it. Embolemia (eiii-bol-e'-me-ah) \_s iifio'Aor , thrown in; aifia, blood]. A state of the blood in which it is said that emboli are readily formed. Embolic [c/n-bol'-ik) [^e/ifioAor, thrown in]. Relating to, associated with, or caused by an embolus. Emboliform (eiii-bol' -if-or))!) [_e/ij3oAO(;, an embolus ; /or//ia, form]. Resembling an embolus. Embolism (e)n' -bo-lhni) [_e/Lil3oAo(; , an embolus]. The obstruction of an artery or capillary, usually by a blood-clot or embolus, brought from another point by the blood-current. These emboli may be fragments of vegetation from the valves of the heart, clots from a thrombosis or aneurysm, or fragments of atheroma- tous tissue. Around the seat of an embolus thrombo- sis occurs with the production of an infarct, t/. v. E., Air, by a bubble of air. E., Capillary, obstruction of capillaries by micrococci. This occurs in pyemia. E., Fat, the entrance into the circulation of fluid fat after extensive injuries. Death often follows. The symptoms are restlessness, anxiety, slight dyspnea, accelerated breathing, quickening of the pul^e ; cya- nosis, delirium, and insomnia, followed by coma, are graver symptoms. The temperature may remain sub- normal or it may rise. E., Infective, the emboli are metastatic. This occurs in pyemia and ulcerative endocarditis. E., Multiple, numerous small emboli. E., Paradoxical, embolism of an artery by a venous thrombus, as may occur in a patulous foramen ovale. E., Pyemic. See E., Infective. E., Retinal, occur- ring in the arteria centralis retinfe, followed by sudden loss of vision. E., Venous, occurring in veins, espe- cially of the lungs and liver. Emboloid [ein'-bo-loiJ] \_en(ioAo(;, an embolus; tl6og, likeness]. Resembling an embolus. Embololalia [em-bo-lo-la' -Ic-ah) [f///?oAof, a thing thrown in ; A.aAia, talk]. The morbid intercalation of words, often meaningless, into the speech. Embolophrasia {em-bo-lo-fra' -ze-ah) [E///3oAof, inser- tion; di/jacr/r, speech]. Embololalia. Embolus (em'-bo-his) \_eiuj3o?Mg ; ev, in ; pd'AAeiv, to throw]. I. A clot of blood, or plug of other material, brought by the blood-current from a distant artery, and forming an obstruction at its place of lodgment. 2. Wilder' s term for the >nte/eus eiiiboliformis. Emboly [e/n/ -bo-le) \_k[ij5oAri, insertion]. In embryolo- gy, the process of invagination that gives rise to agas- trula from a blastosphere or vesicular morula. Embrocation (eiii-bro-ka' -shtui) l_k/itppexeii>, to soak in]. A fluid external application for some injured or diseased part. Embryectomy {em-bi-e-ek' -to-me) \_ejulipvov, embryo ; EKTOfir], a cutting out]. The surgical removal of the embryo in extra-uterine pregnancy. Embryo (em^-bre-o) l_Efij}pvov']. The ovum and the pro- duct of conception up to the fourth month of pregnancy ; the fertilized genn of an animal. Applied in botany to the rudimentary plant within the seed. E.-sac. In biology, (a) the cell in the nucleus of the ovule of flowering-plants, that contains the germinal vesicles and finally the embryo ; {b) the protoconch or primi- tive shell of certain cephalopods. Scheme of a Longitudinal Section of an Early Embryo. E. Epiblast. m. Mesoblast. e. Hypoblast. Scheme of the Formation of the Head- and Tail-Folds. r. Head-fold. D. Anterior extremity of the future intestinal tract. S. Tail-fold, first rudiment of the cavity of the rectum. A 0 Scheme of a Longitudinal Section through an Embryo after the Formation of the Head- and Tail-Folds. Ao. Omphalo-me.senteric arteries. Vo. Omphalo-mesenteric veins, a. Position of the allantois. A. Amniotic fold. r Scheme of a Longitudinal Section through a Human Ovum. Z. Zona pellucida. S. Serous cavity, r. Union of the amniotic folds A. Cavity of the amnion, a. Allantois. N. Umbilical vesicle, m. Mesoblast. h. Heart. U. Primitive intestine. all Scheme of Human Embryo, with the Visceral Arches still Persistent. A. Amnion. V. Fore-brain. M. Mid-brain. H. Hind-brain. N. After-brain. U. Primitive vertebrae, a. Eye. p. Nasal pit. S. Frontal process, y. Internal nasal process, n. Ex- ternal nasal process, r. Superior maxillary process of the first visceral arch, i, 2, 3, and 4. The four visceral arches, with the visceral clefts between them. o. Auditory vesicle, h. Heart, with e, primitive aorta, which divides into the five aortic arches, f. Descending aorta, om. Omphalic-mesen- teric artery, b. The omphalo-mesenteric arteries of the um- bilical vesicle, c. Omphalo-mesenteric vein. L. Liver with vense advehentes and revehentes. D. Intestine, f. Inferior cava. T. Coccyx, all Allantois, with z, one umbilical artery; and x, an umbilical vein. EMBRYOCARDIA ' 420 EMMENAGOGUE Embryocardia (^cni-hre-o-kar' -dc-alC) l_iufipvov, embryo ; KafjiVia, the heart]. An aflection of the heart, char- acterized by a heart-beat hke that of a fetus. It is usually associated with tachycardia, and a condition of collapse and cyanosis. See Cyeiiiaiocardia. Embryoctony {em-bre-ok' -to-ne) [_£/i(3pvov, embryo ; KTtivciv, to kill]. The destruction of the living fetus ; the procurement of abortion. Embryogenesis {ein-bre-o-jen'-es-is), Embryogeny (em-hre-oj' -en-i-) \iii^pvov, an embryo ; yevi/g, produc- ing]. That department of biology which deals with the development of the fecundated germ. Embryograph {etn' -bre-o-graf) \iyi\ipvov, embryo ; ypayonii . Embryonic [em-bre-on' -ik) [^e/ijipvoi', embryo]. Per-" taining to the embryo. E. Area, in embryology, an opaque circular spot that forms on the blastoderm. E. Connective Tissue, the primitive condition of connective tissue when first formed, consisting of small, round cells. E. Spot. See E. Area. Embryotega (em-bre-ot' -e-gah) [_£/j.l3pvov, an embryo ; rtyof, a roof]. In biology, a small lid or cap cover- ing the micropyle in certain seeds. Embryotome (ein' -bre-o-tdiii) [^£/j.j3pmi\ embryo ; rour/, section]. An instrument used in embryotomy. Embryotomy [em-bre-ot' -o-me) [_ifj.ppi'ov, embryo ; Tou/), section]. An operation for reduction of the size of the fetus to render possible its transmission through the birth-canal. See Cephalotripsy, Cranioclasiii , Basiotribe , Easily st. Decollation, Decapitation, Exen- teration, Evisceration, Lamination, Perforation , Spon- dylotomy , Transformation . Embryotoxon (em-bre-o-toks'-on) ^e/iftpvov, embryo ; t6^ov, a bow]. A condition resembling arcies senilis, sometimes seen at birth. Embryotrophe {em' -bre-o-trof) \lnfipvov, the embryo ; Tpotpl/, nourishment]. In biology, the food-yolk. Embryotrophy (em-bre-ot' -ro-fe) \iiiftpvov, embryo ; Tpcj6po(:, fear]. Morbid dread or fear of vomiting. Emiction [e-mik' -shun) \e, out; mingere, to void urine]. Urination. Emictory [e-mik' -tor-e) [e, out ; mingere, to void urine]. I. Promoting the secretion of urine. 2. A diuretic medicine. Emigration [em-ig-ra' -shun) \e, out ; ynigrare, to wan- der] . The outward passage of a wandering-cell or leu- kocyte through the wall of a blood-vessel ; diapedesis. Eminence [em' -i7i-ens) \eminentia, an eminence]. A rounded or protuberant part of an organ, especially of a bone. E., Canine. See Canine. E., Col- lateral, a projection of the lateral ventricle of the brain between the hippocampi. E. of Doyere. .See Doyere and Sarcoglia. E. facialis, an eminence in the angle formed by the stride and sulcus ventriculi. E., Frontal, the two eminences of the frontal bone above the superciliary ridges. E., Ilio-pectineal, a ridge on the upper surface of the pubic bone. E., Nasal, the prominence above the root of the nose between the superciliary ridges. E., Parietal, the eminence of the parietal bone. Eminential [em-in-en' -shal) [c/ninentia , an eminence]. Relating to an eminence. Emissarium [cm-is-a'-re-um) [L.]. A term for any canal or channel conveying a fluid outward. It is applied especially to the veins of the skull. Emissary Veins. See Emissarium and Vein. Emission [e-mish'-zin) \emittere, to send forth]. An ejaculation, or sending forth. Emmena [em-e'-nalt) [yiifuiva, menses]. Menses, 17.''. Emmenagogue [em-en' -ag-og) [ififiriva, the menses ; (iyuy6r, leading]. A medicine that stimulates the menstrual flow. E., Direct, one acting directly on the generative organs. E., Indirect, one acting only through other functions and indirectly. EMMENIA 421 EMPYEMA Emmenia {em-e' -ne-aSi) [L.]. The menses. Emmeniopathy (em-en-e-op' -a-the) \_eij.ij.7]va, menses ; -iiHik;, illness]. Any disorder of menstruation. Emmenology (em-en-ol' -o-je) [e/jjuz/va, menses ; /loyof , science]. That branch of science that treats of men- struation. Emmenorrhea ((•w-c«-o;--f'-«//) [«,u////ra, menses ; poia, a flowing]. The menses. Emmerich, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Table of. Emmert's Suture. See Suture. Emmet's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. E. Operation. See Trachelorrhaphy, and Operations , Table of Emmetrope [em' -et-rbp) \kv, in ; jMhpav, "measure ; (ji/;, eye]. A person whose eyes are emmetropic. Emmetropia (em-et-ro' -pe-ah) \i.v, in; /.(f rpov, measure ; (ji/i, the eye]. Normal or perfect vision. The con- dition of an eye whose shape and refractive media are such that, with suspended accommodation, parallel rays of light are brought to a focus upon the retina. For practical tests, rays of light from a point 20 feet away are considered as parallel. Emmetropic [em-et-rop' -ik) \kv, in ,• phpov, measure ; uA>, eye]. Characterized by emmetropia. Emodin (em' -o-di)i) [Hind. , ^woa'/, rhubarb], CjjHj^- Oj. A glucosid that occurs with chrysophanic acid in the bark of wild cherry, in cascara sagrada, and in the root of rhubarb. It consists of orange-red crystals, melting at 245-250° C. Emollient {e-?nol'-_vent) \_emollire, to soften]. I. Soft- ening ; relaxing and soothing. 2. A substance used by external application to soften the skin ; or, inter- nally, to sooth an irritated or inflamed surface. E. Cataplasm. Same as Species emollie>ites. Emoptoe [em-op' -to-e) . See Hetnoptysis. Emotion [e-mo'-shun) \emotio, agitation]. Mental feeling, or sentiment, with the associated agitation, and often with more or less bodily commotion. With the emotions, desire, impulse, and will are intimately associated. Emotional [e-mo'-shtm-aP) \emovere, to move out]. Pertaining to the mental condition of feeling. E. Insanity, insanity characterized by exaggeration and exaltation of feelings. Empansement ((7?z(,^)-/o«(^)j''-7«(?«f^)) [Fr.]. A dis- ease of sheep marked by abdominal swelling. Empathema (em-pafh-e' -mah) \_kv, in ; ndOr/f/a, suffer- ing: //. , Empathemata'\. A dqminant or ungovern- able passion or source of suffering. E. atonicum, hypochondriasis. E. entonicum, active mania. E. inane, harebrained and purposeless passion and excitement. Emphlysis (em' -flis-is) [kv, in, on ; (pWvaic, eruption : //. , Emphlyses^. Any vesicular or exanthematous eruption. Emphractic (em-frak'-tik) [_kfj.paTTeiv, to obstruct]. I. Obstructive ; closing the pores of the skin. 2. Any agent that obstructs the function of an organ, especially the excretory function of the skin. Emphraxis (em- frays' -is) \_eiLin-pros-thot-o'-}ic-ah). Same as Einprosthotonos. Emprosthotonos (em-pros-thof -o-nus) [^epTTpoaOev, for- ward ; rdvof, tension]. Tonic muscular spasm that bends the upper and lower parts of the body for- ward ; it is one of the symptoms in some cases of tetanus, etc. Emptysis (emp'-tis-is) [kfi-KTwu], to spit upon]. Hem- orrhage from the lungs ; hemoptysis. Empyema (em-pi-e'-mah ) \ii>, in ; tt'vov, pus]. Pus in the pleural cavity or in the chest. It may be primary, which is rare, or secondary. There is associated a hectic type of fever, with chills and sweating. If not treated it will rupture spontaneously through the lung or chest-wall. Empyema is most frequently encoun- EMPYEMATOUS 422 ENCEPHALOMALACIA tered in children, but may occur from pleurisy, tuber- culosis, septic conditions, and infectious fevers in any individual. B. necessitatis, an empyema in which the pus burrows between the interscostal spaces and appears as a subcutaneous tumor. E., Pulsating, empyema attended with pulsation of the chest-wall. Empyematous [em-pi-ein' -ai-us) \iv, in ; tzvqv, pus]. Of the nature of or affected .with empyema. Empyemic (cin-pi-etn'-ik). See Empyciitatoiis. Empyesis (em-pi-e'-sis) [f//7ri;£f(v, to suppurate]. A pustular eruption, as smallpox ; any disease charac- terized by phlegmonous pimples gradually hlUng with purulent fluid. Empyocele {em-pi' -o-sel) [fi', in ; n'vov, pus; '>/////, tumor] . A purulent scrotal tumor. Empyomphalus (em-pi-om' -fal-iis) \iv, in ; irbov, pus ; 6/j<[ia?Mi;, navel]. A collection of pus at or about the navel. Empyreumatic (<'w-//-;7/-;«(?/'-//& ) \_e/i7rbpevfj.a, alive coal ; ifiTTvpor, on fire] . Obtained from some organic substance by the aid of strong heat ; as an empyreu- matic oil. Emulgent {e-mtiF -jeut') \_emulgere, to milk out]. I. Draining ; applied to the renal arteries as draining out the urine. 2. An emulgent vessel. 3. Any remedy that stimulates the emunctory organs. E. Veins. See Vein. Emulsin {e-miil' -sin) \_cmulgere, to milk out], 10 (C^- H,yN.^Oj) + S {Bull). A ferment contained in bit-- ter almonds. It is also called Synaptase . Its union with amygdalin forms hydrocyanic acid. See Amyg- dalin. Emulsio [e-mitl' -se-o) [L. : pL, E}jiuhio)ics\. See Emulsion. Emulsion (e-inul' -shun) \_emulsio., emulsion]. Water or other liquid in which oil, in minute subdivision of its particles, is suspended. The U. S. P. and N. F. together contain formulae of some 19 emulsioties. Emulsionize {e-mul' -shun-'iz) \_emulgci-e, to milk out]. To transform into an emulsion. The pancreatic juice emulsionizes fats. Emulsive (d'-;;?«/-'-i/z') [tw^/^^rd", to milk out]. Form- ing or readily entering into an emulsion. Emunctory (e-munk' -tor-e) (emungere, to blow the nose, to wipe out]. I. Excretory; excreting or re- moving effete matters and waste-products. 2. Any organ or part that has an excretory or purifying func- tion, as the liver, kidneys, bowel, skin, or lungs. Emydin (em'-iei-in) [t7/i''f, the fresh-water tortoise]. A white proteid substance procured from the yolk of the eggs of turtles. Enamel (en-atn'-el) [ME., enamaile, enamel]. I. The vitreous substance of the crown of the teeth. See Teeth. 2. A vitreous substance used for painting on porcelain, glass, and for covering metals with various kinds of ornamental work. It is composed of color- ing matters which consist of metallic oxids, fluxes of vitrifiable substances, as silicates, borates, or boro-sili- cates. See Porcelain Teeth. E.-blue. See Smalts. E.-cell. 'iiee Ameloblasf. E. -chisel, a dental instru- ment shaped like a chisel, with a straight or oblique edge, and used for cutting away the enamel and den- tine of the teeth. E. -column, E. -fiber, E. -prism, E.-rod, any one of the minute six-sided prisms of which the enamel of a tooth is composed. E. -cuticle. See Culicula dentis. E.-germ, an Ainelohlasf, q. i'. Enanthema {cn-an-thc' -mah) [f i', in ; mSi/fia. bloom, eruption: pi. , Ena)ithetnata'\. An eruption within the body, in distinction from Exanthema. Enanthematous {en-an-them' -at-us) \jv, in ; avUiiiia, bloom, eruption]. Of the nature of or accompanied by an enanthema. Enanthesis [en-an' -thesis) [kv, in ; avdeiv, to bloom]. I. An eruption of the skin, not connected with an internal disease. 2. An exanthematous rash. Enanthylic Acid (en-an-thil' -ik). See Acid. Enantioblastous (e-nan-te-o-blas' -tus) [fvai'r/of, oppo- site ; pAaarui;., germ]. In biology, applied to the embryo of orthotropous seeds when placed at the end opposite the hilum. Enantiomorphous {en-an-te-o-jnor' -fus) [t iyiitioc , oppo- site ; ijoptpii , form]. .Similar but contrasted or reversed in form. Thus the two hands are enantio?noiphous. Enarthrodia [en-ar-thro' -de-ah). See Enarthrosis. Enarthrodial [en-ar-thro' -de-al) \tv, in ; apHpav, a joint]. Having the character of an enarthrosis. Enarthrosis [en-ar-lhro' -sis) [ej', in ; apHpnv, joint]. A ball-and-socket joint, like that of the hip ; a variety of diarthrosis. See Diarthrosis. Enation (e-na' -shun) \_e?iasci, to be born]. In biology, having outgrowths resulting from excessive develop- ment. In ethnology, maternal relationship. Encanthis [en-kan' -tliis) [jr, in; Kai'Hoc, canthus]. A reddish-colored morbid growth in the inner canthus of the eye. Encapsulation {oi-kap-su-la' -shun) \en, in ; capsula, a capsule]. Fixation as in a capsule; the absorption of a bacillus in a giant-cell ; the enclosure of a for- eign body in a tough sheath. Enceinte [Fr. , 2«(7'«rftf, girdled]. With child ; pregnant. Encephal (en-se/'-al). Same as Encephalon, q. v. Encephalalgia {cn-sef-al-al' -je-ah) [ty/ct^aXof , the brain; hXynr, pain]. Pain in the head. Encephalatrophic ( en-sef-al-at-rof -ik ) [ty/c£^aAof, brain ; iiTpntpia, wasting]. Relating to brain -atrophy. Encephalic (en-sef-al'-ik) [f}'Kf(paAof, the brain]. Per- taining to the encephalon. Encephalin (cn-sef'-al-in) \iyi'.k<^a'Ko(;, the brain]. A nitrogenous glucosid extracted from brain-tissue. Encephalion [en-sef-a' -le-on) [dim. of lyKkiba'koq, the brain]. The cerebellum. Encephalitic (en-sef-al-it' -ik) [yyKkq>aXoi; , the brain ; /r/f , inflammation]. Relating to or affected with en- cephalitis. Encephalitis (en-sef-al-i' -tis) [jy/cf(^aAof , brain ; /nf, inflammation]. Inflammation of the encephalon; brain-fever. Encephalocele (en-sef'-al-o-sel) \_eyKe^a'koc;, brain; Krjltj, tumor]. A hernia of the brain through a cranial fissure. Encephalocoele {en-sef'-al-o-sel) \fyKk(^aXoq, brain; KoMn, hollow]. A ventricle of the brain. Encephalodialysis {en-sef-al-o-di-al' -is-is) \iyK£(^a'koq, brain ; (S/ri/i i'(T/f, dissolution]. Softening of the brain. Encephalodynia ( en-sef-al-o-din' -e-ah ) \iyKk^ulo^, brain; oiSita/, pain]. S3.me a.?, Encephalalgia . Encephaloid {en-sef -al-oid) [£>/£f0aAoc, brain; fMof, like]. I. Resembling brain-tissue. 2. Soft carci- noma. .See Carcinoma . Encephalolith {en-sef ' -al-o-lith) [i:yKe(l)aXoc, brain ; A/Wor, stone]. A calculus of the brain ; a brain-stone. Encephalolithiasis {en-sef-al-o-lith-i' -as-is) [_h/ii£(pa?iog, brain; 'AiHinai(;, the formation of calculi]. The form- ation of brain-stones. Encephalology {en-sef-al-ol' -o-je) [_eyKt(j>aXnc , brain ; ?.o;of, science]. The anatomy, physiology, and path- ology of the brain. Encephaloma {en-sef-al-o'-'//ah)\_tyKF(l>aX.or, lirain; iina, tumor: pL, Encephalomata\ I. Tumor of the brain ; hernia cerebri. 2. Encephaloid carcinoma. Encephalomalacia {en-sef-al-o-mal-a' -se-ah) [£yKi(pa- Anc, brain ; pakania, softening]. .Softening of the brain-subst.^ince. ENCEPHALOMERE 423 ENDEXOTERIC Kncephalomere {en-sef ' -al-o-mer) \iyKk' , on{g)-/c/a/!7'')lFr.']. Any substance enclosed within a foreign tissue, as an oil-globule in a cell ; any exclave [r/. ?'.) considered in relation to the part that surrounds it. Enclavement [on(g)-kh//7i'-mon{g))[_Fr.'\. Retention due to a constriction ; impaction, as of the head in the pelvic strait. Enclitic [en-klif -ik) \j:yKkniK6q, leaning on]. Not synclitic. En Clou [on{g)-kloo') [Fr.]. See Culture. Encoleosis [en-ko-le'-o-sis) \lv, in; /coAeof, sheath]. Invagination. Encolpitis [en-kol-pi' -tis) \}v, in; Ko/t.Trof, vagina]. Mucous vaginitis. Encraty [en' -kraf-e) [fy/cparwa, mastery]. Self-control ; continence or strict temperance. Encyclic, Encyclical [en-sik' -lik, en-si k' -lik-al) [f in ; KVK?o(;, a circle]. In biology, applied to flowers having the organs arranged with an equal number of parts, in alternate whorls ; isomerous. Encysted [en-sist' -ed) \iv,vc\ ; Kvc!Ti.g, a bag] . Enclosed in a cyst, or capsule. Aneurysms, herniie, or tumors may become encysted. Encystment [en-sist' -ment) \iv, in ; Kvariq, a bag]. The process of becoming encysted. End [ME., ende^ The terminal point of a thing. E.- bud, or E.-bulb, the terminal bulb of a nerve in the skin. E.-bulb of Krause. See Corpuscle. E. -plate, the expanded terminal of a motor nerve upon a bundle of muscular fibers. E. -organ, the general name for the terminal organ or part of a sensory nerve-fiber, of whatever kind. Endangeitis [end-an-je-i' -tis) [ti'tJoi), within ; a-jytlov, vessel; irig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the en- dangium. Endangium, or Endangeion [end-an' -je-nm, -on) \i\H\ov, within ; ayyeiov, vessel]. The intima or in- most coat of a blood-vessel. See Intima. Endanthem [end-an' -them) [iviSov, within ; av6e'iv, to bloom]. A term applied to a mucous exanthem. Endarteritis [end-ar-ter-i' -tis) \iv6ov, within ; aprrjpia, artery; mf, inflammation]. Inflammation of the intima, or innermost coat of an artery. The acute form is rare, and only occurs in the aorta and the larger arteries. Ulceration is very rarely present. The chronic form, also named Atheroma, and Arteritis deformans, is a peculiar change or degeneration occur- ring in the arterial coats of the aged, and is preceded by a fatty degeneration of the tissues of the arteries. Syphilis is supposed to play an important part in the production of this condition. The immediate cause, however, is mechanical irritation due to the force of the circulation . The fatty debris and the cholesterin that are formed during the degenerative process accumulate in spaces beneath the intima and constitute the so- called atheromatous abscesses. The so-called athero- matous ulcer is formed by one of these abscesses break- ing through the intima. The sequelre of atheromatous degeneration are very grave. Aneurysm, thrombosis, embolism, and apoplexy frequently result, and hence, the ultimate prognosis is bad. Arterio-capillary Fibrosis, or Arterio-sclerosis, is a peculiar change occurring in the small vessels throughout the body, and consisting in a thickening of the adventitia and intima by a deposit of a hyaline-fibroid material which diminishes the caliber of the vessels, increases the arterial tension, and thus gives rise to the hyper- trophy of the heart that is present in this condition. Endeictic [en-dik'-tik) [iv, in; SeiKvvvcu, to show]. Symptomatic ; serving as an indication. Endeixis [en-diks'-is) [£t'fJe(f(f, a pointing out]. A symptom, sign, or indication. Endemann and Prochazka's Test. See Tests. Endemic [en-dem'-ik) [t'l', in ; 6fifio<;, z. people]. A terra applied to diseases that exist among small num- bers of persons or within a limited area. An endemic disease may or may not become epidemic ; it is in general due to some local cause. E. Colic. See Colic. Endemicity, or Endemism [en-dem-is'-it-e, or en'-dem- izm) \fv in; rf'///of, a people]. The quality of being endemic. 'E.r\.d.&ra\o\o^ [en-dem-e-oU -o-je) [«', in; (%of, a peo- ple ; Xoyof , science]. The science of 'endemic diseases. Endepidermis [end-ep-e-der'-mis) [evfSof within ; mi, upon; fS%/a, the skin]. The inner layer of the epi- dermis. Endermatic [en-der-mat'-ik) [?!■, in ; dspfia, the skin]. Within the skin. Pertaining to a method of adminis- tering medicines through the skin, by rubbing, etc. Endermic [en-der'-mik). Same as Endermatic. Enderon [en'-der-on) \iv, in; iipoq, skin]. The true skin or derm, together with the non-epithelial portion of the mucous membrane. Enderonic [en-der-on' -ik) \iv, in ; Jfyjof, skin]. Per- taining to or of the nature of the enderon. Endexoteric [en-deks-o-ter' -il{)\fvi)itr ,\^\'i}mn-, nuTepiKdg, outer]. Due both to internal and external causes. ENDO- 424 ENDOCHORION Endo- {end'-o-) \j.v6ov, within]. A prefix, meaning within. Endo-arteritis (en-do-ar-ter-i' tis). See Endarteritis. Endo-auscultation ^en-do-aws-kul-ta' -shii>i) \lv6ov, within; ausLiiltare, to Hsten to]. A method of auscultation devised by Bianchi by using the ordinary esophageal tube passed into the stomach, to auscult the gullet and stomach, and through them, to a certain degree, the heart and lungs. Endoblast [en' -do-l>last) [kvSov, within ; ^'kacroq, a germ]. The cell-nucleus, or cytoblast. See Hypo- blast. Endoblastic [en-do-blas' -tik) \iv&ov, within ; /3/,a(irof, a germ]. Relating to the endoblast. Endocardiac, Endocardial [en-do-kar' -de-ak , en-do- kar'-de-al) \iv(\ov, within; /iapdm, the heart]. Re- lating to the endocardium ; situated within the heart. Endocarditic (en-do-kar-dit' -ik) \iv6oi\ within^ KapSia, the heart]. Pertaining to or affected with endocar- ditis. Endocarditis (en-do-kar-di' -tis') \iv6(w, within ; Kap&ia, the heart; niq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the endocardium or lining membrane of the heart. Acute rheumatism is the most frequent cause, though pneu- monia, gout, or any infectious disease may precede. The valves are nearly always the parts affected, and usually those of the left heart. The disease is prone to terminate fatally or result in permanent injury to , the valves. Fibrinous deposits or vegetations project into the cavity of the heart ; the thickened endocar- dium is liable to become atheromatous, with chronic ulceration. Acute endocarditis may be divided mto simple and malignant. Chronic endocarditis includes chronic disease of the valves of the heart. There is a fibrous or cirrhotic thickening of the latter, associated with contraction and calcification. Usually this chronic disease, like the acute, is confined to the left heart, and it is generally rheumatic in origin. E., Malignant or Ulcerative. Also called diphtheric, infectious , and septic endocarditis. A rapidly fatal type due to septic infection. It is marked by high fever, chills, and profound prostration. This is followed by the development of a murmur, purpuric skin-eruptions, hematuria, delirium, convulsions, hemiplegia, enlarge- ment of the spleen, the typhoid state, and death. Frequently no cause can be found. Ulcerations are found around and in the valves, and in these ulcers micro-organisms are present in large quantities. E. polyposa, a form of ulcerative endocarditis in which there is an excessive deposit of fibrin, producing poly- poid masses. E. pustulosa, a form of ulcerative en- docarditis in which minute abscesses occur in the substance of the valves. E., Simple, the ordinary variety of acute endocarditis, usually associated with a mitral systolic murmur. E., Chronic, associated with valvular lesions. The following forms are met with : I. Aortic Incompetence ; 2. Aortic Stenosis or Obstruc- tion ; 3. Antral Incompetence ; 4. Mitral Stenosis ; 5. Pulmonary Incompetence ; 6. Pulmonary Stenosis or Obstruction ; 7. Tricupid Incompetence ; 8. Tri- cuspid Ste?!Osis ; 9. Combined valvular disease. Aortic Incompetence is produced by a retraction of the edges of the valves, which have become rigid and thickened ; as a result the aorta is not shut off from the left ventricle during the diastole, and there is a leaking backward of blood into that cavity. A diastolic murmur is thus produced. This is frequently associ- ated with a marked degree of arterio-sclerosis. Sud- den death occurs in aortic incompetence more frequently than in any other valvular affection. The pulse is the so-called Corrigan or water-hammer pulse. Aortic Stenosis or Obstruction is due to thickening and curling, with calcification of the valves. This usually occurs in the aged. A systolic muimur is produced, accompanied in the late stages of the disease by a tendency to syncope, giddiness, and anemia. The pulse is slow and small, but regular. Mitral Incom- petence, the most frequent of all valvular lesions, is due to curling of the valve-cusps or to shortening of the chorda; tendinea;. There is usually produced an immense hypertrophy of the walls of the ventricles. Late in the disease compensation fails and general edema ensues. Dyspnea is a frequent symptom, associated with cyanosis and albuminuria. The mur- mur is systolic in time ; the pulse is normal during the stage of compensation, afterward small and irregular. This is a common form among children. Mitral Stenosis, due to fibrous thickening and contraction of the mitral cusps. The opening may be reduced to a mere fissure. If due to a thickening and shortening of the chordiB tendinere the thickened and adherent valves are drawn in a funnel-shape toward the floor of the ventricle. Mitral stenosis usually occurs in women. A presystolic murmur is produced, associ- ated with duplication of the second sound. Pul- monary Incompetence, the rarest of valvular diseases, may be due to congenital abnormalities, or may follow some diseased condition, as malignant endocarditis. The murmur is diastolic in time. Pul- monary Stenosis or Obstruction, usually congenital, is due to fetal heart-disease. The patients usually die before they are ten or twelve years old. A systolic mur- mur is produced. Tricuspid Incompetence is due to endocarditis or to dilatation of the right ventricle and tricuspid orifice. Compensation is never adequate, and hence venous stasis, cyanosis, and dropsy soon follow. A systolic murmur is produced. Tricuspid Sten- osis is a rare condition and usually secondary to mitral stenosis. It is marked by a presystolic murmur. Com- bined Valvular Disease ; frequently two of the fore- going murmurs may coexist. The most usual combi- nations are as follows: I. Aortic obstruction and regurgitation,; 2. Mitral obstruction and regurgitation ; 3. Mitral obstruction and tricuspid regurgitation ; 4. Aortic obstruction and mitral regurgitation ; 5- Double valvular disease at aortic and mitral orifices (four murmurs). E. ulcerosa, the ulcerative form of endocarditis. E. verrucosa, a form of endocarditis characterized by the production of endocardial vegeta- tions situated mostly upon the curtains of the cardiac valves. It is seen usually upon the left side of the heart. Endocardium ( en-do-kar' -de-wn ) [ ivRnv, within ; KafM^n, the heart]. The colorless, transparent mem- brane lining the interior of the heart. Endocarp (en' -do-karp) \iv&ov, within; /ca^Tof, fruit]. In biology, the inner hard and stony membranous or fleshy layer of a pericarp ; e. g., the stone of a peach. Endocarpoid [en-do-kar' -paid). In biology, applied to lichens that have the apothecia immersed in the thallus. Endocelarium ( en-do-se-la' -re-u»i ) [ iv&ov, within ; Kotk'ia, the belly]. In biology, the visceral epithelium of the body-cavity. Endocervical [en-do-ser' -vik-al ) \iv(\n>, within ; cei~vix, neck]. Relating to the inside of the uterine cervix. Endocervicitis ( en-do-ser-vis-i' -lis ) [ fciSoi', within ; cer-,'ix, neck; it/c, inflammation]. Inflammation within the canal of the cervix uteri. Endochondral [ en-do-kon'-dral) [huhr, within; ,Yoi'f5/K)f, cartilage]. Situated or occurring within a cartilage. Endochorion (en-do-ko'-re-on) [fi'(5oi), within ; x^l'""'' the chorion]. The inner chorion ; the vascular layer of the allantois. ENDOCHORIONIC 425 ENDONEURIAL Endochorionic (en-do-ko-re-on' -i/i) \iv^ov, within ; x6piov, the chorion]. Relating to the endochorion. Kndochrome [^cn' -do-krom) \tv6ov, within ; [^pu/^a, color]. In biology, the coloring-matter, other than green, of the endoplasm of a cell, or that of diatoms or of flowers. Endochylema {en-do-ki' -lem-aJi) [ti'cW, within; x^'^o^i juice]. In biology, the semi-fluid substance filling the protoplasmic reticulum of a cell. Endochyme {en' -do-kl»i) [i-i^Joi', within ; ;i-ii/iOf, juice]. In biology, the formative cell-sap elaborated from the chyme. Endoclinal [en-do-kli'-nal') \^ev6ov, within; Kkiveiv, to lean] . In biology, having the clinode, an organ analogous to the hymenium, inclosed in a conceptacle. Endocolpitis [en-do-kol-pi' -tis) \lv&ov, within ; noKnoq, vagina]. Same as Ejicolpitis. Endocone (en' -do-kon) within ; Kuvog, cone]. In biology, one of the internal cones formed by the siphon-sheaths in certain cephalopods. Endocranitis (en-do-kra-ni' -tis) \iv^ov, within ; Kpaviov, the skull ; ira;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the endocranium ; pachymeningitis externa. Endocranium {en-do-kra' -ne-iim') [ wJov, within; Kpai'ioi', the skull]. That part of the cerebral dura that adheres to the inner surface of the cranial bones. One of the processes projecting into the cephalic cav- ity, as the tentorium or cephalopliragma. Endocyemate [en-do-si' -ein-at) \tv&ov, within ; KVT]fia, an embryo]. In embryology, applied to that form of development in which the embryo is invaginated in a fold of the blastodermic membrane, an amnion being formed ; the opposite of Epicyemate. Endocyesis ( en-do-si-e' -sis ) \iv&ov, within ; kve'iv, to conceive: pi. , Endocyeses'\. In biology, the process that gives rise to an endocyemate embryo. Endocyma (en-do-si' -viah) \lv&ov, within; nv^ia, a fe- tus]. A form of double monstrosity in which the parasite is contained within the body of the autosite. Endocyst (en'-do-sist) \_ev6ov, within; KvaTi(, bladder]. In biology, the endoderm or inner layer of the cenecium or common dermal system of a colony of Polyzoa. See Ectocyst. Endoderm {en' -dp-derm) [evfiov, within; depfia, skin]. In biology, the simple nutritive cell-layer lining the cavity of the primitive intestine, the enteron, and its modifications or derivatives. The vegetative germi- nal layer. See Blastoderm. Endodermis (en-do-der' -mis) [pvSov. within ; depfia, skin]. In biology, the layer of cells surrounding a fibro-vascular cylinder. Endodontitis (en-do-don-ti' -lis) \iv^ov, within ; o6ov^, a tooth; niQ, inflammation]. Inflammation of the lining membrane of a tooth. Endogastritis (en-do-gas-tri' -tis) \iv&ov, within; yaarijp, stomach; ltl^, inflammation]. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach. Endogen (en'-do-jen) \lv6ov, within; ytvvav, to pro- duce]. A plant, the growth of which is by means of new matter deposited in the interior of the trunk or branch. A member of one of the great primary classes of flowering-plants ; a monocotyledon. See Exogen. Endogenous (en-dof -en-ns) \iv(^nv, within ; yevrjg, pro- ducing]. In biology, applied to the stems of mono- cotyledons and their manner of growth ; also to spore- formation or cell-formation inside of a parent-cell. Endognathal (en-dog' -na-thal) \lv&ov, within; yvdOnc. jaw]. In biology, applied to the pulpiform appenda- ges formed by the modification of the three terminal joints of the third thoracic limb in certain crustace- ans. Endognathion (end-og-na'-the-on) [fi'(5oi', within ; yva- 6of, jaw]. The middle portion of the superior maxilla. Endogonium (en-do-go' -ne-um) \iv&uv, within ; yovui;, seed]. In biology, a gonidium formed inside of a re- ceptacle or parent-cell, as in the Saprolegniea , AIuco- rini, Vaucheria. Endo-laryngeal (en-do-lar-in' -je-al) \j:vfSuv, within; /Idpvyf, the larynx]. Within the larynx. E. Opera- tions, operations performed within the larynx. Endolemma (en-do- lem' -ah ) \_ev6ov, within ; /if'/iua, husk]. Same as Neuj-iletnma. Endolymph (en'-do-limf) \_iv6ov, within ; lympha, water]. The fluid of the membranous labyrinth of the ear. Endolymphangeal (eii-do-lim-fan' -je-al) [ivfiov, with- in ; lympha, lymph ; ayyelov, vessel]. Situated or belonging within a lymph-vessel ; as an endolym- phangeal nodule. Endolymphic (en-do-lim' -fik ) [f I'fW, within ; lympha, lymph]. Relating to or of the nature of endo- lymph. Endomersion (en-do-mei-'-shun^. vSee Objective. Endomesoderm (en-do-me' -so-demi) \iv(Sov, within ; iUf(TOf, middle ; dspfia, skin]. In biology, applied to two cells that appear on the side of the blastopore in the embryos of molluscs and annelids, giving rise by di- vision to the two primitive mesoderm cells, and to a portion of the lining of the mesenteron. Endometrial (en-do-me' -tre-al) \iv&ov, within; iiijrpa, the womb]. Pertaining to the endometrium; situ- ated within the uterus. Endometritis (en-do-me-tri' -tis) \ivt^ov, within ; firirpa, the womb; /r;f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the en- dometrium. E., Cervical, of the cervical portion. It gives rise to the condition known as erosion, ulceration , or gratiular degeneration of the cervix , a very frequent condition. There is leukorrhea, pain in the back, and congestion of the cervix and pelvic viscera, with metror- rhagia or menorrhagia, or both, together with some failure of the general health. This condition is due to traumatism, usually in parturition. E., Chronic Purulent, occurs in old women and is marked by an accumulation of pus in the uterine cavity with a pur- ulent leukorrhea. E., Corporeal, that of the body of the uterus. E., Decidual, of the decidual mem- brane of the impregnated uterus. It may be diffuse (thickening and development of connective tissue) or polypoid (with polypoid growths). E., Fungous, that in which the lining membrane is hypertrophied, with the formation of vascular granulations. This is also called hemorrhagic endometritis. E., Hemor- rhagic. See E., Fungous. Endometrium (en-do-ine' -tre-um) \iv&ov, within ; fiij-pa uterus]. The lining membrane of the uterus. Endometry (en-dom' -et-i-e) \ev6ov, within ; /xerpov, measure]. The measurement of the interior of an organ or cavity, as of the cranium. Endomyocarditis (en-do-mi-o-kar-di' -tis) \jiv^^n\\ wilji- in ; //I'f, muscle; mpS'ia, heart; ltk;, inflammation]. Inflammation of both endocardium and myocardium. Endomysial (en-do-miz'-e-al) \_h>6ov, within; ^I'f, mus- cle]. Pertaining to or of the nature of endomysium. Endomysium (en-do-miz' -e-iim) \iv&ov, within ; ^ivr, muscle]. The extension of the perimysium between the muscular fibers. Endonephritis (eii-do-nef-ri' -tis) \ev(^ov, within ; vecppu^, kidney; ;r/f, inflammation]. Synonym of Pyelitis. Endoneural (en-do-nu'-ral) [fMov, within; vevpov, nerve]. Relating to or situated within the interior of a nerve. Endoneurial (en-do-nu' -re-al) [si'fJov, within ; vevpnv, a nerve]. Relating to the endoneurium. ENDONEURIUM 426 ENDOSTOMA Endoneurium [en-i/o-nu'-re-mii) [fi'doc, vi\\h.\n;vevpov, a. nerve]. The delicate connective tissue holding to- gether the fibrils of a bundle of nerves. Kndoparasite [en-do-par' -as-lt) \iv&i)v, within ; napd- aiTog, parasite]. An entozoan or internal parasite ; one living within its host. Endoparasitic {cn-do-par-as-if -ik) [tv(Soi', within; ■wapa- aiToc, a parasite]. Of the nature of an endoparasite. Endopatagium (en-do-pat-a' -je-uni) \lv6o\\ within ; ■Karaynov, the border of a woman's gown]. In biology, that part of the wing-membrane of a bat lying between the body, the humerus, the lower ex- tremity, and a hypothetic line drawn downward from the elbow and intersecting the free margin of the membrane. (Allen.) Endopathic [en-do-patld -ik) \i.v6oi\ within ; wdOo^, dis- ease]. Pertaining to the origin of disease from condi- tions or causes not derived from without, ties' £.vo- pathic. Endopericarditis [eti-doper-ik-ar-di' -tis) [f i'(5(j/', within ; TTf/j/, around ; i(hv, within ; TrXacrrdr, formed]. In biology, a small oval or rounded body, often found attached to the endoplast of a protozoan ; the homologue of the nucleolus of a histologic cell. ■Cf. Entoblast. Endopleura (en-do-ploo'-rah) within; ir'Acvpd, a rib: //. , Endopleiirce\. In biology, the delicate seed-coat ; it is also called tegmen. Endopleurite (en-do-ploo' -fit) \iv&ov, within ; TrXevpn, a rib]. In biology, one of the lateral apodemal par- titions arising from the interepimeral membrane con- necting every pair of somites in certain crustaceans. Endopodite (en-dop' -o-dit) \lviov, within; irovq, foot]. In biology, the inner of the two main divisions of the crustacean limb ; when fully developed it consists of seven joints, becoming in the thoracic region an am- bulatory limb. Endoptile (en-dop' -til) [fwSoi', within ; tttIXov, feather, down, leaf]. Same as Monoeotyledonous. Endorhizal (en-do-ri' -zal) \lvdov, within; p'fa, root]. In biology, applied to monocotyledonous embryos hav- ing the radicle enclosed within a sheath. Endosalpingitis (en-do-sal-pin-ji' -tis) \/v^oi>, within ; aaATTiy^, trumpet, tube ; irtQ, inflammation]. Inflam- mation of the lining membrane of a Fallopian tube. Endosarc (en' -do-sark) \iv&ov, within ; (rdpf, flesh]. In biology, the inner protoplasm of a protozoan ; also ap- plied by Hincks to a tissue derived from the endocyst (the inner layer of the common dermal system of a colony of Polyzoa), and composed, for the most part, of fusiform cells, constituting the connection between the polypides. Endoscope (en'-do-sko^ \Jv6ov, within ; aKondv, to ob- serve]. An instrument for the examination of a body- cavity through its natural outlet. Endoscopy ( e>i-dos' -ko-pe ) [ iv&ov, within ; cKoire'iv, to observe]. The practice or process of using the endoscope. The examination of cavities or organs within the body by means of an endoscope. Endosiphon (en-do-si' -fiin) \lv&ov, within ; oltpuv, a tube]. In biology, the inner siphon of a cephalopod. Endoskeleton ( en-do-skel'-ct-un ) [ iv&ov, within ; aneAiTov, a dry bodv]. In biology, as distinguished from exoskeleton, applied to the internal skeletal structures of any animal, whether they are bony, car- tilaginous, chitinous, calcareous, or silicious, if covered by flesh and integument. - Endosmometer ( en-dos-mom' -et-er ) [ kv&ov, within ; L)nijdq, a thrusting; /Jfrpov, a measure]. An instru- ment for measuring endosmosis. Endosmose (en'-dos-mos). Same as Endosmosis. Endosmosis (en-dos-mo'-sis) \iv6ov, within ; ojcfidg, impulsion]. The passage of a liquid from without in- ward, through a porous septum or diaphragm ; inward osmosis. See Osmosis. E., Electric, cataphoresis. Endosmotic (en-dos-mof -ik) \iv6i)v, within ; i)opdi:, a thrusting]. Pertaining to endosmosis. E. Equiva- lent, the weight of distilled water that passes into the flask of the endosmometer in exchange for a known weight of the soluble substance. This, e.g., for salt is 4.3; for sugar 7.1. Endosome (en'-do-sdin) [ivSov, within ; au/ia, body]. In biology, the inner layer of the body of a sponge, developed from the endoderm and associated meso- derm. Endosperm (en' -do-sperm') [j I'fSor, within ; a-rripfia^ seed]. In biology, the albumin of a seed. Endospore (en' -do-spor) \iv&ov, within ; airdpog, seed]. In biology, (l) a bacterium-spore formed by free cell- formation, as distinguished from an arthrospore ; (2) the inner coat of a spore. Endosteal (end-os'-te-a! ) \_h)6ov, within ; uaTtov, a bone]. Relating to endosteum. Endosteitis (end-os-te-i'-tis) \iv&()v, within ; barfov, a bone; irir, inflammation]. Inflammation of the endos- teum. Endosternite (en-do-ster' -nit) \iv&ov, within ; aripvov, the breast-bone]. In biology, a sternal piece of the endothorax developed to support a series of muscles in various arthropods. Endosteum (end-os' -te-um) \fv6ov, within ; bariov, bone] . The vascular membranous layer of connective tissue lining the medullary cavity of bones ; the inter- nal periosteum. Endostoma (en-dos'-to-mah) \jvdm\ within ; ardjia, the mouth: //., Endostomata\ In biology, a structure found in certain crustaceans behind and giving support to the labrum. Endostoma (end-os-to'-ma/i) [f i'(W, within : oartov, bone : //. , Endostomata'\ . A liony tumor within a bone, or in a cavity surrounded by bone. ENDOSTOME 427 ENNEANDER Kndostome (cn' -do-stbni) \iv&ov, within ; aTd^ia, the mouth]. In biology, the orifice of the inner coat of an ovule. Endostosis {cnd-os-to' -sis) \iv&ov , within ; bareov, bone : //. , Endosioses'\. Ossification of a cartilage. Endostracum (en-dos' -trak-iim) \iv6o\\ within ; barpa- Koi<, shell]. In biology, the inner layer of the e.xo- skeleton of a crustacean. Endostyle (en' -do-stil) \ivSoi\ within ; otvaoc, a col- umn]. In biology, an organ for the secretion of mucus, forming the ventral edge of the branchial sac, and extending from the peripharyngeal bands ante- riorly to the posterior end of the sac of Ascidians ; it is also called the hypobranchial groove. Endotheca {en-do-the' -kah) \iv&ov, within ; QfjKq, a case: pL, Eiidot/ierie\. In biology, the inner layer of the lining investment of the visceral chamber of a coral. Endothecium (en-do-t/ie'-se-um) [ivfiov, within ; (i//i^r], a case]. In biology, the tapetum or inner lining of an anther-cell. Endothelial [en-do-the' -le-al) [f I'fSo!', within ; ^ifAt], nipple]. Pertaining to endothelium. Endothelioid [en-do-the' -le-oid) [frrSor, within; i^if/.ii, a nipple ; fttSof, form]. Resembling endothelium. Endothelio-inoma (en-do-the' -le-o-in-o' -luah) \}:v^ov, within; ^7?-/), a nipple; tf, a fiber; o)ia, a tumor: //. , E>idothelio-inoinata\. A malignant inoma or fibroma of endothelial origin. Endothelioleiomyoma (en-do-the' -k-o-li-o-?ni-o'-inah) \ev6ov, within; Or/Tir/, nipple; XfZof, smooth; ^I'f, muscle; 6,ua, tumor: //. , E7idothelioleiomyomata\. Endothelial and malignant leiomyoma ; myosarcoma. Endothelioma (en-do-the-/e-o' -niah) [evSov, within; dr/lrj, a nipple ; bfia, a tumor : //., Endothelioniata\. A tumor of the endothelium, usually, if not always, a sarcoma or malignant growth. Endotheliomyxoma (en-do-the' -le-o-miks-o' -mah) [iv- 60V, within ; ftrftJ/, nipple ; jih^a, mucus ; bfia, a tumor : //. , Endotheliomyxoinatd\. Endothelial and malignant myxoma. Endotheliorhabdomyoma(dVz-(/o-///d''-/t'-ci-raf(^-(/o-OT2-(7''- mah) \jvt\(n', within; fi;?/'/, nipple; palSfhg, a rod; /jiif, muscle; 6//a,atumor: //. , Endotkeliorhahdoinyo- mata~\. Endothelial and malignant rhabdomyoma. Endothelium (en-do-the' -k-um) [f I'liov, within ; BiiTir/, nipple]. The internal lining membrane of serous, synovial, and other internal surfaces ; the homologue of epithelium. Endothermic (en-do-jher'-mik) \_h6pa^, a breastplate; the chest]. In biology, the interior framework, or apodemal system of the cephalotho- racic region of a crustacean, furnishing processes for the support of the soft parts. Endyma (en'-dt'/n-ah) [^evSvfia, garment]. The epen- dyma, or lining epithelial membrane of the ventricles of the brain, and of the cavity of the spinal cord. Endymal (en' -dim-al) [frtSy/za, garment]. Relating to the endyma. Endysis (en' -dis-is) [f lYicff/r, a putting on]. In biol- ogy, the process of acquiring plumage by a bird. Enecation (en-ek-a'-shzm) [c, out; nee air, to kill]. Destruction of life ; complete exhaustion. Enechema [en-ek-e' -rnah) \tv, in ; i/x'!!-'"; sound, ring- ing] Tinnitus aurium. Enecia (e-ne' -she-ah) [?}!'E/i//r, continuous]. A con- tinuous fever. "Enema, (en' -em-ah) [ivefia; ev, in; leva/ , to send : Ene/natal. A rectal injection for therapeutic or nutritive purposes. Enepidermatic, or Enepidermic (en-ep-e-der-mat' -ik, ox -der' -mik) [ti', in ; futdtyj/zif, the epidermis]. Per- taining to the treatment of disease by applications to the skin. Energy (en'-er-ge) \lrepyeia; h>, in; ipynv, work]. The power or force displayed by an organism. The capacity for doing work. E., Conservation of, the law that the various forms of energy can be trans- formed one into the other without loss. E., Kinetic, the power of a body in motion. E., Potential, the possible power of a body at rest. Physiologically, its measure is the amount of heat that may be obtained by complete combustion of the chemic compounds representing the potential energy. Enervate (e-ner'-vat) \_enerva)'e, to weaken]. To weaken. Enervation (e-ne7--va' -shun') \ene7~vati0, weakness]. 1. Weakness; lassitude; languor from lack of nerve- stimulus ; neurasthenia ; the reduction of the strength. 2. The removal of a section of a nerve. Enervose (e-Jier' -vos) \_enervus, without nerves]. In biology, applied to leaves destitute of nerves or veins. Eneuresis (en-u-re'-sis). See Enuresis. Engagement-stage of Labor. See Deseent-stage. Engastrius (en-gas' -tre-ns') \iv, in; yauri/p, belly]. A monstrosity in which one fetus is included within the peritoneal cavity of another. Engelmann's Middle Disc. A light disc, separating two darker discs of a muscle-case. It is also called Hensen's disc. Engenesis (en-jen' -es-is) [fv, in; y^viai^ai, to be pro- duced]. In biology, the fourth of Broca's four de- grees of fecundity in the union of two species. Cf. Agenesis, Dysgenesis, Paragenesis. Engine (en' -Jin) [ME., engin, a mechanical contriv- ance]. An apparatus for producing some mechanical effect. E., Dental, a foot-power machine, embracing the following devices and combinations : The use of a flexible wire shaft, with a flexible sheath over it. See Dental Engine. E., Surgical, an electric or foot- power machine, used with a flexible wire shaft. It is employed in surgery, in drilling, boring, and smooth- ing bone, etc. Engle System. See Cremator. English (ing'-glish ) [ME., English\ Belonging or pertaining to England. E. Cholera. See Cholera. E. Disease. Synonym of Rhaehitis. E. Position. See Postures, Table of. E.-red. See Colcotliar and Venetian-red. E. Sweating Fever. _ 'Aee Angliens sudor. E. Teeth, artificial teeth with beautiful color- ing, and soft translucency, rendering them well adapted for matching the natural teeth. Engomphosis (en-gom-fo' -sis) [f i', in ; ybfupog, nail]. Gomphosis, q. v. Engorged (en-gorjd') [P'r. , eitgoi-gement, SiChokmg up]. Congested. E. Papilla. See Choked Disc. Engorgement (en-gorj' -ment) [Fr. , engorgement, a choking up]. Over-distention of the vessels of a part, with stagnation of the circulation. Vascular conges- tion. Enlargement (en-larj'-ment). See Auxe, Auxesis, Hypertrophy. . Knlarger (en-lar'-Jer). See Amplifier. Enneagynous (en-e-aj' -in-us) \fwea, nine ; yvvi], a woman]. In biology, applied to flowers having nine pistils. Enneander (en- e- an' -der) [fwea, nine ; aviip, a man]. In biology, applied to a flower having nine stamens. ENNEAPETALOUS 428 ENTEROCLYSTER Enneapetalous [eii-e-ap-et'-al-ns) [n'wa, nine; TchaAov, a leaf]. In biology, applied to a flower having nine petals. Enneaspermous [cn-e-as-pei-'-mzcs) [h'via, nine; airepfj-a, seed]. In biology, applied to fruits having nine seeds. Enodal (e-iio' -dal ) [<■, priv.; nodus, a knot]. In biol- ogy, without nodes or joints. Enoinomania [cn-oi-no-ina' -ne-ah) [f i', in ; o'n'of, wine; ixavia, madness]. Delirium tremens. Enomania {e-no-ma' -ne-ah) [o'/vof , wine ; navia, mad- ness]. Excessive use of or desire for intoxicating liquors ; insanity due to intoxication. Also, delirium tremens. See Mcthomania. Enophthalmia (cn-off-tliaF -me-ah) \)v, in ; btpdaX/zo^ , eye]. Retraction of the eyeball in the orbit. Enophthalmos (en-off-thal' -mos) \iv, in ; b(l)0qXfi.6^, the eye]. Recession of the eyeball into the orbit. Enosomania (cn-os-o-ma' -ne-ah) [ii'off/f, trembling; imvia, madness]. Insanity marked by terror, the patient expecting for himself the most dreadful visita- tions. Enostosis (en-os-to'-sis) \_h>, in ; boriov, bone]. A tumor within the medullary canal of a bone, or a bony tumor originating in bone. En PiqClre {on{g) pik-eei-') [Fr.]. See Cnl/iire. Ensate (en'-sdf) \ensis, a sword]. In biology, sword- shaped ; ensiform. Ensiform [ett'-sif-ot-m) \_ensis, a. svford; forma, form]. Shaped like a sword. E. Appendix, the sword- shaped, cartilaginous process of the sternum ; the xiphoid cartilage. Ensisternal [en-sis-ter' -nal) \ensi5, sword ; crkpvov, the breast-bone]. Pertaining to the ensisternum. Ensisternum (en-sh-ter' -nuin) \_cnsis, sword ; arkprov, the breast-bone]. The xiphisternum or ensiform cartilage. Ensomphalic (en-som-fal' -ik) \tv, in ; crwua, body ; 'ofKpa/Mr, navel]. Pertaining to an ensomphalus. See also l^eratisin. Ensomphalus {en-soin'-fal-us) [ti^, in; aujia, body; biKba'/.oi; , navel]. A double monstrosity, with practi- cally complete and functional organs, but united by some more or less superficial bond. Enstactum {en-stak' -ttim) [t i', in ; (rrdCtn', to drop : , Enstacta'\ . A liquid collyrium. Enstrophe {en' -stro-fe) \iv, in; a-p((\>eiv, to turn]. Inversion, as of the margin of an eyelid. Entad (en'-tad) [eitiIc, within ; ad, to]. From with- out inward ; toward a center ; the opposite of Ectad. Ental (en'-tal) \ivTb^, within]. A surface, aspect, or structure farther from the periphery or nearer the center than that with which it is contrasted. Deep, internal, profound. Compare the opposite, Ectal ; also Position and Direction, Table of. Entasia, or Entasis (eii-ta' -se-ah , or en'-tas-is) \ivraGic,, a straining]. A generic term for spasmodic muscular action ; tonic spasm. Entatic {en-tat'-ik) \}:\>TartKbr, causing straining]. Causing spasm or strain ; aphrodisiac. Entera (en' -ter-ah). Plural of Enteron, q. v. Enteradenography (en-ter-ad-en-og' -ra-fe) \ivTepov, intestine; «(5//i', gland ; }'/3d(/ie(i', to write]. A treatise on the intestinal glands. Enteradenology {en-ter-ad-en-oF -o-je) \fVTipov, intes- tine ; dff^v, gland; /djof, science]. The anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the intestinal glands. Enteragra (en-ter-a'-grah) [f itc/ioi', intestine ; bypa, seizure]. Gout in the intestine. Enteralgia [en-ter-al' -je-ali) \ivTepov, intestine ; o/j of , pain]. Pain in the bowels. E. infiammatoria. Synonym of Aciite Intestinal Catarrh. Enterectasis (en-ter-ek' -tas-is) [firepoy, intestine ; (KTatiiq, dilatation]. Dilatation of some part of the small intestine. Enterectomy (en-ter-ek' -to-nie) \fvTepov, intestine ; tK-iijiii, excision]. Excision of a part of the small intestine. Enterelcosis (en-ter-el-ko'-sis) [_ivTepov, intestine; £?.K(jai(, ulceration]. Ulceration of the bowel. Enterepiplocele (en-tcr-ep-ip' -lo-sel) \ivTiipov, intestine ; eirlTT/Mof, caul ; Ki/?.>/, hernia]. Hernia in which both bowel and omentum are involved. Enterepiplomphalocele (en-ter-ep-ip-lom-fal'-o-sel) \iv- repor, bowel ; f tt/tt/Iooi', caul ; b/Jipa/Mi;, navel ; Ki/hj, hernia]. Umbilical hernia, with protrusion of the omentum. Enteric (fw-to'^-Z/f") [it/reptKog ; EVT£pov,hov/tY\. Per- taining to the intestines. E. Fever, typhoid fever. To demonstrate bacilli of enteric fever see Gaffky's A/ethod and Jl'oodhead' s Method, under Stains, Table "f- . . Enterischiocele (en-ter-is' -ke-o-sel) \ivrKpov, intestine ; lox'tov, ischium ; Kifkri, hernia]. Intestinal hernia through the great sciatic notch. Enteritic (en-ter-it'-ik) [h'repof, bowel ; mg, inflam- mation]. Relating to enteritis. Enteritis (en-ier-i'-tis) [tvrepov, bowel ; lti^, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of the small intestine. E., Chronic Exudative. Synonym of E., Pseudo-me7n- branous. E., Membranous. Synonym of j?. , Pi^Wo- ntembranotis. E., Pellicular. Hynonymol E.,Fseudo- niembranous. E., Pseudo-membranous, a non- febrile affection of the bowel, consisting in a peculiar, and usually persistent, morbid condition of the intes- tinal mucous membrane, marked by the periodic formation of viscous, shreddy, or tubular exudates composed chiefly of mucin, on the discharge of which temporary amelioration of the accompanying acute digestive and nervous symptoms occurs. The disease appears mainly in middle life and usually in females. Entero- (cn'-fer-o-) [fwepov, bowel]. A prefix denot- ing relation to the intestines. Entero-anastomosis (en' -ter-o-an-as-to-mo'-sis) \ivTe- pov, bowel; avadTouour, to bring to a mouth]. The surgical creation of an anastomosis between two parts of the intestine ; or the union of two parts of the intes- tine after the excision of a segment. Enterobrosis (en-ter-o-hro' -sis) [fiTcpor, bowel ; /Jpu- ff/f, an eating]. Perforation or ulceration of the in- testine. » Enterocele (en' -ter-o-sel)\}vTepov, bowel ; nifki^, tumor]. A hernia containing a loop of intestine. E., Rectal, having a covering of the rectal wall. E., Vaginal, having a covering of the vaginal wall. Enterocentesis (en-ter-o-sen-te'-sis) [j-vrepdv, intestine; Kh'Tijaic, puncture]. Surgical puncture of the intestine. KnteTOchloTophyl(i'n'-ter-o-klo'-ro-fl)[h'repov, bowel; x'^iopdg, yellowish-green ; (pvA'Aov, a leaf]. Mac- Munn's term for a chlorophyl found by him in the so-called livers of many invertebrates. Enterocholecystostomy (en-ter-o-ko-lc-sis-tos'-to-me) \tvT?pov, bowel ; X^'^'l^ bile ; kvctiq, cyst ; arbfia, mouth]. Same as Cholecystenter ostomy. Entero-cholecystotomy (en-ter-o-ko-le-sis-tot'-o-me). Same as Cholecystenterotomy. Enterocleisis (cn-ter-o-klis' -is) [t iTf/ioi', bowel ; Khsiaiq, a closing]. Occlusion of the bowel. Enteroclysis (en-ter-ok' -lis-is) [fiTf^Jor, bowel ; kKvcic,, a drenching] . Injection of nutrient-material into, the intestine in cholera, collapse, etc. ; more generally, any rectal enema or clyster. Enteroclyster (en-ter-o-klis' -ter) \lvTepov, bowel ; kAi'xt- lia, a clyster]. A rectal clyster or enema. ENTEROCOLITIS 429 ENTEROSTOMY Bntero-colitis {en-ter-o-ko-li'-tis) \ivTepov, bowel ; Kokov, the colon; (r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the small intestine and of the colon. Bnterocystocele {en-ter-o-sis' -to-sel) [ti^repop, intestine ; Kvaric, bladder ; Kr/Ai/, tumor]. Hernia involving the urinary bladder and the intestine. Enterodynia (en-ter-o-din'.-e-ali) \ivTepov, bowel ; b6vv)i, pain]. Pain referred to the intestines. Entero-epiplocele (eji'-ter-o-e-pip'-lo-sel). Enter- epiplocele. Enterogastritis {en-ter-o-gas-tri' -tis) \lvTtpov, intes- tine ; yaaTtifi, belly ; itlq, inflammation]. Inflamma- tion of the stomach and intestine. Enterogastrocele {en-ter-o-gas'-tro-sel') [ftrfpoi', bowel; yaarr/p, belly; Kijlrj, tumor]. A hernia' containing the gastric and intestinal walls ; abdominal hernia. Enterography [en-ter-og' -ra-fe) \ivT(pov, intestine ; ■ypa(j>£n\ to write]. A treatise on or a description of the intestines. Enterohematin i^cn-ter-o-he' -mat-in) [wrepov, intestine; aipciTivoQ, of blood]. In biology, a coloring-matter found in many invertebrates {e.g., the livers of mol- luscs), the mother-substance of histohematin. It is the same as the Hemochiomogen and Helicorubin of Krukenberg. Enterohemorrhage (en-ter-o-hein' -or-aj) \ivTEpov, in- testine ; aijia, blood ; pr/yvhvai, to burst forth]. Intes- tinal hemorrhage. Enterohydrocele (en-tei--o-hi' -dro-sel) \svTiLpov, intes- tine ; h&wp, water; K//A//, hernia]. Hydrocele compli- cated with intestinal hernia. Entero-ischiocele {en-tcr-o-is' -kc-o-s~el) [eirfpor, intes- tine ; laxiov, ischium; kZ/'A?/, tumor], Same a& £nter- ischiocele. Enterolith {en'-tcr-o-litli) \iv-epm\ bowel ; Xidn(;, a stone]. A concretion formed in the digestive-tube. Enterolithiasis [en-ter-o-lith-i' -as-is) [fxTfpo!', bowel ; /l/6/ao-/f, the formation of calculi]. The formation of intestinal calculi. Enterology [en-ter-oV -o-je) \ivr£po\\ bowel ; /lo}of , science]. The science of the intestinal viscera ; the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and hygiene of the intestines. Enteromalacia (en-ler-o-inal-a'-se-ah ) \ivTtpov, bowel ; (ia}ai, intestine ; vevpov, nerve]. An intestinal disease dependent upon some neurosis. Enteropathy (en-ter-op' -ath-e') \lvT?po\\ bowel ; ■koBoq, disease]. Any disease of the intestines. Enteroperistole (en-ter-o-per-is' -to-le) \tvTepnv, bowel ; iTepi.aTo7Jj , a winding about]. I. Peristaltic motion of the bowels. 2. Any constrictive obstruction of ■ the intestinal-tube. Entero-peritonitis {en-ter-o-per-it-on-i' -tis) [^h'rtpov, bowel; TrepiTovamv , the peritoneum; iTtr, inflamma- tion]. Combined inflammation of the intestines and adjacent peritoneum ; inflammation of the peritoneal coat of the intestine. Enteropexia {en-ter-o-peks'-e-ah ) [eiTf por, bowel ; Txfi^Lq, fixation]. Fixation of' a portion of the intes- tine to the abdominal wall, for the relief of enterop- tosis, splanchnoptosis, etc. Enterophlogia (en-ter-o-Jlo' -je-ah ) [hTepor, bowel ; , bowel ; 7r?LaaTiK6i;j formed]. Pertaining to enteroplasty. Enteroplasty (en'-ter-o-p/as-te) l^evrepov, bowel ; TrXda- miv, to form]. Any plastic operation upon the intes- tine to repair injuries of its walls. Enteroplegia {en-ter-o-ple' -je-ah ) \evTepov, bowel ; T:lriyij, a stroke]. Paralysis of the bowels. Enteroplex (en' -ter-o-p/eks) [evrepov, bowel ; n/.e^etv, to interlace]. See Enteroplexia . Enteroplexia, or Enteroplexy (en-ter-o-pleks' -e-ah , or en' -ter-o-plel's-e) [evrepov, intestine ; nM^eiv, to inter- lace]. A method of treatment of wounds of the in- testine in which union of the bowel is obtained by difierent means, but particularly by an apparatus, the enteroplex , without the use of needle and thread. The enteroplex is formed of two aluminum rings so con- structed that they will fit the one into the other. These are inserted into the cut ends of the bowel, and then the two are pressed together, the intestinal walls being brought into apposition. Enteroproctia (en-ter-o-prok' -she-ali) \evrepov, intes- tine; TrpuKrds, anus]. The existence of an artificial anus, or of an opening into the bowel for fecal dis- charge. Enteroptosis [en-ter-op-to'-sis) [evrepov, bowel ; ivruaiQ, a fall]. Glenard's term for a combination of neuras- thenia with gastro-intestinal disturbance and prolapse of the abdominal organs, particularly the transverse colon, with looseness of the mesenteric and peritoneal attachments. It is also called Splanchnoptosis. Enterorrhagia [en-ter-or-a'-je-ah) [evrepov, bowel ; pTjjvvvai, to burst forth]. Intestinal hemorrhage. Excessive discharge of any kind from the intestine. Enterorrhaphy {eji-ter-or' -a-fe) [evrepov, bowel ; paibri, suture]. Suture, or stitching, of the intestine. Enterorrhea (en-ter-or-e' -alt) [evrepm<, intestine ; poia, a flow]. Diarrhea. Enterorrhexis [en-ter-or-ehs'-is) [frrfpor, bowel ; pfi^L<:, rupture]. Rupture of the bowel. Enterosarcocele {en-ter-o-sar'-ho-sel) [evrepov, intes- tine; copf, flesh; Krjltj, a hernia]. Intestinal hernia with sarcocele. Enterosepsis (en-ter-o-sep'-sis) [f iTf pop, bowel ; oijil'ig, putrefaction]. Intestinal toxemia or sepsis. A con- dition of unusual activity in the contents of the intes- tinal canal, by which the ptomaines of putrefaction are produced in such manner, or in such quantity, that they are absorbed and give rise to a state of intoxication. Enterosis {en-tei--o'-sis) [evrepov, bowel ; voaog, dis- ease: pi., Enteroses^. Any intestinal disease. Enterostenosis (en-ter-o-ste-no' -sis) [evrepov, bowel ; arevuaic, contraction]. Stricture or narrowing of the intestinal canal. 'E.nX.&rostomy [en-ter-os'-to-me) [f/'-fpor, bowel ; crbaa, mouth]. Incision and suture of the small intestine to the abdominal wall for introduction of food by this artificial mouth, in case of impossibility of food- entrance by the normal route. ENTEROTERATOMA 430 ENTOPLASTIC Enteroteratoma (en-ter-o-ter-at-o' -inali') [eiTEpov, bowel; ripat;, monster; o/m, tumor]. A solid tumor of the umbilicus in new-born infants, composed of the remains of the omphalic duct. Enterotome (en' -ter-o-tdm) [tirepoi', bowel ; Tojioi;, cutting]. The name of various instruments used in cutting-operations upon the intestine. Enterotomy (en-ter-of -o-dic) \lvTtpov, bowel ; reixvetv, to cut]. Incision, dissection, or anatomy of the intes- tine. Enterozoon (^en-ier-o-zo'-on')\_£VTepoi>, intestine ; C,C>ov, an animal : ^L, E)iterozoa~\. A parasite of the intestine. Entheomania (en-the-o-ma' -ne-aJi) \ivQEo<;, inspired; fiavia, madness] . Mania in which the patient believes himself to be inspired ; religious insanity. Enthetic {en-thd' ■ik') \ivriBivai, to put in]. Intro- duced ; coming from without ; applied especially to syphilitic and other .specific contagious diseases.*" The list of enthetic diseases given by Dr. Hartshorne, in Pepper's "System of Medicine," is as follows: i. Only produced by contact or inoculation — primary syphilis, gonorrhea, vaccinia, hydrophobia. 2. Con- tagious also by atmospheric transmission through short distances — variola, varioloid, varicella, measles, diphtheria, scarlatina, rotheln, mumps, whooping cough, typhus, relapsing fever. 3. Endemic, occa- sionally epidemic — malarial fever, dengue, yellow fever. 4. The zymotic or enthetic diseases — influ- enza, cerebrospinal fever, erysipelas, puerperal fever, tropical dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera, plague. Entiris [jiTof, within ; tp(f, rainbow]. The uvea of the iris, forming its inner and pigmentary layer. Entoblast [en' -to-hlast') [iiTof, within; /SAacrrof, a bud, germ]. In biology, the nucleolus or- germinal spot of a histologic cell. Cf. Endoplastule. Entobliquus (en-to-bli' -kwus) \kvT6^, within; obliqtius, oblique]. The obliquus internus muscle of the abdo- men. See Muscles, Table of. Entobranchiate [en-to-brang'-ke-df) [ivrdf, within; PpayXia, gills]. In biology, having internal or con- cealed branchia. Entocarotid (en-to-kar-of'-id) [kvToc, within; Kapoc;, stupor]. The internal carotid artery. See Arleries, Table of. Entocele (e>i' -lo-sel ) [firof, within ; /i/;A;/, hernia]. Internal hernia (as through the diaphragm) ; ectopia; morbid displacement of* an internal organ. Entoceliac, or Entocelian {en-to-se' -le-ak, or en-to- se'-le-aii) [tirdf, within; Kot/iia, hollow]. Situated within a brain-cavity or ventricle. Entochoroidea, or Entochorioidea (eti-to-ko-roi' -dc-ah, or -ko-re-oi-dc' -all) [fr'rdf, within ; ;^;opof^fi?}(:, like a membrane]. The inner lining of the choroid mem- brane of the eye, made up mainly of capillaries. Entocinerea [en-lo-sin-e' -re-ah) [ri'rdr, within ; ciner- eus, ashy]. Cineritious or gray brain-substance sur- rounding the cavities of the brain and spinal cord. Entocondylar {en-to-kon'-dil-ar) [f i^rdf , within ; K6v()v'koi;, a condyle]. Pertaining to an inner condyle, Entocondyle (en-to-kon' -dil) [f!>rdc, within; Kovdv'Xni;, a condyle]. An inner condyle, as of the humerus or the femur. Entoconid (en-to-ko^-nid) [fvrdf, within ; «:6n»of, cone]. The inner and posterior cusp of a lower molar tooth. Entocornea [cn-to-kor' -ne-aK) [ti'-of , within ; eorneus, horny]. That part of Descemet's membrane that lines and adheres to the inner surface of the cornea. Entocuneiform (en-to-ku' -ne-iform) [trrdf, within ; cune2ts,a. wedge; forma, form]. The inner cunei- form bone of the foot. Entocyte [en'-lo-s'it) [ti'rdf, within; Krrof, cell]. The contents of a cell, including nucleus, nucleolus, granu- lations, etc. Entoderm (en'-to-derm) [wrdf, within; depfia, skin]. Same as Endoderni. Entoectad {en-to-ek' -tad) rrdt', within ; tKToq, exter- nal ; ad, to] . From within outward. Entogastric (en-to-gas' -trik) [t irof , within ; yaarljp, stomach]. Relating to the interior of the stomach. Entoglossal (en-to-glos'-al) [fi'rdf, within ; yAuaaa, tongue]. Situated within the tongue. Entogluteus (en-to-glu-te' -us) [t'lirdf, within; jAoyrdf, the rump]. The gluteus minimus muscle. See Mus- cles, Table of. Entojugular Vein {en-to-ju'-gu-lar) [cvtoq, within ; Jugular, a little yoke]. The internal jugular vein. See Vein. Entomere (e)i' -to-mer') \Ivt6<;, within ; pspoQ, a part]. In embryology, one of the cells forming the center of the mass of blastomeres in the developing mam- malian ovum, the outer blastomeres being called ectomeres. Entomion [en-to' -me-on) \ivTopii, notch]. See Crania- metric Points. Entomogenous (en-to-moj'-en-us) [evTopov, an insect ; yevi/Q, produced]. In biology, applied to fungi growing upon or within insects. Cf. Entomophytous. Entomography [en-to-mog' -ra-fe) SjvTopov, an insect ; ypdyeiv, to write]. A written treatise on insects. 'Entomology {en-to-mol'-o-/'e) [_>:ptouov, insect; Mysiv, to speak]. That department of zoology devoted to the description of insects. Entomophilous ( e7i-to-moff' -il-us ) \fvTopov, insect ; 0(Afe(i', to love]. Insect-loving or insect-attracting. E. Flowers, flowers attracting insects by their secretions and thus securing cross-fertilization through the insects that carry the pollen to other flowers. Entomophytous (en-to-mof ' -it-us) \ivTopov, insect ; fvTuc, grown]. In biology, applied to fungi that grow upon or within the bodies of insects. Cf. Ento- mogenous. Entomosis [en -to- mo' -sis) \_f:vTQpov, insect ; voaoq, dis- ease]. Any disease due to parasitic insects. Entomotaxy [oi-to-mo-taks' -e) \_kvTOfiov, insect ; rdf^f , arrangement]. The systematic preparation and arrangement of insects. Entomotomy [en-to-iimt' -o-me) \ivropov, insect ; ropi}, a cutting]. Insect anatomy. Entomozoaria (en-to-ino-zo-a' -re-ah) \ivropov, an in- sect ; CiJOi', a living being]. A type of bilateral animals nearly equivalent to the Arthropoda . Entonia (en-to' -ne-ali) \ivTovia, tension]. Rigidity or tension of a voluntary muscle ; tonic spasm. Entonic (eti-ton'-ik) \_h'Tov'ia, tension]. Characterized by entonia, or by violent tonic spasm. Entoparasite (en-to-par'-as-it) \_kvToc, within ; Tvapi'i- aiTin;. parasite]. An internal parasite ; an entozoan or entophyte. Entopectoralis [en-to-pek-tor-a' -lis) [fvroc, within ; pectoralis, of the breast]. The pectoralis minor mus- cle. See Muscles, Table of. Entoperipheral {en-to-per-if -er-al) [n rdf , within ; ■n-fpi(j)ip£iv, to carry around]. Originating or situated within, and not ujion the periphery. Entophthalmia (eu-toff-thal' -ine-ah) [f iTof , within ; b(pHa'/nia, a disease of the eyes]. Inflammation ot the internal parts of the eyeball. Entophyte [en' -to-fit) [fi'rdf, within; (iiVTiv, a plant]. An internal parasite of vegetable nature ; as a schizo- mycete or bacterium. Entoplastic (en-to-plas' -tik) [t rrdf , within ; ixXaaauv, to form]. Same as Endoplastic. ENTOPLASTRON 431 EPENDYMAL Entoplastron {en-to-plas' -troji) [h'-or, within ; plastron, a breastplate: //. , Entoplastra\. In biology, the internal clavicular scute, or anterior median piece of the plastron of a chelonian. Entoptic [en-top' -tik') [tirof, within ; otttikoi;, pertain- ing to vision]. Pertaining to the internal parts of the eye. E. Phenomena, visual phenomena caused by peculiarities or imperfections of the eye itself, such as //lusi'ce volitantes. Entoptoscopic [en-top-to-skop' -ik) [ti'rof, within ; ui/i, eye ; oKoirtlv, to inspect]. Relating to entoptoscopy. Entoptoscopy [en-top- tos' -ko-pe) \kvToi;, within ; iliTp, eye ; OKonelv, to inspect] . The investigation or observational study of the interior of the eye, or of the shadows within the eye. Entorectomy [en-to7--ek' -to-me) [ivrepov, bowel ; cKTo/ir/, excision]. Resection of a diseased portion of the bowel. Entoretina [en-to->-et' -in-ah) [tiTof, within ; retina, retina]. The innermost layer of the retina, itself com- posed of five layers, and an inner limiting membrane. Entorrhagia [en-tor-a' -je-ali) [eirof, within ; pr/yvvvai, to burst forth]. Internal hemorrhage. Entosternite [en-to-ster' -nit). See Endosternite. Entosthoblast [en-tos' -tho-blast ) [^ivdoafte, from within ; pXaarSq, germ]. The supposed nucleus of a nucle- olus. Entostosis, or Entosteosis [en-tos-to'-sis, -tos-te-o' -sis) \ivT6(;, within; ooriov, bone]. An osseous growth within a medullary cavity. Entotic [en-tot'-ik) [iirof, within ; oiV, ear]. Pertain- ing to the internal ear. E. Phenomena, sounds caused by abnormalities of the auditory mechanism itself. Entotriceps [ en-tot '-re-seps) [frrof, within; rpe^f, three ; Keal>/, head]. The internal head or division of the triceps muscle of the arm. 'E.ntozoaX [en-to-zo'-a/) [trrdf, within ; ftor, an animal]. Caused by or dependent upon entozoa. Entozoon [en-to-zo' -on) [ti'rof, within ; C^oi', an ani- mal: pi. , Entozoa'\. An animal parasite living within another animal. Entrails [en'-trels) [M.E. , entraile\ The bowels and abdominal viscera. Entropium (en-tro'-pe-z<}?i). See Entropion. Entropion. Entropion {en-tro' -pe-o?t) [fi', in ; TpeiTfiv, to turn]. Inversion of the eyelid, so that the lashes rub against the globe of the eye, producing inflammation, pannus, etc. It may be cicatricial, organic, or spastic in origin. E., Superciliary, the incurvation of the hairs of the eyebrow into the palpebral fissure and against the conjunctiva, causing the same symptoms as are present in ordinary entropion. Enucleation [e-nu-kle-a' -slmn) \e, out of; nucleus, a kernel]. The operation of exsecting or shelling-out from its seat or capsule a tumor, etc. E. of Eye, excision of the eyeball from the orbit. Enucleator [e-nn' -kle-a-tor) [e, out of; micleus, a ker- nel]. An instrument used in performing enucleation. Enuresis [en-u-re' -sis) \kvovpiitLv, to be incontinent of urine]. Incontinence of urine. A frequent affection of early childhood, due to a variety of pathologic con- ditions, including the presence of ascarides, phimosis, and vulvitis. E. nocturna, involuntary emptying of the bladder during sleep. Envelop [en'-vel-op) [Fr. , enveloppe']. An investing membrane, or layer. Environment [en-vi' -ron-inent)' [Fr. etivirojiner, to surround]. The totality of influences acting upon the organism from without. See Evolution, Factors of. Enzootic [en-zo-ot'-ik) [t i', in, or among ; fuoi', animal]. Affecting beasts in a certain district ; as an enzootic disease. Enzooty [en-zo' -o-te) [tv, in, among ; fwoi', an animal]. An enzootic disease. Enzyme [en'-zlm) \iv, in; C'V'/) leaven]. I. Kuhne's name for the soluble ferments. 2. Any ferment formed within the living organism. 3. Any chemic or hydro- lytic ferment, as distinguished from organized fer- ments, such as yeast. Enzymes are most active between 30° and 35° C, and are destroyed by boiling. Enzymic [en-zi' -mik) \iv, in ; C'V^, leaven]. The na- ture of the action of an enzyme. Enzymosis {en-zi-tno'-sis) [kv, in; Cfc//??, leaven]. The action of an enzyme. Enzymotic [en-zi-mot' -ik) \kv, in; C^'/"A leaven]. Per- taining to enzymes. Eonosos, or Eonosus [e-on'-o-sos, or -stis) morn- ing; I'ocof, illness]. Ste. Morning Sickness. Eosin [e'-o-sin) \_i/ua, the dawn], QoHgBrjOj. Tetra- bromfluorescein ; an important dye produced by the ac- tion of bromin on fluorescein suspended in glacial acetic acid. It occurs in red or yellowish-red crystals, and is used as a stain in histology. See Fuchsin. E. colors. See Pig7nents, Conspectus of. Eosinophile [e-o-sin' -o-fil)\_eosin from ?)aXo^, brain]. The after-brain or hind-brain; the cerebel- lum and pons taken together; or, as some define it, the cerebellum, pons, and oblongata taken together. Ependyma [e-pen' -dim-ah) [tVf r(iiy/«, an upper gar- ment]. The lining membrane of the cerebral ventri- cles and of the central canal of the spinal cord ; endyma. Ependymal [e-pen' -dim-al) ^jireviv^ia, an upper gar- ment]. Pertaining to the ependyma. EPENDYMITIS 432 EPICYESIS Kpendymitis {^L--pcn-dini-i' -tis) ^iirkv&vua, an upper garment; ini;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the ependyma. Ephebic (ef-e'-bik^ \jL^ri^iK6c, belonging to puberty]. Pertaining to youtli, adolescence, or puberty. Ephebology [cf-c-lwl'-o-je] \ji//jepo(;, daily]. The name given by old physicians to short and slight febrile attacks occurring in the lying-in period. These fevers were of frequent occurrence, and of slight significance. They indicated a small amount of septic infection. E. maligna. See Ang/iais sudor. Ephemeral (e-fem^-er-al) [_t

/i>iic, living a day]. Temporary. Applied to fevers that pass away in a day. Ephesis (ef -es-is) \j;l7nTiov, saddle-cloth ; f ir!, on ; ?7r7rof, horse: //. , Ephippia'\. I. Same as Sella ttirciia. 2. In biology saddle-shaped capsules formed from the carapace of adult cladocera, and con- taining the winter (or ephippial) eggs. Epian [e'-pe-an) [Fr. , a raspberry]. The yaws; frambesia, q. v. Epiblast (f/'-t'-Z'/rtj-/) [i/r/, upon; ji'/aaroc, a. sprout]. The external or upper layer of the blastoderm, called, also, the ectoderm or neiiro-cpidcrmal layer , from which ■is developed the central nervous system and epidermal tissues, including the epithelium of the sense-organs. Epiblema [ep-e-ble' -mah) [fTr/, upon; /3d/lAEti', to throw ; to throw over or to cloak]. In biology, the imper- fectly-formed epidermis in submerged plants and on the extremities of growing roots. Epibole {e-pib'-o-le). See Epiholy. Epiboly (e-piy -ode) [kn'i, upon; piiXXEiv, to throw]. In biology, a term introduced by Salenka to indicate the enclosure of the large yolk-mass by the overgrowth of cleavage-cells. Cf. Embolv. Epibranchial ((•/-c'-/i;-(?«;,'-'-/'^-(7/) upon; (ipayxi"-, gills]. In biology, applied to various structures; as that portion of the carapace of a crustacean that forms part of the roof of the branchial chamber ; the terminal horn of the hyoid bone of a bird, etc. Epibulbar (ep-e-hul'-bar) [t /r/, upon ; [io/iPoc;, bulbus, bulb]. Situated upon the globe of the eye ; as an epibulbar tumor. Epicalyx (ep-e-ka' -liks) [f7r/, upon ; /to/liif , calyx : pi., Epicalyces'\. In biology, an involucre resembling an exterior or accessory calyx. Epicanthis (ep-e-kan' -this) \j:inKavQk : pi., Epican- tkides~\. See Epicanthus. Epicanthus (ep-e-kan' -thus) [f tt/, on ; KavOo^, angle of the eye]. A fold of skin passing from the nose to the eyebrow over the inner canthus of the eye. Epicardium [ep-e-kar' -de-um) [fTr/, upon ; KapSIa, heart]. The visceral layer of the pericardium. Epicarp [ep' -e-karp) [fTr;, upon ; KapiToc, fruit]. In biology, the outer skin of a fruit. Epicele, Epiccele (ep'-i-sel) [tVj, upon; «oA(a, belly]. I. In biology, applied to such a body-cavity as that of vertebrates or that represented by the atrium of an ascidium. 2. The cephalic portion of the fourth ven- tricle, constituting the cavity of the epencephal. Epicentral [ep-e-sen'-tral) [f7r/, upon ; Kevrpov, center]. In biology, adhering to a vertebral centrum, as some of the scleral spines in the herring. Epicerebral (ep-e-ser' -e-bral) [iVf, upon ; cerebrum, the brain]. Situated over or on the cerebrum ; as the epicerebral space between the brain and the pia. Epichilium [ep-e-kiV -e-um) [f tt/, upon ; xf''''<^f > hP' brim: //. , Epickilia']. In biology, applied to the upper portion of the lip of an orchid. Epichorion [ep-e-ko' -re-on) \}'ki, upon; jdp^oi', the chorion]. I. The decidua reflexa. 2. The epidermis. Epiclidium [ep-e-klid' -e-um) [iiri , upon ; Klte'diov, clavicle: pi., Epiclidia\ In biology, a separate ossi- fication of flie distal end of the clavicle in birds ; ac- cording to Parker it represents the precoracoid of rep- tiles. Epiclinal [ep-e-kli'-nat) [ett/, upon ; kKivi), a bed]. In biology, placed upon the receptacle. Epicoelia {ep-e-sc' -le-ah). See Epicele. Epicoma, Epicomus or Epicome (e-pik' -o-mah, e-pik' -o-mus, e-pik' -o-me) [fV/, upon; ko/;)?, hair]. A parasitic monstrosity having an accessory head united to the principal fetus by the summit. Epicondylar (ep-e-kon' -dil-ar) [ett/, upon ; mv^vXoc, a condyle]. Relating to an epicondyle. Epicondyle {ep-e-koii'-dll) [f7r/, upon ; Kiiv&vkoe^, a condyle]. I. Any supracondylar eminence upon a bone, as the humerus. 2. Less correctly, the external condyle of the humerus. Epicondylo - cubitalis [ep-e-kon' -dil-o - ku-hii-a' -lis) \j-KiK6v(h>'/.cic, an epicondyle ; cubitum, the elbow]. The anconeus muscle. See Aluscles, Table of. Epicondylo-radialis (ep-e-kon' -dil-o-ra-de-a' -lis) [em- ii6v(Who(;, an epicondyle ; radius, the radius]. The supinator brevis muscle. See Muscles, Table of. Epicotyl (^/-^-/'iV'-//) [fir/, on; /£ori)/\vt5(j/', a cup-shaped hollow (cotyledon)]. In biology, the stem of a young plant between the cotyledons and the lowest true leaves. Epicranial (ep-c-kra'-ne-nl) upon ; upaviov, the cranium]. Relating to the epicranium. Epicranium (ep-e-kra' -ite-um) [fir/, upon; upaviov, cranium]. The structures covering the cranium. Epicrisis (ep-e-kri' -sis) [cwiKpiai^, determination]. The phenomena of disease succeeding the crisis ; a sec- ondary crisis. Epicrusis (ep-c-kru'-sis) [ini , upon ; Kf)oi>ai.^, stroke]. I. Massage by strokes or blows; percussion; thera- peutic scourging. Epicyemate (ep-c-si-e' -mat) \}tz'i, upon; Kvrijm, an embryo]. In embryology, applied to that form of development in which the embryo remains outside and above the yolk -vesicle. It is characteristic of fishes and batrachians. Epicyesis (cp-c-^i-e'-sis) [t7r(, over; Kvieiv, to be preg- naiu]. Superfetation. EPICYSTIC 433 EPIGLOTTIDITIS Epicystic {ep-e-sis'-tik) [fTr/, upon ; kvutk;, bladder]. Suprapubic ; situated above the urinary bladder. Epicystitis {cp-e-sis-ti'-tis) [eiri, upon ; Kvarig, bladder; mf, inflammation]. Inflammation of the tissues above the bladder. Epicystotomia [ep-e-sis-to-to' -ine-ah). Same as Epi- cystotomy. Epicystotomy [ep-e-sis-tot' -o-me) [ini, upon ; nvaTig, a bladder; re fiveiv, to cut]. Suprapubic incision of the bladder. Epicyte (ep'-e-sit) [f7r/, upon; kvtoc, cell]. The cell- wall or hyaline cuticle of cells. Epidemesis (ep-e-dem-e' -sis) [t-7r«S///(?/(T;f]. Same as Epideinia. Epidemia (cp-e-de^-me-ali) [_eTTt6ri/Liia, an epidemic]. Any epidemic disease, or epidemic of disease. E. puerorum. Synonym of Whooping-cough. Epidemic [ep-e-dem' -ik) [fTT/, upon; irijioq, people]. A term applied to diseases that involve large numbers of persons, or spread over a wide area, in contra- distinction to Endemic. Epidemicity [ep-e-dem-is' -it-c) [et/, upon ; d?]fio(;, a people]. The quality of being epidemic. Epidemiography {ep-e-de-me-og' -ra-fe) [f7r;fS///x(of, epidemic ; ypdcpeiv, to write] . A description of epidemic diseases. Epidemiologic {ep-e-dem-e-o-loj' -ik) [f7r;fi///;wf, epi- demic; Adyof, science]. Relating to epidemiology. Epidemiology (ep-e-dem-e-oV -o-je) [^t-idr/fiio^, epidemic; 16yog, science]. The science of epidemic diseases. Epidemy (ep^-e-dem-e). See Epidemia. Epiderm {ep' -e-derni). See Epidermis. Epiderma (ep-e-der' -mah) [tir/, upon ; 6tpfia, skin : //. , Epidermata\. Any abnormal outgrowth from the epidermis. Epidermal [ep-e-der' -ma!) [f-/, upon ; lUpfia, skin]. Relating to or composed of epiderm. Epidermatic, Epidermic (ep-e-dej--mat' -ik, -der' -mik] [en-/, upon ; fiepfia, skin]. Relating to the epidermis. E. Method, a method of administering medicinal substances by applying them to the skin. It is also called latraliptic method. Epidermatoid [ep-e-der' -maf-oid) [fJr/, upon ; 6ipfia, skin; fMof, likeness]. Resembling the epidermis. Epidermic [ep-e-der' -mik). Same as Epidermatic. E. Erythema. See Acrodynia . E. Globes. See Can- cer-nests. E. Grafting. See Reverdin' s Operation in Operations, Table of. E. Pearls. See Cell-nests. Epidermidomycosis [ep-e-der' -mid-o-mi-ko' -sis) [ctti- Sepfiig, epiderm ; /iviw^, fungus]. A disease due to the growth of parasitic fungi upon the skin. Epidermin [ep-e-der' -min) [fTr/, upon ; fitpjia, skin]. A base for ointments prepared by melting one-half ounce of white wax in a warm mortar and triturating with this one-half ounce of powdered gum arable until a homogeneous paste is obtained. To this is added a boiling mixture of one-half ounce each of water and glycerin and the whole is stirred until cold. Epidermin, thus prepared, is a semi-fluid, creamy sub- stance, which, when exposed to the air in a thin layer, forms a strongly adherent, flexible pellicle or coating. When medicaments are to be added they are always previously rubbed up in glycerin. Epidermis [ep-e-der' -mis) upon ; Stpfia, the skin]. The outer layer of the skin. The scarf-skin, consist- ing of a layer of horny cells, that protects the true skin. It has neither blood-vessels nor nerve-filaments. E., Appendages of, a generic name for the hair, nails, etc. , growing from the epiderm. Epidermization [ep-e-der-tniz-a' -shun) [f7r;f5ep//(f., epi- derm]. I. The formation of epiderm. 2. Skin- grafting. 28 Epidermolysis [ep-e-der-mol' -is-is) [f jr;(Sep|titf, epiderm ; Ai'cic, separation]. Acantolysis bullosa ; Dermatitis bullosa ; a rare skin-disease in which bulte form upon the slightest pressure. The disease shows itself in infancy, and occurs especially upon the hands and feet. The lesion begins as a red spot, which is itchy ; in two hours a bulla forms, enlarges, and then gradu- ally subsides, drying into a scale. It is most pro- nounced in summer. Epididymal, or Epididymic [ep-e-did' -em-al, -im-ik) [fTr/, upon; 6i6v/wi, the testes]. Relating to the epididymis. Epididymis [ep-e-did' -im-is) [f7r/, upon ; SlSvfioi, the testes]. The small body lying above the testes. The superior end is the globus major, the inferior, the globus minor. Epididymitis [cp-e-did-im-i' -tis) [f7rH5(f5ii///f , epididy- mis ; iru;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the epi- didymis. Epidosis [e-pid' -o-sis) [t7r/'(5oiT/f ] . Enlargement ; in- crease ; exacerbation. Epidrome [e-pid' -!-o-me) ^i:Tri6pofii/, a running upon]. Active, or (more often) passive, congestion. Epidural [ep-e-du' -ral) [f Tr/, upon ; durus, hard]. Upon or over the dura. E. Space, the space outside the dura mater of the spinal cord and brain. Epifolliculitis [ep-e-fol-ik-u-li' -tis) [iir/, upon; follicu- lus, a follicle; ;r;f, inflammation]. Inflammation seated about the hair-follicles of the scalp. Epigamic [ep-e-gani' -ik) upon; ya/zof, marriage]. In biology, applied to those bright tints and patterns displayed by many animals during courtship. Cf. Allepigamic. Epigaster (ep-e-gas'-ter) [fir/, upon ; yaari/p, belly]. The large intestine ; hindgut. Epigastralgia [ep-e-gas-traf -je-ali) [^eKiyiaTpiov, epi- gastrium; aAyoc, pain]. Pain in the epigastrium. Epigastric [ep-e-gas'-trik) [tV/, upon; yaariip, belly]. Relating to the epigastrium. E. Reflex. See Rejlexcs, Table of. Epigastrium [ep-e-gas' -tre-um) [ett/, upon; ■)aoTl/p, stomach] . The upper and middle part of the abdom- inal surface ; the epigastric region. Epigastrius [ep-e-gas' -tre-us) [fTr/, upon ; yaarr/p, the stomach]. A form of double-monstrosity, in which one fetus in an undeveloped condition is contained within the epigastric region of the other. Epigea, or Epigaea [ep-e-je' -ah) [fm, upon ; yala, earth]. A genus of trailing ericaceous plants. E. repens, trailing arbutus of N. America, has valuable diuretic properties. See Trailing Arbutus. Epigeal [ep-e-je' -al) [t7r/, upon ; yc'ia, yta, the earth]. In biology, growing on or out of the ground, or living near the surface of the ground. Epigenesis [ep-e-jen'-es-is) [f tt/, upon ; ykvmic., genera- tion]. In biology, the theory that holds the embryo to be the result of the union of the male and female elements, and the fully formed organism the result of a gradual process of differentiation, in distinction to the theory of encasement, preformation, or evolution, which held the embryo to preexist enfolded in a minute form within the germ. Epigenous (('-/zy'-f^-zc.f) [ett/, upon ; yfiv/f, produced]. In biology, growing upon the surface or upper side of a leaf or other part, as many fungi. Cf. Epiphyllous. Epigeous [ep-e-je' -us) [jm, upon; the earth]. In biology, growing on or near the ground. Same as Epigeal. Epiglottic [ep-e-glot'-ik) \J:Tti, upon ; y/urr/f, glottis]. Relating to the epiglottis. Epiglottiditis [ep-e-glot-id-i'-tis) [fT/zAor/f, epiglottis; «r(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the epiglottis. EPIGLOTTIS 434 EPI NASTY Bpiglottis (ep-e-glol'-is) [fTr/, upon ; y?.o>Tri(;, glottis]. A thin fibro-cartilaginous valve that aids in preventing food and drink from passing into the larynx. Epiglottitis {ep-e-glot-i'-iis). See Epiglottiditis. Epignathous (e-pig' -na-thtts) [ett/, upon ; yvaBoi;, jaw]. In biology, hook-billed ; applied to birds in which the upper half of the beak overreaches the under half and is deflected over it. Epignathus (e-pig' -na-t/ius) [fTr/, upon; yvAHoi^, jaw]. A twin monstrosity in which the parasite is united to the superior maxillary bone of the autosite. Epigonium (ep-e-go'-iie-um) [fir/, upon ; yow), seed]. In biology, the old archegonium in mosses and Htpa- ticcE, after the capsule has developed. Epigynous [epi/'-in-ics) [_eni, upon; ywii, a woman]. In biology, growing upon the ovary. Epihippic Fever (tp-e-hip'-ik) [tm, upon; 'nv-oc, horse]. See Fever. Epilation [ep-il-a' -sJnui) [t% out of; pilus, a hair]. The extraction of hair. Epilatorium (e-pil-at-o' -Te-itiii)\\^.\ An application for permanently removing hair. Epilatory [e-pil'-af-o-i-e) \_e, out of; pilus, a hair]. I. Extracting the hairs ; depilatory. 2. An epilatorium. Epilemma (:'/-- alents. E. Hemiplegia, sometimes follows the fit, especially after unilateral convulsions. E. Interval, the period of time between the epileptic paroxysms. During this period there are in the majority of cases, if not in all, some abnormal manifestations, as disorders in the cardiac rhythm, irregularity in the pupils, and cerebral disorders. E. Mania, slight maniacal tendencies fol- lowing or taking the place of the fit. E. Seizure. See Epilepsy. E. State, a state of profound and sometimes comatose depression, with frequently recur- ring epileptic attacks, often speedily fatal. E. Ver- tigo, giddiness is a common sensation of epilepsy, but is erroneously applied to attacks of minor epilepsy. Epilepticism {ep-il-ep' -tis-izm) \_t Tri?i^ipig, a laying hold of]. The epileptic state, or status epilepticus. Epileptiform [ep-il-ep' -tif-orm) [frr('X//i/«c, a laying hold of; forma , forta]. Resembling epilepsy in the symp- toms. E. Tic, a variety of facial neuralgia accom- panied by spasmodic movements of the face. This occurs in the degenerative period of life, and espe- cially in those who present a decided family history of insanity. Epileptiginous [ep-il-ep-tij' -in-us). Same as Epilepto- getions. Epileptogenous [ep-il-ep-to;' -en-us) [eTriAriTpig , epilepsy ; -yevvav, to produce]. Producing epilepsy. E. Zone, Brown- Sequard's term for that portion of the skin of the face and neck of guinea-pigs which, if irritated after section of the spinal cord near the twelfth dorsal vertebra, will give rise in a short time to epileptiform convulsions. Epileptoid (ep-il-ep' -toid) \_eirlXtiipic, a laying hold of; fjf'of, likeness]. I. Resembling epilepsy. 2. A per- son subject to various nervous attacks of the general nature of epilepsy. Epilobium (ep-il-o'-lie-nm) [t-/, upon ; Xof^oc, a pod, a lobe]. A genus of herbs including the willow-herb, a demulcent, tonic, and astringent drug. Epilose [ep'-il-os) [_e, priv. ; pilostis, hairy]. Without hair ; bald. Epilymph (ep'-e-limf) [f7r/, upon; lymplia, water]. The fluid between the bony and the membranous laby- rinths. Epimerite [ep-e-me'-rlt) [tir/, upon; /nr^poc;, thigh]. In biology, an anterior, deciduous, proboscis-like, pre- hensile organ, attached to the protomerite or anterior segment of a septate gregarine. EpimeTon (ep-e- me'- ron) [fTr/, upon; thigh]. In biology, one of the lateral pieces helping to form the pleuron, or a part of the segment of an arthropod, often giving attachment to the legs. Epimylis (e-pim'-il-is) \_t Tri, over ; juliXr/, millstone]. The patella. Epinasty (ep' -e-nas-te) [fn-/, upon ; vaard^, pressed close]. In biology, curvature produced by excessive growth on the upper side of an extended organ. EPINEPHRITIS 435 EPISIOHEMATOMA Epinephritis {ep-e-nef-ri' -lis) [fTr/, upon; vf^pdf, kid- ney; itis\ Inflammation of a supra-renal capsule. Epineural (ep-e-nu' -ral ) [ett/, upon; vevpov, a nerve]. In biology, applied to structures attached to a neural arch. Epineurium i^ep-e-nu' -re-uni) [fV/, upon ; vevpov, a nerve]. The nerve-sheath, or sheath of any of the larger fascicles of nerve-tissue. Epinyctis [ep-in-ik' -tis) [fTri, upon; vv^, night]. A pustule appearing or becoming worse at night. Epiopticon (ep-e-op' -tik-on) [tTr/, upon ; oKTtKog, of see- ing]. In biology, a ganglionic swelling in the optic nerve of insects (Hickson). Epiotic {ep-e-of -ik) [fTr/, above; olq, ear]. Situated above or on the cartilage of the ear. Epipastic [ep-e-pas'-tik) ^k'Kmaoddv, to sprinkle]. De- signed to be sprinkled upon some surface ; sprinkled with some substance ; applied to plasters sprinkled with some agent, as cantharides, used as a vesicant. Epipedometer {ep-e-pe-doin' -et-er) \k-K'nxt6ov , surface ; likrpov, measure]. An instrument for use in measur- ing various complex deformities of the body. Epipetalous [ep-epet' -al-iis) [f7r/, upon ; nhaXov, leaf or petal]. In biology, applied to stamens or other structures when borne upon the petals. Epipharynx [ep-e-far' -inks) [tiri, upon ; (jidpvy^, pha- rynx]. In biology, the median projection on the internal surface of the upper lip of an insect. Epiphenomenon (ep-e-fe-nom' -en-on) [t'n-/, on ; <^ai- . vd/iEfoi', phenomenon : pi. ,Epiphenoinena'\. An ex- ceptional sequence or unusual complication arising in the course of a disease. Epiphora [i7r«/)o/jd; f tt/, upon ; cpepeiv, to bear]. A habitual or persistent overflow of tears, due to over-secretion or impeded outflow through the nor- mal channels of excretion. Lachrymation, i/. v. Epiphyllous (ep-e-fil' -us) [frr/, upon ; (j>v'A?iOV, a leaf]. In biology, borne on a leaf, as certain fungi. Cf Epigenons. Epiphyseal, or Epiphysial {ep-e-fiz' -e-al) [frr/, upon ; (jivstv, to grow]. Relating to or of the nature of an epiphysis. Epiphyseitis {ep-e-fiz-e-i' -tis) [f 7r/(/)ti(T/f , an epiphysis ; mf, inflammation]. Inflammation of an epiphysis, or of the epiphyseal part of a bone. Epiphysis [e-pif -is-is) [tTri, upon ; ^rE/f, to grow]. A process of bone attached for a time to another bone by cartilage, but in most cases soon becoming con- solidated with the principal bone. E. cerebri, the pineal gland. Epiphysitis (e-pif-is-i^ -tisy See Epiphyseitis. Epiphyte (ep'-e-fit) [ett;, upon; ^/Vov, a plant]. In biology, a plant growing on another plant, but not nourished by it; also, a parasitic plant living upon another plant ; also, a plant parasitic upon an animal. Epiplasm (^ep' -e-plazni) [ett;, upon ; Tr'/idafj-a, plasma]. In the sporangium of many fungi, a part of the proto- plasm remaining after formation of the spores. Epiplastron (ep-e-p/as'-tron) [ett/, upon ; ¥., plastron, a breastplate]. In biology, one of the two anterior lateral plates of the plastron of a turtle ; probably the homologue of the clavicle of other vertebrates. Epiplerosis [ep-e-ple-ro'-sis) [ett/, upon ; ir'Ai/puG/^, fill- ing]. Engorgement; repletion; distention. Epipleura (ep-e-plu' -rah) [ett/, upon ; Ti/^evpa, a rib]. In biology, variously used to designate a structure su- perposed upon a rib, as the spines of certain fishes, the hooked processes or splint-bones passing from rib to rib in birds, or the inflexed outer border of a bee- tle's elytrum. Epiplexus (ep-e-pleks' -us) [ett/, upon ; plexus, a net- work]. The choroid plexus of the epicele. Epiplocele (e-pip' -lo sel) [ETrtTrAooi', caiil ; Krfkri, hernia]. Omental hernia. Epiploenterocele [e-pip-lo-en-ter^-o-sel)\_ETTinXoov, caul ; evTEpov, intestine; Kr/h/, hernia]. A hernia contain- ing both omentum and intestine. Epiploenterooscheocele [cp-ip-lo-en-ter-o-os'-ke-o-sel) [f -iTT/looii, caul ; h'Tcpov, intestine ; daxeuv, scrotum ; K/fAr/, hernia]. Intestinal and omental hernia into the scrotum. Epiploic {cp-ip-lo' -ik) \i-K'n\\oov, caul]. Relating or be- longing to the epiploon. Epiploischiocele \ep-ip-lois' -ke-o-sel) [ett/tt/Iooi', caul ; IrsXiov, hip; K///lr/, hernia]. Omental hernia through the sciatic notch or foramen. Epiploitis (e-pip-lo-i' -tis) \_i7T'nT2.oov, caul ; irir, inflam- mation]. Inflammation of the omentum; omental peritonitis. Epiplomerocele (^ep-ip-lo-mer'-o-sel) \in'n:'koov , caul; ////pof, thigh ; hv/A//, hernia]. Pemoral hernia contain- ing omentum. Epiplomphalocele (ep-ip-loni-faF -o-sel) [etf/tt/Iooi', caul ; oj-L^aJMq, navel ; hernia]. Umbilical hernia with protruding omentum. Epiploon {e-pip' -lo-on) [ett/, upon ; &m'A6oq, double : //., Epiploa'\. The great omentum. E., Gastro- colic, the great omentum. E., Gastro-hepatic, the lesser omentum. Epiploscheocele (cp-ip-los' -ke-o-sel) [ett/tt/Iooi', caul; boxEov, scrotum; Kr/?^r/, hernia]. Omental hernia descending into the scrotum. Epipodite (e-pip' -o-dit) [ett/, upon; Troi'f (ttoiI-), foot]. A third appendage of the limb of a crustacean, artic- ulating with the coxopodite, and passing into the branchial chamber ; it is also called the Jiabellum. Epipodium (ep-e-po' -de-uvi) [ett/, upon; Troi'if (ttoJ-), foot]. In biology, one of the lateral appendages of the foot in certain molluscs, as the wing-like structures of pteropods. Epipsyche [ep-is-i'-ke) [ett/, after ; il'^X'h soul]. Ap- plied by Haeckel to the oblongata proper. Epipteric (ep-ip-ter' -ik) [ett/, upon ; nTspov, a wing]. Situated over the alisphenoid. E. Bone. See I{o>ie. Epipterous (e-pip' -ter-iis) [ett/, upon; nTtpdv, a wing]. In biology, winged at the top ; applied to seeds. Epirrhizous (ep-e-ri'-zus) [kni, upon; p'i(,a, root]. In biology, growing upon roots. Episcleral (ep-e-skle' -ral) [ettj, upon; OKAripo^, hard, sclerotic]. Situated on the outside of the sclerotic coat. Episcleritis (ep-e-skle-ri'-tis) {itri, upon ; aiOiripdc, hard ; iTtc;, inflammation]. A localized inflammation of the subconjunctival tissues. Episeio- (ep-is'-e-o-). For words thus beginning, see Episio- . Episeioncus (ep-e-si-ong' -kics) \f.'Kiatiov, pubes ; byaor^, a mass]. A tumor in the pubic region, or of the labia. Episeitis (ep-iz-e-i' -tis). See Episioitis. Episematic (ep-e-sem-af -ik) [ett/, upon; ofjfia, a sign]. In biology, applied to that form of mimetic coloration which serves as a signal of recognition to other indi- viduals and thus enables them to escape ; as the white tail of the rabbit. (Poulton.) Episiocele (ep-e-si' -o-sel) [ett/cte/oi', pubes; /c?///;, hernia]. Pudendal hernia; vulvar protrusion. Episioclisia (ep-e-si-o-klis' -e-ah) i_eTriaeiov, pubes ; K/elai(:, locking, closure]. Surgical closure of the vulva. Episiohematoma (ep-e-si-o-liem-at-o' -mali) \_t-:Tla£iov, pubes; aii>a, blood; o/xa, tumor: pi, Episiohemato- j/tataj. Hematoma of the vulva or pudenda. EPISIOITIS 436 EPIZOICIDE Episioitis (ep-e-si-o-i' -tis) [t Tr/tTEwr, pubes ; iric;, inflam- mation]. Inflammation of the pudenda. Episioplasty [ep-e-si'-o-plas-te [e7r/o-e;oi', pubes ; 7r/\d(T- GfLv, to form]. A plastic operation upon the pubic region, or on the vulva. Episiorrhagia [ep-e-si-or-a' -je-ah) [iniaeiov, the pubes ; pip/VLwat , to break forth]. Hemorrhage from the vulva. Episiorrhaphy (ep-e-si-or' -a-fe) [tTr/'ufioj', pubes ; /la^//, seam]. An operation for the cure of prolapsed uterus or procidentia uteri. Episiostenosis {ep-e-si-o-ste-no' -sis) [^i-rriaeiov, pubes ; oTevdr, narrow]. Contraction or narrowing of the vulva, whether surgical or pathologic. Episiotomy (ep-is-e-ot'-o-ine) \_eKlaeiov, vulva; roft?/, section]. Incision through the vulva in childbirth, to prevent rupture of the perineum and to facilitate labor. Epispadias (tp-e-spad' -e-as") \tm, above ; airdeiv, to pierce]. Abnormal opening of the urethra upon the upper part of the penis, either on the dorsum or on the glans. Epispasis [e-pis' -pas-is) [tTr/, upon ; andaic, a drawing]. An eruption or skin-affection due to medical treat- ment ; a drug-exanthem. Epispastic [ep-e-spas'-ti/c) [fTr/, upon ; andai^, a draw- ing]. I. Rubefacient, or vesicatory. 2. A vesica- tory or substance producing a blister. Episperm [ep' -e-spenn) [ett/, upon; arrep^a, seed]. In biology, the outer seed-coat, also called the testa. Episplenitis iep-e-splen-i'-tis) [et/, upon ; a-rr'kijv, spleen ;" iTLi;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the fibrous coat of the spleen. Epistasis (e-pis'-tas-is') [ett/ , upon ; 'iCTraff^a/, to stand] . A scum or film of substance floating on the surface of urine. Epistaxis (<'/-/.f-/<7/5j"'-«) [ETritrrdfeiv, to distil]. Hemor- rhage from the nose. Episternite [ep-e-ster' -nit) [ett/, upon ; arepvov, breast- bone]. In biology, applied to the lateral pieces of the segment of an arthropod ; a pleurite ; specifically one of the valves of the ovipositor in orthopterous in- sects. Episternum (ep-e-ster' -mint) [ett/, upon ; urtpvov, breast-bone]. In biology, variously applied to desig- nate a part above or anterior to the sternum ; as the presternum of a mammal, the epiplastron of a turtle, or the anterior of the three pieces of the pleuron of an in- sect. Epistoma {e-pis'-to-7nah) [etti, upon; aropa, mouth]. In biology, variously used to designate some part placed above, or anterior to the mouth, as the osseous portion of the metope or facies of a macrurous crusta- cean, that lies immediately in front of the oral aper- ture. Epistrophe {e-pis'-tro-fe) [ett/, upon ; arpecpciv, to turn]. In biology, applied to the arrangement assumed by chlorophyl-grains under the influence of light, on those surfaces of the cell-wall that are at right angles to the plane of incident light. Epistropheus (ep-is-tro' -fe tis, e-pis' -tro-phiis) [ett/ot^jo- <^ev^\ A synonym of the axis, or second cervical vertebra. Epithalline (<'/-<'-///«/•'-?'«) [ett/, upon ; BaXXoQ, a branch]. In biology, growing upon the thallus. Epitheca (cp-e-the' -kali) [ett!, upon; ^'v/c?;, a case]. In biology, a secondary calcareous investment ortegumen- tary secretion surrounding the theca of certain corals. Epithecium (ep-e-thc' -sc-ttm) [ett/, upon ; ^///c;?, a case]. In biology, the surface of the fruiting-disc in certain lichens and fungi. Epithelial [ep-e-tht'' -le-nl) [£7rj, upon ; ^^/l^, a nipple]. Pertaining to epithelium ; made up of the elements of epithelium. E. Pearls. See Pearls. Epithelicell {ep-e-the' -le-sel) [£7r(, upon ; QrfKrj, a nipple ; cella, a cell]. An epithelial cell. Epithelioid {ep-e-ihe'-le-oid ) [et/, upon ; drjTJ], nipple ; EiJof, likeness]. Resembling epithelium. Epithelioma [ep-e-the-le-o' -mah) [ett/, upon; drfki], nipple ; o/ia, a tumor : pi., Epiilieliomata~\. Carcinoma involving skin or mucous membrane. E. mollus- cum. Synonym of Molluscum conlagiosu!?i. Epithelium {ep-e-the' -le-iim) [ett;, upon ; drfkij, nipple]. The cuticle or cellular-structure of mucous surfaces, and also of the skin of the body. E. chrotale, the ectoderm. E., Ciliated, a form in which the cells bear vibratile filaments or cilia at their free extremities. E., Columnar, distinguished by prismatic-shaped or columnar cells. E., Nucleated, consisting of cir- cular or hexagonal cells, each containing a nucleus. Goblet-cells. Squamous-cells. E., Pavement, or Cuboidal, cubical or polygonal cells covering the surface like the stones of a pave- ment. E., Squamous, the cells have been reduced to flattened, scaly plates. E., Stratified, the cells are arranged in distinct layers. E., Tessellated. Same as E., Pavement. E., Transitional, inter- mediate between simple and stratified. Epithem {ep' -ith-em) [im^rnia, a poultice : //. , Epithem- ata\ Any local application ; as a compress, fomen- tation, lotion, or poultice ; from this definition some writers exclude salves, plasters, and ointments. Epithema (ep-ith-e' -mah). See Epithem. Epithesis \e-pith' -es-is) [tTrmdivai, to lay on]. The surgical correction of deformed or crooked limbs. Epithyme [f Tr/, upon ; ^?i')/iOf, thyme]. The European plant, Ciiseuta epithymum, so called as grow- ing parasitically upon thyme ; it is said to be useful in melancholy, jaundice, and constipation. Epithymia (ep-e-ihi'-me-ah) [tKiOvfiia, longing]. Any natural longing or desire ; a yearning. Epitrichium [ep-e-trik'-e-inn) [ett/, upon ; rpixtov, hair]. A superficial cellular layer of epidermis, found in embryonic and fetal life. Epitrochlea [ep-e-trok' -le-ali) [ett/, upon ; Tpoxnkia, a pulley]. The internal condyle of the humerus. Epixylous {e-piks' -il-iis) [ett/, upon ; ^vlov, wood]. In biology, applied to fungi or other plants that grow upon wood. Epizoicide {ep-e-zo'-is-id) [ett/, upon ; Cwoi', an animal ; eicderc, to kill]. A drug or preparation that destroys external parasites. EPIZOON 437 ERECTION Epizoon (ep-e-zo' -on) [eir/, upon ; Cvov, an animal : , Epizoa\. An animal living as a parasite upon another ; an external parasite, as distinguished from an Entozooii. Epizootic {ep-e-zo-of -ik) [fjr/, upon; fwoi', animal]. I. Affecting the lower animals epidemically. 2. A con- tagious,or generally prevalent disease affecting animals. Epizooty (^/-f-so'-o-/^) [t'TTt, upon ; fyov, animal]. An epizootic disease. Eponychium [ep-o-nik' -e-uni) [f tt/, upon ; hvv^, finger- nail] . A horny condition of the epidermis from the second to the eighth month of fetal life, indicating the position of the future nail. Eponym {tp'-o-niin) [iiruvviKx;, named after, a person] . A term derived from the name of a person. See Table of Eponymic Diseases, under Disease. Epoophorectomy [ep-o-o-for-ek'-to-me) [fTrud^opov, epoophoron ; eKTo/ni/, excision]. Surgical removal of the epoophoron. Epoophoron (^ep-o-off' -oy-07i) [£7r/,upon; C^oi^opoq, lay- ing eggs]. Same as Parovai-ium. Epostoma (ep-os-to' -mali) [ett/, upon ; bartov, bone]. An exostosis. Epsilon-bacillus. See Bacteria , Synonyinatic Table of . Epsom Salts {ep'-sitm). See Magnesium. Epstein's Dressing. A method of dressing the um- bilical cord. It consists of the ordinary linen quad- rangular belly-plastron with a central cap-like recepta- cle for the umbilical stump. Epulis [ep-u'-lis) [t/T/, upon; nv'ka, the gums]. A hard, fibrous tumor of the alveolar processes of the jaws. Epulosis (ep-u-lo' -sis) [tTTOv'Aoaig : ini, upon; ovAri, scar]. Cicatrization; a cicatrix. Epulotic (cp-u-lof -ik ) [t-n-/, upon; ov'hrj, scar]. I. Promoting epulosis or cicatrization. 2. A remedy or application that promotes the healing of wounds or sores. Equation {e-hua^-zkii?i) \j?qiia7-e, to make equal]. In chemistry, a collection of symbols so arranged as to indicate that if the bodies represented by the symbols be brought together a chemic reaction will take place. E., Personal, an allowance for individual peculiarity or error in an observer's work, in order to render it approximately accurate. Equator (e-kwa'-lor) \ccquare, to make equal]. An imaginary circle surrounding a sphere. E. of a cell, the boundary of the plane through which division takes place. E. of the eye, the eeqtiator oculi ; the boundary of the transverse and central vertical plane of the eye. E. of a Lens, the angular edge at the meeting of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lens. Equatorial (e-kwa-tor' -e-al) \i7quare, to make equal]. Pertaining or belonging to an equator. E. Plate. See Karyokinesis and Plate. Equilibration (e-que-lib-ra' -shun) [^rrquilibrare, to bal- ance equally]. Equipoise ; even balance. Equilibrism [e-quil' -ib-rizm) \(equilibris , evenly bal- anced]. The opinion that every voluntary act may be counteracted by an opposing inhibitory volition. Equilibrium (e-kwe-lib' -re-urn) [eequus, equal ; libra, balance]. An even balancing of a body or condition. E., Stable, when, after slight disturbance, the body will return to its original condition or position. E., Unstable, when it will not so return. Equination (e-kwin-a'-slnni) \_equinus, of ahorse]. I. Inoculation with the virus of equine smallpox. 2. Inoculation with the virus of equinia. Equinia (e-lrwin' -e-ah) \_equus, a horse]. Glanders. Farcy. A contagious, specific disease, with both local and general symptoms, derived from the horse or ass. It affects chiefly the skin, mucous membranes and lymphatics, and begins with a purulent nasal discharge, the respiratory, ocular and oral membranes being fur- ther successively involved. It is of microbic origin. See Baeilhis mallei^ in Bacteria, Synonyinatic Table of. Equinist {ek' -kwin-ist) \_equus, a horse]. One who be- lieves in the equine origin of a disease, e. g., of tetanus. Equipollent (e-k-ivip' -o-lent) \jequus, equal ; pollere, to be strong]. Of equal power or efficiency; said, for example, of opposing muscles, or of parents in their influence upon offspring. Equisetum {ek-iuis-e' -tuni) \equus, a horse ; sccta, bris- tle]. A genus of cryplogamous plants ; the horse- tails, or scouring rushes. E. hiemah and E. palustre, of Europe and N. America, are reputed to be effective and harmless diuretics. Equitant {ek'-zvit-ant) \_cquitare, to ride]. In biology, literally, riding. Applied to leaves, like those of the iris, which are vertical and folded lengthwise, so that each leaf, toward the base, overlaps or straddles the next ; also applied to the longitudinally folded anten- na; of certain insects. Equivalence, Equivalency {e-kwiv'-al-ens, e-quiv' -al- en-se) \_ceqiius, equal ; valere, to be worth]. Equality of valence or saturating-power. See Valeiice. In chemistry, the property possessed by an element or radical of combining with another element or radical or of replacing it in a compound body in definite and unalterable proportions. It is sometimes used as syno- nymous with valence or qiiantivalence. Equivalent (e-kwiv' -al-ent) \jequus, equal ; valere, to be worth]. Of equal valency. E. Focus. See Focus. Equivocal (e-kwiv' -o-kal) \_cequus,equ.3\. ; w.r, sound]. Of doubtful significance, as equivocal symptoms. Eradication [e-rad-ik-a'-s/iun) [f, out ; radicare, to root]. Complete or thorough removal. Eradiculose {e-rad-ik' -u-l6s) [c, priv. ; radicula, a rootlet]. In biology, destitute of rootlets or rhizoids. Erasene {er'-as-en) . \eradere, to scratch out ; from the power of erasing grease-spots]. A trade-name for California abietene. See Abietene. Erasion (e-ra'-zhun) \e, out; radere, to scrape]. The act of scraping or cureting. Erb's Point. See Poittt. E. Reaction of degener- ation. Deviation from the normal formula of muscu- lar response to galvanism. E. Upper-arm type " of palsy. A myotrophy characterized by paralysis of the deltoid and often of the supraspinatus and infra- spinatus, the biceps, brachialis anticus, and the supin- ators. See Diseases, Table of. Erbium [ur'-be-um) [L.]. A rare element; symbol Er. See Elements, Table of. Erdmann's Test. See Tests, Table of. Erdmann and Uslar's Test. See Tests, Table of. Erect [e-rekt'^ [erectus, set up]. Upright; in the state of erection. E. Posture. See Postures, Table of. Erecthites [e-rek-thi' -tez) [fpe^'^'rw > groundsel]. A genus of composite plants. E. hieracifolia. Fire- weed ; a coarse composite-flowered plant common in waste-lands in N. America ; it is astringent and tonic. Unof. Erectile [e-rek'-til) [erigere, to set up]. Pertaining to or possessing the characteristic stiffening, rigidity, or erection. E. Glossitis. See Glossitis, Parenchy- matous. E. Tissue, that which is capable of erection ; consisting of a network of expansile capillaries that under stimulus becomes engorged with blood. Erection (e-re¥ -shun) ?>c7r, to set up]. The con- dition of temporary and functional fulness and firm- ness of the penis, clitoris, etc., due to sexual excite- ment, friction, etc., the mechanism consisting in an overfilling of the blood-vessels with inhibition of the ERECTOPATENT 438 ERODENT return circulation. E. -center. See Center. E., Persistent. Synonym of Priapism, q. v. Erectopatent [e-rek-to-pa' -tent) \erectiis, erect ; patens, spreading]. In biology, intermediate between erect and spreading, as the fore- wings of a butterfly in repose. Erector (e-rek'-tor) \_erigere, to erect]. Any muscle, the function of which it is to erect or elevate a part. See Muscles, Table of. E. pili, the unstriped mus- cular fibers causing the erection of the hair and the phenomenon called goose-flesh or goose-skin. Eremacausis (er-em-ak-aw' -sis) \_?ipefia, slowly ; Kaii- aig, burning]. Slow oxidation or gradual decay, without combustion. Eremoblast {er-e' -mo-blast) \_ei>fjfio^, solitary^ jiXaarog, a germ, sprout]. A unicellular plant. Eremophobia ( er-cm-o-fo' -be-ah ) [f/)//«of , desolate ; (poiiloc, fear]. The same as Agoraphobia , q. v. Erethin (er'-e-thin) [iyjEfc'/fai', to irritate]. The name given by Klebs to that constituent of tuberculin which occasions fever. Erethism {er' -e-thizm), Erethismus [er-e-thiz' -inus) l_kpeHiaiLi6<;, irritation]. An abnormal heightening of nervous irritability. E. ebriosorum. Synonym of Delirium tremens. E. hydrophobia. Synonym of Hydrophobia. E. tropicus. See Insolation. Erethismal (er-e-thiz' -mal) [^epeOcafiog, irritation]. Of the nature of an erethism. Erethismic (er-e-thiz' -mik), ox Erethistic (er-e-this' -tik) . [^epeftiafiog, irritation]. Relating to, or affected with, erethism. Erg [t7);-oi', work]. See Electric Units. Ergasiomania [ur-gas-e-o-ma'-ne-ah) [jpyafr/a, work ; fiavla, madness]. Mania for performing operations. Ergasiophobia [iir-gas-e-o-fo' -be-ah) [ipyaa'ia, work ; tjiojhc;, fear]. Timidity in operating. A dread of operations. Ergogenesis (ur-go-Jen'-es-is) [^ipyov, work ; ykvtai^, production]. Same as Ergogeny. Ergogenetic (iir-go-gen-ef -ik) \lpyov, work ; ykveci^, production]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, er- gogeny. Ergogeny (iir-goj' -en-c) \ipyov, work ; yivcnic, jjroduc- tion]. In biology, the energy, both potential and kinetic, involved in the adaptive processes of living organisms ; it includes both kinetogeny and statogeny (Ryder). Ergograph {iir' -go-graf) \ipyov, work ; ypd(l>eiv, to write]. A recording ergometer. An instrument for recording the extent of movement produced by a con- tracting muscle, or the amount of work it is capable of doing. Ergometer [iir-gom' -et-er) \(pyov, work ; jjirpov, meas- ure]. A variety of dynamometer. Ergostat [ur'-go-stat) [tpyov, work; 'laravai, to stand]. An apparatus for te.sting muscular strength. Ergot, or Ergota (z c k-b row n, Canelle-brou'n, cinnaiiion-browyi, gold- brozi'ti, leather -brown^ Manchester brow7i, Vesuvin). Triamidoazobenzene hydrochlorid. Brown. Anilin-green. Green. Acid green {Guinea green, Helvetia green, light-green S F). Sodium diethyldibenzyl diamidotriphenyl carbinol- trisulphonate. Bright green. AldehyS green. Action of aldehyd on magenta with sulphuric acid. Green. Alkali green. Derived from diphenylamin. Green. Brilliant green (emerald green, new Victoria green"). Tetramethyl-diparamidotriphenylcarbinol h y d ro- chlorid with zinc or iron chlorid. Green. Ethyl-green {new Victoria green, solid green). Tetrethyldiparamidotriphenylcarbinol sulphonate. Green. Fast green. Sodium tetramethyl dibenzyl pseudrosanilin disul- phonate. Green. lodin-green {crystallized green). Chlormethylhexmethylrosanilin hydrochlorid and zinc chlorid. Green. Light green. Zinc chlorid and chlormethylhexamethylpararosani- lin hydrochlorid. Green. Liquid acid green. 10-20 per cent, solution of acid green. Green. Malachite-green (benzol-green, benz- aldehyd-greeit, benzoyl-green, bitter- almond green, fast green, solid green, Victoria green). Tetramethyldiamidotriphenylcarbinol hydrochlorid. Made by the action of benzaldehyd upon dimethyl- anilin. Green. ■ — Methyl-green. Chlormethylhexamethylpararosanilin hydrochlorid with zinc chlorid. Green Metternich green. Chlormethylhexamethylrosanilin hydrochlorid with zinc chlorid. Green. Night-green. Chlormethylhexamethylrosanilin hydrochlorid with zinc chlorid. Green. Paris green. Chlormethylhexamethylpararosanilin hydrochlorid with zinc chlorid. Green. Anilin-red. Red. Acid magenta (magenta S, rubin S). Mixture of rosanilin monosulphonic and disulphonic acids. Red. Azalein. Rosanilin nitrate. Red. Cerise. Cherry color. Fuchsin (magenta, new red, rubin). Rosanilin hydrochlorid. D^p red. Magenta (harmalin, rosein). Pararosanilin and rosanilin hydrochlorids. Deep red. Maroon. From resinous residue after extraction of magenta. Dark red. Phenosaffranin (saffranin B extra). Red. Rosanilin (anilin-red, Bruyiing's red, Coupler red, nitrobenzol-red). A derivative of anilin. Red. Rosein. Rosanilin acetate. r\.ea. Saffranin (anilin-rose). Mixture of tolusafranin and phenotolusafranin. Kea. Anilin-violet ( Tyrolin). Violet. Acid violet. Sodium dimethylrosanilintrisulphonate. Violet. Crystal violet (violet 6 B). Hexamethylpararosanilin hydrochlorid. Violet. Dahlin (Hofmann' s violet, primula). The ethyl and methyl derivatives of rosanilin. Violet. Ethyl-purple. Hexa-ethyl-pararosanilin. Blue violet. lodin-violet. Violet. Mauvanilin. From residue from arsenic acid-process of making magenta. Violet. PIGMENTS 1093 PIGMENTS CONSPECTUS OF FIGMENTS.— Coniinued. Name. Composition, Preparation, Etc. Color. Mauvein (anilin- purple, anilin - violet , indisin, mauve, Paris red, Perkins' violet). Oxidation of anilin containing toluidin. Purple. Methyl-violet (Paris violet). Pentamethylpararosanilin hydrochlorid. Violet. Methyl-violet 6 B {benzyl-violet). Pentamethylbenzylpararosanilin hydrochlorid. Violet. Red violet. Violet. Rosanilin-violet (imperial violet, Parma violet, phenyl -violet, regina- purple, spirit-violet). Monophenylrosanilin and diphenylrosanilin hydro- chlorids. Dull violet. Violanilin. One of the indulins. Gray-violet. Violet R. Violet. Anilin-yellow. Yellow. Acid yellow (fast yellow). Sodium amidoazobenzene sulphonate. Yellow. Chrysanilin. Action of steam on the residue left after extraction of rosanilin. Yellow. Flavanilin. Heating acetanilid with zinc chlorid. Yellow. b. The Auramins. Auramin. Tetramethyldiamidobenzophenonimid hydrochlorid. Brilliant yellow. Aurantia (imperial yellow). Ammonium hexanitrodiphenylamin. Orange-yellow. Dimethylphenylene-green(.Sz«cficA«£f/er'j green). Oxidizing dimethyl paraphenylene diamin with di- methylanilin. Yellow-green. Ethylene-blue. Formed from nitrosodimethylanilin. Blue. Gallocyanin (new fast violet, solid violet). Formed from nitrosodimethylanilin with gallic acid. Blue-violet. Girofle. Formed from nitrosodimethylanilin. Blue. Indophenol. Simultaneous oxidation of a phenol and a paradiamin. Indigo-blue. Indophenol-blue (naphthol-blue). Action of nitrosodimethylanilin on a-naphthol. Indigo-blue. Lauth's violet (thionin). Oxidation of paraphenylendiamin in an acid solution containing hydrogen sulphid. Violet. Methylene-blue (fast blue). Tetramethylthionin hydrochlorid with zinc chlorid. Green-blue. Muscarin. A derivative of nitrosodimethylanilin. Blue. Neutral red. Dimethyldiamidotoluphenazin hydrochlorid. Red. Neutral violet. Dimethyldiamidophenazin hydrochlorid. Violet. New blue (cotton-blue R, fast blue for cot- ton, naphthylenene-blue). Blue. Nile blue. Action of muscarin on a-naphthylamin. Blue. j Phenylauramin. Heating auramin with anilin. Orange-yellow. i Phenylene-blue. Oxidation of phenylenediamin with anilin. Green-blue. 1 Prune. Obtained from gallic methyl ether. 1' Toluylene-blue. Oxidation of toluylene diamin. Blue. Fluorescein colors. The Eosins (iiis, morning redness). , Cyanosin. Formed by methylating phloxin. Blue. jj Cyanosin B. Formed by ethylatingtetrabromtetrachlorfluorescein. Blue. Eosin. Tetrabromfluorescein. Red. 1 Eosin A extra. Sodium tetrabromfluorescein. Garnet-red. j Eosin B. Sodium or ammonium tetrabromfluorescein. Red. 1 Eosin-orange. Sodium dibromfluorescein. Orange-red. Eosin-scarlet (daphnin, eosin B N, lute- cienne, rose des Alpes, safrosin). Sodium, potassium, or ammonium dibromdinitro- fluorescei'n. Scarlet. 1 PIGMENTS 1094 PIGMENTS CONSPECTUS OF FIGMENTS.— Confmued. Name. Composition, Preparation, Etc. Color. Erythrosin {diatithin B, eosin bleuatre, eosin J, iodeosin B, pyrosin B, rose Bu- reau, soluble primrose). Sodium, potassium and ammonium tetraiodofluor- esceVn. Light brick-red to brown- red. Erythrosin G (dianthin G, iodeosin G). Salts of di-iodofluoresceVn. Red. Phloxin P. Potassium tetrabromdichlorfluorescei'n. Red. Phloxin T. Formed by bromizing tetrachlorfluorescei'n. Red. Primrose (eosin S, ethyl eosin, rose J B&- I'alcool, spirit eosin). Potassium ethyltetrabromfluorescei'n. Bright-red. Rose Bengale {Bengal red). Formed by iodizing dichlorfluorescei'n. Blue-red. Rose Bengale B. Formed by iodizing tetrachlorfluorescein. Blue-red. Soluble eosin. Sodium or ammonium tetrabromfluorescein. Reddish-brown. d. Resorcin colors. Resorcin-blue (fluorescent resorcinal blue, lacmoid). Formed by heating resorcin with sodium nitrite. Blue. Resorcin-brown. Combining resorcin with a diazo-compound. Brown. Resorcin-violet. Action of resorcin on tetramethyldiamidobenzo- phenon. Violet. Solid green. Brilliant yellow. Dinitroresorcin. d. Naphthalene Pigments. Treating a-uaphtholdisulphonic acid with nitric acid. Green. Yellow. Martins' yellow (golden yellow, naphthal- ene-yellow, naphthol-ye'llow, Manchester yellow, saffron-yellow). Sodium, ammonium, or calcium dinitro-a-naphthol. Yellow. Napthalene-red (magdala-red, naphthalin- scarlet, Soudan-red). Diamido-naphthyl napthazonium chlorid. Scarlet. Naphthalene-violet (naphthame'in) . Formed by oxidizing a-naphthylamin. Violet. Naphthol-blue (indophenol, naphthol-violef). Action of nitrosodimethylanilin on a-naphthol. Indigo-blue. Naphthol-green B. Treating ^-naphtholmonosulphonic acid S with nitric acid. Green. Naphthol-yellow S (acid yellow S). Treating a-naphtholtrisulphonic acid with nitric acid. Yellow. Phenanthrene-red . Red. Sungold. Aurin (rosolic acid). e. Phenol Pigments. Heating phenol with sulphuric and oxalic acids. Yellow. Orange-red. Azulin (azurin, rosolic blue). Heating rosolic acid with anilin. Blue. Corallin-red (aurin R, peonin, peony-red^. Heating aurin with ammonium hydroxid. Red. Corallin-yellow. Formed from aurin. Orange-yellow. Flavaurin (nsw yellow). Ammonium dinitrophenolparasulphonate. Yellow. Garnet-brown (grenate browii). Potassium or ammonium cresylpurpurate. Brown. | Phenol-blue. Action of dimethyl phenylenediamin on phenol. Green-blue. Phenyl-brown (Havana brown, leather- brown, phenicin, rothein). Action of sulphuric and nitric acids on phenol. Brown. Picric Acid. Trinitrophenol. Yellow. Quinolin colors. Quinolin-blue (cyanin). Reaction of amyl iodid, quinolin and methylquinolin. Blue. Quinolin-green. Tetramethyldiamidodiphenylquinolol hydrochorid. Green . Quinolin-red. Heating benzotrichlorid with quinaldin and iso- quinolin in the presence of zinc chlorid. Red. Quinolin-yellow. Heating quinaldin with phthalic anhydrid and zinc chlorid. Yellow. PIGMENTS 1095 PIGMENTS CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— (7o«/2«zap U^lliC IIld.UUcr. Lake from madder-root. Reddish-orange. Carotin. The coloring-matter of the root of the cultivated car- rot, Dauciis carota, discovered, in 1832, by Wacken- roder. Deep-red to golden-red. Carthamin (rouge vegetal, safflower-car- min). Obtained from saffron (Carthamiis tinctorius), L. Dark brownish-red to yel- lowish-red and purple, according to mordant. Catechu (cashoo). Extract from Acacia catechu. Brown. PIGMENTS 1096 PIGMENTS CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Name. Composition, Preparation, Etc. Color. Cerulein (aziilene). A vegetable principle. Blue. Chelidoxanthin. Obtained by Probst from Chelidonium majus, L. Yellow. Cheniic black. Gall-nuts with ferric nitrate and pyroligneous acid. Black, Chica-red {^cuvdjitvci , cfiico-yt^d). Lfeaves of jBt^Hoiiia chica. Orange-red . Cliincsc green {laokcio^. From Rliamnus cfilorophorus and Ji. utilis. Green, Chlorogenin. Obtained from madder-root by Schunck. Green. Chlorophyl (Leaf-green). From the leaves or other green parts of plants, and certain invertebrates. A complex coloring-matter composed of varying mixtures of phyllocyatini , and phylloxanthin. Cf. phycoxanthin, phycoplidin. Green. Chlorrubiadin. Obtained by Schunck from madder-root. Yellow. Chlorrubian. Obtained by Schunck from madder-root. Yellow. Chrome-black. Produced by mordanting with potassium dichromate and dyeing with logwood. Black. Clirysophan. Obtained from the roots of rhubarb (Rheum pabna- tum). Gold or sulphur-yellow. Chrysophanic acid. Discovered by Schrader (1819J ; found in the lichens, Pamieha pixnetiiia, FaTtiielia caparaia, Sguajnarta elegans, and Cassia bijn.e:a, Andira araroba, (Goa powder), Rheuin palmatuyii. Yellow. Chrysorhamnin. Obtained from the fruit of Rhamnus amygdalenus, R. mfectoiius, and R. saxatths. Golden yellow. Cinchona-red ( Chinaroth, rosso di China, cinchofulvic acid). A phlobophene discovered by Reuss(i8i2) in cinchona bark. Red Cissotannic-acid. Obtained by Wittstein from reddened autumn leaves and from strawberries. Brown-red or red-biown. Coiorin. Dry alcoholic extract of garancin. Red. Common black. From logwood, sumac, and fustic, by adding a mix- ture of green and blue vitriol. Black. Cork black. Burning cork in closed vessels. Black. Crocin {Potycroit ). Obtained from Crocus sativus, Gardenia grandifolia, and Fabiaiia imbHcata. Yellow. Cudbear. From Lecanora tartarea and other lichens. Purple or violet. Curcumin {Curcuma-yellow , Turmeric). Obtained from the roots of Curcuma longa, and other species ; cultivated throughout Eastern tropics ; used in cookery, and for test-paper. Yellow. Cyanin (Flower-blue). Found by Fremv and Cloez in blue flowers, e.g., corn-flower, violets, etc. This appears to be a pure form of the anthocyan of Marquart. The scarlet- red of some flowers appear to be a mixture of cy- anin and xant/iin. Blue. Dragon's blood. Resin from Draccrna draco. Red. Dutch-pink. From Reseda luteola. See Luieolin. Pink. Dyer's broom. From Gejiista tinctoria. Yellow. Erythrin. Obtained from Roccella fuciformis. Red. Erythrophyl (Leaf-red). Obtained by Berzelius from reddened autumn leaves (e.g., cherry, currant). Red. Etiolin. The yellow pigment of etiolated leaves. Cf. xantho- phyl, phylloxanthin. Yellow. Filix-red. Obtained from the rhizomes of Aspidium filix mas. Dark brick-red. Florence lake (Florentine lake). Lake from logwood. Deep brown-red. Florideae-green. That portion of the compound pigment (Rhodophyl) of the red alga' which is soluble in alcohol. Green. Fucoxanthin. Sorby's name for the principal coloring-matter of the olive-green sea weeds (/^Hcnc^.z'and Laminarascecz). Amber. Fustin (fisetin). Obtained from the root of Rhus cotinus. Yellow. PIGMENTS 1097 PIGMENTS CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Cc^/z/Z/zW. Name. Composition, Preparation, Etc. Color. Galloflavin. Oxidation of gallic acid in alkaline solution. Yellow. Gambler (gambir, pale catechu, terra japonica). Extract from leaves of Uncaria gambler. Yellowish-brown. Gamboge. Gum-resin from Garcinia hanburyi. Brownish-yellow. Garanceux. From the waste madder of the dye-houses. Red, deep-brown, lilac, black. Garancin. Action of cone, sulphuric acid on pulv. madder. Red. Gas-black {hydrocarbon-black). Burning natural gas against a revolving iron cylinder. Black. Glaucotin. \J\j\i7/, fat ; (r/f, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of any adipose tissue ; also, of connective tissue in general. Pimeloma (^piin-cl-o' -inah) [TTijie7ii], fat ; bfia, tumor : pi. , Piiiieloinata\. A fatty tumor ; lipoma. Pimelopterygium [pim'-el-o-ter-ij'-e-um) [ttz/^c///, fat ; TTTtpl'yinv, a small wing]. A fatty outgrowth on the conjunctiva. Pimelorrhea [pim-el-or-e' -ali) [7r(//EA;/, fat; po/a, a flow]. An excessive fatty discharge. Fecal discharge of undigested fat. Pimelorthopnea {piin-el-or-thop-ne'-ah) [-///fA//, fat ; bptio-voia , orthopnea]. Orthopnea due to obesity. Pimelosis [piin-el-o' -sis) [7r';t'^//n, infusion]. Tissues composed of flat cells. Pinene [pi'-nen) [pinns, pine], C,qH,|;. A hydrocar- bon, the chief ingredient of the turpentine-oil prepared from the different varieties of pine, of eucalyptus-oil, juniper-berry oil, sage-oil, etc. Ping Ping. The root of a Chinese plant, used in ves- ical affections. Unof. Pinguecula, Pinguicula {pin-gwek' -ji-lah, pin-gwik' - u-lah) \_pinguis, fat]. A small, yellow-white tumor of the conjunctiva, situated between the cornea and the canthus of the eye. Pinguefaction [pin- gwe -fak'- shun') \_pi7iguis, fat; facere, to make]. Conversion into fat. Pinguicula (/?■« - o-7t"?7''- [pingiiis, fat], i. A genus of some thirty species of plants of wide geo- graphic distribution ; the butterworts. They have vulnerary and aperient properties, and are locally used in thickening milk. They are insectivorous plants, and contain one or more digestive ferments. 2. A small tumor of the conjunctiva. Pinguid {ping' -gwid') \_pinguis,{'a.'C\. Fat; unctuous. Pinguidinous { ping-gmid' -in ns) \_piugnis, fat]. Con- taining fat. Pinguitude {ping'-g7vit-tcd) \_ pingiiis, fat]. Fatness. Pinguoleum ( ping-gwo'-le-uni) \^pingnis, iai; oleum, oil]. A fatty or fixed oil. Pinhole [ME. , pin ; AS., /^f/, a hole]. A minute perforation, like that made by a pin. P. Os, an extreme degree of atresia of the os uteri, seen in young and undeveloped women. P. Pupil, Pin-point Pupil, contraction of the iris to an extent that the pupil is scarcely larger than a pin's head. It is seen in opium-poisoning, after the use of myotics, in certain cerebral diseases, in locomotor ataxy, etc. Pinic Acid {pin'-ik)\_pinits, pine], CjqH^dOj. A resin ous body obtained from pine-resin, having the same formula as pinearic acid, with which it may be ident- ical. Pinicoline { pin-ik' -o-lin) \_pinus, a pine-tree ; colere, to inhabit]. In biology, inhabiting pine forests, e.g., the Capercally, or Cock-of-the-wood ( Tetrao urogal- lus). Piniform { pi' -nif-orni) [//«/«, pine ; for?na , form]. Pine-shaped ; resembling a pine-cone. P. Decus- sation, a decussation of fibers in the oblongata be- tween the central gray matter and the pyramids. Pining {pi'-ning) [ME., //'^^w, pain]. Vulgar syno- nym for tuberculosis of cattle. Also applied to a peculiar melancholic longing of pregnant women, commonly called '■^longings.'" Pinion {pin'-yun) [/fw«a, wing, feather]. In biology, the mantis or distal segment of a bird's wing {carpus, metacarpus, phalanges) bearing the pri- mary remiges. Pinipicrin {pin-ip-ik' -rin) \_pinus, pine ; niKpoc, bit- • ter], C.^.^HjgOj,. A bitter glucosid obtained from the needles and the bark of Pinus sylvestris and other plants. Pinitannic Acid { pin-it-an'-ik) [pinus, pine; ME., tannen, tan], Cj^Hj^Og. A yellowish-red powder, a variety of tannic acid, found in Pinus sylvestris and other plants. Pinite {pin'-it) \_pinus, pine], C^H^.^O^. A substance that occurs in the resin of Pinus lamberiina. It melts at 150° C. It is a pentahydric phenol of hexa- hydrobenzene. Pinites { pin-i' -tez) [pinus, pine]. A genus of extinct coniferous trees, of which P. succinifer is thought to have been the source of amber. Pink (pingk) [origin obscure]. A shade of pale-red. P. Crystals. Same as P. Salt. P.-eye, the popu- lar term for a contagious muco-purulent conjunctivitis of horses, characterized by a red color of the eyeball. It may occur in man. P. -madder. See Pigments, Conspectus of. P.-root. See Spigelia. P. Salt. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Pinna {pin' -ah) \_pinna, penna, feather, wing : pi., Pinnce^. In biology, a name applied to various wing- like or feather-like organs ; as a wing, feather, fin, flipper, the ala auris or external cartilaginous flaps of the ear, the ala of the nose, one of the primary divi- sions of a pinnately-compound leaf. P. nasi. Syno- nym of Ala nasi. Pinnadiform {pin-ad' -if-orm) [pinna, feather, wing; ad, to; forma, form]. In biology, applied to certain fishes in which the skin extends out on some or all of the fins. Pinnaglobulin {pin-ah-glob' -u-liii) [ Tr/i'm, a kind of mussel ; globulus, a round body]. A respiratory pigment containing manganese found in the blood of Pinna squamosa. Pinnate {pin' -at) [pinna, a feather]. In biology, feathered or shaped like a feather. Pinnatifid {pin-at' -if-id) [pinna, & feather; findere, to cleave]. In biology, cleft in a pinnate manner, with the marginal divisions reaching at least half way to the midrib ; pinnatisected. Pinnatilobate {pin-at-il-o' -bat). Same as Pinnati- lobed. Pinnatilobed {pin-at' -il-dbd) [pinna, feather; lobus, PINNATION 1101 PISCICULTURE a lobe]. In biology, having several alternating rounded lobes and sinuses on each side of the midrib. Pinnation (pin-a^-shun) \_ pinna, feather]. In biology, the state or condition of being constructed in a pinnate manner. Pinnatipartite [pin-at-ip-ar'-tlt) \_pinna, a feather; partiri, to divide]. In biology, pinnately parted; having the divisions reaching almost to the midrib. Pinnatiped {pin-af -ip-ed) \_ pinna, a feather ; pes, foot]. In biology, pin-footed or flipper-footed; lobi- ped. Pinnatisect [pin-at'-is-ekt) \_pinna,a. feather; secare, to cut]. In biology, divided down to the midrib. Pinnatulate [pin - a/^- n - /at) [dim. of pennatits, feathered]. In biology, bearing secondary pinnations or subdivisions. Pinniform [pin' -if -orm^\_ pinna, feather; forma, form]. In biology, resembling a feather, wing or flipper. Pinnigrade { pin' -ig-rad) \_pinna, i^zSh^x; gradi, to walk]. In biology, moving by means of fins. Pinninerved (pin'-in-ervd) \_ pinna, feather; nerviim, nerve]. Same as Penninerved. Pinniped [pin' -ip-ed) \_pinna, feather, fin ; pes [pedis), foot]. In biology, having feet like fins or flippers. Pinnitarsal [pin-it-ar' -sal) [pinna, feather; tarszts, tarsus]. In biology, having pinnate feet. Pinnitentaculate [pin - it - en - tak' - ti- lat) l_ pinna, a feather; tentaetiluin, a. tentacle]. In biology, having pinnate tentacles. Pinnula [pin' -u-lah) [L. , a little plume : , Pinnitlce^ In biology, a small or secondary pinna. Pinnule [pin'-ul) \_pinnula, a little plume]. In biol- ogy, a small or secondary pinna ; a pinnula, as a small pin or one of the ultimate divisions of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf. Pins and Needles. The popular name for those ab- normal sensations of tingling experienced by patients in various diseased conditions of the nervous system, or after an injury of a nerve. Pint [pint) [¥r. pinte, a spot]. The eighth part of a gallon. Octarius. Symbol O. Pinta Disease [Sp. "painted"]. Spotted Sickness ; a tropical, contagious disease, due to a fungus, that pro- duces various discolorations of the skin. The spots are scaly, very variable in color, shape, number, and size, and the disease appears to be allied in its charac- ters to tinea versicolor. It usually begins on uncov- ered parts such as the face and extremities, but may affect the scalp or other parts of the body. The color of the patches is black, grayish-blue, red, or dull- white. The disease is very chronic. Pinus [pi'-nus). See Fix. Pioscope [ pi' -o-skop) \Triui>, fat ; (jhotthv, to see]. A variety of galactoscope. Piotrowski's Reaction. The " biuret-reaction " for proteids, developed by the addition of a few drops of dilute cupric sulphate and the subsequent addition of an excess of caustic potash or soda. It gives a reddish- violet color like that given by the substance biuret, a derivative of urea. The color deepens on boiling. Pip [ME., pippe, pip]. A disease of fowls, character- ized by a secretion of thick mucus in the throat and mouth. Piper [pi' -per) [L.]. Pepper; Black Pepper. The unripe fruit of P. iiigriim, shriveled and dried. The plant is a native of the East Indies and contains an oleo- resin, an alkaloid, and a volatile oil. It is stimulant to the stomach, and irritant to the skin and is used mainly to correct flatulence, and locally for hemorrhoids. Dose gr. v-xx. P. sethiopicum, the guinea corn [Habzelia ii-thio/^ica). P. album, Pepper, White. P. angustifolium. See Matico. P. anisatum, a species of Piper substituted for cubebs. P. betel. See Betel. P. clusii, the Ashanti-pepper of West Africa. P., Confectio. (B. P. ) Dose ^j-ij. P. cu- beba. See Cubeb. P. jaborandi, Baillon's name for a species of Piper yielding jaborandi. P. longum, an East Indian plant, no longer employed in medicine, but infused in milk as a poison for flies. P. methys- ticum. See Kava-kava. P. nigrum. See Pepper, Black. P., Oleo-resina, contains the volatile oil. Dose Tt\,X-j- umbellatum, one of the sources of the Brazilian Caapeba, or Periparola, which is also obtained from Cissainpelos caapeba. Piperazin [pi-per-a'-zin), Q^^Yl^^^^^. Diethylene dia- min ; a crystalline solid melting at 104° C, and boiling at I45-I46°C. It is reported to be a powerful solvent of uric acid, and its dilute solution is prescribed in cases of urinary lithiasis. Dose gr. v-viij. Unof. Piperic [pi-per' -ik) \_piper, pepper]. Pertaining to, or containing pepper. P. Acid, Cj2H,q04, a monobasic acid obtained by boiling piperin with alcoholic potash in the presence of hydrochloric acid. Piperidin [pi-per' -id-in) \_piper, pepper], CjHjjN. A substance that occurs attached to piperic acid as piperin in pepper. It is artificially prepared by reducing pyridin. It is an alkaline liquid that dissolves quite easily in water and alcohol. Its odor is like that of pepper. It boils at 106° C. Piperin [pi' -per-in) \_piperina ; piper, pepper], Cj-Hjg- NO3. The alkaloid of pepper [Piper nigrutn and other varieties). It is artificially produced by the action of piperic acid chlorid upon piperidin. It crys- tallizes in prisms and melts at 128° C. Its medical virtues are those of black pepper ; it has also febri- fuge properties. Dose gr. j-x. Piperinal (/?/»-<';-- /«'-(?/). See Piperonal. Piperitious ( pip-er-isk'-us) \_piper, pepper]. Peppery ; having a pungent taste. Piperoid [pip'-er-oid) [n'mepi, pepper ; fltSof, like]. Any resin resembling the oleo-resin of pepper. Piperonal [pip-er-o'-nal) \_ piper, pepper], CgHgOj. Heliotropin ; the flavoring principle of heliotrope ; a crystalline body, obtained by oxidizing piperic acid. It dissolves with difficulty in water, melts at 37° C. and boils at 263° C. It is largely used in perfumery, and is also antipyretic and antiseptic. Dose gr. xv. Unof. Pipet, Pipette [pip-et') [Fr., dim. of pipe"]. A glass tube open at both ends, but usually drawn out to a smaller size at one end. It may be graduated or not and it may or may not have a central expanded bulb. It is used for transferring small portions of a liquid from one vessel to another. Pipmenthol [pip-men' -thol) \_piper, pepper; mcntha, mint]. A name for the menthol obtained from pep- permint. Pipsissewa [pip-sis' -e-waJi). See Chimaphila. Piptonychia [ pip-to-nik' -e-ah) [Tr/V-fH', to fall ; ii'wf, a nail]. Shedding of the nails. Pique [p'ek] {pique, a point]. See Sarcopsylla pene- trans vcnAnx Parasites [Animal), Table of. Piqtlre [pik-er') [Fr.]. Puncture. Piriform [pir'-if-orm). Synonym oi Pyrifortn. PirogofTs Operation. A method of amputation at the ankle in which the greater part of the calcaneum is retained to give length and surface to the stump. See Operations, Table of. _ . V\%C3Xo\o%,y [ pis-kat-oF -o-je) \^piscis, fish; /ojof, sci- ence]. The scientific study of fishes. Piscicolous [ pis-ik' -o-liis) \_piscis, fish; colere,io m- habit]. In biology, parasitic upon fishes. Pisciculture [pis' -ik-nl-chur) \_piscis, a fish ; cultura, care]. The artificial breeding and culture of fish, es- PISCICULUS 1105 PITTACIUM pecially for the purpose of stocking streams and lit- toral waters with edible varieties of fish. Pisciculus [pts-ik'-!i-lns) [L.]. An old name for the biceps muscle of the arm. Piscidia [pis-id' -e-ah) \_piscis, fish; ccrdere, to kill]. Jamaica Dogwood ; the bark of P. erylhrina. Its active principle is thought to be a glucosid, piscidin. It resembles opium in its physiologic properties, which, however, are much less intense and without unpleasant after-results. It is useful in whooping-cough and neuralgia, but sometimes causes gastric distress. Dose of the (proprietary) fid. ext. ^ss-j, cautiously in- creased. Liquor sedans. See Viburnum. Unof. Piscidin [pis-id' -in) \_piscis,a. fish; cadere , Xp kill], CjgHj^Og. A crystalline body, the active principle of Piscidia erythrina. Its action is chiefly on the spinal cord. It is said to paralyze the sensory ganglia, and to excite the motor ganglia ; it also depresses the heart. Pisciform [pis' -if-ortn) [piscis, fish; forma, form]. In biology, resembling a fish in form. Piscivorous [pis-izi'-or-us) \_piscis, fish ; vorare, to eat]. In biology, living upon fish. Pisiform [ pis'-if-onn) \_pisum, a. pea; fortna, form]. Resembling a pea in shape. P. Bone, a small, near- ly circular bone on the inner and anterior aspect of the carpus. Piso [pi'-so) [L.]. Mortar. Pisohamatus [pi-so-ha-ma'-tiis) [Tr/dOf, a pea ; hama- tus, hooked]. Same as Piso-iincinatus. Piso-uncinatus [pi-so-un-sin-a'-tiis) [Tr/cof , a pea; uncinatiis, hooked]. A rare muscle, passing from the pisiform to the unciform bone. Piss [pis) [ME., to piss], i. To urinate. 2. Urine. Pisse, Chaude [shod pes) [Fr.]. The scalding and painful urination of the acute stage of gonorrhea. Pissocopy [pis-sok' -o-pe) \]s\Y.. , picchen, pitch ; KOKreiv, to strike]. The process of covering with pitch ; also epilation through the action of a pitch-plaster. Pistacia [pis-ta' -she-ah) \_Tri(jTdK)/ , lentisk]. A genus of anacardiaceous trees of warm regions. P. vera, yields the edible pistachio-nut, which is used in phar- macy in the preparation of emulsions. Mastic and Chian turpentine are also produced by trees of this genus. Pistation [pis-ta' -shun) \_pistare, to pound]. The act of bruising in a mortar. Pistic [pis'-tik) \jziariiii}(;, a word of doubtful meaning; it may signify " drinkable," i.e., liquid, or " faithful," 1. e., genuine]. A qualification applied to the best and purest nard, or true spikenard. Pistil [pis' -til) [pistil/iim, a pistle]. In biology, a modified leaf or leaves forming the central organ of a flower, bearing the ovules and seeds. It consists of the seed-containing portion, the ovary ; the pollen-re- ceiving portion, the stigma ; and generally an interven- ing portion, the style. Pistillary [pis' -til-a-re) {^pistilliim, & pistle]. In biol- ogy, of or pertaining to the pistil. Pistillate [pis' -til-at) \_pistillum, a pistle]. In biology, applied to flowers that possess pistils but not stamens. Pistillidium [pis-til-id' -e-um). Arcliegonium. Pistilliferous [ pis-til-if -er-us) [pistillum, a pistle; ferre, to bear]. Same as Pistillate. Pistillody [pis' -til-o-de) pistil ; eldof, form]. In biology, the metamorphosis of other organs into pistils or carpels. Piston Pulse. See Corrigait's Pulse. Pit [ME.,/?V, a pit]. I. A hole, depression, or cavity in the body ; e.g., the pit of the stomach, the armpit. 2. One of the pores in the more or less liquefied cell- walls of manv glands. 3. Parts are said to pit on 70 pressure where they preserve for a time the indenta- tion made in them by pressing with the finger. Pit- ting on pressure is seen in edema. P. of the Stomach : (I) a name popularly given to that part of the ab- domen just below the sternum and between the car- tilages of the false ribs. It is also termed Scrobii- itlus cordis ; (2) any one of the openings of gastric tubules visible on the mucous surface of the stomach. P., Tear, the lacrymal sinus. Pitch [pic/i) [ME., picchen, pitch]. I. That quality of sound which depends upon the relative rapidity of the vibrations that produce the sound. In percussion, vari- ations in the pitch of the sounds elicited may have a high diagnostic importance; c in the case of the lungs, a high-pitched note on percussing the chest usually indicates either consolidation of the lung-tissue or the presence of something abnormal between the lung and the chest- wall. 2. pitch.] The residue re- maining in the still after nearly all the volatile constit- uents have been driven off in the fractional distillation of coal-tar. It has a specific gravity of from 1.09 (soft pitch) to 1. 12 (hard pitch). P., Burgundy, the pre- pared resin of Abies excelsa. When pure, it is a brittle, yellowish-brown, adhesive substance, readily soluble in water, in absolute alcohol, and in glacial acetic acid. It is used in the preparation of pitch-plaster. P., Canada, the prepared resin of Abies canadensis. It is a brittle, reddish, opaque substance, containing traces of a volatile oil. It is used for the manufacture of plasters. P., Jew's, P., Mineral, asphalt. P.- plaster, emplastrum picis. Pitcher [pich'-er) [ME., picker, a small jug]. See Ascidiunt. P. -plant. See Parracenia, and Nepen- thes. Pith [ME., /?V/^ pith]. The soft cellular tissue found in the center of the stalks of plants. It has a very low specific gravity. Also, the marrow of bones. Pithecanthropi [pith-ek-an' -thro-pe) [TrWr/Koc, an ape; aiSpuTTor, man; pi. of Pithecanthropus']. In biology, ape-men, the hypothetic prehistoric men, alali. Pithing (/?V//-/«<'-) [ME., pith]. I. The removal of the cerebral lobes of a frog or animal for the pur- pose of physiologic experimentation; decerebration. 2. The slaughter of animals by penetrating the cerebro- spinal axis. Pithode [pith' -od) . See Karyokinesis. Pitres' Method. The method of post-mortem exami- nation of the brain by means of vertical transverse sections from before backward. The first or pre- frontal section is carried down two and a quarter inches in front of the fissure of Rolando ; the second, or pedunculo-frontal section is made three-quarters of an inch in front of that fissure and divides the second and third convolutions near their insertion into the ascending frontal convolution. The third or frontal section is made at the level of the ascending frontal convolution. The fourth or parietal section passes through the ascending parietal convolution. The fifth or pedunculo-parietal section is carried down an inch behind the fissure of Rolando. The sixth or occipital section is made a little less than half an inch in front of the parieto-occipital fissure. A vertical antero-pos- terior incision through the superior vermiform process of the cerebellum opens the fourth ventricle. Pittacal, Pittical [pit'-ak-al, pit'-ik-al) ['//x, pitch; naAoc, beautiful]. One of the aurin series of dyes, first obtained in oxidizing the fractions of beechwood- tar boiling at high temperatures. It consists of the dark blue salts of eupittonic acid. See Pigments, Co}ispectus of. Pittacium [ pit - a' - she - um) [ pix, pitch]. Pitch- plaster. PITTED 1106 PIXOL Pitted {pit'-ed) [ME.,///, a pit]. Marked by inden- tations or pits, as from smallpox. Pitting (pit'-ing) [ME., a pit]. The formation of pits ; also the quality of preserving, for a short time, indentations made by pressing with the finger. Pituita [1-.]. Phlegm; mucus. Pituitary [pit-it' -it-a-r,') [_pituita, phlegm]. Mucus; secreting or containing mucus. P. Body, a small, reddish-gray vascular body, weighing about ten grains, contained within the sella turcica. The pituitary body consists of two portions, the large aiiierioi-, oral and the small posterior, cerebral division. The anterior lobe is derived as a diverticulum from the primitive oral cavity, and, as such, is lined with oral ectoderm, while the posterior lobe descends as an outgrowth from the floor of the primary interbrain. The stalk of this outgrowth remains as the infundibuhim. The pituitary body has attracted much attention on account of pathologic changes in its structure in certain obscure diseases, such as acromegalia, myxedema, and others. In some cases of the affection first named, it has been much enlarged. It is called also hypophysis cerebri and pituitary gland. P. Diverticulum, a flask-like out- growth of the middle of the upper posterior portion of the buccal cavity of the embryo. It takes part in the formation of the pituitary body. P. Fossa. .See Fossa. P. Gland. 'Afts P. Body ^x\A Gland. P. Mem- brane, the Schneiderian membrane. P. Space, in the embryo, the open space at the base of the skull that subsequently becomes the seat of the pitui- tary body. It corresponds to the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. Pituitous [pit-u' -it-Its) \_pititita, phlegm]. Contain- ing or resembling mucus. Pituri {pit-It' -re). Same as Duboisia. Piturin [pit'-tt-rin). A liquid alkaloid obtained homDti- boisia hopnvoodii. It is probably identical with nicotin. Pityriasis [pit-ir-i'-as-is) [-/rj'poi', bran]. A tenn formerly applied to various pathologically dissociated skin-affections, the most striking clinical feature of which is the presence of fine, branny desquamation. Also a synonym of Seborrhea. P. cachecticorum. Same as Seborrhea. P. capillitii, P. capitis. See Alopecia fitrfuracea. P. circinata et marginata, an eruption of rose-colored spots on the trunk, tlie limbs, and in the axilla;. It is of parasitic origin. P. gravidarum ; Chloasma gravidarttin ; the dis- coloration of the skin sometimes observed during pregnancy. P. infantilis, a desquamative eruption attacking infants ; it is probably eczema. P. macu- lata et circinata. See P. rosea. P. nigra, pity- riasis with pigmentation occurring in the aged. Also, a papular eniption terminating in slight desquama- tion, which attacks children brought to England from India. P. nigricans. Synonym of Chroini- drosis. P. pilaris. '>ft% Keratosis pilaris. P. rosea ; P. inacitlata et circinata ; Herpes tonsurans maciilo- stts ; an acute inflammatory skin-disease characterized by macular or circinate lesions, occurring mostly on the trunk. The eruption consists at first of rosy-red spots, which later become brownish. The lesions are round, but owing to their tendency to recover at the center and to extend peripherally, gyrate and irregu- lar figures are formed. Furfuraceous desquamation is a marked feature. P. rubra ; Dermatitis exfoliativa : a chronic inflammatory skin-disease, beginning in one or more localized patches, which coalesce and gradu- ally invade the whole body. The skin may be of a dark or vivid red or bluish-red. There is no infiltra- tion and no moisture, but there may be edema of the lower limbs. The desquamation is very free ; the scales are thin and paper}' on the general surface, im- bricated, and from a line to an inch or more in di- ameter. The disease lasts months or years, and gen- erally ends fatally from progressive emaciation and exhaustion, or from some intercurrent afl'ection. P. rubra pilaris ; Lichen ruber acuiiiinatits : a primar- ily non-intlammatory disease of the skin, characterized by follicular papules, with horny centers, tending to become general or even universal in distribution. The papules are hard, dry, brownish-red, and seated at the hair-follicles. An atrophied hair occupies the center, and is surrounded by a sort of horny sheath which penetrates into the follicle. The papules vary in size from a small pin's head to a millet-seed, and are most abundant on the limbs. Deep folds are formed at the joints. Pruritus is absent or only slight. The ! course is slow and irregular ; the pathology is un- known. P. simplex. See Alopecia furfitracea. P. senilis, pityriasis of the aged. P. tabescentium. , See Seborrhea itniversalis. P. versicolor. See Tinea versicolor. j Pityrisma [pit-ir-iz'-?nah). Synonym of Pityrisasis. \ Pityroid [pit' -ir-oid) ^TTiTvpov, bran ; tliSof, like], j Furfuraceous, branny. Pivot {piv'-ot ) [Fr. , pivot, a pivot]. A pin on which a j wheel turns. P. -joint. See Cyclarthrosis. P. I Tooth, an artificial crown, designed to be applied to | the root of a natural tooth, by means of what is usually termed a pivot, but more properly a dowel or tenon. VwoX.m.^ {piv' -ot-ifig) [Fr. , //V'lV, a pivot]. The fixa- ! tion of an •artificial crown to a tooth by means of a I pivot or pin. Pix (piks) [L. : gen., Picis']. Pitch. The resinous ex- udation of certain coniferous trees. The varieties in common use are chiefly Bitrgundy Pitch, from the j Norway spruce, Abies excelsa,a.x\A.Canada Pitch,iromA. ; canadensis. Pitch melts at about the temperature of boil- ing water and softens by the heat of the human body. It is soluble in glacial acetic acid and in absolute alco- hol, and is used mainly as the base of plasters. Picis Burgundicae, Emplast., contains Burgundy pitch 90, yellow wax 10 parts. P. Canadensis, Emp., contains Canada pitch 90, yellow wax 10 parts. P. cum cantharide, Emp., Burgundy pitch 92, cantharides cerate 8 parts. P. liquida, tar, an empyreumatic oleo-resin obtained by the destructive distillation of various species of pine ; it is blackish-brown in color and possesses a well-known taste and odor. It yields oil of tar, pyroligneous acid, creasote, and car- bolic acid. It is a complex mixture of resins and | hydrocarbons. Externally, it is a stimulant to the ' skin; internally, a gastro-intestinal irritant. It isser- j viceable in scaly diseases of the skin and of benefit in bronchitis Dose gj-ij. P. liq., Infus., unof , made by shaking I part of tar with 4 of water frequently for 24 hours. Dose Oj-ij daily. P. liq., Ol., a vola- tile oil distilled from tar ; it consists of various hydro- carbons, phenols, etc, and is used locally. P. liq-> Syr., contains 6 per cent, of tar in syrup. Dose 3 ij-5 ss. P. liq., Ung., equal parts of tar and suet. P. Liq., Vin., wine of pitch, unof., tar 5 xvj^ glycer- in, white wine, honey aa ,^viij, acetic acid 3j, boil- ing water Ovj. Carbonis detergens, Liq., unof., an j alcoholic solution of coal-tar, a useful antiseptic in putrid sore-throat, etc. Vapor olei pini sylvestris, (B. P.) Inhalation of fir-wood oil, used in sore- ■ throat and chronic laryngitis. Pixol (//■/•j'-f/ ) [//.r, pitch ; oAv/w, oil]. A disinfect- ant prepared by dissolving a pound of green soap in three pounds of tar and slowly adding a solution of a lit- tle over three ounces and a half of either potash or soda in three pounds of water. For use one part of the syrupy liquid thus formed is added to 19 parts of , i FIZZLE 1107 PLACENTA water, forming a five per cent, solution of pixol, and in this strength it is used for disinfecting linen and wash- ing the iiands. For the disinfection of dejecta a ten per cent, solution is required. Pizzle (piz'-l) [ME.]. The penis, especially of a domestic mammal. Placebo [phi-sc' -/>o) [" I will please: " fut. of placere, to please]. Anything prescribed for the purpose of pleasing or humoring the whim of a patient rather than for its therapeutic effect. Placenta [pla-seii'-fah)[_3. particular use of placenta, tt^m- Koiif , a cake : pi. ,Placentic ox Place)itas'\. In biology : (a) the organ of attachment of an embryo or fetus to the wall of the uterus, and by means of which \t is nour- ished; (/') the ovule-bearing portion of the ovary of a plant. The mammalian placenta is a spongy mass of tissue derived from the chorion and decidua, its evolu- tion having begun with the difterentiation of the ecto- derm of the germinative area by the formation of. a thickened region called the area placentalis. It is a flat, circular, spongy body, adherent during gestation to the inner wall of the uterus and connected by the umbilical cord to the fetus, and forming for it the organ of nutri- HuMAN Placental Villl Blood-vessels black. (From Stirling.) tion and respiration. The placenta is developed about the third month of embryonal life. The chorionic villi in contact with the decidua reBexa cease to grow, while at the decidua serotina the villi become exceed- ingly numerous. The uterine mucous membrane in which the villi are embedded contributes a share to the formation of the placenta. This is known as the maternal, in contradistinction to the chorionic or fetal portion. At term the placenta weighs one pound, is one inch thick at its center, and seven inches in diam- eter. The fetal side is covered by the amnion and penetrated by the umbilical cord. The maternal surface is dark-red, irregular, and covered by the upper layers of cells of the decidua serotina. The placenta is normally situated at the fundus, anteriorly or posteriorly. In the lower animals the placenta is somewhat different. Of the C/ioriafa, those possess- ing a villous chorion, one class, including the horse, the pig, the camel, etc., presents the villi uniformly distributed ; there is no special accumulation anywhere. In the other class the villi are aggregated and specialized in a particular region to form the placenta. Three varieties of placentse are generally described : (a) That with numerous cotyledons (cow, deer, etc.); (i^) zonal placenta (carnivora) ; (c) discoid placenta (monkey, man). The zonal and the discoid placenta; are deciduate. P., Adherent, abnormal adherence of the placenta to the uterine wall after childbirth. P., Allantoic, a placenta in which the chorion ac- quires vessels by growing together with the vascular walls of the allantoic vesicle {Ungtila/a) , as distin- guished from & chorionic placenta, q. v. P., Annular, a placenta extending around the interior of the uterus in the form of a belt. P., Battledore, one in which the insertion of the cord is at the margin of the pla- centa. P., Bell-shaped, one in which there is a par- tial persistence of the chorionic villi in the upper portion of the chorion. P.biloba, P. bipartita. 'Ae.^ Placenta duplex. P., Chorionic, a placenta in which the chorion has its own vessels ( Unguiculata). It is regarded as the most primitive type, as distinguished from an allantoic placenta. P. cirsoides, one in which the umbilical vessels have a cirsoid arrangement. P., Cordiform, a heart-shaped placenta. P., Cotyledonary, P., Coty- ledonous, a placenta the villi of which are collected into groups; this variety is confined to the Pecora. In the giraffe, the placenta is partly diffused and partly coty- ledonous. The Bovidce possess a large numljer of cotyledons ( polycotyledonous) , while the Cervide.e. Plagicephabis. Plansea [pla-tie'-ah) \_plauus, flat]. In biology, a hy- pothetic, astomatous metazoan, having the form of a ciliated planula ; morphologically, a simple diaderm ; a blast cea. Planar, Planary [pla'-nar, pla' -nar-e) [planus, flat]. Lying in a plane. Planarthragra [ p/an-ar-thra' -grah) [^irlavav, to cause to wander ; aptipov, joint; aypa, a seizure]. Gout which wanders from one joint to another. Planat's Tincture. See Picrotoxin. Planate [pla'-nat) \_planus, flat]. In biology, flat, flattened. Plane [plan) \_planus, flat]. Any flat and smooth sur- face, especially any assumed or conventional surface, whether tangent to the body , or dividing it. P. of Aeby, in craniometry, that passing through the nasion and the basion perpendicular to the median plane. P., Alveo- condylean, in craniometry, a plane passing through the alveolar point and tangent to the condyles. P., Anterior Focal. See under Z'. , /ora/. P., Auriculo- infraorbilal, in craniometry, that passing through the upper edge of the auricular foramen and the lower edge of the orbit. P. of Baer, in craniometry, that passing through the upper border of the zygomatic arches. P., Barclay's. See P., Palatine. P. of Blumenbach, the surface parallel with the base of a cranium deprived of the lower jaw. P. of Broca. See P., Visual {of Broca). P. of Busk. See/"., Horizontal [of Busk). P., Camper's, in craniometry, the plane passing through the auricular points and the base of the inferior nasal spine. P. of the Chasma, the plane drawn tangent to the punctum spinze nasalis poslerioris and the punctum foraminis magni anterius. P., Coccygeal. See under P. , Parallel (of the pelvis) . ^ P. of Daubenton, in craniometry, that passing through the opisthion and the inferior borders of the orbits. P., Double-inclined, two rectangular boards united at an angle at their short sides. It is used in the treatment of fractures of the femur to support the limb and to relax certain muscles. P., Dumontier's. See P., Horizontal (of DitDiontier). P. of Diirer, in craniometry, a plane tangent to the lobules of the ear and the base of the nose. P., Focal, one of the two planes drawn through the principal foci of a dioptric system, perpendicular to the axis, or line joining the two foci. P., Frankfort, in craniometry, the auriculo-infra- orbital plane. P., Glabello-lambdoidean (of Ha my), in craniometry, the plane of theglabella and the lambda, perpendicular to the median plane. P., Glabello- occipital, in craniometry, the vertical plane passing through the line joining the glabella and the occiput. P. of Hamy. See P., Glabello-lambdoidean . P., Holder's. '^,fi& P., Horizontal (of Holder). P., Hori- zontal (of Busk), in craniometry, that which, passing through the auricular points, is vertical to a plane drawn through those points and the bregma. P., Horizontal (of Dumontier), in craniometry, a plane tangent to the superior borders of the zygomatic arches. P., Horizontal (of Holder), in craniometry, the auriculo- infraorbital plane. P., Horizontal (of Lucce), in biology, that passing through the axis of the zygomatic arches. P., Horizontal (of Van Shering), a plane tangent to the lower rim of the orbit and passing through the auricular points. P., Inclined, a plane forming an angle with the plane of the horizon ; one of the mechanical powers. 'P .,\nc.\v[\&A(of the pelvis) ; the ischiatic spines divide the pelvic cavity into two unequal sections. In the larger anterior section the walls slope toward the symphysis and pubic arch, and are known as the anterior inclined planes. Behind the spines, the lateral slopes are known as the posterior inclined planes. They slope in the direction of the sacrum and coccyx. P. of the Ischium, the lateral wall of the true pelvis. P. of Lucae. -See P.,Hori zontal (of Lnccv). P. of Mastication, that tangent to the masticating surface of the teeth of the upper jaw. P., Meckel's, in craniometry, that passing through the auricular and alveolar points. P., Medial, P., Median, P., Mesial, a plane, generally antero-posterior, dividing a body into two symmetric halves. The median plane of the animal body is termed the meson. P., Merkel's, in craniometry, that pass- ing through the auricular points and the lower borders of the orbits. P. of Morton, in craniometry, that passing through the most prominent points of the occipital and parietal protuberances. P., Munich. See P., Auricnlo- infraorbital. P., Naso-iniac, in craniometry, a plane passing through the nasion and the inion. P., Naso-opisthiac, a plane passing through the nasion and the opisthion P., Nuchal, the surface of the occiput between the foramen mag- num and the superior curved line. P., Orbital, the orbital portion of the upper maxilla, or the maxillary portion of the orbit. The visual plane of Broca. P., Occipital, the surface of the occiput above the superior curved line. P., Palatine (of Barclay), in craniom- etry, the plane tangent to the arch of the palate along the middle line. P., Parallel (ti/" ///c'/f/rvV), any plane intersecting the pelvic axis at a right angle, hence really not parallel. There are four parallel planes : one cor- responds to the superior strait ; the second extends from the middle of the sacrum to the level of the sub-pubic ligament ; the third passes through the spines of the ischia ; the fourth is the inferior strait. PLANESIS 1110 PLANKTON Ps.of the Pelvis, four planes are generally described : the plane of the inlet, that of the outlet, the plane of pelvic expansion, and that of pelvic contraction. The plane of the inlet, or brim, is bordered by the linea terminalis, and has an elliptic contour, with a depres- sion posteriorly, produced by the projection of the sacral promontory. Its diameters are — the aniero-posterior, or conjugate, from the upper edge of the promontory of the sacrum to a point an eighth of an inch below the upper border of the symphysis, measuring II cm. ; the transverse, the longest possible transverse distance, measuring ijj^ cm. ; and the oblique, from the upper edge of one sacro-iliac junction to the opposite ilio- pectineal eminence, measuring 123^' cm. The plane of the outlet is bounded by the sub-pubic ligament, the pubic rami, the rami and tuberosities of theiscHia, the sciatic ligaments, and the coccyx. Its diameters are — the anteroposterior, measuring 9^ cm (during labor II cm.), and the transverse, measuring 11 cm. The plane of pelvic expansion perforates the middle of the symphysis, the tops of the acetabula, and the sac- rum between the second and third vertebrte-^ Its dia- meters are — the anteroposterior, measuring 12^4' cm., and the transi'erse, measuring 12 cm. The plane of pelvic contraction passes through the tip of the sac- rum, the spines of the ischia, and the under surface of the symphysis. Its diameters are — the anteroposterior, measuring 11'^ cm., and the /rrtWKWjv, measuring 10^ cm. See Pelvis. P. of Refraction, a plane passing through a refracted ray of light and drawn perpendicular to the surface of the refracting medium. P. of Regard, a plane cutting the center of rotation of the eye and the point of fixation P. of RoUe, in craniometry, that passing through the auricular and the alveolar points. P., Sagittal, the mesial antero- posterior plane of the body — the meson. P., Single- inclined, a board arranged as an inclined plane, with the distal end elevated ; it is used in the treatment of fractures of the lower limb. P. -symmetric, in chemistry, a term introduced by Wislicenus to indicate that class of unsaturated stereo- isomers in which simi- lar substituting radicles lie on the same side of a plane passing through the points of junction of the linked carbon atoms. The contrasting condition is central (or axial) symmetric in which similar radicles are symmetric to an axis passing through the linked atoms. Maleic and fumaric acids are respectively plane-sym- metric, and central-symmetric stereo-isomers. P., Van Shering's. See /'. , Horizontal (of Van Shering) . P., Visual, tlie plane passing through the visual axis. P., Visual {of Broca),\he orbital plane. Planesis (plan-e'-sis)\TTMivrjcir,w3x\i\mng\. Wander- ing; mental aberration ; metastasis. Planet-struck Disease. Synonym of Apoplexy. Planicaudate (plan-ik-aw' -diit) [planus, flat; cauda, tail]. In biology, having a flattened tail. Planicipital [ plan-is-ip' -it-al) \_plauus, flat; caput, head]. In biology, having a flat head. Planidorsate (plan-id-or'-sat) {^planus, i^aX; dorsum, back]. In biology, having a flat back. Planiform { plan' -if- or m) [planus , i[3.\. ; forma, form]. In anatomy, presenting a flat surface. Planipennate {plan-ip-en' -at) [planus, flat; penna, wing]. In biology, having flat wings. Planipetalous {plan-ip-et'-al-us) [planus, flat; Trha- Xov, petal]. In biology, having flat petals. Planirostral { plan-e-ros' -tral) [planus, ^a\.\ rottrum, beak]. In biology, having a flattened beak. Planispiral (plan-is-pi' -ral) [planus, flat ; spira, a coil]. In biology, coiled in one plane. Planities {plan' -it-ez) [planum, flat]. Plane; also, the sole of the foot. Planktology {plank-tol' -o-jc) [plankton, the drifting life of the sea, from irXayxTOQ, wandering, roaming ; Pioyof, science]. In biology, the department of sci- ence which treats of the constituents, character, dis- tribution, evolution and relations of the plankton or drifting organisms of the ocean. Plankton (//(7«/{''-/()«)[7r?Lay,^'rof, wandering, roaming]. In biology, the term proposed by Hensen and adopted by Hfeckel to designate all plants and animals found at the surface of the ocean and which are carried about involuntarily in the water {ploteric). It corresponds to the German terms Auftrieb and pelagischer Mul- der^'' introduced by Johannes Miiller ; and is employed in contradistinction to benthos (liivtinc, the bottom of the ocean ; hence the organisms living there) and nekton (the actively siui mining surface organisms). Plankton may be separated into Limnoplankton, the swimming and floating population of fresh water, and Haliplankton or that of salt water ; or again into Oceanic Plankton or that of the open ocean, and Neritic Plankton, or that of the coast regions. Hasckel also distinguishes: {a) Pelagic Plankton, those actively swimming or passively floating animals or plants which are taken at the surface of the sea ; no matter whether they are found alone or at a variable depth below the surface, they constitute the super- ficial and interzonary organisms of Chun. {b) Zonary Plankton, those organisms which occur only at definite depths of the ocean, and are only occasion- ally found above and below this, c. many Phceo- daria and Crustacea and Siphonophora. {c) Bathy- bic Plankton, animals of the deep sea, which only hover upon the bottom but never touch it, whether they stand in definite relation to the abyssal benthos or not, e.g., Tomapteris euchtcta, Megalocereus abyssorum. {d) Autopelagic Plankton, the constant superficial fauna and flora of the sea, ^. , Eucopida, Forska- lida, Kucharis, sp., Bolina, sp., Sagitta punctata, Pontellina, sp., etc. {e) Bathypelagic Plankton, all those organisms which occur not merely at the sur- face, but extend down into the depths ; these are called by Chun interzonary pelagic animals. Here belongs properly the chief mass of the plankton. These last organisms may be distinguished as: (l) Nyctipelagic , those which rise to the surface only at night, living in the depths during the day ; very many Medusic, Siphonophora, Pyrosoma, most Ptero- poda and Ileteropoda, very many Crustacea, etc. (2) Chimopclagic, those which appear at the surface only in winter, and in summer are hidden in the depths; Radiolaria, Medusw, Siphonophora, Ctenophora, a part of the Pteropoda, and Ileteropoda, many Crusta- cea, etc. (3) Allopelagic, those which perform irregu- lar vertical wanderings, sometimes appearing at the surface, sometimes in the depths, independently of changes of temperature. (/) Spanipelagic Plank- ton, those animals which always live in the ocean- depths (zonary or bathybic) and come to the surface only exceptionally and rarely. Holoplanktonic or- ganisms, those that pass their whole life and whole cycle of development hovering in the ocean, with no relation whatever to the benthos; here belong the greater part of the diatoms, and oscillaria, all Murraycites and Peridinea, all Kadiolaria, many Globigcrina, the hypogenetic Jlledusic, all Siphono- phora and Ctenophora, all Ch,rtognatha, Pteropoda, the Copclala, Pyrosoma, and Thalidia, etc. Mcro- planktonic organisms, on the contrary, are found m the sea only for a part of their life, passing the other part vagrant or sessile in the benthos, e. g., a part ol the diatoms and oscillaria, the planktonic fucoids, the metagenetic medusae, some turbellarians and annelids, PLANKTONIC 1111 PLASMA the " pelagic larvK " of hydroids and corals, many helminthes, echinoderms, acephala, gasteropods, etc. Plankton may be Monotonic (simple tow-stuft"), showing a homogeneous composition, or it may be Polymixic (mixed tow-stuft ), composed of organisms of different species and classes in such a way that no one form or group of forms composes more than one- half of the whole volume. Planktonic i^plaiik-ton' -ik ) \_plaHkton, the drifting life of the sea]. In biology, pertaining to plankton. Planoblast [plan'-o-blasf) [ttMi'oc, wandering; ji'Aau- rof, germ]. In biology, the free swimming medusoid bud, or gonophore of a gymnoblastic hydrozoan, as dis- I tinguished frorn the sedentary bud or hedrioblast, q. v. Planoblastic (plan-o-bhn'-tik) [T/ldrof, wandering; j^Aaaror, germ]. In biology, pertaining to a plano- blast. Piano-cellular ( //(?«-o-^/, a wandering; yafielv, to marry]. In biology, a ciliated form of gamete, or protoplasmic conjugating body ; a zoo- gamete. Cf. Gainele. Planogastrula {plan-o-gas' -trii-lah) \_planu!a {-Tiavoq, wandering) ; gastrula, a two-layered, saccular germ {jaariip, belly)]. The name applied by Hasckel in his gastrsa theory to that stage in the evolution of the gastrula from the planula, characterized by the hol- lowing out of the endoderm of the latter. Planomania [plan-o-ina'-ne-a/i) \_-'/Avur, wandering; fiavia, madness]. A morbid and insane desire for wandering. Plant ^plan/a, a plant]. Any member of the vegetable kingdom. P., Aerial, P., Air, a plant which derives its nourishment from the air. P., Carnivorous. Synonym of P. , Insectivorous. P., Flowering. See Phanerogam. P., Flowerless. See P/ianerognin. P., Insectivorous, a plant which entraps and digests insects: e.g., Drosera rotundifolia. P., Pitcher. See Pitcher-plant. P., Sensitive, Mimosa pudica, and other species, the leaves of which contract when they are touched. Planta (//(!:«'-/rt/i) [L.]. i. A plant. 2. The sole of ! the foot. P. pedis, the sole of the foot. iPlantago {plan-ta' -go') [L., gen. plantaginis'\. The leaves of P. major and P. lanceolata , or common ribbed grass, or plantain. The bruised fresh leaves are a popular remedy for hemorrhage, painful abra- sions of the skin, burns, erysipelas, etc. Dose n:\^v-xv. Unof. Plantain {plan'-fan) [ME., planteyne, plantain]. I. Same as Plantago. 2. The tropical plant Alusa paradisiaca, and its fruit ; they are of great economic importance in the tropic regions as a food for mankind. Plantar (plan' -tar') \_plantaris ; plattta, sole of the foot]. Pertaining to the sole of the foot. P. Aponeurosis. Synonym of P. Fascia. P. Arch, a name given to one of the parts into which the external plantar artery is divided. P. Arteries. .See Arteries, Table of. P. Fascia, the dense, triangular- shaped aponeurosis occupying the middle and sides of the sole of the foot beneath the integument. P. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. P. Nerve. See Nerves, Table of. P. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. P. Tubercle, the tubercle of the first metatarsal bone, and to which the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle is attached. Plantaria {plan-ta' -re-ah). Synonym of Dengue. Plantaris / plan-ta'-ris) sole of the foot]. See Plantar P. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. Plantigrade [plan'-tig-rdd) \_ planta, sole ; gradi, to walk]. Bringing the entire length of the sole of the foot to the ground in walking, as is seen in the bear and in certain birds which apply the back of the tarsus as well as the toes to the ground in walking. Plantivorous (plan-tiv' -o rus) A;, plant ; vorare, to devour]. In biology, living on plants, e. g., cater- pillars. Plantosseous [plan-tos' -e-us) \_planta, sole ; osseosus, bony]. Both plantar and interosseous. Plantosseus {plan-ios'-e-us) [planta, sole; osseosus, bony]. Any plantar interosseous muscle. Plantuia.{plan'-tu-lah) [planta, the sole ol the foot: //., PlantuliC^. In biology, the appendage, generally cushion-like, between the claws of certain insects; it corresponds to the structure in other forms called onychium and pulvillus. Plantular [plan'-tu-lar) \_plantula, a little plant]. Pertaining to a plantula. Planula {^plan'-u-lah) [Tr/ldfof, wandering: //. , Plan- uuc\ In biology, the globular or oval, free-swim- ming, two-layered, solid larva of certain of the Porif era and Ccelcnterata. It is destitute of a mouth or blastopore, and succeeds the blastula in those meta- zoans in which gastrulation takes place by immigration and delamination, instead of by invagination. The planula is succeeded by the Planogastrula and this in turn by the gastrula stage proper, with its blastopore. Salensky describes a ' three-layered planula in the Rotatoria and other forms. The term planula was first applied by Dalzell to the motile larvte of certain hydrozoans (" zoophytes "), but it has come to have a broader application. Planula may be regarded as the ancestral form of the Cnidaria. It appears to corres- pond to the parencliymula of Metschnikoff. Planulan [plan' -u-lan) \tt}Avo(;, wandering]. A plan- ula. Planular [ plan' -ti-lar) [nTiavoc;, wandering]. Pertain- ing to a planula. Planuliform {plan'-u-lif-orm) [TrAdfOf, wandering; forma, form]. In biology, resembling a planula. Planuloid {plan' -u-loid) \Ti'kavoq, wandering; tl^oq, like]. Resembling a planula. Planum {plan' -um) [L.]. A plane or surface. Planuria {pla - 7iu'- re - ah) [nAavni;, astray ; ovpov, urine]. The discharge of urine through passages other than the normal duct. Plaque {plak) [Fr.]. A plate, patch or spot. P., Blood. .See Blood-plaque. P., Mucous, P. mu- queuse [Fr.]. Mucous patch; condyloma latum. Plaques, Pterygoidean. .See Pterygoidcan. Ps., Sclerose en. See Sclerose en plaques. Plasm {plazni) \jT'Aaaiia, a figure molded from clay or wax]. In biology, same as Plasma. P., Germ, a distinct form of protoplasm acting as the vehicle of inheritance. Plasma {plaz'-mah) [TrAacr/ya, a thing molded]. I. The original undiiTerentiated substance of nascent living matter. The primordial protoplasm or " physi- cal basis of life." 2. The fluid part of the blood and the lymph ; the blood and lymph exclusive of the corpuscles. See Blood-plasma and Liquor sanf^uinis. P. -cells of Waldeyer, the highly vacuolated connec- tive-tissue cells, irregular, extended or spindle-shaped. They probably bear a somewhat constant relation to young tissues in which the formation of new blood- vessels is still progressing. P. -fibrin, Landois' term for fibrin formed in the usual way, as distinguished from stroma-fibrin, or that formed directly from stroma. PLASMASOME 1112 PLASMOGONY P.-globulin. Same as Paraglobulin, q. v. P., His- togenetic, P., Lymph, the fluid part of the lymph. P. of Invertebrates, that perivascular or intercellular fluid of invertebrates which corresponds to the blood of vertebrates. It is both respiratory and nutritive in function, clots like vertebrate blood, contains fibrinogen and a substance corresponding to hemoglobin, and is called by Fredericq hemocyanin ; it is also in some in- stances a reddish lipochronie pigment ietronervthrin . P., Muscle, the fluid obtained from muscle by pressure at a low temperature, 1° C. It is spontaneously coag- ulable, forming myosin. P., Nutritive, the portion of the cell devoted to nutritive functions. P. san- guinis, blood-plasma. P., Somatic. Synonym of P. , Histogduetic. Plasmasome i^plaz' -mas-dni) [n-/ufr//a, a molded figure ; ouiia, body]. In biology, a protoplasmic corpuscle. Plasmatic {plaz-maf -ik ) [7rAdcr//a, a molded figure]. Same as Plasinic. P. Stain. See Plasmic Stain. Plasmatoparous { plas - mat - op' - ar - iis) \_plasma, a molded figure; parere, \.o bring forth]. In biology, a term applied to certain species of fungi [e.g., Pero- nospora densa, Rab., and P. pygmcca^ Ung. ), in which the whole protoplasm escapes from the spore in amass through the opening of a papilla-like point in the wall, and at once becoming globular, secretes a cellu- lose membrane and subsequently germinates by the emission of a short, thick germ-tube. (Bennett and Murray.) Plasment i^plaz'-mejif) [T^'Xaafia, something molded]. A jnoprietary emollient and lubricant application made from Iceland moss. Plasmic [piaz'-mik) [n'X.aaua, a molded figure]. In biology, of or pertaining to protoplasm ; formative, protoplasmic. P. Stain, a pigment which colors the tissue uniformly throughout, employed in microscopy as a ground or counter-stain, following and in contrast with a nuclear stain. Thus, after bine or greeti nu- clear or specific stains, use benzo-purpurin (brownish red), eosin (yellowish-red), erythrosin (pink), orange, or acid fuchsin (orange) ; after red use picric acid (yellow). See Stains, Table of, also, Stain, Nuclear Stain, Specific Stain. Plasmin [plaz'-min) [-laajia, a molded figure]. Denis mixed uncoagulated blood with a saturated solution of sodic sulphate, and allowed the corpuscles to subside. The salted plasma thus obtained he pre- cipitated with sodic chlorid. The precipitate, when washed with a saturated solution of sodic chlorid, he called plasmin. Mixed with water, it coagulates spontaneously, resulting in the formation of fibrin, another proteid remaining in solution. According to Denis' view, fibrin is produced by the splitting up of plasmin into two bodies — fibrin and a soluble proteid. (Landois and Stirling.) Plasmochyma [plaz-iiwk'-im-ah) [jvlaciia, plasma; x'<'li(i, juice]. The portions in the cytochylema rich in proteids ; paraplasm ; heteroplasm ; the fluid sub- stance of a cell. Plasmode {plaz'-mod). .Same as Plasmodium. Plasmodiblast [plaz-mo'-dib-last). .See Trophoblast. Plasmodieresis (//(?c;-W()-i7'/-«''-«-?>) [T/iaa/ya, plasma; (hnipeir, to divide in two parts]. The division of the cell-body, in contradistinction to the division of the cell-nucleus. Plasmodiocarp ( plas-mo' -de-o-karp^ [7rAa(T//rt, a molded figure; fH^Of, form; Kafmo^, a fruit]. In biology, ap- plied to the fructification of fungi when of irregular shape. Plasmodiocarpous [plaz-mo-de-o-kar' -pus) [TrJiacrz/a, a molded figure ; fMof, form; Kapizo^, a fruit]. Re- sembling a plasmodiocarp. Plasmodium [plaz-mo'-de-um) [TrAoir/m, a molded fig- ure ; el6oc, form : //. , Plasmodia~\. In biology : [a] the naked, motile mass of protoplasm formed by the organic fusion of two or more amebiform bodies, as in the mes- odermic cells of young Spongillce, Bipintia7-ia , many Annelida and by phagocytes in general ; [b] the col- ossal ameboid organism or vegetative body (also calied plasmode) formed by the coalescence of peculiar swarm-spores in the Alyxomyeetes [e.g.,Fnligo var- ians, or, as it is more commonly called, Aithalium septieiim or "flowers of tan "), or by the mere aggre- gation of such swarm-spores in the Acrasiece. P. malariae. Synonyms, Hirmatopliylliim malaiice, Hematozoon of Malaria, Laverati' s Bodies, Laverati' s Organisms ; a parasite found in the blood of persons suffering from malaria. Many different forms have been observed, which by some are held to be stages in the life-history of the same organism, by others to be difl^erent species. As to the nature of the parasite it is generally admitted that it is a Protozoan. See Poli?nitt{s malariic, Danilewsky, under Parasites (.4nimal) , Table of. The development and multi- plication of the organism take place within the red corpuscles. Typical intermittent fever is associated with large forms of the parasite, which difier some- what according as the fever is a tertian or quartan in- termittent. In the former case the developmental cycle of the organism occupies two days, in the latter three. In both forms the small intracorpuscular ameboid body enlarges and gradually fills the entire cell, becoming pigmented at the same time. The pig- ment-granules are formed from the hemoglobin of the blood corpuscle. When the plasmodia have acquired a certain size, the pigment-granules begin to aggregate at the center of the body. At this time, in the quartan form, the organism becomes radially striate, or roset- shaped. The further step consists in the breaking up of the organisms into a number of small spheric bodies, the young plasmodia. The blood- corpuscle is de- stroyed, and the small free elements enter other red cells. In the tertian form the cycle is similar, but more rapid and active ; the blood-corpuscle becomes decolorized much sooner ; the pigment-granules are smaller, and the parasite forms from 15 to 20 new cells, while in the quartan only from 6 to 12 are produced. In quotidian intermittent, the organisms are smafl, possess very active ameboid movements (that can be observed within the red corpuscles), and become pig- mented just before each paroxysm. Then they divide into spores. Peculiar crescentic bodies, endoglobular and ectoglobular, have also been described. They occur in acute forms, but are most constant in malarial cachexia. The significance of certain flagellate bod- ies has not been fully determined. The Italian writers generally believe that the various forms are distinct species, while Laveran and others look upon them as developmental variations of the sporozoon. As to the relation of the parasite to malaria, the evi- dence of its being an etiologic one is very strong. 1 lie constant presence of the organisms, the fact of their causing r.apid destruction of the red corpuscles, their disappearance coincidently with the symptoms on the administration of quinin, and the successful inoculation of the disease from man to man, are points strongly in favor of their etiologic relation to the disease. The organism has not yet been cultivated artificially outside of the body. P., Small, a variety or species present in remittent and pernicious forms of malaria. Plasmogen (plaz'-mo-jeii) [■K'/iiaiia, a molded figure; ;f!7/C, producing]. In biology, germ-plasm, true pro- toplasm, bioplasm, anabolic ])erfection in plasma. Plasmogony [plaz-mog'-o-ne) [^rvAaaua, a nmlded PLASMOKINESIS 1113 PLASTID figure; yow/a, generation]. In biology, the genera- tion of an organism from plasma. Plasmokinesis {plaz-/iio-kiii-e' -sis) [KAan/ja, plasma ; Kivijau;, motion]. Indirect protoplasmic cell-division. Plasmology ( plaz-vwl' -o-jc) \jx\a(yjia, a molded figure ; Xoyoii, science]. In biology, the study of cells and cell-stuft', or plasma; histology. Plasmolysis iyplaz-mol' -is-is) [/r/affuu, plasm; liieiv, to loose]. In biology: {a) the separation of cell- protoplasm from the inclosing cell- wall ; [l>) the con- traction of living protoplasm under the influence of reagents. Plasmolytic ( plaz-mo-lit' -ik) \TTXaafia, plasm ; /limf , a loosing]. In biology, e,\hibiting or characterized by plasmolysis. P. Agent, any substance that causes contraction of protoplasm. Plasmolyze ( plaz' -nw-liz) [n-Adc7//a, a molded figure ; /,t)cr(f, a loosing]. In biology, to induce plasmolysis, or to subject to plasmolysis. Plasmoma ( plaz-iiio'-jiiah) [jrXdaim, plasma ; biia, tu- mor: //. , Plasmomata\. A fibro-plastic tumor. Plasmoschisis ( plaz - )?tos'- kis - is) [^ir'Addfia, plasma; axiaic;, cleavage]. A name given by Lowit to the separation of protoplasmic particles from the bodies of leukocytes, first observed by him in the blood of crabs kept at a low temperature. Plasmosoma ( plaz-mo-so' -mali) \T:'kaafia, plasm ; aufia, body: />/. , Plasinosomata'\. A karyosoma, especially one which is safranophilous. Plasodermatosis [p/az-o-der-i?iat-o' -sis) [TrXdaaKiv , to form; dsp^ua, skin ; tidaof, diseases]. A skin-affection characterized by the formation of new tissue. Plasodermitis [plaz-o-der-mi'-lis) [nlaafin, plasma; 6kpfia, skin ; ltii;, inflammation]. A neoplasm of the skin, of inflammatory origin. Plasome {pla' -som) [ir'Aaaaa, a molded figure ; aCif/a, body, matter]. In biology, one of the hypothetic, minute vital particles of Wiesner and Briicke, resem- bling, as regards their properties, the pangenes of De Vries and the hiophors of Weismann. Plasson [plas'-sott) [j:'^.a(saELv, to form or mold]. In biology, primitive or undifferentiated protoplasm ; the cell in the cytode stage. Plastauxia i^plas-tawks' -e-ah) [iT/idaaea', to mold ; ah^//, increase]. An increase of plasticity. Plaster [plas'-ter) ^e/nTrXaarpoi', e/np/asiru/u, plasterl. An adhesive, solid or semi-solid medicinal substance spread upon cloth or other flexible substance, for ap- plication to the external part of the body. According to the principal ingredient, it is called Emplastrum Aconiti, Ammoniaci, Arnicae, Belladonnse, Capsici, Hydrargyri, Picis cum cantharidfe, Resinse, Saponis, etc. P., Adhesive, resin-plaster. The adhesive plaster used by surgeons must be warmed before being applied ; it will also stick after having been dipped in ether. P., Antiseptic, a plaster consisting of the ordinary adhesive plaster dipped in a hot solution of carbolic acid (l to 60). P., Black, lead plaster. P.- cast, a model of an object produced by pouring plaster-of-Paris mixed with water into a mold of that object. P., Court, a plaster prepared by dissolving 30 grams of isinglass in enough water to make 360 grams, and spreading the mixture thinly upon silk in two portions, one the watery solution, the other mixed with 120 grams of alcohol and three of glycerin. The reverse side of the, silk is painted with tincture of benzoin. It adheres firmly to the skin when moistened. P., Diachylon. Synonym of P. , Li'ad. See Phcm- buiit. P., English. Synonym of P., Coiert. P., Is- inglass, a substitute for adhesive plaster, used in superficial wounds. P. Jacket, a bandage surround- ing the trunk, and made of plaster-of-Paris. It is used in caries of the vertebrx. P., Lead. See Plumbum. P., Logan's, a plaster containing litharge, lead carbonate, Castile soap, butter, olive-oil, and mastic. P. -machine, an apparatus used by pharma- cists for spreading plasters. P., Mahy's, one contain- ing lead carbonate, olive-oil, yellow wax, lead-plaster, and Florentine orris. P., Mercurial. See Ilyilrar- gyrum. P., Miraculous, one contaniing red oxid of lead, olive-oil, alum, and camphor. P. -mull, a plaster made by incorporating with mull or thin muslin a mixture of gutta-percha and some medicament dissolved in benzin. P., Mustard, one made by spreading upon muslin powdered mustard, or a mixture of mustard with flour or other powder, reduced to the consistency of paste by the addition of water. P.-of-Paris, gypsum, or calcium sulphate, used for making stiff or immovable bandages or dressings, or for the prepara- tion of casts. P., Pitch, a plaster containing Burgundy pitch, frankincense, resin, yellow wax, oil of nutmeg, and olive-oil. See /'/jr. P., Rademacher's, a plas- ter composed of red lead, olive-oil, amber, camphor, and alum. P., Resin, a plaster composed of resin, lead-plaster, and yellow wax or hard soap. See P., Adhesive, and Kcsina. P., Rubber, a plaster in which the adhesive material is spread on thin muslin, and which sticks without being previously warmed. P., Soap, soap and lead-plaster, with or without resin. P., Spice, a plaster composed of yellow wax, suet, turpentine, oil of nutmeg, olibanum, benzoin, oil of peppermint, and oil of cloves. P., Sticking, emplas- trum resince. See Kesina. P., Stomach. See P., Spice. P., Strengthening, emplastrum ferri. P., Surgeons', adhesive plaster. P., Thapsia, one containing yellow wax. Burgundy pitch, resin, terebinthina cocta, Venice turpentine, glycerin, and thapsia resin. P., Vesicating. Sa.me SL'i Caniharidcs Plas/er. P., Vigo, one containing lead-plaster, yellow wax, resin, olibanum, ammoniac, bdellium, myrrh, saffron, mercury, turpentine, liquid storax, and oil of lavender. P., Warm, P., Warm- ing, emplastrum picis cum cantharide. Plastering { plas' -ter-ing) [e/iTT/lacrrpov, a plaster]. A method of improving wines largely practised in Southern Europe. It consists in adding plaster-of- Paris (burnt gypsum) either to the unpressed grapes or to the must. The plaster takes up water, and so in- creases the alcoholic strength of the fermenting must. The wine is given better keeping-qualities, as well as deeper color. However, soluble acid sulphate of potassium is left dissolved in the wine, and has an in- jurious effect upon the consumers of the wine. Plastic [plas'-tik) \jT'/.daaELv, to mold]. Capable of being formed or molded ; plasmic ; formative ; easily modified ; applied to morbid processes attended with fibrinous exudate. P. Bronchitis, pseudo-membranous bronchitis. P. Linitis, a name given to cirrhosis of the stomach. P. Lymph, the inflammatory exudate that covers wounds or inflamed serous surfaces, and which becomes organized by the development in it of blood-vessels. P. Operation, the restoration of lost parts by the transfer of tissue from an adjacent part or by transplantation. P. Surgery, the art of performing plastic operations ; the surgical replacement of lost parts. Plasticity {plas-tis'-it-e) [-rr/dtjceiv, to mold]. Plastic force. The quality of being plastic. Plasticule { plas' - tik - ill ) {ir'kdar^ew, to mold]. A molecule of plastic material not yet fully organized. Plastid {plas'-tid) [Tr/lacrrdf, verbal adj. of TrXdaae/.v, to mold or form]. In biology: [a) any unicellu- lar elementary organism, cell, or cytode ; a cell ; a mass of protoplasm or of plastic material ; (/>) one of a class of protoplasmic granules in the protoplasm of certain plant-cells ; they are referred to three PLASTIDIUM 1114 PLATE types the synonymy of which is given by Goodale as follows : — Older No- menclature. SCHIMPER. Meyer. Van TiEGH EM General Plastid. Troph o- Leucite. Term. plast. Colorless pro- Leukoplas- Anaplast. Leucite top 1 asm i c tid. proper. granule. Special Chi o ro phyl - Chloroplas- Autoplast. Chloro- Term. granule. tid. leucite. Color-granule. C h r o m 0 - Chrome- Chromo- plastid. plast. leucite. P., Connective-tissue, the connective-tissue cor- puscles. Plastidium [plas-tid^ -e-uiii) [dim. of Tr/ctjrcic, formed : />/. , r/iistidia']. The cell, or plastid, considered with reference to its evolutionary or developmental possi- bilities. See Plastid. Plastidular (plas-tid' -u-lar') [-^acrror, formed]. Per- taining to plastidules. Plastidule [p/as'-fid-fd) [-/auror, verbal adj. of tt7m(s- aetv, mold, form]. In biology : ((?) a jjrotoplasm-mole- cule ; (/') a term proposed by Elsberg as a substitute iax geinmule as used by Darwin. See Heredity, Geiii- tmi/e, Biophor, Pangene, Plasome. P. of Elsberg, the ultimate physical units of living matter. .See Heredity- Plastilytic {plas-til-if -ik) [Tr'/aarof;, molded ; '/ v^ip, to dissolve]. Diminishing plasticity, or tending to soften plastic materials. Plastin plas' -tin) \_T'AaaT6c, verbal adj. of -'/aoaeiv, to form, mold]. In biology, one of the nucleins or special nitrogenous proteids more insoluble in alkalies and poorer in phosphorus than others ; called cytoplasm by Schwartz. Cf. nucleiu, liiston, adenin. Plastocolysis {plas-to-kol'-is-is) [TrAacrrof, molded; K6?ii'(7ir, hindrance]. Arrest of development. Plastodynamia [plas - to - di - nam' - e - ah) [TrAacrror, molded ; itt P., Lateral A/esoldastie. P., Ambulacral, one of the coronal plates of a sea-urchin, which are perforated to form part of an ambulacrum. P., Ap- proximation, one of the plates of decalcified bone or other material, leaving a central hole and openings for sutures in the margin, which are used in enter- eclomy to bring the resected ends of intestine to- gether. Also known as .Senn's Plate. P., Audi- tory, the plate of bone forming the roof of the auditory meatus. P., Axial, the priinitive streak of the embryo. P., Basilar, P., Basicranial. in em- bryology, the cartilaginous plate at the anterior end of the notochord, formed by the latter and the para- chordal cartilages. P., Blood. See Blood-plaque. P., Bone. Synonym of P., Appro.xiination. P., Branchial, one of the branchial arches of the em- bryo. P., Cathammal, in biology, one of the vascular lamella of certain Alednsa, formed by the pressing together of the two layers of the persistent endoderm by the subumbrellar and exumbrellar jelly. P., Cribriform, the anterior fossa of the base of the skull. P. -culture, in biology, a method devised by Koch to separate bacteria by pouring the liiiuid, gelatin culture-medium upon a sterilized glass plate, after inoculation. The plates of Koch have been replaced somewhat by Petri's Dishes, q.v. P., Dorsal, each of the two longitudinal ridges on the dorsal surface of the j embryo, which subsequently join to form . the neural \ canal. P., Electric, the finely granular end-plates \ composed of nerve-endings and large cells, found in the electric organs of electric fishes. P., End, a term given to the termination of a motor nerve in a j muscle-fiber. P., Equatorial, in biology, the com- | pressed mass of chromatic segments, aggregated about the equator of the nuclear spindle at a certain stage I of karyokinesis. a\io cMtd nuclear plate, nuclear • disc, mother-star. Ps., Facial, the fronto-nasal and external group of nasal and maxillary plates of the embryo. P., Flesh. See Lamella carnosa. P., Foot, the flat, plate-like portion of the stapes which fills the fenestra ovalis. P., Frontal, in tlie fetus, a cartilaginous plate interposed between the lateral parts of the ethmoid cartilage and the lesser wings and anterior portion of the sphenoid bone. P., Fronto- nasal, the middle of the facial plates, which subse- ; quently forms the external nose. P., Gill, a bronchial i lamina of molluscs. P., Gray. .Synonym of Zi-?w/«fl cinerea. P., Ground, the ground-substance of con- i nective tissue and endothelial cells, in which are em- ; bedded the nucleus and intracellular network. P., , Hair. Synonym of Scales, Hair. Ps., Hyoid, the I second pair of the subcranial plates of the embryo, from which the hyoid bone is in part developed. P., i Inferior Maxillary, in the embryo, the first pair of \ subcranial plates from which the mandible is developed. i P., Internasal. Synonym of P., Pronto-nasal. P., Intervertebral, the disc of fibro-cartilage between adjacent vertebrre. P., Intrafissural {of the pia), the fold of pia passing into the ventral fissure of the spinal cord. P., Lateral Mesoblastic, the thick portion of the mesoblast situated one on each side of the notochord. Each plate splits into two portions, the ectal divisions coalescing to form the body- wall, or Somatoplenre ental, to form the Splanchnopleure, or ] visceral covering. P., Ligamentous, one of the intervertebral fibrous discs of the embryo. P., Man- ^ dibular. Synonym of P., Inferior Maxillary. P., ] Maxillary. Synonym of P., Inferior Maxillary. \ P., Medullary. Synonym of /'. , Dorsal. P., | Mesenteric, P., Mesentery, P., Mesial. Syn- \ onym.'i oi P., Lateral Mesoblastic. P., Motor. Syn- , onym of P., End. P., Muscle, P., Muscular. j See Myocomma. P., Negative, of a storage cell,, j that plate which by the action of the changing ] current is partly covered with a coating of spongy | lead; of a 7lphism . Pleon [pie' -on) [ttAeuv, Tr'Aeiuv, more]. In biology, Noegeli's term for aggregates of organic matter which cannot be increased or diminished without changing their chemic nature. Pleon [ple'-on) [n'Aelv, to sail, to swim]. In biology : [a) the abdomen of a crustacean, as distinguished from the cephalon or head and peveion or thorax ; (b) the telson of certain crustaceans, as Linmlus, so called by Owen from the idea that it represents the abdomen. Pleonasm [pie' -o-nazm) [-AforaCiUOf, an exaggeration] . Any deformity marked by superabundance of certain organs or parts. Pleonectic [pie - 0 - nek' - tik^ \j:\tove^'La, greediness]. Characterized by pleonexia. Pleonexia [ple-o-neks' -e-ali) \j:\tovi^ia, greediness]. Greediness or arrogance due to mental disease. Pleopod [ple'-opod) \_n'Aeeiv, to swim ; Tvuvq, foot]. In biology, one of the swimmerets or abdominal swim- ming-legs of a crustacean. Plerocercus [ple-ro-sir'-kiis) [7r/l?/p?/f, full; KepKo^, tail]. In biology, the second larval stage of certain platodes, e. , '/f^i/r, fulness ; fiepoc, part]. Redundancy or over-growth of an or- gan or part. Plethora [pleth'- 0- rah) [Tth/ftup?}, 7T/ucla,2L little feather]. In biology, minutely plumose. Plumule {phi'-mul) \_plumula, a little feather]. In biology : {a) the primary bud or rudimentary stem and leaves in the seed; {b) a down-feather ; (r) any small, plume-like organ. Plumuliform {plu' -mu-lif-orm) \_ plumula, a plumule ; forma, form]. Having the appearance of a small feather. Plumulose {plu'-mu-ldz) \_plumula , a.VM\Q feather]. In biology, resembling a down-feather. Plunge {pluiij) [ME., pluugen, to plunge]. To thrust suddenly into water or other fluid ; to immerse. P. -bath, a bath in which the person is placed or places himself in a large tub containing sufficient water to cover him all but the head. P. -tracheot- omy. See Tracheoto7ny. Plunkett's Caustic, or Ointment. A caustic paste composed of the bruised plant of Ranuueulus acris and of K. Jiaminula, each 24 parts ; arsenious acid, 3 parts ; sulphur, 5 parts. These are mixed into a paste, rolled into balls, and dried in the sun. When used the ball must be reduced to a pasty consistence by rubbing with yolk of egg. Plural {plu'-ral) \_plus ; plur/s, more]. More than one. P. Birth, the bringing forth of more than one offspring at a time. Pluricapsular {plu-rik-ap'-su-lar) \_plus, more ; eapstila, capsule]. In biology, having several capsules. Pluricellular {plu-ris-el' -u-lar) \_plus, more ; cellula, cell]. In biology, made up of several cells. Pluriceps {plu'-ris-eps) \_plus, more ; caput, head]. Many-headed ; having more than one stem springing from one root. Pluricipital {plu-ris-ip'-it-al). Synonym of Pluriceps. Pluricuspid {plu-rik-us'-pid ) \_plus, more; cuspis, a point]. In biology, having several cusps. Pluridentate {plu - rid - en' - tat) \_plus, more; dens, tooth]. In biology, having several tooth-like processes, as distinguished from parcidentate or paucidentate. Pluriflagellate {plu-rif-laj' -el-at) \_plus, more; flagel- /«;;/, flagellum]. In biology, having several flagella. Pluriflorous {plu-rif-lo'-rus) [plus, more; Jios, a flower]. In biology, having many flowers. Plurifoliate {plu-rif-o'-le-at) \_plus, more; folium, a leaf]. In biology, having several leaves. Plurifoliolate {plu-rifo'-le-o-ldt) \_plus, mors; folio- /z^w, dim. of a leaf ]. In biology, applied to a compound leaf which has many leaflets. Pluriguttulate {plu-rig-ut' -u-lat) [plus, more; gut- tula, dim. of gutta, a. drop]. In biology, character- ized by having many drop-like particles or structures. Plurilocular {plu-ril-ok' -u-lar) \_plus, more; loculus,a. cell]. In biology, having more than one cell or loculus ; multilocular, as the ovaries of some plants. Plurinominal {plu-rin-om' -in-al). Same as Polynom- inal. Plurinucleate {plii-rin-ii' -kle-at) more ; nucleus, a kernel]. In biology, having more than one nucleus; multinucleate. Pluripara {plu-rip' -ar-aJi). Synonym of IMultipara. Pluriparity {plu-rip-ar'-it-e) \_plus, more; parere, to bring forth]. The condition of having borne several cliildren. Pluriparous {plu-rip' -ar-us) \_plus, more; parere, to bring forth]. Bringing forth several young at once. Pluripartite {plu-rip-ar' -tit) \_pliis, more ; partire, to divide]. In biology, having more than one septum or partition ; pluriseptate. Pluriradial {plu-re-ra' -de-at) [plus, more; radius, a ray]. Developed from germs that assume a radial ar- rangement (a terra used by Rauber to characterize a hypothetic method of accounting for double monstrosi- ties). Pluriseptate {plu-ris-ep'-tdt) [plus, more; septum, a partition]. .Same as Pleuripartite. PLURISERIATE 1126 PNEUMATOPHOROUS Pluriseriate ( pln-ris-e' -r-e-at) \_plits, more ; series, a row]. In biology, arranged in more than one row. Plurisetose (//z^-w-f'-ZoG) \_phts, more \ j^/r?, a bristle]. In biology, having a number of brLstles or setas. Plurispiral {plu-ris-pi' -ral) \_pliis, more; spira, a coil, fold]. In biology, having more than one spiral ; multispiral. Plurisporous {phi - ris -po'- nis) [//«.r, more ; airopa, seed]. In biology, having two or more spores. Plurivalve {phi' -riv-ah) [phis, more; valva, a folding door]. In biology, having more than one valve; multivalve. Pluteiform {plii' -fe-if-on/i) \_phiteits, pluteus ; forma, form]. In biology, resembling or having the morpho- logic valence of a pluteus. Pluteus [phi'-te-iis) \_phiteus, phiteiiin, a protective roof or shed used by Roman soldiers: //. , Phitei'\. In biology, the full-grown larva of the Ophiuroids. Eehinoidea, as distinguished from the Aiiricidaria and Bipinnaria type of larva of Holotlmroids and Asteroids. Plutomania [p/n - to - ma'- ne - a/i) [ttTiovto^, wealth; fiai'ia, madness]. An insane belief that one is the owner of much property. Pluvial (phi'-zv-al) [phivia, rain]. Pertaining to rain or telluric moisture. Of flowers, having the property of expanding before a rain. Plyntriopsora { phn-tre-op' -so-rali) \jT%vvTpLa, washer- woman ; \\, to breathe ; yaarrjp, the stomach]. Pertaining to the pneogaster. Pneograph [iie' -o-graf) [TrveZi), to breathe; ypixt^in), to write]. I. An instrument consisting of a semi-disc, suspended in front of the mouth, for the purpose of re- cording the force, rhythm, and duration, of the expira- tion. 2. Synonym of Pneumograph . Pneometer [ne-o/n' -et-er). Synonym of Spirometer. Pneometry {ne-om' -et-re'). Synonym of Pidmometrv . Pneophore (iie'-o-fdr) \_nvElv, to breathe ; oopdg, carry- ing]. An instrument to aid artificial respiration in the asphyxiated. Pneoscope (iie'-o-s/c6p) [_TTrav, to breathe ; am-eh', to examine]. An instrument for measuring respiratory movements. Pneuma (w^'-w/rt//) [/rrer/^a, breath]. I. Air; a breath. 2. The vital principle. Pneumapostema (im-map-os-te'-maJP). Synonym of Pnetimonapostema . Pneumapyothorax {nii-map-i-o-tho' -raks). Synonym of PyopneiimotJiorax . Pneumarthrosis [itu-inar-thro' -sis) \jTveviia, air ; ap- Hpnv, a joint]. A collection of air or gas in an artic- ular cavity. Pneumatelectasis {/m - mat- el - ek'- tas - is) l_TTvevfia, breath; are'/J/c, imperfect; kKTaaii;, expansive]. Atelectasis of the lungs. 'Pn^nmaX\\&Tni3i (nu-tnat/i-e' -me-ah) \jrvevfia, a.\r ; di/na, blood]. The presence of air or free gas in the blood- vessels. • Pneumatic {riii-mat' -ik) \_-iTvevjia, air]. Pertaining to gases or to the atmosphere ; pertaining to respira- tion. P. Cabinet, a device for enclosing the whole or a part of the body so that it may be subjected to compressed or rarefied air. P. Differentiation, the treatment of disease by inhalation of air more rarefied | than that which surrounds the body. P. Malting. See Mailing. P. Medicine, the treatment of disease by inhalation of vapors or gases, or by fumigation. P. Occlusion, Maisonneuve's plan of dressing stumps. It consists in draining away the accumulation from the wound by aspiration. P. Physician, a pneuraatist ; one of a sect of physicians who regarded health and disease as consisting in the different proportions of an element, pneiima. P. System. See Sewage, Disposal of. P. Trough, a trough partly filled with water for facilitating the collection of gases. Pneumaticity {nii-mat-is' -it-te) \v:vtviia, air]. Infla- tion with air. ' Pneumatics {nii-maf -iks) [ixv^vfia, air]. That branch of physics treating of the physical properties of air j and gases. Pneumatism (uit'-mat-izm) [nvtviia, air]. The doc- ' trine of the pneumatists. Pneumatist [nti'-mat-ist) [-I'ti'/ia, air]. A pneumatic i physician. ; Pneumato- (/zw'-ww/'-i?-) [;ri.Ti'//a, air, breath]. A pre- j fix to denote connection with the air or breath. i Pneumatocardia (jiu-mat-o-kar' -de-ah) \TXVtvyia, air; I Kapiha, heart]. The presence of air or gas in the , chambers of the heart. Pneumatocephalus {itu-mat-o-sef'-al-us). Synonym of Physocephalus. Pneumatochemia [tiu-mat-o-kem'-e-ah) \jzvzviia, &\x ; I X^lfif'ia., chemistry]. The chemistry of gases. Pneumatocyst [nti - mat' - o - sist) [jrvehfia, a.\r ; kvctl^, bladder]. In biology, an air-sac; a pneumatophore. i Pneumatocystic (tiu-mat-o-sis' -tik) [j^vtvp-a, air ; k.vo- Tiq, bladder]. Pertaining to a pneumatocyst. ! Pneumatodic [tiii-mat-o' -dik) \jTVivp.aTi)&'q(\. Filled i with air. ] Pneumatodyspnea {nii-mat-o-disp-7ie'- ah) [nvevjxa, ■ air ; tVvairvoia, dyspnea]. Emphysematous dyspnea. i Pneumatogram (iiu-mat' -o-gram) Irrvev/na, breath; ■ypd/jfia, writing]. A tracing showing the frequency, < duration, and depth of the respiratory movements. | Pneumatologic (nu - mat - o - loj' - ik) [rrvev/ia, breath ; ; X(5yof, science]. Pertaining to pneumatology. i Pneumatologist w«/ -()/'- ^ -yV.f/) [irrei^/za, breath ; i Adyor, science]. One versed in pneumatology. j Pneumatology (nu-mat-ol'-o-Je) [Tvvevfia, breath ; Uyo^, j knowledge]. I. The science of respiration. 2. The physics and chemistry of gases. • Pneumatometer [nii-mat-om'-et-er). Synonym of Z*?^/- mometer. \ Pneumatometry [nu -mat - om' - et - re) [7n'fi)/ia, air; fierpov, measure]. I. The measurement of the force ' in respiration. It is used as a means of diagnosis. 2. The treatment of pulmonary and circulatory dis- I eases by means of a pneumatic apparatus. ■ Pneumatomphalocele (lui-niat-om-fal' -o-sel) \ixve.vfia, air; bpa'A6c, navel; ki/Xi/, tumor]. An umbilical : hernia containing flatus. '■ Pneumatomphalus {nu-mat-om' -fal-iis). Synohym of Pneumatomphaloeele. ^ • Pneumatopathy [nu-mat-op' -ath-e) \_-Kvevpa, air, spirit ; TTo^^of, disease]. Mind-cure ; the curing of diseases by, psychic influence. Pneumatophore {nn-mat'-o-for) \_m>evna, air; iit - mo-ak-tin-o-mi- ko' -sis) [TTVEii/ywi', lung ; (j«:r/f , a ray ; ^ii/f;?f, a fungus]. Acti- nomycosis of the lung. Pneumobacillus [nu-mo-bas-il'-iis). See Micrococcus pasteiiri and Bacillus pneuinonicc , in Bacteria, Syno- nymatic Table of. Pneumocace {nu - mok' - as - e) [/rvei'/iui', lung ; ko/c?/, evil]. Gangrene of the lung. Pneumocarcinoma [iiu'-mo-kar-sin-o'-mah ) [ttvevixuv, lung ; KapKivu/j.a, carcinoma]. Carcinoma of the lungs. Pneumocele (iiu' -mo-sel^. Synonym of Pneumatocele. Pneumocentesis [iiu-mo-sen-te' -sis) \jTVfvpuv, lung ; /t£vr??OT?, puncture]. Paracentesis of the lung, especi- ally of a pulmonary cavity. Pneumochysis (itu-mok' -is-is) [-vfi'/zwi', lung ; ;^;('(T;f, a pouring] . Pulmonary edema. Pneumococcus (tiu-iiio-kok' -us) [Tvveviiuv,\\mg\ kokko^, kernel]. A micrococcus of the lung. P. of Fraenkel. See Micrococcus pasteuri. P. of Friedlander. See Micrococcus pneumoni(T, in Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. Pneumoconiosis [nii-mo-ko-ni'-o-sis] \TcvsvjXLdv, lung ; K(5i'/f, dust ; vuaoq, disease]. Lung-disease caused by the inhalation of dust. Examples are : Anthracosis, chalicosis, siderosis. Pneumocysto -ovarium {nu - mo -sis' -to- o - va'- re-um) [mw/in, air ; avarig, cyst; ovarium, ovary]. An Ovarian cyst containing air or gas. Pneumoderma, Pneumodermis [nu- ?no - der'- mah, nu-mo-der' -mis) \_-v(:i'iia, air; dep^ia, skin]. Air under the skin ; subcutaneous emphysema. Pneumodynamics [iiu- ino-di-iia m' -iks) . Synonym of Pneodynamics. Pneumoenteritis (jiu-mo-eii-ter-i' -lis) \_-KV£vjifdv , lung ; ii'7-f/joi', intestine ; /r;r, inflammation]. Inflammation of the lungs and of the intestine. See Hog-cholera. P., Infectious. Synonym of Ho^-ckole/-a. Pneumogastric (iiu - mo - gas' - trik) [Trret'/iwi', lung; ) atrr^p, stomach]. Pertaining conjointly to the lungs and the stomach, or to the pneumogastric or vagus nerve. P. Nerve. See Nerves, Table of. Pneumogram {iiu' -nio-graui) \t;vsviiuv, lung ; ; jtafifia, writing]. The tracing afforded by the pneumograph. Pneumograph {iiu' -?no-graf) [ttvevhuv, lung ; ypdcpeiv, to write]. A registering instrument for measuring the movements of the chest in respiration. Pneumographic [nu - mo - graf'- ilc) \_~v£}>juo)i>, lung; ■}pa'). Synonym of Spirom- eter. Pneumometry (nu-mom' -et-re). Same as Spirometry. Pneumomycosis {iiu-mo-mi-ko'-sis) \TzvEvpoiv, lung; fii'Ki/r, fungus]. The presence of fungi in the lung. The etiologic relation of fungi to lung-diseases is not fully determined. Pneumon- (>iu'-tnon-) \_TTvevpav,\nng\. A prefix de- noting connection with or relation to the lungs. Pneumonaemia (iiu- jno - ne' - me - ah). See Pneumo- nemia. Pneumonalgia {nu - j?io - ttal'-je - ah) [TTvehfiuv,\\mg\ iiXyoq, pain]. Pain in the lung. 'Pn&nTaon3,Y)0'p^&ii-iai{n!c-mon-ap-o-pleks'-e-ah)\_-KVEvfi(jv, lung; tt7ro7r/(//f /a, apoplexy]. A sudden hemorrhage into the lung-tissue. Pneumonapostema {mt-mon-ap-os' -te-mah) \_-Kvt'vpu>v, lung; d7rd(T7-////a, abscess]. An abscess of the lung. Pneumonatelectasis {nu-mott-a/-el-ck'-tas-is)\_TTvehpo)v, lung; are'/iKTao/g, atelectasis]. Atelectasis of the lung. Pneumpnechema (nu-mon-ek-e'-mah) \_Trvel'/i(jv, lung ; fj\rjua, sound]. The normal vesicular murmur heard over the lung in respiration. Pneumonectasia, Pneumonectasis {ttzt-mon-eik-ta'- ze-ah, nu-mon-ek' -tas-is) \_'Kviviiuv, lung ; cKraai^, dis- tention]. Emphysema of the lung. PNEUMONECTOMY 1128 PNEUMONIA Pneumonectomy {im-inoii-ek' -to-inc) \t:ve'vixuv, lung; £KrO|0?/, excision]. Excision of a portion of a lung; pneumectomy. Pneumonedema (iiu-7non-e-de' -maJi) \v:vivixi:dv , lung; ohSj/iia, edema]. Edema of the lungs. Pneumonemia [iiii - mo7i - e' - me - aJi) [Tri^ei'/zui', lung ; a!/;a, blood]. Congestion of the lungs. Pneumonemphraxis (nii-moit-fni-fraks' -is) [tzveviiuv, lung; E//^paf(f, obstruction]. Obstruction of the lungs or the bronchi. Pneumonemphysema [mi - 711011 - em -fiz -e' - niaJi) [jrwi'i/iwi', lung ; f//©i'(T)?//a, inflation]. Emphysema of the lungs. Pneumonia [Tri^si'yyui', lung]. Any in- flammation of the lungs. Pneumonitis. By usage the word pneumonia, used without qualification, implies croupous pneumonia, q. v. P., Abortive, a condition of acute congestion, such as is seen in the first stage of pneumonia, but which is not succeeded by the other stages. P., Acute. Synonym of P., Croupous. P., Adynamic, pneumonia attended with debility , depres- sion of the circulation and of the nervous system. P. alba. Synonym of P., White. P., Alcoholic, the croupous pneumonia of drunkards. It is often associated with delirium and is very fatal. P., Apex, P., Apical, croupous pneumonia of the apex of a lung, by some believed to be more grave than basal pneumonia; many cases, however, run a favorable course. Cerebral symptoms are said to be more com- mon when the apex is affected. P., Apoplectic, pneumonia associated with hemorrhage into the lung. P., Aspiration, a broncho-pneumonia due to the inspiration of food-particles or other irritant substances into the lung. The condition is met with in cases in which the sensitiveness of the larynx and trachea is benumbed, as in apoplectic coma or uremia, and in low fevers ; also in the insane from stuffing of the mouth with food and in defective deglutition. P., Ataxic. Synonym of P., Adynamic. P., Bilious, pneumonia accompanied by icterus. P., Broncho-. See iSro;/- cJio-pneiaiioiiia. P., Caseous Lobular. Synonym of P., Desquamative. P., Catarrhal. Synonym of Broncho-pneumonia. P., Central, a croupous pneu- monia beginning in the interior of the lobe of the lung. The physical signs are obscure until the in- flammation reaches the surface. P., Cerebral, that form of pneumonia associated with marked cerebral symptoms. It is most common in children and in the beginning resembles meningitis. P., Cheesy. Synonym of P., Caseous. P., Chronic. .Synonym of Interstitial. P., Cirrhotic. .Synonym of P., Interstitial. P., Contusion, pneumonia follow- ing contusion of the chest. P., Creeping. See P., Aligratory. P., Crossed, croupous pneumonia of the lower lobe on one side, associated with the same disease in the upper lobe of the other side. P., Croupous, Lobar Pneumonia, that commonly called simply pneumonia, an acute dis- ease, running a definite course and tending to re- covery. It is most often due to a specific micro- organism, the pneumococcus of Frrenkel, and may be epidemic in certain districts. But besides the pneu- mococcus, of Frrenkel, which is really a lanceolate bacillus occurring in pairs, other microorganisms can give rise to croupous pneumonia, e.g., tlie bacillus pneumoniae of I'riedlander, the streptococcus and the staphylococcus pyogenes, the bacillus of typhoid fever. The disease occurs more frequently during the winter months, and in males than in females. The lower lobes are the parts usually affected, and especially that of the right side. The apex, however, may be the part involved, especially in children. Occasion- ally a double or bilateral pneumonia is encountered, both lower lobes or both apices being involved. The disease . is ushered in by a chill, followed by high fever, flushed cheeks, dry, coated tongue, rapid, shal- low respiration, and pain in the affected side. More or less cough is present, and there is usually the characteristic bloody or rusty expectoration. The respirations are rapid, and quite a characteristic feature is the disturbance of the pulse- respiration ratio — instead of 4 to I, it may be 3 to I, or 2 to I, i. e., we may have a pulse of 84 and respirations 42, or even more. The physical signs are distinctive — im- mobility of the affected portion of the chest, increased tactile fremitus, dulness on percussion (rarely a peculiar wooden tympany), a fine, crepitant rale in the first stage, bronchial breathing and bronchophony in the second, to which moist r^les are added when resolution begins. In nearly every case there is an ; associated plastic pleurisy, which is responsible for the pain. It may give rise to a friction-sound. The urine is high-colored and deficient in chlorids, the bowels sluggish. A crisis usually occurs on the seventh day. The anatomic change consists in the appearance of a firm or solid exudation in the pulmonary alveoli. The disease proceeds through the following stages : I. I Congestion, in which there is intense congestive hyper- emia. 2. Red Hepatization , in which the lung is bulky, heavy, firm, and airless, and its surface granular, its red tint being due to extravasated corpuscles and distended capillaries. 3. Gray Hepatization, due to the degen- | eration of the exudate and anemia from compression of the capillaries. In the majority of cases resolution takes place and the lung returns to its previous condi- tion. P., Deglutition. Synonym oi P. , Aspiration. P., Desquamative, a form characterized chiefly by , an intense desquamation of the cells lining the air-vesicles, a proliferation of the connective-tissue | cells of the septa between the vesicles, and the j exudation of a scanty albuminous fluid. The exudate j goes on to caseous degeneration. Three sub-variefies are described : the lobular form, the confluent, ox lobar, and the bronchial, or caseous broncho-pneumonia. The cause of the disease is, in the majority of cases, the tubercle-bacillus. P., Dissecting, a suppurative in- flammation extending along the interlobular and peri- bronchial tissues. P., Double, croupous pneumonia of both lungs. P., Drunkards'. Synonym oi P., Alcoholic. P., Embolic, pneumonia due to embolism I of the vessels of the lung. P., Epithelial. Synonym of P., Desquamative . P. epizootica, pneumonia of animals. P., Erysipelatous, a severe pneumonia, j usually migratory, occurring in connection with, or I after exposure to erysipelas, and apparently influenced by that disease. P., Fibrinous. StQ P., Croupous. P., Fibroid, P., Fibrous. Synonym of P., Inter- stitial. P., Food, a form of inspiration-pneumonia, q. V. P., Gangrenous, gangrene of the lung. P.i ' Gouty, pneumonia developing in a gouty subject. ; P., Grippal. See P., Influenzal. P., Hemor- rhagic. See Hemorrhagic. P., Hypostatic, a pneu- monia, generally lobular, occurring in the debilitated and those suffering from other diseases. It usually ^ affects the lower posterior portions of the lung, and 1 is dependent upon the dorsal decubitus, the weak j circulation, and the inspiration of food and other j particles. Section of the vagus nerve in animals also ! gives rise to this form of pneumonia, because the ' paralysis of the air- passages favors the aspiration of foreign matters. P., Influenzal, a peculiar condition of the lung observed in association with influenza. \ There appears to be a failure of function due to pneu- moparesis. There may also be inflammation of croup- PNEUMONIA 1129 PNEUMONOKONIOSIS ous or catarrhal type. P., Insular. Synonym of P., Lobular. P., Intermittent. Synonym o{ P., Bilioui. P., Interstitial, Acute, inflammation of the intersti- tial tissues of the lung, sometimes terminating in sup- puration. P., Interstitial, Chronic, cirrhosis of the lung ; a chronic inflammation of the lung, characterized by an increase of the interstitial connective tissue. It may be a termination of acute croupous pneumonia or of pulmonary tuberculosis ; it may follow broncho- pneumonia ; in some cases it is due to extension of a chronic inflammation from the pleura, the so-called pleurogenous interstilial pneumonia ; finally, pneumo- nokoniosis is a form of interstitial pneumonia. Cirrhosis of the lung is often associated with bronchiectasis. P., Larval, a term given in epidemics of pneutnonia to those cases that present only some of the initial symp- toms of the disease, slight chill, moderate fever, and a few indefinite local signs. P., Latent, one in which the physical signs are obscure or wanting. P., Lobar. Synonym of P., Croupous. P., Lobular. Synonym of Broncho-pneumonia and P., Catarrhal. P., Malarial. 'Hynonymol P., Bilious. P. maligna. Synonym of P., Septic. P. malleosa, pneumonia due to the glanders-bacillus. It is a broncho-pneumonia as a rule, but may assume a lobar form or manifest itself as multiple abscesses. P., Massive, one in which not only the. air-cells, but the bronchi of an entire lobe, or even of a lung, are filled with the fibrin- ous exudate. The auscultatory physical signs are wanting ; percussion yields an absolutely flat note. The condition simulates pleurisy with effusion. P. migrans. P., Migratory, a peculiar and well-recog- nized form, involving one lobe after the other. It seems occasionally to be in some way associated with erysipelas. Synonym of P., Creeping, P., Wandering. P., Necrotic, Goodhart's name for the non-tubercu- lous variety of pulmonary disorganization sometimes occurring in diabetic patients. The disease is charac- terized by rounded patches at the apex or base of the lung, the size of a hazel-nut or larger, in which a cavity rapidly forms containing a central slough. P. notha. Synonym of Capillary Bronchitis. P., Periodic. Synonym of P. , Bilious. P., Phreno-, pneumonia associated with diaphragmitis. P., Plastic. Synonym of P. , Croupous. P., Pleuritic. Synonym of Pleuro- pneumonia. P., Pleurogenic, P., Pleurogenous, a pneumonia secondary to disease of the pleura. P. potatorum. Synonym of P. , Drunkards'' . P. , Puru- lent: this appears in three varieties: (l) the suppura- tion may involve the surfaces of the minute bronchi and air-vesicles — purulent catarrh ; (2) there may be a true abscess of the lung ; (3) there may be a sup- purative lymphangitis and perilymphangitis. The causes of purulent pneumonia are : the aspiration of matters containing pyogenic microorganisms — this pro- ducing the first or second form; an abscess may result from the lodgment in the lung of a septic embolus, derived often from a focus of purulent phlebitis ; from traumatism ; from chronic diseases of the lung, especially tuberculosis with cavity-formation ; from extension of suppuration from neighboring organs, as from empyema or hepatic abscess. P., Pytho- genic, a contagious form rising under miasmatic influences. P., Scrofulous, an old name for P. , Caseous Lobular. P., Secondary, that occurring as a complication of some preexistent disease. P., Senile, the broncho-pneumonia of the aged ; it may be due, m part at least, to inability to expectorate the phlegm that collects in the smaller bronchi. P., Septic, a lobular pneumonia due to the inspiration of septic material. It may also be caused by septic emboli. In the new-born it is usually due to the aspiration of the maternal fluids during labor. P., Septinous, P., Sewer-gas, a pneumonia following the inhalation of sewer-gas. P. serosa, edema of the lungs. P., Stripe [G. Streifenpneui/wnie'\, a pneumonia in which the affected area has the form of a band or stripe, usually running parallel with the spinal gutter. P., Syphilitic ; disease of the lung due to syphilis is rare. Three forms are usually described — -the pneu- monia alba of the fetus {q.v^ \ the deposit of gum- niata in the lung ; and an interstitial pneumonia, taking its origin at the root of the lung and passing along the bronchi and vessels. French writers also speak of an acute syphilitic phthisis, analogous to acute pneumonic phthisis. P., Traumatic, pneu- monia following injury of the lung ; also that consecu- tive to section of the vagus nerves. P., Tuber- culous, a lobular or lobar inflammation of the lung due to the tubercle-bacillus. P., Tubular. Syn- onym of B ranch o-pneu/nonia. P., Typhoid, a pneumonia with the symptoms of the typhoid state. It is to be distinguished from Pneumo-typhus. P., Vagus, that produced by section of the vagus nerves. P., Wandering, a form of pneumonia in which different portions of the lung present different stages of the pneumonic process. It seems, according to Guiteras, to be in some way associated with erysipelas. P., White, a catarrhal form of pneumonia occurring in a syphilitic fetus and resulting in death. By an over- growth of epithelium in the air-vesicles the lung dies, and fatty degeneration follows, giving the lungs a dead-white appearance, with the imprint of the ribs on their surface. Pneumonic (nu-mon'-ik) \_itv£vij.uv, lung]. Pertaining to the lungs or to pneumonia. P. Phthisis, tuber- culous pneumonia of the lungs. P. Spot, the cir- cumscribed flush of the cheek in croupous pneumonia. Pneumonicula (nu-inon-ik'-u-lah) [-I'sty/ui', lung]. A slight inflammation of the lung. Pneumonique [nu-mon'-ek) [Fr.]. Pertaining to the lung. Pneumonitic (iiu-mon-it' -ik^ \TTve\>iiuv, lung ; mq, in- flammation]. Pertaining to or affected with pneu- monitis. Pneumonitis inu-inon-i' -tis) [xi'f ty/fji^, lung; itk;, in- flammation]. Pneumonia. Pneumono- (nu-mon'-o) \_~v£tin,iv , lung]. A prefix denoting connection with or relation to the lungs. Pneumonoblenozemia [nii-mon-o-blen-o-ze' -me-ah) \jTvevfUdv, lung; fS'Aevva, mucus; i^r/fiia, loss]. Pul- monary blennorrhea. Pneumonocace {nu - mon - ok' - as - e) \_-Kvnixuv, lung; TOhof, evil]. Gangrene of the lung. Pneumonocarcinoma (nu - mon - 0 - kar - sin- 0'- mali) [Ti'ft'yiwi', lung ; KupKivuifia, carcinoma]. Carcinoma of the lung- Pneumonocatarrhus [nu-mon-o-kat-ar'-us'). Synonym of Pneumonia, Catarrhal. Pneumonocele (iiu-uion' -o-sel) [ttit iy/wi', lung ; nlj'kr], tumor, hernia]. Hernia of the lung. Pneumonocholosis [riu-mon-o-kol-o' -sis). Synonym of P. , Bilious. Pneumonochysis {nu-mon-ok' -is-is) \_-vsviiuv, lung ; x'i'OiQ, a pouring]. Edema of the lungs. Pneumonocirrhosis (nu - iiion -o-sir- 0' - sis) [■kvevhuv, lung; K/'ppd^, yellowish]. Cirrhosis of the lung, in- terstitial pneumonia. Pneumonodynia [nu-mon-o-din' -e-ah) lung; bSin>r/, pain]. Pain referred to the lungs. Pneumonoedema [nu-mon-e-de' -mah). Ste Pneuinoit- edema . Pneumonokoniosis [nu-mon-o-kon-e-o' -sis) \_TTiiu-»ion-om' -et-er). Synonym of Spiroineti-i-. . Pneumonomycosis {nti-mon-o-mi-ko' -sis). Same as P>ietimo)ii vcosis. Pneumonoparalysis {ntt-iiioti-o-par-aV -is-is) [777'tt'//wji, lung; -ajm/ I'oic, paralysis]. Paralysis of the lung. Pneumonopathia {mi - man - o - pa' - the - ah) lung; TTCifloc, disease]. Any disease of the lung. Pneumonophlebitis [iiii-mon-o-Jieb-i'-tis) \Txv^vjiuv. lung; 0/f'i/', vein; ;r;f, inflammation]. Inflamma- tion of the pulmonary veins. Pneumonophthisis {nti - num - off'- this - is) \_TnEvfiuv, lung ; cvpii'S, pipe]. A fistula of the lung; also, a syringe for making injections into the lung. Synonym also of Pneumonophyseter. Pneumonotelectasis {nu-mon-o-tel-ek' -tas-is) [ttit I'/^uv, lung; Te7ioc, completion; tKiaai^, dilatation]. Ad- vanced emphysema of the lung. Pneumonotomy [nu - mon - ot'- o - vie). Synonym of Pneuiiiotomv. Pneumony [nu-mo' -tie). Synonym of Pneumonia. Pneumonyperpathia {nu-mon-i-per-pa' -the-ah) [ttwii- //wr, lung; (V/y), in excess; Trd^of, disease]. A grave disease of the lung. Pneumonypostasis {nu-mon-i-pos' -tas-is). Synonym of Pneumonia , Hypostatic. Pneumoparesis [nu - mo - par' - es - is) [-rf f'/^ui', lung ; Trdpeait;, paresis]. Progressive congestion of the lungs apparently depending on vaso-motor deficiency or other fault of innervation ; simple respiratory failure. Pneumopathy {nu-mop' -ath-e). Synonym of Pneumo- nopathia. Pneumopericarditis (nu-mo-per-ik-ar-di'-tis) [nvevfia, j air; nepi, about; KapiVa, heart; irig, inflammation]. I Pericarditis with the formation of gas in the pericar- dial sac. I Pneumopericardium (iiu-mo-per-ik-ar' -dc-um)\_-Kvn^a, \ air; TTfp/, about; K(ip6ta, heart]. The presence of j gas in the pericardial sac. It is due to traumatism, | or to communication between the pericardium and j the esophagus, stomach, or lungs. It is marked by ; tympanitic resonance over the precordial region, ■ metallic rhythmic gurglings, and friction-sounds. l Pneumoperitonitis (nu-mo-per-it-on-i'-tis) [Trwij^a, | air; nepLTovatuv, peritoneum; itl^, inflammation]. Peritonitis with the presence of gas in the peritoneal | cavity. j Pneumophthalmos (nu-moff-ihal'-mos) [Trvevpa, air; \ 0(f)fln'/i/u6(;, eye]. The presence of air within the eye. j Pneumophthisis (nu - mo^'- this - is) [nvevpuv, \ung; (p6i(ji(;, wasting]. A destructive process in the lung. \ Pneumophyma {nu-mo-fi' -mah) \TTvtvp.idv, lung; ^i'/M, : growth: //. , PneumopJiymata\ A tubercle of the 1 lung. Pneumophymia (nu - mo - fi'- me - ah) [Trwi'i/zwi', lung ; ' 0ii/;a, growth]. Tuberculosis of the lung. j Pneumophyses {nu-mo-f -sez) \j:vEvpa, air; (pheiv, to produce; (p'reaOai, to grow]. In biology, two mem- branous sacs, always more or less filled with air, I connected with the reproductive organs of the drone- bee. In repose they are bent and flattened, but when swollen they become hard and resistant, and take the form of divergent horns, which, as they expand in undergoing eversion, pass into and fill the bursa copu- ] latrix of the queen. (Cheshire.) j Pneumopleuritis (nu-mo-p/u-ri'-tis) \_TTvev/JO)v, lung; -/tv/m, pleura; /r/f, inflammation]. Conjoined in- ' flammation of the lungs and pleura. Pneumopyopericardium ( nu' -mo-pi' -o-per-ik-nr' -de- ' um) \_-n-rev/ja, air; Tvrnv, pus; rrepl, about; aaptVia, heart]. The presence of air or gas and pus in the pericardial sac. Pneumopyothorax [nu' -mo-pi' -o-tlio' -raks) [ttwi"//", ; air; Triior, pus ; HupaS, chest]. The presence of air and pus in the cavity of the thorax. I Pneumor (nu'-mor) [Trrfi'/zo, air ; amor, love]. Desire | for air, or to breathe. I Pneumorrhagia (nu-mor-a' -je-ah). See Hemoptysis. I Pneumoscope {nu' -mo-shop). Synonym of Pneumo- ; graph. Pneumoserothorax (nu'-mo-se' -ro-tho' -rahs) [TTVeviia, air; serum, serum; ftupni, chest]. The presence of | air or gas and serum in the pleural cavity. | Pneumosis (nu-mo'-sis). Same as Pneumonosis. | Pneumoskeletal {nu-mo-skel' -et-al) [irvevfiuv, lung; i cKCAeTov, a dry body]. Pertaining to a pneumo- I skeleton. ' PNEUMOSKELETON 1131 PODENCEPHALUS Pneumoskeleton [ii:i-/no-skcl' -et-on) [nve'vfiuv, lung; CKCAETOV, a dry body]. In biology, a skeletal struc- ture developed in connection with a respiratory organ. Pneumotherapeutic {)iii-mo-thei--ap-ii' -tik) \nvtvfia, air; Oeparrsia, treatment]. Pertaining to pneumo- therapy. Pneumotherapeutics [iiii-ino-ther-ap-it' -tiksY Syno- nym of Pneuiiwtherapy. Pneumotherapy {iiu-7iio-ther' -ap-e) [rrwri^a, air, or TTveb/Ltui', lung; deftaizeia, treatment]. The treatment of diseases »f the lung. Synonym of Pneiimatotherapy. Pneumothorax {nn-mo-tho'-raks) \jTvtvixa, air; tiupa^, chest]. Distention of the pleural cavity with air or gas. This condition may be due to traumatism or to communication between the pleural cavity and some one of the air-containing organs. It is not rare as a complication of pulmonary tuberculosis, following rupture of a cavity. It is marked by dyspnea, shock, pain, a tympanitic (sometimes a dull) percussion-note over the affected side, displacement of the heart, bell- tympany, and diminished respiratory murmur. If there be also serum or liquid present, as is likely to be the case unless death ensue rapidly, the condition is called Hydropnetmothorax, or pneumothorax with effusion. P. by Occlusion, a condition in which there is no ap- parent communicati6n between the air in the pleural cavity and the external atmosphere. P., Patent, a term used when the opening through which the air has entered the pleura is free and unobstructed. P. sub- phrenicus, pneumothorax due to perforation of the diaphragm. P., Valvular, a term used when the opening possesses a valvular character. Pneumotomy [itu-»iot' -o-me) [nv^hfuov, lung; ro/^;, a cutting]. I. Surgical incision of the lung. 2. The anatomy, or dissection, of the lung. Pneumotoxin [nu-mo-toks'-in] [nvt'vfj.ui', lung; to^ikov, a poison] . Klemperer' s term for a poisonous albuminoid body produced by the pneumococcus, and which, when introduced into the circulation of an animal causes elevation of temperature. Subsequently there is produced in the body a substance, aiitipneumoioxiii, which possesses the power of neutralizing the poison which is formed by the bacteria. Paeumotuberculum (iiu-mo-tn-ber'-kii-htni) [^Trvevfiuv, lung; //^/'frrw/wOT, tubercle]. A tubercle of the lung. Pneumo-typhoid [iiu - mo - ti'- foid'). Synonym of Pnetuno-typhics. Pneumo-typhus [nu-ino-ti' -fiis) [-rf/'/zur, lung; rvipng, typhus]. A term given to those cases of typhoid fever that begin with a definite pneumonia dependent upon the typhoid-bacillus. Pneuobiomantia {titi-o-bi-o-man' -she-aJi). Same as Pnemiohiogncsis. Pneusiobiognosis {mi-ze-o-bi-og-nc' -sis) \T:vevai<;. a blowing; /3/of, life ; yvojffif, knowledge]. Docimasia pulmonum, q. v. Pneusis (/z^'-^/.t) [jTj'fZv, to breathe]. Respiration. P. pertussis. Synonym of \V hooping-cough. Pneusometer (^nu-som' -et-er). Synonym of Spiroineter. ^l^x^aXiovLi^ni-ga'-le-on) ^Trviya7iiuv ; Trviyeiv, to choke]. Nightmare ; incubus. Pnigma (iiig' -mah) [Try/jrn', to choke]. Strangula- tion. Pnigophobia (tti-go-fo' -be-ah) \v:viyuv, to choke ; fojSog, fear]. The fear of choking that sometimes accom- panies angina pectoris. Pnigos, Pnix, Pnixis [ni'-gos, niks, ni/cs'-is). Syno- nyms of Pnigmn. Pock {pok)\V).,pol;, a little pouch]. A pustule of an erup- tive fever, especially of smallpox. P., Black. Syn- onym of Black Smallpox. P. -broken, marked with smallpox. P., Diphtheric, in smallpox, a pock the seat of coagulation-necrosis with the production of a whitish membrane. P. -hole, P. -mark, the pit left by the smallpox pustule. P., Horn. Synonym of Wjriola verntiosa. P. -house, a smallpox hospital. P.-marked, marked with the cicatrices of the small- pox-pustule. P., Master, a large pock seen in some cases of smallpox, and which resembles the pustule of inoculation-smallpox. P. -pitted. Synonym of Pock- marked. P., Stone, an obselete term for an acne- pustule. Pocked {pokt) [D., /<;/;■, a little pouch]. Pitted; marked with pustules. Pocket {pok'-et) [ME., /iv/tv/, a pocket]. In anat- omy, a blind sac, or sac-shaped cavity; the abdominal cavity of certain fish. A diverticulum communicating with a cavity. Pocketing (pok'-et-ing) [ME., pocket, a pocket]. A name given by Storer to a mode of treating the pedicle in the operation of ovariotomy. It is accom- plished by bringing the extremity of the pedicle between the inner lips of the incision, at its lower angle, thus securing its attachment to the raw surface of the abdominal wall. Pocky {pok'-e) [D., pok, a little pouch]. Having pocks or pustules ; infected with variola or syphilis. Poculiform { pok' -u-lif-onn) \_poailiim, cup; forma, form]. In biology, deeply cup-.shaped, goblet-shaped. Poculum [pok' -u-lu!?i) [L.]. A teacup. P. Diogenis [Diogenes' cup]. The hollow of the hand. Pod [origin obscure]. In biology, a more or less elongated cylindric seed-vessel. Podagra {pod-a'-grah) {rroh^, foot; aypa, seizure]. Gout, especially of the great toe or the joints of the foot. P. aberrans, retrocedent gout. Podagral [pod-a'-gral). Same as Podagric, Podagric [pod-a'-grik) [ttovi;, foot; dypa, seizure]. Gouty. Podagrism [ pod' -ag-riz?ji) \_no'vr, foot; ay pa, seizure]. Goutiness. Podagrous [pod-a' -gms) . Synonym of Podagric. Podalgia (pod-al'-je-ah) [Tro/if [gfn. TTofior), foot; (i/yof, pain]. Pain in the foot. Podalic (pod-al'-ik) [Troiif, foot]. Pertaining to the feet. P. Version, in obstetrics, the operation of changing the position of the fetus in utero so as to bring the feet to the outlet. Podanencephalia [pod-an-en-sef-a'-le-ah] [ttcivc, foot; a priv. ; evyK((pnAn^, headless]. Anencephalia with a pedunculated head. Podarthral {pod-ar' -thral) \_~n'rc, foot; apflpov, a joint]. Pertaining to the podarthrum. Podarthritis ( pod-ar-thri' -lis) [tto/'c, foot ; apdpnv, joint; /Tir, inflammation]. Gouty inflammation of the joints of the feet. Podarthrocace ( pod-ar-/hrok'-as-c) [Trouf , foot ; apftpnv, joint; KtiKor, evil]. Caries of the articulations of the feet. Podarthrum {pod-ar' -thru iii) [ttoiV, foot; apflpov, a joint: //. , Podarthra'\. In biology, the foot-joint or metatarso-phalangeal articulation. Podedema ( pod-e-de' -niah) [Trorf , foot ; ohhjfia, edema]. Edema of the foot. Podelcoma, 'Podie:\kdma[pod-el-ko'-mah). See Pungus- foot. Podencephalia [pod-en-scf-a' -k-ah) [jvoic, foot; eyKe- (paTio^, brain]. The condition present in a poden- cephalus. Podencephalus ( pod-eji-sef' -al-iis) \ttovi:, foot ; eyKF(p- a/ioc, brain]. A variety of single autositic monsters of the species exencephalus, in which there is a pro- trusion of the cranial contents from the top of the PODETIIFORM 1132 POIKILOCYTE head, the tumor assuming a pedunculated character. There is usually a considerable degree of hydro- cephalus present. Podetiiform {pod-e-te'-if-orm) [Troijf, foot; forvia, form]. Resembling a podetium. Podetium {pod-e'-sJw-iim) [Troif, a foot]. In biology, the stalk of an apothecium in lichens or a fruit-stalk in Marchantia. Podex (po'-deks) \_pode.x, the anus : Podices']. In biology, the rump, uropygium, or pygidium. Podical [ pod' -ik-al ) \_ podex, the anus]. Pertaining to the podex. Podismus [pod-iz'-?/itts) [rroJ/ffn', to measure by feet]. Spasm of the muscles of the foot. Podite (pod' -It) [ttow;, foot]. In biology, the limb of a crustacean, usually seven-jointed. Cf. , Endopodite, £xopodi/e, Epipodite , Basipodite, Coxopodi/e, Dactylo- podite, Ischiopodite, Meropodite. Poditic [po-dit' -ik) \_noi%, foot]. Pertaining to a podite. Podium (po'-de-iiin) [ttoAoi', a little foot: //. , Podia']. In biology, the foot or supporting organ. Commonly used in compounds, as Mouopodiiii/i, Synipodiuni, Propodium, Mesopodiitm, Metapodium, Epipodiuin. Podobranchia {pod - a - brang' -ke - ah) [TToi'f a foot; l3pay;(ia, gills: , Podol!?-anchia:'\. In biology, a branchial plume or foot-gill ; a respiratory organ of crustaceans attached to the coxa. Podobranchial [ pod-o-tn-ang' -kc-al) [Troi'f, foot; /Spay- Xm , gills]. Pertaining to a podobranchia. Podobranchiate {pod - o - brang'- ke - at) [iroyf, foot; i]f)ayxia, gills]. In biology, provided with podo- branchirc. Podobromhidrosis { pod-o-brom-hid-ro' -sis) [Troif, foot; l}f)C>liiii, stench; Mpwf, sweat]. Offensive sweating of the feet. Podocace { po-dok'-as-e). Synonym of Podarthrocace. Podocephalous {pod-o-sef -al-iis) [jro/'f (jrod-), foot; K((pii'A.ri, head]. In biology, applied to a head of flowers when borne upon a distinct stalk. Pododynia {pod-o-din' -e-ah) \ttovc^, foot; bdvvri, pain]. Pain in the foot, and especially in the sole of the foot ; the word is now usually limited to painful heel, a neuralgic condition about the heel, attended with little or no swelling, no discoloration, and no affection of the joints. The pains are very severe, though often limited to a very small area. It may be associated with rheumatism or gout, and with certain occupations requiring much standing. Podoedema ( pod-e-de' -mah). See Podedenia. Podogyn, Podogynium [ po'-do-jin, po-do-jin'-e-imi) [-oi'f, foot; yvvl], female: //. , Podogynia]. See GvnopJiore and Basigyiiiiim. Podology { pod-ol' -o-ji') [rrni'f, foot; ?o;of, science]. The anatomy and physiology, etc., of the foot. Podophthalmic, Podophthalmous {pod-off-thai' -mik, pod-off-thai' -imis) [TToiif, foot ; b(l)Ha'Afi6^ , eye]. Hav- ing the eye fixed at the end of a projecting, movable stalk, as in crustaceans. Podophthalmite {pod-off-thai' -init) [iro/'f, foot; htff^a'k- jior, eye]. In biology, the distal of two joints of the eye-stalk or ophthalmite of a stalk-eyed crustacean, as distinguished from the basiophthalmite. Podophyllic {pod-o-fil'-ik) [-orf, foot; ^i'/'./ or, leaf]. Derived from podophyllin. P. Acid, a resinous, amorphous substance, found in the podophyllin of commerce. Podophyllin { pod-o-fil'-iii). See Podophyllum. Podophyllitis {pod - o -fil - i' - lis) [jrofjc, foot ; m'vXkov, leaf; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the podo- phyllous tissues of the hoof. Podophyllotoxin { pod - o - fil -o - toks'- in) [ttdvc, foot ; (j>vXAov, leaf; to^ikov, poison]. The principal ac- tive constituent of the resin of podophyllum. It is a white, amorphous resin, very poisonous, soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, slightly so in water. PodophyUous ( poo\t; okottsIv, to view]. Pertaining to a polariscope. Polariscopy {po-lar' -is-kop-e) \_polus, pole; okottuv, to view]. The use of the polariscope. Polaristrobometer {po - lar - is -tro -bom' - et - er) [poliis, > pole ; aroopo^, a whirling round ; fierpov, measure]. A form of polarimeter or saccharimeter that furnishes a delicate means of fixing the plane of polarization as rotated by the sugar- solution under examination. Polarite ( po'-lar-lt) [polus, a pole]. A filtering- material containing 50 per cent, of magnetic oxid and iron carbonate ; it is used in the artificial filtration of sewage. Polarity (po-lar' -it-e) [polus, pole]. The state or \ quality of having poles or points of intensity willi mutually opposite qualities. In electro therapeutics, that condition of -a nerve in which the part nearest the negative pole is in a state of increased, and that near- est the positive is in a state of decreased irritability. Polarization {po-lar-iz-a'-shtui) \_polus, pole]. The act of forming poles or points of intensity having qualities mutually opposite. P., Chromatic, polar- ization accompanied liy a play of colors. P., Circu- lar, the turning of tlie plane of polarization to the POLARIZER 1135 POLITZERATION right or left. P. of Light, the breaking up of a ray of light into two separate parts whose planes of vibration are at right angles to each other. It is usually accom- plished by passing the ray through a doubly refracting medium. Polarizer [po'-Iar-i-zer) \_pohis, pole]. In microscopy, one of the Nicol prisms placed beneath the object and by means of which the light is polarized. Pole [pol) \_-o/ xti;, polus , a pole]. The extremity of an axis ; a point on a sphere ecjually distant from every part of the circumference of a great circle of the sphere. In electricity, one of the points of a body at which its attractive or repulsive energy is concentrated. In galvanic or dynamic electricity, the electrodes of a cell or of a generator. In magnetism, one of the points of maximum intensity of magnetic force. P., Antigerminal, the pole of an ovum opposite the germinal pole ; it is the pole at which the food-yolk is situated. P., Cephalic, the end of the fetal ellipse where the head of the fetus is situated. P. -changer, a switch or key for changing or reversing the direction of a current produced by any electric source, such as a battery. P. Corpuscles. See Polar Glolnilcs. Ps. of the Eye, the anterior and posterior poles of the optic axis. P., Germinal, P., Germinative, the pole of the egg at which the development of the embryo begins. P., Lower, of an egg. See P., Antiger- minaL P., Negative, the electrode or any other j termination of the wire which is attached to the posi- tive element in the galvanic cell. P., North, in a magnet, the extremity directed toward the north. P., Nutritive. Synonym of P., Antigerminal. P., Oc- cipital, the posterior pointed extremity of the occipital lobe. P., Pelvic, the extremity of the fetal ellipse at which the breech is situated. P., Positive, the elec- trode or other terminal portion of the wire which is connected with the negative element of a galvanic battery. P., South, in a magnet, the extremity di- rected toward the south. P., Upper, in an egg, the P. , Germinal, q. v. P., Vitelline. Synonym of P., Antigerminal. Polemophthalmia [pol-em-off-thal' -me-ali) \_'K6\ejioq, war; b(pfla'Aij6<; , eye]. Military ophthalmia ; the oph- thalmia of soldiers. I Polenta [po-len'-tah) [L.]. In Italy, a maize-meal t porridge. Poliater [pol'-e-a-fe?-) [-oA/f , city ; taT//p, physician]. Formerly, a physician licensed to practise by the public authorities of a city. Police {po-les') {jrn'Xiq, a city]. I. Public order. 2. An organized civil force for maintaining order. P., Sanitary, the body of officials in the employ of a city, state or nation, whose duty it is to look after the hygienic condition as it affects the public health. Policeman's Disease. Synonym of Tarsalgia. Policlinic [pol-ik-lin'-ik) [koAl^, city; Kkivr], couch]. A general city hospital. Cf. Polyclinic. Poliencephalitis [pol-e-en-sef-al-i'-lis] {jvoltor, gray ; £y/cf(/)a/lo]', brain ; ltiq, inflammation]. An inflamma- tion of the gray matter of the cortex of the brain. P. acuta, an acute inflammation of the cerebral cortex in children, giving rise to infantile cerebral palsy. P., Anterior Superior, an inflammatory disease of the gray matter of the third ventricle, of the anterior portion of the fourth, and of that about the Sylvian aqueduct. The condition is usually acute and has, as a rule, a well marked clinical picture, including ophthalmo- plegia, chiefly external, and a peculiar somnolent state ; there is no other paralysis ; sensation is not aftected. The disease appears as if caused by infection, and is usually fatal, although recovery may take place. This disease may be related to the African sleeping- sickness, nelavan, and to a similar disease occasion- ally observed in .Switzerland and Lombardy. P. corticalis, inflammation of the gray matter of the cerebral cortex. P., Posterior, inflammation of the gray matter of the posterior portion of the fourth ventricle. Polimitus malarise {pol-iin' -it-ns). See under Para- sites [Animal ), Table of. Polioencephalitis [pol-e-o-en-sef-al-i' -tis^. See Poli- encephalitis. Polioencephalo-myelitis {pol-e-o-en-sef -al-o-mi-el-i' - tis). Synonym of Poliomyelencephalitis. Poliomyelencephalitis (pol-e-o-mi-el-en-se/-al-i'-tis) [7ro?i(dc, gray; |t;!)t/*,of, marrow ; «y/cf(/)a/lor, brain ; ith;, inflammation]. Poliomyelitis and poliencephalitis ex- isting together. Poliomyelepathy [pol-e-o-mi-el-ep' -ath-e)\_~o/ iuq, gray; /yuf/df, marrow ; TrdSof, disease]. Disease of the gray matter of the spinal cord. Poliomyelitis [pol-e-o-ini-el-i'-fis) [tzo'aioc, gray; iive'Koq, marrow; /r/r, inflammation]. Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord. P., Acute Anterior, acute inflammation of the anterior horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord, leading to a destruction of the large multipolar cells of these horns. It is most common in children, coming on during the period of the first dentition and producing a paralysis of certain muscle- groups or of an entire limb. The onset is sudden, and the paralysis is usually most extensive in the beginning, a certain amount of improvement taking place subsequently. There are no sensory disturb- ances. The aftected muscles atrophy rapidly, the reflexes in them are lost, and reactions of degeneration are present. From contraction of antagonistic muscles deformities develop later in life. The disease is also known as Infantile Palsy. P., Chronic Anterior. Synonym of Progressive Musctdar Atrophy. Poliomyelopathy [pol-e-o-mi-el-op' -atli-e) [^o/'i/df, gray; /;Df/dc', marrow ; Traffot, disease]. Disease of the gray matter of the cord. Polioplasm, Polioplasma { pol' -e-o-plazm , pol-e-o-plaz' - mail) [xoAidf, gray; ■n'/dofia, plasm]. Granular proto- plasm. Poliosis [pol-e-o' -sis) [TroZ/df, hoary or gray]. A con- dition characterized by absence of pigment in the hair. See Canities. Poliotes ( pol-e-o' -tez) [-oA/df , hoary or gray. .Synonym of Ca>iities. Poliothrix {poF -e-o-thriks) [7ro/.(df, gray; '^p/?, hair]. Synonym of Canities. Polish {po'-lish) [Pol., Polski, Polish]. Pertaining to Poland. P. Plait. See Plica polonica. P. Ring- worm. Same as Plica polonica. Polishing Red. Same as Colcothar. Polity [pol'-it-e^ [rrdAjf, a city]. A form of govern- ment. The functions of the government of a city or town. P., Medical, the sanitary regulations of a community. Politzer's Ear-bag. An instrument for filling the tym- panic cavity with air. It consists essentially of a large, gourd-like rubber bulb and a tube with a hard- rubber tip to fit into the nose. 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Nausea, vomiting, irritation of eyes, depression, se- vere urticaria, or nettle-rash. Gastro-intestinal catarrh, nausea, heat and pain, vomiting and purging, fainting, convulsions, small and frequent pulse ; pupils dilated ; delirium, stupor, death. Rigidity of muscles, respiration shallow and slow, pupils small, odor of breath resembling amyl nitrite. Violent irritation of alimentary canal; vomiting; griping. Very similar in action to Acid, Salicylic, q. v. Pain in brows and eyeballs; dimness of vision, ptosis, diplopia, staggering, pain in chest, suffocation, spasm, foaming at mouth, coma. Purely irritant ; may have hematemesis. Causes a pink stain upon the skin. Violent purging ; pain. Unconsciousness, extremities cold, pulse small, pupils slightly dilated, vomiting, delirium, opisthotonos. Resemble malignant cholera ; abdominal pain, vomit- ing, purging, vertigo, cold sweats, and collapse. Vomiting, pain in the head and abdomen, purging, contraction of pupils, loss of consciousness, col- lapse. Irritation of alimentary tract ; vomiting ; purging. Character of Poison. Irritant. tharis. Inebriant. Irritant. Irritant. Hyposthenisant. Irritant. Irritant. Irritant. Abortive. | Specific irritant. 1 Irritant. Name. Fish, Poisonous. (Several kinds of fish, particular- ly shell- fish, are con- stantly poisonous, while some are so only to particular constitu- tions.) Fish-berries. See Cocculiis. Fly, Spanish. See Can Foxglove. See Digitalis. Fungi. (Several forms of fungi, known as mush- rooms, toadstools, truf- fles, etc., are directly poi- sonous.) Fusel-oil. Gamboge. Gaultheria procumbens (Wintergreen). Gelsemium sempervirens ( Yellow Jessamine). Glass. Gold. Gratiolus officinalis (Hedge-hyssop). Hedeoma (Pennyroyal). Hellebore, Green and White. See Veratrum. Helleborus niger (Black Hellebore). Hemlock. See Conium. Henbane. See Hyoscya Holly Berries (flex aquifo- liiim). 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C w ^ B 2 o ■5 E « a m Mo > E5 > > B B rt CMC. ■e u s ^ cj 00 Ig^B ■3 « - 2 w *^ C 2 6"-H 0 c o a 1 S B^i S 5.2-2 c1 sj. B ^ — 5 i B M 3 - .5 ° •-§ 3 2 C V i~ JJ 1- "Stj O n ^ , o E O tn B O y U Politzerize i^pol' -its-er-iz) [after Politzer, an Austrian physician]. To treat by Politzer's method. Poll {pol) [ME., poll, head]. The head, especially the back portion, of an individual or of an animal. P. -evil, in farriery, an abscess behind the ears of a horse, producing a fistula. PoUakiuria ( pol-ak-i-it' -re-aJi) [-o/i/.d/c/f, often ; ovpov, urine]. Abnormal increased frequency of micturition. Polled (poM) [ME., poll, the head]. A term applied to cattle without horns. P. Angus, a race of cattle without horns, indigenous to Great Britain. Pollemphytensis i^pol-etn-Ji-ten' -sis) [-o/.Aof, many; e^u(jiVTivea', to implant]. Multiple vaccinations in dif- ferent parts of the body. Pollen [pol'-i'n) \_pollen, fine dust]. In biology, the fecundating element produced in the anthers of flower- ing plants. It occurs as separate one-celled, globular, or irregular grains varying as to species. The central protoplasm is inclosed in two coats, the inner of which is called the iiUine, the outer the exti?ie. P. -basket. See Corbiculum. P. Catarrh. See Hay-fever . P.- cell, in biology, the cell, sac, or chamber of an anther in which the pollen is produced. P. -chamber, the cavity at the apex of the ovule of gymnosperms, in which the pollen-grains lie after pollination. P. -fever. See Hay-fever. P. -grain, one of the unicellular bodies found in the anthers of flowering plants. They are generally yellow, and may be united into a mass by a viscid material. P. -mass. -Same as Pollinium. P. -paste, pollen as it is stored up by bees. P.- plate. See Corbiculiiiii. P. -sac. See P.-chamber. P. -spore. Same as P.-^rain. P. Theory, a theory first proposed by Gordon in 1 829 and finally confirmed by Blackley, in 1873, that hay-fever is due to the irritation of the Schneiderian mucosa produced by the pollen of grasses and other plants. P. -tube, in biology, a slender tube formed by a protrusion of the intine of a pollen-grain, after its contact with the stigma, and by means of which the contents of the pollen-grain are conducted into the ovule. Polleniferous {pol-en-if'-er-its). See Polliniferoris. Pollenization [pol-en-iz-a' -shun). See Pollination. Pollex {^pol'-eks) \_pollex, the thumb, the great toe : //. , Pollices'\. The digit at the radial side of the quinque- digital hand. Pollical (pol'-ik-al) [pollex, thumb]. Pertaining to the thumb. Pollicate {pol'-ik-at) [pollex, thumb]. In biology, having thumbs. PoUinar [pol'-in-ar) [pollen, pollen]. In biology, covered with a fine dust resembling pollen. Pollinarium [pol-in-a' -re-um) [polleji, pollen]. In biology, one of the organs growing on the hymenium of certain fungi [Agarieini), thought by some to be male organs ; also called cys/idia, barren basidia. Cf. Antheriditim. Pollination {pol-in-a' -shun) [pollen, pollen]. The act of conveying the pollen to the stigma. Pollinic [pol-in'-ii') [pollen, pollen]. Pertaining to pollen. P. Chamber. See Pollen-fka??iher. Polliniferous {pol-in-if -er-iis) [pollen, pollen ; ferre, to bear]. I. Producing or containing pollen. 2. Bearing pollen, as certain insects. • Pollinigerous {pol-in-ij' -er-us). Same as Pollinifer- ous. Pollinium [pol-in' -e-zim) [pollen, fine flour : //. , Pol- linia'\. In biology, a mass of united pollen-gjrains, as in orchids, milk-weeds and other plants. Pollinivorous [pol-in-iv'-or-us) [pollen, pollen ; c'or- are, to devour]. Feeding upon pollen. Pollinose [poP-in-oz) [pollen, fine flour]. In biology, powdered over as if with pollen. POLLUTION 1150 POLYCHREST Pollution [pol-ii'-shiui) \_poUutio ; polluere, to defile]. In sanitary science, tlie introduction or dissemination of any deleterious or filthy substance about a locality where its presence would be conducive to disease. Especially the defilement of potable water by sewage or excreta. In physiology, the production of the or- gasm in either male or female by means other than sexual intercourse. See Rlasturbatioii. P., Noctur- nal, a nocturnal, involuntary, seminal discharge. P., Self, masturbation. Polonica {po-lon' -ik-ali). See Plica. Polonychia (/>(7/-()-«//J"'-i'-(7//) [Tro/l^f, many ; oi^i^f, nail]. See Polyo)iychia. Poluboskos { pol-ii-bos' -kos) [rro/rr, much; ^oaKoc^, nu- tritious]. A ]Hire gluten food for infants and invalids. It has the following composition: Moisture, 7.50; fat, 0.50; mineral salts, almost wholly phosphates, 0.60; carbohydrates, 0.40; nitrogenous substances, 91. Poluria [pol-ii' -re-a/i). Synonym of Polyuria. Poly- [pol'-e-) [Tvo'A'vg, many]. A prefix that denotes much or many. Polyacanthid [pol-e-ak-an' -tkid) [7roA()f, many; aaav- iia, thorn, spine]. In biology, applied to certain echinoderms in which there are several series of ad- ambulacral spines. Polyacanthus [pol - e - ak - an' - /hiis) [-o/i''f, many; iiKiivHa, thorn, spine]. In biology, many-spined. Polyacoustic [pol-e-ak-oos' -lik) [tto/ /''f , many ; qkovg- riKog, acoustic]. I. Multiplying sound. 2. An in- strument for intensifying sound. Polyact i^pol' -e-akt) [Tro/a-f, many; a/cr/'f, ray]. In biology, having numerous rays. Polyactinal {pol-e-ak'-tin-al') [tto/i't, many; d/tr/f, ray]. In biology, many-rayed ; multiradiate. Polyad (pol'-e-ad) [Tro/rf, many]. In chemistry, an element whose valence is greater than two. Polyadelph ( pol'-c-ad-i'lf ) [ttoAvc, many ; dJf/iCiof , brother]. In biology, a plant having its stamens united into three or more bundles. Polyadelphous [pol-e-ad-eU -fiis) [Tro/iiif , many ; n(-5f/^of, brother]. In biology, having the stamens united by their filaments into several sets. Polyadenia {pol-e-ad-e'-ne-ah') [Tro/i'if, many; dtS/yi', gland]. Pseudo-leukemia, or Hodgkin's disease. Polyadenitis { pol-e-ad-en-i' -lis) [To/i>f, many; adrjv, gland ; /r/c, inflammation]. Inflammation of many glands at once. Polyadenoma [pol-e-ad-en-o' -mah) [/ro/ii'f, many; d(S//i', gland ; o/za, tumor]. Adenoma of many glands. Polyadenopathy [pol-e-ad-en-op' -ath-e) \_Tzo'Ahg, many; d(5//i', gland; iraftog, disease]. Any disease affecting many glands at once. Polyadenous { pol-e-ad' -en-iis) [rro/rf, many; a&iiv, gland]. In biology, bearing many glands. Polyaemia [ pol-c-e' -ine-ali) . See Polyemia. Polyaesthesia {pol-e-es-the' -ze-ah). See Polyesthesia. Polyandric ( pol-e-an'-drik)\_TTo'A'vc, many; di^i^/p, male] . C haracterized by polyandry. Polyandrous [pol-e-an'-drus) [noXvc, many ; av>ip, male, man]. In biology: [a) Having a large num- ber of stamens. Cf. Icosandroiis. [b) Having more than one male mate. Cf. Mo7iothelioiis. Polyandry {pol-e-an' -dre) [7ro/wv(Spof , having many- men]. In biology, plurality of husbands or male mates. Polyangular ( pol-e-ang'-f^u-lar) [noAvg, many; an- i^iiliis, an angle]. Having many angles. Polyanhemia {pol- e - an - hem' - e - all). Synonym of Anemia. Polyanthous {pol-c-an' -thus) \T:o'A'vr, many; avOog, a flower]. Many-flowered. Polyarthritis [pol-e-ar-thri' -tis) \jTi)Avq, many; apflpov, joint; iTic, inflammation]. Inflammation of many joints at once. P., Acute, a term given to acute ar- ticular rheumatism. P, rheumatica acuta. Syno- nym of Rheunuitism, Acute Articular. P. synovi- alis. See Rheumatism, Articular. Polyarthrous [pol-e-ar'-thi-us] [-o/lrf, many ; apdpov, a joint]. In biology, many-jointed; multiarticulate. Polyarticular [pol - e - ar - fik'- u - lar) [-o/i'f, many; articulus, joint]. Affecting manyjoints together. Polyatomic [pol-e-at-om'-ik) [-o/i'f, many; aroixo^, atom]. In chemistry, denoting elements or radicles that have an equivalence greater than two ; also, denoting compounds having three or more hydroxyl groups, in which hydrogen is easily replaceable by other elements or radicles without otherwise changing the structure of the original compound. Polyaxial [pol-e-aks'-e-al) [-o/i'f, many; axis, axis]. Having several axes. Polyaxon ( pol-e-aks' -on) [Tro/ tf , many ; a^uv, axis]. In biology, having several axes of growth. Polybasic [pol-ib-a'-zik) [tto/.vc, many; ^aaiq, base]. Of alcohols or acids, having more than one hydrogen atom replaceable by a base ; of a salt, formed from a polybasic acid by the replacement of more than one hydrogen atom by a basic element or radicle. Polyblennia (/<)/-//'-/of, infant]. The condition of having many young. Polycarpae [pol-ik-ar'-pe) \_-o'Ad<(;, many; Kap-6^, fruit]. A name given by Fuchs to a class of skin-diseases characterized by the eruption of plastic lesions, such as papules, pustules, vesicles, etc., comprising eczema and herpes. Polycarpellary ( pol - ik - ar'- pel - a - re) [TroAi'f , many ; carpellum , carpel]. In biology, having many car- pels. Polycarpic ( pol - ik - ar'- pik) \_-okv^, many ; Kapir-o^, fruit]. In biology, fruiting many times. Polycarpous { pol-ik-ar' -pus) [mi/.i'f, many; napnog, fruit]. In biology, having a pistil composed of several distinct ovaries or carpels. Cf. Alouocarpous. Polycellular { pol-is-el' -u-lar) [yro/irc, many ; celliila,^ cell]. In biology, havhig many cells. Polycentric [pol-is-en'-trik) [ttoX'vq, many; Kti'Tpov, center] . Having many centers or nuclear points. Polycephalous ( pol-is-ef -al-iis) [to/.i'C, many ; KKpa?.!/, head]. In biology, bearing many heads. Polycephalus [pol-is-ef ' -al-us) [^ro/.i'f, many ; KeipaAy, head]. A genus of 'Twniadic. See Parasites [Ani- mal ) , liable of. Polycerus [pol-is-e' -rus) [-rro/i f'f, many ; /vf'yjaf, horn]. An animal monstrosity having many horns. Polychaetous [pol-ik-e' -tus) [TroXi'-f, many ; ;i'a/T//, hair]. In biology, having many chretas or bristles. Polychezia [pol-ik-e' -ze-ah) [ttoZ/'C, many; x<^ti-v, to evacuate the bowels]. Chronic diarrhea. Polycholia [ pol-ik-o' -le-ah) [ttoXv^, much; ,r"''//' '^''^l- Excessive secretion of bile. Polychotomy ( pol-ik-ot' -o-me) \_-nr)>vx(>oc, manifold ; Tafit ir, to cut]. In biology, division of a taxonomic group of organisms into several sub-groups. Polychrest, Polychrestus [pol'-ik-rest, pol-ik-res' -tus) \jvoX\'e, many; xpiia-6r, useful]. A medicme re- POLYCHRESTIC 1151 POLYGASTRIA garded as effacious in many diseases. A word em- ployed in many combinations. Polychrestic [pol-ik-res' -tik) [TroAfif, many ; ,tp??ffrof, useful]. Of the nature of a polychrest. Polychroism {pol-ik-ro'-izm) [TroAi'f, many; ,\P"'^< color]. A property possessed by certain crystals, of exhibiting two shades of color under polarized light, which vary as the polarizing instrument is rotated. Polychroit i^pol-ik-ro' -it). See Crocin. Polychromate [pol-ik-ro' -mat) [7ro/l()f, many ; ;i;puua, color]. A salt of chromic acid, containing several atoms of chromium in the molecule. Polychromatic (pol-ik-ro-inaf'-ik) [noXv^, many; XP"- //a, color]. Many-colored. Polychrome {pol' -ik-roin) [TroZtif , many ; ;(^pcj/ia, color] . I. A crystalline principle found in quassia and'giving rise in a watery solution to a variegated color. 2. Esculin. Polychromia (^pol-ik-ro'-»ie-ah). See Pleiochromia. Polychromic lypol-ik-ro' -mik) [Tro/lyf , many ; XP^I^O-^ color]. Same as Polychromatic. P. Acid, an acid produced by the action of HNO.j upon aloes. Polychromous {pol-ik-ro' -mus) many ; xp^l^^i color]. Having many colors. Polychylia (^pol-ik-i' -le-ah) {jzokvr^, much ; ,ti'''-of, chyle]. An excessive formation of chyle. Polychymia [pol-ik-i' -me-ah). Same as Polychylia. Polyclad {pol' -ik-lad) .[rroAi'f, many; KXa&oq, a shoot or branch]. In biology, applied to those platode worms in which the intestine is very much branched (marine Planaria). Polycladous [pol-ik-la'-dus) \_Tro/d'g, many; /cAdJof, a young slip]. In biology, many-branched. Polyclady {pol-ik-la' -de)\y:o'K'vq.^ many; Kka&oc,, a young slip or shoot]. In biology, the production of an un- usually large number of branches. jPolyclinic [pol-ik-lin' -ik) [TToAi'ir, many ; k1w>/, a bed]. A hospital in which many diseases are treated. Cf. Policlinic. Polycoccous {pol - ik - ok' - Ks) [n-o/liif, many; kokicoq, berry]. In biology, consisting of several cocci. pPolycopria [pol-ik-op'-re-ah) [TroAyf, much; Kiirpog, j dung]. Excessive defecation. Polycoria {pol-ik-o' -re-ah) [jroili'f, many ; /cop/;, pupil]. The existence of more than one pupil or opening in the iris. Polycotyledon [pol-ik-of-il-e' -don) [ToAi'if, many ; ko- TvhjSuv, cavity]. In biology, a plant which in em- tbryo possesses more than two cotyledons, olycotyledonary [pol-ih - ot - il - e'- don -a- re) [ttoXvc, many; Korv'A)/6ijv, cavity]. In biology, applied to mammalian placentas having many tufts of fetal villi. See under Placenta. Iolycotyledonous ( pol - ik - ot - il - e' - do - mis) [ToA rf , many ; m-vM^^uv , a hollow]. Of, or pertaining to, a plant or a placenta having many cotyledons. See Placenta. olycotyledony ( pol-ik-ot-il-e'-do-ne) \_TroXv^, many ; KOTvlrjfiuv, cavity]. In biology, an aberrant increase in the number of cotyledons. ^olycroiic [pol-ik-rot'-ik) [-oA(''f, many ; /cpdrof, pulse] . Applied to ? pulse that appears to have more than two waves for each cardiac systole. *olycruria {pol-ik-m' -re-ah) [TroXyf, many ; cr?^, leg]. Having supernumerary legs, as certain monsters, •olycyclic (pol-is-ik'-lik) [7roA/''f, many; id'K/.og, a circle]. In biology, having many whorls, 'olycyesia, Polycyesis {pol-is-i-e' -ze-ali, pol-is-i-e' -sis) [iroApf, many; Ki'ipiq, pregnancy]. i. The occur- rence of frequent pregnancy. 2. Multiple pregnancy, 'olycystic ( pol-is-is' -tik) [no'k'vg, many; avoTig, a sac]. Containing many cysts. Polycythemia f pol - is - i - the' - me - ah) [no\v(;, many ; KVTor, cell ; a\jia, blood]. Excess of red corpuscles in the blood. Polydacria [pol-id-ak' -re-ah) [TroAijf, many; Sdupvov, tear]. Excessive lacrymation. Polydactyl, Polydactyle ( pol-id-ak'-til) [toA/V, many ; ^(iKTv/or, a linger, a toe]. In biology, an animal having supernumerary fingers and toes. Polydactylism [pol-id-ak' -til-izm) \_KoXhc, many; 6aK- TvXiK^, a finger]. The existence of one or more super- numerary fingers or toes. The condition is sometimes hereditary. Polydactylous {pol-id-ak'-til-us). .Same as Polydactyl. Polydactylus (pol-id-ak'-til-tis) [rrolv^, many ; (Sd/crn- >()f, finger]. A monster having supernumerary digits. Polydipsia (pol - id - ip' - se - ah) [noXb(;, much ; difa, thirst]. Excessive thirst. It is usually present in fever and in diabetes. P. ebriora, dipsomania. Polyembryonate, Polyembryonic [pol-e-e7n'-bre-on- at, pol-e-em-bre-on' -ik) [-o/,/''f, many ; e/iftpvov, an embryo]. In biology, pertaining to polyembryony ; having several embryos. Polyembryony {pol-e-em' -bre-o-ne) [Tro/t'f, many; efippvov, an embryo]. In biology, the production of more than one embryo in a seed. Parthenogenesis occurs in most instances of polyembryony. Polyemia, Polyaemia (pol-e-e'-me-ah) [7roA[>f, much ; aifia, blood]. Abnormal increase of the mass of tlie blood ; plethora. After major amputations, with little loss of blood, there is a transient increase, relatively speaking, and this is called P. apocoptica. P. aquosa, a simple increase in the amount of water in the blood. P. hyperalbuminosa, an excess of albumin in the blood-plasma. P. polycythaemica, an increase of the red corpuscles. P. serosa, that condi- tion in which the amount of blood-serum is increased. Polyesthesia, Polyesthesis (pol-e-es-the'-ze-ah, pol-e- es-the'-sis) [~o/J<;, many; a/r7(i'//c7(f, sensation]. An abnormality of sensation in wliich a single touch is felt as two or more. Polyesthetic (pol-e-es-thet'-ik) [7ro/i,/'f , many ; aiadijatc, sensation]. Pertaining to polyesthesia. Polygala {pol-i«' -al-ali) [-oAj'f, much; ydAa, milk]. A genus of herbaceous or shrubby plants of some 260 species. P. senega, of N. America, is therapeutically the most important. See Senega. Polygalactia [pol-ig-al-ak' -te-ah) [ttoUx;, much; yala, milk]. The excessive secretion of milk. See Galac- torrhea. Polygalic Acid (pol-ig-al'-ik) [tto/Iiy, much ; y dXa, milk] , Cj.jHjjOjj. A glucosid extracted from Poly- gala senega. It is probably the same as saponin. Polygalin (pol-ig'-al-in). See Se^iega. Polygamarin ( pol-ig-a m'-ar-in) [iroArf, much : yd/la, milk; a/narn/n, hitterl. A crystalline bitter principle obtained from Polygala amara. Polygamia [pol-ig-a' -me-ah) [-oAyyo/zof , polygamous]. A class of plants bearing both hermaphrodite flowers and those with the sexes separated. Polygamous {pol -ig' - am -iis) \jro\vq, many; yafio^, marriage]. In biology: {a) having more than one mate of the opposite sex ; cf. Polyandroits, Polygyn- oiis ; [h) producing perfect flowers, together with staminate or pistillate flowers, on the same plant or species. Polygamy {pol-ig' -am-e) [TroA/'f, many; y.a.fio^, mar- riage]. The state or practice of having more than one wife or husband. Polyganglionic ( pol-ig-gang-gle-on' -ik) [TroAi'f, many ; ydyy'Aiov, ganglion]. Having several ganglia. Polygastria ( pol-ig-as'-tre-ah) [ttoXuc, mnch ; ^aari/p, stomach]. Excessive production of gastric juice. POLYGASTRIC 1152 POLYMETAMERIC Polygastric (pol-ig-as'-fri/c) \_ko'Av(;, many ; yaarfip, stomach]. Having many stomachs. Polygastrulation ^pol-ig-as-tru-la'-shn}{) [rroArf, many ; yaoTijp, stomach]. In biology, multiple gas- trulation. Polygenesis {^pol-ij-en'-es-is) [TroArif, many; yeveat^, origin]. In biology, the doctrine that organisms may arise from cells of different kinds. Polygenetic {pol-ij-en-et' -ik) [TroAiif, many; yevvav, to produce]. Pertaining to polygenesis. Polygenism, Polygeny {pol' -ij-en-izjn, pol' -ij-en-e) [n-oAi'f, many ; yevvhv, to beget]. In biology, the theory that the different races of man are descended from distinct species. The independent origin of the human races. Cf. Aloiiogeny- Polyglottides \pol-ig-lot' -id-ez). See Altej-nations of Genera/ion. Polygnathus {po/-tg-/!a^-//iiis) 1_ko?,vc, many; yvaBoc;, jaw]. A form of double monster in which the para- site is attached to the jaws of the host. It includes epignathus and hypognathus. Polygonal (^pol-ig' -o-Jiat) [iro/liif , many ; yovi'a, angle]. Having many angles. Polygonate [pol-ig'-o-ndf)[7ToAi%, many; yovv, knee]. In biology, many-jointed. Polygonatum (pol-ig-o-na' -/inn). See Soloiiion^s Seal. Polygoneutic [pol-ig-o-mi' -tik) [7ro/\(if, many ; yovoQ, offspring]. In biology, having several broods during the year. Polygoneutism [ pol - ig - o - nu' - tizni) [TroAi'f, many; yovo(;, offspring]. In biology, the state of being polygoneutic. Polygonia [pol-ig-o' -ne-ah) \_TToXvg, many; ytSraf, off- spring]. Great fecundity, especially of the male. Polygonum [pol-ig'-o-tnii/i) [no7wyoi'(n<, knot-grass]. A genus of polygonaceous plants. P. hydropipero- ides, Smart Weed, IVater Pepper, is a plant common in the United States. Its active principle is thought to be polygenic acid. It stimulates the action of the heart and increases arterial tension. It is diuretic, emmenagogue, and aphrodisiac. Externally, it is a rubefacient and vesicant. It is valuable in amenor- rhea and impotence. Dose of the ext. gr. j-v ; of the fid. ext. n\,x-3j. All unof. Polygraph {pol' -ig-raf) {jro'kvq, many; ypd(j>en', to record]. A cylindric recording-instrument for multi- plying sphygmographic tracings. It is made to rotate upon its axis by clockwork. Polygraphic {pol-ig-raf -ik) [iro/ltY, many ; ypa(^eiv,\.o write]. Pertaining to the polygraph. Polygroma [pol-ig-ro'-ina/t) \tto7.'v^, many; vypAc, moist; dua, tumor]. A large hygroma. Polygynecial {pol-ij-in-e' -se-al^ [ TroAiif , many ; ywl], female ; o/'/cof, house]. In biology, containing the pistils or gynecia of several flowers, as a collective fruit. Polygynous (pol-if'-in-us) [Tro/i-yf, many; ynr/, form]. Having, or existing in, many forms. In crys- tallography, applied to any substance that crystallizes in more than one form. P. Cells of Carcinoma, the peculiarly-shaped cells found in the center of cancer- nests. Their modified form is due to pressure. The cells were formerly considered diagnostic of carcinoma, but are no longer so. Polymorphism {pol-im-or'-fizm') [TroAi'f , many ; fiopcpi/, form]. In. biology, the exhibition of physiologic or morphologic dissimilarity among members of a given group. Sexual dimorphism, trimorphism, or polymor- phism is of frequent occurrence in the animal king- dom ; it may be permanent, or temporary and sea- sonal. P., Colonial, arises in consequence of a division of labor among the individuals of a colony. Polymorpho-cellular [^pol-iin-oi-' -fo-seV -u-lar) [TroArf, many; pLopi/rj^ form; <;d7/«/«, cell]. Having cells of many forms. Polymorphous ( pol-ini-or' -fus) [ttoa/'C many ; fj.op0ri, form]. In biology, exhibiting variations in form, either at different stages of individual development, or among the members of a group. Polymorphy { pol' -im-or-fe). Same as Polytiiorphistn. Polymyositis [ pol-im-i-o-si' -tis) \j^okvi;, many; yAc, muscle; inq, inflammation]. A disease of the mus- cles characterized by pain, tension, deformity, pros- tration, edema, sweats, insomnia. The extensor mus- cles are preferably involved ; the diaphragm, larynx, tongue, and pharynx are exempt in mild cases. The spleen is enlarged. The disease is generally fatal. The lesion consists in an actual inflammation — the muscle-fibers present all stages of degeneration, and the interstitial tissue is the seat of a marked round- cell infiltration. P., Acute Progressive, an acute form in which, in a short time nearly all the muscles are involved. It usually ends fatally. P., Parenchy- matous, Puerperal. Synonym of P., Puerperal. P., Puerperal, polymyositis occurring during the puerperium. Polyneural [pol - in - n' - ral) \_TTnXW, many; vevpov, nerve]. Supplied or innervated by several nerves. Polyneuric I pol-in-u' -rili) [tto/I/'!:, many ; vevpov, nerve]. In biology, applied to a nerve-cell possessing several processes (or neurons) which go to form the axis-cyl- mder of a nerve-fiber, as distinguished from a mono- neuric or dineiiric cell. Polyneuritis (pol-in-u-ri'-tis). See Neuritis, Multiple. P. potatorum ; Pseudo-tabes ; alcoholic neuritis ; ataxia of drunkards ; a chronic form of neuritis fol- lowing the immoderate use of alcoholic stimulants. It appears in two distinct varieties, the paralytic and the ataxic. It is characterized by pain in the lower extremities, ataxia, areas of anesthesia, loss of the deep 73 and at times of the superficial reflexes ; later paraly- sis and atrophy, chiefly of the extensors of the fingers and toes. See Neuritis, Multiple. Polynomial [pol-in-o'-me-al) [ttoXvc, many; noinen, name]. In biology, denoting a method of nomencla- ture in which the technical names of species are not confined to two terms, the generic and the specific. Po\ynucle3iT {pol-in-te'-kle-ar) [TroAtif , many ; nucleus, nucleus]. In biology, having several nuclei ; applied to cells in which the nucleus is either lobed or com- posed of several portions united by such delicate nuclear filaments as to give the impression of a multi- nucleated cell in distinction from a mononuclear cell. Polynucleate { pol-in-u' -kle-at). Synonym of Multi- nuclear. Polyodont [poF -e-o-dont ) [TroAi'f, many ; otSo/jf , tooth]. In biology, having many teeth ; multidentate. Polyodontia i^pol-e-o-don' -she-ah) [ttoAi'ic, many; oSovq, tooth]. The presence of supernumerary teeth. Polyommatous { pol-e-oin'-at-us) [TroAt'f, many ; oiijia, eye]. In biology, having many eyes. Polyonychia {pol-e-o-nik' -e-a/i) \_iro'kv^, many ; bvv^, nail]. Polonychia ; the presence of supernumerary nails. Polyonym pol' -e-o-nim) [TroAi'f, many; bvvya, name]. In biology, possessing a technical name composed of several terms, such as levator anguli oris; iter a tertio ad quartum ventriculum, etc. Polyonymic [ pol-e-o-nim' -ik) [ttoAv^, many; dvv/ia, name]. In biology, consisting of more than two terms. Polyophthalmia ( pol-e-ojf-thal' -nie-ah) \_-ko7.vi;, many ; otpOaXfioc, eye]. A monstrosity possessing supernu- merary eyes. Polyopia, Polyopsia ( pol-e-o' -pe-ah, pol-e-op' -se-ah) [n-oAi'f , many ; 6i/«f, sight]. A condition of the eye wherein more than one image of an object is formed upon the retina. P. monophthalmica, the phe- nomenon of multiple vision with a single eye. Polyorchis ( pol-e-or' -kis) [ttoA/'C , many ; bpxic, a testicle]. One who has more than two testicles. Polyorexia [pol-e-or-eks'-e-ah) [TroAi'if, much; bpe^iQ, appetite]. Excessive hunger, or appetite ; bulimia. Polyorganic (^pol-e-or-gan'-ik) [n-oAi'if, many ; dpyavoi', an organ]. In biology, having several organs. Polyorrhomenitis (pol-e-or-o-men-i'-tis) [TroAi'if , many ; bpp6(;, serum; v/ir/v, membrane; irig, inflammation]. Concato's Disease; a symptom-group defined by Concato as " a phthisis of serous membranes." The patients are said to suffer from a progressive and ma- lignant inflammation of various serous membranes, the disease finally assuming the aspect of a severe type of pneumonia. The post-mortem findings are mainly those of " dry pleurisy." Polyorrhymenitis [ pol-e-or-i-men-i^ -tis) . .Synonym of Poly or rh omen itis. Polyosteon, Polyosteum [pol-e-os'-te-on, pol-e-os' -te- um) [7ro/l/'f, many; bariiov, bone]. The tarsus and metatarsus. [Old.] Polyotia {pol-e-o' -she-ah) [rroAiif, many; ovq, ear]. A condition of malformation in which there is more than one auricle on a side. Polyp, Polype {pol'-ip) [tto'Xvq, many; Troi'f, foot]. In biology, the name given by Reaumur to the fresh- water hydra {Hydra viridis) and allied animals. " The word is used ambiguously by writers, being often em- ployed to designate the entire composite fabric, the aggregate result of gemmation [in the Hydrozoa'], while at other times it is intended to indicate each of those organisms which, almost always furnished with a mouth and tentacles, are developed upon various points of a common living basis, and are eminently rOLYPANARTHRITIS 1154 POLYPNEIC characteristic of the zoophytic form." (Allman.) See Polypus. P. -colony, a colony of polyps. P. -stem, a polyp-stock. P. -stock, in biology, a polypary, or polypidom. Polypanarthritis {pol-ip-an-ar-thri' -tis). Synonym of Artliritis deformans. Polypapilloma {pol-ip-ap-il-o' -mah) [Tro/lyf, many; papilla., papilla; ofia, tumor: //. , Polypapillomata'\. A disease of the skin characterized by the formation of multiple papillomata. P. tropicum. Same as Yaws. Polyparesis {pol-ip-ar' -es-is^ [7ro/l/'f, much; TrapEdig, weakness]. General progressive paralysis of the in- sane, or paralytic dementia. Polyparium {pol-ip-a' -re-uni). '^amt 2.s Polypary. Polyparous [pol-ip'-ar-us). Same as Multiparous. Polypary ( poF -ip-a-re) \_polypus., a polyp, or many- footed animal]. In biology, " The term polypary has been used with just as little precision as polyp, being sometimes employed to express the common connect- ing basis — ccenosaix of a polyp-stock — and at other times being applied exclusively to the solid protective structures, whether forming for the zoophyte an external covering or constituting an internal axis ; the ambigu- ity which then results will be got rid of by using the word ccenosarc as here defined, and restricting the term polypary to the solid protective structures of the zoophyte." (Allman). Polypathia [pol-ip-a' -the-ak) many ; iraOog, dis- ease]. The presence of several diseases at one time, or the frequent recurrence of disease. Polypathic iypol-ip-ath'-ilS) [TroAi.'f , many ; Trd^of, dis- ease] . Pertaining to polypathia ; affected with several diseases at once. Polypean {pol-ip'-e-ajt) [no7S%, many; Troi'f, foot]. Pertaining to a polyp. Polypedia, Polypaedia [pol-ip-e' -de-ali) [Tro/l&f , many ; iTd/r, child]. Synonym of Siiperf elation. Polypedia [pol-ip-e'-de-a/i] [ttoXik;, many; pt-s, pedis, foot]. Synonym of Polypodia. Polyperemia (pol-i-pcr-e'-nie-ak) \_no'kv(;, many; vitep, in excess ; a}//a, blood]. Plethora. PolypCTia {pol-ip-e' -re-all) [tto/ I'f , many ; 7r?/^of, muti- lated]. Congenital malformation of many organs or parts. Polyperythrin [pol-ip-er' -ith-riii) [Tro/li'Tronf , a polyp; ipvHpaJn^, red]. In biology, a respiratory pigment found by Moseley in various Calenteratic ; it is iden- tical with the hematoporphyrin of MacMunn. See Piginenls, Conspectus of. Polypetalous (/()/- 7)^-rf'-(7/-z()/- //"'-(T-^/w). Synonym of Omnivorous. Poly-phagy {pol-i/^-a/'-e) \_Tvo?.v(p6yor . eating too much]. The habit of living on various kinds of food. Polypharmacon, Polypharmacum [^pol-if-ar' -mak-on , pol-if-ar'-i?iak-ui>i) [iTo'kvr, many; (papiiaKov , drug]. A medicine containing many ingredients ; a panacea. Polypharmacus {pol - if - ar' - mak - us) [Tro^l'C, many; ifxyi/iaKof, drug]. One who uses drugs too freely. Polypharmacy ( /o/-?/-(7;''-wr7j--^) [TroA/'f , many ; (pcip/m- i-Am'-//V/). MonoplastiJ. I Polyplastides ( pol-ip-las' -tid-ez) {nokn, many ; TXaiT- | ndv, to form]. Multicellular organisms; the substi- | tute proposed by Gotte for Metazoa. ^ j Polypnea, Polypnoea {pol-ip-ne'-ah) [ToArf, many; breathing]. Great rapidity of respiration. Polypneic (pol-ip-ne'-ik) [Tro/.i'if, many ; Tri'o/a, breath- | ing]. Pertaining to polypnea ; hastening the respira- % tion. P. Center, a center the stimulation of which POLYPOD 1155 POLYSPORE tends to quicken the respiratory movements. Such a center is said to exist in the brain between the striatum and the thalamus. Polypod [^pol' -ip-od') [rro/li't', many; txo'vi;, foot]. In biology, having many feet. Polypodesme [poi- ip- o- dez'- /ne) [noXimov^, polyp; ()/- - (7 - ot//''- ?'/{■) [ToArf , many ; aCifia, body]. In biology, made up of a number of distinct somites. Polyspaston {pol-is-pas'-ton) [7roA(if, many; aivav, to draw]. A pulley used for the reduction of disloca- tions. Polysperm [pol' -is-perm) [TToX'vg, many; oKepiia, seed]. In biology, a plant the fruit of which contains many seeds. Polyspermal {pol-is-per'-i?ial). Same as Polysper/uous. Polyspermism {pol - is - per' - mizm) \t:o\v(;, much; av^ipfLa, seed]. The secretion and discharge of an excessive quantity of seminal fluid. Polyspermous {pol-is-per'-mus) \TTo7d%, many; cint:pfia, seed]. In biology, containing many seeds, as a berry. Cf. Pleiosperinous. Polyspermy {pol'- is - per - me) [77o/i''f , many ; OKtp/ia, seed]. In biology, impregnation of an ovum by several .spermatozoids. Polyspire {pol' -is-pir) [Tro/li'f, many; (nreipa, a coil]. In biology, having a continued spiral growth. Polysporangium {pol-is-po-ran' -je-um) [To/li;f, many ; ri-6pnr, spore]. In biology, a sporangium containing many spores. Polyspore { pol' -is-por) \Txok\%, many; ffTopof, spore]. In biology, a compound spore. POLYSPORED 1156 POMPHOLYX Polyspored {po/'-zs-po>'d)\_n-oXvg,ma.ny; (T7ro/30f, spore]. In biology, containing or producing many spores. Polysporic (^pol-is-por' -ik). Same as Polysporous. Polysporous (/o/ - is - por' - us) [7ro/lyf, many ; anSpog, spore]. In biology, producing many spores. Polystachous [pol-is'-tak-tis) [ttoXvi;, many ; araxvc, an ear of corn, a spike]. In biology, having many spikes. Polystemonous [pol-is-te?;i' -o-jius) [no'Xvi;, many ; arr/- fiui , wasp (stamen)]. In biology, having many more stamens than petals. Cf. hostciiionotis, Polyandrous. Polystichia {pot - is - tik'- e - ah) [TTo'Avg, many ; arixog, row]. A condition in which the eye-lashes are ar- ranged in two or more rows. Polystichous {poi-is' -tik-us) [jroAyf, many ; ot'lxo^, row, line]. In biology, arranged ni many rows. Cf. Monastic hoiis, Disticlious. Polystigmous [pot-is-tig' -!?itis) [n-o/liif, many ; ariyfia, mark]. In biology, applied to flowers that present many stigmas, from being polycarpellary. Polystomatous {pot-is-to' -inat-us) [TroAi'f, many ; (7ro//a, mouth]. Having many mouths or apertures. Polystylous {pot - is - ti' - tus) [ttoIv^, many; arvTioc;, column]. In biology, having several styles. Polysulphid, Polysulphuret [pot-is-ut'-fid, pol-is-ut'- fu-ret) [tto/Iii^-, many; siitptiur, sulphur]. A com- pound of an element or radicle with one or more molecules of sulphur. Polysymmetria {pot - is - im - et'- re -ah) [TroAfcf , many ; avjifiETpla, symmetry]. Symmetry of the two sides of the body at two or more points. Polytechnic {pot-it-eli' -nilt) {jroTJuq, many; TiLx^ih an art]. Comprising many arts. Polyterpene {pot-it-er' -pen) [jro/lyf, many; terpene\ In chemistry, one of a class of substances polymeric with the terpenes. Caoutchouc, gutta-percha, and dammar-resin are polyterpenes. Polythalamic {pot-ith-al' -am-ilt) [TroAiOf, many; daka- jKx;, chamber]. In biology, having many chambers; thalamophorous. Polythalamous ( pot - ith - at'- am - us) [Tro^rf , many ; fld?i,a/M<;, chamber]. In biology, having several cham- bers or compartments; multilocular. Polythecial {pot-itfi-e' -se-at )[7roA{)f , many ; Wjiai, case]. In biology, forming or pertaining to a polythecium. Polythecium {pot-itli-e' -se-um) [ttoAjV, many; t)iiKT], a box: //. , Fotytliecia'\. In biology, a compound zoothecium. Polythelia, Polythelism [pol-ith-e'-le-ah, pol'-ith-el- izm) [TToArr, many ; f^;?^^, nipple]. The presence of supernumerary nipples. Polytocia (pot-it-o'-se-a/i). Synonym of Fecundity. Polytocous ( pot-it'-o-tcus)l_iro?.vc, many ; reicelv, to bring forth]. In biology : (a) the bringing forth of several young at a birth; {/>) producing fruit year after year. Polytomous {pol-if -o-mus) \jToXut;, many; ra^eii', to cut]. In biology, applied to leaves which are divided into numerous parts, not true leaflets, or to stems repeatedly forked. Polytomy [pot-it' -o-me) [7roA/if, many; re/jveiv, to cut]. In biology, division into several parts. Polytrichia, Polytrichosis ( pot-it-rik'-e-ah, poZ-it-ritc- u'-sis) [ttoA/'c, many ; ^/j/f , hair]. Excessive develop- ment of hair. Polytrichous {pol-it'-rit; - us) \i^oXvq, many; QpiS,, a hair]. In biology, bearing numerous hairs or cilia. Polytrochal { pot-it' -ro-kat ) [Tro/ilif, many ; r/-jo;t;(if , a wheel]. In biology, having several ciliated zones, as certain embryos. Cf Alcsotrocttat, Tetot/'oc/iat. Polytrochous (pot-it-ro'-kus). Same as PolytrocJiat. Polytrophia, Polytrophy {pot-it-ro' -fe-ali , pot' -it-ro-fe) [TToXif, much ; r/jo0tin, nourishment]. Abundant or excessive nutrition. Polytypal {pot - it - i'- pat) [7ro/lt)f , many ; t'utto^, type]. Exhibiting various types, or forms. Polyuresia, Polyuresis [pot-e-u-re' -ze-ali, pot-e-ii-re'- \ sis). Synonyms of Potyuria. j Polyuria [pot-e-u'-re-a/i) [TTo'tii%, much ; ovpov, urine]. Excessive secretion of urine. The causes of tempo- rary polyuria are, excessive ingestion of fluids, cold, suppression of perspiration, the use of diuretics; it occurs in the crisis of fevers, and in certain neurotic conditions, as hysteria, and in nervous excitement. A permanent polyuria is met with in diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, chronic interstitial nephritis, and in amyloid disease of the kidneys. Polyuiic {pot-e-u' -rite) [7ro/l{jf, many ; Oi'pov, urine]. I. j Pertaining to, or affected with, polyuria. 2. One i affected with polyuria. Polyvalent [pot-iv'-at-ent). Synonym o{ Muttivateitt. Polyzoa [pot-iz-o' -all) [jro/liJf, many ; (,C!ov, animal]. The sea-mats, or sea-mosses. Polyzoan {pot-iz-o'-an) [ttoXvc;, many; (tjoi", animal]. In biology : [a) a member of the group of Vermes more properly termed Bryozoa, which are developed in variously-shaped attached stocks ; {l>) one of the segmented tape-worms or cestode stocks arising by strobilation. Polyzoarium {pot-iz-o-a' -re-urn) [TroAf'f, many ; Cwoi', an animal : //., Potyzoaria'\. Same as Zoarium. Polyzoary (pot-iz-o'-a-re) [jro'k.vg, many; l^vov, ani- i mal]. In biology, a compound polyzoan. "PoXyzooiA {pot-iz-o'-oid) [Tro/l/f , many ; (uov, animal ; fMof, form]. In biology, composed of many zooids. Poma [7r«//a, lid, cover : pt., Po?nata'\. The name applied to the so-called occipital operculum of the brain of the monkey. Pomaceous {po-ma'-se-us) \_po?num, apple]. Pertain- ing to the apple, or to fruits like the apple. Pomade {po'-mad) [po/nuiii, apple]. Any perfumed ointment or preparation for inunction of the scalp or other parts. P., Putz, a proprietary preparation used to burnish metal. Pomander (po-man'-der) [pomum, apple]. A ball composed of aromatics, formerly carried about the person to prevent infection ; also, the globular case in which the same was kept. Pomarine { pot)i' -ar-in). See PomatorJiine. Pomatic {po-mat'-ik) [iTujiia, lid]. Pertaining to the poma. Pomatorhine (po-mai'-o-rin) [Trw/za, lid, cover; p(f, nose]. In biology, applied to birds which have an ^ operculum over the nostrils. j Pomatum [po-ma'-tum). Same as Pomade. \ Pome {po?n) [pomum, fruit]. In biology, a fleshy fruit like the apple, which is syncarpous, succulent, and whose bulk is made up chiefly of enlarged and adherent calyx. Pomegranate (/ifw'-ov-fYW-e/). Set Granatiim. Pomiferous { po-mif -er-us) [pomum, fruit; feri-e, to i bear]. Pome-bearing. Pomiform {po' -mif-onn) \_ pomum, an apple ; /cm;?, i form]. Having the form of a pome. i Pommade (pom-atid') [Fr.]. See Pomade. Pommeliere (/w/-/r-ar)[Fr.]. Tuberculosis of cattle. , Pompeian Red. Same as Oc/ier. • Pompholygmus [pom-fo-lig'-mus) [■Kop P. varolii. P. hepatis, the hepatic substance sorae- j times extending from the quadrate to the left lobe of the liver. P. tarini, the posterior peif orated space, a mass of gray substance lying behind the corpora albi- I cantia and joining the crura cerebri. It helps to form the floor of the third ventricle. P. varolii (or simply Pons), a convex white eminence situated at the base of the brain, behind its center. It is placed cephalad of the oblongata, ventradof the cerebellum, and caudad of the cerebrum, and is connected with all three. It rests upon the sphenobasilar groove ; it is quadrate in outline, about 25 cm. wide antero-posteriorly, and is marked on its ventral surface by a longitudinal groove for the lodgment of the basilar artery. It is contracted laterally on account of the closer aggregation of its fibers, which converge to form the middle peduncles of the cerebellum. Its cephalic margin is convex and well defined, and arches over the crura. From the cepha- lad surface of the pons, a little ventral, arises the fifth or trigeminus nerve. In structure the pons consists chiefly of nerve-fibers, but it contains also areas of gray matter, the pontijie nuclei. On section it consists of two portions, a dorsal and a ventral. The latter con- tains transverse commissural fibers and is traversed by the ventral pyramids of the oblongata. The pyramidal fibers in the caudal half of the pons are collected into two closely-packed groups of bundles invested in front and behind by a layer of transverse fibers ; higher up, above the middle of the pons, the pyramidal tracts be- come separated by the penetrating transverse bundles into a number of fasciculi. The presence of the pyra- mids thus gives rise to three sets of fibers — the ven- tral or superficial, the dorsal or deep, and the middle or penetrating. Interspersed in the gray matter occupying the interstices of the ventral portion of the pons small multipolar cells are found. The dorsal portion of the pons consists largely of gray matter which is continued up from below, especially the formatio reticularis and the dorsal tracts of gray substance. In places the gray matter is grouped to form the nuclei of the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth nerves. In the lower part of the pons there is a small, folded gray lamina, distinguished as the superior olivary nucleus. It is en- closed by some transverse fibers known as the trape- zium. A group of darkly-pigmented cells is found in FoNS AND Medulla. Anterior Aspect. I. Iiifundibulum. 2. Tuber cinereum. 3. Corpora albicantia, or mammillaria. 4. Cerebral peduncle. 5. Pons varolii. 5. Middle cerebellar peduncle. 7. Anterior pyramid. 8. De- cussation. 9. Olivary body. 10. Gray tubercle of Rolando. II. Arciform fibers. 12. Superior extremity of spinal cord. 13, 13. Denticulate ligament. 14. Spinal dura mater. 15. Optic tract. 16. Optic chiasm. 17. Third nerve. 18. Fourth nerve. 19. Fifth nerve. 20. Sixth nerve. 21. Facial nerve. 22. Auditory nerve. 23. Nerve of Wrisberg. 24. Glosso- pharyngeal nerve. 25. Vagus nerve. 26, 26. Spinal acces- sory nerve. 27. Hypoglossal nerve. 28. ist cervical pair. 29. 2d cervical pair. 30. 3d cervical pair. the floor of the fourth ventricle ; collectively, this is visible to the naked eye as a dark area, known as the substantia ferrtiginea ; seen through the floor of the fourth ventricle, this area appears of a bluish-gray color, whence the name locus coeruleus. Mesad of the substantia ferruginea lies an angular tract of white matter, the posterior longitudinal bundle, which is a continuation upward of the ventral ground- bundle of the cord. The pons is developed from that part of the third brain-vesicle known as the hind- brain or epencephalon. Pontal {pon'-tal) \_pons, bridge]. Same as Pontile. PONTIBRACHIUM 1158 PORCELAIN Pontibrachium ( pan - tih - ra'- ke - iiin ) [ pons, bridge ; hrachizttii, arm]. The middle peduncle of the cere- bellum. Pontic {po?i'-fik) [po)is, bridge]. Same as Pontile. Ponticulus ( pon-tik' -ii-liis) [dim. of pons, bridge]. A small, transverse ridge between the pyramids of the oblongata and the pons. P. auriculae, a slight promi- nence on the eminentia concha; for the attachment of the retrahens aurem muscle. P. hepaticus, a bridge of tissue, containing a plexus of blood-vessels, and ex- tending from the surface of the Spigelian to that of the right lobe of the liver. Pontile (pon'-fil) \_pous, bridge]. Pertaining to the pons. P. Hemiplegia, this is very often an alternate ke?niplegia, in which the arm and leg on one side, and the face on the other, are paralyzed. This con- dition occurs when the lesion is situated low down in the pons, below the decussation of the fibers of the facial nerve, and above that of the pyramidal tracts. Small lesions high in the pons, produce an ordinary hemiplegia. P. Nuclei, a collection of gray matter in the pons. Pontinal (pon'-tm-al) \_pons, a bridge]. In biology, bridging ; applied specifically to one of the bones in the skull of certain fishes, bridging the space between the sub-orbital region and preoperculum (Z*rf("/i'/('/to-<)/(/<';7). Pontine [pon'-tin) [/ck.?, bridge]. Same as Pontile. Ponto-bulbar [pon' -to-bul' -bar) \_pons, bridge ; bulhtts, bulb]. Pertaining to the pons varolii and to the bul- bus spinalis (or oblongata). Ponto-crural [pon'-to-kru'-ral) [/o;;.?, bridge ; ems, leg]. Pertaining to the pons varolii and the crura cerebri. Poop, Pope (poop, pop) [origin obscure]. A collo- quial term used by foot-lsall players to designate an injury to the front and outer side of the thigh, which causes more or less disability. Poor-man's Bandage. See Galen'' s Bandage. Pop-eyed [pop' -id). Having pop-eyes. P.-eyes, full and bulging eyes. See Exophthalmos. Poplar [ pop' -lar). See Popiihis. Poples [pop'-lez) [L.]. The back of the knee, or pop- liteal space. Poplitead {pop - lit - e'- nd) \_poples, ham; ad, to]. Toward the popliteal a.spect. Popliteal [pop-lit-e'-al) \_poples, ham, hock, or knee]. Pertaining to the hinder part of the knee-joint or ham. Deep View of the Popli- teal Space. I. Popliteal vein. 2. Popliteal artery. 3. Internal popli- teal nerve. 4. Vastus inter- nus. 5. Superior internal articular artery. 6. Tendon of senii-membranosus. 7. Inner head of gastrocne- mius. 8. Inferior internal articular artery. 9. Popli- teal vein. 10. Popliteiis. II. Tendon of plantaris. 12. Short head of biceps. 13. External popliteal nerve. 14. Long head of biceps, cut. 15. Outer head of gas- trocnemius. 16. Communi- cans peronei nerve. 17. 17 Soleus. P. Aneurysm, aneurysm of the popliteal artery. P. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. P. Aspect, the posterior aspect of the knee. P. Bursa, one of the bursse in the popliteal space. P. Glands, the lymphatic glands of the popliteal space. P. Ligament, the pos- terior ligament of the knee-joint. P. Nerve. See Nerves, Table of. P. Region. Same as P. Space. P. Space, the lozenge-shaped space occupying the lower third of the thigh and the upper fifth of the leg. Its boundaries are : above, and to the outer side, the tendon of the biceps ; on the outer side, and below, the plantaris and the outer head of the gastroc- nemius ; on the inner side, above, from within outward the semitendinosus, the semimembranosus, and the gracilis, on the inner side, below, the inner head of the gastrocnemius. The roof is formed by the popliteal fascia ; the floor, by the lower part of the posterior surface of the shaft of the femur, the pos- terior ligament of the knee-joint, the upper end of the tibia, and the fascia covering the popliteus muscle. The contents of the space are : the popliteal vessels and their branches, the termination of the external saphenous vein, the internal and external popliteal nerves and their branches, the small sciatic nerve, the articular branch from the obturator nerve, a few lymphatic glands, and some adipose tissue, P. Sur- face, the surface of the femur between the supracon- dylar lines. P. Tendons, the tendons of the muscles forming the boundaries of the popliteal space ; the ham- strings. P. Vein, the companion vein of the popliteal artery. Popliteen (pop-lit-e^-en) \_poples, ham]. Belonging to the poples in itself. Popliteus, Poplitaeus {pop-lit-e' -its') \_ poples, ham]. Pertaining to the poples. The ham or hinder part of the knee joint. P. accessorius, a small anomalous muscle arising from the external femoral condyle or from a sesamoid bone in the external gastrocnemius, and in- serted into the capsular ligament of the knee-joint. P. biceps, P. geminus. .Synonyms of P. accessorius. P. Muscle. .See Muscles, lable of. Poplitic { pop-lit' -ik) [poples, the ham]. Popliteal. Poppy {pop'-e) [ME., popy, poppy]. See Papaver. P. -seed, the seeds of Papaver soiuniferum, used in Germany, and sometimes among Germans in this country, to strew on the bread-dough in order to give it a certain flavor. P.-seed Oil, Olciini papaveris, is obtained from the seeds of the opium-poppy by pres- sure. It is of a pale-yellow color and a slightly sweetish taste; specific gravity, .925 at 15° C. It is used for salads, paints, soaps, and to adulterate olive- oil and almond-oil. Population {pop-u-ln' -shtiu) [popiilus, people]. The mass of people dwelling within a given geographic or political area. P., Malthusian Law of Increase of, that the number of individuals of a society tends to increase faster than the food-product, so that there is always a pressure on the means of subsistence. Populin (pop'-u-lin) \_popiilus, poplar], CjqHjjOs. 1. Benzosalicin. A substance contained in several varieties of poplar ; it is the benzoyl derivative of salicin ; it crystallizes in small prisms containing two molecules of water, dissolves with difficulty in water, and possesses a sweet taste. It is said to possess febrifuge properties, and has also been used in dysuna. 2. A precipitate from a tincture of the bark of Popiilu^ tremuloides : tonic, stomachic, vermifuge, anti-period- ic, and febrifuge. Dose 2 to 4 grains. Unof Populus (/>('/'-?/-///,() [L.]. Poplar. The resin of the leaf-buds of several species is used for pectoral and nephritic troubles. Unof. Porcate (por'-kdt) \_porca , a ridge between two fur- rows]. In biology, deeply furrowed. Porcelain porcellaua, porcelain]. An PORCUPINE 1159 POROTIC impure silicate of aluminum, non-transparent and ex- ceedingly infusible. It is made from porcelain-clay, or kaolin (H.^AIjSi^Og -(- H.^O), derived from feldspar rock by the atmospheric process known as " weathering." Heated in a furnace, it loses water, and a porous mass is produced. In making porcelain the powdered kaolin is mixed with water to a thick paste, and then molded into the desired shape. A little feldspar, chalk, or gypsum is added to the clay in order to form a fusible silicate, in quantity just sufficient to bind the particles of clay firmly together. Upon firing, as the process is called, a porous " biscuit- ware " is obtained, which is afterward subjected to the process of glazing. For the finest porcel&in the glazing material is feld- spar; for the cheaper varieties a mixture of clay, chalk, ground-flints, and borax is used. Earthenware is salt-glazed. There are also other methods of glaz- ing. The colors used in decorating porcelain consist of various metallic oxids, and may be applied before or after glazing. P.-glass, a glass which resembles porcelain, made by fusing cryolite, a double fluorid of aluminum and sodium, with sand. P. Teeth, mineral teeth ; incomcptible teeth ; siliiioits terro- metallic teeth ; vitrescent teeth : dental substitutes, resembling, more or less closely, the shape and color of the natural teeth, so constructed that they may be securely fixed to the-various attachments employed for their adjustment and retention in the mouth. They are composed of feldspar, silex, and other mineral substances. Porcupine ( por'-iu-pln) \_poirus, ahog; spina, spine]. A rodent quadruped of the family Hystricidie. It is covered with sharp spines. P. Disease. See Hystrix. P. -men, persons affected with Ichthyosis hystrix. P. -skin, an extreme degree of Ichthyosis hystrix. Pore {por) [Tropoc, a pore]. In biology, a minute cir- cular opening or perforation. P., Abdominal, in certain fishes, the opening by which the abdominal cavity communicates with the exterior, and through which the ova are discharged. Ps. of the Skin, the openings of the ducts of the sebaceous and sweat- glands of the skin. Ps., Sweat, the orifices of the ducts of the sweat-glands. P., Vascular, in the round-worms, a transverse opening situated on the ventral surface and forming the common orifice of the two lateral vessels which are thought to be excre- tory organs. Porencephalia ( por-en-sef-a' -le-ah ) [ Trdpoc:, cavity; eyKEipa'Aoc , brain]. The presence of depressions on the surface of the hemispheres of the brain, owing to absence of portions of brain-substance. The defects are covered by pia and arachnoid, except in cases in which a communication with the ventricles exists. The term is generally restricted to limited congenital defects, although by some it is extended to include those that are acquired. Porencephalic { por-en-sef-aF -ik) . Same as Poren- cephaloits. Porencephalous ( po>--eti-sef'-al-!is) [ /rd/jor, cavity ; iy/ctipaXot , brain]. Affected with porencephalia. Porencephalus .See Porencephalia. Porencephaly [por-en-se/^-al-e). Synonym of Poren- cephalia. Porentes [po-ren' -tez) [iropf ren', to convey]. Ameboid cells of Kollmann, derived from aeroblasts, from which the blood and its corpuscles, the endothelium of the vessels, and the wandering cells are developed. Poriferous ^por-if -er-us) \_-K6poi;, pore ; ferre, to bear]. In biology, provided with pores. Poriform \por' -if-orni] [Trd/iof, pore; forma, form]. Having the form of a pore. Poristotropia ( por-is-to-tro^-pe-ah) \_nopiC,eiv, to pro- vide ; Tpiml/, a turning]. A chemic process by which, according to Ritgen, the existing atoms are destroyed and new atoms produced whenever a new substance is formed. Pork [ porcus, hog]. The flesh of swine, Sus scrofa. P., Diseases of, the parasitic diseases are of interest. Pork may be infested with the scolices of the Tcenia solium and with the Trichina spiralis. The former, known as cysticercus celhtlosce, or tneasle,'" is con- tained within a fibrous capsule. If such measly pork is ingested in the raw state by man, the cyst-wall is dissolved in the stomach, and the scolex is set free, and develops into a tape- worm. Pork containing trichina, if eaten without proper cooking, gives rise to trichi- niasis, a grave and sometimes fatal disease. See Trichiniasis and Measles; also Cysticercus and Tri- china, under Parasites [Animal), Table of. An im- portant infectious disease of swine is Roiiget du pore, Schweinerothlanf, or Stvine-plague. See Rotiget du pore, and Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Pasteur, and Bacillus of Swine-plague, Marseilles, Rietsch and Jobert, under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of Pornograph [por'-no-graf) \_TT6pvri, prostitute ; ypcupeiv, to write]. An obscene picture or writing. Pornographer [par - nog'- ra -fer) \_K6pvTi, prostitute; ypacptiv, to write]. One who writes of prostitutes or obscene subjects. Pornographic [por-no-graf'-ik) [nopv/j, prostitute; ypdipeiv, to write]. Of or pertaining to pornography. Pornography { por-nog' -ra-fe ) \_~6pvii, a prostitute; 7pd*f(i', to write]. I. A treatise on prostitution, with reference to public hygiene. 2. Obscene writing. Porocele (/^;''-;■^>-^l?/) [™/;of, callus ; kz/A;?, tumor]. A scrotal hernia in which the coverings are calloused or hardened. Porodinic [po-ro-diti'-ik) [7rd/)0f , a pore; iVtvoQ, rota- tion, a round area]. In biology, reproduction by means of genital pores ; distinguished from Schizo- dinic. Cf. Nephrodinic, Idiodinic. Porokeratosis { po - ro - ker- at-o'- sts ) [7ra, purple]. Porphyry, one of the eruptive rocks. The leaf or tablet of por- phyra is used by pharmacists in the preparation of compounds. The name has been used to designate scurvy and purpura, v. P. nautica. Synonym of Scurvy. P. of the Greeks. Synonym of Purpura. Porphyration ly por -fir - a' - shun ) ( Ku/xpbpa, purple]. The term applied by Kiiss and Duval to the first stage in the gastric digestion of albuminoid substances. Porphyrin [por'-fir-iii) \_ irop(ph/ja, purple]. An amorphous substance contained in a variety of Dita bark. Porphyrisma (^por -fir - iz'- inak) [nopipvpa, purple]. Synonym of Scarlet-fever. Porphyrization { por-fir-iz-a'-shuii) [nopibvpa, purple]. In pharmacy, the pulverization of a substance by crushing it with a muUer on a hard surface, usually of porphyry. Porphyrodermitis { por -fir- o - der- r/ii'-tis ) [^Tvopfvpa, purple; Stpfia, skin; ir(j', inflammation] . One of a group of skin-diseases including hemorrhagic macute and petechiii--. Porphyrotyphus (por-fir-o-ti'fins) \_Kop(j>vpa, purple; ri>(/)()f, typhus]. Synonym of Typhus Fever. Porphyroxin [por-fir-oks'-in) [7ro/j0tipa, purple ; b^vg, acid]. I. One of the alkaloids of opium, becoming purple when heated with dilute hydrochloric acid. 2. Porphyrin, ij. v. Porphyruria (/or^;--«'-rd'-rt/;) [7ro/j(;!n'Y)«, purple ; ovpov, urine]. The discharge of urine colored with purpurin. Porpoise Oil. See 0/eu»i delphiiii. Porraceous [por-a' -se-us) [porrum, leek]. Of stools, green-colored, like leek-leaves. Porrect l^po'-rekt) \_por, forth; 7-egere,X.o stretch]. In biology, outstretched. Porret's Phenomenon. When a galvanic current is conducted through living, fresh, sarcous substance, the contents of the muscular fiber exhibit a streaming movement from the positive to the negative pole (as in all other fluids) , so that the fiber swells at the nega- tive pole. See also Phenomenon. Porrigo [L., gen. Porrii;mis'\. An obsolete term applied to several diseases of the scalp. P. ami- antacea. Synonym of Seborrhcea capitis. P. con- tagiosa. See Impetigo contagiosa. P. decalvans. See yllopecia areata. P. favosa. See Favus. P. furfurans. Synonym of Tinea tonsurans . P. lar- valis, impetigo of the scalp conjoined with eczema. P. lupinosa. Synonym of Tinea favosa. P. scu- tulata. Synonym of Favus. P. tonsoria. Syn- onym of Alopecia areata. Porrigophyta, Porrigophyte ^por-ig-off' -it-ah, por' -ig- ofit). Same as /v??'/^. Porrisic Acid [por-iz'-ik). See Fu.xanthinic Acid. Porro's Operation. See Operation, Porro's. Port [after Oporto, a city in Portugal]. A wine of Portugal. P. -wine. Same as See also Fz'««w. P. -wine Mark or Stain. .See Nccvtis vascularis and N. maternus. Porta (por'-tah) [L.]. I. Gate; the hilus of an organ through which the vessels enter. 2. The foramen of Monro. P. hepatis, P. jecoris, the transverse fissure of the liver, through which the vessels enter. P. labyrinthi, the fenestra rotunda. P. omenti, the foramen of Winslow. Portagion [ por-ta' -je-on) \_portagii//n, portage ; porta?r, to carry. Cf. Contagion'\. A T^ortabXe: materies ?)wrbi ; a disease-germ that may be carried ; the transmission, or carrying from place to place, of disease-germs. Portal {po!-'-tal) \_porta, gate]. Pertaining to the porta or hilus of an organ, especially to the porta ' hepatis. P. Canals, tubular passages in the hepatic substance, containing each a branch of the portal vein, of the hepatic artery, and of the hepatic duct. P. Circulation, " the passage of venous blood from the capillaries of one organ to those of another before reaching the heart. There are two such circulations, through the liver and through the kidneys, distin- guished as hepatoportal and reniportal. Only the former occurs in man." The portal circulation of the human body includes the venous blood from the chylopoietic viscera (stomach, spleen, and intestines), and this is carried to the liver by means of the portal vein. P. Fissure. See Fissure. P. Fossa, the transverse fissure of the liver. P. System, the system of veins collecting the venous blood from the diges- tive tract. P. Vein, the large vein entering the liver at the transverse fissure, and bringing to it the blood from the digestive tract and the spleen. Portal's Syrup. A syrup used in scurvy, and con- taining horseradish -root, scurvy - grass, nasturtium, gentian, cinchona, and madder. Porte-, or Port- \_portare, to carry]. A carrier, or holder. P. -acid, an instrument for the local appli- cation of an acid. P. -aiguille. See Needle-holder. P.-caustique, a holder for the stick of caustic. P.- cordon, an instrument for replacing a prolapsed funis. P. -crayon. See P. -caustic. P.-fil. Syno- nym of P. -ligature. P. -fillet, an instrument for applying a fillet to some part of the fetal body. P.- ligature, an instrument for applying a ligature to a deep part. P.-moxa. See Aloxa. P.-noeud, an instrument for applying a ligature to the pedicle of a tumor. P.-pierre. Synonym of P.-caustique. Porter (por'-ter). See A/alt Liquors. Porter's Sign. See Tracheal Tugging, and Signs and Symptoms , Table of. Porticus subgenitalis. See Syndemnium. Portio [por'-shc-o) [L.]. Portion. Also, an abbre- viated expression for portio vaginalis uteri — the vaginal portion of the uterus. P. alba cerebri, the white substance of the brain. P. aryvocalis, a short muscle attached anteriorly to the vocal band and posteriorly to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage. P. axillaris, the second part of the axillary artery. P. brachialis, the third part of the axillary artery. P. cervicalis, the third part of the subclavian artery. P. cervicis uteri, the cervix of the uterus. P. cor- poris striati externa, the lenticular nucleus. P. corporis striati interna, the caudate nucleus. P. dura, the facial nerve. That part of the seventh pair of nerves of Willis controlling the muscles ot facial expression. P. infravaginalis, the vaginal por- tion of the neck of the uterus. P. inter duram et moUem, a small funiculus between the portio dura and portio mollis of the seventh cranial nerve. P. intermedia wrisbergii. Synonym of /'. inter duram et mollem. P. mollis, the auditory nerve. P- muscularis, the second division of the subclavian artery. P. pectoralis, the first division of the sub- clavian artery. P. pylorica ventriculi, the pyloric extremity of the stomach. P. splenica ventnculi, the cardiac extremity of the stomach. P. thoracica, the first part of the axillary artery. P. ventnculi lienalis. Synonym of P. splenica ventnculi. Portion ( por' shun) [ portio, a part] . A part or section. P., Descending, of the Duodenum, the second por- tion of the duodenum. It is about three inches in length, covered anteriorly by the peritoneum, anil att.iohed PORTIPLEX 1161 POSITION laterally to the head of the pancreas. It lies behind the transverse colon and in front of the right kidney. The ductus communis choledochus empties into it. P., Iliac [of the fascia lata^, the portion of the fascia lata to the outer side of the saphenous opening. P., Infra-vaginal, P., Intravaginal, the portion of the uterine cervix projecting into the vagina. P., Membranous (y/ the urethra), the portion of the urethra enclosed between the two layers of the tri- angular ligament. P., Pes, the lower surface of a crus cerebri (Spitzka). P., Prostatic [of the urethra'), the part of the urethra surrounded by the prostate gland ; it is the most dilatable portion and is rarely, if ever, the seat of stricture. P., Spongy [of the urethra), the part of the urethra anterior to the anterior layer of the triangular ligament, and extending from the latter to the glans. P., Vaginal [of the uterus), the part of the neck of the uterus projecting ■ into the vagina. Portiplex, Portiplexus ( por' -tip-leks, por-tip-leks' -it 's) \_ porta, gate; plexus, plexus]. The plexus or vas- cular fringe that connects the two lateral choroid plexuses. It passes through the porta, or foramen of Monro, whence the name. Porus [po'-rus) [_T:upor, porus, a pore: Pori~\. A callosity. Also a canal, duct, or pore. P. acusti- cus externus, the -external opening of the external auditory canal. P. acusticus internus, the open- ing of the internal auditory canal. P. auditorius externus. Synonym of P. acusticus externus. P. biliaris, one of the biliary ducts. P. centralis, the canal in the optic nerve through which the central artery of the retina passes. P. cranio-nasalis, the foramen ca;cum of the frontal bone. P. deferens. Synonym of I'as deferens. P. opticus, the large opening in the center of the lamina cribrosa, trans- mitting the central artery of the retina. P. pul- moneus, an air-cell. Posis [po'-sis) [TTofr/c, a drinking]. A potion. Vo^iXSon [po-zish' -un')\_ponere,\.o'^\2.Q.€\. I. Location; situation ; attitude ; posture. See Posture. See, also, Table of Position and Direction, appended. 2. In chemistry, a term corresponding to that of "union" (linking), formerly used. P., Articulation. See Consonants. P., Cadaveric, of the vocal bands, the position which they assume in paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The afl'ected band is in the median position, and is perfectly motionless. P. of the Fetus, the relation of the presenting part to the cardinal points of Capuron. For the vertex, the face and the breech, there are each four positions : a right anterior, a right posterior, a left anterior and a left posterior. For each of the shoulders there is an anterior and a posterior position. In order to shorten and memorize these positions, the initials of the chief words are made use of as follows : For vertex presentations the word occiput is indicated by the letter O., and preceded by the letter R. or L., for right or left, and followed by A. or P., accord- ing as the presenting part is anterior or posterior. We thus have the initials L. O. A. , left-occipito ante- rior, to indicate that the presenting occiput is upon the anterior left side. In the same way are derived the terms, Z. O. P., R. O. A., R. O. P. For facial pre- sentations we have in the same way, L. F. A. (left fronto-anterior), L. F. P.,R. F. A., R. F. P. For breech or sacral presentations, L. S. A., L. S. P., R. S. A., R. S. P., and for shoulder [dorsal) pre- sentations, Z. Z>. A., L. D. P., R. D. A., R. D. P. See Table of Fetal Positio7is,VLndei: Fetus. P., Primary [of the eyes), that position in which the eyes can move laterally and vertically without rotating the vertical axis. P., Roser [of the head ), the head dependent over the end of a table. P., Secondary [of the eyes), that posi- tion in which the vertical meridian is rotated away from its vertical position. P., Shoe-and-Stocking, a posi- tion so named by Allis, in which the limb of one side is crossed upon the other, as in putting on the shoe and stocking, with the external malleolus of one side upon the patella of the opposite side. Inability to do this is diagnostic of disease in the hip-joint on that side. P. -test, a test for the function of coordination. If a normal individual be placed in a strictly erect position, with the heels and toes of the two feet closely approximated, a certain amount of swaying of the body occurs, especially if the eyes be shut. If, however, there be loss of coordinating power, this swaying is greatly augmented. See Romberg'' s Symptotn in Signs and Symptoms, Table of. POSITION AND DIRECTION— TABLE OF INTRINSIC TERMS EMPLOYED IN HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND ZOOLOGY. THE TERMS ARE IN PAIRS, AND THE ADVERBIAL FORM FOLLOWS THE LATIN AND ENGLISH ADJECTIVE FORMS. Latin Adjective Form. English Adjective AND Adverbial Form. Definitions. Extrinsic Equivalents. In Human Anat- omy. In Comparative Anatomy. AflFerens. Eflferens. AflFerent. EflFerent. Conveying or conducting toward. Conveying or conducting from. Same as the in- trinsic. Same as the in- trinsic. Caudalis. Cephalicus. Caudal, caudad. Cephalic, cephalad. At or in the direction of the tail end or as- pect of the body or part. At or in the direction of the head end or aspect of the body or part. Lower; inferior. Upper ; superior. Back ; backward ; posterior. Front ; forward ; anterior. Centralis. Peripheralis. Central, centrad. .Peripheral, perlpherad. At or in the direction of a center. At or in the direction of the periphery. Same as the in- trinsic. Same as the in- trinsic. Dextralis, dexter. Sinistralis, sinister. IJextral, dextrad. Sinistral, sinistrad. At or in the direction of the right side or aspect of the body. At or in the direction of the left side or aspect of the body. Same as the in- trinsic. Sanie as the in- trinsic. Distalis. Proximalis, proxi- mus. Distal, distad. Proximal, proximad. At or in the direction of the extremity of an appendage ; peripheral (q. v.). At or in the direction of the attached or more important end of an appendage ; central (q. v.). Same as the in- trinsic. Same as the in- trinsic. POSITIVE 1162 POSTCARPIUM POSITION AND DIRECTION— TABLE OF INTRINSIC TERMS.— Continuec/. Latin Adjective Form. English Adjective AND Adverbial Form. Definitions. Extrinsic Equivalents. In Human Anat- omy. In Comparative Anatomy. Dorsalis. Ventralis. - Dorsal, dorsad. Ventral, ventrad. At or in the direction of the dorsum, or dorsal aspect of the body or of an organ. At or in the direction of the ventral aspect of the body or of an organ. Back ; backward ; posterior. Front ; forward ; anterior. Upper ; upward ; superior. Lower; down- ward ; inferior. Dorsimesalis. Ventrimesalis. Dorsimesal, dorsime- sad. Ventrimesal, ventrime- sad. At or in the direction of the dorsimeson. At or in the direction of the ventrimeson. Same as the in- trinsic. Same as the in- trinsic. Dorsimeson. Ventrimesoii Dorsimeson. Ventrimeson. The dorsal edge of the meson. The ventral edge of the meson. Saine as the in- trinsic. Same as the in- trinsic. Ectalis. Entalis. Ectal, ectad. Ental, entad. At or in the direction of some surface away from the center or axis. At or in the direction of some surface nearer a center or axis. Outer ; superficial ; external. Inner ; inward ; internal; pro- found. Same as the in- trinsic. Lateralis. Mesalis. Lateral, laterad. Mesal, mesad. At or in the direction of the side (right or left of the body). At or in the direction of the meson. Same as the in- trinsic. Same as the in- trinsic. Longisectio. Medisectio. Transectio. Longisection. Medisection. Transection. A section lengthwise of the body or of an organ. A sagittal section at the meson. A section across the long axis of the body or of an organ. Same as the in- trinsic. Median section. Same as the in- trinsic. Same as the in- trinsic. Median section. Same as the in- trinsic. Sectio frontalis. Sectio sagittalis. Frontal section. Sagittal section. A section dividing the body into equal or unequal dorsal and ventral parts or sec- tions. A section dividing the body into equal or unequal right and left sections or parts. Same as the in- trinsic. Same as the in- trinsic. Positive {poz' -il-h<^ \_posifivus, positive]. In static electricity, a term denoting that quality of the force produced by rubbing glass with silk. In galvanic and dynamic electricity, the current flowing from the less oxidizable element through the wire or conductor. P. Electrode. Synonym of P. Pole. P. Element, the more oxidizable element of a battery— usually a plate of zinc. P. Ocular. See Ocular. P. Pole, the pole connected with the negative plate or element. See Anode. Posologic, Posological [poz-o-loj'-ik, poz-o-loj'-ik-al) [ttoooc, how much ; Adyof, science]. Pertaining to posology or quantitative dosage. Posology {poz-ol'-o-je) [nt'iaoc;, how much; ?6-;nr, science]. The science of the dosage of medicines. Possession (/og-m/z'-ww) [posseilere, to possets']. The condition of being possessed or possessing ; madness, lunacy. P., Demoniac, the condition of being pos- sessed or inhabited by demons. Posset (pos'-el) [posi-a, sour wine and water]. A preparation of milk curdled with wine. Possetting (pos'-ef-i>ig) \_posea, sour wine]. The re- gurgitation of infants. Post- {post) [L.]. A preposition meaning after. Pre- fixed to words it places them in antithesis to those combined with p?-e or pru-, and has the force of either an adverb or an adjective. Also as a noun, a mono- nym for post-mortem ; as a verb, a popular expression signifying to perform an autopsy. Postabdomen {post-ab-do' -iiicii) behind ; ahdo- Men, abdomen]. In biology, the posterior abdominal part of the body in insects or crustaceans. Postabdominal ( poit-ah-doni' -in-nl ) [ post, after ; abdomen, abdomen]. Pertaining to the postabdomen. Postacetabular {post-as-el-ah' -u-lar) \_post, after; acet- abulum, acetabulum]. Situated behind the acetabu- lum. Postanal [pdst-a'-nal ) [/orf, after ; anus, anus]. Situ- ated behind the anus. Post-apoplectic { post - ap - o - plek' - tik^ [/orf, after; (iTTOTTAr/^la, apoplexy]. Coming on, or occurring, after a stroke of apoplexy. P. Coma, the coma that often succeeds an apoplectic stroke. Postarytenoid {post-ar-i' -te-noid) \_post, after; aphrai- 1(7, a pitcher; eiSog, like]. Situated behind the arytenoid. Postauditory (pdsl-cnv^-dit-o-re) behind ; audire, to hear]. Situated behind the auditory nerve, or chamber. P. Fossa, a crescentic notch on the tem- poral bone, separating the temporal ridge from the auditory plate. P. Processes, in biology, processes situated behind the auditory chamber in certain fishes. Postaxial { post-aks' -e-al) [post, after; axis, axes]. Situated posterior to the long axis ; in the arm, situated on the ulnar, in the leg, on the fibular side. In the embryo, directed dorsad from the long axis. Post-boys' Malady. See Malady. Postbrachial ( post-bra' -ke-al) {'post, after; bracMum, arm]. Situated posterior to, or beyond, the arm. Postbrachium {post-bra' -kc-um)\_post, after; bracliiuni, arm]. The posterior brachium of the corpus quadrigem- inum, seen on the lateral slope of the mesencephal. It is between the prebrachium and the lemniscus. Postbranchial { post-bran^;' -ke-al) [post, after; /Jpay- X'u, gill]- Situated behind the branchiae. Postcalcaneal {post - l;al - ka' - ite - al) [post, behind; calcaneu///, the heel]. In biology, back of the cal- caneum ; applied to part of the patagium of bats. Postcarpium {post-kar' -pe-um) [/^^j;', behind ; Kapiro^, carpus]. The metacarpus. POSTCAVA 1163 POST-GENERATION Postcava i^post-kav' -ali) \_post, after, behind ; cavtis, hollow]. The vena cava posterior. Postcaval [pdst-kav'-al) [pos/, behind; cavus, hol- low]. Pertaining to the postcava. Postcentral {post-sen' -tral') \_post, behind; centru?n, center]. Situated behind the center. Postcephalic [^post-sef-al'-ik) [ /oi/, behind ; Kt<^a'/.ri, head]. In biology, situated behind the head, or cephalic segment. Postcerebellar [ pdst-ser-e-bel' -ar) [/orf, behind ; cere- bellum, cerebellum]. Situated behind, or in the pos- terior portion of the cerebellum. Postcerebral ( post-ser' -e-bral ) [ post, behind ; cere- brum, cerebrum]. Situated behind, or in the posterior part of the cerebrum. Postcerviciplex {post-ser-vis ' -ip-leks') \_posf, behind; cei-vix, ne.ck ; plexus, ■p\&xvLS'\. The posterior cervical plexus. Postcibal impost- si' - bal)\_ post, after; cibum, food]. Occurring after meals. Postcisterna [post-sis-ter' -nah) [post, behind ; cisterna, a vessel]. That portion of the spaces separating the ental layer of the arachnoid from the pia of the cere- bellum, and communicating with the true encephalic cavities through the metapore,and also with the spinal subarachnoid space ; the cisterna magna. Postclavicle [/(?^/, behind ; clavicula, clavicle]. In biology, the posterior element of the scapular arch of some fishes. Postclavicular (pdst-kla-vik'-u-Iar) \_post, after; cla- vicula, clavicle]. Pertaining to the postclavicle. Postclitellian i^post-kli-tel' -e-an) \_post, behind; cli- tellum, a pack-saddle]. In biology, applied to such earth-worms as have the ducts of the testes opening behind the clitellum. Postcommissure [pdst-kom'-is-u!-) \_post, behind; coni- missura, commissure]. The posterior commissure of the brain, q. v. Post-connubial {post-kon-u'-be-al) \_post, after; con- nubiu}?i, marriage]. Coming on, or occurring, after marriage. Post-convulsive [pdst-kon-vul'-siv) \_posf, after; coii- vellere, to tear away]. Coming on after a convul- sion. Postcornu [post-kor'-nu) \_post, after; cornu, horn: pi., Postcornua\. The occipital horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain. Postcornual ( post - kor'- nu - al) [ post, after ; cornu, horn]. Pertaining to the postcornua (of the ventricles or of the spinal cord). Postcostal [post-kos' -tal ) \_post, behind; costa , a rib, the side]. In biology, located behind the costal nervure or vein of the wing. Postcoxal [post-koks'-al) [post, behind; coxez, the thigh-bone]. In biology, situated behind the coxse. Postcribrum {^post-krib' -rum) [post, behind ; cribrum, sieve]. The posterior perforated space of the brain. Postcruciate [post-kru'-se-at) [post, after; crux, a cross]. Situated posterior to the cruciate fissure of the cerebrum. Postcubital {pdst-ku'-bit-al) [post, behind; cubitus, the forearm]. Situated on the posterior aspect of the forearm. Post-diastolic (pdst-di-as-tol'-ik) [post, after; dianToAr/, diastole]. Coming after the diastole. Post-dicrotic [post-di-krof -ik) [post, after; SUporo^, double-beating]. Coming after the dicrotic wave of the pulse. P. Wave, a second recoil wave in the sphygmographic tracing. It is not always present. Postdigastricxis (post-di-jfas'-trii- us) [post, after ; dig, double; ynoTr/p, belly]. The posterior belly of the digastric muscle. Postdilatator {post-di' -lat-a-tor) [post, after ; dilator, a dilator]. The posterior dilatator ala" nasi. Postdorsulum ( post-dor' -su-lum) [post, after; dorsu- lum, dim. o{ dorsum, the back]. See Metascutum. Postembryonic [post-em-bre-on' -ik) [post, after; ifi- (ipvov, embryo]. In biology, subsequent to the em- bryonic stage. Post-epileptic (pdst-ep-il-ep' -tik) [ post , aittr ; eTviAr/ilur, epilepsy]. Occurring after an epileptic attack. Posterior (pos-te'-re-or) [(neuter, posterius) comparative of posterns, after, behind]. Having a position to the back or rear; opposed to anterior (or anterius). Postero-lateral ( p6s'-te-ro-lat'-er-al ) [posterns, behind ; latus, side]. Posterior and lateral at the same time. Postero-parietal {pos-te-ro-par-i' -et-ai) [posterns, be- hind; /ar/cj, wall]. Posterior and parietal. Postero-superior {pos'-te-ro-sn.-pe'-re-or) [posterns, hinder; superior, superior]. Posterior and superior. Postero-temporal ( pos-te-ro-tem' -por-al ) [posterns, be- hind ; teinpus, temple]. Posterior and temporal, or behind the temporal region. In biology, a bone in the scapular arch of many fishes ; also called the scapula and the supraclavicle. Postero-terminal (pos' -te-ro-ter' -minal) [posterns, hinder; terminalis , terrmvi2}i\. Situated at the hind end. Postero-ventral ( pos' -te-ro-ven' -tral ) [posterns ,\m\Aer ; venter, stomach]. In biology, situated at the hind end of the ventral surface. Posterula { pos-ter' -n-lah) [posterns, posterior]. In biology, Harrison Allen's term for that portion of the naso-pharynx between the posterior nares and the salpingo-palatal fold. Postesophageal ( post-e-sof-aj' -e-al) [post, behind ; o'taoa- Avaii;, paralysis]. Following an attack of paralysis. P. Chorea. Synonym of Post-hemiplegic Chorea. Post-parietal i^post-par-i' -et-al) \_post, behind; paries, wall]. In biology, situated behind the parietal plate. Post-partum post - par' - turn) [post, after; partus, birth]. Following childbirth. P. Chill, a chill, as a rule of no pathologic significance, closely following the expulsion of the child in some cases. It usually lasts several minutes. P. Hemorrhage, hemor rhage following delivery. Its causes are such as interfere with or prevent uterine contraction, as general debility, weakness of the uterine muscle, anom- alies of innervation of the uterus, retained placenta or clots, old adhesions, tumors, distention of the blad- der and rectum, as well as a hemorrhagic diathesis. The symptoms are a sudden gush of blood from the vulvar orifice, relaxation of the uterus, and the con- stitutional signs of severe hemorrhage: pallor, vertigo, air-hunger, dimness of vision, sometimes a peculiar vocal sound, a rapid, feeble pulse, rarely a convulsion. The mortality is given as I in 300. P. Shock, the sense of fatigue and exhaustion immediately succeed- ing labor. Postpectoral {pdst-pek'-to-ral) [/orf, behind ; pectus, the breast]. Pertaining to the postpectus. Postpectus {post-pek' -tits) \_post, behind ; pectus, the breast]. In biology, the hinder part of the breast. Postpeduncle {post-pe' -ditnk-l)\_post,\)^mA; peduncu- lus, peduncle]. The inferior cerebellar peduncle. Postpeduncular [pdst-pe-diing'-ku-lar) \_post, behind; pedunculus, peduncle]. Of or pertaining to the post- pedunculus. Postpedunculus [pdst-pe-dung'-ku-lus). See Postpe- duncle. Postperforatus [post-per-for-a'-tus) [post, behind; per- forare, to perforate]. The posterior perforated space. Postpetiole ( post-pet' -e-dl ) [post, behind; petiolus, a petiole]. In biology, that portion of the abdomen of an insect just behind the petiole or narrow section. Post-pharyngeal [post-far-in'- je-al) [post, behind; (papvyi, pharynx]. Situated behind the pharynx. Post-phenomenon [post-fe-nom'-en-on) [post, after ; ipaiDo/ievoi', phenomenon]. The effects following a phenomenon. Post-pituitary ( post - pit - u'- it - a - re) [ post, behind ; pitnita , phlegm]. Situated behind the pituitary body. Post-pleuritic {pdst-plu-rit' -ik) [post, behind; irXevpa, pleura; ini;, inflammation]. Following pleurisy. Post-plexus ( post - pteks' - us) [post, behind; plexus, plexus]. In biology, the analogue in lower vertebrates of the lumbo-sacral plexus in man. Postpone [pdst-pon') [post, after; ponere, to place]. In relation with the paroxysm of malarial fever, it means to occur after the regular time. Postpontile { post-pon' -tiI)[posf,h€h\ndL ; pons, bridge]. Situated behind the pons varolii. P. Recess, the foramen cxcum. Post-prostatic ( post-pros-tat'-ik) [ post, after ; tt/jo, be- fore ; 'laravai ,\.o set]. Situated dorsad of the prostate. P. Pouch. See Trigonum iiv, wedge; fZf5of, like]. Situated behind the sphenoid bone ; also, forming its posterior portion. Postsylvian [ post-si I' -ve-an) [post, behind; Sylvius, an anatomist]. Situated behind the Sylvian fissure of the brain. Postsystolic [pdst-sis-tfll'-ik) [past, after; avaro'kTi, systole]. Occurring after the systole of the heart. Post-temporal [post-tern' -po-ral) [post, after; tempus, temple]. In biology, situated back of the temporal region ; specifically applied to a bone of the scapular arch in certain fishes, forming at times an integral portion of the skull. Also called supra-scapida and supra-clavicle. Vo^X-XSbKaS. [post-tib' -e-al) [post, behind; tibia]. Situated upon the posterior aspect of the tibia. Post-tympanic [post-tim-pan'-ik) [post, after; tym- panum, drum]. In biology, situated back of the tympanic bone or auditory meatus. Postumbonal [ post-um' -bo-nal) [post,hst\imdi ; umbo, a boss]. In biology, situated behind the umbo. Postural [pos'-tu-ral) [ponere, to place]. Pertaining to posture or position. P. Respiration, a treatment of apnea by the induction of respiration tl;rough changes of posture. P. Treatment, treatment by position, as the reposition of a prolapsed funis by ]ilacing the woman in a favorable position. Posture [pos'-tnr) [ponere, to place]. .Position; atti- tude. An illustrated table of the various postures of the body is appended. Post-uterine ( post-u' -ter-in) [ post, behind ; uterus, uterus]. .Situated behind the uterus. Postvermis [post - ver'- inis) [post, behind; vermis, worm]. The inferior vermiform process of the cere- bellum. POSTURES The Horizontal Posture. The Trendelenburg Posture. The Genu-pectoral Posture. The Knees-elbow Posture. 1167 POSTURES The Semi-prone, or Sims' Posture. Posterior View. , The Dorsal Elevated Posture. The Dorso-sacral Posture. Lateral View ;e Semi-prone, or Sims' Posture. Anterior View. Edebohl's Posture. POSTURES 1168 POSTURES TABLE OF POSTURES AND POSITIONS. Variety. Description. When Employed. Back posture. See Dorsal recumbent. Dorsal elevated. Patient on back, with head and shoulders elevated at an angle of 30^ or more. 1. Digital exploration of the genitalia. 2. Bimanual examination. Dorsal recumbent. I. Patient on back, with the extremities moder- ately flexed and rotated outward. 1. Application of obstetric forceps. 2. Repair of lesions following parturition. 3. Vaginal examination. 4. Bimanual palpation. Dorso- sacral or lithot- omy position. Patient flat on back, with legs flexed on thighs and thighs on abdomen. The thighs are ab- ducted. 1. Plastic operations on the genital tract. 2. Vaginal hysterectomy. 3. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the urethra and bladder. Edebohl posture Same as Simon's position English position. See Left lateral recumbent. Erect position. The occiput and heels on a line ; also the nose, groins and great toes are in the same vertical plane. 1. In the practice of ballottement. 2. In differentiation of tumors, cystic, solid, and hernial. 3. In diagnosticating loosening of pelvic joints. Exaggerated lithotomy. See Simon's position. Genu-cubital or knee- elbow posture. Patient upon the knees, with the thighs upright, and the body resting upon the elbows, the head down upon the hands. I. When not possible to employ the classic knee- chest position. Genu-pectoral or knee- chest position. Patient upon the knees, with the thighs upright; the head and upper part of the chest resting upon the table ; the arms crossed above the head. I Replacement of prolapsed funis. 2. Dislodgment of an impacted head. 3. Management of transverse presentations. 4. Replacement of a retroverted uterus or pro- lapsed ovary. 5. Flushing of tiie intestinal canal. High pelvic posture. See Trendelenburg' s position. Horizontal abdominal posture. Patient flat on the belly, with the feet extended. I. Examination of the back and spinal column. Horizontal position. Patient supine on the back, with the feet extended. 1. For employment of palpation. 2. Auscultation of the fetal heart. 3. The position for operative procedures. "Jack-knife " posture. Patient reclining on the back with the shoulders elevated, legs flexed on thighs and thighs at right angles to abdomen. I. For passing the urethral sound. Knee-chest posture. See Genu-pectoral. Knee-elbow posture. See Genu-cubital. Kneeling-squatting posi- tion. Patient stooping, with knees pressed upon the ab- domen, trunk erect. I. Childbirth in diflScult cases, and in uncivilized nations. Latero-prone. Same as Semi-prone. Latero-semi-prone. Same as Semi-prone. Left lateral recumbent, English, or obstetric position. Patient on left side, with the right knee and thigh drawn up. I. Childbirth. Lithotomy. Same as Dorso-sacral. Obstetric. See Left lateral recumbent. Reclining posture. Same as " fack-knife " posture. . Semi-prone or Sims' position, or side pos- ture. Patient on left side, with right knee and thigh drawn well up above the left ; left arm back of patient and hanging over the edge of the table ; chest inclined forward so that the patient rests upon it. 1. Curettement of uterus. 2. Intra-uterine irrigation after labor. 3. Tamponnade of vagina. 4. Rectal exploration. s. Operations upon the cervix. Side posture. See Semi-prone. Simon's position, or ex- aggerated lithotomy position. Patient flat on back, with legs flexed on thighs and thighs on abdomen, and hips somewhat elevated. The thighs are strongly abducted. I. Operations upon the vagina. Sims'. See Semi-prone. Trendelenburg's p o s i - tion. Patient in dorsal position, with body elevated at an angle of about 45°, feet and legs hanging over the end of the table. I. In abdominal surgery to favor gravitation up- ward of the abdominal viscera. POSTZYGAPOPHYSIAL 1169 POTASSIUM Postzygapophysial { pdst-zi-gap-off'-iz'-e-al) \_post, be- hind; i^vyov, yoke; d7rd0i;(T«f, apophysis]. Pertaining to the postzygapophysis. Postzygapophysis ( post-zi-gap-off'-is-is ) [ post, be- hind; i^vyov, yoke; ciTToipvaig, apophysis]. An ar- ticular process proceeding from the posterior face of the neural arch of a vertebra. Pot [ME., pot, a pot]. A urinal. P. -bellied, having a prominent belly. P.-belly, a protuberant belly. P.-gutted, pot-bellied. Potable ^po' -ta-bl ) \_potare, to drink]. Fit or whole- some to drink — applied to waters for drinking in dis- tinction to those for medicinal use. Potain's Solution. A solution for diluting the blood in counting the red corpuscles. It consists of three solutions — one of gum arabic, one of sodium sul- phate, and one of sodium chlorid, each of a specific gravity of 1020. These liquids are mixed in equal proportions. Potamopyra ( pot-am-op' -ir-ah ) [7rora//df, river ; iryp, heat, fire]. Malarial fever. Potash [po/'-ask) \_potassa, potash]. I. Potassium carbonate prepared by boiling wood-ashes with water and evaporating the solution. It is arlso obtained from potassium chlorid and potassium sulphate found in the Stassfurt salt-beds. The residue left behind in the manufacture of beet-root sugar also yields potash. Finally, from the wash-water of sheep's wool, con- siderable quantities of potash are obtained. 2. Caustic potash, potassium hydro.xid. Potassa {po-tas' -aJi) [L.]. I. See Potash. 2. Potas- sium hydroxid. P. cum calce, Vienna paste, made by rubbing together equal parts of caustic potash and quick-lime. It is used as a caustic. Potassse, Liquor, " solution of potassa," consists of hydrate 56, distilled water 944 parts ; combined with bitter tonics it is useful in atonic dyspepsia. Locally, it is used as a I wash in scaly skin-diseases. Dose TT^v-^ss, diluted. iPotassamid {po - tas' - am - id ) \_ potassa, potassium; aimW], NH.^K. \ substitution-compound of ammo- nia; a yellowish-brown, inflammable substance, pro- duced by heating metallic potassium in ammoniacal gas. _ |Potassic \ po-tas' -ik) \_potassa, potash]. Containing Potassium. PoiHSsifeTons { po-tas-i/' -er-us) potassa , ■pota.sh ; ferre, to bear]. Containing or yielding potassic salts. Eotassinum [ po-tas' -in-u/n). Synonym of Potassium. otassio-ferric {po-tas' -e-o-fer' -ik) [potassa, potas- sium; ferrum, iron]. Combined with iron and potas- sium. jfotassio-mercuric {po-tas' -e-o-mer-kii'-rik) \^ potassa, i potassium ; J/>;rz cord in Pott's disease. Potters' Asthma. .Synonym of a form of pneumono- koniosis prevalent among potters. P. Bronchitis. POUCH 1171 POWER See Bronchitis. P. Clay. See Argilla. P. Con- sumption, a form of pneumonokoniosis prevalent among potters. P. Lung, a chronic inflammation of the lungs common among potters, and due to the inhalation of dust. Pouch [powt/i) [Fr., pocht\ a pouch, pocket]. In biol- ogy, a sac, cecum, diverticulum or laag-like structure. P.-bone, a marsupial bone. P. -corona, the coronal intestine of Medusa. Same as Canal, Cofona. P. of Douglas, the cul-de-sac of Douglas, a pouch formed by the recto-uterine fold of the peritoneum. P. of Fabricius. Set Bursa fabricii. P. -gestation, gesta- tion in a pouch, as in marsupials. P. -gill, one of the gills of the lamprey, or marsipobranchs. P., Gut- tural, in biology, one of the large mucous bags in solipeds situated between the atlas and the afiterior portion of the pharyn.x and laryn.x. P., Hair, the de- pression in the skin in which the hair grows. Ps., Ileo-cecal, narrow-necked folds of the peritoneum, at the termination of the ileum. P., Inguinal, a fold of the peritoneum behind the internal abdominal ring. P., Laryngeal, a blind pouch of mucosa opening into the ventral part of the ventricle of the larynx. P., Marsupial ; in marsupials, the bag on the anterior abdominal wall in wliich the young are carried. P., Needham's, in biology, an enlargement or cecal di- verticulum of the seminal duct of a cephalopod. P., Pararectal, the lateral portion of Douglas's pouch. P., Paravesical, the paravesical fossa. P. of Rathke, the diverticulum from the pharynx in the embryo, which goes to form the anterior portion of the hypoph- ysis. P., Rectal, of sharks and rays, a vascular and glandular dorsal diverticulum of the rectum, which Wilder thinks may represent the allantois of higher vertebrates. P., Recto-uterine, a pouch-like fold of the peritoneum that is reflected over the uterus. P., Recto-vaginal. Same as P., Recto-uterine. P., Recto-vesical, the pouch of the peritoneum that is reflected on the bladder. P., of Seesel, a pouch in the embryo behind the summit of the hypophysis. P., Subcecal, a fold of the peritoneum behind and below the cecum. P. of the Tympanic Membrane, folds of mucosa around the horizontal portion of the chorda tympani nerve as it passes through the tympanic cavity. P., Utero-vesical, P., Vesico-uterine, a pouch of peritoneum situated between the uterus and the bladder. Poudret, Poudrette {poo-dret') [Fr.]. A form of commercial fertilizer formerly made, the basis of which was night-soil, dried and mixed with charcoal, gypsum, and other ingredients. Poultice [pol'-tis) [TTO/lrof, porridge]. A mixture of certain substances, as slippery elm, meal, flaxseed, mustard, etc., into a soft, mush-like mass, for applica- tion to the skin of a part. The poultice-material should be mixed with hot water into a mass of even consistence, and should be neatly spread upon muslin, linen, or lint, or even upon paper. Flaxseed or elm poultices should not be more than ^4! inch in thick- ness, and should receive a thin coating of olive-oil before being applied. This prevents their sticking to the surface of the body. P., Anodyne, one yielding an anodyne effect ; it usually contains some prepara- tion of opium. P., Antiseptic, one containing some germ-destroying substance. P., Fermenting, a poultice made by mixing wheat or corn flour with half its weight of yeast, and gently warming it until it be- gins to swell. It is used as an application to sloughing sores. P., Galvanic. See Galvanic. P., Porter, a flaxseed poultice made with a quantity of porter ; its uses are those of the fermenting poultice, (}. v. P., Vaginal, a poultice introduced into the vagina in the treatment of gonorrhea in the female. Pound {^po7vnd) \_A?>., pzittd, pound]. In Troy weight 12 oz. or 5760 grains ; in avoirdupois, 16 oz. or 7000 Troy grains, or 453.6 grams. Symbol lb. See IVeights and Measures. P., Foot, the force necessary to raise one pound through the height of one foot. P. -nose, a nose that weighs a pound, a vulgarism for hypertro- phy of the nose. Poundal {pown'-dal) [AS., pund, pound]. A unit of force ; that force which applied to a pound of matter for one second generates in it a velocity of one foot per second. P., Foot. See Potindal. Poupart's Ligament. See Ligament. Poverty [pov'-er-te) [ME., povertee, poverty]. The state or condition of being poor. P. of the Blood, a condition of the blood in which there is a deficiency of the red corpuscles or of the coloring-matter of the blood. P. -plants, a class of plants the names of which relate either to the fact that they greatly injure the farmer by impoverishing the soil, or to the ex- tremely poor kind of soil in which they grow, e. g. , Poverty {^Polemonium ca-riileum). Poverty-weed [Sper- gula arvensis). Hunger- weed [Bannncuhis arvensis'), etc. Powder [pow'-der) [ME., powder, powder]. Fine, minute, loose particles, as of dust. See Pulvis. P. of Algaroth, a powder prepared by adding an excess of water to an aqueous solution of the terchlorid of antimony. It is composed chiefly of the oxychlorid of antimony. P., Aromatic, a powder composed of cinnamon, ginger, and carda- mom, with or without nutmeg. P., Bleaching. Syn- onym of chlorinated lime. P.-blower, an apparatus for blowing powder into cavities, as the ear, the nose, the larynx , etc. P. , Compound Chalk, a powder con- taining prepared chalk, acacia and sugar. P., Com- pound Effervescing. Same as P., Seidlitz. P., Compound Licorice, a powder containing senna, glycyrrhiza and sugar, with or without fennel and washed sulphur. P., Compound Morphin. Same as P., Tully's. P., Dover's, a diaphoretic and sedative powder composed of powdered opium and ipecac, each one part, and eight parts of sugar of milk. P., Effervescing. See P., Soda. P., Fever, of James. See Pulvis antiinonialis. P., Goa. See Chrysarobin. P., Gray. See Bydrar- gyriini. P., Insect. 'Ace Insect Powder. P., James's. Synonym of Pulvis antiinonialis. P., Jesuits', pow- dered cinchona, so-called because the Jesuit priests dis- tributed it gratuitously to the poor. P., Knox's: I. Calx chlorata ; 2. A mixture of 3 parts calcium chlo- rite (?) and 8 parts sodium chlorid. P., Pearl. Bis- muth subnitrate. P., Ringworm. Synonym of Chrysarobin. P., Seidlitz. 'Ae.e. Potassium. [Pulv. effervesc. comp.) P., Soda, a powder containing sodium bicarbonate, 30 grains, and tartaric acid, 25 grains. P., Styptic, a powder containing alum, gum acacia, and colophony, sometimes with the addi- tion of argil and tragacanth. P., Talcum, powdered soapstone, used often as a local application to in- flamed surfaces. P., Tennant's, chlorinated lime. P., TuUy's, a powder composed of camphor, pre- pared chalk, and licorice, 20 parts each, and morphin sulphate, I part. It is used as a substitute for Dover's powder. P., Vienna, potassa and lime. P., Vigo's, red oxid of mercury. Power (po'ic'-er) [ME., peer, power]. Strength; energy. P., Absolute, the weight which must be attached to a muscle to keep it from contracting when stimulated. P., Combining, in chemistry, the num- ber of hydrogen atoms with which an element is able to combine. P., Mechanical, either of the elemen- tary powers, the lever and the inclined plane, from II POX 1172 PREBASAI. which all other mechanisms are derived. P., Sen- sorial, the power of receiving and emitting impulses. P., Sexual, the ability of having sexual intercourse. P., Specific Refractive, a quantity which is constant for every refractive substance, and is found by dividing the index of refraction of the substance, minus one, by the specific gravity of the substance. The quotient multiplied by the molecular weight of the substance gives the refraction equivalent. P., Specific Rota- tory, the amount of rotation of a substance, in degrees of a circle of the plane of polarized light, produced by one gram of the substance dissolved in one c.c. of liquid examined in a column one decimeter long. Pox [poks) \_po<:ks : pi. of Pock^^. I. A term applied to several infectious eruptive diseases. 2. Syphilis. P., Ape, an exanthematous disease of West Indian monkeys, observed during smallpox epidemics. P., Bastard. Synonym of /rt/Vtr/Za. P., Chicken. See Varii-ella. P., Cov^r. See Cow-pox. P., False. Synonym of Varicella. P., French. See Syphilis. P., Gland, P., Glans. Synonyms of Varicella. P., Grease. Synonym of Horse-pox. P., Great. Synonym of Syphilis. P., Horn. See Horn -pox. P., Horse. See Horse-pox. P., Small. See Variola. Practice (prak'-tis) \_practicare, to practise]. The official duties of a physician or surgeon in his profes- sional work; also, the exercise of these duties. Practitioner (prak-tisk'-uit-e?-) [Vx. , practicieii ; pracli- care, to practise]. One who practises a profession, especially that of medicine. (A badly-formed word.) P., General, one who treats all ailments, in distinc- tion from the specialist, who treats only one or a few diseases, or the diseases of one or a few organs. Prae- {pre-) [L.]. A Latin preposition meaning /^^-Zo/r, used as a prefix to denote position. It places the words with which it is combined in antithesis to those combined with post-. For anglicized words thus begin- ing see Pre-. Prsebium ( pre' -be-tini) \_prcebere, to furnish]. Dose. Prsecava ( pre-ka' -vah). See Precava. Praecinctum {pre-sink' -him). Synonym oi Diaphragm. Praecordia (pre-kor'-de-ah). See Precordia. Praecornu ( pre-kor' -nii) . See Precormi. Praecuneus ( pre-kii-ne'-iis). See Precuneus. Praeforceps [pre-for'-seps). See Preforceps. Praegeniculatum ( pre-jen-ik-u-la' -tum). See Pregen- ic lit alum. Praeglobin [ pre-glo' -bin). See Preglobin. Praehallux {pr,:-hal'-uk<.). See Prehallux. Praelabrum \ prc-la' -brum) [/w, before; labnim, lip: pi., Pitelahra'\. In biology, the clypeus or epistoma. Praemaxilla { pre-maks-il'-ah). See Premaxilla. PraemeduUa [pre-me-dul'-ah). Synonym of Medulla oblongata. Prsemose [/yi-e'-moz). See Premosc. Praenomen { pre-no'-mett). See Preuomcn. Praeoperculum {pre - o - per'- ku - lum). "iee Preoper- citlitm. Praepedunculus {pre-pe-dung' -ku-lus). .See Prepe- dioitllllis. Praepelvisternum {prc-pel-vis-ter'-mtm). Ste^ Prcpcl- 7>istcrniim. Praeperforatus { pre-per-for-a'-tus). See Preperforatus. Praeputium { pre-pit' -shc-um). See Prepuce. Praescapularis {pre-scap-u-la' -ris). Sj'nonym o{ Supra- spinatiis . Praescutum { pre-sku' -turn) [prrr, before; scutum, a shield: pl., l'rctscula\ In biology, the most anterior of the sclerites, composing the tergal portion of each thoracic segment of an arthropod. ^XcR%^vn.\wa\ {pre-sem' -in-al). Se^e. Prcscminal. Praesternum {pre-ster' -nimi). See Presternum. Praevia { pre' -ve-ah) \_prie, before ; via, a way]. First; coming before. P., Placenta. See Placenta. Pragmatagnosia {prag-mat-ag-no' -zc-ah) \jxpayfia, an object; iiyvucsia, want of recognition]. Inability to recognize an object. P., Visual, a term suggested by Dr. John Wyllie for object-blindness. Pragmatamnesia {prag-mat-am-ne' -ze-ali) [repay jia, an object ; aiirr/ata, forgetfulness]. Inability to re- member the appearance of an object. P., Visual, a term suggested by Dr. John Wyllie for that mental condition in which there is inability to call up the visual image of an object. Prague Method. A method of delivery of the after- coming head. The child's ankles are grasped above the internal malleoli with the right hand. The index finger of the left hand is flexed over one clavicle, and the remaining fingers of the same hand over the other clavicle. Traction directly down is now made with both hands until the perineum is well distended. The right hand then loosens its hold upon the ankles and again grasps higher up the legs, the child's feet being in contact with the back of the right hand. By a circular movement the feet are now raised toward the mother's abdomen, the obstetrician using the left hand, as originally placed, as a fulcrum around which the head moves. Prairie (pra'-re) [Fr.]. A meadow. P. Digs. See Armv Itch. P. Itch, a name given to a combination of pruritus hiemalis and scabies. See Army Itch. Pratal {pra'-tal) \_pratum, a meadow]. In biology, inhabiting meadows. Cf. Pascual. Pratesi's Reagent. A reagent for the detection of sugar in the urine. It consists of potassium bichro- mate and an alkaline silicate. .See Tests, Table of. Pravaz's Syringe. A hypodermatic syringe with a long trocar and cannula. Praxis {pralcs'-is). See Practice. Pray's Test-letters or Test. A test for astigmatism, consisting of capital letters composed of strokes that run in different directions for each letter. Prazmowski, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Svnonvmatic \ Talde of. Pre-acetabular {/;r-rt.r-('A<7 before ; (7^■<»/^7- acetabulum]. Situated in front of the acetabu- lum. 'Px^-2\\iyirn\mxx\c {pre-al-hii-inin-u' -rik) before ; albumen, albumin ; ovpnv, urine]. A condition or symptom coming or occurring before the appearance of albuminuria. Pre-anal {pre-a'-nal) before ; anus]. In I biology, situated in front of the anus. I Pre-aortic {prc-a-or'-tik) [/r bronchus]. Situated in front of the bronchi. Pvehuccal (pre-biil-' -a/ ') before ; biicca, cheeky In biology, placed in front of the mouth; preoral ; prostomial. PvecanceTous [pre-/;an^-ser-!ts) [/ri^, before ; cancer, carcinoma]. Occurring before the developmeaL of a carcinoma. Precardiac [pj-e-kar^-de-ak) \^pra:, before; Kapiha, heart]. Cephalad of the heart. Precartilaginous iypre-kar-til-aj' -in-iis^ \_p'';-«■■, before ; t)iaaTo7.rj, diastole]. Occuring before the diastole of the heart. Predicrotic [prc-di-krof -ik) \_pru-, before; dtKpoTiK, double beating] . Preceding the dicrotic. P. Wave, the primary wave in the dicrotic curve of a sphygmogram. Predigastric {pre-di-gas' -trik) [_J>ru-, before ; digaitrii ~\. Pertaining to the predigastricus. Predigastricus ( pre - di-gas'- trik - us) [ prie, before ; digastn'i-'\. The anterior belly of the digastric muscle. Predigested {pre-di-jcs'-ted) \_pra:, before; digerere,X.o digest]. Parti}' digested by artificial means before being taken into the .stomach. P. Foods, foods that have been prepared by a process of artificial digestion through the agency of various ferments. Predigestion [ pre-di-jes' -i-Imn) [^prir, before, digerere, to digest]. Previous digestion. Predilatator ( pre-dil-at-a' -tor) \_prir, before ; dilator, a dilator]. The anterior dilator muscle of the nostril. Predisponent [pre-dis-po'-nent). Synonym o{ Predis- posing. Predisposing (^pre-dis-po' -'Jng)\_pr 00 ro *0 n UO rol>0 ■ ro O O 0\\0 ON lO ON'JD CO lO CO 00 in vo ro N VO I rO ho W ho « KO I N N N CO CO io|oo in cx) T*- r-»T}- r^Tf t-^'^ i^fo VO ro \0 ho ro ho N iocs! lOM ir, N IO"- rOO roa\ rOO rOOi roO rOO t^ON I Osl N 00 (N ON N o r^i O "O o ON\o ON m ON\o CO injco Tj-!oo in \0 « ho ■«d- O N 00 N o\ N ON N OnI N 00 o r--. o r^i o vo 0N\0 j On»0 j On m lo 00 in\ca ^ VO ro! NO ro ko N O r*5 0\ « ON (S CO : 1 u is primitive, a variety of ectopic gestation wherein the ovum is arrested and developed ni the cervical canal ; secoiu/arv, in early abortion the ovum expelled from the uterine cavity, remains in the cervical cavity. P., Cornual, pregnancy in one of the horns of a two- horned uterus. 'P., 'E.-xtTa.-uX.civn.e, ectopic gestation ; the development of the ovum outside of the cavity ' of the uterus. It is due to any condition that will prevent the entrance of the ovum into the uterus, as, for instance, inflammation of the F'allopian tubes. Pregnancy may take place within the tube, in the ovary, in the part of the tube that traverses the uterine wall, or in the abdominal cavity. P., False, any condition in the abdomen that simulates preg- nancy. P., Fatty, false pregnancy due to the pres- ence of a large quantity of fat in the abdominal walls. P., Feigned, pregnancy simulated by malingerers. P., Gemellary, twin pregnancy. P., Hysterical, a very deceptive condition of certain hysterical females which simulates pregnancy. There is abdominal en- largement, generally from tympanites, cessation of menstruation, and other symptoms of pregnancy ; movements of the intestines may counterfeit fetal movements. The tympany of the abdomen and the modifications of the signs usually produced by anesthetization are important in the diagnosis. P., Interstitial, a variety of extra-uterine and tubal pregnancy, the ovum developing in that portion of the oviduct that passes through the wall of the uterus. P., Molar, pregnancy in which the ovum is converted into a mole. P., Multiple, that form of pregnancy in which the uterus contains two or more fetuses. P., Mural, pregnancy in the uterine wall ; it is classed as one variety of extra-uterine pregnancy. P., Nervous. Synonym of P., Hys- terical. P., Ovarian, the fecundation and growth of the ovum taking place within the ovisac. P., Phantom. Synonym of/'.. Hysterical. P., Plural, the development of more than one fetus at one time. P., Precocious, pregnancy at an early age, sometimes before the establishment of menstrua- tion. P., Signs of. See Hegars, Braxton Hicks and Jorisenne' s in Signs and Symptoms, Table of. P., Signs or Tests of, those clinical manifesta- tions by which the existence of pregnancy may be demonstrated. There are three so-called absolute signs of pregnancy : Ballottement, fetal movements, and the fetal heart-sounds. Hegar's sign and Brax- ton Hicks' sign are also valuable. Beccaria's sign of pregnancy is an intense pulsating pain in the occipital region. P., Single or Simple, the normal develo])- ment of a single fetus. P., Spurious. Synonym of P. , False. P., Tubal, development of the ovum in the oviduct. P., Tubo-abdominal, the ovum is de- veloped in the ampulla and extends into the abdomi- nal cavity. P., Tubo-ovarian, the ovum is attached to the oviduct and ovary. P., Tubo-uterine. Same as P., Interstitial. P., Twin, the presence of two fetuses in the uterus. P., Unconscious, pregnancy, of the existence of which the woman has not become aware . Pregnant [preg'-nant) \^ prirgnans']. With child; gravid. Prehallux i^pre-hal' -tiks) \_prce, before ; hallex or allcx, the great toe: gen., Prehallucis ; pi., Prekalliices']. In biology, the tibial sesamoid bone found in mammals having complete digits. A rudimentary structure cor- responding to the prepollux is seen in the human embryo of the second month. Cf. Prepollex and Postmi)timiis. Prehalter {pre-hawl'-ter'] \_prcF, before ; halter, leaping weights: //. , Prchalte7-es\ In biology, a membran- PREHEMIPLEGIC 1176 PREPEDUNCULUS ous scale in front of the balancer or halter of dipter- ous insects. Prehemiplegic {pre-hem-ip-le' -jik) S^pnc, before; half; T/l//)7/, stroke]. Occurring before an attack of hemiplegia. P. Chorea, choreiform movements of a limb, preceding its paralysis. P. Pain, painful sensa- tions in a limb which subsequently becomes paralyzed. Prehensile [pre-hen'-si/ ) \_pi-ehendere, to lay hold of]. In biology, adapted for grasping or holding. Prehension [prc-hen' -shitn) \_prehcndei-e, to seize]. The act of taking hold or seizing. Prehensorium {prt'-hen-so' -re-um) [_pre^iendtTt\ to lay hold of, seize]. In biology, a structure adapted for grasping ; specifically applied to the hind legs of certain spiders. Prehensory i^pre-hen' -so-re). Same as Prehensile. Prehnitic Acid [pren-it'-ik) . See Acid. Prehnitol [ pren' -it-ol), Ci(,H,^. A hydrocarbon, pro- duced by warming durene with concentrated HjSOj. It is a liquid boiling at 204° C. Prehypophysis {pre-hi-poff' -is-is) \_pnF, before ; inrdtj)- vauj, hypophysis]. The anterior and larger portion of the hypophysis, derived from the enteron. Pre-insula. (pre-in^-su-/a/i) \_pru-, before; insula, in- sula]. The cephalic region of the insula. Prelacrymal [p?-e-lak' -rim-al) [/''«", before; lacrynia, tear]. Situated in front of the lacrymal bone. Prelum [L.]. Pre.ss. P. abdominale, the squeezing of the abdominal viscera between the dia- phragm and the rigid abdominal wall, as in the pro- cesses of defecation, micturition, and parturition. P. arteriole. Synonym of Touniiqitet. Prelumbar before ; himbas,\6\t\\ Anterior to the lumbar vertebrre or the loins. Premandibular ( pre-man-dib'-u-lar) \_prce, before; tnandibtda, mandible]. See Predentary. Premaniacal iypre-ma-ni' -ak-al ) \_prie, before ; fiav'ia, mania]. Previous to insanity, or to an attack of mania. Premature {pre-mat-ur') [/r^?, before ; maturare,X.o ripen]. Occurring before the proper time. P. Labor. See Labor. P. Respiration, respiration taking place before complete birth of the fetus. Premaxilla {pre-maks-iF -ah) \_pne, before ; maxilla, jaw]. The intermaxillary bone. Premaxillary [pre->naks' -il-a-re). See Intennaxillaiy . Premenstrual [pre-inen' -slru-al) [pra, before ; nieii- striia, menstrua]. Preceding menstruation. Premolar {pre-mo'-lar) \_pnr, before; iiwla, mill- stone]. I. Situated in front of the molar teeth. 2. One of the two anterior permanent molars. A term applied to the bicuspids {bieiispidati , two spear-points) of a horse, from the two eminences on their crowns. Premonitory (/r^-;«o«'-//-o;--<') [/;-i>aic, process]. An anterior or superior zygapophysis ; a superior oblique, or articu- lar process of a vertebra. Priapism (pri'-ap-izm) \_7TpiaTTiafi6r'^. I. Persistent or frequently repeated erection of the penis. It is some- times caused by injuries to the spinal cord ; also by injuries to the penis and by vesical calculus. 2. The erection of the clitoris in the female, under the influ- ence of venereal desire. Priapitis {pri-ap-i'-tis). Synonym of Phallitis. Priapus (pri' -ap-iis) [D/j/aTrof , the god of procreation] . Penis. Prickle (prik'-l) \_prica, a point]. In biology, a hard- ened, ridged, hair-like, epidermal outgrowth ; a senile Prickle-cells from THE Deeper Layers OF THE Epidermis OF THE Palm, show- ing Intercellular Bridges and Chan- nels. {Frotn StirUnsr.) Prickle-cells Isolated from the Human Epidermis by means of Iodized Serum. n. Prickles ; d. Space between nucle- us and cell-body. X 800. {From Stirling.) spine. P. -cells, irregularly polyhedral cells, consti- tuting the middle strata of the human epidermis, which are mutually connected by means of delicate processes that bridge the intervening intercellular clefts and establish direct continuity between neigh- boring cells; when such elements are isolated, the delicate threads are broken and the disassociated cells appear as if beset with minute spines. (Piersol.) P. -layer, the lowest stratum of the epidermis, the stratum spinosum. Prickly [pril/ -le) \_prica, a point]. In biology, cov- ered with prickles. P. Ash. See Xaiitho.wliim. P. Heat. See Miliaria. Pride of China. See Azedarach. Priestley's Matter. A name formerly given to small alga' found in stagnant water and even in closed vessels, which led Mayer (1827) and Kiitzing (1833) to assume that they were produced by spontaneous generation. Primae vise [pri'-me vi'-e) [L. , "the primary pass- ages"]. The alimentary canal, the lacteals being " the secondary passages. " (Jld. Primalia {pri-ma' -le-ali ) \_ primus, first]. A name given by Wil.son and Cassin to a group of beingSj in- cluding the simplest plants and animals, which propa- gate by cell-development. Comprised in these groups are the algje, lichens, fungi, infusorians, and sponges. Primary [pri' -ma-re) \_priiiats, first]. First in time or in importance. P. Amputation, one that is done before the development of inflammation, usually with- in the first twenty-four hours. P. Body-cavity, the space included between the somatopleure and the splanchnopleure. It is also known as the ccelom. P. Bubo, a simple adenitis of an inguinal lymphatic gland, resulting from mechanical irritation. It is also known as Biibon d' ei}ddee. P. Confusional Insan- ity, a form of insanity in which there is confusion of ideas and marked incoherence of speech, without de- cided emotional disturbance, 'a^^ Insanity. P. Cur- able Dementia. Synonym of P. Dementia. P. Dementia, a form of insanity coming on suddenly or gradually, in young adults, and characterized by an extreme degree of apathy, the patient lying motion- less, absolutely listless, without wants and seemingly without perception of his surroundings. The condi- tion resembles melancliolia attonita, but there is no dis- tinct emotional disturbance. P. Growth, the ori- ginal growth or tumor from which secondary growths are derived. P. Lesion, the original lesion which forms the starting-point for secondary lesions. P. Neural Tube, the canal formed by the meeting of the medullary plates, q. v. P. Sore, the initial sclero- sis or chancre of syphilis. Primates [pri-ma'-tez) \_primiis, first]. The highest order of mammals, including man, the apes, the mon- keys, and the lemurs. Primigenial (pri-mi/-e'-ne-al) \_ prim us, fixst; gignere, to beget] . In biology, applied to organisms which are primitive or early types of their kind. Primigenious (pri-mij-e' -ne-us) \_ primus, Urst ; gigne/'e, to beget]. In biology, original. Primigenous {pri-inif -en-us). Same as Primigen- ious. Primigravida ( pri - mig - rav'- id -ah) [ primus, first ; gravidus, pregnant]. A woman in her first preg- nancy. Primine [pri'-iuin) \_primus, first]! In biology, the ectal coat of the ovule, becoming the testa of the seed. On account of the ental coat being first formed, Mirbel and others have called it the primine. Cf. secundine. Primipara {pri-mip'-ar-ah) [/r/wz^i, first ; parere,\.o bear : //. , PrimiparnisJi' -e-e) \_primus, first]. The part of the liquor amnii discharged before the extrusion of the fetus at birth. Primitive i^prim' -it-h^) \_primus, first]. First-formed ; original. P. Chorion, "nttit Chorion. P. Groove, the enlargement and deepening of the primitive streak. See P. Streak. P. Streak, a streak appearing at the end of the germinal disc, and indicating the first trace of the embryo. It represents, according to many, the concrescence of the lips of the blastopore. P. Trace. See P. Streak. Primordial [ pri-mor'-de-al) \_priiuoriiiiiiii, origin, be- ginnings : //. , Primordia'\. In biology, existing in the beginning, first-formed, primitive, original, of the sim- plest character. P. Cell, a term applied to a cell of the simplest character, one which does not possess a cell-wall. P. Cranium, the membranous skull of the embryo. P. Kidney, the Wolffian body. P. Ova, cells lying among the germ-epithelium of the surface of the embryonic ovary. P. Utricle, a term applied to the outer layer of the protoplasm, which is somewhat denser than the rest, and is immediately applied to the cell-wall. Primordium { pri-i;ior' -de-u/n) [primus, first ; ordiri, to begin : pL, Primordia'\. In biology, any structure or organ in its earliest condition. Primula ( prim'-u-la/i) [_ primii/iis , dim. of primus, first]. Primrose, a genus of the Primiilacece. P. odorata, P. officinalis, lady's-fingers, bedlom (or common) cowslip, is mildly diuretic. Unof. Primum movens [L]- The starting point of change; the site of the earliest lesion. Prince's Method of Resuscitation. In suspended animation, especially from ether or chloroform narcosis. Prince recommends that the person be suspended by the flexed knees from the shoulders of the operator, and that in this hanging position he be carried about the room on a trot. Artificial respiration may be per- formed while the patient is thus suspended. Princeps [prin/ -seps) [L. ]. First, original. P. cer- vicis, a branch of the occipital artery ; it supplies the trapezius muscle. P. pollicis, a branch of the radial artery, going to the palmar surface of the thumb. See Arteries, Table of . Princess Water. A famous cosmetic used in Vienna, said to prevent sunburn and remove freckles. There are two formulae, one with and the other without any metal. These are : — I. Talc. Veiiet. et magnes. carb., aa, . . grms. 15 Tr. benz. et aq. colon., aa, grms. 5 Aq. rosae, grms. 300. 2 Bismuth magist., grms. 10 Talc. Vetiet., grms. 20 Aq. rosa? grms. 70 Spt. colon. grms. 3. Principle [prin'- si - pi) \ pr)ncipiHm'\. Element, es- sence, or primary quality of a body. P., Immediate, the components of an organized tissue as it exists functionally in the living tissue. P., Mediate, the chemical compounds and simple bodies into which the immediate principles are decomposed. P., Proxi- mate. See Proximate. P., Ultimate, any one of the elements which a compound body contains. Prinos (pri'-nos) [L.]. Hlack Alder; the bark of P. z/fmy/rt/wji, astringent and tunic. It is used in inter- mittent fever, diarrhea, and, locally, in cutaneous diseases. Dose 3 ss-j ; of a decoction §j-ij. Unof. Prionoid { pri' -o-iioid ) saw ; tJcSof, like]. Saw- shaped. Prior (^pri'-or) [!>.]. Former; previous. P. annu- laris, the dorsal interosseous muscle, inserted into the ring-finger. P. medii, the dorsal interosseous muscle inserted into the middle finger, on its ulnar side. Prisis [ pri' -sis) [irp/ffa', to saw]. Synonym of Tre- phinijig. Prism (prizj?i) \_prisma; 7rp/^«;i', to saw]. " A solid whose bases or ends are any similar, equal, and par- allel plane polygons and whose sides are parallelo- grams." (Cent. Diet.) Made of glass, it is used for refracting the sun's rays and forming a spectrum, and to make prismatic lenses. Prismatie lenses refract the light toward the base of the prism. Their chief use in ophthalmology is in cases of unbalance of the ex- ternal ocular muscles. P., Amice, one consisting of a triangular prism of heavy flint-glass wedged in be- tween two triangular prisms of crown-glass, the apical edges of the crown-glass prisms pointing toward the base of the flint-glass prism, i. e., the apical edges of the crown and flint-glass prisms point in opposite directions. The flint-glass gives the dis- persion or separation into colors, while the crown- glass makes the emergent rays approximately parallel with the incident rays, so that one looks directly into the prism along the axis of the microscope. P.- diopter, P. -dioptre, or P.-dioptry, a standard of prismatic refractive power consisting in a prism that deflects a ray of light one centimeter on a tangent plane situated at a distance of one meter. Ps., Enamel, the irregular columns of fronr four to six sides compos- ing the enamel of teeth, closely packed together and generally vertical to the surface of the underlying den- tine. P., Nicol, one consisting of two somewhat elongated rhombs of Iceland spar cut obliquely and cemented together with Canada balsam. These are mounted in such a way that the light passes through them lengthwise, and in passing is divided into two rays of plane polarized light. Prismatic (priz-mat'-ik) [TTpiafia{r) , a prism]. Prism- shaped ; having three or more angles bounding flat sides. P. Colors, colors developed by the refracting action of a prism. P. Spectrum. See Spectrum. Prismenchyma (priz-»ien'-kif>!-a/i) [Tcpiaiia, prism; i; \ (!//«, infusion]. Tissue composed of prismatic cells. Prismoid [priz'-moid) [Tvpidfia, prism; thhg, like]. Resembling a prism. P., Liquid, of J. Thompson, the " refracting watery liquid in the entrant corner between the lip of the eyelid and the cornea." P., Watery. Synonym of P. , Lit/ieid. Prismoidal {priz-moi' -dal) [_7rpiafia, prism; f<(Sof, form]. In biology, applied to elongated bodies, as the joints of an insect's antennfe, when resembling a prism. Prismometer {priz-mom' -et-er) \_7rpia/m, prism ; fiirpov, measure]. An instrument for measuring the refrac- tive power of prisms. Prisoptometer (priz-op-tom'-et-er) [n-p/ff/zn, prism ; wi/'> eye ; fieTpuv, measure]. An instrument for estimating ametro]-iia by means of two prisms placed base to base. Pritchard's Method. -See Stains, Tal/le of. Privates, or Privities { pri' -vets, priv'-it-ez) \_privatHS, private]. A vulgar term for the genital organs. Privy {priv' - e). Synonym of Water-closet. P.- councillor's Muscle, Von Ziemssen's name for the levator menti muscle. See Muscles, Table of. P.- midden. Same as Midden. Proal (pro'-al) [Kpd, before]. Having a forward direction or movement. Cf. Palinal and Propaliiial. PROAMNION 1181 PROCESS Proamnion [ pro-am' -nc-on) {npu, before; afivior, am- nion]. In biology, a term introduced by Ed. van Beneden to designate tliat part of the area einbryonalis at the sides and in front of the head of the developing embryo, which remains without mesoderm for a con- siderable period. [iVIinot.] Proamniotic {pro-ain-iii-ol' -ik) [Ttpo, before ; afxviov, amnion]. Pertaining to the proamnion. Proangiosperm {^pro - an' - je ■ o - spenn) \_~po, before; ayyeiov, vessel ; ontp/ja, seed]. In biology, a primi- tive or ancestral angiosperm. Proangiospermic i^pro-an-/e-o-sper' -iniL') [irpo, before ; ayyElov, vessel; OTrtpua, seed]. Pertaining to a pro- angiosperm. Proatlas (pro-a/'-/as) [pro, before; atlas, the first cer- vical vertebra]. A primitive or rudimentary atlas. Probable Duration of Life. The time, considering all circumstances, that a person of a given age may expect to live, as determined by statistics. The age at which any number of children born into the world will be reduced to one-half, so that there are equal chances of their dying before and after that age. The age at which a given population is reduced by one- half its number. Probang ( pro' -bang) \_probare, to try] . A rod of whalebone or other material for the making of local applications to the esophagus or pharynx. P., Ball, a probang having an ivory bulb attached to one end. P., Sponge, one provided with a small sponge at one end. Probarbium {pro - bar'- be - ti/n) before ; barba, beard]. The soft, downy hair which precedes the growth of a beard. Probasis (pro-ba'-sis) \jTpo(idiveiv, to step forward]. Change of place ; prolapse. Probe {prob) \_probare, to prove]. A slender rod or wire, flexible, rigid, or jointed, for exploring a wound or sinus. As a verb, to explore with a probe. P., Anel's, a delicate silver or gold probe for explor- ing or dilating the lacrymal puncta and lacrymal canals. P., Blunt, one with a blunt extremity. Ps., Bovs^man's, flexible graduated probes used for dilating the nasal duct. P., Chemic, one carrying charpie with dilute acetic acid or other drug. P., Drainage, one so constructed and used as to assist drainage. P., Drum, one provided with a drum or reverberator to enable the ear to detect contact with for- eign bodies. P., Ear, one used in exploring the ear. P., Electric, one having two insulated wires, so that contact with a bullet or metal completes the circuit, and thus indicates the presence of such a foreign body. P., Eyed, a probe having a slit at one end through which a tape or ligature can be passed. P., Flexible, one that can be bent into any desired shape. P., Jointed, a probe used in exploring for carious bone through sinuses. P., Lacrymal, one used for dilating the lacrymal passages. P., Magnetic, the employment of the telephone as an indicator. P., Meerschaum, a probe the end of which is tipped with meerschaum. It is used in searching for bullets, its advantage con- sisting in its being streaked by the lead when it comes in contact with the ball. P., Nelaton's, a probe that is capped with unglazed porcelain upon which a leaden ball makes a metallic streak. P. -nippers, an instru- ment used in searching for foreign bodies in wounds. By means of it a minute portion of the foreign body can be withdrawn for examination. P., Scissors, sur- geons' scissors that may be thrust into a sinus, like a probe. P., Sharp-pointed, one having a sharp end for introduction into a wound or sinus P., Stetho- scopic, a probe having the tube of a stethoscope at- tached to the outer end. P., Uterine, a long, flexible probe used in exploring the uterine cavity. P., Vertebrated, a probe made of small links so jointed together that it is very flexible. P., Wire, a simple wire used as a probe. Problematic (prob-lem-at'-ik) [7r/:)r//j/7//_ifi(r-), a prob- lem]. Uncertain, unsettled. P. Bodies, or Organs, Miiller's name for the tubes of the water- vascuiar system of invertebrates. Probole [prob' -o-le) [rrpupdXACLV , to throw forward]. A process, as of bone. Proboscidate { pro-bos' -id-a/) \_KpopoaKic , proboscis]. In biology, furnished with a proboscis. Proboscis {pro-bos' -is') [irpo, before ; fliwutiv, to feed, graze]. In biology, any part or organ extending from the anterior end of an animal after the manner of an elephant's trunk ; a long, flexible nose, snout, rostrum, beak, sucking-mouth, tongue, or other buccal or pharyngeal organ, P. -sheath, the receptacle of the proboscis in the Acanthoctphala and A^einerlina. Cf. KJiyti ch odicii m . Procalymma {pro-kal-im'-a/i) \_7Tpoiia'Ar-T(tv, to hang before]. The pudendal apron. Procambial {pro-kain' -bc-al) \_pro, before; cambirc, to exchange]. Pertaining to the procambium. Procambium {pro-kain' -be-um') \_pro, before; fambire, to exchange]. In biology, the primitive undifierenti- ated fibro-vascular tissue. Procardium {pro-kar' -de-uni) [^pd, before; napdia, heart]. The pit of the stomach. Procarp [pro' -kaip) [jvpu, before ; napTrdc, fruit]. Same as Procarpittm. Procarpium {pro-kar' ■pe-uni') [irpd, before; Kap-rruc;, fruit: //, , P!-ocarpia'\. In biology, the unfertilized female organ of certain algae {Floridea). It is analo- gous to the pistil of flowering plants. In its simplest form {Porphyrareif and Nemalieee) it consists of a single cell with a lateral hair-like prolongation; the trichogyne. In higher forms it is composed of one or more infertile cells which make up the trichophorc, the function of which is to convey the fertilizing substance from the trichogyne to the carpogone. It is usually formed on the youngest parts of the plant and often originates from the terminal cell of a lateral branch, Procatarctic {pro-kat-ark' -tik) \npoiMTdpxeiv, to begin first]. Primary, predisposing. Procatarxis {pi-o-kat-arks' -is) [jrpoKdrapiic, a first be- ginning]. The kindling of a disease into action by a procatarctic cause. Procelia, Proccelia {pro-se' -le-ah) [irpd, before ; koi'/ki, hollow]. Same as Paracelia. Procelous, Procoelous { pro-se' -lHs)\_Kp6, before; koi'/ioc, hollow]. Being convex in front and concave behind. Procephalic {pro-se/-a/'-ik, or pro-sef -al-ik) \jrp6, be- fore; neipaTiij, head]. In biology, of or pertaining to the fore part of the head. Procephalon {pro-sef ' -at-on) [n-pd, before; iie l'P> snout]. In biology, applied to organisms having protuberant or protrusile lips. Prechondral [ pro-kon' -dral) [rrpo, before, ^Y""'V-"'f. cartilage] . Prior to the formation of cartilage. Prochondrium ( pro - kon' - dre - tern) [ Trpd, before ; Xovlspoc, cartilage]. In biology, young cartilage with colorable matrix, i.e., a great affinity for carmin and hematoxylon. The precartilage of Minot and the Vorknorpel of Hasse. Prochordal [ pro-kor' -dal) [irpii, before ; x^P^^ cord]. Situated in front of the chorda dorsalis. Prochorion [pro-ko' -re-on) [ TrptJ, before; jop""', membrane]. I. The primitive chorion. 2. The zona pellucida and vitelline membrane considered as one. Prochorionic [pro-ko-re-on'-ik) [Trpd, before ; membrane]. Pertaining to the prochorion. Procident [pros' -id-ent) \_procidens, falling forward]. Affected by prolapsus. Procidentia ( pros-id-en' -she-ah ) [ procidere, to fall down]. Prolapse. P. ani, prolapse of the anus. P- bulba oculi. Synonym of Exophthalmos. P. intes- tini recti, prolapse of the rectum. P. oculi. Syn- onym of P. bulbi oculi. P. Uteri, complete pro- lapse of the uterus. Proclivity [pro-kliv'-it-e) \_proclivitas\ Tendency or inclination. Procnemium [prok-ne' -me-um). Synonym of Tibia. I'ROCREANT 1185 PRODUCE Procreant [pro'-/crt'-niit) \_ procreare, \.o beget]. Pro- ducing young. Procreate [pro' -kre-iii) \_procreare, to beget]. To be- get. Procreation [pro-kre-a' -s/uin) \_proirL-art', to bring forth]. The act of generating or begetting oftspring. Procryptic (pro-krip'-O'k) \_tti>6, in favor of, for; Kpvrr- TLK.6^, tit for concealing]. In biology, applied to that form of protective mimicry in which the coloration enables an animal to escape by hiding, e. the green pipe-fish [Sip/ionosloiua typhle), which is conspicuous in open water, but is well concealed among the leaves of Zostcra. Proctagra \^prok-la' -gi-ali) [TrpwKrdf, the ai;us ; ay pa seizure]. Sudden pain in the anal region. Proctalgia (prok - tal'- je - ah) \_npuKTo(;, anus; ii'AyoQ, pain]. Pain in the anus or rectum. P. hsemor- rhoidalis. See Plemorrhoid. P. inflammatoria. Synonym of Proctitis. P. intertriginosa, intertrigo of the anus. Proctatresia i^prok - tat - re'- ze - ah) \jTpo)KTuc , anus ; ii priv. ; Tpf/aic, perforation]. An imperforate condition of the anus or rectum. Proctectasia, Proctectasis {prok-tek-ta' -ze-ah, prok- tek'-tas-is) [TT/ju/iToi, anus ; ivc-aff/f, dilatation]. Dila- tation of the anus. Proctectomy [prok-tck' -to-inc) [-/jw/cror, anus ; cKTopi/, excision]. E.xcision of the rectum. Pioctenclisis ( prok-tt'ii' -k/is-is) [Trptj/irdr, anus ; kv, in; KXeieiv, to close]. Stricture of the rectum. Procteurynter (prok - tit - rin' - ter) [ Trpuhruc, anus ; evpvveiv, to widen]. An instrument for dilating the anus. Procthemorrhagia {prokt-heiu-or-a' -je-aJi) [ Trpu/crdr, anus; a//;a, blood ; pqyv'vvai, to burst forth]. Hem- orrhage from the anus. Procthypodesmus [ prokf-hi-po-dez'-??itis) l_ irpuKToc , anus; v~6, under; (ieff//df, band]. An anal pessary. Proctica ( prok'-tik-ah) [/rpu/v-df, anus] . Any disease of the anus or rectum. P. marisca. Synonym of Heniorrlioid. P. simplex. Synonym of Proctalgia. Proctisis [prok-fis'-is). Synonym of Proctitis. Proctitis [ prok-ti'-tis) [-pwhToi;, anus; iTtg, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of the anus or rectum. P. foetida, inflammation of the rectum, with the discharge of very offensive material. P. gangrsenosa, gan- grenous inflammation of the rectum. Procto- (prok' -to-) [7rp6j/(Tdf, anus]. A prefix signifying connection with, or relation to, the anus. Proctoblennozemia (prok-to-hlen-o-ze' -me-ah) \_-puK- Toi;, anus; fiTih'va, mucus; f7?///a, loss]. A mucous discharge from the anus. Proctocase [prok-tok'-as-e). Synonym of Proctitis gangnenosa. Proctocele ( p7-ok' - to- set ) [ TrpuKroc, anus ; icr/Arj, hernia]. -The extroversion or prolapse of the mucous coat of the rectum. P., Vaginal, a hernia of the rectum appearing in the vagina. PTOctocystotOTny[prok-to-sis-tot'-o-//!e)[7TpcjKT(ir, anus ; KvCTic, bladder; to//?/, cutting]. A form of lithotomy in which the incision is made through the walls of the rectum . Proctodeal ( prok-to-de' -al ) [Trpwh-rdr, the anus ; b&dr, way]. Pertaining to the proctodeum. Proctodeum, Proctodaeum (prok-to-dc' -iiiii) [Trpoj/crdf, the anus ; 6f5df , way] . In biology, a very small anal in- vagination of the ectoderm in embryonic amniota, which grows inward toward the cloaca until the ecto- derm and entoderm come into contact ; the membrane formed by the two epithelia finally breaks through and the cloaca acquires an opening to the exterior ; the primitive anus. 75 Proctodynia ( prok-to-diii'-e-ah) [t/jw/ct-o^-, anus ; iiiS'n'ii, pain]. Pain about the anus. Proctoleukorrhea ( prok-to-lu-kor-e' -ah). Synonym of Proctorrhea. Proctomenia ( prok-to-iiic' -ne-ah ) [ rrpuKToc:, anus ; iii/i', month ]. Vicarious menstruation from the rectum. Proctoncus ( prok-tong'-kus) \_~puKT6c, anus; ojkoc, tumor] . Any tumor or swelling at the anus. Proctoparalysis { prok-to-par-al' -is-is) [-pw/crdf, anus; napa/.vaa', paralysis]. Paralysis of the sphincter muscle of the anus. Proctoplastic ( prok-to-plas' -tik) [npuKTo^, anus ; n't i'ia- attv, to form]. Pertaining to the plastic surgery of the anal region. Proctoplasty [prok'-to-p/as-t, ) [Trpw/crdr, anus ; -rr'/aa- aur, to form]. Plastic surgery of the anus. Proctoplegia ( prok-to-p/e'-Jc-ah). Synonym o{ Procto- paralysis. Proctopolypus (prok - to - pol' - ip - us) [Trptwrdf, anus; TToAi'TTovg , polyp]. A polyp of the rectum. Proctoptoma (prok - top - to' - mah ) [ -pcucroc, anus; -ribpa, fall]. Prolapse of the rectum. Proctoptosis ( prok-top-to'-sis) [Trpw/irdf , anus ; Trrijoig, a falling]. Synonym of Proctoptoma. Proctorrhagia ( prok - tor - a' -je ■ ah ). Synonym of Procth em or r hag ia . Proctorrhaphy (/r()/!'-A'/-'-rt;/<') [77p(,;/.-rdc, anus; paihij, suture]. Suture of the rectum or anus. Proctorrhea ( prok-tor-e' -ah) [Trpu/crdf, anus; poia, flow]. A discharge of mucus through the anus. Proctoscirrhus (prok - to - skir'- us) [-pw/i-df, anus ; oKippuQ, induration]. Scirrhous carcinoma of the rec- tum. Proctospasmus (prok-to-spai' -mus) [Trpw/crdf, anus ; (TTn(T//dr, spasm]. Spasm or tenesmus of the rectum. Proctostenosis (prok-to-steii-o' -sis) [ivpuKTog, anus, and crr/i'(jiT/f, stenosis]. Stricture of the anus or rectum. Proctotocia (prok-to-to'-se-ah) \jrpuKTui; , anus ; tokoq, a bringing forth]. Delivery of the fetus through the anus. Proctotome (prok' -lo-tom) [TrpwKrdr, anus ; rop.^, a cutting]. A cuttmg-instrument used in proctotomy. Proctotomy (prok-tot' -o-me) ^npuKToc, anus ; rnfi^, a cutting]. Incision of the anus or rectum for imper- foration or stricture. Proctotoreusis (prok-to-tor-u' -sis) [Trpw/irdc , anus ; rop- ei'e/v, to bore through]. The operation of making an opening into an imperforate anus. Proctuchous (prok-tu' -kns] [/rpw/ordf, anus ; fxt'tv, to have]. In biology, having an anus. Procumbent ( pro-kuut' -bent) \_pro, forward; ctimberc, to lie]. In biology, prostrate, prone, trailing. Prodissoconch (pro-dis'-o-konk) [irpd, before ; (Vcrcrdf, double; noyxnt shell]. In biology, the first formed shell of many lamellibranchs, preceding the disso- conch or true shell. It is the complete shell of the veliger antemonomyarian and dimyarian stage, and the Iiomologue of the protoeonch of cephalous molluscs and the periconch oi Dcntalium. Prodroma (pro-dro'-mah). See Prodrome. Prodromal [pro-dro' -mat) [/rpd, before ; fipopoc, a run- ning]. Precursory ; of the nature of a prodrome. Prodrome (pro' -drom) [n-po, before ; dpopoc, a running]. A forerunner of a disease ; a precursory symptom. Prodromic (pro-d/v'-mik). See Prodromal. Prodromous (pro-dro' -mus). Synonym of Prodomal. Prodromus ( pro-dro' -mus) \_'^p6, before ; 6p6jiog, a run- ning]. The prodrome; also the period in which the precursory signs of a disease occur. Produce (pro-dfis') \_producere, to bring forth]. To generate or bring forth. PRODUCTIVE 1186 PROGVMNOSPERMIC Productive (ypro - duk' - thi) \_prodiicere, to produce]. Generating; tissue-making. P. Arteritis, Acute, an acute inflammation of an artery characterized by round-cell infiltration, the formation of new blood- vessels and new connective tissue in their walls. It may proceed to obliteration of the lumen of the vessel. Proeccrisis i^pro-ek' -ris-is) [-/)d, before ; eKKpiai^, sep- aration]. A premature crisis in the course of a dis- ease. Proembryo (pro-em' -bre-o) \j^po, before; Sji\i\nmi\ embryo]. In biology, the result of the germination of an oospore, the A)ilas;e or proton of the first stage of certain cryptogams [Ckaracea, Archegotiiatie). Proembryonic {^pro-em-bre-on' -ik') [irpd, before ; t//- j3i>iiai>, embryo]. Pertaining to a proembryo. Proencephalia {^pro-en-sef-a' -h-ah) [_Trp6, before ; iynt- fa'/.or, brain]. An exencephalic condition involving the anterior part of the skull. Proencephalocele (pro-en-sef'-al-o-sel) \_~i>o, before; kyiik(f>a'Anc, brain ; K.r/'Ari, tumor]. An encephalocele in the anterior part of the skull. Proencephalon {pro-en-sef -al-oii) [-/jo, forward ; iyid- (pa'Aoc, brain]. The fore-brain. Also, encephalocele in the frontal region of the brain. Proencephalus (pro-en-sef'-aliis) [Trpd, before; kjKk- (j>a7ior, brain]. An exencephalic monstrosity with the brain protruding through a fissure in the frontal region. Proeotia { pro-e-o' -she-aJi) [/rpwmf, early]. Sexual pre- cocity. Proepimeral [pro - ep - im - e' - ra/) [/;■<', before ; tKi, upon; j-iiipoc, thigh]. Pertaining to the proepimeron. Proepimeron [pro-ep-im-e^ -ron') \_pro, before ; err/, upon; /i//pdf, thigh]. The epimeron or prothorax. Proepisternal {pro-ep-is-ter'-nal) \_pro, before; t-;, upon; arqivQv, breast-bone]. Pertaining to the pro- episternum. Proepisternum [pro-ep-is-ter'-niiin] \_pro, before ; k-i , upon ; aripvov, breast-bone]. The prothoracic epis- ternum. Professional [pro-fesh' -icn-al) \_profiteri, to profess]. Pertaining to a profession or occupation ; pertaining especially to the medical profession ; in keeping with medical ethics. P. Cramp. See Writers' Cramp. P. Etiquette, those principles of honor which govern the conduct of medical men, both in dealings witli one another and with the laity. P., or Occupation, Neurosis, a neurosis caused by continuous exercise in one's occupation of one set of muscles, or by some other peculiarity of one's employment. See Neurosis. Professor [ pro-p'es'-or) \_ professor, a professor], A teacher in a college or university. Professorate ( pro-fe';' -or-Cit^ \_professor, a professor]. The office of a professor. Professorship (pro-fLs'-or-ship). .Same as Professorate. Profile (pro'-fet) \_pro, before; fi/iim, thread]. The outline of the human face in a section at the meson. P. Line, one employed in the determination of the general direction of the face. .See Lines, Table of. Profluvium [pro-fit' -Z'e-tiiit) \_proflnere, to flow forth]. A flux or discharge P. alvi. Diarrhea. P. mu- liebre. Synonym of Leiikorrhea. P. sang'uinis. Hemorrhage. P. seminis. I. Synonym of Spermat- orrhea. 2. Discharge of semen from the vagina after coitus. Profunda Arteries [pro - fun' - dah ). See Arteries, Table of Profundipalmar [pro-fiin-dip-al'-mar) \^propiindiis, deep ; palma, palm]. Pertaining to the deep-seated parts of the hand. Profundiplantar ( pro- fun - dip - Ian'- tar) [ profiindtts, deep; sole]. Deep and plantar: pertaining to the deep-seated parts of the sole of the foot. Profundus [pro fin' -dus) \_ profundus, deep]. A term applied to any organ or part tlrat is deep-seated. Progametange, Progametangium ( pro-gam-et-an' -je, pro-gatn-et-an' fe-um) [~pd, before; )afii:Ti], a wife; a;'7E«ov, a vessel]. In biology, an immature or resting gametangium formed upon the mycelia of certain fungi [Protomycetaceee). and from which, after a period of rest, is liberated the gametangium, within which the minute rod-shaped gametes are formed. Progaster [pro-gas' -ter). Same as Archeiiteron. Progeneration [pro-jen-er-a' -shiiii) \_ progenerare , to beget]. Propagation ; the act of begetting. Progenitor [pro-jen'-it-or) \_pro, before; genitor,he- getter]. Ancestor, sire, or father. Progeny [proj'-en-e) [tt/jo, before; ytvvdv, to beget]. Offspring ; descendants. Proglossis ( pro-glos' -is) [jrpd, before ; yAuaaa, tongue]. I The tip of the tongue. Proglottid [pro-glot' -id ) \_~po, before ; j Aoam, tongue]. In biology, one of the mature segments or metameres of a tapeworm. Any person of the cestode chain or colony other than the pear-shaped or cone-shaped head ox scolex ; a proglottis. Proglottis [ pro-glot' -is) [tt/jo, before; yAuaaa, tongue: //. , Proglottides^. Same as Proglottid. Vxo%x\3X\i\c[prog-na'-thik). 'Synonym o{ Prognathous. i Prognathism ( prog' -na-thizm) [tt/jo, forward ; yi'ddoi;, I jaw]. The quality of having a projecting lower jaw, or of being prognathous. P., Alveolo-subnasal, in 1 craniometry, the prognathism measured by the angle included between the line joining the alveolar and subnasal points and the alveolo-condylean plane. Prognathous [prog'- na - tliiis) \j^po, before; yvddo^, jaw]. Having a projecting lower jaw. Prognosis [prog-no' -sis) [-pd, before ; yvijaic, knowl- | edge]. An opinion or judgment concerning the dura- j tion, course, and termination of a disease. P. anceps, a doubtful prognosis. P. fausta, a favorable prog- I nosis. P. infausta, an unfavorable prognosis. Prognostic [prog - nos'- til; ) [-pd, before; pHjmc, knowledge]. Pertaining to prognosis. Prognosticate [prog-nos'-t/h-at) [Trpd, before ; yi'uai^, ; knowledge]. To make a prognosis. | Progression [ pro-gresh'-un) [progredi, to advance, to i step forward]. The act of advancing or of moving forward. P., Arithmetic, a progression of numbers which increase or decrease by equal differences, as 2, 4, 6, 8, ID, or ID, 8, 6, 4, 2. P., Backward, a back- ward walking ; a rare symptom of some nervous lesions in which the person can only walk backward. P., Cross-legged, walking with the legs almost | crossing, a condition sometimes observed in double I hip-disease and in certain disturbances of the nervous system. P., Geometric, a progression of numbers which increase or decrease by equal ratio, as 2, 4, 8, | 16, or 16, 8, 4, 2. ■ I Progressive [pro-gres'-iv) \_progredi, to go forward]. Marked by progress; of a disease extending over a wider area or increasing in severity. P. Muscular Atrophy, chronic anterior poliomyelitis in which the large ganglion-cells of the anterior horns, the motor ■ and trophic cells of the muscles, are gradually des- troyed. P. Ossifying Myositis, a chronic inflam- | mation of muscles, associated with a tendency to exces- | sive bony deposits in them. It is usually accompanied j by the development of numerous exostoses. 1 Progymnosperm [ pro- jim' -no-sperm) [rrpd, before; J yviivor, naked ; ry-tp/in, seed]. In biology, an archaic 1 or ancestral type of gymnosperm. j Progymnospermic ( pro-ji?}i-no-sper' -mik) [rrpd, be- 1 fore; j-n/^i'dr, naked ; orrtp/irt, seed] . Pertaining to a \ progymnospenn. j PROJECTILE 1187 PROMINENTIA Projectile (^pro-Jek'-tU) [ projii-ere, to throw before]. Anything thrown forward violently. P., Vomiting, the vomiting sometimes observed in diseases of the brain ; the material is projected out of the mouth to some distance, apparently without nausea. Projection [pro-fek'-s/iuti) \_projicere, to throw before]. I. The act of throwing forward. 2. A prominence or a part extending beyond tlie level of the surrounding surface. P., Monocular. Synonym of P., Uiiiocu- lar. P., Ocular, 'f.ee Ocular. P. -system of Mey- nert. See Meynert. P. -systems. See Meyncrt. P., Uniocular, the projection into space of the im- pression of an object made by rays emanating from it and entering one eye. A correct estimate of distance cannot be made by uniocular projection. P. of Visual Impressions, the projection into space of the im- pressions of objects made upon the retina by rays ema- nating from the objects. The ability to do this enables us to locate correctly the position or distance of objects in space. Prolabial (pro - la' - be - al) \_pn>, before; labium, lip]. Pertaining to the prolabium. Prolabium (pro - la' - be - ii/ii) \_pro, before ; labium, a lip]. The red exposed part of the lip ; also, the cen- tral prominence of the lip. Prolapse (pro-laps') \_prolabi, to slip down]. The falling forward or downward of a part. P. of the Anus or Rectum, protrusion of the rectal walls be- yond the anus. P., Artificial, the drawing down of a part or organ, as the uterus, for purposes of ex- amination or treatment. P. of the Cord, premature expulsion of the umbilical cord during parturition. P. of the Iris, protrusion of the iris through a corneal wound. P. of the Uterus, protrusion of the womb beyond the vulva. Prolapsed (pro-lapst') \_prolabi, to fall forward]. In a condition of prolapse. Prolapsion (pro-lap' -shun). Synonym of Prolapse. [Old.] Prolapsus (pro-lap' -sus). Synonym of Prolapse. P. ani, prolapse of the rectum. P. cerebri. Synonym oi Encephalocele. P. iridis, prolapse of the iris.' P. linguae. Synonym of Macroglossia. P. oculi. Syn- onym of Exophthalmos. P. palpebrse. Synonym of Ptosis. P. placentae, prolapse of the placenta. P. recti, prolapse of the rectum. P. sclerotici, staphy- loma of the sclerotic. P. uteri, prolapse of the uterus. P. uteri completus, complete prolapse of the uterus ; procidentia uteri. P, uvulae. Synonym of Staphyle- dema. P. vaginae, prolapse of the vagina. P. vesicae, prolapse of the bladder. Proleg (pro' -leg) \_pro, for; leg\. In biology, a false leg ; a proped ; an abdominal limb of the larvre of insects. I Prolepsis ( pro - lep' - sis) [rrpd, before; 2.afij3avFii', to I seize]. The return of a paroxysm before the expected f time. jl Proleptic (pro - lep'- tih) \_Kp6, before ; la/iPaveiv, to 1 seize]. I. Prognostic. 2. Returning before the reg- I ular or expected time. f Proleptics (pro-lep'-tihs) \_irp6, before; 7Mfi^dveLV, to seize]. The art of prognosis. Proles (pro'-lez) [L.]. Offspring, i Prolicide (pro'-lis-iil) \_ proles, offspring ; cadere, to kill]. Feticide or infanticide. I Proliferate (pro-lif -er-at) \_proles, offspring; ferre, to i bear]. To begin ; to generate. i Proliferation (pro-lif-er-a'-shun) \_proliferatio : proles, offspring ; ferre, to bear]. Cell-genesis. The con- 1 tinued formation and development of cells by mul- tiplication. P., Atrophic, multiplication of the cell- nuclei, with degeneration of the differentiated proto- plasm of the peculiar cells of the tissues. It occurs in inllammation and in regeneration. Proliferative (pro-lif -er-a-tiv) \_proles, offspring ^/t'/vv, to hear]. Multiplying; being the seat of cell-prolif- eration. P. Cyst, a cyst in which the lining epithe- lium proliferates and produces projections from the ental surface of the cysts. Proliferous (pro-lif -er-zts) \_prolcs, ofispring ; frre, to bear]. In biology, producing offspring; develop- ing buds, branches, or generative zooids. P. Cyst, with Vascular Intra-cystic Growths, a cyst, occur- ring in glands, especially the mammary and thyroid, from the ental wall of which spring irregular, usually cauliflower-like growths of a glandular character, which may eventually fill the cyst-cavity, or even break through the cyst-wall. The so-called sero-cystic sarcoma generally belongs to this class of cysts. Prolific (pro-lif -ik) \_proles, offspring ; facere, to make]. Fruitful ; very fertile. Prolification (pro-lif-ik-a' -shuii) \_prolificare, produce ottspring]. In biology, the development of organs or structures from a part normally ultimate. P. Islands, numerous spots upon the chorionic villi ; thickenings of the nucleated protoplasm of the ectoderm. The " Proliferationsinseln " of German authors. Proligerous \^ proles, offspring; gerere, to bear]. In biology, germinating ; producing oft- spring ; specifically applied to the film of infusions as the source of the microorganisms found in the infusion. P. Disc, see Discus proligerus. Promala (pro-ma' -lah) [pro, before; /wtz/a, jaw] . In biology, the so-called mandibles of the myriopods, homologous with the lacinia of the hexopodous max- illa (Packard), less correctly called protomala . Promanus (pro-ma' -nus) [pro, before ; maiius, hand]. The thumb. Promesoblast (^pro-me' -zo-blasf) \y:p6, before; fikaor, middle; p/aarn^, sprout]. The mass of primordial cells which subsequently develop into the mesoblast. Prometopia (pro-met-o' -pe-ah) [tt/jo, before; jikrCmov, forehead]. The anterior portion of the forehead, or the skin covering it. Prometopidia ( pro-mel-o-pid' -e-ah) [-po, before; fiii- Toi-nv, forehead]. Bandages for the forehead. Prominence ( prom'-i/i-e?is) [prominere , to jut out]. I. A projection on the surface of a part, especially on a bone. 2. The state of being prominent. 3. Im- portance ; distinction. P., Bony, a prominence on a bone, usually serving as a landmark. P., Doyere's. See Doyere's. P., Genital, an accumulation of cells on the ventral aspect of the embryonic cloaca and from which the generative organs are developed. P., Double, an abnormal prominence at the junction of the first and second sacral vertebrfe. P., False. Synonym of P., Double. P., Mental, the triangular eminence projecting forward from the middle of the body of the lower jaw. P., Sacro-vertebral, the promontory of the sacrum. Prominentia ( prom-in-en' -slie-ah) [L.: //. , Protninen- fi(c'\. Synonym o( Proi/rineuee. P. albicans. Syn- onym of Corpus albicans. P. encephali. Synonym of Corpora quadrigemina . P. laryngea. Synonym of Pomum adami. P. lentiformis. Synonym of Nucleus, Lenticular. P. natiformis. Synonym of the Abates of the Corpora cjuadrigemina. P. oculi to- tius. Exophthalmos. P. orbiculares majores. Syn- onym of the iVates of the Corpora (juadrigetiiina. P. orbiculares minores. Synonym of the Testes of the Corpora quadrigemina . P. semiovalis. Synonym of Olii'ary Bodv. P. sphserica, a cerebral convolu- tion. P. spiralis, a slight prominence on the outer wall of the cochlear duct, containing a small capillary PROMONTORY 1188 PROPARAPTERON vessel. P. testiformes, the testes of the corpora quadrigemina. Promontory [prom'- on- tor-e) \_pi'o, before; mons, mountain]. An elevation or prominence. P. of the Sacrum, the prominence formed by the angle between the upper e.Ktremity of the sacrum and the last lumbar vertebra. P. of the Tympanum, the prominence formed by the first turn of the cochlea. Promorph [pro' -i?ior/) [tt/jo, before ; |Uop(|)//, -form]. In biology, a primitive or fundamental fonn-type. Promorphologist [pro-nior-fol'-o-Jist) [irpo, before ; fw[)(j»/, form; /io;df, science]. One versed in pro- morphology. Promorphology ( pro-//ior-/<>/'-o-/c-)[_TTp6, he{ore ; /t6p(j)r/, form; Aoyoi;, science]. In biology, organic morphol- ogy as related to a few fundamental types of structure. The treatment of organic form from a mathematic or geometric basis. Promuscidate { pro-inns' -id-at) \_ promnscis, a corrupt form for proboscis']. Having the form of a promuscis. Promuscis [pro-nius'-is] \_ promuscis, a corrupt form for proboscis : pL, Promiiscides']. In biology, a probos- cis, beak, or rostrum ; usually applied to insects. Promycele [pro-mi' -sel). Same as Promycelium. Promycelial [pro-mi-se'-lc-£p(>g, kidney]. One of the canaliculi which in lower orders of animals, especially the invertebrata, act as excretory organs. Pronephron [pro-nef -ron^ [Trpd, before ; WfApdf, a kid- ney : //. , Pronephra\ In biology, "the first part of the urogenital system to be differentiated in the verte- brate embryo ; it is to be regarded as the phylogeneti- cally oldest part. It is found in the embryos of (prob- ably) all vertebrates, but disappears before adult life in selachians, some teleosts, and all amniota. It is always situated in the segments immediately behind the heart, and is a paired organ with a longitudinal duct, which finally opens into the cloaca." (Minot.) ("f. Head-kidnev , Primitive Kidney, Okenian Body, Wolffian Body'. Pronephros [ pro-nef -ros). Same as Pronephron. Proncea [pro-ne' -ah). Synonym of Prognosis. Pronotum ( pro-no' -turn) [npo, before ; rijro^-, back : //. , Pronotd]. The anterior of the three divisions of the dorsal section of the prothorax of an arthropod. Pronuclear [pro-nu' -kle-ar) \_pro, before; nucleus, nucleus]. Pertaining to a pronucleus. Pronucleate [ pro-nu' -kle-at) [/ro, before; nucleus, nucleus]. Having a pronucleus. Pronucleolus [pro-tiu-lde' -o-lus) \_pro, before ; nucleo- lus, nucleolus]. A nucleolus of a pronucleus. Pronucleus [pro-nu' -kle-us) [pro, before ; nucleus, nucleus : //., Pronuclei]. In biology, the name given by Ed. van Beneden to one of the two nuclear ele- ments of a newly fecundated ovum, the i/iale and the female pronucleus, the fusion (conjugation) of which re- sults in the formation of the first embryonic nucleus. The nucleus which appears within the ovum after the formation of the polar bodies is the female pronucleus. According to Hertwig, the head of the spermatozoid is transformed directly into the male pronucleus, while i Salensky holds that it is first dissolved and provokes i secondarily the formation of the male pronucleus. P., j Segmentation, the nucleus of the germ. P., Sperm. .Synonym of P., Male. j Probdontus [pro-o-don' -tus) [tt/jo, before ; drJoi'f, tooth]. j Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle formed 1 between the radius fixus and the line joining the sub- nasal and alveolar points is between 23° and 50°. I Proof-spirit. See Spirit. I Proosteon [pro-os' -te-on) \jTpo, before ; oa-iov, bone]. A bony process or prominence. Proostracal [ pro-os' -trak-al) \_Trp6, before; oarpaKov, j shell]. Pertaining to a proostracum. | ProostTacum [p>-o-os'-trak-um) l^-pd, before ; oarpaicov, j shell]. In biology, the projecting lamella of the thick 1 covering of tlte phragmacone of a cephalopod. Prootic [Trpd, before ; oiV, ear]. I. Before, ( or in front of, the ear. 2. One of the otic bones; very i constant in the skulls of the lower vertebrata. I Propagate [prop'-ag-dt) l_propagare, togenera.te]. To I generate ; to multiply. ; Propagation [prop-ag-a'-shmi) \_propagare, to gen- j erate]. Reproduction ; spreading, dissemination. P., | Arc of, a term given to that margin of the corneal creeping ulcer of Saemisch which assumes the form of | an elevated curve, and is more decidedly opaque or I yellow than the others. 1 Propagatorium ( prop-ag-at-o'-re um) [ propagare, to | generate, increase: //. , Propagatoria]. In biology, \ the entire mechanism of reproduction. Cf. Nutri- | torium, Locomotorium, Scnsorium. I Propagule ( pro-pag' -ul) \_propagare, to propagate]. .Same as Propagulum. ^ Propagulum [ pro-pag' -u-lum) \_propagare, to propa- j gait: pi., Propagula]. In biology, any structure, part, | or organ utilized in the asexual propagation of plants; 1 a stolon, offset, runner. j Propalanin [ pro-pal' -an-in), CjH„NO._,. Ainidobutyric j acid. It crystallizes in little leaflets or needles, and is ! very soluble in water. | Propalinal [pro-pal' -in-al) [xpd, before ; Trd/lti', back, i backward]. In biology, applied to the forward and I backward movement of the jaws of certain animals. j Propane (//-✓-/, wing: pi., Proparaptera]. In biol- ^ ogy, the third sclerite of the propleuron of an arthropod. ' 1 PROPARATERESIS 1189 PROPRIETARY Proparateresis [pro-pa?--af-er-e^-sis)\_TTp6, before ; irapa, beside ; Ty'jfir/ac^, a watching]. Prevention ; prophy- laxis. Propargylic Acid ( pro-par-gil'-ik) . See Propiolic A cid. Propatagial {pro-pat-a' -je-al) [tt/jo, before; TraTayeiov, a border]. I'ertaining to the propatagium. Propatagium {^pro-pat-a' -jc-nni) [tt/io, before ; nara- yelov, a golden stripe, border: //. , Propatagia'\. In biology, the fold of skin in front of and between the forearm and upper arm in the wing of a bird. Propathy [^rpo, before; -dtt;f, disease]. I. A premonitory symptom. 2. A past disease. Prop-cells. Cells, generally columnar or fusiform, placed in the intervals of the rods and hair-Cells of the organ of Corti. They are also known as Supporting Cells and Cells of Deiter. Proped {pro'-ped). See Proleg. Propedal [pi-o-pe'-dl) \_pro, for; pes, a foot]. Per- taining to a proped. Propendentia ( pro - pen - den'- she - ah). Synonym of Prolapse. P. uvulae, relaxation of the uvula. Propenyl {pro'-pen-il ). See Glyceryl. P. Trinitrate. Synonym of Xitroglycerin. Propenyl Yi.y6.raXe\pro' -pen-il-hi' -drat). SteGlycerin. Propepsin \pro-pep' -sin) [^pd, before ; Tvenreiv, to cook]. The zymogen, or mother-substance, of pepsin, found in the cells of the gastric glands. Propeptone {pro-pep' -ton). See under Peptone. Propeptonuria [pro-pep-ton-u' -re-ah) [irpd, before ; nsTTTeiv, to cook; ovpov, urine]. The appearance of propeptone or hemialbumose in the urine. It may occur in fevers, diphtheria, or osteomalacia, or during medication with storax or phosphorus. See Peptonuria . Properistoma {pro-per-is-to' -niah) [n-po, before; Trep/', around; ard/ia, mouth : pi., Properistomata']. In bi- ology, the thickened edge of the gastrula. Properistoma! [pro-per-is-to'-?nal) [rrpd, before; Trtp'i, around; crrd/za, mouth] . Pertaining to a properistoma. Properistome [pro-per' -is-fdin) . Same as Properistoma. Propeutoneal {pro-per-it-o-ne'-al ) [irpd, before; irepiro- vaiov, peritoneum]. Situated in front of the peritone- um. P. Hernia, a hernia the sac of which extends in various directions within the abdominal walls. P. Hernia, Cruro-, of Kroenlein, a femoral hernia in which an additional sac exists in the cellular tissue of the pelvis, between the peritoneum and the abdom- inal wall. P. Hernia, Inguino-, of Kroenlein; one which protrudes outward along the fold of the groin, within the abdominal walls ; by the P'rench termed hernie en bissac. Prophasis {prof'-as-is) [irpd, before ; <^atveiv,\a show]. I. Prognosis. 2. In biology, a collective term pro- posed by Strasburger for the phenomena of karyoki- nesis up to the longitudinal splitting of the threads. Cf anaphases, tnetaphases. Prophetin [prof'-et-in), C.2„H.jgO-. A glucosid found in Eelialliuni officinale and Cucuniis prophetariim . Prophloem [pro-flo'-em) [irpd, before ; (pXoioc, bark]. In biology, (a) the incipient rudiment or Anlage of phloem in a fibro-vascular bundle ; (/') a tissue in the sporophore of mosses resembling the phloem of higher plants. Prophragma pro-frag' -mah) {jrpo, before; <^payiia, fence, partition : pi., Prophragmata']. In biology, an internal, anterior, transverse plate of the exoskeleton of an insect, serving for the attachment of internal organs. Prophthalmos [prof-thal'-mos'). Synonym of Exoph- thalmos. Prophylactic {pro-fil-ak' -tik) [TrpotpvA'tnaneiv, to keep guard before]. Pertaining to prophylaxis. Also, a medicine or agent that prevents the taking of disease. Prophylaxis (pro-fl-aks'-is) \_'Kpnaic,a. fall- ing]. A falling downward of an organ from its place. Prolapse. P., Entero-. See Enteroproptosis. P., Gastro-. See Gastropiosis. . P. oculi. Syno- nym of Exophthalmos. P. palpebrae, ptosis. P. uvulae. Synonym Staphyledema. Proptysis [ ^rop' -tis-is). Synonym of Expectoration. Propulsion (pro-pul' -shuii) \_pro, before; pellere, to push]. The act of pushing or being pushed forward. It is a symptom of paralysis agitans ; as the patient walks there is a progressive increase in the rapidity of his gait, until he breaks into a run. This continues until he either falls or seizes a support. See Paraly- sis agitans and Ecstination . Propupa [pro-pn'-pah) \_pro, before ; pupa, pupa]. In biology, that stage of insect development immediately preceding the pupa. Propygidium {pro-pi-jid'-e-itm) [^pd, before; TTvyij, rump ; dim. l6iov : pi., Propygidia'\. In biology, the penultimate dorsal segment of the abdomen of certain insects. Propyl (/;-(/-///) [Trpurof, first; vI.t], matter], CjHj. The radicle of propane. Propylamin [pro-pil' -am-in) \jTpi>Tor^, first ; v'hr], matter ; amin^, C-jllgN. A ptomain, isomeric with trimethyl- amin. There are two propylamins possible, represented by the formula CHj. CH.^. CH^. NH. and (CH.,),,.- CH^. The former, or normal compound, boils at 47°- 48° C. ; while the latter, or isopropylamin, boils at 31.5° C. Iso-propylamin has been found among the distillation-products of beet-root molasses. Normal propylamin has been obtained from cultures of the bacteria of human feces, and a strongly similar basic substance from a cadaver. Both are non-poisonous liquids possessing an ammoniacal, fish-like smell. See Ptomains, Table of. Propylene (pro' -pil-en) [Trpwrof, first ; ttjcji', fat ; i'?r/, matter], CjH^. A gaseous hydrocarbon belonging to the series of the olefins. Prora (pro'-rah) [T/wj/ja, the prow of a ship]. I. Occi- put. 2. In biology, prow-shaped or C-shaped, as certain sponge spicules. Prorae, Sutura, the lambdoid suture. Proral (pro'-ral). See Cephalic. Prorenal (pro-re' -nal) \_pro, for, before ; ren, the kid- ney]. In biology, preceding the true kidney. See Duct, Segmental. Pro re nata ( pro-re-na' -tah) [L.]- A phrase signifying according to the circumstances of the case. Prorrhesis (pror-e'-sis). Synonym of Prognosis. ProTsad (pror' -sad ) [/ror.iv/w, forward]. Toward the anterior aspect. Prorsal (pror'-sal) [^prorsum, forward], ^^-nterior ; forward. Proruption ( pror-np'-shiin). Synonym of Eruption. Pros's Apparatus. A contrivance for making con- tinuous traction on the obstetric forceps, the counter- pressure being exerted upon the bed, that forms part of the apparatus. Prosarma ( pro-sar'-mah) [irpocrn/fjfa', to take up]. In- gesta; anything ingested. Prosartema (pros-ar' -tem-ali) [^irpoadpTri/m, appen- dage]. In biology, the appendage connected with the inner side of the first joint of the first pair of an- tennas in macrurous crustaceans. (Bate.) Prosarthrosis (pros-ar-thro'-sis). Synonym of Diar- throsis. Proscapula (pro-skap' -tt-lah) [ /"rfi, before ; scapula, slioulder-blade : pi., Proscapulcv\. In biology, one of the principal parameric elements of the shoulder-girdle of a fish. The humerus of Cuvier, the coracoid of Owen, and the clai'icle of later writers. Proscapular (pro-skap'-u-lar) [pro, before; scapula, shoulder-blade]. Pertaining to the proscapula. Proschysis (pros'-kis-is) [ir/jof, before; ^i:i'0'if, a pour- ing]. Affusion. Proscolecine (pro-skol^-es-in) \_Trp6, before; cr/coA^/f, a worm]. Pertaining to a proscolex. Proscolex ( pro - sio^- leks) [ npo, before ; okuIt]^, a worm: pi., Proscolices~\. In biology, the embryo of a cestode worm immediately after leaving the egg. It is a microscopic spheric or oval body provided at one pole with three pairs of divergent spicules by which it is enabled to penetrate the walls of the stomach or intes- tine of its host. Proscolla ( [Trpdf, before ; /cdAAa, glue: //., Proscol/ie'^. See Retinaculum. Proscutal { pro - sku'- tal) [pro, before; scutum, a shield]. Pertaining to the proscututn. Proscutellar { pro-sku-tel'-ar) [pro, before; scutelhtm, a little shield]. Pertaining to the proscutellum. Proscutellum (pro-sku-tel'-icm) [pro, before; scutel- lum, a little shield: pi., Proscutella']. In biology, the penultimate piece of the pronotum of an arthropod. Proscutum (pro-sku' -turn) [pro, before ; scutum, a shield: //. , Proscuta'\. The scutum, or second piece of the pronotum of an arthropod. Prosection (pro-sek' -shun) [prosecare , to cut off from before]. Dissection practised by a prosector. Prosector { pro-sek' -tor) [pro, for; sector, cutter]. An officer of a medical college who prepares subjects for anatomic dissection, or to illustrate didactic lectures. Prosectorship (pro-sek' -tor-ship) [prosecare, to cut off from before]. The office of a prosector. Prosencephal [pros - en^- sef - al). Same as Prosen- cephalon. Prosencephalic ( pros - en - sef - al'- ik) [7r/>df, before ; h/iiF.(f)nko^, brain]. Pertaining to the forehead or forebrain ; frontal. P. Arch, the neural arch of a frontal vertebra. Prosencephalon (pros - en - sef'- al - on) [npdr, before ; kyKe(f>n/ioc, brain]. The forebrain ; that part of the anterior cerebral vesicle from which are developed the hemispheres, the callosum, the anterior commissure, the fornix, the septum lucidum, the anterior perforated space, the olfactory lobes, and the corpus striatum. The cavity is the prosocele. Prosenchyma (pros-eng'-kim-ah) [Trpdf, near; h/xi>f", an infusion]. In biology, a term used to designate the elongated, taper-pointed cells and vessels of plants. Prosenchymatous (pros-eng-kim'-at-us) [jrpdf, near; h/xvfia, an infusion]. Belonging or pertaining to the prosenchyma. Prosenthesis (pros - en'- thes - is) [Trpdf, to; hSsai^, a putting in, insertion]. In biology, a supplementary relation which the measure of the phyllotaxis adopts in the transition from the last leaf of one cycle to the first of the next. (Sachs.) Prosethmoid (pros-eth'-moid) [n-pdr, toward; ?/'?//df, a sieve]. In biology, the median ethmoid bone of the' skull of a fish. Proslysis (pros' -lis-is). .Same as Catalysis. PROSOBREGMUS 1191 PROSTATE Prosobregmus {/^yos-o-breg'-mus) [Tr^xiaw, forward; ^pey/na, bregma], Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle formed between the radius lixus and the line joining the hormion and the bregma is be- tween 82° and 95.5°. Prosocele (pros' -o-sel) [^Trpoao), forward ; Kol'Avg, a hol- low]. The cavity of the prosencephalon. It is divided into three main divisions, a mesal cavity, the aula, and two lateral cavities, the paraceles, together with the rhinoceles (olfactory ventricles) or cavities of the olfactory bulbs. Prosodal {pros' -o-dal ) [7rp()f, to; b&oc, way, road]. In biology, incurrent. Prosodiencephal (pros-o-di-en'-sef-al) [TT-poou, for- ward ; fS/(i, through ; eyKeiia, body]. Pertaining to the prosoma. Prosomatic {pro-so-/iiat' -ik)\npu, before ; aotiia, body]. Pertaining to the prosoma. Prosoma (pro'-somj. Same as Prosoma. Prosopalgia [pros-o-paF-je-a/i)\Tip6aionov , face ; d/t;of, pain]. Face-ache; Tic douloureux. Prosopalgic [pros-o-paF -jik) \jrp6c(.diTov , face; d'/yoc, pain]. Affected with prosopalgia. Prosopantritis [pros-op-an-tri' -fis) [Trpuounov, face ; ai'r/301', cavity ; (r-rt/i) \jTp()Gu-Kov, face; nAriyij, stroke]. F'acial palsy. Prosoposalgia {pros-o-po-sal'-je-ah). .Synonym of Prosopalgia. Prosoposchisis {pros-o-pos'-kis-is ) [_np6aunov, face; axio'l\ fissure]. An oblique fissure or cleft of the face of a fetal monstrosity. It passes from the mouth to one of the orbits, and is usually associated with mal- formation of the brain. Prosoposis ( pros-o-po' -sis) [Trpucunov, face]. Physiog- nomy. Prosopospasmos (pros - 0 - po - spaz' - nios) [^rponuTrov, face ; airaaiior, spasm]. Risus sardonicus. Prosoposternodynia [pros - o -po- ster - no- din'-e- ali ) [TrpdtrwTToi', face ; crrfpi'oi', breast ; JWDpof, double]. A form of double monstrosity in which the twins are united by their faces and chests. Prosopothoracopagus (pros-o -po-tho - rak-op'- ag- us) [^TTpoacjTTov, face ; Hupn^, chest ; Trdyog, that which is fixed]. A form of double fetal monstrosity in which the twins are vmited by the upper abdomen, chest, and faces, the spinal columns being quite sep- arate and distinct. Prosopotocia (pros-o-po- to' -se-ali) [TrpdauTroi', face; t6k.o(;, birth]. Face-presentation in parturition. Prosoprosopus (pros-o-pros' -op-us) [Trpdau, forward ; Trpoauwnr, face]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle formed between the radius fixus and the line joining the nasion and the alveolar point is be- tween 66.5° and 78°. Prosopulmonate (pros - 0 - pul' - ino - nat) [tt/joctgi, for- ward ; pulino, lung]. Having anterior pulmonary organs. Prosopylar [pros-o-pi' -lar) \np6(j(j, forward ; ■Kvh}, a gate] . Pertaining to a prosopyle. Prosopyle ( pros' -o-pll) [rrfiunu, forward; vvXr/, a gate]. In biology, the aperture leading from the exterior into an endodermal chamber in a sponge, as distinguished from the apopyle, which furnishes com- munication between the endodermal chamber and the paragastric cavity. Prosorrhinus (pros-or-i' -nus) [Trpduw, forward; p/f, nose]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle formed between the radius fixus and the line joining the nasion and the subnasal point is between 66.5° and 77°. Prosoterma (pros-o-ter'-mak) [Trpdcru, forward; T>p/ta, limit]. A lamina uniting the two halves of the fornix. Prosothoracopagus [ pros-o-tho-rak-op' -ag-us) \_'Kp6m.>, forward ; Oupa^, thorax ; naynt;, fixed]. A double monstrosity with fusion of the thoraces. Prospegma (pros-peg' -inali) \_TTpoaTrr/yvvrnt, to fix]. An inspissated mass, especially of mucus, in the anus. Prosphysis (pros' -Jis-is) \_Tr poaipi'eoOai, to cling to]. Adhesion. P. palpebrarum. Synonym of Ankylo- blepharon. Prosporangium (^pi-o-spo-ran'-je-um) \npo, before; CTTopoc, seed; ayyelov, vessel: //. , Prosporangia~\. In biology, the rudiment or forerunner of the sporan- gium in the Chytridiea;. Prostata ( pros' -tat-ali) [_TTpoaTaTr/c, prostate ]. The prostate gland. Prostatalgia ( pros-tat-al' -/e-a/i) [Trpnarari]^, prostate ; a/iyof, pain]. Pain in the prostate gland. Prostatauxe (pi-os-fat-awks'-e) [ Trpofrrfirz/r, prostate; ni'f?/, increase]. Enlargement of the prostate gland. Prostate, or Prostate Gland [pros' -tat) [^TrpoaTaT>/c, Trpli, before; 'laravai, to stand]. The glandular body surrounding the neck of the bladder and beginning of the urethra. It is situated behind the symphysis PROSTATECTOMY 1192 PROSTRATION pubis, and upon the rectum, througli which it is palpable when enlarged. It measures an inch and a half in its transverse diameter, an inch in its antero posterior, and three-quarters of an inch in thickness. Its weight is about 6 drams. It consists of two lateral and a middle lobe. In structure it consists of muscular and glandular tissue ; a distinct capsule surrounds it. The prostate often becomes enlarged in advanced life, and may then interfere with the emptying of the bladder. P., Anterior, a small glandular body some- times found in front of Mery's glands. P., Enlarged, the enlargement of the prostate gland, so frequent in advanced life. One of the most constant symptoms is frequent urination, especially at night. Prostatectomy ( pros-tat-ek' -to-vie) [ ■Kpoararij^, pros- tate ; tKToiii], excision]. Excision of a part of the prostate, also known as Mercier^ s Operation. Prostatelcosis, Prostathelcosis ( pros-tat-el-ko' -sis, pros-tat-kel-ko'-sis) [ -pooran/i;, prostate; e/iKuaii;, ulceration]. Ulceration of the prostate. Prostatic { pros - tat'- ik) [ -po(7rdr;/f , prostate]. Re- lating to the prostate. P. Acini, highly developed urethral glands, opening by several ducts on the free surface of the urethra. P. Calculus, a stone lodged in the prostate gland. P. Ducts, a number of short ducts opening upon the floor of the urethra, and com- municating with the prostate gland. P. Plexus. I. A collection of veins surrounding the neck and base of the bladder and- the prostate gland. 2. A plexus of nerves derived from the pelvic plexus, and distributed to the prostate gland, seminal vesicles and erectile tissue of the penis. P. Sinus, a depression in the prostatic urethra, one on each side of the verumontanum, which marks the entrance of the prostatic ducts. P. Urethra, that portion of the urethra surrounded by the prostate gland. P. Vesicle, a small cul-de-sac situated at the middle of the highest portion of the crest of the urethra. It is the analogue of the uterus of the female, and is also called the uterus iitasculiniis, the sinus pociilaris and the utricle. Prostaticus {pros-tat' -ik-us). Same as Prostatic. Prostatitic ( pros-tat-it' -ik) [Kpoardri/r, prostate ; ntc, inflammation]. Affected with prostatitis. Prostatitis ( pros-tat-i' -tis) [:rpo(Trar;/f, prostate ; nir, inflammation]. Inflammation of the prostate gland. Prostatocele [pros ■ ta/'- o -set ) [-/50crrdr/;f, prostate; K/f/i/, tumor]. An enlargement of the prostate gland, causing a tumor-like projection. Prostatocystitis { pros-tat-o-sis-ti' -tis) [Trpocrrdr^yf , pros- tate ; Kvaric, bladder; ;r/f, inflammation]. Inflamma- tion of the prostate and urinary bladder. Prostatolith ( pros - tat'- o - lith) [TpoCTT-dr^yf, prostate ; //rtjf , a stone]. A prostatic calculus. Prostatome { pros' -tat-om) [7r/jo(jrdr;/f , prostate ; ro////, a cutting]. A cutting-instrument used in operations upon the prostate. Prostatomele [pros-tat-oiii' -e/-e) [-po(7rdr//f, prostate ; /////;/, probe]. A sound for exploration of the prostate gland. Prostatometer (pros-tat-om'-et-er) [TTpoaraTtic, prostate ; /lirpDv, measure]. An instrument used in measuring the prostate. Prostatoncus ( pros-tat-oii^'-Zcus) [-/joffr«r//f , prostate ; o; hiir, tumor]. A tumor of the prostate. Prostatoparectasis ( pros-tat-o-par-ek' -tas-is) \jTpoa-a- 7//r, prostate ; 7r(7/j(\™(T/r, a stretching]. Enlargement of the prostate gland. Prostatorrhea (pros-tat-or-e' -a/i) \T:pnnTaT)](.\, prostate ; jmia, flow]. A thin, urethral discharge coming from the prostate gland in prostatitis. Prostatoscirrhus [pros-tat-o-skir'-i/K>/, an addition, ap- pendage] . Pertaining to the prostheca. Prosthema (pros' -tlie-ma/i) \_7vpoaH£fj.a, an addition, ap- pendage : pi., Prosthcniata'\. In biology, the leaf- like appendage of the nose of a bat, as in Phyllorhina. Prosthencephalon (pros-then-sef -al-on) \r:p6ai)(v, be- fore ; f}Kt(pa'/or, the brain]. The segment of the brain consisting of the cerebellum and oblongata. Prosthesis (pros' -tkes-is) [Trpdf, to ; litoic;, a placing]. 1. Substitution of an artificial for a natural part ; re- placement of a missing part by an artificial substitute. 2. The branch of surgery which is devoted to supply- ing by artificial means parts that are defective. P., Dental, the replacement of the loss of one or more teeth by an artificial substitute. Prosthetic (pros-thet' -ik) [Tpdr, to; ft'rr/f, a placing]. Pertaining to prosthesis, or the use of artificial substi- tutes to replace lost or wanting parts of the body. P. Apparatus, an apparatus which serves as a substitute for a part that is missing. P. Dentistry, the replace- ment of natural teeth by artificial substitutes. Prosthetics (pros-thet' -iks) [jrpdc, to; Wc/f, a placing]. The branch of surgery which deals with prosthesis. Prosthion (pros' -the-on) \_-puai^Loq, foremost]. I. Al- veolar point. See Crauiometric Points. 2. Penis. Prostitution [pros - tit- u'- slum) \_prostilutio'\. The condition or act of a woman who indiscriminately lets her body for sexual intercourse. In many of the countries of Europe prostitution is recognized as a matter for hygienic inspection, the prostitutes being subject to police surveillance and medical inspection. In the United States the existence of the evil is, in general, legally ignored. Prostoma (pro-sto'-mah) [^pd, before ; ard/ia, mouth]. The blastopore. Prostomial (pro - sto'- /ne - al ) [irpd, before; ardfia, mouth]. Preoral ; pertaining to the prostomium. Prostomiate (pro - sto'- me - at ) [rrpd, before; aroua, mouth]. Provided with a prostomium. Prostomium (pro-sto' -me-uin) [-po, before; nrdjin, mouth : Prostomia\ In biology, the region in front of the mouth ; said of embryos or invertebrates. Prostrate (pros' -trat)\_ pro, before; stei-nere, to spread]. Lying flat or at full length. Prostrated ( pros' -tra-ted) [pro, before; sternere, to spread]. Exhausted ; stricken down. Prostration (p/vs-tra'-sl/un) [pro, before; stcrnere, to s])read]. The condition of being prostrate. Extreme exhaustion of nervous or muscular force. P., Nervous, general exhaustion from excessive expenditure of nervous energy. Intense mental application may produce it. PROTAGON 1193 PROTERAXDROUS Protagon {pro' -tag-on) [jrpJjrof, first ; dyew, to lead], CjgnH^pgNjPOjj. A crystalline substance discovered in nervous tissue, by Liebreich. It separates out Irom warm alcohol on gradual cooling in the form of very small needles, often arranged in groups ; it is slightly soluble in cold, more soluble in hot alcohol, and in ether. It is insoluble in water, but swells up and forms a gelatinous mass. It melts at 200° C. and forms a brown sirupy fluid. Protalbumose {prot-al' -bit-inoz). Same as Protoalbu- iHOse. Protameba pro- tarn -e' -bah) [-/ourof, first; afunflij, ameba]. A genus, or perhaps only a stage of develop- ment, of moners, or protists, of the very siiijplest type. Protamin (^pro-tain' -in) [7r/jwrof, first; ainiH'\, CjgH3.^Ng02. An organic base found in the nuclein of the outer covering of spermatozoa. Protamnion {pro-tam' -neon) [Trporof, first; afiviov, amnion]. The hypothetic ancestral type of existing amniotic animals. Protamphirine i^pro-tam' -Jir-in) [Trpwror, first ; ayn^'i, on both sides ; pif, nose]. In biology, the hypo- thetic ancestral type of existing amphirhine animals. Protandric ( pro-tan' -drik). Same as Protandrous. Protandrous [pro-tan' -d?-us). Same as Proterandroits. Protandry [ pro-tan' -dre) \T^pi>Tcn;^ first; (ii''//J, mate]. See Proterandry. Protarsus { pro-tar' -sus) [Trpd, before ; Tapaa<;, tarsus : //., Protarsi\ In biology, the tarsus of the fore-leg of a six-footed insect. Protean { pro' -te-ati) [like the ancient gpd Proteus'\. Existing in many shapes ; as a protean disease, protean eruption. Protective [pro - tck' - tiv) [ pro, before ; tegere, to cover]. I. That which covers or protects. 2. As a noun, a water-proof substance, which is laid directly upon a wound as a part of the antiseptic dressing. P. Bandage. See Bandage. P. Dressing, an anti- septic dressing, shielding the part involved from injury or septic contamination. P., Green. See Protective, second definition. Proteids {pro' -te-ids) [/rpwrtif, first]. A general term for the albumins and albuminoid constituents of the organism. They are the anhydrids of peptones, are colloid, non-crystallizable, and levogyrous, and are composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitro- gen in certain proportions. They are precipitated from solutions by alcohol and various metallic salts, and are coagulated by heat and mineral acids. They form the principal solids of the muscular, nervous, and glandular tissues, of the serum of the blood, of serous fluids, and of lymph. Proteids are divided by Landois into: I. The Native Alhttniins, comprising Serum-albumin, Egg-albumin, Metal-albumin, and Paralbumin (the last two are probably the same substance) ; 2. The Derived Albiiniins, or Albuminates, comprising Acid-albumin, Syntonin, Alkali albumin, and Casein, or Native Alkali-albumin; 3. The Glob- ulins, subdivided into Crystallin, the globulin of the crystalline lens, Vitellin, Para-globulin or Serum- globulin, Fibrinogen, Myosin, Globin ; 4. The Fibrins : 5. Coagulated Proteids ; 6. Albumoses and Peptones : 7. Lardacein or Amyloid Substances. For the tests for proteids, see Xanthoproteic Reaction, Alillon' s Reagent, Piotrowski^ s Reaction, B7ucke's Reagent, and Adamkiewicz' s Reaction, in Tests, Table of. P., Defensive, certain bacteria-destroying substances, either existing normally in the animal economy, or produced therein by the process of vaccination or inoculation. Buchner proposes for them the name of alexins. Those defensive proteids that exist normally in the animal are termed by Hankin So'-Ans, while those that are present in artificially immune animals are termed Phvlaxins. Alyco-sozins and H/yco-p/iylaxins are sub-divisions that act by destroying the microbes, while Toxo-sozins and Toxo- pkylaxins act by destroying microbic products. P., Vegetal, or Vegetable, proteid substances found in plants, especially in seeds, closely resembling those in animals. They have been given the same names with the prefix vegetal, as, e.g., vegetal globulin, myosin, vitellin, casein, glutin, etc. A true peptone has not been found, but allied substances called albumoses, ar\A divided into Alpha {a) albumoses, Beta {(i)-albumoscs and Phylalhumoses, have been differentiated. Proteiform {pro-te' -if-orin) [Proteus, a mythical charac- ter that assumed various shapes; forma, a form]. Having various forms. See Protean. Proteil {pro' -te-il ) [-pwrof, first; v'/j], matter]. In biology, the term applied by Lankester to that definite chemic substance of very high complexity which is probably present in all protoplasm. The hypothetic essential basis of every variety of living matter. Protein ( pro'-te-in) l_Trpo)T£vetv, to be first]. In biology : I. The term introduced by Mulder (1838) to designate the hypothetic compound common to all albuminoids. It is now loosely used to denote the whole class. Cf. Proteid. 2. A nitrogenous substance analogous to fibrin. It is formed artificially by the action of an alkaline hydrate on albumin, fibrin, or casein. The addition of acetic acid precipitates the ])rotein as a gel- atinous translucent deposit. P., Anthrax, a proteid obtained from cultures of bacillus anthracosis. It resembles mykoprotein in not containing sulphur. P. Bodies. Hee Proteids. P. Granules. SeeAleurone. P., Micro-, Nencki's term for any one of the albu- minous bodies contained within bacterial organisms. Proteinchrome, Proteinchromogen {pro'-te-in-krom, pro-te-in-kro' -tno-jeti ) [Trpijrof , first ; ;|'p6j//a, color ; ysvvav, to produce]. TrvptopJian ; a substance pro- duced from hemi-peptone hy the action of trypsin. It gives with chlorin or bromin a reddish violet product, proteinch rome . Proteinol {pro' -te-in-ol) [Trpurof, first ; oleum, oil]. A form of nutritious food for infants and invalids. It contains proteids, fats, carbohydrates and lime-salts. Protembryo {pro-teni' -bre-o) [Trpwrof, first; efippvnv, embryo]. In biology, that stage in the segmenting ovum of a metazoon in which it resembles the colonial stage of certain protozoans. Protembryonic {pro-tem-bre-on'-ik) [Trp&jrof, first; i-ii.ipvov, embryo]. Pertaining to the protembryo. Protencephalon {pro-ten- sef'-al-on ) [-puro^, first; kyKtc^iaXnc;, brain]. The fore-brain. Protenchyma {pro-tcng' -kim-ah)\_-KpC>Toc, first ; iyx^'I'^t an infusion]. In biology, Najgeli's tenu for all plant- tissues not of the fibro-vascular system (epenchyma). Proteolysis {pro-te-oF -is-is) \jTpuTEmiv, to be first; ?iro-/f, dissolving]. In biology, the change produced in proteids by organized or unorganized ferments. P., Digestive, the decomposition of proteids during the process of digestion. Proteolytic {pro-fe-o-lit'-ik) [-pwroi;, first ; '/ iair, solu- tion]. Pertaining to, characterized by, or effecting, proteolysis. See Ferments. Proteoses {pro-te-o'-sez) [irpwrof, first]. The bodies formed in gastric digestion intermediate between the food proteids and the peptones, called anti-peptone, hemi-peptone, etc. Proterandrous, Protandrous ( pro-ier-an' -drus, pro- tan' -drus). In biology, terms descriptive of her- maphrodite flowers that mature their stamens befi-)re the stigmas are ready to receive the pollen. P. Her- maphroditism. See Hernutpliroditism. FROTERANDRY 1194 PROTOHEMOBLAST Proterandry i^pro-ter-an' -drc) [ir/jorfpoi;, being before; a.vr]p, male]. In biology, the maturation of the stamens in a perfect flower before the pistil is suffici- ently mature to admit of fertilization. Proteranthous {pro - tcr - an'- thus) fore; avOoQ, flower]. In biology, flowering before leafing. Proterogynous [pro-ter-oj' -iii-tis) [Tr/jtirf/jor, fore ; yvvri, female]. In biology, possessing stigmas that are first to mature. Proterog'yny {pro-ter-oj'-in-e) [rrpdrfpor, fore; yvvtj, female]. In biology, the maturation of the pistil of a perfect flower before the stamens have matured their pollen. Proteus (/ru'-Zt'-wj-) [L.]. A genus of microbes of the order of schizomycetes. See under Bacteria, Syno- nymatic Table of. Prothallium [pro-t/iaF-e-/tiii) \_pro, before; tliallus, a young shoot]. In biology, the thalloid oophyte oi sexual generation of a fern or other pteridophyte, pro- duced by the germination of a spore and giving rise by means of antheridia and archegonia to the frondose generation. Cf. Protonema. Prothallus {pro-thaF-us). Same as Prothallium. Prothelmis {pro - thel'- mis) [Trpurof , first : eAfiic, a worm]. In biology, a hypothetic ancestral worm, having a structure homologous to the four-layered germ of metazoans. Prothesis {proth' -es-is) [Trpd, for; Qiioir, a placement]. Synonym of Prosthesis. P. ocularis, an artificial eye. Prothetic [pro-fkei'-ik). Synonym of Prosthetic. Prothoracic [pro - tho - ras'- ik) \j^p6, before; 6(jpaf, breast]. Pertaining to the prothorax. Prothoracotheca { pro-tho-rak-o-the' -kali) [:rp(i, before; Otjpai, breast; H//Kr/, a case: //. , Prothoracothecif\. In biology, that part of a pupa-case inclosing the pro- thorax. Prothorax (pro-tho'-raks) [irpd, before ; dupa^, breast]. In biology, the most anterior of the three thoracic somites of an insect. Prothrorubin { pro-thro-ru' -bin). One of the bodies which influence the breaking up of cystin and favor coagulation of the blood. (.Sclimidt. ) Prothyalosoma {pro-thi-al-o-so'-mah) [irpurof, first; iia/of, glass; aufia, body: pi., Prothvalosomata'\. The name proposed by van Beneden (1883) for the envelop of the nucleolus of an ovum. Prothyalosomal (pro-thi-al-o-so'-mal) [Trpwroi;, first ; hahw, glass ; aijiia, body]. Pertaining to the pro- thyalosoma. Protiodid {prot-V -o-dld) [Trpurof, first ; }(j(h/r, like a violet]. One of a series of salts in which the metal or radicle fixes, relatively, the smallest proportion of iodin, c. , Protiodid of Mercury, Hg,^ I,, in contradistinction to the biniodid, Hg I.^. Protist {pro' -list) \_protiston ; npuTLCSToq, the very first]. Any unicellular organism. Any protophyte, or protozoon ; a microorganism. Protista ( /'rt;-/'/j"'-i'(?//) [//. , superlative of Trpuroc, first]. In biology, the name proposed by Haeckel (1868) for those lower organisms which are not readily referred to the plant or animal kingdom. See Oozoa. Protmesis {prot-me' -sis). Synonym of Umbilicus. Proto- {pro' -to-) [irpwrof, first]. A prefix signifying first. Protoalbumose { pro-to-at' -bu-moz). .See Albumose. Protoblast {pro' - to - blast) [Trpurof, first; /3^,a(Trdf, germ]. I. A cell without a distinct cell-wall. 2. The nucleus of the ovum. (Villot.) Protoblastic {pro-to-bias' -tik) ^jrpCnoc, first ; [S'/aarut;, germ]. .See Holoblastic. Protocaseose {pro-to-ka'-ze-dz) [Trpwrof, first; caseum, cheese]. The first product of the digestion of casein. Protocatechuic Acid [pro-to-kat-e-chu'-ik) [npurn^, first; catechu'\. Dioxy-benzoic acid. See Acitl. It sometimes occurs in urine. P. aldehyd. SeeAlilehyd. Protocercal {pro-to-ser' -kal) [Trpwrof, first; Kepm^, tail]. In biology, having a tail-fin of primitive type. Protocere {pro' -to-ser) [/rpurof, first ; /cf paf, horn]. In biology, the rudimentary antler of a deer. Protocerebral ( pro-to-ser' -e-bral ) [Trpurof , first ; cere- brum, cerebrum]. Pertaining to the protocerebrura. Protocerebrum ( pro-to-scr' -c-hrum) [-pwrof , first ; cerebrum, cerebrum]. The embryonic rudiment or vesicle from which the cerebrum is evolved. 'Protochloiid {pro-to-klo'-i-id) [n-pwroc, first; x^'^poi, green]. One of a series of salts in which the metal or radicle fixes, relatively, the smallest amount of chlorin, e. g., the Protochlorid of Mercury, Hg.^Cl2. ProtoCOCCUS {pro-to-kok' -us) \npuTOQ, first ; kokko^, berry]. \ genus of unicellular algge. Proto-compound {pro-to-kom' -pozvnd) [/rpwrof, first ; ME., compounen, to mix or compound]. A salt in which the metal or radicle fixes, relatively, the smallest proportion of the acid element. See Protiodid and Protochlorid. Proto-conch ( pro' -to-kongk) [-pwrof , first ; Koyxn, a mussel, shell]. In biology, the primitive type of shell in an ammonoid cephalopod. Protoconchal {pro-to-kong' -kal) [Trpurof, first ; noyx'h a mussel]. Pertaining to the protoconch. Protocone {pro' -to-kdn) [rrpuroc, lirst ( -pd, before, an- terior) ; K(.)i'oc^, cone]. In biology, the anterior, inter- nal cusp of an upper molar. Protoconid {pro-to-ko' -nid ) [/r/iwrof, first (jrpd, before, anterior) ; kuvo^, cone]. In biology, the anterior internal cusp of a lower molar. Protoconule {pro-to-kon' -ill) [7rp6)-of, first (Trpd, be- fore, anterior ; /fMi'of, cone]. In biology, the anterior intermediate cusp of an upper molar. Protodont {pro' -to-dont) [-pwrof, first; bdovg, tooth]. A simple molar tooth in which the cusps are not well defined. Proto-elastin ( pro-to-e-las' -tin) [irpwrof, first ; elastin\ A chemic substance obtained by Frenzel from the cuticula of gregarinK. Proto-elastose {pro-to-e-las' -toz) [7rp(7jrof, first ; iXavv- (IV, to urge forward]. Hemi-elastin ; one of the pro- ducts of digestion of elastin. It is precipitable by saturation with sodium chlorid. Protogala {pro-tog' -al-ah). Synonym of Colostrum. Protogaster {pro-to-gas' -ter) [Trpwrof, first ; yaarr/p, stomach]. In biology, the primitive intestinal cavity of a gastrula or two-layered germ. Piotogastric {p>'o-to-gas'-trik) [Trpwrof, first; yaarl/p, belly]. Pertaining to the protogaster. Protogenal { pro-toj'-en al) [irpwrof, first; yevijQ, pro- duced]. Primitive; original; first-born. Protogenesis (/rf-/f -/£•«'-«-?>) [Trpwror, first ; yhemg, generation]. See Abiogenesis. Protogenetic {pro-to-jen-ef -ik) \npisroc, first ; yivraic, genesis]. Pertaining to protogenesis. Piotogenio {pro-to-jen' -ik) [npuro^, first; ;ri'/;r, pro- duced]. In biology, applied to intercellular spaces formed at the time the tissues are beginning to differ- entiate. Protoglobulose {pro - to - glob'- u - loz) [rrpurof, first ; globulus, a ball]. One of the primary products of the digestion of globulin. Protogynous {pro-toj'-in-us) \jTpu-oc, first; fe- male]. Pertaining to protogyny. Protogyny {pro-tof -iu-e) [Trpwrof, first ; yvvij, female]. See Prolerogyny . Protohemoblast ( pro-to-hcm' -o-blast ) [Trpwror, first ; oipa, blood; /3/ affro^', sprout]. The hemoglobin cell. PROTOIODID 1195 PROTOPODITE Protoiodid {pro-/o-i'-o-Jld). Synonym of Protiodid. Protokollagen ( pro-to-kol' -aj-en) [Trpwrof , first ; m'A'Aa, glue; yevvdv, to produce]. A substance isolated by Frenzel from gregarinft. Cf. Proto-elastin. Protoleucyte (/''f - to - In'- sit) [Trpurof , first ; 'kf.vnuc, white ; /ctToc, a cell]. In biology, the name given by Salensky to the formative portion of the ovum, in which the finely granular protoplasm predominates, as distinguished from the deiitolcHcyte , in which the vitel- line granules are most abundant. Protoleukocyte (/'/■i?-/o-///-/J'()-^z/)[7rpa)rof , first; Afiwiif, white; /ciirof, cell]. One of the minute lymphoid cells found in the red bone-marrow and also in the spleen. Protomala [pro - to - ma' - lali) [-puroi-, first; mala, mandible : pi., Protomalce\. See Promala. Protomalal {^pro - to - ma'- lal) [ir/jwrof, first; ??iala, mandible]. Pertaining to the protomala. Protomeristem (pi-o-to-mer'-is-tem) [npurog, first; //f/jof, a part]. See Meristem, Priviary. Protomerite [pi-o-tom'-er-lt) [irpurof, first; fiipoc, a part]. In biology, the anterior of the two cells of a septate gregarine, as distinguished from the posterior cell, the deiitomerite [q. v.). If it bear a proboscis, or epimerite, the organism is spoken of as Cephalont. Protomeritic (pro-to-mer-it'-ik) [Trpwrof, first; /nipor, a part]. Pertaining to a protomerite. Protomorphic (pro-to-mor'-Ji^) [Trpwroc, first ; finpipi/, form]. In biology, of a primitive or original form or structure. Protomyosinose [pro-to-tiii-os' -in-oz) [npuroc, first ; fivg, muscle]. A primary product of the digestion of myosin. Proton {pro'-to)i) [Trpuror, first]. A term suggested by Wilder to designate the primitive, undifferentiated mass or rudiment of a part. It is the equivalent of the words Anlage and futidament as employed by Minot and Mark respectively. Protonema i^pro-to-ne' -mah ) [Trpwror, first ; vtjfia, a thread]. In biology, a colorless, confervoid or fila- mentous structure produced from the germinating spore and forming one stage in the life-history of a moss. Upon it the leafy plant containing chlorophyl arises as a lateral shoot. Cf. Prothallmm. Protonemal (pro-to-ne'-mal) [Trpwrof, first; vf/ija, a thread]. Pertaining to the protonema. Protonematoid (/ro - to - ne' - mat - oid ) [Trpwrof , first ; vfiiia, a thread ; £i(5of , like]. In biology, resembling a protonema. Protoneme { pro' -to-ne»i). Same as Pi-otonema. Protonephric {pro-to-iief' -rik) [Trporor, first; ve(fip6c, kidney]. Pertaining to the protonephron. VtoXone^'bTvaYa {^pi'o - to - nef- re - tint). Synonym of Protonephron. Protonephron i^pro-to-nef ' -ran) \_~pi,)Toc, first ; vt) The primitive type, or original, of some organic being. Protoplastic {pro-to-plas' -tik) [Trporof, first ; n/aaaeir, to form]. Synonym of Protoplasmic. Applied also to a solution for determining the influence of the blood- plaques upon the coagulation of blood. P. Liquid, Schmidt's ; its preparation is as follows : One part of blood is allowed to flow into 3 parts of a 28 per cent, watery solution of magnesium sulphate at 0° C. This is well stirred and allowed to stand until sedi- mentation of the corpuscular elements has taken place. The supernatant liquid is then drawn off and filtered at 0° C. Protopodial { pro-to-po' -de-al) [ -pwrof, first; Troir, food]. Pertaining to a protopodium. Protopodite {pro-top' -0 dit) [7rp(7;rof, first; ttow, foot]. In biology, the shaft or stem of a biramose limb of a crustacean, as distinguished from the inner branch PROTOPODITIC 1196 PROTRUSIO i^endopodite) and the outer branch (exopodite) ; or a third division added in appendages concerned in res- piration {epipodite). Protopoditic {pro - to - po - dit' - ik') [Trpurof, first; -Kovr, foot]. Pertaining to a protopodite. Protopodium [pro-/o-po'-de-iim) [Trpwrof, first ; ■Kovg, foot: //. , Protopodin'\. In biology, the primitive or typical podium or foot of a mollusc. Protoproteose [pro-topro'-fe-dz)\TTijC)Tog, firsl; proteose'^. A white powder, readily soluble in water, yielding a slightly turbid fluid. Protopsyche {pro-to-si' -ke) [Tr/jwro^-, first; t/id;);/;, soul]. In biology, Haeckel's term for the fore-brain. Cf. Psyche. Protopterous { pro-top' -ter-iis) [Tr/xTjrof, first; irriLpov, wing]. In biology, having a simple or primitive type of limb. Protopterygium ( pro - to - ter - ij'- e - laii) [-Trpurof, first ; TTrfpv^, fin]. In biology ; the anterior osseous piece joining the pectoral fin of fishes to the pectoral arch. Protoquinamicin ( pro - to - kwiti - am' - is - in) [ nftuTog, first; Sp. , bark ; «»//«], CjjH^oNjO.^. A sub- stance which is obtained when quinamin sulphate is heated to 120° C. Protosalt [pro'-to-sawlt) [Trpurof, first ; ME., salt, salt]. In chemistry, that one of two or more compounds of a metal with an acid which contains relatively the least quantity of metal. Protosoma {^pro-to-so' -mafi) npi)TO^, fish; f, sharp]. The one of a series of oxids of a metal or radicle which contains relatively the smallest proportion of oxygen. Protoxylem ( pro - to - zi'- lem) [Trpurof , first ; ^v\ov, wood]. In biology, the first-formed elements of the xyleni of a bundle. Protozoa (pro-to-zo'-ah) [ir/jwrof, first; Cfiof, animal]. The lowest class of the animal kingdom, comprising organisms which consist of simple cells or colonies of cells, and which possess no nervous system, and no circulatory organs. Within recent years the study of the lower forms of animal life in relation to disease has been diligently pursued, and evidence is constantly accumulating in favor of the view that certain diseases of animals and of man are produced by protozoa. For the parasitic protozoa of man and domestic ani- mals see the following genera under Parasites (Ani- inal). Table of: — Amoeba, Balantidium, Balbiania, Bodo, Biitschlia, Cercomonas, Cocciditttn, Cystomoiias, Cytospermium, Dasvtricha, Diplodinium, Eimeria, Entodiniiim ,Globidiiim , Gregarina , IJamoplasmodium, Herpetomotias, Heteromita, Megastoina, Microsporidia, Aliescheria, Monas, Monocercomonas, Ophryoscolex, Poliinitus, Rhophalocephalus, Sareocystis, Trichomonas, Trypanosoma . Protozoal, Protozoan [pro-to-zo'-al, pro-to-zo' -an) [TTpwrof, first ; C.Ciov, animal]. First, lowest, primitive. Protozoon { pro-to-zo' -on) [irpwrof, first ; k,i3nv, animal]. One of the Protozoa. Protractile [pro-trak'-til) [pro, before ; trahere, to draw]. Capable of being protruded or thrust out. Protraction { pro-trak' -shun) [/;•<), before ; trahere, io draw]. Extraction, as of foreign bodies from wounds. Protractor (pro-trak' -tor) [ pro, before ; trahere, to draw]. I. A surgical instrument used for drawing extraneous bodies from wounds. 2. A mathematic instrument employed in measuring angles and recording them on paper. 3. A muscle that draws forward. Protrahens (pro-fj-ah'-enz) [L.]. A drawing forward. P. auriculae, a muscle drawing the pinna forward. It is known, also, as the Attrahcns aurevi. See Muscles, Table of. P. lentis, the ciliary muscle of the eye. Protrude (pro-trud') [prolmdcre, to thrust forward]. To thrust forward or to be thrust forward. Protrusile (pro-tru'-zil). Synonym of Protractile. Protrusio ( pro-tru' -ze-o) [L.] . Synonym of Protrusion. P. enorbitalis, protrusion of the orbit and the eye. P. exorbitalis, P. oculi. .Synonym of Exophthalmos. PROTRUSION 1197 PRURITUS Protrusion ( pro-tru' -zhun) \_protrudere, to thrust for- ward] . The act of thrusting forward ; also the state of being thrust forward. Protrusor [pro - tnc'- zor) \_protrudere, to thrust for- ward]. Anything protruded, or which protrudes. P. labii inferioris, the corrugator muscle of the lower lip. P. linguae. Synonym of Genio-glossits. See Muscles, Table of . Protuberance {pro-tu' -ber-ans) \_protuberantia ; pro, forward; i'/zitr, a swelling]. A knob-like projecting part. P., Annular. Synonym oiFms varolii. P., Cerebral: I. Synonym of Pons varolii. 2. The prominence formed by the upper or anterior of the cerebral flex- ures of the embryo. P., External Occipital, the central prominence on the outer surface of the flat por- tion of the occipital bone. P., Frontal : I. The prom- inence of the frontal bone. 2. The prominence formed by the lower of the two flexures of the cephalic end of the embryo. P., Inferior Maxillary, in the embryo, a prominence formed on each side by a division of the first pharyngeal arch, and representing the rudiments of the lower jaw. P., Internal Occipi- tal, a slight central prominence on the inner surface of the tabular portion of the occipital bone. P., Lateral Frontal, an elevation on either side of the frontal prominence of the embryo. P., Mental. A syn- onym of Prominence, Mental. P., Natiform, the nates of the corpora quadrigemina. P., Occipital. 'See P. , External Occipital, and , Internal Occipital. P., Parietal, the eminence of the parietal bone, situ- ated near the sagittal suture. P., Superior Maxil- lary, a prominence formed on each side of the em- bryo by a division of the first pharyngeal arch. Protuberantia {pro-tu-her-an' -she-ah) [L.]. Synonym of Protuberance. P. basilaris, P. cerebralis. Syn- onyms of Pons. P. laryngea. Synonym of Pomum adami. P. scleralis, a small prominence of the sclera posteriorly, below the entrance of the optic nerve. Protuberate {pro-tu'-ber-at) \_protuberare , to swell out]. To swell, or become prominent, as the navel. Protureter ( pro-tu-re' -ter) [Tr^iwrof, first; owpo??, urine]. A primitive ureter, or excretory duct of a protonephron. Protyle ( //'i?-/'/'-/^) [Trpwror, first ; i" A;?, matter]. I. In biology, the hpyothetic primal substance from which all living matter is supposed to be derived ; also called biod, biogen, zoether, psychoplasnt. 2. Syn- onym of Methyl. Protylic (/ro-/?'/'-//!-) [TTpwror, first ; iiA//, matter]. Per- taining to or derived from protyl. Proud Flesh. A popular term for the sprouting of an inflamed area ; granulations. Also, any fungous growth. Provan's Paste. A paste used in the treatment of eczema. Its formula is : Tragacanth and glycerin, each 4 drams ; sodium borate, J4 dram ; distilled water, a sufficient quantity. Apply during the day and wash off at night. Proventricular {pro -ven - trik' - ii - lar) [ pro. before ; ventriculus, dim. of 7ienter, stomach]. Pertaining to the proventriculus. Proventriculus {pro - ven - trik' -u - Ills') \_pro, before; ventriculus, dim. of 7ienter, stomach : //. , Provejitric- uli'\. In biology : {a) the glandular or true stomach of birds, between the crop and the gizzard ; (/') the first stomach of an insect. Proximad [ proks' - im - ad ) \_pro.ximus, nearest]. Toward the proximal end or point of attachment. Proximal ( proks' -iin-al ) [ prcximus, next to]. .Situated at or nearest to the attached extremity of an appen- dage ; thus, the proximal end of the arm is at the shoulder. Proximal is also made to include central, q.v., by some writers. See the opposite, Distal; also Position and Direction, liable of. P. Clot. Sec Clot. Proximate { proks' -i>n-at)\_ proxi7nus,nfi.xt'A'\. Next; immediate. P. Cause, the immediate cause of any change. P. Principle, "any substance, whether simple or compound, chemically speaking, which exists under its own form, in the animal solid or fluid, and which can be extracted by means which do not alter or destroy its chemical properties." (Dalton.) Proximen {proks' -im-en) \_ pfoxinius, nearest]. Be- longing to the proximal aspect in itself Pruinescence {pru-iu-es' -ens) \_prtiina, hoar-frost]. In biology, the condition of being pruinose. Pruinose, Pruinous {pru'-in-dz, prti'-in-us) \_pruina, hoar-frost]. In biology, applied to leaves or other organs that appear as if covered with hoar-frost. Prune {prun) \_prunuiu , a plum]. See Prunuin and Pigments, Conspectus of. P. -juice Expectoration, a peculiar blood-containing sputum, of a dark purple color, resembling prune-juice. It is met with in low forms of croupous pneumonia, in gangrene and in carcinoma of the lung. Prunella (/;7/-«f/'-a//) [L., a disorder of the throat]. I. Sore-throat. 2. Thrush. 3. Angina pectoris. Pruniform {pru'-niforin) \_ prumim , a plum ; forma, form]. Plum-shaped ; having the appearance of aplum. Prunin {prun' -in) \_ primus, plum-tree]. A solid sub- stance, prepared by evaporating the tincture and pow- dering the extract of Primus virginiana. It is pale- brown in color, and has a characteristic odor. It is stimulant and expectorant. Dose I to 5 grains. Prunum {pru'-num) [L.]. Prune. The fruit of P. domestica , native to W. Asia. It is laxative and nutri- tious. Dose indefinite. Prunus {pru'-nus) [L.]. A genus of rosaceous trees. P. virginiana. Wild cherry. In pharmacy, the bark of Prunus serotina. It contains amygdalin, tan- nic acid, emulsin, and a bitter extractive. Amygdalin in watery solution with emulsin is decomposed into hydrocyanic acid and a volatile oil. Wild cherry is aromatic and feebly tonic ; it is largely used in pulmon - ary tuberculosis to quiet the cough and to calm the nervous system ; also in coughs of bronchitis. It is an ingredient of various proprietary cough-mixtures. Dose of the bark 5 ss-j ; of the fld. ext. 3 ss-j ; of a 4 per cent, infusion ^ss-ij; of a 12 per cent, syrup 3j-iv. P. virginiana (true). See Choke Cherry. Prurient {pru'-re-ent) \_prurire, to itch]. Itching; sensual. Pruriginous {pru-nj' -in-iis) \^priirirc, to itch]. Per- taining to or like prurigo. Prurigo {pru-ri'-go) [prurire, to itch]. I. A chronic inflammatory skin-disease developing in childhood, and characterized by an eruption of pale, discrete papules, attended with severe itching. The papules are at first of the size of hempseed, more easily felt than seen, but soon become darker and covered by crusts of blood or serum, due to scratching. The usual sites are the extensor surfaces of the limbs. 2. Pru- ritus, q. V. P. adolescentium. Synonym of irstiz'alis. P. aestivalis, summer prurigo ; a form of relapsing bullous eruption allied to the vesicular erythemata, and occurring in summer only. P. agria, a very severe form of prurigo. P. ferox, a severe type of prurigo. P. mitis, a mild type of prurigo. P. partialis, prurigo limited to a part of the body. P. pediculosis, pruritus due to pedicu- losis. Pruritic {prii-rit'-ik) \_prurire, to itch]. Itching. Pruritus { pru-ri' -tus) \_ prurire. to itch]. An im- portant neurosis of the skin, characterized by the PRUSSAK'S CHAMBER 1198 PSEUDANTITROPY single symptom of itching, occurring either over the entire cutaneous surface, or limited to certain regions. The itching may be more or less constant, but is likely to occur in paroxysms, and is usually worse at night. It is not dependent upon any primary struc- tural lesion of the skin, but excoriations and thicken- ing result from the scratching. P. analis, P. ani, itching around the anus. P. consensualis, eczema the result of disturbances of internal organs. P. flavescens. Synonym of Eczema iiiipetiginosnDi. P. hidroa. Synonyrh of Miliaria. P. hiemalis, a form following exposure to cold, or existing only in winter, especially in dry climates. P. localis, pruritus limited to a part of the body. P. opii, the itching that sometimes supervenes upon the administration of opium. P. porcellanea. Synonym of Urtiiaria. P. senilis, the pruritus of the aged, often due to degenerative changes in the skin. P. universalis, general itching of the surface of the body. P. vulvae, itching around the vulva. This, it should not be forgotten, is sometimes due to diabetes. Prussak's Chamber. Same as P. ' s Space. P.'s Fibers, two short, tightly-stretched striae extending from the tip of the short process of the malleus to the notch of Rivinus. P.'s Space, a small space lying above the short process of the malleus, and bounded externally l)y Shrapnell's membrane. Prussian (/r«j/;'-a<^ap6if\. Friable; gritty. Psathyrous (sath' -ir-us). Synonym of Psapharous. Pselaphesis (scl-af-e'-sis) [fi/'/in/i ferox. Unof. Pseudacousma (.«« - dak - ooz'- mah) \T\)iv&iiq, false ; (iKova^ia, a thing heard]. False hearing; a pathologic condition in which sounds are heard altered in pitch and quality. Pseudacusis [su-dak-u'-sis) [i/^EiJfSz/f , false; annvcfiuv, to hear]. Synonym of Pseudacousma. Pseudaesthesia (su-dcs-the'-ze-ah). See Psezidesthe- sia. Pseudallosematic [su-dal-o-se-mat' -ik) [7r(jfut5?/f, false; dX/'iOf, some other; afj^ia, a sign, mark, token]. In biology, the displaying of a sign belonging to or char- acteristic of another. Applied by Poulton to the mimetic colors assumed by comparatively defenceless animals, by means of which they imitate foreign objects asso- ciated with some well-defined and aggressive species. Thus the leaf-carrying ants of South America (CEcodo- ma), are mimicked by an immature homopterous in- sect possessing a shape and color closely resembling the ant, together with the leaf carried by it. Cf. Afimicry, Pseudaposematic, Pseudepisematic, Pseudose- matic. Pseudambulacral [sti-dam-hu-la'-kral) [i/^mJ/zf, false ; ambulacrum, a walk]. In biology, simulating am- bulacra. Pseudamnesia (su - dam ■ ne'- ze - all) [i/)f!'(5^/f, false ; ativrjaia, forgetfulness] . I. Spurious amnesia; a condition resembling amnesia, but of a transient char- acter. 2. An erroneous form of the word Pseudam- nesia, q. V. Pseudangeiosis {su-dnn-je-o'-sis) [V'C''''//r. false ; ayy- nor, vessel ; rocrof, disease]. The development of blood-vessels in adventitious tissue. Pseudankylosis (su-dank-il-o'-sis) [_ij)ev6yr, false ; ayKv- Auff/f, ankylosis]. A false joint. Pseudantitropy {su-dan-tif -ro-pc) [i/'eik^W, false ; avri, against ; rpVc/r, to turn]. In biology, Wilder's term for the apparently antitropic relation between parts which are opposed to each other, but lie upon the same side of an ideal plane. An example of longitii- dinal pseudantitropy is furnished by corresponding maxillary and mandibular teeth ; of lateral pseudan- titropy, by the mesal and lateral canthi of the eye. PSEUDAPHE 1199 PSEUDO-BACTERIUM Pseudaphe, Pseudaphia ( su-da'-fe, su-da'-fe-ah ) [i/iEi«5//c, false ; a0?/, touch]. Pseudesthesia. Pseudaposematic [sti-dap-o-sem-at'-ik) \jpi:v6)ii;, false ; aird, away from ; a/'/ua, sign, mark, token]. In bi- ology, the displaying of a false warning signal. Ap- plied by Poulton to those cases of mimicry in which enemies are repelled by the deceptive suggestion of some unpleasant or dangerous quality; e.^., both sexes of the India moth, Epicopeia pki/etiora, mimic an unpalatable butterfly, Fapilio protenor. See, also, Mimicry, Pseitdoseniatic, Pseiidallosematic, Pseudepise- matic. Pseudargomorphosis (sii-dar-go-iiior-fo' -sis) [ >j'ev()//c, false; uf)>i«;, while ; fiupfi/, form]. The formation of a false membrane. Pseudarthritis {su-dar-thri' -tis') \y\iev6ijq, false ; apdpov, joint; iTic, inflammation]. Hysterical affection of a joint, simulating arthritis. Pseudarthrosis [sic-daf-i/iro'-sis] [ i/'? Df5;/r, false ; apdpov, a joint]. A false joint or articulation. P., Diarthro- dial, one closely resembling a natural joint ; it is usually seen in fractured long bones. P., Ligamen- tous, one in which the fragments are united by fibrous bands, as in fracture of the patella or olecranon. 'Ps&id.&sihma. [sii-daz' -mail). Synonym of Dyspnea. Pseudaxis {su-daks'-is). See Pseiidoaxis. Pseudelminth (su-dcU -niinlh') [i/'f T'c5//f, false ; kX/iivf), a worm]. Any worm-like object mistaken for an ento- parasitic worm. Pseudelytrum, Pseudelytron ( su-del'- it-tron) \_>l>Ev6>jc, false ; kXvrpov, a cover, sheath: //. , Pseudelytrd^. In biology, a false elytrum, or wing- cover. Pseudembryo [su-dem' -bre-d) [ i/)£t)(5//f , false ; epjipvuv, embryo]. A false embryo. Pseudembryonic {sii-dein-hre-ou'-ik ) [i/ifi'(5;/f, false ; (fifipvov, embryo]. Pertaining to a pseudembryo. Pseudemesis ( s:i-deiii' -es-is ) [ il'evdr/q, false ; e/jeotr, vomiting]. Pretended vomiting. Pseudencephalia {su-den-se/-a'-L--ah). See Pseuden- ceplialus. Pseudencephalus (su - den - sef- al - tis) \j\'tv6i]q, false ; eyKe(l>aXo(;, brain] . A species of single autositic mon- sters characterized by a partial development of the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones, while the brain is represented by a bunch of membranes, blood-ves- sels, connective and possibly nervous tissue, at the base of the skull. Pseudepiploic [sii-dep-ip-lo' -i/c) [i/'f !'f5//r, false ; iiriTr'Aoor, caul]. Pertaining to the pseudepiploon. Pseudepiploon (sn-dep-ip'-lo-P)i) [i/ifixSz/c, false; iiziT:- }no)', caul]. A false omentum found in birds. Pseudepisematic {sti-dep-is-ein-at' -ik] [7r(7£ii(S//f , false ; fTT/, motion toward; ff7///a, a sign, mark, token] . In biology, the displaying of a lure or false safety -sign. Applied by Poulton to those cases of mimicry {a) in which an animal resembles another animal, and is so enabled to approach and injure it in some way, or (b) in which some lure is employed ; thus, (l) the flies of the genus Wihicella are enabled to lay their eggs in nests of bumble-bees by reason of their close resem- blance to the latter ; the larvae of the fly feed on those of the bee ; (2) the Asiatic lizard, Phryncccplialtts mystaceiis. possesses pink, flower-like structures at the comers of its mouth, bv which flies are allured; or (3) the Terrapin, AlalaiocleiiiDivs teiniiiinckii of the Southern States of America, when hungry, opens its mouth and moves about two filaments at the tip of its tongue ; they look like worms moving in a crevice in the rock and therefore attract prey ; the animal is otherwise perfectly motionless, and looks like a weed- covered rock. Pseuderysipelas {su-der-is-ip'-el-as). Synonym of Pseudo-erysipelas . Pseudesthesia {sii-des-the' -ze-ah) [i/'ewJz/f, false ; dicsd)i- air, feeling]. A sensation without a corresponding object. Also, an imaginary sensation in parts of the body that have been removed by accident or surgical operation. Pseudhaemal [siid-hem' -al). Same as Pseiido/ieiiial. Pseudhelminth {sud-hel' -iiiinth). Same as Psetidel- minth. Pseudiatrus [sn-de-ai' -rus). Synonym of Quack. Pseudimaginal [sti - dim - af- in - al ) [i,''f ii(5;/f , false ; imago, imago]. Pertaining to a pseudimago. Pseudimago (su - dim - a'- go) [i/i^dz/r, false; imago, imago]. In biology, a false imago. Pseudinogenesis [su-diu -o-jen' - es-is) [i/)£i'(j7/f , false ; (V, fiber; •}(P£aic, generation]. An abnormal forma- tion of fibers or tissues. Pseudinoma i^sn-din-o' -mali). Synonym oi ScirrJuis. Pseudo- (su'-do-) \jl>evd>ic, false]. A prefix denoting false, simulating, resembling , or seeming. Pseudo-acephalia [su-do-as-ef-a' -le-ali). Synonym of Pseitdeucephalia. Pseudo-acetic Acid {sii-do-as-e'-tik). Synonym of Propionic Acid. Pseudo-aconitin (^su-do-ak-o)i'-it-in). Synonym of Pseiidacon it in . Pseudo-actinomycosis {sn - do - ak - tin - 0 - mi - ko'-sis) [i/'fi'(S//f , false; (iktuj, ray; //vhv/f, fungus]. A fonn of pulmonary tuberculosis in which the sputum con- tains granular bodies resembling the grains of actino- mycosis. They consist of a crystalline substance similar to leucin. Pseudo-albuminuria (j« - do - al - bu - min - ti' - re - ah) [ i/'fw5//r, false; albumen, albumin; ohpov, urine]. False or physiologic albuminuria. Pseudo-anemia [sii-do-a]i-e' -me-ali). Synonym of Anemia, Progressi-.'c Pernicious. Pseudo-angina [su - do - an - ji'- nali) \jbev5r]Q, false ; angere, to strangle]. Hysterical angina. See, also, angina pectoris. Pseudo-angioma {su-do-an-je-o' -mah) \T\)cv6iic, false ; ayytiov, vessel ; bpa, tumor]. The fonnation of a temporary angioma, as is sometimes seen in healing stumps. P., Urethral, urethral caruncle. Pseudo-annulus [s7t - do - an'- u - lus) [i/'fi'fb/r, false; annulus, a ring]. In biology, an apparent annulus. Pseudo-apoplexy {s2t-do-ap' -o-pleks-e) [ipevdijc, false ; a-o~'Ar]iia, apoplexy]. A diseased condition resem- bling apoplexy, but in which cerebral hemorrhage is not found, post-mortem. Pseudo-aquatic (su - do - a - kTi'at'- ik) [i/»fi)(J;;f, false; aqua, water]. In biology, growing in moist places, but not strictly aqviatic. Pseudo-arthrosis (su-do-ar-fkro'-sis). Synonjm of Pseud a rth rosis. Pseudo-articulation {su-do-ar-tik-u-la' -shun) \j\itv6ij(;.^ false ; <7;-//<-?/p(nv, a little rod or staff: //. , Pseudobacteria^. PSEUDOBASIDIUM 1200 PSEUDOCYESIS In biology, any object mistaken for a hacferiiim , as a psemlobaiillus. Pseudobasidium (sti-do-l>as-id'-t--inii) [i/'ff(S'/c, false; (3iwic:, a base]. A false basidium. Pseudoblepsia, Pseudoblepsis (sti-do-blep'-se-nh, su- do-blep' -sis) [i/iEO'^/c, false; /iAti/;/f, seeing]. A visual hallucination ; a distorted visual image. ,Pseudo-boina (su - do - bo - i' - na/i) [-fi'(S//f , false ; bos, ox]. .Spurious cow-pox. Pseudobrachial { su - do - bra' - kc - a! ) [i/;f wiz/f , false ; Ppaxiioi', brachium]. Pertaining to a pseudobrach- I ium. ^Pseudobrachium (s/t - do - bra' - ke - tiiii) [t/if ixi/yf, false ; lipa\ii,>i\ brachium]. A false arm in certain fishes. 'Ps&VLdoht&nchiaL [su - do ■ brivig' - - ah) [Tpevfil/c, false; (ipayxia, gills : //., Pseudobranchia]. In biology, a false gill. Pseudobranchial [su-do-brang'-ke-al) [i/)ED(5?/f, false ; ^payxia, gills]. Pertaining to a pseudobranchia. Pseudobranchiate (su-do-brang' -ke-af) [i/;f i)t5;;f , false ; l3i)ayx"i, gills]. In biology, provided with pseudo- branchiii;. Pseudo-bulbar [sit-do-bul' ■bar') [i/jeixSz/c, false ; i3o'Aj36c, bulb]. Not truly bulbar. Denoting a kind of paralysis. P. Paralysis, symmetric disease of both cerebral hemispheres involving the centers or paths of the nerves of speech, and thus resembling disease of the oblongata. Pseudo-calculi (su-do-kaF -ku-li ) [i/;£w5^f , false ; cal- culus, calculus]. A name given by Poland to the fibrinous and sanguineous calculi or masses, sometimes seen in urine. Pseudo-carcinoma [su - do - kar - sin - o'- inah) \_i\itviMiz, false ; KapKivu/ia, carcinoma], A benign tumor re- sembling a carcinoma. Pseudocarp [su' -do-karp) [i/iEii(5//f, false ; Kap'Koq, fruit]. In biology, any fruit made up of parts other than those belonging exclusively to a single ovary. The apple, rose, mulberry, and juniper are examples of pseudocarps. Pseudocarpous [su - do - kar' - pus) [i/;fD(5//f , false ; Kap-Koq, fruit]. Same as Anthocaipous. Pseudocataracta [su-do-kat-ar-ak' -tah) \_i\>evfii]q, false ; mrappaKTrji;, cataract]. Spurious cataract. Pseudocele [su'-do-sel) [i/)£w5//f, false; KoiXog, hol- low]. The fifth ventricle of the brain. It is the space between the two opposed halves of the septum ; in man and apes it is completely circumscribed by the continuity of the callosum with the fornix at the splenium and at the copula. Pseudo-cell [su'-do-sel) [l/;^u(5//f, false; iclla, cell]. One of the peculiar vesicular bodies, albuminoid in character, found in the ova of many species of hydro- zoa, and by Balfour considered to be analogous to the vitelline granules of birds' eggs. Pseudo-cephalocele [su'- do - sef- nl - o sel) [i/^fjitSz/r, false; Knipa'/I/, head; tumor]. A cephalocele acquired subsequently to birth through disease of the cranial bones or subcutaneous fractures. Pseudoceratogenesis [stt-do-ser-at-o-jen'-es-is)[TpevS7/Q, false ; Kt-par, horn ; yEVEGiQ, generation]. The abnor- mal proliferation of horny tissue. Pseudoceratosis [su - do - ser - al - o' - sis) . Synonym of Pseudoceratoge7icsis. Pseudo-cerebrin [su - do - scr' - e - brin) [i/;£ii(5^f, false ; cerebrum, cerebrum], C,^H,,2NOg. A .substance ex- tracted from brain-tissue by alcohol. Pseudo-chorea (.f/^-^^-ZY'-^r'-a//) [i/ifii(!//r, false ; jo/je^a, dance]. Spurious chorea, usually hysterical in origin. Pseudo-chromesthesia [su-do-kro-mes-Ihe' -ze-ali)\\\>^\i- fii/g, false; xp'^f^^, color; alaSrjaiq, sense]. A condi- tion in which the vowels of a word (whether seen, heard, or remembered) each seem to have a distinct visual tint. See Photisin, Phonism. Pseudochromia [su - do - kro' - inc - ah) [i/jeikS;?^, false; XpCof-ia, color]. A false or incorrect perception of color. Pseudo-chrysalis [su-do-kris'-al-is). Same as Pseudo- pupa. Pseudocilia [su-do-sil'-e-ah)\_^sv6ij(;, false; ciliztm, eye- lash]. An abnormal growth of hairs on the conjunc- tiva. Pseudocoele, Pseudocoelia [su-do-sel', su-do-se'-le-ah). Synonym of Pseudocele and of Pseudocttlom . Pseudocoelom [su-do-se' -lorn) [i/ifwS^f, false; Kni2(jua, a hollow cavity]. In biology, one of those interstitial spaces or cavities sometimes found in invertebrates [Platyhelmiiithes^ Arthropoda, Mollusca), which, not being lined by an epithelium derived from the archen- teron, is to be distinguished from a true body-cavity or ccelom derived from archenteric diverticula. Cf. Arc hie a: I. Pseudo-coloboma [su-do-kcl-o-bo' -mah) [i/)£wS//f , false ; Ka'Aofiufia, mutilation]. A scarcely noticeable fissure of the iris, the remains of the embryonic ocular fis.sure, which has almost, but not perfectly, closed. Pseudocolumella [su-do-kol-u-meF -ah) [i/jEnrfz/f, false ; columella, a little column]. In biology, a parietal or septal columella. Pseudocolumellar [su-do-kol-u-mel' -ar) [i/jewJ^f, false ; columella, a little column]. Pertaining to a pseudo- columella. Pseudocommissural [su - do - kom - is - ii'- ral ) [i/jfUfS^f, false ; commissura, a commissure]. Pertaining to a pseudocommissure. Pseudocommissure [su-do-kom' -is-ur) [i/;fii(5^f , false ; commissura , a commissure]. A sort of commissure between the olfactory lobes of the frog. Pseudoconcha [su-do-kong' -kah) [i/jfw5^f , false ; myxv, a shell : //. , Pseiidoconchcf\. In biology, a turbinated structure connected with the inter-nasal septum in front of and below the turbinate bones of birds. It separates the vestibule of the nose from the internal nasal cavity. Pseudo-cortex [su-do-kor' -teks) \y\)^v&iiq, false ; cortex, bark]. In biology, a false cortex. Pseudocostate [sii-do-kos'-tdt) [i/)£w!?/(:, false; casta, rib]. In biology, false-ribbed, as certain leaves. Pseudocotyledon [su-do-kot-il-e' -don) [ i/)ey(5?)f , false ; KOTvArn^uv , cotyledon]. In biology, one of the ger- minating threads of the spores of cryptogams. Pseudo-coxalgia [su do-koks-al' -je-ah) [i/^EWff^f, false; coxa, hip; aXyoc, pain]. False or spurious coxalgia, an hysterical affection of the hip-joint Pseudo-crisis [su - do - kri'- sis) [i/'fw5r/f , false ; npiai^, separating]. Variation in the course of the tempera- ture in acute pneumonia due to variations in the local process. The fall of temperature varies from 2° to 7° F., but rarely is the normal temperature reached, and a subsequent rise soon appears. Pseudo-crises are most frequent from the fifth to the seventh day, but may occur earlier or later. Pseudo-croup [su'-do-krt'ip) [i/'f!-)(5?/f , false : AS., kro- /z?;/, to cry aloud]. False croup; laryngismus stridulus. Pseudocumene [su-do-ku' -m'en) [i/)tu(5//f , false ; cunn- num. cumin], C^Hjj. A liquid occurring with mesi- tylene in coal-tar. It boils at 166° C. Pseudocurarin ( su - do - ku - rar'- in ) [ i/'f fa'^e ; curara^ A non-poisonous alkaloid found in Nerium oleander. Pseudocyclosis [su-do-si-klo' -sis)\p\>evf^i]c^, false ; k'vkXoc, a circle]. The apparent circulation of food in anameba. Pseudocyesis [su-do-si-e' -sis) [i/^eutW/c, false ; kvtiolc^, pregnancy]. False pregnancy. The belief in the PSEUDO-CYST 1201 PSEUDO-HEMORRHAGE existence of pregnancy on the part of a woman (usually the result of desire), accompanied, perhaps, by uncer- tain signs. P. abdominalis, abdominal pregnancy. P. ovaria, gestation in an ovary. P. tubaria, tubal pregnancy. Pseudo-cyst (sti' -do-sist) [i/)fi'(?/}c, false ; KvoTig, a blad- der] . In biology, a globular body produced by the breaking up of the protoplasm in a filament in certain of the lower plants ; an asexual reproductive body. Cf. Goiiidiuin, Spore, Carpospore. Pseudodesma {su-do-dez'-mah) [i/)fU(S/;r, false ; 6tafid(;, bond]. A false or adventitious ligament. Pseudo-diarthrosis [su-do-di-ar-thro'-sis). Synonym of Psetidarikrosis, Diarthrodial. Pseudo-diphtheria {su-do-dif-the' -ye-aIi)\j\>sv(Miq, false ; dicpdcpa, diphtheria]. Tonsillitis or pharyngitis with an exudate simulating that of diphtheria, but not due to the Klebs-Loffler bacillus. Pseudo-dipsomania isii-do-dip-so-ma' -ne-ah) [i/ifiid/;^, false ; (Vfic, thirst ; /navla, madness]. Habitual drun- kenness, without maniacal impulse, or obsession, im- pelling the patient to drink. Pseudo-dipsomaniac {su-do-dip-so-tna' -ne-ak) \^Ev6riq, false; d;i/)a, thirst; fiavia, madness]. One affected with pseudo-dipsomania. Pseudodont [su' -do-donf) [i/'fw!//f, false ; bSo'vc, tooth]. In biology, having false teeth, as a monotreme. Pseudodontosis (^su-do-don-fo' -sis)\_\l>tv6iiQii2L\s& ; otSot-f, tooth]. The formation of anomalous teeth. Pseudo-elephantiasis (su-do-el-e-fan-ti' -as-is) [i/'ei'(5'}c, false; k?.e(pavTia, elephantiasis]. A tumor-like hyper- trophy, resembling elephantiasis. Pseudo-embryo [su-do-e7n' -bre-d). Synonym of Pro- embryo. Pseudo-encephalitis {su - do - en- sef- al-i' - tis) [i/ifi)(5?}c, false; fy/cf^a/ of, brain ; mf, inflammation]. Hydren- cephaloid disease. Pseudo-entozoa (su- do- en-to-zo'- ah^ [i/'fw5^f, false ; tvT6<;, within; (uov, animal]. In biology, any object resembling or mistaken for an entozoic parasite, e.g., Ovuligira accphalocystis, q. v. under Parasites (Ani- mal^, Table of. Pseudo-epithelium {sii-do-ep-ith -e' -le -urn) false; f-/, upon; nipple], I. The membrane lining serous and vascular cavities of the body ; true endothelium. 2. The layer of germinal cells found on the surface of the ovary after the ovarian tubes have formed. Pseudo-erotism {sii-do-er' -o-tizni) \_i\>zv&r]i; , false ; ipoc, love]. Sexual desire in animals at unusual sea- sons. Pseudo-erysipelas [su-do-er-is-ip' -el-as) [i/wtS^f, false ; kfjval-rrs/Mc, erysipelas]. A name vaguely applied to conditions having more or less resemblance to true erysipelas. P. subtendinosum colli. Synonym of Angina hido-iet'(y?;c, false ; filum, a thread]. In biology, an object that looks like, but is not, a real filament. The term is applied to 76 cocci or other bacteria arranged in rows in the direc- tion of the successive divisions. Pseudofilaria {su-do-fi-la' -re-ah) [i/)fi;(i//f , false; fihtm, a thread]. In biology, a name given by Ed. van Beneden to a stage in the development of gregarines, in which they resemble minute nematode worms (Filaricc). Pseudofoliaceous [su-do-fo-le-a' -site-its') [i/'Ei)f5?;r, false ; foliitin, leaf]. In biology, provided with lobes or expansions resembling leaves. Pseudo-ganglion {sii-do-gang' -gle-on) \\\>tv6i^c_, false ; yayyXiov, ganglion]. A false ganglion, usually a slight thickening of a nerve. P. of Bochdalek, an enlargement of a branch of the middle alveolar nerve from which fibers descend to supply the canine teeth. P. of the Circumflex Nerve, an expansion of a branch of the nerve which goes to the teres major. P. of Cloquet, a thickening of the palatine branches of the naso-palatine nerve. P., Valentin's, a slight thick- ening at the junction of certain divisions of the middle alveolar branch of the maxillary nerve. Pseudo-gastralgia {sii-do-gas-traF -je-ah) [i/'fii(S?)f, false; yaari/p, stomach ; oAyof pain]. A pain resembling gastralgia, but not caused by disease of the stomach. It may be dependent upon disease of the aorta. Pseudo-gastrula (sii-do-gas' -tru-lah) [ i/'fi'*/?, false ; ycinTjjp, stomach]. In biology, an embryonic stage which resembles, but is not, a true gastrula. Pseudogenus ( sit - do - je'- nus ) [i/;f tifi?/f, false ; y'cvoc, descent, origin]. In biology, a spurious genus. Cf. Forin-gemis. Pseudogeusia {su-do-gu' -ze-ah) [i/ift"rf//f, false ; ynaic, taste]. A false perception, or hallucination, of taste. Pseudogeustia {su-do-giis' -te-ah). See Pseudogeusia. Pseudo-glioma {su-do-gli-o' -mah) [i/'fD(5^f, false ; yXta, glia ; bua, tumor]. A name sometimes, though im- properly, given to inflammatory changes of the vitreous tumor, the result of irido-choroiditis, which cause a con- dition simulating glioma. P. of Retina. See C//oot«. Pseudo-gonorrhea {sii-do-gon-or-e' -ah) [-i/'fi'dz/c, false ; yovo'ppoin, gonorrhea]. A simple non-specific urethritis. Pseudogyne (su'-do-jin) [i/'eufSz/f, false; female]. In biology, the agamic females of certain insects (e.g., Aphididtr), successive generations of which are sometimes born viviparously without copulation with the males. Pseudogynous (su - doj' - in - us) [_\l>evdr/^, false ; yvvi/, female]. Pertaining to a pseudogyne. Pseudogyrate (su-do-ji' -rat ) [i/jfi'd^f , false ; yvpo^, a gyre]. In biology, falsely ringed. Pseudohaemal (su-do-hem' -al). See Pseudohemal. Pseudo-heart (su' -do-hart) [i])fij(!^f, false ; ME., hart, heart]. In biology, one of the glandular organs found in Bracliiopoda , having the double func- tion of renal organs and genital ducts ; they are the homologues of the organs of Bojanus of the Molhtsca and of the segmented organs of Vermes. Pseudo-hemal (su-do-hem' -al) \i>(v6ii(:, false: difia, blood]. In biology, pertaining to that form of respir- atory or nutritive fluid of many invertebrates which is analogous to blood but is not true blood. It is found in most annelids, is red or green, corpusculated or non- corpusculated, and flows through a system of vessels with contractile walls, either shut off frorfi or commu- nicating with the perivisceral cavity. Pseudo-hematemesis (su-do-hem-at-em' -es-is) [i/ifi't5//r, false; nl/zre, blood ; f/vfu/c, vomiting] . The vomiting of bile, red-wine, fruit -juices, or any other substance simulating blood. Pseudo-hemorrhage (su-do-hem' -or-aj) ['/'ff^'/f, false; d'aia, blood ; priyvvvai , to burst forth]. A hemorrhage without rupture of the vessels ; vicarious hemorrhage. PSEUDO-HERMAPHRODISM 1202 PSEUDOMORPHOSIS Pseudo-hermaphrodism {su - do - her - niaf- ro- dizin ) [i/ifiir5//r, false ; fp/zai^potStcr/idf , hermaphrodism] . The condition presented by a pseudo-hermaphrodite. P., Feminine, a condition in which the genitals of the female resemble those of the male. There are three varieties. See P., Alale. P., Male, a condition in which the genitals of the male resemble those of the female. There are three varieties ; the external, the internal, and the complete, according as the external or internal generative organs, or both, are affected. Pseudo-hermaphrodite {su-do-lwr-inaf' -ro-dlt) \_\\)f.v- false; ep/ianah)[ipi;v6{/^, false; Xino^, fat; 6//a, tumor]. A localized edema resembling an accumulation of fat, occurring above the clavicle and about the knee, especially in cases of rheumatism. Pseudo-Iunula [su - do -Inn'- u- lah) [i/'fi"5'y?, false; lunula, a. little moon]. An aggregation of mucous cells in the salivary glands, forming lunula-like masses. Pseudo-malady {su ■ do - mal'- ad - e) [i/'fud^/f , false; 7nalu)ii , evil]. An imaginary or simulated illness. Pseudo-mania (su-do-ma'-ne-ah) \i>tv&ij^, false; fj-avta, mania]. I. A form of insanity in which the person affected accuses himself of a crime or crimes of which he is innocent. 2. A mania characterized by lying. Pseudomedicus {su - do - med' - ik ■ us). Synonym of Quack. Pseudo-melanemia {su-do-mel-an-e'-me-ah). Syno- nym ot Pseudomelanosis. Pseudo-melanosis (su-do-inel-an-o'-sis) [i/^fffSz/f, false ; Iis'Imq, black ; vvaaf;, disease]. The dark staining of gangrenous parts or the tissues after death, due to the deposit of ferrous sulphid, which is formed by a re- action of hydrogen sulphid and the hemoglobin of the ' blood. Pseudo-membrane {su-do-mem'-brdn) [i/)TO(5?/f , false ; membrana, membrane]. A false membrane, such as is seen in diphtheria. Pseudo-membranous (su-do-mem' -bra-nus) [i/)fri(S?/f, false; membrana, Taen\hva.ut'\. Characterized by, or pertaining to false membranes. P. Inflammation, any inflammation characterized by the formation of a false membrane. Pseudo-meningitis (su-do-tnen-in-ji'-tis)\_iliev6)/g, false ; I't'ivrj^, memhra.ne; irtg, inflammation]. A group of symptoms resembling that produced by meningitis, but with absence of the lesions of meningeal inflam- mation. P., Dental, meningeal symptoms occurring in children during difficult dentition. Pseudo-meningocele (su-do-men-in'-go-sel) [ i/)f yrf^f, false ; /if/iT/i, membrane ; K^?a/, tumor] . A tumor formed beneath the scalp as a result of a traumatic lesion of the skull and dura, by the pouring out of cerebro-spinal fluid. Pseudo-menstrual {su-do-men' -stru-al^ [i/)TO(5?/f, false; jnenstritus, monthly] . Pertaining to pseudo-menstrua- tion. Pseudo-menstruation [su-do-men-stru-a'-shmi) [i/jct- false ; t?ienstruus, monthly]. Hemorrhage from the uterus due to systemic disease. It is sometimes seen during the course of eruptive fevers. i Pseudomeric {su - do - mer'- ik) [i/'fixS^f, false ; //f'pof. ! part] . A qualification applied to unstable forms of j tautomeric bodies. j Pseudo-metritis [su - do - met - ri'- tis) [ipcvdi/q, false; | it(//rpo, womb ; /r/f, inflammation]. Spurious metritis. ! Pseudomnesia {su - dovi - ne' - ze - ali) [i/)ft)(5?/f, false ; ^i'7/(T(f, remembrance]. A perversion of the memory, in which the patient recalls as facts things which never have occurred. Pseudomonocotyledonous {su-do-mo-no-kot-il-e' -do- , nus) [i/'H'(5//f , false ; /uovo^, one ; KOTvlrjSun', cotyledon]. ' In biology, having two or more cotyledons consoli- \ dated into one mass. Pseudo-monomania {su-do-mo-no-ma'-ne-ah) [i/'frri//f, false; iwrot;, one; finvia, mania]. Spurious mono- mania, a condition not monomania, yet presenting | similar symptoms. ^ I Pseudomorph {su'- do - mprf) \j\)f.v&iK, false ; //op^iv, ' form] . A false form. Pseudomorphin {su-do-mor' -fin') \j^tv6iic,, false ; Mor- \ pheus, the god of sleep], Cj^H^gNjOg (Foster). A finely crystalline alkaloid of opium, insoluble in water, al- cohol, ether, and chloroform ; it is soluble in alkalie.'- and lime-water, neutral, tasteless. It is also called i Phormia and Oxymorphin. Pseudomorphic (.w-r/o-/«or';/f/^). ?ia.mtaiPseudoi>wr- phous. Pseudomorphism {su - do - mor'- fimi) [i/;tD(5//f , fal.se ; //op9//, form]. The state of having a form difierenl from that normal to the substance. Pseudomorphosis (su-do-mor- fo' -sis) [i/'si'fJ^/f , false; | //o/)(;i>?/, form]. An abnormal formation, as a tumor, | deforaiity, or monstrosity. I PSEUDO-MORPHOUS 1203 PSEUDOPLASMA Pseudo-morphous (su - do - mor'-ftis) [i/'t^iSz/f, false; fiojxf)}), form]. Not having the true form ; exhibiting pseudomorphism. Pseudo-morula [su - do - ?iior' - u - lah) [_tpev6t/c, false ; morus, a mulberry: , Pseitdo>iionihe'\. A false morula. Pseudo-morular [sti - do - inor' - u - lav) [i/wrSz/f , false ; morus, a mulberry]. Pertaining to a pseudomorula. Pseudo-mucin [su-do-znu' -sin) [i/'turb/f, false; mucus, mucus]. A substance allied to mucin, from which it differs in not being altered by acetic acid. It is found in proliferative ovarian cysts, being the cause of the gelatinous nature of the contents of the cysts. It is produced by the epithelial cells lining the cyst-walls. Pseudo-myeloma (sii-do-mi-el-o' -mali) [ipEutSz/f , false ; fiveXo^, marrow; bfia, tumor: Pseudomyeloinatii^. A sarcoma resembling the white substance of the brain. Pseudonarcissin {su - do - nar - sis'- in) [i/jcytSZ/f, false ; vapKLoaor, narcissus]. An alkaloid found in the bulb of Narcissus pseudonarcissus. Pseudo-narcotism [su-do-nar' -ko-tisni) false ; vapKovv, to benumb]. An hysteric simulation of nar- cotism. Pseudonavicella [su-do-nav is-el'-ah) [_\pEv6l/g, false ; navicella, a small boat, dim. of navis, a ship: //. , Pseudonavicelhe~\. A name given by Lieberkiihn to a developmental stage of gregarines, resembling the navicella; or naviculae of diatoms. Pseudonavicellar (su-do-nav-is-eU -ar') [i/^ytS^f, false ; navicella, a small boat] . Pertaining to a pseudonavi- cella. Pseudonavicula (su- do - nav - ik' -u - laK). Same as Pseudonavicella. Pseudonavicular (su-do-nav-ik'-u-lar) \_xpevf)i](;, false ; navicula,a. small boat]. Pertaining to a pseudonavic- ula. Pseudo-neuralgia (su-do-nu-ral' -je-ali) \_i\)evEv6r]c, false; vsv- pov, nerve ; mf , inflammation]. A disease simulating a neuritis. Pseudo-nipple [su-do-nip' -I) false; ME., neple, nipple]. A false nipple of the mamma. Pseudonomania {sii-do-no-nia' -nc-ali) \\\iev6elv, to lie ; fiavia, mania]. An insane habit of telling lies. Pseudo-nucleolus (su-do-nu-kle' -o-lus) \j\Kv6ii<;, false ; nucleolus, a little nucleus: //. , Pseudonucleoli\ A false nucleolus. Pseudonychium (su-do-7iik' -e-um) [i/)Ey(5//f, false, and oi'ii.tw!^; a little claw : pi., Pseudonychia\ In biology, the spurious claw between the true tarsal claws of an insect. Pseudonym (su' -do-nini)\j\)ivSi^q, false ; bvvfia, a name]. A false name. Pseudonymal [su-do-nini' -al) [i/iei;(i//f, false ; ovviua, name]. In biology, vernacular; not having the character of an onym. Pseudo-osteomalacia (su - do - os - te - o-nial - a'- se-ah) \j^tvtM]q, false ; oarkov, bone ; fialania, softness]. Rachitis in which the pelvic basin is distorted so as to resemble in form that of osteomalacia. Pseudo-paralysis (su-do-par-al' -is-is) \_-^ev&r](;, false ; ■KapakvoLq, paralysis]. An apparent paralysis of the limbs. P. of Rickets, the inability to walk in severe cases of rickets, due to distortion of the bones. P., Syphilitic, an inflammatory condition of the epiphyses of the bones in acquired syphilis, which causes a marked impairment of motion. Pseudo-paranoia (su-do-par-an-oi' -ah) [i/^fixi^f , false ; TTapd, beside; vooc, mind]. A condition in which there is a primarily more active mentality, as well as an increased responsivity to emotional im- pulses, associated with a heightened desire for activ- ity. Pseudo-paraplegia (su-do-par-ap-le'-je-ah) [i/;f i;(5;;f , false ; Trapd, beside ; TrTir/yfj, stroke]. Spurious para- plegia. P., Tetanoid. Synonym of Paralysis, Spastic. Pseudo-parasite (su-do-par'-as-it) false ; irapa, beside ; alroc, food]. In biology, a term properly restricted to various objects, such as hairs, vegetable tissues, etc., which have been mistaken for parasites and even described as such ; also to frogs, snakes, spiders, etc. , which have been stated by many authors to have existed for years in the human aliment- ary canal, although it is perfectly certain that animals of this kind cannot endure the moist heat of the body of a mammal for more than six hours (Leuckart) ; a commensal, inquiline mesomate. One of certain bodies sometimes seen in the blood in anemia, re- sembling microorganisms. They are probably altered blood-corpuscles. Pseudo-parasitic (su-do-par-as-ii' -ik) [i/'n-"''/? , false ; -irapn, beside; airog, food]. Apparently parasitic. See Pseudo-pa rasi/e. Pseudo-parenchyma (su-do-par-eng' -kiin-ah) \_i\)nn\rii;, false; Trapo, beside ; £)';)^fZi', pour in]. In biology, DeBary's term for the tissue of fungi produced by the interlacing of the hyphae. Pseudo-parenchymatous (su-do- par-en-kim'-at-tis) [i/jfiir?^f, false ; Trapd, beside ; kyx^'-'^t to pour in]. Pertaining to a pseudoparenchyma. Pseudo-parenchyme [su- do-par- en' -kirn). Same as Pseudoparenchyma. Pseudo-paresis (su-do-par'-es-is) [i/'fiK^z/f, false ; irdpe- aiC, paresis]. An affection resembling paresis, but regarded as distinct from the ordinary forms. Pseudo-parthenogenesis (su-do-par-then-o-jen' -es-is) [ i/;eDrf//r , false; -apOh'oq, a virgin; yeveaiQ, produc- tion]. In biology, a mode of reproduction inter- mediate between metagenesis and parthenogenesis. Pseudo-pediform (su-do-ped'-if-orm) [i/)fi)(5//f , false; pes, foot ; forma, form]. Pseud opodial. Pseudo-pelletierin (su-do-pel-et' -e-er-i>i)\_\l>Fvfi>j(; , false ; Pelletier, a French chemist, 1761-97], CjgH^gN.^O^. An alkaloid found in the root-bark of pomegranate. Pseudo-peptone (su-do-pep' -ton). Same as Hcmial- bumose. Pseudopercular (su-do-per'-ku-lar) [^pevfirj^, false ; oper- culum, a lid]. Pertaining to or of the nature of a pseudoperculum. Pseudoperculate (su-do-per'- ku-ldt) [i/'£v(5r/f, false ; operculum, lid]. In biology, provided with a pseudo- perculum. Pseudoperculum (su-do-per' -ku-lum) [il'^vSijc, false; operculttin, lid: //. , Pseudopercula'\. A false oper- culum. Pseudophenanthrene (su-do-fen-anth' -ren) [i//ED(5^f, false; ipoivi;, purple-red; dvftpaS, coal], Cj^H,,. A hydrocarbon found in crude anthracene, crystallizing in large glistening plates that melt at a temperature of 115° C. Pseudo-photesthesia (su-do-fo-tes-the' -ze-aJi) [i/i£ii(5//f, false ; 0wr, light ; diaOtiaig, perception]. The seeing of photisms. Pseudophthisis (su-doff'-this-is) \_i\>nHSIn^, false ; ^f/cr^i;, wasting]. Emaciation and general wasting arising from other causes than pulmonary tuberculosis. Pseudopia (su-do' -pe-ah). Synonym of Pseudopsia. Pseudoplasm (su' -do-plazm) \j\)Ev&ii<;, false ; -KAaafia, a thing molded]. Same as Neoplasm. Pseudoplasma (su-do-plaz' -mah). Synonym of Pseu- doplasm. PSEUDOPLEGIA 1204 PSEUDOSTOMA Pseudoplegia [su-dopk' -je-a/i) [t/ifinSz/f , false ; TrATjyi], stroke]. Spurious, or hysteric paralysis. Pseudo-pleuritis [sii-do-plu-r-i' -tis). Synonym oi Pleu- todvnia. Pseudo-pneumonia (sn - do - nu - mo'- ne - alt) [i/<£i)fJ;/f , false, TTVEVjiuv, lung]. Any disease of the lung simu- lating pneumonia. Pseudopod, Pseudopodium {su'-do-pod, su-do-po' -de- 7im) [i/'6Dd//f, false; iro'vr, foot: pL, Pseiidopodia']. A protrusion of a portion of the substance of a cell, especially of one possessing ameboid movement. See Pseudopodium . Pseudopodal [sit-dop' -o-dul ) [i^fwiz/f, false ; kovq, foot]. Provided with pseudopods. Pseudopode {sid -dopod). Same as Pseudopodium. Pseudopodial, Pseudopodian (su-do-po' -de-al, su-do- po' -dc-an) [i/jffd^/f , false ; Troiif, foot]. Pertaining to pseudopodia. Pseudopodic (su-do-po' -dik). Same as Pseudopodal. Pseudopodium (su-do-po' -de-um) \jpKv6l/(;, false ; Trouf, foot: //. , Pseudopodia']. In biology, a temporary or permanent, filose or lobose process of the exoplasm of Rhizopoda, JPeliozaa, Radiolaria, and other ameboid cells ; leukocytes, plasmodia, etc. " There are two prin- cipal sorts of pseudopodia, myxopodia and axopodia. The former are not stiff, but protrusible and retractile ; they can fuse with neighboring pseudopodia into a net- work, and chiefly in the Rliizopoda, can collect into small masses by flowing together outside the body at points where they meet with food. Such myxopodia are characteristic of the Rhizopoda, and most Radiolaria. The axopodia, which are found in the Heliozoa and in Acantharia among Radiolaria, are on the contrary, more or less stiff, and not inclined to reticulate and fuse. In their axes there generally runs a stiff axial filament, a sort of elastic organ of support formed of organic substance. These axial filaments run toward the central point of the body — to the boundary of the endoplasm (Actinosplurrium), or to the nucleus near the center (Actiimphrys), or they meet actually in the center (Acanthayia). All pseudopodia show more or less swift granular streaming. " (Lang.) Pseudo-polypus (sic-do-pol' -ip-us) [i/'euJ^f, false ; tvo'/.v- ■Kovc, polypus]. A mass of mucus or blood assuming the shape of a polypoid tumor. Pseudo-pregnancy (su-do-preg' -nan-se) [i/;fi;r5^f, false ; pregnans, pregnant]. Synonym oi Pregnancy , False. Pseudoproct (su'-do-prokt) \j\.ev6ljg, false ; OKoweiv, to j see] . An instrument consisting of a pair of rectangu- | lar prisms so arranged that the projecting portions of objects looked at appear depressed, and their deeper portions prominent. Pseudoscopic (su-do-skop'-ik ) [i/jMid^f, false ; gkotieIv, | to view]. Pertaining to the pseudoscope. ; Pseudoscopy (su-dos' -ko-pe) \T\>tv^ii<;, false ; omirtlv, to view]. The use of the pseudoscope. Pseudosematic (su - do -sem - at'- ik) [ i/jtud^f , false; ar/fia, a sign, mark, token]. In biology, false signal- ing, as the colors and disguises acquired by animals I for purposes of deception, and generally referred to as | mimicry, q.v. Cf. Pseudallosetnaiic , Pseudaposematic , ,1 Pseudepisematic. Pseudoseptate (su-do-sep'-tdt) \p\itv&riq, false ; septutii, a fence]. In biology, having pseudosepta. Presenting the appearance of being septate when not so. Pseudoseptum (su-do-sep'-tum) [i/;EDt5//f, false ; septum, fence : //. , Pseudosepta\ In biology, a false septum. Pseudosiphon (su - do - si' - fun) [i//eD(5^f, false ; trf^dui', siphon]. In biology, a false siphon. Pseudosiphonal (sic - do - si' -fun-al) [i/'ft^f^'/f, false; al false; ankpiia, seed : Pseudospermia\ In biology, a term applied to such fruits as have the pericarp so closely ' applied to the seed that it is readily mistaken for a simple seed. ' Pseudospermous (su-do-sper'-mus). Same as Pseudo- spermic. Pseudosphresia {su - dos -fre'- ze - ah). Synonym of Pseudosmia. ' Pseudospore (su'-do-spdr)\;^n('iTjQ,fa\sc; a~6pog, seed]. See Telentospore. , i Pseudostigma (szi-do-stig' -mah) [i/'fiJ^, false ; oTiy^ia, stigma]. In biology, a false stigma. Pseudostoma (su-dos-to'mah) [i/'futiw, false; rsroiia mouth: pi., Pseudostomata\ I. One of the small, ; deeply-stained areas in silver preparations of endothe- lium. They are regarded by some as minute open- , ings filled by silver-stained albuminous substances ; PSEUDOSTOMATOUS 1205 PSORIASIS according to Klein, however, many of tliese stigmata are the protruding, stained processes of connective- tissue cells. 2. The oral orifice of the echinopaedium of an echinoderm. Pseudostomatous [sii-do-sto' -mat-iis) [i/)£i;fS//f, false ; arbjia, mouth]. Provided with pseudostomata ; pertaining to a pseudostoma. Pseudostome (su'- do - s/vni) \_^£v6tig, false ; ardaa, mouth]. See Pseudostoma. Pseudostomosis [su - do - sto - mo'- sis) [^evSr^g, false ; oTOfia, mouth]. The formation or existence ofa pseu- dostome. Pseudostomotic {su - do - sto - mot'- ik) [i/'e?;fS//f , false ; CTo/ia, mouth]. Characterized by pseudostomosis. Pseudostomous {su-do-sto' -mus) [ i/)f !'(5//?, false ; urojia, mouth]. In biology, having pseudostomes. Pseudo-stroma {su - do - stro' - mah) [T/iewcS^f , false ; arpufia, a covering]. A false stroma; a cellular body resembling a stroma. Pseudo-synarthrosis {su-do-sin-ar-thro' -sis') [i/'eyf5//f, false ; mv, with ; apdpov, joint]. A ligamentous pseudarthrosis. Pseudo-syphilis {su-do-sif -il-is) [i/^ewd^f, false ; syphi- lis, syphilis]. Chancroid. Pseudo-tabes {su-do-ta'-bez) [^ipevSfiQ, false ; tabes, a wasting]. Any disease simulating locomotor ataxia. See Polyneuritis potatorum. P. mesenterica, a func- tional disorder most common in young women and hysterical persons, and resembling tabes mesenterica. VsswAo-Xetany {su-do-tet'-a7i-e) [i/;fi,'i-5/;f, false ; Ttravor, tetanus]. A disease simulating tetany. Pseudo-trichinosis {so-do-trik-in-o' -sis) [i/;f)j(5/;f, false ; flpif , hair ; voaoq, disease]. Acute polymyositis re- sembling trichinosis of the muscles. Pseudotropin {su-do-tro' -pin) [i/ifx'rf^f, false ; rpkiztiv, to turn], CgHjjNO. An isomeric form of tropin. Pseudo-tuberculous {su-do-tu-l>er' -ku-lus) [i/'Ewd'/f, false ; tubercnhtDi, tubercle]. Simulating tuberculosis. Pseudo-typhoid (^//-(/o-/'/'-/^;/;/) [i/^fTx^^f, false ; rv(^oq, smoke]. False typhoid; simulating typhoid fever. P. Bacilli, bacteria that resemble the Isacillus of enteric fever, but are not identical with it. Pseudo-urticaria {su-do-ur-tik-a' -re ah) \_-^tv6riQ, false ; urtica, nettle]. A skin-affection resembling urticaria in appearance, but not identical with it. Pseudoval {sti-do'-val) \j\itv&ijq, false; ovum, egg]. Pertaining to a pseudovum. Pseudovarian {su-do-va' -re-an) \T\tivt^tiq, false ; ovarian, ovary]. Pertaining to a pseudovarium. Pseudo-variola {su - do - va - ri' - o - lah). Synonym of Varicella. Pseudovarium, Pseudovary {su-do-va' -re-um, sii-do' - va-re) \j^Kvi^ric, false; ovarium, ovary]. The ovary of a viviparous insect. Pseudovelar {su-do-zie' -lar)\T\)Ev61iq, false ; velum, veil]. Vascular ; having the character of a pseudovelum. Pseudovelum {su-do-ve' -lum) [i/'fJxV/r, false ; velum, veil]. The vascular velum of some hydrozoans. Pseudo-vermicules.(j//-r/o-7^(>r''-;;///('-M/3) [i/;£t)f5^f, false ; vermes, a worm]. The crescentic bodies found by Laveran in the blood of persons suffering from malarial fever. See Parasites {Aniinal), Table of. Pseudovum {s2i-do'-vum)\Tpev(''ii](;,i3\se: ; ovum, egg : //. , Pseudova\ An egg that develops parthenogenically. Pseudoxanthin {su-doks-an' -thin) false ; fdv- 6of, yellow]. A name given, it is thought inappro- priately, by Gautier to a leukomain-base, C^H^N^O, isolated from fresh muscle-tissue of beef. It so much resembles xanthin, however, that it may have been often mistaken for that compound — hence, the name given by Gautier ; but it differs from xanthin in its etnpiric composition, solubility, and crystalline fonn. The name Pseudoxanthin was also given by Schultzen and Filehne to a body isomeric with xanthin, obtained by action of sulphuric upon uric acid. Pseudymen (su-di'-men) [jjievdr/r, false ; vuijv, mem- brane]. A false membrane. Psiloma {si-lo'-mah) [-i/iiAdf;, bare]. Baldness. Psilopedic {si-lo-pe' -dik) [i/fAdr, bare ; jroif, child]. Of birds born featherless. Psilosis {si-lo'-sis) \_i^lX6q, bare]. The removal of the hair from a part. Depilation. Psilothrum {si-lo' -thrum) [i/'(A(j0por]. A depilatory. Psoadic {so-ad'-ik) [ i/ida, loin]. Pertaining to a psoas muscle, or to the loin. Psoae {so'-e) [i/^da, loin]. The psoas muscles. Psoas {so' -as) [ i/joa, loin]. The loin. P. Abscess, an abscess, usually dependent upon tuberculous dis- ease of the vertebra, making its way along the sheath of the psoas muscle and pointing at the front of the thigh, below Poupart's ligament, to the outer side of the spine of the pubis. See Abscess. P. magnus, P. major. See Aluscles, Table of. P. minor, P. parvus. See Muscles, Table of. P. quartus. Syno- nym of Obturator internus. Psoatic {so-at'-ik). Same as Psoadic. Psodymus {sod' -im-its) [i/»da, loin ; SISvuoi;, double]. A sysomic monstrosity with two heads and thoraces, and conjoined abdominal and pelvic cavities. There are two legs, and occasionally the rudiments of a third. Psoitis {so-i'-tis) [i/'da, loin ; mt;, inflammation]. In- flammation of the psoas muscles, or of the region of the loins. Psoloncus {so-long' -kits) [i/iw?.?/, the bared, glans penis ; oyKoq, tumor]. Tumefaction of the prepuce and the glans penis, due to paraphimosis. Psora {so' -rah^ [i/)d)pa ; ipoetu, to scratch]. Scabies. See also Psoriasis. Psoralin {so-ral' -in). Synonym of Caffein. Psorelcosis {so-rel-ko' -sis) [i/'wpo, scabies ; ilKuaiq, ulceration]. Ulceration occurring during the progress of scabies. Psorentery {so' ■ reiz - ter - e) [i/'upa, scabies; ivrtpov, intestine]. Asiatic cholera. Psoriasis {so-ri' -as-is) [r/'wpo, the itch]. Lepra alphas; Lepra ; Dry Tetter ; Psora ; a common chronic inflammatory disease of the skin, characterized by variously-sized lesions having red bases, covered with white scales resembling mother-of-pearl. It affects by preference the extensor surfaces of the body. The lesions are infiltrated, elevated, clearly defined, cov- ered with white, shining, easily-detachable scales, which upon removal reveal a red, punctate, bleeding surface. The eruption is absolutely dry, and itching is usually absent. The etiology is obscure, though heredity plays a considerable role in its production. P. annularis. Synonym of P. circinata. P., Buccal, P. buccalis. Synonym of Leukoplakia bzeccalis. See also P. , Lingtial. P. centrifuga, psoriasis in which the patches heal in the center while spreading at the periphery. P. circinata, psoriasis in which the cen- tral part of the lesions has disappeared, leaving ring- shaped patches. P. diffusa, a form in which there is coalescence of large contiguous lesions. P. discoidea. Same as P. nummularis. P., Eczematous, an acute form with bright-red patches, less defined at the margin than usual, with thin and papery scales, which are thrown off so rapidly that they have no time to aggregate into masses. The part is hot and tender, itches severely, and very little irritation will produce discharge. P. empyodes, a form in which a little pus forms underneath t'ae crusts ; a rare event. P. figurata, P. geographica, psoriasis in which the patches are arranged in irregular patterns. P. g^t- PSORIATIC 1206 PSYCHOGRAPHY tata. See P. pintctata. P. gyrata, psoriasis with a serpentine arrangement of the patches. P. inveter- ata, a very obstinate form in which the skin is much thickened and fissured, with large adherent scales. P. nigra, a variety of psoriasis in which deep pigmenta- tion has taken place. P. nummularis, P. nummu- lata, psoriasis in which the patches develop in the shape and size of coins. P. ophthalmica, squamous eczema of the eyelids. P. orbicularis. Synonym of P. circinata. P. palmse, a dry eczema of the hands, or a squamous syphiloderm. P. palmaris at plantaris syphilitica, a squamous syphiloderm of the palms and soles. P. pilaris, a form affecting the re- gion of the hair-follicles. P. punctata, a form in which the lesion consists of minute red papules which rapidly become surmounted by pearly scales. These spread peripherally and soon resemble drops of mortar {P. guttata) ; when they attain the size of a coin the name P. mimnnilaris is applied to them. By coales- cence of these, larger patches are produced(/'. diffusa)^ the outline of which is festooned and convex outward. Healing begins in the center of the patches, causing a ringed appearance {P. circinata), composite patches thus assuming serpiginous outlines [P. gyrata). P. rubra, an acute form of psoriasis. P. rupioides, a form in which the scales are excessive in quantity and piled up like the shell of a limpet. P. simplex : (l) the usual form of psoriasis; (2) synonym of Eczema. P. striata, psoriasis in which the lesions are disposed in stripe or lines. P., Syphilitic. See Svpliiloderuia papulo-sqiiainosmn. P. unguium, psoriasis of the nails, which become brittle, rough, ridged, and their ends broken off. P. universalis, a form in which the lesions are all over the body. Psoriatic [so-re-at'-ik] [i/'wpa, itch]. I. Pertaining to psoriasis. 2. One affected with psoriasis. "Psoric (so'- rik) itch]. Pertaining to or affected with psora. Psorocomium {so-ro-ko'-me-iim) [^lupa, itch ; Ko/ieh>, to take care of]. A hospital for patients aflfected with the itch. Psoroid [so'-roid) [i/'u/w, itch; EMoc,like]. Similar to psora or scabies. Psorophthalmia [so-roff-thal' -7ne-ali) [i/'"/ua, itch ; IxpO- a'Afioq, eye]. Marginal blepharitis. Psorophthalmic {so-roff-thal' -mik) [i/'wpa, itch ; oaif*- aXjiiK;, eye]. Pertaining to psorophthalmia. Psororheumatismus (so-ro-ni-mai-iz' -imis) [i/'(j/5f?, itch ; fiFvjjiaTianoc;, rheumatism]. Rheumatism ascribed to scabies. Psorosperm (so'-ro-sper?n) [ijiupa, the itch ; mrepfja, seed]. In biology, one of the Psorosperjuicr, the name originally created by Miiller to designate the sporozoa of Fishes, but later applied to such a variety of low forms of animal life as to have lost its specific value, and now having but the general, vague significance of any or all sporozoa. Coccidia, Jl/vxosporidia, Sarcosporidia , Microsporidia, q. v. P. Nodules. See Coccidittiii oviforme va Parasites [Animal), Table of. P. Sac- cules. See Sarcocystis miescheri, under Parasites {Animal^, Table of. Psorospermial, Psorospermic ( so - ro - sper'- me - al, so-ro-sper' -inik) [7/)6)/-)n, itch ; (T7rfp/m, seed]. Pertain- ing to or of the nature of psorosperms. Psorospermiasis ( so-ro-sper-mi' -as-is ) [i/^tipa, itch ; OTrep/ia, seed]. A term embracing several parasitic affections produced Iw psorosperms. Psorospermosis {so->-o-sper-mo' -sis)[xl>upa, itch ; oTrtpf-ia seed : //. , Psorosperwoses\ A diseased condition as- sociated with the presence of psorosperms. P., Pro- liferative Follicular. Synonym of Keratosis follicu- lar is and Darier' s Disease. Psorotheoria [so-ro-the-o' -re-ah) [i/'ijpa, itch ; Oeupia, theory]. Hahnemann's theory that many diseases were due to the driving inward of scabies. PsoTous [so' -rus) [i/'upa, itch]. Pertaining to or affected with the itch. Psorozoa (so - ro - zo'- a/i) [i/'tjpa, itch; fuoi", animal]. Animal psorosperms. Psychagogia (si-kag-o'-je-ak) \_>bvxil, spirit; (i) spirit; (i; (J)(5r, lead- ing]. I. Restorative of the consciousness. 2. A remedy that restores to consciousness, as in faint- ing- Psychalgia (si-kaF -je-ali) [V'J'A''/) mind ; d/yof, pain]. Mental distress ; melancholia. Psyche (si'-ke) [i/'^jiy, soul]. The brain and myelon considered as one organ ; the cerebro-spinal axis. Psychentonia (si- ken-to' -ne-ah^ [i'^'XV, mind; ivrov'ia, tension]. Mental strain or over-work. Psychiater [si-ki' -at-er) [V'f/T'/> soul ; iarpof, a physi- cian]. An alienist; one who cures mind-diseases. Psychiatria [si-ki-a' -tre-ali). Same as Psychiatry. Psychiatric [si-ke-at' -rik) mind ; larpela, heal- ing art]. Pertaining to pschiatry. Psychiatrist (si-he-at'-rist) \J'vx>l, mind; MTi/p, physi- cian]. A specialist in psychiatry. Psychiatry [si -bi' -at- re') [i/'i'jt-//, mind ; larpela, healing art] . The science and treatment of the diseases of the mind. Psychic, or Psychical (si'-hih,si'-kik-al)l^il>vxi/,m'md']. Pertaining to the mind. P. Blindness. See Word- blindness. P. Centers. Nerve-centers connected with sensation in the sense of conscious perception, feeling, volition, intellectual acts, and will. Psychics (si'-kiks) [i/'(',t'/> soul]. The science of psy- chology. Psychism (si'-kizm) [i/'i'^'A soul]. The character of being psychic, or mental. Psychist (si' -hist) [i/"'A''/! soul]. One who engages in psychic research. Psychlampsia (si-klamp' -se-ali) [i/'"/T'/i niind ; 7id/xij)t(, a flashing]. Mania, viewed as a discharging phenome- non of perverted cerebral activity. Psycho-auditory (si - ko - aw'- dit - or - e) [i/'f J'A mind ; aiidire, to hear]. Pertaining to the ]jsychic percep- tion of sound. P. Area, the cortical area concerned in the conscious perception of sound. Psychocoma ( si - ko - ko'- mah ) [ ■\l.ivxv, mind ; Kufia, coma]. Mental stupor (Clouston). Psychodometer (si-ko-dom' -et-er) [V'l'J'A mind ; Wof, way; fihpov, measure]. An instrument for measur- ing the rapidity of psychic processes. Psychodynamic ( si - ko -di - nam'- ik \ [ i/'i'J'/. soul ; 6'vvaiuq, power]. Pertaining to psychodynamics. Psychodynamics (si - ko-di - nam'- iks) [li'vxn, mind; fivvafiK;, power]. The science of the laws of mental activity. Psychodynamy (si-ko-di' -nam-e). Synonym of Mag- netism, Animal. Psychogenesis (si-ko-jen' -es-is) [V"'A''/. mind; levfic, generation]. The development of mental charac- teristics. Psychogeny (si-ko/'-t'n-e) [ \lnv,i.o write]. Pertaining to psychography. Psychography (si- 'kng'-ra-fe) [i/'i'T'), soul ; ypaipen; to write]. The natural history of mind. PSYCHOKIXESIA 1207 PSVDRACIA Psychokinesia [si-ko-kin-e' -ze-ah) \_^vx^h mind ; k.ivti- (7(C, movement]. Explosive or impulsive maniacal action, due to defective inhibition ; psychlampsia. Psychologic [si-ko-/o;' -ik) \_>i>vx>i, soul ; /.d} of , science]. Pertaining to psychology. Psychologist (si - kol' - o - jist) [t/'i',V'); soul; '/m]oc, science]. One versed in psychology. Psychology (.?/-/6o/'-()-yV) [i/'i^,V'/> mind; /.6-/OC, science], rhe science which has for its primary subject of inves- tigation all the phenomena of human consciousness, or of the sentient life of man (Ladd). Psychometry [si - kom^- et - re) \jln)x>l, mind; tie-pov, measure]. The measurement of the duration of psychic processes ; measurement of sense-relations in mental action. P., Physiologic, psychology studied from a physiologic standpoint. There is a growing tendency on the part of scientists to study the phenom- ena of the mind from the physical and physiologic side. Important results have been achieved by the aid of psycho-physics, and a number of psychic phenom- ena can now be defined in raathematic terms. P., Transcendental, psychic processes which are be- lieved not to be dependent on cerebral function. Psycho-motor (si-ko-nio'-tor) \_i'vx'l-, mind ; iiiovere, to move]. Pertaining to the mind and to voluntary movement. P. Area, the motor area of the brain ; disposed chiefly at the sides of the central (Rolandic) fissure. Psychoneurology (si - ko - iiu-rol' -o-je) [li't'r'A soul; veipor, nerve; Aoyor, science]. That part of neu- rology treating of mental action. Psychon&UTOsis (si-ko->i!/-ro' -sis) [li^i^x'/) mind; i-cvpov, nerve ; roaog, disease]. Mental disease, especially such as is not accompanied by or dependent on any demonstrable bodily disorder. Psychonomy (si-koii'-o-me) [ii'i';i;';, soul ; 6i'o«a, name]. The science of the laws of mental action. Psychonosema [si-ko-iio-ze' -mah ] [ii'i';t'/> mind ; voa- fir/i\ disease]. Any mental disease. Psychonosology (si-ko-no-zol' -o-je) \_ii)vx'l, mind; voanr, disease ; /.oyoc, science]. The nosology of mental diseases. Psycho-optic (si'-ko-op' -tik) [li-r,-};^, mind ; uii', sight]. Pertaining to the psychic perception of light. P. Area, the cortical area concerned in conscious percep- tion of retinal impulses. Psychoparesis (si-ko-par' -es-is) \t'vxhi mind ; -aptci^, paresis]. Enfeeblement of the mind. Psychopath (si' -ko-path) [i/'i-'X'). soul; -o^or, disease]. A morally irresponsible person. Psychopathic (si-ko-path' -ik) \jbvxf]-, mind ; ~a6oc, disease]. Pertaining to psychopathy. Psychopathist (si-kop' -ath-ist). Synonym of Psy- chiatrist. Psycho-pathology (si-ko-path-ol' -o- je) [i/'t';t'A mind; -d(?oc, disease; /djor, science]. I. The pathology of mental disease. 2. In legal medicine, the legal aspect of insanity ; the law as to the rights and re- sponsibilities of insane persons ; legal psychiatry, in- correctly called criminal anthropology. Psychopathy (si - kop' - ath - e) [il'iw/, mind; -dWor, disease]. Any disease of the mind. Psycho-physical ) [li'ivf/, mind ; Oi'cr;- /cdf , physical]. Pertaining to pyscho-physics. P. Law. See Law, Fechner s. Psychophysics (si - ko - fiz' - iks) [lii'j//, mind; ovaiKOc, physical]. The study of mental processes by physi- cal methods ; the study of the relation of stimuli to the sensations which they produce, especially the de- termination of the differences of stimulus required to produce recognizable differences of sensation ; experi- mental psychology. Psychophysiology (si-ko-fiz-e-oi' -o-je). Synonym of Psvchology, Physiologic. Psychoplasm (si'-ko-plazm) soul, mind ; Tr/.da- ua, anything formed]. In biology: "The sentient material out of which all forms of consciousness are evolved, incessantly fluctuating, incessantly renewed." (Lewes.) See Proty/. Psychoplasmic {si-ko-plaz' -niik) \j\mxii, soul ; -nXdaua, anything formed]. Pertaining to pyschoplasm. Psychorrhythm (si'-ko-rithm) \_il'ix'l, mind; puO/ioc, rhythm]. Any cyclic or alternating mental condition. Psycho-sensory, Psycho-sensorial (si-ko-sen' -sor-e, si-ko-seti-so' -re-al) [i/'f;t'A mind ; sensus, sense]. Pertaining to the conscious perception of sensory im- pulses. P. Area, an area in the brain-cortex con- nected with the perception of sensory impulses, par- ticularly those of special sense. Psychosin {si - ko' - sin ) \jii, mind]. A cerebrosid resembling sphingosin, occurring in brain-tissue. Psychosis (^/-/f'o''-j/.f) [lixw;, mind : //. , Psychoses^ I. Any disease of the mind. 2. The neural act corre- sponding to a mental phenomenon. "In all intellectual operations we have to distinguish two sets of successive changes — one in the physical basis of consciousness and the other in consciousness itself; one set which may, and doubtless will, in course of time, be followed through all its complexities by the anatomist and the physicist, and one of which only the man can have immediate knowledge. As it is very necessary to keep up a clear distinction between these two pro- cesses, let the one be called neurosis, q. v. , and the other psychosis. ' ' (Huxley. ) Psychosomatiatria (si-ko-so-mat-e-a'-ti-e-ah) \_-i)vxri, mind ; auua, body ; larpia, healing art]. The treat- ment of diseases of the mind and body. Psychosomatic [si-ko-so-inat'-ik) [li'cx?/, soul ; cuua, body] . Relating to both soul and body. Psychotherapeutic (si-ko-ther-ap-ti' -tik) \jl'vxi], soul ; Oeparvd'TiKfic, pertaining to medical treatment]. Per- taining to psychotherapeutics. Psychotherapeutics (si - ko - ther - ap - n' - tiks) \^X'lt mind; Oepa-eia, treatment]. The treatment of dis- ease by mental influence, or bv suggestion. Psychotherapy (si - ko - ther' - ap - e). Same as Psycho- therapeutics. Psychovital (si-ko-vi' -tal") [j/'I'y^, soul; vita. life]. Psychic and vital. Psychrapostema (si-krap-os' -te-mah) [li'i'xpdf, cold ; ci-iic-))ua, abscess]. Cold abscess. Psychrolusia (si-kro-lii' -ze-ah) \i'vxpoc, cold ; /.oieiv, to wash]. Cold bathing. Psychrolutron (si-k)-o-lu' -troii) [liw^pof) cold ; '/.ovrpov, bath]. Cold bath. Psychrometer (si-krom' -et-er) [lia'jpdf , cold ; /lirpov, measure]. An instrument for determining the amount of atmospheric moisture by precipitation on a cold surface. Psychrometric (si-kro-met'-rik) \_i>vxpo<;, cold; uirpov, measure]. Pertaining to a psychrometer. Psychrometry (si-krom' -et-re\ [li'yjpor, cold ; fierpov, measure] . The use of the psychrometer. Psychrophobia (si-kro-fo' be-ah) [ii;u;j'pdf , cold ; oo.iog, dread]. Morbid dread of or impressibility to cold. Psychrophore \si' -kro-fdr) [ I'avtpdf, cold ; ooptiv, to carry]. An instrument for applying ■ cold to parts deeply placed, as by a double-current catheter to the prostate gland. Psychroposia (si-kro-po' -ze-ah) [il'vxpoc, cold ; ~6aLC, a drinking]. The drinking of cold beverages. Psydracia (si-dra'-se-ah'^ [ij'i (5paf, blister, pimple : //. , Psn/raciiel. I. Eczema ( Fuchs). 2. In Plenck's classification, a variety of skin-diseases characterized PSYDRACIUM 1208 PTERYGOMA by red, elevated spots. P. spontaneae, a form of large-whealed urticaria usually aftecting covered parts. P. vulgaris. Synonym of Eczema simplex. Psydracium [si-dra' -se-itm) [i/^yd/ja^^ a blister or pim- ple : //. , Psydracia']. A small pustule. Psygma {sig'-7nali) \\\wyij.a\. A refrigerant medicine. Ptarmic {tar'-mik) [nrap/zw;, a sneezing]. Pertaining to the act of sneezing. Sternutatory. Also, a sub- stance that produces sneezing. Ptelea (te'-le-ali) [irrt/lra, elm]. A genus of poly- petalous shrubs and trees. P. trifoliata, Hop-tree ; Wafer-ash ; Wing-seed. The bark of a shrub yield- ing a bitter tonic extractive. It is a popular tonic in debility and dyspepsia, and is also used as an anthel- mintic. Unof. Pteleorrhine [/el'-e-or-iii) [TrreAf'o, elm ; pig, nose]. A term applied to the anterior nares when the aperture is asymmetric. Ptenopleural ( ten - o - plu'- ml ) [ Trn/vog, feathered ; Tr?icvi)a, side]. In biology, having the sides of the body winged or alate. Pteral (ter'-al^ [Trrepdi', wing]. In biology, of or per- taining to the wing. Cf. Manal. Ptere [ter) [Trrfpdi', feather, wing]. In biology, a wing-like structure. Pteridium (ter-id' -e-um) [ Trrepdi', wing]. See Samara. Pterion (te'-re-on) \_7rTi:puv, wing]. See Craiiiometric Points. Pterna (ter'-nali) [Trre^m]. I. Calcaneum. 2. The heel-pad of birds. Ptero- (ter' -d) \_TrTepuv, wing]. A prefix to denote re- semblance to a wing, or wing-shaped. Pterocardiac [ter-o-kar' -de-ak) [Trrf/jor, wing; Kopcha, the heart]. In biology, applied by Huxley to a wing- like ossicle that articulates with the cardiac ossicle in the stomach of the crawfish. Pterocarpous {ter-o-kar' -pus) [Trrfpdr, wing ; Kap7r6(;, fruit]. In biology, wing-fruited. Pterocarpus [ter-o-kar' -pus) \Tmp6v, wing ; Kapirog, fruit]. A genus of tropical leguminous trees. P. draco, of tropical America, aff ords some of the dragon's blood of commerce. P. erinaceus, of Africa, and P. marsupium, of India, yield kino. P. santali- nus, affords red saunders. Pterocaulon {ter-o-ka7u'-lon) [_~T(puv, wing; /laiJdf, stem]. A genus of the Imiloidetr. P. pycnosta- chyum, black-root, a species found in Georgia, where it is used as a tonic, emmenagogue, and alterative. Pterodium {ter-o' -de-nvi). Same as Pteridium. Pteroglossine [ Trrtpdi', wing ; y'Kiiona, tongue]. In biology, having a feathery or brushy tongue. Pterologic [ter-o-loj' -ik) [-repdi', wing ; Adyof , science]. Pertaining to pterology. Pterology (ter-ol'-o-je) [TrrFpov, wing ; 7J)ync, science]. In biology, that department of entomology or orni- thology which treats of the wings. Pteropegal {ter-o-pe' -gal) [7rr£pdi% wing; irriyor, fas- tened]. Pertaining to a pteropegum. Pteropegum [ter-o-pe' -gum) \_'KTep6v, feather, wing ; rrr/ynr, fastened: //., Pteropega\ In biology, the articular socket or surface on the thorax of an insect for the reception of the base of the wing. Pteropodial [ter-o-po'-de-al) \_nTfp6i\ wing; TrdtS^oc, a small foot]. Pertaining to a pteropodium. Pteropodium [ter-o-po' -de-nm) [Trrf/jdf, wing ; TrdJ/oi', a small foot]. The podium of a pteropod. Pterorhine (ter'-o-rin) [Trrf/idr, wing; /)/f, nose]. In biology, having feathered nostrils. Pterospora (ter-os'-po-rali) \_KTep6v. wing; airopor, seed]. A genus of plants belonging to the order Monotropece. P. andromeda, scaly dragon-claw, dragon-root, fever-root, a plant found in New York, Vermont, and Canada, and having anthelmintic, dia- phoretic, and emmenagogue properties. Pterostigma [ter-o-stig' -mah) \jTTtp6v, wing ; (yriy/ia, a spot]. The stigma on the wings of some insects. Pterostigmal [ter-o-stig' -mal ) [;rrfpd^, wing ; ariy/ia, stigma]. Pertaining to a pterostigma. Pterostigmatic [ter - 0 - stig - mat'- ik) [irrepov, wing ; any/m, stigma]. In biology, having a pterostigma. Pterotheca [ter-o-the' -kah) \nrip6i\ wing ; '^///c?/, case : //. , PterotheciF'\ . In biology, that part of the pupa-case which covers the developing wings. Pterotic [ter-ot'-ik) [nrepov, wing]. Wing-like. Pterygial [ter-ij' -e-al) [dim. of TTTtpv^, wing]. Per- taining to a pterygium. Pterygium [ter-if -e-um) [dim. of Trrepv^, wing: //., Pte?ygia']. I. A triangular patch of thickened con- junctiva, the apex poindng toward the pupil, the fan-shaped base extending toward the canthus. It is most common on the nasal side. 2. One of the als Pterygium. nasi. 3. In biology, the generalized vertebrate limb. Cf. Archipterygiiim , Ictkyopteiygiiim, Cheiropterygiuin, Alesppterygiiim, Metapterygiiim , Propterygiuin. P. carnosum, a flesh-like vascular pterygium. P. eras- sum. Synonym of P. earnosiim. P. membrana- ceum, a tlain, membrane-like pterygium. P. sarco- matosum. .Synonym of P. carnosum. P. tenue. Synonym of P. niembranaceitm. P. unguis, an ab- normal growth of skin over the finger-nail. P. vas- culosum. Synonym of P. carnostim. Pterygo- [ter'-ig-o-) [-rfpuf, wing]. A prefix denoting connection with or relation to the pterygoid process. Pterygoblast [ter' -ig-o-blast ) [ir-'tpv^, wing ; {Y/.acToi;, germ]. In biology, the incipient rudiment or proton of the fin-ray. Pterygobranchiate [ter - ig - 0 - brang'- ke - at) [rrrfpwf, wing ; (ipdyx'a, gills]. In biology, having feathery gills. Pterygoda [ter-ig-o' -dali) [Trrt/ii)) (if5;/r, wing-like]. In l)iology, a pair of scales on the mesothorax, near the insertion of the first legs, in Lepidoptera. Cf. Tegiila-. Pterygoid [ ter'-ig-oid) [_TTTipvi, wing; d(hg, like]. Wing-shaped. P. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. P. Canal, the Vidian canal. P. Fossa. See /'wm. P. Muscle. See Muscle. P. Notch. Same as P. Fossa. P. Plate, one of the two plates of a ptery- goid process, q. v. P. Plexus. See Plexus. P. Process. See Process, Pterygoid. Pterygoidean [ter-i<;-oid'-e-an) \_TTrFp'v:, wing]. Ptery- goid. P. Plaques, the characteristic sores seen on the hard palate in children affected with Bednar's aphtha'. Pterygoma [ter-ig-o' -ma/i) [irr/pr^, wing; b/ta, tuinor]. A chronic swelling of the labia minora which inter- feres with coitus (Severin). PTERYGOMAXILLARY 1209 PTOSIS Pterygomaxillary (ter-ig-o-maks' -il-a-re) \j:r^p6v, wing ; tiiJof, like ; maxilla, maxilla]. Pertaining to a pterygoid process and the maxilla. P. Fissure, an elongated fissure formed by the divergence of the superior maxillary bone from the pterygoid process of the sphenoid. It gives passage to branches of the internal maxillary artery. P. Ligament, a liga- mentous branch extending from the apex of the internal pterygoid plate to the posterior end of the internal oblique line of the lower jaw. Pterygopalatal, Pterygopalatine { ter-ig-o-pal' -at-al, ter-ig-o-pal' -at-i>i). See Palatopterygoid. P. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. P. Canal, a canal formed by the articulation of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, with the sphenoid process of the palate bone and transmitting the pterygo-palatine vessels and nerves. P. Nerve, a small nerve arising from the back part of Meckel's ganglion and passing through the pterygo-palatine canal to the mucous mem- brane of the upper part of the pharynx, behind the Eustachian tube. Also known as the pharyngeal nerve. Pterygo-pharyngeus ( ter-ig-o-far-in-je' -ics ) ^i^rtpov, wing; (jiapvy^, pharynx]. I. Synonym of Palato- pliaryngetis. 2. The part of the superior constrictor of the pharynx which arises from the internal ptery- goid plate. Pterygo-quadrate (ter-ig-o-kwod' -rat) [irTepv^, wing ; quadrat us, quadrate]. Pertaining to the pterygoid bone and to the quadrate bone. Pterygosphenoid (ter-ig-o-sjy -noid). See Splietio- pterygoid. Pterygospinous [ter-ig-o- spi' -nus) \jrTepv^, wing; spinosus, spinous]. Pertaining to a pterygoid pro- cess and to the spine of the sphenoid. Pterygo-staphylinus (ter-ig-o-staf-il-i' -nus) [ irTepv^, wing ; OT(LHah) [Trrw/za]. Cadaver. Ptomain [to' -iiia-in) [n-ru/ia, corpse]. Any one of the active, inanimate septic or toxic substances result- ing from processes of decomposition and disintegration of albuminous materials. (Farquharson. ) As pto- mains are chiefly developed during putrefaction, they have been termed putrefactive alkaloids. The' name cadaveric alkaloids has also been given to them, but applies properly only to those obtained from the dead animal body. .Some of the ptomains are poisonous ; the greater number are not. As a rule, each distinct- ive ptomain is produced by a different microorganism, but there are instances of several bacteria producing the same ptomain. The dependence of a ptomain upon microorganisms may be indirect and compli- cated by or dependent upon purely chemic changes. The kind of ptomain produced depends somewhat upon the stage of putrefaction, as ptomains are " transition products in the process of putrefaction. ' ' Their produc- tion is also influenced by the media in which the bac- teria grow. A ptomain that is formed by a certain bacterium in one medium may not be produced by the same bacterium in another medium. Ptomains have been found in foods, as in mussels, oysters, eels, sau- sage, ham, canned meats, cheese, milk, ice-cream, etc. The pathogenic action of certain bacteria may be due to their production of ptomains. In addition to the ptomains given in the following table, a number of unnamed substances have been studied that possess reactions and physiologic effects similar or identical with those of well-known vegetable alkaloids. These at pres- ent can only be called after analogues, e.g., Coni'in- like Substances; others are called Atropin-like, Delphinin-like, Digitalin-like, Morphin-like, Nicotin-like, Strychnin-like, 'Veratrin-like, etc. The table beginning on page 1 210 is modified from Vaughan and Novy. Ptomainemia [to-ma-in-e'-me-ah)\j^Twiia, c.or^i,t.; aifxa, blood]. The presence of ptomains in the blood. Ptomainic (to'-ma-in-ik) [Trwua, corpse]. Due to or associated with a ptomain. Ptomapeptone [to'-mah-pep'-ton] [rrriy/za, a corpse; pep- tone, from TreTr-eti>, to cook, digest]. In biology, one of the putrefactive alkaloids produced in cereals by the action of ergot, molds, etc. Ptomatin {to' -mat-in). Synonym of Ptomain. Ptomatopsia {to-mat-op' -se-ah) [^Trrufia, corpse ; oijiic, view]. The examination of the cadaver ; necropsy. Ptomatropin {to-maf -ro-piii). A ptomain resembling the vegetable alkaloid atropin in its physiologic proper- ties. That isolated by Zuelzer and Sonnenschein did not give the odor of blossoms when heated with sul- phuric acid and oxidizing agents (Reuss's test), but a ptomatropin found by .Selrai gave the reaction. Ptosis {to' -sis) [-ruczf, irt-Teiv, to fall]. Complete or partial drooping of the upper eyelid, due to paralysis of the levator palpebrae or to thickening of the lid. P. iridis, hernia of the iris. P. oculi. Synonym of Exophthalmos. P. palpebrae, P. palpebrarum. See Ptosis. P. sympathica, ptosis in connection with paresis of the cer\ ical sympathetic and associated with myosis and vaso-motor paralysis of the side of the face affected. PTOMAINS 1210 PTOMAINS TABLE OF PTOMAINS. Name. Formula. Discoverer. Source. Physiologic Action. Amido-valerianic acid. CsHnNOi. E. and H. Salkow- ski. Putrefying fibrin and meat. Non-toxic. Amylamin. C5H13N. Hesse. Cod-liver oil, horn, putrid yeast. Toxic. Asellin. C25H32N4. Gautier and Mour- gues. Cod-liver oil. Toxic. Retain. CsHisNOs Brieger. Mussel, human urine. Non-toxic. Butylamin. C4HnN. Gautier and Mour- gues. Cod-liver oil. Toxic (?). Cadaverin. CsH^Nz. Brieger. Putrefying animal tissues, cultures of comma-bacillus. Slightly toxic. Caproylamin. See Hexylamin. Cholin. C6H,5N02. Brieger. Decomposing animal tissues, proteus and comma-bacillus cultures. Toxic. Collidin (?). CsHnN. Nencki. Putrid mixture of pancreas and gela- tin. Diethylaitiin. C4H11N. Bocklisch. Putrefying fish (pike). Non-toxic. Dihydrolutidin. Gautier and Mour- gues. Cod-liver oil. Toxic. Dimethylamin. C2H7N. Brieger. Putrid gelatin, yeast, fish. Non-toxic. Hczemm. Extracted from the urine in eczema. A white, crystalline substance, soluble in water, feebly alkaline in reaction. Ethylatnin. i_r vr V^2"7^^ ■ Hesse. Putrefying yeast, wheat flour. Non-toxic. £thylidenediamin (?). r* U "NT Brieger. Putref^'ing haddock. Toxic. Gadinin. C7H17NO2. Brieger. Decomposing haddock. Toxic. Hexylamin. CfiHisN. He.sse. Putrid yeast. Toxic. Hydrocollidin (?). Gautier and Etard. Putrefying mackerel, horse, and ox- flesh. Toxic. Hydrocoridin. C,oH„N. Griffiths. Agar-culture of bacterium album. Methylamin. CH5N. Bocklisch. Putrefying fish. Non-toxic. Methyl-guanidin. C2H7N3. Brieger. Putrefying horse-flesh. Toxic. Morrhuic acid. . C9H13NO3. Gautier and Mour- gues. Cod-liver oil. IMorrhuin • r* Tvr M Gautier and Mour- gues. : : Cod-liver oil. Diuretic and diapho- retic. Muscarin. CsHisNOs. Brieger. Decomposing haddock. Toxic. Mydalein. Brieger. Putrefying human organs. Toxic. Mydatoxin. C6H13NO2. Brieger. Putrefying human organs. Toxic. Mydin, CgHiiNO. Brieger. Putrid human tissues, blood-serum cultures of Eberth's bacillus of tvphoid fever Non-toxic. Mytilotoxin. QHisNO.. Brieger. Poisonous mussel (Mytilus edulis). Toxic. Neuridin. C5H14N2. Brieger. Putrefying flesh. Non-toxic. Neuriii. CjHisNO. Brieger. Putrefying flesh. Toxic. Parvblin (?). Gautier and Etard. Putrefying mackerel and horse-flesh. Peptotoxin. Brieger. Decomposing proteid substances. Toxic. Phlogbsin. Leber. Cultures of staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. Powerful local irritant. Propylamin. CsHaN. Brieger. Gelatin-cultures of bacteria of human feces. Putrescin. C4H]2N2. Brieger. Putrefying flesh, gelatin, etc. Slightly toxic. PTOTIC 1211 PTYSMATISCHESIS TABLE OF ?TOUA.m'^.—Co7iiinued. Name. Formula. Discoverer. Source. Physiologic Action. Pyocyanin. C14H14NO2. Ledderhose. Cultures of bacilhts pyocyaneus. Non-toxic. Pyrid in-base (?). C10H15N. De Coninck. Putrefying sea-polyps. Pyridin-base. CgHiiN. De Coninck. Putrefying sea-polyps. Saprin. CsHnNg. Brieger. Putrefying human liver and spleen. Non-toxic. Spasmotoxin. Brieger. Cultures of tetanus-bacillus. Toxic. Susotoxin. CioHaeNs (?). Novy. Cultures of hog-cholera bacillus. Toxic. Tetanin. Cl3H3oN204. Brieger. Cultures of tetanus-bacillus. Toxic. Tetanotoxin. CsHnN (?). Brieger. Cultures of tetanus-bacillus. Toxic. Triethylamin. CeHisN. Brieger. Putrefying fish (haddock). Non-toxic. Trimethylamin. C3H9N. Dessaigues. Herring-brine. Non-toxic. Trimethylenediamiii. C3H10N2 (?). Brieger. Beef-broth cultures of comma-bacillus. Toxic. Typhotoxin. C7H1JNO2. Brieger. Beef-broth cultures of Eberth's bacil- lus. Toxic. Tyrotoxicon. Vaughan. Poisonous cheese, ice cream, milk, etc. Toxic. Unnamed. C5H12N2O4. Pouchet. Flesh, bones, etc. Toxic. Unnamed. C6H13NO2 Brieger. Cultures of tetanus-bacillus. Non-toxic. Unnamed. C7H10N2. Morin. Sugar undergoing alcoholic fermenta- tion. Non-toxic. Unnamed. C7H17NO2. Brieger. Putrefying horse-flesh. Toxic. Unnamed. C7H18N2O6. Pouchet. Flesh, bones, etc. Toxic. Unnamed. C10H15N. Guareschi and Mosso. Putrid fibrin. Toxic. Unnamed. C13H20N4. Oser. Fermenting cane-sugar. Unnamed. C14H20N2O. Guareschi. Putrefying fibrin. Unnamed. C17H38N4. Gautier and Etard. Putrefying mackerel, horse-flesh and ox-flesh. Unnamed. C32H3,N. Delezinier. Ptotic (to'-tiK) [Trracrjf, a falling]. Affected with or pertaining to ptosis. Ptotostereoscope {Jo-tos-te' -re-o-skop) [Trrwrdf , fallen ; crrepfof, solid; (jKo-rrelv, to examine]. Bonders' name for an instrument for testing the existence of binocular vision. Ptyalagogue {ti-al' -a-gog) \j:Tva7ov, saliva; aywyof, leading]. A medicine producing an increased flow of saliva. A sialagogue. Ptyalin (ti'-al-tu) \TTT'va'kov, saliva]. An amylolytic or diastatic ferment found in saliva, having the property of converting starch into dextrin and sugar. The starch first becomes converted into achroodextrin and erythrodextrin ; these by hydration into maltose, and the latter, by further hydration, into dextrose. Ptyalin is most active in a slightly alkaline medium and at the temperature of the body. Ptyalinogen [ti-nl-in'-o-jeti) [Trrvakov, saliva ; yevvav, to produce]. The hypothetic zymogen of ptyalin. Ptyalism (ti' -al-izni") \nTvaA.()v^ saliva]. An excessive secretion of saliva. Sometimes it is used to signify mercurial ptyalism. P., Mercurial, that produced by mercury. It is attended with profuse salivation, a coppery taste, swelling and sponginess of the gums, and sometimes by looseness of the teeth and fetid breath. Ptyalismus {ti-al-iz' -nius). See Ptyalism. P. mer- curialis. Synonym of Ptyalism, Mercurial . 'Ptyalith (ti^ -a I- it//) [TrryaXov, saliva ; A('^?of, stone]. A salivary calculus. Ptyalize {ti'-al-lz) [nrvaXiCetv, to salivate]. To pro- duce pytalism. 'Px.yaloc&Xt (ti-aF -o-sel) [irri^aAov, saliva ; A;?, tumor]. A cyst due to obstruction of the duct of a salivary gland. Ptyalogogic {ti-al-o-goj' -ik) \TtTva\ov, spittle ; d) wydf , leading]. Promoting a flow of saliva. Ptyalogogue [ti-al' -o-gog) [yrTvalov, spittle ; djwyof, leading]. A medicine causing a flow of saliva. Ptyalophthisis ( ti-al-off' -this-is ) [jTrvalov , saliva ; 0fH(ji^, a wasting]. Wasting from excessive discharge of saliva. Ptyalose [ti'-al-oz] [-rrTvat^ov, saliva]. A sugar found in saliva ; it is identical with maltose. Ptyalum [ti'-al-tcm). Synonym of Saliva. Ptychodont (ti' -ko-donf) [Trri'f (tttdj-), a fold ; o6ohc, (MnvT-) tooth]. In biology, applied to molar teeth with folded crowns, or to the animals bearing such teeth. Ptysis [ti'-sis) [Trr/ mf]. The act of spitting. Ptysma {tiz'-nia/i) [7rn''(T/;a]. Saliva. Ptysmagogue (tiz'-mag-og) [KTvafia, spittle ; ayuy6<;, leading]. A drug that promotes the secretion of sa- liva ; a ptyalagogue, or sialagogue. Ptysmatischesis {tiz-?iiat-is' -ke-sis) [^Trrl-afia, saliva ; laxciv, to check]. Retention of saliva. PTYXIS 1212 PUDIC Ptyxis [tiks'-is) \tttv:;ii;, a folding]. In biology, the arrangement of a single part in the bud, as distin- guished from the conjoint disposition of the parts in istivation and vernation. Pubal [pu'-bal). Synonym of /"zif^/f. Puben [pn'-hen) \_pitbes, adult]. Belonging to the pubes in itself. Pubeotomy [pu-be-ot'-o-me). See Pttbiotoiny ■ Puberal [pu' - ber-a/) \_piibei-, aduU]. Relating to puberty. Puberty { pit' -ber-te) [pubertas ; puber, adult]. I. The period at which the generative organs of the male or of the female become capable of exercising the function of reproduction. 2. The changes in the generative organs and in the general system that accompany the inauguration of this period. Puberulent (^pu-ber' -u-lent) \_pubes, pnber, downy, pubescent]. In biology, covered with a fine, soft, almost imperceptible down. Cf. Holosericem. Pubes (pit'-bez) [L.: gen., pubis']. I. The os pubis, or pubic bone ; that portion of the os innominatum form- ing the front of the pelvis. 2. The hairy region cov- ering the OS pubis. 3. The pubic hair. P., Angle of. See Angle. P., Crest of. See Crest. P., Spine of. See Spine. P., Symphysis of. See Symphysis. Pubescence [pn-bes'-ens) \_pubeseentia'\. I. Hairi- ness ; the presence of down ; fine, soft hairs. 2. Puberty, or the coming on of puberty. Pubescent (/^-/^i'j'-i'w/ ) pubes]. I. Downy, or hairy. 2. Approaching or arriving at the age of puberty. P. Uterus, an abnormality of the uterus in which the characters of that organ peculiar to the epoch preceding puberty persist in the adult. Pubetrotomy [pu-be-trof -o-ine) \_pitbes, pubes ; r/rpov, pelvis : ro/i/;, a cutting]. Pelvic section through the pubes. Pubic lypii'-bik) \_ptibes, pubes]. Pertaining to the pubes. P. Symphysis. See Symphysis. Pubigerous {pii-bij'-er-ics) \_ pubes, hair; gerere, to carry]. Bearing or covered with down or soft hairs. Pubio-femoralis [pic-be-o-fe?n-or-a'-lis). Synonym of Adductor longns. Pubio-infra-aljdominalis [pn-be-o-in-frak-ab-dom-in- a'-tis). Synonym oi Pvramidalis. Pubio-ischiadic, Pubio-ischiatic [pu-be-o-is-ke-ad' -ik, pu' -be-o-is-ke-at' -ik) \_pubes, pubes; 'cr;t'(ov, ischium]. Pertaining to the pubes and the ischium. Pubio-prostaticus {pu-be-o-pros-taf -ik-ns). Synonym of Compressor prostata. Pubio-sternalis (pu - be - 0 - ster - na' - lis). Synonym of Rectus abdominis. Pubiotomy (pii-be-ot'-o-me) [pubes, pubes; Tn/ii/, a cutting]. An operation for enlarging the diameter of the pelvic outlet by cutting through the pubic bone to facilitate delivery in cases of pelvic malformation ; it is now generally termed symphysiotomy. Pubio-umbilicalis [ pu' -be-o-um-bil-ik-a' -lis). Syno- nym of Pyramidalis. Pubis, or Os Pubis {pu'-bis). Same as Pubes. Pubo- [pu'-bo-) \_puhes, pubes]. A prefix denoting relation to the pubes. Pubo-cavernosus { pu-bo-kav-ern-o' -sus). Synonym of Cotnpressor vemr dorsalis. Pubo-coccygeal (pu-bo-kok-sij-e' -al) [kokkw;, coccyx]. Pertaining, or having relation to the os pubis.and the coccyx. Pubo-femoral [ pu-bo-fem' -o- ral)\_pubes , pubes ; fe/nur, femur]. Pertaining to the pubes and the femur. Pubo-iliac {pu-bo-il'-e-ak) \_ptibes, pubes; ilium, ilium]. Common to the pubes and the ilium. Pubo-ischiatic {pu-bo-ii-ke-af -ik). Synonym of Pubio- isehiatic. Puboischium (pu-bo-is' -ke-u/ii) \_pubes, pubes ; 'lax'iov, ischium]. The os pubis and the ischium considered as a vmit. Pubo- prostatic ( pu- bo-pros- tat' -ik) \_ pubes, pubes; TriMardry/r, prostate]. Pertaining to the os pubis and the prostate gland. As a noun, If 'ilson's Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. Pubo-tibial ( pu-bo-tib' -e-al) \_ pubes, pubes; tibia, tibia]. Pertaining to the pubes and the tibia. Pubo-trochantericus {pu-bo-tro-kan-ter' -ik-us). Syn- onym of Pectineus. Pubo-urethral (pu-bo-u-re' -thral) \_pubis, pubis; tire- thra, urethra]. Passing from the pubis to the urethra. Pubo-urethralis (pu-bo-u-re-thra' -lis). Synonym of Wilson's Muscle. Pubo-vesical (pu-bo-ves' -ik-al). Synonym of Co?n- pressor prostata. See Muscles, Table of. Puccin [puk' -sin). A substance found in Sanguinaria canadensis. Its exact nature is not yet known. Pucelage (pu' -sel-aj, or pu-sel-ahzh')\yx.'\. Virginity. Pudenda { pu-dcn'-dah). See Pudendum. Pudendagra (pu-den-da' - grah) \_pudere, to be ashamed; ay pa, a seizure]. I. Pain in the genital organs. 2. Primary syphilis, especially of the female genital organs. P. pruriens, pruritus vulvte. Pudendal ( pu-den'-dal ) [ pudere, to be ashamed] . Per- taining to the pudenda. Pudendum (pu-den'-dum) [pudere, X.o be ashamed: pi.. Pudenda']. The genital organs, especially those External Genitalia of Female. I. Labium majus of right side. 2. Fourchet. 3. Labium minus. 4. Clitoris. 5. Urethral orifice. 6. Vestibule. 7. Onfice ol the vagina. S.Hymen. 9. Orifice of the vulvo-vaginal gland. 10. Anterior commissure of the labia majora. 11. Orifice of the anus. parts of the female genital organs visible externally. These are the mons veneris, the labia, clitoris, nymphx-, and hymen. Pudibilia {pu-dib-iF -e-ah) \_pudibilis, shameful]. The genital organs, especially of the male. Pudic {pu'-dik) [pudicus; pudere, to be ashamed]. Pertaining to the genital organs or related parts. P. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. P. Nerve. See A'eri'es, Table of. PUERILE 1213 PULMONARY Puerile {p!i'-e)--il) \_piieri/is ; puer, boy]. Pertaining to boyhood or childhood. P. Respiration, a form of respiration sometimes observed in adults and similar to that heard in vigorous, healthy children. Puerpera [pu-er'-pe-ra/t) [/z/^r, boy, child ; parere,t.o bear]. A woman in labor, or one recently delivered. Puerperal [pii-cr'-pe-?-al) \_puerpera, puerpera]. Per- taining to the state of a woman in childbed. P. Con- vulsions. See Eclampsia. P. Fever, an acute, grave, febrile affection of women in childbed, usually due to septic infection. See Fever. P. Insanity, insanity occurring during the puerperium, usually within five or ten days after delivery. The insanity may take the form of mania, melancholia, or dementia. P. Mania, a delirious condition of women sometimes occurring in the puerperium. See Insanity., Confu- sional. P. Sepsis, P. Septicemia. See P. Fever. P. Tetanus, tetanus, occurring rarely in the puer- perium. It is usually fatal. Puerperality [pn-er-per-al'-it-e] [Fr. , Piierperalite\. The puerperal condition. Puerperium { pu-er-pe' -re-iini) [L. ; boy, child ; par ere, to bear]. The puerperal state or season ; the period from birth to the time when the uterus has re- gained its normal size, which is about six weeks. Puerperopyra [pu-er-per-o-pi^-rak) [//«■;-, boy, child ; parere, to bear; T^vp, fire, fever]. Puerperal fever. Puerpero-typhus ( pu-er' -per-o-ti' -fus) \_pner, child ; parere, to bear; rvipoq, stupor]. A typhoid state de- veloping in the course of any grave puerperal disease. Puerperous pu-er' -pcr-us). Same as Puerperal. Puerpery (pn-er'-per-c) \_piierperum, childbirth]. The puerperal state. Puff-ball. See Lycoperdon gigantewn, bovista. Puffiness [puf'-in-es) [ME., piif, a puff]. Swelling or intumescence of the "tissues ; an edematous condition. "Pviiiy [piif'-e) [ME.,/«/, a puff]. Tumid, swollen, or puffed up, as with air ; swollen and soft. P. Tumor, Pott's. See Tumor. Pug [origin obscure]. A term signifying dwarf. P.- nose, Snub-nose , turned up nose ; a deformity of the nose characterized by a flattening of the organ and a tilting up of its tip. P. -tooth, a canine tooth. Pugil, Pugillus [pu'-jil, pu-jil'-tis) [L., a handful]. The amount of a substance that can be grasped be- tween the thumb and two or three fingers. See also Maniple. Pugioniform [pu-;e-on'-!f-orm) \_pugio, a dagger; forma, form]. Shaped like a dagger. Puke i^puk) [origin obscure]. A colloquialism signify- ing vomit and generally used as a verb. Puking [pu' -king) [origin obscure]. Vomiting. P. Fever. Synonym of Milk-sickness. Pulex {pu'-leks) [L.]. A flea. A genus of insects partly parasitic upon the skin. P. irritans. Flea ; a transient parasite on man. The bite causes an itching, circular, red spot of hyperemia, in the center of which is a little speck where the boring apparatus has entered. It may produce an irritable urticaria. P. pene- trans, the chigoe, or jigger flea, a species the female of which, much smaller than the ordinary flea, burrows under the skin of the feet to deposit its ova. A high degree of irritation, which may go on to serious inflam- mation, is produced. It is found mainl-y in tropical America and in Africa. See Parasites {^Animal), Table of. Pulicatio ( [/z/Zt'j', flea] . The state of being infested with fleas. Pulicene {pu' -lis-en) [pulex, a flea]. Pertaining to fleas. Pulicose {pu'-lik-6z) [pulex, flea]. Abounding with fleas. Pulley [origin uncertain]. I. One of the mechanical powers. 2. A trochlea, , to put forth]. To germinate, to bud. PuUulation (pul-u-la'-sktm) \_pullulare, to put forth ; to bud, to sprout]. In biology, that form of cell- multiplication in which the mother-cell forms a minute protuberance on one side, which afterward increases to the size of the parent-cell. It is also called bud- ding. This is the ordinary form of cell-multiplication in the yeast-plant and its allies. Pullus (puF-us) \_pulliis, a young animal]. In biol- ogy, the young of a bird or other animal. Pulmo-aortic [pul-mo-a-or'-tik) \_pulmo, lung; lioprii, aorta]. Pertaining to the lungs and the aorta. Pulmobranchiae [pul-mo-brang'-ke-e) [pulmo, lung; branchiie, gills]. In biology, the modified gills of certain animals (snails, spiders) adapted to breatliing in air. Pulmobranchial [pul-mo-brang' -ke-al) \_pulmo, lung; branchiiC, ^\W%\. Pulmonate, breathing by gills. Pulmobranchiate {^pul-mo-brang' ke-at )[pulmo, lung ; branchice, gills]. Provided with pulmobranchiae. Pulmocardiac [pul - mo- kar'- dc - ak) \_pulmo, lung; KaptVia, heart]. Pertaining to the lungs and the heart. P. Region, that portion of the thorax in which the heart is covered by the lungs. Pulmocutaneous ( put' - mo - ku-ta' -ne-us) [ pulmo, lung; cutis, skin]. Pertaining to the lungs and the skin. Pulmogastric [pul-tno-gas'-trik) \_pulmo, lung ; yacri/p, stomach]. Pertaining to the lungs and the stomach. P. Region, that portion of the thorax in which the lungs overlap the stomach. Pulmohepatic {pul - mo - he - pat' - ik) \_ pulmo, lung; Tjnap, liver]. Relating to the lungs and the liver. P. Region, that portion of the thorax in which the lungs overlap the liver. Pulmometer {pul-mom'-et-er') \_ pulmo, a lung ; fiiiTpnv, measure]. Synonym of Spirometer. Pulmometty [pul-mo>n'-et-re) [pulmo, lung; fihpov, measure]. The quantitative determination of the air concerned in respiration. Also, the determination of the volume of the lungs. Pulmonar [ pul' -mo-nar) [pulmo, lung]. Having lungs or lung-like organs. Pulmonarious ( pul-mo-na'-re-us) [pulmo, lung]. Af- fected with pulmonary disease. Pulmonary [pul'-mo-na-?'e) [pulmo, lung]. Pertain- ing to the lung. P. Alveoli, air-cells. P. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. P. Cartilage, the second costal cartilage of the left side. P. Circulation, the lesser circulation of the blood from the right cardiac ventricle through the pulmonary vessels and back to the left auricle. P. Consumption. See Phthisis. P. Emphysema. See Emphysema. P. Groove, the groove within the thorax on either side of the spinal column. P. Incompetence. See Endocar- ditis. P. Murrain, a contagious form of pleuro- pneumonia. P. Nerves, branches of the vagus nerve going to the lungs. There are two sets, an anterior and a posterior. P. Sinuses, the sinuses of Val- salva of the pulmonary artery. P. Stenosis. See Endocarditis. P. Valves, the semilunar valves at the opening of the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. P. Veins, four veins returning the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left auricle. P. Vesicles, air-cells of the pulmonary parenchyma. PULMONATA 1214 PULSE Pulmonata (pul-mo' -nat-ah) \_pidmo, lung]. A class of land or fresh- water molluscs breathing by means of a pulmonary sac, gills being absent. Pulmonale {pid'- mo -ndt) \_piiliiio, lung]. In bi- ology, possessed of lungs or organs adapted to aerfal respiration. Pulmonectomy [pul-mo-nek' -to-me). See Pneitmouec- tomy. Pulmonic { pid-mon' -ik) \_pidmo, lung]. Synonym of Pulmonary. P. Circulation. See Pulmonary Circu- lation. P. Fever, a synonym of Croupous Pneu- monia. Pulmoniferous { pid-mon-if -er-us) \_pulmo, lung; ferre, to bear]. Provided with lungs ; pulmonale. Pulmonitis [pul-mon-i' -tis). Synonym of Pneu>no7iia. Pulmotracheal [pul- mo- tra'- ke - al) [/«//;/<), lung ; trachea, trachea]. Pertaining to the lungs and the trachea. Pulp [/«/^<7, pulp]. A soft, moist tissue ; chyme. P.- cavity, the hollow space in a tooth containing the dental pulp. P. -cells, cells found in the pulp-tissue of any organ. P., Dental, a soft tissue filling the pulp-cavity of a tooth. It consists of loose connec- tive tissue and cells, vessels, and nerves. Also the rudiment of a tooth. P., Digital, the sensitive, elastic, convex prominence on the palmar or plantar surface of the terminal phalanx of a finger or toe. P. of the Finger. See P. , P>/g/tal. P., Fruit, the fleshy part of fruits by which the seeds are surrounded. P., Hair. Synonym Papd/a, //air. P. of the Inter- vertebral Discs, the soft substance in the center of the intervertebral dies, the remains of the chords dor- salis. P., Spleen, P., Splenic, the substance filling the spaces formed by the trabecular of the spleen. See Sp/een. P. of a Tooth. See P., Dental. Pulpa {pid'-pah) [L.]. Pulp. P. cerebralis, the white matter of the brain. P. dentis, a dental pulp. P. digitorum. Synonym of Pulp, Digital. P. lienis. Synonym of Pulp, Splenic. P. pili. Syno- nym of Papilla, Hair. P. testiculi, P. testis, the tissue contained in the space formed by the connective- tissue septa of the testis. Pulpalgia {pul-pal' -je-ah) [/«^(7, pulp ; (//j'or, pain]. Pain in tooth-pulp. Pulpamen (pul-pa'-men). Synonym of Pulp. Pulpefaction {piil-pe-fak' -shun) \_pulpa, pulp; facere, to make]. Conversion into a pulpy substance. Pulpezia [ piil-pe' -ze-ah). Syaoyvjvci oi Apoplexy , Cere- bral. Pulpitis {pid-pi' -lis") [/z/^;7, pulp ; (r^f, inflammation] . Inflammation of dental pulp. The causes of pulpitis are exposure of the pulp by decay, abrasions of the teeth, etc. Pulpose, Pulpous, Pulpy (pid'-poz, p?d'-p!is, pul'-pe) \_pidpa, pulp]. Resembling or containing pulp. P. Disease. See Brodie's Disease. Pulque {pid'-ke) [Sp.]. A fermented beverage pre- pared in Mexico from the juice of various species of Agave. P. Brandy. See J\/ezcal. P. Plant. See Agave. Pulsate [pul'-sdt) \_pidsare, to beat]. To beat or throb. Pulsatile {pul' saf-il) [/«Zfrt;r, to beat] . Pulsating; throbbing ; exhibiting pulsation. Pulsatilla (pul-sat-il'-ah) [I..]. Pasque Flower. Meadow Anemone. The leaves and tops o{ Anemo)ie /'. Its properties are due to a camphoraceous principle, anemonin, Cj^H],/ )^, which depresses the circulation ; in larger doses paralyzes motion. The extract in toxic doses causes convulsions, but anemonin does not. It has been used in amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, bronchitis, and asthma. It is a valuable alterative. An unofficial tincture consists of equal parts of the juice and alcohol. Dose l\ jL-x ; of the active principle gr. Jg— ij ; of the liquid extract, n^j-v. Pulsating (pul'-sa-ting) [pulsare, to he&t]. Exhibit- ing pulsation. P. Aorta, the pulsation of the ab- dominal aorta seen in nervous and anemic persons. P. Bronchocele, a goiter exhibiting pulsation. P. Empyema, an accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity, and which displays pulsation. P. Tumor, one which pulsates, in consequence of an enlarged state of its blood-vessels. Pulsation {pnl-sa' -shun] \_pulsatio; pellere, to drive]. Any beating or throbbing. The visible or sensible elevation of a vessel synchronously with or following the heart's beat; the pulse-beat. P., Abdominal, pulsation in the abdomen, usually in the median line. It is due to a pulsating aorta, q. v., or to aortic aneu- rysm, or to the impulse transmitted to a tumor resting on the aorta. P., Carotid, pulsation of the carotid arteries in the neck. It occurs in aortic regurgitation, exophthalmic goiter, anemia, and cardiac excitement. P., Epigastric, pulsation in the epigastrium. It is seen in excitement of the action of the heart, in aneu- rysm of the aorta, in enlargement of the right heart, in tumors resting on the aorta ; in hysteric and anemic subjects the pulsation of the abdominal aorta may be visible in the epigastrium. P., Hepatic, pulsation of the liver at each cardiac systole, due to insufficiency of the tricuspid valve, with a consequent transmission of a pulse along the vena cava. P., Retinal, pulsation of the retinal vessels, seen in the eye as a consequence of the disturbance of the relation between the intra- ocular and the extraocular pressure. P., Secondary, the contraction in the muscle of a muscle-nerve pre- paration if its nerve is laid on a second contracting muscle. P., Stair-case, the increase in the length of successive contractions of a frog's heart that has been filled with serum. P., Suprasternal, pulsa- tion at the suprasternal notch. It may be due to aneurysm, dilated aortic arch, or to the presence of an anomalous artery. Pulsatory [pul'-sat-or-e) \_pulsare, to beat]. Exhibit- ing or characterized by pulsation. Pulse (/«A') the pulse] . The change in the shape and size of an artery due to a temporary increase in the tension of its walls following the contractile action of the heart. It can only be felt when the artery is somewhat compressed and flattened against a bone or other hard substance. P., Abrupt. Synonym of P. , Quick. P., Allorrhythmic. See Allorrhyth- mia. P., Anacrotic. See Anac?-otism. P., An- eurysmal, the pulse produced by an aneurysm of the thoracic aorta or one of its large branches. The im- pulse is not sudden, is long in duration, and sub- sides gradually; it maybe much slower than the pulse on the opposite side. P., Angry. Synonym of P., Illty. P., Apoplectic, a condition of the radial artery at the wrist, marked by fulness, without great hardness, the vessel generally being dilated and tort- uous. The predicrotic notch is deep and close to the percussion-wave, the dicrotic notch is deep, and the dicrotic wave is short ; the total extent of the wave is .small. It is seen in impoverished conditions of the blood, in rheumatism, gout, lithemia, and contracted kidneys. P., Arachnoid, a small, feeble, tremulous pulse. (Old.) P., Bounding, a pulse in which a weak beat is succeeded by a strong, full beat. P., Capil- lary, seen when the capillaries are dilated and the blood-pressure is high, as in aortic regurgitation. P., Catacrotic, one with an elevation in the line of descent in the syphygmographic tracing. P.-clock. See Angiometer. P., Collapsing. See Coryigan's PULSE 1215 PULSUS Pulse. P., Compressible, a pulse that is easily obliterated by pressure with the fini;er ; a soft pulse. P., Cordy, a tense pulse. P., Corrigan's. See Corrigan. P. -curve, the tracing, called a sphygmo- gram or arteriogram, of the pulse, made by the sphygmograph or sphygmoscope. P., Decurtate. See Pulsus mytinis. P., Dicrotal, P., Dicrotic, an exaggerated dicrotic wave, or recoil wave, the larger of the catacrotic elevations corresponding to the clos- ure of the aortic valves. It is observed when the arterial tension is low and gives to the linger the im- pression of two beats. P., Dropped-beat. Synonym oi P., Intennitteut . P., Elastic, one that feels elastic to the finger. P., Endopleural, a pulsatipn of pul- sating pleurisy which can only be rendered visible by means of a manometer. P., Entoptic, the subjec- tive illumination in a dark, visual field, after violent exercise, corresponding to each heart-beat. P., Epi- gastric. 'S>^oin\.'\. Points. P. cruenta. Synonym of P. vascidosa. P. dolo- rosa, tender or painful points in the course of nerves in an inflamed condition, or at the exit of nerves the seat of neuralgia. See Valleix's Points. P. lacri- malia, the orifices of the lacrymal canaliculi in the eyelids near the inner canthus. P. vasculosa, min- ute red spots studding the cut surface of the white central mass of the brain. They are produced by the blood escaping from divided blood-vessels. Punctate, Punctated [punk' -/at, punk-ta' -ted) \_piinc- tu?n, point]. Having many points. Dotted. Full of minute punctures. Punctation (pnnk-ta' -shun). See Tapotement. Puncticula [punk-tik' -u-lah). Synonym of Petechia. Puncticulate, Puncticulose ( punk-tik' -u-lat, punk- tik'-u-Idz) \_puncticulum, dim. of punctum, point]. Marked by minute puncta. Punctiform [punk'-tif-omi) \_ punctum, point; forma, form]. Having the nature or qualities of a point; seem- ing to be located at a point ; as a punctiform sensation. Punctulate [pungk' -tii-tdt) \_piinctulum, a small point]. Minutely punctate. Punctule [pungk'-tui) \_pnnctulum, a small point]. A small puncture or dot. Punctum [pungk'-tum) [L., a point, dot: //. , Puncta~\. A point or minute area. P. aureum. See Macula lutea. P. caecum. See Blind Spot. P. fixum, the point of attachment of a muscle. P. foraminis in- cisivi, Lissauer's term for the posterior border of the incisor foramen. P. foraminis magni anterius. Synonym of Basion. P. insertionis, the point of insertion of a muscle. P. nasale inferius. Syno- nym of Rhinion. P. ossificationis. See Center of Ossification. P. prsemaxillare. Synonym of Point, Alveolar. P. proximum, the point nearest the eye at which an object can be seen with distinctness and without diplopia. P. remotum, the farthest point at which an object can be distinctly seen with suspended accommodation. In the emme- tropic eye it is theoretically at an infinite distance ; in the hyperopic eye it is theoretically beyond this, as such an eye is adapted only for convergent rays. P. saliens, the first trace of the embryonic heart. P. spinas nasalis anterioris, the apex of the anterior nasal spine, or if it be absent, the upper extremity of the suture between the two maxillae. P. spinae nasalis posterioris, the center of the posterior nasal spine. P. vegetationis, the vegetating point. Applied to the growing-point of an organ, as of a stem or root. Puncturation [punk-tii-ra' -shttn) \_pungcre, to prick]. The making of punctures ; acupuncture. Puncture [punk' -chur) \_pungere, to prick]. A wound or hole made by a pointed instrument. P., Capil- lary, a puncture made with a needle of capillary fine- ness. P. -diabetes, diabetes caused by puncture of the oblongata near the hepatic vaso-motor center (dia- betic center). P., Diabetic, puncture of the fourth ventricle in animals, which produces glycosuria. Pungence [pint' -Jens) [pnngens, penetrating]. Pun- gent quality ; tartness. Pungent [pun'-jent) \_pungens ; piingere, to prick]. 77 Acrid ; penetrating ; producing a pricking or painful sensation. Punica [pu'-ni/c-ah) [puniciim, the pomegranate]. A genus of polypelatous plants. P. granatum. See Pomegranate. , Punicin (pu'-nis-in) [puniceus, reddish]. I. A crys- talline coloring-matter obtained from the colorless juices of certain kinds of shell-fish [Purpura lapcllus, P. patula) ; on exposure to the sunlight it becomes of a purple color. See P'igmen/s, Conspectus of. 2. Syno- nym of Pellctierin . Punning [pun'-ing] [origin uncertain]. Play upon words. This practice is very common among some classes of lunatics, especially during periods of excite- ment and exaltation. Pupa [pu'-pah) \_pupa, a girl, doll, puppet: //. , Pitpic^. In biology, the second stage of development from the egg, of such insects as undergo complete metamorphosis. Pupal [pit' -pal) [/«/(?, a doll]. Pertaining to a pupa. Puparium [pu-pa'-rc-um) [/?//r7, a pupa : pi., Pt/pa- ; /rt]. In biology, a pupa inclosed in the larval skin. Pupate [pu' -pat) l^pupa, a doll]. In biology, to be- come a pupa. Pupation [pii-pa' -sliun) \_pupa, a doll]. The act of pupating ; the pupal condition. Pupiform [pu'-pif-oriii) \_piipa, pupa; yirwa, form]. Having the form of a pupa. Pupigenous [pu-pij' -en-us). Same as Ptipiparous . Pupigerous [pu-pij' -er-us) [pupa, pupa; gerere, to carry]. Forming a puparium. Pupil [pu'-pil) \_pupilhi\. The round aperture in the iris of the eye. P., Argyll- Robertson, one of the early symptoms of tabes, in which a myotic pupil responds on accommodative effort, but not to light. P., Artificial, an iridectomy made in an iris the pupil of which is occluded by inflammatory deposits. P., Cat's-eye, an elongated, slit-like pupil. P., Exclu- sion of, total posterior synechia, the entire pupillary edge of the iris being adherent to the capsule. P., Hutchinson's, one-sided dilatation of the pupil in hemorrhage from the middle meningeal artery. P., Occlusion of, the pupillary area is filled with semi- opaque inflammatory exudation -products. P., Pin- hole, extreme myosis. Pupillary [pii'-pil-a-re) \_pupilla, pupil]. Pertaining to the pupil of the eye. P. Membrane, a fetal mem- brane covering the eye until the seventh month of gestation. P. Membrane, Persistent, fibrillar bands springing from the iris, passing to or across the pupil, and sometimes attached to the lens-capsule — the unabsorbed remains of the pupillary membrane. P. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. Pupillate [pu' -pil-at) \_picpilla, a pupil]. Having a central spot or pupil. Pupillometer (/?/-/?7-oW'-rf-fr) [/«//?//», pupil ; fierpoi', a measure]. An instrument designed for the measure- ment of the pupil of the eye. Pupilloscopy [pHpil-os' -ko-pe) \_pnipilla, pupil; oko- TTtiv, to inspect]. Same as Koroscopy, or Retinoscopy. More exactly, the diagnostic inspection of the pupil. Pupillostatometer [pu'-pil-o-stat-om'-e-ter) \_pztpilla, pupil ; araror, placed ; fiirpov, a measure]. An instru- ment for measuring the exact distance between the centers of the two pupils. Pupiparous [pu-pip' -ar-us) [pupa, pupa ; parere, to bring forth]. Bringing forth pupae. Pure [pftr) [purus, pure]. Unstained; unalloyed. P. Scarlet. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Purgament, Purgamentum [per' -gam-ent, per-gani- en'-tum) [purgare, to purge: pi. , Purgamenta'\. I. A purge. 2. In the plural, the lochia ; also, excrement. PURGANTIA 1218 PURPURA Purgantia [piir - ga7i'- she - ak) \_pnrgare, to purge]. Laxatives. Purgation [ piir-ga' -shmt) \_pHrgare, to cleanse]. Tlie evacuation of the bowels by means of purgatives. Purgative {piir'-gai-m) \_purgare, to purge]. I. Having a tendency to purge ; cathartic. 2. A medi- cine producing copious evacuations of the bowels. Purge (piiiy) \_ piirgare, io purge]. A purgation; a dose of purgative medicine. As a verb, to cause free evacuations of the bovvels. Purging { pur' -jing ) \_purgare, to purge]. Causing free evacuations of the bowel. P. Agaric. See AgaricHs. P. Cassia. See Cassia. P. Nut. The seed of the tropical tree, Jatropha cttrcas. The nut aiTords a purgative oil much like castor-oil, though not so active. Purified { pit' -rif-id') [pu?-us, pure; facere, to make]. Cleansed ; freed from extraneous matter. Puriform {pit' - ri -form') \_pMS, pus; forma, form]. Resembling pus. Puritic {pu-rit' -ik) \_pus, pus]. Pertaining to pus. Purkinje, Axis-cylinder of [per-kin'-je) [a Bohemian physiologist, 1787-1869]. The viscous fluid contents of a nerve-tube, solidified by coagulating agents, and Cell of Purkinje. a, Seen on the flat, and b, from the side. X 120. (From Stirling.) after treatment with chromic acid appearing as a solid rod running down the center of the tube. P.'s Cells, the cells forming the thinnest but, at the same time, the most characteristic layer of the cere- bellar cortex They are among the largest gan- glion-cells in the body, are dis- posed as a .sinffle row at the junc- tion of the nu- clear and the molecular layer, i-urkinje s Fibers. and present py- c. Cell. f. Striated substance, n. Nu- riform or flask- '^l'^"^- X (^-anrtois.) shaped bodies, 60-70 u in their longest diameter, placed vertically to the plane of the zone, with the larger rounded end resting on the outer mar- gin of the nuclear layer, while the smaller end is di- rected toward the periphery. (Piersol.) P., Cor- puscles of. See Bone-la ctuicc, p.'s Fibers, an anastomosing system of grayish muscular fibers that exists in the sub-endocardial tissue of the ventricles, especially in the heart of the sheep and ox. The fibers are composed of nucleated polyhedral cells, con- taining some granular protoplasm. P.'s Figures, shadows of the retinal blood-vessels upon the retina. P. Vesicle, the nucleus of the human ovum first dis- covered by Purkinje (1830), and known as the vesic- tila genninativa , Pttrkinje' schen BlUschen, ox Germ- inal Vesicle. Purkinje- Sanson's Images. Three pairs of images of one object seen in an observed pupil : the first, erect, reflected from the anterior surface of the cornea ; the second, erect, reflected from the anterior surface of the lens; the third, inverted, reflected from the pos- terior capsule of the lens. Puro-hepatitis ( pii-ro-hep-at-i' -tis) \_piis, pus; rjirap, liver; ;«f, inflammation]. Purulent hepatitis. Puromucous (pii-ro-/rm'-kns) \_pns, pus; mucus, mucus]. Purulent and mucous. Purple [pur' -pi) \_piirpureus'\. Of a color possessing the elements of blue and red. As a noun, the color itself, or a body possessing it. P. -brown. See Pig- 7)iei!ts, Conspectus of. P.-carmin. Same as Mui'exid. P. of Cassius, the purplish-red precipitate resulting when a solution of gold trichlorid is brought in con- tact with a mixture of stannous and stannic chlorids. P., French. Synonym of Orchellin. P. -madder. See Pigments, Conspectus of. P., Mineral. Syn- onym of P. of Cassius. P. of Mollusca. Same as Tyrian Purple. P., Ocher. Same as Mineral Pur- ple. P., Visual. See Rhodopsin. Purples [pur'-plz) \_ purpureus, purple]. A popular name for purpura ; also, for petechial spots. Purposive {pur'-po-si?') \_y[Y.. , purposen, lo propose]. Functional ; not vestigial, and not rudimentary ; re- garded as fulfilling an end or purpose in the economy. P. Acts, those acts performed with the consent of the will. Purpura [pur' -pn-i-ali)\l^. for " purple "]. Hcemorrhaa petechialis ; a general term including all extravasa- tions of blood into the skin and mucous membranes not resulting from traumatism. It is symptomatic of many conditions. P. apyretica. Synonym of P. simplex. P., Aqueous. Synonym of Htemophilia. P. bullosa. See Pemphigus hicniorrhagicus. P. febrilis, purpura with elevation of temperature. P. fulminans, a grave form of purpura, developing in young children as a sequel to acute infectious dis- eases. It is of short duration, is marked by exten- sive extravasations, grave constitutional symptoms, and usually ends fatally. P. haemorrhagica, l\Ior- bus maculosus nierlhofi : Laiid-scuri'y ; a greatly aggravated form of purpura simplex. There are marked constitutional symptoms followed by an erup- tion of hemorrhagic points, larger than in purpura simplex, upon the lower limbs, extending in .succes- sive crops over the whole body-surface, coalescing to form irregularly-shaped extensive ecchymotic patches, or even raised, bloody tumors (ecchymomata). Hem- orrhages may take place from the mucous surfaces or into the serous cavities. Recovery is the rule. See Werlhofs Disease. The disease may be infectious. P. hypertrophica. See P. tuberculosa. P., Iodic, a purpuric eruption caused by the use of iodin or the iodids. P., Malignant. Synonym of Fe^'er, Cere- brospinal. P. medicamentosa, purpura due to the action of drugs. See P. , Iodic. P. menstrualis, PURPURACEOUS 1219 PUSTULANT purpura associated with the menstrual period. P. miliaris. Synonym of Aliliaria. P. nautica. Synonym of- Scuriy. P. neonatorum, that occur- ring in the newborn from sudden changes in the cir- culation. P. neurotica, purpura due to a nervous dis- ease. P. papulosa, the variety in which the effusion is round a hair-follicle and papules are formed. P. Pestilential. Synonym of Fever, Cerebrospinal. P. puerperalis, P. puerperarum, a purpuric eruption occurring during the puerperium, and probably due to septicemia. P. pulicosa, petechial spots pro- duced by flea-bites. P. rheumatica. See Peliosis rlieiimatica. P. scorbutica. Synonym of Scurvv. P. senilis, that occurring in old age from, want of support to the vessels due to relaxation of the tissues. P. simplex, the mildest degree of purpura. It generally occurs suddenly in young persons who are apparently healthy. Small, flat, roundish, or irregu- larly-shaped petechiee appear, of a deep-red color, which does not disappear on pressure and soon be- comes purplish, the lesions usually remaining dis- crete. There are no concomitant constitutional , or sub- jective symptoms. In children the spots are com- monest about the upper part of the trunk, neck, and arms ; in adults, about the inner surface of the thighs. P. syphilitica, purpura due to syphilis ; it may be localized, as in the area of distribution of a certain nerve, or it may be general. P. thrombotica, pur- pura due to thrombosis of the veins. See Erythema piirpurieiim. P. traumatica, purpuric spots due to traumatism. P. tuberculosa, P. hypertrophica ; a rare form associated with the formation of tubercles or nodules upon the skin, and edema of the affected part. Death follows from gradual exhaustion. P. urticans. See Urticaria htciiiorr/iagiea. P. vario- losa. See Small-pox, Hemorrhagic. P., Vascular, purpura due to changes in the character of the blood or changes in the vessel walls. Purpuraceous {pur-pu-ra' -se-us) \_purpura, purple]. Of a purple color. Purpurate {piir'-pii-rdt) \_pnrpiira, purple]. Of a purple color. Purpuremia (pur-pu-re' -jiie-ah) \_ purpureiis, purple ; aifia, blood]. Intermittent malarial fever with hema- turia. Purpurescent {ptir - ptc - res'- ent) purple]. Purplish. Purpuric {pur-pu' -rik) \_purptcra, purple]. Purplish. Pertaining to, or of the nature of purpura. P. Acid. See Acid. Purpurigenous (ptir-pu-rij'-ett-tis) \_picjpnra, purple; genere, to bear]. Producing purple. Purpurin [ pur' -pu-rin) \_piirpura, purple], Cj^HgO^. 1. A dye present with alizarin in the madder-root. It is prepared artificially by heating alizarin and quinizarin with manganese dioxid and H^SO^ to 150° C. It crystallizes with one molecule of water in reddish- yellow needles or prisms, and dissolves with a pure- red color in hot water, alcohol, ether, and the alkalies. 2. Uroerytliriii ; a red coloring-matter sometimes present in urinary deposits. It may attend serious lesions, but is often of no special significance. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Purpuriparous ( pur-pu-rip'-ar-us) . Same as Purpurig- enous. Purpuroxanthic Acid ( pur-pu-ro-zan' -thik) \_ purpura, purple; fa !'/?of, yellow], Cj-HgH,;. A substance found in madder. Purree (pur' -a) [E. Ind.]. Set Euxanthinic Acid, a.r\A Pigtnetits, Conspectus of. Purreic Acid, Purrheic Acid [pur-e'-ik). See Euxan- thic Acid. Purring Thrill. A fine, trembling vibration in the pre- cordium, either heard or perceived by palpation. It may be due to aneurysm, or to some valvular heart- lesion, es]3ecially mitral stenosis. Purse-string Operation. See Stoltz' s Operation in Operations, Table of. Pursy [pur'-se) [ME., pursy, short-winded]. Fat, or corpulent, and short of breath. [Popular.] Purulence [///i, pus]. The quality of being purulent ; suppuration. Purulent (pur' - u - lent') \_pus, pus]. Having the character of or forming pus. P. Catarrh, an inflam- mation of a mucous membrane accompanied by the production of pus. P. Edema, a general infiltra- tion of pus with much fluid. Puruloid [pur'-u-loid) [/;^j, pus ; «((56f, like]. Re- sembling pus ; puriform. Pus [-i'oij]. A fluid of varying consistence produced in the process of suppuration. It is formed by a lique- factive necrosis of the intercellular substance of tissues, the cells themselves floating in the fluid and under- going fatty degeneration. Clinically, pus is due to the action of microorganisms. P., Blue, pus colored blue by the bacillus pyocyaneus. P. -corpuscles, the corpuscles found in pus; they are small, usually multi- nuclear cells, chiefly outwandered leukocytes, but also degenerate connective-tissue cells. The nuclei may be hidden by granules, but can be made to appear by adding a little acetic acid to the pus. P., Curdy, containing cheesy-looking flakes. P. -disease. Syn- onym oi Pyemia. P., Healthy. See P., Laudable. P., Ichorous, pus when thin and acrid. P., Laud- able, a whitish, inodorous pus, formerly thought to be essential to the healing of wounds. P., Muco-, pus mixed with mucus. P. -poison, a chemic compound that gives rise in the tissues to purulent inflammation. The proteid extracts of many bacteria act thus, e. g., tuberculin. P., Sanious, pus mixed with blood. P. Sero-, pus largely admixed with serum. P. -tube, a term frequently applied to a Fallopian tube the seat of suppurative inflammation. See Pyosalpinx. P., Watery. Synonym of P., Ichorous. For microorganisms of pus see Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of Pustula (pus' -tu-lah) [L.]. A pustule. A vesicle or bleb containing pus. P. maligna. Anthrax ; Char- bon ; Malignant Pustule ; IVoolsorters^ Disease ; Spletiic Pever ; Carbuncle , Mihbrand ; an acute specific dis- ease, due to the introduction of the bacillus anthracis into the system. It is characterized by the appear- ance of a localized inflammation beginning as a vesicle, and is situated on the face, neck, hands or arms, closely resembling carbuncle. The tumefaction may be very great, and this is associated with a profound degree of depression and exhaustion, the patient often dying on the fourth or fifth day. In favorable cases recovery takes place. The fever is slight; in fact, there is often a subnormal temperature. In some cases general in- fection does not occur. Internal Anthrax, mycosis intestinalis, anthrax i)itestinalis, may be secondary to infection of the skin, but in some cases no primary focus can be discovered. The symptoms are diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, and a tendency to collapse. The temperature is usually not elevated, often subnormal. Death occurs in profound collapse in a very few clays. The lesions consist of necrotic foci in the intestines ; bacilli are abundant in the vessels of these areas. The spleen is not much enlarged, but the lymphatic glands are greatly tumefied. See Pustule. Pustulant (pus'-tu-lant ) \_pHstula, a pustule], I. Causing the formation of pustules. 2. An irritant substance which does not affect the whole skin PUSTULAR 1220 PYELITIS alike, but especially irritates isolated portions and gives rise to the formation of pustules. Croton-oil and tartar emetic are examples. Pustular [ pus'-tii-lar) \_pitstnla, pustule]. Pertain- taining to or cliaracterized by pustules. In biology, a term descriptive of a surface which has blister-like elevations. P. Grease. See Horsepox. Pustulate [pus' -tii-ldt) \_pustidare, to blister]. I. To form pustules. 2. Same as Pustular. Pustulation {piis-tti-la'-shim) \_pustiila, pustule]. A condition marked by the formation of pustules. Pustulatous { pus' -lu-ldt-iis) . Same as Pustular. Pustule [pus'-tul) \_pus/ula, pustule]. A vesicle or bleb containing pus. It is always of inflammatory origin, of a yellowish color, and has, as a rule, a red areola, sometimes with induration. P., Malignant. See Pustula maligna. Pustuliform {pus' -tu-lif-onii) pustule ; forma, form]. Resembling a pustule. Pustulocrustaceous [ pus-tu-lo-krus-ta'-se-us) \_ pus- tula, pustule; crusta, crust]. Pustulous, and also covered with crusts, or scabs. Pustulose iypus' -tu-ldz). Same as Pustular. Pustulose, Pustulous {pus'-tu-ldz, pus'-tu-lus) \_pus- tula, pustule]. Characterized by pustules. Pusula [L.]. I. Pustule. 2. Erysipelas. Putamen {pu-ta'-tnen) \_ putamen, husk: pi., Puta- /nina'\. I. The lateral or darker part of the lenticular nucleus of the brain. 2. In biology : [a) the stone of a drupe, or shell of a nut ; [b] the soft or inner shell of an egg. Putaminous [pu-ta>?i'-in-us) \_putamen, husk]. Per- taining to the membrana putaminis. Putchuk [put'-ckuk) [Inclia]. The costus root ; the root of Saussurea lappa, a composite plant of India. In that country and China it is extensively used in medicine. It is a stimulant and aromatic tonic. Also the root of Aristolochia recurvilabra, an Asiatic plant ; useful as an emmenagogue, diuretic, tonic, and stimu- lant. Unof. Putrefacient (/« - tre- fa'- se - ent ) \_putridus, putrid ; facere, to make]. I. Causing putrefaction. 2. An agent that causes putrefaction. Putrefaction [ pu - tre -fak' - s/iun) \_putridus, rotten; j'acere, to make]. The decomposition of nitrogenous organic matter under the influence of microorganisms, and accompanied by the development of disagreeable odors, due to the evolution of ammonia and hydrogen sulphid. Putrefactive ( pu-tre-fak' -tiv)\_putridus, putrid ; facere, to make]. Pertaining to or causing putrefaction. Putrefy {pu'-tre-Ji) \_putrefacere, to putrefy]. To render putrid. Putrescence ( pu-tres' -ens) \_putrescere, to become rotten]. The state or process of putrefaction. Putrescent {pu-tres' -ent ) \_putrescere,\.o become rotten] . Undergoing putrefaction. Putrescin \_putrescere,\.o\>&CQm.^ rotten], C^H,.^N.;. A poisonous ptomain. It is a clear, rather thin liquid of a disagreeable odor, boiling at I56°-I57°C. %&6g, thick; (ppdrsi;, speech]. Thickness of speech. Pycnosis {pik-no' -sis) \_-vKv6r, thick]. Thickening; inspissation. Pycnospore (pik' -no-spor) [ttvkvoq, close; anupoc, seed]. In biology, De Bary's term for the stylo- spores produced in the pycnidia of the Ascomycetes. Pycnotic [pik-not'-ik) \_nvKv6(;, thick]. Pertaining to pycnosis. Pyecchysis [pi-ek'-is-is) \_k'vov, pus; iKXvaic, effusion]. Effusion of pus. Pyedema, Pycedema (pi-e-de'-mah)\_nv(iv, pus ; bUh/pa, edema]. Edema due to purulent infiltration. Pyelitic [ pi-el-it' -ik) [TrwAof, trough ; (r/,f, inflamma- tion]. Relating to or affected with pyelitis. Pyelitis { pi-el-i' -lis) {Tx've'h.oc^, a trough ; nn;, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney. It may be due to the mechanical irritation of calculi, or to tumors, animal parasites, tubercles, etc., or it appears in the course of acute specific fevers, or, perhaps most commonly, is secondary to diseases of the bladder. It is marked by pain and tenderness in the lumbar regions, and the presence in the urine of albumm, mucus, epithelial cells from the pelvis of the kidney, and pus-corpuscles in large amount. The urme is generally acid. Blood is also frequently seen in the urine. Gradually a swelling or tumor appears in the lumbar region, dull on percussion and slightly fluctu- PVELOCYSTITIS 1221 PYLOROSTENOMA ating. P., Calculous, that due to calculi. P., Hemorrhagic, that attended with hemorrhage. Pyelocystitis i^pi-el-o-sis-fi'-tis) [Trix'Aoq. trough ; KhoTt^, bladder; /r/f, inflammation]. Pyelitis with cystitis. Pyelo-lithotomy i^pi-el-o-lifli-ot'-o-ine') [Triie/iof, trough ; /If'^of, stone; ro////, a cutting]. Removal of a renal calculus through an incision into the pelvis of the kidney. Pyelometer [pi-el-om'-et-er). Synonym of Pelvitneter. Pyelonephritic [pi-el-o-nef-rif -ik) [TryeAof, trough ; i'fif)/)oi', kidney ; iti<;, inflammation]. Pertaining to pyelonephritis. Pyelo-nephritis [pi-el-o-nef-i-i'-tis) [ttveXoi;, trough; ve6v, pus ; e/neaig, vomiting]. Vomiting of pus. Pyemia {pi-e' -iiie-aJi) \tkvov., pus; difia, blood]. Phle- bitic septicemia, with the presence of pyogenic microor- ganisms in the blood and with the formation wherever they lodge of secondary embolic or metastatic ab- scesses. It is characterized by intermittent fever, with recurrent rigors, profuse sweats, a sweetish odor to the breath, a dry, brown tongue, and rapid emaciation. Slight jaundice frequently develops ; sometimes, also, a purpuric eruption ; the temperature may be very high, 105°, or even more. It usually terminates in death. P., Arterial, a name given to pyemia produced by disorganization of a cardiac thrombus and the dis- semination of emboli through the arterial circula- tion. P., Cryptogenetic, a condition in which the primary suppuration occurs in the deeper tissues of the body. Pyemic {pi-e'-mik) \_-k'vov, pus; a///a, blood]. Per- taining to or affected with pyemia. Pyencephalus {pi-en-sef -al-ns) \jvvov, pus; tyKecfiaTiof; , brain]. Suppuration within the cranium. Pyesis ( pi-e' sis). Synonym of Suppuration. Pyetia (pi-e'-she-ah). Synonym of Colostrum. Pygagria {pi-ga' -gre-ak)\_TTvyii , buttock ; aypa, seizure]. Pruritus ani ; eczema, or pain, of the anal region. P. granulata, eczema of the anal region. Pygal [pi'-gal) {jrvyij, rump]. In biology, of or per- taining to the rump. Pygidial [pi-jiil'-e-al) {jrvyr/, rump]. Pertaining to a pygidium. Pygidium {pi-jid' -e-tini) \_'Kvyri, rump; dim. 'u^iov: pi., Pygidia~\. In biology, a term applied to the hinder or rump region of the body in various animals, especi- ally insects, crustaceans, and worms. Pygme [pig' -me) [^nvyfii/, fist]. The distance between the elbow and the knuckles. Fist. Forearm. Pygmy, Pigmy [pig' -me) [Trtry/;?;, a fist]. A dwarf or dwarfish person. Pygodidymus [pi-go-did' -im-iis) {_JTvy?/, buttock; (VVfwuof, twins]. A double fetal monstrosity united by the buttocks. Pygomelus (pi-go;// -el-tis) [rrvyi/, buttock; fiiTio^, member]. A parasitic monstrosity with the parasite united to the hypogastric region or to the buttock. Pygopagus [pi-gop' -ag-iis) ["">'/, buttock; Troyof, joined]. An ensomphalic monstrosity with conjoined buttocks or backs. Pygostyle [pi' -go-stil) [tti;)'//, rump ; rrrfiPtOf, column]. In biology, the last bone in the tail of a bird, giving support to the tail-feathers. It theoretically consists of ankylosed or coalesced caudal vertebras, as there are pairs of feathers in the tail. Pyic [pi'-ik). Synonym of Purulent. Pyin [pi' -in) \Tvvm', pus]. An albuminous substance of complex constitution occurring in pus. It may be separated by adding sodium chlorid and filtering. Pyknometer [pik-nom' -et-er). See Pycnotneter. Pyla ( pi'-lah) [^nvl}/, gate: //. 3.nAgen., Pyhf^. The orifice by which the mesal portion of the mesocele communicates with the lateral. Pylemia ( //-/e'-/;/t'-rt/;) [ttii/I//, gate ; ol/za, blood]. The blood of the portal vein. VyXe.m^tiTZ.'^i^ [ pi-lem-fraks' -is) [Tri/l?;, gate ; i-fi(ppa^/(;, obstruction]. Obstruction of the portal circulation. Pylephlebectasis [pi-le-Jleb-ek' -tas-is) [tti'/*.;/, gate; ipMiji, vein ; sKraait;, dilatation]. Dilatation of the portal vein. This is usually caused by some obstruction in the liver, or it may be due to relaxation of the vessel - walls from some disturbance of innervation. Pylephlebitis [pi-le-Jleb-i' -tis) \nv}ji, gate ; 0/ f 1/;, vein ; (TIC, inflammation]. Inflammation of the portal vein. The symptoms are those of pyemia ; the liver is usually enlarged and tender. The condition is usually secondary to disease of the intestines. P., Adhesive, thrombo-phlebitis of. the portal vein. Pylethrombosis [ pi- le-tliro/n-bo' -sis) \jrv'Atj, gate; Ofjo/jjSoi;, clot]. Thrombosis of the portal vein. Pylic [pi'-lik) [tt!'/!//, gate]. Pertaining to the portal vein. Pylometer ( pi-lom' -et-er) l^wbA?/, gate ; /lerpov, meas- ure] . See Cystopylometer. Pylephlebitis (// - lo - Jleb - i'- tis). Synonym of Pj'le- pJilebitis. Pylorectomy [pi - lor - ek' - to - me) [TruAt^pof, pylorus ; kuTOjii], excision]. Excision or resection of the pylorus. Pyloric [pi-lor' -ik) [TTi'/'upof, pylor- us]. Pertaining to the jiylorus. P. Artery, the py- loric branch of the hepatic artery. P. Glands, glands of the pylorus, secreting the gastric juice. P. Plexus, bran- ches of the hepatic plexus accom- panying the py- loric artery. P y 1 o r istenosis ( pi- lor -is-ten-o' - sis) \_-v\wp6q, py- lorus ; (T r f V 0 r , narrow]. Con- traction of the py- lorus. Pyloritis [pi-lor-i' - tis) [TTv'Abjpoq, pylorus ; itic, inflammation] mation of the pylorus. Pylorochesis [pi - lor - 0- ke' - sis) [Trri^updf, pylorus; 6,v//(7/f, a holding]. Obstruction of the pylorus. Pylorocleisis [pi-lor-ok'-lis-is). Synonym of Pyloro- chesis. Pylorogastroscirrhus ( pi-lor' - 0 -gas' - tro - skir' - 71s) . Synonym of Pvloroscirrhns. Pyloroplasty ( // - lor'- o - plas - te) \_Kv7.up6(: , pylorus ; K7aaai:iv, to form]. Plastic operation upon the \>y- lorus. Pyloroscirrhus ( pi-lor-o-skir'-us) [Tri'^upof, pylorus ; pKippoi;, induration]. Scirrhus of the pylorus. Pylorostenoma [pi-lor-o-sten-o'-mah). Synonym of Pvlorostenosis. Section of Pyloric Glands from Human Stomach. a. Mouth of gland leading into long, wide duct (A), into which open the terminal divisions, c. Connective tissue of the mucosa. {After Pier- sol.') Inflam- PYLOROSTENOSIS 1222 PYOSALPINX Pylorostenosis {pi-lor-o-s/e-no' -sis) [nvT'.upor , pylorus; OTt-vooi^, stenosis]. Stenosis, or stricture, of the pylorus. Pylorus [pi-lo' -rus) gate-keeper]. I. The opening of the stomach into the duodenum. 2. The pyloric valve. Pyo- {pi'-o) \jTvov, pus]. A prefix that indicates con- nection with or relation to pus. Pyoblenna [pi-o-i/len'-ah) [ttvov, pus; ^Tievva, mucus]. Muco-pus. Pyoblennorrhea {pi-o-blen-or-e'-a/i)\jT'vov,-p\ii ; P'/evro, mucus ; f>oia, a flow]. A muco-purulent discharge. Pyocataracta i^pi-o-kat-ar-ak' -tah) \t:vov, pus ; Kara- fHiKTr/^, cataract]. Purulent cataract. Pyocele (pi'-o-se/ ) [_-vov, pus; Kr/Ar/, hernia]. Hernia with pus in its sac. Pyocelia {pi-o-se' -le-ah^ [Triw, pus ; KotXia, a hollow]. Pus in the abdominal cavity. Pyocenosis (pt-o-sen-o^ -sis) [tti'oi', pus ; n^vuaic, empty- ing]. The evacuation of a pus-cavity. Pyochezia [ pi-o-ke' -ze-ah) [ ■kv6\\ pus; ,Yfff'> to defe- cate]. Discharge of pus from the intestines. Pyocolpocele [pi - 0 - koF- po - sei) [_Tvhov, pus; KtiATrof, vagina; KijAj], a tumor]. A tumor of the vagina con- taining pus. Pyocolpos (pi-o-kol'-pos) [n'vov, -pvts; ko'Atzoc, vagina]. An accumulation of pus within the vagina. Pyoctanin (^pi-ok' -tan-in'). See Pyoktanin. Pyocyanin [pi-o-si' -an-in) [Trt'oj/, pus ; /cyoi'Of, blue] , CjjHjjNOj. A colored extractive derived from blue pus, and from cultures of the Bacillus pyo- cyaneus. On exposure to the air it is oxidized to py- oxanthose. It has positive chemotactic properties. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Pyocyst (//''-(j-j/rf) [tti'iov, pus ; Kuorff, cyst]. A cyst containing pus. Pyocyte ( pi' -o-sit)' \j:vov, pus; Kvrog, cell]. The pus- corpuscle. Pyodermatitis {pi-o-der-mat-i' -tis). A skin-affection produced by inoculation with pyogenic material. Pyodermitis (//-o-r/(i';--;«/'-i'/.t) [tt/'oi', pus; (Sf/j/in, skin ; /r(f, inflammation]. An inflammatory skin-affection attended by pus- formation. Pyodiathesis [pi-o-di-ath' -es-is) [ni'ov, pus ; diaftenir, disposition]. A purulent diathesis, characterized by a tendency of inflammation to proceed to suppuration. Pyoedema [pi-e-de'-inah). See Pyedenia. Pyogangrenous {pi-o-gang' -ren-tis) \iTmv,-^v&; gan- gi-icna, gangrene]. Suppurating, and also gangrenous. P. Inflammation. See Injiamination. Pyogenes i^pi-oj' -en-ez). Synonym of Pyogenic. Pyogenesis {pi-o-jen' -es-is) \_ttvov, pus; yfyvdv, to pro- duce]. The formation of pus. Pyogenetic [pi - o- jen - et'- ik) [tt/'O!', pus ; ytvvav, to produce]. Pertaining to pyogenesis. Pyogenia (//-(7-yX-;/f-rt//). Same as Pyogenesis. Pyogenic { pl-o-jen' -ik) \_-'vov, pus; yivvav, to beget]. Producing or relating to pus-formation. P. Fever. See Strangles. P. Membrane, the thin, yellow layer forming the wall of an abscess. The wall is pyogenic only as long as the abscess is spreading, for it is then that breaking down and suppuration are going on in it ; when the abscess ceases to spread, the membrane becomes a healing one. P. Microorganisms, the ordinary pyogenic microorganisms are the staphylo- coccus albus, aureus, and citreus, and the streptococcus pyogenes. Under certain circumstances pus may be produced by the pneumococcus of Frankel, the bacillus coli communis, the bacillus of typhoid fever, the gonococcus, and others. See Bacteria, Synonytuatic Tatde of. Pyohaemia [pi-o-hem' -e-ali). Synonym of Pyemia. Pyohemothorax [pi - 0 - hem - 0 - tho' - raks) \_n'vov, pus ; aifia, blood ; dupai, thorax]. The presence of pus and blood in the pleural cavity. 'Pyoid [pi' -oid ) [ti'oi-', pus ; fitJof, like]. Resembling pus. Pyoktanin [ pi - ok' - tan - in) [nvov, pus; Kreiveiv, to kill]. A name given to methyl-violet and aiiramin (both anilin dyes), from their power of arresting sup- puration. Both are antiseptic, but are harmless, as well as odorless. One to two per cent, ointments, and one per cent, gauzes and cottons are recommended. Unof. Pyolymph [pi' - 0 - limf) \TTmv, pus; 'A,vfi<^a, lymph]. Lymph containing pus-corpuscles. Pyomalgia [pi-o-mal' -je-ah) [nvorv, pus ; Ciuo^, should- er ; I'lAyof, pain]. Pain in the shoulder due to sup- puration. Pyomele [pi-om'-el-e). See Pyaulacomele. Pyometra [pi-o-me' -trah) [_Trvov, pus; f-ii/rpa, womb]. A collection of pus in the uterus. Pyonephritis [pi- 0 -nef - ri' - tis) [iri'or, pus; vepog, kidney]. Pus in the kidney and its pelvis. Pyonephvotic [pi - 0 - nef - rot'- ii) [n-i'-oy, pus ; ve(jipog, kidney]. Pertaining to pyonephrosis. Pyonoma [pi-o-no' -mah) \_~'vov, pus ; vo^ii], an eating sore]. I. A suppurative focus. 2. A tumor infil- trated with pus. Pyoophoritis [pi-o-off-or-i' -tis) [/Ti'ioj', pus ; (Joi', egg; (popijg, bearing; ;r(f, inflammation] . Purulent oophor- itis. Pyopericardium [pi-o-per-ik-ar'-de-um) [t/'ov, pus; TTf/)/, about ; KapSia, heart]. The presence of pus in the pericardium. Pyoperitonitis [pi-o-per-it-on-i'-tis). Synonym of Peritonitis, Purulent. Pyophthalmia [pi-off-tlial'-me-ah) \_~vov, p\is ; 'oo'-rik) [7ri>p, fire; />oron'\, H .B^Og. A dibasic acid produced by heating boric acid. Pyrocatechic Acid (pi-ro-kat' -e-chilt). Synonym of Pyrocatecliin. Pyrocatechin (pi-ro-kat-e' -chin) [7ri>p, fire ; catechu^ C|;H^(OH).j = CgHpO.^. Catechol; a substance first obtained in the distillation of catechin (the juice of Mimosa catechu). It is formed by the dry distillation of proto-catechuic acid. It crystallizes in short rhombic prisms and sublimes in shining leaflets ; is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether; melts at 104° C. and boils at 245° C. Its alkaline solutions turn black on exposure to air. It is an antipyretic. Dose gr- j->'j- Pyrocatechinic Acid, Pyrocatechuic Acid (pi-ro- kat-e-chin' -ik, pi - ro - kai -e- chu' - ik ). Synonyms of Pyrocatechin. Pyrocitric Acid ( pi-ro-sit' -rik) [ Tri'p, fire; citrus, lemon]. An acid formed from citric acid by distilla- tion. The term includes several acids. Pyrocoll (pi'-ro-kol) [ 7r{;p, fire; K.oXh>, glue]. I. The amid anhydrid of carbopyrrolic acid. It crys- tallizes in yellow leaflets, melting at about 268° C. 2. C,j|HgN,202. A substance obtained in the dry distillation of gelatin. Pyrocomane (pi-ro-ko' -man\ See Pyrone. Pyrodextrin (pi-ro-deks' -trin) [Triip, fire ; dexter, right] , QgHj4037. A brownish solid resulting from the ac- tion of heat upon dextrin. Pyrodin (pi'-ro-din) \_ Txvp, fire], C5H5.C2H3O.N2H,,. Acetyl-phenyl-hydrazin. A white, sparingly soluble powder, a powerful antipyretic. Dose ^ to 4 grains. Pyrogallate (pi-ro-gal'-at) \j^vp, fire; galla, galls]. A salt of pyrogallic acid. Pyrogallic Acid (pi-ro-gal'-ik). See Acid. Pyrogallocarbonic Acid (pi' - ro - gal' -o-kar-bon'-ik) \j^vp, fire ; galla, galls ; carbon, carbon]. A substance prepared by heating pyrogallic acid with a five per cent, solution of sodium carbonate, and dissolving the pro- duct in cold strong sulphuric acid. It is used as a delicate test for nitric acid. Pyrogallol (pi-ro-gal' -ol) [vrip, fire; galla, galls], CgH.,(0H).,. Pyrogallic acid ; a phenol derivative produced by the action of heat on gallic acid. It occurs in long, flattened prisms, colorless, bitter to taste, soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. It will affect the blood and produce hemoglobinuria. It is a powerful reducing agent. It is used as a local appli- cation in dermatology. Pyrogen (pi'-ro-fn) \_-vp, fire; yEvvav,iQ produce]. I. A substance capable of producing fever. 2. The electric fluid. Pyrogenesia, Pyrogenesis (pi-ro-jen-e' -ze-ah, pi-ro- jen'-es-is) \_~>>p, fire; ykveaiq, origin]. The produc- tion of heat or fever. Pyrogenetic, Pyrogenic (pi-ro-jen-et' -ik, pi-ro-jen' -ik) [Tryp, fire; ytvvav,\.o produce]. Producing heat or fever. Pyrogenic (pi-ro-jen' -ik) \jrvp, fire; yuivhv,\.o pro- duce]. Producing fever. Pyrogenous (//-ro/'-^i-wj-) [-I'p, fire; }fi'?'di', to pro- duce]. Produced by heat. Pyroglucic Acid (pi-ro-glu'-sik). Synonym of Pyro- dextrin. Pyroglycin (pi-ro-gli'-sin). Synonym of Metaglycerin. Pyroguaiacic Acid {pi-ro-gwl-ak'-ik). .Synonym of Giiaiacol. Pyroleum (pi-ro'-le-um) \_~vp, fire; oleum, oil]. I. Petroleum. 2. An oil produced by dry distillation. Pyroligneous (pi - ro - lig' - ne-us) \_~vp, fire; lignum, wood]. Pertaining to the destructive distillation of wood. P. Acid, wood-vinegar. See Acid, Pyro- ligneous. P. Alcohol, P. Spirit. Synonym of Methyl- alcohol. P. Vinegar. Synonym of Acid, Pyrolig- neous. Pyrolithic Acid (pi-ro-lith'-ik). Synonym of Acid, Cvanuric. Pyrology (pi-roF -o-je) [-!;p, fire ; Aoyof, science]. A study of the application of heat, especially with refer- ence to surgical processes. PVROLUSITE 1225 PVXININ Pyrolusite iypi-ro-ht' -sit ) [Triip, fire ; \ovaic, a wash- ing]. Native manganese dioxid. Pyrolysis [pi-ivl'-isis] \_~vp, fire; I'rair, solution]. Decomposition by means of heat. Pyrolytic i^pi-ro-lit' -ik) [irvp, fire; Xveiv, to dissolve]. Pertaining to pyrolysis. Pyromania {pi-ro-ma'-ne-aJi) [7ri)p, fire ; fiav'ia, va&A- ne.ss]. A form of moral insanity which actuates in- cendiarism. Pyromaniac [pi-ro-7?ia'-ne-ak) [/ri'p, fire; //avcj, mad- ness]. One aftected with pyromania. Pyromeconic Acid {pi->-o-}?ie-kon'-ik) [ttji/), fire ; me- coni'cl, CgH^jO.,. A crystalline acid obtained by the dry distillation of meconic acid. Pyromel {pi' -ro-mel') [/ri'p, fire ; w^/, honey]. Mo- lasses. Pyromellitic Acid ( pi-ro-inel-it'ik). See Acid. Pyrometamorphism [pi-ro- met - a7)i - orf'-izti!) [tti/j, fire ; metamorphism]. Metamorphism resulting from the action of heat. Pyrometer [pi-7-oi?t' -et-er) {rrvf), fire; ^trpoi', measure] . An instrument for measuring the intensity of heat of too high a degree to be estimated by the ordinary thermorrieter. P., Optic. A photometer used as a pyrometer, on the principle that the luminosity of a body is proportionate to its temperature. Pyrometric {pi-ro-met' -rik) \jivp, fire; juirpov, meas,- ure]. Pertaining to the pyrometer. Pyronaphtha { pi-ro-naf -thah). See Burning Oil. Pyrone {pi' -yon) \_~vp, fire],C5H^02. Pyrocomane ; a substance formed when conianic and chelidonic acids are heated to 250° C. It is a neutral solid readily soluble in water; it melts at 32.5° C, and boils at about 315° C. Pyropemphigus [-!'/>, fire ; ■Kk\iw^, pemphigus]. Pemphigus attended with fever. Pjo-ophlyctis syriaca. Synonym of Aleppo Boil. Pyrophobia {pi-ro-fo'-be-ah) [irijp, fire ; ^o^oq, dread]. Morbid dread of fire. P3a'ophosphate {pi-ro-fos'-faf) [rri'p, fire; (poo^opor, phosphorus]. A salt of pyrophosphoric acid. Pyrophosphoric Acid {pi-ro-fos-for' -ik). See Acid. Pyroptothymia (pi->-op-to-tlii'-tne-ali)[TTvp,fiK; Tvrot.v, to terrify ; t'cuof, mind]. A form of insanity in which the person imagines himself enveloped in flame. Pyxopuncture (/i/-r()-///«CT-^''-/«r) [ti'p, fire ; pimctura, puncture]. Puncturing with hot needles. Pyroscope [pi'-?-o-skdp) {jrvp, fire ; aaoTTelv, to exam- ine]. An instrument employed in determining the intensity of thermal radiation. Pyrosin \ pi' -rosin). Same as Ervthrosin. P3n:osis (pi-ro'-sis) \_~vp, fire]. An affection of the stomach characterized by a burning sensation, accom- panied by eructations of an acrid, irritating fluid. "Heartburn." P., Oatmeal, 'i^e. Oatmeal Pyrosis. Pyrosph3rre {pi'-ro-sf'ir) [-rp, fire ; hammer]. Same as Moxosphyra. Pyrosulphuric Acid ( pi-ro-snl-fii' -rik') fire ; sul- phur'\., H.,.S,20j. A fuming crystalline body prepared by crystallization from cold Nordhausen sulphuric acid. Pjrrotartaric Acid [pi-ro-tar-tar'-ik). See Acid. Pyrotechnia (pi-ro-tek'-ne-ali) [—j'p, fire ; Ti^v?/, a.rt\. The scientific application of heat. P. chirurgica, the employment of fire in surgical procedures. Pyrothonid (//-r(?//;'-(7-«/(/) [irrp, fire]. A tarry sub- stance resulting from the imperfect combustion of hemp, cotton, and linen. Pyrotic {pi-rot'-ik) \nvp, fire]. 1. Having the property of inflammability. 2. Caustic. Pyrotoxic {pi-ro-toks'-ik) [iriip, fire ; -of «KOf, poison] . A caustic poison. Pyrotoxin [pi-ro-toks' -in) [TTiip, fire ; rof«oi', poison]. A toxic agent generated in the course of the febrile process. Pyrouric Acid (pi-ro-u' -rik). See Acid, Cyamiric. Pyrovinic Acid ( pi-ro-vin'-ik) . See Acid, Pyrotartaric. Pyroxanthin (pi-ro-zan' -thin) [-lyj, fire; fai'('df, yel- low] . A crystalline substance found in crude wood- spirit. Pyroxylic [pi-roks-il' -ik) \_~vp, fire ; Sv/.or, wood]. Obtained by distilling wood. P. Spirit, methylic alcohol, a product of the distillation of wood. It is also called 7c'ood-ipirit and zuood-alcohol. Pyroxylin, Pyroxylinum [pi-roks'-il-in , pi-roks-il-i' - mem) fire; §v/.ov, wood: gen. , Pyro.xyliin"]. Gun - cotton. Ordinary cotton fiber treated with strong fuming nitric acid, the cellulose, CgHj^Oj, being changed to trinitro-cellulose, CgH-Oj(N02)3. It is soluble in ether, and is highly explosive by per- cussion. Collodium, contains pyroxylin 4, ether 70, alcohol 26. Solution should be complete. C. cum cantharide (C. desiccans, B. P.), flexible collodion 85, cantharides 60, chloroform, q. s. C. flexile, flex- ible collodion contains collodion 92, Canada turpen- tine 5, castor-oil 3 parts. C. stypticum, styptic collodion, has collodion 55, ether 20, alcohol 5, tannic acid 20 parts. Pyrozone {pi'-ro-zon) [-lyj, fire ; ozone'\. A rapidly acting antiseptic, containing 3 per cent, of H2O2 water. It may be employed either internally or ex- ternally without danger of toxic effects. It decomposes pus with rapidity, causing effervescence. Unof. Pyrrhol, Pyrrol [pir'-ol) \_~vp, fire ; oleum, oil], C^H^- (NH). A liquid first found in coal-tar and bone-oil. It is produced by the distillation of ammonium sac- charate or mucate, or upon heating glycerol to 200° C. It is a colorless liquid, with an odor like that of chloroform. It becomes brown on exposure, and boils at 131° C. ; it has asp. gr., 0.9752 at 12.5° C. ; it is but slightly soluble in water. P. Red, C,._>H,^N20, a reddish powder obtained by treating pyrrhol with a strong acid. Pyrrolidin {pi-roF -id-in) [^rrp, fire ; oleum, oil], Q.^- HgN. A substance formed by the action of sodium upon succinimid dissolved in absolute alcohol. Pyrrolin {pir' -ol-in) \j^vp, fire ; oleum, oil], C^Hf.NH. An oily liquid formed when pyrrhol is digested with zinc dust and acetic acid. It is readily soluble in water, and boils at 91° C. Pyruric Acid ( pi-ru'-rik) . Synonym of Acid, Cyamiric. Pyrus [pi'-rus) [L., a pear-tree]. A genus of the /V- //(■t'tr, including the apple {Mains) , the pear (/". com- munis, and other species) and others. Pyruvic Acid {pir-u' -vik). See Acid. Pyruvil ( pi-rn'-vil) \_~vp, fire; ovpov. urine], CjHsN^O.,. A substance formed from urea and pyroracemic acid. Pythogenesis {pi-tlio-;en' -cs-is) \_~vfttiv .Xo rot ; )(veaig, genesis]. Production by means of filth. Pythogenic {pi-tho-jen'-ik) \T:viitiv, to rot; ^fi'vai^, to ]iroduce]. Arising from decomposing matter. P. Fever. Synonym of Typhoid Fever. P. Pneu- monia. See Pneumonia. Pytia {pi'-she-ah). Synonym of Colostrum. Pyuria {pi-u'-re-ah ) \_-v(n', pus; ovpor, the urine]. Pus in the urine. Pyxidate {piks'-id-at) [ttk/c a box]. Resembling a pyxidium , or bearing pyxidia ; furnished with a lid. Pyxidium ( piks-id' -e-um) [dim. of -vi'n:, a box : //. , Pvxidia'\. In biology, a capsule which dehisces along a circular transverse line, so that the upper part comes off like a lid ; also called a pyxis. Pyxinin {piks'-in-in) [7r"f/f, a box]. A characteristic chemic substance found by Frenzel in the gregarina Pyxina. Q 1226 QUADRIPAROUS Q. S. Abbreviation of qitnnlum siifficii — as much as suffices. Qinbil {kin' -In!) [Arab.]. See Kamala. Quack [kwak) [ME. , to quack]. One who practises quackery ; a pretender to medical skill. Q.- salver, a quack, or mountebank ; a peddler of his own medicines and salves. See MoiDitebank. Quackery {Jcwak' -cr-e) [ME., qiiakken, to quack]. The pretence of medical knowledge, skill, or success, by one without either. Medical charlatanism. Quackism [kioak'-izm] [ME., quakken, to quack]. The practice of quackery. Quadrangular {k-uod-rang' -gu-lar) \_qii(j(/i-angii/ii!i! , a four-cornered figure]. Having four angles. Applied especially to a lobe of the cerebellum. Quadrant [kivod' -7-aJit) [quiuii-afns, squared]. The fourth part of a circle, subtending an angle of 90 de- grees. Q. of Wilder, such an area of the ventral aspect of the crus cerebri in the cat. Quadrate ( kwoJ' -rat) [^quadrafiis ,s,i\\xare.'\. I. Square ; four-sided. 2. In biology, the bone which in birds and reptiles articulates with the squamosal above, the mandible below, the pterygoid internally, and the quadratojugal externally. Q. Lobule. See Lobiilc. Quadratiferous (kwod-rat-if -er-us) \_quadratics, quad- rate ; firri, to bear]. Having a distinct quadrate bone. Quadratiformis [kwod-rat-if-or' -tiiis). Same as Quad- ratiis fcmoris. See Muscles, Table of. Quadratipronator {kivod-rat-ip-ro-tia' -tor). Same as Pronator quadratus. See Muscles, Table of. Quadratojugal {kivod - ra - to - jii' -gal ) \_qtiadratiii, square ; jt(jiim, a yoke]. Common to the quadrate and malar bones. Quadratomandibular {krood - ra - to - ma7i - dib' - ii-lar) \_quadratHS, quadrate ; mandible^ . Pertaining to the quadrate bone and inferior maxilla. Quadratopterygoid {kwod-ra-to-ter' -ig-oid ) \_qitadra- tus, quadrate; -rfpriti', any ; u&oi;, like]. Pertaining to the quadrate and pterygoid bones. Quadratosquamosal {kivod-ra-to-skwa-mo'-zal) [^quad- ratus, quadrate ; squama, scale]. Pertaining to the quadrate and squamosal bones. Quadratum [kzvod-ra' -turn) \_quadra, a square: //., Qiiadrata~\. The ^««(i'ra/z/OT. or quadrate bone. Quadratus [L. ]. Squared. Having four sides. Q. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. Quadrauricular (k-vod-raw-rik' -u-lar) \_qiiadri-, four; auricula, auricle]. In biology, having four auricles, as the heart of certain cephalopods {Nautilus). Quadri- {kwod' -re-) [L.]. A prefix used to denote four, or four times. Quadriarticulate [k-wod-re-ar-tik' -u-ldt) \jjuadri, four ; articulare, to divide into single joints]. Possessing four articulations or joints. Quadribasic {kiood- rib-a'-zik) [quadri, four; basis, base]. In chemistry, applied to an acid having four replaceable hydrogen atoms. Quadricapsular {kwod-re-kap'-sti-lar') [quadri, four; capstila, capsule]. In biology, having four capsules. Quadricarinate {kivod-re-kar' -in-at) [quadri, four; ca- rina, keel]. In biology, applied to such insects or other animals as possess four ridges or keel-like structures. Quadricellular (k~vod- ris-cl'-u-lar) [quadri, four; cellula, little cell]. Having four cells. Quadriceps [kuwd'-ris-eps). -See Muscles, Table of. Quadriciliate (kwod-ris-il' -e-at) [quadri, four ; cilium, an eyelash]. In biology, having four cilia or flagella. Quadricipital {kwod-ris-ip'-it-al)[_quadri, four; caput, head]. Having four heads, as a muscle. Quadricorn (kivod' -rik-om) [quadri, four; cornu, horn]. In biology, having four horns or horn-like structures. Quadricornous {kiuod-rik-or' -nus). Same as Quadri- corn. Quadricostate {kwod-rik-os' -tat) [quadri, four ; casta, rib]. In biology, having four costae. Quadricuspidate [kwod-rik-us' -pid-dt) [quadri, four ; cuspis, a point]. Having four cusps, as a tooth. Quadridentate [kiuod-rid-en' -tat) [quadri, four ; dens, a tooth]. Having four teeth or tooth-like parts. Quadridigitate [kwod - rid -i/- it -at) [quadri, four; digitus, a digit]. Having four digits. Quadrifid {kzuod' -rif-id) [quadri, four; findere, to cleave]. Four-cleft. Quadrifocal {kivod-rif-o' -kal) [quadri, four; focus, a focus]. Having four foci. Quadrifoliate [kwod-rif-o' -le-at) [quadri, four ; folium, leaf]. With four leaves. Quadrifoliolate (kiiv7:- Mv, leaf]. In biology, having four leaves. Quadripulmonary [kwod - rip - nl'- mo - na - >r) \(iuadri, four; pii/mon, lung]. In biology, applied to such spiders as have four pulmonary sacs. Quadriradiate(/'-c'c'(/-;-, " ax-breaker. "] The bark of Aspidospernia quebracho, a bitter tonic and antispasmodic. In large doses, it lowers the heart's action. It is much used in Chile as an antiperiodic. The alkaloid, aspidosper- min, C.^.^Vi^^fi.^, is used in cardiac neuroses, asthma, and as an antipyretic. Q., Bxt. Dose gr. ij-viij. Q., Fid. Ext. Dose n\^v-3j. Q., Tinct., 20 per cent. Dose 3j-3 ss. Q., Vinum, contains que- bracho I, alcohol 2, white wine 16 parts. Dose ^j- Jj. All unof. Quebrachomin [ke-brah'-ko-inin) [contr. from Pg. quebra-hacho, "ax-breaker."] An alkaloid of Que- bracho resembling quebrachin. Queen (kjcen) [AS. cwen, a woman]. I. The con- sort of a king. 2. A name applied to the pectens or mussels {Mytilus edulis) caught for food and bait off the southern coast of England. Q. of the Meadov^r. Also, Spircea ubitiaria, of Europe ; the flower, leaf, and root are diuretic and astringent. Also, rarely, Spinra salicifolia. Q.'s-root. See Stillingia. Quenuthoracoplasty {kwen - u - tho ■ rak - o - plas '- /f ) \^Qiie)ut, a physician; H6pa^, thorax; n/iaaijeiv, to form]. Richelot's term for an operation devised by Quenu for empyema, consisting in simple section of the ribs, without resection, to favor retraction of the chest-wall. Quercin (k't'er^-s/'n) \_quercus, oak], Cp|Hf.(OH)g. A bitter, crystallizable carbohydrate extracted from acorns and oak-bark. Quercitannic Acid [kwer - sit - an'- ik) \^querct(s, oak ; tannin, tannin], Cj^H^gOg. A substance found in oak-bark, forming an amorphous yellowish-brown mass, and differing from gallotannic acid in not being convertible into gallic acid or hydrogallol. See Oak- bark. Quercite [ktver' -s'lt) \_qnercus, oak], CgH,,(OH)j. A crystallizable substance, the so-called oak-sugar, or acorn-sugar, which is a sweet and optically active sugar-like carbohydrate, derivable from acorns. Quercitrin [kvier' -sit-rin^ \_qiiercus, oak ; citrus, lemon] , C.,|;H,5gO.,p. A glucosid found in the bark of Qucr- cus tinctoria, and used as a yellow dye. It consists of yellow needles or leaflets. Quercivorous i^kwer-siv' -o-rtts') \_quercus, an oak ; vo- rare, to devour]. In biology, applied to insects or other organisms that feed upon the oak. Quercus [k7i.'er'-kus) [L.]. A genus of dicotyledonous trees. Q. alba, the bark of the white oak. Its pro- perties are due to quercitannic acid, a variety of tannic acid with which its medical properties are identical. It is much used as an astringent lotion, and is commonly exhibited in a decoction of to the Oj. Q. bal- lota. See Racahouf. Q. bicolor, the swamp white- oak of North America. Q., Decoct. (B. P.) is used as an astringent gargle. Q. infectoria, Dyer's oak ; Aleppo gall-oak ; nut-gall oak, growing in Greece and Asia Minor, and from which the nut-gall of commerce is mainly derived. Q. robur, the common black-oak. The bark [cortex) is astringent and tonic, contain- ing gallic acid, quercitannic acid, and a little quercite. The leaves and acorns are also used. Q. rubra, red oak or Champion oak of Canada and the Northern United States. Q. suber. See Cork. Q. tinctoria [Angulosa), black, or dyers' oak. Q. virens, Ameri- can live-oak, bearing edible acorns. Quevenne's Iron. See Ferrum. Quick, or Quick with Child {k-wik) [ME., Z(7, bark]. Cin- chonism ; the condition induced by the continued use or by large doses of quinin. It is marked by deaf- ness, ringing in the ears, etc. Quinizarin (kwin-iz-a'-rin)\Ji-p., quina, bark], Cj^HgO^. An isomerid of alizarin. Quinoa (ke-no' -ah) [Peruv.]. A plant, Clienopodiiim quinoa, of Peru and Chile, where it is cultivated for its seeds, which are used as a substitute for the true cereals. The seed-husks of red quinoa are said to be antiperiodic and emetic. Unof. Quinodin {kwin' -o-din) [Sp. , quina, bark]. An alka- loid-like body found in the organs, tissues, and fluids of human and other animal bodies, resemljling by its bluish fluorescence the sulphate of quinin. Obtained by Du Pre and Bence Jones, 1 866. Quinoidin [kwin-oi' -din). See Chinoidimini. Quinol [kwi' -noi). See Hydroquinojie. Quinolin (/;-w/;?'-o-//«) [Sp.. quina, bark], C,,H-N. A substance occurring in bone-oil and coal-tar. It results when many alkaloids are distilled. It is a colorless, strongly refracting liquid, with a penetrating odor. It boils at 239° C. ; its specific gravity is 1. 095 at 20° C. It is also called Chinolin, q. v. Q. -colors. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Quinology {kwtn-oF -o-je ) [Sp. , quina, bark ; /loyoc, science]. The scientific study of the cinchona trees and of their alkaloids. Quinone {kwin' -on) [Sp., quina, bark]. A general term for certain derivatives of the benzene series. Also a specific substance of yellowish color and vola- tile at ordinary temperatures, derived from members of the aromatic group by oxidation with sulphuric acid and manganese dioxid. Quinotannic Acid {kwin-o-tan' -ik) \_^-^. , quina , bark; tannin, tannin]. A special form of tannic acid found in certain classes of cinchona-bark. Quinova {kwin-o' -vah) [a contraction of quina Jiova, false cinchona bark] . The bark of Portlandia gran- dijlora. Quinovin {kwin'-o-vin) [Sp. , quina, bark], C^uH^gOg. Kinovin ; an amoiphous bitter glucosid derived from cinchona bark. It is said to be an antipyretic. Quinoxalin {ktoin-oks'-al-i)i) , quina, bark ; of I'-f , sharp], CgHgNj. A substance obtained from pheny- lene diamin and glyoxal or its compounds by digest- ing the aqueous solution at 60° C. with sodium bisul- phite. It is a crystalline mass, melting at 27° C. and boiling at 229° C. Its odor resemi)les that of quino- lin and piperidin. The Quino.\ali]is are prepared by the condensation of the ortho-phenylene diamins with glyoxal. The quinoxalins that do not contain oxy- gen are feeble monacid bases, generally soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Their odor resembles that of quinolin. Quinoxim {kwin - oks' - im) [Sp., quina, bark; otvc,, sharp], CpH^(NO).OH. A^itrosopJienol : prepared by the action of nitrous acid upon the phenols. It crys- tallizes from hot water in colorless, delicate needles, which readily brown on exposure. It is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, and imparts to them a bright- green color. Quinquaud's Disease. See FoUicztlitis decalvans, and Diseases, Table of. Q.'s Plaster, a plaster used in treating syphilis. It consists of emplastrum diachylon, 3000 parts ; calomel, 1000 parts ; castor-oil, 300 parts. The calomel is suspended in the oil and is then added to the melted plaster ; it is then spread on linen so that 14 strips each 9 feet by 74^ inches are produced. Of this plaster a square of 2^ inches contains 18 grains of calomel. Quinquecapsular {kwin - kwe - kap'- su - tar') [quinque, five; j, rage]. Wild; raging. Rabl's Fluid. See Stains, Table of. Rabuteau's Method. A method of estimating the amount of acids in the stomach. It consists in driv- ing off the volatile acids by heat and shaking the residue with a large excess of ether, which takes up the lactic acid. This is separated and cinchonin or quinin is added to the remainder until the reaction is neutral. The cinchonin or quinin hydrochlorid is dis- solved out by shaking with chloroform, the latter is distilled off from this extract, and the chlorin estimated in the residue. Racahout [rah - kaJi - oof') [Fr. ; Arab., raqaiti'\. A kind of starchy food prepared from the acorns of Quercus ballota, an oak-tree of the Mediterranean region. Most of the commercial racahout is, however, quite factitious. It is recommended as an analeptic, and as a food for invalids. Unof. Raccoon-berry (rak-oon-ber'-e). Synonym of Podo- phylhan peltatum. Race [j-as') [Dan., race, a breed of horses]. In biology, agenealogic, ethnic, or tribal stock; a breed or variety of plants or animals made permanent by constant transmission of its characters through the oftspring. Race {rds) [radix, root]. A root, especially of ginger. R. -ginger, ginger in the race or root. Raceme {ra-sem') [raceimis, a cluster of grapes]. In biology, an indeterminate inflorescence having a com- mon peduncle with one-flowered pedicels arranged along its sides. R., Compound, a raceme in which the pedicels branch and form secondary racemes. R., False, a circinate, or scorpioid, cyme. Racemed (rrt-j^i/W) [/-(riVOTw^, a cluster of grapes]. In biology, disposed in racemes ; said of flowers or fruits. Racemic [ra-se' -mik) [raceiiiiis, a bunch of grapes]. Pertaining to clusters of grapes, or to racemes. R. Acid. See Acid. Racemiferous {ras-em-if'-er-us) [race7/itts, a cluster of grapes ; ferre, to bear]. Bearing racemes. Racemiform [i-a-se'-tnif-onn) [racennis, a bunch of grapes; forma, form]. In biology, having the form of a raceme. Racemose {ras' -e-mbz) [racemits, a bunch of grapes]. Having a shape resembling that of a bunch of grapes ; applied especially to certain glands. R. Aneurysm, anastomotic aneurysm. R. Cells, clusters of cells arranged around a central duct. R. Varix, anasto- motic varix. Racemule [ras'-e->?!ul) [racemidus , dim. of racemns, a cluster]. In biology, a small raceme. Racemulose [ra-seiii' -ii-/dz) [raceiiiitliis , a small ra- ceme]. In biology, resembling a racemule, or ar- ranged in racemules. Rach-. See, also, Rhach-. Rachiaei (i-a-ki'- e-i) [fiO-xi^, the spine]. .Spinal muscles. Rachiagra {ra - ke - a' - grah) [paxiz^) spine; aypa, seizure]. Gouty or rheumatic pain in the muscles of the spine. Rachial (;-(Z''-i'c'-^7/). Same as Rachidial. Rachialgia [ra - ke - al'-je - ah) ['pdxt<;, spine; a/>of, pain]. Vertebral disease ; pain in or about the spine. Metallic colic. R. mesenterica, tabes mesenterica. R. pictorum, Rachialgia of painters. R. pictonien- sium, metallic colic. Rachialgic (7v?-/?-c'-a/^-/V/{') [pd^^'fi spine ; a.7.yo(;, pain]. Affected with rachialgia. Rachialgitis {ra - ke - al - ji' -iis) [/wijiC, spine; a'/.yog, pain; itic;, inflammation]. Inflammatory rachialgia ; myelitis. Rachiasmus (ra ■ ke - az' - 7iius) [paxiC, spine]. The spasmodic action of the muscles of the back of the neck, occurring early in epilepsy. Rachidial (ra-kid'-e-a/ ) [pdx'C, the spine'j. Belonging to a rachis, or spine. Rachidian [ra - kid'- e - ait) [pdxiQ, spine]. Spinal; vertebral. R. Arteries, the spinal arteries. R. Bulb, the mediiHa oblongata. R. Canal, the vertebral canal. Rachiglossate {ra - kig - los' - at) [paxic,, the spine; -y/.uaaa, tongue]. In biology, applied to such gastero- pod molluscs as have only from one to three teeth in each transverse series on the radula or lingual ribbon. Rachilla {ra-kil'-ah) [po-xii^, the spine]. In biology, a secondary rachis ; the pedicel of a spikelet in grasses. Rachiocampsis {ra-ke-o-kainp' -sis) [pa;t'f » ^ spine ; Kap^'K;, a curving]. Curvature of the spine. Rachiochysis (ra-ke-ok'-is-i.':). See Hydrorhachis. Rachiodont (ra' -ke-o-dont) [paxic, spine ; cxhl'g, tooth]. In biology, having tooth-like processes of the spinal column. Rachiodynia (ra-ke-o-din' -e-ah) [pdxi^, spine ; b6vvr/, pain]. Spasmodic pain in the spine. Rachiokyphosis (ra-ke-o-ki-fo'-sis) . See Kyphosis. Rachiometer (ra-ke-om' -et-er) . Same as Skoliosometer. Rachiomyelitis (ra-ke-o-mi-el-i'-tis). See Myelitis. Rachiomyelophthisis (ra-ke-o-tni-el-off'-this-is). Syn- onym of Locomotor ataxia. Rachiomyelos (ra-ke-o-mi' -el-os). Synonym o{ Spinal Cord. Rachioparalysis (ra- ke-o-par-al' -is-is) [pdxtc, spine ; 7rnpd/vij/r, paralysis]. Spinal paralysis; paraplegia. Rachioplegia (ra-ke-o-pW -je-ah). See Rachioparalysis. Rachiorrheuma (ra-ke-or-tt' -}nah)[pdx^<^, spine ; pevua, flux]. Rheumatism affecting the back. Rachioscoliosis (ra-ke-o-sko-le-o' -sis) . Synonym of Scoliosis. Rachiostrophosis (ra-ke-o-stro-fo'-sis) [pdxi^, spine ; arptipriv, to curve]. Curvature of the spine. Rachiotome (ra'-ke-o-tom) [p(7Y'C> spine ; ro/;;;, a cut- ting]. An instrument for performing rachiotomy. An RACHIOTOMV 1232 RADIATION instrument devised by Aral for opening the vertebral canal without injury to the cord. Rachiotomy (ra-kc-o/' -o-iiie) [/)a;i7f, spine; Te/iveiv, to cut]. Incision into the vertebral column. The oper- ation of cutting through the spine of the fetus to facili- tate delivery. Rachiophyma (^ra-ke-o-Ji' - mah) \j>ax^^., spine ; ipvfLa, growtli]. A spinal tumor. Rachipagus (^ra-kip' -ag-iis) \_paxi';-, spine ; rrdyof, that which is fixed]. A double monster with the indi- viduals joined at the spine. Rachis (t-a'-kis) [/5a,|-(f, spine: //. , Jiackides'\. The vertebral column. In biology, the main petiole of a compound leaf ; the a.xis of inflorescence ; the shaft of a feather. R. nasi, the line extending from the root to the tip of the nose. Rachisagra [ra-kis-a'-gra/i). See Rachiagra. Rachischisis [m-kis' -kis-is). See Spi>2a bifida. Rachitae [ra-kit'-e) ['p(ixi<;, spine]. The muscles at- tached to the spinal column. Rachitic {ra-kit' -ik) \j>ax^il, spine ; (7(f, inflammation]. Affected with, relating to, or of the nature of rachitis ; rickety. R. Rosary, R. Rose-garland, the row of nodules appearing on the ribs, at their junction with the cartilages, in rachitis. See Beads, Rachitic. Rachitis [t-a-ki' -tis) \_pa.xiQ, spine; iriq, inflammation]. I. Rickets, the ^'•English disease,''' a constitutional disease of infancy, characterized by impaired nutrition and changes in the bones. Rachitis was first accu- rately described by Glisson, in the seventeeth century, The disease comes on insidiously at about the period of dentition, and three general symptoms are usually pres- ent— a diffuse soreness of the body, slight fever, and profuse sweating about the head and neck. Coincident with these the skeletal lesions appear, the chief of which are the bending of the ribs, the arching of the long bones, with thickening at the junction of the shaft and the epiphysis, and the development of hyperostoses on the frontal and parietal eminences, producing the caput qiiadratitm. Dentition is delayed, nervous symptoms are marked, as peevishness and sleeplessness, and in some cases convulsions and laryngismus stridulus ; and all the manifestations are accompanied by a state of general weakness. The cartilage between the shaft and the epiphysis of the long bones is greatly thickened, the line of ossification is irregular and more spongy and vascular than normal, and beneath the periosteum, which strips off easily, there is spongioid tissue resembling decalcified bone. Chemic analysis shows a marked diminution in the lime-salts. Kassowitz re- gards the hyperemia of the bone, the marrow, the car- tilage, and the periosteum as the primary lesion, on which all the others depend. 2. In biology, a disease causing abortion of the fruit or seed. R. adultorum, osteomalacia ; mollities ossium. R. annularis, con- genital rachitis characterized by the production, after birth, of furrows of tlie bones and fractures (Winckler). R. micromelica, intrauterine rachitis, characterized by shortening of the limbs and thickening of the di- aphyses (Winckler). R. senilis. See R. adidtoritm. Rachitome {ra' -kit-dm) [/"j;t'f) spine ; Ttjivziv, to cut]. An instrument for opening the spinal canal. See Rachiotome. Rachitomous {ra-ki/' -o-tmis) spine ; rofjo^, cut]. In biology, applied to the vertebra; consisting of separate pieces, or to animals possessing segmented vertebrae. Cf. embolomerous. Rachitomy [ra-kit' -0 -me) [pax'f> spine; wtfivELv, to cut]. I. .Section of the spine. 2. Decollation of the fetus. Rachoma, Rachosis [ra-ko' -tnah, ra-ko'-sis) \paxii:, spine]. I. Relaxation of the integument of the scrotum. 2. The production of a ragged, irregular abrasion. Rachylysis [ra-kil' -is-is) [^paxt^, spine ; Avoig, a solu- tion]. A method of forcible correction of lateral spinal curvature ; tlie abnormal curve is opposed by traction or pressure apiplied by means of apparatus Racial [ra'-se-al] [origin obscure]. Pertaining or due to one's race. Rack [rak). See Arrack. Raclage (rak-lahzh') [Fr.]. The destruction of a soft growth by rubbing, as with a brush or harsh sponge ; grattage. Raclement. See Raclage. Racleur [rah-kliir'). See Curet. Radcliffe's Elixir. See Tinctin-a aloes coinposita. Rademacher's Plaster. See Plaster. Radesyge [rad-e-si' -ge) [Norwegian]. A disease pop- ularly known as Scandinavian syphilis, or Norwegian leprosy, bearing more or less similarity to the yaws, and characterized by malignant ulceration and other cutaneous lesions. It occurred in the last century in an endemic form in Norway, the east Adriatic coast, Scotland, and Canada, and is regarded by some autho- rities as a syphilitic, and by others as a leprous disorder. R. istrica. See Scherlievo. R. scabieuse. See Spedalskhed. R. scotica. See Sibbcns. Radiad [ra' -de-ad) \_radit(s, a spoke]. Toward the radial aspect. Radial {ra'-de-al) \_radiiis,z. spoke]. Pertaining to the radius or bone of the forearm. In biology, diverg- ing from a common center. Relating to the radiating processes of animals, or to the ray of an umbel, or the ligulate corolla of an outer floret of Cotnpositie. Goebel uses it in opposition to bifacial or dorsoventral. R. Artery. See Artery. R. Aspect, the aspect or view from the side on which the radius is situated. R. Bundle, in biology, a fibro-vascular bundle in which the xylem is arranged in rays, with the phloem in in- tervening rays or masses. R. Fibers {df the Retina), Miiller's fibers. R. Fossa, a depression on the humerus for the reception of the head of the radius in flexion. R. Glands, lymphatic glands of the forearm following the radial vessels. R. Nerve. See Nenie. R. Tap, percussion of the lower end of the radius to elicit the reflex contraction of the biceps and supinator longus. R. Veins. See Veins. Radiale (ra-de-a'-le) [^radius, ray : //. , Radialia\ In biology : [a) the radio-carpal or scaphoid bone of the wrist ; cf. ulnare ; (b) one of the cartilages at the base of the fin in certain fishes [Elasmobranchs] ; (< ) one of the rays of a crinoid cup. Radialis (ra-de-a'-lis) [L.]. Pertaining to the radius. Various muscles are so called. See Muscles, Table of. Radiate {ra'-de-dt) [radius, a spoke]. Diverging from a central point ; extending around the circumference in rays; furnished with ray-flowers. R. -veined, mately veined. R. Venation, or Veined, that fonn of venation in which the main veins radiate from the top of the petiole. Radiatiform {ra - dc - a' - tif - oryn) \_radiatus, radiate; forma, form]. In biology, having a radiate appear- ance ; applied to heads with the marginal disc-flowers enlarged, but not ligulate. Radiatio (ra-de-a' -she-o) [L.]. See Radiation. Radiation [ra-de-a' -shun) \_radiare, to radiate] . Diver- gence from a center ; having the appearance of rays. R., Optic, of Gratiolet, a large strand of fibers con- tinuous with those of the corona radiata, derived mainly from the pulvinar, the external and internal gen- iculate bodies, and the optic tract, and radiating into the occipital lobes. R., Thalamic, certain tracts of fibers from the optic thalami, which radiate into the RADICAL 1233 RADIX hemispheres (Spitzka). R. -theory of Rauber, a theory to explain the origin of double monsters. •' It is based upon the fact that in the earliest stage the embryonic trace extends from the edge of the germinal wall or ridge toward the area pellucida as a radius. When a plural formation occurs, Rauber assumes that two, or even three, of these embryonic traces appear instead of one, the development being designated as ' pluri-radial. ' "' Radical (rad'- ik - al) \j-adix, a. root]. Designed to destroy disease instead of modifying it. The opposite of palliative. The opposite of conservative. In biology, belonging to the root. Radical leaves are those which, like the leaves of the dandelion, appear to spring from the root, but which in reality a'rise from a very short stem at or near the surface of the ground. Radicant (rad'- ik - aiit) \_mdicari , \a take root]. In biology, rooting ; applied to roots proceeding from some part of the ascending axis, as for climbing, like Rhus toxicodendron. Radicate (rad' - ik - at) \_radicari , Xa take root]. In biology, rooted or adherent, as by a byssus. Radicel (>-ad' -is-el)\_radicetla, a little root]. In biology, a tiny root ; the rootlet produced in germination. Radicicolous [rad-is-ik' -o-lus) \_radix, root ; colere, to inhabit]. In biology, living upon or devouring roots. Radiciflorous [ra-dis-if-lo' -rus) \j-adix, root; Jlos, flower]. In biology, having the appearance of flow- ering from the root. Radiciform (ra-dis' -if-orin) \^radix, root; forma, form] . In biology, having the form and function of a root. Radicle {rad'-ik-l) [dim. of radix']. I. A rootlet, the germ of a root. 2. The primary root or stem of the embryo. 3. The initial fibril of a nerve ; the begin- ning of a vein. 4. A group of atoms having unsatis- fied valency ; an unsaturated molecule which goes into and out of combinations without change, and which determines the character of the compound. R., Acid. See Acid. R., Alcohol, a radicle which, when it substitutes half the hydrogen in one or more molecules of water, forms an alcohol. R., Aldehyd, a radicle which, when it replaces two atoms of hydro- gen in an alcohol, fonns an aldehyd. R., Ascending, (of the Fornix), the anterior crura or fibers, extending upward from the corpora albicantia. R., Descending, [of the Fornix), the posterior crura or those fibers of the fornix extending from the optic thalami to the corpora albicantia. R., Electro-negative, the non- metallic constituent of a compound which, in electro- lysis, is evolved at the anode. R., Electro-positive, that constituent of a salt which, in electrolysis, ap- pears at the kathode, and which is either a base or .a group of atoms having basic properties. Radicose (rad' -ik-oz) \_radix, root] . In biology, hav- ing large or numerous roots. Radicula, Radicule (rad-ik' -ii-lah, rad' -ik-iil) \_radic- ida, little root]. Same as Radicle. Radicular (rad-ik' -u-lar) \_radicidaris, radix, a root]. Pertaining to the roots of nerves. R. Arteries, arter- ies accompanying nerve-roots into the spinal cord. R. Fasciculus, Internal, of Charcot, runs a longi- tudinal course in the postero-external column and then enters the gray substance of the posterior cornu. R. Fibers, External, of Charcot, fibers of the posterior roots of spinal nerves passing through the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando to the posterior cornu. Radicule (rad' -ik-rd). See Radicle. Radiculose (rad-ik' -ic-ldz) \_radicula, a rootlet]. In biology, having rootlets. Radien (ra'-de-en) \_radius, a spoke]. Belonging to the radius in itself. 78 Radiism (ra' -de-izm) \_radius, a ray]. Same as Radia- tion. Radio- (ra'-de-o-) \_radiiis, a spoke]. A prefix denoting connection with the radius. Radio-bicipital (ra' -de-o-bi-sip' -it-al) \_radi2is, a spoke ; i^zVi'/j-, two-headed]. Relating to the radius and the biceps. Radio-carpal (ra'-de-o-kar'-pal) \_radius, a spoke; Kap-6c, carpus]. Relating to the radius and the carpus. R.- Amputation, removal of the hand at the wrist-joint. Radio-digital (ra - de - 0 - dij' - it-al) \_radius, a spoke; digitus, a digit]. Relating to the radius and the fingers. Radio-humeral (ra' -de-o-hu' -mer-al ) \_radius, a spoke ; huincrus, the humerus]. Relating to the radius and the humerus. Radiolus (i-a-di'-o-lus) [dim. of radius, a ray : //. , Radioli]. In biology, one of the secondary rays of the main rachis of a feather. In surgery, a probe or sound. Radio-metacarpalis (ra' -de-o-met-ak-ar-pa' -lis) \_ra- dius, spoke ; metacarpus]. The flexor carpi radialis brevis when the insertion is at a metacarpal bone. Radiometer (ra - de - om' - et - er) \_railius, ray ; fie-pov, measure]. An instrument for transforming radiant energy into mechanical work. Radiometric (ra-de-o-met'-rik) \_radius, ray; fitrpov, measure] . Pertaining to the radiometer. Radio-muscular (ra-de-o-mus' -ku-lar) \j-adius, radius ; 7nusculus, a muscle]. Relating to the radius and its muscles. The name of branches of the radial artery distributed to the muscles of the forearm, and of fila- ments of the radial nerve going to the same muscles. Radio-palmar (ra' - de - 0 - pal' - mar) \_radius, radius ; palma, palm]. Relating to the radius and the palm. Radio-ulnar (ra'-de-o-id'-nar) \_?-adius, spoke ; ulna, ulna]. Pertaining to the radius and the ulna. Radius (ra' -de-us) \^radius, a staff, rod, spoke of a wheel, ray: pL, Radii]. In biology : (<7) spokebone, the outer of the two bones of the antibrachium or an- terior limb of a vertebrate ; see Aluscles, Table of; (/') one of the veins of an insect's wing; (c) a ray of the first order, of the shaft of a feather (used in the plural) ; (d) one of the radiating threads of a spider's web ; (e) a bifurcated piece, of which there are five, in the oral skeleton of an echinoderm. I. In geometry, the line drawn from the center of a circle to its circumference. 2. One of the cartilaginous rods supporting the fins in fishes. 3. See Ray. Radii auriculares, lines projected on the cranium at right angles to a line passing through the auricular points. R. ciliares, the ciliary processes. R. fixus, in crani- ometry, a line connecting the inion and the hormion. R. frontis, wrinkles of the forehead. R. lentis. lines radiating from the poles of the crystalline lens. R. meduUares, bundles of receiving tubules of the kidney, beginning in one tubule at the apices of the papillae, dividing dichotomously, and extending nearly to the cortical surface. Radix (ra'-dix) l_gen., radicis : pi., radices]. The root or lower extremity of a plant, constituting its organ of prehension, and also, to a great extent, of nutrition. Applied also to root-like organs or parts of the body. The five greater aperient roots: smallache, parsley, fennel, asparagus, and butchers' broom. The fife lesser aperient roots: dandelion, caper, restharrow, madder, and erj ngo. Radices accessorise breves ganglii ciliaris, nerve-branches occasionally seen unit- ing the ciliary ganglion with the oculomotor and other nerves. Radices accessorise mediae ganglii ciliaris, inconstant nerve-branches which connect the ciliary \ RADIX 1234 RAISING ganglion with the internal carotid plexus, or the sym- pathetic plexus surrounding the ophthalmic artery. R. accessoriae sphenopalatina ganglii ciliaris, an accessory nerve- branch of the ciliary ganglion going to the sphenopalatine ganglion. R. antica processus transversi vertebrae (Sommering). See Farapoph- ysis. R. aortae, bulb of the aorta. R. brasiliensis. See Ipecacuanha. R. brevis ganglii ciliaris, a branch of the oculomotor nerve going to the ciliary ganglion. R. brevis ganglii submaxillaris, branches of the lingual nerve going to the submax- illary ganglion. R. cerebelli. See Restiform Bodv. R. cordis, the base of the heart. R. dentis, the root of a tooth. R. dysenterica. See Ipecacuanha. R. epiglottidis, the constricted part of the epiglottis, by which the organ is attached to the thyroid car- tilage. R. externa nervi sapheni externi. See Peroneal Nerve. Radices fornicis, the crura of the fornix. R. gangliosa, the sensory root of the fifth nerve. R. inferior ganglii ciliaris. See R. brevis ganglii ciliaris. R. linguae, the root of the tongue. Radices longae superiores ganglii ciliaris, inconstant branches running from the naso-ciliary nerve to the ciliary ganglion. R. longa ganglii sphenopalatini. See Great Superficial Petrosal Nerve. R. longa inferior ganglii ciliaris, an additional in- constant branch going from the ciliary ganglion to one of the ciliary nerves. R. lopez, lopez-root ; a root dis- covered by Pigneiro at the mouth of the Zambezi, and introduced into Europe by Gaubiu^ in 1771, where it was used in the treatment of chronic dysentery and of pulmonary tuberculosis. It is probably a derivative of Toddalia aculeata, which it resembles in appearance and properties. R. media nervi olfactorii, the me- dian root of the olfactory nerve. R. medullae spi- nalis, of Varolius, the medulla oblongata. R. mes- enterii, the root of the mesentery. R. minor tri- gemini, the motor root of the fifth nerve. R. mollis ganglii otici, fibers connecting the otic ganglion with the sympathetic plexus u]ion the middle meningeal artery. R. mollis ganglii submaxillaris, fibers of the sympathetic plexus upon the external maxillary artery going to the submaxillary ganglion. R. mo- toria ganglii ciliaris. See R. brevis ganglii ciliaris. R. motoria ganglii otici, the fibers of the inframax- illary nerve going to the otic ganglion. R. motoria ganglii sphenopalatini. See Great Superficial Pe- trosal Nerve. R. motoria ganglii submaxillaris, the fibers of the chorda tympani going to the submax- illary ganglion. R. nasi, the root of the nose. R. nervi optici, the optic tract. R. olfactoria grisea. See R. media nervi olfactoria. R. olfactoria su- perioris, those fibers of the olfactory nerve derived from the caruncula mammillaris. Radices penis, the crura of the penis. R. pili, hair ■ root. R. postica processus transversi vertebrae (Sommer- ing). .See Diapophysis. R. prior processus trans- versi vertebrae. See Parapophysis. R. processus spinosa, the anterior part of a spinous process of a vertebra. R. pulmonis, the root of a lung. R. recurrens ganglii ciliaris. See R. longa inferior ganglii ciliaris. Radices sensitivae ganglii ciliaris. See Radices longie superiores ganglii ciliai'is. Radices sensitivae ganglii otici, fibers of the glossopharyn- geal nerve going to the otic ganglion. Radices sensitivae ganglii sphenopalatini, the sphenopala- tine nerves. R. sensitivae ganglii submaxillaris. See R. brevis ganglii subiiui xillaris. Radices sym- pathicae ganglii otici. See R. mollis ganglii otici. R. sympathicae ganglii ciliaris, the fibers of the ophthalmic ganglion coming from the carotid plexus. R. sympathica ganglii sphenopalatini. See Great Deep Petrosal A'ei-ve. Radices sympathicae ganglii submaxillaris. See R. ntollis ganglii submaxillaris. R. unguis, the root of a nail. R. vestibularis, the anterior root of the auditory nerve. Radula (rad'-ulali) \_radula, a scraper: pi., Radula\. In biology, the rasping surface of the odontophore or lingual ribbon of certain molluscs. See Raspatory. Radulate ) [ra;z'?//(?, a scraper]. In biology, having a radula. Raduliferous [rad-u-lif -er-us) \_radula, a scraper; /erre,Xo bear]. In biology, bearing a radula. Raduliform [rad^ - u - lif - orm) [radula, a scraper; fonim, form]. In biology, applied to structures hav- ing a rasp-like surface. Radzyge {rad-zi' -ge). See Radesyge. Raffinose (raf -in-dz). See Carbohydrates, Table of. Rafflesia {raf-le' -ze-ali) [after Sir Stamford Raffles, a British statesman]. A genus of parasitic plants, bear- ing large, fetid flowers. R. arnoldi, a styptic species found in Sumatra. R. patma, a Javanese species. A decoction of the styptic buds or flowers is used for metrorrhagia. Rafle {ra'-fl) [Fr.]. A pustular disease of cattle. Rag [ME., ragge, a rag]. A worn garment; a shred of cloth. R. -picker's disease (Hadernkrankheit), malignant pustule or anthrax. An infection transmitted by old rags and caused by the presence of the Bacillus (Proteus) Iioininis capsulatus, i].v., under Bacteria, Synonytnatic Table of. R.-weed, a plant of the genus Ambrosia. R.-weed Fever. See Hay-fever and Rhinitis, Hyper esthetic. R.-wort. See Life-root. Rage (reij) [ME., rage, rage]. I. Violent passion or anger. 2. Any intensely painful affection. 3. [Fr.] Hydrophobia ; rabies. Ragle (;-(7^''-/) [Fr.]. An hallucination due to isolation and insomnia, observed in French troops while in the desert, in which they imagined they saw prairie and water. Railway (raU -wa) [ME. , rail, a bar or rail ; 7oay'\. A roadway composed of iron rails. R. Brain, traumatic hysteria; Erichsen's disease. A morbid condition following shock, in which the symptoms are those of neurasthenia or hysteria, or both. Erichsen ascribed the condition to inflammation of the meninges and cord, and gave it the name of Raihvay Spine. R. Kidney, a renal aftection said to be due to the con- stant jar of railway journeys. R. Spine. See R. Brain. Rain [ran) [ME., rein. rain]. The descent of water in drops through the atmosphere. R.-bath. See Both. R.-bow Disease, R.-bow Worm, herpes iris. R.- gauge, an instrument for measuring the quantity of rain that falls in a given area in a given time. Rainey's Corpuscles, R. Tubes. Psorosperms occur- ring in the muscles of the pig and other animals. See Miescher's T ubes, and Sarcocystis titiescheri, under Parasites (Animal), Table of. Raised {razd) [ME., raisen, to raise]. Elevated. R. Base { for artificial teeth), a term applied in me- chanical dentistry to a metallic base, surmounted by a box or chamber .soldered to it, and designed to com- pensate for the loss of substance which the parts have sustained. A base thus constructed is usually termed by dentists a raised plate. See Metallic base for arti- ficial teeth. Raisin {ra'-zin) [ME., raisin, raisin]. Dried grapes. See Uvce and Passer. Raising (ra' -zing) [ME., raisen, to raise], i. See Pigments, Colors, and Dyestuffs. 2. One of the Swed- ish movements, either active or passive. It is used for deformities of the back, to relieve constipation, to act upon the abdomen, etc. RAK 1235 RALES Rak [rak). See Arrak. Rake Teeth, a term applied to teeth separated by inter- vals, like those of a rake. Raki (]-ak'-e) [Turk., spirits]. A Turkish liqueur, in the preparation of which mastic is used. Rakli pili {i-ak' -!e-pi' -le). An Indian term for lep- rosy. RMe (rahl) \¥r.,rdler, to rattle]. The sound caused by the breaking of air through impediments or passing over obstructions in the lungs and bronchi. They vary in character according to the consistency of the sur- rounding lung-tissue. Sometimes a distinction is made betvt'een rales and rhonchi. The first word is applied to sounds generated by vibrations set up in fluids, the second to sounds generated in the narrowed or ob- structed lumen of tubes. See Table of Rales. TABLE OF RALES. Variktv. When Heard. How AND Where Produced. 3izE AND Character. Condition in which Heard. Amphoric. Inspiration and expira- tion. By movement of air in a tense- walled cavity containing air and communicating with a bronchus. Large, musical, and tinkling. In tuberculous and abscess cavities. Bubbling, large. Inspiration and expira- tion. By passage of air through trothy mucus in the trachea and larger bronchi. Larger than the medium bubbling ; moist. Bronchitis and pulmonary engorgement. Bubbling, me- dium. Inspiration and expira- tion. By passage of air through mucus in the larger tubes. Larger than the small bubbling ; moist. In capillary bronchitis, especially in children. JjuDDling, small. Inspiration and expira- tion. By passage of air through mucus in the bronchioles. Small; moist ; like the bursting of soft bub- bles. In capillary bronchitis, especially in children. Cavernous. Inspiration and expira- tion. By passage of air through a small cavity with flaccid walls, which collapse with expiration. Hollow and metallic. In the third stage of pul- monary tuberculosis. Clicking. Inspiration only. By passage of air through soften- ing material in smaller bronchi. Small ; sticky. The apex in pulmonary tuberculosis. Consonating. Inspiration and expira- tion. When bronchial tubes surrounded by consolidated tissue. Bright, clear, ringing. Tuberculous pneumonia. Crackling, dry. In inspiration. By the breaking down of lung- tissue. Sharp, short, and clicking. In the second or softening stage of pulmonary tuber- culosis and in pulmonary gangrene. Crackling, large. Inspiration and expira- tion. By fluid in very small cavities. Larger than the medium crackling ; dry. In pulmonary tuberculosis and pneumonia, after for- mation of small cavities. Crackling, medium. Chiefly in inspiration. By fluid in the finer bronchi. i^fti^ei Ln?ial) \_7-anius, a branch: gen., J-ia /nails']. Pertaining to a ramu.s ; branching ; growing on a branch. Ramalis vena, the portal vein and its branches. Ramastrum [ra-/nas'-f?-iini) \_ni/inis, branch]. In bi- ology, one of the secondary petioles of compound leaves. Ramdohr's Suture. See Suture. Ramellose i^iani' -el-oz) \_ra?nellus, a small branch]. Bearing ramelH. Ramellus {ra-me/'-us) [dim. of ra/nus, a hra.nc\\ : //., Ranielli'\. In biology, a branch less than a ramulus occurring at the growing point of an algal filament. Ramenta {ra - men' - tah) [L. , pL, Filings, Scrapings']. I. Shreds, filings, or shavings. 2. Fine chaffy scales on the surface of plants, consisting of elongated cells. R. intestinorum. shreds of intestinal mucus dis- charged with the evacuations in severe dysentery. Ramentaceous i^rain-en-ta' -se-us) [ranienfa, filings]. In biology, covered with ramenta. Ramentum [ra-nien' -tu>ii)\\^.,ascraping, a chip , a scale : pi., Ramenta]. In biology, a scale-like or hairy out- growth of the epidermis, of a membranous texture, found on the stems and petioles of many ferns. Ramex (ra' -meks) \_gen., Ramicis : pi., Ramices]. A hernia, or hernial tumor]. R. varicosus, varicocele. Ramicorn {ra'-mik-oni) \_i-amus, a branch; corntt, horn]. In biology, the horny covering or sheath of the rami of the lower mandible of a bird. Ramie (r<7;«'-£') [Malay], i^a^ China Crass. R. Fiber, China-grass. The bast fiber from two varieties of Boehmeria nivea, known in India as Rhea, and in the Malay Archipelago as Ramie. The properly prepared fiber is of fine, silky luster, soft, and extraordinarily strong. It is the most perfect of all the vegetable fibers, and is composed of pure cellulose. Ramification {ram-if-ik-a' -shun) \_ra>m(s, a branch ; facere, to make]. The branching and division of an organ or part, as observed in the nerves and blood- vessels. Ramifiorous [ra-)?iif-lo'-rus) [ramus, branch ; Jlos, flower] . Flowering on the branches. Ramiform (^ram'-if-orm) [7-amus,a. branch; forma, form]. Resembling a branch in form. Rarhify [ram' -if-i) [ramus, a branch ; facere, to make]. To form branches. Ramiparous {ra-mip' -ar-us) [ramus, branch; parere, to bear]. Producing branches. Ramolescence (ram - o - les'- ens) [Fr., ramollir, to soften]. A softening ; mollification. Ramollissement [ra-?no-les'-mott(g)) [Fr. ]. A morbid softening of any tissue or part. R. des os. See Osteomalacia. R. hemorrhagipare, softening giving rise to hemorrhage. Ramose [ram'-oz) [ra?iius, branch]. Provided with many branches ; branching. Rampion {ram'fe-on) [Sp., rampion, a species of lobelia] . An herbaceous plant, Campanula raptincu- lus, with an edible root, resembling a small turnip. R., Horned, the genus Phyteuma. Ramsden's Eye-piece. An eye-piece having two plano-convex lenses, used with a micrometer. Ramsted [ram' -sled). See Antirrhinum linaria. Ramuliferous {ram-ii-lif -er-us) [ramulus, a little branch; ferre, io bear]. In biology, bearing ramuli. Ramulose [ram'-u-loz) [ramus, a branch]. Full of branchlets. Ramulous (ram' -u-lus) [ramulus, a little branch]. In biology, having many small branches. Ramulus (ram'-u-lus) [L. : //. , Ramuli]. A small branch, or ramus. Ramus (ra'-mus) [L.]. The branch of an organ, es- pecially of a vein or an artery. R. abdominalis, the hypogastric nerve. R. acetabuli, a branch of the internal circumflex artery supplying the hip-joint. R. anastomoticus, the branch of an artery by which an anastomosis is established. R. anterior ascendens, R. anterior nervi acustici. See Cochlear JVen'e. R. ascendens, the anterior branch of the fissure of Sylvius. R. ascendens glabellaris, the branch of the angular artery going to the inner angle of the orbit. R. ascendens nervi vagi, a branch of the superior laryngeal nerve going to the epiglottis. R. ascen- dens (seu inferior) ossis ischii, the ascending branch of the ischium. R., Ascending [of the Ischium), the portion between its tuberosity and the acetabulum. R., Ascending [of the Pubic Bone), the portion between its body and the acetabulum. R. auricularis nervi vagi. .See Nerve of Arnold. R. bulbo- cavernosus. .See Artery of the Bull) of the Urethra. R. canalis spinalis, the branch of the intercostal artery supplying the walls of tiie spinal canal. R- cardiacus nervi vagi inferior, inferior cardiac nerve. R. cardiacus nervi vagi superior, superior cardiac nerve. R. cervico-facialis (nervi facialis), cervico- facial nerve. R. cochleae, R. cochlearis, the coch- lear nerve. R. communicans anterior, anterior com- municating artery of the brain. R. communicans medullae spinalis, a branch of a spinal nerve uniting it with the sympathetic. R. communicans posterior, the posterior communicating artery of the brain. R- cruralis, lumbo-inguinal nerve. R. cutaneus nervi RAMUS 1237 RANULA radialis. See Radial N'erve. R. cutaneus palmaris longus. See R. palmaris loiigiis nenn mediani. R. descendens. i. The descendens noni nerve. 2. The inferior division of the inferior maxillary nerve. R. descendens nervi hypoglossi, the descendens noni nerve. R. descendens (seu superior) ossis ischii, the descending branch of the ischium. R. descen- dens ossis pubis, the descending branch of the pubic bone. R., Descending {of the Ischium), the portion between its body and tuberosity. R., Des- cending (of tlie Pitlnc Bone), the portion included be- tween its body and its junction with the ischium. R. dexter arteriae pulmonalis, the right pulmonary artery. R. dorsalis nasi, the dorsal artery of .the nose. R. dorsalis nervi radialis. See Radial Nerve. R. dorsalis nervi ulnaris. See Ulnar Nerve. R. dorsalis pollicis radialis, that part of the radial artery which winds round the outer side of the carpus and crosses the thumb beneath the extensor tendons. R. dorsalis pollicis ulnaris, R. durae matris vagi, a branch from the jugular ganglion going to the meninges. R. externus, R. femoralis, lumbo-inguinal nerve. R. hepaticus dexter, the right hepatic artery. R. hepaticus sinister, the left hepatic artery. R., Hori- zontal (of the Pubic Bone). See R. , Ascetzding (of the Pubic Bone). R. horizontalis fissurae sylvii, the pos- terior limb of the fissure of Sylvius. R. horizontalis mandibulae, the body of the inferior maxilla. R. horizontalis (seu superior) ossis pubis (seu pec- tinis), the horizontal ramus of the pubic bone. R. hyoideus. See Hyoid Artery. R. of the Inferior Maxilla, the portion ascending from the angle, and terminating in the condyle and coronoid process. R. intermedius. See R. anastomoticus. R. lingualis recurrens. ?>k^ R. ascendens nervivagi. R. magnus nervi mediani, the musculo-cutaneous nerve. R. major nervi maxillaris inferioris, the greater of the two primary branches of the inferior maxillary nerve. R. malaris, the inferior branch of the orbital nerve. R. marginalis, the dorsal branch of the radial nerve supplying the thumb. R. mastoideus. I. The small occipital nerve. 2. The occipital branch of the posterior auricular artery. 3. The posterior division of the great auricular nerve. R. maxillaris inferior nervi tri- gemini. See Inferior Maxillary Nerve. R. maxil- laris superior (seu medius) nervi trigemini. See Superior Alaxillary Nerve. R. medullae spinalis, the spinal branch of the intercostal artery supplying the spinal cord. R. meningeus posterior. See R. dura matris vagi. R. minor nervi vidiani, the great superficial petrosal nerve. R. muscularis nervi radialis, the radial nerve. R. nasalis nervi oph- thalmic!. -See Naso-ciliary Nerve. R. nutriens, the nutrient artery of a bone. R. ophthalmicus (quinti), the ophthalmic nerve. R. ossis maxillae inferioris. 'ifnt R. of the Inferior Maxilla. R. ovarii. See Ovarian Artery. R. palmaris longus nervi mediani, a branch of the median nerve distributed to the integument of palm of the hand. R. perpendicu- lares (mandibula). 'Ait^ R. of Inferior Maxilla. R. posterior. l. The ilio-lumbar artery. 2. The pos- terior limb of the fissure of Sylvius. R. primus nervi trigemini (seu primus quinti). See Ophthalmic Nerve. R. profundus nervi radialis. See Radial Nerve. R. recurrens vagi, a branch of the jugular ganglion which goes to the transverse sinus through the jugular foramen. R. secundus (ganglii gas- serii), R. secundus nervi trigemini (seu quinti paris), the superior maxillary nerve. R. sinister arteriae pulmonalis, the left pulmonary artery. R. sinualis, the recurrent branch of the ophthalmic nerve going to the tentorium. R. sublimis (seu volaris superflcialis) arteriae radialis, the superficial volar artery. R. superflcialis nervi radialis, the radial nerve. R. superior ossis ischii, the descending ramus of the ischium. R. superioris nervi trige- mini, R. superioris quinti, the ophthalmic nerve. R. supraspinatus, the suprapinous artery. R. tertius nervi trigemini, the inferior maxillary nerve. R. vestibularis, the vestibular nerve. R. volaris nervi ulnaris, the volar distribution of the ulnar nerve. Rami accelerantes, accelerator nerves. R. alares, branches of the lateral nasal artery supply- ing the nasal pinnse. R. anteriores nervorum spin- alium, the anterior divisions of the spinal nerves. R. cardiaci (nervi vagi), the cardiac branches of the pneumogastric nerve. R. communicantes noni, the branch of the descendens noni which joins the com- municating branches of the second and third cervical nerves. R. emissaria, branches of the anterior spinal plexuses which emerge through the intervertebral and anterior sacral foramina. R. intestinales, branches of the cerebro-spinal nerves supplying the abdominal vis- cera. R., Ischio-pubic, the descending rami of the ischium and the pubes taken as one. R. linguales (nervi glossopharyngei), the terminal branches of the ninth nerve. R. marginales, the branches of the palpebral arteries which aid in forming the arcus arteri- osus palpebrse. R. molles (nervi ■^agi) . See. Auditory N'erve. R. musculares, unnamed branches of nerves or blood-vessels distributed to the muscles. R. olfac- torii, the olfactory nerve. R. pectorales laterales (seu perforantes laterales, seu posteriores, seu superflciales). See lateral Thoracic Cutaneous Nerves. R. pharyngei (nervi vagi), the branches of the vagus going to the pharynx. Rami ventrales, the branches of the intercostal arteries distributed to the intercostal muscles and to the ribs. Ramuscule (ra - miis' - kul) \_ramusailus'\. A little branch, especially of the pial arteries. Rancid (ran' -sid) \rancidus, rancere, to become sour]. The condition, marked by a sharp taste and disagree- able odor, that fats and oils acquire by oxidation in the presence of light and fermentation of certain of their principles. Rancidification (ran-sid-if-ik-a' -shun) \rancidus, ran- cid ; facere, to make]. The act of making or the pro- cess of becoming rancid. Rancidity (ran-sid' -it-e) \_rancidus, rancid]. The state of being rancid. Randia (ran'-de-ah) [after Isaac Rand, a London bot- anist of the eighteenth century]. A genus of cinchona- ceous shrubs. R. aculeata, of West India ; ink -berry, indigo plant. The juice of the fruit is astringent. R. dumetorum, of India ; has a poisonous and strongly emetic fruit. Unof. R. longiflora, of Bengal ; the cortex is used in intermittent fever. Range (ranj) [Fr., ranger, \.o dispose]. Scope, extent or compass. R. of Accommodation. See Accom- modation. R. of Sensibility. .See Law, Fechner' s. Rangoon Tar. A variety of petroleum obtained in India. Ranine (ra'-nen) [rana, a frog]. I. The designation of a branch of the sublingual artery ; also of its accom- panying vein. See Artery. 2. Relating to that part of the tongue subject to ranula. Ranke, Angle of. See Angle. Ranson's Apparatus. See Disinfection. Ranstead (ran'-sted). See Antirrhinum linaria. Ranula (ran' -u-lah) \j-ana, frog]. A cystic tumor be- neath the tongue, connected with the duct of the sub- lingual salivary gland. R. lapidea, salivary calculi. R. pancreatica, a dilated saccular condition of the larger pancreatic ducts due to calculous obstruction. RANUNCULACEOUS 1238 RASH R., Suprahyoid, a cystic tumor situated above the hyoid bone. Ranunculaceous {ra-nimg-kit-la' -se-iis) \_i-aniinctihis, a medicinal plant]. Noting, or relating to plants of the order Raniaicitlaceo'. Ranunculus ^ra-nung' -ku-lus) [L.]. A genus of acrid herbs of many species, growing in many tem- perate and cold regions, e.g., buttercups, or crowfoot. Many of the species are acrid poisons, and have been used (especially R. acris, bulbosus, flaiiiniula, and sceleratiis) as counter-irritants and vesicants. Unof. R. aconitifolius, a native of Europe. The root, juice, and green leaves are used. R. acris, blis- ter-plant ; very irritant, causing erythema aesti- vum. R. alpestris, white crowfoot of the Alps. The chamois-hunters chew the leaves, which are said to prevent giddiness and fatigue. R. aquatilis, water anemone, floating white crowfoot ; a species of Europe and North America. It is said to be poisonous when fresh, but otherwise wholesome and nutritive. R. asiaticus, turkey crowfoot; the common garden species. R. bulbosus, crow-flower; buttercup; a European and North American species ; very acrid. It was once official as radix raiiumu/i hii/hosi, and is still used by the homeopathists. R. creticus, a species known to the ancients, and used by them for the cure of warts, chilblains,"scabies, and ulcers, also for tooth- ache. R. ficaria, the lesser celandine, an edible species found in Europe ; the leaves are eaten as salad, the root prepared as a vegetable. R. glacialis, a species found in the Alps. The root possesses sudorific properties, and is used in rheumatism and bronchial affections. R. lingua, R. longifolius, spearwort ; great crowfoot ; found in Europe, Asia, and North America. The root and herb were formerly offi- cial. R. muricatus, a European species, possess- ing stimulant and vesicant properties, and used for skin-diseases. R. paludensis, R. palustris, old pharmaceutic names for A'. scele7-attis. R. repens, creeping crowfoot ; buttercup ; occurring in Europe, Asia, and North America. The herbs and flowers were formerly official. R. sceleratus, water celery ; a very acrid species found in Europe, Asia, and North Ameria, and formerly used as a vesicant. It contains a resin and a volatile oil which yields anem- onin and anemonic acid. Ranvier's Constrictions. See R.^s Ah^des. R.'s Crosses, brownish-black cruciform figures which appear at each node of Ranvier in preparations of nerve-tissue stained with silver nitrate. The silver diffuses into the nerve-fiber only at the nodes, stains the cement-substance joining one internode with another, thus forming the transverse bar of the cross, and as it diffuses along the axis-cylinder stains the cement-substance on the latter for a short distance, and so makes the vertical bar. R.'s Lemon-juice Method, a method of tracing nerve-fibers. Small pieces of tissue, '4^ inch square, are soaked in lemon- juice 5 or 10 minutes, washed quickly in distilled water, and placed in I per cent, solution of gold chlorid for from 10 minutes to I hour, according to the density of the tissue. Wash in water, place in 50 c.c. water containing two drops of acetic acid, and expose to the light ; or, if it is not desired to keep the super- ficial epithelium, after treating with lemon-juice and gold the tissue is placed for 24 hours in formic acid (sp. gr. 1. 2) diluted with three times its volume of water, and kept in the dark (after Squire). R.'s Nodes. See Nodf. R.'s Picrocarmin. See Stains, Talde of. R.'s Tactile Discs, nerve-endings con- sisting of small, cup-shaped bodies, the concave side of which is always directed toward the free surface of the epidermis. They are those tactile corpuscles of Merkel, also of Grandy, which terminate, not in the cells, but in the intercellular substances. Rape {rap) \_rapere, to seize]. Forcible sexual inter- course with a woman. According to the laws of some States, the intercourse with a young girl is also considered as rape when not efiected through force, but by reason of her ignorance. R.-oil. See Colza-oil. R. -plant. See Brassiia. Raphania {ra-fa' -iie-ak) [rap/iaims, a radish]. A ner- vous affection attended with spasmodic disorder of the joints and the limbs. It has been attributed to a poisonous principle in the seeds of the wild radish, which are likely, at certain times, to become mixed with grain. The affection is allied to ergotism and pellagra. See Ergotism. R. maisitica, pellagra; so named because it was supposed to be caused by the use of maize as food. Raphe [raf'-a] [iinfrj, suture]. I. Any line, suture, ridge, or crease having the appearance of a seam. It is applied especially to the median line of the body. 2. A ridge or cord ; the continuation of the seed- stalk, extending from the hilum to the chalaza along the side of an anatropous or an amphitropous ovule or seed. R., Exterior, the stria longitudinalis medialis. R. inferior corporis callosi, the raphe on the inferior surface of the corpus callosum. R. palati duri. Same as R. palatine. R., Palatine, the narrow ridge of mucosa in the mesial line of the palate. R. of the Penis, a continuation of the raphe of the scrotum upon the penis. R., Perineal, the ridge of skin in the middle line of the perineum. R. of the Pharynx, a fibrous band in the median line of the posterior wall of the pharynx. R. post-oblongata, the posterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata. R. of the Scrotum, a median ridge dividing the scro- tum into two lateral halves ; it is continuous, poste- riorly, with the raphe of the perineum, anteriorly with the raphe of the penis. The septum of the medulla oblongata, of Stilling. R. superior corporis callosi, the longitudinal raphe in the middle of the superior surface of the corpus callosum. R. of the Tongue, a median furrow on the dorsal surface of the tongue corresponding to the fibrous septum which divides it into symmetric halves. Raphis [ra'-fis) [paipig, a needle: //., Raphides\ In biology, one of the needle-shaped crystals found in bundles in the cells of many plants. See also Rha- p/iis. Raptus [rap'-itis) \rapere, to seize]. Any sudden at- tack or seizure ; rape. R. haemorrhagicus, a sudden hemorrhage. R. maniacus, transient frenzy. R. melancholicus, sudden and vehement melancholy. R. nervorum, cramp or spasm. Rarefaction {rar-c-fak'-shun) [rants, rare ; facere, to make]. The decreasing of the density or tension of a gaseous substance, especially the air ; attenuation ; dilution. R. of Bony Tissue, the attenuation of bony tissue as a result of ostitis or senile atrophy. •Aee Osteoporosis. R., Pulmonary. See E'/'ph^ema. Raritas [rar'-it-as) [L.]. Rarity. R. dentium, few- ness of teeth; less than the usual number of teeth, with or without interspaces between them. Rarity of the Atmosphere. See Atmospheric. Rasceta {ra-se'-tah) [L.]. The transverse lines or creases of the .skin on the inner side of the wrist. Rash [OF., rasi-he, a rash]. Any exanthematous eruption of the skin. R., Canker. Same as Sear- latina. R., Caterpillar, a localized eruption at- tributed to the irritant action of the hairs of certain caterpillars. R., Doctors', a transitory rash some- times seen in nervous persons undergoing medical ex- RASORIAN 1239 RAY amination. R., Drug, a rash due to the toxic action of arsenic, potassium iodid or bromid, quinin or other drug. R., Medicinal. See /i., Druo-. R., Millet- seed. See Miliaria. R., Mulberry, an eruption re- sembhng tire exanthem of measles, sometimes occurring in the course of typhus (Jenner). R., Nettle. See Urticaria. R., Rose. See Roseola. R., Scarlet. See Scarli-t Fci'er. R., Tooth, any rash attrilnited to dentition. Strophulus. R., Typhoid. See TypJioid Fever. R., Wildfire, any transitory erythematous rash. Rasorian (ra-5o'-;r-(7«) \_2S\.e\ Rasflri\ Following the teachings of Rasori ; contrastimulant. R. Method, in phlebotomy, repeated bleeding. Rasorianism, Rasorism [?'a-zo'-re-an-izin, ra-zo' -rizm) [after Rasori\ The doctrine of Rasori; contra- stimulism. Raspail's Eau Sedatif. See Aminoiiiiim and Cam- phor. Raspatory [ras'-pat-o-re) \_raspatoriiiin ; radere, to scrape]. In surgery, a rasp or file for trimming tlie rough surfaces of bones or for removing the peri- osteum. Raspberry [raz' -her-e^. See Rubiis idieits. Rasura (ra-2?<'-ra/^) [L.]. I. The process of rasping, shaving, or scraping. 2. That which is scraped or shaved off. Rat [ME. , ratte, rat]. A rodent of the family A///rid,c. R.-tail Sutures, fibers from tire rat's tail, used instead ofsilkorgut, for surgical sutures. R. -tooth Forceps. See Forceps. Ratafia (i-at-a-fe' -ah) [Malay, arag, arrack ; lafia, a spirit distilled from molasses]. A name for various liqueurs,X)X aromatized and sweetened cordials. Ratanhia ( rat-an' -e-ah) [Peruv. , rataiia'\. See Kram- eria. R., Decoctum (radicis), a decoction made by boiling one part of ratanhia with 40 parts of water, and filtering when cold. R., Extractum, Alcoho- licum, an extract prepared from an infusion of rat- anhia in 22 per cent, alcohol, which is driven oft by distillation, and the residue evaporated. R., Extrac- tum, Americanum (seu falsum). See American Kino. R., Extractum, .ffiquosum (seu depura- tum). See Extractum kramerics. R., Extractum, Fluidum. See Extractum kramerice fliiidum. R., Extractum, Venale. See Extractum kraineriee. R., Infusum. See Infusnm krameriic. R., Poudre de. Dried ratanhia, powdered and sifted. R., Red, a red pigment, C,^r,H.^.^Oj|, obtained from the bark of ratanhia. R. -tannic Acid, a tannic acid occurring in the roots of several kinds of krameria. R., Suppos- itorise, suppositories consisting of one grain of ratanhia and three of oil of theobroma (Fr. Cod.). R., Sy- rupus, cum extracto, R., Syrupus. See Syrupus krameriie. R., Tinctura. See Titictura kramerice. Ratanhin {rat'-an-in) [Peruv., ratana'\, CipHjgNOj. Methylated tyrosin. Ratany [rat'-an-e). See Ratanhia. Rathke, Glands of. See Gland. R., Investing Mass of, the membranous capsule covering the end of the chorda dorsalis in the developing embryo and form- ing the rudiment of the base of the skull. It molds itself on the cerebral vesicles, so as to constitute the membrane in which the vault of the skull is developed. The membranous capsule at the base of the skull pre- sents two thickenings, the lateral trabecula of Rathke, directed forward and enclosing the pituitary opening. R., Lateral Trabeculae of. -See R. , Investing Mass of. R., Pouch of. See Rouch. Rathke's Organ, an extremely muscular division of the gut in certain crustaceans (parasitic, or female, fsopoda) which carries on energetic rhythmic contractions. It is tlie third division ; following the ccphalogaster and tvphlosfllis. Ratio [i-a'-she-o) [L.]. I. The mind or reasoning faculties. 2. In chemistry and pharmacy, the propor- tion of ingredients or of atomic composition. R. medendi, the tlieory or scheme of a course of med- ical treatment. R., Ocular Micrometer, the num- ber obtained by finding the number of divisions on the ocular micrometer required to include the image of an entire millimeter of the stage micrometer. Ration (j-a'-sliun) \j-atio, proportion]. The daily al- lowance of food of a soldier or a sailor. Rational [ra'-shon-al) \_ratio, reason]. Relating to reason ; reasonable. In therapeutics, opposed to empiric. R. Formula, in chemistry, a structural formula. See Foruiula. Ratsbane {ratz-haii') [ME., ratte, rat; hane\ A popu- lar name for rat-poisons containing arsenic ; arsenious acid. See Rough on Rats. R., Yellow, orpiment. Rattle [rat'-l) [ME., ratelen, rattle]. See Rale. R., Death-, a gurgling sound observed in dying persons, due to accumulation of mucus in the trachea obstruct- ing the passage of air. R.-herb, the Actcea spicata. R.-weed, the Actica racemosa. Ratula [rat' -u-lah). See Raspatory. Rau, Process of. The longer proce.ss at the junction of the handle with the neck of the malleus. It is also called the Process of Folius. Rauber's Convolution. See Convolutions, Table of. R.'s Layer, a superficial stratum of flat cells occurring in the center of the embryonal spot at an early stage in the development of the blastodermic membranes. Raucedo (razo-se' -do) [raucus, hoarse]. Hoarseness arising from inflammation of the mucosa of the larynx and throat. R. catarrhalis, hoarseness resulting from laryngitis. R. potatorum, hoarseness caused by drinking whiskey or other distilled liquors. R. syphilitica, chronic hoarseness due to secondary syphilitic affections of the larynx. Raucitas [razv' -sit-as). See Raucedo. Raucous [ra7v'-kus) \_raucus, hoarse]. Husky; hoarse. Raulin's Liquid. A nutritive liquid composed en- tirely of mineral constituents, upon which the common mold, Aspergillus niger, grows more perfectly and to a greater size than upon any of the natural (organic) substances upon which the parasite habitually develops. It is composed, in grams, of the following: water, 1500 ; crystallized sugar, 70; tartaric acid, 4; ammo- nium nitrate, 4 ; ammonium phosphate, 0.6 ; potassium carbonate, 0.6 ; magnesium carbonate, 0,4 ; ammonium sulphate, 0.25; zinc sulphate, 0.07; iron sulphate, 0.07 ; potassium silicate, 0.07. The suppression or diminution of the quantity of a single one of these salts diminishes the harvest, often far more than the proportion of the weight of the changed salt. Rauracienne [ro-ras-e-en'). Same as Orseillin and East Red. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Rauschbrand {roivsh' -brant) [Ger.]. The German name for black-leg, q. v. Ravaton's Amputation. An amputation performed by making a circular incision through all the structures down to the bone and a lateral lengthwise incision, to secure flaps. .See Operations, Table of. Ray {ra) [ME., raye, a ray]. I. A beam, pencil, or cone of light ; a line of light or heat proceeding from a luminous point. One of the component elements of light or of the spectrum. 2. One of a numlier of lines diverging from a common center. In biology, the branch of an umbel ; the marginal flowers of an inflorescence when their structure varies from those of the disc, ^. ligulate flowers, or circle of enlarged tubular flowers in heads of Composite, outer flowers RAY'S MANIA 1240 REAGENT in cyme of wild hydrangea. Rs., Actinic, solar rays that produce chemic change. Rs., Bipolar, rays leading from one point of divergence to another, as in the diaster of a cell undergoing indirect division. Rs., Chemic. See /is., Actimc. R., Extraordin- ary, the polarized ray that departs farthest from the ordinary law of refraction. Its vibrations are parallel to the vertical axis. R., Fin-, one of the radiating, bony spines forming the framework of the fins in fishes. R. -floret. Same as R. -flower. R. -flower, one of the marginal flowers of an inflorescence when distinct from those of the disc. R. -fungus. See Actinomyces. R., Medullary, one of the vertical partitions of parenchyma radiating from the pith to the bark in woody plants, and separating the bundles of fibro-vascular tissue. R.-oil, the oil of the liver of the fish called ray or skate, Raja talis, said to be an eftective substitute for cod-liver oil. R., Ordinary, the polarized ray which follows most nearly the ordi- nary law of refraction. Its vibrations are perpendic- ular to the vertical axis. Ray's Mania. A form of general moral insanity. See Diseases, Table of. Raygat's Test. See Birth. Raymond's Blue. Same as Napoleon Blue. Raynaud's Disease. A vascular disorder character- ized by three grades of intensity : (-e, again ; animare, to ani- mate]. To revive ; to resuscitate ; to restore to life, as a person apparently dead. Reanimation [re-an-iiii-a'-shun) \_reanimare, to reani- mate]. The act of restoring to life ; reviving. Reason (r^'-sw) [WK.,reson, reason]. The intellectual faculty. Reaumur's Thermometer. See Thermometer. Reboulleau's Blue. Same as Schweinfurth Blue. Recaulescence (j-e-kaw-les' -ens') \re, again ; caulis, a stem]. In biology, Schimper's term to indicate the union of a petiole to a peduncle or branch. Receiver (;r-j-^'-i7«-) [;rir///f, to receive]. I. In chem- istry and pharmacy, the vessel receiving the products of distillation. 2. A popular term for the blanket in which an infant is placed after division of the umbilical cord. Receptacle {re-sep' -ta-kl) \_receptaculnm, a receptade]. I. A vessel or place in which something is contained ; a receiver or container. 2. In biology, [a) the more or less expanded part of an axis upon which the floral organs are inserted (torus), or the collected flowers of the head, as the disc-like apex of the peduncle in Composite. In cryptogams a structure of similar nature. An organ or part or intercellular space formed for the storing of secretions ; (^) a receptaculum. R., Common, the short rachis bearing a flower-head. R. of the Flower, the axile part of a single flower. R. of Fungi, a receptacle of cellular tissue, developed from the mycelium, for the reception of the reproduc- tive organs. R. of Inflorescence. See /v". , Common. R. of the Ovules. See Placenta. R., PoUinifer- ous, of R. Brown, a cellular plate in an anther-cell, dividing it into two compartments. R., Seminal. See Receptaculuin seininis. Receptacular [re-sep-tak' -ii-lar) \_receptacitliim,3. recep- tacle]. Pertaining to a receptaculum. Receptaculum {j-e-sep-tak'-n-lnm) \_recipere,p.p. receptiis, receive, hold, contain]. In biology, any part or organ for the reception of a secretion. See Receptacle. R. chyli, an expansion of the thoracic duct opposite the last dorsal vertebra. See Pecquet' s Reservoir. R. cotunni, a triangular space near the middle of the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, at the termination of the aqureductus vestibuli. It is formed by the separation of the lamina; of the dura mater. Receptive [re-sep' -tiv) \_recipei-e, to receive]. Having the quality of or capacity for receiving. R. Centers, In physiology and psycho-physics, nerve-centers to which influences arrive that may excite sensations or some kind of activity not associated with conscious- ness. Receptum {j-e-sep'-tu?ii). See Prescription. Recess [>-e-ses') \_recesstes, a recess] . A fossa, ventricle, or ampulla ; an anatomic depression. R., Chiasmal, a pit in front of the infundibulum bounded by the optic chiasm and the cinereous lamina. R., Cochlear, an elliptic pit below the oval window of the vestibule, form- ing part of the cochlea. R., Intercrural. See In- terpeduncular Space. R., Interscapular, the depres- sion between the scapulw. R., Lateral, the lateral extension of the fourth ventricle in the angle between the cerebellum and the oblongata. R., Postpontile, the foramen caicum of the brain. Recessus (re-ses'-us) [L. ]. l. See Recess. 2. Abscess. 3. A cornu of a lateral ventricle. R. acetabuli, the cotyloid cavity. R. chiasmatica. See Lamina cin- erea. R. cochlearis, a shallow depression between the diverging portions of the crista vestibuli. R. conarii, the cavity at the base of the pineal body, situated between the supracommissure and postcom- missure. R. ellipticus. Fovea hemielliptica. R. hemiellipticus. See Fovea hemielliptica. R. hemi- sphaericus, a tiny perforated cavity in the inner wall of the vestibule, anterior to the crista vestibuli ; it transmits the branches of the auditory nerve. R. infundibuli, the cavity of the infundibulum in the floor of the third ventricle. R. intercruralis, the interpeduncular space. R. labyrinthi, a cavity formed in the base of the fetal skull, developing into the primitive auditory vesicle, and finally into the inter- nal ear. R. naso-palatinus, the nasal orifice of the naso-palatine canal. R. occipitalis, the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle. R. opticus. See Lamina cinerea. R. peritonaei, the pocket-like pro- cesses formed by the peritoneum. R. pharyngeus, a pouch-like process of the mucosa of the pharynx situated below the opening of the Eustachian tube. R. sphsericus. See Fovea hemispluvrica. R., spheno-ethmoidalis, a small depression or groove between the sphenoid bone and the superior turbinated bones. R. superior sacci omenti, the cavity of the lesser omentum. Recidivation [re-sid-iv-a'-sktin) [recidivus, a falling back]. The relapsing of a disease. In criminology, a relapsing into crime. Recidive [re-sid-ev'). See Relapse and Recurrence. Recidivist {re-sid'-iv-ist) [^recidivus, falling back]. I. A patient who returns to a hospital for treatment, es- pecially an insane person who so returns. 2. In criminology, a confirmed or relapsed criminal ; (a) one who for the most part has no mental or bodily signs of degeneration, caused by bad bringing up, society, poverty, sexual disorders, and who makes crime a trade or a vengeance ; {b) one with inborn criminal inclinations and a positive tendency to in- sanity or epilepsy ; and (c) one whose antecedents and environment lead him to crime by blunting his sense of honor and morality. The latter classes are inclined to coarseness, boldness, resistance, and wil- ful spoiling of their clothes ; but are not legally re- garded as insane. Recidivity [re-sid-iv'-it-e] \_recidivatus , a restoration]. Tendency to return or to relapse. Recipe [res'-ip-e) [recipere, to take]. A Latin word contracted to R , used as the heading of a physician's prescription and signifying ta/:e. See also Prescrip- tion. Recipiomotor (i-e-sip-e-o-mo' -tor') \_recipere, to receive ; motor, mover]. Receiving motor impulses. Recklinghausen, Canals of. See Canal. Reclinate {i-ek' -lin-dt) \_reclinare, to bend back, re- cline]. In biology, reclined or bent downward. Applied to stems, branches, etc. Also applied to that form of vernation in which the apex of the leaf is bent downward toward the base, and to a cotyledon doubled over in the seed. It is used to qualify the hairs and processes of insects when they bend toward a surface as if to rest on it. Reclinatio ( rek - lin - a'- she-o ). See Reclination. R. palpebrarum, ectropion. RECLINATION 1242 RECTO-VAGINAL Reclination {rek-lin-a'-shun) \j-cclinare , to recline]. The act of lying, or of laying down. R. of Cataract. See Coiu'hing. Recline (re-klin') \i'eclinaye, to lean back]. To lean backward or downward ; to rest in a recumbent posture. Reclining [ri--k/i' -ning)\_>-e(!inai-e, to recline]. Bending downward or backward ; having a leaning posture. R. Board, a board to which young persons are sometimes strapped to prevent stooping and to give ereclness to the figure. R. Posture. See Postures. Reclivate \rek' -liv-dt) \j-e, back ; clivus, sloping]. In biology, doubly curved, as the letter s. Reclus' Disease. Cystic disease of the mammary gland. See Diseases, Table of. Reclusor [i-e-klu' -zor) \recludere, to shut up]. A mus- cle that opens a part, as the levator palpebra; superioris. Reclusus [j-e- kill' -sits) \_rechtderc, to shut up]. Shut in, enveloped, as a plant-embryo embedded in albumin. Recognition Time. See Time. Recoil Wave. See Pulse. Recondite (j'c-kon' -dit, or rek' -on-dit) [re, back ; ecii- ^/f/'f, put together]. Hidden; not readily perceived. Said of organs of insects that are not exserted. Reconstitution [re-kon-stit-ii' -sliuu) [re, again ; consti- ttiere, to constitute]. Continuous repair of decaying tissue, or restoration to compensate loss by tissue-waste. Recovery {re-kiiv' -er-e) \Y\., recovrer, recover]. The restoration of health ; return to a state of health. Recreate [rek' -re-dt) \_recreare, to revive]. To revive or refresh ; to reanimate. Recreation [rek-re-a'-skun') \recreatio, restoration]. The act of recreating or refreshing. Diversion. Recrement [i-ek' -re-ment ) \_recreinentiiiii'\. A secre- tion that is reabsorbed or reabsorbable. Recremental [rek-re-men' -lal ) [reereiiieiitiiiii , dross]. Pertaining to recrement. Recrementitious {i-ek-re-men-tisld -us) \recrementuni , dross]. Of the nature of a recrement; pertaining to such natural secretions as saliva and gastric juice, that, after excretion are again absorbed. Recrescence {j'e-kres'-e>is) [re, again ; crescere, to come forth, to grow]. The reproduction of a lost part. Recrudescence [re-kru-des' -ens) [re, again ; criidescere, to become raw]. The beginning anew or increase in the symptoms of a disease after a .short intermission. Rectal {rek'-tal). Pertaining to the rectum. R. Etherization. See Anesthetic. R. Glands. From two to six projecting glandular bodies in the rectum of many insects {Orthoptei-a, Diptera). In certain larvre {Lihellula trsc/nta) they take the form of respiratory organs. R. Pouch, of rays and sharks, a dorsal diverticle of the rectum characteristic of the group. Rectalgia [rek-tal'-je-ah) [rtv/«/;?, rectum ; akyoz, pain]. Pain in the rectum ; proctalgia. Rectangular [rek-tang'-gii-lar] [r^r/^j-, straight ; angu- liis, an angle]. Having straight sides or right angles. R. Flap Amputation. See Teale's Operation in Oper- ations, Table of. Recticrurseus [rek-tik-ru-re'-zis] [rectus, straight ; cms, leg]. The rectus femoris muscle. Rectification [rek - tif - ik - a'- shun) [rectus, straight ; facere, to make]. A straightening, as of a crooked limb. In chemistry, the redistillation of weak spirit in order to strengthen it. R., Artificial, the opera- tion of correcting a faulty position of the fetal head during labor by the hand or with the forceps. Rectified {rek'- tif - id ) [rectus, straight ; facere, to make]. Refined ; made right or straight. R. Spirit, alcohol containing 85 per cent, of spirit. 'R.&qXxx^^xv&A. (i-ek' -tin-ervd) straight ; tiervus, nerve]. In biology, with straight nerves or veins. Rectipetality [rek - tip - et - al'- it - e) [rectus, straight ; petere, to seek]. In biology, the inherent tendency of growing organs to advance in a right line, modi- fied, however, by Heterauxesis [ij. v.), as demonstrated by Voechting. Rectirostral {rek-te-ros' -tral)[rectus, straight; rostrum, beak]. Straight-beaked. Rectischiac [rek-tis'-ke-ak). Same as Ischiorectal. Rectiserial (rek-tis-e' -re-al ) [rci/z/j-, straight ; series, z row]. In biology, arranged in straight lines or ranks. Rectitic [rek-tif -ik) [rectum, rectum ; mf , inflamma- tion]. Of the nature of or affected with rectitis. 'R&zUXis [rek-ti' -tis) [rectum, rectum; -itis, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of the rectum; proctitis. R. proliferans, chronic inflammation of the rectum, with increase of the connective-tissue elements and the development of small granulomata. Recto- (rek' -to-) [rectum, rectum]. A prefix used to denote connection with or relation to the rectum. Rectocele (;y/''-/o-ji?/) [m/ww, rectum ; tumor]. Prolapse of the rectum, causing a rectal tumor and even protrusion of the rectum. Rectococcygeal (rec-to-kok-sij-e'-al) [rectum, rectum; hliKKvi, the coccyx]. Pertaining to the rectum and the coccyx. Rectococcypexy [rek-to-kok-si-peks' -e) [rectum, rec- tum ; Ao/ivcif, coccyx ; 7r^f(f , a fastening]. Suturing of the rectum to the coccyx. Recto-colonic [rek-to-ko-lon'-ik) [rectum, rectum; hu'/m', colon] . Pertaining to the rectum and the colon. Rectogenital {rek -to-jen' -it-al) [rectum, straight; genitalis, pertaining to generation]. Pertaining to the rectum and the genital organs. Rectopexia {rek-to-peks' -e-ah) [rectum , xtcVwrn; irii^ic, a fastening]. Fixation of a prolapsed rectum in a desired position by artificial means. Rectopexy {rek'-to-peks-e). Same as Rectopexia. 'RecX.O'p):\ohia. {rek-to-fo'-be-ak) [;rir///w, rectum ; (fidjioc, fear]. A presentiment or sense of impending ill ex- perienced by patients having rectal disease (Kelsey). Rectoscope [rek'-to-skop) [rectum, rectum; aamtlv, to inspect]. A rectal speculum. Rectoscopy {rek-tos' -ko-pe) [re rectum ; okottciv, to inspect]. An examination of the rectum. Rectostenosis {rek-to-sten-o'-sis) [rectum, rectum; crtvLooic, stenosis]. Stenosis of the rectum. Rectotome {rek'-to-tom) [rectum, rectum; rofni, a cut- ting]. A cutting instrument used in rectotomy. Rectotomy {rek-tot'-o-?ne) [rectum, rectum; rifivetii, to cut]. Incision of the rectum for stricture, etc. Recto-urethral {rek-to-u-re'-thral) [rectum, rectum; ovf)uv, urine]. Pertaining to the rectum and the urethra. Recto-uterine {rek - to - u ' - ter in) [rectum, xt<:\.yxm.; uterus, the womb]. Pertaining conjointly to the rectum and the womb. R. Cul-de-sac, the pouch of Douglas. R. Folds, R. Ligaments. Semilunar folds of peritoneum passing on each side from the rectum to the posterior upper surface of the uterus. R. Fossa. The space between the uterus and the rectum above the borders of the recto-uterine folds. R. Pouch. Douglas's cul-de-sac. Recto-uterinus {rek-to-u-ter-i' -nus) [rectum, rectum; uterus, uterus]. A band of non-striated muscles in the recto-uterine folds. Recto-vaginal {rek-to-vaj' -in-al) [rectum, rectum; -L'ac^ina, vagina]. Pertaining conjointly to the rectum and the vagina. R. Cul-de-sac, the pouch of Doug- las. R. Fistula, an opening between the vagina and the rectum. R. Hernia. Same as Rectocele. R. Septum, the tissues separating the rectum and the vagina. RECTO-VESICAL 1243 RED Recto-vesical {rek - to - ves' - ik - al ) \_rectum , rectum ; vesu/r, the bladder]. Pertaining conjointly to the rectum and the bladder. R. Folds, the posterior false ligaments of the bladder ; lunate peritoneal folds between the bladder and the rectum in the male. Also called semilunar folds of Douglas. R. Fossa, the pouch of peritoneum lying between the bladder and the rectum. Rectrix [rek'-triks) [_rc-artx, governess, mistress : //. , Rectrices']. In biology, one of the rectrices, or tail- feathers, of a bird. Rectum {rek' -tiiui) \_rectHS, straight]. The lower part of the large intestine, extending from the sig- moid flexure to the anus. Beginning opposite the left sacro iliac synchondrosis, it passes obliquely downward to the middle of the sacrum, and thence descends in the median line to terminate in the anus. It presents two curves, one in the direction of the concavity of the sacrum and coccyx, and a shorter one in the opposite direction as it turns backward to the anus. Narrower than the sigmoid flexure in its upper portion, it gradually increases in size, and just above the anus a considerable dilatation occurs. It has four coats, from within outward, as follows : mucosa, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis. It has also a partial investment of peritoneum. The mucous coat has a lining of columnar epithelium, and is raised in longitudinal ridges or folds, the colimna morgagni. The muscular coats consist of an outer longitudinal layer of fibers and an inner cir- cular layer, especially thick at the lower end, where they constitute the internal sphincter. R., Encysted, Gross's disease of the anus ; a pathologic sacculation of the rectum. See Diseases, Table of. Rectus {rek'-ttis) [L.]. Right. In a straight line. R. Muscles. See Muscles, Table of. Recubant [rek'- n- bani ) \_i-ecubaiis, lying back]. Lying down ; reclining. Recumbency {re-kuin' -ben-se) \j-ecuinbere, to recline]. The posture of one who is lying down ; decubitus. Recumbent (i-e - kum' - beni) [_ >-ecu»ibere, to recline]. Leaning back ; reclining. Recuperate {re-ku' -per-dt) \_recuperare, to regain]. To recover ; to regain strength or health. Recuperation [re-kii-per-a' -shun) \_recuperatio ; recup- erare, to recover]. Convalescence. Restoration to health. Recuperative {re-ku' -per-a-tiv) \_recuperativiis'\. Per- taining to, or tending to, recovery of health or strength. Recurrence (re-kur' -ens) \_recurrere, to run back]. The return, as of a disease. Recurrent (^'^-/Jv/r'-t'M/ )[;w?r, to bring back]. To restore a part to its normal topographic relations, as to reduce a hernia or fracture. Reduced (i-e-diisd') \_reduce?'e, to lead back], i. Re- stored to its proper place, as a dislocated bone. 2. In chemistry, brought into the metallic form. 3. Diminished in size. R. Eye. See Listing. R. Hematin, the product of the reduction of hematin in alkaline solution. R. Hemoglobin, the result of deoxidation of oxyhemoglobin. R. Iron, iron by hydrogen ; ferrum reductum. R. Oil. See Lubri- cating Oils. Reducible [re-dii'-sibd) [OF., rediisible^. Capable of being reduced. R. Circuit. See Circuit. R. Her- nia, a hernia capable of being reduced by manipula- tion or posture. Reducing {re-dus' -ing^\_reducere, to lead back]. Restor- ing to the jiroper position. R. Division, a synonym of the term, Extrusion of the polar bodies or globules. Reducteur [ra - duk'- lur) [Fr.]. The India-rubber bag of A. Favrot for replacing a retroverted gravid uterus. It is introduced into the rectum and inflated. Reduction {re-diik' -shun) \j-eductio ; reducere, to lead back]. In surgery, the replacing a dislocated bone, hernia, or other part in its normal position. In chemistry, the operation of extracting a metal from its salt or other combination. R., False, a false forc- ing of a strangulated hernia through a rent in the neck of the sac and beneath a portion of detached parietal peritoneum. R. en masse, the reduction of a stran- gulated hernia in its sac, thus failing to relieve the strangulation. R., La Mothe's, a method of reducing shoulder-dislocations by manipulation. The patient is placed in the dorsal position, with the arm parallel to the side of the head and face and the hand of the opera- tor fixing the scapula. R., Thomas's, a method of approximating and fixing the fragments of bone in case of fracture of the inferior maxilla, by passing a wire through them and twisting each end of it upon the other until the fragments are brought together. R. -works, a cremating establishment for disposing of the filth and refuse matter of a city. Redactor {re-dukt' -or) [L.]. I. An instrument for effecting reduction. 2. A retractor muscle. Reduplicate {j-e-du'-plik-at) [;r, again ; duplicai-e, to double]. In biology, double-back. Applied to that form of valvate estivation in which the margins of the organs are turned outward. Reduplication (re-du-plik-a'-sliuft) [L. , reduplicatio, a doubling]. The doubling of the paroxysms in cer- tain forms of intermittent fever. R. of the Heart- sounds, a simulated doubling of either the first or second sound of the heart. In the case of the first sound it- is probably the effect of a shock caused at the pre-systolic period by a sudden tension of the auriculo- ventricular valves of the left side as a result of the contraction of the auricle. In the case of the second sound it is due to tension of the mitral leaflets occur- ring in mitral stenosis during the auricular systole. R. of the Muscles, a doubling of a muscle due to some abnormal relation of its fasciculi. Reduplicative [re-du'-plik-a-ti?'). Same as Reduplicate. Reduvia (i\-d-it' -ve-ah) . See Paronychia. Redux (j-e'-duks) [L.]. Noting the return of certain physical signs after their disappearance in consequence of disease. R., Crepitation. See Ci-epitation. R., Crepitus, the small mucous rales of the early stage of resolution after pneumonia. Reed (m/)[D., riet, areed]. Theabomasum, "fourth," or proper digestive stomach of ruminants. Cf. abo- masui?i, omasum, manyplies, psalterium, paunch. Reedy Nail (i-e' -de-nal). A condition of the nail in which the natural longitudinal strife become very marked, apparently from wasting of the intermediate portions. The condition is regarded by Fothergill as a sign of gout. Reef-knot {re f -not). A sailor's knot used in the ligature of arteries. It is not likely to slip or loosen. See Knot. Reel-foot (rel'-foot). Synonym of Club-foot. Reeling [re' -ling) [ME., relen, to turn round and round]. Swaying of the body, as in intoxication. Reeves' Method. See Stains, Table of. Refining (re-f -ning) [Fr., raffiner, to refine]. In chemistry and pharmacy, the separation of a substance from the foreign matter with which it is mixed. Reflected [re-fek' -ted) \_reflectere , to bend backward]. Cast or thrown back. In anatomy, turned back upon itself. R. Light. See Light. Reflection (re-Jlek' -shun) \_refiexio, re, back ; flectere, to bend]. In optics, the bending or turning back of a ray of light from a surface that neither absorbs, trans- mits, nor scatters it. In pathology, the bending back of an organ or part from its normal direction. Reflector [re-flek' -tor) \_reflectere, to bend back]. I. A mirror or speculum by which light is reflected for use in diagnostic or operative processes. 2. A muscle the function of which is to turn a part back. R. epi- glottidis. See Depressor epiglottidis in Muscles, Table of. R., Forehead. See Head-mirror. Reflex [re'-fleks) \_rejlexus, thrown back]. A bounding back or return of an impulse or body. R. Arc, R. Movement, the stimulus of an afferent nerve, and the transference or return, by a center, of the impulse through an efferent nerve, resulting in movement or function of a peripheral organ. Reflexes may be motor, sensory, secretory, tactile or inhibitory. A table of re- flexes is appended. R., Crossed. See Crossed. R., Cutaneous, that arising from stimulation of the skin. R., Deep, the so-called tendon-reflex, such as the knee- jerk, ankle-clonus, etc. R. Epilepsy, epileptic seizures due to reflex influences, such as irritation from a cicatrix, etc. ; genuine cases are rare. R. Neurosis. See Neurosis. R., Reinforced. See Reinforcenwnt. R., Tendon, muscle reflex action; myotatic reaction; deep reflex. See, also. Clonus. R., Vestigial, a re- flex due to conditions, or to the environment, which affected one's ancestry, but which does not affect the subject of the reflex. R., Watered-silk, a vivid reflex often existing in the retina of children, especially pronounced along the vessels, changing its place witii every movement of the mirror, and giving the retnia a luster somewhat like that of watered silk. REFLEXES 1245 REFLEXES TABLE OF REFLEXES. Name. Deep or Superficial. How Obtained. Effect Produced. Significance. Abdominal. Superficial. Sharp, sudden stroking of abdominal wall from margin of ribs down- ward. Contraction of muscles about umbilicus. Shows integrity of cord from eighth to twelfth dorsal nerve. Ankle-clonus. Deep. By sudden complete flex- ion of foot, by pressing hand against sole. Clonic contractions of tendo achillis, depend- ent upon alternate con- traction and relaxation of anterior tibial and calf muscles. As in knee-jerk. Argyll-Robertson. See Robertson, Argyll, Biceps. Deep. Tapping tendon of biceps. Contraction of biceps muscle. Same cases as increased knee-jerk. Bulbo-cavernous. Superficial. See Virile. Chin. Deep. See Jaw. Cilio-spinal. Superficial. By irritation of the skin of the neck. Pupillary dilatation. Corneal. Superficial. Same as Eyelid-closure . Cremasteric. Superficial. Stimulation of skin on front and inner aspect of thigh. Retraction of testicle on same side. Shows integrity of cord be- tween the first and second lumbar pairs of nerves. Crossed. Deep. Stimulation of one side of body. Reflex on opposite side of body. Deep. Reflexes developed by percussion of tendons or bones. Dorsal. Superficial. Same as Erector spina. Elbow-jerk. Epigastric. Superficial. Stimulation of skin in fifth or sixth intercostal space near axilla. Dimpling in the epigas- trium, due to contrac- tion of the highest fibers of the rectus abdominis muscle. Shows integrity of cord from fourth to seventh dorsal nerves. Erector spinae. Superficial. Stimulation of skin along border of erector spinae muscle. Local contraction of these muscles. Integrity of dorsal region of cord. Eyelid-closure. Superficial. Irritation of conjunctiva. Closure of lid. Front-tap. See Tendo achillis. Gluteal. Superficial. Firm sudden stroking of skin over buttock. Contraction of glutei. Shows integrity of cord at fourth and fifth lum- bar nerves. Interscapular. Superficial. See Scapular. Iris-contraction. Superficial. See Pupillary. Jaw-jerk, or jaw-clonus. Downward stroke with a hammer on the lower jaw hanging passively or gently supported by the hand. Clonic movements of infe- rior maxilla. Rarely present in health. Knee-jerk. Deep. By striking patellar tendon after rendering it tense by flexing the knee at right angle. Contraction of quadriceps muscle, foot jerked for- ward. Normal in health. Absent in locomotor ataxia, de- structive lesions of lower part of cord, alcoholic paraplegia, affections of the anterior gray cornua, infantile paralysis, me- ningitis, diphtheric paralysis, atrophic palsy, pseudo-h yp e r t r o p h ic muscular paralysis, diabetes, fete. Increased in diseases of the pyram- idal tracts, in spinal irritability, tumors of brain, cerebro - s p i n a 1 sclerosis, lateral sclero- sis, after epileptic seiz- ures or unilateral convul- sions. Laryngeal. Superficial. Irritation of fauces, larynx, etc. Cough. Lumbar. Superficial. Same as Erector spina. Nasal. Superficial. Irritation of Schneiderian membrane. Sneezing. Obliquus. Superficial. Irritation of skin below Poupart's ligament. Contraction of fibers of external oblique in females ; corresponds to cremasteric in males, although it can also be cau.sed in males. REFLEXES 1246 REFLEXES TABLE OF REFLEXES.— Name. Deep or Superficial. How Obtained. Effect Produced. Significance. Palatal. Superficial. Irritation. Swallowing. Palmar. Superficial. Tickling of palm. Contraction of digital flexors. Shows that cervical region of cord is normal. Patellar. Deep. Same as Knee-jerk. Patellar, Paradoxic. Superficial. Percussing patellar tendon with the patient in the dorsal decubitus. Contraction of the adduc- tor, but not of the quad- riceps muscle. If the patient be in the sitting posture the normal re- flex is elicited. Spinal concussion. Penis-percussion. Superficial. See Virile. Periosteal. Deep. Tapping the bones of the forearm or leg. muscles. ItlQlC3,t€S Q1S63,S€ Ot thc spinal cord (a m y o- trophic lateral sclerosis). Peroneal. Superficial. Stroke on peroneal mus- cles when tense or when the foot is tuiTicd ill" ward. Reflex movements. Pharyngeal. Superficial. Irritation. Swallowing. Plantar. Superficial. Stroking sole of foot. Contraction of toes. Muscular exertion. Platysma. Superficial. Pinching the platysma myoides muscle. Dilatation of pupil. Pupillary. Exposure of retina to light. Contraction of iris. Absent in basal meningitis, etc. Paradoxic. Stimulation of retina by light. Dilatation of pupil. In rare abnormal states. Paradoxic Patellar. See Patellar, Par adoxic. Reinforced. Any reflex is heightened by coincident muscular exertion of other parts than those being tested or by mental distraction. Robertson, Argyll. Light and accommodation. Pupil reacts in accom- modation, but not to light. Locomotor ataxia. Scapular. Superficial. Irritation of interscapular region. Contraction of scapular muscles. Shows integrity of cord be- tween upper two or three dorsal and lower two or three cervical nerves. Skin. Superficial. See Platysma. Sole. Same as Plantar. Spinal. Those reflex actions emanating from centers in the spinal cord. Superficial. Such as are developed from irritation of the skin. Tendo achillis, or front- tap contraction* Superficial. By striking muscles on anterior part of leg, while in extension, the foot being extended by the hand upon the sole. Reflex contraction of gastrocnemius. Considered by Gowers as a delicate test of height- ened spinal irritability. Tendon. See Myotalic Irritability. Toe (great). Superficial. Strong flexion of great toe. Involuntary flexion of foot, then flexion of leg, and, lastly, flexion of the thigh on the pelvis. Met with in cases in which the knee-jerk and other tendo n-r e fl e x e s are strongly developed. Virile. Superficial. Sharp percussion of back of penis, the sheath having been made tense. Retraction of bulbo- cavernous portion. Occurs in health. Wrist-clonus. Deep. By pressing hand back- ward, causing extreme extension. A series of jerking move- ments of the hand. In the late rigidity of hemiplegia. REFLEXA 1247 REGIO Reflexa (re-Jleks' -aJf) [L.]. See Decidua reflexa. Reflexed (re-Jlekst') [^reflectere, to bend back]. In bi- ology, curved abruptly backward. Applied to sepals, petals, etc. Reflexio (i-e-Jleks'-e-o) [L.]. See Reflection. R. pal- pebrarum. See Ectropion. Reflexogenic [re-Jleks-o-jen' -ik)\_reflextts ,\&'^&-^ ; yivvav, to produce]. Causing or increasing a tendency to reflex action ; producing reflexes. Reflexometer [j-c-fleks-om' -et-er) \_rejlexus, reflex ; /if r- j)ov, a measure]. An instrument used to measure the force required to produce myotatic movement. Reflux {7-e' -Jliiks) \j-ejiiixus : re, back ; Jluere, to flow]. Any return of a current by reversal along its former course. Refoulement (;a-yt'f/'-OTo«(^'-)) [Fr.]. A forcing back. R.du sacrum en arriere, a backward inclination of the sacrum that marks one of the changes in the pelvis of girls at puberty. Refracted [re-frak'-ted) \^refractiis, p. p. oi refrangere, break back or up]. In biology, bent suddenly, so as to appear broken at the bend. Refraction (i-e-frak' -sliun) [refractio ; re, up or back ; frangere, to break]. The deviation of light from a straight line in passing obliquely from one transparent medium to another of different density. R., Angle of, the angle formed by a refracted ray of light with the per- pendicular at the point of refraction. R., Atomic, the product of the refractive index of the constituent elements of a compound and their atomic weights. R., Coefficient of, the quotient of the sine of the angle of refraction into the sine of the angle of incidence. R., Double, the power possessed, e. g., by Iceland spar, of dividing a ray of light and thus pro- ducing a double image of an object. R., Dynamic, the static refraction of the eye, plus that of the accom- modative apparatus. R., Errors of, departures from the power of producing a normal or well-deflned image upon the retina, because of ametropia. R. of the Eye, the influence of the ocular media upon a cone or beam of light, whereby a normal or emmetropic eye produces a proper image of the object upon the retina. R. -image. See Image. R., Index of, the re- fractive power of any substance as compared with air. R., Molecular, the molecular weight of a compound. The molecular refraction of a liquid carbon compound is equal to the sum of the atomic refractions. R., Static, that of the eye with paralyzed accommoda- tion. Refractionist {re-frak' -shun-ist) \_refrangere, to break up]. One who corrects errors of ocular refraction, or ametropia. Refractive {j-e-frak' -tiv") \j-efrangere , to break up]. Tending to refract. Capable of being turned from a straight line. R. Equivalent. See Refractive Power, Specific. R. Index. Same as Refraction, In- dex of, q. V. R. Power, the measure of influence which a transparent body exercises on the light which passes through it. R. Power, Specific, an almost constant quantity representative of the relation between the coehicient of refraction, the temperature, and the specific gravity of a given fluid. Refractometer {re-frak-tom' -et-er') \_ref-angere, to break up; fierpov, measure]. I. An instrument for measur- ing the refraction of the eye. 2. An instrument for the determination of the refractive indices of liquids. Refractory {re-frak' -tor-e) \_refi-angere , to break up] . I. Resisting treatment. 2. Resisting the action of heat ; slow to melt. Refracture (re-f-nk^-filr) \_refrangere , to break up]. The re-breaking of fractured bones that have joined by faulty or improper union. Refrangibility (re-fran-jib-il' -it-e) [L. , refrangere, to refract]. In optics, capability of being bent away from a straight line ; a property shown by a ray of light in passing obliquely from one transparent medium into another of different density. Refresh [>-e-fresh') [L., ?-e, again; frisctis, new]. In surgery, to restore the character of a fresh wound ; as to refresh the edges of a fissure before closing it. Refreshing [t-efresh'-ing) [rf, again ; friscus, fresh]. Tending to refresh ; invigorating ; reviving. R. Ac- tion (of the electric current). The restoration of excitability after fatigue by the effect of voltaic alter- natives. Refrigerant (re-frij^ -er-anf) \_refrigera7is, making cool]. A medicine or agent having cooling properties, or lowering bodily temperature. Refrigerated {re-frif -er-a-tcd) \_refrigerare , to make cool again]. Cooled ; made cool. R. Meat, meat which is kept at a temperature of from 36° to 40° F. from the time of slaughter until used. Refrigeration (i-ef'rij-er-a' -sliiin) \_rcf-igerafio, a cool- ing again]. The act of lowering the temperature of a body, by conducting away its heat to a surrounding cooling substance. Refrigeratory [re-frij' -er-a-tor-e) [L. , refrigeratorim'\. A condenser. Also, a vessel filled with ice or with cold water for maintaining a low temperature. Refuse {ref'-iiz) [L. , restored]. Waste from manufacturing establishments, and all inorganic waste. Refusion (re-fn' -zJiiin) [refiisio, an overflowing]. The act of withdrawing blood from the vessels, freeing it from poisonous substances, and passing it back again. Regenerate [re - jen'- er- at) ^regenera/r, to generate again]. To generate anew ; to reproduce. Regeneration [re-jeii-er-a' -sJiun) \_regeneratio ; regen- erare, to beget]. I. The new growth or repair of structures or tissues lost by disease or by injury. 2. In chemistry, the process of obtaining from the by- products or end-products of an operation a substance which was employed in the earlier part of the opera- tion. R., Cell-processes in, these consist in either simple hypertrophy (increase in the size of existing cells), or numerical hypertrophy, hyperplasia, increase in the number of cells in the tissue. R. after In- flammation, repair by multiplication of the tissue- cells. R. after Necrosis, repair by absorption of dead tissue and its replacement by newly formed normal tissue. R., Pathologic, the renewal of destroyed tissue by a pathologic rather than a physio- logic process. Regenerative (j-e-jeii' -er-a-ti^') \_regenerare, to regener- ate]. Tendency to regenerate. R. Inflammation. See Inflammation. Regenesis [refen'-es-is) f^regenerare, to generate anew]. The state of being reproduced. Regime (ra-'J/e/j/) [Fr.]. See Regimen. Regimen [rc/'-im-en) \_regi>iien, guidance]. The methodic and systematized use of food, and the sani- tary arrangement of surroundings essential to the pre- servation of life, both in health and in disease. Regina Purple. Same as Rosanilin J'iolet. Regio {re'-;e-o) [T.]. See Region. R. aulica, of Wilder, the region about the iter a tertio ad quartum ventriculum. R. cardiaca, the region of the heart. R. coxarum, the lower portion of the lumbar region. R. germinativa, of Waldeyer, the germ-epithelium of the embryo. R. glutea, the region about the gluteal muscles. R. subthalamica, the area between the ventral face of the thalamus, the body of Luys, and the red nucleus. It consists of a fine, felt-like mass of fibers, whose relations are so obscure that even their boundary is not well determined {zona incerta). REGION 1248 REGION Region (j-e'-jtin) \regio, a region]. One of the arti- ficial and conventional divisions of the body, as the AbJoniinal R. See Ahdojneu, and Pectoral R. R., Acromial, the parts near the acromion. R., Anal, pertaining to the anus. R., Aulic, the area about the aula. R., Auricular, the parts near the ear. R., Axillary, a region upon the lateral aspect of the thora.\, extending from the axilla to a line drawn from the lower border of the mammary region to that of the scapular region. R., Basilar, the region at the base of the skull. R., Brachial, the region of the arras. R. of Broca, the third left frontal convolution of the brain. R., Central Gray, the medullary substance of the cerebellar hemispheres. R., Cervical, the parts around the neck. R., Cil- iary. I. The zone of the eye- ball in which the ciliary body is situated. 2. The part of the eye- 1 i d containing the cilia. R., Clavicular, the area about the clavicle. R.,' Costal, the lateral chest- area. R., Dia- phragmatic,the region of the diaphragm. R., Epicranial, the region above the cranium. R., Epigastric, the region over the stomach bound- ed laterally by two vertical lines passing through the middle of Poupart's liga- ment ; above by a horizontal line touching the lower margin of the sternum, and below by a hori- zontal line touch- ing the lowest part of the thorax, and in- cluding the py- loric end and middle of stomach, the left lobe of the liver, the lobulus spigelii, the pancreas, the duodenum, parts of the kidneys, the aorta, vena cava, thoracic duct, semi- lunar ganglia. R., Femoral, the parts about the femur. R., Fibular, the parts about the fibula. R., Gastric, the region over the stomach. R., Gluteal, the region of the gluteus muscle. R., Groin, the region of the groin. R., Gustatory, the tips, margins, and root of the tongue in the' neighborhood of the circum- vallate papillre ; also the lateral parts of the soft palate and the anterior surface of the anterior pillars of the fauces. R., Humeral, the parts about the hu- merus. R., Hyo-mental. See R. , Snpi-a-hyoid. R., Hyo-sternal. See R., Infra-hyoid. R., Hypo- chondriac, the region that joins the epigastric re- gion laterally. The right hypochondriac region in- cludes the surface of the abdomen covering the right lobe of the liver, the gall-bladder, the hepatic flexure of the colon, and part of the right kidney; the left that covering the spleen, the splenic end of the stom- ach, the extremity of the pancreas, the splenic flexure of the colon, and part of the left kidney. R., Hypo- gastric, that part of the abdominal surface between a horizontal line drawn through the anterior superior crests of the ilia above and on either side by vertical lines drawn through the center of Poupart's ligament. It overlies the small intestines, the bladder in children and in adults when distended, the uterus during preg- nancy, sometimes the vermiform appendix, the cecum, and the sigmoid flexure of the colon. R., Iliac, the Supraclavicular region. 2. Clavicular ical region. 6. Hypogastric region, ac region. 10. Lumbar region. 11. I region. 3. Mammary region. 4. Epigastric region. 5. Umbil- 7. Axillary region. 8. Infra-axillary region. 9. Hypochondri- uinal region. region of the ilium. See also R. , Inguhial. R., Ilio- inguinal, the iliac region and the groin conjointly. R., Inferior Sternal, the space corresponding to the part of the sternum below the lower margin of the third costal cartilages. R., Infra-axillary, the space between the anterior and posterior axillary lines. R., Infra-clavicular, the area circumscribed superiorly by the lower border of the clavicle, inferiorly by the lower border of the third rib, on one side Ijy a line extending from the acromion to the pubic spine, and on the other side by the edge of the sternum. R., Infra- hyoid, the space below the hyoid bone, between the sterno-cleido-mastoidei and the sternum. R., Infra- mammary, the space between a line drawn along the upper border of the xiphoid cartilage and the margin of the false ribs, and between the middle line of the REGION 1249 REGISTER xiphoid cartilage and a vertical line passing through the pubic spine. R., Infra-scapular, the region on either side of the vertebral column below a horizontal line drawn through the inferior angle of each scapula. It is called also the Subscapular Region. R., Infra- spinous, that included between the spine of the scapula and a line passing through the angle of the scapula. R., Inguinal, R., Iliac, the right and left inguinal or iliac regions are two of the nine abdominal regions. The right includes the abdominal surface covering the cecum and the cecal appendix, the ureter, and the spermatic vessels ; the left that covering the sigmoid flexure of the colon, the ureter, and the spermatic ves- sels. R., Interscapular, the space between the 1.1 13 \ 12 11 II 16 I. Supra-scapular region. 12. Infra-spinous region. 13. Inter- scapular region. 14. Infra-scapular region. 15. Lumbar region. 16. Sacro-iliac region. scapula;. R., Ischio-rectal, the region correspond- ing to the posterior part of the pelvic outlet, between the ischium and the rectum. R., Jugal, the space over the zygoma. R., Laryngo-tracheal, the parts about the larynx and the trachea. R., Lenticu- lo-striate, the anterior parts of the lenticular and caudate nuclei, and the intervening portion of the internal capsule. R., Lenticulo-thalamic, the pos- terior part of the lenticular nucleus, the optic thala- mus, and the part of the internal capsule which intervenes. R., Lingual, the region of the tongue. R., Lumbar, the surface of the abdomen between a curved line drawn parallel with the cartilage of each ninth rib above and a curved line parallel with the iliac crests below, and a vertical line through the center of Poupart's ligament anteriorly, and the lumbar vertebr.i; 79 posteriorly. R., Mammary, the space on the anterior surface of the chest between a line drawn through the lower border of the third rib, and one drawn through the upper border of the xiphoid cartilage. R., Maxillary, the parts about the jaws. R., Mesogastric, the umbilical and the right and left lumbar regions together. R., Middle Cervical, the area between the lower jaw, the sternum, and the anterior edges of the stemo- cleido-mastoidei. R., Mylo-hyoid. See Mylo-hyoid Triangle. R., Nasal, the parts around the nose. R., Olfactory, the region of the nasal mucous membrane including the ramifications of the olfac- tory nerve. R., Orbital, the region of the orbits. R., Palatal, the parts about the palate. R., Palpe- bral, the region of the eyebrows. R., Parasternal, the space between the mid-axillary line and the edge of the sternum. R., Perineal, the region of the perineum. R., Pharyngeal, the parts about the pharynx. R., Popliteal. See Popliteal Space. R., Precordial, the surface of the chest covering the heart. R., Psycho-motor, the cerebral cortex. R., Pterygo-maxillary, the parts connecting or lying between the pterygoid process of the sphenoid and the maxillary bone. R., Pulmo-cardiac, the region of the left thorax in which the left lung overlaps the heart. R., Pulmo-gastric, the portion of the left thorax in which the lung overlaps the stomach. R., Pulmo-hepatic, the portion of the right thorax in which the lung overlaps the liver. R., Respiratory {of the nose), the portion of the nasal passages having to do with the act of respiration. R., Sacral, the area above the sacrum. R., Scapular, the space over either scapula. R., Sternal, the space overlying the sternum. R., Sub-auricular, the space immedi- ately below the ear. R., Sub-maxillary. Same as R., Supra-hyoid. R., Sub-mental, the region just beneath the chin. R., Sub-ocular, the anterior extremity of the temporo-sphenoidal lobe. R., Sub- thalamic, the extension of the tegmentum beneath the posterior portion of the optic thalamus. R., Superior {of the skull), the space between the superior curved line of the occipital bone behind, the supra-orbital ridge in front and, laterally, between the temporal lines. R., Superior Sternal, the surface cor- responding to that portion of the sternal region above the lower border of the third rib. R., Supra-clavicular, the space above either clavicle. R., Supra-hyoid, the space between the upper margin of the hyoid bone, the lower border of the inferior maxilla and the sterno- cleido-mastoid muscles. R., Supra-mammary. Same as R., Infra-clavicular, q. r'. R., Supra-scapular, the area above the spine of the scapula. R., Supra- spinous, the region corresponding to the supra- spinous fossa, ^. R., Supra-sternal, ^ee Supra- sternal jVotcli. R., Temporo-maxillary, the area over the junction of the temporal and maxillary bones. R., Thoracic, relating to the entire surface of the thorax. R., Umbilical, the surface of the abdomen immediately about the umbilicus, bounded as follows : above by a horizontal line connecting the cartilages of the ninth ribs ; below, by a line joining the crests of the ilia, and laterally, by lines passing vertically through the center of Poupart's ligament. R., Vertebral, relating to the region over the vertebral column. Regional {re'- fun - al) \_regionalis'\. Pertaining to a region. R. Anatomy, the anatomic study of a defi- nite and limited region of the body that has close anatomic, surgical, or pathologic inter-relations of parts or functions. Register (rej' -ist-er) [^registrum^. The compass of a voice ; also a subdivision of its compass, consisting in REGISTRAR 1250 REISSNER, CANAL OF a series of tones produced in tlie same way and of a like character. Registrar (>-ej' -is-trar') \_registyarins, one wlio keeps a record]. A keeper of records. Registrarship {j-ej' -is-trar-shif) [_registrariiis, one who keeps a record]. The office of a registrar. Registration (t-ej-is-tra' -shun) \_yegisiratio, a register- ing]. The act of recording, as of deaths, births, etc. Regius [>-e' -je-iis) \_regius, royal]. A descriptive term applied to the golden or royal color observed in certain forms of jaundice. R. Professor, a royal professor, as in one of the English universities. Regma [reg'-mak) \_p'/yf'(i, a fracture: pi Rtgmata'\. In biology, a term applied to a fruit like that of the geranium, in which the carpels separate elastically from the base of the carpophore. Regmacarp [i-eg' -mak-ai-p) [_pf/yna, a fracture ; nap-or, fruit]. In biology, a dehiscent fruit. Regnauld's Anesthetic or Liquid. A mixture of chloroform 4 parts, and methylic alcohol I part. It is sometimes used in place of chloroform. See Anesthetic. Regnault and Reiset, Method of. A method of in- vestigating the changes in the air brought about by respiration. The animal is placed in a closed cham- ber, and the carbonic acid formed is continually removed, the necessary oxygen being supplied in measured quantities. Regnoli's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Regorgement (ra-gorzh'- mon(g)) [Fr.]. An over- flowing. R.de la vessie,or R. nrinaire, involuntary urination ; incontinence of urine. Regression (>-e-gresh' -un) \_regressio, regression]. Re- trogression. Regressive [re-g7-es'-iv)\_fegredi,iogohd^ck'\. Passing back ; returning. Regressus (re-gres'-ti.t) \_p. p. of regredi, to go back]. In biology, the change of an organ from a higher to a lower type. Regrowth [re-groth') again; WE. , groicen, to grow]. A growing again ; a new or second growth. Regular (reg' -u-lar) \_regidaris ; regiila, a rule]. Ac- cording to rule, custom, or normal procedure ; opposed to irregular or exceptional. In biology, applied to symmetrically disposed parts or organs ; specifically to a flower that has all the parts of each floral circle imi- form in shape and size. Having normal menstruation. R. Physician, one of the school of scientific medicine who adheres to no clique, sect, " pathy," or "-ism." Regulator (>'eg'- 11 - la - tor) \_regulare, to direct]. The person or the thing that regulates. R. radii. See Supinator longns in Muscles, Table of. Regurgitation {re-ger-jit-a' -shun) [regurgitatio ; re, again ; gurgitare, to engulf]. An eructation, flowing. Irregular Pulse of Mitral Regurgitation. or throwing back of the contents of a canal or vessel. R., Cardiac. See Heart-iiiurinurs. R. of Food, a symptom of acid dyspepsia. Rehmannia {ra-man' -e-ah). A genus of the Digitale,r. R. chinensis, a plant the root of which is used in China as a tonic and alterative. R. lutea, a plant used in the same manner as R. chinensis. Reichert's Cartilage. That cartilaginous structure which appears in the embryo on the hyoid arch, event- ually becoming the styloid process, the stylo-hyoid ligaments, and the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone. R.'s Membrane, the anterior layer of the cornea, also called Bowman' s Aleinbrane. See Membrane. Reichmann's Disease. A chronic disease of the stomach characterized by a condition of permanent gastric hypersecretion, associated with marked dilata- tion of the stomach, with thickening of its walls and hypertrophy of the glands. It is accompanied by violent attacks of pain that are typical of the disease, together with vomiting, and is usually followed by the formation of a round ulcer on the wall of the stomach. See Diseases, Table of R.'s Test-breakfast, a break- fast composed of 30 grams of meat-powder, 2 grams of salt, 200 grams of water, I wheaten roll. It is used in testing the digestive power of the stomach. Reid's Base Line. See Lines, Table of. R.'s Meth- od, to determine the position of the fissure of Rolando ; a method of cerebral localization ; a base line is drawn from the infraorbital ridge through the middle of the external auditory meatus. To this two perpendicular lines are drawn, one through the de- pression in front of the external auditory meatus, and the other at the posterior border of the mastoid pro- cess ; a diagonal line from the upper extremity of the posterior line, drawn to the junction of the anterior line with the fissure of Sylvius, indicates the fissure of Rolando. See Treatment , Methods of Reil, Ansaof. The lemniscus. "it-tAnsa. R.'s Band, a fibrous band extending across the right ventricle of the heart from the base of the anterior papillary muscle to the septum. It is quite common in man and cor- responds to the moderator band of the heart of some lower animals. See Aloderator. R., Fissure of. .See Fissures, Table of. R., Island of. See Island of Reil. Reimplantation (;r - -plan - ta' - shun) \_reimplantio, implant again]. In dental surgery, the replacing of a drawn tooth within its socket. Reindeer Moss. See Cladonea. Re-infection (re-in-felc'-shun) again ; inficere,to infect]. Infection a second time with the same virus or contagium. Re-inflame {re-in-flam') \_re, again ; infammare, to inflame]. To inflame anew. Reinforcement (re-in-fors^-ment) [OF., reinfo?rer, to strengthen]. The act of reinforcing. Any augmen- tation of force. R. of Reflexes, increased myotatic irritability (or reflex response) when muscular or men- tal actions are synchronously carried out, or other stimuli are coincidently brought to bear upon other parts of the body than that concerned in the reflex arc. It has been asserted that the synchronous act of wink- ing increases the knee-jerk, or patellar tendon-reflex. See Rejiexes, Table of. Reinfusion {j-e-in-fu' -zhun). Same as Refusion, q. v. Yi.&\nocM\aLtion (re-in-ok-u-la'-shun) [re, again; inocu- tare, to inoculate]. Inoculation a second time. Reins (rdnz) kidney]. The kidneys; the loins. Reinsch's Test. See Tests, Table of. Reinversion [re-in-ver' -zhun) [/r, again ; invertere, to turn upside down]. The act of reducing an in- verted uterus by the application of pressure to the fundus. Reiset's Method. A method of estimating COj in the air. See J'entilation. Reissner, Canal of. -See Canal. R.'s Membrane, an extremely fragile membrane forming the vestilmlar wall of the cochlear duct and separating the duct from the scala vestibuli. It begins on the vestibular border of the lamina spiralis, about 0.2 mm. inside the free edge of the crista, and extends at an angle of about REJECTAMENTA 1251 RENICARDIAC forty-five degrees until it meets the outer bony wall. It consists of three layers, a central connective tissue stratum, the vestibular endothelium on one side, and the epithelium of the cochlear duct on the other. Rejectamenta [re-jek-tam-en' -tah) [rejectare, to throw away]. Ejecta ; excrement. Rejuvenescence [re-jti-vcn-cs' -eiis) \_re, again ; juvenes- cere, to grow young]. In biology : I. Literally, the growing young again ; a renewal of strength and vigor. 2. A process first described by A. Braun in which the whole protoplasm of a vegetative cell is trans- formed into a primordial cell, which in time becomes invested with a cell-wall and develops a new plant, as in (iLdogoiiiiiDi. " We may regard the idea of reju- venescence as presented by Braun as an extension of the idea of metamorphosis, in which extended form it is adapted to take in even the results of the cell- theory, of the history of development, and of the modern knowledge of the cryptogams from the idealistic point of view." (Sachs.) Relachement (i-a-lash' -monigV) [Fr.]. Same as Relax- ation . Relapse (re-laps'^ [rne'-tle-al)[i-einediiiin,a.r&\ntAy'\. Hav- ing the nature of a remedy. Remedy [rein' -ed-e) \_remediuin~\. Any agent or sub- stance used in the treatment of disease. It may be curative, palliative, or preventive. Remex [re'-iiieks) \_re»/ex,a rower: //. , Remiges'\. In biology, one of the remiges or large quill-feathers (flight-feathers) of a bird's wing. Remigial (re-?nij'-e-al) [/r/w^x, a rower]. Of or per- taining to a remex. Remijia [re-mij' -e-ah)[_n{itr Reinijo, a Spanish surgeon] . A genus of rubiaceous shrubs and trees. R. pedun- culata and R. purdiana afford cuprea-bark, and are important as sources of quinin and other cinchona salts. The genus is closely related to Cinchona. Unof Remiped [rem'-ip-ed) [retmis, oar; pes, foot]. In biology, having oar-shaped feet. Remission [re-mish' -iin)\_reinissio'\. Temporary abate- ment or subsidence. The period of diminution of a paroxysmal disease, especially that of remittent fever. Remittent (re-mit' -ent). Characterized by alternate periods of increment and cessation. R. Fever, a malarial fever characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation, but without periods of complete apyrexia. Ren [L. : pl.,Renes\ The kidney. R. amyloideus, amyloid degeneration of the kidneys. R. mobilis, Movable Kidney , q. V. R. unguiformis. ^ee^ Horse- shoe Kidney. Renal [re'-nal) \_renalis ; rett, a kidney]. Pertaining to the kidneys. R. Apoplexy, ischuria, or suppres- sion of urine from hemorrhage into the substance of the kidney or other renal lesion. R. Calculus, any concretion in the kidney. R. Glands, the supra- renal capsules. R. Inadequacy, that peculiar condi- tion in which the amount of urinary solids, and often the quantity of urine itself, is considerably dimin- ished. It is probably due to an exhausted condition of the epithelial cells of the kidney. R. Storm, Mur- chison's term for a peculiar form of neurosal attack referred to the kidney, frequently seen in patients suffer- ing from aortic regurgitation. There is sudden excru- ciating pain over the region of the kidney, like renal colic, but without nausea or retraction of the testicle, and with the passage of normal urine. In a few hours the pain passes off as suddenly as it appeared. Renascence [re-nas' -ens) [renascen, new-born]. In biology, a new birth, a rejuvenescence. (Same as and preferable to renaissance.) ■ Renascent [re-nas' -ent) \_renascen, p.p. of renasci, be born again]. In biology, reproduced, revivified, com- ing into being a second time. Renculin [ren' -kn-lin) \_ren, kidney]. An albuminoid reported to have been found in the supra renal capsules. Renculus (^ren' -kn-liis). See Reniciihts. Rendle's Inhaler. See Anesthetic. Renealmia (ren-e-al'-ine-ah). A genus of zingiberaceous plants. R. exaltata, of -South America, is emetic, diuretic, diaphoretic, and stimulant. The leaves and bruised root-stalk are applied externally for rheuma- tism. Unof. Renicapsular [ren-ik-ap' -sti-lar) [ren, kidney ; cap- siila, capsule]. Pertaining to a renicapsule. Renicapsule [ren-ik-ap' -siil) [reji, kidney; capsula, capsule]. A suprarenal capsule ; an adrenal. Renicardiac (ren-ik-ar'-deak) [ir?!, kidney; Kapd'ia, heart]. Pertaining to the renal and cardiac organs of a mollusc. RENTCULUS 1252 REPRODUCTIVE Reniculus {ren-ik'-n-lus) [L., dim. o{ ren, kidney]. A lobule of the kidney ; renculus. Renifleurs (i-cn'-if-lurz). See Passivism. Reniform [ren'-if-orm) \j-eit, kidney; f onii a, {orm]. In biology, kidney-shaped. Reniglandular - ig-lan'- du - lar). Same as Reni- capsular. Renin [ren'-iii). See 0!x, again; sorbere, to absorb]. The absorption of morbid deposits, as of the products of inflammation, exudations, etc. R., Lacunar (of ho)ie), resorption of bone by osteoclasts forming and occupying Howship's lacuna;. Resorp- tions-diabetes (Ger. ), a glycosuria due to absorption of sugar. Respiratio (res-pe-ra'-she-o) [L.]. Respiration. R. difficilis. Synonym of Dyspnea. Respiration \yes-pe-ra' -sliiin) \_respiratio ; respirare, to breathe again]. The inspiration and expiration of air through the kings. In biology, the continuous inter- change between the gases of living organisms and the gases of the medium in which they live, continuous throughout life. This consists in all active cells in plants of a constant absorption of the oxygen of the air into the tissues, where it causes oxidation of the assimilated substances and the release of carbon dioxid. The movements of protoplasm are dependent upon respi- ration. It is the opposite of assimilation . R., Ab- dominal, respiration caused by the contraction of the diaphragm and the elasticity of the abdominal walls and viscera. It is more common in men than in Women. R., Aerial, respiration in which the respi- ratory membrane receives oxygen and is relieved of carbon dioxid by means of atmospheric air. R., Amphoric, a blowing respiration engendered in large cavities with firm walls. Its peculiar character is due to an echo from the walls of the cavity. R., Aquatic, respiration in which the respiratory mem- brane, the branchial mucosa(gills),the skin, etc. , receive oxygen and are relieved of carbon dioxid by means of water. R., Artificial, artificial production of the normal respiratory movements. See Artificial Respi- ration. R., Biot's, periodic respirations without any variation in the extent of the individual respira- tions. It occurs normally during sleep. R., Blood, the giving off of carbon dioxid and taking up of oxygen by the blood during its passage through the lungs. The blood while passing through the capil- laries gives up its oxygen to the tissues and takes up carbon dioxid. R., Blowing. See A'., Bronchial. R., Branchial, respiration by means of gills or bran- chiae, as in aquatic animals. R., Bronchial, respira- tion as heard over the trachea or bronchial tubes in health; it is high in pitch, equal in inspiration and expiration, blowing in character, especially the ex- piratory element, and is marked by a brief pause between inspiration and expiration. It is well defined only in case of pulmonary consolidation. R., Broncho-cavernous, a form intermediate in char- acter between bronchial and cavernous respiration. R., Broncho-vesicular, respiration having the characters of both bronchial and vesicular respiration. It is heard over areas of consolidation surrounded by patches of healthy lung-tissue. R., Buccal. See Month-breathing. R., Cavernous, a blowing respi- ration of low pitch, circumscribed, alternating with gurgling, and derivingits chief character from the nature of the cavity in which it is generated. R., Center of, the nervous center regulating the act of respiration is situated in the floor of the fourth ventricle near the point of the calamus. It is automatic in its action. R., Cerebral, respiration in which the lips are closed, the cheeks distended, the nostrils dilate with each expiration, which is attended with a puffing sound ; the respirations are irregular. It is observed especi- ally in typhus fever and in apoplexy. R., Cheyne- Stokes, a peculiar type of breathing in which there is a rhythmic increase of the respirations up to a certain degree of rapidity, then gradually decreasing again to temporary cessation. This pause may be as long as half a minute. This form of respiration is most commonly seen in the late stages of tuberculous meningitis, but it may also be noted in apoplexy, fatty degeneration of the heart, and nephritis with uremia. R., Clavicular, a form resorted to by singers and in which the clavicle is brought into play in the respiratory movements, the shoulders being elevated. R., Cogged or Cogwheel. '>et R., Interrupted. R., Costal, respi- ration in which the chest-movement predominates over the diaphragmatic movement. It is seen especially in women , and is supposed to be related to gestation or per- haps partially to the mode of dress. R., Costo-inferior, respiration in which the elevation and depression (respi- ratory movements) are confined chiefly to the lower ribs. It is best seen in dogs. R., Costo-superior, respiration in which the respiratory movements involve chiefly the upper ribs. It is most common in women, R., Cu- taneous, the giving off of carbon dioxid and taking up of oxygen through the skin. R., Diaphragmatic. See R., Ahdoj)iinal. R., Direct, respiration in which the living substance of an organism, as an ameba, takes oxygen directly from the surrounding medium and returns carbon dioxid directly to it, no respiratory blood being present. R., Divided, respiration in which there exists a distinct interval between inspiration and expiration. It is seen in emphysema as a result of the distention of the air-vesicles and consequent reduction in expelling force. R., Exaggerated, an increase in intensity, vi'ithout alteration in character or rhythm of the respiratory movements. R., External. See/v'. , Blood. R., Extrinsic (of F. He-vitt), the inspiration and immediate expiration of a gas, so that a portion that has once been inspired is not inspired again. R., Facial, a term applied to all the movements of the face during inspiration and expiration. R., Feeble, diminution in the intensity, without alteration in the character or rhythm of the respiratory movements. R., Fetal, the interchange of gases between the fetal and the maternal blood through the medium of the pla- centa. R., Forced, respiration induced by blowing air into the lungs by means of a bellows, or in some other way, as in physiologic experiments. R., Harsh. See R. , Bronclio-vesicnlar. R., Hissing, an increased vesicular murmur causing a hissing sound. R., Hollow. See R. , Amphoric. R., Indeterminate, the most pro- nounced vesicular grade of broncho-vesicular respira- tion. R., Indirect, respiration in which the living sub- stance of the organism, as in all the higher animals, gets rid of carbon dioxid and obtains oxygen by means of a circulating respiratory blood. R., Inner or Inter- nal, the taking up of oxygen and giving off of carbon dioxid by the body-elements for their own require- ments. It occurs in man in the capillary system. R., Interrupted, respiration in which either inspira- tion or expiration is divided into two or more parts. It is most often heard at the apex of the right lung, anteriorly. R., Intestinal, the interchange of respiratory gases in the mucous membrane of the in- testines. R., Intra-uterine, respiration by the fetus before delivery. R., Intrinsic (of F. Heimtt^, the RESPIRATIVE 125(! REST breathing over and over again of a limited volume of gas. R., Jerking. See R., Intern/p/ed. R., Labored, respiration in which, owing to lack of ability on the part of the ordinary muscles of respiration to sufficiently aerate the blood, the auxiliary muscles of respiration are called into play. R., Laryngeal, the widening of the glottis during inspiration and its nar- rowing during expiration. R., Lung. See A'., Pul- monary. R., Metamorphosing {of Seits), respira- tion in which the first part of the inspiratory sound is tubular and the last part cavernous ; a cavernous ele- ment is also heard during expiration. It is a certain sign of a cavity (Vierordt). R., Muscle, respiration by a muscle when in action. R., Nasal, nose-breath- ing. R., Nervous. See /i., Ct're/>ra/. R., Normal, respiration as it occurs in a normal individual in a state of rest or moderate action. R., Oral. See Aloitth-hreathing. R., Ordinary. See R., Normal. R., Organs of, any parts of the body by means of which certain constituents of the blood are exchanged for those of the surrounding air or water. R., Pha- ryngeal {of Garland ), rhythmic expansions and con- tractions of the pharnyx in connection with other move- ments of respiration. The expansion is pre-inspiratory and the contraction inspiratory. R., Placental. See R., Fetal. R., Puerile. See R., E.xa,i;gerafed. R., Pulmonary, respiration in which the interchange of gas between the blood and air occurs in the lungs. R., Rough, a variety of broncho-vesicular respiration. R., Rude. See R. , Rough. R., Senile, the feeble respiration of old age. R., Sighing, deep respira- tion accompanied with sighing. It is seen in pulmon- ary congestion and dyspepsia. R., Stertorous, the sound produced by breathing through the nose and mouth at the same time, causing vibration of the velum pendulum palati between the two currents of air. R., Subsibilant {of Laennec), a dull, whistling sound heard over the bronchi, and due to an obstruction by mucus. R., Superficial. See R., Blood. R., Sup- plementary. See R. , E.raggeralfd. R., Thoracic. See R.y Coslal. R., Tissue. See R., In/ernal. R., To-and-fro. See R ., Intrinsic. R., Tracheal, the respiratory murmur heard in a normal individual by placing a stethoscope over the supra-sternal fossa. R., Tranquil. See R., Normal. R., Tubular. See R., Bronchial. R., Uremic. See R., Cheyne- Stokes. R., Vaginal, the movements of the vagina caused by the movements of the diaphragm in respi- ration. R., Ventral. See R., Abdominal. R., Vesicular, a soft, gradual, low-pitched inspiration immediately followed by a shorter and less distinct ex- piration-sound heard over the normal lung during respi- ration. R., Vesiculo-bronchial. See R., Broncho- vehicular. R., Wavy. .See R., Interrupted. Respirative ( res-pi' -rat-iv ) [ respirare, to respire]. Performing respiration. Respirator {res-pe-ra' -tor) \_respirare, to respire] . An instrument through which one breathes to modify the coldness of the air or to exclude its impurities, or for the inhalation of volatile medicaments. R.-veil, a muffler for women, devised by Lennox Browne. It consists of a piece of plain veiling with a double thickness of silk gossamer on the lower four inches. The part that covers the mouth and nostrils is stiff- ened with a layer of thin wire gauze, so that the veil may stand a little away from the face and be more comfortable. Respiratorium {res-pe-ra -to' -re-u/n) \_respirare, to re- spire, to breathe out : pi. , Respiratoria\ In biology, one of the delicate folds of the integument of the aquatic larva; of certain insects, richly supplied with minute tracheae. Respiratory {res' -pe -ra- to - re) [respiratorius'\. Per- taining to respiration. Also, to the murmur heard upon auscultation over the lungs of a liealthy person during ordinary breathing. R. Blood, Huxley's name for the fluid present in the pseudo-hemal system of vessels of certain invertebrates {Annelida) . It contains a dis- solved red substance allied to hemoglobin. R. Ca- pacity, the capacity of the blood for taking up oxygen in the respiratory organs and depositing it in the tissues, and of taking up carbon dioxid from the tissues and giving it off in the respiratory organs. R. Cavity, the same as the thoracic cavity ; also used as a general term to describe the air-passages. R. Chamber, a res- piratory cavity. R. Filaments, thread-like organs ar- ranged in tufts near the head of the larva of the gnat. R. Glottis, that part of the glottis between the aryt- enoid cartilages. R. Leaflets, the laminated organs of respiration of the pulmonary arachnidans. R. Murmur, the sound produced by the air entering and escaping from the lungs during the respiratory period. R. Nerve, one of two nerves involved in respira- tion. The external is the posterior thoracic nerve ; the internal, the phrenic nerve. R. Nerve {of the Face), the facial nerve. R. Nerves {of Bell), the Phrenic, Posterior Thoracic, and Facial Nerves. R. Orifice, a breathing pore. R. Percussion, Ua Costa's term for the method of physical examination by noting the sound elicited by percussion of the chest while the breath is held after a full inspiration, and also after a prolonged expiration. R. Periods, the time elapsing between the beginning of one inspiration and that of the next. R. Pigments, a series of pigments dis- covered by McMunn, Moseley, Krukenberg, and others in the fluids and tissues of many plants and animals. They are capable of existing in a state of oxidization and reduction, and play an important role in the function of respiration. See Pigments, Conspectus of. R. Plate. See Respiratorium. R. Portion of the Nose, the lower portion of the nasal cavity. R. Pulse, the modifications in the pulse pro- duced by respiration. R. Quotient, the ratio between the amount of oxygen given off by the lungs and that taken up by them in the same period of time. R. Sac, a sac-like respiratory organ of various anintals. R. Sound. See R. Murmur. R. Surface, the entire surface of pulmonary tissue coming in con- tact with the respired air. R. Tract, a term de- scriptive of the sum of the air-passages. R. Tubes, a term applied to all tubular organs of respiration. R. Vesicular Murmur, the normal respiratory mur- mur. See Respiration, Nor nut I. Respire {re-splr') [re, back ; spirare, to breathe]. To breathe. Respirometer {res - pi - rom' - et - er) [respirare, to take breath; /jiTpov, measure]. An instrument for as- certaining the condition of the respiration. Also the apparatus used to supply air to a diver under water by supplying compressed oxygen, which is made to combine in proper proportion with nitro- gen chemically filtered from the air expired from his lungs. Responsibility {re-spon-sib-il' -it-e) [ respondere, to an- swer]. In medical jurisprudence, the accountability of a person for an act committed. It usually turns upon the question as to whether or not the person was of sound mind and capable of controlling his actions and thoughts. Resserrement {res-air-mon(gY) [ Fr.]. Constriction; constipation. Rest [ME., to rest]. Cessation of all motion, labor, or action ; to sleep, to lie dormant. R. of Royce, an epithelial formation arising either early, during the RESTANT 1257 RETE development of the embryo or accidentally during later life and apparently left over from the formation of a part or organ. Thus the remains of the cranio- pharyngeal, lingual, and neural canals are in adult life observed in the lines of old incisions. R.- cure, the mode of treatment of patients suffering from hysteria and neurasthenia, as suggested by Weir Mitchell. It consists in (l) rest, (2) isolation, (3) systematic feeding, (4) massage, and (5) electricity. The electricity is the least important factor in the sys- tem of treatment. The duration of the treatment should never be under si.x weeks, and usually should continue for ten or twelve weeks. Restant (rrs'-tant) [Fr. remain]. In biology, remaining ; of leaves, remaining on the plant over winter; of a corolla or calyx, remaining unwithered till the fruit ripens. Restaurans (res' -taw-rans) \_restaurare, to restore]. Restorative, tonic. Restibrachial [i-es-tib-ra' -ke-al ) [;-«/«, a rope ; bra- chiiini, an ami]. Pertaining to the restibrachium. Restibrachium {res-tib-ra' -ke-Hni) \_restis, a rope ; b> a- chium, an arm]. The inferior peduncles of the cere- bellum ; the myelobrachium. Restiform [res'-tif-orni) \_restis,a. cord; forma, form]. Corded or cord-like. R. Bodies, a descriptive temi applied to certain cord-like bodies or processes of the medulla oblongata. Resting [rest'-ing) [ME., resten, to rest]. Ceasing from motion; at rest. R.-cell. Same as R. -spore. R. -sporangium, in biology, Pringsheim's term for peculiar resting-cells formed by the mycele of a few fungi [e- g-, Saprolegnia), in which zoospores are pro- duced. R. -spore, in biology, a spore invested with a firm cell-wall, which remains dormant for a period, often during the whole winter, before it germinates. R. -stage, in biology, the period of dormancy in the history of a plant or germ. R. -state, in biology, a state of suspended activity, the condition of perennial plants, bulbs, seeds, and spores during their period of dormancy. Restis [res'-tis) [L., a cord]. A name given to the resti- form body. Restitution (res-tit-u' -shun) [ra/Z/z/cr^jtoset up again]. The act of restoring to a previous condition. See Rotatioti. Restoration (res-tor-a' -shun') \_restaurare, to restore]. The renewal of or return to a state of health. Restorative ire-stor' -at-iv) [L. , restaurare, to restore]. 1. Renewing health and vigor. 2. A medicine, cor- dial, or food that is efficacious in restoring one to health and vigor. Restraint (re-strdnt') \_restringere , to draw back]. I. Hindrance of any action, physical, moral, or mental. 2. The state of being controlled ; specifically, abridge- ment of liberty in the care of the insane. R.-bed and R. -chair, ^i^t R. , Mechanical. R., Mechanical, restraining the insane by mechanical means. R., Medi- cinal, the use of narcotics and sedatives in quieting the insane. Restringent [re-sfrin' -gent ) ^resfringere, to restrain]. An astringent or styptic. Resublimation [re-sub-lim-a' -shiai) [/r, again; siibli- mare, to raise on high]. The process of subliming a drug for the second time. Resudation [re-sti-da'-shun) [;r, again ; sudor, sweat ; resudai-e, sweat again]. A renewed sweating ; the return of sweating as a symptom. Resupinate [re-su' -piii-at) [;r, again; supiuare, to bend backward]. Turned in a direction directly opposite to the usual one ; as in an ovary with its apex directed downward ; inverted ; reversed. Resupination (re-su-pin-a' -shun) \_re, back ; supinare, to bend backward]. In biology, a term applied to the torsion which the long inferior ovary of most orchids undergoes at the time of the opening of the flower, which causes the posterior side of the flower to assume an anterior position. Resupine [re-su' -pin) [;v, back ; supinus, lying on the back]. Lying with the face upward. Resurrectionist [j-ez-ur-ek' -shun-ist) [resmgere, to rise again]. Colloquially, one who steals dead bodies from the grave as subjects for dissection. Resuscitant [re-sus' -it-ant)\j-esuscitans,p. p. resuscitare , to revive again]. The person by whom or the thing by which one is resuscitated. Resuscitate \j-es2iscilare, \.o \t.\\v€\. To revive ; to recover from apparent death. Resuscitation [re-sus-it-a'-shun) \_resuscitatio ; resusci- tare, to raise up again]. The bringing to life, or resto- ration of one apparently dead from asphyxiation or suffocation. Resuscitative [re-sus'-it-a-tiv) \_resuscitare, to revive]. Tending to resuscitate ; reviving. Resuscitator [re-sus' -it- a-tor). See Resuscitant. Retainment [i-e-tdn'-ment). See Retention. Retanilla {ra-tan-il'-ah) [Fr., retanille\ A genus of the rhamnese. R. ephedra, R. obcordata, two Chilian and Peruvian astringents and tonic styptics. Unof. Retardation {re-tar-da' -shmi) \j-etardatio ; retardare, to delay]. Any hindering or delaying of a func- tion. In obstetrics, delay in expelling the fetus. In biology, the change of structure during growth accom- plished by the subtraction of parts. The opposite of acceleration, q. v. Retarding [re-tar' -ding) \retardare, to delay]. Hin- dering ; delaying. R. Ague, a variety of ague in which the paroxysm is postponed to a later hour each day. Retch [AS., hrcecan, to cough, Ital., recere, to vomit]. To strain at vomiting. To suffer the spasmodic mus- cular contractions by which the stomach is emptied in vomiting, without discharging any matter. Rete [re'-te) [L., a net : //., Retia']. Any network or decussation and interlacing, especially of capillary blood-vessels. R., Acromial, a plexus of arteries on the surface of the acromial process, formed by anas- tomoses between the acromial branch of the acromio- thoracic, the suprascapular, and the anterior and pos- terior circumflex. R. articulare cubiti, an arterial anastomosis over the elbow. R., Bipolar, applied to blood-vessels that unite into larger stems and again divide and end in capillaries. R. calcaneum, an arterial anastomosis over the os calcis. R., Carpal, Anterior, and Posterior, two plexuses of arteries formed by the carpal branches of the radius and ulna, one in front and the other at the back of the wrist. R. carpi dorsale, the posterior carpal arch. R. carpi volare, an arterial meshwork made up of branches from the radial and ulnar arteries and deep palmar arch upon the anterior surface of the carpus. R. choroideum, vascular prolongations of the pia. R., Epidermal. Same as R. mucosum. R. hal- leri, the upper part of the Wolffian body by which the communication between the seminiferous tubules and the Wolffian duct is established and maintained. R. malleolare internum and externum, the net- work surrounding the inner and the outer ankle. R. malpighii, the layers of epithelial cells above the corium. R. mirabile (//. , Retia mirabilia), is seen when an artery splits into branches and reunites in a trunk, without forming capillaries. R. mirabile duplex. See R. viirabile geiuiniint or conjugatum. RETECIOUS 1258 RETINA R. mirabile (of Galoi), a network of vessels formed by the intracranial portion of the internal carotid arteiy in some animals. R. mirabile geminum or conjugatum, a plexus in which arteries and veins are combined. R. mirabile simplex, a network involving only veins or arteries. R. mucosum, the three lower layers of living cells of the epidermis. R. olecrani, the network of vessels around the olec- ranon and at the back of the elbow, formed by the divisions of the profunda and other arteries. R. patel- lare, the plexus of vessels surrounding the patella. R. tarseum dorsale, an arterial network upon the dorsal surface of the tarsus. R. testis, the network of seminal tubules in the corpus highmori of the tes- ticle. R., Unipolar, the capillary divisions of blood- vessels which do not reunite. R., Vascular (^of B . Ridge), a membranous sac, very vascular, which with the meconic membrane forms an envelop for the meconium of the fetus. R. vasculosum, a net- work of blood-vessels. R. vasculosum testis. See R. lialleri. R. venosum dorsale manus, a venous network on the back of the hand. R. venos- um dorsale pedis, a venous network on the dorsum of the foot. Retecious (re-te' -se-us). Same as Retiform. Retene (re' -ten), C,gHjg. A hydrocarbon occurring in the highest fractions of coal-tar and also a derivative of phenanthrene. It occurs in the tar of highly resinous pines and in some mineral resins. It is very soluble in alcohol and benzene, and crystallizes in leaflets with a mother-of-pearl luster ; it melts at 98° C, and boils at about 390° C. Retention [re-ten' -slmn) \_retentio : re, back ; tenere, to hold]. The holding back or stoppage of any of the natural discharges of the body, as the feces, lochia, urine, menstrual flow, etc. R.-cyst, a cyst formed by a secretion, the natural outlet being closed. R., Hystero-cystic, retention of urine caused by pressure from a gravid uterus. R. of Milk. Same as Galactoschesis, q. v. R. of Menses : i. Reten- tion of menstrual blood due to mechanical interference with its outward flow. 2. Postponement of menstrua- tion after the proper age for its establishment. R. of Placenta, failure of expulsion of a placenta as a result of improper or deficient uterine contractions. R. of Urine, inability to empty the bladder voluntarily. Retentive ( re-ten' -tiv) \_retinere, to retain]. That which holds anything in place. Retia [re'-te-ah) [L. , plural of Rete\ See Rete. Retial (re'-te-at) \_rete, a net]. Relating to, or of the nature of, a rete. Retiary (re'-te-a-re) [rete, a net]. Net-like. Reticular {ret-ik' -ti-lar) [reticidnin, a little net]. Formed by reticulation ; areolar ; abounding in inter- stices. R. Cartilage. Same as yellow elastic car- tilage, t]. V. R. Formation, a formation occupying the anterior and lateral area of the oblongata dorsad of the pyramids and lower olives and extending up into the pons. R. Lamina of KoUiker. .See Membrane, Reticular. R. Layer of the Skin, the deep layer of the derma, consisting of strong interlacing bands of white and yellow fibrous tissue. Reticulate [ret-ik-ii-la'-re) [rc//«/A^w, like a net]. The rete mucosum. See Rete. Reticulate [re-tik' -ii-lat] [reticulum . a little net]. In biology, in the form of network ; said of the veins of leaves and the surface-markings of different organs. Reticulated [ret-ik' -u-la-teJ). Having net like meshes. Reticulation (ret - ik - u - la' - ^hun) [reticulatus, like a net]. The character of being reticulated Reticulose (ret-ik'-u-lo-) [reticulum , a. net]. Minutely or finely reticulate. Reticulum (re-tik' -u-lum) a little net : Rcticula\. I. A network. 2. In biology, applied to various reticulated structures, e.g., [a) the second divi- sion (hood or honey-comb bag) of the complicated stomach of a ruminant ; (b) the intracellular or intra- nuclear network ; (c) the neuroglia ; (d ) the fibrous substance growing at the base of the petioles of certain palms, also called mattulla. R. cutaneum, R. mu- cosum. See Rete mucosum. R.-Germ (of I'on Elmer), a network of fibers occasionally seen between layers of seminal cells. Retiferous [re-tif -er-us) [rete, a. net; ferre, to bear]. That which has a rete. Retiform (re' -tif-orm) [retiforinis\. Net-shaped ; re- ticulated. R. Tissue. See Animal Tissue. Retina (ret' -in-ali) [rete, a net]. The chief and essen- tial peripheral organ of vision, the third or internal coat or membrane of the eye, made up of the end- organs or expansion of the optic nerve within the globe. It is composed of ten layers from without in- ward, as follows: I. Pigment-cells. 2. Rods and I, I. Layer of rods and cones. 2 Rods. 3. Cones. 4. Upper portion of rods. 5. Lower por- tion. 6. Point of union of these two parts. 7, 7. Two cells of the granular layer. 8, 8. Two other cells of the same layer. 9, 9. Still two other cells of the same layer. 10. Cell of the layer of f^ray matter with which these com- municate. 11,12. Other cells of the granular layer- 13. Tripolar cell with which these are continuous. 14. A rod contin- uous with the elements of the other layers. 15- Process bv' which it commu- nicateswithacell of t h e external granular layer. 16. Process by which this cell c o m m u n icates with a cell of the internal granu- lar layer. I7- Process by which this cell CO m m u n icates with the layer of gray matter. 18. Process from the last entering into the fibrous layer, to A radiating fiber of Muller. 20. Conoid swelling by which this fiber is attached to the internal limiting layer. 21. A cone continuous with the other elements of the retina. 22. Cell of external granular layer. 23. Intermediary process between two cells of the granular layer. 24. Process con- necting a cell of the granular layer with a cell of the layer of gray matter. 25. Process of cell of layer of gray matter. 2(S. A radiating fiber. cones. 3. External limiting, a. t^xternal granular. 5. Outer molecular. 6. Internal granular. 7. Inter- nal molecular. 8. f ianglionic. 9. Nerve-fiber. 10. Internal limiting. R., Central Artery of, a branch of the ophthalmic artery that pierces the optic nerve in the orbit, branching within the globe, and supply- ing the retina. R. , Coarctate, a term used to describe \\. \ ..........J 12.: ' Elements of the Retina. RETINACULUM 1259 RETINITIS the morbid condition caused by an effusion of liquid between the retina and the choroid. R., De- tachment of, disconnection from the choroid. R., Epilepsy of, a symptom of migraine or of epilepsy, characterized by transient loss of sight. R., Fovea centralis of. See Foi'ea. R., Leopard or Tiger, 1, I. La yer of rods and cones. 2. Rods. 3- Cones. 4, 4. Membrana limi- tans externa. 5, 5. Outer and in- ner granular layers. 6. Outer granular layer. 7. Inter-granular layer. 8. Inner granular layer. 9. Layer of gray matter. 10. Gran- ular portion of this layer. 11. Cellular portion. 12, 12. Fibrous layer. 13. Mem- brana limitans interna. 14, 14. Radiating fibers inserted into this membrane. Vertical Section of the Retina. the appearance of the retina in chronic retinitis pi^- mentosa. R., Limbus luteus of. See Macula lutea. R., Membrana limitans of. See Mem- brana limitatis, R., Pulsation of. See Pulsation. R., Shot-silk Appearance of. See Reflex, Watered- silk. R., Sustentacular Fibers of. See Fibers of_ Miillcr. Retinaculum {ret - in - ak' - 11 - luni) [retinere, to hold back: //. , Rttinacula'\. I. A term applied to such bands or membranes as hold back an organ or part, as the Retinaculum of the ileo-cecal valve. 2. An instru- ment at one time used in operations for hernia. 3. In biology : (, backward]. Situated toward the back ; posterior, caudal. Retrenchment [re-trenck'-menf) [Fr. , retrenchement^ A plastic operation the object of which is to obtain cica- tricial contraction by the removal of superfluous tissue. Retriment [r-ef - ri-inent) \j-etrimentum, refuse]. Dregs ; refuse, or marc. Retro- [re'-tro-) [retro, ha.ck']. A prefix meaning ivard or behind ; usually relating to place or position. Retroaction {i-e-tro-ak' -s/mn) \_retro, backward; agere, to do]. Reverse action. Retroanterograde (^re-tro-ant' -er-o-grdd) \_re/ro, back- ward; a nterhis, before ; gredi, to go^. Reversing the order of succession. R. Amnesia, a perversion of the memory in which recent events are referred to a far-oft" and past time, while the occurrences of the remote past seem recent. Retrobuccal (i-e-tro-hnk' -al ) [/r/ro, back ; bucca, 'Ci\e mouth]. Pertaining to the back part of the mouth, or of the cheek. Retrobulbar {re-tro-biil' -bar') \_retro, back ; biitbiis, bulb]. Situated or occurring behind the eyeball. R. Neuritis, inflammation in the orbital part of the optic nerve. R. Perineuritis, inflammation of the sheath of the orbital part of the optic nerve. Retrocedent yre-tro-se' -dent) \_retro, back; cedere,\.o go]. Pertaining to a retrograde condition or action of disease ; going back ; disappearing from the surface, as an eruption. R. Gout. .See Gout. Retroceps [re' -tro-seps) [Fr. ]. A variety of obstetric forceps used to grasp the fetal head from behind. Retrocervical (re-tro-ser'-vik-t) \_retro, behind; cervix, the neck]. Situated behind the cervix uteri. Retrocession [j-e - tro - sesh' - tin) \_retrocessio'\. Disap- pearance from the surface, as of an exanthem. R. of Labor, of Charrier, a rare condition in which, after labor has begun, but before the membranes are rup- tured, the uterine contractions cease, and the cervix, formerly a small ring, becomes a canal again. Retroclavicularis {r-e-tro-kla-vik-ti-la' -ris) \_retro, be- hind ; clavicula, the clavicle]. See Sterno-clavicu- laris posticus. Retroclusion {t-e-tro-klu' -zhtui) [retro, back ; clatidere, to shut]. A form of acupressure, in which the pin is passed first above the artery, twisted a half circle and then driven below the artery into the tissues upon the side first entered. Retrocollic [re-iro-kol'-ik] [retro, back; collis, the nape of the neck]. Pertaining to the muscles at the back of the neck. R. Spasm, that form of wry-neck in= volving the retrocollic muscles. Spasmodic torticollis. Retrocopulant [i-e-tro-kop' -ii-lant^ [retro, back; copii- lans, copulating]. Copulating backward or from behind. Retrocopulation [re-tro-kop-u-la' -shini) [retro, back- ward; copidare, to copulate]. The act of copulating from behind or aversely. Retrodeviation (re - tro - de - -ve - a'- s/uin) [retro, back ; deviatio, a wandering]. Any backward displacement ; a retroflexion or retroversion. Retrodisplacement {re-tro-dis-plas'-inent)[retro, back ; OF., desplacer, to put out of place]. Displacement backward of a part or organ. Retro-esophageal {re- tro - e- so - faj'- e -al) [retro, be- hind ; ol(70(pai'n(:, esophagus]. Located behind the esophagus. Retroflected [re-tro-Jlek'-ted^. Same as Retroflexed. Retroflection [i-e-tro-Jlek' ■shitn'). See Retroflexion . Retroflex [i-e'-tro-Jieks) [retro, h&cV ; flectere, to turn]. Turning back abruptly. Retroflexed (re-tro-fieksf) [retro,ha.cV • ^ectere, bend]. Bent backward. Retroflexion [re-tro-Jiek' -shuti) [retro, back ; flectere, to bend]. Any abrupt displacement, bending or changing of normal direction. R. of Uterus. See Uterus. Retrofract (re'-tro-frakt). Same as Refracted. Retrogenerative {i-e-tro-jen' -er-a-tiv). Same as Retro- copulant. Retrognathous [rc-trog' -na-thus) [retro, backward; ) niWof , jaw]. Retracted jaw. Retrograde [re' -tro-grdd, or ret' -ro-grda) [retro, back- ward ; gradus, a step]. Receding, or going backward. R. Carcinoma, a carcinoma which grows firmer and less in size and remains so. R. Metamorphosis, katabolic change. Retrograde [re'-tro-grad, or ret' -ro-grad ) [retrogradi, go backward]. In biology, (l) showing degeneration from a more complex structure or higher function to a lower one. 2. Descriptive of animals that walk or swim backward. Retrography {re' -tro-graf-e) [retro, back ; ypa^tiv, to write]. Writing backward; a symptom of certain nervous diseases. Retrogressive (r<'-2'rom' -it ) [re, again ; voinere, to vomit]. To reject from the stomach. Revulsant {re-vul' -sant) [rei'ellere , to push away]. I. Revulsive. 2. A medicine or agent that, by irritation, draws the blood from a distant part of the body. Revulsion {re-vul' -shun) [revulsio\ The reduction of morbid action in any part by means of counter- irritation. Revulsive {re-vul' -siv^ [revellere, to turn away]. Cap- able of causing revulsion ; applied to therapeutic agencies designed to withdraw the blood from or counteract the tendencies toward a morbid focus or process. Revulsor (;r-"7//'-jor) [revellere, to turn away]. I. An apparatus for effecting revulsion by means of the alter- nate application of heat and cold. 2. A plate or cyl- inder set with needles, and used in producing counter- irritation. Reybard's Suture. An interrupted loop-suture for wounds of the intestine. See Suture. Rhabarbarin (ra-bar' -bar-in) [rhabarbarum, barbarian rhubarb]. Same as Chrvsophanic Acid, q. v. Rhabarbarum {ra-bar' -bar-um) [rhabarbarum, barba- rian rhubarb]. Rhubarb. Rhabdia {rab'-de-ah) [/m/?(Soc, a rod]. In biology, the great rods lying beneath the crystalline cones of the insect's eye. Rhabdite \rab'-dU) [faftiW, a rod]. In biology, {a) one of the .spindle-shaped glandular secretions occur- ring in the skin of certain invertebrates. They are specially characteristic of the Turbellaria ; {b) one of RHABDITIC 1263 RH.^BOSCELIA the paired appendages of the abdominal sternites form- ing the ovipositor of certain insects. Rhabditic (j-ab-dW -ik) [pd/3cio(,-, a rod]. Pertaining to a rhabdite. Rhabditis [rab-di' -tis) [/)d/3(5of, a rod]. A genus of nematode worms. Abundant especially in decaying organic matter, garden earth, etc. Several species are parasitic in snails, a few in man. See R. )iieUyi, R. pellio and R. terricola, under Parasiles [Aiiiinal), Table of. Rhabdium [^rab' -de-itni) [dim. of pdpfing, rod : //. , Rhabdid\. A fiber of striped or voluntary muscle. Rhabdocelous [rab-dose'-liis) [/jd/Sfio^-, a rod ; kihIoi;, hollow]. Having a straight digestive cavity. Rhabdoid [>-ab' -doid) \_f>al3(h(;, a rod ; f/(5of, form]. In biology, an acicular or spindle-shaped body chemically related to the plastids, which is found lying diagonally across the stalk-cells of the tentacles of Drosera and in the mesophyl-cells of Dionea, and tends to grow spherical when the part is irritated. Its importance is not fully known. Rhabdoidal {rab-doi' -dal) [/ja/3(Soe/t5//(;, like a rod]. Rod- like. Rhabdomal [rab'-do-iiial) \_paj3i^ufm, a bundle of rods]. Having the character of a rhabdom. Rhabdome {rab' -doni) ympdufjn, a bundle of rods]. In biology, a tubular rod forming the central axis of the retinula of the arthropod eye. Rhabdomere {>-ab' - do - mer) [/>ra/?(Sof, a rod; fJ.tpoc, a part] . In biology, a rod found in the distal portion of each of the retinular cells of the arthropod eye. Rhabdomyoma {rab-do-mi-o' -mah) [/)d/3(5of, a rod ; jive,, a muscle; him, a tumor : //. , Rhabdoinyomata\ A rare form of myoma characterized by the presence of striated muscular fiber. Rhabdonema (rab-do-ne'-i?iah) [pd/'3(5of , a rod ; vrj/ia, a thread]. A genus of parasitic Anguillulidce. See under Parasites (Animal), Table of. Rhabdonemiasis [rab-do-ne-mi' -as-is) \_Rhabdonema, a genus of parasitic nematode worms ; ftdfichg, a rod ; vy/ia, a thread]. The disease arising from the pres- • ence of parasites of the genus Rhabdonema. See Parasites {^Animal), Table of. Rhabdosphere (rab' -do-sfer) [pd/Wof, a rod ; acpaipa, a sphere]. A minute spheric body bristling with rhab- dolithic rods. Rhabdous [rab'-dus) [pd/Jdof, a rod]. Having the character of a rhabdus. Rhabdus [t-ab'-diis) [pd/3rfof, a rod]. In biology, (a) a simple, straight spicule ; the stipe of certain fungi . Rhachi. See also Rachi. Rhachiagra [rak - e - a'- grah) \_paxic, a spine; aypa, pain]. Rheumatism in the muscles of the spine. Rhachial (ra'-z^c-fl/) [/)d;t;(f, spine]. Pertaining to the spine. Rhachialgia (ra-ke-al'-je-ah) [pd^'C. spine ; d/yof , a pain]. Any pain in the spine. Spinal irritation. R. mesenterica. Same as Tabes mesenterica, q. v. R. pictonum. See Metallic Colic. Rhachialgitis [rak-e-al-ji' -tis) [/)d;^'/f , spine ; dAyoc, pain; (r;f, inflammation]. Inflammatory rhachialgia. Rhachiasmus (ra-ke-az'-mns) [pd,v'f, spine]. Spasm of the muscles at the back of the neck, as seen in the early part of many epileptic attacks. Rhachidial (ra-kid'-e-al) \_'pdxiQ, spine]. Pertaining to a rhachis, or spine. Rhachidian [ra-kid' -e-ait). Same as Rhachidial. Rhachilysis (ra-kil' -is-is) \_paxi^, spine ; Vvmv, to loose]. A method of treating lateral curvature of the spine by mechanical counteraction of the abnormal curves. Rhachio- or Rachio- {i-a' -ke-o-) [pd_^-/f, spine]. A prefix denoting connection with or relation to the spine. Rhachiocampsis [ra - ke - o - kamp'- sis) [pd,\-(f , spine ; Kapi^'/r, a bending]. Curvature of the spine. Rhachiochysis (ra-ke-o-ki' -sis) \_ 'pdxf;, spine ; x^<^'(> a pouring]. An accumulation of water or watery substance within the spinal canal. Rhachiodynia (ra-ke-o-din' -e-ah) [pd^\;(f, spine ; ddvvr/, pain]. Pain in the spinal cord. Rhachiokyphosis [ra - ke - o - ki - fo'- sis) [pd,|-;t , spine ; Ki'a)ar, a rent: //. , RAagades'\. Singular of Rliagades (seldom used in the singular). Rhagite [rag'-li) [payaf, a crack]. A hydrous arseniate of bismuth occurring in yellow or yellowish-green crystals. Rhagon {i-ag'-oii) \_pn^, a grape]. In biology, a type of sponge-structure characterized by the grape-like ar- rangement of the spheric chambers. Also called Dyssyciis. Cf. Ascoii, Leucon, Sycon. Rhagonate (rag'-o-iidt) \_pa.^, a grape]. Having the character of a rhagon ; rhagose. Rhagose {rag'-dz) \_'pd^, a grape]. Racemose ; ar- ranged like a bunch of grapes. Rhamma [ram' -a/i) [pd^/za]. Suture, q. v. Rhamnegin (raiii'-ne-jhi) [/jd/ii'of], Cj.^HjgOj. A glu- cosid derived from buckthorn -berries. Rhamnetin [rain-ne' -tin). See Rhainnin. Rhamnin [ram' -niji) \_pdftvo^, the buckthorn]. A yel- low, neutral, crystalline substance found in buckthorn. It contains rhamnetin, a valuable yellow coloring- matter. Rhamnite [ram' -nit) [pdfivo^, the buckthorn], CgHj^Oj. Pentaoxyhexane. ■ Its aldehyd is rhamnose. Rhamnocathartin (ram'-no-hath-art'-in)[pdfivoc, buck- thorn ; Katlai^T/Kog, purging]. A yellow, amorphous, translucent substance ; a bitter principle contained in the berries of Rhamnm cathartica. Rhamnose [ram'-noz] [pd/Livnc, the buckthorn] , CgH,.^- O5. hodidcite or methyl arabinose : one of the glucoses. It results upon decomposing different glucosids (quer- citrin, xanthorhamnin, lesperidin) with dilute H^SO^. It forms large, vitreous crystals containing one molecule of water, and melting at 93° C. It reduces alkaline copper solutions, but is not fermented by yeast. See Carbolivdrates , Table of. Rhamnotannic Acid, Rhamnotannin iram-no-tan' - ik, ram-no-tan' -in) [pd//voc, buckthorn ; tannin, tan- nin]. An astringent, amorphous, neutral greenish- yellow mass, probably an impure coloring-matter derived from some variety of Rhamnus. Rhamnoxanthin [ram-no-zan'-thin) [pd/ivoc, buck- thorn ; ^ai'Ooc, yellow]. See Frangiilin. Rhamnus [ram'-nns) [pd/ivor, buckthorn]. One of a genus of polypetalous shrubs and trees. R. alaternus, a plant indigenous to northern Africa and the south of Europe, of which the leaves are astringent and the fruits bitter and purgative. R. alpinus, Alpine buck- thorn. The fruits and bark are purgative. R. baccas, the berries of R. ealharticns. R. californica, Cali- fornia buckthorn, the bark of which has strong purga- tive properties. R. carolinianus, a shrub or small tree with purple berries, found in the southern United States. R. cathartica, or catharticus, eommoii buck- thorn ; purging thorn : harts - thorn ; rain - berry ; thornway ; thorn ; a shrub indigenous to Eurojie, Asia, and northern Africa; it is cultivated in the United States. The berries are actively purgative. They are usually given in a syrujiy vehicle to counteract their irri- tant effect. R. catharticae fructus, the berries of R. cathartica. R. crocea, CaHfornia mountain holly ; an extract of the bark is used in medicine as a mild laxative and tonic. R. ellipticus, a species used in medicine as an antisyphilitic. R. frangula, dogwood ; alder (United States and Br. Ph.). 'fhe bark only is official and occurs in thin quills, grayish-brown ex- ternally, and rough ; internally, smooth and yellowish in color. It is a laxative, but too irritant to prove of much value in medicine. The berries have been used as a cathartic. R. frangulae, Extractum, an aqueous or alcoholic extract of the bark of R. frangula. R. lineatus, a species indigenous to China. The root is used in medicine and has diuretic properties. R. lycioides, a Spanish variety. A de- coction of the berries is used as an external applica- tion in rheumatic joint-enlargements. R. pumilus, dwarf buckthorn ; a variety having mild purgative properties, the fruit and bark being used. R. purshi- ana, or purshianus, California buckthorn ; a small tree which grows in California. The bitter bark consti- tutes cascara sagrada — official in the Br. Ph. as Rhamni purshiani corte.x. It contains three resins ; tannic, malic, and oxalic acids ; a neutral, crystallizable prin- ciple, and an essential oil. It is used as a laxative, and is especially valuable in that it exerts a pro- tracted influence upon the gastro intestinal tract. R. sanguinea, or sanguineus, used in the treatment of itch ; a Spanish variety. R. saxatilis, rock buck- thorn ; the berries and a portion of the bark are said to be purgative. Rhamni, Succus, the expressed juice of the fruit of R. catliarticiis. R. virgatus, a variety found in Hindostan. The fruit is used as a purgative. R. wightii, an Asiatic variety. The bark is akin in its action to cascara sagrada. See Buckthorn , Cas- cara sagrada. Rhamphoid [ram'-foid) [/)Q«^of,a curved beak; h6o;, like]. Beak-shaped. Rhamphos [ra?ii'-fos) [pn/i(j)oc, a beak]. A rostrum. Rhamphotheca [ram-fo-thc'-hah) \_pafi/oi', rhubarb], CjjHjgO^. An amor- phous red powder. Synonym of Chrysophanic Acid. Rhein [re' -in) [/i'/or, rhubarb]. I. The precipitate from a tincture of Rheum palinatum ; it is cathartic, tonic, cholagogue, and antiseptic. Dose I to 4 grains. Unof. 2. Same as Chrysarobin . Rheinic Acid (j-e-in' -ik). SeeAcii/, Chrysophanic. Rhembasmus [rem-baz' -mus) [_pefii3eii', to wander]. Mental distraction, or wandering. Rhenchos [i-en'-kos] [_ptyKeiv, to snore]. Synonym of Snoring. Rheocord (j-e' -o-kord^ [pf"', flow ; x^P^^'l-^ ^ cord]. An instrument serving to graduate the strength of the gal- vanic current. See Rheostat. Rheometer (i-e-oin'-et-e>-) [/)fOf, current; fj-(Tpov, a measure] . A device for ascertaining the electromotive force or voltage of a given current. A galvanometer. Also, an instrument for measuring the amount of fluid (e. g. , blood) passing through a canal or vessel. See Stroniiilir. Rheometric {re-o-met' -rik) [p^oc, current ; fxeTpov, measure]. Pertaining to the rheometer. Rheometry [i-e-oni' -et-i-c) [pf of . current ; fihpov, meas- ure]. The measurement of electric currents ; gal- vanometry. 'ShtOTnoioi[re-o-mo'-tor)[_j3£'n', to flow ; motor, a mover]. An apparatus used to generate an electric current. Rheonone [re' -o-non) \_pkoq, a current]. An instru- ment constructed by von Fleischl to measure the exact effect of nerve-irritation. Rheophore (re'-o-for) \_peoc, current; (bepeiv, to carry]. Any conducting substance leading from the poles of a galvanic battery, coil, or dynamo. Practically the terminals or electrodes which the patient receiving the current grasps in his hands, or which are applied to his body. Rheoscope [re' -o-skop') [pt'of, current ; CKOVtiv, to ex- amine]. An instrument for demonstrating the exist- ence of an electric current. R., Physiologic, or Rheoscopic Limb, a moist conductor placed upon a sensitive nerve-muscle preparation. Rheoscopic [re-o-skop' -ik) [/j^of, current ; OKOTreiv, to view]. Pertaining to the rheoscope. Rheostat [re'-o-stat) [pfof, current; iardi'a/, to stand]. An instrument for the measurement or comparison of the resistance of an electric current. When a battery- current of absolute imiformity of electromotive force is required, a rheostat is usually introduced within the circuit in order to effect such uniformity. R., Water, a rheostat the resistance of which is obtained by means of a mass of water of fixed dimensions. Rheostatic [re-o-stat' -ik) [/)fof , current ; lOTavat, to stand]. Pertaining to the rheostat. Rheostatics [re-o-stat' -iks) [pfof, current ; IcTavai, to stand]. The statics of fluids. Rheotannic Acid //^) [p^/ov, rhubarb ; tannin, tannin], C.j^jH.^^Oj^. A reddish or yellowish-brown powder obtained from rhubarb. Rheotome [re'-o-tom) [/i/Jof, current ; Ttfiveiv, to cut]. An instrument for breaking and making the Faradic current. Rheotrope [re'-o-trop) [pEiv, to flow : TpeKeiv, to turn]. A device for periodically reversing the direction of an electric current. Rheotropism [re-of -ro-pizni) [pf"', to flow ; rpineiv, to turn]. In biology, Jonsson's term applied to the effect produced by a current of water upon the direction of plant-growth. The phenomenon is called positive rheotropism when the plant grows with the current ; negative rheotropism when the plant grows against it. Rhestocythemia, or Rhaestocythaemia [res-to-si-thc' - tne-ah ) [/jfi/orof , destroyed ; kvtoq, cell ; aifia, blood]. 80 A condition related to the presence of the products of degeneration of red blood-corpuscles contained in cells within the liver and spleen and perhaps other organs. Rhetoranche [rct-or' -ang-ke) \_pi/Tupa, a public speaker ; ayKeii', to press tight]. Synonym of Phaiyngitis, P'o/liiitlar. Rheum [re'-ttm) \_pijov, rhubarb]. Rhubarb. The root of R. officinalis, the Chinese variety being commonly used. It contains several active extractives, and is a popular tonic astringent, and in large doses purgative. R., Ext. Dose gr. x-xv. R., Ext., Fid. Dose gss-ij. R., Infus. (B. P.) Dose gj-ij. R., Pil., each containing rhubarb gr. iij, soap gr. j. Dose j-iij. R., Pil., Comp., each contains rhubarb gr. ij, aloes gr. jss, myrrh gr. j, oil of peppermint gr. jL. Dose ij-iv. R., Pulv., Comp., rhubarb 25, magnesia 65, ginger 10. Dose I teaspoonful. R. et Sodae., Mist., fld. ext. rhubarb, sodium dicarb., spt. peppermint aa 30, water ad looo parts. Dose gij-^ij- R-, Syr., rhubarb go, cinnamon 18, potassium carb. 6, sugar 600, water ad 1000 parts. Dose 3j-5ss. R., Syr., Aromat., arom. tinct. 10, syr. simp. go. Dose v^]- ^ ss. R., Tinct., rhubarb 12, cardamom 2, dil. alcohol ad 100 parts. Dose^j-^ss. R., Tinct., Aromat., rhubarb 20, cinnamon 4, cloves 4, nutmeg 2, dil. alco- hol ad 100 parts. Dose 3 j-iij. R., Tinct., Dulcis, rhubarb 8, liquorice 4, anise 4, cardamom I, dil. alco- hol ad ICQ parts. Dose ^ ss-ij. R., Vinum, rhu- barb 10, calamus I, stronger white wine ad 100 parts. Dose zj-_5ss. Rheum [rum) [pev/ja, flow]. Any catarrhal discharge, or watery flux ; the fluid of such a discharge. [Old.] R.-salt, a vulgar term for chronic eczema. Rheuma [ru'-mah). Same as Rheum. R. epidemi- cum. Synonym of Inllitenza. R. ventris. Syn- onym of Dysentery. Rheumarthritis [riim-arth-ri' -tis) [^pevfia, a flowing ; apOpov, a joint ; irrc, inflammation]. A synonym of Acute Articular Rheumatism. Rheumarthrosis [ru-mar-thro'-sis) \_'pevfia, flow; a.p6- poy, a joint]. Rheumatism of the joints. Rheumatalgia (/■«-W(?'/-(7/'-;e'-rt// ) [/)£i)//a, flux ; o^-yof, pain]. Rheumatic pain. Rheumatic [ru-iiuit'-ik)\_pevixaTiK6^'\. Relating to, of the nature of, or aft'ected with, rheumatism. R. An- esthesia, anesthesia associated with rheumatism. R. Apoplexy, the stupor or coma sometimes present in the course of acute rheumatism. R. Diathesis, the condition of body tending to the development of rheu- matism. R. Fever. Synonym of Rheumatism. R. Gout. Synonym of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatism [rum' -at-izm) [pEVfiaTiafJt6c:'\. Rheumatic Fever; a disease characterized by severe, fitful, and shifting lancinating pains in the joints, and in the muscles, with fever, and inflammatory swelling of the affected parts. It may be acute or chronic. Acute rheumatism is a self-limited affection lasting, untreated, for about six weeks. It is characterized by elevation of temperature, acid perspiration, and pain, redness and swelling of various large joints, often with effu- sion. Inflammation of the serous membranes, particu- larly of the endocardium, is a common association. There is a great tendency to relapses. The blood contains an excess of fibrin, and is said to contain an excess of lactic acid. To this latter cause, also to cold and to microorganisms, has been ascribed the ori- gin of the affection. Subcutaneous nodules form frequently in connection with the fibrous structures, such as tendons, fasciae, etc. The disease is most frequent in young persons under twenty-five years of age and in those who show a strong hereditary RHEUMATISMAL 1266 RHINENCEPHAL tendency. Chronic rheumatism appears rather in mid- dle and late life than in the young. Stiflness, pain and deformity are the most prominent symptoms. R., Apoplectic, rheumatism complicated with apoplexy due to cerebral congestion. R., Articular. See Rlieii- matistii. R., Blennorrhagic. See /\^, Gonorrlieal. R., Cerebral, rheumatism associated with welhmarked cerebral symptoms. R., Diaphragmatic, rheumatism of the diaphragm. R., Encephalic. Synonym of A'. , Cerebral. R., Epidemic Muscular, muscular rheu- matism occurring in an epidemic form. R., Gonor- rheal, Gonorrlieal Synovitis ; UretJiral Kheiiiiiatism : arthritis associated with urethritis. It is probably a metastatic infection and attacks the wrist, ankle, or knee by preference. It is most common in men, and is sometimes attended with endocardial involvement. R., Gouty. Synonym of Rheumatoid Arthritis. R. of the Gullet, a functional condition of the esophagus causing painful deglutition. R. of the Heart, an af- fection of the heart occurring in the course of rheu- matism. Also a synonym of Angina pectoris. R., Heberden's, rheumatism of small joints, with the formation of nodosities. R., Hemorrhagic, rheuma- tism with a tendency to hemorrhage. R., Infectious, articular manifestations of a general infection. R., Muscular, that form affecting single muscles or groups of muscles. R., Neuralgic, muscular rheumatism Vi'hich is truly a neuralgia of the sensory nerves of a muscle. R., Nodular. See Arthritis defor7na)is . R., Periosteal, a variety of periostitis common in syphilitics. R., Puerperal, a variety of rheumatism supposed to originate from some disorder of the uro- genital tract in pregnant, lying-in or menstruating women, as does gonorrheal rheumatism. R.-root. See Jeffersonia diphylla. R., Scarlatinal, a rheuma- toid atiection occurring occasionally in the course of scarlet fever and which may lead to suppurative arthritis. R., Scorbutic, an enlargement of the joints in a person suflering from scurvy. R., Spinal, a mild form of spinal meningitis. R. of the Spine. A synonym of Spondylitis deformans. R. of the Supe- rior Portion of the Spinal Cord. Synonym of Tetany. R., Synovial, a rheumatic affection of the synovial membranes usually leading to large serous effu- sions. R., Syphilitic. Synonym of A'., Periosteal. R., Urethral. Synonym of R., Gonorrheal. R. of the Uterus, a true rheumatism of the uterine muscle, but, according to some authorities, a neuralgia of the uterus. R., Venereal, 'n^wowjm oi R. , Gonorrheal. R., Vertebro-meningeal. Synonym of A'., Spinal. R., Visceral, rheumatism affecting the viscera. Rheumatismal {ru-mat-iz' -mal^. Same as Rheumatic. Rheumatismus [rn-juat-iz^-mus) [L.]. See Rhennia- lisiii. R. calidus. 'Synonymoi Acute Articular Rhen- matism. R. cervicis. .Synonym of Torticollis. R. colli. Synonym of Torticollis. R. cordis, rheuma- tism of the heart. R. coxae. Synonym of Coxal- gia. R. dorsi, rheumatism of the spinal muscles and ligaments. R. febricosus. Synonym of Rheu- matic Fever. R. febrilis exanthematicus. Syn- onym of Dengue. R. flatuosus. Synonym of E711- physema. R. lumborum muscularis. Synonym of Lumbago. R. muscularis. Synonym of Muscular Rheumatism . R. nodosus. Synonym of Rheiuua- toid Arthritis. R. odontalgicus. Synonym of Odon- talgia. R. pectoris. Synonym of Pleurodynia. Rheumatocolica {rum'-at-o-kol'-ik-ah) [/'yev/ia, a flux ; Ku'/.iiwr, pertaining to the colon]. Rheumatic colic. Rheumatodynia \riim-at-o-din' -e-ah^ [^pev/xa, a flux ; ixVi'V!), pain]. A dull rheumatic pain. Rheumatoid {rum' -at-oid) [pFv//a, a flux; fiAor, re- semblance]. Resembling rheumatism. R. Arthritis, a disease of the joints characterized by chronic inflam- matory and degenerative changes involving the struc- ture of the various articulations and resulting in rigid- ity and deformity. Rheumatoidal [ru-niat-oi' -dal). Same as Rheuma- toid. Rheumatokelis [rti-f/iat-o-ke'-lis) [pii'/m, a flux; Kr/Xtg, a spot]. A term applied by Fuchs to purpura occur- ring in conjunction with rheumatism. Rheumatophthisis {ru-iiiat-off' -this-is) [pevfia, a flux; (pHiaig, wasting]. Atrophy the result of rheuma- tism. Rheumato-pneumonia [ru - mat - 0 - nu - mo' -ne-ah ) pEVfia, a flux ; TTi'tv/uovia, pneumonia]. Pneumonia dependent upon rheumatism. Rheumatopyra (ru-mat-o-pi'-rah) [pEVfia, flux ; irvp, tire] . Rheumatic fever. Rheumic [ru'-mih) \_ptvfia, flux]. Allied to rheu- matism. A term applied to a diathesis which gives rise to cutaneous eruptions. R. Acid, CjoHigOj,, an acid formed by treating rheotannic acid with dilute acids. Rheumin {^re - uni' - in^. Synonym of Acid, Chryso- phanic. Rheumoparotiditis {ru-mopar-o-tid-i'-tis) ['pevfia, a flux ; TTapuTig, the parotid gland; m^, inflammation]. Rheumatic parotiditis. Rheumophthalmia {rii-moff-thal' -me-ah') [pMy;a, flux; bifida'/ pia, ophthalmia]. Rheumatic ophthalmia. Rheumotylus [rzi - mo '- til - us) \_pnpa, flux ; tvXo(, a knob]. A callus the result of rheumatism. Rheumy [ru'-me) \_pcvpa, flux]. Affected by or caus- ing rheum. Rheusis (ru'-sis) [pEJmf]. A flow. Especially applied to a discharge from the genitals of the female. Rhexis (reks'-is) [p?/f(f, rupture]. Rupture of any organ. Rhicnosis [rik-no'-sis) \^ptKv6g, shriveled]. A wrink- ling of the skin, the result of muscular atrophy. Rhigolene [rig'-o-len) [plyog, cold]. A product of petroleum obtained by repeated distillation. It is used as a spray to produce local anesthesia in minor surgical operations, as in the use of the actual cautery. It acts by chilling the part to which it is applied. Unof Rhigos (I'i^-gos) \_pixtlv, to shiver]. Synonym of Rigor. Rhinacanthus (ri-na-han'-thus) [pic, nose ; arnvBoq, a canthus]. The leaves and root of the Asiatic plant, R. communis, with properties due to rhinocattt/mt, a substance resembling hydroquinone. It is a local remedy for parasitic skin-diseases. Unof Rhinaesthesia [ri-nes-the'-ze-ah). See Rhincsthesia. Rhinaeus {ri-ne'-us') [p/f, the nose]. Synonym of Compressor naris. See Muscles, Table of. Rhinal [ri'-nal) nose]. Pertaining to the nose. Rhinalgia (ri - nal'-je - ah) [p/f (^£'«. /wi'df), nose; aAyof, pain]. Pain in the nose. Rhinanchone (ri-jian'-ho-ne) [p/f, the nose ; ay.roi^, strangulation]. Painful constriction of the nasal pas- sages. Rhinantralgia (ri-nan-tral' -je-ah) [pic, the nose; avrpov, a cavity; a^; of, pain]. Pain in the cavities of the nose. Rhinarium (ri-na'-re-uin) [p/f, nose: pi., Rhinana\ I. A small nose. 2. In biology, a portion of the front part of the cephalic exoskeleton of certain insects (Neuroptera, Coleoptera). Rhinelcos (ri-nel'-kos) [/«c, the nose; t'AKor, an ulcer]. A nasal ulcer. Rhinencephal {ri - nen'- sef - al). Same as AV/Z/W'- cephalon. RHINENCEPHALIA 1267 RHINOLITHIASIS Rhinencephalia (ri-uen-sef-a'-le-nk) [p(f , the nose ; tyKS^aloQ, the brain]. A monstrosity with an ex- treme elongation of the nose. Rhinencephalic [i-i-iien-sef-al' -ik) [p/f, nose ; tyKe(j>a- Aof, brain], I. Pertaining to or of the nature of a rhinencephalus. 2. Pertaining to the rhinencepha- lon. Rhinencephalon [>'i-nen-sef' -al-oyi) [p/f , nose ; iyKt^a- 7io^, brain]. The olfactory lobe or segment of the brain. Rhinencephalous (ri-nen-sef -al-us) [p/f , nose ; iy/ct- (pa'Aoi;, brain]. Same as Rhinencephalic. Rhinencephalus (ri-nen-sef -al-us). See Rhinocepha- his. Rhinenchysia [ri-ncn-ki' -ze-ah) [ p/f, the nose ; syxvai^, a pouring in]. Douching of the nasal passages. Rhinenchyta {ri-nen' -kit-ah) [p(f , the nose ; iyx^'OQ, poured in]. A nasal syringe. Rhinenchytous (ri-nen' -kit-ns) [p/f, nose ; ey^v*^™? > poured in]. Pertaining to nasal injections. Rhinenchytum {ri-nen' -kit-uin) [p'i', nose ; eyxelv, to pour in]. A liquid used in nasal douching. Rhinesthesia, Rhinesthesis {ri-nes-the' -ze-ah, ri-nes'- the-sis) [p'f, nose ; alaHiiai(;, sensation]. The sense of smell. Rhineurynter (ri-nu-rin'-le;-) [p/r, nose; evpbven>, to dilate]. An instrument consisting of a bag or sac, to be inflated after insertion into the nostril. Rhiniatry (ri-ni'-at-re) [p;f, the nose; iarpei, a medi- cal treatment]. Synonym of Rhinology. Rhinic (rin'-ik) [p(f, nose]. Pertaining to the nose. Rhinion (rin' -e-on) [piviof, a small nose]. In crani- ometry, the lower point of the suture between the nasal bones. See Craniometric Points. Rhinismus (ri-niz' -inus) [p/f , nose]. A nasal quality of voice. Rhinitis (ri-ni' -tis) [p/c> the nose ; nii,, inflammation]. Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane. R., Acute, acute nasal catarrh ; coryza ; the so-called "cold in the head." It is marked by chilliness, sneezing, profuse mucous discharge, and a feeling of stuffiness in the nose. R. caseosa, a rare affection of the nose characterized by occlusion of the nasal fossae, extreme fetor, and the discharge of a gelatin- ous mass from time to time from the nares and choanas. This mass is composed of an amorphous substance containing a great number of white corpuscles and fatty cells and crystals of stearin. R. catarrhalis. See Coryza. R., Chronic Atrophic, ozena; a chronic inflammation, with subsequent atrophy of the mucous membrane of the nose, accompanied by the formation of dry crusts and by a very offensive odor. This disease is most frequently seen in anemic young women. R., Chronic Catarrhal. Synonym of R., Chronic Hypertrophic. R., Chronic Hypertrophic, chronic nasal catarrh , a chronic inflammatory condi- tion of the mucous membrane of the nose, with profuse watery or muco-purulent discharge and an hypertro- phied condition of the nasal mucous membrane. It fol- lows repeated acute coryzas. R., Cirrhotic. Synonym of R., Atrophic. R., Fetid Atrophic. See R., Chronic Atrophic. R. Fibrinous, a rare form of rhinitis, with development of false membrane in the nose. R., Pruriginous. Synonym of Hay-fever. R., Pseudo-membranous, a rhinitis in which an opaque exudate covers the inflamed area. R., Scle- rotic. See Ozena. R. sicca. See Atrophic Catarrh. R., Simple, the stage of rhinitis preceding hypertro- phic or atrophic changes. R. sympathetica, a term descriptive of reflex neuroses of the nasal passages. R. ulcerosa. Synonym of Ozena. R., Vaso- motor. Synonym of Hay-fever. Rhino- (ri'-no-) [/wf, pn'df, nose]. A prefix denoting relation to or connection with the nose. Rhinoblennorrhea (ri-no-hlen-or-e' -ah) [p/f, the nose ; /3/frin, mucus; pom, a flowing]. Synonym oi Rhi- norrhca. Rhinobyon (ri-no' -be-on) [pi'f, nose ; pbeiv, to stop]. A nasal plug or tampon. Rhinocace (ri-nok' -as-e) [p/f, nose ; Kanoc, evil]. Fetid ulceration of the nose. Rhinocarcinoma (ri-no-kar-sin-o' -inali) [p/f, the nose; napnivu/ia, carcinoma]. Nasal carcinoma. Rhino-catarrhus [ri-no-kat-ar' -riis) [p/f, the nose ; KaTappo(;, catarrh]. Synonym of Coryza. Rhinocaul (ri' -no-ka-iol) [p/f, the nose; mvkoc,, a. stalk]. The crus, peduncle, or support of the olfac- tory bulb. Rhinocele, Rhinoccele (ri' - no - sel), or Rhinocoelia (ri-no-se'-le-a) [p/f, nose ; Koi/Ja, hollow]. The hol- low, or ventricle, of the rhinencephalon ; in man it is very small, or quite obliterated. Rhinocephalus (ri-no-sef -al-us) [p/f, nose ; iieo(:, science]. Pertaining to rhinology. Rhinologist {ri-noF -o-jiit) [p/f, nose ; 'Aoyoq, science]. A specialist in the treatment of nasal diseases. Rhinology [ri-nol' -o-je) [pif, nose; /io}or, science]. The science of the anatomy, functions, and diseases of the nose. Rhinometer (i-i-iioiii'-et-e!-) \_'pic, nose; fierpov, mea- sure]. An instrument for aiding in the diagnosis of obstructive diseases of the naso-pharynx. Rhinommectome {^ri-nom-juek' -tome) the nose ; o////a, the eye ; iKTojii], il cutting out]. Excision of the inner canthus of the eye. Rhinonecrosis i^ri-no-ne-kro' -sis) [p/f, nose; veKp(j^i^, death]. Necrotic disease of the nasal bones. Rhinopharyngitis [ri - no - far - in - ji'- (is) [p/f , nose ; ^ap!)} pharynx ; ;rif, inflammation]. Inflammation of the nose and pharynx, or of the naso-pharynx. Rhino-pharynx {ri-no-far' -ingks). See Naso-pharynx. Rhinophonia [ri-no-fo' -ne-ah)\j3'L^,noi,e. ; <^uvi], sound]. A nasal tone in speaking. Rhinophore [ri' -no-for) [p/f, piv, nose ; ipfpeiv, to bear]. In biology, one of the posterior pair of tenta- cles of certain molluscs, possibly olfactory in function. Any external olfactory organ. Rhinophyma (ri-no-fi' -7nak) [p/f , nose ; (fv^a, tumor : pL, Rhinophymata\ A hypertrophic form of rosacea confined to the nose, perinasal portions of the cheeks and forehead, and the lobes of the ears, and marked by a new growth of vessels and connective tissue and chronically enlarged glands, producing a bulbous and knotted organ. It is usually seen in advanced alco- holism. Rhinoplastic (ri-no-plas' -tik) [p''f> nose ; ir'ka.aatw , to mold]. Pertaining to or having the character of rhinoplasty. R. Operation, a surgical operation for creating an artificial nose or reconstructing a nose par- tially destroyed. Rhinoplasty (ri' -Jio-plas-te) [p/f , nose ; Tr'A-aaaeiv, to mold]. A plastic operation upon the nose, to replace lost tissue. R., English, Syme's operation, in which flaps are taken from the cheek. R., German, v. Graefe's modification of the Tagliacotian rhinoplasty. The entire operation is done at a single sitting. R. of V. Graefe, R., German, q. v. R., Hetero- plastic, rhinoplasty in which the tissues are re- moved from some person other than the one operated upon. R., Indian, an operation originating in India, in which the flap is taken from the forehead. R., Italian. Synonym of A'. , Tagliacotian. R., Langen- beck's, a modification of the Indian method, in which the periosteum is included in the frontal flap. See Operations, Table of. R., Osteoplastic, rhinoplasty with transplantation of a cartilaginous flap to re- place the septum nasi. R., Periosteal. See R., Langenbeck' s. R. of Post, a modified Tagliacotian rhinoplasty, in which the flap is taken from the finger of the patient. R. of Syme, English rhinoplasty, q. V. R., Tagliacotian, rliinoplasty as performed by Tagliacozzi. The flap is taken from the skin of the arm. R. of Wood, rhinoplasty in which an inverted flap from the upper lip is elongated by detaching the mucous from the cutaneous surface from the root of the flap to its free border. This defect is covered with lateral flaps from the cheeks. Rhinopolypus (ri-no-poF -ip-us) [p/r, nose; iro'kvrrvc, polypus]. Polypus of the nose. Rhinoptia [ri-nop' -she-ah) [p/f, the nose ; oTrriif , seen] . Internal strabi.smus. Rhinorrhagia (ri-nor-a'-je-ah) [p/?, nose; p7/yi>vvai, to burst forth]. Copious hemorrhage from the nose. Rhinorrhaphy (ri-nor' -a-fe) [p/f, nose; pa^^, suture]. Reduction of the tissue of the nose by section, and by suturing the edges of the wound. Rhinorrhea (;';'-;?<);--t"'-rt/^) [p/f,nose; pom, a flow]. A mucous discharge from the nostrils. Rhinorrheal [ri-nor-e' -al ) [/xf, nose; po/a, a flow]. Relating to or of the nature of rhinorrhea. Rhinoscleroma (ri-no-sk/e-ro'-mah)\_'pig, nose ; OKkripd^, hard ; bjia, tumor]. A granulation new-growth of almost stony hardness, aftecting the anterior nares and adjacent parts. The disease commences in the mucous membrane of the anterior nares and adjoining skin. The lesions consist of flattish, isolated, or coalescent nodules or raised plaques, imbedded in the cutis vera. Their growth is slow, and recurrence takes place if re- moval is attempted. The cause of the affection is not certainly known, but it is thought by some to be due to a bacillus which is nearly always present. Rhinoscope [ri' -no-skop) [_pic;, nose ; oKoneiv, to ob- serve]. An instrument for examination of the cavities of the nose. Rhinoscopic {ri-7to-skop' -ik) [p'f , nose ; aicoTrdv, to view]. Pertaining to the rhinoscope, or to rhinoscopy. Rhinoscopy [ri-nos' -ko-pe) [p'f , the nose ; anonelv, to observe]. Examination of the nasal fossa; by means of the rhinoscope ; that of the anterior nares is termed anterior rliinoscopy ; that of the posterior nares, /«- terior rhinoscopy. Rhinosis [ri-no' -sis). Synonym of Rhic7iosis. Rhinostegnosis (ri-no-steg-no' -sis) [p(f, nose ; arky- ruffig, obstruction]. Nasal obstruction. Rhinostenose (i-i-nos-te'-ndz). A synonym of Rhinitis atrophica. Rhinotheca [ri-no-the'-kah) [pif, nose ; df/Kri, a sheath: //., Rhinotliecic'\. In biology, a portion of the in- tegument of the upper mandible of a bird. Rhinothecal [ri- no -the' - kal) [p/c, nose; SiiKri, a sheath]. Pertaining to the rhinotheca. Rhinothrix [ri' -no-thriks) [ptf, nose; 6p\^, hair; //., Rhinotriclies^. A hair growing in the nostril. Rhipidium [ri-pid'-e-um] \_pLiTL&iov, dim. of p"r/f, a fan: //. , Rhipidia\ In biology, Eichler's term for a fan-shaped cymose inflorescence, occurring in mono- cotyledons, in which the successive branches are in the same plane, each from the back of the preceding. The Fdchel of Buchenau. Rhipidura [rip-id' -u-rah) Ipnrlc, a fan; ovpa, tail]. The posterior pair of pleopoda and the telson, when these parts are developed as in the A/acntra. Rhiptasmus [rip-taz' -nnis) [p/Trracr/^o?]. Synonym of Ballismzis. Rhis [ris) [p'f]. Synonym of A^ose. Rhizagra [riz-a' -grah) \p'i-l,a, root; aypa, seizure]. An instrument for extracting the roots of teeth. Rhizanthous [ri-zan' -thus) [p/Ca,root; dvf^of, flower]. In biology, flowering from the root. Rhizantoicous [ri-zan-toi'-kus) \_pi(a, root; dm, op- posite ; uIkoc, dwelling]. In biology, applied to mosses that bear both organs of reproduction on the same plant, the antheridium on a short branch con- nected with the archegonium by the rhizome. Rhizias [riz'-e-as) [p^Cmc]. A medicine made from roots. Rhizina [ri-zi'-nah) [p/fa, a root : //. , Rhizinaf]. Same as Rhizoid. Rhizine [ri' -zin) [pICa, root]. Same as Rhizoid. Rhizinous [ri-zi'-nus) [p/Ca, root]. In biology, having rhizoids. Rhizo- [ri'-zo-) [p/Co, a root]. A prefix denoting con- nection with or relation to a root. Rhizocarpic [ri-zo-kar' -pik) [p/fa, root ; mpirbq, fruitj. In biology, having the stem annual, but the root per- ennial. RHIZOCARPOUS 1269 RHODOMEL Rhizocarpous (ri - zo - kar'- pits) {_iiiC,a, root; KapKOi;, fruit]. In biology, a term sometimes applied to her- baceous plants whose roots live on from year to year. Rhizocaul (ri' -zo-kaivl) [pt?a, root; /cauP.df, stalk]. In biology, the portion of a polyp by which it is fastened to its support. Rhizocephalous {j-i-zo-sef -al-tis) {fiKa, root; Kf^aA?/, head]. In biology, rooted by the head. Rhizodontropy [ri-zo-doii'-tro-pe) \_pi^a, root; bSo'vi;, tooth; rponii, turn, pivot]. The pivoting of an arti- ficial crown upon the root of a tooth. Rhizodontrypy (j-i-zo-do)i' -trip-e) \_f>i(a, root ; o(5ot'f, tooth; TfjvTT/i, hole]. The surgical puncture of the root of a tooth. Rhizogen [ri'-zo-jen^ [p'f«> root; yevi/t;, producing]. A plant parasitic upon the roots of another plant. A part or organ from which roots or root-hairs grow. Rhizogenic (j'i-zo-jen'-ik) [pifa, a root ; yevr/g, produc- ing]. In biology, root-producing. A term applied to the cells in the pericambium, just in front of a xylem ray of a fibro-vascular bundle, and which give origin to root-branches. Rhizography {^ri-zog' -ra-fe) {_piCa, root ; ypafia : pi. , Rhizoinata\. Same as Rliizoiiie. Rhizomania {ri-zo-ma' -ne-ali) \p'iC,a, a root; jiav'ia, madness]. In biology, an unusual or abnormal devel- opment of adventitious roots. Rhizomatoid {ri-zo' -mat-oid') [_pl(^ijfia, a mass of roots ; eldof , resemblance] . Resembling a rhizome. Rhizome (ri'-zoiii) [/«'Ca, root]. In biology, a prostrate or subterranean stem, having roots at its nodes and a bud or shoot at its apex. Rhizomorph i^ri'-zo-morf) [p/i^a, root ; jxop^ii, form]. In biology, the long, flocculent mycelium of several species of Agariciis. Rhizomorphoid {i-i-zo-mor' -foid) [pii^a, root ; /iiop«) [poiSop]. I. The rose. 2. The vulva. Rhodonite {fo' -do-nit) [pfiJoi', rose]. Native silicate of manganese. It occurs in masses, and is occasionally found in distinct crystals of a fine rose-red or pinkish hue. Rhodophan [ro'-do-fdn) [p6<^ov, rose ; 66ov, rose; ctQKxapov, sugar]. Synonym of Syrupus rosariini. Rhodospermin [ro-do-sper' -min) \_'p66ov, rose ; CKip/ja, seed]. Crystalloids of an albuminous substance found in the Floridea, forming the rhodophyl, or red coloring- matter. Cf. Pigments, Conspectus of. Rhodotannic Acid {ro-do-tan' -ik) [pdtW, rose; tan- nin, tannin], CjjHgO,. A tannin derived from the leaves of Rhododendron fumiginezim. Rhodymenia palmata (ro-di-me' -tie-ah) \p66ov, rose ; viii/v, a membrane]. A marine Alga (Scotch, Dulse ; Irish, Dillesk), parasitic on littoral Fuci, LaminariiP, etc. It contains a mucilage which is used in scrofula. Its value is probably dependent upon contained iodin. It is largely used as food in the west of Ireland, also in the Mediterranean regions, where it forms a com- mon ingredient of soups. Rhcea {rc'-ah) \j)Oia\. Synonym of Leukorrhea. Rhceadic Acid [re-ad'-ik] \_pOLag, a kind of poppy]. See Papaveric Acid. Rhceadin {t-e' - ad - in) [powc, a kind of poppy] , C.jHjjNOp. A crystallizable alkaloid obtained from Papaver rliaas. Rhceagenin (j-e-aj' -en-in') [/)0/af, a kind of poppy], CjHjjNOp. A base isomeric with rhoeadin found in acidified solutions of rhoeadin. Rhcebdesis (i-eb-de'-sis) \j)0i[i6^aic^. Absorption ; re- sorption. Rhoezus {}-e'-zus) [p(5(Cof]- A purring auscultatory sound. YLhogmos [rog'-m as) [pw\'//(5f]. See Snoring. Rhombo-atloideus (}-om-bo-at-lo-id' -e-us) \fi6fifioc^, a rhomb; ar'/ac, the atlas]. An anomalous muscle arising from the spinal processes of the lower cervical and upper dorsal vertebrre and having its insertion in the transverse jirocess of the atlas. Rhombocele, Rhombocoele {j-om'- bo- sel) \_p6filioc, rhomb ; koI'///, cavity]. Same as Rhomboccclia. Rhombocoelia {rout - bo - sc'- le - aJi) [_p6fi(3oc:, rhomb ; KoMn , hollow]. The sinus i-hoznboidalis ; a dilata- tion of the cavity of the spinal cord in the sacral region of birds. Rhombogen (row'-^f-7>«) [/)o//;9or, rhomb ; yfi7/f, pro- ducing]. In biology, one of the early embryonic stages of a nematode worm ; to be distinguished from the nematogen. Rhombohedral (rom - bo - he' ■ draP) [pd/^/fof, rhomb ; i^pa, base]. Of the shape of a rhombohedron. R. i Carbonates, the isomorphous group of the native ! carbonates of calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, and the intermediate compounds, as the double carbonate of calcium and magnesium, etc. Rhomboid, Rhomboidal (/-<)///'- /'o/V/, rom- boi'-dal) [p6pl3og, a rhomb; f/rSor, resemblance]. Having a ! shape similar to that of a rhomb. A quadrilateral with opposite sides equal and ]3arallel, and oblique I angles. R. Fossa, the fourth ventricle of the brain. R. Impression. See Impression. R. Ligament. See Ligament. R. Sinus. See Rhomboccelia. Wa.o-m\)o\At.\x% (rom-bo-id'-e-us'). See Muscles, Table of . Rhoncal [rong'-kal] \_p6yxo^, a snoring]. Relating to a rhonchus. R. Fremitus. See Fremitus. Rhonchial {rong' -ke-al'). Same as Rhoncal. Rhoncus {rong'-kus) \jmyxo':, snore]. A rattling or musical sound produced in the throat or bronchial tubes during respiration. Rhonchi may be sonorous or sibilant, the former being loud, low-pitched, and snoring, and the latter high-pitched and whistling. Rhonchi are especially marked during the early stages of acute bronchitis, when the mucous membrane is swollen and thickened, but has not begun to secrete mucus ; also in the spasm of the bronchial tubes in asthma and in the chronic bronchitis of emphysema. Rhoodes [roo'-dez) [p/joKJof, like a stream]. Of fevers, associated with fluid discharges. Rhopal Nich [I'o' -pal-nitch ). .See Antra rhopalnria. Rhopalismus [ro-pal-iz'-mus) \_pdnaM)i>, club]. Pria- pism ; also plica polonica. Rhopalium (ro-pdl'-e-um) \_p6iTa\ov, a. c\\ih \ pi., Rho- palia'\. In biology, the so-called sense-club of an acraspede Medusa ; a compound sense-organ of which the auditory organ is the principal factor ; it is at the same time a metamorphosed tentacle into which a hollow process of the gastric system penetrates. Rhopalocephalus carcinomatosus {ro-pal-o-sef -al- us kar-sin-o-maPo-sus). A name given to a parasitic organism found by Korotneff in the cells of carcinomata. The formation of pearls is attributed to it. See Para- sites [Aizimal), Table of. Rhopalosis [ro-pal-o'-sis) [_p6TTaA,ov, club]. Plica po- lonica. Rhophesis {ro-fe'-sis) \po(^tiv, to gulp down]. Sip- ping ; absorption. Rhophetic [ro-fet'-ik) \j)oi^T)TiK6(f\. An absorbent medicine. Rhosaton (rd' -zat-on) \_'p6narov'\. A purgative confec- tion of roses. Cf. Actius. 1 Rhotacism [j-o'- tas - izm) \_'po-aKiL,eiv , to use the r I sound]. I. The substitution of some other speech- sound for that of the letter more correctly, the too frequent or too strong utterance of the r sound; the : use of the r sound in place of some other speech- | sound. Rhothones [ro-tho'-nez) \_pu6uve^'\. The nasal cavi- ties. Rhubarb [ru'-barb) [p?/or]. See Rheum. Rhubarbaric Acid, Rhubarbarin [ru-bar'-/>ar-ik, ru- bar'-bar-in). Synonym of Acid, Chrysof'hanic. i Rhus [rus) [poi'f, sumac]. In biology, a genus of the order Anacardiacetr, of which the sumachs are the best known. R. aromatica. Sweet Sumach ; the bark of the root is an astringent, acting upon the urethral canal. It is useful in cystitis, incontinence of urine, and diabetes. Dose of the fld. ext. n\^xv-xx. Unof R. coriaria. Elm-leaved Sumach, the dried leaves and fruit are used in dyeing and tanning and contain gallo-tannic acid. The berries are used as a con- diment and contain binoxalate of calcium. They RHUSIN 1271 RIBGRASS have been used in the East in cholera. R. cotinus, Purple-fringed Sumach, indigenous to Southern Europe. The bark [cortex cotmi) is used as an antiperiodic. The leaves [ folia cotini) are used in the form of a gargle in sore-throat. R. -dermati- tis, a form of inflammation of the skin, the result of poisoning produced by the poison-oak and other species of sumach. R. diversiloba, the hiedra of California ; the poison-oak ; a high grade of cutaneous irritation results from contact with it. R. glabra. Smooth Sumach, the fruit of R. glabra. Its properties are due to tannic acid and potassium and calcium malates. The diluted juice is a pleasant, astringent drink in catarrhal affections of the stomach and bowels. Dose of the fld. ext. 3j-ij. R. glab., Ext., Fid., a gargle for sore-throat. R. perniciosa, a variety which has been used in the treatment of scorpion-bites. R. -poisoning. See Dermatitis venenata. R. pumila, Dwarf Sumach, found in North Carolina. It is probably the most poisonous variety. R. radicans. Poison-vine, found in Canada and the United States. The juice of the berries is very poisonous. R. toxicodendron, Poison-oak, the fresh leaves of the poison-oak, R. toxicodendron , and the poison-ivy, R. radicans. Locally applied, it causes swelling and a vesicular eruption upon the skin and mucous membranes. It is recommended in certain affections of the skin, in rheumatism, and locally in erysipelas and eczema. It is a favorite remedy with homeopathic practitioners. An unof. tinct. contains fresh leaves I, alcohol 2 parts. Dose Tt\^ 10-ij. R. venenata, Poison-ash, a highly poisonous shrub found in North America and Japan. R. venicifera, Japan lacquer-tree ; it is used chiefly in the preparation of varnish, and is highly poi- sonous. Rhusin [ru'-sin) \_'povQ, sumac]. A precipitate from a tincture of the root-bark of Sumach, Rhus glabra; it is tonic, astringent, and antiseptic. Dose I to 2 grains. Unof. Rhusma (rus'-mah) [Turkish]. A depilatory of orpi- ment, lime, and water, used to remove superfluous human hair. Rhyas [ri'-as) [pf/r, to flow]. Synonym oi Discharge. Rhynchanthera [ri)i - kan' - iJier - aJi) \j>oyxQ<;., snout; avdripog, blooming]. A genus of melastomaceous herbs. R. grandiftora, a West Indian species ; the flowers are used as a sedative expectorant in chronic cough. Rhynchodont (ring' -ko-dont^ \_p'vyx°'^i snout ; otSoi'if, tooth]. In biology, having a toothed beak. Rhynchosia [ring-ko' -ze-ali) ^pvyx^li a snout]. A genus of plants of the tribe Phaseolece. R. diversi- folia, a variety used as an expectorant in spasmodic cough. Rhyostomaturia [ri-o-sto-mat-u' -re-ak) \_pva^, fluid ; CTTo/ja, the mouth; ovpov, urine]. Excretion of the urinary constituents by the salivary glands. Rhypia (rip' -e-ali). .Synonym of Rupia. Rhypophobia [ri-po-fo' -he-ak) [py-n-of, filth ; oPui>, to fear] . A better form of the word Rupophobia. A morbid dread of dirt. Rhyptic (;7/'-i'//') \^pvKTiH.6q \ pyTrren^, to cleanse]. De- tergent ; cleansing ; cathartic. Rhypus [rip' -us) [pyTTo?]. Dirt; sordes. Rhysema [rl-se'-j?iah) \_p'vcriija'\. Wrinkle. Rhysis- (ri'-sis-) [pf(i', to flow]. .Synonym of Dis- charge. Rhythm [rithni] [prfi'^udf]. Action or function recur- ring at regular intervals or according to some system- atic plan or type, as the rhythm of the heart, of res- piration, etc. Rhythmic {rith'-mik) [pvOfwc, rhythm]. Pertaining to or having the quality of rhythm. Rhytidosis corneae [pur/f, a wrinkle]. Wrinkling of the cornea. Rib (rib) [ME., /-ib, rib]. I. In anatomy, a rib is a long, flat, curved bone, with an ectal and an ental broad smooth surface, cephalic rounded border, and a caudal sharp one. Within the greater part of the length of the lower border there exists a groove for the intercostal blood-vessels. The dorsal end is the head, and this presents two articular facets (separated by the intervertebral ridge) which articulate with corre- sponding facets of a contiguous pair of vertebrje . Slightly ventral, just beyond a slight constriction, the neck, is the tubercle, upon which is a facet for articulation with the transverse process of the lower of the two Ribs of Left Side, Posterior Aspect. 1-12. Anterior ex- tremities of . 12 ribs of left side. 13, 13. Internal surface. 14,14. External surface. 15. Head of ist rib. i6. Head of 2d rib. 17. Head of 3d rib. 18, 18. Heads of ribs from 4tli to 9th. 19. Head of loth rib. 20, 20. Heads of nth and 12th ribs. 21,21. Necks of ribs. 22. Tuber- cle of ist rib. 23. Articular facet of tubercle of 2d rib. 24, 24. Articular facets of tubercles of ribs from 3d to 9th. 25. Articu- lar facet for tu- bercle of loth rib. 26, 26. Angles of ribs. vertebras united by the head of the rib. Externally to the tubercle is a rough mark called the angle, at which point the rib is directed abruptly ventrad. The ventral portion is more compressed and is continuous with the costal cartilage. The ribs successively in- crease in length from the first to the eighth and then decrease to the last. They number twelve pairs, form- ing a series of narrovir arches on each side of the trunk extending from the thoracic vertebras to the sternum. The seven superior, or true ribs, are attached to both the spine and the sternum. The remaining five are called false ribs. Three of these are attached dorsally to the spine, and ventrally by costal carti- lages, to the cartilages of adjacent ribs. Tlte two last are free at their anterior extremities, and are called floating ribs. 2. A primary or, principal vein of a leaf. Ribbail's Bandage. See Bandage. Ribes, Ganglion of. See Ganglia, Table of. Ribesin [ri-be' -zin) \_ribesium, currant]. The juice of the black currant [Ribes nigrum), used for staining microscopic sections. Ribgrass [rib' -gras). See Plantago, Plantain. RIBLET 1272 RIDGE Riblet (rib' -let) [ME., rib, rib]. Any pleurapophysis not developed into a rib and not destined to be so de- veloped ; a costal process of a vertebra Rice {ris). See Oiyza. R.-seed Bodies, peculiar small, white bodies resembling grains of rice, found in the so-called ganglia occurring on tendons. R.- water Evacuations. See Ory^a. Richard's Styptic Collodion. A solution of tannin in collodion. Richardson's Bellows. An instrument for injecting vapors into the middle ear. R.'s Mixture. See Aiiest/ietic. R.'s Neutral Blue Fluid, a fluid for in jecting tissues. Dissolve 0.648 gm. of ferrous sulphate in 15 c.c. of glycerin ; and 2.07 gms. of potassium ferro- cyanid in a liter of water, to which 15 c.c. of glycerin have been added. Mix the two solutions gradually ; then add 30 c.c. of alcohol and 120 c.c. of water. R.'s Test. See Death, Signs of. Richet's Bandage. See Bandage. Richter's Collyrium. A mixture of rose-water and the white of egg beaten to a froth. R.'s Hernia, Parietal Enterocele, Partial Enterocele, Littres Hernia. Strangulated enterocele in which only part of the cir- cumference of the gut is constricted. See Diseases., Table of. Ricin [ri'-sin) [rieinns, a genus of the euphorbiaceaf^. The toxalbumin of the castor-oil bean ; a vegetable albuminoid employed in the study of immunity. A dose of jL gr. by the skin, or -^-^ gr. by the stomach is toxic. It induces multiple hemorrhages of the intestines and stomach, and appears to break down the blood-corpuscles. Unof. Ricinelaidic (ris-in-el-a-id'-ik) [^?-icim/s, castor-oil]. Derived from castor-oil. R. Acid, an acid derived from and isomeric with ricinoleic acid. Ricinic [ris-in'-ik) [ricinus, castor-oil]. Pertaining to or having the properties of castor-beans or castor-oil. Also applied to an acid derived from castor-oil. See Piciniis. Ricinine (ri'-sin-in) [;-?>/« castor-oil]. A crystalline substance obtained from castor-oil. Ricinoleic Acid (ri-sin-o-le'-ik). See Add. Ricinus ( ris' -iti-us) [L. ]. A genus of apetalous euphorbiaceous plants. R. communis, the only species is the well-known castor-oil plant, indige- nous in America and Asia. The height is from 4 to 14 feet; the leaves are alternate, peltate, palmately seven-lobed or nine-lobed ; the flowers are monecious and apetalous. The fruit is a grooved, rather triangular tricoccous capsule, generally spinescent, with a single oval or elliptic seed enclosed in each cell. The embryo has foliaceous, heart-shaped cotyledons, is straight, white, and imbedded in an oily albumin, having a bland and slightly acrid taste. The seeds are chiefly used in the manufacture of oleian ricini, castor-oil. They are first crushed and freed from their cover- ings, then kiln-dried and subjected to powerful pressure. The oil is heated with water to remove albuminous matters. The yield is 38 to 45 per cent., by cold pressure 25 to 30 per cent. The oil prepared by the latter method requires no further purification. It is viscid, nearly transparent, pale greenish-yellow or almost colorless. The specific gravity varies between .950 and .960. The oil is partly soluble in petroleum benzine, but is more soluble in absolute alcohol, ether, and glacial acetic acid in all proportions. When fresh, it has a neutral reaction to test- paper, and is composed of several fats. The solid fatty acid is related to palmitic acid, the liquid one is ricinoleic acid. The acrid principle to which its purgative properties are due has not been isolated. Tuson claimed, in 1864, to have discovered an alka- loid, ricinin. The oil is used medicinally to over- come constipation or to cure diarrhea due to the presence of irritating substances. The dose for an adult is from half an ounce to an ounce. R., Olei, Mist. (B.P. ), castor-oil, oil of lemon, oil of cloves, potash, syrup, orange-flower water. Dose ^ss-ij. Rickets {rik'-ets) [pdxif:, spine]. The common name for Rachitis ; it is a constitutional disease of child- hood, characterized by increased cell-growth of the bones, with deficiency of earthy matter, resulting in deformities, and with abnormal changes in the spleen and liver. See Pachitis. Rickety (?-ik'-et-e) [_pdxi^, spine]. Affected with, or distorted by, rickets. R. Rosary, the beaded con- dition of the ribs in rickets. See Pacliilis. Rictal [rik'-tal) \_ringi, to gape]. Pertaining or re- lating to rictus. Rictus (rik'-tus) [L. , from ri7igi, to gape]. A fissure or cleft ; a gaping, as of the moudi ; the gape of a bird. See Pisiis sardoniLiis. R. lupinus, cleft palate. Rider (ri'-der) [ME., ridere, a rider], (Jne who rides, especially one who rides on horseback. R.s' Bone, an osseous formation in the adductor muscles of the leg, from long-continued pressure of the leg against the saddle. See Exercise - bones. R.s' Bursa, an enlarged bursa, produced in the same way as the riders' bone. R. Garbage - furnace, a form of furnace with two chambers, the foremost of which is the combustion-chamber in which the garbage to be destroyed is placed, and the rear one the receiving -tank. Ridge (ri/) [ME., rigge, the back of a man or beast]. An extended elevation or crest. Rs., Bicipital, the borders of the bicipital groove of the humerus. Rs., Condylar, the ridges ascending from the condyles of the humerus. Rs., Dorsal. See Ps., A/ediillary. R., Genital, the germ-ridge in front of and internal to the Wolffian body, from which the internal reproduc- tive organs are developed. R., Gluteal, the ante- rior intertrochanteric line. R., Interosseous {0/ the Jibtila), the ridge on the fibula which gives attachment to the interosseous membrane. R., Intervertebral, a crest on the vertebral end of a rib dividing the ar- ticular surface into two portions. R., Lambdoidal, the lanibdoid crest. Rs., Lateral {of the blastoderm), two ridges on the posterior «nd of the embryonic shield that coalesce and close the primitive groove. R., Maxillary, dental crest ; a ridge of vascular fibrous tissue along the alveolar processes of the max- illary bones of the fetus. Rs., Medullary, the lami- nx dorsales, or longitudinal elevations of the epiblast, which coalesce and close in the medullary or neural tube. R., Mylo-hyoid, the ridge on the inner sur- face of the inferior maxilla for the attachment of the mylo-hyoid muscle. R., Neural, neural crest; the ridge of epiblastic cells on the superior margin of the medullary groove, from which the dorsal nerves of the embryo are developed. Rs., Occipital, the supe- rior and inferior curved lines of the occipital bone. Rs., Palatine, one longitudinal and several transverse corrugations of the mucosa of the hard palate. R., Parietal, the ridge on the parietal bone ; a con- tinuation of the temporal ridge. Rs., Pectoral, the bicipital ridges of the humerus. R., Pterotic, a ridge on the upper and external portion of the auditory capsule. R., Pterygoid, the infra-temporal crest or ridge on the external surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. Rs. of the Skin, the delicate ridges of the skin which intersect at various angles, and correspond to the rows of papillae of the corium. R-i Superciliary, the arched ridge of the frontal bone RIDGE'S FOOD 1273 RING corresponding to the eyebrow. Rs., Supracondyloid. See Rs., Condylar. R., Temporal, the ridge extend- ing from tile external angular process of the frontal bone upward and backward across the frontal and parietal bones, curving downward, and terminating in the posterior root of the zygomatic process. R., Wolffian, germ-epithelium. See R., Genital. Ridge's Food. A farinaceous food for infants. Its composition is: Water, 9.23 ; fat, 0.63 ; grape-sugar, 2.40; cane-sugar, 2.20 ; starch, 77.96; soluble carbo- hydrates, 5.19; albuminoids, 9.24; ash, 0.60. Ridgel {rij'-el) [origin uncertain]. A male animal having one testicle removed or wanting. Ridgeling (rij'-iing). See Ridgel. Ridgil [rij'-i'l). See Ridgel. Riding of Bones. In surgery, the displacement of the fractured ends of bones which are forced past each other by muscular contraction, instead of remain- ing end to end. Riding-hag. Incubus ; nightmare. Ridley, Sinus of. See Sinus. Riegel's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. R.'s Test- meal, a test-meal consisting of 400 grams broth, 50 grams scraped beef, 60 grams white bread. Riga's Disease. See Aphtha, Cachectic, and Diseases, Table of. Riggs' Disease. See Diseases, Table of. Right (fit) [ME., right, right]. Belonging to or located upon that side which, with mammals contains less of the heart and is on the east when the face is toward the north ; dextral. R. -brained, having the speech-center in the right instead of the left hemisphere. R.Hand. See Dexter. R. -handed, using the right hand with more freedom and effect than the left. R.- handedness, the condition of being right-handed. Rigiditas (ry-n/'-ZZ-ffj-) [L.] Stiffness; rigidity. R. articulorum, spurious ankylosis. Rigidity (rij-id' -it-e) \_rigidus, stiff]. Stiffness; inflexi- bility; immobility; tonic contraction of muscles. R., Anatomic [of the cervix uteri), rigidity in which the cervix, though neither edematous nor tender, is not wholly effaced in labor, but retains its length and dilates only to a certain extent, beyond which the contrac- tions of the uterus are without effect. R., Cadav- eric, rigor mortis. R., Cerebellar, rigidity of the spinal muscles, due to tumor of the middle lobe of the cerebellum. The head is drawn backward, the spine curved, and the arms and legs made rigid (H. Jackson). R., Hemiplegic, spastic rigidity of the paralyzed limbs in hemiplegia. R., Muscular. See Thomsen^ s Disease. R., Pathologic (of the cervix uteri), rigidity due to organic disease or cicatricial contraction. R., Post-mortem, rigor mortis. R., Spasmodic (of the cervix uteri), rigidity due to spas- modic contraction of the cervix. Rigor (ri'-gor) \^rigor, cold]. Coldness, stiffness, or rigidity. In the plural, chills, shivering. R. cadav- erosus. See R. mortis. R. maxillae inferioris, trismus. R. mortis : I. The muscular rigidity that occurs a short time after death, due to chemic changes resulting in the production of myosin. 2. The rigor due to changes occurring in a muscle that has lost its irritability, in which its acidity is increased and its electric currents are absent. R. nervorum, R. nervosus. See Tetanus. Rima (r/''-w(7/;) [r/;«a, crack, cleft : pi., Rinue'\. In bi- ology: I. A chink, cleft, or fissure. 2. The chief part of the great transverse fissure of the brain. It is a line of interruption of the nervous parietes of the paracele, beginning at the dorsal end of the porta, and extending to near the tip of the medicorun. R. ad infundibulum, the anterior aperture of the third ventricle of the brain. R., Anterior, the calamus scriptorius (Monro). Rimae caecae hepatis, the hepatic fissures lodging the branches of the portal vein. R. cerebri transversa, tlie transverse fissure of the cerebrum. R. clunium, the cleft of the nates. Rimae cutis, the normal fur- rows of the skin. R. glottidis, the cleft between the true vocal bands ; the glottis. R. glutaea. See R. clunitim. R. helicis, an anomalous cleft in the in- ferior anterior portion of the helix. R. labiorum. See R. oris. R. laryngis. See R. glottidis. R. oris, the line formed by the junction of the lips. R. palpebrarum, the palpebral fissure. R. pudendi, the fissure between the labia majora. R. pudendi connivens, the fissure between the labia majora when they completely conceal the nymph;e. R. transversa cerebelli, the sulcus between the peduncles of the cerebellum. R. ventriculi laryngis, the aperture of the ventricle of the larynx. R. vocalis. See R. glottidis. R. vulvae. See R. pudendi. Rimiform (ri' -iniforDi) \_rima, a chink ; forma, form]. In biology, possessing a longitudinal chink or futTow. Rimose (ri'-mdz) \}-imosus, full of chinks]. In biol- ogy, full of crevices or furrows. Rimous (ri' -?)ius) \_rima, a cleft]. Having cracks, clefts, or fissures. Rimula (rim' -u-lah) [L. , dim. of rima, a crack: //. , Rimulce^. A fissure; applied especially to the ventral mesal fissure of the spinal cord ; an interfoliar cleft of the cerebellum. Rimule (rim' -itl)\_riinula, (Shn. oi rima, a cleft]. Any minute cleft, crack, or fissure. Rinar (ri'-nar). Limatura ; filings. Rind (rind) [ME., rind, crust]. In biology, an outer coat, skin, or integument. Cortex. Rinderpest (rin'-der-pest) [Ger., "cattle-pest"]. An acute infectious disease of cattle, appearing occasion- ally among sheep, and communicable to other rumi- nants. It is called also cattle-plague. Cf. Bacillus septiccemice hcemorrhagicce, under Bacteria, Synonym- atic Table of. Rindfieisch's Granule-cells. Eosinophile leukocytes with granulations. Ring [ME., ring, ring]. A circular opening or aper- ture ; the structure surrounding a circular opening. See Annulus. Rs., Abbe's, rings of catgut, used in the establishment of an artificial communication be- tween one part of the bowel and another, or between the bowel and the stomach. R., Abdominal, the internal or external abdominal ring. R., Annual, one of the successive circles of wood produced yearly in exogenous trunks. R., Antimonial, a ring pro- duced when volatilized antimony impinges on a glass surface. Rs., Apposition. See Rs., Abbe's. R., Arsenical, a ring produced when fumes of arsenic impinge on a glass surface. R., Bandl's, an annular muscular thickening of the uterus during labor between the contractile portion of the organ and the relaxed attenuated portion below ; the true os uteri internum of Bandl. R.-bone, a bony callus or exostosis, the result of inflammation on one or both pastern-bones of a horse. It may extend to the interphalangeal joints and cause immobility and lameness. R. -canal : (a) the circumesophageal canal of the water-vascular system of Echinoderms ; (b) the annular enterocele of Ccelenterates. R., Contraction. See R., Bandl' s. R., Crural. See R., Femoi-al. R., Femoral, the ab- dominal opening of the femoral canal. Rs., Fibrous (of the Heart) , the fibrous bands surrounding the arterial and auriculo-ventricular orifices of the heart, and to which the muscular fibers are attached. R. -finger, the fourth digit or third finger. R. -infiltration {of the Cornea) , an infiltration of cells, circular in shape, in the RINGED 1274 RIZIFORM laminae of the cornea, sometimes following perforating septic wounds of the cornea. R., Inguinal. See Ji., Abdominal. R., Lowe's, a bright violet ring seen on looking through a solution of chromic chlorid. R., Marsh's. See A',, Arsenical. R., Maxwell's, a faintly defined halo around the fovea when the eye rests on a homogeneous blue surface. R., Miiller's, a muscular ring observed in an advanced stage of gesta- tion, situated where the canal of the cervix joins the cavity of the body of the uterus. R. -muscle of Miiller. See Muscles, Tabic of. R., Omphalic. See R., Umbilical. R. -scotoma. See Scotoma. R., Spermatorrhea, a metallic ring furnished with sharp points, to be worn during sleep to prevent seminal emissions. R., Tracheal, a tracheal cartilage. R., Tympanic, an osseous ring forming part of the tem- poral bone at the time of birth, and which de- velops into the tympanic plate. R., Umbilical, the ray-like aperture of the abdominal wall by which the umbilical cord communicates with the fetal system, and through which, in extra-uterine life, the urachus and the remains of the umbilical vessels pass to the umbilicus. R.-worm, a general term for vegetable parasitic diseases of the skin characterized by circinate lesions. R.-worm of the Beard, sycosis parasitica. R.-worm of the Body, tinea circinata. R.-worm, Burmese, a cutaneous affection occurring in Burmah, resembling, and probably identical with, the form of tinea circinata called eczema marginatum. R.- worm, Chinese, ringworm due to Tinea imbri- cata. R.-worm, Honeycomb, favus. R.-worm of the scalp, tinea tonsurans. R.-worm of the Thighs and Genitalia, eczema marginatum. R.-worm, Tokelan, ring-worm due to Tinea imbricata. Ringed [i-itigd) [ME. , ring, ring]. In biology, marked with rings. R. Hair, a very rare form of canities, in which the hairs are white or colored in rings or bands. Ringent (rin'-Jent) \ringi, gape, open-mouthed]. In biology, irregularly gaping ; applied to a bilabiate corolla when the throat is wide open or gaping ; oppo- site of personate. Rinmann's Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Rinne's Test. This consists in applying a vibrating tun- ing-fork with moderate pressure first over the mastoid process, leaving it there until the patient seems no longer to hear the sound, and then as quickly as pos- sible bringing it immediately in front of the external meatus, avoiding all contact with the head or ear. If the patient then is able to hear the sound of the tuning-fork once more, it indicates that the conduction through the air is better than through the bone, and Tice versa. Rinolite (ri'-no-tit). See Rhinolith. Riolan, Bouquet of. See Bouquet. R., Meso- colic Arch of, the arch of mesentery attached to the transverse meso-colon. R.'s Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. R.'s Nosegay. See Nosegay and Bou- quet. Ripa [ri'-pak) \_ripa, a bank]. The line formed by the reflection of the endyma upon any plexus or tela of the brain. Riparial, Riparious [ri-pa'-re-al, ri-pa' -re-us) [ripa, the bank of a stream or body of water]. Living on or associated with, or pertaining to the shore. Ripault Sign. See Deal/!. Ripe (rip) [ME., rySi-, ripe]. Mature. Ripening (rip'-en-ing) [ME., ripe, ripe]. Becoming mature. R. of Cataract. See Cataract. R. of Cream, the allowing of cream to sour before churning, whereby a larger amount of butter is obtained. The process is attended with a multiplication of bacteria. the proper temperature for ripening being that at which the bacteria best multiply. It is attended with the production of lactic acid and various decomposition- processes. Risidontrophy [riz-id-on'-tro-fe) \_pt!^a, a root]. The operation of drilling the root of a tooth. Rising [ri'-zing) [ME., risen, to rise]. A popular term for an inflammatory swelling. R. of the Lights, a popular term for pleurisy and for croup. Risipola lombarda [i-iz-ip-o' -lah lom-bar' -dah). Syn- onym of Pellagra. Risorius {ri-zo' -re-us) [ridere, to laugh]. The upper portion of the Platysma myoides. It controls certain motions of the lips and adjacent parts in laughing. See Muscles, Table of. Ristorum (ris-to' -rum) [L.]. A nutritive preparation of egg-yolk. Risus (ri'-zus) [L.]. A grin or laugh. R. sardoni- cus, an involuntary sardonic or convulsive grin or drawing down of the angles of the mouth in certain spasmodic or tetanic conditions. Ritgen's Method. A method of manual delivery of the fetal head. It consists in lifting the head upward and forward through the vulva, between the pains, by pressure made with the tips of the fingers upon the perineum behind the anus close to the extremity of the coccyx. Ritter's Disease. See Dermatitis exfoliativa neona- torum Diseases, Table of. R.'s Law of Contrac- tion, " a nerve is stimulated both at the moment of the occurrence and that of the disappearance of elec- trotonus : (i) When the current is closed, the stimula- tion occurs only at the kathode, i.e., at the moment when the kathelectrotonus takes place ; (2) when the current is opened, stimulation occurs only at the anode, i. e., at the moment when the anelectrotonus dis- appears." (Landois and Stirling.) R.'s Opening Tetanus. 'Ute TetaJius. R.'s Tetanus, a temporary tetanic state caused by sending a constant current of electricity to a nerve and then suddenly interrupting it. R.-Valli Law, "If a nerve be separated from its center, or if the center die, the excitability of the nerve is at first increased; the excitability then falls until it disappears entirely. This process takes place more rapidly in the central than in the peripheral part of the nerve, so that the peripheral end of a nerve separated from its center remains excitable for a longer time than the central end." (Landois and Stirling.) See Laiv. Rivallie's Paste. A caustic made by adding concen- trated nitric acid to lint. Riverius, Salt of. An old name for normal potassic citrate. Rivini, or Rivinus, Canal of. See R. , Ducts of. R., Ducts of, the excretory ducts of the sublingual gland. R., Foramen of, an opening in the tympanum, of doubtful existence. R., Glands of, the sublingual glands. R., Notch of, a notch in the osseous tym- panic ring, filled by Shrapnell's Membrane. ^ R., Seg- ment of, an opening in the upper and anterior part of the annulus tympanicus. Rivolta's Disease. Synonym of Actinomycosis. Rivose (ri'-voz) [rivus, a stream, channel, groove]. In biology, marked with furrows that are sinuate rather than parallel. Rivulose {riv'-u-ldz) \i-ivulus, a small stream]. In bi- ology, marked with small sinuate lines. Rivus {ri'-vus) [L. ," a stream : pl.,Rivi']. Anyone of the smaller conduits of the subarachnoidean space. R. lacrymalis. See Palpebra. Riziform {riz' -if-onn). Having an appearance resem- bling grains of rice. RIZZOLI-ESMARCH OPERATION 1275 ROLLE, PLANE OF Rizzoli-Esmarch Operation. An operation for the relief of ankylosis of the lower jaw, consisting in mak- ing a section of the ramus. See Operations, Table of. Roads, Animal. See Zodcurrent. Roaring (j-or'-ing) [ME., rorcn, to roar]. A disease of horses that causes them to make a singular noise in breathing under exertion. The disease is due to paral- ysis and wasting of certain laryngeal muscles, usually of the left side, resulting in a narrowing of the glottis. Roasting [rost'-ing) [ME. , /-(wA'w, to roast]. The ap- plication of heat to a degree less than that of car- bonization, as the roasting of coffee ; torrefaction. Rob, Robb [Arab,]. A confection made of fruit-juice, especially of that of the mulberry. Roberts' Macula. See Macula. R. Pelvis, the ankylosed transversely contracted pelvis. See Pelvis. R. Reagent, to five volumes of filtered saturated solution of magnesium sulphate add one volume of strong nitric acid ; it is used to obviate the objections to nitric acid in Heller's test. Proceed as in Heller's test. R. Test. See Tests, Table of. Robertson's Pupil. See Pupil. Robin's Fluid. A fluid used in the microscopic study of the blood. It consists of distilled water containing one per cent, of chlorid of sodium, and one-half of one per cent, of bichlorid of mercury. Robin's Gelatin Vehicle. A warm, flowing mass for injecting tissues. One part of gelatin is soaked in seven, eight, nine, or ten parts of water, according to the consistency of the mass desired, and when soft is melted on a water-bath. This vehicle is then com- bined with any of the coloring-matters employed in in- jecting tissues in the proportion of one part color to three parts vehicle. Filter through flannel before in- jecting. R.'s Rye. See Hair-cap Moss. Robinia [ro - bin'- e - ak) [after fean Robin, the royal gardener at Paris (1550-1629)]. A genus of legumi- nous shrubs indigenous in North America. R. amara, of China, is used as a stomachic tonic. R. pseudacacia, the locust tree of North America. Various parts of it are used by eclectic physi- cians. The bark is said to be emetic and cathar- tic, the flowers antispasmodic. Cases of poisoning from chewing the root are recorded in which the symptoms resembled those of belladonna-intoxica- tion. Robinin [ro^ -bitt-in) [after Robin, a French gardener], C25H2gOjg. A glucosid obtained from the fresh flowers of the locust-tree. Robinson's Ointment. An ointment used in treating eczema of the beard. It consists of diachylon and zinc-oxid ointments, each ^ ss ; ammoniated-mercury ointment, 3 iij ; bismuth subnitrate, iss. R.'s Patent Barley, a farinaceous food for infants. Its composition is : water, lo.io; fat, 0.97; grape-sugar, 3.08; cane-sugar, 0.90; starch, 77.76; soluble carbo- hydrates, 4. II; albuminoids, 5.13; gum, cellulose, etc., 1.93 ; ash, 1. 93. Robiquet's Paste. A caustic paste consisting of equal parts of zinc chlorid and flour with gutta-percha. It is firm and tenacious. Robor {ro'-hor) [L.]. Strength. Roborant {ro' -bo-rant) \_robur, an oak ; also strength]. Tonic. Strengthening. Robur [ro'-bur). See Robor. Roburite [ro'-hu-rit) \_rohur, strength]. An explosive composed of dinitrobenzene, chloronitrobenzene, and ammonium nitrate. Its fumes, when inhaled by miners, cause headache, vertigo, vomiting, etc. Robust {ro - bust' ) \_robustus ; robus, robur, an oak- tree]. Strong; vigorous. Roccella, Rocella {rok-seF -ah , ro-sel' -ah). A genus of the Roccellece. R. tinctoria, litmus-plant, archil ; a species growing in the Canary Islands, Africa, and Europe. It yields litmus. Roccellic {rok-sel' -ik ). Related to or derived from Roccella. R. Acid, Cj,H3204, a dibasic acid ob- tained from Roccella tinctoria and Lecanora tar- tarea. Roccellin {rok-sel' -in). A dye consisting of the sodium salt of /3-naphthalazonaphthalinsulphonic acid. See Orseillin. Roche's Embrocation. An embrocation containing amber-oil. Rochelle Salt {ro-sheV -sawlt). See Potassium. Rock (rok) [ME., rocke, rock]. A mass of stone. R. -candy. See Saceharnm. R. -fever. See Medi- terraneaii Fever. R.-oil. See Petroleum. R.- rose. See Helianthemum. R.-tripe. See Gyro- phora. R.-weed. See Fucus. Rockdale System. See Sewage, Disposal of. Rocky Mountain Fever. A form of typhoid fever occurring at high altitudes; mountain fever. Rod [ME., rod, rod]. I. One of numerous slender rod-like or bacillary structures, as in the retina. 2. A shoot or slender stem of any woody plant. Rs., Acoustic. See Rs. of Corti. Rs., Auditory. See Rs. of Corti. R. -bacterium, any member of the genus bacillus. Rs. of Corti. See Corti. R. -epi- thelium, the striated cells lining certain structures, as the ducts of the salivary glands and the convoluted portions of the uriniferous tubules of the kidney. Rs. of Heidenhain, the rod-like cells of the renal tubules. See Rs., Intracelhilar. Rs., Intracellular, the fibrillas of rod-like cells. Rs. of Kcenig. Ste Kcenig. Rs., Muscle : i. sarcous elements of the contrac- tile disc of a muscle-fiber. 2. The rod-shaped elements form- ing the non-contractile part of a muscle-fiber (Schafer). Rs. of the Retina, c y 1 i n d r i c bodies found in the layer of rods and cones of the retina. Rodent [ro'-dent) \_rodere, to gnaw]. Eating; gnaw- ing. R. Cancer. See A". Ulcer. R. Ulcer, Jacob's ulcer; cancroid ulcer; ulcus excedens ; noli me tan- gere ; a carcinomatous ulceration of the skin, generally held to be a form of epithelioma, occurring usually in the eyelid or the side of the nose, and frequently per- sisting for years before developing malignancy. Rodostrophone [ro-dos' -tro-fon). An instrument for transmitting articular sounds from the skull of one person directly to that of another. Rodrigues' Aneurysm. See Aneurysm and Diseases, Table of. Roederer's Obliquity. See Obliquity. Rokitansky's Disease. Acute yellow atrophy of the liver. See Diseases, Table of. R.'s Theory, a theory of inflammation in which it is supposed that the first step in the inflammatory process is a sweating out of a fluid from the blood-vessels, and that in this fluid cells are formed. Rolando, Arciform Fibers of. White fibers curving around the lower border of the olivary body and around the sides of the medulla. R., Column of. See Column. R., Fissure of. See Fissures, Table of. R., Funicle of. See Funiculus. R., Nucleus of. See Nucleus. R., Tubercle of. See Tubercle. Rolle, Plane of. See Plane. Rod - EPITHELIUM FROM THE Urinife- rous Tubules. I. On the flat with interlocking proces- ses. 2. On edge, showing rodded character of outer portion. (From Stir- ling.) ROLLER 1276 ROSACEOUS Roller (ro'-ler) [ME., rol/e, a roll]. A long strip of cloth varying from one to six inches or more in width, made, for convenience, into a cylindric roll. RoUet, Delomorphous Cells of. See Dclomorphous. Roman Ocher. Same as Oilwr. R. Theory, of Marchiafava and Celli, as to the nature of the crescentic forms of the parasites found in the blood of malarial patients. According to this theory, the crescents are sterile forms and do not reproduce new bodies. Man- naberg's theory considers them as conjugation-forms, or syzygies. See Syzygies. R. White. Same as White Lead. Romberg's Sign or Symptom. The increased inco- ordination of movement in tabes caused by placing the feet in juxtaposition and closing the eyes. It is also called the Brack- Romberg Symptom. See Signs atid Symptoms, Table of. Romershausen's Eye-water. A wash frequently employed in chronic ophthalmic catarrh. It con- sists of a mixture of fennel water and tincture of fennel. Root [ME., 7-oote, root]. The place of origin of a nerve ; the proximal and cutaneous end of a hair ; the intra-alveolar portion of a tooth. The base of an organ. See Radix. In biology, the descending axis of a plant, originating in the radicle of the embryo. It fixes the plant in the soil and absorbs nutrition. It differs from a stem in producing no buds or branches. Rs., Aerial or Adventitious, tho§e springing from the stem above ground for climbing or bracing pur- poses, e.g., ivy, corn. R., Anterior [of t/ie auditor]' nerve), the root of the auditory nerve arising from the large-celled auditory nucleus. R., Anterior [of the zygoma), a ridge passing from the temporal portion of the zygoma to the squamous portion of the temporal bone. R., Antero-lateral (^of the optic tract), that strand of fibers arising from the optic thalamus and passing through the geniculate body. R., Ascend- ing {of the auditory nerve) , those fibers of the auditory nerve which arise from the median line of the oblongata (Roller). R., Ascending {of the fifth nerve), those fibers of the sensory root of the fifth nerve which have their origin in a group of cells in the gelatinous sub- stance of the medulla. R., Brazil, an old name for Ipecac. R.-cap, a mass of tissue that covers like a helmet the growing-point of every root. R., Deep {of the auditory nerve). See R., Anterior {of the auditory nerve). R., Descending {of the fifth nerve'), those fibers of the motor root of the fifth nerve having their origin in the gray substance of the aqueduct of Sylvius. R., External {of the olfactory nerve), those fibers of the olfactory nerve which have their origin in the insula. R. -fillings, fillings of different ma- terials inserted into the pulp-canals of the teeth. R.- form, applied to that form of an insect, if it has two forms, which it assumes when infesting roots, as in Phylloxera vastatrix, the grape-vine pest. R., Gray {of the olfactorv nerve) . See R. , Middle {of the olfactory nerve). R. -hairs, slender filaments growing from the epidermis of the younger roots which increase the power of absorption. R., Inferior Auditory, the posterior of the two roots which unite to form the auditory nerve. R.-leaf. Same as radicle leaf ; apparently springing from the root, but really from a short stem. R.-louse. See Phylloxera and Schizoneura. R.-neck (Collet), the point of union between the root and the stem of a plant , or where the radicle and the plumule of the embryo unite. R. -parasite, a plant parasitic upon the root of another. R. -pressure, in biology, a force exerted in plants by which the water absorbed from the soil by the roots in greater quantity than required drives the sap up the stem. R. -sheath, the thick layer of tissue covering the radicle of grasses, etc., and which is ruptured on germination ; it is called also Coleorhiza. R. -sheath (()/ hair), the epithelium of the hair-follicle. R.- stock, in biology, (l) a rhizome; (2) a cormus or rhizocaulus. R. -symptoms (of Cowers), in com- pression of the spinal cord. The functions of the nerve-roots are interfered with at the level of the mor- bid process. A second class of coexistent symptoms are denominated by Cowers as Cord-sympto/ns, and consist in interference with the function of the cord itself R. -trimmer, an instrument for shaping and reducing the roots of natural teeth in crown and bridge work. R.-zone, a name given to the columns of Burdach in the spinal cord. Rootlet [Dan., rod, a root]. A little root. Roquefort Cheese. See Cheese. Rorulent {ro' -ru-lent) \_rorulentiis, full of dew]. In biology, covered with a powdery bloom. Rosa {ro'-zah) \\^. ,gen.,roste\. A genus of the family rosacea, the rose. R. Acidum, Infus. (B. P.) Dose ,^j-ij. R., Aqua, pale rose 40, water 200 parts, mixed and distilled. R., Aq., Ung., cold cream ; oil of almond 50, spermaceti, white wax aa lo, rose- water 30 parts. A useful emollient. R. Caninse Confectio (B. P. ) Dose ^j-ij. R. canina, the dog- rose, a European plant four to eight feet high. Rosae caninae, Fructus. Hips. These are the enlarged calyx- tubes, not the fruit. They have a sweet, acidulous, rather astringent taste, and are inodorous. For medic- inal use, the fleshy calyx-tube is employed, the akenes being removed. The pulp contains malic and citric acids. Confectio rosae caninae, prepared from hips, R. centifolia, pale rose ; hundred-leaved rose, prob- ably a native of Western Asia, but cultivated in all countries. The petals alone are used, and are roundish obovate, pink in color, having a delicious odor, due to a volatile oil, and a sweetish, rather bitter and astrin- gent taste. The chief constituents are tannin, fat, resin, sugar, mucilage, a bitter principle, malates, tan- nates, phosphates, and a coloring-matter. The petals are used in the distillation of Aqua rosce, and dried in preparing Syrupns sarsaparilhc comp. R., Confectio, red rose 8, sugar 64, honey 12, rose-water 16 parts. A basis for pills. R., Damascena. See Attar of Rose. R., Ext., Fid. Dose TTLv-gij. R. gallica, red rose ; rose rouge. A native of Southern Europe and the Levant, but extensively cultivated. The buds are collected, the petals cut off near the base and rapidly dried. The chemic constituents are nearly identical with those of pale rose. Confectio rosae, red rose 8 parts, sugar 64, honey 12, rose-water 16 parts. Used as a basis for pills. Infus. rosae acidum, dried red rose petals broken up ]4 troy -ounce, diluted sulphuric acid I fluidram, boiling distilled water 10 fluid- ounces. Infuse in a covered vessel for half an hour and strain. Extr. rosae fluid., red rose in No. 30 powder 100 gm., glycerin 10 gm., dilute alcohol to make 100 c. c. Pack the mixture in a percolator, and add enough of the menstruum to saturate the powder and leave a stratum above. Used in gargles and mouth-washes. Syrupus rosae, made from the fluid extract. Mel rosae, honey of rose. Red rose in No. 140 powder 8 parts, clarified honey 92 parts, dilute alcohol, a sufficient quantity to make 200 parts. R. solis (" Rose of the sun "), a cordial or liqueur, flavored with cassia bark and orange-flower. Cf. Rosoglio. Rosacea {ro-za' -se-ali). See Acne rosacea. Rosaceous {ro-za' -she-us) [r(>.ra, a rose]. Rose-like; rose-red. In biology, a term descriptive of flowers that have five spreading, clawless, or short-clawed pet- als, as the flowers of the apple, rose, etc. ROSANILIN 1277 ROSOGLIO Rosanilin [ro- zdH^ ^vosa^ rose; ciHihii~^y C2QH2J- N3O. A derivative of anilin. It crystallizes from alcohol and hot water in colorless needles or plates. It reddens on exposure, and when heated suffers decomposition. Its salts are employed as dyes. R.- blue ; Triplienyl rosaiii/ln. Spirit-blue. An anilin- blue derived from coal-tar, used for dyeing, and solu- ble in spirit (alcohol). It is prepared by heating rosanilin with an e.xcess of anilin and some benzoic acid. It gives a very pure blue to silks. See Pig- ments, Conspectus of. R. -violet. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Rosary [ro'-zar-e] \_vosa, a rose]. A rope suspended from the ceiling of a room, and strung with blocks a foot or eighteen inches apart. It is used in gymnastic training. In biology, applied to the string of eggs of certain batrachians [Alytes obstetricans). R., Rachi- tic. See Rachitis. Rose {rdz) \_rosa, a rose]. I. A flower of a plant of the genus Rosa. 2. A synonym in .Scotland for Ery- sipelas. 3. A tetronerythrin pigment around the eyes of certain birds. R. des Alpes. 's?cmt Daphn/n. R. -anilin. See Azalein. R., Bengale. See Pig- itients. Conspectus of. R. -catarrh. See Hay-fever. R.-cold. See Hay-fever. R. -fever, a condition resembling hay-fever, in which the emanations from the rose are the exciting cause. R.-lake. See Pig- ments, Conspectus of . R.-madder. 'Aee Pigtnents, Con- spectus of. R.-pink, a chromatic crimson-pink color. R. -pearl. See Celluloid. R.-rash. See Erythema and Roseola. R. -ringed, having a collar of rose-red feathers. R. -sickness. See Pelade, Pellagra. R.- vinegar, an infusion of rose-leaves in vinegar. It is used as a local application in headache. R. -water, water tinctured with oil of roses by distillation. R.- wood, the wood of several varieties of tropical plants, notably the Dalbergia. Rosein (?'o'-ze-in). See Fuchsin and Magenta. Rosellin (ro-zeV -in). See Pigments, Conspectus of. Rosemary [rdz' -ma-re). See Rosmarinus. Rosen's Liniment. A liniment composed of oil of nut- meg, spirit of juniper, and oil of cloves. Rosenbach's Bacilli. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. R.'s Sign. Absence of movement of the abdominal muscles in inflammatory intestinal disease. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. Rosenmiiller, Accessory Gland of. See Gland of Rosenmiiller. R., Body of. .See Parovarium. R.'s Fossa. See Fossa. R.'s Glands. See Gland. R.'s Organ, the parovarium, q. v. Rosenstrehl's Green. Same as Manganese Greeji. Rosenthal, Canal of. See Canal. R.'s Hyperacid Vomiting. See Rossbaclis Disease. R.'s Paste, a paste used in treating sycosis. It consists of tannic acid, 75 grains; precipitated sulphur, 2 14 drams; powdered starch and zinc oxid, each I ^ drams ; vas- elin, ounces. M. S. To be used at night. R.'s Test, a test for commencing vertebral disease, made by pressing one pole of a faradic battery in contact with the front of the body, and passing the other pole along the spine. If disease exists, pain will be felt. Roseola [ro - ze' - o - lah) \_roseus, ro%y'\. Rose-rash, or erythema. The name is also given to other diseases, such as Rubella, or German measles. See Ery- thema. R. aestivalis. See Erythema roseola. R. annulata. See Erythema roseola. R. autumnalis. See Erythema roseola. R., Balsamic. See Erythema. R. cholerica, an eruption which often appears upon the ninth day of an attack of cholera. R., Circinal, a form with ring-shaped eruptions. R. circinata. Synonym of Pityriasis rosea. R., Bpidemic. See Rotheln, also Rubeola. R. febrilis, a name given to the Erythema roseola occurring in malaria. R., Herpetic, R., Miliary, a form attended with the for- mation of vesicles. R. infantilis. See Ervthema roseola. R., Rheumatic, the reddish eruption that appears in rheumatism. R., Secondary, R., Symp- tomatic, roseola occurring as a secondary symptom of other disorder. R., Syphilitic, Syphilitic Ex- attthem ; Erythetnatous Syphilid; Macular Syphilid ; the earliest of the skin-manifestations of syphilis. It arises usually six or seven weeks from the first appearance of the initial lesion. It is a diffuse mot- tling or marbling of the skin in spots the size of the finger-tip, or smaller, with ill-defined and irregular borders. The color at first is a bright rose-pink, dis- appearing on pressure, but it soon becomes purplish or yellow. Favorite seats are the front of the trunk, flank, back, and flexor surfaces of limbs. It lasts from one to four weeks. R. typhosa, the typhoid rash. R. vaccina, an erythematous eruption appearing from the third to the eighteenth day after vaccination, analogous to that seen sometimes at the onset of vari- ola. The eruption consists of red maculae, at times reaching the size of the palm, commencing usually upon the arras, and thence spreading at times all over the body. Roseolar [ro-ze'-o-lar] \_rosetcs, rosy]. Pertaining to or exhibiting roseola. Roseoloid [ro-ze' -o-loid). .Same as Roseolous. Roseolous (ro-ze'-o-lus) \_roseus, rosy]. Having the character of roseola. Roseous (ro'-ze-iis) \_roseus, rosy]. Rose-colored. Roser's Method. The dependent position of the head in operations on the respiratory passages, to prevent blood flowing into the trachea. R.'s Line. .See Line. R.'s Position. See Position. R.'s Theory of Inflammation. See under Theory. Roser-Nelaton Line. A synonym of Nelaton'' s Line. See Lines, Table of. Roset, Rosette (ro-zef). See Karyo kinesis. Rosewood-oil. " A pale-yellow, viscid, volatile oil, having an odor resembling that of sandal-wood or rosewood, and obtained by distillation with water from a kind of rosewood" (Cent. Diet.). Rosin ( roz'- in ) [a variation of resinl. See Resina, Colophony Resin. R. -grease. See R. -oil. R.- oil, a violet-blue fluorescent liquid, varying in specific gravity from .98 to 1. 1, obtained by dry distillation from colophony resin. It is largely used as a lubri- cant, especially for machinery and wagon-wheels. It is used in the condition of " rosin-grease " (made by stirring rosin-oil with milk of lime), and largely as a substitute for linseed-oil in the manufacture of printers' ink. R. -plant. Sa.me as R.-iaeed. R. -soap, a soap made of rosin and soda or potash. R.-weed, Compass Plant. The plant Silphium laciniatuin secretes an oleo-resin commonly used as a chewing-gum. Tonic, alterative, and emetic. Dose of fld. ext. 3ss-j. Unof. Rosinol [roz'-in-ol). See Retinal. Rosmal (^roz'-mal). A commercial name for liquid storax. Rosmarinus [ roz - ma - ri'- nus) [r-os' -tru-htm) [dim. of rostrum, a beak, snout: //. , Rostrula'\. In biology, a term for the peculiar mouth-parts of fleas. Rostrum (ros'-trum) [L. ,the beak (of a bird): //. , Rostrums or Rostra'\. A projection or ridge, as the rostrum of the sphenoid or of the corpus callosum. The ventral continuation of the genu of the callosum. In biology, a beak or snout or proboscis ; a beak-like structure. Rosula (roz'-ti-lak) [dim. of rosa, a rose]. A roset. Rosular (i-oz' -u-lar). Same as Rosiilate. Rosulate (roz'-ti-ldt) \_rosa, a rose]. In biology, hav- ing the leaves arranged in the form of a roset. Rosy (n)'-3aic, ephidrosis]. A form of hyperidrosis characterized by the excretion of sugar in sweat. Saccharic [sak-ar' -ik) \ca.Kxo.pov, sugar]. Pertaining to or obtained from sugar. S. Acid. See Acid. Saccharid [sak'-ar-id) \p(iKxapmi, sugar]. A com- pound of a base with sugar. A sucrate. See Casetn Saccharid . Sacchariferous [sak - ar - if - er - ns) \aaKxapm', sugar; ferre, to carry]. Containing sugar. Saccharification [sak-ar-if-ik-a'-sJnm) [paKxapov, sugar; /vzNH. I. A benzol-sulphonicimid derived from coal-tar, occurring as six-sided, colorless tablets, melt- ing at 224° C. It is 280 times sweeter than cane- sugar. It is used as a substitute for sugar in diabetes, and is recommended for use in the treatment of cor- pulency and gout. It is also antiseptic, and has been found useful in erysipelas, septic fever, and gonorrhea. Dose, gr. ^. See Glitsidum. 2. C|.,H,„05. The anhydrid of monobasic saccharic acid. It is soluble in 18 parts of water, forms large crystals, having a bit- SACCHARINE 1283 SACRAL ter and salty taste, melts at l6o° C, is dextrorotatory and non-fermentable. Saccharine [sak'-aj--i>!) [aaKxapov, sugar]. Having the nature of or containing sugar. An old term for oxalic acid. Saccharinin (sak-ar' -in-in). Synonym of Saccharin (1st def.). Saccharobiose [sak - ar - o' - be - oz) [^aduxafjov, sugar]. Synonym of Saccharose. The name has been given on account of the property possessed by saccharose of giving rise, when hydrated, to two carbohydrated molecules. C,.^H,^20u + = Saccharocolloid [sah-ar-o-kol'-o/d) [aanxapoi', sugar ; KoXka, glue ; tlJof, like]. Any member of that group of carbohydrates to which starch, pectin', and gum belong, which are amorphous, crystallize with difficulty, and diffuse through animal membranes very slowly. Saccharogalactorrhea (sak-ar-o-gal-ak-for-e'-ah) [oclk- ;i'fl;poi', sugar ; jdAa, milk ; po/a, a flow]. The excre- tion of an excess of sugar with the milk. Saccharogen (sak' -ar-o-jeii) \_aaKxaj)ov, sugar ; yevvav, to produce]. A material found in milk, and convert- ible into lactose. A glucosid. Saccharoid (sak'-ar-oid) \_GaKxcii>ov, sugar; ekJo^-, like] . Resembling loaf-sugar. Saccharometer (sak-ar-om' -et-er^ [(T(i/>;t:a/jor, sugar ; fitTpov, measure]. An apparatus for determining the amount of sugar in solutions, either in the form of a hydrometer which indicates the strength in sugar by the specific gravity of the solution ; or of a polarimeter, which indicates the strength in sugar by the number of degrees of rotation of the plane of polarization. S., Fermentation, an instrument for collecting and esti- mating the percentage of carbon dioxid evolved in the fermentation of saccharine urine. Saccharomyces (sak-ar-o-mi' -sez) \_aaKxo,po\i, sugar ; /iuK^/f, fungus : pi. , Saccharoiiiycetes~\. A genus of uni- cellular vegetable organisms, of which the yeast-plant is a common example. S. albicans, the same (Rees) as the Oidhmi albicans of Robin ; the fungus of thrush. S. apiculatus, a fungus-ferment found upon goose- berries, etc. S. capillitii, a form found on the human scalp and supposed to cause Pityriasis capitis. S. cerevisiae, the ferment of beer-yeast. S. conglom- eratus, found in grape-must when fermentation is nearl)^ over. S. coprogenus, a form observed in human feces. S. ellipsoideus, the common ferment of wine. S. exiguus, found in the last stages of the fermentation of beer. S. glutinis, a species forming a rose-colored coating on gelatin or potatoes. S. gut- tulatus, occurs in the digestive tract of various ani- mals. S. mesentericus, destroys fruit acids. S. minor, according to Engel, the fungus of bakers' yeast. S. mycoderma (Grawitz),same as S. albicans. S. pasteurianus, a form closely allied to 5. ellipsoideus. S. psoriasis, occurs in the human scalp, around the hairs. S. reessi, probably a variety of S. ellipsoideus. S. sphaericus, found on fermenting tomatoes. S. tyricola, found in fermenting cheese. It resembles .S". minor. See Bacteria, Svnonymatic Table of. Saccharon [sak'-ar-on) [aaKxapov, sugar], CgHgOg. The lactone of saccharonic acid. Saccharonic Acid [sak-ar- on' -ik). See Acid. Saccharorrhea (sak-ar-or-e' -ah) [^anK\apav, sugar; po'ia, flow]. The secretion of saccharine fluid. S. cutanea. See Saccharephidrosis . S. lactea. See Saccharogalac- torrhea. S. pulmonalis, the exudation of sweetish sputa. S. urinosa. See Diabetes niellitiis. Saccharose isak' -ar-bz) \caKxapov, sugar], C,.,H,20,,. Cane-sugar ; it occurs in the juice of many plants, chiefly in sugar-cane, in some varieties of maple, and in beet roots (10-20 per cent.). The syrupy mother liquid from the sugar is called molasses. Saccharose crystallizes in large monoclinic prisms, of a sp. gr. 1. 606. Its aqueous solution is levorotatory. Cane-sugar melts at 160°; at 190-200° it changes into a brown non- crystallizable mass called caramel, used in coloring liquids. It is not directly fermentable and does not reduce alkaline copper-solutions. The ordinary pure sugar of commerce. See Carbohydrates, Table of. Saccharous (sak' -ar-tts). Same as Saccharine. Saccharum (sak-ar' -tini) [croKja/jor, sugar; gen., sac- charil, Cj.^Hj^O,,. Cane-sugar. The soluble crystal- line substance occurring naturally in the juice of the sugar-cane, S. officinantni : maize, Zea mays: the sugar- beet, Beta vulgaris, and the sugar-maple, Acer saccha- rinum. In pharmacy, in the form of syrups, it is used mainly as a vehicle, and in a solid state as a pro- tective coating for pills and troches. See, also, Glu- cose, Lactose, and Levulosc. S. album, white or pure crystallized sugar. S. canadense. Maple-sugar, ob- tained from Acer saccharinum. S. candidum. Rock- candy. S. lactis. Sugar of Milk. S. purificatum, pure white sugar. Saccharure (sak' -ar-ftr) \_aaKxapov , sugar]. A pre- paration obtained by saturating sugar with a tincture, then drying, and pulverizing. Saccholactic Acid [sak-o-lak' -tik). Synonym of Acid, AJucic. Sacciferous (sak - sif- er - us) [^saccits, mck; ferre,X.o bear]. In biology, having a sac ; saccate. Sacciform (sak'-sif-oi-tn) [_saccus, a pouch; for?na, form]. Resembling a sac ; saccate. S. Disease of the Anus, distention and inflammation of the pouches of the rectum. Saccular (sak' -u-lar) \^saccMS, sac]. Sac-shaped. S. Aneurysm, a saccular dilatation of an artery, com- municating with the latter by a narrow neck. Sacculate (sak' -n-ldt) \_saccus, a bag]. Having small, sac-like projections. Sacculated (sak'-u-la-ted) \_sacciis, sac]. Encysted. Divided into little sacs. Sacculation (sak-u-la' -shun) [ra(r/«, sac]. A sac-like formation ; a sac, or set of sacs ; as the sacculation of the colon, or of the uterus in rare cases. Saccule, Sacculus (sak'-ul, sak' -u-lus) [dim. saccus, sac]. A small sac. S. communis, oblongus, or semiovalis, the utricle. S. laryngis, the laryngeal pouch between the superior vocal bands and the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage. S. mucosus, the bursa of the rectus femoris muscle. S. of the Vesti- bule, the smaller of two vestibular sacs of the mem- branous labyrinth of the ear. Saccus (sak'-u.'i). Synonym of Sac. S. vitellinus. See Sac, Vitelline. Sacer (sa'-se>') [L.]. Sacred. S. ignis, erysipelas. S. morbus, epilepsy. Sachet (sash-a') \^saccus, a sac]. A small bag of per- fumed or medicated substances. S. resolutif [Fr.], a sachet of equal parts of sal ammoniac, iron sulphate, and calcium sulphate. Sachse's Solution and Test. A solution for testing for sugar in the urine. It consists of 18 grams of red iodid of mercury, 25 grams of potassium iodid, and 80 grams of potassium hydrate in water, diluted to one liter. Sachs's Theory of Inflammation. See Theory. Sack (sak) \_siccus, dry]. An old name for dry Spanish and Canary wine ; sherry. Synonym of Sac. Sacrad (sa'-krad) [^sacrum, the sacrum]. Toward the sacral aspect. Sacral (sa'-kral) \_sacrui?!, sacrum]. Pertaining to the sacrum. S. Bone. See Sacrum. S. Canal. See Canal. S. Cornua. See Cornu. S. Flexure, the SACRALGIA 1284 S.-EPIMENTUM cvirve of the rectum in front of the sacrum. S. Fora- men. See Foraiue)i. S. Groove. See Gi-oozy. S. Index, the sacral breadth muhiphed by loo, and divided by the sacral length. S. Nerves. See Xt-rres. S. Plexus. See Plexus. Sacralgia (sa-kral'-je-ak) \_sncrnii!, sacrum; aAyoi', pain]. Pain in the sacrum ; hieralgia. Sacrarthrocace [sak-rar-throk' -as-e). See Sacro-iliac Disease. Sacred {sa'-kred) [ME., sacren, to render holy]. Hallowed ; holy. S. Bark. See Cascara Sagrada. S. Malady. Synonym of Epilepsy. Sacren (^rt'-zJ-ri";/) [jirtvv/w, sacrum]. Belonging to the sacrum in itself. Sacrifical {sa-krif -ik-al) \_saci'ificare, to sacrifice]. Employed in sacrifice. S. Operation, an operation in which some organ (as an ovary), is sacrificed or destroyed for the general good of the patient. Sacriplex (sa'-krip-leks) [sacrum, sacrum; plexus, plexus]. The sacral plexus of nerves. Sacriplexal (sa-krip-leks' -al ) [.wcraw, sacrum ; plexus, plexus]. Pertaining to the sacriplex. Sacro- (sa'-kro-) [_wt7-«/«, sacrum]. A prefi.x denoting connection with or relation to the sacrum. Sacro-caudal (sa - kro - kaw' - dal ) \sacrum , ■i2LZx\xm; eauda, tail]. In biology, pertaining to the sacrum and the tail. Sacrococcygeal (sa' -kro-kok-sij' -e-al ) \_sacrum , sacrum ; KOKKv;, coccyx]. Pertaining jointly to the sacrum and the coccyx. Sacrocostal [sa-kro-kos'-tal) \_sat>-um, sacruin ; eosta, rib]. Connected with the sacrum and having the character of a rib. Sacro-cotyloid (sa-kro-kot'-il-oid) [sacntiii, sacrum; Korr/r/fiflii'. cotyledon; eiSoc, like]. Pertaining to the sacrum and the acetabulum. Sacro-coxalgia {sa-ki:o-koks-al' -je-ali). See Sacro-iliac Disease. Sacro-coxitis (sa-ki-o-koks-i' -lis) . See Sacro-iliac Dis- ease. Sacro-iliac {sa-kro-iV -e-ak) \_sacrtini, sacrum ; ilium, ilium]. Pertaining to the sacrum and the ilium. S. Disease, sacro-coxitis ; sacrarthrocace : sacro-coxalgia; an inflammation of the sacro-iliac joint, characterized by pain and tenderness, with swelling over the line of the sacro-iliac junction. The limb on the diseased side is usually extended, elongated from downward displacement of the os innominatum, wasted, and sometimes edematous. The hip is deformed. Suppu- ration may occur at a late period of the disease. The affection occurs in early life, and is probably tubercu- lous in nature. Sacro-ischiatic (sa-kro-is-ke-at' -ik) \_sacru>?i, sacrum ; lax'tov, ischium]. Pertaining both to the sacrum and the ischium. Sacrolumbal (sa-kro-lum' -bal) \_sacrufn, sacrum; lum- bus, loin], .Sacrolumbar ; pertaining to both the sacrum and the loins. Sacrolumbalis [sa - kro- luni - ha' - lis). See Muscles, Table of. Sacrolumbar [sa-kro-lum' -bar") \^sacricm, sacrum ; lum- bus, loin]. Pertaining conjointly to the sacrum and the loins. S. Angle, the angle formed by the articu- lation of the sacrum and the last lumbar vertebra. Sacro-median {^sa - kro - me'- de - an) \_sacrui?i, sacrum ; niedius, middle]. Running along the median line of the sacrum. Sacro-pubic (sa-kro-pu' ■bik') [sacrum, sacrum ; pubes, pubis]. Pertaining to the sacrum and the os pubis. Sacro-rectal (sa-kro-rek' -tal) [sacrum, sacrum; rectum, rectum]. Pertaining to both sacrum and rectum. Sacro-sciatic [sa-kro-si-at' -ik). Synonym of Sacro- ischiatic. S. Foramen. See Foramen. S. Notches. .See Ischiatic. Sacro-spinal (sa-kro-spi'-nal) [sacrum, sacrum; spina, spine]. Pertaining to the sacrum and the spine. Sacrospinalis [sa - kro - spi - na'- lis) [sacrum, sacrum ; spina, spine]. The erector spina; muscle. Sacro-vertebral (sa-kro-ver'-te-bral) [sacrum, sacrum; vertebra, vertebra]. Pertaining conjointly to the sa- crum and the vertebrfe. Sacrum {sa'-krum) [sacer,s,&crtA']. A curved, triangu- lar bone composed of five united bones, which are 1,1,1,1. Bodies of sacral vertebrae, with trans- verse lines of union. 2, 2, 2, 2. Anterior sa- cral foramina. 3. Base. 4. Auricular surface of lateral aspect. 5. Its inferior p o r t i on. 6. Articular surface of base. 7. Notch for formation of last lum- bar intervertebral fora- men. 8. Superior ar- ticular process of first sacral vertebra. 9. Apex of sacrum. 10. Cornu. II. Notch for transmission of fifth sacral nerve. really vertebrse, situated between the last lumbar ver- tebra above, the coccyx below, and the two ilia on , I, I, I. Spinous pro- cesses of sacral verte- brae. 2, 2. Sacral groove. 3.3.3.3- Pos- terior sacral foramina. 4,4,4,4. Articular pro- cesses, united. 5, 5, 5, 5. Transverse pro- cesses. 6, 6. Cribri- form f OS s a. 7, 7. Auricular surface. 8, 8. Superior articular processes of first sa- cral vertebra. 9. Supe- rior orifice of sacral canal. 10. Groove rep- resenting inferior ori- fice. II. II. Cornua. 12. Apex. Sacrum, Posterior Aspect. either side, and forming the posterior boundary of the pelvis. S., Ala of. See Ala. Saddle (^(Z(/'-/) [ME , jf/t/d"/, saddle]. A contrivance secured on the back of a horse or other animal to serve as a seat for a rider. S.-bags, a pair of leathern cases, formerly, and still locally, carried by physicians upon the saddle, and containing their medicines and instruments. S. -joint, an articulation concave in one direction and convex in the opposite. S.-nose, one of which the bridge is deep or wanting. A nose in which there has been a collapse of the bridge from necrosis of the nasal bones. Sadism, Sadismus {sa'-dizm, sa-diz'-mus) [from the Marquis de S<7de, author of obscene books]. Sexual perversion which leads to rape, with circumstances of great violence and inhuman cruelty. Sadist (sa'-dist ) [from the Marquis de Sade'\. One af- fected with sadism, -fojfi'-e/-er). See Septometei-. Saeptum (sep'-lum). See Septum. Safflower [saf'-low-er). See Carthamus. S. Carmin. Same as Cartliamin. Saffranin (saf -ran-in). See Pigtmnts, Conspectus of. Saffrol {saf'-rol). See Safrol. Saffron [saf'-ron) [ME., saffron, saffron]. See Crocus. S., American. See Cartha?nits. S., Meadow. See Colchicum. S. Substitute. Same as Victoria YellonK S.-tea. See Carthamus. S. -yellow. Same as Alai-- tilts' s Yellozv. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Safranin {saf'-ran-in) [Fr. , safran, saffron], CjgH,sNj. A coal-tar color used in dyeing and staining, obtained by oxidizing a mixture of amido-azotoluene and tolui- din. It gives yellowish-red shades' on wool, silk, and cotton, and is fairly fast to light. It is used in histology to stain karyokinetic figures. Physio- logically, it is very poisonous, producing death, if in sufficient dose, by respiratory paralysis. The 'saf- ranins are diamido-derivatives of hypothetic phenyl- phenazonium. They are produced upon oxidizing a mixture of an indoamin and a primary amin. They are strong bases. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Safraninophile or Saphranophile (safran-in'-o-fil, sa- fran' -o-fil) [Fr., safran, saffron ; (piXelv, to love]. In bacteriology, or histology, applied to microbes or histologic elements that show a peculiar affinity for safranin. Cf. Eosinophile. Safrene (saf'-ren) [Fr. , safran, saffron], Cj„H,g. A hydrocarbon obtained from sassafras. Safrol [saf'-rol] [Fr. , safran, saffron; oleum, oil], C,qH,jO.^. The stearoptene of the oil of sassafras. When the oil is chilled, it separates as a white crys- talline mass, melting at -|- 8° C. It is used in head- ache, neuralgia, and subacute rheumatism. Its dose is n\,x-xx. It is also employed for perfuming soaps. Safrosin {saf'-ro-sin) [Fr., safran, saffron], C.^„HgBr- ( N0^).^05. A coloring-matter used in the arts for dyeing silk or wool scarlet. It occurs chiefly as a sodium salt. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Safrosin [saf'-ro-sin) . Same as Daphnin. Sagapenum [sag-ap-e'-num) [aayaizrivov']. A fetid gum-resin, believed to be the concrete juice of Ferii/a persica. It has the general properties of asafetida, but is now little used. Unof Sage (jay ) [ME., jflo-^, sage]. St& Salvia. S., Moun- tain. See Sierra salvia. S. -brush. See Serra salvia ; also Eurotia. Sage-femme [sahzk-fam') [Fr. , literally a wise woman]. A midwife.' Sagitta (saj-it' -all) \sagitta, an mow, a bolt]. In biology, {a) the sagittal suture ; {b) an otolith in the ear of a fish. Sagittal [saf -it-al) \sagitta, an arrow]. Pertaining to the antero-posterior median plane of the body, the meson, or to planes parallel with it. S. Furrow, a channel extending along the median line of the inner surface of the vault of the cranium. S. Nucleus, that of the oculo-motor nerve. S. Plane, the median plane of the body. S. Section. See Section. S. Sinus, the longitudinal sinus. S. Suture, the suture uniting the parietal bones. Sagittate {sa/-it-at) [sagitta, an arrow]. In biology, shaped like the head of an arrow, with the basal lobes pointing downward when applied to leaves. Sagittocyst [saf -it-o-sist ) [sagitta, an arrow ; cystus, a bag, a pouch]. In biology, applied to certain glan- dular cutaneous cells in turbellarian worms ; they con- tain the so-called rods ox rliabdites ; also called rod- cells or rhabdite-cells. Sago {sa'-go) [Malay, sagu, sago]. The starchy fecula obtained from the pith of Sagus Icevis and several species of palms and cycads. It is an excellent food for invalids when completely softened by long boiling. S. Spleen, a spleen presenting on section the appear- ance of sago-grains, as a result of amyloid degenera- tion. The apparent grains represent the degenerated Malpighian bodies. S. -grain, a vesicular granulation of the eyelid, seen in granular ophthalmia. Sailors' Colic. See Colic. Saint Agatha's Disease. Mamniitis. S. Aignon's Disease, tinea or favus. S. Andrew's Cross, the herb or shrub Ascyritm cru.x andreiv of N. America, a discutient remedy. Unof. S. Anthony's Dance. Synonym of Chorea. S. Anthony's Fire. .See Erysipelas. S. Apollonia's Disease, toothache. S. Avertin's Disease, epilepsy. S. Avidius' Disease, deafness. S. Blasius' Disease, quinsy. S. Clair's Disease, ophthalmia, or sore eyes. S. Dymphna's Disease, insanity. S. Erasmus' Disease, colic. S. Fiacre's Disease, hemorrhoids, or condylomata. S. Francis' Fire, erysipelas. S. Germain Tea, the species laxantes (N. F. ) ; a mixture of elder flowers, senna, fennel, anise, and potassium bitartrate ; a useful aperient. S. Gervasius' Disease, rheumatism. S. Giles' Disease, carcinoma or leprosy. S. Guy's Dance. Synonym of Chorea. S. Helena Tea, a plant of the island of St. Helena, Beatsonia portulacifolia , a local substitute for tea. Unof S. Hilaire (Geoffroy), Angle of. See Angle. S. Hubert's Disease, hydrophobia. S. Ignatius' Bean. See Ignatia. S. Jacob's Oil. See Aco/iitum. S. Job's Disease, syphilis. S. John Long's Lini- ment. See Liniineiituin. S. John's Dance. Synonym of C/zo/Ya. S. John's Evil. See Epilepsy. S. John's Wort. See Hypericum and Johnswort. S. Kilda Cold ; Strangers' Cold; a form of influenza in the Hebrides, supposed to be due to the presence of strangers on the arrival of a ship. S. Lazarus' Dis- ease, leprosy. S. Main's Disease, the itch. S. Martin's Evil, drunkenness. S. Mary's Thistle. See Carduus. S. Mathurin's Disease, insanity, idiocy or epilepsy. S. Modestus' Dance. Syno- nym of Chorea. S. Robert's Herb, the Geranium robertianum . S. Valentine's Disease, epilepsy. S. Vitus' Dance. Synonym of Chorea. S. With's Dance. Synonym of Chorea. S. Zachary's Dis- ease, dumbness. Sake (salt' -he) [Jap.]. Japanese rice-beer or other al- coholic beverage. Sakitlakar (sak-it-lak'-ar) . Synonym of Palmus. Sal \_sal, salt]. Salt ; a term applied to various crystal- line substances. S. aeratus, potassic bicarbonate. S. alembroth. See Alemhroth, and Listerian Method. S. ammoniac. See Ammonium. S. carolinum, Carlsbad salts. S. communis, common salt. See Sodium. S. cornus cervi, hartshorn ; same as Am- monia. See Ammonium. S. de duobus, potassic sulphate. S. epsom, magnesium sulphate. See Jl/ag- nesiuin. S. glauberi, sodium sulphate. See Sodium. S. kissingense, Kissengen salts. S. mirabile, sodium sulphate. S. polychrest, S. polychrestum, potassic sulphas cum sulphure. S. seignetti, potassium and sodium tartrate. S.-soda. Crystallized sodium car- bonate. S. vichyanum, Vichy salt. S. volatilis, a name applied to various preparations of ammonium carbonate used as smelling-salts. Salaam Convulsion. See Eclampsia nutans, and Spasmus nutans. Salabreda {sal-ab-re'-dah). Brittle gum, q. v. Salacetol (sal-as'-ef-dl) [salix, vi'iWow ; acetu/n, vine- gar]. The salicylic acid ester of acetone-alcohol. It is proposed as a substitute for sodium salicylate and salol. It has been recommended as an intestinal and SALACIOUS 1286 SALIVARY genito urinary antiseptic, and for the treatment of acute or chronic rheumatism. Dose, 30-45 grains. Salacious {sa-/a' -se-iis) \_saiax, lustful]. Lustful. Salacity [sa-/as' -it-e) \_sahx, lustful]. Lustful or ve- nereal desire. Salad Oil [sal'-ad oil). See Oleum Olhw. Salamandrin {sal-am-an' -dri]i). See Lettkoinaitis, Table . A mucilagi- nous and nutritious drink is made of it, which is con- sidered to be an analeptic, aphrodisiac, and nervine. Unof. Saleratus [sal-er-a' -tiis) [sal, aeratiis, aerated salt]. Properly, sal-aeratus. Potassium bicarbonate ; also, sodium bicarbonate. Salicin (sal'-is-iii) \_sali.\-, willow], CjjHjgO-. The glucosid of saligenin ; it occurs in the bark and leaves of willows and some poplars. It forms shining crys- tals, that dissolve easily in hot water and alcohol, and melt at 198° C. Its taste is bitter. It possesses tonic properties, and is used as a substitute for salicylic acid in the treatment of rheumatism. Salicinum [sal-is-i' -ninii). Official name of Saliciii. Salicol (saF-ik-ol). .Synonym of Carbolic Acid. Salicyl [sal'-is-il) \_sali.r, willow], C,H-0.^. The hypo- thetic radicle of salicylic acid. S. Orange, S. Yellow. See Pix'ii'enls, Conspectus of. Salicylage [saV -is-il-aj ) \salix, willow]. Preservation of articles of diet by the use of salicylic acid. Salicylamid (sal-is-iV -am-id) \salix, willow; amid], C-H^(OH)CONHj. A tasteless compound produced by treating methyl salicylate with an alcoholic solution of ammonia. It is used like salicylic acid. Salicylate (sal-is' -il-at) \_salix, willow]. Any salt of salicylic acid. The salicylates of ammonium, atropin, bismuth, caffein, cinchonidin, lithium, methyl, physo- stigmin, quinin, and sodium, etc. , have been employed in medicine, especially in rheumatic affections. Salicylic [sal - is - il'- ik) \_salix, willow]. Containing salicyl or pertaining to it. Derived from the willow. S. Acid. See Acid, Salicylic, and Salix. S. Acid Colors. See Pigments, Conspectus of. S. Aldehyd. See Aldehyd. Salicylism (sal'- is - il - izni) [salix, willow]. A toxic condition, produced by the injudicious or excessive use of salicylic acid or its salts. Salicyluric Acid (sal-is-il-u' -rik) [salix, willow ; oi>pov, urine]. An acid found in the urine after the adminis- tration of salicylic acid. It is a compound of the latter with glycol. Salifiable (sal-if-i' -a-bl) [sal, salt to become]. Forming a salt by union with an acid. Saligenin (sal-ij'-en-in) [salix, W\\\o^ ; /ewai', to pro- duce], C-HgO.^. A substance formed by the action of sodium amalgam upon salicylic aldehyd or in the decomposition of salicin with dilute acids or ferments. It consists of pearly tables, soluble in hot water, alcohol and ether, and melting at 82° C. Salimeter (sal-im'-et-cr) [sv//, salt ; fjtrimv, measure]. .\n hydrometer for ascertaining the strength of saline solutions. Salinaphtol (sal-in-af'-tol). See Betol. Saline (sa'-len or sa'-lin) [.w/, salt]. .Salty. In biology, growing in a salt-marsh or by the sea-shore. S. Solu- tion, a 0.6 per cent, solution of sodium chlorid. Salines (sa'-lens) [sal, salt]. Salts of the alkalies or of magnesium, used as hydragogue cathartics. Mag- nesium sulphate and citrate, sodium sulphate and Rochelle salts are examples. Salinometer (sal-in-oni' -ei-er). Synonym of Salimeter. Salipyrin (sal - ip- i'- rin) [salix, willow ; irvp, fire], CjjH,2N.^O.C,HgO.,. A white powder, the salicylate of antipyrin, consisting of 57.7 parts of salicylic acid, and 42.3 parts of antipyrin. It is readily soluble in water and has been recommended as an analgesic and antipyretic in doses of gr. xv-xxx. Salirrhetin (sal - ir - ret' - in) [salix, willow; pi/rivr/, resin], Cj^H,^O.j. An amorphous, resinous powder, produced by treating saligenin with acids. Salisbury Method. A method of treating obesity. It consists in restricting the diet absolutely for a time to large quantities of rump-steak, cod-fish and hot water. It is thought by the advocates of this method that an excess of albuminates favors the reduction of obesity by promoting the oxidation and combustion of the excess of deposited fat. Saliva (sa-li'-va) [L.]. The mixed secretion of the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands, and the small mucous glands of the mouth. Physiologically, three kinds of secretion may be distinguished : a serous from the parotid, a mucous from the mucous glands, and a mixed secretion from the submaxillary and the sublingual. Mixed saliva is opalescent, tasteless, alka- line and has a specific gravity of 1004-1009. The daily quantity secreted is approximately 1500 c. c. (Bid- der and -Schmidt. ) Saliva contains serum-albumin, globulin, mucin, urea, an amylolytic ferment called ptyalin, and a proteolytic and a lipolytic ferment ; also, salts, among which is potassium sulphocyanid, de- rived especially from the parotid gland. Among formed elements are epithelial cells, salivary corpus- cles and bacteria. The functions of saliva are phys- ical and chemic. Its physical functions are to moisten the food and lubricate the bolus, to dissolve cer- tain substances, and to facilitate tasting and aid in deglu- tition and articulation. Its chemic action depends upon its ferments, the most important of which is pytalin. This converts starch into dextrin and sugar. The proteolytic and lipolytic ferments are not important. It is possible that any other fermentation save the amylolytic is due to bacteria, S., Chorda, that pro- duced by stimulation of the chorda tympani nerve. S., Ganglionic, that produced by irritating the sub- maxillary glands. Salival (sa-li' -val) [saliva , ?sa.mt 2l% Salivary. Salivant (sal'-iv-ant) [saliva, saliva]. Stimulating the secretion of saliva. Salivary (sal'-iv-a-re) [saliva, saliva]. Pertaining to saliva or to its secretion. S. Calculus, Odonto- lith; odontia incrustans ; tartar of the teeth, an SALIVATE 1287 SALOPHEN earthy concretion found upon the teeth and in the mouths of the salivary ducts. S. Corpuscles, pale, Small Lobule of Submaxillary Gland. D. Duct of the Lobule. {From Stirling.) SUBMA.XILLARY GLAND, DOG. Showing duct communicating with an alveolus by a narrow ductule. The alveoli containing mucous cells and dense demilunes. X 300. {From Stirling^ spheric, nucleated bodies found in the saliva. S. Di- astase. Same as Ptyalin. S. Digestion, the con- version of starches into dextrin and sugar by the ac- tion of saliva. S. Fistula, an al;- normal openinir com municati n<; with a salivary A Dissection of the Side of the Face, showing the Salivary Transverse Section Glands. ?)f,r-T ^'^'-'^^'^'^ a. Sublingual gland. *. Submaxil- ■ lary gland with its ducts open- Showing only the ing on the floor of the mouth be- "rodded" epithe- neath the tongue at rf. c. Parotid Hum lining it. X 300. gland and its duct, which opens on {From Stirling.) the inner side of the cheek. duct. S. Glands, the glands, six in number, situated on each side of the mouth, which secrete the saliva. See Parotid, Submaxillary , and Stiblingual. Salivate (saF -iv-dt) \_salivare, to spit out]. To purge by the salivary glands. To bring about an undue discharge of saliva. Salivatio (sal-iv-a' -she-o) [L.]. Salivation. S. mer- curialis. .Synonym of Stomatitis, Mercurial. Salivation [sal-iii-a' -shun') \jaliva, saliva]. An exces- sive secretion of saliva. It may be produced by cer- tain poisons, by such drugs as mercury and pilocarpin, or by nervous disturbances. Salivin (sal' -iv-in). Same as Ptyalin. Salivous [sa-li'-vus) \_salic>a, spittle]. Of or pertaining to saliva. Salix (sa'-lil's) [L.]. The bark of the common white willow, .S'. alba. Its properties are due to a constitu- ent, salicin, CijHjgO^, which is tonic and antiseptic. It is useful as an antipyretic in rheumatic fever. Dose of the glucosid gr. x-jij. Lithium Salicylate, 2Li- C,H503. H^O. Dose gr. v-gj. Sodium Salicy- late, 2NaC7H.03.H.^O, properties like those of the acid, though less irritant. Dosegr. v— ^j. Salicylic Acid, HC^HjO-j, a derivative of Salix, a powerful anti- pyretic in rheumatic fever, and locally in eczema and indolent ulcers ; and also an antiseptic. Dose gr. v-xxx. Ung. acid, salicyl. (B. P.) Used in chronic deep-seated skin diseases. Salkowski - Ludwig Method. A method for the estimation of uric acid in solution. When an ammoniacal solution of nitrate of silver is added to a solution of uric acid, to which a mixture of magne- sium chlorid and ammonium chlorid has been pre- viously added, the uric acid is precipitated as a mag- nesio-silver salt. This is collected, washed, and de- composed by sodium or potassium sulphid, whereupon the uric acid passes again into solution as a urate of the alkali. On the addition of an excess of HCl to this solution the urate is decomposed, uric acid separ- ates out and is collected and weighed. Salkowski's Mixture. See Camerer^ s Method. Sallow (saF-o) [M.'E., salo7i', sallow]. Having a yel- lowish color, as the complexion or skin. Salmon-disease. A disease of salmon and other fi.shes, due to the fungus, Saprolegnia ferox. S. -louse. Caligus piscimis, a crustacean parasitic upon the salmon and other fishes. S. -patch. See Keratitis, Inter- stitial. Salocoll [sal'-o-kol) \_salix, willow]. A chemic com- bination of phenocoll and salicylic acid ; in other words, the salicylate of phenocoll. It is a white powder ; odorless and tasteless ; only slightly soluble in cold water. Salocoll is said to be a reliable anti- pyretic, anti-neuralgic, and anti-rheumatic, combining the favorable actions of its constituents, and as a rule, free from the by-effects common to the new anti- pyretics. The dose is from 15 to 30 grains, in powder or in capsules, to be repeated three or four times per day. Salol [sal'-ol) [salix, willow], CjjHjgOg. SalicvHc Phenol Ester ; or Phenyl Salicylate. A white, odor- less, crystalline substance, melting at 43° C. It is used as an intestinal antiseptic, and as a substitute for sali- cylic acid, being less irritating to the stomach. Dose gr. ij-xv. It is decomposed in the intestines into salicylic acid and phenol. On this account it has been employed to test the motor power of the stomach. A few grains are given in capsule and the urine tested at intervals for the decomposition-products of salicylic acid. Saloop [sa-loop') [see Salep]. A drink prepared from salep ; also from sassafras bark and herbs. It is re- garded as a cure for drunkenness. Unof. Salophen (sal'-o-fen) \_salix, willow], P „ .on 6"4'--cOO.C„H,.N'^CO.CH,Ci5Hi3NO^. A derivative of salicylic acid, of value in acute artic- ular rheumatism. Dose gr. Ix-xc daily. Unof. SALPHONIC TEST FOR PROTEIDS 1288 SALTATORY Salphonic Test for Proteids. See Tests, Table of. Salpingectomy [sal - pin - jek'- to - me) \_pakixiy^, tube ; tKTiifu/, excision]. Excision of an oviduct. Salpingemphraxis ( sal - pin -jem -fi-aks'- is) [ad/.iny^, tube; f/«)/jaf/r, obstruction]. Closure of the Eustach- ian tube. Salpinges (salpin' -jez) . Plural of Salpinx. Salpingian, or Salpingic {sal-pin' -je-an, sal-pin' -jik) [uuXtt;; ^, tube]. Pertaining to a Eustachian or Fallo- pian tube. Salpingitic [sal-ping-jif -ik) \j5a\TnyS,, tube ; iriq, in- llammation]. Pertaining to, or affected with, salping- itis. Salpingitis (sal-ping-ji' -tis) \_aakT:r/^, tube ; mf , inflam- mation]. Inflammation of the Eustachian tube, or of the Fallopian tube. Salpingocyesis [sal-ping-go-si-e' -sis) [pcOiMC]^, tube; Ki'i/Gti;, pregnancy]. Tubal pregnancy. Salpingo-mallearis, Salpingo-malleus (sal-ping-go- mal-e-a'-ris, sal-ping-go-inal' -e-ns). The tensor tym- pani muscle. See Alnscles, Table of. Salpingo-nasal {sal-ping-go-tia'-zal) \_aaXT:ty^, tube ; nasiis, nose] . Pertaining to the Eustachian tube and the nose. Salpingo -oophorectomy [sal-ping-go-o-ofor-ek'-to-me) [caA-/)^', tube ; udr, egg ; (jiopo^, bearing; eKTOfiij, ex- cision]. Excision of an oviduct and an ovary. Salpingo - oophoritis {sal-ping-go-o-o-for-i' -tis) \GaK- 7r()-.f, tube ; woi', egg; <^o/jof, bearing ; (r^f, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of an oviduct and an ovary. Salpingo-palatal [ sal-pitig-go-pai'-ai-al ) [aaA-myi, tube ; palatum, palate ]. Pertaining to the Eustach- ian tube and the palate. S. Fold, a fold of mucosa covering the levator palati muscle. Salpingo -pharyngeal [sal-ping-go-far-in' -je-al) \oa>-- 7r/;f, tube; k7j, uvula]. The abductor muscle of the Eustachian tube. S. internus. Syn- onym of Levator palati . See Muscles, Table of. Salpingostenochoria ( sal - ping -go - ste - no-ko' -re-ah) [(jaA7r/)'|, tube ; OTfrof, narrow ; ^w^a, space ]. Ste- nosis or stricture of the Eustachian tube. Salpingostomy [sal-ping-gos' -to-me) [ ca7,iny^, tube ; (jTuun, mouth]. Establishment of a fistula of a Fal- lopian tulie. Salpingotomy ( sal - ping -got'- o - me ) \rjak-KiyS., tube ; TniLTj, a cutting]. The surgical division or excision of a Fallopian tube. Salpingysterocyesis [sal - ping -gis - ter - o - si- e' - sis) [i7('i/ -/-) i , tube; vnrepa, womb; Kvr/atg, gestation]. Interstitial jiregnancy. Salpinx {sal'-pin/cs) [ad'/'-iy^, tube]. A tube, espe- cially the Eustachian or the Fallopian tube. Salsilago (sal-sil-a' -go) \_sal, salt]. Salty liquid. Salsuginose {sal-su' -jin-dz) \_salsngo, saltness]. In bi- ology, growing in brackish soil, or in situations liable to an overflow of salt water. Salt \_sal, salt]. A common name for sodium chlorid. See Sodium. In chemistry, a substance produced by the union of a base or radicle acting as such with an acid. See also Sal. S., Acid, a salt formed from a dibasic or polybasic acid in which only a por- tion of the replaceable hydrogen atoms has been re- placed by the base. This salt, therefore, has acid properties. S., Bakers', sodium bicarbonate. S., Basic, a compound formed by the union of a normal salt with a basic oxid or hydroxid. S., Bay, sodium chlorid ; also the sea-salt obtained by the evaporation of sea-water by solar heat. S., Bitter, magnesium sulphate. S.-cake, crude sodium sulphate obtained in the manufacture of sodium carbonate by what is known as Leblanc's process. S., Cheltenham, a mixture, in equal proportions, of magnesium sulphate, sodium sulphate, and sodium chlorid, or of similar salts. S., Common, sodium chlorid. S., Diuretic, potassium acetate. S., Double, one in which the hydrogen atoms of an acid are replaced by two metals. S., Epsom, magnesium sulphate. S. -flour, finely crystalline potassium nitrate. S. Frog, a frog from whose vascular system all blood has been artificially removed and replaced by normal salt-solution. Also known as Cohnheim^ s Frog. S., Glaser's Poly- chrest, potassium sulphate. S., Glauber's, sodium sulphate. S., Halogen, S., Haloid, any salt of the halogen elements, broniin, chlorin, fluorin, iodin. S., Hornberg's Sedative, boric acid S., Lemery's, potassium sulphate. S., Marine Epsom, magnesium chlorid. S., Martial Sea, iron chlorid. S., Micro- cosmic, NaHKH^P0^.4H20, a reagent in blow-pipe analysis. S., Monsel's, subsulphate of iron, used chiefly in solution as a styptic. S., Neutral, one formed by the replacement of all of the hydrogen atoms of an acid by a base or a radicle. S., Normal. Synonym of S., A'eutral. S., Oxy-, S., Oxygen, a salt of an oxy-acid, i.e., one containing oxygen. S., Purgative. Synonym oi S., Epsom. S. Rheum, a form of chronic eczema. S. of Riverius, neutral potassium citrate. S., Rochelle, sodium and potas- sium tartrate. S., Rock, native sodium chlorid, oc- curring in crystalline masses; also the large crystals of sodium chlorid obtained in its manufacture from sea-water. S., Schlippe's, sodium sulphantimoniate. S., Sea, the sodium chlorid obtained by the evapora- tion of sea-water. It is not perfectly pure. S., Seda- tive, boric acid. S., Seidlitz, magnesium sulphate. S. of Seignette, sodium and potassium tartrate. S., Smelling, any pungent, irritant salt which when in- haled usually acts reflexly as a respiratory or circula- tory stimulant. Ammonium carbonate is generally used. S. -solution, a solution of sodium chlorid in distilled water. One containing from 0.6 to 0.75 per cent, of sodium chlorid is known as a normal or pitvsiologic salt-solution, and on account of its un- irritating character is much used in physiologic experi- ments on living tissues. In medicine, it has been employed to restore to the system the fluids lost by severe hemorrhage or profuse diarrhea! discharges. Infusions of salt-solution are made either into the subcutaneous tissues or into a vein ; sometimes also into the rectum. S., Table, sodium chlorid. S., Wall, calcium nitrate. The name has been given to it because it is found on the walls of stables and similar places over which urine flows. S.-wort. See Clau.x. Saltation {sal - ta' - shun) \_saltare, to dance]. The dancing or leaping sometimes noticed in chorea. Saltatorial {sal-tat-o' -re-al) [^saltare, to dance, to leap]. Applied to such animals as progress by leaping. Saltatoric {sal-tat-or' -ik) [saltare, to dance]. Pertain- ing to dancing or leaping. S. Cramp or Spasm, a clonic spasm which sometimes attacks a patient when he attempts to stand, causing him to leap or jump. It is rare and transient, and is quite distinct from the condition known as palmus. See Pahnus. Saltatory {sal - tat - or'- e) . Synonym of Saltatoric. S. Theory of Evolution, in biology, that form of the doctrine of evolution which holds that the evolution ot SALTER, LINES OF 1289 SANGUINARIA species is frequently marked by abrupt variations. Cf. Niatisiii. Salter, Incremental Lines of. Lines due to want of uniformity in the calcitication of the outer zone of dentine. See Lines, Table of. S.'s Swing, a movable suspension-cradle for a fractured leg. Saltpeter (i(nc'//-/i''-^(';j [ja/, salt ; irtrpa, rock]. Na- tive potassium nitrate. See Potassium. S., Chile, sodium nitrate. S., Lead, lead nitrate. S., Lime, calcium nitrate. S., Lye, the liquor obtained by treating saltpeter with water. Salts (sawlts) \sal, salt]. A popular name for Epsom salt, or magnesium sulphate. See also Glaubers Salt, Rochelle Salt, etc. under Salt. Saltus (sal'-tns) [L.]. I. A leap. 2. Vulva.' Salubrious [sa-lit^-bre-iis) [^rt/wj, health]. Healthful; applied especially to telluric and atmospheric condi- tions. Salubrity [sa - lii'- b?-it - e) \_salnbritas. healthful ness] . The state or character of being wholesome. Salufer (sal' -u-fer) \_salus, health; ferre, to bring]. Sodium silico-tluorid, recommended as an antiseptic and deodorant. Unof. Salumin [sal'- ii - i/iin) \_salix, willow; ahiininiiiif\. Aluminum salicylate. It is employed in the treatment of diseases of the nose and throat. Salutary {sal' -u-ta-re) \_salus, health]. Promotive of health. Salutiferous [sal-ii-tif -er-us') \_salutifer, health-bring- ing; /t-r/r, to bear]. Medicinal; health-bearing. Salvatella [sal-vat-el'-ah) or Vena salvatella \_salva- tus, from salvare, to save] . The vein on the back of the little finger. See Vein. Salve [ME. , J■^7/^.'^, salve]. Ointment. S.-bug, a sailor's name for various parasitic crustaceans or " fish-lice," one of which, Caligus ciirtits, lives upon the connnon cod-fish. These crustaceans are made into salves by mariners. Unof. S., Deshler's, com- pound resin cerate. Salver-shaped (sal' -ver-shapt) \salva, a plate]. In biology, applied to corollas having a slender tube, spreading suddenly into a flat limb, as a phlox. Salvia (j'l-i'/'-iV-o//) [L.]. Sage. The leaves of 6". ij^r/- nalis, common garden sage. Its properties are due to tannin, a resin and a volatile oil. It is tonic, stimu- lant, and astringent. Salviol (sal'-ve-ol) [salvia, sage; oleum, oil], C,|,HjgO. A liquid substance obtained from oil of sage. Salvioli, Micrococcus of. See Baeteria, Synonymatic Table of. Samadera or Samandura (sam-ad-e' -rah or sa-man' - du-rah). [E. Ind.] A genus of old-world trees of the simarubaceous type. S. indica produces a bitter, febrifugal bark. Unof. Samara (sa-mar'-ah or sam' -ar-a/i) \_sa>nara, also sa- mera, the fruit of the elm]. In biology, an indehis- cent dry fruit provided with a wing-like appendage, as the fruits of the ash and elm. Samariform (sam-ay'-ifo7-i)i) \samara, the seed of an elm ; forma, form]. In biology, having the form of a samara. Samaritan [sa-mar' -it-aii) [lafiapeirr/i;, a Samaritan]. 1. A benevolent person, or benefactor of the helpless. 2. Devoted to charitable work or to the service of the helpless, as a 5. Hospital. S.'s Balsam, a mixture of wine and oil, formerly used in treating wounds. S. Schools, schools established for the instruction of the general public in the means of giving prompt succor to the wounded and injured before the arrival of the physician. In England these schools are known as ambulance-classes. Samaritanism (sa-mar' -it-an-izm) [I,iruapeiTK, a Sa- maritan]. Active philanthropy; devotion to the re- lief of suffering. Samarium (sam -a' -re -11711) [L.]. A metallic element belonging to the didymium group. Symbol Sm ; atomic weight 150. Samaroid (sam' -ar-oid). Same as Samariform. Sambucus (sam-bu'-kus) [h.,j^en., Sambuci~\. Elder. The flowers of .S*. canadensis and S. nigra (B. P.) ; stimulant and diaphoretic. The inner bark of Sam- bucus is cathartic. Dose gr. xxx-:5j in hot infusion. S. Aqua (B. P.) Dose j-ij. Sampsuchine (samp' -su-kiii) \pajn\>vxoc^, marjoram]. An old name for marjoram. Samshu (sa/n' -slit/) [Chinese]. An alcoholic drink dis- tilled in China from rice or millet, or both. Samuel's Theory of Inflammation. See Theory. Sanable (saji'-a-bl) [.?<;«(?;•<■, to heal]. Curable. Sanation (san-a' -shun) \_sanare, to heal]. The process of healing ; cure. Sanative (san'-at-iv) [sana/-e, to heal]. Promoting health. Sanatol (sa?i'-at-ol) . The trade name of a disinfectant said to consist of sulphuric acid, esters of phenol, and its homologues. Sanatorium (san-at-o' -re-um) \sanare, to heal]. An establishment for the treatment of the sick ; especially a private hospital. See Sanitarium. Sanatory (san'-at-or-e) \_sanare, to heal]. Curative. Sand [ME., sand, sand] . Fine, rounded, polished grains of silicic oxid. S.-bath, a vessel containing dry sea- sand in which a substance requiring a slowly-rising and uniform temperature may be heated. See Bath ; also, Ammothcrapy, Saburration, Psammism. S., Brain. See Acervulus. S. -crack, a crack or fissure in the hoof of a horse, extending from the coronet toward the sole, and due to a diseased condi- tion of the horn-secreting membrane. S.-flea. See Chigoe. S. -lobster. See Buckle-shell. Sandalwood (san' -dal-zuud). See Sanfalum album. Sandarac (san'-dar-ak) \aav('iapaKi]'\. A white, trans- parent resin, produced by Callitris qtiadrivalvis , a tree of North Africa, and by other species. It is now sel- dom used in medicine. S., German, the resin of the common juniper. Sane (san) \_sanus, whole]. I. Mentally sound; of a sound mind. 2. Healthy, free from disease. Saneness (san' -nes). Same as Sanity. Sanford's Mixture. See Anesthetic. Sangaree (sang-ga-re') [Sp., sangria'\. A sweetened and flavored drink, consisting essentially of diluted wine or porter. Sanger's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Sang-mele (sang-ma-la') . See Mulatto. Sangrado (sang-gra' -do) [sanguis, bloody]. A term sometimes applied to a physician who employs blood- letting extensively. From Le .Sage's novel of "Gil Bias," in which a Doctor Sangrado treats all diseases by blood-letting. Sanguicolous (sang-g7ciih'-o-lus)[sanguis, blood ; colere, to inhabit]. Living in the blood, as a parasite. Sanguiferous (san-gwif -er-us) [sang/ris, blood ; ferre, to carry]. Carrying, or conveying, blood. Sanguification (sang-gwif-ih-a'-shun) [sangu is, hlood ; facere, to make]. The formation of blood; hemato- genesis. Conversion into blood, as of the elements absorbed from the intestines. Sanguifluous (sang-g7C'if'-lu-us)[sanguis, blood ; fluere, to flow]. Running with blood. Sanguigenous (sang-gwij' -en-us)[sanguis ,\l\ooi^ ; yrjvri^, producing]. Producing blood. Sanguinaria (sang-gwi7t-a' -j-c-ah) [sanguis, blood]. Blood-root. The rhizome of S. canadensis. Its SANGUINARIN 1290 SANTORINI, CANAL OF properties are due to an alkaloid, sanguinarin, Cj-Hjj- NO^. In large doses it causes vomiting and purging. Toxic doses cause convulsions, and then paralysis ; death results from failure of respiration. It is used as an e-xpectorant in chronic bronchitis. S., Acetum, vinegar of sanguinaria ; sanguinaria lo, dil. acetic acid 90. Dose TTLx-xxx ; as an emetic 3 ij-_^ ss. S., Ext., Fid. Dose Tl\j-v as an expectorant, tTLx-lx as an emetic. S., Tinct., 15 per cent, strong. Dose t1\^v- 3j as an expectorant, ,^ j-iij as an emetic. Sanguin- arin, the alkaloid, unof. Dose gr. j^-} ; as an emetic gr. )4-). Sanguinarin Nitrate. Unof. Expecto- rant. Dose gr. x^q-tj. Sanguinarin {sniig->;7iiiii'-a>'-ii!') \_sanguis, blood]. I. The alkaloid of sanguinaria. 2. The precipitate from a tincture of the root of Sanguinaria canadensis ; emetic, stimulant, diuretic, emmenagogue, antiseptic, errhine, antiperiodic, etc. Dose I to 3 grains. Unof. Sanguine [sang'-gzciiii) \_sangnis, bloody]. I. Bloody. 2. Hopeful. S. Temperament, a hopeful, active, energetic disposition. Sanguineous [sang-gwin' -e-us) [sanguis, blood]. Per- taining to the blood. Bloody ; blood-red. S. Cyst, a cyst containing blood-stained fluid. Sanguinicolous [sang-gzvin-ik'-o-ltts) . Same as San- guicolous. Sanguinification [sang-gwin-if-ik-a'-skun). See San- guification . Sanguinity (sang-gwin' -it-e) [sanguis, blood]. The quality of likeness or dissimilarity between parents, a certain degree of the latter being most favorable for the production of well-organized offspring. "Parents who are more similar (Consanguine), or more dis- similar (Exsanguine), will probably have inferior offspring" (Mercier). Sanguinivorous (sang-giuin-iv' -or-us) [sanguis, blood ; vorare, to devour].. Same as Sanguivorous. Sanguinol [sang'- gwin - ol') [sanguis, blood; oleum, oil]. A hematinic constituted of the iron combina- tions found in plants and animals. It consists of evaporated blood and hemoglobin in liquid form, and is free from the intermedi.ate products of the degenera- tion of albuminous bodies. It consists of natural blood-salts 46 parts, oxyhemoglobin 10 parts, and pep- tonized muscle-albumin 44 parts. Sanguinolent [sang-gwin' - o-lent^ [sanguis, blood]. Having the appearance of blood ; tinged with blood. Sanguineus (sang'-giuin-us). Same &s Sanguinary. Sanguis (sang'-giois) [L.]. Blood. Sanguisuction (sang-gzvis-uk' -skim^ [sanguis, blood ; u/t- o/. S.'s Muscles. See Muscles, Table of. S.'s Tubercles, the cornicula laryngis. Sap \sapa, must, new wine boiled]. The nutritive fluid which circulates by endosmosis in plants. S.- cavity, in biology, one of the sacs in the leaves of plants, filled with sap. S. -green. Same as Blad- der-green. S.-wood. See Alburnum. Saphena {sa-fe' -nah) \pai^iivin;, manifest : //. , Saphen, soap], C^.^Hj^Oig. A. glu- cosid contained in the roots of Saponaria officinalis and other plants ; a white, amorphous powder, provok- ing sneezing, and in aqueous solution forming a strong lather. Dose gr. i^j-l. Saporific (sap-o-rif -ik) \sapor, savor ; facere, to make]. Producing taste, flavor, or relish. Saporous (sap' -o-rus) [sapor, savor]. Having flavor or taste. Sapotoxin (sap-o-toks' -in) [sapo, soap ; to^ikov, poi- son], CjjHjgO],,. An active protoplasmic poison ob- tained from saponin. It is a glucosid. Sappey's Accessory Portal System. Numerous small vessels formed around the liver and gall-blad- der, in the suspensory ligament, and in the gastro- epiploic omentum, in cases of hepatic cirrhosis. It is for the purpose of compensatory circulation. Sapphism, or Sapphismus (saf'-izin, saf-iz'-mus) [from 'S.anifxl), Sappho, a Greek poetess]. Tribadism. The unnatural passion of one woman for another, Sapremia (sap-re' -ine-ah) [craTrpdf , putrid ; aifia, blood]. A febrile condition due to introduction into the blood of the products of putrefaction. Sapremic (sap-re' -mik) \_annp6r, putrid ; ai/ia, blood]. Affected with, of the nature of, or pertaining to, sap- remia. Saprin (sap'-rin) [an~i)6c, rotten]. A non-poisonous ptomain, the product of bacterial decomposition of flesh. Saprodontia (sap-ro-don' -she-ali) [craTrpdf, rotten, cari- ous ; oSoi'g, tooth]. Caries or rottenness of the teeth. Saprogenic (sap-ro-jen' -ik) [rra-rrpSc, rotten ; yt vvav, to beget]. Causing putrefaction; caused by putrefac- tion. Saprogenous (stip-roj'-en-tis) [oaiTpoi;, rotten ; yevviv, to beget]. Arising in decaying matter. Saprol (sap'-rol) [nanpoc, putrid]. A mixture of crude cresols, to which considerable quantities of pyridin are attached, with carbohydrates. It is probably derived in the process of refining petroleum, and is used for coarse disinfection. Saprophilous (sap-roff ' -il-us) [ua-por, rotten ; ^I'Aelv, to love]. Infesting decaying matter. Saprophyte (sap' -ro-fit ) \i?Leti>, to love]. See Parasites, Table of. Sarcophilous {sar-koff ' -il-iis) [i7dp.f , flesh ; (^iXtiv, to love]. Fond of flesh as food ; sarcophagous. Sarcophyia {sar-ko-fi' -e-ah) \j3apm^vuv, to produce flesh]. Sarcoma; also fungous granulations. Sarcophyma {sar-ko-fi' -mali) [crop;, flesh ; (f>vfia, a tumor]. A fleshy tumor. Sarcophyte {sar' -ko-fit). Synonym of Bioplast. Sarcoplasm, Sarcoplasma {sar' - ko - plazm, sar • ko- plaz'-tnah) [(rdpf, flesh; ■K'kaacsiv, to mold]. The hyaline or finely granular interfibrillar material of muscle-tissue. Sarcoplast {sar' -ko-plast ) [(rdpf, flesh ; -KXaaceiv, to form]. 1. A cell that develops into a muscular fiber. 2. Same as Sarcolyte. Sarcopoietic {sar-ko-poi-et' -ik) [crapf , flesh ; Troteiv, to make]. Producing flesh or muscle. Sarcopsylla {^(7;--/^(7/-j?7'-rt/^) [trdpf, flesh; i/^rJ^Xd, flea]. A genus of siphonapterous or aphanipterous insects. See Parasites {Animal), Table of. Sarcopterygium {sar - ko - ter - ij'-e - u7>i) . Synonym of Pterygiiim carnosum. Sarcoptes {sar-kop'-tez) [ddpf, flesh; Ad7rrf(i', to cut]. A genus of acarids, including the itch-mite. See Parasites, Table of. S. scabiei. See Scabies. Sarcoptic {sar-kop'-tik) [oap^, flesh ; kotttelv, to cut]. Due to or caused by sarcoptes. Sarcoptid {sar-kop' -tid ) [ffdpf, flesh; KOTrrtiv, to cut]. Any acaridan, or mite, of the family Sarcoptidcc, to which the genus Sarcoptes belongs. Sarcoseptum {sar-ko-sep' -turn) flesh; septum, a partition: //. , Sarcosepta'\. In biology, an ordinary septum of a Cnidarian, lying between two sklerosepta. Sarcosin (j(zr^-/i'0-J-?'«) \aapS., flesh], C3HJNO2. Methyl- glycocoll : a substance produced when creatin and caffein are heated with baryta ; it crystallizes in rhom- bic prisms that dissolve readily in water, but with difficulty in alcohol. It melts at from 210° to 220° C. Sarcosis {sar-ko'-sis) [cTd/;f, flesh]. I. The condition of one affected with sarcoma ; sarcomatosis. 2. The formation of flesh or muscle-tissue. Sarcosperm {sar'- ko - sperm) [crdpf, flesh; arrepua, seed]. Same as Sarcoderm. Sarcosporidia {sar-ko-spo' -rid-e-ah) \aapS,, flesh ; a-KUpa, seed]. Utriculiform psorosperms frequently found in the muscles of cattle, sheep, swine, and other mam- mals. Qi. Miesclier^ s Tubes, Rainey^s Tubes, Sarcocystis miescheri, under Parasites {Animal ), Table of. Sarcostosis {sar-ko-sto'-sis) [adp^, flesh ; oorf oi', bone]. Bone- formation in muscular tissues. Sarcostroma {sar-ko-stro' -mah) [trdpf, flesh ; arpCifja, a covering]. A thick, fleshy, false membrane. Sarcostyle {sar'-ko-st'il) \_aap^, flesh; a-l''Aoc, a pillar]. In biology : {a) One of the fine longitudinal elements running from end to end in a striated muscle-fiber ; a muscle-fibril; a muscle-column. (/') The name given by Hincks to the sarcode mass contained in the chitinous (sarcotheca) lasso- cell of a Cnidarian. Sarcotheca ( sar - ko - the'- kah ) [ ffdpf , flesh ; Wikt), a sheath: //. , Sarcothecce^. In biology, the name ap- plied by Hincks to the chitinous cups of a thread-cell or lasso-cell of the Cnidaria. Sarco-therapeutics ( sar'- ko - ther - ap - u'- fiks ) [cap^, flesh ; HepaTTfla, treatment]. The treatment of disease by means of animal extracts or substances. See Or- ganotherapy . Sarcothlasia, Sarcothlasis {sar - koth - la' - ze - ah , sar- koth' -las-is) \ciap^, fle.sh ; dXaoic^, a. crushing]. Con- tusion of the soft tissues. Sarcothlasma {sar-koth-laz' -mah). Synonym of Sar- cothlasis. Sarcotic {sar-kot'-ik) [cdpt, flesh]. Producing flesh. Also, pertaining to sarcosis. Sarcotome {sar' -ko-tom) [ocipS, flesh ; rofir/, a cutting]. A surgical instrument for the division of soft tissues. Sarcous {sar'-kus) [ndpf, flesh]. Fleshy. Pertaining to muscles S. Elements, the dark prisms of the ultimate fibrillse of striped muscle-fibers, formerly re- garded by Bowman as the units of muscular tissue. A sarcoma. Sardiasis, Sardoniasis {sar-di'-as-is, sar-do-ni' -as-is). Synonym of Risu< sardonictis. Sardonic {sar-don'-ik) [2ap(5w, Sardinia]. Resembling the grimace produced by eating a certain Sardinian plant. See Risus sardonicus. Sarkin {sar' -kin). See Sarcin and Hypoxanthin. Sarment {sar'-mejit)\_sarmentu?n , twigs, light branches]. In biology, a long, slender stolon or branch. Sarothrum {sa-ro' -thrum) [(Td/ior, a broom : //. Saro- thra\ In biology, the comb-like or brush-like hairs of the corbiculum or pollen-basket of a bee. Sarracenia {sar-a-se' -ne-ah) [after Dr. Sarraziit, of Quebec]. A genus of American insectivorous plants, e.g., side-saddle flower, or pitcher-plant, remarkable for their trumpet-shaped leaves. S. purpurea, S. flava, and S. variolaris are said to afford roots ser- viceable in dyspepsia and gout. S. purpurea, and S. SARRACENIN 1-294 SATYROMANIAC violaris have been vaunted as a cure for smallpox. They are diuretic, diaphoretic, and stimulant. Dose of the fid. ext. gtt. xxv. See also, TriDnpet-plant. Sarracenin [sar-a-se' -niii) [after Dr. Sai-i-azin, of Que- bec]. A substance, perhaps an alkaloid, found in Sarracenia pui'purea. Sarrazin {sar'-az-in). Same as Buckwheat. Sarsa (^sar' -sail). Same as Sarsaparilla. Sarsaparilla (,fo^, a satyr], i- Ex- cessive venereal desire. 2. Leprosy. Satyromania {sat-ir-o-ma'-ne-ah). Same as Satynasts. Satyromaniac (sat-ir-o-ma' -ne-ak) [^anrvpo^, satyr; ftav'ia, madness]. One who is affected with satyriasis. SAUNDERS 1295 SCALA Saunders {salin' -derz) . See Santahim riibrum. Sauriasis [saw-ri' -a-sis). Same as Ichthyosis . Sauriderma [sa^o-rid-ei-'-mah) \_aavpa, lizard; Stp/ja, skin] . Ichthyosis. Sauriosis {sa7tj-ri-o' -sis). See Ichthyosis sauroderma. Sauroderma [sazu-ro-der' -ma)i^. See Sauriderma. Saurognathism [sazv - rog' - na - thizm) [ffai'pa, lizard ; yv&Qoq, ]^^'^'\ In biology, having a lizard-like jaw ; with the halves of the vomer distinct, as in certain birds. Saururus (.faze'-r/i'-rj^j) [aai^pof, lizard ; oii/ju, tail]. A genus of apetalous plants. S. cernuus, lizard-tail, or breast-weed. AN. American water-plant ; the root, bruised or boiled, is discutient and emollient, and is said to relieve pleurodynia. Unof. Sausage (saw' -sdj) [ME., saucige, sausage]. • An arti- cle of food consisting mainly of minced meat with seasoning. S. -poison. See Allantotoxicon. S.- poisoning. See Botuiisinus and Allantiasis. Sauterne (so-tcrn') \_Saiiterne, a place in France]. A certain white wine. SscvsLrma. [sa-Tan'-ah] l^^., savana , & sheet]. A tree- less plain. S. -flower, yellow nightshade. The leaves of Urechites suherecta, a highly poisonous West Indian plant. It resembles aconite in action. Its properties are not fully known. Unof. Savelieff 's Method. See Sputum, Methods of Exam- ination. Savigny's Tubules. The very fine branched and amputated tubules ramifying over the wall of the in- testine in nearly all the Tunicata, functioning as a pan- creas. Savine (sav'-in). See Sabiiia. Saviotti's Canals. Fine passages between the secret- ing cells of the pancreas. They are now believed to be formed artificially. Savor [sa'-vor') \_savor, taste]. The taste or odor of a substance. Savory (sa' -vo-re) \savoi-, odor, or flavor]. Having a pleasant odor or flavor. See Summer Savory. Savory and Moore's Food. A Liebig's food for in- fants. Its composition is: Water, 8.34; fat, 0.40; grape-sugar, 20.41 ; cane-sugar, 9.08; starch, 36.36; soluble carbohydrates, 44.83 ; albuminoids, 9.63 ; cellulose, gum, etc. , 0.44 ; ash, 0.89. Saw [ME., sawe, saw]. An instrument for cutting bone. It consists of a thin blade with sharp teeth on one edge. S., Amputating, one especially devised for amputations. S.-box. See Macrotome. S., Butch- er's, one which allows the blade to be fixed at any angle. S., Chain, one in which the teeth are set in links movable upon each other. The saw is moved by pulling alternately upon one and the other handle. S., Crown. See Trephine. S.-dust, small particles of wood, produced by sawing. Saw-dust was form- erly used in surgery, in preparing pads for fractured bones, and as a dressing for wounds. S., Hemp, a cord slipped over the part to be excised, and drawn back and forth till it cuts through the tissue ; it is of service in embryotomy and in amputations of deep- seated parts. S., Hey's, a rigid disc with saw-teeth and handle, for enlarging an opening. S. Palmetto, the fruit of Serenoa serrulata, sedative, nutritive and tonic. Dose of the fld. ext. ^ss-ij. Unof. S., Skull, the trephine. S.-wort. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Sawing {saw' -ing). See Sciage. Sawyer's Cramp. See Cramp. Saxatile [saks' -at-il) \_saxum, a rock]. In biology, growing upon or among rocks. Saxifrage (saks' -if -raj) \_saxum, a rock ; frangere, to break]. Any plant of the genus Saxifraga , including many species of herbs, to some of which doubtful medicinal properties are ascribed. Saxigenous (sahs-ij'-en-us) \_saxum, rock ; yevr/^, pro- duced]. In biology, growing on rocks. Saxolinum (sa/es-o-l/'-nu/n) \_saxiim, rock ; oleum, oil]. .Synonym of Petrolatum. Saxony Blue. Same as hid i go Blue. S. Green. Same as Riiiinann^ s Green. Sayre's Apparatus, S.'s Jacket. A jacket of plaster- of- Paris molded to support the spine in certain diseases of the vertebral column. S.'s Method. See Treat- ment, Methods of. S.'s Shoe, the high shoe used in hip-joint disease. S.'s Sign or Test. See Signs attd Symptoms, Table of. Scab \skab) \scabere, to scratch], I. The crust formed by the desiccation of the secretions of an ulcer or wound. 2. In biology : {a) Psoroptic scabies of domestic animals, al.so called, Shab, Ray, Rubbers, Rdude, Krdtze, Schabe, Grind (Ger. ) ; Rogne, Tac, Gall epizodtique (Fr.) ; Rogna, Scabbia (Ital.) ; Sarna (.Sp.); Tchesotka (Rus'.) ; Rith (Hung.); Skab (Dan.) ; Scabb, (Swed.) ; i\Iaracane (Guayana) ; Car- racha (Peru) ; a dermatosis due to the presence of Psoroptes communis, var. equi, bovis, ovis, caprce, cuniculi. See under Parasites (Animal'), Table of. [b) A diseased condition of plants produced by a parasitic fungus, and characterized by a scabby appearance ; e. g. , Apple-scab, Fusicladium dendriticum, Fuckel. Pear-scab, P'usicladium pyri- num, Fuckel. Potato-scab, O'dspora scabies, Spongo- spora solani, F'usarium diplosporuiii , C. E. Wheat- scab, Fusarium culmorum. Orange-scab, Clado- sporium herba?-iim,V\i., Fusarium sarcochroum, Sacc. S. -weavers. Synonym of Scabies. Scabbed (skabd ) \_scabere, to scratch] . Mangy, affected with scabies. Scabby (shab'-e). Same as Scabbed. Scaberulous (ska - ber' - u - lus) \jcaber, rough]. In biology, slightly roughened. Scabies (ska'-be-ez) [scabere, to icrsAcW]. //«•//.■ a para- sitic skin-disease, caused by an animal parasite, the Sarcoptes scabiei, var. hominis, or itch-mite. See Parasites (Animal), Table of. The acarus, burrow- ing in the epidermis, irritates the skin, causing vari- ous inflammatory lesions, such as papules, vesicles, and pustules, accompanied by intense itching. The scratching resorted to to relieve this itching produces the long scratch-marks so commonly seen in itch. The insect shows a marked predilection for certain localities, as between the fingers, the flexor surface of the wrists, the axillre, and the buttocks. S. nor- wegica. See Itch, Norway, and .Sarcoptes scabiei, va.r. lupi, under Parasites (Animal), Table of. Scabiola (ska-bi' -o-lah). Synonym of Scabies. Scabiophobia (ska-be-o-fo' -be-ah) \_scabies, itch ; (j>6j3oc, fear]. Morbid or insane fear of scabies. Scabious (ska' -be-us) \_scabiosus, rough, scabby]. I. Scabby or scaly. 2. As a noun, any plant of the genus Scabiosa ; popularly regarded as useful in skin- diseases and gout, and as vulneraries. Unof. Scabrate (ska' -brat). Same as Scabrous. Scabrid (ska'-brid) \_scaber, rough]. In biology, slightly rough. Scabrities (ska-brit' -e-ez) \_scaber, rough]. Roughness ; scabbiness. S. unguium, abnormal thickening of the finger nails. Scabrous (ska'-brus) [^scaber, rough]. In biology, rough or harsh to the touch, with points or hairs. Applied to leaves, etc. Scaia \ska'-lah) [L.]. A stair-case or ladder. S., Collateral. Synonym of Canal, Cochlear. S. of Lowenberg. Synonym of Canal, Cochlear. S. media, the space between the membrane of Reissner and the basilar membrane ; containing the essential peripheral SCALARIFORM 1296 SCAPHOLUNAR organs of hearing. S., Posterior Cochleal. Synonym o{ S. ty??ipani. S., Superior Cochlear. S.vestibuU. S. tympani, the canal lying below the osseous lamina and the basilar membrane of the internal ear. S. vestibuli, the canal bounded by the osseous lamina and the membrane of Reissner. See Ear. Scalariform {ska-lar' -if-onn) \scalaria, a ladder ; forma, form]. In biology, shaped like a ladder. Applied to ducts or vessels on which the markings are so placed as to resemble the rounds and spaces of a ladder. Scald [skaw/d) [ME. , ^ca/^/^w, to scald]. I. The burn caused by hot liquids or vapors. 2. A scabby skin- disease, especially of the scalp. S.-head. See Favus. Scale (skdl^ [ME., scale, a scale]. Of fishes, any one of the small semi-opaque lamina of modified epidermis covering the surface of the body. 2. An exfoliated shell of bone. 3. The semi-opaque laminee of horny epidermis occurring upon the skin in various skin-dis- eases. See Squama. Ss., Hair, the imbricated plate- like cells forming the cortical portion of a hair. Scale [^r«A?, ladder]. A series of marks placed at regu- lar distances from each other and used as standards in measuring. S., Centigrade, S., Fahrenheit, S., Reaumur. See Tkerinometer. Scalene [ska'-len) \_ciiaAriv6<;, uneven]. Of a figure having unequal sides. Scalenus (ska-le' -nus). See Muscles, Table of. Scaler (ska'-ler) [ME., scale, scale]. In dentistry, an instrument for removing the tartar from the teeth. Scalesiasis (ska-le-si'-as-is). Synonym of Measles. Scaling (ska' -ling) [ME., scale, scale]. Desquamating ; producing scales. S. the Teeth, an old name for the operation, in dentistry, which consists in the re- moval of salivary calculus, commonly called tartar, from the teeth. See Salivary Calculus. Scall [skawl) [ME., skalle, a scab]. P'avus, impetigo, psoriasis, eczema, or other skin-disease. [Old.] S., Dry, psoriasis, scabies. S., Moist, eczema. Scalled [skawld) [ME., skalle, a scab]. Affected with scall. Scalma [skal'-mak) [OHG., scalmo, pestilence]. A contagious and infectious febrile disease of the horse, with local lesions of the bronchi, trachea, and larynx, which produce cough. It is further characterized by great irritability of temper. It is rarely fatal, except from complications. Scalp [skalp) [ME., scalp, the top of the head]. The integumentary covering of the cranium. S., Hairy, that portion of the scalp usually covered by hair. Scalpel (sl-alpcl') \_scalpellum, a little knife]. A small knife, having a blade somewhat wider than a bistoury, the cutting edge being convex. Scalpellum (skal-peF -um) [L., a surgical knife]. In biology, one of the lancet-like organs of the promus- cis of certain insects (Hemiptera). Scalper (skal'-per) [L.]. See Scalprum. Scalping (skal' -ping). See Gerdy^s Operation in Table of Operations. Scalpriform {skal' -prif-orm) \scalprum, a knife, chi.sel ; forma, ioxm]. In biology, chisel-shaped ; applied to the incisor teeth of rodents and some other mammals. Scalprum {skal' -prion) [jff?//^';-;', to scrape]. A toothed raspatory used in trephining and in removing carious bone. Scaly {ska'-le) [ME., scale, scale]. Covered with or having scales. S. Tetter. See Psoriasis. Scammonin {skam'- 0 - nin) [oKamiuvia, scammony], C,,^Hr,fiO,p. A glucosid found in scammony. It may be identical with jalapin. Scammonium, Scammoneum, Scammony {skam-o'- ne-tim, skam' -o-ne)[oKafifiuvia, scammony : gen.. Scam- monii\ A purgative gum-resin, the dried juice of the xootoi Convolvulus sea mmonia, a South-western Asiatic plant. It is generally given in combination with other drugs. Its properties are due to an active principle, jalapin. A drastic cathartic. Dose gr. v-x. S., Confectio (B. P.) Dose gr. x-xx. S., Mist. (B. P.) Dose 5ss-ij. S., Pil., Comp. (B. P.) Dose gr. v. S., Pulv., Comp. (B. P.), contains scammony, ginger, and jalap. Dose gr. x-xx. S., Resina. Dose gr. iij-viij. Scandent {skan' -dent) \_scandere, climb]. In biology, climbing. Applied to stems that climb by means of organs modified for the purpose. Scandium [skan' -de-icm) ^Scandia, Scandinavia]. A metal belonging to the aluminum group. Symbol Sc ; atomic weight 44. See Elements, Table of. Scanning (skan' -ing) \_scandere, to climb]. A peculiar, slow, and measured form of speech, met with in vari- ous nervous affections, chiefly in multiple sclerosis. Scansorius (skan-so'-re-us). See Muscles, Table of. Scape (skdp) [pma-Ko^, a shaft, a staff]. In biology, a leafless, radical peduncle. Scapel {skap' -el) \_scapellus, dim. of scapns, scape]. In biology, the neck or caulicle of the germinating embryo. Scapha (ska'-fah) \aiia(\n^, trough]. A trough. Scaphidium (ska-fid' -e-um) \pKa<^i6iov , a small tub or j skiff]. In biology, the receptacle of the spores in , certain algae. Scaphion (skaf'-e-on) [oKCKpiov, dim. of okA^t], a trough]. 1 Synonym of Cranium. Scaphium (ska'-fe-um) \_GKa(j)tov, a bowl, a basin : pi., Scaphia'\. In biology: (a) the carina or keel of a papilionaceous flower ; (b) an unpaired appendage of lepidopterous insects. ; Scaphocephalic (skaf-o-sef-al'-ik). See Scaphocepha- lous. J Scaphocephalism {skaf-o-sef -al-izm). See Scapho- 1 cephaly . \ Scaphocephalous (skaf-o-sef ' -al-us) \am^^^, a skiff; neog, a bowl, j boat; yvadoi;, ]3.\\''\. In biology, the scale-like appen- dage of the second maxilla of a crustacean. • Scaphoid (.r/'rt'/''- o?V/) [(TKo^i;;, boat; fJ(5')C, like]- Boat- shaped. S. Abdomen, the sunken appearance of the \ belly, seen in meningitis and in great emaciation from wasting diseases. S. Bone, a name given to a boat- shaped bone of the tarsus and also to one of the carpus. ] S. Fossa. See Fossa. Scaphoideum (ska -foi'- de - um) [L. ]. The scaphoid , bone of the wrist or ankle. ^ i Scaphoido-cuneiform Amputation. See ChoparCs .Amputation and Forbes' s Amputation, in Operations, \ Table of. Sza^\\o\vi'i\2x(skafo-lu'-nar)\aKa<^ri, boat; liaia, moon]. Pertaining to the scaphoid and semilunar bones. SCAPHULA 1297 SCARLET Scaphula {skaf -u-lah) [ct/cq^;?, boat]. The fossa nav- icularis. Scapiform [ skn'- pif- orm) [scapiis,a. stalk ; form]. In biology, scape-like. Scapula [skap' -it-lali) [L.]. The large, flat, triangular bone forming the back of the shoulder and belonging Scapula. Postero- external Aspect. I. Supraspinous fossa. 2. Infra- s p i u o u s fossa. 3. Superior or coracoid border. 4. Coracoid or su- prascapular notch. 5. Axillary or exter- nal border. 6. An- terior angle and glenoid cavity. 7. Inferior angle. 8. Rough impression for long head of triceps. 9. Internal or spinal or verte- bral border. 10. Spine. II. Smooth surface over which trapezius muscle glides. 12. Acro- mion. 13. Base of spine. 14. Coracoid process. The shoulder-blade. See me-al^ [scapitla, shoul- acromion]. Pertaining to the to the shoulder-girdle. Bones, Table of. Scapulacromiai [skap-ii-lak der-blade ; aKpunio acromion process of the scapula Scapulalgia (skap-u-lal' -je-ah) [scapula, the shoulder- blade ; a/ yog, pain]. Pain in the neighborhood of the shoulder-blade. Scapular (skap' -n- la r) \scapnla, the shoulder-blade]. Pertaining to the shoulder-l)lade. S. Arch, the pectoral arch or shoulder-girth. S. Line, a vertical line drawn on the back through the inferior angle of the scapula. S. Point, a tender point developed in neuralgia of the brachial plexus and situated at the in- ferior angle of the scapula. S. Reflex. See Rejlexes, Table of. S. Region, the region in and about the scapula. In biology, a well-defined longitudinal area of feathers lying along the back and over the shoulder- blade of a bird [regio scapularis). Scapulary (skap' - u - la - re) \_scapula, scapula]. A shoulder-bandage. Scapulated (skap' - 11 - la - ted') \_scapiila, X^aa shoulder- blades]. In biology, having the feathers of the scap- ular region well marked, as in Corvus scaptilatus, the scapulated crow. Scapulen (skap'- 11 - len) \_scapula, the shoulder-blade]. Belonging to the scapula in itself. Scapulet, Scapulette (skap'- u- let) {scapula, the shoulder]. In biology, one of the leaf-like append- ages of the manubrium of certain Cnidaria. Scapulo- (skap' - ti - lo -) [^<:a/«/ff, scapula]. A prefix denoting relation to the shoulder or scapula. Scapulo -clavicular (skap' -ii-lo-kla-vik' -u-lar) \ scapula, scapula ; clavis, key]. Pertaining to the scapula and the clavicle. Scapulo-coracoid (skap' - u - lo - ko' - rak - old) \_scapula, scapula; KupaS, raven; fMof, like]. Pertaining to the scapula and the coracoid process. Scapulodynia (skap - u - lo - din'- e - ak). Synonym of Scapulalgia . Scapulo-humeral (skap'- u - lo - hit'- nier - al) \_scapula, scapula; humerus, \mcf\^xv&\ Pertaining to the scap- ula and the humerus. S. amputation, removal of the arm at the shoulder-joint. 82 Scapulo-radial (skap'-u-lo-ra'-de-aT) [ifa/z//(7, scapula ; radius, ray]. Pertaining to both scapula and radius. Scapulo-ulnar (skap' -u-lo-ul' -nar) \_scapula, scapula ; ulna, ulna]. Pertaining to both scapula and ulna. Scapulo- vertebral (skap'- u- lo - ver' - te - hral)\scapula, scapula; vertebra]. Pertaining to the scap- ula and the spine. Scapus (ska' -pus) \_scapus, a, shaft, stem: //. , Scapi^. In biology, the scape of a flower, a feather, or an antenna. S. penis, the body of the penis. S. pili, the hair-shaft. Scar (skar) {noxapa, scab, scar]. I. See Cicatrix. 2. In biology, the mark left on the stem when the leaf falls away, or on the seed when it separates from the funiculus. Scardamygmus (skar ■ dam - ig' - mits) [(TKap(Sa/yD)7Ydf]. Winking. Scarenzio's Treatment. The treatment of syphilis by the hypodermatic injection of calomel. S.'s Method. See Treatment , Alcthods of. Scarfskin (skar f -skin) [Sw., skarf,& scarf; ME., skin, skin]. The epidermis or cuticle. Scarification (skar-if-ik-a' -shun) \scarificare, to scar- ify]. The operation of making numerous small, su- perficial incisions or punctures, for giving vent to serum or blood or gases. Scarificator (skar' -if-ik-a-tor) \_scarificare , to scarify]. An instrument used in scarification. It consists of a number of small lancets, operated by a spring, so that a number of slight incisions are made synchronously. Scarious or Scariose (ska' -re-us, ska' -re-dz) \_scaria, a thorny shrub]. Dry, thin, and membranous. Applied to parts of flowers, etc. Scarlatina (skar-lat-e' -nah) [scarlatimis, scarlet]. See Scarlet Fever. S. anginosa, S. cynanchica, scarlet fever with angina. S. gastrica, scarlet fever compli- cated with gastro-enteritis. S. gravior, malignant scarlet fever. S. haemorrhagica, scarlet fever, or more usually septic fever with hemorrhagic spots. S. laevis, mild scarlet fever. S. latens, scarlet fever without eruption. S. maligna, malignant scarlet fever. S. papulosa, scarlet fever in which there are prominent papules, due to involvement of the hair- follicles. S. pruriginosa. Synonym of Urticaria. S. puerperalis. See Scarlet Fever, Puerperal. S. pustulosa, scarlet fever with a pustular eruption. S. rheumatica. Synonym of Dengue. S. septica, a grave form of scarlet fever characterized by symptoms of septic intoxication. S. simplex, mild scarlet fever. S. sine angina, scarlet fever without throat-symp- toms. S. sine eruptione, S. sine exanthemata, scarlet fever without the rash. S. traumatica, the eruption similar to that of scarlet fever, accompanied by febrile symptoms, which sometimes follows wounds or surgical operations. S. typhosa, malignant scarlet fever, with grave nervous symptoms. S. urticata, urticaria. Scarlatinal (skar - lot' - in - al, skar-lat-e' -nal) \_scarla- tinus, scarlet]. Pertaining to scarlatina. S. An- gina, the throat-aff'ection produced by scarlet fever. S. Nephritis, the acute catarrhal nephritis that arises in the course of or during the convalescence from scarlet fever. S. Tongue, the " strawberry" tongue of scarlet fever. Scarlatiniform (skar-lat-in' -if-orm). .Synonym of ^rar- latinoid. Scarlatinoid (skar - lat' - itt - oid ) \_scarlatii?us , scarlet; eJrfof, like]. Resembling scarlatina. Scarlatinous (skar - lat' - in - us) \_scarlatinus, scarlet]. Having the nature of or pertaining to scarlatina. Scarlet (skar' -let) [cj/fajo/ldroi', scarlet]. A highly chro- matic and brilliant-red color. S. -faced, having a SCARPA'S APLATISSEMENT 1298 SCHEELIZATION very red face. S. Fever, an acute, specific, epidemic, contagious disease, characterized by a scarlet flush spreading progressively from the face over the body, ending on about the seventh day in desquamation of the cuticle. The fever is not high in the simple cases, but may rise to a very high point in the graver cases. The tongue is the characteristic "strawberry tongue," with prominent papilLu, and there is a red, swollen, and inflamed condition of the tonsils, uvula, and soft palate, upon which a soft, white film may be deposited. Acute nephritis and suppurative otitis are frequent complications or sequela'. In a small proportion of the cases the patient will undergo a relapse, and pass through a second attack of the disease of varying severity. One attack of the disease protects against a second attack, but not quite to the same extent as in measles. The disease is most frequent in children near the age of five years, and after this period the liability to contract the disease diminishes rapidly. See Exanthemata, Table of. S. Ocher. Same as Ocher. Scarpa's Aplatissement. A fomi of ligature used by Scarpa for the purpose of arresting the circulation tem- porarily by mechanical pressure without lacerating the tissues of the vessel. S.'s Fascia, the deep layer of the superficial abdominal fascia. S., Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of. S.'s Ganglion. See Gang- lia, Table of. S.'s Hiatus, the helicotrema, or open- ing between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. S.'s Ligature. See Ligature. S.'s Liquor, the endolymph. S.'s Nerve. See A^ervcs, Table of. S.'s Shoe, a shoe for club-foot. S.'s Triangle. See Triangle. Scatacratia [skaf-a/c-ra' -slie-ali). See Scoracratia. Scatalogia [skat- al - o' -Je - ah) [ cr/twp, OKaroQ, dung; a?M-}la, senselessness]. Insanity characterized by great filthiness. Scatol (sha^-tol). See Sl,-atol. Scatologia, Scatology (skat-o-lo' -je-ah, skat-oF -o-je) [c/fM/j, (TA-arof , dung ; ?,ojor, learning]. The science or study of excreta. Scatologic (skat-ol-of -ik) [rr/,,of , leg ; a/^yof, pain]. Pain in a leg. S. puerperarum. Synonym of Phlegmasia alba dolens. Sceleteuma {sel-et-u' -mah) {pKtkXdv, to dry up] . Syn- onym of Alummification . Sceleton (sel' -et-on). Synonym of Skeleton. Scelocambosis [se-lo-kam-bo' -sis)\_nK!^'tor, leg ; KdfnrreLv, to bend]. Curvature of a leg or of the legs ; genu varum. Scelodesmus {se - lo - dez' - mus) [crKt/of, leg ; dersjid^, band]. I. A bandage for the knee. 2. Gout in the knee. Scelodidymus {se-lo-did' im-iis). Synonym of Ischio- pagiis. Scelometer (se-lovi' -et-er) [(T»'t!of, leg ; /ihpoi', meas- ure]. An instrument for measuring the lower limbs in fractures or dislocations. Sceloncia, Sceloncus ( se - Ion' - se - ah, se - Ion' - ktis ) [a/vf/or, leg; oyKcic, tumor]. Swelling of the leg; phlegmasia alba dolens. Scelotyrbe [sel-o-tei-'-be) [(7/i£?oc leg ; T'rppi/, vacilla- tion]. Weakness, or indecision in stepping, often due to a palsied condition. S. pituitosa. Synonym of Enteritis, Pseiido-7ne)iibratious. Scempsis (setup' -sis). Synonym of Decitbitits. Scenotheoria (sen-o-f/ie-o' -re-ah) [^OKi/vnr, tent; deup'ia, theory]. The cell-doctrine. Scent (sent) [ME., senten, to smell]. An effluvium from any body capable of affecting the olfactory sense; odor, fragrance. S.-bag. Same as S. -organ. S.- gland, an odoriferous gland, or one secreting an odor- iferous substance. S. -organ. See Osmeteriiim. S.- pore, the orifice of a scent-gland. S. -vesicle, a vesicle containing odoriferous matter. Schacher's Ganglion. The ophthalmic ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. Schachowa, Spiral Tubule of. The spiral portion of a uriniferous tubule. Schadonophan (ska-don' -o-fan) [axadiyv, the larva of some insects; aivf/r, to appear]. In biology, the name applied by Henking to a larval stage of certain acaridans. Schsefer's Dumb-bells. Dark, dumb-bell shaped structures, imbedded in a light intermediate sub- stance, and which, according to Schafer, constitute the basis of striated muscular tissue. Schaller's Method. A method of preparing carminic acid. The aqueous extract of cochineal is precipi- tated with plumbic acetate acidulated with acetic acid ; the precipitate is decomposed with hydrogen sulphid, and filtered. The filtrate is evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, and the residue dissolved in absolute alcohol ; this solution is allowed to evapor- ate, when the crystals of carminic acid separate. They are washed with cold water to remove impuri- ties, the water dissolving only the carminic acid. Schallphotismen (shahl-fo-tiz' -meti). See Audition colore'e. Scharling and Pettenkofer, Method of. A method of investigating the changes in the air brought about by respiration. The animal is placed in a chamber through which atmospheric air is passed, and the change in the composition in the air after passing tlirough the chamber is determined. Schatz's Method. A method of performing external version in face-presentation. See Treatment, Methods of. Schede's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. Scheelate (^/^f/'-a/). ':~.y'nox\^\xi oi Tungstate. Scheele's Green. The arsenite of copper. See Cop- per and Rinmamt' s Green. Scheelization (she-liz-a'-shiin) [after Scheele, a chem- ist]. A method of improving wines, that consists m the addition of glycerin to the finished wine, so as to improve the sweet taste without injuring its keeping qualities. The limits of the addition of glycerin lie between one and three liters to the hectoliter of wine. SCHEINER'S EXPERIMENT 1299 SCHIZOPHYTA ScHEiNER's Experiment. Scheiner's Experiment or Test. A method of illus- trating refrac- tion and ac- commodation of the eye by two pin-holes in a card placed at a less distance apart than the diameter of the pupil. If the eye is em- metropic, or if in accurate ac- commodation the two sets of rays passing through the pin-holes unite at c and form a single image. In a myopic eye the focus of the rays is at /, q, and in an hyperopic eye at in, n, and the object appears double. The same doubling of the image occurs when accommodating for a point beyond or nearer than the object. Schema {ske'-maJi) form]. I. A simple de- sign to illustrate a complex mechanism. 2. An out- line of a subject. Schematic {ske-mat' -ik) \jjxw"--' forni]. Pertaining to or of the nature of a schema. S. Eye, one showing the proportions of a normal or typical eye. Scheroma f^ike-ro' -mah)\px''90i;, dry]. Xerophthalmia. Scheurlen's Bacillus. A bacillus thought to be spe- cially connected with carcinoma, but not peculiar to it. See Bacteria, Sviionvmatic Table of. Schias [ski' -as). Synonym of Ischias. Schidacedon, Schidacedum [skid-as-e'-don, skid-as-e'- duin) [iT,Yi<5a/"sf'i', to splinter]. A longitudinal frac- ture of a bone. Schiefferdecker's Fluid. A fluid for dissociating nerve- tissues. It consists of methyl alcohol 5 c.c, glycerin 50 CO., distilled water 100 c.c. Allow the tissues to remain in this for several days. It is specially useful for staining the retina and the central nervous system. It is best prepared fresh. Schiff's Test. See 7>,sA, Tah/e of. Schimper's Theory. See Theory. Schindalamus, Schindalmus [skin-daF -am-us, skin- dal'-iitus']. Synonym of Schidacedon. Schindylesis (skin-dil-e'-sis) [ff;t;/.i'(5y2;?mf, a cleavage]. Articulation by the reception of a plate of one bone into a fissure of another ; a variety of synarthrosis. Schindyletic [skiii-dil-et' -ik) \_axivt^>'Xi](;ii;, cleavage]. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, schindylesis. Schinus (ski' -11115). See Pepper Tree. Schirrus {skir'-iis). Synonym oi Scirrkiis. Schistaceous [skis-ta' -se-tis) [axi^^i-f, to cleave]. In biology, slate-gray ; bluish-gray. Schisto- [skis'-io-) [(T^'ordf, cloven]. A prefix denoting a fissure or cleaving. Schistocelia, Schistocoelia {skis-to-se'-k-ah) [axif^To^, cloven ; Koikia, cavity]. Abdominal fissure. Schistocelus, Schistocoelus [skis-to-se'-hts) [aKiaro^, cloven; «o(/.(a, cavity] . A monster exhibiting schisto- celia. Schistocephalus [skis-to-sef -al-iis) [(Ti;/crrdf, cleft; ke^- akr], head]. A monster with a fissure of the skull. Schistocormus {skis-to-kor'-mus) l_axi(yTdg, cleft ; Kop- Il6q, trunk]. A monstrosity having a cleft thorax, neck, or abdominal wall. Schistocystis (skis-to-sis'-tis) [axio'oc, cleft ; Kvariq, bladder] . Fissure of the bladder. Schistoglossia {skis-/o-gios'-e-ah) [(T,^((T-df, cleft; yXCia- ca, tongue] . Cleft tongue. Schistomelia (skis-/o-me' -le-ah)\_r!xioT6<;, cloven ; fikTioi;, limb]. The condition of schistomelus. Schistomelus [skis - torn' - el - iis) [axiorog, cleft ; iJ.tXo<;, limb]. A monstrosity with a cleft lower extremity. Schistoprosopus (skis-to-pro-so' -pus) [ff^fcrrdf, cleft ; Ttiwaunoi', face]. A monster with "Cleft-face." A cavity in the middle of the face due to a failure of de- velopment of the first branchial arch and the fronto- nasal plate. Schistorrhachis {skis-tor' -a-kis) [ti^Y/ardr, cleft ; pax'St spine]. A condition of fissured spine, the canal con- taining two channels. Also, spina bifida. Schistosomia {skis-to-so'-me-ah)\_axiaT6<;, cloven ; aibiia, body]. The condition of a schistosomus. Schistosomus {skis-to-so'-?ittcs) [c7,v/cr-i«;, cleft; aijua, a body. A variety of single autositic monsters of the species celosoma in which there is a lateral or median eventration extending the whole length of the abdomen, with the lower extremities absent or very imperfect. Schistosternia [skis - to - ster'- tie - ah) [cr^'djrdi-, cloven ; ariipviiv, sternum]. Sternal fissure. Synonym of .Schistothora.K . Schistothorax [skis-to tho'-raks) [pxioToc;, cleft ; Oupa^, chest]. Fissure of the sternum or chest. Schistotrachelus [skis-to-tra'-kcl-iis) [u^vardf , cleft ; Tpa\ii/or, neck]. Fissured neck or cervix. Schizoblepharia [skiz - o - blef - a'- re - ah) \^axK^i-^> to split ; ji'/hjiapov, eyelid]. Fissure of the eyelid. Schizocarp [skiz'-o-karp) [a^/ff^i', cleave, split ; /.ii/j- TTOf, a fruit]. In biology, a pericarp that dehisces into two or more one-seeded indehiscent mericarps. Schizocarpic [skiz-o-kar'-pik) \_axK'^i-^'> to cleave ; nap- TTOf, fruit]. Resembling a schizocarp. Schizocarpous [skiz - o - kar'- pus'\. Same as Schizo- carpic. Schizocele, Schizoccele [skiz'-o-sel) [px'^^i-'^i cleave, split; KoMa, a cavity]. In biology, a type of body- cavity distinguished by its being formed by a simple splitting of the mesoderm. Cf. Enterocele, Epicele. Schizodinic [skiz-o-din' -ik) [c^^ffa', cleave, split ; wrS/f , travail]. In biology, the bringing forth of genital products by rupture, as in certain molluscs. Cf. Idio- dinic, Porodinic. Schizogenesis [skiz-o-jen' -es-is) \r!x'^^^iv, cleave, split ; yiiv?oic,, production]. In biology, reproduction by fission. Schizogenetic [skiz-o-jett-et'-ik] [(T;f/Cf'i', split, cleave ; yvijr, produced]. Same as Schizogenic. Schizogenic [skiz-o-jen' -ik')\axi.^ei-v, split, cleave ; yevi/^, produced]. In biology, formed by the separation of parts, as certain cavities or intercellular spaces. Cf. Lysigenoiis, Protogenic, Hysterogenic. Schizogenous {skiz-oj' -en-us). Same as Schizogenic. Schizognathism [skiz-og' -na-thizm) \axKeLV, to cleave ; yvdHor, jaw]. Cleavage of the jaw. Schizognathous [skiz - og' - na - thus) [(T,v('Cf"', cleave, split ; ; vai^cK, jaw]. In biology, applied to such birds as have the maxillo-palatine bones separated. Schizogony (skiz-og' -o-ne) [psxK^'^'y to cleave, split ; ynvld, generation]. Same as Schizogenesis. Schizomycetes (skiz- o - mi - se' - tez) \axKuv, zXt^ive, split; pijKiji;, pi. pi'KijTeg, a fungus]. In biology, an order of Fungi ; the so-called Fission-fungi or Bac- teria, cj. V. Schizomycosis (skiz-o-mi-ko' -sis) \_axiC,eiv, to split ; ii'vKijr, fungus]. A disease due to schizomycetes. Schizoneura ( skiz - o - nu' - rah ) [ ox'i^m\ to cleave ; vevpov, nerve]. A genus of plant-lice. S. lanigera, the root-louse of the apple. Schizopelmous (skiz-o-peU -mus) [^axiZ^tv, to cleave, split; Tzklpa, the sole of the foot]. Same as Mono- pebnoHS. Schizophyta [skiz-o-fi' -tah) \_f7x'tCeiv, to split; tpvToi', plant]. Dried but viable schizomycetes. SCHIZORHINAL 1300 SCHWEIZER'S REAGENT Schizorhinal (skiz - o - i-i' - nal) [(T;i;('Cf(i', cleave, split ; /»<■, nose]. In biology, applied to isirds in which the posterior margin of the osseous nares has a distinctly slit-like, triangular form, instead of being simply con- cave. In most of these forms the line joining the posterior extremities of the nostrils passes behind instead of in front of the ends of the nasal pro- cesses of the prEemaxillns. Cf. Holorhinal. Schizothecal (skiz-o-tlie'-kal) \pxKtiv, cleave, split; ^^//K?/, case]. In biology, applied to such birds as have the tarsal envelop {podotheca) scaled or reticu- lated, as distinguished from holothecal. Schizothorax [skiz-o-tho' -mks].- Synonym of Schisto- tko?-ax. Schizotrichia (skiz-o-trik' -c-ah) [pxi^siv, to split ; (^{ni, hair]. Splitting of the hair. Schlemm, Canal of. A flattened annular channel within the sclera and close to the corneal juncture. It is also called ihe circular venoits sititis, and is the out- let whereby the aqueous humor finds its way into the general circulation. S., Ligament of. See Li^-a/z/oif. Schmiedel's Ganglion. The inferior carotid ganglion. Schmerzfreude iyScliinaiiz'-froy' -de) [Ger., Painjoy'\- A rare symptom of hysteria, in which pain or normally painful operations seem to the patient pleasant. Schmidt, Arrov^^-markings of. Certain lines occasion- ally seen upon the axis-cylinders of nerves and supposed to be masses of protoplasm by some and connective tissue by others. S., Incisures of, minute fissures in the medullary sheaths of nerves, separating the seg- ments of Lautermann. S.'s Nodes. See Ac;;/.?. S.'s Test. See Birth. S.'s Theory of Coagulation. The theory that fibrin is formed by the coming together of fibrinogen and fibrino-plastin. Schmidt-Lautermann Segments or Incisures. See Segiiieiif and Incisure. Schneider's Acid Carmin. See Stains, Tabic of. Schneiderian Membrane. The pituitary membrane. The nasal mucosa. Schnitzer Green. Same as Mittler s Green. Scholeciasis [sko-k-si' -as-is). A term proposed by Hope (1840) for the diseased condition caused by the pres- ence of the larvx of lepidopterous insects. SchoU's Method. A method of percussion by which the diffusion of sound along the ribs is prevented. Three fingers are pressed toward the chest, and the second phalanx of the third finger is used for percus- sion, Schbller's Method. A method of inducing premature labor. It consists in inserting a tampon of charpie into the vagina, and allowing it to remain until the pains commence. Schonlein's Disease. Peliosis rJieiimatica ; a peculiar affection characterized by multiple arthritis, and an erup- tion which varies greatly in character, and is sometimes purpuric, but more commonly associated with urticaria or with erythema exsudativum. The disease is most common in males between the ages of twenty and thirty. The purpuric rash first appears on the legs or about the affected joints. It is also called Sckdniein' s Pelio- sis. See Diseases, Table of. Schow, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table. Schrager's Lines. A coarse striation, concentric with the outline of the pulp-cavity, produced by the den- tinal tubules in cross-section. See Lines, Table of. Schreiner's Base. See Sperniin. Schroder's Method. See Artificial Respiration. S.'s Operations. See Operations, Table of. Schroth's Cure. A painful form of treatment of pleu- ral effusion, consisting in an entire abstinence from drinking for some days, though fluid is allowed at in- tervals during the existence of the effusion. Schrotter's Catheters. See Catheter. Schultze, Cells of. See Cell, Olfactory. S.'s Fold, a falciform fold of the amnion extending from the in- sertion of the cord in the placenta to the remains of the umbilical vesicle. S.'s Granules or Granule- masses, minute particles in the blood, produced by the breaking up of the blood-platelets ; also called granules of Max Schultze. S.'s Macerating Fluid, a fluid employed to dissolve cutin and to dissociate plant-cells. It consists of potassium chlorate 3 grains, nitric acid 2 drams. Keep the sections in this, cold, for a fortnight. After careful washing in alcohol the preparations may be placed on the slide in glycerin, and the cells easily separated with needles, in conse- quence of the solution of the middle lamellce. S.'s Method. See Artificial Respiration. S.'s Reagent, a solution for use in laboratories. It is prepared as follows : lodin is dissolved to saturation in a solution of zinc chlorid, sp. gr. 1.8, to which 6 parts of potas- sium iodid have been added. Cross and Bevan recom- mend the following : Zinc is dissolved to saturation in HCl, and the solution evaporated to sp. gr. 2.0; to 90 parts of this solution are added 6 parts of potassium iodid dissolved in 10 parts of water, and in this solu- tion iodin is finally dissolved to saturation. Schuster's Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of. Schwalbe's Convolution. See Convolutions, Table of. S., Fissures of. See Fissiires, Table of. S.'s Method. See Treatment, Methods of. Schwann, Sheath of. The neurilemma of a nerve- fiber, a delicate, connective-tissue membrane, investing the white substance. See Neurilemma. S.'s Theory of Inflammation. Same as Rokitansky'' s Theory. See Theory. S., White Matter or Substance of, a coat of myelin deposited within the neurilemma, and surrounding the axis-cylinder of a medullated nerve- fiber. It contains cerebrin and lecithin and some fatty matter, is semi-fluid, homogeneous, bright, and refrac- tive. The medullary sheath. Cf. Myelin. Schweigger-Seidel's Acid Carmin. See Stains, Table of. Schweinerothlauf (slnui-neh-rot' - lo7vf) [Ger.]; Rotiget dn pore [Fr. ]. Hog-erysipelas. An infectious disease of hogs, characterized by fever and the appearance, on neck, chest, and belly, of reddish or brownish spots. Intestinal hemorrhages are sometimes present. One- half of the animals affected die. The lesions con- sist in a hemorrhagic infiltration of the intestinal mucosa, swelling and ulceration of the follicles, tume- faction of the mesenteric glands, and petechi;e of the serous membranes. The blood and organs con- tain a bacillus which is considered the cause of the disease. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Koch, under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. Schweinfurth Blue, S. Green. See Pigments, Con- spectus of. Schweininger Cure. See Treatment, Methods of. Schweizer's Reagent. A solution of hydrated cupric oxid in ammonia, for use in chemic and physiologic laboratories. This reagent is prepared as follows : Oxyhydrate of copper is carefully precipitated from the sulphate by a dilute solution of ammonia ; the clear green precipitate, separated and washed, is added while still moist to strong ammonia, in which, on slightly warming, it is dissolved. Upon cooling, crys- tals of sub-sulphate of copper and ammonia fall to the bottom. The filtered liquid contains only the am- moniacal cupric oxid in solution. It must be kept m bottles of dark glass, or in the dark. ^ It can also be prepared by digesting copper turnings in an open bot- tle with liquor ammonii of the Pharmacopeia. As it is very easily decomposed by light, it is perhaps best SCHWELLE 1301 SCISSORS prepared fresh when required. This reagent has the power of dissolving pure cellulose. It is fit for use only so long as it rapidly dissolves cotton-wool. (Strasburger. ) This reagent possesses its chief interest from the fact that it is the only liquid known in which cellulose appears to dissolve without essential change in composition. It has a limited application in the discrimination of the fibers used in the arts. Schwelle (i/;7<;'£'/'-f//)[Ger., " threshold'"]. The thresh- old, or liimn, of any sensation ; nerve-excitation wliich just fails of producing a sensation. Schwendener's Theory. See Schwendenerism. Schwendenerism [shwen' -den-er-izni) \_Sclrinendener, a German botanist, born 1829]. A theory suggested by De Bary, but avowed by Schwendener, that lichens consist of fungi parasitic upon alga;. Schwimmer's Ointment. An ointment for applica- tion to smallpox pustules to prevent pitting. It con- sists of carbolic acid 15 grains, olive-oil one dram, prepared chalk sufficient to make half an ounce. This is applied on pieces of clean soft linen. Sciage (se-alizh') [Fr., "sawing"]. A to-and-fro saw- ing movement in massage, practised with the ulnar border, or with the dorsum of the hand. Sciatic {ii-at'-ik) \)()\iov, ischium]. Pertaining to the ischium. S. Nerve. See Nerve. S. Notch. See Notch. S. Spine, a triangular eminence on the dorsal border of the body of the ischium. Sciatic Scoliosis. See Scoliosis. Sciatica ( si-at' -ik-ah^ \_Sciaticiis, pertaining to the ischium]. Pain in the course of the sciatic nerve. This may be confined to the proximal half of the thigh, or follow out the entire course of the nerve and its branches. The pain is constant and gnawing, subject to exacerbations, and occurs most commonly in adults of middle age. Science {si' -ens)\sci}'e,X.QVno'^\ Systematized knowl- edge of the order of nature. " Science is that knowl- edge which enables us to demonstrate, so far as our limited faculties permit, that the appearances which we recognize in the world around us are dependent in definite ways on certain properties of matter ; science is that knovvledge which enables or tends to en- able us to assign to its true place in the series of events constituting the universe, any and every thing which we can perceive." (E. Ray Lankester. ) S., Chris- tian, a method of treating disease upon principles simi- lar to those upon which faith-cure rests.. Scientific [si-en-tif -ik) \jcientia, knowledge ; facere, to make]. Relating to science. That which is based upon science. Scientist (si' -en-/ist) [scientin, science]. A savant; one versed in science. Scieropia (si-er-o'-pe-ali) [d/c^f/jof, shady; ui/', eye]. Defective vision in which all objects appear dark. Scilla [sil'-ak) , gen. , Scillce]. Squill. The bulb of S. maritiina or Urginea maritima, found near the Mediterranean Sea. Its properties are due to a gluco- sid, scillitoxin, and several other principles. It acts like digitalis upon the circulation. In large doses it causes vomiting and purging. It is diuretic and ex- pectorant. In cases of nephritis it should be used with caution, as it may prove irritant to the kidneys. Dose gr. j-iv. S., Acetum, "vinegar of squill," 10 per cent, in strength. Dose 'mj.-'Z,]. S., Fid. Ext. Dosetr^^j-v. S., Oxymel (B. P.'). Do.se5ss-j. S., Pil., Comp. (B. P.) Dose gr. v-x. S., Syr., has of fluid extract 40, sugar 60, water q. s. Dose ^ss- ij. S., Syr., Comp. Dose T^^v-gj, for children as an emetic; tTLx-xxx, for adults as an expectorant; contains squill, senna, aa 120, tartar emetic 3, sugar 1200, calcium phosphate 9, dil. alcohol and water ad 2000. Commonly known as Coxe's Hive Mixture. S., Tinct., 15 per cent, strong. Dose Ti:\,v-xxx. Scillin {sil'-in) [cra'A/M, squill]. An inactive substance obtained from squills. Scillipikrin (si/ - ip - ik' - rin) [/SKiXXa, squill ; niKpog, bitter], A yellowish- white, amorphous, hygroscopic powder obtained from squills. Scillitin [sil-it'-in) [(t/i7A/,u, squill]. A white or yel- lowish resinous substance, the bitter principle of squill. Scillitoxin {sil - it - oks' - in) l_aK.I'AAa, squill; to^lkhv, poison]. An amorphous light-brown, bitter, active principle of sci//a. It is soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether and water, and a cardiac poison somewhat resembling digitalis. Scillocephalous (sit - 0 - sef - al - its) [oKiXAa, squill ; K&pa'/ >i, head] . Aftected with scillocephalus. Scillocephalus [sil-o-sef -al-its) \<3Kik\a, squill; Ke^ali], head]. I. Congenital deformity of the head, in which it is small and conically pointed, or squill- shaped. 2. A person with a squill-shaped head, usually an idiot. Scillopicrin (sil-o-pik' -riti). See Scillipicrin. Scillotoxin [sil-o-toks'-in). See Scillitoxin. Scinde Boil. See Delhi Boil. Scintillation (sin-til-a' -shun) \_scintillare, to sparkle]. An emission of sparks. Also a subjective visual sen- sation as of sparks. Scion (si'-on) [ME., OF., sion, a shoot, twig]. A twig or young shoot. Sciopticon (si-op' -tik-on) [ff/iio, a shade ; ok-ik6(;, per- taining to sight]. A form of magic lantern. Scirrhencanthis (skif-en-kan' -this) [_apov, eyelid ; oyno^, tumor]. A hard tumor of the eyelid. Scirrhocele (s/eir'-o-sel) [crrappdf, hard ; Kijh/, tumor]. Scirrhous tumor of the testicle. Scirrhoid (skir' -oid) ^OKippoc, hard ; f(Mof, like]. Re- sembling a scirrhus. Scirrhoma (skiv-o' -mah) [ff/f/p/iof, hard ; (j//a, tumor]. Scirrhous tumor. S. caminariorum, chimney-sweeps' carcinoma. Scirrhophthalmia (skir-off-thal' -me-ah) [aKi'ppog, hard ; iiip8a2ii6^, eye]. Scirrhus of the eyeball. Scirrhosarca (shi/'-o-sur'-hah) [aKip'p6(;, hard ; (rapf , flesh]. The hardening of the flesh of new-born infants ; sclerema of infants. Scirrhosis (skir-o'-sis) [_mippdc, hard]. The formation of a scirrhous carcinoma. Scirrhous (skir'-iis) [mippoc, hard]. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, scirrhus or hard carcinoma. S. Car- cinoma. See Scirrhus. Scirrhus, or Scirrus (skir' -us or sir' -us) [^CKi'ppoc, an induration]. A scirrhous or hard carcinoma. Scission [sizh'-un) \_scitidere, to cut]. A cutting or splitting of anything; fission. Scissiparity (sis-ip-ar'-it-e) \scissus, p.p. of scindere, cut, divide ; parere, iohnng forth]. In biology, gen- eration by fission ; schizogenesis. Scissor-leg (siz'-or-leg-). Same as Cross-leg. Scissors (siz'-ors) [scindere, to cut] . An instrument with crossed, closing blades for cutting. The blades may be straight, angular, or curved. S., Artery, a scissors, one blade of which is probe-pointed, for intro- duction into a duct or canal. S., Canalicular, delicate scissors, one blade of which is probe-pointed, used in slitting the lacrymal canal. S., Cannula, scissors for slitting any canal or tube longitudinally. S., Crani- otomy, a strong S-shaped instrument used in craniot- omy for perforating the skull and cutting away por- tions of bone. S., Iris, one having flat blades which SCISSURA 1302 SCLERODERMOUS are bent in such a manner that they may be applied to the eyeball. Also, scissors used in iridectomy. S., Perforator. Sea S., Craniotomv. S., Skin-grafting, an instrument consisting of a forceps and a scissors, the former for seizing a small piece of skin, and the latter for cutting it oft. S., Uvula, one designed for re- moval of the uvula. S., de Wecker's, a peculiar modification of iris-scissors. Scissura {siz-u' -rah) \jcindere, to cut]. A fissure, rent, or cleavage. S. longitudinalis, the longitudinal fis- sure of the brain. Sclera (skle'-rah i[cr/c/'i//pof , hard]. The sclerotic coat of the eye; the firm, tough, white, outer membrane of the eyeball, continuous with the sheath of the optic nerve behind and with the cornea in front. S. testis, the tunica albuginea of the testis. Scleral {skle'-ral) [iTK/l?;pdf, hard]. Pertaining to the sclera. S. Extraction. See Extraction. Scleratitis (sk/e-rat-i'-tis). Same as Sclerotitis. Sclerectasia (skle-rek-ta' -ze-ah) \_(jKA7jpdc, hard; Ik- raaic, extension]. Staphyloma of the sclera. S. posterioris, posterior staphyloma. Sclerectasis {.sk/c-rei''-tas-is). See Sclerectasia. Sclerectomy {skle-rek' -to-tne) [(7«:/7;pdr, hard ; eKTOjifj, excision]. I. Excision of a portion of the sclera. 2. The excision of the sclerosed and ankylosed conductors of sound in chronic catarrhal otitis media. ScXtrtma. [sk/e-?-e' -/nah) [(7«:/;?pdf, hard]. Sclerosis, or hardening, especially of the skin. S. adultorum, a synonym of Scleroderma. S. neonatorum. Sclero- derma neonatorum ; Induratio tela: cellnlosie ; a disease found only in premature infants ; it is characterized by a hardening of the skin, beginning in the legs, and spreading, usually sparing breasts and belly. Jaundice or a hemorrhagic condition may be present ; the tem- perature is very low, 95°, and the condition is apt to end fatally. The pathology of the disease is not posi- tively known. By some the disease is believed to consist in a solidification of the subcutaneous fat, which in infants contains more palmitic and stearic acids than in the adult, and relatively less oleic acid. Sclerencephalia (skle-ren-sef-a' -le-ah) [(T/f^;?pdf , hard ; h/Ktcfia'Aog, brain]. Sclerosis of brain-tissue. Sclerenchyma [skle - reni^--'- kim - a/t) [aK?,r!p6c, hard; iyxi'fia, an infusion]. In biology, hard bast, or bast- fibers. Used by some in a more extended sense, to include all lignified fibrous cells or cell-derivatives. Sclerenchymatous {skle - reng - kivi'- at ■ its) [(t/c/ ^/pdf , hard; eyx^f^t infusion]. Having the character of sclerenchyma. Sclerenchyme {^skle-reng' -kiiii) . Same as Sclerenckvma. Sclererythrin [skle-rer'-ith-rin) \_GiiAripbc, hard ; tpv- Upor, red]. A red substance obtained from ergot. Scleriasis [skle-ri' -as-is) \_au'A//p6c, hard]. Induration; sclerema ; scleroderma. Scleriritomy [skle-rir-it' -o-me) [cK/ly/pdc, hard, sclera; Toiilj, a cutting]. Incision of the conjunctiva, sclera, and iris, followed by excision of a piece of the iris and anterior capsule, in staphyloma of the cornea and secondary glaucoma. Sclerite {skle'-rit) [ff/c/lr^pdf, rough]. In biology, a separate or definite element in the exoskeleton of an arthropod. Scleritic {skle-rit'-ik') [(T/(/l?/pdf, hard]. Sclerous. Scleritis [skle-ri'-tis). See Sclerotitis. Sclero- (skle'-ro-) [(T«:A7?pdf, hard]. A prefix denoting hardness or induration, or connection with the sclera. Sclerobase {skle' -ro-bas) [^aK'/.r/p6g, hard; /Wcr/f, base]. In biology, the cornified or calcified axial connective tissue of an actinozoan zoanthodeme. The hard endo- skeletal portion of a colony of coral polyjis, as the precious red coral. Sclerobasic [skle-ro-ba'-zik] \_aiilrip6^, hard ; tiaaiQ, base]. I'ertaining to a sclerobase. Scleroblast {skle' -ro-blast) \_aKhiip6c, hard ; /i/acrrdf, a germ]. In biology, a spicule-cell in sponges. Scleroblastic {skle-ro-hlas' -tik) [aK/r/por, hard; [SXaa- ror, germ]. Forming sclerous tissue. Sclerobronchiorrhoncus {skle-ro-brong-ke-or-ong' -kus) [aK?ir/p/^-eii-iis) [(i\/;//)df , hard, rough ; }t'rf/i', producing]. In biology, producing hard, cal- careous, silicious, or chitinous tissue. S. Method, a method of treating tuberculous joint-disease, by intersti- tial injections of zinc chlorid. Sclerohymenitis (skle-ro-hi-men-i' -tis). Synonym of Sclerotitis. Sclerohystera [skle-ro-his' -ter-ali). Synonym of Scle- rystera. Scieroid (j/'/c'- [ffKAA/^jdr, hard ; eMof, form]. In biology, hard or bony in texture. Sclero-iodin [skk-ro-i'-o-diii) [(T/^t Charcot' s Disease . S. Com- bined, simultaneous sclerosis of the posterior and the lateral columns of the spinal cord. S., corii. Synonym of Scleroderma. S. dermatis. Synonym of Scleroderma. S., Diffuse, when the sclerosis ex- tends through a large part of the brain and cord. S., Disseminated. See Charcot' s Disease. S., Focal, one confined to a particular region of the brain or cord. S., General, a connective-tissue hyperplasia affecting an entire organ. S., Initial, the syphilitic chancre. S., Insular. See Charcot' s Disease. S., Lateral. See Charcot' s Disease. S., Lobar, sclero- sis of a lobe of the brain. S. of the Lung. Synonym of Pneumonia, Interstitial. S., Miliary, small sclero- tic patches such as have been observed in the spinal cord in some cases of pernicious anemia. S., Multiloc- ular. See Sclerosis, Disseminated. S., Multiple. Ste Charcot' s Disease. S. ossium. Synonym of C^/'t'/- tis. Condensing. S., Posterior Spinal, locomotor ataxia; tabes dorsalis, q. v. S., Postero-lateral. See Friedreich's Ataxia. S., Progressive Muscular. Synonym of Pseudohypertrophic AInsciilar Paralysis. S., Renal. Synonym of iVephritis, Interstitial. S., Syphilitic Arterio-, the arterial sclerosis due to syphilis. It affects chiefly the intima, but also the adventitia. It occurs as a diffuse form, as in the brain ; also in distinctly localized lesions, as in the chancre. Scleroskeletal [skle - ro - skel' - et - al) [crK/z/pd^-, hard ; nKt'KiTOv, a dry body]. Pertaining to a sclero- skeleton. ^cleroskeleton [skle - ro - skel'- et - on) \_aK'/Jip6c, hard ; OKcTieTov, a dry body]. In biology, skeletal parts or ossifications other than the bones of the main endo- skeleton, as sesamoid bones, ossified tendons, mar- supial bones, etc. Sclerostenosis [skle- ro-ste-no'-sis) ^aK/r/poc, hard; arkvuGig, constriction]. I. Sclerosis with constric- tion. 2. Also, synonym of Scleroderma. Sclerosteous {skle-ros' -te-us) [(T/i-A?/pdf, hard ; bareov, bone]. A bony formation resulting from osseous de- posit in a tendon. Sclerostoma [skle-ros' -to-mah') [cr/c^^pdf, hard ; aropa, mouth]. A genus of nematoid worms. See Parasites [. hiimal). Table of. Sclerotal [skle-ro' -tal) \_aKh]p6c, hard]. In biology, one of a circlet of bones about the eyeball of certain birds ; an eye-bone. Sclerote [skle' -rot). Same as Sclerotium. Sclerothrix [skle' -ro-tkriks) [cr«:A?;pdf, hard ; fJp'f, hair]. Abnormal hardness of the hair. Scleroth's Cure. The treatment of pleuritic effusions by diet, /. e., the withdrawal of fluids for the purpose of causing absorption of the effusion. Sclerotic [skle- rot' -ik) \aii'krip6q, hard]. I. Hard, in- durated ; pertaining to the outer coat of the eye. 2. Related to or derived from ergot. S. Arteritis. See Arteriosclerosis and Endarteritis. S. Coat. See Sclerotica. S. Endocarditis, a hyperplasia of the fibrillar layer of the endocardium. It may be a regen- erative process following infarcts, abscesses, or wounds of the heart which implicate the endocardium ; it may be a termination of acute endocarditis ; it may (and this is the commonest form) be a chronic inflammation from the beginning, occurring as a part of a general vas- cular sclerosis. The last form affects especially the valves, and leads either to insufficiency or to obstruc- tion of the valvular orifice. In the early stages it presents itself as a .slight thickening ; this increases in extent ; the new tissue undergoes fatty degeneration (atheroma) ; eventually calcareous matter and. occa- sionally, cholesterin are deposited. S. Myocarditis, a SCLEROTICA 1304 SCOOP hyperplasia of the connective tissue of the myocardium. It may be a reparative process following wounds, in- farcts, or abscess of the heart-wall, or it may be a dift'use chronic process, the heart participating in a general vascular sclerosis. S. Parenchyma, in biology, hard- ened parenchyma, as the grit-cells of pears. Sclerotica iskle-rot' -ik-ah) [aK?a/p6c, hard]. The sclera or sclerotic coat of the eye ; the firm, tough, white, outer membrane of the eyeball, continuous with the sheath of the optic nerve behind and with the cornea in front. Scleroticectomy {skle-rot-ik-sk' -to-vie) l(7K///fj6i:, hard ; iKTo/ji/, excision]. The removal of a part of the sclera. Scleroticitis {skle-rot-ik-i' -tis). Synonym of Sclerotitis. Sclerotico-choroiditis [sklc - rot'- ik-o-ko-roi- di'-tis). .Synonym of Sclero-choroiditis. Scleroticonyxis {skle- rot' -ik-o-iiiks' -is). See Sclera- nyxis. Scleroticotomy (skle-rot-ik-ot' -o-vie) [aKA?/p6c, hard; To/xi/, a cutting]. Incision of the sclerotic. Sclerotinic (slcle-ro-tin'-ik). .Same as Sclerotic, second definition. S. Acid. See Acid, Sclerotinic. Sclerotis [skle-ro'-tis) laa'/j/po^, hard]. The ergot of rye, v. Sclerotitic (skle-j-o-tit'-ik) [(T/cAz/pof , hard ; itk;, inflam- mation]. Affected with sclerotitis. Sclerotitis {skle-ro-ti'-tis) {jjKAtjpui;, hard, sclera; itk;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the sclerotica. Sclerotium {skle-ro'-s/if-tun) [(TK/z/pof, hard: pi., Scle- rotia\ In biology : ((7) a thick mass of hyphx felted together, constituting a resting-stage in the develop^ ment of some fungi, and acting as a store of reserve materia! ; (/') the hypnocyst of mycetozoa. Sclerotized [sklc' -ro-tized). Same as Sclerosed. Sclerotome (skle'-ro-ioin) \_OKX>jp6c, hard ; ri/jveiv, to cut]. I. A knife used in sclerotomy. 2. In biology, a hard tissue separating successive myotomes in certain of the lower vertebrates. Sclerotomia [skle-ro-to' -me-ali) [(TK?i.;;pdf, hard ; ropi), a cutting]. The excision of a portion of the sclera for the purpose of forming an artificial pupil. Sclerotomy (skle-rof -o-uie) \_aK'ki^p6i;, hard; rkpveiv, to cut]. The operation of incising the sclera, and also the choroid and retina. S., Anterior, the making of an incision through the sclera anterior to the ciliary body and most of the iris, and entering the anterior chamber ; it is done in glaucoma. S. , Posterior, sclerotomy done by an incision through the sclera behind the ciliary body, and entering the vitreous chamber. Sclerotonyxis ( skle - ro - to - jiiks'-is) //poc , hard; i'>'it<;, a pricking] . An operation for cataract formerly practised, in wihich a broad needle was introduced into the sclera, behind the ciliary region, passed between the iris and the lens, and the latter depressed into the vitreous. Sclerotrichia {skle-ro-trik' -e-ali) [wP,/;pof , dry ; Qp'i^, hair]. A harsh and dry state of the hair. Sclerous (^/;'/(''-;v«) [(T«:;^,;/pdf, hard]. Hard; indurated. Scleroxanthin (skle - ro - zan' - thin^ \_aK7>]p6<;, hard; ^arBo(;, yellow]. A crystalline .substance derived from Era-ot. Sclerymen (skle-ri' -moi). -See Sclera. Sclerymenitis (skle ri-men-i' -lis). See Sclerotitis. Sclerysma, Sclerysmus (skle-riz' -mah, skle-riz'-miis). .See Sclerosis. Sclerystera (skle - ris' - ter - aJi) \cK)jip6r varspa, womb]. Induration in malignant disease of the uterus. Scobiform (sko' - hif - orni) \scohis, saw-dust, filings; forma, form]. In biology, resembling saw-dust. Scoleciasis, Scolecicis (sko-les-i'-as-is, sko-les-is'-is). See Helminthiasis, also Sc/ioleciasis. Scoleciform (sko-les'-if-orm) [crKwA?/.;, a worm ; forma, form] . Having the form or character of a scolex. Scolecite (sko' -Ics-it) \_aiM/Ji^, a worm]. In biology, a name given by Tulasne to the vermiform carpogonium of the fungus Ascobfliis. It is a branch of the my- celium, consisting of a row of short cells. Woronin's " vermiform body." Scolecoid (sko' -le-koid) l_aKCj'/j/iioei6i/<;, worm-like]. Ver- miform. Scolecology (sko-le-kol'-o-f). See Helminthology. Scolecophagous (sko-le-kof'-ag-us) [(TK(iX?;f , worm ; (payeiv, to eat]. In biology, worm-eating. Scolesis (sko-le' -sis). See Scoliosis. Scolex (sko'-leks) [cKuArj^, a worm]. In biology, the knot-like head of a cestode worm, which by budding gives rise to the proglottides of the chain. See Ticnia. Scolices (sko-le' -sez). Plural of Scolex, q. v. ^coWaxna. (sko-le-o' -mali)\jsKo'Kiupa\. Curvature of the' spine. See Scoliosis. Scoliometer, Scoliosometer (sko-le-om' -et-er, sko-le-o- so?n'-et-ei-) [cr/vo/'/ti*;, bent ; /if rpoi', measure]. An in- strument for measuring the extent of a scoliosis. Scolioneirosis (sko-le-o-ni-ro'-sis) [cKO/l/df , bent ; ovzl- poc, a dream]. Oppressive, disagreeable dreaming. Scolio-rachitic (sko - le - o - rak - it'- ik) [aKo7ud^, bent ; /)d V'f > spine; trie;, inflammation]. Spinal deformity as a result of rickets. Scoliosis (sko-le-o' -sis) [oKn'/iog, curved]. Any morbid distortion or curvature of the spine, especially a lateral curvature. S., Cicatricial, scoliosis due to cicatricial contraction, such as occurs after costal necrosis. S., Empyematic, that due to empyema. S., Habit, sco- liosis as a result of faulty posture. S., Inflamma- tory, scoliosis due to caries of the vertebrae. S., Myopathic, a form due to paresis of the muscles of the spine. S., Osteopathic, spinal curvature caused by disease of the vertebrre. S., Paralytic, the same as S., Myopathic. S., Rachitic, spinal curvature due to rachitis. S., Rheumatic, temporary scoliosis caused by rheumatism of the muscles of the spine. S., Sciat- ic, scoliosis in sciatica with the convexity toward the affected side. Frequently there is compensatory curvature higher up, and the leg is slightly flexed and supported on the toe. S., Static, scoliosis as a result of inequality in the length of the lower limbs. Scoliosometer (sko-le-os-om' -e-ter) \aKo\i6^, curved ; phpnv, measure]. An instrument for measuring the amount of deformity in scoliosis. Scoliotic [sko-le-ot' -ik) \aKo7a6q, curved]. Pertaining to or marked by scoliosis. Scolopophore (sko-lo' -po-for) [rad/o)/', anything pointed, a rod, stake; (pi:[)eiv, bear]. In biology, the long, slender, stretched tube which conceals the terminal rod of the peripheral auditory nerve-fiber in certain arthropods. When grouped they form the peculiar cliordotonal organs, ij. v. Scolopsia (sko-lop' -se-ah) [tr/cdAoi/', anything pointed]. A suture between two bones having reciprocal move- ment. Scolymus (skol'-im-ns) [(T/fd/w/«)f] . A genus of the Compositir. S. hispanicus, golden thistle, Spanish , oyster-plant ; the root was formerly used as a diuretic. S. maculatus, spotted golden thistle of the Mediter- ranean regions. Scoop (skiip) [ME., scope, a scoop]. In surgery, an instrument resembling a spoon, for the extraction of foreign bodies from the softer tissues or from passages or cavities. S., Ear, an instrument having a slender handle and a small, shallow bowl, used in removing epidermal scales or cerumen from the external audi- SCOOPERS' PNEUMONIA 1305 SCOTOPSIA tory canal. S. -extraction, an operation for cataract in which the lens is removed by means of a lens- scoop, or spoon, passed^ behind and lifted out with the lens. S., Leroy d'Etiolle's, a scoop resembling a lithotrite in shape, and used in removing urethral calculi. S., Lithotomy, an instrument used to re- move calculi in the operation of lithotomy. S., Pla- cental, a scoop or curet furnished with a long handle, and used to detach adherent portions of the pla- centa. S., Schaffer's Throat, an instrument for the throat, made so that it can be introduced closed, and then opened by means of a rod sliding within a hol- low stem. Scoopers' Pneumonia. The chronic form of pneu- monia occurring in grain-scoopers from exposure to cold and dust. Scopa (sko'-paJi) \jcopa, twigs, shoots, a broom]. See SarothruDi. Scoparin {sko'-par-in) [scopa, a broom]. A diuretic principle obtained from scoparius. See Scoparins. Scoparius {sko-pa' -re-iis) \_scopa, a broom: gen., Sco- parii\ Broom. The tops of the common broom- plant, Sarothamniis S. Its properties are due to a neu- tral principle, scoparin, Cj, H.,.,©!,,, andanalkaloid,spar- tein. It is diuretic and laxative; in large doses cathartic and emetic. It is a favorite remedy in car- diac dropsy and kidney-complaints. Dose of an to Oj decoction, ; of scoparin, gr. v-x ; of the fluid extract gtt. xxx. S., Decoct. (B. P.) Dose Jj-iij. S., Succus (B. P.) Dose -scope (skop) [(jKo-tu', to examine]. A suffix, signify- ing to see or examine ; usually forming a part of the name of some instrument. Scopolein, or Scopolin [sko-po' -le-in, sko' -po-lin') [after Scopoli, an Austrian naturalist]. An alkaloid extrac- tive of Scopolia japonica. It is a powerful mydriatic, whose effects are more rapid and more lasting than those of atropin, and are neutralized by those of eserin. It is recommended in keratitis and corneal ulcers. Unof It is said by some to be a natural mixture of hyoscin, hyoscyamin, and atropin. Scopoletin {sko-pol' -et-in) [after Scopoli, an Austrian naturalist], CjgHgO^. A fluorescent, crystalline sub- stance obtained from the root of Scopolia japonica and Scopolia atropoides. Scopolia [sko-po' -le-aJi) [after Scopoli, an Austrian na- turalist]. A genus of the j'j^'"-^'^'''^"''''^- S. Atropoides. See S. carniolica. S. carniolica, the rhizome of a European solanaceous plant, of use as an efficient anhydrotic, checking sweating without producing dry- ness of the mouth or dilatation of the pupil. Also a local anesthetic. Dose of the fluid extract, tlX,j-iij. Unof. S. japonica, of Asia, has in general the pro- perties of belladonna, for which it is substituted in Japanese practice. See Scopolein. Scoptula (skop' -tn-lah) See Scopula. Scopula [skop'-ti-lak) [dim. of scopa, a broom]. See Sarotkrmn. Scopulate [skop'-tc-ldt) \jcopula, a little broom]. In biology, broom-shaped. Scopuliform [skop' -u-lif-orni). Same as Scopulate. Scoracratia {sko-rak-ra' -she-aK) \_aKwp, feces ; anpaTia, want of control ]. Involuntary evacuation of the bowels. Scorax [sko'-raks). A gum obtained from the olive- tree. Scorbutic [skor-hu'-fik) \scorbtitiis, scurvy]. Pertain- ing to, affected with, or of the nature of scorbutus. S. Cancer. Synonym for Cancrum oris. Scorbutus (skor-bu'-tits) [ L.]. See Scurvy. S. alpinus. See Pellagra. S. nauticus. See Scurvy. Scordein [skor' -de-iti) \pK6p&tov, a garlicky plant]. An aromatic substance of a yellow color found in Teu- criiim scordiuin. Scordinema [skor-din-e' -mak). See Pandiculation. Scordium [skor' -de-u/?i) [oKopdiov, a garlicky plant]. The Teucrium scordiuin. Aqua scordii, a mixture of one part of scordium and tliree parts of water, reduced one-fourth by distillation. Aqua scordii composita, a preparation containing 1 1 parts each of scordium, Cretan dittany, spikenard, and the roots of Virginia snakeroot, sweet flag, and angelica, 4 parts each of opium and saffron, 6 each of cinna- mon, cardamom, and cloves, and 360 of brandy. Extractum scordii, a preparation made by infusing I part of scordium in 4 parts of boiling water, pour- ing ofl' the infusion, repeating the process with a like volume of water, mixing the two infusions, and evaporating. Syrupus scordii, a preparation made by digesting 32 parts of scordium in 1000 of aqua scordii, and adding to the filtered liquid twice its weight of sugar. Tinctura scordii, a filtered infu- sion of I part of scordium in 4 parts of alcohol. Scorodolasarum [skor-o-do-las' -ar-uin). See Asafetida. Scorpioid [skor'-pe-oid) [anopmoi;, a scorpion; fJtSof, form]. In biology, curved like the tail of a scorpion. Applied to certain cymes, like those of the forget-me- not and heliotrope. Scorteum [skor' -te-uni). Synonym of Scrotum. Scorzonera [skor-zo-ne' -rali) [It. , " black bark "]. A genus of composite plants of many (Old World) species. S. hispanica, S. deliciosa, S. tuberosa, and other species are cultivated for their esculent roots, which also are called scorzonera. S. humilis is diaphoretic and stimulant. Unof. Scotasma [sko-taz' -mak) . See Scotoma. Scotasmus [sko-taz' -mus) [tr/corof, darkness]. Dim- ness of vision. See Coligo. Scotch [skoch) [a contraction of .Scottish']. Pertaining to Scotland. S. Fiddle, the itch. S. Method. See Anesthetic. S. Pine, Pinus sylvestris. Scotodia [sko-to'-de-ah). See Amblyopia. Scotodinia [sko-to-din'-e-ah] [cr/tdror, darkness ; dh'of, a whirl]. Giddiness, with the appearance of black spots before the eyes. Scotograph [sko' -to-graf) [crKcirof, darkness ; ypatpeiv, to write]. An instrument for aiding the blind to write. Scotoma [sko-to' -mah) [(j/idru//a ; anoToeiv, to darken : //. , Scotomata']. A fixed spot or space in the field of vision corresponding to some abnormality in the retina or optic centers of the brain. S., Absolute, a scotoma in which perception of light is entirely absent. S., Central, a scotoma limited to the region of the macula lutea, or its immediate vicinity. S., Color, color - blindness limited to a part of the visual field, and which may exist without interruption of the field for white light. S., Flittering, a scotoma with seiTated margins extending peripherally and pro- ducing a large defect in the visual field. S., Negative, a defect due to the destruction of the retinal center, and which is not noticeable to the patient. S., Positive, a scotoma perceptible to the patient as a dark spot before his eyes. S., Relative, a scotoma within which perception of liglit is only partially impaired. S., Ring, zones of scotoma surrounding the center of the visual field. S., Scintillating. See S., Flitter- ing. Scotome [sko' -torn) [aKorog, darkness]. A scotoma. Scotometer [sko-toin' -et-er) [cr/corfji;, darkness ; fiETpov, measure]. An instrument for detecting, locating, and measuring scotomata. Scotomy [skot' -o-?ne) fc'vordf, darkness]. Imperfect vision, with giddiness. Scotopsia [sko-top'-se-ah). See Mviodesopsia. SCOTOS 1306 SCROFULODERMA Scotos (sko'-tos). See Scotodinin. Scotoscopia {sko - to - sko'- pe - a!i) [ffrarof , darkness ; OKOTreh', to inspect]. See Retinoscopy. Scott-Battam's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. Scott's Dressing. " A method of treating fungous artliritis consisting in rubbing on compound mercury ointment and then applying pitch-plaster spread on leather. " Scour (j/wtv) [ME., scoureii, to scour]. Diarrhea, as in cattle. Scourge [skerj) [ME., si-o!i>-i:^e , scourge]. I. Any severe epidemic disease of a fatal character. 2. To strike the skin with light withes or with knotted cords in order to produce counter-irritation. Scourging (ske7-j' -ing) [ME., scourge, scourge]. A beating or flagellation. S. Mania, a religious mania of the 13th and 14th centuries characterized by the self-flagellation of the persons affected. Scouring (sko-ur'-ingj [ME., scoiiren, \.o scour']. Purg- ing ; also, diarrhea. S. Rush, the stalks of Equi- setuni hycmale. Diuretic and astringent. Dose of fld. ext. tTLxx-_:^j. Unof. See Eqtiisetiini. Scrape [skrap) [ME. , jrra/>/i'«, to scrape]. Galipot; a white viscid resin obtained from fir-trees ; an inferior sort of turpentine. Scraper {skra'-per) [ME., scrapieii, to scrape]. An instrument used to produce an abrasion. S., Tongue, an instrument used to remove accumulations of exfoli- ated epithelium and other foreign material from the tongue. Scrat (j/va/) [ME. , ^cv-f?/, a monster]. An hermaphro- dite. Scratched (sl-rackt) [ME., scrat]. Excoriated. S. Skin, a group of lesions directly and indirectly due to the constant irritation of the nails, and, as a whole, a symptom of prurigo, urticaria, scabies, and other pru- ritic diseases. Scratches [skracli' -es) [from ME., jc;-;?/]. I. Excori- ations produced by the nails in scratching. 2. Grease ; an eczematous inflammation of the feet of the horse. S., Ohio, prairie itch. Screable (skre'-a-bi) \_screai-e, io hawk]. That which may be spit out. Screaming Fits. See Comiulsions, Pnfantile. Screation [skre-a' -shun) [sereare, to hawk]. The act of sjjitting. Screatus [skre-a' -tus) [L. , a "hawking."]. I. Ex- cretion. 2. Agnew's term for a singular neurosis of the nasal passages, characterized by paroxysms of short, noisy inspirations or snortings, "as though an effort were being made to draw into the pharynx some worrying secretion from the back of the nose " The paroxysms last for two or three minutes, are fre- quent in occurrence, and are utterly independent of the patient's volition. The patient is exhausted and becomes emaciated from the excessive wear. The condition is often due to some local irritation, and is, as a rule, amenable to treatment. Screw (skru) [Dan., skrue, a screw]. A cylindric rod on the surface of which is a projecting fillet or thread, passing spirally around at a constant angle to its axis. This fits into a hollow cylinder with its surface spirally grooved to correspond with the thread on the screw, which moves within it backward and forward in the direction of its length. S. -driver Teeth, peculiar teeth occurring in the subjects of hereditary syphilis. S.-hook, an instrument devised by Elsberg for the re- moval of foreign bodies from the ear. S., Micrometer, a screw with a very slight pitch for the measurement of very minute spaces and motions, as in the fine adjust- ment of microscopes. S., Oral, a screw of hard rubber or bone for insertion between the teeth to separate the jaws. S., Pancoast's, a screw for drilling the fragments in ununited fracture. Scriptulus {skrip'-tu-lus). See Scruple. Scriveners' Cramp, or Palsy. See Paralysis, Writers'. Scrobe (skrolA \_scrobis, a ditch, a trench]. In biology, a groove for the reception of the basal joint of the antenna, occurring at the side of the rostrum in cer- tain beetles. S., Mandibular, a groove in the side of the mandible in certain insects. Scrobicula (skro-bik'-u-lah) [L.]. In biology, a smooth space surrounding a tubercle on the test of a sea-urchin. Scrobicular {skro-hik'-u-lar)\_scrobiculus, a little ditch]. Pertaining to scrobicula;. Scrobiculate {skro-hik' -u-lat ) {scrobiculus, a little ditch or trench]. In biology , pitted or grooved. Possess- ing minute or shallow depressions. Scrobiculus {skro-bik'-u-ltis) [L.]. A small pit or furrow. S. cordis. "Aftst Anticardium. S. variolae, a scar made by a small-pox pustule. Scrofula {skrof -u-lah) [dim. of scrofa, a sow]. Tu- berculous adenitis. A morbid condition, usually con- stitutional, and frequently hereditary, characterized by glandular tumors, having a tendency to suppuration, and leaving indolent ulcers very stubborn to treatment. It is now generally accepted as a manifestation of tuberculosis. The term is gradually falling into dis- use. S., Benign, a condition characterized by in- flammation, not endangering life, as lupus erythema- tosus. S., Fixed Primitive, a condition in which the symptoms presented at the onset of the disease are maintained to its close. S. fugax. 'Ae.e. S., Fugitive. S., Fugitive, suppurative cervical adenitis with eczema capitis (Cullen). S., Ganglionic, scrofulous adenitis. S., Malignant, lymphadenoma. S. mes- enterica, tabes mesenterica. S. moluccana. See Ya'ws. S., Mucous, an old term for a supposed scrofula of the mucous membranes. S., Phagedenic, of Bazin, a scrofula with a marked tendency to phagedenic ulceration. S., Primitive, a term formerly applied to scrofula in its early stage. S., Pulmonary, pulmonary tuberculosis. S., Quaternary, visceral tuberculosis. S., Senile, a condition occurring in ad- vanced age, and characterized by strumous ulcers, which are apt to develop into rodent ulcer or epitheli- oma. S., Visceral, the same as quaternary scrofula. Scrofulelcosis (skrof-u-lel-ko'-sis) \_scrofiila, scrofula ; t'/Kuaic, ulceration]. Scrofulous ulceration. Scrofulide {skrof -it-lid) \scrofulii, scrofula]. See Scroftilodenna. S. boutonneuse benigne, of Bazin, prurigo. S.s malignes, of Bazin, lupus erythemato- sus and lupus vulgaris. S. tuberculeuse, lupus vul- garis. Scrofulism {skrof '-ti-lizm) \scrofulcc, scrofula]. The scrofulous diathesis or condition. Scrofuloderm {skrof ' -u-lo-derin) [scrofulce, scrofula; 6ipjja, skin]. See Scrofuloderma. S., Large Pus- tular, ecthyma scrofulosum. S., Small Pustular. See Lichen scrofulosus. Scrofuloderma {skrof-u-lo-der^ -mali) \jcrofula, scrof- ula ; fiii>iia, the skin]. A term applied to the various forms of suppurating dermatitis. The lesions most commonly occur in the skin of the face and neck, over caseating and softening lymphatic glands. S. gum- matosum. See 5. tuberculosum. S. papulosum. See Lichen scrofulosus. S. squamosum, a furfura- ceous exfoliation of the epidermis occurring in scrofu- lous subjects. S. tuberculosum, a condition charac- terized by cellular infiltrations, forming nodes and having a tendency to ulcerate. The lesions begin as hard, rounded, subcutaneous nodules, freely movable SCROFULOME 1307 SCUTELLIPLANTAR beneath the skin. Later the skin is implicated, be- comes adherent and violaceous, and the tumors soften, with obvious fluctuation [S. giu?ii?ia/os!im). They may then be absorbed or evacuated spontaneously, in which case they cicatrize slowly or form spreading ulcers with thin, red, undermined edges, uneven bases, and pale, pus-covered, unhealthy granulations, some- times associated with numerous deep sinuses {S. lUcer- omni). S. ulcerosum, granuloma fungoides. See S. tiiberculosnm. S. verrucosum, tuberculosis ver- rucosa cutis (Riehl and Paltauf ) ; lupus verrucosus and verruca necrogenica (Unna). Scrofulome (skrof ' -ii-loin) \_scrofulic, scrofula; 6//n, tumor]. A tumor of a supposed scrofulous nature or origin. Scrofulonychia [skrof-ii-Io-nik' -e-a/i) [scrofuhr, scrof- ula ; ofi'f , nail]. Onychia maligna. Scrofulophyma {skrof -ti-lo-fi' -inah) [scrofula, scrofula; ©)'iUa, growth]. Scrofuloderma tuberculosum. S. diffusum, elephantiasis scrofulosa. Scrofulosis [skrof-ti lo' -sis) \_scrofiiliF, scrofula ; voaor, disease]. A scrofulous condition, disease, or diathe- sis. S. erethica. Scrofulosis with a tendency to suppurative adenitis. S. torpidus, scrofulosis, as it is manifested by tlie puffy face with thick nose and lips, slender limbs, and prominent abdomen, and also other characteristic features of the facies scrofu- losus. Scrofulous (skrof ' -it-lus) \_sc-rofii/ic , scrofula]. Having the nature of scrofula. Affected with scrofula. S. pneumonia, secondary inflammatory processes in the lungs occurring in pulmonary scrofula. S. teeth, teeth similar in some respects to those of syphilis, but distinguished by a inuddy- white color; they are large, rough, and irregular; their lingual surfaces are indented ; the arch is broad, and the teeth regular in arrangement. Scrofulousness [skrof ' -u-lus-nes) [srrofie/iv, scrofula]. The scrofulous character or condition. Scroll {skro/) [ME., scrolle, scroll]. A roll of paper, or anything folded so as to resemble a roll. Ss., Olfactory, the turbinate bones. Scrophula [skrof ' -ii-lah). See Scrofula. Scrophularia [skrof-u-la' -re-ah ) \_scrofulce, scrofula]. A genus of flowering plants called figworts ; the type of the important order of ScropkulariaceiF. There are some 120 species. S. nodosa, of Europe and North America, has been much used in the treatment of scrofula, piles, and ulcers. Unof. S. officinalis, S. vulgaris. See S. uoi/osa. Scrophulelcosis. See Scrofulelcosis. Scrophulophyma. See Scrofulophyma. Scrotal [skro'-tal) \_scrotum, scrotum]. Pertaining to the scrotum. S. Hernia, protrusion of the gut through the external ring and into the scrotum , oscheocele. Scrotiform (skro' -tif-orni) [scrotum, scrotum ; forma, form]. In biology, shaped like a purse or pouch with two compartments, as the pod of shepherd's purse (Capsella). Scrotitis (skro-fi'-fis) \scrotum, scrotum ; ltl^, inflam- mation]. Inflammation of the scrotum. Scrotocele [skro'-to-sel) [scrotum, scrotum; ni/At], tumor]. .Same as Scrotal Hernia. Scrotum {skro' -tuni) [L.]. The pouch containing the testicles, consisting of a thin, brownish skin marked by numerous rugae, and beneath which are the dartos, the spermatic fascia, the cremasteric fascia, the infun- dibuliform fascia, and the parietal tunica vaginalis. S. cordis, the pericardium. S. lapillosum, multiple calcareous atheroma of the scrotum. Scrubgrass {skrub'-gras) . See Scouring Rush. Scruff [skriif) [origin obscure]. A popular name for the nape, or back of the neck. Scruple [skru'-pl) [scrupulum, a scruple]. In Apothe- caries' weight, 20 grains. Represented by the sign ^ • ^CY\xp\l\osiX.y {skru-pu-los' -it-e) [scrupulosus, exact]. An over-precision, or morbid conscientiousness as to one's thoughts, words, and deeds. It is somewhat common among insane persons of a certain type. Scull (skul). See Skull. S.-cap. See Skull and Scutellaria. Scultetus, Bandage of. See Bandage. Scurf (skerf) [ME., ir//;y", scurf ]. The bran-like ex- foliation of the epidermis, especially from the scalp. It is popularly known as " dandruft " or " dandriff." S.-skin, the epidermis. Scutvy {sker'-i'e) [ME. , j(-z/rz{v] . A disease observed both on land and at sea among persons who have been deprived of wholesome diet for any length of time ; it is characterized by spongy gums, extravasations of blood, livid, indurated patches of skin, hemorrhages from the mucosa, fetor of the breath, and painful contractions of the muscles. It is aggravated by want of cleanliness and by a diet of fat, salt meat. It soon disappears under a vegetable diet, vegetable acids, etc. S. of the Alps, ^ee Pellagra. S., Button, a disease which prevailed among the peasantry of Ireland, in 1814. It was described as an eruption of " convex tubercles, varying from the size of a split pea to that of a shilling," having " an appearance somewhat like the surface of a raspberry," and exuding "a white, tenacious matter which formed thin, yellow crusts " (Cariuichael). S. -grass, plants of the genus Cochle- aria : spoonwort. Common scurvy-grass, Cochlearia officinalis, is stimulant, diuretic, and antiscorbutic. It is administered in an infusion made of one part of the herb in 12 parts of water, evaporated one-half by heating. Dose ^^ij. S., Land, scurvy affecting landsmen. See Purpura hceinorrhagica . S., Nor- wegian. See Radesyge. S. Rickets, a form of scurvy associated with rickets occurring in young infants improperly fed. It appears especially in those cases in which there is a lack of fresh milk in the diet. Scutate (sku'-tat) [scutum, a shield]. In biology, shaped like a buckler. Scute {skill) [scutum, a shield]. In biology, a scale or plate, a scutum, q. v. Scutellar {sku-teU -ar) [scutellum, a little shield]. Of or pertaining to a scutellum. Scutellaria {sku-tel-a' -re-ah) [scutellum, a little shield]. A genus of labiate plants. Skull-cap, the leaves and twigs of S. lateriflora, have reputed properties as a tonic nervine, in tremors, chorea, hysteria, etc. Dose of the fld. ext. i^ss-ij. S. galericulata is considered astringent and febrifuge, as is also S. integrifolia. All unof. Scutellarin (sku-tel-a' -rin) [scutellum, a little shield]. A precipitate from a tincture of Scutellaria lateriflora ; nervine, tonic, diuretic, and antispasmodic. Dose gr. j-ij. Unof. ScuXe\\aX& (sku' -tel-dt) [scutellum, 2. little shield]. In biology : (a) provided withscutellaor transverse scales, as the feet of certain birds ; (/') plate-shaped. Scutelliform {sku-tel' -if-orm) [scutellum , a. little shield ; forma, form]. Scutellate. Scutelligerous [sku-tel- i/'- er-zis) [scutellum, a little shield; gerere, to carry]. In biology, provided with a scutellum. Scutelliplantar (sku-tel-ip-lan'-tar) [scutellum, a little shield ; plauta, the sole of the foot]. In biology, applied to certain birds in which the planta or back of the tarsus is provided with transverse scales. SCUTELLUM 1308 SEAT Scutellum {skii-teV -um) [dim. of scutum, a shield : //. , Scut€lla\. I. Scitiulum ; the characteristic " plate " of Tinea favosa. It shows a typical central depres- sion with raised edges (cupped), is usually marked with concentric lines, and may be as large as a split pea. It is whitish or pale-yellow in the center, vivid- yellow at the periphery. 2. In biology: (^7) (i) In lichens a sessile shield-shaped apothecium ; (2) in Gramiiieiv, the cotyledon that envelops the embryo and is modified to absorl) the reserve materials and convey the nutriment to the embryo; (l) one of the sclerites composing the tergum of an insect ; (2) one of the plates of the tarsus of certain birds. Scutia [sen' -te-a/i ) \_scutiiiii,a. shield]. A genus of the Jihamiicic. A shrub growing in Asia ; the leaves, made into an ointment', are used as an oxytocic in India. Scutiform [sku'-tif-ornt] \_scutum, a shield]. Shield- shaped. S. Leaf, the first-formed leaf or cotyledon in Salvinia, so named from its peculiar shape. Scutigerous (s/cu-tij^ -ei--us) \sculuin, .shield; gerere, to carry]. In biology, provided with a scute. Scutiped [sku'-fip-ed) \_scutuni, a shield ; pes, foot]. In biology, a bird with scaled tarsi. Scuto-auricularis ( sku-to-aw-rik-u-la' -ris ) \_scutum, shield; auricula, ear]. A muscle attached to the scutiform cartilage of the ear. Scutulatio {sku-tu-la'-she-o) \siutuni, a shield]. A cutaneous disease of new-born infants. vSee Ichthyosis congenita and Ichthyosis sebacea. Scutulum {sku'-tu-!u>ii). 'f>ee Scutel/uin. Scutum (sl'u' -turn) [^scutuni, a long shield : //. , Scuta'\. I. An exoskeletal scale or plate. 2. The thyroid car- tilage. S. cordis, the sternum. S. genu, the patella. S. pectoris, the thorax. S. thoracis, the sternum. S. tympanicum, the semilunar plate of bone separ- ating the attic of the tympanum from the outer mastoid cells. Scybala [sib' -alah). Plural oi Scyha!uiii,q. v. Scybalous (i77)''-(7/-«j-) [ff/cij/iaAoy, fecal matter]. Of the nature of a scybalum. Scybalum (sib' -al-uui) \_aKv^aXov, fecal matter]. Ab- normally hard fecal matter that has aggregated into lumps. Scyllite (sil'-it) {aKv^aXov, fecal matter], CpHjjO^. A glucose obtained from the intestines, kidney, liver, etc., of the hag-fish, skate, and shark. Scyphistoma [si-fis' -to-mah) or Scyphostoma, [si-fos'- to-»tak) \_aKi'ius) \_aKv(ipbi;, angry; OTTtta/joc;, spasm]. A heavy or fatigued expression, regarded as an evil symptom in grave disease. Scytitis [si-ti'-tis) [ahvTog, skin ; irig, infiammation]. Inflammation of the skin ; dermatitis. Scytoblastema (si-to-blas-te'-mah) [crhrrof , skin ; (32a(7- TTjiia, germ]. The primitive or embryonic stage of the development of the skin. Scytoblastesis (si-to-blas-tc'-sis) [gkvto^, skin ; ^Ida- r////n , germ] . The condition and progress of scyto- blastema. Scytomorphosis [si-to-mor-fo'-sis) [cr/iiTOf, skin ; fidpif)- uaig, shaping]. An abnormal development of the skin. Scytonemin [si-to-tie' -jiiin') [(T/oiirof, skin, hide ; vima, a thread]. A deep yellow or brown pigment coloring the filament-sheath in many of the Scytonemacece. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Sea (se) [ME., see, sea]. The ocean. S.-moss. See Carragheen. S. -sickness, the nausea and vomiting affecting persons at sea, or those who are subjected to any undulatory motion like that of a vessel. S.- tangle, the stem of Laininaria digitata, a marine plant. The dried stem, introduced into a moist canal or hollow organ, swells and dilates the cavity. See Tent. S. -water bath. See Bath. S. -weed, any marine plant of the order Algic. S.-weed bath, a bath in sea- water charged with an infusion of some medicinal sea- weed. S. -wrack. See Ficcus vesiculosus. Seal {sel) [ME., seel, seal]. A body of water, or other material, placed in the trap of a house-drain for the purpose of preventing the ingress of sewer- air. Sealing (^^'-//;zr>-) [ME., j(v/<"«, to seal]. The exclusion of air from a wound during the process of healing. S.-wax, a product manufactured from shellac, to which have been added Venice turpentine to make it more fusible and less brittle, and some mineral coloring- matter, usually vermilion. For black sealing-wax the best ivory-black is used ; for golden-color wax, " mo- saic gold " (stannic sulphid) ; for green wax, pow- dered verdigris, and for the commoner varieties earthy materials. Seam (sent). See Suture and Raphe. Searcher (serch'-er) \_MY,., sere hen, to search]. An instrument used for the detection of stone in the bladder. Searching (serch' -ing) [ME., serchen, to search]. Probing ; sounding. The operation of exploring the bladder by means of a metallic sound, for the purpose of detecting the presence or absence of calculi. S. Ocular. See Ocular. Seamstress's Cramp. See Cramp. Seaside Grape. West Indian kino, from Coccoloba uvifera. Seasoning (se'-zn-ing) [Fr., saisonner, to have a good flavor]. Adding a higher relish to food; acclimatiz- ing. S. Fever, the febrile symptoms occurring dur- ing the process of acclimatization Seat (set) [ME., sete, seat]. Breech ; nates. S.-bone, SEB 1309 SEBORRHEA Large Sebaceous Gland. Hair in its follicle. 2,3,4,5. Lobules of the gland. 6. by the hair. Excretory duct traversed Pertaining to or the ischium. S.-worm, thread-worm. See O.xynris, under Parasites [Anl/iial), Table of. Seb [seb). ' Gold of the alchemists ; also alum. Sebaceous {se-ba'-shus) [sebum, suet, fat]. Pertaining to fat or suet, and especial- ly to the seba- ceous glands of the corium of the skin. S . Cyst, wen, athe- roma, s t e a- toma; a cystic tumor vary- ing in size from a millet- s e e d to an orange, situ- ated in the skin or sub- cutaneous tis- sue. It occurs most fre- quently on the scalp, face, back, and scrotum, and may be single or mul- tiple. S. Flux. See Seborrhea. Sebacic {se-ba'-sik) [sebum, fat], derived from sebum. S. Acid, ,COOH -COOH, a dibasic acid obtained by dry distillation of oleic acid and by the action of sodium hydroxid on castor- oil. Sebacin {se-ba' -sin) [sebum, fat]. I. A hydrocarbon obtained by distilling calcium sebate with an excess of calcium carbonate. 2. An unctuous substance found in the fruit of Myristica sebifera. Sebadilla {seb-ad-il'-ah). See Cevadilla. Sebastomania [se-bas-to-ma' -ne-ak) [c!ej5aaT6(; , revered ; jiavia, madness]. Religious insanity. Sebate [se'-bdt) [sebum, fat]. A salt of sebacic acid. Sebel. See Pannus ocidi. Sebesten {se-bes' -ten) [Ar. sebestan, the fruit sebesten]. A tree of Asia, Cordiamyxa ; also, C. obliqua ; also their edible fruits, called sebesten plums. The latter, dried, have been much used for their demulcent qualities. Unof. Sebic [se'-bik). See Sebacic. Sebiferous [se-bif -er-us) [sebum, fat ; /erre, to he3.r'\. Same as Sebiparous. Sebiparous {se-bip' -ar-us) [sebuf?i, fat ; parere, to pro- duce]. Forming or producing sweat. Sebolith [seb'-o-litk) [sebum, iz.t; XWoc, stone]. A cal- culus, or hard concretion, in a sebaceous gland. Seborrhagia [seb-or-a'-je-ah). See Seborrhea. Seborrhea, Seborrhoea [seb-or-e^-ah) [sebum, suet; p6ia, a flow]. Sebaceous jlux ; sfearrhea ; seborrhagia ; stea- torrhea ; a disorder of the secretory organs of the skin, in which there is an alteration and increase of sebaceous secretion, and, according to some, an involvement of the sweat-coils, as well as of the sebaceous glands. It is characterized by the formation of an oily, waxy, or scaly accumulation on the surface. S. adiposa. See 5. oleosa. S. amianthacea, S.capillitii, S. capitis, seborrhea of the scalp. See S. ucca and Alopecia furfuracea. S. cerea, the waxy form of S. sicca. It is the vernix caseosa of the new-born. It occurs at almost any age after birth, and includes the accumu- lation of smegma beneath the prepuce. At puberty and onward it is seen most commonly on the scalp, where it forms dirty-looking, yellowish or greenish- brown, or even black, plates or crusts of fat and epi- thelium. It leads to atrophy of the hair. S. con- gestiva, lupus erythematosus of Hebra ; it is the early stage of lupus erythematosus. S. corporis, S. papu- losa seu lichenoides, a papular, ringed, serpiginous eruption, confined to the trunk, and characterized by slight scaliness and marked greasiness, and frequently associated with S. capitis. It is popularly known as "flannel rash." Its synonyms are: Lichen cir- cinatus, L. circumscriptus, L. annulatus serpigi- nosus, L. gyratus. S. crustosa. ' See S. sicca. S. dermatitis. See S. corporis, S. ecze/na, S. eczemi- foriiiis, S. psoriasiformis , the various forms resem- bling ordinary dermatitis, and comprised under the general term, Jf. dermatitis. S. eczema of Unna. See S. dcrijiatitis. S. eczematoid, seborrhea asso- ciated with active inflammation of the scalp. The margin of the affected area is well defined, and there is abundant formation of flaky, fatty scales. This acute condition is due to some depressing influence, mental or physical. S. faciei, a common sequel of variola and other exanthemata, and often associated with rosacea. It affects chiefly the forehead, super- ciliary regions, and sides of the nose and cheeks. The scales are often greenish or blackish. S. fluida. See S. oleosa. S. furfuracea seu pityriasiformis, the scaly form of S. sicca. It constitutes the condition known as scurf or dandruff, and is the alopecia pity- rodes of Pincus. S. genitalium, the accumulation of smegma beneath the prepuce, about the clitoris, and between the labia and the nymphre. S. lichenoides. See S. corporis. S. localis, circumscribed seborrhea, as when it occurs on the face only. S. nasi, sebor- rhea attended with the formation of yellow crusts on the tip of the nose {S. Jlavescens). S. nigra, S. ni- gricans, seborrhea with the formation of dark -colored crusts, the coloration being usually from dirt. .See Chromidrosis. S. oleosa, a variety in which there is an excess of oily secretion on the surface. The face has a greasy appearance and feel ; the complexion is generally thick and muddy-looking. It occurs usually in young adults. S. papulosa. See S. corporis. S. psoriasiformis, one of the least common forms of seborrhea, consisting of well-defined bright-red patches, with scanty, scaly, and fatty crusts. The individual patches may coalesce and cover a considerable area. The eruption is chiefly met with in the axilla and on the trunk. S. sicca, the commonest form of the dis- ease, characterized by fine greasy or branny scales ; the underlying skin is pale and leaden. There are no subjective symptoms. It is one of the chief causes of premature baldness. S. squamosa (seu sicca) neo- natorum, ichthyosis congenita ; regarded by Hebra as a general seborrhea. The entire surface of the body is covered with fatty, thick, epidermic plates, firmly adherent to the skin, and broken by deep rha- gades extending down into the corium. Owing to the stiff"ness and contraction of the skin, the eyes cannot be completely opened or closed, the lips are retracted, the nose and ears are atrophied, and the toes contracted and cramped. If not born dead, the subject soon suc- cumbs from starvation and depression of temperature. S. syphilitica, S. capitis when associated with syphilit- ic lesions of the scalp. S. tabescentium, a form of 5. furfuracea, occurring in diabetes and chronic wast- ing diseases. S. universalis. Pityriasis tabescentium ; a variety occurring only at the end of wasting dis- SEBUM 1310 SECTOR eases, as diabetes mellitus. It consists in a universal, branny desquamation, especially over the trunk and extremities. Sebum [se^-lmm) [L.]. The secretion of the sebaceous glands. See also Sei'ii/ri. S. palpebrale, Lema : the dried glandular secretion of the eyelids. S. praepu- tiale, S. praeputii, smegma prajputii. Sec (st'k) [Fr.]. Dry ; said of bloodless surgical opera- tions. Secale (sck-a'-le) [L.]. Rye. S. cereale, common rye ; rye-flour furnishes a nutritious bread. Alone or mixed with bran it is used as an absorbent and emollient application, and as a mush it is said to be laxative. Carbonized Rye is used in tooth-powders. S. cornutum. See Ergot. S. farina, rye-meal. Secalin [sek' -al-iil). See Trimethylaniin. Secamone [sek-am-o'-ne) [L.]. A genus of the Seca- moiifce. S. emetica, a shrub of India ; the root con- tains an acrid, emetic ]irinciple. Secernment, Secerning [se-sern'-»ient, se-se)-n'-ii!g) \_sei-ernere, to separate]. Secreting; applied to the function of a gland or a follicle. Secessio, Secessus [se-ses/i' -e-o, se-ses^-us). Defeca- tion. Secohm {sek'-dni) \_secundus, following ; ohni\. A unit of electric self-induction. Second [sek' -und ) \_seciindits, next]. Next after the first. S. Intention. See Healing. S. -sight. See Clairvoyance. Secondaries {sek'-im-da-rez) \secundns, second]. A name sometimes applied to the secondary symptoms of syphilis, in contradistinction from the primaries. Secondary (sek' -un-da-re) \jecimdariiis~\. l. Follow- ing, succeeding to a first. Subordinate in order of time or development ; an induced or faradic electric current. 2. In chemistry, a hydrocarbon having a substituted radicle, attached to a carbon atom which is attached to two other carbon atoms. S. Amputa- tion, consecutive amputation, or amputation done after the subsidence of inflammatory symptoms. S. Cata- ract. See Cataract. S. Dentine, dentine formed at a later period than the rest of the dentine ; when the pulp, for example, is converted into solid material and no pulp-cavity remains the material so formed is called " secondary dentine. " S. Hemorrhage. 'Ace Hemor- rhage, Consecutive. S. Syphilis. See Svphilis. S. Tertiary, those diatomic alcohols in which one mole- cule of hydroxyl is attached to a carbon atom which is attached to two other carbon atoms, and the other molecule of hydroxyl is attached to a carbon atom itself connected with three other carbon atoms. Secreta [se-kre' -tah) [secernere, to separate]. The sub- stances secreted by a gland, follicle, or other organ ; products of secretion. Secreting {se-kre' -ting') \_secernere, to separate]. Ef- fecting secretion]. S. Fringes, synovial fringes. Secretion ( se - kre' - sliun ) \_secretio : fl. , Secretiones\. The natural function of certain organs of the body, mainly the glands and follicles. It consists in the separation and elaboration of fluid or semi-fluid sub- stances differing according to the organ in which they are secreted. Also, the substance secreted. S., Anti- lytic, the saliva secreted by a submaxillary gland with intact nerves, as distinguished from that which flows from a gland which has had its nerves divided (Lang- ley). S., Menstrual, menstrual blood. S., Paralytic, the abnormal discharge from a gland after section of its motor nerve. S., Sebaceous, sebum. S., In- ternal, the secretion of an organ that is not excreted or discharged, as, e.g., glycogen. Secretitious (se-kre-tish'-us) \_secretio, 3. secretion]. Of the nature of a secretion. Secretodermatosis {se-kre-to-der-inat-o' -sis) \secretio, a secretion ; f)t/)//a, skin ; I'OffOf, disease]. An affec- tion of the secretory apparatus of the skin.' Secreto-motor (se-kre' -to-mo' -tor) \_secretio, a secretion ; motor, a mover]. Applied to nerves intermediating the function of secretion. Secretory (se' -kre-tor-e) \_secernere , to separate]. Per- forming secretion ; applied to those glands or organs that form or produce secretions. S. Fibers, cen- trifugal nerve-fibers exciting secretion. Secretum (se-kre' -turn). See Secretion. Sectio (sek' -she-o) [L.]. Section. S. abdominis. See Laparotomy and Celiotomy. S. agrippina. Cesarean section. S. alta, high or supra-pubic section in lithot- omy. S. alta subpubica, transverse section beneath the pubic arch in lithotomy. S. anatomica, a dissec- tion. S. bilateralis, bilateral cystotomy. S. cadav- eris, an autopsy. S. csesarea. Cesarean section. S. corneae, keratotomy. S. fistularum, section of the tissues between the two openings of a complete anal fistula. S. fraenuli praeputii, division of the preputial frenum for the relief of penile curvature and premature seminal emissions. S. franconiana, suprapubic cys- totomy. S. hypogastrica, suprapubic cystotomy. S. lateralis, lateral cystotomy. S. lecatiana, lithot- omy done partly by incision and partly by dilatation (Le Cat). S. legalis, a post-mortem examination made by order or consent of the law. S. mediana, median lithotomy. S. musculorum, myotomy. S. nervorum, neurotomy. S. postrolandica, a tran- section of the brain at the posterior margin of the postcentral gyrus. S. praerolandica, a transverse section of the brain at the anterior margin of the pre- central gyrus. S. rectovesicalis, rectal cystotomy. S. renalis, nephrotomy. S. rolandica, a transverse section of the cerebrum passing through the fissure of Rolando. S. tendinum, tenotomy. S. urethralis, urethrotomy. S. vaginalis, elytrotomy. S. vagino- vesicalis, colpocystotomy. S. ventralis, suprapubic cystotomy. S. vesicae felleae, cholecystotomy. S. vesicalis, cystotomy. Section (sek' -shun) \secare, to cut]. Division by cut- ting ; also, the condition made thereby ; dissec- tion ; post-mortem examination ; a cut or thin slice made for histologic or anatomic study. S., Ab- dominal. See Celiotomy. S., Cesarean. See Cesa- reait Operation. S., Frontal, a longisection serving to divide the body into equal or unequal dorsal and ventral parts. It is, therefore, approximately parallel with the dorsal and ventral aspect of the body. See also Sagittal and Transection ; also Position and Di- rection, Table of Intrinsic Terms. S., Longitudinal. See Longisection and S. , Frojital. S., Optic, the appearance resulting from microscopic examination of transparent or nearly transparent objects, when some plane below the upper surface of the object is in focus. S., Sagittal, a longisection parallel with the sagittal suture, and hence with the meson or median plane of the body, and serving to divide the body into equal or unequal right and left parts. See also iMedisection, Frontal, and Transection ; also Position and Di'-ection, Table of Intrinsic Terms. Ss., Segmentation. Pee Segmentation. Ss., Serial, the arrangement, con- secutively, of microscopic sections in the order in which they are cut. S., Sigaultian. See Symphysi- otomy. S., Transverse. See Transection. Sector (sek'-tor) [secare, to cut]. An area of a circle included between two radii and an arc. Ss., Cranio- metric, sectors in circles having the punctum ala; vomeris as a center. The frontal sector is that bounded by a radius to the punctum naso-frontale, and one which, if prolonged, would pass through the punctum SECTORIAL 1311 SEGMENT bregmatis ; the maxillary sector is that bounded by a radius to the punctum naso-frontale and one passing through the punctum spinae nasaUs posterioris ; the medullary sector is that included between a radius to the punctum foraminis magni anterius and one passing through the punctum foraminis magni posterius ; the nasal sector is that bounded by a radius to the punctum spins nasahs anterioris and one which, if prolonged, would pass through the punctum naso-frontale ; the oc- cipital sector is included between a radius to the punctum occipitale and one to the punctum protuberantiie occipi- talis ; the palatine sector is contained between a radius to the punctum spinee nasalis posterioris and one pass- ing through the punctum prremaxillare ; the parietal sector is included between a radius to the punctum breg- matis and one passing through the punctum occipitalis ; the premaxillary sector is that bounded by a radius to the punctum praemaxillare and one to the punc- tum spinoe nasalis anterioris ; the sector for the caviiiii naso-pharvnsreum is contained between a radius termi- nated by the punctum foraminis magni anterius and one to the punctum spinie nasalis posterioris (Lissauerj. ^^z\ox\a\{sek-to'-re-al) \_scxtor, a sector]. Carnassial. Secund [sek'-iind) \_secundus, following]. In biology, arranged on one side of a stem or axis. Secundina [se-kun' -de-nali) [L.]. Something follow- ing. S. cerebri, the pia mater. Secundine or Secundines {se-kun' -diti) \_secundittcB\ In biology: (a) the "after-birth," or that which remains in the uterus after the expulsion of the fetus. It includes the placenta, part of the umbilicus, and the membranes of the ovum ; (/') the inner coat of an ovule ; also called the mesosperm. Secundum artem {se-kun' -dum ar'-tem) [L. , "ac- cording to art" ]. In the approved, professional, or official manner ( used in writing prescriptions, as a direction to the apothecary). Securiform {se-ku' -rif-orni) [securis, an ax; forma, form]. In biology, ax-shaped. Secus (se'-kus) [L.j. Sex. Sedan Black. See Figments, Conspectus of. Sedans {se'-danz) [L. : pi., Sedantia'\. Sedative; a sedative medicine. See Liquor sedans. Sedation [se-da' -shun) \sedatio\ A condition of quiet and tranquillity, especially when following excessive functional activity. Sedative {sed'-at-iv) \^sedare, to soothe]. I. Soothing or tranquilizing. 2. An agent that exerts a soothing effect by lowering functional activity. S. Salt, boric acid. Sedentaria {sed-en-ta' -re-ah) [L.]. Plural of Seden- tarius, sedentary. S. ossa, the ischia and os coccygis, the bones on which the body rests while in a sitting posture. Sedentary [sed'-en-ta-re) \jedetitarius ; sedere, to sit]. Occupied in sitting ; sitting at one's work. Pertaining to the habit of sitting. Sedes [se'-dez] [L.]. Anus; stools. S. cruentse, bloody stools. S. lactescentes, celiac flux. S. pro- cidua, prolapse of the anus. Sedigitate, Sedigitated {se-dif -it-at, se-dij' -it-a-ted) [sedigitus : sex, six ; digittis, digit]. Having six fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot. Sedilia (se-dil'-e-ah) \sedile, a seat]. The nates, j Sediment {sed'-im-eiit) [sedimentum : pi., Sedimenta'\. j That which settles to the bottom of a liquid. S., Urinary, the solid constituents of urine, organic and inorganic, which are deposited on standing. See ■Urinary. Sedimentation [sed-im-en-ta' -shun) [sedimetitum, sedi- ment]. The process of producing rapid deposition of the sediment of urine or sewage by means of centrifu- [ gal or other apparatus. Sedlitz {scd'-litz). See Seidlit:. Sedum {se'-dum) [L., houseleek]. A genus of crassu- laceous plants. Stonecrop, wall-pepper, creeping Jack, gold-dust. S. acre, a moss-like creeping plant indig- enous to Europe, and naturalized in some places in North America. The expressed juice is emetic, pur- gative, and also capable of vesication. It was formerly used as a remedy for scrofula, and administered inter- nally in decoction, while externally the bruised fresh plant was applied. Unof. S. telephium, Live-for-ever, a species of salad indigenous to Europe, and introduced in the United States. The root and herb were for- merly official as radix et herba telephii. See's Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of. See-saw Eczema, a form of eczema alternating with some other disease. Seed {sed) [AS., seed, seed, sowing], (a) A fertilized ovule or ovum, as the egg of the silkworm-moth. [" Naked seeds meant to all botanists up to the time of A. L. de Jussieu and J. Gartner (1788) dry inde- hiscent fruits," Sachs]; (/') seminal fluid ; sperm or milt ; (r) oftspring, as young oysters. S.-coat, in biology, the testa or exterior coat of the seed. Cf. Frimine, Secundine. S.-lac. See Lac. Seedy-toe (se' -de-to) \Yx., fourmiliere^. The English common name for an affection of the hoof of Equidce. More frequent in the ass and mule than in the horse. It is held to be due to the fungus, Achorion kerato- pltagus, q. V. (Ercolani.) Seegen's Dietetic Regimen. A regimen for diabetics, consisting of meats of all kinds, eggs, corn, vegetables, cheese, and gluten bread. Seemann and Hehner's Method. A method of esti- mating the amount of acids in the stomach. It con- sists in neutralizing the gastric contents by titrating with NaOH, evaporating to dryness, and carefully in- cinerating. The ash is extracted with water, and the alkali present in the extract is estimated by titrating with an acid; the difference between the amount of alkali added and the amount of alkali found gives the amount which must have combined with II CI, the lactic and volatile acids being decomposed during in- cineration. Seessel's Pocket or Pouch. See Fouch. Segestor {se -jes' - tor) \_se, self; gerere, to carry]. A proprietary embalming fluid, introduced into the ves- sels of the cadaver by a syringe ; so called because it has the alleged property of finding its way to all parts of the dead organism. Segment [seg'-ment) \segmentum ; secure, to cut]. I. A small piece cut from the periphery of anything. 2. A natural division, resulting from segmentation ; one of a series of homologous parts, as a myotome ; the part of a limb between two consecutive joints. A subdivision, ring, lobe, somite, or metamere of any cleft or articulated body. S. of Bandl. See BandFs Ring. S., Interannular, the portion of a nerve included between two consecutive nodes of Ranvier. S., Intermediate (of a ciliuin), the isotropous, delicately striated portion of a cilium between the cilium proper and its pedicle. S., Lower [of the uterus) , all that portion of the uterus situated below the ring of Bandl. Ss., Medullary, the incisures of Schmidt and Lautermann, or oblique markings in the medullary sheath of a nerve-fiber. S., Primitive, Minot's word for a prirnitive division of the vertebrate celom. The protovertebra, meso- hlastic somite, mesomere, metamere, Ursegment, Ur- wirbel, of authors. S., Pubic [of the pelvic floor) ; this " consists of what extends from the symphysis pubis to the anterior vaginal wall, inclusive of the latter, and is chiefly made up of bladder." (D. B. Hart.) SEGMENTAL 1312 SELENIUM S., Rivinian {of the tympanic ring), that portion of the temporal bone between the two points of attach- ment of its tympanic portion to its squamous portion. S., Sacral [of the pelvic floor) ^ that portion whicli " extends from the sacrum to the posterior vaginal wall." (D.B.Hart.) S , Schmidt-Lautermann's, the elongated pieces making up the medullary sub- stance of nerve-fibers, several pieces being included within each internode. Segmental \scg - men'- tal ) \_segment:im , a segment]. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a segment ; made up of segments. S. Duct, the duct of the pronephros, q.v. S. Organs. See iVep/iridia. S. Sense- organs, a series of organs formed by the temporary or permanent union_ of the sensory ganglia ; the ear, eye, and nose possibly belong to this class; the branchial sense-organs of Beard, and the ganglionic sense-organs of Minot. Segmentation (seg-men-ta' -shun) \_segmejitum , a piece cut off ]. In biology, the process of cleavage or divi- sion. In embryology, the term is restricted by usage " to the production of cells up to the period of devel- opment when the two primitive germ- layers are clearly differentiated and the first trace of organs is beginning to appear." (Minot.) Merogenesis. S. -cavity, the central space in the blastula stage of the segmentation of an ovum. S. -cells, homogeneous indifterent cells formed by the repeated division of the fecundated egg-cell, and which compose first of all the solid mulberry germ. (Hteckel.) S., Centro-lecithal, a form of segmentation in which the spheres enclose a central nutritive yolk. S., Complete, holoblastic segmentation. S., Direct, amitosis, or direct cell- division. S., Discoidal, a form of segmentation in which the germinal disc alone is involved. S., Du- plicative, segmentation peculiar to the gonococcus, marked by an interval between the two segments. S., Free, cleavage of zymoplasts. S., Germ, seg- mentation of the impregnated ovum, or of the first embryonic segmentation-sphere, or blastosphere. S., Holoblastic, segmentation in which all the con- tents of the ovum undergo cleavage. S., Incomplete, S., Meroblastic, segmentation in which only a por- tion of the contents of the ovum, the formative yolk, undergoes cleavage, the other portion, or food-yolk, being a reserve store of food for the developing embryo. S., Metameric, division of the embryo into metameres. S. -nucleus. See under Ahicleus. S., Partial. See 6'., Incomplete. S., Protovertebral, division of the mesoblast on each side of the notochord into somites, or protovertebrse. S., Regular, seg mentation in which the spheres are equal in size and symmetrically arranged. S. -sphere, one of the cells of an ovum during the early stages of segmentation. •a^^ Blastosphere Morula. S., Total. See S., Holoblastic. S., Unequal, a variety of segmentation, in which, after cleavage of the ovum into four equal segments, the spheres of one pole are smaller and more numerous than those of the other. Segmentellum (seg-men-tel' -um) \_segmentum, a seg- ment]. A blastula. Segnitia, Segnities [seg-tiish'-e-ah, seg-nish' -e-ez) [L. ]. Torpor ; sluggishness, as of the bowels ; languor. Segond, Angles of. See Angle. Segregate (seg' -re-gdt) \_segrega7-e ; .f^, by one's self ; grex, a flock]. To separate or set apart; separated from each other. S. Fecundity. See Plomo- gamy. Seguin's Signal-symptom. The warning of the be- ginning of the epileptic attack, consisting in affection of the muscle or muscles habitually first involved in the epileptic convulsion. Seiage {sa'-ahzh) [Fr.]. In massage, a pressing with a to-and-fro movement, similar to the action of a saw. It is practised with the ulnar border of the hand, or the palmar side of the hand. Seidlitz Powder [seJ'-litz). Pulvis effervescens com- positus. See Potassium. Seignette Salt. Potassium and sodium tartrate, KNaC^- H^O„ + 4H.jO. It crystallizes in large prisms with hemihedral faces. See Rochelle Salt. Seller's Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of. Seirospore (si' - ro - spor) [aeipn, garment; a-rropa, seed]. In biology, a special organ of non-sexual propagation occurring in some genera of Algir [Ce?-a- miacecc) . Seizure {sez'-tlr) [ME., seisen, to seize]. The sudden onset of a disease or an attack. In surgery, the grasping of a part to be operated upon. Sejugous (se-jit'-gus) [^sex, six ; jugum, a yoke]. In biology, having six pairs of leaflets. Sel [L.]. Salt. S. alembroth, a solution of mercuric chlorid and ammonium chlorid, each gr. x,in distilled water, Oj (Imperial). S. amarum, S. amer, mag- nesium sulphate. S. ammonia, S. ammoniac, S. ammoniacum, ammonium chlorid. S. ammoniac martial, ammonio-chlorid of iron. S. ammoniacal nitreux, ammonium nitrate. S. de Chrestien, gold and sodium chlorid. S. commune, S. culinare, sodium chlorid. S. digestif, potassium chlorid. S. digestif de Vichy, sodium bicarbonate. S. d'Epsom, magnesium sulphate. S. de Figuier. See S. de Chrestien. S. de Glauber, sodium sulphate. S. de Perse, sodium borate. S. de saturne, lead acetate. S. secret de Glauber, ammonium sulphate. S. de Seidlitz, magnesium sulphate. S. de Seignette, potassium and sodium tartrate. S. de soude, sodium carbonate. S. vegetale, potassium tartrate. Selection (se-lek' -shun) \_selectiis, p.p. of seligere, to choose]. In biology, the process of choosing from a number. S., Artificial, the artificial choice, definitely planned, of such forms of animals or plants as will by differentiation develop and reproduce given or desired characteristics. S., Natural, " the preservation of favorable individual difierences and variations and the destruction of those which are in- jurious " (Darwin '■'■Survival of the fttest^'). S., Physiologic, " the selection of those varieties, the individuals of which are fertile among themselves, but sterile or less fertile with other varieties and with the parent stock. This has been c&WtA seg7'egate fecundity by Gulick, and hojtiogamv by Romanes " (De Var- igny). S., Sexual, the selection by females, among varying and competing males, of the strongest or most attractive. Selene [se-le'-ne) [oM/vt], moon]. The white spot some- times occurring on the finger-nails. Cf Lunula. Seleniasis (^sel-en-i' -as-is) \atXijvri, raoox\'\. Lunacy; epilepsy ; somnambulism. Seleniasmus (sel-en-i-az' -jnus) . See Seleniasis. Selenic (se-len'-ik) [^seAr/vri, the moon]. A compound containing selenium combined directly with three atoms of oxygen. S. Acid, H^SeO^, a dibasic acid, resembling sulphuric acid in its properties. Selenid (sel'-en-id) [utXijviu the moon]. A compound containing selenium. Selenion (se-len'-e-on). See Selenium. Selenite (sel'-en-lt) \_ae7Jjvr!, moon], I. A salt of selenous acid. 2. A translucent form of calcium sulphate. Selenium (se-le' -nc-um') [deA^i"?, moon]. Se = 79-4 i usually bivalent, sometimes quadrivalent or hexavalent. A rare element, resembling sulphur in its properties. See Elements, Table of. SELENODONT 1313 SEMICUPIUM Selenodont (scl-rn' -o-don/) i/vi/, the moon ; bSovQ, tooth]. In biology, applied to such animals as have molar teeth with crescentic ridges on the crowns. Selenoplegia [scl-en-o-ple' -jf-ah) [ct/ //r//, moon ; tt /•,,;/- stroke]. A kind of apoplexy said to be caused by exposure to the moon's rays. Selenoplexia [sel-eti-o-pleks' -e-ali). See Selenoplegia. Selenotropic [sel-eii-o-trop' -ik) \_a£Arji'7/, the moon ; Tpenciv, to turn]. In biology, turning toward the moon ; applied to growing parts of plants which are in- fluenced in their direction of growth by the influence of the moon. Self [ME., self, self]. Same; identical; own; per- sonal. S. -abuse. See Masturbalioii. S. -differ- entiation, the theory that cells control theniselves ; that is to say, the fate of the cells is determined by forces situated within them, and not by external in- fluences ; a conception first propounded by His, and later demonstrated by Roux, Pfliiger, Born, Weis- mann, and others. S. -digestion. See Autodigestion. S. -fertilization, in biology, fertilization of a flower by its own pollen. S.-heal, Primella vulgaris ; heal- all ; a perennial herb growing in North America, Europe, and Asia. S.-incasement, a condition in which the small intestine is inclosed, as in a pouch, between the layers of the mesentery (J. S. Thatcher). S. -infection, the spread of infectious material from a circumscribed area to others or to the entire organism. S. -inflation, a process suggested by H. R. Silvester, by which a person in danger of drowning is to render himself buoyant. After having made a puncture in the mucous membrane of the mouth, at the reflection I of the cheek from the lower jaw, air is to be forced I into the subcutaneous tissue of the neck by vigorous j blowing efforts, with the mouth and nose closed. S.- i limited, a term applied to certain diseases, which even i without treatment run a definite course within a given time. S. -pollution. See Self-abuse. S.-repos- itor. Pneumatic, a curved and bulbous glass tube used at bed-time for the reposition of the displaced uterus, the instrument being used by the patient, and operated by air-pressure. S. -suggestion. SeeAtt/a- sziggestion. S. -suspension, suspension of the body for the purpose of stretching or making extension on the vertebral column. See .Suspension. S.-s., Axillo-cephalic, suspension by the axillae and the head. S.-s., Cephalic, suspension by the head. Selinum i^se-li' -)uuii) [crfAa'O!', a kind of parsley]. I. Caruiii pctroseli>iuin of the ancients. 2. A genus of ; perennial herbs belonging to the Umbelliferee. \ Sella [sel'-ah] [L.]. A seat; a part having a shape i like a seat or saddle. S. turcica (Turkish saddle), I the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone, lodging the I pituitary body. ! Sellanders, Sellenders {sel'-an-derz, sel' -en-derz) j [origin obscure]. A kind of eczema occurring on [' the tarsus of the horse. See Alallenders. ' Selliform {sel' -if-orm) \_sella,2L saddle; forma, form]. I . In biology, saddle-shaped. Selters, Seltzer [sel'-fers, sells' -er) [German]. I. A 1 place in Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, where there are gaseous springs containing chiefly carbonates and [ sulphates. 2. An abbreviated name for seltzer water, i an acid-soda mineral water ; the term is also applied 1: to artificial seltzer water, l! Selza Water. See Seltzer. [ Sematic [se-)?ial' -ik) [^af/fia, a sign, mark, token]. In biology, applied to colors in mimicry, used as signals or warnings for repelling enemies by the indication of some unpleasant or dangerous quality. Cf. Aposetnatic , Episematic , Allosematic. , Semeiography {se-me-og' -ra-fe') \_a7ffieioi', sign ; -) paii, one-half]. A prefix to denote the half of anything. Semiacid (sein-e-as'-id) \_se»ii, half; acidum, acid]. Half acid. Semiadherent [seni - e - ad -lie' - rent) [icw/, half ; ad- lucrere, to adhere]. In biology, having the lower half adherent, as a seed. Semiaquatic ( sent - e - a - kwat'- ik ) \jemi, half ; aqua, water]. In biology, growing, or living close to the water, and having the capacity for existence either within it or out of it. Semiarticulate i^sem-e-ar-tik' -u-lat) [j^/;//, half ; artic- a joint]. Loose-jointed. Semibulb {sem' -e-biilb) \_seniibHlbiis, half bulb]. Either half of the bulbus vestibuli of the corpus spongiosum of the clitoris. Semicartilaginous {sem-ik-ar-til-aj' -in-iis) \_semi, half; cartilago, ^x\'r,\\&\. Gristly; partially cartilaginous. Semi-castration {sein - e - kas - tra' - shun) \jemi, half; castrare ,\.o cut]. The removal of one testicle. Semicaudate [se/n-ik-azv' -ddt) [sevii, half ; cauda, tail]. In biology, having a rudimentary tail. Semicell [seui' -is-el) [.f(V«?', half ; (("//a, a small room]. In biology, one of the halves into which a cell is nearly divided by constriction in the middle, as in Desi/ii- diacete. Called also half-cell. Semicephalus [sem-is-ef -al-tis). See Anencephabis . Semicircular {sem-e-sir' -kti-lar) \semi, half; circulus, a circle]. Having the form of a half-circle. S. Canals. See Canal. Semicircumference (sem-e-sir-kum' -fer-eus) \_semi, half ; circumfere, to carry around]. Half the circumference of a circle. Semiconscious {sem-ik-on' -shiis) \semi, half ; conscius, knowing]. Half-conscious ; partially conscious. Semicordate {son- e - kor'- dat) \semi, half; cor, a heart]. Having the form of a lateral half of a heart. Semicorneous (sem-ik-or' -ne-iis) \semi, half; corneus, horny]. Partly horny. Semicostiferous {sent - ik - as - iif- er - us) \_semi, half ; costa, rih; fen'e,\.o bear]. Having a .costal demi- facet. Semicretin (seni-e-kre' -tin) \_semi, half ; cretin"]. A person having a form of cretinism in which the rudi- ments of language have been developed. Intellection reaches only to the most ordinary bodily wants. Semicupium {sem-e-kid -pe-uni) \_seini, half ; ci/pa, tub]. A half- bath, hip-bath, or sitz-bath. SEMIFLEXION 1314 SEMPER'S METHOD Semiflexion (^sem-e-flek' - shun) \_seini, half; flexion, a flexion]. A posture half-way between flexion and extension. Semi-floret {sem-if-lo' -ret) \_semi , half ; flos, flower]. In biology, a ligulate floret in Coinpositic. Semi-fiosculous, Semi-flosculose {sein-if-los' -kn-liis, se'tn - if - los' - kit - Idz) \senii, half; floseuliis, a little flower]. In biology, having all the florets ligulate in a head of Coinposita: . Semi-globose {sem-e-glo' -boz) \jeini, half; globus, a ball]. Hemispheric. Semilunar [se/>i-e-lti' -nar) \^seiiii,ha\{ ; Inna, moon]. Resembling a half-moon in shape. S. Bone, one of the carpal bones. S. Cartilages, two interarticulating cartilages of the ■ knee. S. Fold, the conjunctival folding at the inner canthus. S. Ganglia. See Ganglia. S. Notch, a notch in the scapula through which the supra-scapular nerve passes. S. Space of Traube, that portion of the left inferior anterior thoracic region corresponding to the tympanitic reson- ance of the stomach. S. Valves. See Valves. Semiluxation [sein-e-liiks-a' -shun) \_seiiii, half; luxits,a. luxation]. Subluxation. Semimembranosus {sc7n - e - viem-bra-no' -sus). See Museles, Table of. Semimembranous (sem-e-inein' -bra-nus) \_seini, half ; meinbranosus, like a membrane] . Formed partly of membrane. Semi-metal (sem-e-met' -aV). See ATetalloid. Semi-molecule [sem-e-mol' -e-kfd) \semi, half; mole- ciile'\. A radicle having in composition one-half the molecules it had in the free state. Semi-mute (se)n' -e-mftt) [^cw/, half ; 7mite'\. A person whose speech is imperfect by reason of impairment of the hearing. One who has lost his hearing by acci- dent or disease after having acquired the use of articulate speech. Semi-mutes differ from deaf-mutes in having the ability to express themselves orally, and in their natural mode of thought, which is in words and not in gestures. Semina [sem' -in-ah). Plural of Semen, q. 7'. Seminal (^fw'-/;/-*// ) seed]. Pertaining to the semen. S. Cells. See Cell. S. Granules. See Granules. S. Tubes. See Tube. S. Vesicles. See X^esiculiv semitiales. Semination [sent - in - a' - shu72) [seniinatio, a sowing]. The intromission of semen into the uterus. In biology, the production of seeds ; also their dissemination. Seminervosus (sem-in-er-vo' -stis). See Setnitendinostis. Seminiferous (sem-iji-if -er-us) \_semen, seed; ferre, to carry]. Carrying semen. S. Scale, in botany, the scale bearing the ovules in Conifercr. S. Tubules, the small, convoluted canaliculi of the testicles. (See illustration in adjacent column). Seminific ( sem-in-if -ik) \_setiien, semen; faeere, to make]. Producing semen. Seminulum (sein-in' -u-lum) [dim. of semen, seed]. A little seed ; a spore. Seminuria [sem - in - u^ - re- ah) \_semen, seed; ovpov, urine]. The presence of semen in the urine. Semiology {se-me-oF -o-je). See Semeiology. Semiotic \se-me-ot' -ik). See Se?neiotie. Semiovate [seni-e-o' -vat) \semi, half ; ovum, ovum]. Having the form of a lateral half of the longitudinal section of an egg. The qualification may be applied to either flat or solid bodies. Semioxidized (sem-e- oks'- id-izd) \_semi,h3\^; b^i'C, sharp]. Containing half the amount of oxygen for complete oxidization. Semipalmate ( sem - e - pal'- mat ) \_semi, half ; palina, palm]. Having the toes or fingers half-webbed. Semiplegia {sem-ip-le' -je-ah). See Hemiplegia. Semiplume (sem' -ip-lum) \_semi, half ; //«W(7, a small, soft feather]. In biology, a feather having a penna- ceous rhachis and a plumulaceous web. Semipronation [sem-ip-ro-na' -shun) \_semi, half ; pro- natus, prone]. The assumption of a semiprone, or partly prone position ; an attitude of semisupination. Semiprone (sem' -ip-ron) \_sejiii, half ; pronus, bent]. Half prone. S. Posture. See Postures, Table of. Semiptosis (sem-ip-to' -sis) {_semi, half ; Trrwtrzf, a fall- ing] . Partial ptosis. Semipupa (scm-ip-u' -pah) \semi, half; pupa, pupa: //. , Semipup(x\. Same as Fseudopupa or Propupa. Semisideratio (sem-is-id-er-a' -she-d). Synonym of Hemiplegia. Semispeculum (sem -is-pek' -u-lum) [semi, half; specu- lum, a mirror]. An instrument for inspecting the bladder in lithotomy. Semispinalis (sem-is-pi-na' -lis). See Muscles, Table of. Semissis (sem-is'-is) [L.]. One-half. Semisulcus (sem - is- ul'- kus ) [,r^/«?', half; sulcus,?. sulcus]. A name of various grooves, forming sinuses in the cranial bones. Semisupination (sem - is-ti-pin - a' ■ shuji) [semi, half; supinare, to bend backward]. The assumption of a position half-way between supination and pronation. Semita (sem'-it-ah) \jemita, a narrow way, a path: //., Semitir\ In biology, an ambulacra-like area bearing clubbed spines, in spatangoid sea-urchins. Semitendinosus (sem-it-en-din-o' -sus). See Muscles, Table of. Semitendinous (sem-it-en' -diii-us) \semi, half ; tendo, a tendon]. Partially tendinous. Semitertian (sem-it-er' -shan) \se171i, half ; tertius, third]. Partly tertian and partly quotidian (applied to intermit- tent fevers). Semolina (sem-o- le'-nah). See Semolino. Transverse Section of Seiviiniferous Tubule from Human Testicle. a. Membrana propria, b. Zone of parietal cells, c. Mother- cells undergoing division, d. Daughter-cells, 01 spermato- blasts, e. Partially-developed spermatozoa, f. Surround- ing inter-tubular connective tissue. {After Piersol. ) Semolino (sein-o-le'-no) [It.]. A kind of coarse flour or grits prepared from hard wheat. Semper's Method. A method of making dry prepara- tions for exhibition or class-room purposes. It^ is especially adapted for the preservation and exhibition of dissections. The animal, e. g., a mouse, is dis- sected so as to show the desired organs. It is then hardened by chromic acid ; after hardening, it is re- moved and thoroughly washed in water. It is then SEMPERVIRENT 1315 SENSITIVIZATION transferred from one to another of a series of alcohols, until it reaches 96 per cent, to 98 per cent., the object being to remove all the water. From the strong alcohol it is transferred to spirit of turpentine, where it remains until thoroughly impregnated, after which it is simply dried in the air, when it will be found to have a soft kid-like texture, not easily broken. The various organs can now be painted suitable colors and the pre- paration labeled for use. Sempervirent [se/n-per-iii' -rent)\je??iper, always; virere, to be green]. Evergreen. Senary [sen' -ar-e) [seiiarius, consisting of six each]. In sixes. Seneca Snake-root. See Senega. S. Oil, Petroleum (so-called because found near Lake Seneca). . Senecin [sen' -es-in) \_seneeio, groundsel]. A precipi- tate from a tincture of Senecio gracilis; diaphoretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, pectoral, tonic. Dose I to 3 grains. Senecio [se-ne' -se-o) \_senex, an old man]. Groundsel, a genus of composite-flowered plants, said to contain 960 species, many of them medicinal. S. aureus. See Life-root. S. gracilis, a slender species, gener- ally regarded as a variety of S. aureus. S. jacobaea, ragwort, or ragweed, tonic and astringent. Senectus [se-nek' -tus) \_senex,o\A\ Old age. Senega [sen' -e-ga) [L. ; gen., Senegec']. The root of Polygala senega (called also Seneca snake-root), with properties due to a glucosid, senegin (or polygalin), CjjHj^Ojg. It is expectorant and diuretic ; in large doses a gastro-intestinal irritant, and is useful in bron- chitis, typhoid pneumonia, asthma, etc. S., Ab- stractum. Dose gr. v-x. S., Fid. Ext. Dose TTLx -XX. S., Infus. (B. P.) Dose gj-ij. S., Syr., contains fld. ext. 160, water of ammonia 4, sugar 600, water ad 1 000 parts. Dose ^j-ij. S., Tinct. (B.P.) Dose 3j-ij. Senegal-root [sen' -e-gal-rut). The root of Cocczilus bakis. Senegin [sen' -e-gin) \_senega, senega]. An amorphous glucosid obtained from Senega. It is soluble in water, making a frothy solution, and is sternutatory. It con- tains sapogenin and sugar. Senescence [se-nes' -ens) [_senex, old]. The condition or time of growing old. Senility. Senile [se'-ni/ ) [seniiis, o\d^. Pertaining to or having the nature of old age. Arcus senilis. See A reus. 5. Chorea. See Paralysis agitans. S. Gangrene. See Gangrene. Senility [se-nil'-it-e) \_senex, old]. The weakness and decrepitude characteristic of old age. Senn's Bone-plates. [After Nicholas Senn, surgeon.] Plates of decalcified bone used in intestinal anasto- mosis. S. 's Test, the introduction of hydrogen gas into the bowel through the rectum, for the detection and localization of an abnormal opening. Senna [sen'-ah] [Ar., sena, senna]. The leaflets of Cassia aciitifolia and C. elongata. Senna contains a complex glucosid, cathartic acid (Cig^HjgjNjSOgj), and other extractives. It is an excellent cathartic for children and infants. S., American. See Cassia marilandica. S., Confectio, senna lo, coriander ' 6, cassia fistula 16, tamarind 10, prune 7, fig 12, sugar 50, water 60 parts. Dose 3j-ij. Known as " Tamar Indien " and "Tropical Fruit Laxative." S., Fid. Ext. Dose 3). S., Infus. (B. P.) Dose ,^j-ij. S., Infus., Comp., "black draught," senna 6, manna, magnesium sul])hate aa 12, fennel 2, water looparts. Dose ,^j-iij. S., Mist., Comp. (B.P.) Dose ,^j-ij. S., Syr., senna 33, sugar 60, alcohol 4, oil of coriander and water to 100 parts. Dose ss-ij. S., Tinct. (B. P.) Dose gj-iv. Sennacrol [sen' -ak-rol )\_hx . , sena, senna ; acris, sharp]. A bitter principle obtained from senna. Sennapicrin [sen-ap-ik' -rin) [Ar., sena, senna ; niKpoi;, bitter]. An insoluble bitter principle obtained from senna. Sennine [sen' -in) [after Nicholas Senn, surgeon]. A proprietary preparation described as a chemically pure product of boric acid and phenol. It is a fine, *hite powder, odorless, slightly astringent, and of sweetish ta.ste. It is antiseptic, antizymotic, bactericidal, deo- dorant, and disinfectant. Senocular [sen-ok' -u-lar) \_sex, six ; oculiis, an eye]. In biology, having six eyes. Sensation [sen-sa' -shiin) \_sensatio ; sentire, to feel]. The cognizance or perception of an impression com- ing from an external source by means of the peripheral organs of sensation. Sense [sens) \_sensiis ; sentire, to feel]. The faculty of the nervous system whereby impressions of the ex- ternal world are received by the mind. Organs of the Senses are those of touch, taste, smell, hearing, and sight. S.-body, a peripheral sense-organ. S.- capsule, the hollow cup-like receptacle of a peripheral sense-organ. S.-club. See Rhopaliutn. S. -epithe- lium, a tract of epithelium having some specialized function of sensation. S. -filament, the thread-like peripheral termination of a sensory nerve-fiber. S.- organ, the peripheral termination of a sensory nerve. S. -scale. See Sqnajna rhopalaris. S.-seta, the bristle-like termination of a peripheral sensory nerve- fiber. S. -shock, a condition observed in hysteric women and overworked men, and occurring at the moment of waking from sleep. A sensation like an aura rises from the feet or hands, and, passing upward to the head, disappears in the sense of a blow or shock, or of a bursting in the head. It is of no serious significance. S. -sinus, one of the antra- rhopalaria ; a hollow containing a compound sense- organ, or rhopalia, q. v. Sensibility [seji-sib-iU -it-e) \_se}tsibilitas'\. The capa- bility of receiving and transmitting impressions, and of being conscious of them. S., Organic, the capa- bility of transmitting and receiving impressions with- out being conscious of them (Bichat). S., Range of. See Feckner's Law. S., Transference or Externalization of. See Sensitivi'zatio7z. Sensible (sen'-sib-l) \_sensibiiis'\. Perceptible by the senses ; capable of receiving an impression through the senses. Endowed with the sense of feeling. Sensiferous [sen-sif -er-us) [sensiis, sense; ferre, to bear]. Conveying a sensation, or sense-impression. Sensigenous ( sen-sij'-en-iis ) \_sensus, sense ; gigiiere, to produce]. In biology, giving rise to a sensory impulse. Sensitive [sen' -sit-ill) \_sensitivtis'\. Capable of feeling ; reacting to stimulus. S. Dentine, a hypersensitive condition of the dental structure of the teeth, due to distal irritation of the tubular fibrils. Sensitiveness [sen' -sit-iv-nes) \_sentire, to perceive]. In biology, responsive to external stimulus or irrita- tion. Sensitivity [sen - sit - iv' - it - e) \_sensititnts , sensitive]. Acuteness of the perception, or discrimination of sensations ; capacity of receiving sense-impressions. Sensitivization [sen-sit-iv-iz-a' -sJiiin) \jensitivus , sensi- tive]. A phenomenon, real or supposed, occurring during hypnotic sleep, in which by action upon objects or strata of the atmosphere these are seem- ingly endowed with power to affect the patient as if he himself were acted upon. This condition is called also Externalization of Sensatioji, Transfer- ence of Sensibility , etc. SENSORIAL 1316 SEPTOCHEMIA Sensorial [sen-so' -i-e-al) \_se}tsoriu»i, the organ of sen- sation]. Pertaining to the sensorium or to sensory im- pressions. Sensori-digestive {sen' -so-re-di-jcs' -tiv') {_sensoyius, sen- sory ; digesth'us, digestive]. Pertaining to or con- cerned in sensation and digestion. Sensori-motor {sen' -so-i-e-iiio' -tor^ \_senstis, feeling; motor, mover]. Concerned in the phenomena of feel- ing and muscular contraction ; both sensory and motor. S. Centers, sensory centers which are also motor, or are intimately associated with the motor centers. Sensorium [sen-so' -re-nm) [L.]. The common center of sensations. More especially that part of the brain that is the seat of sensation, in distinction from the centers of thought and motion. The mechanism of sensation considered in toio. Sensori-volitional [sen' -so-riv-o-lisk' -un-al) [sensus, sense; volitio, willing]. Pertaining to or concerned in sensation and volition. Sensory {sen' -so-re) \_sen/ire, to feel]. Pertaining to or conveying sense or sensation ; having the quality of sensation. S. Aphasia, ^ee Aphasia. S. Nerves, those that convey sensations or impressions from the pe- riphery to their proper centers, being afferent in func- tion, in distinction from motor nerves, which are effer- ent. Also, the nerves of the special senses. S. Nerve- fiber, a centripetal nerve-fiber conveying sensory im- pulses. The fibers of this kind may be: (l) General, conveying to the nerve-centers, in the brain impulses of an indeterminate or general character ; or (2) Special, conveying to the nerve-centers in the brain impulses that cause visual, auditory, gustatory, olfac- tory, tactile, or thermal sensations. Sensualism {sen' -sii-al-izni) \se)isns, sense]. The con- dition or character of one who is controlled by the animal passions. Sensus {sen'-sns) [L,]. Sense; feeling. S. com- munis, the state of the consciousness or sense of nor- mal sensations at any one time. See Cenesthesia. Sentient {sen'-s/ie-ent) \_scnfi?-e, sentiens, to feel]. Having sensation ; conscious of feeling. Sentisection {sen-tis-ek' -shun) [senfire, to feel ; sectio, section]. Painful vivisection ; vivisection of an ani- mal not under the influence of anesthetics. Sepal {sep'-a/) \jepalunu sepal]. I. One of the leaflets or divisions of the calyx of a flower. 2. In the anat- omy of the lower animals, certain thin, leaf-like organs are also called sepals. Sepalody {sep' -al-o-de] \sepal, fr. separ, different, sep- arate]. Reversion of petals into sepals. Separating and Closing. Certain concentric Swedish movements intended to develop the chest and other parts of the body. Separator {sep' -ar-a-tor). An instrument for separating the teeth. Separatorium {sep-ar-n-to' -re-uni) [^separa?-e, to sepa- rate]. In pharmacy , a strainer. In surgery, an instru- ment for separating the pericranium from the skull. Sepia {se'-pe-ah) \_ntjTvia, the cuttle-fish]. I. The ink or black secretion of the common cuttle-fish ; used as a pigment. 2. .See Sepiost. Sepicolous {sep-ik' -o-lus) \_sepes, a hedge ; colere, to in- habit]. In biology, growing in hedge-rows. Sepiost {se'-pe-osl) [ff?;7r(o, the cuttle-fish ; off-f ov, bone] . In biology, the endoskeleton of the cuttle-fish {Sepia] ; cuttle-fish bone, sepium, is sometimes prescribed as an antacid and used in dentifrices. Sepium {se'-pe-um) \_GriTnov, the bone of the cuttle-fish]. Same as Sepiost. Sepometer {sepoin' -et-er) \cifiTmv, to putrefy ; fifTpov, measure]. An apparatus for detecting organic im- purities in the air. Sepsin {sep' -sin) [uz/Trfn', to make rotten]. A poisonous, nitrogenous, crystallizable substance obtained by Berg- mann and Schmiedeberg (l868) from the yeast of putrefying beer. See Ptoinains, Table of. Sepsis {sep' -sis) [d/yi/ja ]. A toxic or putrefactive condi- tion. Infection by pathogenic germs. Septa {sep'-tah). Plural of Septum. Septal {sep'-tal) [septum, septum]. Pertaining to a septum. S. Gland. See under Gland. Septan {sep' -tan) \jeptem, seven]. Recurring on the seventh day. A malarial fever in which the par- oxysms occur every seventh day. Septate {sep' -tat) \_septum, a fence]. Possessing septa or partitions. Septemia, Septaemia {sep-te'-me-ah). See Septieeinia. Septenate {sep'-ten-at) \septeni, seven apiece]. In biology, having seven parts or the parts in sevens. Septic {sep'-tik) [(7?;7rr;K:of ; oi/TTcn', to putrefy]. Re- lating to putrefaction. S. Infection, infection with pathogenic microorganisms. S. Intoxication, absorp- tion of septic matter. S. Pestilence. Synonym of the Plague, i]. v. Septicemia, Septicaemia {sep-tis-e' -me-ah) [(T?/7rrof, putrid ; o5//a. blood], A condition induced by the ab- sorj)tion of septic products. /^'ie) [sequestrum, se- questrum; Toiiij, section]. A cutting operation . for the removal of a sequestrum. Sequestrum {se-kwes' -trmii] \_seqiiestrare , to separate : //. , Sequestra]. A detached or dead piece of bone within a cavity, abscess, or wound. S., Primary, that entirely detached and demanding removal. S., Secondary, one that is partially detached, and that unless very loose may be pushed into place. S., Tertiary, cracked or partially detached and remain- ing firmly in place. Seralbumin iser-al' -bti-miji) \_senim, serum ; albumen, albumin]. Serum-albumin; the albumin found in the blood, in distinction from that of the egg, oval- bumin. Serempion [se-rem'-pe-on] [\V. Ind.]. A form of epidemic measles encountered in the West Indies, and causing great mortality, especially among children. Serene-drop {se-ren' -drop). See Gutta serena. Serial (se'-re-al) [series, a succession]. Following in regular order ; occurring in rows. S. Sections, ana- tomic or microscopic sections made in consecutive or- der. S. Symmetry, in biology, the resemblance of metameres, as distinguished from bilateral symmetry, the resemblance of parameres, or radial symmetry, the resemblance of actinomeres. Seriate [se'-re-at) [seriare, to arrange in a series]. In biology, to arrange in a series or connected sequence. Sericeous (se-ris'-e-us) [aripiKog, silken]. With a pubes- cence of very fine, silky hair. Sericeps {ser'-is-eps) [ar/piKO^, silken ; forceps, forceps]. A device made of loops of ribbon, used in place of the forceps in making traction upon the fetal head. Sericin (ser' -is-in) [piipmoc,, silken]. Silk gelatin. Sericission (ser-is-isli' -un) [ai/piKoc, silken ; scindere, to cut]. The cutting of tissues by means of a thread. Sericterium [ser - ik - te' - ri - iidi) [(j///«/>:of, silken : //. , Sericteria]. In biology, the spinning-gland, or silk- gland, of an insect. Sericulture (i-^r'-Z/'-wZ-rZ/wr) [(T/;p«iOf, silken; ciiltura, culture]. The rearing of silk- worms for their silk. Sericum {ser' -ik-ttiu) [_a//ptK6c, silken]. Silk (q. v.). Sericum was formerly much prescribed as a cordial, tonic, nervine, and as a restorative of the memory, reason, and reproductive power. It was an ingredient of various electuaries. Series (se'-!-e-ez) [L.]. A succession or chain of simi- lar parts, or activities. S. dentium, a row of teeth. S., Numbering Parts in, the rule almost univer- sally followed is to commence with the part at the proximal, or at the cephalic aspect, e.^if., the most cephalic vertebra (atlas) is number one. The shoulder- girdle is the proximal segment of the pectoral limb. Serifluxus [se-rif- Inks' - us) [serum, serum ; flu.xus, flow: //. , serijluxus]. Any serous or watery dis- charge, or a disease characterized by such a dis- charge. Serin (ser'-in), CH,,(OH).CH(NH,,).CO,^H. Amido- glycerol, obtained by boiling serecin with dilute sul- phuric acid, HjSO^. It forms hard crystals, soluble in water, but jnsoluble in alcohol and ether. Seringos [ser-in' -gos). A form of suppurative dysen- tery, peculiar to South Africa. Serious [se'-re-us) [serins, grave]. Applied to such morbid conditions or symptoms as indicate a grave prognosis. Sero- (se' -ro-) [scriini, serum]. A prefix denoting connection with or relation to serum. S. -cystic, con- taining cysts filled with serum. S. -fibrinous, con- stituted of both serum and fibrin. S. -gelatinous, having the nature of both serum and gelatin. S.- purulent, pertaining to or being of the nature of a com- bination of serum and pus. S.-pus, a fluid which con- sists of serum and pus. S. -sanguineous, having SERODERMATOSIS 1318 SESAME the nature of both serum and blood. S. -synovial, having the characters of both serum and synovia. Serodermatosis [s('-)'o-der-i?iat-o' -sis) \_st'riiiii, serum ; cif/i/za, skin ; rotraf, disease]. A skin-disease charac- terized by serous effusion into the tissues of the skin. Serodermitis [se-ro-der-mi' -lis) \_seruin, serum ; dipjia, skin; (r/f, inflammation]. An inflammatory skin- afifection attended with serous eftusion. Sero-lactescent [se - ro - lak - tes'- ent) \_senni!, serum; laitis, milk]. Having the characters of both serum and milk. The secretion of Montgomery's glands is said to be serolactescent. Serolin [ser'- o - /in) \_serni?i, serum; oleum, oil]. A fatty constituent of blood occurring in small amount, and the nature of which is undetermined. Sero-mucous [se-ro-mu' -kits) [serion, serum ; miiiiis, mucus]. Having the nature of or containing both serum and mucus. Serophthisis {sc-roff'-this-is) \^seritm, serum ; Oiaic, a wasting]. An insufficient proportion of serum in the blood. S., Endemic Pernicious. Synonym of Be7'ihcri. Sero-pneumothorax (se-ro-nu-tiio-fho'-raks) \_serum, serum; nvevfia, air; dupa^, thorax]. Pleurisy with serous effusion, associated with pneumothorax. Serosa (sc-ro'-sak) \_seyti»i, serum]. The delicate mem- brane of connective tissue, lining closed cavities of the body. A serous membrane. Sero-serous (se-i-o-se' -rus) \serum, serum]. Pertain- ing jointly to two or more serous membranes. Serosity [se-ros'-i/-e) \_senaii, serum]. The quality of being serous ; a serous fluid not the true secretion of serous membranes. Sero-sublimate Gauze {se-ro-siib'-lim-at gwivz). See Listerian Method. Sero-synovitis [se-vo-si-no-vi' -tis) \seritm, serum ; synovitis\ A synovitis accompanied or marked by an increase of the synovial fluid of the joint. Sero-therapy (se-ro-ther' -ap-e)\_serum, serum ; ftepa-aa, therapy]. The whey-cure. See, aho, Senim-i/iera/v. Serotina (ser-o-ti' -nali). The portion of the decidua that eventually becomes the site of the placenta. See Decidiia serotina. Serotinous [ser-of -in-tis) [_sei'otimes, late]. In biology, coming late, or comparatively late in the season. Serous {st-'-ms) \_seriiiii, serum]. Pertaining to, charac- terized by, or of the nature of serum. S. Gland, a Resting Serous Gland, Rabbit. {From Stirling.) gland secreting serum. See Salivary Gland. S. Membrane. See Me?nbrane. Serpens (ser'-pe)iz) [L.]. Serpentine, sinuous ; creep- ing. S., Ulcus, a fistulous ulcer ; a sinuous ulcer of the cornea. Serpentaria {ser-pen-ta' -re-ah) [L.]. Virginia .Snake- root. The roots of Aristolorhia serpentaria, and A. retieiilata. Its properties are due to a volatile oil, a camphor-resin, and a bitter extractive. It is a stimu- lant, tonic, and diaphoretic, promoting appetite and di- gestion. It is used mainly as a vehicle for other medi- cines. S., Ext., Fid. Dose tTLx-xxx. S., Infus. (B. P.) Dose gj-ij. S., Tinct., lo per cent, in strength. Dose ,^ss-ij. Serpentine [ser' -pen-ten) \jeipens, serpent]. Sinuous. Having a snake-like form or movement. Serpent-poison [ser'-pent-poi'-zn). See Echidnin. Serpiginous [ser-pij' -in-tis) {serpigo, ringworm]. Re- sembling serpigo. Also, applied to such skin diseases as move or creep progressively from one part to an- other. S. Ulcer, one that changes its seat, or seems to creep from one part to another. Serpigo (^^r-Z/'-^o) [L.]. Ringworm. See Tinea. Serra [ser'-ak) [L., a saw]. In biology, a saw or saw- like structure. S. salvia, mountain sage, an herb of the U. S., introduced as a substitute for quinin in the treatment of periodic fevers. Also of service in rheumatism, scarlet fever, and diphtheria. Dose of the fluid extract .^^j-ij. Unof. Serrate [ser' -at) {serra, a saw]. Provided with sharp teeth or projections directed forward like the teeth of a hand-saw. Serratiform {scr-at' -if-onn) {serra, a saw ; forma, a form]. Same as serrated. Serration {ser-a' -shun) {serra, a saw]. In biology, the state or condition of being serrate. A tooth of a serrate border ; a set of serrate processes. Serratus (scr-a' -tus). See Muscles, Table of. Serre-fine [sar-fen') [Fr.]. A small suture used in accurate apposition of the lips of a wound. Serre-nceud [Fr.]. An instrument used in ligation. Serres, Angle of. See Angle. S., Glands of. See Gland. Serriped (ser' -ip-ed) {serra, a saw ; pes, foot]. In biology, having serrated feet, as certain insects. Serrula (ser'-u-lah) [dim. of serra, a saw: //. , Serru- laP^. In biology, one of the paired appendages placed on either side of the copula of the Mud fish [Ainia) and covered by the operculum. Serrulate [ser'-u-lat) {serrula, iam. oi jdvra, a saw]. Minutely notched or serrated. Sertoli's Cells. The cells in the testicles which give origin to the spermatoblasts. S.'s column, the long column or supporting cell holding the spermatozoa together and formed by the breakdown of a mass of daughter-cells in the seminiferous tubules ; identical with Merkel's Stiitzzellen, La V aXXeiie' s Spermatogonien, and Swaen and Masquelin's Cellules folliculaires. Serum The yellowish fluid separating from the blood after the coagulation of the fibrin. See Blood. S. -albumin, a native albumin or proteid con.stituent of the human body, especially of the blood, differing from egg-albumin in several re- spects. It is changeable into syntonin or acid-albu- min by dilute hydrochloric acid, and by dilute alka- lies into alkali-albuminate. S. -globulin. Set Para- globulin. S. lactis, whey. S. -lutein, the pig- ment contained in the serum from the blood of most animals. Serum-lutein is bleached by the action of light. S. -therapy: l. The treatment cff disease (as tetanus) by injections of sterilized blood-serum from immune animals. 2. See Whey-cure . Serumuria [se-rurjt-u' -re-ah). See Albuminima. Sesame (ses'-am-e). -See Sesamwn. S., Oleum, Benne Oil, a fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Sesamum indicutn, or Benne plant. It resembles olive-oil in composition and properties and is em- ployed mainly as a hair-oil. SESAMOID 1319 SHACKLE Sesamoid {ses' -ant-oid) \_a//aa/tnv, a grain ; eidof, form]. Resembling a grain. S. Bones, small bones (cartilaginous in early life) developed in tendons submitted to much pressure. Sesamoiditis (ses-a/zi-oi-di' -lis) [c/ycrtoor, a grain ; ttJof, like; itiq, inflammation]. Inflammatory disease of the sesamoid bones of the fetlock of the horse. Sesamum [ses'-am-tim) \_c!>]aa^ov\ .gen., Sesami'\. A genus of old-world plants, chiefly African. S. orient- ale (or S. indicum) is widely cultivated for the oil of its seeds ; called also beiine, til, etc. See Sesami, Oleum. Sesqui- [ses' -kwe-) [L. , one and one-half]. A prefix denoting one and one-half. Sesquialter (ses-kive-al' -ter) \jesqui, one-half more ; alter, another]. In biology, a large spot with a smaller one in the center ; a sesquiocellus. Sesquibasic (ses-ku) a coiled tubu- lar gland lying in the shell-fold or in the cephalo- thoracic carapace, opening near the posterior maxillae of a crustacean ; it is widely distributed among Ento- mostnica. It acts as a renal organ. S., Hearing, a small concave plate used to concentrate the sound- waves in the ear. Shellac {s/iel'-ak). See Lcic. S. Cement. See Ceinetit. Shells (she/-.) [ME., schelle, shell]. Tinted spectacles, for protection of the eyes. Coquilles. Shepherd's Purse. The Capsella bursa pastoris. A common herb possessing tonic and stimulant and ac- tive diuretic properties. Dose of the fluid extract rr^xv-gj. Unof. Sheringham Valve. See Ventilation. Sherry Wine (sher'-e). See Vinuin xericiim. Sherwood Oil. See Petroleum Ether. Shield (shelJ) [ME., sheeld, shield]. I. A protective structure or apparatus. 2. In biology, a protective plate, scute, lorica, or carapace. S., Nipple, a protec- tive covering for sore nipples. S. -shaped, same as Sctttate or Peltate. S., Sims', an instrument used in the application of wire sutures. Shifting-type, Foerster's. See Foerster^s. Shima-mushi [Jap.]. A Japanese febrile disease supposed to be due to the bite of an insect. Shin [ME., shinne, shin]. The anterior margin of the tibia or fore-part of the leg. S.-bone, the tibia. Shingles [shing'-gles). A name for herpes zoster. Ship Fever. Synonym of Typhus Fever, q. v. Shiver [shiv' -er) [ME., ekiveren, to shiver]. A tremor or shaking of the body. It may arise from a sense of coldness, but it is often concomitant with or symptom- atic of fevers, especially those of an infectious nature. Shock [shok) [ME., schok, a shock]. The depression or grave effect produced by severe injuries, operations, or strong emotion. A relaxation or abolition of the sustaining and controlling influence which the nervous system exercises over the vital organic functions of the body. It is the result of a profound impression made on the cerebro-spinal axis, either directly through the agency of an afferent nerve, or through the circulatory medium. S., Deferred, that curious condition in which the manifestations of shock, due not to severe bodily injury but to purely mental causes, develop after the lapse of some time from the occurrence. This variety of shock may be even more profound than that produced by bodily injury. S., Discharging, a shock produced by a discharge of electricity. S., Electric, the physiologic effect produced upon an organism by the opening or closing of an electric cir- cuit in which it is included. S., Epigastric, the result of a blow upon the epigastrium. S., Erethismic, a form of shock attended with symptoms of excitement. S., Fetal, the sensation produced by movements of the fetus in utero. S., Railv^^ay, the mental impres- sion produced by a railway accident. S., Secondary, or Insidious, a second attack occurring after the first. S., Sexual, shock caused by rape or coitus. S., Torpid, shock in which marked depression is a prominent symptom. S., Traumatic, shock due to traumatism. Shoddy {shod'-e) [E. dial]. A material made from fragments of cast-off woolen clothing torn into fibers and re-spun into yarn. It is looser in texture than miingo, which is made from remains of finer fragments, such as old dress-coats, tailors' clippings, etc. S. Fever or Disease, a febrile condition caused by the inhalation of the dust arising in making " shoddy " yarns and fabrics. It is characterized by feverishness, headache, nausea, dryness of the mouth, dyspnea, cough, and expectoration. See Fever. Shoe [shic) [ME. , shoo, shoe]. A covering for the foot, S., Club-foot, a shoe provided with braces for the correction of talipes. S. -salesmen's Disease, one of the occupation-neuroses, characterized by a paradoxic paralysis of muscles (anterior tibial) that are placed in extreme relaxation by the movements which caused and intensified the paralysis. It is produced by sitting on the heels while engaged in fitting shoes, the feet being sharply flexed on the legs and the legs on the thigh. Degenerative changes take place in the muscles or nerve-endings. S., Sayre's. S&e Sayre. S.-and-stocking Position. See Position. S.-boil, in farriery, an enlargement at the point of the elbow, the result of pressure of the heels upon the spot. It is also called capped elbotv. Shone's System. See Se-wage, Disposal of. Short [ME., short]. Neither long "nor tall. S. Breath. Synonym of Dyspnea. S. Circuit, a cir- cuit in which an electric current encounters an ab- normally small resistance. S. -sight. See Myopia. Shortening (short' -en-ing) [ME., short, short]. The process of making short. Shot [ME., shot, a shot]. A projectile, especially a ball or bullet ; anything thrown forth. S.-gun Prescription, one with many ingredients, written with the expectation that some one may prove cura- tive. S.-gun Quarantine, the extemporized and unauthorized establishment of a cordon against a place suspected of being the seat of an epidemic of a com- municable disease. S.-silk. See Retina. Shoulder (shol'-der) [ME. , jlt receptacle ; itiq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the salivary ducts. S. fibrinosa, inflammation of a salivary duct obstructed by a fibrinous exudate. Sialodochium [si -al - o - do' - ke - urn) [a/o/'ioi', saliva; ^o\fin\\ receptacle]. A salivary duct. Sialogogic {si-al-o-goj' -ik) \_ma},ov, spittle ; aywyd?, leading]. I. A sialogogue. 2. Promoting a flow of saliva. Sialogogue (si-al' -o-gog') \csia\ov, spittle; ayuyoc, lead- ing]. A ptyalogog.ue ; a drug producing a flow of saliva. Sialoid {si'-a!-oid) [ffi'aAo!', spittle ; eWoc, like]. Per- taining to, or like saliva. Sialolith, Sialolithus [si'-al-o-lith, si-al-o-lith' -us) spittle; ?i6oc, stone]. A salivary calculus. Sialo-lithiasis [si-al-o-lith-i' -as-is) \aia)\.ov, spittle ; "k'lOoc, stone]. The presence of salivary calculi. Sialoncus [si-al-oug' -kus) \oia\ov, spittle ; byKOC, a tumor]. A tumor under the tongue, arising from the obstruction of the duct of a salivary gland by calculus or other cause. Sialorrhea [si-al-or-e' -a) [aia'/iov, spittle ; po'ia, flow]. Salivation. S., Pancreatic, a flow of pancreatic juice. Sialoschesis [si-al-os'-kes-is) \_a'ia\ov, spittle ; ax^'J'C, holding]. Suppression of the secretion of saliva. Sialostenosis (si-al-o-sfe-iio'-sis) [aialov, spittle ; orf- vof, narrow]. Occlusion of a salivary duct. Sialosyrinx (si-al-o-si' -ringks) [aiaTMV, saliva ; avpty^, tube]. I. A salivary fistula. 2. A syringe for washing out the salivary ducts. 3. A drainage-tube for the salivary ducts. Sialozemia [si-al-o-ze'-me-ah) \_a'ia7i.ov, spittle ; Ci/uia, loss]. Loss of saliva. Siam Disease. See Fever, Yello^v. Sibbens {sib'-enz) [Gael., siihhaiu raspberries]. A disease formerly endemic in the Scotch highlands, by some identified with syphilis, by others with yaws. Siberian Plague [si-be' -re-an plag). See Plague. Sibi {siiii'-be) [Fiji]. A Fiji term for elephantiasis or a tumor of the leg or arm. Sibilant (sib' -il-ant) [sibi/are, to hiss]. Articulating with a hissing sound. Also, the nature of certain wheezy sounds observed in auscultation. S. R&le. See Rale. Sibilismus, Sibilus (sib-il-iz'-inus, sib'-il-us) \_sibilare, to hiss]. A hissing sound. Siccant, Siccative (sik'-ant, sik'-ai-ii') [sieeare, to dry]. I. Drying; tending to make dry. 2. A drying agent or medicine. Siccate (sik'-d/) [siceare, to dry]. In biology, to dry, as plants for a herbarium. Sicchasia (sik-a'-ze-ah) [aiKxaiveiv, to feel disgust]. Morbid loathing of food. Siccus (sik'-Hs) [L.]. Dry. Sick (j//.-) [ME., sick]. 111. Not well. In Eng- land the term commonly means nauseated, or " sick at the stomach." " S. Time," popularly used for the period of menstruation. S. -headache, headache with anorexia, nausea, vomiting, etc. Migraine. S.- list, a list of persons, especially in military or naval service, who are disabled by sickness. S. -report, a sick-list. S.-room, a room occupied by one who is sick. S. -stomach. Synonym of A'ausea, and of Milk-sickness. Sickle-germs (sik' -l-jermz). A falciform stage in the development of Coccidia. Sickliness (sik' -le-nes) [ME., sik, sick]. Predisposi- tion to easily contract disease ; insalubrity of climate. Sickly (sik'-le) [ME., sik, sick]. Predisposed to dis- ease. Unhealthy. Sickness (sik'-iies) [ME., siknesse, sickness]. Nausea. Also, a general term including all morbid conditions, also menstruation. S., African Sleeping. Set Afri- can Letli a rgy. S., Bleeding, hemophilia. S., Fall- ing, epilepsy. S., Gall, remittent fever. S., Green, chlorosis. S., Hungarian, remittent fever. S., Milk, a form of poisoning due to the ingestion of dis- eased milk or meat. S., Miners'. See Ankylostomi- asis. S., Monthly. See Menstruation. S., Morn- ing. See Morning Sickness. S., Mountain, a sensation of nausea, with impeded respiration and irregular heart's action, due to the rarefied air of high altitudes. S., Sea, nausea, with vomiting and often extreme weakness, caused by unaccustomed motion. Naupathia. Side (sid) [ME., side, side]. A lateral half of the body or of any bilateral organ. S.-bone: I. The hip-bone. 2. The disease or disordered condition in horses which causes the lateral cartilages above the heels to ossify. 3. An abnormal ossification of the lateral elastic cartilage in a horse's foot. S. -saddle Flower. See Sarracenia . Sideration (sid-er-a'-shun) \_sideratio, blight produced by the stars]. I. Apoplexy. 2. Gangrene. 3. I^ightning-stroke. [Obs.] Siderine Yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Siderodromophobia (sid-er-o-dro-mo-fo' -be-ah ) [c/rf^pof , iron; rf^)o//of , way ; <^(5/3of, fear]. Morbid dread of traveling by railway. Siderophilous (sid-er-off' -il-us) [u/iSj/^jof, iron ; i^ikziv, to love]. Applied to cells that show a tendency to take up iron, e.g., the red blood-corpuscles. Siderosis (sid-er' -o-sis) [cr/(5?//)or, iron]. The pigmenta- tion of the lymphatic glands, liver, and kidneys, so called from the presence of iron in the pigment. Siegle's Speculum. An apparatus for pneumatically testing the mobility of the membrana tympani. Sielon (si'-el-on). See Saliva. Sienna, (se-en'-a/i). See Pigments, Conspectus of. Sierra salvia. See Serra salvia. Sieve (.!?>■) [ME., si7'e, sieve]. A vessel with a reticu- lated bottom, used for the separation of pulverized from coarse substances. The gauge of the sieve is usually expressed in the number of meshes per square inch. S. -cells, long cells of tubular or prismatic form constituting an essential element in fibro-vascular SIEWER'S TEST 1323 SIGNS bundles of the inner bark of exogenous stems. They are peculiar in the possession of circumscribed panels, with fine perforations, which allow of communication between contiguous cells. S.-disc. See S.-/>/a/e. S.- hypha ; a hypha in which sieve-plates occur. S.- plates, the perforated panels of sieve-cells occur- ring at the points of contact of sieve-cells. S. -pores, the perforations in the panels of sieve-cells. S. -tis- sue, a cellular tissue made up of thin-walled cells which possess areas with sieve-like markings. The tissue is characteristic of the phloem. S. -tubes. See S. -cells. S. -vessel. See S. -cells. Siewer's Test. See Tests, Table of. Sig {sig). I. Abbreviation for signa, " label it," or ior signetur, "let it be labeled." 2. A colloquial name for urine. Sigault's Operation. See Operations, Table of. Sigh (.;/) [ME., sighen, to sigh]. A peculiar pro- longed and deep inspiration ; suspirium. Sighing [si'-ing) \y<\.Yj. , sighen, to sigh]. I. The act of giving forth a sigh. 2. A deep respiration accom- panied by sighs. 3. Characterized by sighs. Sight (sit) [ME. , wV/;/, sight]. That sense by which the image of an object projected upon the retina is conveyed to the mind. S., Day. See Hetneralopia. S., Depraved. See Paropsis. S., Long. See Hy- peropia. S., Mouse. See Myopia. S., Night. See Nyctalopia. S., Old. See 'Presbyopia. S., Short. See Myopia. S., Skew. See Dysopia. S., Weak. See Asthenopia. Sigillate (sij'-il-at) \sigilliim, a seal]. In biology, marked as if with a seal. Sigmatism, Sigmatismus (sig' -mat-izm, sig-mat-iz'- mus) \sigma, the Greek letter j (t^)]- I. Defective utterance of the sound of s. 2. Too frequent use of the .r sound in speech. See Lisping. Sigmoid [sig' -moid) \_aiyjia, letter s; ekSof, likeness]. Bearing a resemblance to the shape of the letter sigiiia : curved in two directions. S. Catheter, one shaped like an S, for passing into the female bladder. S. Cavities, a name applied to the depressions on the head of the ulna ; the greater is a depression formed by the olecranon and coronoid process for ar- ticulation with the humerus ; the lesser, on the outer side of the coronoid process, is for articulation with the radius. S. Flexure, the bend in the colon between the descending portion and the rectum. S. Gyrus, the S-shaped cerebral fold about and behind the cruciate fissure in Cartiivora . S. Mesocolon, the fold of the peritoneum attaching the sigmoid fle.vure of the colon to the left iliac fossa. S. Notch. See Notch. S. Valves, the cardiac semilunar valves. Sigmoiditis (sig-moi-di'-tis) \_ah/^ia, sigma ; eidof , like ; /r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the sigmoid flexure of the colon. Sigmoidostomy [sig-inoi-dos'-to-me) \_wyiia, sigma; OTojia, mouth]. The creation of an artificial anus in the sigmoid flexure of the colon. Sign (sin) \signuin, a mark or device]. In pathology, any diagnostic symptom. In pharmacy, a conven- tional character implying a direction or order. A table of Eponymic Signs and Symptoms is appended. See Ataxia, Signs of; Death, Signs of, etc. S. -lan- guage, the method of intercommunication employed by deaf-mutes, in which ideas are communicated by means of signs. TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES. Name. Description. How Elicited. Disease Present in. Significance. Abadie's sign. Spasm of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. Inspection. Exophthalmic goiter. Said to be pathogno- monic (?). AUis's sign. Relaxation of the fascia be- tween the crest of the ilium and the trochanter major. Inspection. Fracture of the neck of the femur. A r g y 1 1 - Robertson pupil. A pupil that acts in accom- modation but not to light. Usual tests for accommo- dation and light. Locomotor ataxia. Baccelli's sign (aphonic pectori- loquy) . Reverberation of the whis- pered voice, heard through the chest-wall. Whispered voice of patient auscultated through the chest. Pleural effusion. Baruch's sign. The resistance of the rectal temperature to a bath of 75° for fifteen minutes with fric- tion. Immersipn in bath of 75° F. Typhoid fever. Biermer's change of sound. See Gerhardl's change of sound (in this table). Bouillaud, T i n le- nient metallique of. A peculiar clink sometimes heard to the right of the apex-beat of the heart. Auscultation. Cardiac hypertrophy. Brach - Romberg symptom. See Romberg' s symptom. Brow n-Sequard's paralysis. Hemiparaplegia with hemi- anesthesia of opposite side. Lesion of lateral half of spinal cord. Burton's sign. Blue line at junction of teeth with gums. Visual examination. Chronic lead-poisoning. Cheyne-S t ok e s ' respiration. A succession of respirations becoming progressively shorter and more shallow, then an intermission of vary- ing duration, followed by pro- gressive increase in depth and length of respirations. In various affections in which the brain is im- plicated. Cerebral edema. Uremia. Approaching death. SIGNS 1324 SIGNS TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES. — Cb«/w«^(/. Name. Description. How Elicited. Disease Present in. Significance. Chvostek's sign. Sudden spasm of one side of the face. A slight tap upon the side of the face. Post-operative tetany. Clark's (Alonzo) sign. Obliteration of the hepatic dul- ness due to tympanitic dis- tention of the abdomen. Percussion. Appendicitis and other peritoneal inflamma- tions. The presence of the in- flated bowel, or of gas between the liver and the abdominal or the thoracic wall. Corrigan's line. A purple line at the junction of the teeth with the gums. Visual examination. Chronic copper-poison- ing. Corrigan's pulse. A forcible pulse-wave, which quickly recedes. By the finger or sphygmo- graph over a superfical artery. Aortic insufficiency. Regurgitationof blood at the aortic orifice. Dalrymple's sign. Abnormal widening of the pal- pebral aperture. Visual examination. Exophthalmic goiter. Davidsohn's sign. Reflection of light through the pupil in traiislumination. Electric light in the mouth. Health. Drummond's whifT. A whiff heard at the open mouth, during expiration, proceeding from the glottis. Auscultation. Aortic aneurysm. Duroziez's mur- mur. A double murmur occasionally heard in the femoral artery. Auscultation. Aortic incompetency. Escape of blood past imperfectly closed aortic valve. Farre's tubercles. Superficial masses felt pro- jecting beneath the capsule of the liver. Palpation. Carcinoma of the liver. Filipovitch's sign. A saflfron-like coloration of all the prominent parts of palms of hands and soles of feet. Inspection. Typhoid fever. Doubtful. Blood and circulatory changes. Fisher's brain-mur- mur. A systolic murmur over the anterior fontanel or in the temporal region of infants. Auscultation. Rickets and other con- ditions. Flint's murmur. A second murmur frequently heard at the apex ; it has a rumbling quality and maybe presystolic, and is probably produced at the mitral orifice. Auscultation. Aortic incompetency. Improper passage of the blood. Fcerster's shifting type. Variations in the field of vision. Perimetric limits differ ac- cording as they are deter- mined by moving the disc from the center out- ward or from without to the center. Anesthesia of the ret- ina, traumatic neuro- ses, etc. Friedreich's respi- ratory change of sound. The pitch of the percussion- note becomes increased at the height of a deep inspira- tion. On percussion. Pulmonary tuberculosis and other conditions. Excavation ; increased t€tlS10Il . Friedreich's sign. Diastolic collapse of the cervi- cal veins. Palpation. Inspection. Adherent pericardium. Garel's sign. Absence of luminous percep- tion on the affected side of the walls and sinuses about the mouth — antrum of High- more. Electric transillumination. Disease of the antrum. — ■ Gerhardt's change of sound. A change of percussion-note according to the patient's position, whether upright, lying on the back, or on the side. Due to changes in the form of the air-space and fluid-contents of the thoracic cavity. Percussion in the differ- ent positions. r*non »Vi^t VinfQ Y rtlllTTIf^— f neu moiiioi ?}, an insect; /0}of, science]. The morphology and development of larvae. Silver {sil'-ver). See Argentiim and Elements, Table of. S., Coin, an alloy consisting of nine parts silver to one of copper. S. Fir. ^ee Abies. S.- fork Defor- mity, a peculiar displacement of the wrist and hand in fracture of the lower extremity of the radius. S., Ster- ling, an alloy consisting of 925 parts silver to 75 parts copper. S. White. Same as White Lead. Simaba {sitn-a' -bah) [native name in Guiana]. A genus of simarubaceous tropical trees. S. cedron, S. ferruginea, S. floribunda, etc., have exceedingly bitter barks, and are tonic and febrifuge. Unof Simaruba {sim-ar-tF -bah) [native name in Guiana]. I. A genus of tropical American trees, the type of the order Simarubacece. S. amara, S. glauca, S. offi- cinalis, S. medicinalis, and others have barks with tonic properties. Unof. Similar {sim'-il-ar) [L.]. Having the same charac- teristics. Simon's Position. See Postures, Table of. S.'s Triangles. See Triangles, Table of. Simple (j/w'-//) [j/OT//?.r, simple]. I. Not complex ; consisting of a single ingredient ; not compound. 2. Wanting in intellect. 3. A medicinal plant. Simpler, Simplist {sim'-pler, sivF -plist). An herb- doctor. Simpler's Joy. The common vervain, q. v. Simples {sim'-plz) [simplex, simple]. A common term for herbs having a medicinal value. Simplist {sim' -plist). See Simpler. Simpson's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. Sims' Depressor. An instrument for holding back the wall of the vagina in examination of that cavity. S. Feeder, an instrument for aiding in the suture of tissues. S. Posture or Position. See Postures, Table of. S. Speculum. See Specttlum. SIMULATION 1329 SINUS Simulation i^sini-n-la' -s/uiit) \jimulatio ; simulare, to feign]. In medicine, the feigning or counterfeiting of disease. The pretence of a maHngerer. Simulo [si/it'-u-lo). The fruit of certain species of Capparis, especially C". ioriaica, of Peru; it is re- commended as a cure for epilepsy, and possesses anti- scorbutic and stimulant properties. Dose of the tincture 3 ss-iij ; of the fluid extract 3j-iij. Unof. Sinalbin [sin-al' -bui). A neutral crystalline glucosid found in white mustard, soluble in cold water. Sinamin (sin' -ani-iti), CjHjCN. Allyl cyanamid, a substance obtained from crude oil of mustard. Sinapeleum [sin-ap-el-e' -tint) [aivairi, mustard ; t'Aamv, oil]. Mustard-oil. Sinapin [ff/m/r;, mustard], CjgH.^jNOj. A substance that occurs as a sulpho-cyanate in white mustard. Free sinapin is soluble and decomposable. Sinapis (sin'-a-pis) [aivaKi, mustard]. Mustard. The seeds of 6'. an>a, white mustard, and 5. nigra, black mustard. They contain a ferment, myrosin, and a crys- talline substance, which, when moistened, unite to form a volatile oil of allyl sulpho-cyanid. Locally the seeds act as a powerful rubefacient ; internally, as a stomachic stimulant ; in large doses as an emetic. Sinapis is much used locally in the form of the well-known " mus- tard-plaster." S., Cataplasma (B. P.), mustard- poultice, contains mustard, linseed meal, and water. S., Charta, mustard-paper, consists of black mustard mixed with a solution of gutta percha and spread on paper. S., Liniment., Comp., contains oil of mus- tard 3, ext. mezereum 2, camphor 6, castor-oil 15, alcohol ad 100 parts. S., Ol., the volatile oil. _DoseTTLy8-'4^- Sinapiscopy [sin-ap-is'-ko-pe) [aiva-rn, mustard : (jkottsIv, to view]. The use of mustard as a test of sensory dis- turbances, analogous to a similar use of metalloscopy. Sinapism (sin' -ap-iziii) [_aivaTnofi6(; ; ffi'vajr^, mustard]. A mustard-plaster. Sincaline (sin' -kal-en^. Same as Cholin. Sincipital (sin-sip' -it-al) [sinciput, the head]. Pertain- ing to the sinciput. Sinciput (sin'-sip-u/) [semi, half; caput, head]. The superior and anterior part of the head. Also, the top of the head ; the bregma. Sindon (sin'-doti) [piv&wv, linen]. A pledget or dossil. Sinew (sin' -11) [ME., sittnve, sinew]. Tendinous or ligamentous tissue. S. -shrunk, having some of the sinews wasted ; said of horses or mules. The condi- tion is mainly caused by overwork. Singultus {sing-gul' -tus) . See Hiccough. Sinigrin (sin' -ig-rin) [aivarzL, mustard]. A crystalline, bitter-tasting, inodorous glucosid of black mustard, soluble in water, but not in alcohol or ether. Sinistrad (sin'-is-trad) [sinister, the left hand]. To- ward the left. Sinistral [sin'-is-tral] [sinister, left]. At or in the di- rection of the left side of the body. See the opposite, dextral ; also Position and Direction, Table of. Sinistren {si)i' -is-tren) [sinister, left]. Belonging to the sinistral side in itself. Sinistrin (sin'-is-trin) [sinister, left]. A dextrin-like substance found in squills. • • Sinistrocerebral (sin' -is-tro-ser' -e-bral) [sinister, left; • cerebrnin, cerebrum]. Occurring or situated in the left hemisphere of the brain. Sinistrorse (sin' -is-trors') [sinister, left ; vertere, turn]. In biology, turning from right to left ; said of a plant climbing in an opposite direction from the sun. Sinual (sin'-u-al) [sinus, a curve]. Possessing the characteristics of a sinus. Sinuate (sin' -u-at) [sinuare, to curve, swell out in 84 curves]. In biology, wavy, or winding in and out. Applied to the margins of leaves and other flattened organs. Sinuation (sin-u-a' -shun) [sinuatus , from sinuare, to bend]. l. The state of being sinuate. 2. A cerebral gyre. Sinu-auricular (sin-u-aiv-rik' -u-lar^ [sinus, a curve ; auricula, auricle]. In biology, pertaining to the sinus venosus and the auricle. Sinuose (sin' -u-dz). Same as Sinuous. Sinuosity (sin-u-os'-it-e) [sinuare, to bend]. Anfrac- tuosity ; the state of being sinuous or bent. Sinuous (sin'-u-us) [sinuosus ,• sinus, a curve] . Wavy ; applied especially to tortuous fistulK and sinuses. Sinus (j/'-ww) a curve, fold, hollow : pi. , Sinus or Sinuses'\. A hollow or excavation, a cavity, re- cess, pocket, dilatation, or channel in a bone or other structure. The term is applied also to an abnor- mal pathway or canal, usually the result of ulceration. S. acusticus internus. See Canal, Internal Audi- tory. S., Air, any one of the cavities within bones, containing air, especially those communicat- ing with the nasal passages. S. alae parvae. See 5. , Spheno-parietal. S. amplus ureteris, the pelvis of the kidney. S. ampuUaceus. See Ampulla os- sea. S., Anterior. See Lateral Ventricle. S. of Aorta. See S. of Valsalva. S., Aortic. S. of Valsalva. S. aritii. 'n&t Lacrymal Fossa. S. arteri- osus. See S. pulmonalis. S. atlantis, a depression for the passage of vessels and nerves on the upper sur- face of the posterior part of the arch of the atlas. S. auditorius, the cavity of the tympanum. S., Basi- lar. See .5"., Transverse. S. basilaris anterior. See S. , Transverse. S. of Breschet, the spheno- parietal sinus. S. bulbi. See S. bulbi urethrce. S. bulbi rhachidici. See Fourth Ventricle. S. bulbi urethrae, a dilatation of the bulb of the urethra. S. canalis vertebralis, any of the spinal veins. S. caroticus, S. carotidien. See S., Cavernous. S. cavernosus. "See S., Cavernozis. S., Cavernous, a large sinus extending from the sphenoid fissure to the apex of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, com- municating behind with the inferior and superior petro- sal sinuses and receiving the ophthalmic vein in front. S. cavi cranii. See S., Cranial. S. choroidien, See S., Straight. S. circulaire de Ridley. See S.. Circular. S. circulaire du trou occipital. See S. circularis foraminis magni. S., Circular, a venous sinus surrounding the pituitary body, communicating on each side with the cavernous sinus. S., Circular (of the placenta), a plexus of veins in the maternal portion of the placenta in communication with the utero-placental sinus. S. circularis. See S. , Circu- lar. S. circularis foraminis magni (seu f(r«)>2V<7/?>). A venous plexus surrounding the posterior margin of the foramen magnum. S. circularis iridis. See Canal of Schlemm. S., Clinoid. See S., Circular. S. cochleae, a vein in the aqueduct of the cochlea opening into the internal jugular vein. S. du coeur. See Atrium. S. columnae vertebralis, the anterior longitudinal spinal veins. S. communis. See Utricle (2d def.). S. communis venarum cardi- acarum (seu cordis). See S., Coronary (of the heart). S. condylorum anterior. See Fossa intercondyloidea a)iterior. S., Confluence. See Torcular herophili. S. cordis. See Atriu?n. S. coronaire du placenta. See S., Circular (of the placenta). S. coronarius. See S., Coronary (of the heart). S., Coronary (of the heart), a vein in the transverse groove between the left auricle and the left ventricle of the heart on its posterior aspect ; it is by some regarded as a dila- tation of the great cardiac vein into which it opens. SINUS 1330 SINUS S. of Coronary Vein. See S. , Coronary [of the heart). S. coronoideus. See S., Circular. S. du corps calleux. See Callosal Fissure. S. costales. See Lh isuriT costales. S. COStarii. See hoi'ece articulares laterales. S. coxae. See Acetabulinn. S., Cranial, one of certain venous channels between the folds of the dura lined with a continuation of the tunica intima of the veins. S. craniens. See S., Cranial. S. of Cuvier. See Ducts of Cuvicr. S., Diploic, channels containing veins which traverse the diploe of cranial bones. S. ductus lactiferi. See Ampulla ductus lactiferi. S. durae matris. See 6'. , Cranial. S. ellipticus. See .S'., Ciirular. S. epididymidis, the furrow between the posterior surface of the epi- didymis and the testicle. S., Ethmoid. See Ethmoid Cells. S. ethmoidales. See Ethmoid Cells. S. of the External Meatus, a space at the bottom of the external audi- tory canal between the concave inferior wall of the osseous meatus and the membrana tym- pani. S. falciformis inferior. See S. , hiferior Longitudinal. S. falciformis superior (seu triangularis). See S. , Superior Longitudinal. S. fossae basi- laris. See S.., Trajisverse. S. fraenuli, the depression at the side of the frenum of the penis. S., Frontal, an irregular cavity in the frontal bone, underlying the prominence at the root of the nose, and over the superior orbital margin, extending up- ward and outward between the two tables of the bone, separated from its fellow of the opposite side by a thin septum, and com- municating with the nose by the infundibulum. S., Galactopho- rous. See Ampulla ductus lac- tiferi. S. genae pituitarius (^highmori). See Maxillary Atttrum. S., Genital, the cleft of the vulva. S., Genito- urinary. See S., Urogenital. S. Great [of the aorta), a dilatation generally found on the right side of the ascending portion of the aorta. S. of Highmore. See Maxillary Antrum . S. hippo- campi inferior. See Hippocam- pus Major. S., Inferior In- tercavernous, the lower of the two veins sometimes replacing the single sinus intercavernosus anterior. S., Infe- rior Longitudinal, a venous sinus which extends along the posterior half of the lower border of the falx cerebri and terminates in the straight sinus near the anterior margin of the tentorium. S., In- ferior Petrosal, a large venous sinus arising from the cavernous, running along the lower margin of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and joining the lateral sinus, to form the internal jugular vein. S. in- tercavernosus anterior, the anterior half of the circu- lar sinus. S. intercavernosus posterior, the poste- rior half of the circular sinus. S., Intercavernous, the anterior and posterior halves of the circular sinus. S., Internal. See 5. , .S'/;v?/6f3oc, dread]. A form of insanity marked by abhorrence of food. Sitis morbosa [si'-tis-mor-bo'-sah) [morbid thirst]. Synonym of Polydipsia. Sitology [si-tol' -o-jc). See Sitiology. Sitomania [si-to-ma' -ne-ah) [(Xirof, food ; iiavia, mad- ness]. A mania occurring periodically, characterized by loss of volition and an overwhelming desire to partake of food to an unlimited extent. Sitophobia [si-to-fo' -be-ah)-,\_mroc, food; 0o/3of, fear]. Morbid or insane aversion to food. SITUS 1333 SKIN Situs {si'-His) \_situs, site]. A position. S. viscerum inversus, an anomaly in which tlie organs or viscera of the body are changed from the normal to the opposite side of the body. Sitzbath [si/s' -bath) [Ger. , sitz, a seat; bafk'\. A hip- bath or half-bath ; a bath taken in a sitting posture ; semicupium. Sivvens (siv'-enz). Same as Sibbeiis. Size {fiz) [ME., sue, size]. Extent or volume. S.- glue. See Glue. Sizy [si' -ze) \jiza, glue]. Viscous, like glue or size. Sizyzium [si-ziz'-e-u/ii). See Syzygj. Skatol [skal'-ol) [ff/iarof, gen. oi ahCyiT, dung, dirt],C9- HyN. The principal aromatic product of the decomposi- tion of albumin in the intestinal canal. It resembles indol, crystallizes in brilliant, vifhite plates, and pos- sesses an intense fecal odor. It fuses at 93.5° C, and is soluble with difficulty in water. Warmed with dilute hydrochloric acid or nitric acid it gives a violet color. Its vapor-density is 65.2. Serum-albumin digested with pancreas and water at 36° C. for from six to ten days yields skatol on distillation ; two and a half kilograms of albumin give one gram of skatol. Skatophagia (skat-o-fa'-je-ali). See Scatophagia. Skatoxyl (skat - oks' - if) [cr/cwp (cKar-), dung; of if, acid]. A product of the oxidation of skatol. It is obtained from the urine in cases of disease of the large intestine. Skeer's Symptom. A small circle which forms in the iris, near to and surrounding the pupil, commencing in both eyes simultaneously ; it is considered pathogno- monic of tuberculous meningitis. Skein (^/i'aw) [ME. , j/&f_>'«(f, skein]. I. A fixed length of any thread or yarn of silk or other material, doubled again and again and knotted. 2. A synonym of Spirem. S., Close. See Spireiii. S., Loose, the thickened chromatin fibrils resulting from a loosening of the spirem or close skein in mitotic cell-division. Skeletins (skeF -et-ins) \_aKz'KtT6v, skeleton]. A name given to a number of insoluble epithelial products found chiefly in invertebrates. The group includes chitin, conchiolin, eornein, spongin, fibroin , and silk. Skeletization (skel-et-iz-a' -slnin) [tr/cEAerdi', skeleton]. Removal of the soft parts and leaving only the skele- ton. Skeletography (skel-et-og' -ra-fe) \_aKe'AET6v, skeleton; ypd(pELv, to write]. A description of the skeleton. Skeletology [skel-et-ol' -o-je) [oksXetov, skeleton ; Aoyo^, science]. The sum of knowledge concerning the skeleton. See Osteology. Skeleton [skel' -et-on) [(Tw^erdy, a dried body, a skele- ton]. In biology, the supporting or inclosing structure for sustaining or protecting the soft parts of an organ- ism. Cf. Endoskeleton, Exoskeleton, Dertnoskeletoit, Scleroskeleton, Splanchuoskeleton. S., Cartilaginous, the cartilaginous development from which the bony skeleton is formed through ossification. Skeletonize (skeF -et-07i-iz) [oae'/iETov, skeleton]. To remove all the soft parts, leaving only the skeleton. Skeletotrophic (skel-et-o-tro' fik) \j5Ke'kET6v, a skeleton ; Tpk<^en\ to nourish]. In biology, pertaining to the nutrition of the skeleton. Skelos [ske'-los) [(TwAof, the leg: //., Skeleal- In bi- ology, the vertebrate hind limb taken as a whole ; it includes the ineros or thigh, the cfiis or leg, and the pes or foot. Cf. Armies. Skene's Glands. See Gland. S.'s Instillation- tube, a tube or pipet used for making applications of drugs to the interior of the uterus. S.'s Tubes, minute tubular outgrowths from the rudiments of the Wolffian ducts, corresponding to the vesiculse semi- nales in the male. Skew Muscles. Triangular-shaped or quadrilaterat- shaped muscles, the plane of whose line of origin intersects that of the insertion. Skiascopy (ski as'-ko-pe). See Retinoscopy. Skilip [skil'-ip) [Turk., Iskilip, a place in Asia Minor]. An inferior variety of scammony. Head. BoNV Skeleton. Skin [ME., skin, skin]. The external protective mem- branous covering of the body. Also the chief organ of touch. It is composed of three layers, the epidermis, or scarf-skin, the cutis (derma), or true skin, and the rete tmicosHDi, which gives the color to the skin. S.- bone, an ossification of the skin. S. -bound, affected with sclerema, q. v. See also Scleroderma. S., Bronzed. See Addison's Disease. S. -disease, a disease of the cutaneous surface. A classification of skin-diseases is appended. S., Fish. See Icthyosis. S., Glossy, a neurotic dermatosis in which the skin becomes smooth and glossy. S., Goldbeaters', a thin, tenacious sheet from the cecum of cattle, occa- SKIN 1334 SKIN • sionally used as a surgical dressing. S., Goose. See Cutis anserina. S. -graft, a graft, ■iy. S. -grafting, the application of minute pieces of the outer layers of healthy skin to a granulating surface for the purpose of hastening its cicatrization. See Dermatoplasty. S., L ^2 Section Perpendicularly Through the Healthy Skin. a. Epidermis, or scarfskin. A. Rete mucosum, or rete malpighii. c. Papillary layer, d. Derma, corium, or true skin. Pan- niculus adiposus, or fatty tissue. J', g, h. Sweat-gland and duct. J, k. Hair, with its follicle and papilla. /. Sebaceous gland. ' Piebald. See I'itiligo. S. -planting. Same as S.- graffing. S., Scale. See Icthyosis. S. -trans- plantation, or S. -transportation. Same as Dfrtna- toplastv. SKIN-DISEASES, CROCKER'S CLASSIFICATION OF, Class I. — Hyperemi.e — Congestions. Most Proftiinetit Primary I.fsion. Erythema simplex, Erythema. " ab igne " and pigmenta- tion pernio, intertrigo, fugax roseola, scarlatiniforme Class II. — Exudationes — Inflammations. Alost Protuinent Privtary Lesion . Erythema exsudativum multiforme. Erythema. ins nodosum, . induratum, Peliosis rheumatica. and vesicles. and brawny swelling, and hemor- rhages. Pellagra, " Acrodynia " Urticaria, Wheals. Prurigo, Lenticular papules. Eczema, Multiform lesions. Dermatitis repens, Epidermic denudation and fluid exudation. Impetigo contagiosa, Vesicles and pustules. Furunculus, Phlegmons. Carbunculus, " Pompholyx, Herpes zoster, .... " facialis, . . " progenitalis, . , Pemphigus Hydroa, Impetigo herpetiformis. Psoriasis, Ptyriasis rubra, .... Bullae and vesicles. Grouped vesicles. rosea, " rubra pilaris Lichen ruber, " planus, " scrofulosus, " pilaris Conglomerative pustular folliculi- tis Dermatitis Bullae. Grouped bullae. pustules. Scaly crusts on red base. Diffuse redness with large scales. Patches, with fine scales. Papules, " " " acuminate, flat. " minute, convex. " follicular. Pustules en plaques, aggre- gated. Multiform lesions. Class III. — Hemorrhagi/e— Hemorrhages. Purpura, Blood-extravasation. Class IV. — Hypertrophi/e — Hypertrophies. Parts Affected. Ichthyosis Epidermis and papillae. Keratosis pilaris Hair-follicles. Verruca Epidermis and papillae. Clavus, " " " Cornu cutaneum, " " " Callositas Epidermis. Tylosis, " Scleroderma, Corium. Sclerema neonatorum " Gidema " " Elephantiasis, The whole skin. Lentigo Pigment. Chloasma " Acanthosis nigricans, " with papillary growths. Naevus pigmentosus, " neoplasm. Class V. — Atrophi>e — Atrophies. Parts Affected. Albinism Pigment-deficiency. Leukoderma, " disturbance. Atrophoderma (or xeroderma) pig- mentosum, Corium. Atrophoderma albidum, " senile, " " striatum et macu- latum, " " neuriticum, .... " Perforating ulcer, " Morvan's disease, Sensory nerves. Analgesic whitlows. Ainhum, Corium? Class VI.— Neoplasmata— New-growths. General Cliaracter. . . Crusted papules. Darier's disease Molluscum contagiosum Xanthoma, Colloid, Lupus vulgaris erythematosus Scrofuloderma, Tuberculosis, Syphilis, Lepra, Rhinoscleroma Keloid, Fibroma Myoma Neuroma, Nsevus vascularis, Telangiectasis Angioma serpiginosum Angiokeratoma Lymphangiectodes, Lymphangioma tuberosum multi plex, Carcinoma, Paget's disease, Epithelioma, . . . Rodent ulcer Sarcoma Mycosis fungoides Yaws Verruga peruana Furunculus orientalis Phagedaena tropica, Degenerative. Infiltrating. Benign. Malignant. SKINNINESS 1335 SKULL Class Vll — Neuroses— Sensory Diseases. Hyperesthesia. Pruritus. Dermatalgia. Anesthesia. Class VIII.— Morbi Appendicium— Diseases of the Appendages. Most Prominent Primary Lesion. A. Sweat-glands. Hyperidrosis Excessive secretion. Bromidrosis I Chromidrosis, • • • I Altered quality. Phosphorescent sweat Uridrosis, J Anidrosis, Secretion absent Miliaria crystallina (Sudamina), Retained secretion. " vesiculosa Inflammation, " papulosa, B. Sebaceous Glands. Seborrhea, Excessive secretion. Seborrheic dermatitis, Multiform. Sebaceous cysts, Retention. Milium, , . . " Comedones, " Acne vulgaris Inflammation. " rosacea " " varioliformis, Adenoma sebaceum Papular neoplasms. C. Hair-follicles. Hirsuties, Excessive growth. Atrophy Defective " Alopecia Baldness. " areata " in patches. Coucretiones, Growths on the hair- shaft. Sycosis, Inflammation. Dermatitis papillaris capillitii, . " and keloid. D. Nails. Pterygium Overlapping of nail- fold. Onychia, Inflammation in matrix. Paronychia, " around ma- 20 trix. r, I Atrophy, Defective growth. Onychogryphosis, Overgrowth. Onycho-mycosis Fungus-growth in the nail. Class IX. — Parasiti — Parasites A. Vegetable. Parts Affected. Favus, Hair and skin. f tonsurans, . Hair. I decalvans, . " Tinea trichophy- J circinata, . Skin, tina, I barbae, . . Hair. I imbricata, . Skin. I, versicolor, . " Erythrasma, " Pinta " Fungus-foot of India, •' and deeper tissues. B. Animal. Scabies, Acarus. Demodex folliculorum, " f capitis, 1 Pediculosis, < corporis, .... V Insect. I, pubis J Dracunculus medinensis, . . . . | Filaria or thread- Filiaria sanguinis hominis, . . . ( worms. Cysticercus cellulosae cutis, . . Taenia, or tape-worm em- brvo. Skoda, Consonating Rales of. Bronchial rales heard through the consolidated pulmonary tissue of pneu- monia. S.'s Resonance Sign or Tympany, a tympanitic note heard above the line of fluid in a pericardial effusion, or above the line of consolidation in pneumonia. It is almost as tympanitic as the abdo- men. See Bruit skodique. Skodaic Resonance. Sep Skoda s Resonance. Skodaic Tympany (sko' -da-ik tivi' -pan-e"). See Skoda' s Resonance. Skoliosometer {sko-le-o-som' -et-er) [crKoAiOf , curved ; fit-fHiv, measure]. See Scoliosometer. Skopophobia (sko-po-fo' -be-ah) [cKOTrof , a spy ; (p6f3og, fear]. Insane dread of spies. S)iuU. (sku/ } [ME. , ^/i-w/Zi', skull]. The superior expan- sion of the vertebral column, the protective bony Skinniness {skin'-e-nes) ness. Skinny {sMn'-e) [ME., 2. Emaciated. Skleriasis {skle-ri' -as-is) [ME., skin, s kilty skin]. skin]. Lean- I. Cutaneous. See Scleroderma. Skleroseptum [skle-ro-sep'-titJii) \_c!K?i?^por , hard ; sep- twn, fence, partition : //., Sklerosepta\ In biology, one of the radially arranged, perpendicular cal- careous ridges arising from the foot-plate of a stone coral [Hexacorallia , Madreporaria), also called star- ridges. Cf. Sarcosepta. Base of Skull. I. Median suture of palatine vault. i. Inferior orifice of an- terior palatine canal, 3. Inferior openings of posterior palatine canals. 4. Posterior border of palatine vault ; pos- terior nasal spine. 5. Posterior border of nasal septum. 6. Hamular process of internal pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone. 7. Internal pterygoid plate. 8. External pterA-goid plate. 9. Scaphoid fossa. 10. Oval or inferior maxillary foramen. 11. Foramen spinosum. 12. Foramen lacerum medium. 13. Zygomatic arch. 14. Spheno-occipital suture. 15. Glenoid cavity. 16. External auditory canal. 17 Mas- toid process. 18, 18. Styloid process and stylo-mastoid fora- men. 19. Inferior orifice of carotid canal. 20. Foramen lacerum posterius. 21, 21. Occipital condyles. 22. Basilar process. 23. Foramen magnum. 24. External occipital crest. 25,25. Inferior curved lines of occipital bone. covering or container of the brain and organs of the special senses, consisting of the cranium and face. The cranium is made up of 8 bones — .the occipital, 2 parietal, the frontal, 2 temporal, the sphenoid, and the ethmoid. The face is composed of 14 bones — nasal, superior maxillary, lacrymal, malar, palate, inferior tur- binated, two each, and vomer and inferior maxillary, one each. S. -cap, the dome of the skull, '^et Scutellaria . S., Landmarks of, the eminences, chiefly the frontal SKUNK 1336 SMALL and parietal, the 2 temporal ridges, the sutures, and the craniometric points, q. v. S., Natiform, a skull S Lateral Aspect of Skull. I. Frontal bone. 2. Parietal bone. 3. Occipital bone. 4. Tem- poral bone. 5. Greater wing of sphenoid bone. 6. Lamb- doid suture. 7. Occipito-parietal suture. 8. Squamo-parietal suture. 9. Masto-parietal suture. 10. Spheno-parietal su- ture. II. Spheno-temporal suture. 12. Spheno-frontal suture. 13, 13. Temporal ridge. 14. Malar bone. 15. Fronto-malar suture. 16. Malo-temporal suture. 17. Malo-niaxillary su- ture. 18. Superior maxillary bone. 19. Infraorbital foramen. 20. Nasal bone. 21. Naso-maxillary suture, 22. Naso-frontal suture. 23. Lacrymal groove, at the bottom of which may be seen the suture between the lacrymal and the superior maxillary bones. 24. Nasal eminence. 25. Inferior maxil- lary bone. 26. Mental foramen. 27. Angle of lower jaw. 28. Coronoid process. 29. Condyle. 30. Neck of condyle. 31. External auditory canal. 32. Styloid process. 33. Mas- toid process. 34. Masto-occipital suture. covered with osteophytes. S.-roof, the roof of the skull ; skull-cap. Skunk. See Mephitis. S.-bush. See Gariya. S. Cabbage, the root of Syiiiplocafpus fxtidtts, a stimu- lant, antispasmodic, and narcotic. Dose of the fld. ext. TT^^x-xl. Unof. Slag [Sw., slagg, dross]. The earthy matter separated, in a more or less completely fused and vitrified condi- tion, during the reduction of a metal from its ore. Slaver [slnv'-er^ [ME., slaver, slaver]. Drivel; saliva, especially such as is involuntarily discharged. Sleek [slek) [ME. , ^//V/v, smooth]. Smooth; glossy, as the skin. Sleep [slip) [ME., slepen, to sleep]. The state of rest and recuperation of the bodily and mental vol- untary powers. The consciousness may also be inactive or dreaming, ?". e., without the guidance and data of the will and lower centers, and hence illogi- cally functional. S. -drunkenness. See Somno- lentia. S. -epilepsy. See A'arcolepsy. S., Hyp- notic, S., Magnetic, S., Mesmeric, sleep produced by hypnotism. S. -paralysis, paralysis produced by pressure during sleep. S., Paroxysmal. See A'ar- colepsy. S. -walking. -See So>iinai]ilnilism . Sleeping {slep'-ing) [MY.., slepen, \.o sleep]. Resting in slumber. S. -dropsy, a singular disorder seen only on the Atlantic coast of Africa, and characterized by daily paroxysms of somnolence, tending to become more and more continuous and profound until merged in fatal coma. Its onset is gradual, commencing with a slight frontal headache. It may persist for from three months to a year or more, and always ends fatally. It is also called African Lethargy, and is said by some to be only one of the manifestations of filariasis. See Narcolepsy. S. -sickness. See African Lethargy, A^arcolepsy, Nelavan, and Filariasis. Sleeplessness [step' -les-nes). See Insomnia. Sleepy [sle'pe) [ME, slepen, to sleep]. Inclined to sleep. S. -disease. See Hypnopathy. S. Stag- gers, a symptom in the horse, resulting from a variety of brain-affections, characterized by more or less drowsiness or coma associated with a staggering gait. See Staggers. Slender Lobe of the Cerebellum. See Lobe. Slick [slik). Same as Sleek. Slide (j/;(/)[ME., sliden, to slide]. A small, rectangular slab of clear glass for the mounting, preservation, and ready examination of microscopic objects. The slides may vary in size ; for ordinary work the most common dimensions are 26 X 7^ millimeters, or I X 3 inches. Slime (slim) [AS., sll?n, slime]. In biology, a viscid secretion of the cutaneous glands of various animals. Mucus. S. -fungus. Same as S. -mold. S. -gland, (a) one of the modified leg-glands, with ducts emerging at the ends of the oral papillse in the Protracheata ; (b) one of the glands furnishing the viscid mucus- like substance of snails, fishes, etc. S.-mold. See I\Iyxo!nycetes. Sling [ME., slitjge, a sling]. A swinging bandage and carriage for supporting a fractured limb. S. of the Lenticular Nucleus, a tract of nerve-fibers which enter the lenticular nucleus by passing beneath the optic thalamus. Slink (slingh) [origin obscure]. To bear young or cast prematurely ; said of a female beast ; to miscarry. S. Meat, the meat of calves or lambs that have been cast prematurely. Slinking (slingk'-ing) [origin obscure]. Abortion in cows or other beasts. Slip [slip) [MD. D., slippen, slip, escape]. I. A male fowl which has been unsuccessfully caponized. 2. A scion or cutting of a plant made for grafting or rooting. 3. Same as Slide. Slippery Elm. See Ulmiis, and Fremontia. Slit [ME. , j///, a slit] . A narrow opening ; a visceral cleft ; the separation between the labia ; the vulvar cleft. S., Genito-urinary, S., Urino-genital, S., Uro-genital, the uro-genital opening. S. of the Micro-spectroscope, the spectral ocular, in place of an ordinary diaphragm, has two movable knife edges so arranged that a slit-like opening of greater or less width and length may be obtained by the use of screws for that purpose. Sloid, Sloyd [Sw. , j/oyV, slight, skill]. A sys- tem of manual training taught in elementary schools ; it is of Swedish origin. Slop [ME., sloppe, a pool]. A general term for liquid foods used in the course of acute diseases and during convalescence. Slough [sliif) [ME. , the skin of a snake]. A term applied to the separating and dying particles of tissue in suppurative and ulcerative processes. As a verb, to separate or die in consequence of gangrene; said of tissues. Sloughing {sluf'-ing) [ME. , sloiih, the skin of a sn.ake]. Gangrenous. Slows (.f/00). Synonym of Milk-sickness. Sludge (^//y) [AS., slog,m\xA'\. Sewage-deposit. Slumber [slum' -ber) [ME., slumberen, to slumber]. I. To sleep lightly. 2. L'glit sleep. Small [smawL] [ME., small, not large]. Little in size ; diminutive. S.-pox. See Variola. S.-pox, Abortive, variola in which but few pustules are present ; these rapidly disappear. S.-pox., Bastard. See Varicella. S.-pox, Confluent. See J'ariola con- Jiitens. S.-pox, Crystalline. See Varicella. S.- SMALTS 1337 SOAP pox, False. See Varicella. S.-pox, Hemorrhagic. See Variola. S.-pox, Ichorous. SeeVamflla. S.- pox, Mahgnant. See Variola. S.-pox, Modified. See Varioloid. S.-pox, Ovine. See Sheep-pox. S.- pox, Spurious. See Varicella. S. Red Granular Kidney. ?>ee Bright' s Disease. S. White Kidney. See Bright' s Disease. Smalts (smawltz). See Pigments, Conspectus of. Smart \yiE. , stnerteii, to smart]. I. To feel a pun- gent pain. 2. A sharp, quick, active pain. S.- weed. See Polygonum Iiydropiperoides. Smead-Dowd System. See Ventilation. Smear-cultures [smer). .See Culture. Smectic [smek'-tlk). .Same as Detergent. Smegma [smeg' -viah) \pjiijyua, a cleansing substance]. The sebaceous accretions upon the skin. S. em- bryonum. See Vernix. S. of Prepuce, the case- ous substance secreted by the follicles of the prepuce. Smegmatic {smeg-tnaf -Ik) [ajn'jyjia, a cleansing sub- stance]. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, smegrna. Smegmatorrhea [smeg-niat-or-e'-ah ). Synonym of Seborrhea. Smell {smel) [ME., smellen, to smell]. The percep- tion of an odor by means of the olfactory nerve. S. -hollows, elliptic pits on the antennis of bees having olfactory functions. Smelling [s??iel'-ing) [ME., smellen, to smell]. The sense of smell ; olfaction. S. -bottle, a small bottle containing smelling-salts. S. -salts, a popular name applied to various preparations of ammonium car- bonate flavored with aromatic substances. S. -salts, English, carbonate of ammonium impregnated with ethereal oils, such as oil of lavender or bergamot. Smelting [smelt' -Ing) [ME., jw^'//d'«, to smelt]. The treatment of ore by which it is subjected to intense heat for the purpose of separating the contained metal. Smilacin [smi'-las-ln] [anVka^, the yew]. The precipi- tate from a tincture of the root of sarsaparilla, Smilax officinalis, alterant, detergent, diaphoretic, and stimu- lant. Dose 2 to 5 grains. Unof. Smilax [s?nl'-laks). See Sarsaparilla, China-root, Bamboo-brier. Smith, Bacillus of, S., Spirillum of. See Bacteria, Svnonymatlc Table of. Smith's Method. See Treatment , Methods of. Smiths' Cramp or Spasm. See Spasm. Smoke {smok) [ME., smoken, to smoke]. To emit a vapor or exhalation while burning. S. -rockets, an inflammable substance used in making the smoke-test for sewer-gas. S.-test, a method for finding defects in drains by means of smoke. Smoker (smo'-ker) [ME., smoken, to smoke]. One who uses tobacco. S.s' Cancer. See Cancer. S.s' Dyspepsia. See Dyspepsia. S.s' Patch, a chronic inflammation of a small spot of the mucous membrane of the mouth arising from an irritation produced by the pipe. It varies in size from a quarter to a half of an inch in diameter, and is smooth and red in appear- ance. S.s' Sore-throat, the condition of catarrh of the pharynx and larynx, with' hoarseness, common in habitual smokers. S.s' Vertigo. See Vej-tigo. Smooth Sumach. See Rhus glabra. Smother [sjituth' -er) [ME., smofhren, to suffocate]. To suffocate ; to stifle. Smothering (smuth' -er-ing) [ME., jOTo///r^«, to suffo- cate]. Exclusion of air from the respiratory organs, I as by covering the mouth and nostrils. Smut [AS. , jot///to"M, snow]. The aqueous vapor of the atmosphere precipitated in a frozen form. S.- blindness. See Blindjtess. S. -shoe Disease, pain in the feet following a long march on snow-shoes. S.- white. Same as Zinc White. Snow's Inhaler. See Anesthetic. Snub-nose (snub' -noz). See Pug-nose. Snuff {snuf) , snuffen, to snuff]. I. Powdered tobacco, variously perfumed and mixed, used for in- halation into the nostrils. 2. A medicated powder to be insufflated into the nostrils. 3. To inhale ; to smell. S.-box, Anatomist's, the Foveola radialls. Snuffle [snuf'-fl) [LG., snuffeln, to snuffle]. To breathe hard through the nose. As a plural noun, a popular name for a catarrhal discharge from the nose in infancy. It is not infrequently symptomatic of syphilis. Soap (sop') [ME., sope, soap]. A chemic compound made by the union of certain fatty acids with a salifi- able base. It is used for washing and cleansing pur- poses. See Sapo. A table is appended showing the composition of the chief soaps of pharmacy, as ana- lyzed by M. Dechan. S. -balls, balls made of starch and soap. S.-bark. See Qulllala. S., Black. See Sapo viridls. S., Castile, soap made from olive-oil. S., Cocoanut-oil, soap made from cocoanut-oil. It is soluble in hard water. S., Glassmakers', native dioxid of manganese. S., Green. See Sapo vlrldis. S., Hard, soap prepared by means of soda alkali; SOBBING 1338 SCEMMERING'S BONE soda soap. S. -liniment. See Linimcnfuin sapotiis. S., Petroleum, a soap made by heating together 5 parts of petroleum, 4 of white wax, 5 of alcohol, and 10 of hard soap. S., Soft, soap made by means of potash alkali ; potash soap S., Taxidermists', a soap made by mixing 32 parts each of grated olive oil soap, arsenious acid and boiling water, 12 of potassium carbonate, 4 of unslaked lime, and I of camphor. S., Tincture of Green. See Snpo viridis. S.-wort, Bouncing Bet, the root of Saponaria officinalis. Its properties are due to an extractive, saponin. It is a paralyzant to the peripheral nerve-endings and the respiratory centers, and is a useful alterative in syph- ilitic and scrofulous complaints. .Dose of the fid. ext. T1\^xv- 3 j . Unof. Variety. Fatty Acids. Combined Al- kali. Free Alkali. Silica. Sulphates and Chlorids. Insoluble Mat- ter. Water. Insoluble in Alcohol. Hard Soap (Sapo durus). 81.5 9.92 .08 .00 .28 •36 0.20 10.65 0.50 White Castile Soap (5. Cast. alb.). 76.7 9.14 .09 .00 0.90 13-25 0.60 Mottled Castile Soap. 6S.1 8.9 •19 ■15 ■63 0.80 21.70 1.30 Tallow Soap (Sapo animalis). 78-3 9-.S7 .28 .00 ■47 0.40 12.50 1. 10 Soft Soap (Sapo mollis). 48.5 12.6 .38 •17 •93 1. 00 39-50 1.60 Sobbing [sob'-ing] [ME., sobben, to sob]. Convulsive inspirations due to contraction of the diaphragm and spasmodic closure of the glottis. The sound produced is characteristic. Soboliferous [sob-o-/if'-cr-iis) \_soboles, a shoot ; ferre, to bear]. Bearing vigorous shoots. Socaloin i^so-kal' -o-in) \_Soco/ra, an island in the Indian Ocean ; alori, aloes], CjjHjgO,. The aloin derived from socotrine aloes. Socia [so'-se-ah) [L.]. One accompanying. S. par- otidis, an occasional small, separate lobe, or exclave, of the parotid gland. Social (so'-skdl) \^sociits, a companion]. In biology, gregarious, growing near, or together. S. Evil, prostitution. Society Screw. The screw at the lower end of the draw- tube or body-tube of a microscope for receiving the objective. Socin's Antiseptic Paste. See Fas/e. Sociology (w-J;'-o/^-o-;>) \_socitis, a. fellovv'-being ; /o;of, a treatise]. A treatise on the mutual relations of people and of social organization. Sock [so/c] [ME., socl'c, a sock]. A short-legged stock- ing. Ss., Neapolitan, socks containing mercurial ointment, which are to be worn continuously for the purposes of inunction. Socket [ME. , jo/iv/, a socket]. The concavity or excavation of an articulation. Socle {so'-M) \soccus, a light shoe]. In biology, the supporting structure of the sense-organs of certain worms. See Pedalia. Soda lyso'-dah) [L.], Na^O. The oxid of the metal sodium. Also, popularly, almost any salt of sodium. .See Sodium. S.-ash, a substance produced in the manufacture of sodium carbonate. S., Baking, so- dium bicarbonate. S., Caustic, sodium hydroxid, a strongly alkaline base with a great affinity for water. S. -powder, a baking-powder. S., Washing, so- dium carbonate. S. -waste, a by-product in the manu- facture of sodium carbonate. S. -water, the so-called soda-water sold by druggists and confectioners con- sists of filtered water impregnated or aerated with carbon dioxid. It contains no soda. Sodamid [so' -dani-id) \_soda, soda; ainid'\, NHjNa. A crystalline substance formed from ammonia gas and metallic sodium. Sodic [so'-dil') \_sodn , soda]. Derived from or con- taining soda. Sodium [so'-de-um) \_soda, soda: gen., Sodii'\, Na = 23; quanti valence I; sp. gr. 0.972. A metal of the alkaline group, characterized by its strong affinity for oxygen. It has a silver-white luster, and is softer than lead. It decomposes water, forming sodium hydrate. The action of sodium salts is similar to that of potassium compounds. See Elements, Table of. S. acetas, NaC,H302.3H20, diuretic, a good saline draught. Dose gr. xx-^j. S. -amalgam, a compound of sodium and mercury. S. ben- zoas, NaCjHjO.^. Dose gr. x-xxx. S. bicar- bonas, HNaCOj, "saleratus," " baking - soda ; " antacid; 20 gr. neutralize 16. 7 gr. of citric acid or 17.8 gr. tartaric acid. Effervescent. It is much used for the aeration of quick -made bread. Dose gr. x-^j. S. bicarb., Troch., each contains gr. iij of the salt. S. bicarb, venalis, commercial bicarbonate. S. bromidum (B. P. ), NaBr. Dosegr. x-xxx. S. carbonas, Na.^CO.j antacid ; 20 gr. neu- tralize 9.7 gr. citric, or 10.5 gr. tartaric acid. Effer- vescent. Dose gr. v-xxx. S. carb. exsiccatus, the carbonate dried until it loses 50 per cent, of its weight. S. chloras, NaClOj, the basis of an agreeable gargle. Dose gr. v-xx. S. chloridum, NaCl, common salt, an agreeable condiment. Dose gr. x-;5j. S. ethylas, C^HjNaO, caustic alcohol, unof., in contact with water breaks into caustic soda and alcohol ; a strong caustic. S. formas, Na- CHOj.H.^O, used in the form of parenchyma- tous injections in surgical tuberculosis. Dose gr. ss-iij. S. hydras, Na(HO), "caustic soda," very alkaline and powerfully escharotic. S. hyposul- phis, Na^S.^O.) -\- SH^O, an antiseptic salt. S. iodi- dum, Nal. Dose gr. iij-x. Sodae, Liq., solution of soda. r)ose ■tT\^v-3ss; contains 56 parts of the hydrate in 944 of distilled water. S. nitras, Na- NO.p " cubic niter," " Chili saltpeter." S. santonas, Na.^Ci5H,g04, a vermifuge for threadworms. Dose gr. V. S. sulphas, Na^SO^, "Glauber's Salt," a mild purgative. Dosegr. v-xx; as a purgative §ss-j. S. sulphocarbolas, NaC|;H5S042H.^O. Dose gr. x-xv. S. valerianas, NaCjHgOj. Dose gr. j-v. Sodomist, Sodomite [sod'-om-isf, sod'-om-it) [So(5o//a, Sodom]. One guilty of sodomy. SoAomislic (sod - o - mis'- ti/c^ [2o(5o//a, Sodom]. Re- lating to sodomy. Sodomy (sod'-om-c) [Zw^ojia, .Sodom, a former city of Asia]. Sexual connection by the anus. S., Mastur- bating, a name proposed for intromission of objects into the rectum to produce sexual excitement. Soemmering's Bone. The marginal process of the malar bone. S.'s Crystalline Swelling, an annular swelling behind the iris, due to proliferation of the cells of the capsule after cataract-operation. S., Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of. S., Gan- glion of, the substantia nigra of the thalamus. S., Nerve of. See Arer-c^es, Table of. S., Yellow Spot of. See Macula Itttea. SOFT 1339 SOLUBLE Soft [ME. , .rc/?, soft]. Yielding readily to pressure; not hard. S. Palate. See Palate. Softening {sof -en-ing) [ME., soft, soft]. The act of becoming less cohesive, firm, or resistant. S., Acute Gastric, a disease of childhood in which the stomach and intestines are said to undergo softening. It is probably a post-mortem phenomenon. S., Anemic, disintegration and liquefaction of the brain-substance from lack of blood - supply . S. of the Bones, osteomalacia. S. of the Brain, a disease of the cerebral tissue dependent upon inflammation or blood- failure, the symptoms varying according to the part affected, but consisting in loss of function, partial or complete. According to the appearances present- ing the softening has been distinguished as red, yellow, or white. See General Paralysis of the Insane. S. Colliquative, the name applied to that condition in which the affected tissues liquefy. S., Esophageal, softening of the lower portion of the esophagus due to the solvent action of the gastric juice. S. of the Heart, myomalacia cordis, a softening of the cardiac muscle consequent on arterial anemia. S., Hemor- rhagic, the softening of parts involved in a hemor- rhage. S., Mucoid, myxomatous degeneration. S., Red, or Yellow (o/" the brain), when hemorrhage accompanies the ischemic softening, and the products of disintegration of the blood mingle with the nerve- substance, giving it a red or yellow hue. S. of the Spinal Cord, various stages in myelitis known by the terms gray, green, red, ivliite, and yellow softening. S. of the Stomach, gastromalacia, consequent upon highly acid contents with a feeble circulation in the walls, but usually a post-mortem phenomenon. See Auto-digestion. S. of a Thrombus, may be simple or red, piiriform or yellow, the latter resulting in the extremely unfavorable condition of Thrombophlebitis. S., White {of the brain), when the ischemia is un- accompanied with hemorrhage. Soil [ME., jo/Zi", soil]. The ground ; earth. S. -dis- eases, those diseases produced by emanations from a decomposing organic soil, or arising from imperfect drainage of decaying animal matter. S.-pipe, the main discharge-pipe of a system of house-plumbing ; usually an upright, hollow cylinder of iron. %o\a.{so' la") [Beng., Wa, the sola]. A plant of tropical regions, yEsehynomene aspera. Its pith-like wood is largely manufactured into pith helmets, or sun-hats, especially in India. Solanidin (so-lan' -id-in). See Solanin. Solanin [sol' -an -in) \solanum, the nightshade]. A glucosid found in Bittersweet. It is composed of sugar and another substance, jo/^? It is a poison- ous narcotic. Dose gr. 3^-iv. Unof. See Bittersweet. Solanoid [soV -an-oid) \solantim, nightshade; sMof, like]. Of a potato-like texture, as a solanoid car- cinoma. Solanum [so-la' -num) [L.]. A genus of the family of Solanace(E. The tomato, potato, jurubeba, and black nightshade belong to this genus. See also Bitter- siueet. Solar [so'-lar) \_solans, of the sun]. Pertaining to or resembling the sun. S. Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. S. Oil, an oily liquid produced from tar-oil by rectification and employed as an illuminant. S. Plexus. See Plexus. Solarium {so- la' -re-urn) \_solaris, solar; sol, sun]. A room enclosed with glass, and arranged for the ad- ministration of sun-baths. Solayre's Obliquity. See Obliquity. Soldaini's Reagent and Test. A reagent for testing for sugar in the urine. It consists of a solution of cupric carbonate in potassium dicarbonate. It is made by dropping into a saturated solution of potas- sium dicarbonate iron water, very gradually and with constant shaking, a saturated solution of cupric sul- phate until it ceases to be redissolved ; filter, and pre- serve in bottles. In testing add 2 c.c. to 4 c.c. of urine and heat. A yellow precipitate indicates glu- cose. Sole {sol) [ME., jo/if, sole]. The plantar surface of the foot. S. -leather. See Leather. S. -plate, {a) the name given by Boas to the palmar side of claws and hoofs, as distinguished from the volar side (Sohlen- horn) ; [b) the flattened nucleated mass of soft, faintly granular protoplasm closely applied to the sur- face of a voluntary muscle to receive the ultimate fibrillEe of the medullated nerve-fibers composing its motor supply. It forms part of the motor disc or end- plate. S. -reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. Solea {so' -le-ah). See Sole. Solearis {so-le-a' -ris). Synonym of Soleus. Solen {so'-len) [auTiijv, a channel]. I. A channel. 2. The central canal of the spinal cord. Solenochalasis {so-len-o-kal-a' -sis) \pu}iiv, channel; XoXaoTLKOi;, making supple]. Dilatation of a tubular organ. Solenostegnosis {so-len-o-steg-no' -sis) [au/J/v, a chan- nel ; CTtyvuaiQ, stenosis]. Constriction of a tubular organ. Soleus {so-le' -tis). See Muscles, Table of . Solid {sol' -id) \_solidus, solid]. A substance the mole- cules of which are in a condition of strong mutual attraction. S. Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. S. Ocular. See Ocular. S. Violet. Same as Gallo- cyanin. Solidago {sol-id-a' -go) \_solidus, solid : gen., Solidaginis']. Golden-rod, a genus of some 100 species of composite- flowered plants, mostly American. S. odora is car- minative, diaphoretic, stimulant, diuretic, and ant- emetic. S. rigida is tonic and astringent. S. vir- gaurea, of both continents, is astringent, tonic, and vulnerary. S6\i6.a.Y\X.y {sol-id -ar'-it-e) [^solidus, soWA']. The unitary nature of the relations of the various parts of an organ- ism, whereby all individual parts are subordinated to the welfare of the whole. Solidification {sol- id - if - ik - a'- shun) \_solidus, solid ; facere, to make]. The act of becoming solid, or of possessing molecular attraction. Solidism (W-Zo'-Zzw) \_solidus,%o\\A\ The theory that diseases depend upon alterations in the solids of the body. Solidist {sol'-id-ist) [jo//V//«, solid]. The name given to one opposed to the doctrines of the humoralists. Solitarius [sol-it -a' -re-zts) [L.]. .Single, solitary. Solitary {sol' -it-a-re) [solitarius, solitary]. Marked by solitude; single. S. Bundle, a strand of nerve-fibers in the medulla. S. Follicles, certain minute glands found in the mucous membrane of the intestines. S. Glands. See Gland. S. Kidney, Rokitan.sky's term for the single mass produced by the congenital fu- sion of the two kidneys. Solium {so' -le-um). See Tcenia solium. Solomon's Seal {soF -o-monz-sel). The root of Conval- laria polygonatum , a tonic, mucilaginous and slightly astringent. It was formerly a popular domestic remedy for rheumatism and gout, and is externally employed in contusions. Dose of fld. ext. ,^j-ij. Unof. Soluble {sol'-u-bi) \_sohtbilis, soluble]. That which may enter into solution. Capable of being dissolved. S. Albumin. See Native Albumin. S. Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. S. Eosin. See Pigments, Conspectus of. S. Glass, the silicate of sodium, potassium, or magnesium. A viscid liquid that hard- SOLUTE 1340 SOMATOPLEURA ens into a firm varnish when applied to bandages and dressings. S. Primrose. Same as Eiyihro- si'n. S. Starch (CgHj^Oj). Attiylodextrin ; a sub- stance obtained by heating starch paste to 40° C. on a water-bath and digesting witli a small amount of saliva. The solution loses its opalescent appearance and becomes limpid and clear, like water. It is dex- trorotatory and does not reduce Fehling's fluid. S. Stool, feces of semi-solid consistency. Solute [sc-/ii/') \_so/vere, to set free]. In biology: (a) free ; not adhering or adnate ; (b) soluble. Solutio [so-lu' -she-o) [L.]. A solution. Solution [so-ht' -shiin) \sohttio, a solution]. The over- coming of cohesion in the molecules of a solid by means of a liquid menstruum and their diffusion among those of the liquid. The infusion of the molecules of a gaseous or of a liquid substance among those of a liquid ; a liquid in which a solid has been dissolved; " a homogeneous mi-xture exerting an osmotic pressure." S., Arsenical, Liquor potassii arseiiitis. S., Bur- nett's, an aqueous solution of zinc chlorid. S., Centi- normal, a solution y-L of the strength of a normal solution. S. of Contiguity, the separation of two parts normally in contact. S. of Continuity, division of a tissue by traumatism, inflammation, or disease. S., Decinormal, a solution of the strength of a normal solution. S., DobeU's, a solution contain- ing 2 drams of borax, i of sodium bicarbonate, 45 grains of carbolic acid, I oz. of glycerin, and water to make I pint. S., Donovan's, a solution of the iodids of arsenic and mercury. S., Fehling's, a solution of cupric sul- phate, potassium tartrate, and sodium hydrate in water. It is used in testing for sugar. See Tests, Table of. S., Fowler's. Liquor potassii arsenitis. S., Kop- peschaar's, a decinormal bromin volumetric solution. It is employed to test the strength of carbolic acid. S., Labarraque's, a solution of chlorinated soda. S., Lugol's, a solution of iodin and potassium iodid in water. S., Magendie's, a solution of 16 grains of sulphate of morphin in I oz. of water. S., Mayer's, decinormal mercuric potassium iodid volumetric solu- tion. S., Monsel's, LJqiior ferri siibsiilpliatis. S., Normal, a standard solution containing in each liter an amount of the reagent sufficient to exactly replace or combine with one gram of hydrogen. S., Normal Saline, a solution of 75 parts of sodium chlorid in 10,000 of water. S., Saturated, a solution in which no more of the molecules of the solid can be diffused through the menstruum. See also Liquor. S., Semi- normal, a solution having j4 the strength of a normal solution. S., Standard, a solution containing definite quantities of chemicals whose exact reactions are known. S., Standardized, one made of standard strength. S., Vlemingkx's, a solution of quicklime and flowers of sulphur in water. It is useful in seborrhea. S., Volhard's, decinormal potassium sulphocyanate volumetric solution. S., Volumetric. See S., Standard. Solutol {sol'-u-tdl) \jolvere, to dissolve]. An alkaline solution of cresol in sodium cresol. It is prepared by adding cresol to an excess of caustic soda and then adding more cresol. It is used as a disinfectant. Solvent (soF-venf) [^solvere, to dissolve]. A liquid menstruum for effecting solution or overcoming molec- ular cohesion. Water is the chief solvent for crystal- line substances and salts, alcohol for gums and resins, and ether, chloroform, and benzine for fats. Solved {sol'-ve-ol). A neutral solution of cresol in sodium cresol ; it iS disinfectant and makes a clear mixture with water: o. 3 per cent, solutions may be used for asepsis ; 0.5 per cent, solutions for antisepsis. Solvine {soF-vin) \_soh'ej-e, to dissolve]. One of a number of liquids obtained from certain oils, by the action of concentrated sulphuric acid. They are blood-poisons, dissolving the red corpuscles. See Sulplioriiineolic Acid. Soma (so' -mail) \riuf.ta, the body: //. , Sojiiata'\. In biology, the body alone, considered without the limbs. Somacule (so' -inak-ill) [dim. of oC}fia, the body]. Foster's term for a physiologic unit corresponding to, but greatly more complex than, the chemic molecule, any division of which will interfere with its physiologic specificity. Somascesis {so-mas-se'-sis). See Gymnastics. Somatic (so-maf -ik) [^ou/jariKo^ ; au/ia, body]. Per- taining to the body or organism as a whole. S. Cavity, the body-cavity or perivisceral cavity. S. Cells, un- difterentiated body-cells or parenchyma-cells. S. Death, the final cessation of all vital activities in the body at large. See Death. S. Mesoderm, the upper or outer leaf of the mesoderm [Nautfaserl'iatt ) separated by the coelomic fissure from the lower or inner leaf (Darmfaserblatt). S. Musculature, the muscles of the outer wall of the body-cavity or somatopleure, as distinguished from those of the splanchnopleure, the splanchnic musculature. Somatoblast [so-?iiat'-o-blast) [co/in, body ; [i7MCT6(,s. germ]. Any plastidule from which cell-material (in contradistinction to nuclear material) is built up or developed. Somatocyst {so-mat'-o-sist) [aujta, the body ; kvcti^, bladder]. In biology, a pneumatophore formed by inflation of the stem or body, as in some Siphono- phora [P/iysa/ia). Somatodidymus ( so-mat-o-did' -im-iis ) [crw/za, body ; f!((5t)//of, twin]. A double monster having the trunks united. Somato-etiologic [so-tnaf -0- e-te-o-loj' -i k) [crw/za, body ; aiTia, cause; 'tiAyoi;, science]. Relating to some men- tal disturbance caused by physical disease. Somatogenic {so-mat-o-jen' -ik) [ff(j//a, the body ; yfw/f, produced]. Pertaining to somatogeny. Somatogeny (so-niat-oj'-en-e) [crw/ia, body; ytvvav, to produce]. The acquirement of bodily characters, especially the acquirement of characters due to the en- vironment. Somatologic (so-maf-o-/o/'-ik) [ffw//n, body ; loyoQ, science]. Pertaining, to somatology. Somatology (so-mat-oF -o-jc) \cii)na, body ; l-byof;, science]. The study of anatomy and physiology, or of organized bodies ; biology, apart from psychology. Somatome (ifj^-^wrtZ-ow) [crw/za, body; royii], section]. In biology, a transverse segment of an organized body; a somite ormetamere, actual or ideal. Goodsir's term for one of the primitive segments of a vertebrate ; " primitive vertebra ' ' ( Urwirbel). Cf. Metasomatomes. Somatomegaly {so - mat - a - meg'- al - e') [cii/za, body ; inyalri, large]. Gigantism. Somatomic {so-mal-om' -ik) [crtj/m, body ; Tajiuv, to cut]. Pertaining to a somatome. Somatopagus {so-umt-o-pa' -gus) [crw/ia, body ; irayof, fixed]. A double monstrosity having two trunks. Somatoplasm (so'- mat -0 - plazu:) [trw/za, the body; TT? (iff/in, anything formed]. In biology, the proto- plasm of the body-cells ; Weismann's term for that form of living matter which composes the mass of the body, and which is the subject of death, as distin- guished from germ-plasm, which composes the repro- ductive cells and is possessed of potential immortality. See Heredity . Somatopleura [so -mat - o - phi' - rah] \n<:,)na, the body; 7r;if7)pa, the side : //., Somatopleur,e\ In biology, the body-wall, composed of the somatic mesoderm and the ectoderm. SOMATOPLEURAL 1341 SORBINOSE Somatopleural [so - ?ndt - o - pin'- ?-al) \_aufia, body; nAevjja, side]. Pertaining to a somatopleura. Somatopleure {so' - Diat - o - pliir). Same as Somato- pleura. Somatopleuric {so-mat-o-pht' -rik). Same as So??iato- pL'uyal. Somatose (so' -mat-oz) [(Tw/io, body]. A proprietary albumose food-product. Somatotomy {so - mat - of - o - ?i/e) [cru/za, body ; to/z//, section]. Anatomy: dissection. Somatotridymus {so-mat-o-trid' -im-us) [ctw/zq, body; Tpl6v/wg, triple]. A monster with three trunks or bodies. Somatotropic [so-mat-o-trop' -ik) [uu/za, body ; Tpinetv, to turn]. In biology, exhibiting somatotropism. Somatotropism {so-mat-of -ro-pizm) \aC)na, the body ; Tperrtif, to turn]. In biology, the influence of the attraction of gravitation on growing organs in plants. Sombrerite [som-bra' -rit) [Sp., sombrero, a sounding- board]. An impure calcium phosphate, a source of phosphorus, found in West Indian guano. Somital {so'-mi/-al). Same as So/uitic. Somite (so'-mit) [cru^a, the body] . In biology, one of the segments, arthromeres, diarthromeres, or meta- meres of an articulated organism. Somitic '(so-mit'-ik) [trtj/ia, the body]. In biology, re- sembling or pertaining to a somite. Somnal [som'-nat ) \_somnHS, sleep], L,L,l2 '-"\NH.CO.OC2H. A hypnotic formed by the union of chloral, alcohol and urethan. It acts like chloral, but is more pleasant. Dose rr\^xxx. Somnambulism [som - nam'- bu - lizm) \_somnus, sleep; ambulare, to walk]. The condition of half-sleep, in which the senses are but partially suspended ; also termed sleep-walking. Also, the type of hypnotic sleep, in which the subject is possessed of all his senses, often having the appearance of one awake, but whose will and consciousness are under the control of the oper- ator. Charcot calls this simply somnambulism, v/hich constitutes the third type of the hypnotic state. The second he calls catalepsy, produced by the gong suddenly sounded or the electric light suddenly brought before the subject's eyes ; the eyes are wide open and the muscles acquire the curious waxy condition desig- nated as flexibilitas cerea. The subject seems to have no mental communication with the outside world. This latter characteristic also distinguishes lethargy, or the first type of the hypnotic state, in which there is un- consciousness, irresponsiveness of the senses to stim- ulation, and a fixed position of certain muscles. See, also, Hypnotism. Somniation {sovi-ne-a' -shiai) \somniatio'\. Dreaming. Somnifacient ■ {soi7i - nif - a'- se - ent) [somnus, sleep ; facere, to make]. I. Narcotic or soporific. 2. A medicine producing sleep ; a hypnotic. Somniferin {som-nif -er-ui) \_somnus, sleep ; ferre, to bear]. I. A morphin-ether discovered by Bombelon, said to be stronger than morphin, and without bad ef- fects or influence upon the heart. 2. An alkaloid de- rived from Withania somnifera, a solanaceous plant of Asia and the Mediterranean region. It is said to be narcotic. Unof. Somniferous, Somnific (som-nif ' -er-iis, som-nif -ik) [.ro;««2«, sleep ; ferre'\. Producing sleep. Somnific {som-nif '-ik) \_somims, sleep]. Causing sleep. Somnifugous {som-nif -it-gus') \somnus, sleep; fugere, to flee]. Driving away sleep. Somniloquence, Somniloquism, Somniloquy {som- nil' -o-kivens, som-nil' -o-kiviziii, som-nil' -o-kwe) \soin- nits, sleep; loqiii, to talk]. The act of talking in one's sleep. Somnium {som'-ne-u»i). See Dream. Somnolence {som'- no - lefts) \s07nn0lentia ; somnus, sleep]. A condition of drowsiness or sleep. Somnolent {so»i' -no-lent) \_somnolentiis~\. Inclined to sleep. Somnolentia {som-no-len' -she-ah) [L.]. Sleep-drunken- ness : a condition of incomplete sleep in which a part of the faculties are abnormally excited, while the others are in repose. Somnovigil {som-no-vij' -il). See Coma-vigil. Somnus {som' -mis). See Hypnosis. Sonde {sond) [Fr.]. See Sound. Sonitus (son' -it-us). See Tinnitus, Sonometer (so-nom'-ct-er) [sonus, a sound ; juerpov, a measure]. An instrument for determining the pitch of a sound, and also for determining its relation to a chord. Sonora (so-no'-rah). Gum. The gum of the creasote plant, Larrea mexicatia. Sonorous {so-no'-rus) \_sonus, sound]. Ringing; capable of producing a musical sound. Sonstadt's Solution. A solution used to test the specific gravity of gems. It consists of 3720 grains of red iodid of mercury and 2830 grains of iodid of po- tassium in i^Yz drams of distilled water. Sonus (so'-nus). See Sound. Soor (Sor) [G.]. See Thrush. Soot [ME., soot, soot]. A complex carbon deposit of wood-smoke ; an old-time remedy in certain diseases. S. -cancer. See Chimney-sweeps'' Camer. Sophistication {so-fis-tik-a'-shun) [(T0(■/)^(J-^^■(5f , deceit- ful]. The adulteration or imitation of a substance. Sophomania (sof - 0 - ma' - ne - ah) \go(\}6c^, wise; fiavia, madness]. Insanity in which the patient believes himself to excel in wisdom. Sophora {so-fo' -rah) [Arab.]. A genus of leguminous trees, shrubs, and herbs, mostly growing in warm re- gions. S. sericea (see Loco) is a poisonous plant of the U. S. ; its seeds contain sophorin. S. speciosa, a tree of Texas, also yields sophorin. Sophorin (i(7-/b'-;'2>/) [Arab.]. A paralyzant, poisonous alkaloid which exists in the seeds of some species of Sophora. Sophronistae dentes {sof-ro-nis'-te den'-tez). Wisdom- teeth, or dentes sapientiae. Sopient {so' -pc-ent) \sopor, sleep]. Sedative, soporific. Sopor {so'-por) [L.]. Sleep, especially the profound sleep symptomatic of a morbid condition. Soporifacient (so-por-ifa' -se-ent) \_sopor, sleep ; facere, to make]. A drug producing sleep ; a hypnotic. Soporiferous (so-por-if -er-us) \_sopor, sleep ; ferre, to bear]. Producing or causing sleep. Soporific {so-por-if -ik) [sopor, sleep; facere, to make]. I. Narcotic; inducing sleep. 2. A medicine or agent , which induces sleep ; a hypnotic. Soporose, Soporous {so' -por-bz, so'-por-us) [sopor, sleep]. Sleepy; partaking of the nature of sound sleep. Sora {so'-rah). Synonym of Urticaria. Sorbefacient (sor - be - fa'- se - ent) [sorbere, to suck; facere, to make]. I. Promoting absorption. 2. A medicine or agent that induces absorption. Sorbic (sor'-bik) [sorbus, the sorb-tree]. Pertaining to or derived from the mountain ash. S. Acid. See Acid. Sorbin {sor' -bin). See Sorbinose. Sorbinose {sor' -bin-dz) \_sorbus, the sorb-tree], CgHjjO,;. Sorbin, a ketone alcohol, found in mountain-ash ber- ries, and consisting of large crystals, which possess a very sweet taste. It reduces alkaline copper-solutions. SORBITE 1342 SOUND but is incapable of fermentation under the influence of yeast. See Carhohydrates, Table of. Sorbite (sor'-bit) \_sorbus^ the sorb-tree], C„H,^Og -|- H.jO. A hexahydric alcohol occurring in mountain- ash berries, forming small crystals which dissolve readily in water. They melt at iio° C. Sorbite cor- responds, in all probability, to grape-sugar. Sordes [sor'-dez) \_sorderi\ to be foul]. Filth. Pus or suppuration. Also, any filthy or morbid secretion or deposition, especially the crusts that accumulate on the teeth and lips in low fevers. S. aurium, cerumen. S. capitis. See Scabies capitis. S., Dental, the col- lection of matter found upon the teeth in some diseases. Sordid (wr'-o'/i/ ) [-ttiri/^rf , to be dirty]. In biology, dull or dirty in hue. Sore {sdr) [ME., sore, sore]. I. Any ulcer, chafe, or wound ; a sensitive, inflamed spot. 2. Painful. S., Bed, a localized gangrene depending upon subnormal trophic conditions and decubitus. S.-eyed, affected with ophthalmia or blepharitis. S., Fungating, a soft chancre with abundant granulations. S., Hard. Synonym of Cliancre. S. -heels. See Horse-pox. S., Hunterian, a true or hard chancre. S., Indurated, S., Infecting. Synonyms of Chancre. S. -mouth, stomatitis. S. -mouth, Nursing, that produced by nursing. S., Oriental, a general term for any one of a number of suppurative sores of the Orient. S., Soft, a chancroid. S. -throat, a popular name embracing almost every inflammation or morbid affection of the throat. S. -throat, Clergymen's, chronic follicular pharyngitis. S. -throat. Gouty, a pharyngitis due to gout. S. -throat. Hospital, chronic pharyngitis. S.- throat, Malignant, S. -throat. Putrid, pharyngitis attended with ulceration. S. -throat. Rheumatic, pharyngitis due to rheumatism. S. -throat, Ulcer- ated, pharyngitis attended with ulceration. S., Veneral, a chancroid. Sorediate [so-rc' -de-at) [crw/for, a heap]. In biology, bearing soredia. Sorediferous (sor-e-dif -er-jis) [cupog, a heap ; ferre, to bear]. In biology, bearing soredia. Soredium [so-re' -de-uni) [ufj/jor, a heap ; /'J/or, a dim. suffix: //., Soredia\ In biology, one or more algal cells wrapped in hyphte and discharged from the fronds of lichens, serving the purposes of vegetative propa- gation. Sorghum (ji5r'-o-2//«) [.wy?^^, sorghum]. A variety of sugar-cane, S. saccliaratiiin,oi the family Graminacece. Also a syrup made from the expressed inspissated juice of the same. Soroche [so-ro'-ke] [Sp.]. Mountain sickness. Sorophore (so'-ro-for) [(Twpdf, a heap; fopng, bear]. In biology, the cushion lying along the ventral edge of the sporocarp of Marsilea^ which at germination becomes detached at one end, and exposed in the form of a cord, bearing the sori in two rows. Sororiation {sor-or-e-a'-shun) \joror, a sister]. The development which takes place in the female breasts at puberty. Sorose [so'-roz] \oup6c, a heap]. In biology, bearing a sorits or a sorosis. Sorosis [so-ro' -sis) [aupoc, a heap]. In biology, a fruit like that of the mulberry, which consists of a collec- tion of small, fleshy fruits, the product of a compact flower-cluster. Sorrel [sor'-el) [ME. , re/, sorrel] . See S/ieep-sorre/. S.-tree. .See Soiir'wood. Sorts (sortz) [ME., sort, sort]. In the drug-trade, refuse or culls ; the poorest grade of any drug. Sorus (so'-rtis) [c7(jp()f, a heap : //. , Sori^. The name applied to the fruit-dot or collection of sporangia of the ferns. Sosibious {so-sib' -e -Its) \_ad)(^eiv, to save; /3'Of, life]. Able to preserve life. Soteriology [so-te-re-ol' -o-je). Synonym of Hygiene. Soudan Brown. See Pigments, Conspectus of. S. Red. Same as Naplitlialin-red . Souffle (joo'yi?) [Fr.]. A blowing sound, 'iee Murmur. S., Cardiac. See Heart-murmur. S., Fetal, an in- constant murmur heard during pregnancy, and sup- posed to be due to the compression of the umbilical cord. S., Funic or Funicular, a hissing sound, synchronous with the fetal heart-sounds, heard over the abdomen of a pregnant woman. S., Splenic, a sound said to be audible over the spleen in cases of malaria, leukemia and biliary calculus. S., Umbili- cal. See S., Funic. S., Uterine, the proper term for what was formerly called the Placental Souffle, a sound heard in the latter months of pregnancy, and caused by the entrance of blood into the dilated ar- teries of the uterus. Soul {sol) [ME., soule, soul]. The moral and emo- tional part of man's nature. S. -blindness. See Blindness, Psychic, and Apraxia. S., Spinal, a sup- posititious consciousness present in the spinal cord. Sound [sownd) [ME., so7imde,iovLnA'\. The sensation produced upon the auditory nerve by aerial vibrations. See Hearing. Also, an instrument for insertion into the bladder to test for calculus. S., Anasarcous, a moist bubbling sometimes heard on auscultation when the skin is edematous. S., Bandbox, the resonant percussion-note sometimes heard in emphysema. S., Bellocq's. See Bellocf s cannula. S., Bellows, an endocardial murmur which sounds like a bellows. See £ell07ijs. S., Blowing, a blowing murmur. S., Bottle. See A?nphoric Murmur. S., Bronchial, the large, harsh sound of bronchial respiration. Ss., Cardiac. See S., Heart. S., Cracked-pot, a form of tympanitic resonance indicative of a cavity. S., Esophageal, a long flexible sound for examina- tion of the esophagus. Ss., Fetal Heart-, the sounds produced by the beating of the fetal heart, best heard near the umbilicus of the mother. S., Flapping, the clap made by the closure of the cardiac valves. Ss., Friction-, the sounds produced by the rubbing of one rough surface upon another. S., Funicu- lar Bellows. See Souffle. Ss., Heart-, the two sounds heard over the cardiac area. The first, dull and prolonged, is said to sound like lubb, and is isochronous with the systole of the ventricles. The second, sharp and short, is said to sound like dup, and is isochronous with the closure of the semilunar valves. S., Hollow. See Amphoric Percussion. S., Kettle-singing, a chest-sound sometimes heard in incipient pulmonary tuberculosis. It resembles water boiling in a kettle. S., Lacrymal, a fine sound for exploring or dilating the lacrymal canal. S., Metallic Heart-. See Metallic Murmur. S., Metamorphos- ing Breath-, a sound due to the passage of air through a narrow opening into and out of a pulmonary cavity. S., Muscle-, the sound heard through the stethoscope when placed over a muscle in the state of contrac- tion; sussurus. S., Osseous, a high-pitched intense auscultatory sound having a slightly metallic timbre. S., Pulmonary, the respiratory murmur. S., Respira- tory, respiratory murmur. S., Sawing, a cardiac murmur resembling the sound produced by sawing. S. -shadow, the interference with a sound-wave caused by an object being placed between the ear and the source of sound. S., Subjective. See Phonisvi. S., To-and-fro, the friction-sound of pericarditis and pleuritis. S., Tubular, the sound of tracheal respiration. S., Urethral, an elongated steel instru- ment, usually slightly conical, for examination and SOUR 1343 SPAGIRIC dilatation of the urethra. S., Uterine, a graduated probe for measurement of the uterine cavity. Sour [sow?-)[MK. , soitr, sour^. Having an acid taste ; fermented. S. Dough. 'Ate Leave/i. S. -wood, sorrel- tree ; the leaves of Oxydendron arboreiim ; they are tonic, refrigerant and diuretic, and of reputed value in dropsy. Dose of the fid. ext. Tt\_xxx-3ij. Unof. Souring (smvr'-ing) [ME. , sour]. A disease of wine due to the conversion of the alcohol into acetic acid. It is caused by the formation in the wine of the vinegar plant. Southern {sti/k'-ern) [ME., wz^/Z/tv-w^, southern]. Per- taining to the south. S. Vanilla. See Liatris odora- tissima. S.-wood. See Artemisia. Southey's Drainage-tubes. Small tubes employed for draining away the fluid from limbs that are the seat of extensive anasarca. It is said that large amounts of fluid can thus be drained away in a comparatively short time, and that there is but slight risk of erysipe- las or other inflammatory process being set up around the puncture. Soy Bean, or Soya Bean (soi' or soi'-yah) [Jap.]. A kind of bean, the seed of Glycine soja (also referred to as Soja hispida and DolicJtos sinensis), a ])Iant of Japan and China and India.' Diabetic bread, biscuits, and cakes are prepared from its flour, which contains no starch. The sauce called soy\?> also made from this bean. Soyka's Plates. Dishes employed in the cultivation of bacteria. They are similar to Petri's capsules, but differ from them in having from eight to ten depres- sions ground in the lower plate, which resemble the "wells" in hollow slides. Sozal {so'-zal) [o-yCfi', to protect]. An astringent organic salt of aluminum, used as an antiseptic. Sozin [so'-zin) [auCfn', save, keep]. In biology, a de- fensive proteid which occurs naturally in a normal animal ; one of the two provisional classes into which Hankin divides Alexins or defensive proteids. See Proteids, Defensive, and Toxosozin. Sozodont [so' -zo-dont) \_aoCeiv, to protect; orWf, tooth]. A dentrifice supposed to be prepared mainly of Castile soap and alcohol. Sozoiodol (so-zo-i' -o-dol) [crofEff, to save ; (urf^f, like a violet], CjH2(HS0.5)I,^.OH. A combination of sul- phur, iodin, and carbolic acid. It is useful as an an- tiseptic. Sozolic Acid {so-zo' -lik). See Aseptol. Space (spas) space, space; spatium, space]. A name given for purposes of description to sundry en- closed or semi-enclosed places within or about the body. S., Anterior Perforated, a triangular space at the mesal side of the Sylvian fissure. S.', Arach- noid. See S., Subarachnoid, and S., Subdural. S., Axillary, the axilla. S., Bregmatic, the anterior fontanel. S., Circumlental, the interspace between the ciliary body and the equator of the lens. Ss., Circumvascular Lymph-, channels surrounding the blood-vessels and communicating with lymphatic ves- sels. S., Corneal, that between the corneal layers. S., Douglas's. See Douglas' s Pouch. S., Epidural (of the spinal canal), a lymph-space between the spinal dura and the periosteum lining the canal. S. -feelings, Hering's term for the perceptions or inferences of space-relations resulting from the retinal image. S. of Fontana, one of the intercommunicating cavities in the spongy tissue occupying the angle between the cornea and the iris. S., Haversian or Medullary, in the cancellous tissue of bone. S. of His. See S., Cir- cumvascular Lymph-. Ss., Intercellular, cavities formed by the splitting or separation of the walls of ad- joining cells. S., Intercostal, the space between two contiguous ribs. S., Intercrural. "rite. S., Interpedun- cular. Ss., Interfascicular, spaces between the bun- dles in fibrous tissue. S., Interglobular, an apparent, irregular space in the interglobular substance of the dentine. S., Intermesoblastic, the cavity between the visceral and parietal laminte of the mesoblastic plates of the embryo. Ss., Intermetatarsal, spaces between the metatarsal bones. S., Interosseous, the space between two parallel bones. S., Interpa- rietal. 'Set S. ,J'irchow- J^obin. S., Interpeduncular, a diamond-shaped depression at the base of the brain, lying between the optic tracts and the crura cerebri. S., Intertunical. 'its S., Virchow-Robin. S., Inter- vaginal (of the optic nerve). See S., Sub7'aginal. S., Investing. See Lymph-sinus. S., Ischio- rectal. See Ischio - rectal Fossa. S., Lacunar. .See Lacuna. S., Lymph, a sinus or space through which lymph passes. S., Marrow. See Medul- lary Cavity. S., Mediastinal, the cavum medi- astinum. S., Pelvirectal, the same as the Ischio- rectal Fossa, q. V. Ss., Pericellular, lymph-spaces in the brain. S., Perichoroidal, a lymph-space between the sclera and the choroid. S., Perigas- tric, the cavity surrounding the stomach and other viscera. Ss., Perineuria], lymph-spaces between the lamellae of the perineurium. S., Perivascular. See S., Circu?nvascular Lymph-. S., Perivitelline. See S., Yolk. Ss., Placental Blood-, the intervillous lacunae of the placenta. Ss., Pleuro-peritoneal. See S., Intermesoblastic. S., Poiseuille's. See S., Lymph-. S., Popliteal, a lozenge-shaped space at the back of the knee and thigh. S., Posterior Per- forated, the depression just behind the albicantia at the base of the brain. S., Posterior Triangular, the space lying above the clavicle and between the sterno- cleido-mastoid and the trapezius muscle and the occi- put. S., Prevesical, a space lying immediately above the pubis and between the transversalis fascia and the posterior surface of the rectus abdominis. S., Re- troperitoneal, the space lying behind the peritoneum, but in front of the spinal column and the lumbar mus- cles. S., Semilunar, of Traube. .See Semilunar. S. -sense, the faculty by which the form of objects is recognized. S., Subarachnoid, the space between the arachnoid and the pia proper. It contains the cerebrospinal fluid. S., Subdural, the space between the dura and the arachnoid. Normally it contains only a capillary layer of fluid. S., Subvaginal, a lymph-space within the sheath of the optic nerve. S. of Tenon, a lymph-space between the sclera and the fascia of Tenon. S., Traube's, a semilunar tympanitic space overlying the stomach. See .Semi- lunar. S., Utero-rectal. .See Douglas's Pouch. S., Utero-vesical, the utero-vesical fossa. S., Vir- chow - Robin, an adventitious lymph - space found between the coats of the cerebral capillaries. S., Visual, the visual field. S., Yolk, the .space formed by the retraction of the vitellus from the zona pel- lucida. Spadiceous (spa-dish' -us) [ (T-rf(i/f, a palm branch]. In biology, bearing a spadix. Spadicose (spa'-dik-dz) \_nKd6iS, a palm branch] . In biology, spadiceous. Spadix (spa'-diks) [crn-dd/f , a palm branch : //. , Spa- dices']. In biology, a fleshy spike, .commonly en- veloped in a spathe. Spaeth and Braun, lodoform-bacillus of. A medi- cated bacillus for use in puerperal fever. It consists of iodoform 20 grams, gum arabic. glycerin, and pure starch each 2 grams, made into three suppositories. One is introduced into the uterine cavity. Spagiric (spaj-ir'-ik) \_aTtaeiv, to stretch or rend; SPAGIRISM 1344 SPASMOTOXIN ayeipeiv, to collect]. Pertaining to the obsolete chemic, or Paracelsian, school of medicine. Spagirism ( spaj' -e-rizm ) [ nnaeiv, to stretch ; ayeipeiv, to collect]. The Paracelsian, or spagiric school, or doctrine, of medicine. Spagirist {spaj' -e-rist ) [crTrafa', to stretch ; aydptiv , \.o collect]. A Paracelsian; a physician of the obso- lete alchemistic school. Spamenorrhea ( spa-iiicn-or-e' -aJi ) [ffTrdvif, scarcity ; pilv, month ; poia, flow ]. Scantiness of menstruation. Span {span) \ciTav, draw out ; spafium, space, exten- sion] . The distance between the tip of the thumb and the little finger outstretched. Spanemia, Spanaemia {span e' -me-ah). See Ane?nia. Spanemic, Spanaemic {span-e' -mik). See Anemic. Spanipelagic {span-ip-el-aj'-ik) \cTTav6t;, scarce, rare; 7rf/^a;7Kd(:, pertaining to the open sea]. In biology, applied to such marine organisms as only rarely come to the surface, living mostly in the ocean-depths. Cf. Planktoti. Spanish {span'-isJi) , Spainisc, Spanish]. Per- taining to Spain. S. Black. See Pig))ients, Con- spectus of. S. Brown. See Pigments, Conspectus of. S. Catarrh. Synonym of Influenza. S. Fly. See Cantharis. S. Needle. See Bidens. S. Red. ^2LVi\t.2L'i Venetian Red. S.White. 'Ha.xa.e us Bismuth White. S. Windlass. See Carrot. Spanopogon {sfaji-o-po' -gd>i) [andviq, scarcity; niiyuv, the beard]. A man having little or no beard. Sparadrap {spar'-a-drap) \sparadrapum : pL, Spara- drapa'\. A waxed cloth ; also a plaster, spread upon cotton, linen, silk, leather, paper, or the like. Sparagmatodes {spar-ag-inat-o' -dez) [airdpayfia, a piece torn off ; e'l^oc, like]. Afflicted with convulsions or cramps. Sparagmos {spa?--ag'-/nos) [airapayfid^, a tearing]. A cramp ; a choking sensation. Sparagmus {spar-ag' -mus) \p-!rapa)i6(;, a tearing : //. , Sparagmi'^. A severe convulsion; a laceration, or tearing. Sparallium {spar-al' -e-u>n) [L. ]. An old name for a vaginal clyster. Spare {spar) [AS., spar, sparing]. Lean; t,hin. Sparganosis {spar-gan-o' -sis) \_anapy(ivuaic, a swath- ing]. Same as Spargosis. Spargosis {spar-go' -sis) [anapyuaig ; oirapyaeiv, to be distended]. A term loosely applied to enlargement of the breasts ; distention of a secretory organ ; the swathing of a child's head in cloth ; elephantiasis, 17. 7'. Spartein {spar-te' -in) [cTrnprov, Spanish broom], Cj,- H.,r,N,. A volatile liquid alkaloid not containing oxygen. It occurs in Sarothamnus scoparius (see Scoparius) , and is a colorless, thick oil, boiling at 311° C. It is narcotic. It stimulates the action of the vag^s, and acts more quickly than digitalis, but not as powerfully. It is an uncertain diuretic and cardiac tonic, but is often efficacious when digitalis fails. Dose gr. tjV-^^ Spartium {spar' -te-um) \aT^dpTov, Spanish broom]. A genus of leguminous plants. S. junceum, Spanish broom, a leguminous Old-world shrub. In small doses its seeds are diuretic and tonic ; in larger doses, cath- artic and emetic. Spasm {spazt?i) [cr7rac7//of, a drawing]. Convulsive muscular contraction, local or general, voluntary or involuntary. S., Bell's, convulsive facial tic. S., Bronchial, asthma. S., Clonic, alternate muscular contraction and relaxation. S., Cynic. See .Spasimis cynicus. S., Drivers', one of the so-called profes- sional neuroses. It consists of cramp-like pains in the arms of drivers upon taking the reins in the hands. S., Facial, a peculiar clonic contraction of the muscles supplied by the facial nerve,- at times confined to the muscles surrounding the eye, or else involving one entire side of the face. It is usually reflex in origin, and due to carious teeth or other local irritation. S., Fixed, permanent or continuous tetanic rigidity of one or more muscles. S. of the Glottis. See Laryngismus stridulus. S., Habit-, half-volun- tary spasmodic movements, the result of habit, some- times called Ilabit-chorea . S., Histrionic, a con- dition in which local involuntary twitchings of the face, acquired in childhood, persist during adult life, and are increased by emotional causes. S., Inspira- tory, a spasmodic contraction of nearly all the inspi- ratory muscles. S., Lingual. See Aflithongia. S., Mobile, slow, irregular movements depending upon hemiplegia. S., Perineal. See Vaginodynia. S., Phonetic (of the glottis), spastic aphonia consisting of a spasm of the glottis, with elevation, resulting in in- terference with respiration. S., Salaam, clonic spasm of the muscles of the leg, causing jumping movements. S., Sewing, an affection of tailors, seamstresses, and shoemakers, in which clonic and tonic spasms attack the muscles of the hands on attempting to use them in the regular work. S., Smiths', a spasm that occurs in those engaged in pen-blade manufacturing, saw- straightening, razor-blade striking, scissors-making, file-forging, etc. It consists in spasmodic movements of the arm used, and finally paralysis. Hemiplegia, Hephestic. S., Spinal Accessory. See Pic rotatoire. S., Synclonic, tremulous agitation. S., Tonic, per- sisting rigidity of contraction. See, also, Carpopedal, Histrionic , Nictitating, A'odding, Saltatorial, Tetanic, etc. S., Winking. See Spasmus nictitans. S., Writers', writers' cramp, q. v. Spasmatic {spaz-maf -ik) [o-Tracr/iof, spasm]. Pertaining to spasm ; also, one in convulsions. Spasmi {spaz'-ml) \_pl.. Spasmus']. Spasms. Spasmo- {spaz' -mo ) \_a-aafi6c, spasm]. A prefix to denote connection with, or relation to, spasm. Spasmodermia {spaz-mo-der' -me-ah) \_(!7Taa/i6g, spasm; fitpfxa, skin]. A spasmodic skin-affection. Spasmodic {spaz-mod' -ik) [f77rn(T/zw(f;?f]. Pertaining to convulsion or spasm. S. Cholera. Synonym of Cholera morbus. S. Colic. See Cramp Colic. S. Croup. See Laryngistnus stridulus. S. Dorsal Tabes. See Charcot' s Disease. S. Dysmenorrhea. Same as Dysmenorrhea, Idiopathic. S. Neurosis. See Neurosis. S. Spinal Paralysis. See Lateral Sclerosis, Primary. S. Tabes dorsalis. See Para- plegia, Infantile Spasmodic, and Lateral Sclerosis, Primary. S. Theory of Inflammation. See Theory. S. Torticollis. See Tic rotatoire. Spasmodyspnea (spaz' - mo - disp - ne - ah) [arraofioi;, spasm ; dyspnea]. Spasmodic difficulty of breathing. Spasmolipopyria {spaz-mo-lip-op-i' -re-ah) [(T/ra(T//(5?, spasm; 'Aeiweiv, to leave; Trvp, fever]. A disease in which death takes place from convulsions, there being no fever present. It is supposed to be a form of yellow fever. Spasmologic {spaz-mo-loj' -ik) [a-Kaaix6<;, spasm ; 7<.6yoc^, science]. Pertaining to spasmology. Spasmology {spaz-mol'-o-jc) \_anaaii6(;, spasm ; Aoyof , a treatise] . The sum of scientific knowledge of the nature and causes of convulsions. Spasmolygmus {spaz-mo-lig' -mus) . See Hiccough. Spasmophilia {spaz - mo -fil'- e - ah) [(i7raa,u<5f, spasm ; (piMciv, to love]. A morbid ease or tendency of being thrown into spasms. Spasmorthopnea {spaz - ?nor - thop - ne' - ah) [(j7raff/iof , spasm; (ip^?of, straight ; ttveZi', to breathe]. Spasmodic orthopnea. Spasmotoxin {spaz-mo-toks' -in) la-rraa/iot;, spasm ; rofi- Kor, poison]. A ptomain-base of composition yet SPASMOTRACHEOCYNANCHE 1345 SPECIFIC undetermined, obtained by Brieger from cultures of the tetanus-germ, together with other unnamed toxins, one of which induced complete tetanus, with salivation and lacrymation. Spasmotoxin induces in animals violent clonic and tonic convulsions. See Ptomains, Table of. Spasmotracheocynanche (spaz' -mo-tra' -ke-o-sin-ang' - kf). Synonym of Asthma. Spasmous [spaz'-mus) [cnaaiiog, spasm]. Having the nature of a spasm. Spasmus [spaz'-mns) [airaofiog, spasm]. A spasm. S. bronchialis. Synonym of Bronchial Asthma. S. cynicus, spasmodic contraction of muscles on both sides of the mouth, giving a grinning expression. S. intestinorum. Synonym of /^/a. S. muscu- laris. Synonym of Cramp. S. nictilans, spasmodic action of the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle, causing a winking like movement of the lid. S. nutans, salaam convulsions, nodding spasm. S. oculi. Syn- onym of Nystagmus. S. ventriculi. Synonym of Enteralgia and of Gastrodynia. Spastic (spas' -tik) \_o-aaTiK6<: ; anaeiv, to draw] . Per- taining to or characterized by spasms. Drawn out of shape or contracted by disease ; applied especi- ally to a muscle. S. Anemia, anemia with abnormal smallness of the arteries. S. Diplegia. See Para- plegia, Infantile Spas?iiodic. S. Paralysis. See Paralysis. Spasticity [spas-tis^-it-e) [pKaariKog ; ffTrdtw, to draw]. The quality of being spastic ; the state of, or tending toward, spasm. Spatha [spa'-thah) [crTrd^?;/, a broad, flat blade : Spathce^. Same as Spathe. Spathaceous {spa - tha' - se- us) {oiraQiu a broad, flat blade]. Furnished with a spathe, or resembling a spathe. Spathal [spa' -thai) [cKdOrj, a broad, flat blade]. In biology, inclosed in or furnished with a spathe. Spathe [spath) \_aKaHri, a broad, flat blade]. In bi- ology, a peculiar bract, often large and colored, which subtends or encloses a spadix. Spathed [spdthd). Same as Spathaceous. Spathella (spa-thcl' -ah) [(jTrdfi'//, a blade]. In biology, [a) one of the glumes of a grass ; (i^) see Spathilla. Spathilla (spa-thil' -ah) [dim. of spatha, a spathe]. In biology, a diminutive spathe. In the palms spathilke surround separate parts of the inflorescence. Spatile {spat-il'-e) \pv:aTikif\. Loose liquid feces, i Spatium [spa'-ske-nm). See Space. Spatula (spat' -u-lah). A flexible steel blade used for spreading ointments, dispensing medicines, and other purposes in the manipulation of medicines. S., Tongue, a tongue-depressor. I Spatular \spat' -u-lar) \spatula, a spatula]. Like a !' spatula. Spatulate (j/^/'-w-Za/) a blade]. In biology, resembling an old-fashioned spatula in outline. Ap- plied to leaves and other flattened organs. Spatule {spat' -ill) \_spatula, a blade]. In biology, a |: structure having a spatulate shape. 1 Spatuliform {spat' -u-lif-orm). Same as Spatulate. I Spatuligerous {spat - u - lij' - er - us) [spatula, spatula; j gerere, to heRr^. In biology, provided with a spatula. I Spavin {spav'-in) \_M'E. , spat'eyne, spavin]. A disease I of horses affecting the hock -joint, or joint of the hind P leg between the knee and the fetlock. S., Blood, a dilatation of the vein that runs along the inside of the hock of ahorse, forming a soft swelling. S., Bog, an encysted tumor on the inside of the hock of a horse, containing gelatinous matter. S., Bone, a j disease of the bones at the hock -joint. S., High, an I enlargement on the upper and inner part of the hock. 85 Spawn [ME., j/OTWZi'w, to spawn]. Inbiology: I. Ap- plied to aggregates of young animals during their early stages. 2. To produce or lay eggs, e.g. a fish. Spay {spa) [uTraduj', a eunuch]. To castrate. To remove the ovaries of a female. Speak (speh) [ME., speken, to speak]. To use articu- late utterance. Speakers' Cramp. See Dysphonia spastica. Spearmint (sper' -mint). See Mentha viridis. S., Oil of, a colorless oil obtained from Alentha viridis by distillation. Specialist {spesh' -al-ist ) \specialis, belonging to a species]. One, especially a physician or surgeon, who limits his practice to certain specified diseases, or to the diseases of a single organ or class. Speciality, Specialty {spesh-e-al'-it-e, spesh' -al-te) \species, species]. The particular branch pursued by a specialist. Specialization (spesh-al-iz-a' -shun) \_specialis, belonging to a species]. In biology, the modification of simple homogeneous tissues into special organs or parts adapted to the localization of function. See Differen- tiation. Species (spe'-shez) \species, species]. I. That which may be distinguished by its characteristics. Also, in biol- ogy, a group of things having a number of common characteristics ; one of the constituent groups of a genus. " The smallest group to which distinctive and invari- able characters can be assigned." (Huxley.) "An assemblage of individuals which differ from each other by very small or trifling and inconstant charac- ters, of much less value than those in which they differ from any other assemblage of individuals." (J. L. Le Conte.) 2. A name in German and Prench pharmacy, and in the National P'ormulary, for certain mixtures of herbs, used in making decoctions and infusions. S. -cycle, in biology, the entire series of forms exhibiting or illustrating all the phases in the life-history of a species. S. emoUientes, a mixture of the leaves of althea and mallow, of the leaves and branches of the melilot, of matricaria and flaxseed, in equal parts ; used as an emollient cataplasm ; it is official in Germany and is given in the National Formulary. S. laxantes. See Saint Genimin Tea. S., Morphologic, one of " such living beings as con- stantly resemble one another so closely that it is im- possible to draw any line of demarcation between them, while they differ only in such characters as are associated with sex." (Huxley.) S., Nascent, an incipient species; a form undergoing modification. S., Origin of, a term employed by naturalists to denote the evolution of differentiated groups or spe- cies from groups of individuals characterized by gen- eral similarity or by homogeneity of structure. S. pectoralis. See Breast-tea, German. Specific {spe-sif -ik) \_species, species; facere,\.o make]. Of or pertaining to a species ; that which distinguishes a thing or makes it of the species of which it is. Also, a medicine which has a selective curative influence on an individual disease. S. Conduction-resistance, the special conduction-resistance dependent upon the molecular properties of the conducting material. S. Diseases, those supposed to be directly the result of the action of a distinct contagium, virus, or microbe ; especially applied to syphilis. S. Gravity. See Gravity. S. Heat, the amount of heat given off or absorbed by a definite weight (l lb or I kilo) in undergoing a measured change of temperature (1° C. or 1° F.). S. Intensity, a term used in vital statistics to represent the number living at any age divided by the number dying at that age. It is highest at about 14 years of age. S. Names, the last term of an onym SPECIFICITY 1346 SPECTRUM in binomial nomenclature. S. Rotatory Power, the angle of rotation which a layer of unit-thick- ness would give to a certain light-ray. S. Stain, a pigment used in microscopy, liaving a peculiar affinity for certain histologic elements. The chief are : Anilin Chlorid, Acid Fuchsin, Congo Red, Gold Chlo- rid, lodin. Methyl-violet, Nigrosin, Osmic Acid, Phlo- roglucin. Rose Bengale, Safranin, Silver Nitrate, Victoria Blue. See Stain, Plasmatic Stain, A^iiciear Stain, and Table of Stains. S. Warmth, that amount of warmth which is necessary to warm one gram of a given substance one degree. According to Adam- kiewicz, the specific warmth of muscle is even greater than that of water, although it has been assumed that the specific warmth of water is greater than that of any other known substance, with the exception of hydrogen. Specificity {spes-if-is' -it-e) \species, species ; facere, to make] . The cjuality of being specific, or of accom- plishing a determinate function and not another. The ciualities giving an organ or tissue a distinct character. Specillum [spe-sil' -urn) [L. : //. , Spedlla'\ . A probe, especially one of silver, armed with a button-shaped head, for exploring wounds, fistulse, etc. Specimen {spes'-i/n-eji) [L.]. An example; an ex- hibit. S., Living, sometimes applied to a patient ex- hibited before an audience. Spectacles [spek'-tak-ls] \spectacidu7n, a show] . Framed or mounted lenses for the correction of optical or muscular defects of the eye. See Lens. The differ- ence between the old and new systems of numbering lenses is shown in the annexed Table, from Landolt. COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE INCH AND THE METRIC SYSTEMS OF NUMBERING SPECTACLE- LENSES. (From Landolt.) Inch System. Metric System. f lens in inch system. distance in lish inches. X of refrac- distance in meters. alents in di- ies (D). er of lens netric sys- distance in meters. distance in lish inches. :sponding of^ the inch :m. Index of ction = 1.53. > ^ umb in 1 tem ocal milli — M o 6 0* 0 « C on No. sysl reir 2; (I. tL. w D 72 67.9 1724 0.58 0.25 4000 157-48 166.94 6o 56.6 1437 0.695 0-5 2000 78.74 83-46 48 45-3 1 150 0.87 0-75 1333 52-5 55-63 42 39-6 1005 0.99 I. 1000 39-37 41-73 36 34- 863 1. 16 1-25 800 31-5 33-39 30 28.3 718 1-39 1-5 666 26.22 27-79 24 22.6 574 1-74 1-75 571 22.48 23-83 20 18,8 477 2.09 2. 500 19.69 20.87 i8 IT- 431 2.31 2.25 444 17-48 18-53 i6 IS- 381 2.6 2-5 400 15-75 16.69 15 14.1 358 2.79 3- 333 13-17 13-9 14 13-2 335 2.98 3-5 286 11.26 11-94 13 12.2 312 3-20 4- 250 9.84 10.43 12 II-3 287 3-48 4-5 222 8.74 9.26 II 10.3 261 3.82 5- 200 7-87 8.35 10 9-4 239 4.18 5-5 182 7.16 7.6 9 8-5 216 4-63 6. 166 6-,54 6.93 8 7-5 190 5-25 7- 143 5-63 5-97 7 6.6 167 5-96 8. 125 4-92 5-22 6^ 6.13 155 6.42 9- III 4-37 4-63 6 5-6 142 7- 10. 100 3-94 4-17 i% 5-2 132 7-57 II. 91 3-58 3-8 4-7 119 8.4 12. 83 3-27 3-46 4'A 4-2 106 9-4 13- 77 3-03 3.21 4 3-8 96 10.4 14. 71 2.8 2.96 354 3-3 84 11-9 15- 67 2.64 2.8 3% 3-1 79 12.7 16. 62 2.44 2-59 3 2.8 71 14.0 17- ,59 2.32 2.46 2.6 66 15-I 18. 55 2.17 2.29 2^ 2-36 60 16.7 20. 50 1.97 1.09 2K 2.1 53 18.7 2 1.88 48 20.94 S., Bifocal. See Bifocal. S., Orthoscopic. See Orthoscopic. S., Pantoscopic, a synonym of S., Bifocal, q. v. S., Periscopic. See Periscopic. S., Prismatic, spectacles with prismatic lenses, either alone or combined with spheric or cylindric lenses. S., Protective, lenses, usually tinted, to shield the eyes from light, dust, heat, etc. Spectra (spek' -tra^ plural of Spectrum, q. v. Spectral [spek'-tral) {spectrum, specter]. Pertaining to a spectrum. S. Ocular. See Ocular. Spectro-colorimeter {spek' -tro-kul-or-im' -et-er') [spec- trttm, spectrum ; color, co\or ; ^f'rpoi^, measure]. An apparatus for the isolation of a single spectral color. It is used for the detection of color-blindness. Spectrology (sfek - trol' - 0 -je) \_spectrum , spectrum ; Aoyoq, science]. The science of spectrum-analysis. Spectrometer (spek-trom' -et-er) \spcctrum , spectrum ; UtTjmv, measure]. An instrument for the determina- tion of the refractive indices of liquids. Spectrometry [spek-trom' -et-rc) \spectrtim, spectrum; fihpov, measure]. The measurement of the spectrum, or the observational use of the spectrometer. Spectro-microscope {spek' -tro-mi' -kro-skop). See Mi - cro-spectrosi ope. Spectrophotometer {spek' -tro-fo-tom' -et-er) [spectrum, spectrum; (buTnQ, light; /zfrpoi', measure] . An ap- paratus for determining the amount of color in spec- trum-analysis. Spectro-polarimeter (spek' -tro-po-lar-im' -et-er') \_spec- trum, spectrum ; polns, pole ; ixtrpov, measure]. An instrument in which a spectroscope and polarizing ap- paratus are combined for the purpose of determining the concentration of solutions of substances that rotate the plane of polarized light. Spectroscope {spek' - tro - skop) \jpectrum, an image; cm-tlv, to see]. An instrument for the production and examination of the spectrum. Henoque's analy- seur chroniatique is a modified spectroscope by means of which the spectrum of the blood in living tissues, as the nail or palm, may be analyzed. Hyperemia, it is said, may be definitely measured, and the change which the blood undergoes in the tissues observed and timed. Spectroscopic (spek-tro-skop'-ik) \spectruin, spectrum ; /!at-o'-at ) [cirtp/ja, seed ; Mv, an egg]. Pertaining to a spermatoon. Spermatoblast [sper' -mat-o-blast ) [(T7ri'p//a, seed ; ji'kaa- Toc:, bud, sprout]. In biology, one of the nuclei of daughter-cells, produced by mother-cells, and derived by cell-division from spermatogenic cells. The sper- matoblasts are originally round, but soon elongate, be- come pyriform, and give rise directly to spermato- zoids. Cf Speri)iatoge>ictic cells. Spermatoblastic (sper-juat-o-blas' -tik) [a-i:pfia, seed ; fS'AnaToc, germ].' Pertaining to spermatoblasts. Spermatocele {sper' -mat-o-sel) \aiztp^ia, seed ; Krfki^, tumor]. A spermatic cyst or encysted hydrocele of the testicle or epididymis. Spermatoclemma (sper-tnat-o-klem' -ali)\aT:kpiia, seed ; KJcfifia, a stealing: //., Spermatoclemmata'\. Invol- untary emission of semen during waking. A synonym of Pollution. Spermatocratia (sper - mat-o- kra' - she- ah). Synonym of Spermatorrhea. Spermatocyst [sper'-tnat-o-sisf ) \_aTrepfia, seed ; Kva- Tir, cyst]. A seminal vesicle ; a pathologic cyst containing spermatozoa. Spermatocystic (sper - mat - o - sis'- tik) [ajrlpfia, seed; KruTiQ, cyst]. Pertaining to a spermatocyst. Spermatocystidium [sper-mat-o-sis-tid' -e-iim) \_aTreppa, seed; /»/'(7r(r, bladder : //., Spermatocystidia^ Same as Antheridiitm. Spermatocystidorrhagia (sper-mat-o-sis-tid-or-a'-je-ah) [un-fpHn, seed ; Krariq, cyst ; prj-jvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the seminal vesicles. Spermato-cystitis (sper-mat-o-sis-ti'-tis)\_(rJTeppa, seed ; KroTir, cyst ; (r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the vesiculse seminales. Spermatocytal (sper-mat-o-si'-tal)\a-ipfm,ittd ; k'vtoc, a cell]. Pertaining to a spermatocyte. Spermatocyte [sper' -mat-o-s'tt) [^ajreppa, seed; k'vt(i^, cell]. The germinal cell from which the spermato- zoon develops. Cf. also. Cell, seminal, Cell, spermato- getietic, and Seminiferous Tubule. Spermatogem (sper-maf -o-jem) \ai^epfjia, seed ; gemma, a bud]. See Spermosphere. Spermatogemma (sper-mat-o-jem' -ah) \_aTrtf)im, seed ; gemma, bud]. In biology, a tissue formed of sper- matocytes ; a spermatoblast. Spermatogenesis (spcr-mat-o-jen' -es-is) \pnrkpiia, seed; yiivtaic^, origin]. In biology, the formation of sper- matozoa. * c Tubules of Testis of Rat, showing spermatogenesis. A. Less advanced stage. B. and C. More advanced stages. A. and B. Transverse section. C. Longitudinal section. X 300. (From Stirling.) Spermatogenetic (sper-mat-o-jen-et'-ih) [onepfia, sttA; •jheai^, genesis]. Pertaining to spermatogenesis. S. Cell, one of two kinds of cells forming a layer next the basement-membrane of the seminiferous tubules; they produce mother-cells, which in turn produce daughter-cells, the nuclei of which constitute the sper- matoblasts and give rise to sperinatozoa. Cf. Spermato- blast. Spermatogenous (sper-mat-oj' -en-us) \_anepfta, seed ; yevi/c, producing]. Producing spermatozoa. Spermatogeny (sper-mat-oj' -en-e) [airipixa, seed ; ytvfj^, producing] . In biology, the same as Spermatogenesis. Spermatogonia (sper-mat-o-go'-ne-aA). See Gonepoiesis. Spermatogonium [sper-mat-o-go' -ne-uin) [irn-fp/za, seed ; yoi"?/, generation : pi. , Spertnatogonia'\. In biology, a formative seminal cell or mass of spermatoblasts ; a pvcnidium. Spermatoid (sper'-mat-oid). Ste Spermatozoon. Spermatolepsis [sper - ?nat - 0 - lep'- sis). Synonym of Pollution. Spermatologic [sper - mat - 0 - loj' - ik) [awep/ia, seed ; Aoync, science]. Pertaining to spermatology. Spermatologist (sper - mat - ol'- o • jist) [ump/ja, seed ; ^6yo(;, science]. One versed in spermatology. Spermatology (sper-mat-oU -o-je) [(T7rfp//a, seed ; /liiyof, a treatise] . The sum of what is known regarding the origin, nature, qualities and characteristics of the seminal fluid. Spermatomere (sper'- mat - 0 - mer) [aTztpjia, sperm; fiepoc, share]. Any one of the portions into which a pronucleus of the fertilized ovum may divide. Spermatoon (sper-mat-o' -on) [(77rf|0//a,seed ; cJoi', egg]. The nucleus of a sperm-cell or spermatozoon. Spermatopathy (sper-mat-op' -ath-e) [an-eppa, sperm ; TTCiHnr, disease]. Disease of the sperm-cells or of their secreting mechanism. Spermatophobia (sper-mat-o-fo' -be-ah) [aneppa, sperm ; (f>6(inc^, fear]. False spermatorrhea; morbid dread of spermatorrhea. Spermatophoral (sper-mat-off'-o-ral) [epuv, SPERMATOPHOROUS 1349 SPERMOLOGY to bear]. In biology, a receptacle of seminal pro- ducts, common among invertebrates. Spermatophorous {sper-mat-off' -or-iis) [(T7rf'p//a, seed ; fepciv, to bear]. Bearing seed or spermatozoa. Spermatophthora {sper-niat-off' -tho-rah)\pTctpiia, seed; (j>Hopd, decay]. Weakness or inferiority of the semen. Spermatoplania {sper-inat-o-pla' -ne-aJi) [^dTrtpfia, seed ; ir/ldv//, a wandering]. A supposed metastasis of the semen. Spermatopoietic (sper-mat-o-poi-et' -ik) \ankppa, semen ; TTOLEELv, to make]. The production or secretion of semen. Spermatorrhea [spe>--»iat-or-e' -ak) [anipfia, semen ; poia, a flow]. Involuntary discharge of semen with- out sexual excitement. S. dormientum, a nopturnal emission of semen. S., False, when spermatozoids are not in the fluid ; called, also, prostatorrhea. S., True, when spermatozoids are present. Spermatoschesis {sper-mat-os^ -kes-is) [jsnepfia, semen ; '^/f^"''?! suppression]. Suppression of the seminal fluid. ji Spermatosis [sper-mat-o'-sis). See Gonepoiesis. : Spermatosome [sper' -mat-o-som). See Spermatozoon. Spermatosphere [sper' -mat-o-sfer) . 'i^e: Spermatoblast. I Spermatospore [sper' -mat-o-spor) \_antpfia, seed ; a-rro- pog, a sowing]. In biology, a primitive cell giving S rise by division to spermatoblasts. ; Spermatotheca {sper-mat-o-the' - kah) [airtpfia, seed; di]K.rj, a case]. Same as Spermatheca. \ Spermatovum [sper-niat-o' -vum) [^aircp/^a, seed ; ovum, egg: Spermatova\ In biology, an impregnated ovum. i Spermatozemia [sper-mat-o-ze' -me-ali). See Sperrna- torrhea . Spermatozoal, Spermatozoan [sper-mat-o-zo'-al, sper- i mat-o-zo'-an) [anepfxa, sttd; CJoi', animal]. Pertain- ing to a spermatozoon. Spermatozoid or Spermatozooid [sper-mat-o-zo'-id, sper-mat-o-zo' -Old ). Same as Spermatozoon. I Spermatozoon (sper - mat - o - zo' - on) [oKkppa, semen ; ^(jjov, animal : //. , Spermatozoa'] . The detached, in- Spermatozoa. I. Human (X 400), the head seen from the side. 2. On edge. k. Head. m. Middle piece. /. Tail. e. Terminal filament. 3 From the mouse. 4. From bothriocephalus latus. 5. From the deer. 6. From the mole. 7. From the green woodpecker. 8. From the black swan. 9. From a cross between a goldfinch and a canary. 10. From cobitis. (Landois.) dependently mobile cilium of an enlarged epithelial cell of the seminal tubules. The essential element of fecundation of the semen. Spermaturia [sper-niat-u' -re-ah) \aTTspiia, seed; ovpov, urine]. The presence of semen in the urine. Spermic (sper' -mik). Same as Spertnatic. Spermidium (sper-mid'-e-nm) {p-Ktppn, seed : //. , Sper- midia]. See Achenium. Spermiduct (sper' -mid-iikt) [(jiri/j/za, seed ; ductus, z. duct]. A duct for the passage of semen ; the vas deferens. Spermin (sper'-min) [oTrsppa, seed], C^H^N. A non- poisonous alkaloid obtained from sputum, human se- men, the organs of leukemic patients, and alcoholic ana- tomic preparations. " Charcot's Crystals," " Charcot- Leyden Crystals," or " Charcot-Neumann crystals," are said to be simply phosphate of spermin. Such crystals have been found in the sputa of emphysema associated with catarrh, in the bronchial discharges of acute bronchitis, in the blood and spleen of leukemic and anemic patients, in the normal marrow of bones, and in human semen. These crystals are said to be identical with "spermatic crystals" a variety of crys- tals formed in seminal fluid after prolonged standing. According to Fiirbringer they are probably formed by the action of semen on the prostatic secretion. As these crystals are found almost constantly, after death, in the fluid of the prostate, and not within the con- tents of the seminal vesicles, they are more appropri- ately termed prostatic crystals. (Piersol.') Sper- min seems to have a very wide distribution in certain diseases, especially leukemia. See also Piperazin. Spermism (sper'-i?iizm) \_(jn-epfxa, seed]. In biology, the theory that the animal is the result of the develop- ment of a spermatozoon, the ovum acting only as an accessory matrix. Spermist (sper' -mist) \pjTitpua, seed]. A believer in spermism. Spermoblast (sper' -mo-blast ). See Spermatoblast. Spermoblastic (sper-mo-blas' -tik). Same as Spermato- htastic. Spermobole {sper-mob' -o-le). See Spermatismus. Spermocarp (sper' -mo-karp) \aT\spfia, seed ; mpwo^, fruit]. In biology, an aiitheridiu?n . Spermococcus (sper-mo-kok' -us) \cnvf:ppn, seed ; kokkoc, berry]. The head of the spermatozoon without its protoplasmic sheath ; the nucleus of a spermule. Spermoderm (sper' -mo-derm) [aKkppa, seed ; dsp/M, skin]. In biology, the same as Episperm ; the outer covering of the seed. Spermogenous (sper-?noJ' -en-iis) [pj-ipiia, seed ; yein>av, to produce]. Active in the formation of spermato- zoa. Spermogone i^sper' - mo - ^o)i) \cs~kpiLa, seed; yovoc, producing]. .Same as Spermogoniujn . Spermogoniferous (sper-mo-gon-if -er-us) \pnkpjxa, seed; yordf, producing; ferre, to bear]. In biology, producing spermogonia. Spermogonium (sper-mo-go'-ne-iiin) \_07Tepfm, seed; yovor, producing; //., Spermogonia]. In biology, a receptacle in which spermatia are developed. See Peridiitiii. Spermogonous (sper-mog' -o-nus) \riTvipua, seed ; yovor, bearing]. In biology, resembling spermogonia. Spermolith (sper' -mo-litli) \_aKi:piia, semen; I'Soc, a stone]. A calculus in the spermatic duct or vesiculfe seminales. Spermologic [sper - 7710 - loj'- ik) \a~kpua, seed ; Xoyoi;, science]. Pertaining to spermology. Spermologist (sper-ynoF -o-ji^t) \aTTkpiia, seed ; 'Aoyoq, science]. One versed in spermology. Spermology [sper-mol' -o-je) \_(jTt-p/_ia, seed ; Myog, science]. In biology : I. Same as spermatology. 2. Tliat branch of science which treats of the seeds of plants. SPERMONEURALGIA 1350 SPHENIC Spermoneuralgia {spef-7iio-nii-yal'-jt'-ali)\pTi(piia, seed ; rfrpor, nerve ; «/l)of, pain]. Neuralgia of the testicles and spermatic cord. Spermonucleus (sper- mo - nii' - kle - its) [anepfia, seed ; nucleus, a little nut, kernel: //. , Spermonitclei^. In biology, the male pronucleus. Spermophlebectasia (sper-mo-fleb-ek-ta' -ze-ah) [^Gir-ipfia, seed ; fAsij', vein ; tKraoic, distention]. Varicosity of the spermatic vein. Spermophore (spc-r'-nio-fdi-). Same as Spermophoritm. Spermophorum (spcr-moff ' -o-yu»i) '[awepfia, seed ; ipepeiv, to bear: //. , Spermophoya'\. In biology, a seminal vesicle; a spermatophore. Spermophyte {sper'- mo - fit) \j37itpiia, seed ; (fivror, plant]. In biology, a phanerogam, a plant bearing seeds, in distinction from one that produces spores. Spermophytic {spcr-t)io-fit' -ik) \j5Trcpjia, seed ; (pvTov, plant]. Pertaining to a spermophyte. Spermoplasm, Spermoplasma {spej'' -mo-plazm, sper- }>io-plaz' -mall) \_aTripfia, seed; TrXaafia, anything molded]. In biology, the substance of a spermule. Spermorrhagia [sper-mor-a'-Je-ah). See Spermator- rhea. Spermorrhea [sper-mor-e'-ak). See Spermatorrhea. Spermosphere (sper'-mo-sfer) [_(jTTep/j.a, seed; a(paipa, sphere]. In biology, a mass of spermatoblasts, or incipient spermatozoa. Spermospore [iper'-mo-spor). See Spertnatophore . Spermotheca (sper-mo-the' -ka/i) [aTtepfja, seed ; OljKij, a case]. In biology, a pericarp. Spermous (sper'-miis). Same as Spermatic. Spermovarian (sper-juo-va'-re-an) [a-epfta, seed ; ovum, an egg]. Pertaining to a spermovarium. Spermovarium [sper-mo-va'-re-iivi) \p-K'tppa, a seed; 07'ui>i, an egg: //. , Spermovaria']. See Ovotestis. Spermovary [sper-mo'-va-re). Same as Spermovarium. Spermovum [sper-mo' -viim) [a-epp.a, seed ; ovum, an egg: //. , Spermova\ In biology, same as Spermat- ovum. Spermozoon {sper-mo-zo' -oii). See Spermatozoon. Spermule {sper' -miil^ \aiTtpjia, seed]. In biology, a spermatozoon, or male generative element. Spermulum (sper' -mu-lum). Same as Spermule. Sphacel (sfas'-el). Same as Sphacelus. Sphacela {sfas'-el-ah) [(T<^d«:fXof , gangrene: pi., Spha- cel,r'\. In biology, a hollow chamber, filled with a mucilaginous or watery substance and oospheres, de- veloped from the apical cells in certain marine Alg<^ ( SphacelariacecT) . Sphacelate, Sphacelated {sfas'-el-dt, sfas' -el-a-ted) [(T^n/cf/lof , dead]. Necrosed; gangrenous; morti- fied. Sphacelation {sfas-el-a' -shun) \p^aKf7oc, dead]. Ne- crosis. Sphacele [sfas'-el). Same as Sphacela. Sphacelinic Acid (sfas-el-in'-ik). See Ergot. Sphacelism (sfas' -el-izm) [(j0aKeAof, dead]. The con- dition of being affected with sphacelus. Sphacelium (sfa - se'- le - um) \_(S0aK[Xi[,eiv, to destroy, mortify]. The Clain'ceps purpurea, or the first stage of the formation of ergot. Sphaceloderma [sfas-el-o-der' -mali) [ff^d/ce/lof , dead ; t!fp//a, skin]. Raynaud'' s Disease ; Symmetrical Gan- grene ; Gangrene of the Skin. A rare disease charac- terized by a local stagnation occurring at the periphery of the circulation, producing symmetrically distributed gangrenous spots on the body. The essential factor in the disease is a vaso-motor spasm of the capillaries of the extremities. The disease occurs in three well- defined grades, which are, in the order of severity, local syncope, local asphyxia, and local gangrejie. The so-called "dead finger," frequently seen in females, is an example of the first grade. The affected part is cold, dead- white, and bloodless; this is but tempo- rary, and is followed by a period of reaction. In the j second form of the disease the aflected parts become ! cold and cyanotic, while in the third form a true gangrene of the affected parts takes place. Pain is the most prominent symptom of the disease, which usually attacks children or adults under thirty years of i age. Women of the neurotic temperament are more I liable to be aftected, and especially does it occur after j some sudden mental shock. See Dermatitis gan- \ grccnosa. Dermatitis gangraenosa infantum, a \ gangrenous eruption following certain pustular erup- ' tions in children. Diabetic Gangrene, a serpiginous form of gangrene occurring in advanced cases of diabetes, and consisting of patches forming on the skin of the limbs. Sphaceloid (i/rtj'-f/-<9/;/) [ff^flAf^of , dead]. Resembling a sphacelus or gangrenous part. Sphacelous (sfas' -el-us) [ff^ii/cfv'iof, dead]. Pertaining to sphacelus ; gangrenous ; necrosed. Sphacelus (sfas'-el-us) [cr^d/ffPof, gangrene]. The disorganized or dead part of a limb or organ affected with gangrene. F'ormerly any excessive pain or agita- tion. See GangreJie. Sphaersesthesia (sfe-res-tlie' -ze-ah) . See Spheresthesia. Sphaeraphide (sfe -raf - id) [afaipa, sphere; par/T/, wedge]. Wedge-like. SPHENION 1351 SPHERESTHESIA Sphenion {sfe' -ne-on) [cf^'/f, wedge]. The apex of the sphenoid angle of the parietal bone on the surface of the skull. See Cra)iiometric Points. Spheno- [sfe' -no-) \a^riv, wedge]. A prefix used to denote connection with the sphenoid bone, or to indi- cate a wedge-like shape. Spheno-basilar [sfe' -iio-ba' -zil-a}-) \a/i', wedge ; KBipah'/, head]. The condition of a sphenocephalus. Sphenocephalus [sfe-no-sef'-al-iis) \piiv, wedge; f«5o{-, likeness]. Cuneiform. Relating or pertainingto the sphenoid bone. S. Bone, one of the cranial bones at the anterior base of the skull, articulating with all the other bones of the head. S. Fontanel, the membranous interspace at the junction of the squamous and coronal sutures of the fetal skull. S. Sinus. See Sinus. Sphenoides [sfe-noi' -dez) [ff^^v, wedge ; fiJof like]. The sphenoid bone. Sphenoido-auricular {sfe-noi' -do-aw-7-ik' -ti-lar) \ar/v, wedge ; tnaxilla, maxilla]. Pertaining conjointly to the sphe- noid and maxillary bones. S.-m. Fossa. Fossa. Sphenometer (sf -nam' -et-er) [cipi/v, wedge ; /icTpov, measure]. An instrument for measuring the wedge to be removed in osteotomy for curvature. Spheno-occipital (sfe' -no-oi-sip'-if-a/) [(T(^?/i', wedge ; occiput, occiput]. Belonging or relating to both the sphenoid and occipital bones. Spheno-orbital (sfe'-no-or'-bit-al) [cupiii', wedge; or- bita, orbit]. Belonging or relating to both the sphe- noid bone and the orbit. Spheno-palatine (sfe' -no-pal' -at-in) [c^^v, wedge ; pal- atum, palate]. Pertaining conjointly to the sphenoid bone and the palate. S.-p. Foramen, the spheno- palatine notch converted into a foramen by articula- tion with the sphenoidal turbinated bone. S.-p. Ganglion. See Ganglion. S.-p. Notch, a deep notch separating the orbital and sphenoid processes of the palate bone. See Notch. Spheno-parietal (sfe'- no - par- i'- et- al ) [d^'/v, wedge ; paries, wall]. Belonging or relating to both the sphe- noid and parietal bones. Spheno-petrosal (sfe' - no - pe - tro'- sal) [(np^/v, wedge ; TTf'r/.a, rock]. Pertaining conjointly to the sphenoid bone and the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Sphenopharyngeus (sfe-no-far-in-je' -us) . See Mus- cles, Table of . Spheno-pterygoid (sfe' -no-ter' -ig-oid) l_a(pi/v, wedge; ■ntipv^, wing ; ei6og, like]. Pertaining to the body of the sphenoid bone and to the pterygoid process. Sphenorbital (sfe - nor'- bit - at) \oiv, wedge]. The wedging of the fetus in the pelvis. Spheno-squamosal,Spheno-squamous(jy<''-;/£>-.s/('W'a- mo' -sal, sfe' -no-skwa' -mus) [c7^//i', wedge ; squama, scale]. I?elonging or relating to both the sphenoid bone and the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Spheno-temporal (.t/t''-«(7-/f'/«''-/f)-ra/) \r5aipa, globe; alaOif- aig, sensation]. Perverted feeling, as of the contact of a ball or globe-shaped body. SPHERIC 1352 SPHYGMOID Spheric, Spherical [sfe'-rik, sfe' -rik-al^. Having the shape of or pertaining to a sphere. S. Aber- ration. See Ahcryation. S. Homology, in biology, Wilder' s term for the topical relation between the morphically identical, converging spheromeres of a radiate animal. Spheriform (sfe'-rif-orm) [afoipa, sphere; forma, form]. -Spheric. Spheriocarcinoma [sfi - re - o- kar-sin - o' - inali) \o(^alpa, sphere ; hapKivufia, carcinoma]. A carcinoma having a spheric shape. Spherobacteria i^sfe-ro-bak-te' -re-ah) [o^az/jn:, sphere; jiaKTi/f)ioi\ a rod]. In Cohn's classification a genus of unicellular microbes, round or oval, stationary, and devoid of cilia or flagella. The micrococci. Spherocerebrin lysfe - ro - ser' - e - briri) [acpalpa, a ball; cerebrum, cerebrum]. A nitrogenized substance oc- curring in brain-tissue among a group of cerebrina- cides. Spherocrystal (sfe - ro - kris' - tal ) \a<^aipa, sphere ; KitvaraV'/Mq, crystal]. Same as sphtxraphide. Spheroid {sfe'-roid) [(J0a(/)n, sphere; EicSof, like]. Having the form of a sphere. A solid resembling a sphere. S., Oblate, one in which the polar axis is less than the equatorial diameter. S., Prolate, one in which the polar axis exceeds the equatorial diame- ter. Spheroma [sfe-ro' -JuaJi) l^a(paifM, sphere; dun, tumor]. Any spheric-shaped tumor or protuberance. Spheromere {sfe' -ro-mer') [_a(l)a'ipa, a ball ; //fpof , a part]. In biology, an acti7iomere , q. v. Spherometer [sfe-roni' -et-e?-) [aipalpa, sphere ; phpov, a measure]. An instrument for determining the de- gree of curvature of optic lenses and of the tools for their grinding. Spherosiderite {sfe-ro-sid'-er-lf). Carbonate of iron in spheroidal masses, occurring in trap. Spherosome [sfe'-ro- sotii) [_a<(ialpa, sphere; ato/ia, body]. In biology, the body- wall of a radiated animal ; suggested by L. Agassiz in place of perisome. Spherospore (sfe' -ro-spor) \_a(f>aipa, a sphere ; anopo^, a seed]. In biology, Agassiz' name for a tetra- spore. Spherular (sfe' -rziPar) [dim. of aoalpa, a sphere]. Resembling a spherule. Spherulate (sfe' -ru-lal) [dim, of (ycpaipa, sphere]. In biology, studded with spherules. Spherule (sfe'-riil) [(T(/ia/pc, sphere]. A globule. S., Segment. See Sphere, Segmentation. Sphincter (£/f«^,^'''-/fr) \a(fiyK-lip; ffiyi-). See Sphygmograph. Sphygmophone [sfig'-mo-fon) \_a'iti(5i, pulse]. The pulse; a pulsation. Sphyrotomy [sfi-rot' -o-me) [ai Lewis ) ventral median, dorsal median, and two lateral, divide each half of the cord into four Columns, a ventral, lateral, dorsal, and dorsal median. In the Ventral Column lie the uncrossed, ventral, or direct SPINAL 1355 SPINAL TABLE SHOWING THE LOCALIZATION OF FUNCTION IN THE DIFFERENT SEGMENTS OF THE SPINAL CORD. {After Starr.) Seg- ment. Muscles. Reflex. Sensation. II and III C. Sterno - mastoid ; trapezius ; scaleni and neck; diaphragm. Hypochondrium (?). Sudden inspiration induced by sudden pressure beneath the lower border of ribs. Back of the head to the vertex. The neck. IV C. Diaphragm ; deltoid ; biceps ; coraco-brachialis ; supinator longus ; rhomboid ; supra- spinatus and iiifra-spinalus. Pupil. Fourth to 7th cervical. Dilatation of the pupil induced by irritation of neck. The neck, upper part of the shoulder, and outer part of the arm. V c. Deltoid ; biceps ; coraco-bra- chialis; supinator longus; supinator brevis; rhom- boid ; teres minor ; pector- alis (clavicular part); ser- ratus magnus. Scapular. Fifth cervical to ist dorsal. Irritation of skin over the scapula induces contraction of the scapular muscles. Supinator longus. Tapping its tendon at wrist induces flexion of forearm. Back of the shoulder and arm. Outer side of the arm and forearm, front and back. VI c. Biceps; brachialis anticus; pectoralis (clavicular part) ; serratus magnus; triceps; extensors of wrist and fingers ; pronators. Triceps. Sixth to 7th cervical. Tapping elbow-tendon induces extension of forearm. Posterior wrist. Sixth to 8th cervical. Tapping tendons causes ex- tension of hand. Outer side of the forearm, front, and back. Outer half of the hand. VII c. Triceps (long head) ; exten- sors of wrist and fingers; pronators of wrist ; flexors of wrist ; subscapular ; pec- toralis (costal part) ; latissi- mus dorsi ; teres major. Anterior wrist. Tapping anterior tendons causes flexion of wrist. Palmar. 7th cervical to 1st dorsal. Stroking palm causes closure of fingers. Inner side and hack of arm and forearm. Radial half of the hand. VIII c. Flexors of wrist and fingers ; intrinsic muscles of hand. Forearm and hand, inner half. I T. Extensors of thumb ; intrinsic hand-muscles ; thenar and hypothenar eminences. Forearm, inner half. Ulnar distribution to the hand. II to XII T. Muscles of back and abdo- men ; erectores spinae. Epigastric. Fourth to 7th thoracic. Tickling mam- mary region causes retraction of the epigastrium. Abdominal. Seventh to iith thoracic. Stroking side of abdomen causes retraction of belly. Skin of chest and abdomen, in bands running around and downward, corresponding to spinal nerve. Upper gluteal region. I L. Ilio-psoas ; sartorius ; muscles of abdomen. Cremasteric. First to 3d lumbar. Stroking inner thigh causes retraction of scrotum. Skin over the groin and front of the scrotum. II L. Ilio-psoas ; sartorius ; flexors of knee (Remak); quadri- ceps femoris. Patella tendon. Striking tendon causes extension of leg. Outer side of the thigh. Ill L. Quadriceps femoris ; inner ro- tators of thigh ; abductors of thigh. Front and inner side of the thigh. IV L. Abductors of thigh ; adductors of thigh ; flexors of knee (Ferrier) ; tibialis anticus. Gluteal. Fourth to 5th lumbar. Stroking buttock causes dimpling in fold of buttock. Inner side of thigh and leg, to the ankle. Inner side of the foot. V L. Outward rotators of thigh ; flexors of knee (Ferrier); flexors of ankle; extensors of toes. Back of the thigh and leg, and outer part of the foot. I to II S. Flexors of ankle ; long flexors of toes; peronei ; intrinsic muscles of foot ; perineal muscles. Plantar. Tickling sole of foot causes flexion of toes and retraction of leg. Foot-reflex. Achilles' ten- don. Over-extension of foot causes rapid flexion ; ankle-clonus. Bladder and rectal centers. Back of thigh. Leg and foot, outer side. Skin over sa- c r u m. Anus. Perineum. Genitals. pyramidal tract and the ventral ground bundle of fibers. In the Dorsal Column are Goll's Column (postero-median, postero-internal) and the funiculus cuneatus (Burdach's Column, posterior radicular zone, or postero-external column). In the Lateral Col- umn are the antero lateral tract, the lateral mixed paths (lateral limiting tract), the lateral or crossed pyramidal tract, and the direct cerebellar tract. S. Cord, Degeneration of ; injury of certain parts of the brain causes descending secondary degeneration of certain parts of the cord bearing centrifugal impulses, and whose trophic centers lie in the motor areas of the brain. Ascending secondary degeneration follows in- jury of the cord in those fibers conducting impulses in a centripetal direction, the trophic centers being prob- ably in the spinal ganglia of the dorsal roots. See Wallerian Law. S. Epilepsy, Brown-Sequard's name for ankle-clonus. See also jS'/Z/c/.y. S. Foramina. See Forartiina, Table of. S. Ganglia. See Gang- lia, Table of. S. Gutter, the depression on either SPINALIS 1356 SPINE side of the spinous processes of the vertebral column. S. Incurvation. See Lordosis. S. Irritation. See yeartist/unia, SpinaL S. Localization, the deter- mination of the functions of the various portions of the spinal cord. S. Marrow, the spinal cord itself within the vertebral canal. S. Nerves, the 31 pairs of nerves arising from the cord are grouped into pairs each, Ce>-'ical 8, Dorsal 12, Lumbar 5, Sacral 5, Coc- cygeal I. Each arises by two roots, a dorsal (gan- SiPERioR OR Cervical Middle or Dorsal Inferior Portion of Segment of Spinal Portion of Cord. Cord and Cauda Cord. Equi.na. I. Floor of fourth ventricle 2. Superior cerebellar peduncle. 3. Middle cerebellar peduncle. 4. Inferior cerebellar peduncle. 5 Enlargement at upper extremity of postero-median column. 6. Glosso-phar^ngeal nerve. 7. Vagus. 8. Spinal accessory. 9, 9, 9, 9. Ligamentum denticu- latum. 10, 10, 10, 10. Posterior roots of spinal nerves. 11, 11, 11, 11. Postero-lateral fissure. 12, 12, 12, 12. Ganglia of posterior roots. 13, 13. Anterior roots. 14. Division of united roots into anterior and posterior nerves. 15. Terminal extremity of cord. 16, 16. Filum terminale. 17, 17 Cauda equina I, N'lII. Cervical nerves. I, XII. Dorsal nerves. I, V. Lumbar nerves. I, V. Sacral nerv es. gliated) root, and a ventral (anterior, non-gangliated) root. On the dorsal root is the spinal ganglion. Beyond the ganglion the two roots unite to form, in the spinal canal, the mixed trunk of a spinal nerve. The ventral roots supply efferent fibers to all the voluntar}' muscles of the trunk and e.xtremities, to the smooth muscular fibers of the bladder, ureter, uterus, etc., vasomotor, inhibitor^', secretory, and trophic fibers. The dorsal roots intermediate sen- sor}' and tactile impulses. S. Point. See Point apophvsaire and Cranio»ietric Points. S. Reflexes. See Reflexes, Table of. S. System, the spinal cord and nerves considered as a whole. Spinalis {spi-na'-lis). .See Muscles, Table of. Spinate {spi'-ndt\ \jpi)tatits , having spines]. Armed with spines or thorn-shaped processes. Spindle ispin'-dl) [ME., spinjle, spindle]. A taper- ing rod or pin. A body having a fusiform shape. S., Achromatic, S., Cleavag:e, S., Karyokinetic, S., Nuclear, S., Segmentation, the double, cone- like appearance of the nucleus during certain stages of karyokinesis. S. -cataract, a form of cataract characterized by a spindle-shaped opacity extending from the posterior surface of the anterior portion of the capsule to the anterior surface of the posterior portion of the capsule, with a central dilatation. S.- cell, a fusiform cell. S. -celled, having fusiform cells, a form of cell typical of certain mor- bid growths, especially sarcoma ; fuso- cellular. S. -legged, having long, thin legs. S.-oils. See Lubricating Oils. S.- shanked. ^ame&s S. -legged. S. -shaped, shaped like a spindle. Fusiform. Spine (spin) [spina, a thorn, a prickle]. In biology, {a) a sharp-pointed dermal out- growth; (b) a point or process of a bone; a sharp, hard, stiff' bone or ossicle; (c) a back -bone or spinal column, so called from its spinous processes. S.-ache, pain in or about the spine. S., Cauda equina of. See Cauda equina. S., Cleft, or Cloven. See Spina bifida. S., Cruciate. See S. of Tibia. S., Ethmoid, the spine on top of the sphenoid bone. S., Filum terminale of. See Filum terminale. S., Frontal. See Fivntal Ci-est. S., Hemal, the part that closes in the hemal arch of a t)-pical vertebra. Ss., Iliac, there are four of these : the anterior inferior is the emi- nence immediately above the acetabulum ; the anterior superior is the anterior termi- nation of the crest ; the posterior inferior is a slight eminence upon the margin imme- diately above the great sciatic notch ; the posterior superior is the posterior extremity of the crest. S., Irritable. See Spinal Irritation. S., Ischiatic. See S. of Iscli- iu»i . S. of Ischium, a pointed eminence on the posterior border of the body of the ischium. It is the lower border of the great sciatic notch. S., Mental. See Genial Tubercles. Ss., Nasal, there are three of these : the anterior, or nasal spine of the superior maxillary, is the inferior sharp edge of the nasal crest of this bone ; the posterior, or nasal spine of the palate bone, is the prominence upon the posterior margin of the palatal plate of the palate bone ; the third, or common nasal spine, is the sharp process projecting from the mid- dle of the inferior surface of the frontal bone. S., Neural, the part that closes in the neural arch of the typical vertebra. S., Occipital, External, the external occipital crest. S., Palatine. See S., .Vasal. S., Pharyngeal, the ridge on the under surface of the basilar process of the occipital bone. S. of the Pubes, the prominent tubercle on the upper border of the bod}- of the pubes. S., Pubic. See S. of the Pubes. S., Railway, the designation given to a series of nervous s}-mptoms developed from shock produced by a railway accident or from the concussion produced by constant travel. S. of the Scapula, the plate of bone crossing the dorsum of the scapula and dividing it into two un- equal parts. S., Sciatic. See .9. of Ischium. S., Sphenoid, the spinous process of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. S. of the Sphenoid. See S., Sphenoid, and 5., Ethmoid. S. of the Tibia, the elevation upon the upper surface of the tibia between its two articulating surfaces. S., Typhoid, SPINESCENT 1357 SPIROCHETA acute inflammation of one or more vertebrre following typhoid fever. Spinescent {spi-nes' -e?it) \_spinescere, to grow thorny]. In biology, coarse, harsh, or spiny. Spinicerebral (spin-is-er' -e-bral). See Cerebro-spinal. Spiniferous (spi-nif -er-iis) \_spina, spine ; ferre, to bear]. Bearing spines. Spiniform {spi' -nif-onn) \spina, a thorn; forma, form]. In biology, spine-like. Spinigerous [spi-nij' -er-tts). Same as Spiniferous. Spinirector [ spi - ne -rek'- for) spine ; erector, erector]. The erector spinae muscle. Spinitis [spi-ni'-tis). See Myelitis. Spinobulbar [spi-no-bid' -bar) [spina, spine ; bulbus, the oblongata]. Pertaining jointly to the spilial cord and the oblongata. Spinola [spi-}io' -/ah). See Spina bifida. Spinometer (spi-tioin'-et-er). Same as Scoliosometer. Spinose [spi'-noz) [_spinos/es, full of thorns]. In bi- ology, possessing thorns ; or shaped like a thorn; Spinous (spi' -mis) spine]. Pertaining to the spine ; spiny or spiniform. S. Process, the apophy- sis or prominence at the posterior part of each ver- tebra. Spintherism, Spintherismus [spin'- ther - izm, spin- ther-iz' -inns) \_a-ii'depi^en>, to emit sparks]. Syn- chisis scintillans ; the illusory sensation of sparks dancing before the eyes. Spintheroma (spin - ther - o' - mah) [airivfti/p, spark]. Photopsia due to the presence of cholesterin-crystals. Spintheropia (spin-ther-o' -pe-ah) [ainvdi^p, spark ; 6t/), sight]. Same as Spintherism. Spinula [spin' -u-lah) \_spinttla, dim. of spina, a spine : //. , Spinulie\. In biology, a little hook or spine. Spinulate [spin' -u-lat) [spinula, a little spine]. Pro- vided with a spinula. Spinule [spin' -ill). Same as Spinula. Spinulose, Spinulous [spin' -ti-ldz, spin' -u-lus) [spina, spine]. .Spiny ; having spines. Spiny [spi'-ne) [spina, spine]. Full of spines. S. Clotbur, the herb Xanthium spinosum, reported to be a specific in hydrophobia. Its properties have not been investigated. Unof. Spira [spi' -rah) [L. ,a spire]. A convolution of the brain ; a spiral. Spiracle [spi' -rak-l) [spiraciiluin, a breathing-hole]. In biology, a respiratory aperture. Spiraculum [spi - rak'- ii - lum) [L. ,a breathing-hole: //. , Spiractda\ In biology, a spiracle. Spiraea [spi-re' -ah). See Hardback and Queen of the Aleado'iv. Spiral [spi'-ral) [spiralis; spira, a spire]. A curve with constantly increasing diameters ; wound like the threads of a screw. S. Bandage. See Bandage. S. Canal. See Cochlea. S., Cheese, the Spirillum tyrogenum. Ss., Curschmann's, a form of curled and tufted fibrous exudate, seen in the sputum of asthma, pneumonia, etc. They are held to be pathognomonic of exudative bronchiolitis. See Ss., Leydeii's. S. Duct, a duct whose wall has a spiral thickening on its innei surface. S., Finkler and Prior's. See Spiril- lum. S. Ganglion. See Ganglion. S. Groove. See Sulcus spiralis. S., Herxheimer's, peculiar fibers in the epidermis and the epithelium of certain mucous membranes. Eddowes thinks them to be of a fibrinous nature. S. Lamina. See Lamina. S. Layer, the middle of the three layers of the tracheal tube of an insect. Ss., Leyden's, a mesh of delicate fibers usually arranged in spiral form, which are found in the sputum and are the result of desquamative catar- rhal inflammation. S. Tendency. See under Theory. S. Tubes of Kidney. Se.e Tubuli uriniferi. S. Vessel, a tubular structure formed by the endwise coalescence of elongated cells with spiral layers of thickening in their walls. Spiration [spi-ra' -shim). See Respiration. Spire [spir) [spii-a, a coil, twist]. In biology, a conic, tapering structure, a sprout, a stalk, or the exserted whorls of the shell of a spiral gasteropod mollusc. Spirem [spi'-rem) [spira, a coil, a twist]. In biology, the " close skein," or "mother-skein " of chromatin- fibrils in a cell undergoing mitotic division. The first stage in karyokinesis. Spiricle [spi'-rik-l) [spira, a coil]. In biology, a coiled thread found in the hairs on some seeds ; they uncoil when dampened and give rise to a motion which tends to bury the seed in the soil. Spiriferous [spi-rif -er-us) [spira, a coil ; ferre, to bear]. Spired; having a spire. Spirillum [spi-ril'-nm) [spirillum, a curled hair]. A genus of bacteria whose elements are curved, often forming a spiral of several turns. See Bacteria, Syn- onymatic Table of. S. Fever. See Relapsing Fever. Spirit [spir'-it) [spiritus, spirit]. In pharmacy, an al- coholic or hydro-alcoholic solution of a volatile sub- stance. It is prepared either by solution or by distilla- tion. See Spiritus. S.-blue, S. -brown, S. -colors. See Pigments, Colors, and Dycstuffs. S. Diphenyl- amin-blue. Same as Ba-mrian Blue. S.-eosin. Same as Primrose. S. of Mindererus. See Am- monium. S. -proof, any liquor containing at least 49 per cent, of absolute alcohol. S., Rectified, spirit free from fusel-oil, and containing at least 85 per cent, absolute alcohol. S., Rum, a spirit distilled from fer- mented alcohol. S. -vinegar. 'nttVinegar. S. -violet. Same as Rosanilin-viclet. S. of Wine. See Spiritus. S. -yellow. Same as Anilin-ycllow. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Spiritism [spir' -it-izm). See Spiritualism. Spiritous [spir'-it-us) [spiritus, spirit]. Alcoholic. Spiritualism [spir'-it-u-al-izm) [spiritus, spirit]. The theory of an immaterial entity underlying or causing organic phenomena, as opposed to materialism, which last explains such phenomena by the operation of mechanical forces. The term has been incorrectly used for Spiritism, or " necromancy by the supposed evocation of the spirits of the dead." Spirituous [spir' -it-u-us) [spiritus, spirit]. Pertaining to alcoholic liquors. Spiritus [spir'-it-us) [L.]. Spirit. In pharmacy, an alcoholic mixture obtained by the distillation of wine, or fermented saccharine mixtures. Good spirit should contain not less than 40 per cent, of absolute alcohol. There are 25 official spiriti. S. frumenti, whiskey, spirit obtained by the distillation of fermented grain (mainly corn or rye). It should contain 44-50 per cent, of alcohol. S. juniperi, gin or whiskey (rye or barley) with which juniper-berries and hops have been distilled. S. odoratus, cologne-water, consists of alcohol 800, water 158, acetic ether 2, oil of berga- mont 16, oils of lemon and rosemary aa 8, oils of lav- ender-flowers and orange-flowers aa 4 parts. S. rec- tor, in biology, a force exerted by the aggregate of an organism over its parts, constraining newly integrated atoms to take a definite form. See Nisus formativus. S. vini gallici, or Spirit of Wine, brandy ; a liquor obtained by the distillation of wine. It should contain 39-47 per cent, of alcohol. Spirobacterium [spi-ro-bak-te' re-um) [spira, a spiral ; [SnKTr/piov, hacteriu7n\ A schizomycete in the form of spiral filaments. Spirocheta [spi-ro-ke' -tah) [spira, a coil ; ;tra/r7, a bristle]. In biology, a genus of Schizoviycetes , char- acterized by flexible, spira! filaments. But one species SPIROCOLON 1358 SPLANCHNOPLEURE is known, 5. obermeieri. See under Bacteria, Syno- nymatic Table of. S. evansi, Steel. Not a bacterium at all, but an infusorian, Trypanosoma evansi (Evans), Balbiani, the cause of the epizootic pernicious anemia in horses, mules, and camels, called Surra, q. v. See Parasites, Animal, Table of. Spirocolon (spi-ro-ko'-lon). A form of syphilis at one time prevalent in Greece. Spirograph [spi' -ro-graf) \_spirare, to breathe ; ypatpT/, a record]. An instrument for registering the move- ments of respiration. Spirographin (spi-ro-graf -iii) \pTTupa, coil ; ypa^tLV, to virrite]. A substance obtained from the cartilage and skeletal tissues of the worm, Spirographis . Spiroid [spi'-roid] \_spira, spire]. Resembling a screw ; having spiral convolutions. Spiroloculine [spi-ro-lok' -u-liii) [spira, a coil ; locuhis, a little box or cell]. In biology, characterized by spirally arranged loculi. Spirometer {spi- rom'-et-er) \spi- ; to breathe; fitrpov, a meas- ure]. An in- strument used to measure the quantity of air exhaled. Spirometric {spi- ro - met' - rik ) \_s pi r a r e, to breathe; fik- rpov, measure]. Pertaining t o the spirome- ter. Spirometry (spi- rom' -et-re)\spi- rar^", to breathe; fjcTpoi', meas- ure]. The esti- mation of the amount of air used in respira- tion, or of the Sf-Hg^g op Hutchinson's Spirom- quantity oi air eter. which the lungs can contain. Spirophore {spi' -ro-for) \spirare, to breathe ; (pspetv, to carry]. An instrument for use in artificial respiration. Spiroscope (^spi' -ro-skop). See Spirometer. Spirozooid [spi-ro-so'-oid) [spira, a coil, spire; l,(oov, an animal ; f/Jof , form]. In biology, a defensive zooid of certain liydrozoans, consisting of a long, slender, spirally coiling filament provided with lasso-cells. Spirulate {spi' -rii-lat) [.t/Zra, a coil, spire]. Spiral in form or arrangement. Spissate {spis'-dt). See Inspissate. Spissitude {spis'-it-nd) \spissitiido, spissare, to thicken]. The state of being thick. Spit [ME., .f///to?, to spit]. I. To eject sputum from the mouth. 2. Saliva. 3. In biology, a frothy se- cretion produced by certain insects as a means of protection. Spithameous {spith-am-e' -us) [a-r^Sanij, a span]. In biology, span-high. Spitting {spit'-ing) [ME., spitten, to spit]. The act of expectorating. S. of Blood. See Hemoptysis . Spittle {spit' -I). Same as Sputum or Saliva. Spittoon. .See Qtspidor. Spitzka-Lissauer, Column of. See Column. Spix, Angles of. In craniometry, those angles formed : (l) between the alveolo-nasal line and the coronal line ; (2) between the alveolo-nasal line and the naso- basilar line. S., Horizontal Plane of, in craniometry, the alveolo-condylean plane. Splanchna {splangk' - nak ) [csTT7ia.yxv(i, viscera], i. The intestines. 2. The viscera. Splanchnapophyseal {splangk-nap-off-iz'-e-al) [rsnMy- VI'", viscera ; a-apa^i^, obstruction]. Obstruction of the intestine. Splanchneurysma {splangk - nu - riz' - mah) [pnTJiyxva, viscera ; avtvpha^ia, aneurysm]. Distention of the intestines. Splanchnic f splangk'- nik ) [anTiayxviKog ; aTr?.ayxva, viscera]. Pertaining to the viscera. Splanchnoblast {splangk' -no-blast) [aTrXayxva, the viscera; fiXaorog, a germ]. In biology, an Anlage, proton, or incipient rudiment destined to take part in the formation of the viscera ; one of the " kistoblasts^' of Kunckel and Herculais. Cf. Neuroblast and Imag- inal Disc. Splanchnocele {splangk' -no-sel)\_aT:')\ayxva,\!a& viscera ; koITlo^, hollow]. I. A protrusion of any abdominal viscus. 2. In biology, Hajek's name for that part of the celom which persists in the adult, and gives rise to the pericardial, pleural, and abdominal cavities; the ventral celom, or pleuro-peritoneal space. It ap- pears as a narrow fissure in the parietal zone of the mesoblast. Splanchnodiastasis {splangk-fto-di-as' -tas-is) [aTv'Aayx- va, viscera; diaoTaatg, diastasis]. Displacement or separation of the viscera. Splanchnodyne {splangk' -710-d'in) \_a7T/.ayxva, viscera ; bSvvT/, pain]. Intestinal pain. Splanchnographic ( splangk-no-graf -ik ) l_an?,ayxva, viscera; }'|odi/)«i', to write] . Pertaining to splanchnog- raphy. Splanchnography {splangk-nog' -ra-fe). See Splanch- nology, Splanchnolith (splangk' -no-lith) [airMyxva, viscera ; ?-lOog, a stone]. Calculus of a viscus. Splanchnolithiasis {splangk-no-lith-i' -as-is) [piT'kayx'-'O; viscera ; llOog, stone]. The condition of calculus of the intestine. Splanchnologic (splangk -f to- lo/'-ik) [cnrlayxva, vis- cera; /loyof, science]. Pertaining to splanchnology. Splanchnologist (splangk-noF -o-jist) [pTrXaXxvo-, vis- cera ; 'koyoQ, science]. One versed in splanchnology. Splanchnology (splangk-nol' -o-je) [oKlayxva, viscera; Adyof, treatise]. The sum of what is known of the nature and functions of the viscera. Splanchnon (splangk'- non) [anldyxvov, viscus]. A viscus. See Splanchna . Splanchnopathy (splangk-nop'-ath-e) [anlayxva, vis- cera; ;7(i^^of, disease] . Disea.se of viscera. Splanchnopleura (splangk - no - plu' - rah) \a-rrlhyxva, viscera; Tr7.evpa, the side]. In biology, the wall of the alimentary tract of a vertebrate, formed by the splanchnic mesoderm and the entoderm. Splanchnopleural (splangk -no - plu' - ral) [a7rlayxi"t, viscera; ir7ievpa, side]. Pertaining to the splanch- nopleura. Splanchnopleure ( splangk'- no - plier ) [pTrlay x^a, the SPLANCHNOPLEURIC 1359 SPLENIZATION viscera; Tr'Aevpa, the side]. Same as Splanchno- pleura. Splanchnopleuric (splangk - no - plu' - rik). Same as Splanchiiopleural. Splanchnoptosis {splan\;k-nop-to' -sis) [(T7r/ldy/t!'a, vis- cera; ■KTLidn:, a falling]. A condition of relaxation of the abdominal viscera ; it includes gastroptosis, enteroptosis, nephroptosis, less commonly hepatoptosis and splenoptosis. Splanchnosclerosis [spiangk-no-skle-ro'-sis) \_(!-n:'/.ay x- ya, viscera ; (7/c/l7;pdf, hard]. Visceral induration. Splanchnoscopy {splangk-nos' -ko-pe) vis- cera; (T/coTTE/i', to examine]. Exploration and examina- tion of the viscera. Splanchnoskeleton [spla>igk-no-skeF -et-on) [anXayxva, viscera ; okeTletov, skeleton]. In biology, that portion of the skeleton specially related to the viscera. Splanchnosympathy (splangk-Jio-sim' -path-e) \av:'Kd-yx- va, viscera"; av/nrddeia, sympathy]. The reflex actions among the viscera themselves and between the vis- cera and other organs. Splanchnotomic isplangk-no-toni' -i/;) \a-n:'KayxvcL, vis- cera ; rtfivEiv, to cut]. Pertaining to splanchnotomy. Splanchnotomy [splangk ■ not'- o - me) \pT^\dyxva, vis- cera ; TE/xveiv, to cut]. Dissection, or anatomy, of the viscera. Splashing [splash' -ing) [origin obscure]. Making a plashing sound. S. Fremitus, a noise heard in suc- cussion in some cases of pleural effusion ; it may be simulated by the presence of fluid in a distended stomach. Splay (jT/i/a) [ME., j/Zi^iv//, tosplay]. To dislocate, as a horse's shoulder. S.-foot. See Talipes. S. -mouth, a wide mouth. Spledget (splej'-et). A pledget, or cloth, used in dressing a sore or wound. [Old.] Spleen {splen) [_airX>/^>, spleen]. l. One of the ab- dominal viscera, situated just below the diaphragm upon the left side ; its function is not certainly deter- mined, though probably hematopoietic. 2. Melan- choly; low spirits ; hypochondriasis; ill -temper ; sur- liness. S., Accessory, a loose portion of splenic tissue in the neighborhood of the spleen. S., Bacon, a uniformly lardaceous spleen. S., Floating. See S., Wandering. S., Indian, an indurated spleen sometimes found in Anglo-Indians. S., Lardaceous, an enlargement of the spleen due to waxy degenera- tion. S.-pulp, the proper tissue of the spleen. S., Sago-, a spleen of which the Malpighian follicles are the seat of amyloid change. S. -sick, splenetic. S., Wandering. See Wandering Spleen. S., Waxy. See ..S". , Lardaceous. S.-wort. See Filix and Asplenium. Spleeny [sple'-ne) [air'kiiv, spleen]. Hypochondriacal ; melancholy; ill-tempered ; perverse. Splen- [splen-) \_a~\7]v, spleen] . A prefix used to denote connection with or relation to the spleen. Splenadenoma [splen-ad-en-o' -i?:ak) \_an'k?jv, spleen ; aAijv, gland ; oua, tumor] . .Splenic lymphadenoma. Splenalgia (splen - al'- je - ah) [arrAi/v, spleen ; ci^ yoc, pain]. Pain in the spleen. Splenalgic [splen-al' -jik) \_BTv7iiiv, spleen ; alyoi;, pain]. Affected with splenalgia. Splenalgy [splen-al' -je). Same as Splenalgia . Splenauxe (splen-awks' -e) [aTrXr/v, spleen ; ab^i/, in- crease]. Enlargement of the spleen. Splencular (plen'-in-lar) [uTr?J/v, spleen]. Pertain- ing to a splenculus. Splenculus [splen' -kii-lus) [aTv7 rjv, spleen : , Splen- citli'\. A supplementary spleen; an exclave of the spleen. Splendid Line of Haller. See Lines, Table of. Splenechos, Splenechus [splen - e'- kos, splen- e' - kus) \_aTT'Xi]v, spleen ; r/xoi;, sound]. The percussion-sound obtained over the spleen. Splenectasis [splen-ek' -ias-is) [crn-A/yv, spleen ; EKTaaic, enlargement]. Enlargement of the spleen. Splenectomist [splen-ek' -to-inist) [CT7rA/;v, spleen ; in- Toi^iij, excision]. A surgeon who performs splenectomy. Splenectomy [splen-ek' -to-me) [a-rrXi/v, spleen ; kuTOfii/, excision]. Excision of the spleen. Splenectopia, Splenectopy [splen-ek-to'-pe-ah, splen- ek' -to-pe) [_aK/j/p, spleen ; ekto-(j(;, dislocated]. Dis- placement of the spleen. Splenelcosis [splen-el-ko' -sis) [c-zv/i', spleen ; i'AKutytg, ulceration]. Ulceration of the spleen. Splenelcus [splen-el' -kus) \_GTr'Ai/v, spleen ; e^Koa, ulcer]. An ulcer upon the spleen. Splenemia, Splensemia [splen - e'- me - ah) [cik'/Jiv, spleen; fi)//a, blood]. Splenic leukemia. Splenemphraxis [splen-em-fraks' -is) [oKXr/v, spleen ; tlJ.j)aiu;, obstruction]. Congestion of the spleen from any cause. Splenepatitis [splen-ep-at-i' -tis) [awXiiv, spleen ; iinnp, liver; itk;, inilammation]. Inflammation involving both liver and spleen. Splenetic [splen-e/'-ik) [an'Aiiv , spleen]. Splenic. Per- taining to the spleen ; ill-humored ; fretful ; hypochon- driacal. Splenial [sple'-ne-al) [a-n:A,i]viov, bandage]. I. Serving as a bandage or splint. 2. Pertaining to the splenium or to the splenius. Splenic [splen' -ik) \c!nXr]viK6<;'\. Pertaining to or affect- ing the spleen. S. Fever. See Anthrax. S. Pulp, See Pulp. Splenicogastric [splen - ik - o -gas' - trik) \pv:lrjviK6r^, splenic; jacrr^p, stomach]. Belonging or pertaining to both the spleen and the stomach. Splenicopancreatic [splen-ik-o-pan-kre-af -ik) \a-K'Krivi- )«5f, splenic; Trdynpear, pancreas]. Belonging or per- taining to both the spleen and the pancreas. Splenicterus (i//(?«-?'/''-/<';'-?«) [cr7rX;?j', spleen ; iKTepog, jaundice]. Inflammation of the spleen associated with jaundice. Spleniculus [splen-ik' -u-lus). See Splenculus. Splenicus [spleti'-ik-tis) [anlrjv, spleen]. I. Splenic. 2. A drug acting upon the spleen. Splenification [splen - if - ik - a'- shim) [(T7rA?/y, spleen ; facere, to make]. In pathology, the conversion, dur- ing certain diseases, of the substance of the lungs or of the liver into tissue resembling that of the spleen. Spleniserrate [splen - is -er'- at ) [ cr7r/l/;v/or, bandage ; serra, saw]. Pertaining to the splenius and serrate muscles. Splenisis [splen-is' -is) [<7n-/l^i', spleen ]. A degenera- tion of the lung sometimes found in yellow fever. The lung contains dark-brown spots having a color and consistency resembling those of the spleen. Splenitis [splen -i' -tis) [airXi/v, spleen; trig, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of the spleen. Splenium [ sple'- ne - u/// ) [(ttt A;?i'/oi', bandage]. The rounded caudal extremity of the callosum. It repre- sents a flexion of the callosal sheet upon itself, so that there is a dorsal lamina, a ventral lamina, and a caudal connecting portion. The thick fold or pad at the posterior end of the corpus callosum. Splenius [sple' -ne-us) [^okT^t/viov, bandage]. The pos- terior mastoid muscle ; it is in two parts — -the splenius capitis and the splenius colli. See Muscles, Table of. Splenization [splen-i'-.-a'-shun) \_n-')'.ij\', spleen]. A condition of the lungs during the first or secomi stage of pneumonia, in which period the tissue of the lungs resembles that of the spleen. S., Hypostatic, hypostatic pneumonia. SPLENO- 1360 SPONDYLARTHRITIS Spleno- (spkn'-fl-). Same as Splen-. Splenocele (splen' -o-sel) [ctt/I//!', spleen ; hernia]. Hernia of the spleen. Spleno-colic (spL'u-o-koF-ik) \_an7J]v, spleen ; ko'aov, colon]. Pertaining conjointly to the spleen and the colon. S.-c. Ligaments, a peritoneal fold between the spleen and the mesocolon. Splenodynia {splcn-o-din' -e-ah) \_aK'Atjv, spleen ; bdiivr/, pain] . Pain in the spleen. Splenographic (spkn-o-gyaf'-ik) \_a-a7Lr/v, spleen; jpd- ffls/i', to write]. Pertaining to splenography. Splenography [splen-og' -ra-fe) \pTz'kiiv, spleen ; ypa(peiv, to write] . The descriptive anatomy of the spleen. Splenohemia {splen-o-he' -me-ali) \_c!TrA//v, spleen ; ai/ita, the blood] . Congestion of the spleen. Hyperemia of the spleen. Splenoid [splen' -oid^ \_aKA?/v, spleen ; eJdof, resem- blance]. Resembling the spleen. Splenokeratosis (splen-o-^er-at-o' -sis) [onTLj/v, spleen ; liipac, wax]. Splenic induration. Splenologic (splen - o - loj'- ik) spleen ; /Idyof , science] . Pertaining to splenology. Splenology (splen- ol'- o-je) [aTr?.r/v, spleen; /^dyof, science]. The sum of what is known of the splenic structure, function, and diseases. Splenolymphoma (splen-o-lhn-fo' - mah) . See Splen- adenoma. Splenoma (splen-o' -nia/i) [ff7r/i?/i', spleen ; b^ia, tumor]. Tumor of the spleen. Splenomalacia [sple-no-mal-a' -se-ali) [an'kijv, spleen ; fia'/uKia, softness]. Softening of the tissue of the spleen. Splenomegalia (splen-o-ineg-a' -le-ah) [air'kijv, spleen ; fieyac, large]. Idiopathic hypertrophy of the spleen ; an essential hypersplenia. Simple enlargement of the spleen apart from leukemia, or cachexia ; by some it is considered merely as Hodgkin's disease of exclu- sively splenic type, while others (Debove and Gran- cher) hold it to be a special disease. Splenomegaly (splen-o- meg' -al-e). See Splenomegalia. Splenoncus (splen-ong'-kus). See Splenoma. Splenoparectasis (splen-o-pa?'-ek' -/as-is)\a~\r]i>, spleen ; i-KTaaii;, distention]. Enlargement of the spleen. Splenopathy (splen-op' -ath-e) \_ajT7irjv, spleen ; TrdOoc, disease]. Disease of the spleen. Splenophlegmone (splen-o-flcg' -mon-e) \a-K\rjv, spleen ; (p'Aty/jovri, inflammation]. Phlegmonous inflammation of the spleen. Splenophraxia, Splenophraxis [splen - o - fraks'- e - ah, sple-no-fraks' -is). See Splenemphraxis. Spleno-phrenic (splen-o-fren'-ik) \_aTz\riv, spleen ; ibpriv, diaphragm] . Pertaining to the spleen and the dia- phragm. S.-p. Ligament, a peritoneal fold between the spleen and the diaphragm. Splenophthisis (splen - off'- this - is) [anTiijv, spleen ; ipftiaic, wasting]. Atrophy of the spleen. Splenopneumonia (splen - o - nn - mo' - ne - ah) \_oiTXiiv, spleen ; TTvevnuv, lung]. Pneumonia with spleniza- tion of the lung. Splenorrhagia (splen - or - a'-je - alt) [a-Xr/v, spleen ; prjyvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the spleen. Splenotomic (splen-o-tom' -ik) [n-'/i/r, spleen ; rtfiveiv, to cut]. Pertaining to splenotomy. Splenotomy (splen-of -o-me) spleen; riiivzLv, to cut]. Incision or dissection of the spleen. Spleno-typhoid (splen - o - ti' -fold) {anXiiv, spleen; r/O^of, stupor]. Typhoid fever with splenic compli- ' cation. Splent (splent) [ME., splente, splint]. An exostosis occurring on the inner surface of the metacarpal bone of the horse. Splenypertrophia (splen - i - per - tro' - fe - ah) \p-n:\riv, spleen; v-Ktp, over; rpoipr/, nourishment]. Hyper- trophy of the spleen. Splint [ME., splinte, splint]. I. A piece of wood, metal, or other material for keeping the ends of a fractured bone in permanent apposition during the pro- cess of contact while healing. 2. See Splent. S., Agnew's [for hip-jt^int disease), a long splint with a perineal band (fitted closely against the tuber ischii) and a foot-piece ; used after the disappearance of acute symptoms, and designed to support the weight of the trunk. S., Anchor, a splint used for fracture of the jaw. Metal loops fit over the teeth, and are held in contact by a rod and nut. S. -bandage, an immovable bandage. S., Bavarian, coarse flannel is cut to fit the part, and stitched over the limb. A thick paste of plaster-of- Paris is rubbed upon the cloth to secure immobility. S., Bond's (for fracture of the lower end of the radius), a thin, wooden splint, with sole-leather edges an inch high, and a curved block to rest in the palm of the hand. A pasteboard splint is used on the back of the forearm, both reaching from below the elbow to almost the distal ends of the metacarpal bones. S. -bone, the fibula. S., Bracketed, a splint consisting of two pieces of wood or metal joined by brackets. S., Levis's, a perforated metal splint extending from below the elbow almost to the distal ends of the metacarpal bones. It is hollowed to fit the arm and palm, and the metacarpal joints are flexed over it. Splinter (splin'-ter) [ME., splittteren, to split]. See Sequestrum. Applied, also, popularly to a bit of wood or other material that pierces the skin. S.-bone, the fibula ; a term applied to one of the two small bones extending from the kijee to the fetlock of the horse, behind the shank-bone. Split [origin obscure], A longitudinal fissure. S. Pelvis, congenital non-union of the bones of the pubes at the symphysis. Spodiomyelitis (spo -de-o- mi - el - i'- tis [(T/ro(5«of , gray ; i(/i)f/16f, marrow ; (rif, inflammation] . An acute inflam- mation in the anterior cornua of th^ spinal cord, in which the larger multipolar ganglion-cells are de- stroyed ; it occurs usually in children during their period of first dentition. See Poliomyelitis, Acute A nterior. Spodium (spo'-de-um) [uTroJdf, ashes]. An old term for animal charcoal. Spodogenous (spo-doj' -en-us) \<5v:o&6q, ashes ; yevvav, to produce]. Arising from debris, or from the waste matters of the economy. Spokebone (spok'-don). See Radius. Spoliative (spo'-le-a-tiv) \spoliare,to plunder]. Dimin- ishing ; applied to venesection practised for the purpose of diminishing the mass of blood. SY>or\d.\a.s (spon'-de-as) [_anov6id(;, & \.ret\. Hog-plum; a genus of trees of the order Anacardiacea:, growing in China, the West Indies, tropical South America, and the islands of the Pacific. The trees bear an edible fruit, which is aperient and refrigerant ; the leaves are mildly anodyne and diaphoretic, and the root and bark possess astringent properties. The seeds are poisonous. Spbndle, Foramen of. See Foratiiina, Table of. Spondles (spon'-dls) \_aT:6v6v7M<:, a vertebra]. The ver- tebra. Spondyl- (spon'-dil-) {pTrbv^vloQ, vertebra]. A prefix used to denote connection with one or more vertebrse. Spondylalgia (spon-dil-al' -je-ah) {pTrbvAvlnq, vertebra ; a/yof, pain]. Pain referred to a vertebra. Spondylarthritis (spon-dil-ar-thri'-tis) [(jTrofrfuAof, ver- tebra ; apffpoi', joint ; itlc, inflammation]. Inflamma- SPONDVLARTHROCACE 1361 SPONGINBLAST tion at a vertebral articulation. S. synovialis, in- flammation of the synovial membranes of the articular processes of the vertebrte (Hiiter). Spondylarthrocace \spon-dil-ar-throk' -as-e)\jjTT6v&vko(;, vertebra; apt'/wr, joint ; /ca/o/, evil]. Caries of a ver- tebra. Spondylexarthposis [spon-dil-eks-ar-thro^-sis) \_(jtt6v- rfuXof, a vertebra ; i^, out ; apOpov, ]omi\. Dislocation of a vertebra. Spondylitis (jr/£)«-(//7-/'-//V) [ffiro I'tJu/lof, a vertebra ; itl(;, inflammation]. Inflammation of one or more vertebra ; Pott's disease. S. cervicalis, arthritis of one or more cervical vertebrre. S. deformans, chronic inflamma- tion of the vertebra;, of a gouty or rheumatic nature, terminating in ankylosis and deformity. S. tuber- culosa, tuberculous spondylitis. See Poifs Disease in Diseases, Table of. Spondylizema [spon-dil-i-ze' -ma/i)\_aTT6v6vAo<;, vertebra ; i(efia, a subsiding]. Pelvic obstruction caused by par- tial or total loss of a vertebra, in consequence of wliich the vertebrae above overhang the brim of the pelvis. See Spondylolisthesis. Spondylocace ( span - dil - ok'- as-e^. See Spondylar- throcace. Spondylodynia [spott-dil-o-din'-e-ah^ [(77ro!'i5ti2of, ver- tebra ; bd'vvri, pain]. Pain in a vertebra. Spondylolisthesis ( spon-dil-ol-is-the' -sis) [ a~6v&v7\rii;, vertebra; bXiaOi/aiq, a slipping]. Deformity of the spinal column produced by the gliding forward of the lumbar vertebrae in such a manner that they over- hang the brim and obstruct the inlet of the pelvis; especially the separation of the last lumbar vertebra from, and its slipping forward on, the sacrum. Spondylolisthetic (spon-dil-o-lis-thet' -ik) {p-KOviukoq, vertebra; oK'iodriai(;, a slipping]. Pertaining to, or of the nature of spondylolisthesis. Spondylomyelitis [spon-dil-o-?ni-el-i' -tis) See Spondy- litis. Spondylopathia [spon-dil-o-pa'-the- ah). See Spon- dylopathy. Spondylopathy ( spon-dil-op' -alh-e ) \oTT6v^vAoq, ver- tebra ; 7rd9of, a suffering ]. Any disease of the ver- tebrae. Spondyloptosis [spon-dil-op-to'-sis). See Spondylo- listhesis. Spondylopyosis ( spon-dil-o-pi-o' -sis) \p-K6v&vkoq, ver- tebra; TTiKw, pus]. Suppurative inflammation of one or more vertebrae. Spondyloschisis [spon-dil-os' -kis-is) \_a-K6v6vko(;, ver- tebra]. Deficient ossification in the arch of the fifth lumbar vertebra ; this is said to be one of the causes of spondylolisthesis. The condition may aftect one or both sides of the vertebra;. Spondylotomy (^spon-dil-ot' -o-me) ^cTxov&vkoq, vertebra ; rop/, section]. Section of a vertebra in embryotomy ; section of a vertebra in correcting a deformity. Cf. Rachiotomy . Spondylous [spon'-dil-us) [oirdvSv'koq, vertebra]. Ver- tebral ; like a vertebra. Spondylus {^spon' - dil -us) \j5T:6v6v\oq, vertebra]. A vertebra. Sponge (spiinj) \a-K6yyo<;, any spongy substance]. In biology, a ccelenterate animal of the class Porifera. The sponge of commerce belongs to the order Cera- spongid, having a skeleton of horn-fibers [spongin), without proper spicules. S. -animalcule, a sponge- cell. S., Antiseptic, a sponge that has been rendered destructive of germs. S., Burnt, sponge-charcoal made from fine sponges cleansed and burned, then powdered, and sifted through a No. loo silk sieve. S., Com- pressed, a fine sponge, cleansed, exposed to pres- sure, and dried. It is used particularly as " sponge - 86 tents" in gynecology, and in the treatment of masti- tis. S., Fine Levant {£itspongia oJjfici)ialis mollis- siina), this is the finest sponge of commerce ; it is ob- tained from the Adriatic Sea, the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, and the Red Sea. S. -graft. 'Aee Graff. S. -graft- ing, a method of promoting the repair of chronic ulcers and other solutions of continuity rebellious to ordinary treatment by the application of pieces of sponge covered with oil-silk. Speedy cicatrization follows as a rule. S., Grass, the Honey-comb Sponge {Spovgia cerebri- foniiis), a poor quality of sponge from Florida and the Bahamas. S. -holder, an instrument, consisting of a rod, which serves as the handle, furnished at the distal end with a device for clasping a sponge. S.- holder. Finger, a sponge-holder having a thimble at one end ; it is used within the throat. S., Horse, Venetian Bath-sponge, Gerbis Sort [Plippospongia equina), the coarsest of all the Mediterranean sponges. It is obtained along the Mediterranean coast. S., Levant. See S., Fine Levant. S. -method of Vol- tolini, the removal of soft tumors from the vocal bands, by means of a small sponge firmly attached to a suitable handle, introduced into the glottis, and roughly moved up and down. S., Prepared, a sponge rendered soft and elastic, and suitable for surgical uses by soaking in cold water and separation of the cal- careous matter. S., Sheepswool (^Spongia gossypitia), the finest and toughest of the sponges from the Bahamas and the Florida Keys. S.-tent. See Tent. S., Turkey. See Fijie Levant. S., Vegetable, the fibrous network of the fruit of Luffa cegyptiaca ; it is used as a sponge-brush and flesh-brush. S., Waxed, a fine sponge, which, after being cleansed, is soaked in melted yellow wax, and then exposed to pressure in a warm press ; it is used to make sponge- tents. S., Worsted, a substitute for sponge in surgery. Cut up coarse, white "four-ply fingering" worsted into lengths of about two meters ; tie up a large handful of these in a double thickness of or- dinary " unprepared gauze," boil them for an hour or more, and put away for use in a I-20 carbolic lotion. S., Zimocca {Etispotigia zi>nocca), the flat, tough sponge of commerce, obtained from the Adriatic, about the Greek Islands, and the coast of Barbary. Spongia {spon' -je-ah). See Sponge. Carbo spongise. See Sponge, Burnt. Pulvis spongiae ustae. See Sponge, Burnt. S. cerata. See S.,ll'axed. S. Com- pressa. i^ee. Sponge Compressed. S. cynorrhodontis, S. cynosbati, bedegar ; an excrescence occurring on various species of the wild-rose, due to the puncture of cynips rosze, S. fluviatilis, small sponges found on stones and on Vi'ater-plants in streams, ponds, and marshy places. S. lacustris, a Russian variety used by homeopaths in the preparation of a tincture. S. officinalis. See S. praparata. S. praeparata. See Sponge, Compressed, and S., Prepared. S. Usitatis- sima, sponges with fine pores cleansed and pressed. S. usta. See Carbo spongia. Spongiform {spun' -jifomt) \a-K6yyoq, sponge ; forma, a form]. Resembling or having the physical characters of a sponge. Spongin (spun'-jiii) \_a-nyyta, also a-Kdy^/oq, sponge]. In biology, the horny substance forming the skeletal fibers of the ceratose sponges. It resembles silk in chemic composition, but differs from it in being insoluble in an ammoniacal solution of copper sul- phate [cuproso-ainmoniutn s?tlphate). It is also called spongiatin. Sponginblast (spun' -jin-blast) [^(ynnyyia, sponge; fiTiacToq, a germ]. In biology, a spongin-secreting cell. SPONGIOBLAST 1362 SPORE Spongioblast {spun' -je-o-blast) [crTroyyof, a sponge ; ^'kacToq, a germ]. In biology, a variety of cell derived from the invaginated ectoderm forming the Portion of Wall of Neural Tube, Exhibiting germ-cells (,§■) among the differentiating spongio- blasts. {From Piersol, after His.) neural tube. The spongioblasts are especially con- cerned in the production of the neuroglia-cells. Cf. Neuroblasts. Spongiole (spini' -Je-ol) \_spongiola , a little sponge]. In biology, a name formerly applied to the spongy tissue of the root-tip, on account of its supposed property of sucking up moisture like a sponge. Spongiolin {spun' -je-o-lin). See Spoiigin. Spongiopiline [spun' -je-o-pi' -liii) \aTroyylov, dim. of mxoyyoq, sponge; ttITlo^, felt]. Felted or woven cloth, into which tufts of sponge are incorporated ; one side is coated with rubber ; it is a good substitute for a cataplasm. Spongioplasm [spun' - je - o - plazui) [uTroyyof, sponge; TzXacfia, anything formed or molded]. In biology, the extremely fine, elastic, protoplasmic threads form- ing the intracellular reticulum, and containing between them the clear, homogeneous, active hyaloplasm, q. v. "In muscle-fibers the spongioplasm is regularly arranged, consisting of parallel filaments which run longitudinally and are bound by transverse filaments at regular intervals in a plane at right angles to the longitudinal axis." (Lang.) ^•pon^xosz. (spun-je-o' -sah) [a-dyyof, sponge]. Cancel- lous tissue. Spongiose [spun' -je-dz) \_aiT6yyog, sponge]. Full of pores, like a sponge. Spongoblast [spung' -go-blast) . Same as Spongioblast. Spongoid {spun' -goid) [ffTrdyyof, sponge; el&oq, resem- bling]. Resembling sponge. Spongomere {spung' -go-mer) [ffTrdyyof , a sponge ; fJ-epoc;, a part] . In biology, the upper portion of a sponge, characterized by the presence of chambers lined with collar-cells. Cf. Hypomere. Sponges, Spongus {spun' -gos , spnit'-gus). See Sponge. Spongy {spim'-je') [ffTrdj'yof, sponge]. Having the texture of sponge ; very porous. S. Bones, bones having a porous, reticulated structure, especially the turbinated bones of the nose, and the sphenoid and ethmoid bones. S. Portion of the Urethra. See Urethra. Spontaneity {spon-tan-e'-it-e) \_spons, will, abl. sponte, of one's own accord]. In biology, variation in struc- ture or function attributable to some innate or heredi- tary condition of the organism and not to its environ- ment; purposeless, or uncalled-for activity. Spontaneous {spon-ta' -ne-us) \_spons, will]. Voluntary, or without extraneous impulse ; instinctive; automatic. S. Ankle-clonus, a rhythmic movement of the leg and foot, corresponding to ankle-clonus, but occurring spontaneously. S. Combustion. See Combustion. S. Cretinism. See Cretinism. S. Evolution. See Evolution. S. Generation. See Abio- genesis. S. Version. See Version. Spool-worm. Synonym of Oxyuris vermicu- laris. See wadLiiX Parasites {Aniiiuil), Table of. Spoon [ME., .t/oo«, spoon]. A utensil consist- ing of an oval or circular bowl and a handle ; a spoon-shaped instrument ; a curet. S.-saw, a spoon-shaped instrument or curet with ser- rated edges, used for scraping away fungous growths. S.-nail, a condition of the nail in which it is thinned and concave from side to side, with the edges everted, and with hollow- ing to a less degree antero- posteriorly. It has been observed in some wasting diseases. Spora {spo'-rah) [L.]. See Spore. Sporaceous [spor-a'-shus) \spora, spore]. Con- sisting of or convertible into spores. Sporadic {spor-ad' -ik) [cr-o/jatS/AOf , scattered]. Scattered. Applied to diseases, or cases of disease, that may spread, but which are not epi- demic. S. Cholera, a synonym of Cholera morbus. Sporadicity {spor - ad - is'- it - e) [o-TropaJfKOf, scattered]. The quality of being sporadic. Sporangidium [ipor - an - jid' - e - uin) [ff-dpof, spore]. The theca or capsule of mosses. Sporangiferous {spor - an - jif- er - us) [uTrdpof , spore ; ferre, to bear]. Bearing sporangia. Sporangiform {spor-an' -jif-orm) [fT7rd/jor, spore ; forma, form]. Having the form of a sporangium. Sporangioid (spor - an'-je - oid ) [(jTrd/jof , spore ; Etdof , like]. Sporangiform. Sporangiole {spor - an' - je - ol) \_a-6poQ, spore; ayytlov, vessel]. A capsule containing spores. Same as Spo- rangium. Sporangiophore {spor- an'- je - o -for). See Sporangio- phoruni. Sporangiophorum {spor-an-je-off' -or-um) [crn-dpof , seed ; ayytlov, vessel; -e, Kesting-spore , Sporid, Stvlospore, S^mrmspore, Teleutospore, Telra- spore, Uredospore , Zoospore, Zygospore. S. -capsule, SPORID . 13()3 SPOROZOA aspore-case. S.-case, the sporangium or covering of a spore. S.-cell, a spore. S., Compound, a spore tliat produces secondary spores. S., Daughter, a spore produced in a mother-cell. S. -formation, the origina- tion of spores. S. -group. Same as Sporidesm. S., Inactive, a non-motile fertile cell. S., Mother-, a mother-cell. S., Naked, a gymnospore. S. -plasm, the protoplasm of a sporangium. S., Primary, a spore the germination of which produces a prothallium ; a protospore. S.-sac, the sac lining the cavity of the sporangium of mosses. See Sporangium. S., Sec- ondary, a merispore. Cf. S. Compound. S., Swarm, a spore endowed with the power of locomotion. Sporid [spor'-id ) [(jTrdpoj', seed] . See Sporidiuin. Sporidesm [spor' - id - eziii) [cTrdpof, seed; dtaiir), a bundle] . In biology, a septate or compound spore. Sporidiferous [spor-id-if -er-us) [ffTrdpof, spore ; ferre, to bear]. Bearing sporidia. Sporidiola (spor-id-e-o' -lali). See Sporuk. Sporidiolum [spor-id-i' -o-luiii) [dim. oi sporidiuin, hoxa airdpog, seed: pL, Spoyidiola\. In biology, a spi-r- matiuni. Sporidium (spor-id' -e-unt) [(TTrd/jof, seed ; idiov, a dim. : //. , Sporidia\ In biology, a spore borne upon a promycelium. Sporiferous (spor-if'-cr-us) \_a-opa, spore; ferre, bear]. In biology, spore-bearing. Sporiparity [spor-ip-ar' -it-e) [crTropof, spore ; parere, to bear]. Reproduction by means of spores. Sporiparous [spor-ip' -ar-us) [airopa, spore ; parere, to produce]. In biology, reproducing by means of spores. Sporoblast (spor'- o - blast ) [cTrdpof , seed ; f}2.aaT6(;, germ]. In biology, one of the four round bodies produced by the process of endogenous cell-formation in a Coccidium. Pfeifiter and Wolters refer to these as sporogonia , while Neumann broadens the applica- tion of the word "sporoblast" to make it include the " spore'" as well as the "sporoblast ' ' of other authorities. Cf. Sporophore. Sporocarp [spor'-o-karp) [oKopor, seed ; Kap-ur, fruit]. See Sporocarpiuin. Sporocarpium (spor - a - kar' - pe - tim) \_a7t6pog, seed ; KapKog, fruit : //., Sporocarpia\ In biology, the fructification resulting from the conjugation of two sexual elements of identical structure, as found in the ascomycetous fungi ; also, the structure inclosing the sporangia in heterosporous ferns. Sporocladium {spor - o - Ida' - de - utn) [(TTrd/SOf, spore; KAdfJof, a branch]. In certain Algis a branch pro- ducing spores. Sporocyst [spor' -o-sist ) \_a~6poc, seed ; Kvariq, a bag or pouch]. In biology : («) a certain larval stage of fluke-worms [trematoda), which gives rise to new germs called rediiB, q. v. ; (b) used by Wolters as equivalent to macrospore and microspore of gregarines ; [e) the mother-cell of a spore ; a sporocyte. Sporocystic (spor-o-sis'-tik) ^arropoc, seed ; kvotic, a bag or pouch]. In biology, of or pertaining to a sporocyst. Sporocyte (spor'- o - s'lt) \_a-6pnr, spore; kvtik;, a hollow]. In biology, the mother-cell of a spore ; a sporocyst. Sporoderm (spoj-' - o- derm) [arrdpof, seed; Atpfia, skin]. In biology, the coat of a spore, including exospore and endospore. Cf. Spermoderin. Sporoduct (spor' -o-dukt ) [o-Trdpof , spore ; ducere, to lead]. A passage through which spores are con- ducted. Sporogen [spor' -o-Jen) [a-opnc;, seed ; yevi/c, produc- ing]. In biology, an organism which reproduces by means of spores. Sporogenesis (spor-o-Jen'-es-is) [(jn-dpof, seed; yheaig. generation]. In biology, spore-formation or repro- duction by spores. Sporogenous (spor-oj' -en-us) [crTrdpof , seed ; } f iv/f , pro- ducing]. In biology, spore-producing. Sporogone (spor' -o-gon). Same as Sporogonium. Sporogonium (spor-o-go' -iie-um) [onopog, seed ; yovij, generation: //., Sporogonia\ In biology, the non- sexual generation of a moss, proceeding from the fer- tilized oosphore ; cf. Sporopkyte, Sporocarp ; also called Sporogo>ie. Sporogony (spor-og'-o-ne). Same as Sporogencsis. Sporoid (spor'-oid) [a-opog, spore; tWof, like]. Sporular. Sporologist (spor - ol' - 0 -jist) [cr-dpof, spore; Aoyo^, science]. A botanist. Sporont (spo'-ront) \_aTr6poc:, seed; uv (bvT-) being]. In biology, a gregarine without an epimerite, as distin- guished from a cephalont. Sporophore (spor'-o-for) [cr-dyoof , seed ; ifiepeiv, to bear]. In biology : (a) that portion of a fungus thallus specialized for the bearing of propagative bodies ; a special hypha ; (b) Pfeifler's name for the protoplas- mic material of a Coccidiuni which remains after the formation of the sporoblasts. It is the Theilungs- korper of German authors and the rcliquat de segmen- tation of Railliet et Lucet. Wolters, however, employs the term sporophore in speaking of the noyau de reli- quat, a small portion of protoplasm which is left un- used in the maerospures and microspores of the Gregar- ina after the formation of the falcij'orm bodies. Sporophoric (spor - c - fd' - rik) [c/rdpof, spore; (pepeiv, to bear]. Having the character of a sporophore. Sporophorous (spor-off' -or-ics) [uTrdpof , spore ; ipepEii/, to bear]. Spore-bearing. Sporophyl, Sporophyll, Sporophyllum (spor' -o-fil, spor-o-fil' -urn) [(jTopof, seed; ^va'/mv, leaf]. In biology, the modified leaf which bears the spores, or receptacles holding the spores, in many of the vascular cryptogams ; the fertile leaf. Sporophyte (spor' -o-fit) [c-dpof, seed; <^vt6v, plant]. In biology, the non-sexual generation of one of the vascular cryptogams and higher cellular cryptogams. It is often of great size and extended length of life, and is that which is commonly known as the fern, club- moss, etc. On it are produced, without any process of fertilization, the spores. Sporophytic (spor-o-fif -i/c) \_a~6por, spore ; (pvrdv, a plant]. Resembling a sphorophyte. Sporos (spor'-os) [crTrdpof , spore] . Semen. Sporosac (spor' -o-sak) [aTrd/joc, seed ; cd/c/cof, a bag, a sack]. In biology: (a) one of the medusiform repro- ductive buds of certain Hydrozoa ( Tubularice , Cam- panularia). They are JMedusce which have undergone retrograde formation, without oral-opening tentacles or sense-organs ; (b) a sporocyst. Sporostegium ( spor - o -ste' - je - um ) [ a-Kipoc, seed ; arh/eiv, cover, roof]. In biology, the oosporangium or fructification of the Characece ; the Chara-fruit. Sporotrichium (spor-o-trik' -e-uin) \pi~6poq, spore ; dpt^, hair]. A genus of hyphomycetous Fungi. S. der- matodes, a whitish mold that infests Arundo donax in Provence and contact with which causes the maladie des Cannes, a dermatitis of the face, genitalia, etc. It is common among basket-makers and others handling the reeds. Sporous (spo'-rits) [n-rropoc, spore]. Pertaining to a spore. Sporozoa {spor-o-zo' -ak)\_a7T0pa, seed ; !^C)nv, an animal]. A class of parasitic Protozoa including five, orders : the Gregarinidia, parasitic in various worms and arthropods ; the Coccidiidia, or oviform psorosperms, parasitic in the hepatic and intestinal epithelium of SPOROZOOID 1364 SPUTUM various mammals, including man ; the Sarcosporidia, or tubulifoi m psorosperms, parasitic in the muscles of various animals. See Sarcocystis miischeri under Parasites [Animal), Table of; the Myxosporidia, the psorosperms of fishes ; the Microsporidia, or the psorosperms of articulates. See Pebrine and Microsporidia . Sporozooid i^spor-o-zo' -oid ) [(TTTopof, seed ; zooid, ani- mal-like]. In biology : (a) one of the two " sickle- cells " or "falciform bodies" produced by every spore of the true Coccidia. The small portion of the spore-plasma remaining unused is called the noyau de reliqiiat or reliquat de differentiation, or Restkor- per ; (h) any oospore. Sporozoon [spor-o-zo' -on) [ OKopa, seed ; Cvov, an animal: Sporozoa~\. In biology, a member of the Sporozoa . Sport (sport) [ME., sport, sport]. A branch bearing foliage, blossoms, and fruit unlike those of the parent plant. Sporular [spor'-n-lar) \_i3-n:6i)oi;, spore]. Having the character of a sporule. Sporulate [spor' -u-lat) \(!n6p()q, spore]. I. To form spores. 2. To convert into spores. Sporulation (spor-u-la' -shun) [(i-opof, spore]. The production of spores or sporuies ; sporatioii. Sporule [spor'-iil) \_an6i)0Q, seed]. A term applied to a minute spore ; also sometimes to minute granules within a spore. Sporuliferous [spor-n-iif -er-ns) [crTropof, spore ; ferre, to bear]. Bearing sporuies. Sporuloid [spor' -u-loid) [<77rd/jor, spore; tl&oc, like]. Sporular. Spot [ME., spot, spot], 'ie^t. Macula and Spilus. Ss., Acoustic. See Macula. S., Blind [of Mariotte). The entrance of the optic nerve, where the rods and cones are absent. S., Corneal, an opacity of tlie cornea; leukoma. Ss., Cribriform. See Macula cribrosa. S. -disease, Pebrine. S., Embryonic, the nucleolus of the ovum. S., Germinal, S., Germ. See S., Embryonic. S., Hectic, the bright flush on the cheek of a person suffering from hectic fever. Ss., Lenticular, ephelides ; the exanthem of typhoid fever. S., Light (on the membrana tympani), a cone of light on the anterior and inferior part of the tym- panic membrane, with its apex directed inward. S. , Marietta's, the optic disc. S., Milk, a spot found post-mortem on the external surface of the visceral layer of the pericardium, usually over the right ventricle ; it varies from a half to one inch in diameter, and is of common occurrence in persons who have passed middle life. S., Mothers', mothers' mark ; nevus. Ss., Rose, the typhoid rash. S., Sommerring's. See Macula lulea. Ss., Sun. See Lenti^'o. S. of Wagner, the macula germinativa. S., Wine, port- wine mark ; strawberry mark. S., Yellow. See Macula lutea. Spotted (spot'-ed) [ME., spot, spot]. Marked with macula;. S. Fever. See Fever, Cerebrospinal. S. Sickness. See Pinta. Disease. Spotting (spot'-ing) [ME., spot, spot]. A disease of plants in which small black spots appear, and beneath which the tissues decay. Sprain [sprdn) [OF., espreindre, to press]. Injury and consequent soreness from strain of a muscle or tendon by too great traction upon it. S. -fracture, separation of a tendon, with detachment of a small shell of bone. S., Riders', a sprain of the adductor longus muscle of the thigh, resulting from a sudden effort on the part of the horseman to maintain his seat or equilibrium, owing to " shying " or other unexpected movement of his horse. Spray (spra) [Ger. , spreiden, to spread]. A liquid blown into minute particles by a strong current of air or steam. S., Listerian Steam, a carbolized spray from a steam atomizer, formerly used at surgical operations. S. -producer, an atomizer. Spread (spred) [ME., spreden, to spread]. To scat- ter; to disperse ; to distribute over a surface. S. of Dividers, the space including the image between the points of the dividers. This is measured in deter- mining the magnification of a simple microscope. Spreio (spri'-o). Written also Sprue. A popular term for thrush. Spring [ME., spring, spring]. The first of the four seasons of the year ; also, a device having resiliency. S. Conjunctivitis. See Vernal. S. Fever. See Eonosus. S. -finger, a condition in which there is an obstruction to flexion and extension of one or more fingers at a certain stage of these movements. It is due to injuries or may result from inflammation of the tendinous sheaths. S.-halt, an involuntary convul- sive movement of the muscles of either hind leg in the horse, by which the leg is suddenly and unduly raised from the ground and lowered again with unnatural force. S. -ligament, the inferior calcaneoscaphoid ligament of the sole of the foot. S.-nail, a hang- nail. S. Ophthalmia. See Vernal. S.-worm. See Oxyuris vermicularis under Parasites (Animal), Table of. Sprout (sprowt) [D., spruite, a sprout]. A young root or stem from a seed ; a quickly-grown branch. S.- chain, a chaplet of cells formed by that mode of multiplication in which the parent-cell sends out a small process, which increases in size and is gradually separated by the formation of a septum at the point of junction. Spruce (sprits). The name of certain species of Abies, or fir. S.-beer, a beverage made by boiling four ounces each of pimenta, ginger, and hops, and a half-pint of essence of spruce in three gallons 'of water for about ten minutes, straining, adding one pint of yeast, six gallons of molasses, and eleven gallons of water, and leaving it to ferment for twenty-four hours. S.-gum, a resinous exudate ob- tained from Abies alba and Abies nigra. Sprue (spru). Synonym of Thrush. Sprung Knee. In the horse an alteration in the direction and articulation of the bones which form the various carpal joints, so that instead of forming a vertical line from the distal end of the forearm to the cannon-bone, the knee (wrist) is more or less bent forward. Spumescent, Spumose (spu - mes' - ent, spu' - moz) \spuma, froth, foam]. Appearing like froth. Spunk (spungk). See Agaricus. Spur (sper) [ME., spure, spur]. A sharp point, or pro- jection. The angle made by any branch with the main blood-vessel. In biology, a pointed spine-like outgrowth, either of the integument or a projecting appendage. S.-gall, a callous and hairless place on the side of a horse, caused by the use of a spur. Spurge (sperj) [ME., sporgen, spurge]. A general name for plants of the genus Euphorbia. Spurious (spu'-re-us) \_spurius ,{2X%t\. Not legitimate ; bastard. S. Hydrocephalus. See Diarrhea, Acute Infiainmatorv. S. Labor. See False Pains. S. Melanosis.' See Miners' Phthisis. S. Pregnancy. See Pseudocyesis. Spurred (sperd) [ME., spure, spur]. In biology, having spurs. S. Rye. See Ergot. Sputa (spu' -tall). Plural of Sputum, q. v. Sputum (spu'-tum) \_spuere, to spit]. The secretion ejected from the mouth in spitting. It consists nor- SPYROKOLON 1365 SQUIRTING CUCUMBER mally of saliva and mucus from the nasal fossM and the fauces. In disease it may be purulent, muco-purulent, fibrinous, nummular, bloody, and may contain the debris of suppuration of any part finding an outlet through the mouth. Certain diseases, especially pneumonia and pulmonary tuberculosis, are marked by the specific character of their sputa. Microscopically, in diseased conditions, there are found various materials, as fol- lows : blood, oil-globules, pus-corpuscles, granular debris, fragments of lung-tissue, bacteria, Curschmann's spirals, and Charcot- Leyden crystals. S., Black-pig- mented, sputum having a black color from inhaled par- ticles of carbon. S., Cavernous, nummular sputum, from a pulmonary cavity. S. coctum, opaque, yellow- ish or greenish, viscid, generally partially donfluent, though occasionally nummulated, sputum of the later stages of acute bronchitis. S. crudum, scanty, viscid e.\pectoration in the early stages of acute bronchitis. S., Egg-yolk, sputum having a yellow color. S., Globu- lar, spheric masses of sputum of the later stages of bronchitis; yellow in color, and consisting of epithe- lium, pus-corpuscles, mucus, etc. S., Green, bloody sputum in which oxidation of the hemoglobin has taken place; it is seen in pneumonia. S., Icteric, sputum tinged green or yellow, due to the presence of bile- pigment ; it is observed in icterus. S., Nummular, heavy, round, coin-like masses of sputum, such as occurs in pulmonary tuberculosis. S., Prune-juice, S., Rusty, the typical, dark-colored sputum of the third stage of pneumonia ; the color is due to the admixture of blood. S. puriforme, sputum having the appearance of pus. S. rotunda. '&^u7, scale]. Scaly. Squamosphenoid [skwa-mo-sfe' -noid) [squanm, scale ; sphenoid '\. Pertaining to the squamous portion of the temporal bone and to the sphenoid bone. Squamotemporal {skwa -mo- tern' -po-ral) [squama, scale ; lemporal ] . Squamosal. Squamotympanic [skwa-mo-tim-pan'-ik) [squama, scale ; tympanic\ Pertaining to the squamosal and tympanic bones. Squamous [skwa' -mus) [squa?>iosus, scaly]. Scaly. Characterized by thickened lamina: of morbid cuticle. A term applied to an order of cutaneous diseases dis- tinguished by desquamation. It is applied also to cer- tain parts of bones having a scale-like appearance. S. Suture, the suture between the squamous portion of the temporal bone and the frontal and parietal bones. Squamozygomatic (skwa -mo-zi-go- mat' -ik) [squama, scale ; zvgomatii~\. Pertaining to the squamous and zygomatic portions of the temporal bone. Squamula [skwa' -mu-lali) [L.]. A minute scale. Squamulate [skwa' -mu-lat) [squamula, a little scale]. Having little scales. Squamule [skzva' -mid) [squamula, a little scale]. A squamula. Squamuliform [sk'wa' -mu-lif-orm) [squamula, a little scale ; forma, form] . Having the form of a squamula. Squamulose [skwa' -mu-loz) [sqitamula,a small scale]. Covered with minute scales. Square Cap. A variety of provisional head-dressing. A handkerchief is folded so that the edge of one side is three inches in advance of that of the other. The long side is placed next to the head, allowing it to hang down some distance in front of the face. The ends of the short side are drawn down and tied under the chin ; then the ends of the long side are drawn downward and forward, folded back, and tied behind over the back of the neck. Squarra [skwar' -ah) [eavapa, a scab]. A rough crust o{ tinea. S. tondens, alopecia areata. Squarrose [skiuar'-dz) [squarrosus, scurfy, scaly]. In biology, applied to stems or other organs that are roughened with closely arranged bracts or other spread- ing processes. Squarrous [skzcar'-us) [f(T;i;dpa, a scab]. Scurfy; hav- ing crusts or scabs. Squaw-root. See Caulophyllum. Squibb's Diarrhea-mixture. See Opii,,Tinct., Co7iip. Squill [skwil). See Scilla. Squinancy (skwiii'-an-se). See Quinsy. Squint (skziiint ) [origin obscure]. See Strabistnus. S.-hook, a hook for picking up the tendon in an operation for strabismus. Squirrhus [skwir' -us). See Scirrhus. Squirting Cucumber. See Elaterium. SRINT 1366 STALAGMOMETER Srint [Hungarian]. A disease characterized by inflam- matory swellings in the mouth, throat, or anus. It is endemic in Hungary. Stab-culture, a culture in which the inoculating point is thrust into a tube of agar, or otiier suitalsle solid culture- material ; it is used for the propagation of anaerobic schizomycetes ; it is also called Slichciiltur, Stick- culture or Thrust-culture. Stabile [rfi^/'/AV]. Not moving; permanent; in electrotherapeutics, opposed to labile, the electrode being held continually upon one point. Stable-fly (sta' -bl-fli ). See Stomoxys calcilraiis in Parasites [Animal) , Table of. Stachys [sta'-kis) [ura woundwort]. A genus of labiate plants, including motherwort, a perennial herb growing in Europe, Asia, and North America. It is said to possess tonic and diuretic properties, and to be a vascular stimulant. S.palustris. Hedge-nettle; it grows in marshy places in Europe and North America. Stachytarpha, Stachytarpheta (stak-it-ar'-fah, stak- it-ar' - fe-tah) \GTaxvc, a spike; ra/;(/)e((ir, tliick]. A genus of the Verbenacea. Bastard vervain ; an aromatic shrub growing in the West Indies and South America. The leaves and root are said to be tonic, stimulant, diuretic, and anthelmintic. The leaves are known as Brazilian tea, and in Europe are used to adulterate tea. Stactometer [stak-toin'-et-er) [araKTO^, a dropping ; fjerpoi', a measure]. An instrument for measuring drops. Stadium {sta' -de-iim) [L.]. Stage or period. S. acmes, the height of a disease ; crisis. S. augmenti, the period in which there is increase in the intensity of the disease. S. caloris, the period during which there is fever ; the hot stage. S. contagii, the pro- dromal stage of an infectious disease. S. convales- centise, the period of recovery from disease. S. decrementi, defervescence of a febrile disease ; the period in which there is a decrease in the severity of the disease. S. decrustationis, the stage of an exan- thematous disease in which the lesions form crusts. S. desquamationis, the period of desquamation in an exanthematous fever. S. eruptionis, that period of an exanthematous fever in which the exanthem appears. S. exsiccationis. See 5. decrustationis. S. flores- centiae, the stage in an eruptive fever in which the exanthem develops. S. incubationis. See Stage, Latent. S. maniacale, the last stage of excitement in mania, after which the nervous manifestations gradu- ally subside. S. nervosum, the paroxysmal stage of a disease. S. prodromorum, in eruptive fevers, the stage prior to the appearance of the eruption. S. staseos. See 5. acmes. S. suppurationis, the period in the course of variola in which suppuration oc- curs. S. ultimum, the final stage of a febrile affec- tion. Staff (staf) staff, staff]. An in.strument used in lithotomy for passing into the bladder through the urethra. S.-tree. See Celastrus. Staffordshire Knot. See Knot. Stage (staj ) [ME., stai^e, stage]. I. A definite period of a disease characterized by certain symptoms ; a condition in the course of a disease. 2. The horizontal plate projecting from the pillar of a microscope, for supporting the slide or object. S., Algid, a condition characterized by subnormal temperature, feeble, flicker- ing pulse, secondary nervous manifestations, etc. It occurs in cholera and other diseases marked by exhaust- ing intestinal discharges. S., Amphibolic, the stage of a disease intervening between its height and its de- cline. S., Asphyxial, the preliminary stage of Asiatic cholera, marked by extreme thirst, muscular cramps. etc., due to loss of water from the blood. S., Cold, the initial stage, rigor or chill of an attack of a malarial paroxysm. S., Expulsive [of labor), the stage which begins when dilatation of the cervix uteri is complete. See Labor. S., First [of labor), that stage in which the molding of the fetal head and the dilatation of the cervix are effected, ^ee Labor. S., Flexion [of labor), the expulsive stage up to the period in which extrusion of the head occurs. S., Hot, the second or pyrexial stage of a malarial paroxysm. S., Infective, that period of an eruptive fever during which it is infectious. S., Initial, the prodromal stage of an eruptive fever. S. of Invasion, the period in the course of a disease in which the system comes under the influence of the morbific agent. S. of Latency, the incubation-period of an infectious disease, or that period intervening between the en- trance of the virus and the manifestation of the symp- toms to which it gives rise. S., Latent. See S. of Latency. S., Placental [of labor), the period oc- cupied by the expulsion of the placenta and fetal membranes. S., Pre-eruptive, the period of an erup- tive fever following infection and prior to the ap- pearance of the eruption. S., Pyrogenetic, the stage of invasion in febrile diseases. S., Second [of labor). See S., Expulsive. S., Sweating, the third or terminal stage of a malarial paroxysm. S., Third [of labor). See S., Placental. Staggers [stag'-erz) [MD., staggeren, to stagger]. One of the various forms of functional and organic disease of the brain and spinal cord in domestic animals, es- pecially horses and cattle. Enzootic cerebritis of horses, sheep, etc., blind-staggers, louping-ill, gid, sturdy, turnside, stavers. See Ccenurus cerebralis, under Parasites [Animal ), Table of. See, also, Loco and Grass-staggers. S., Blind, staggers due to cerebral disease. S.-bush, Andromeda mariana ; a plant allied to the mountain laurel, growing in the seaboard States of North America. S. -Grass, Loco, or Loco Disease, q. v., produced by eating various so-called loco-weeds, e. g. , Amaryllis atamasco. Astragalus mollio-sinus, A. hornii, Oxvtropis lainberti, etc. S., Mad, S., Sleepy, staggers due to inflammation of the cerebral envelops. S., Stomach, staggers due to cerebral disturbance dependent on gastric disorder. ^X2i%modL&opBor\aiS,\s[stag-mo-de-op-so-ri' -as-is)\aTayiia, a dropping ; £«5of, like ; ^icjptaaii;, psoriasis]. Psoriasis in which the lesions " look like drops of mortar on the skin;" psoriasis guttata. Stagnation [stag- ?ia' -shun) \_sfagnare, to settle]. A cessation of motion. In pathology, a cessation of motion in any fluid ; stasis. Stahl's Ear. S(te Ear, Deformities of. S.'s Theory. See Animism. Stain [stan) [by apheresis from distain, dis, priv. ; tingere, to color]. I. A discoloration. 2. A pigment employed in microscopy to render visible minute and transparent elements or to produce certain microchemic reactions. See Nuclear Stain, Plasmatic Stain, Specific Stain, also Stains, Table of, page 1367. Stainable (.fi-a'-ws-/'/) [ME. , to stain]. Cap- able of being stained. " Stairs " Sign. A sign in locomotor ataxy, consisting in a difficulty in descending stairs. It is an early symptom of the disease. Staircase [star' -has) [ME., staire, stair; case\ A continuous series of responses to nerve-stimuli, varying from a minimal intensity to a maximum intensity. (Romanes.) ^^ftt Sumnwition. Stalagmometer [stal-ag-mom'-et-er) {cralayidx;, a dropping; /arpnr, a measure]. A contrivance for measuring the size of drops. , ■li STAINS, ETC. 1367 CEMENTS AND VARNISHES TABLE OF STAINS, FLUIDS FOR FIXING AND HARDENING, MEDIA FOR EXAMINATION AND PRESERVA- TION, ETC., AND METHODS EMPLOYED IN BIOLOGIC INVESTIGATION. PAGE Bleaching fluids 1367 Cell mounts 1367 Cements and varnishes, . .... 1367 Cleaning slides and covers 1368 Clearing agents 1368 Corrosion methods 1369 Cover-glass preparations 1369 Cytologic methods, 1369 INDEX. PAGE Decalcifying fluids 1371 Decolorizing, etc., solutions, .... 1372 Dissociating fluids 1372 Embedding, 1373 Embryologic methods 1375 Examination of blood, 1376 Examination and preservation medja, 1377 PAGE Fixatives, 1380 Fixing and hardening fluids, .... 1381 Injection masses 1384 Staining of con. and other tissues, . . 1386 Staining of microorganisms, .... 1387 Staining of nerve-tissues 1392 Staining reagents, 1397 Zoologic methods 1405 BLEACHING FLUIDS. These are used to dissolve and decolorize organic pig- ments in tissues containing them, and to overcome the staining of objects treated with osmic acid. Chloroform, combined with nitric acid, will clear strongly pigmented chitin. Grenadier's Mixture. For the eyes of Arthropods and other animals. Mix I part of glycerin with 2 parts of 80 per cent, alcohol, and add 2 or 3 drops of hydrochloric acid. This fluid dissolves pigment, while at the same time a stain is formed which, in the course of from 12 to 24 hours, colors the nuclei. The object may be previously stained with borax-carmin. The carmin does not wash out as rapidly as the pigment, but the decolorization must be watched. Hydrogen Dioxid (Hydrogen Peroxid, Oxygenated I rater). The sections, fast- ened on slides, are placed in a 10- volume, or 2 per cent, solution. The melanin is reduced to a pale- yellow color in from 6 to 48 hours, according to the amount of pigment present and the light to which the specimen is exposed (strong sunlight materially hastens the process). If the treatment is continued longer the coloring-matter can be entirely removed, and by watching the process a little carefully the decoloriza- tion can be stopped at any point before absolute re- moval. Practically it has been found to be of advant- age to leave sufficient color to mark the position of the pigment-cells. The liquid does no appreciable injury to the structural elements. See a.ho,Poue/iet' s Mixture. Javelle Water. See Corrosion- fluids, Eau de Javelle. Labarraque's Solution. See Corrosion-fluids , Eau de Labarraque. Mayer's Chlorin-solution. To remove the staining that occurs as a result of treat- ment with osmic acid. The specimen is put in from 70 to 90 per cent, alcohol ; the bottom of the vessel is then covered with crystals of potassium chlorate, and a few drops of strong hydrochloric acid are added by means of a pipet. The appearance of a green color indicates the evolution of chlorin, which should be diffused through the alcohol by shaking the vessel. Objects are bleached in half a day. Nitric acid may be used instead of hydrochloric, in which case the bleaching agent is the freed oxygen. Marsh gener- ates chlorin in a small bottle, and conveys it bymeans of glass tubing to the bottom of a bottle containing the sections in water. Pouchet's Mixture. Treat the tissue with glycerin to which hydrogen dioxid has been added — 5 or 6 drops to from 5 to 10 c.c. of gly- cerin. Osmium preparations may be bleached in this mixture. The same author recommends creasote as a solvent and decolorizer for granular animal pig- ments. Sargent's Chlorin-solution. P"or bleach- ing insects, and suitable only for the preparation of the hard parts. The solution consists of 2 grams of potassium chlorate, 10 drops of hydrochloric acid. and water, 30 c.c. Soak the objects for two days and then wash thoroughly. CELL-MOUNTS. Balsam-parafifin for Cells [ Ju/ieji). This substance consists of paraffin saturated with balsam-cement, and is prepared as follows : Reduce commercial Canada balsam to a wax-like consistence by slow evaporation in a shallow tin pan over a low flame. Test by cool- ing a few drops from time to time. Melt slowly a quarter of a pound of paraffin, with a melting-point above 45° C. (113° F.), add a lump of the balsam- cement about the size of a marble, and then digest at gentle heat, stirring frequently, for about an hour. The appearance of a slight, yellow tinge indicates the saturation of the paraffin by the balsam. When it is desired to prepare a cell, the balsam-paraffin is cau- tiously heated to the melting-point in a shallow porce- lain capsule. These paraffin cells are suitable for dry or liquid mounts, excepting for the latter when Canada balsam, dammar, or oils are used as preserva- tives. The great advantage of the balsam-paraffin is its chemic indifference to the reagents employed in the preservation-media. Paper-cell Method (Lee). By means of a punch cut out a ring of paper, one mm. in breadth and about one mm. smaller in diameter than the cover-glass. Moisten this paper circlet with the mounting-fluid and center it on the slide. Fill the cell thus formed with the mounting- fluid ; place the object in it ; put on the cover; fill the annular space between the paper and the margin of the cover with glycerin-jelly, and as soon as this has set turn a ring of Bell's cement on it. For Mounting- media. See under Mounting. CEMENTS AND VARNISHES. These substances are chiefly used for sealing fluid mounts, to prevent the admission of air and evapora- tion of the liquid. Before applying a cement, all fluid mounts should be ringed with glycerin-jelly, to avert " running in." Amber Varnish. Fuse 6 lbs. of clear, pale amber, add 2 gallons of hot clarified linseed-oil, ijoil until the mixture " strings," and when partially cooled add about 4 gallons of turpentine. Behrens recommends this cement for its extreme tenacity. Apathy's Cement. Heat together, in a porcelain capsule, equal parts of hard paraffin (60° C. melting- point) and Canada balsam, until the mixture assumes a golden tint and no longer emits vapors of turpentine. On cooling, this forms a firm mass, which for use is warmed, and applied with a glass rod. This cement is suitable for closing glycerin mounts. Asphalt Varnish. This is one of the best media, used either as a cement or- as a varnish. Kitton advises asphalt STAINS, ETC. 1368 CLEARING AGENTS dissolved in benzol and a small quantity of gold size. Bell's Cement. Useful as a cement and varnish. It is soluble in ether and chloroform, and resists the action of cedar-oil. Its composition is unknown. Brunswick or Japan Black. See Piginen/s, Con- spectus of. Equal parts of this substance and gold size, with a little Canada balsam, may be used. It works easily and dries quickly. Colophonium and Wax. To 2 parts of melted wax add, piece- meal, from 7 to 9 parts of colophonium ; hlter and cool. For use, melt by placing the vessel contain- ing the mass in hot water. This cement is imper- vious to water, glycerin, and caustic potash. Gold Size. An excellent cement when of good quality. Kitton's White-lead Cement. Rub together thoroughly, with a little turpentine, equal parts of powdered white lead, red lead, and litharge; then mix with gold size. The cement should be thin enough to work with a brush, and must be made as required. Marine Glue. That known in commerce as G K4 is the best. It is soluble in ether, naphtha, and potassium hydroxid, and is used for securing glass cells to slides. Sealing-wax Varnish. Cover coarsely powdered sealing-wax with alcohol, and digest at a gentle heat. Useful only as a varnish. Shellac Varnish [Beak). Break shellac in small pieces, and shake in a bottle with alcohol until a thick solution is obtained. The addition of 20 drops of castor-oil to the ounce is said to improve this varnish, which is useful chiefly for protecting balsam mounts from the action of cedar-oil. The addition of Venice turpentine renders it less brittle. Stieda's White-zinc Cement. Rub up zinc oxid with turpentine, and for every gram add eight grams of a thick, syrupy solution of dammar in turpentine. This makes a white cement like Ziegler's, the composition of which is unknown. Cinnabar, in place and in double the quantity of the zinc, will give a red cement. Tolu-balsam Cement ( Cai-noy). A superior cement, consisting of tolu balsam 2 parts, Canada balsam I part, and a saturated solution of shellac in chloroform 2 parts, with the addition of enough chloroform to give the mixture a syrupy consistence. Turpentine [Parker). Dissolve true Venice turpentine in enough alcohol to make a solution that will pass through a filter. After filtering, evaporate about one-fourth of the whole on a sand-bath. Test it by dropping a little in cold water, and if on removing it from the water it is hard and gives a vitreous fracture, evaporation has proceeded far enough. Csoker uses common resinous turpentine, which he melts in small pieces over a water- bath. When cool, the resulting mass should be dark- brown and brittle. This cement is used for closing glycerin mounts, and is applied by means of a wire bent at right angles, the short arm being just the length of the side of the cover-glass, which should be square ; the wire is heated in a spirit-lamp, plunged into the cement, and brought down flat on the slide at the mar- gin of the cover. The turpentine distributes itself evenly and hardens immediately. This is a safe and valuable medium and fixes rapidly. CLEANING OF SLIDES AND COVERS. Strong nitric acid, water, alcohol, and ether are recom- mended by Behrens, to be used in the order named. James treats slides that have been used with a mixture of equal parts of benzine, turpentine, and alcohol. For slides on which are balsam-mounted objects the balsam should first be removed by xylol, turpentine, or other solvent. Gibbes' (Heneaffe) Method. Place the covers in concentrated sulphuric acid for an hour or two hours ; wash until the drainings give no acid reaction, first with methylated spirit, then with absolute alcohol, and wipe dry with an old silk handkerchief. Potassium Bichromate and Sulphuric Acid. Potas- sium bichromate 200 grams ; water 1000 c.c. ; sulphuric acid 1000 c.c. Dissolve the bichromate in the water with the aid of heat. Pour the solution into a bottle that has been warmed and surrounded by a wet towel. Add slowly and at intervals the sulphuric acid. This mixture is corrosive and must be kept in glass vessels. It may be used more than once, but when the color changes markedly from that seen in the first mixture, it should be thrown away. Seller's Solution. Po- tassium bichromate 25 gm. ; sulphuric acid 75 c.c. ; water 325 c.c. Place the slides and covers in the solution for a few hours, then rinse well with water, and dry with a soft, linen cloth. Slides and covers that have been used are treated as follows : The covers are put into a mixture of equal parts of alcohol and hydrochloric acid, and in a few days are transferred to the bichromate solution, and treated like new ones. The slides are scraped with a knife, to free them from the mounting-medium, and are then put into the bichromate mixture. Sulphuric and Nitric Acid Mixture. Nitric acid 200 c.c; sulphuric acid 300 c.c. CLEARING AGENTS. Liquids used to render microscopic preparations trans- parent, to rid them of alcohol, and to facilitate pene- tration of the mounting-media. Those chiefly employed are essential oils. Anilin-oil. An important medium, because of its ability to clear watery objects ; it will even clear aqueous media without the interven- tion of alcohol, which sometimes renders it valuable as a penetrating medium prior to paraffin embedding. It is also used for clearing celloidin sections. Berga- mot-oil. Clears 95 per cent, alcohol preparations, also celloidin or collodion sections, and does not extract anilin dyes. It is one of the least refractive of the clearing agents. Carbolic Acid. A concentrated solution in alcohol clears instantaneously even very watery preparations. It is a good medium for celloid- in sections, but should not be used for soft objects to be mounted in balsam, as they are apt to shrink by osmosis in the latter medium. Gage employs a mix- ture of melted carbolic acid, 40 c.c, and turpentine, 60 c.c. Carbolic Acid and Xylol. A mixture of one part of carbolic acid and three parts of xylol is used to clarify celloidin sections, which may be taken from 70 per cent, alcohol, and do not require further dehydration. A layer of previously heated copper sulphate in the bottom of the bottle will keep the mixture free from water. Cedar-oil. This agent clears readily tissues in 95 per cent, alcohol, and does not extract anilin colors. Five or six hours are required to clear celloid- in sections. When of good quality the oil has a light-yellow color. Chloroform is deficient in pene- trating power, and requires a long time to clear an object of any size. It may be used for celloidin and paraffin sections. Clove-oil. New oil is pale ; the tint deepens with age. Long immersion in this medium renders tissues brittle, sometimes an advantage in making minute dissections, as is also its tendency to form very convex drops. If desired, these properties may be counteracted by mixing it with bergamot-oil. As this oil is a solvent of celloidin, it cannot be used for clearing celloidin sections. New oil extracts anilin colors more rapidly than old. This agent has the highest index of refraction of all the usual clearing agents, and is one of the most important. Creasote The properties of this agent are similar to those of carbolic acid. Beechwood creasote is a good clearing medium for celloidin sections. Lavender-oil has STAINS, ETC. 1369 CYTOLOGIC METHODS the same properties and is used in the same way as clove -oil. Naphtha clears paraffin or celloidin sections, but is too volatile for a general clearing agent. Oil of Origanum. Ninety-five per cent, alcohol preparations are quickly cleared, also celloidin sections. For the latter, Oleum origani cretici should be used. Anilin colors are somewhat extracted by this agent. Sandal-wood Oil. Ninety-five per cent, alcohol preparations are cleared rapidly, celloidin sections more slowly, by this agent. Anilin colors are not affected by it. Toluol clears paraffin and cel- loidin sections, and is sometimes used as a penetration- fluid before the paraffin bath. Turpentine. This agent has a low index of refraction, and, used for al- cohol objects, causes contraction and alters the struc- ture of cells. It is much used for paraffin sections, as it possesses the property of dissolving the par- affin and clearing the section at the same time. Xylol is used for paraffin and celloidin sections. It causes shrinkage if the sections are not thoroughly dehy- drated. CORROSION-METHODS. Boiling or prolonged soaking in strong solution of Caustic Soda will remove the soft parts from skeletal struc- tures. Caustic potash may be used in the same way. Eau de Javelle {Potassium Hypochlorite). Rub up 20 gm. of chlorinated lime in 100 c.c. of distilled water ; dissolve 20 gm. of potassium carbonate in 100 c.c. of distilled water; mix, and after one hour filter. This solution is particularly recommended for prepar- ing the skeleton of siliceous sponges and that of similar structures. In the study of the iris, choroid, and other pigmented organs, Altmann recommends Javelle water. Fat, especially when previously treated with osmic acid, resists the action of this fluid. The tissue impregnated with fat is hardened in osmic acid, and treated with Javelle water, which destroys every- thing but the fat, which remains as an osmium-stained mold of the tissue-spaces. Eau de Labarraque. {So- dium Hypochlorite). Twenty grams of chlorinated lime are rubbed up in 100 c.c. of distilled water and mixed with 40 gm. of crystallized sodium carbonate dissolved in the same quantity of water. Let the mixture stand for an hour, and filter. This is used in the same way as Javelle water. With the aid of heat, chitin is dis- solved in either of the solutions in a short time (Loos). Chitinous structures, macerated for 24 hours or more in these solutions diluted with 4 to 6 volumes of water, become soft and transparent, and permeable to stain- ing fluids, aqueous or alcoholic. This method is es- pecially applicable to Ncmatoda and their ova. Hyrtl's Corrosion-method. Commercial mastic varnish is gradually evaporated over a spirit-lamp, or by other means, until it is of such a hardness that it cannot be indented with the finger, and with difficulty with the finger nail. The varnish should never be heated to boiling. By means of a glass rod, allow a drop of hot varnish to fall in cold water ; if this cannot be flattened out between the fingers when cold, and only with difficulty after warming in the palm of the hand or on the tongue, it is sufficiently evaporated. To six parts of hardened varnish add one part of white bees- wax. To color the injection-mass, five colors are re- commended : For red mass, cinnabar ; for blue, cobalt or ultramarine ; for yellow, light or dark chrome-yel- low ; for green, emerald green; for white, carbonate of lead. The latter holds more poorly than the others, becoming somewhat brownish after heating. To 24 ounces of the mass, add from 16 to 20 drams of the color : a little more than this for the blue and green. The colors should be rubbed up evenly in a mortar, with enough of the fluid varnish to give a syrupy con- sistency, and this mixture poured slowly into the heated mass, while constantly stirring with a small wooden spatula. The mass is warmed, preparatory to injection, over an ordinary spirit-lamp, to a tempera- ture just short of boiling, and should be constantly stirred. The method of injecting the varnish mass differs in no way from that of ordinary injections. P'or corroding away the fleshy parenchyma, concentrated hydrochloric acid is used. The organ is placed in a glass jar, of a depth at least two inches greater than the diameter of the organ. It is first rinsed with cold water, and then the cold acid poured over it in suffi- cient quantity to float it. The greater the amount of acid, the quicker the corrosion. From two to ten days will be required for corrosion, according to the size and density of the organ. A fine spray or jet of water is then played upon the organ, and the corroded flesh carefully washed away. The preparation is then laid for two or three hours in clean water and then dried and mounted. Noll's Method : Place a piece of sponge on a slide, and treat it with a few drops of eau de Javelle ; the soft parts will dissolve in 20 to 30 minutes ; remove any precipitates by cautious treatment with acetic acid, wash several times in alcohol, treat with oil of cloves, and mount in balsam. In Wood's Metal Corrosion Method, the organ to be injected is placed in water of a temperature to keep the metal used in a fluid condition, and the liquid metal is injected by ordinary methods. The injected organ is then placed in cold, running water until the flesh has macerated away, when the cast is cleaned with a brush. COVER-GLASS PREPARATIONS. Such preparations are usually made in examining blood, sputum, or other fluid or semi-fluid substance. In the case of sputum a tiny mass is placed on a cover-glass, another is pressed gently down upon this, and the two glasses are separated by sliding one over the other, the object being to secure a thin, even film on each glass. The film may also be spread with the edge of a cover- glass or with a platinum spatula. The preparations are then left to dry in air, or they may be dried by exposing them to a temperature of 120° for twenty minutes, or by passing them quickly thrice through the flame of a spirit-lamp or Bunsen burner. When dry, they are ready to stain. To obtain a cover-glass preparation of blood, cleanse the finger, prick the pad, wipe off the first drop of blood that exudes, touch the apex of the second drop with a cover-glass, spread in the manner described, and dry in air. CYTOLOGIC METHODS. Cell -structure may be studied in living cells, in fresh, unhardened cells, and in hardened tissue in sections. Accessory Nuclei. Fix the tissue in P'lemming's solu- tion for I hour, then place it for 24 hours in Flemming's fluid diluted 3 or 4 times ; wash thoroughly, harden in alcohols of increasing strength. -Stain for 24 hours with hematoxylin according to Apathy's modification of Heidenhain's method; keep in the dark. Decol- orize in a I per cent, alcoholic solution of potassium bichromate prepared just before using (by mixing 70 c.c. of strong alcohol with 30 c.c. of a stock solution of potassium bichromate 10 parts, distilled water 300 parts). The decolorizing mixture should be put in a dark-colored glass bottle, and the tissue left in for from 12 to 24 hours, according as a light or dark stain is desired. Pass into 70 per cent, alcohol — also in a dark bottle, and after one or more days dehydrate in abso- STAINS, ETC. 1370 CYTOLOGIC METHODS lute alcohol. Infiltrate with thick cedar-oil, embed in paraffin which is overheated, and section. (Gustav Plainer, Arch. f. iiiikr. Ann/., 1889, Bd. 33, Heft I.) Achromatin and Plasma Stains. Foremost among these is the EhrHch-Biondi fluid, which is used by Heidenhain as follows : Dilute 6 parts of the staining fluid with 400 parts of water. P'ill two beakers with distilled water, and add to each a few drops of the diluted staining solution. To one beaker add, with continual agitation, drop by drop, a I : 500 solution of acetic acid, until a crimson color appears. The con- tents of the two beakers are to serve as controls. The dilute solution first prepared is now acidified with dilute acetic acid, added drop by drop, with continual agita- tion, and from time to time a few drops are added to a beaker of distilled water, until a crimson tint is ob- tained corresponding to that of the test-beaker, when the staining bath is ready. Treat sections for two hours with o. I per cent, acetic acid, then f(5r 10 to 15 minutes with official tincture of iodin, rinse in alcohol, and place in the stain for from 12 to 18 hours. Altmann's Qxa.n\i\&s, A//i/taiin' s (R. ) A/eikod. The tissue is fixed in osmic acid and stained with cyanin. The granules then appear in chains of a violet color. The substance between the granules stains readily with hemato.xylin or carmin, but not with cyanin, and vice versa. (" Die Structur des Zellkernes," Arch. v. Du B. Keymond, Anat. .4bth., 1889. ) Chromatin Stains. Of these the foremost in importance, for fresh tissues, is methyl-green, which may be used alone or in the Ehrlich-Biondi mixture (see Staining Reagents) ; also Bismarck-brown in dilute glycerin, or in aqueous solu- tion with acetic acid. For osmium objects, Mayer's hem- alum. For sections of hardened tissues, Bohmer's hema- toxylin, the finer hematein stains, safranin, gentian-vio- let, Victoria-blue, and other anilins, used according to the indirect method. Babes stains in safranin, as fol- lows : A supersaturated solution of safranin in water is warmed to 60° C. and filtered warm, tjn cooling it becomes turbid through the formation of small crystals. Place the sections in a watch-glassful of this turbid solution, and warm for a few seconds (until the liquid clears) ; after one minute wash in water and treat with alcohol and turpentine in the usual way. Do not clear in clove-oil. Ehrlich's Granules and Gran- ular Cells {Mluish-green. Watase's Method for Differentiating Sexual Cells. The sexual cells are fixed in Auerbach's fluid or simply in a saturated aqueous solution of sublimate, and the pieces embedded in paraffin. The sections are fixed to the slide with dilute alcohol or distilled water. Saturated solution of anilin-oil in water is added to alcohol until the latter is 20 per cent, in strength ; with this menstruum one per cent, solution of cyanin is made for a blue stain ; and the same strength solution of chromotrop RR for a red stain ; or for a more powerful red stain, use erythrosin in one per cent, solution. For contrast-staining it is immaterial which solution, cyanin or chromotrop, is used first ; erythrosin must be used before the blue stain. Stain quickly, and wash in 50 per cent, alcohol. The nucleus of the ovum becomes red, while that of the spermatozoon becomes blue, showing the former to be erythrophilous, the latter cyanophilous. DECALCIFYING FLUIDS. These fluids usually consist of an acid, combined with a hardening agent, to prevent swelling of the tissue. The specimen should be previously fixed by any of the usual methods, tested from time to time with a needle or razor, and when the process of decalci- fication is complete should be washed in water and placed in 67 per cent, alcohol, gradually increasing the strength to 82 per cent. Bayerls' Fluid. Chromic acid, I part; hydrochloric acid, I part; water, 100 parts. Von Ebner's Fluid prevents swelling of the tissue. It has the following composition : Hydrochloric acid, 2.5 c.c, alcohol, 500 c.c, distilled water, 100 c.c, sodium chlorid, 2.5 grams. Use a large volume of the fluid and renew it frequently. If it be desired to examine the fibrillar structure of bone, mount the sec- tions in 10 per cent, sodium chlorid solution ; other- wise the ordinary mounting-media may be employed. FoTs Fluid. Nitric acid, 3 c.c, one per cent, chromic acid, 70 c.c, water, 100 c.c. Let the tissues remain in this fluid for two weeks, renewing it every other day. Wash thoroughly and preserve in 90 per cent, alcohol. Gage's Fluid. This agent answers well for the preparation of small salamanders, etc.. for sectioning. It consists of 67 per cent, alcohol, 100 CO., and pure nitric acid, 3 c.c. More rapid in action, and recommended for the decalcification of teeth, is a fluid composed of nitric acid, 5 c.c, satu- rated aqueous solution of alum, 100 c.c, and water, ICQ c.c. It should be renewed every two days. Haug's Phloroglucin Fluid. One of the most rapid decalcifying agents, and without injurious action on the tissue-elements, with the exception of blood. It is prepared as follows : Warm slowly and care- fully one gram of phloroglucin in 10 c.c. of pure nitric acid, and to the resulting ruby-colored solu- tion add 50 c.c. of distilled water. If a larger quan- tity is desired, add nitric acid and water to the fore- going proportion until the volume measures 300 c.c. , the limit of the protective influence of the phloro- glucin. Previously to being brought into this fluid, the tissues should be well fixed. Fetal bones and those of lower vertebrates are decalcified in half an hour. Older and harder bones require several hours. When decalcification is completed, wash in running water for two days. The sections stain well. Another formula, useful for teeth when rapid action is not necessary, consists of phloroglucin, I gram, nitric acid, 5 c.c, 95 per cent, alcohol, 70 c.c, distilled water, 30 c.c. The function of the phloroglucin is to protect the organic tissue-elements against the action of the acid. Hydrochloric Acid. A rapid decalcifying agent, usually employed in combination with chromic acid or alcohol. A 10 per cent, solution of sodium chlorid in 3 per cent, hydrochloric acid is recommended. Hydro- chloric acid and glycerin, 5 c.c. of the acid to 95 c.c. of the glycerin, constitute a good mixture for softening teeth. Mayer's Desilicification Method. A process for removing siliceous parts from sponges, etc. Place the object in alcohol in a vessel of gutta- percha or glass coated internally with paraffin. Hy drofluoric acid is then added, drop by drop, care being taken to avoid the fumes, which attack mucous mem- branes with great energy. Contact with the acid causes wounds that heal with difficulty. Small pieces of sponge are freed from silica in a few hours or a day, and the tissues do not suffer. (A dangerous method.) Nitric Acid. An efficacious agent, which causes no swelling, and does not attack the tissue-elements. One per cent, and 10 per cent, solutions are used, the latter for large, hard bones, the former for young bones. The speci- mens should previously have been fixed in absolute alcohol, and the decalcifying fluid changed daily. They must be removed as soon as decalcification is complete, or they will become discolored. They are then washed in running water for two hours, and pre- served in alcohol, which should be renewed in a lew days. Pereny's Fluid, is recommended for rapid action and preservation of the tissue-elements. It is composed of 10 per cent, nitric acid, 4 parts, absolute alcohol and one-half per cent, chromic acid, each, 3 parts. Phosphoric Acid. A 10 to 15 per cent, solution is recommended for young bones. Picric Acid. A saturated watery solution is employed, to which a few crystals of the acid are added to keep it saturated. The tissue is suspended in the fluid, and when soft is washed and preserved in alcohol. Young bone is usually decalcified in a fortnight. Thoma's Fluid. This consists of 95 per cent, alcohol and pure nitric acid, in the proportion of one c.c. of the latter to 25 c.c. of the former. Fix the tissue in 95 per cent, alcohol ; then place it for several days in the decalcifying fluid, shaking and renewing it frequently. When this has been done, wash in alcohol, and place it in a jar containing an excess of precipitated calcium carbonate ; renew and shake until every trace STAINS, ETC. 1372 DISSOCIATING FLUIDS of acid is removed from the tissue. Waldeyer's Chlorpalladium Fluid. Palladium chlorid, one ctg., and hydrochloric acid, loooc.c. After decalcification, wash the tissue thoroughly in water, and place succes- sively in 30, 60, and 90 per cent, alcohol. DECOLORIZING, DIFFERENTIATING, AND MORDANTING SOLUTIONS. Acid Alcohol. Hydrochloric acid I c.c. , absolute al- cohol 70 c.c, water 30 c.c. Acidulated Glyceriil. See Examination anJ Preservation Media. Acidu- lated Water. Distilled water 1000 c.c, hydrochloric acid I c.c. Anilin-water {EhrlicJi). Shake up 3 c!c. of anilin-oil with 97 c.c. of distilled water, and filter. The filtrate should be clear. Used as a mor- dant for anilin dyes. It does not keep well, and should be freshly prepared. Gram's Solution, lodin I part, potassium iodid 2 parts, distilled water 300 parts. This solution gives a reaction with tissues which have undergone amyloid degeneration. It is much used in the staining of microorganisms by Gram's method. Lithia Water. Saturated aqueous solution of lithium carbonate I c.c. , and distilled water 30 c.c, used as an intermediate agent in staining mi- croorganisms. Loeffler's Mordant Solutions. I. Ten c.c. of a 20 per cent, solution of tannin, 5 c.c. of a cold saturated solution of ferrous sulphate, I c.c. of an aqueous or alcoholic solution of fuchsin (or I c.c. of an alcoholic solution of methyl-violet). 2. One percent, solution of caustic soda. 3. Sulphuric-acid solution of such strength that I c.c. will be completely neutral- ized by I c.c. of I per cent, caustic-soda solution. Nitric Acid. Pure nitric acid 10 c.c, distilled water 30 c.c. Used in the process of staining microorgan- isms. Pal's Solution. Oxalic acid i gm. , potassium sulphate I gm., distilled water 200 c.c. Used in staining nerve-tissues after treatment with potassium permanga- nate. Potassium Permanganate. In one per cent, solution, used as a mordant for anilin dyes. In one- quarter per cent, solution it is used to differentiate tissues after staining with hematoxylin. Sul- phanilic and Nitric Acid Solution. Saturated solu- tion of sulphanilic acid 30 c.c, nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.42) 10 c.c. Used in the processof staining micro- organisms. Sulphuric Acid Solutions, {a) Sul- phuric acid (sp.gr. 1. 84) 10 c.c. , distilled water 30 c.c. (V) .Sulphuric acid (sp. gr. 1. 84) 10 c.c, alcohol (90 per cent.) 90 c.c. Used in the process of staining microSrganisms. Toluidin Water. Toluidin 10 c.c, distilled water 90 c.c. Mix, agitate, and filter. Used for the same purpose as anilin-water, and may be substituted for it. Weigert's Differentiating Fluid. Borax 2 gm., potassium ferricyanid 2.5 gm. , distilled water 200 c.c. Used after Weigert's hematoxylin. DISSOCIATING FLUIDS. These fluids soften and dissolve the interstitial material of tissues, and facilitate the separation of their histo- logic elements. I. Macerating P'luids. One-third Alcohol. See Fixing; Fluids. This is particularly recommended by Ranvier for epithelia. Thin advises one-fourth alcohol for dissociating the retina. Ammo- nium and Potassium Sulphocyanid. A 10 per cent, solution of either of these salts is recommended by .Stirling as a dissociating medium for epithelium. Small pieces are macerated for 24 to 48 hours, and may then be stained with eosin, fuchsin, or picrocar- min. The fibers of a crystalline lens dissociated in either of these fluids become beaded or moniliform. Ammonium Chromate. A 5 per cent, solution is used for dissociating the " rodded " cells of the renal tu- bules, cells of the salivary glands, Purkinje's fibers of the heart, etc. It acts in 24 to 36 hours, and the tissues must be well washed for preservation. Artifi- cial Iodized Serum. .See Examination and Preser- vation Media. Artificial Saliva. CalberUi' s form- ula : potassium chlorid 0.4 gm. , sodium chlorid 0.3 gm. , sodium phosphate and calcium chlorid, each 0.2 gm. , in 100 parts of water saturated with carbon di- oxid ; of this solution one volume is combined with one volume of water and half a volume of Miiller's fluid. This mixture is recommended particularly for dissociation of the developing muscle and nerve of Ophidia and AvipJiihia. The tissue-elements are iso- lated by teasing and shaking, and the preparation is mounted in concentrated potassium-acetate solution. Baryta Water. A 50 per cent, solution is useful for dissociating white fibrous tissue, e. g., tendon. Beale's Fluid. The mucus expressed from the gastric glands of the pig is rapidly dried on glass plates, powdered, and preserved in a stoppered bottle. Dissolve the powder in distilled water or glycerin, and filter the solution. Tissues are digested several hours in this fluid at a temperature of 37° C. Eight-tenths of a grain of the powder will dissolve 100 grains of coagu- lated white of egg. The powder retains its proper- ties for years. Brock's Medium. For the nervous system cA Mollusea : equal parts of 10 per cent, potas- sium-bichromate solution and the visceral fluid of the animal. Caustic Potash, Caustic Soda. . Strong solutions, 35 to 50 per cent., .should be employed; they do not greatly mar the forms of cells, while weak solutions destroy them. The tissue may be treated on the slide. Weak solutions may be employed for dissociating the cells of hair, nails, and epidermis. Professor and Mrs. Gage [Proceedings Am. Soc. Microseopists, 1 889) have found that preparations treated with these alkalies can be permanently pre- served by displacing the alkali with from 50 per cent, to 60 per cent, of potassium acetate and then mounting in glycerin or glycerin-jelly. Chloral. A mild, macerating medium in 2 to 5 per cent, solution. It preserves delicate elements admirably, and is recom- mended by Landovvsky [Arehiv. f. mik. Anat., 1876, p. 359) for salivary glands ; by Hickson for the retinse of Arthropods. Bela Haller's Mixture. One part glacial acetic acid, I part glycerin, 2 parts water. Recommended for the centra! nervous system of Mollusca. Maceration is complete in 30 to 40 minutes. Hertwig's Liquid, for the nervous system of Medusa. A mixture of equal parts of 0.05 per cent, osmic acid and o. 2 per cent, acetic acid. For rir/ZwiZ" 0.04 per cent, osmic acid is used ; both the solutions are made in sea- water, and the washing out is done in o. 2 per cent, acetic acid. Iodized Serum. .See Examination and Preser- vation Media. It is used in the study of fresh tissue, especially medullated nerve-fiber. A tiny fragment is placed in 4 or 5 c.c. of weak serum in a closed vessel, and allowed to soak for a day or more, fresh iodin be- ing added as often as the serum becomes pale. When sufficiently macerated, the tissue is teased or pressed out and mounted. Landois' Fluid. Dissolve in ICQ c.c. of distilled water 5 gm. each of neutral am- monium chromate, potassium phosphate, and sodium sulphate. This fluid is especially useful for the cen- tral nervous system, and small pieces must lie in it from one to five days. Mbbius' Media. I. One part of sea-water and 4 to 6 parts of 0.5 per cent, so- lution of potassium bichromate. 2. For Lamelli- branchiata : one per cent, each of osmic and acetic acids, and 0.25 per cent, of chromic acid dissolved in sea- water. Miiller's Solution. See Fixing Fluids. STAINS, ETC. 1373 EMBEDDING Nitric Acid. Twenty per cent, solution is a useful medium for the maceration of muscle. After 24 hours' treatment, the isolated fibers may generally be obtained by shaking the tissue with water in a test-tube. Ni- tric Acid and Glycerin. A mixture of glycerin 50 CO., nitric acid I c.c, and water 150 c.c. , is recom- mended for isolating the elements of nerve tissue. Nitric Acid and Potassium Chlorate, Killine's Method. Mix in a watch-glass one part of potassium chlorate with four of nitric acid, and in this immerse a fragment of muscle for half an hour, and then shake it with water in a test-tube to separate the fibers. Oxalic Acid. Maceration for several days in a concentrated solution has been found useful in the examination of nerve-endings. Potassium Perman- ganate. See Fixing Fluids. Salt-solutibn. A 10 per cent, solution of sodium chlorid is a valuable mac- erating agent for white fibrous and other tissue. Schiefferdecker's Methyl Mixture. Methyl alcohol 5 c.c, glycerin 50 c.c, distilled water loo c.c. Used for dissociating the retina and other nerve-tissues. Macerate the perfectly fresh tissues for several days. Sulphuric Acid. Recommended by Max Schultze for isolating the fibers of the crystalline lens. Macerate for 24 hours in 30 c.c. of water containing 4 to 5 drops of pure sulphuric acid, and then agitate. Very dilute sulphuric acid is stated by Odenius to be the best medium for the examination of nerve-endings in tac- tile hairs. Hot sulphuric acid is used to dissociate horny epidermic structures — hair, nails, horn. II. Digestion Fluids. Bickfalvi's Fluid. One gram of dried gastric mucosa is mixed with 20 c.c. of 0.5 percent, hydrochloric acid, put into an incubator 3 to 4 hours, and then filtered. The tissue should not remain in the solution for more than a half to one hour. Briicke's Fluid. This consists of glycerinated extract of pigs' stomach I volume, 0.2 per cent, hydrochloric acid 3 volumes, and a few crystals of thymol. Kiihne's Fluid. Trypsin is obtained by extracting the pancreas of an ox with ether and alcohol, and evaporating to dry- ness ; one part is then heated for 3 to 4 hours, at a temperature of 40° C, with 5 to 10 parts of a o. I per cent, solution of salicylic acid, the solution pressed ^through linen, and filtered when cold. Kuskow's Fluid. Pepsin one part, dissolved in 3 per cent, oxalic acid, 200 parts. The solution should be freshly made, and objects macerated in it 10 to 40 minutes at the ordinary temperature. Schiefferdecker's Pancre- atin Fluid. A saturated solution of pancreatin in cold distilled water is made and filtered. Pieces of epidermis are macerated in it for 3 to 4 hours, at about the body-temperature. The forms of the prickle-cells are clearly shown, and the nuclei are preserved. EMBEDDING. Embedding methods are divided into two classes, ac- cording to the end which it is intended to accomplish : I, simple embedding; 2, interstitial embedding, or infiltration. Simple Embedding consists in sur- rounding objects which are too small or too delicate to be firmly held by the fingers or by instruments with some plastic substance which gives them firm support without injurious pressure, and thus allows of the cutting of thin sections without distortion. Among the materials used are : ( I ) Moist Paper. Strips of printing paper softened in water are rolled around the object, which, thus wrapped, is firmly pressed into the microtome-cylinder. (2) Fitraffin Infiltration and Embedding. The initial step in this process consists in the infiltration of the object with a clearing agent ; that is, by some substance which is a solvent of paraffin. It is then immersed in melted par- affin until it is thoroughly saturated. The paraffin should be kept just at the melting-point and should be renewed if the object is large. The duration of the bath depends on the size of the object. When this second step in the process is completed, embed in paraffin, as in simple embedding. To prevent crys- tallization of the paraffin, the embedded object should be quickly cooled, which may be done by floating it in the containing receptacle on cold water. When chloroform is the clarifying agent, the subsequent treatment differs from the foregoing, and is as fol- lows : The object is saturated with absolute alcohol, then brought into chloroform (containing a little ether to prevent the object from floating), and then penetrated; the chloroform and the object are gradu- ally warmed to the melting-point of the paraffin used, small pieces of paraffin being added during the warm- ing. When bubbles are no longer given oft from the object, the chloroform has been entirely displaced by the paraffin, and the object is ready to embed [Gies- breckt) . A little tray or box is made of paper, and some melted paraffin is poured into it ; as soon as the mass has cooled sufficiently to support the object this is placed on its surface. More melted paraffin is poured on until the object is enclosed. Boxes may be con- structed by placing pieces of type-metal upon a plate of glass which has been wetted with glycerin and gently warmed. In such a box the paraffin may be kept in a liquid state by warming over a spirit lamp, thus allowing small objects to be placed in any desired position by means of a heated needle under a dissecting microscope. Small objects may be em- bedded in the following manner: A hole is melted in the end of a cylinder of paraffin by means of a piece of wire which has been heated in the flame of a spirit-lamp. The object is then pushed into the melted paraffin and placed in the desired position. The Watch-glass Method, which is unequaled for small objects, is as follows : Melt paraffin in a watch-glass, place the object in it, and allow it to cool ; then cut out a block containing the object, or the whole mass of paraffin may be turned out by rapidly warming the bottom of the watch-glass. (3) Pith. A cylinder of pith is halved longitudinally, a cav- ity con'esponding to the object to be embedded is made by scooping out the inner face of either half-cylinder and the object is placed between them. The cylinder is then pushed into a microtome well and moistened with alcohol, so that the pith may swell and firmly enclose the object. Heidenhain^ s Modified Method. Fix the object in a supersaturated solution of corrosive sublimate made in a one-half per cent, solution of com- mon salt. After one-half hour's immersion, transfer to 95 per cent, alcohol, where it should remain 24 hours. Clear in bergamot-oil and embed in paraffin. Sec- tion, remove paraffin by xylol or benzine, and place in 95 per cent, alcohol. Then treat 15 minutes with pure tincture of iodin, to remove the excess of corrosive sublimate, and place again in 95 per cent, alcohol. The sections are now ready for staining. Interstitial Embedding. Practically, this is a pro- cess of hardening. The natural cavities of the object are filled with the embedding mass, and each separate anatomic element surrounded with the supporting substance, thus securing firmness and at the same time ensuring natural relatioris of all structu- ral details. The materials mainly used are Paraffin, for small sections, and Celloidin, or collodion, for large sections. Embedding Masses. The most gener- ally useful is pure paraffin, melting at 45° C. Soap Masses are very penetrating, and have the advan- tage of being transparent and of cutting better than STAINS, ETC. 1374 EMBEDDING paraffin. A transparent soap is prepared as follows : 25 gm. of shavings of sodium stearate soap, and 100 c. c. of 96 per cent, alcohol are heated in a retort over a water-bath until the soap is dissolved, and then filtered. The filtrate should be transparent. If a drop poured into a watch-glass solidifies into a white mass, add water in small quantities until the tested drop remains pellucid. Gelatin Masses are used for tissues that have not been dehydrated. The objects are prepared by penetration with water, instead of alcohol or a clearing agent. After the mass is cooled, it may sometimes be cut at once, but it is usually neces- sary to harden it, which may be done by freezing or by treating for a few days with 90 per cent, alcohol or with chromic acid, or for a few aiinutes with absolute alcohol. Brunotti's Cold Gelatin. Dissolve with heat 20 gm. of gelatin in 200 c.c. of distilled water, filter, and add 30 c.c. of glacial acetic acid and I gm. of corrosive sublimate. Soak the object in a small quantity diluted with two or three volumes of water, embed in the undiluted mass, and harden in alcohol. This process does not require heat. Gerlach's Gelatin. Gelatin 40 gm. , saturated solution of arsenious acid 200 c.c, glycerin 1 20 c. c. Clarify with white of egg. Objects are prepared for embedding by a bath of one-third glycerin. Klebs' Gelatin \^Gfycerin-Jelly). A concentrated solution of isinglass mixed with half its volume of glycerin, Celloidin is stated to be a preparation of pure py- roxylin. It is non-explosive, and is soluble in ether and alcohol. Collodion, prepared by dissolving gun- cotton or soluble cotton in equal parts of 95 per cent, alcohol and sulphuric ether, is in every way as good as celloidin and considerably cheaper. Celloidin should be used in thin (2 per cent.) and in thick (6 per cent.) solutions. The object is thoroughly dehydrated in absolute alcohol, placed in a mixture of equal parts of ether and alcohol for 12 to 24 hours, or longer if the object be large. It is then placed for 24 hours in a thin solution of celloidin, 8 gm. in 100 c.c. each of alcohol and ether, and transferred from this to a thick solution of celloidin, 8 gm. in 50 c.c. each of alcohol and ether. Select a cork or piece of soft, dry wood, and dip it in the thick celloidin solution ; when dry, place the prepared tissue upon it and drop the thick celloidin solution upon this with a pipet until it is embedded in a jelly-like mass. Blocks or cylinders of glass or vulcanized fiber serve better than cork as they sink in the liquids used. Harden in 90 per cent, alcohol, and preserve in 70 per cent, alcohol. When making sections, keep the knife and section wet with alcohol. Apathy advises previous smearing of the knife with vaselin, as it cuts better and is protected from the alcohol. Use bergamot-oil to clear. Sections may be kept in from 60 per cent, to 80 per cent, alcohol. Fisk's Castor-oil and Oil of Thyme Method. The mixture consists of red oil of thyme 3 parts, castor-oil I part, and is used only with collodion-embedded objects. The castor-oil makes the collodion slightly flexile, so that the sections do not move so readily on the slide, when the balsam is applied. There is no true action as a fixative, for the collodion is not dissolved in any way, only softened and toughened. The edge of the knife is preserved for a longer time. The castor-oil gives more "body" to the mixture, making a good lubricator, and floats the sections readily. Very thin sections can be ob- tained by absorbing the oil and coating the object with a thin layer of I per cent, collodion before cutting each section. This coating is also useful if there is any tendency for the section to crumble or tear. The mixture is highly antiseptic, and specimens may be left in it indefinitely, to advantage and without shrinking. If the objects have been stained in toto, the process is very short. If section-staining is desired, the sections after their transfer to the slide, should have as much of the superfluous oil removed as possible and a few drops of ether-alcohol (equal parts of each) are poured over them to fasten them to the slide. The sections are then put into 95 per cent, alcohol to dis- solve out any oil that may be left, and passed through from 70 per cent, to 35 per cent, alcohol, to water, stained, carried back through the same grades and mounted as usual. This is one of the best and most useful of methods. Von Koch's Copal Method. The object is dehydrated in alcohol, placed in a thin solution of copal in chloroform, made by triturating small fragments of copal in a mortar with fine sand, pouring on chloroform, and filtering. The solution is slowly evaporated by heating. When concentrated enough to draw out into threads that are brittle, the object is removed and allowed to dry. Sections are cut by means of a fine saw, rubbed smooth on one side and with the smooth side down, are cemented on a slide. When the cement has hardened, the sections are rubbed until they are of the requisite thinness, washed in water, and mounted in balsam. This method is used for the study of hard and soft structures in their natural relations. Kultschizky's Celloidin-parafiin Method. After the object is taken from the ether-and- alcohol bath it is put into celloidin-solution for 24 hours, then into origanum-oil, then into a mixture of origanum- oil and paraffin which has been heated to 40° C. , and finally into melted parathn. The method is especially adapted for delicate specimens. Ryder uses chloro- form instead of oil of origanum. Joliet's Gum- and-glycerin Method. Pure gum arable is dis- solved in water to the consistency of a thick syrup. To a little of this solution in a watch-glass add 6 to 10 drops of glycerin, and mix. Embed the object, previously soaked in glycerin, in the mass in the watch-glass and leave to dry for several days. Cut dry, dissolve the gum from the sections in water, and mount in glycerin. This mass has the advantage of being transparent. Photoxylin. A substance having the appearance of cotton-wool and chemically close^ allied to celloidin. It dissolves in a mixture of ether and alcohol, equal parts, and is used in the same way as celloidin. It has the advantage of forming a mass that remains transparent. Syrup - and- gum Congelation-mass. Hardened brain-tissue, previously soaked in water, is well soaked in a syrup made of double refined sugar 2 ounces, water I fluid-ounce. Wash the superfluous syrup from the surface and put into ordinary mucilage an hour before cutting. Embed in the freezing microtome and float the sections into water (Hamilton). Cole advises 4 parts of syrup and 5 parts of gum for the brain, spinal cord, retina, and all tissues liable to tear easilv. The gum is made by dissolving 4 ounces of gum acacia in 6 ounces of water ; the syrup, by boiling I pound of loaf-sugar in I pint of water. Add 5 gr. of carbolic acid to each ounce of the medium. CoUodionization of Sections. It sometimes happens that objects, such, for example, as ova, are too delicate and too easily broken to be cut in the ordinary way ; it is necessary to cover the exposed surface before cutting each section with a thin layer of collodion or celloidin. The collodion should be of such consist- ency, from per cent, to I per cent, solution, that, when applied in a thin layer to a surface of paraffin, it will dry in two or three seconds without leaving a shiny surface. STAINS, ETC. 1375 EMBRYOLOGIC METHODS EMBRYOLOGIC METHODS. Artificial Fecundation. This practice can be easily carried out with the AmpJiibia aiiiira, Teleostea, Cyclostomala, Echinodermata and many Verities and Cixlenterala. In the Amphibia the ova should be extracted from the uterus, placed 'vfx a watch- glass, and treated with water in which the testes or vasa deferentia of the male have been teased. The spermatozoa of tish rapidly lose their vitality in water, hence, the milt must be added immediately to the spawned ova, then a little water added, and the whole placed in a suitable hatching apparatus with running water. Artificial fecundation of Invertebrates is per- formed in a like manner, and can sometimes be ac- complished under the microscope. The penetration of the spermatozoon and some of the subsequent changes can thus be observed. Amphibia. Ova of amphibia are covered with thick coats of albumin, which must be removed in their preparation for section- cutting. Whitman places the fixed eggs in a lo per cent, solution of sodium hypochlorite, diluted with 5 or 6 volumes of water, until they can be shaken free. Blochmann recommends eau de Javelle (see Bleach- ing Fluids), diluted three or four times with water, and agitates the eggs, previously fixed in Flemming's solution (see Fixing Fluids) , for from 15 to 30 minutes. Preserve the ova in alcohol. Axolotl. These ova have an albuminous layer separated from the yolk by a liquid which is not coagulated by reagents. Place them for a few hours in picrosulphuric acid, then pierce the inner chorion, and gently press out the ova. Harden in alcohol. Stain in the mass with borax- carmin or Henneguy's g-cetic acid alum-carmin, and embed in paraffin or celloidin. CoUodionize the sec- tions. Rana. Place the ova in water heated to 90°- 96° C. for 5 to 10 minutes. Incise the albuminous coverings, and remove the ova under water. Place them in 0.5 per cent, osmic-acid solution or in alcohols of 70, 80, and 90 per cent. Salainandra. Fix in warm, platinum-chlorid solution (0.25 to 0.3 per cent.) for 3 to 24 hours, according to the size of the embryo. Wash in water, and pass through successive alcohols. Stain sections on the slide. Triton. Incise the sev- eral concentric coats of albumin which surround the ovum ; remove, and place it in Kleinenberg's fixing solution (see Fixing Fluids). Or, put the eggs in a solution of acetic acid 2 per cent., chromic acid 0.5 per cent. , and after ten hours incise the membranes and turn the embryos out. Finally, pass through suc- cessive alcohols. Aves. Superficial Examination . During the first 48 hours of incubation of the egg (hen's) the blastoderm is always uppermost. To open the egg, place it in a dish and cover it with a 0.75 per cent, sodium-chlorid solution at a temperature of 38° C. Break the shell at the broad end over the air- chamber, to keep this end from tilting up. The shell is then filed through at one point, and the opening enlarged with forceps. Remove the upper half of the shell, bit by bit. Then remove the shell-membrane in the long axis of the egg, and the yolk and embryo will come into view. A quicker but less satisfactory method is to break the egg across and pour the yolk and white into the sodium-chlorid solution. Maintain the salt-solution during the period of examination at 38° C. over a sand-bath. Duval' s Orientation Method. To obtain sections of any desired direction of the ova of Aves, before the development of the primitive streak, Duval proceeds as follows. During incubation the embryo is generally lying on the yolk, so that the large end of the egg is to its left, and the small end to its right; hence, the position of the blastoderm can be marked out. Construct a triangular, bottomless box from a strip of paper 5 mm. wide and 50 mm. long ; lay this on the yolk enclosing the cicatricula in such a position that the base corresponds to the anterior region of the embryo. By means of a pipet fill the paper triangle with 0.3 per cent, osmic-acid solution. When the preparation becomes dark, place the whole egg in a weak chromic-acid solution, remove the white, and place the rest in a fresh chromic-acid solution for sev- eral days ; a black triangle will mark the position of the cicatricula, and may be cut out with scissors and scalpel. Examination of aii Opaque Object. Place the blastoderm on a slide, and dry just sufficiently to make its edges adhere to the glass ; immerse in a solution of picric acid for two, or three hours, and ex- amine with a simple lens. Examination and Pre- servation in toto. Open the egg in salt-solution, pierce the blastoderm at the outer margin of the vas- cular area with a fine scissors, and carry the incision completely around. Then place the excised blasto- derm in a watch-glass, and remove the vitelline mem- brane by gentle shaking with a needle. The blasto- derm can then be placed on a slide, surrounded by a ring of putty, covered with salt-solution and a cover- glass, and examined under the microscope. Keep the slide at about 38° C. Permanent preparations of embryos in toto, up to about 50 hours, may be made by treatment with osmic acid, I percent. After sepa- ration of the vitelline membrane, hold a drop of the acid, by means of a pipet in contact with the em- bryo for 15 or 20 minutes. Then mount in a cell in bal- sam. Development of the Blood-vessels. Obtain blastoderms of 30 or 40 hours, immerse in gold chlorid, 0.5 per cent., for I minute, wash in distilled water, mount in glycerin, and examine. This method renders the nuclei and protoplasmic processes distinct. Or, immerse the blastodenn in I per cent, solution of potas- sium bichromate for I day, and mount in glycerin. Or, use a 0.5 per cent, solution of osmic acid for from ^ to I hour, then place in absolute alcohol for I day, and mount in glycerin. Gerlach's IVindo-o Method. Remove the shell at the small end of the egg, with- draw a little white with a pipet ; the blastoderm will change its position and appear under the win- dow thus made. Paint the margins of the window with gum-mucilage, and build a small, circular wall of cotton-wool on it, cover with a cover-glass, and ring with gum. The progress of development can be followed thus to the fifth day. Prepara- tion. During the first 24 hours of incubation the blas- toderm can be separated from the yolk only with ex- treme difficulty, so that they must be fixed together. Open the egg in salt-solution, then lift so that the blas- toderm is above the surface of the fiuid, and treat it with a fixing solution dropped from a pipet ; then remove it by a circular incision about its margins, free the vitelline membrane, and place the blastoderm in a hardening fluid. Dehydrate in absolute alcohol, clear in chloroform, and embed in paraffin. Segmentation. To observe this process, it is necessary to obtain the eggs from the oviduct of the hen. The yolk must be hardened as a whole, preferably in chromic acid. Fol's Method for Reconstruction of Embryos from Sections. Before cutting sections of the object, make an outline drawing of it, under the magnifica- tion to be employed for the reconstructed drawing, and in a plane perpendicular to that of the intended sec- tions. Then cut the sections, and make drawings of all under the same magnification used for the sagittal drawing. Trace over the sagittal drawing a series of equidistant parallel lines corresponding to the sections cut. (If the sections are ^^ff mm, thick and the draw- ing is magnified 100 times, the lines should be I mm. STAINS, ETC. 1376 EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD apart.) The outline drawing is now to be filled in with the details of the drawings of the sections. This is accomplished as follows : A piece of glass, of the size of the intended drawing, is coated with gelatin and ruled with a series of close, parallel lines with differently colored inks, the colors recurring in regular order. Cut the plate in two equal parts on a line per- pendicular to the ruled lines. Lay one plate on the outline drawing so that its cut edge covers the line cor- responding to the first section to be filled in, then lay the other plate on the drawing of the sections in such a position that the limit of the drawing corresponds to the same colored lines that cover the limits of the out- line drawing. Trace on the plate that covers the draw- ing of the section the outline of the internal organs. Lay it against its tellow on the outline drawing, making the lines correspond. Mark off the outlines of the internal organs. Repeat this operation for each sec- tion and connect the series of dots so made and the drawing is completed. Another method of recon- structing objects from microscopic sections is that suggested by Born. By the aid of the camera, the outlines of the sections are transferred to wax plates, which are then cut out so as to correspond, in out- lines as well as dimensions, to the sections equally magnified in all three directions. With plates thus prepared, it is only necessary to put them together in the proper order to obtain a complete model. Mam- malia. For the study of the early stages, the ova must be obtained from the tubre (of a rabbit or other small animal) several hours after copulation. Dissect out the tuhx and cornua of the female, allow them to cool, and wait for the muscular contraction to cease. Dissect off all the peritoneal investment, and slit the tubas open longitudinally. The folds of the tubal mucosa are spread out by means of needles and forceps, and the ova searched for by means of a magnifying glass. The ova are best examined in the peritoneal fluid of the mother or in the aqueous humor, blood-serum, or ar- tificial serum. Kolliker injects Miiller's fluid or a weak osmic-acid solution into the oviduct, and collects the fluid that runs out in a series of watch-glasses, which are examined for the ova under the microscope. Dur- ing the fourth, fifth, and sixth days after copulation the ova are free in the uterine cornua, and are easily visible to the eye, and may be obtained in a like manner as from the tubte. When the ova become fixed in the uterus they are easily distinguished by the pecu- liar aspect of the cornua in which there are small eleva- tions at the site of each ovum. To obtain the ova it is necessary to incise the cornua transversely into as many segments as there are eminences, care being taken to have the ova in the center of the segments. The segments are then fixed to the bottom of a dis- secting dish by pins, with the mesometrial surface downward. Fill the dissecting dish with serum, Miiller's fluid, or Kleinenberg's picro-sulphuric-acid, or nitric-acid solution. The ovular eminence is then incised longitudinally and the ova carefully freed. Preparations. To make permanent preparations of the various stages of fecundation and segmentation, the living ovum is placed in a I per cent, solution of osmic acid, on a slide, then into Miiller's or Kleinen- berg's solution. In an hour the solution is changed and the whole is placed in a moist chamber for two or three days. It is then treated with increasing strengths of glycerin, and mounted in pure glycerin, acidulated with formic acid ; or ova may be stained with picro- carmin after treatment with osmic acid and careful washing. To demonstrate the blastoderm cells, treat the living ova in a Vt, per cent, solution of argentic nitrate for y, to 3 minutes, then place in distilled water and expose to the light. These specimens cannot be rendered permanent ; they ultimately become black. The blastodermic vesicle can be opened with a fine needle after 3 days, and the blastoderm washed, stained, and mounted in glycerin or balsam, or pre- pared with gold chlorid. For embryonic areas and the more advanced embryos, place ova in a 0.5 per cent, osmic-acid solution until quite dark (about I hour), then treat with successive alcohols for several hours. For sections, Kolliker fixes the ova in osmic acid, and v. Beneden treats them for 24 hours with I per cent, chromic-acid solution, washes thoroughly, and carries them through successive alcohols. Piersol re- commends Kleinenberg's solution or, for young stages, Altmann's 3 per cent, nitric acid. Stain small em- bryos with borax-carmin or Delafield's hematoxylin (see Staining Reagents), and for larger ones Henne- guy's acetic acid alum-carmin gives the best results. For sections, embed in paraffin and mount in balsam. EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD. Alkalinized Urine. Used in the enumeration of blood- corpuscles. Saturate a quantity of urine with borax, filter, and dilute until its sp. gr. is 1020. The contour of the cells remains unchanged in this medium. Auerbach's Method for Amphibian Red Blood-cor- puscles. By fixing the blood-film on the cover-glass by means of a saturated solution of picric acid or a mix- ture of o. I to o. 25 per cent, solution of corrosive sublim- ate, I per cent, solution of boric acid, I percent, sodium chlorid, or 2 percent, to 10 per cent, ammonium chro- mate, certain dift'erentiations of the corpuscle are pos- sible. With picric-acid fixation and subsequent stain- ing with eosin and anilin-blue, the cell-wall stains blue, while the adjacent protoplasm within stains red. The protoplasm may further be separated into a cortical and a medullary layer, the former containing the hemoglobin. In picric-acid preparations the cortical layer shows a beautiful network, while the medullary part is clear, like a large hole. In sublimate preparations the med- ullary part has dark granules. Blood-platelets. Ligate the finger and prick the pad. Wipe off the first blood that exudes, and touch the apex of the second drop with the cover-glass ; drop it gently on the slide, do not press it on, and platelets will have their faces, not their edges, presented to view. Stir- ling recommends that the finger be pricked through a drop of normal saline solution containing methyl-vio- let (0.75 cm. in 1000 c.c). The colorless corpuscles are stained light-blue, the platelets dark-violet or dark- blue. Ehrlich's Methods. E/irlick's Granules. Dry a cover-glass preparation of blood for several hours at 120° C. , or rapidly over the flame of a Bun- sen-burner. Stain I hour or longer in eosin-glycerin ; wash in water, dry, and mount in balsam. Or, stain in glycerin, 30 c.c, and 2 gm. each of aurantia, indulin, and eosin. If the eosin-indulin-glycerin solution be used the d-granulations are purplish-red and the nuclei bluish-black. I. Oxyphilous, or Eosinophil- ons Granules. Cover-glass preparations of blood are fixed by dry heat, as indicated, or by chemic reagents, corrosive sublimate, or osmic acid. The preparation is then floated on a I per cent, aqueous solution of eosin, a quarter to one minute. A trace of acetic acid added to the fluid causes the specimen to over- stain rapidly, and the excess of dye is removed from all parts of the cells, except the oxyphilous granules, by dipping the cover-glass into a very dilute solution of sodium carbonate. 2. Ncutrophile Granules. These are the f-granulations of Ehrlich. They are stained only by neutral dyes, e. g. , acid fuchsin, fuchsin-S, methylene-blue. 3. Basophilous Granules. These are STAINS, ETC. 1377 EXAMINATION MEDIA best stained with Loeffler's methylene-blue. If the specimen has been stained with eosin, and the excess washed out, a second or two suffices for the methylene- blue stain. Both o.xyphilous and basophilous granules may be stained in the same specimen by preceding the blue stain with eosin. EIniicJi' s Alasizclloi.''' I. In blood these cells are stained by a mixture com- posed of water, lOO c.c, absolute alcohol, saturated with dahlia, 50. c.c, glacial acetic acid 10 to 12. 5 c.c. The leukocytes are stained blue, the granules have a " metachromic red-violet tint," and correspond to the y-granulations. 2. In tissues : a small piece of fresh tissue, or a section previously hardened in alcohol, is placed in a watch-glass containing anilin- water and 20 to 30 drops of a concentrated alcoholic solution of dahlia or gentian. Heat until vapor begins to arise, stain 24 hours, wash in acid-alcohol until nearly de- colorized, dehydrate in absolute alcohol, clear, and mount. Nuclei of the cells are red, the granules in the protoplasm of the granular cells blue. The tissue may also be stained with lithium-carmin. Fixing of Blood. Garlinskr s i\Iodificatio>i of Gaule' s Sublimate Method. A small pipet is filled with the indifferent fluid used in counting blood-corpuscles. A drop of blood is drawn into the pipet, where it mixes with the indifferent fluid. A little of this mixture is placed on a slide, and a concentrated watery solution of corro- sive sublimate poured upon it. After a few minutes the morphologic elements of the blood become attached to the glass without alteration of form. The specimen is then washed with water, treated for some minutes with absolute alcohol, and again washed with water, when it is ready for staining. (Grundziige der allg. Pathologie d. Zelle. S. M. Lukjanow , Leipzig, iSgi. ) Garlinski's Method. Stain for 2 minutes in Bohm- er's hematoxylin ; wash in I per cent, aqueous solution of alum and distilled water ; then stain in I per cent, aqueous solution of nigrosin for a few seconds ; wash and stain in I per cent, aqueous solution of rose bengal 5 minutes ; wash and stain in anilin-yellow, I per cent, alcoholic watery solution, 5 minutes. Wash, dehydrate, mount in balsam. Cell-protoplasm is yellow ; nuclei are blue or green ; any parasites in the corpuscles are stained by the rose bengal. Hayem's Solution. Used for fixing blood-corpuscles of both animals and man. Dissolve in 200 c.c. of dis- tilled water, 0.5 gm. of corrosive sublimate, 5 gm. of sodium sulphate, and I gm. of sodium chlorid. Run directly from a blood-vessel I part of blood to 100 of the fluid. The corpuscles will be fixed in about 24 hours. Decant the supernatant fluid, and wash the corpuscles in water to remove the salts. Hemin Crystals. Place a particle of dried blood on a slide, add a crystal of common salt and two drops of acetic acid, heat over the flame of a spirit-lamp until it steams, and allow it to cool. The crystals may be preserved by removing the acid and mounting them in glycerin- jelly or balsam. Leukocytes. A cover-glass prepa- ration of blood is floated on a solution of eosin, washed and floated on a solution of hematoxylin, washed, dehydrated, and mounted. Methylene-blue or methyl-violet may be used in place of the hematoxylin. Martinotti and Resigotti's Method. Harden small pieces of tissue in absolute alcohol, and color the sections in a watery solution of safra- nin-O ; decolorize in 2 parts of a I per cent, solution of chromic acid to 8 or 9 parts of alcohol. Wash in absolute alcohol, clear in oil of bergamot, and mount in balsam. Only the fibrils of the nuclei are stained. RoUett's Method of Preparing Hemo- globin Crystals. Defibrinated blood is placed in a plat- inum capsule on a freezing mixture, frozen, and then 87 thawed. The lake-colored blood is then poured into a plate until it forms a stratum notmore than mm. in thickness and allowed to evaporated slowly in a cool place. Sectioning Blood. l.BiondP s Method. Fix two drops of blood in 5 c.c. of 2 per cent, osmic-acid solu- tion from one to 24 hours, and then mix the blood and osmium solution with agar-agar jelly melted at 35° to 37° C. When cool, harden in 85 per cent, alcohol. After a few days, or when the mass has acquired suffi- cient consistence, embed in paraffin. The sections are treated according to the usual methods, and may be stained with methyl-green, methylene-blue, fuchsin, or safranin ; also, double-stained with methyl-green and eosin. 2. Fod's Method. Coagulated blood or small pieces of hematopoietic organs are fixed in a solution of 2 gm. of corrosive sublimate in 100 gm. of Miiller's fluid. The latter fixes the hemoglobin, the sublimate fixes structures of protoplasm and nuclei. Embed in paraffin, section, and stain I to 3 minutes in a mix- ture of Bohmer's hematoxylin 25 gm., i per cent, aqueous alcoholic solution of safranin 20 gm.,and distilled water 100 gm. Wash in water, then in a weak alcoholic solution of picric acid, dehydrate, and mount in balsam. Weigert's Method for Fibrin. Make celloidin sections, and stain one minute in Weig- ert's fibrin stain : 5 per cent, solution of gentian-vio- let 4.4 c.c, 96 per cent, alcohol 6 c.c, anilin-oil I c.c. Dry with unsized printing paper, and add a drop of Gram's solution saturated with iodin. Most of the stained parts are decolorized. Remove the iodin with printing paper ; clear in equal parts of anilin-oil and xylol, renewing it until all the water is removed. The water gives the section a white appearance. Dry with filter-paper, wash well with xylol, and mount in xylol - balsam. Zenker's Method. For red blood-corpuscles in tissues. The tissue is taken as fresh as possible, placed in Miiller's fluid for 24 hours, in which it turns yellow. Longer immersion is detrimental. Wash about two hours in running water ; harden in 50, 70, and 96 per cent., and, lastly, in absolute alcohol. Embed in paraffin. Celloidin sections do not stain as well. .Stain on the slide in the Ehrlich-Biondi triple mixture (see Staining Reagents) for 24 hours; rinse half a minute in running water, and decolorize in 96 per cent, alcohol, until clouds of color no longer appear ; dehydrate in absolute alcohol. The red blood-corpus- cles appear a brilliant golden-yellow ; the nuclei of all cells have a violet or green tinge ; the chromatin net- work and nucleoli are invisible. Weigert's fibrin stain may be used in the same way, but not after prolonged immersion in Miiller's fluid. [Vii-eh. Arch., 1894, Bd. 135. Folge xiii, Bd. v.) EXAMINATION AND PRESERVATION MEDIA. Indifferent liquids, glycerin, and resinous preparations used in examining, preserving, and mounting tissues and organisms. I. Indifferent Liquids. Media having a composition and density similar to that of the plasma which constitutes the natural habitat during life of the object they are intended to preserve, and therefore, supposed to have no action on the tissues. To be " indifferent," these liquids must possess such a density and such a proportion of crystalloids and col- loids as will reduce osmotic processes to a minimum. Alum Sea-water. A saturated solution of alum in sea- water is useful for the study and preservation of the tis- sues of marine organisms. Aqueous Humor. This may be obtained from a freshly excised ox's eyeball. Puncture the cornea with a slender, triangular knife, and collect the aqueous humor as it exudes. If only a small quantity is desired, puncture the excised eye of a STAINS, ETC. 1378 frog with a fine capillary pipet. Blood-serum. The blood is allowed to clot, and in a day or two the serum is poured oft, and any red corpuscles removed from it by means of a centrifugal apparatus. This fluid does not keep, and must be fresh for use. lodin is some- times added, forming iodized seriDii. Chloral. One, 2.5, and 5 percent, aqueous solutions are recommended by Munson, Brady, and Landowsky respectively. Fray's Artificial Iodized Serum. To a filtered mixture of white of egg 15 gm. , sodium chlorid 0.2 gm., distilled water 135 c.c, add 3 c.c. of tincture of iodin. Filter through flannel, and add a little iodin to the filtrate. Fruit-juice requires no preparation beyond filtering. It may be iodized. Iodized Serum. To the fresh amniotic liquid of a sheep or cow add iodin crystals. Keep the solution in a stoppered bottle and shake frequently. It should acquire a dark- brown color. Kronecker's Artificial Serum. Sod- ium chlorid 6 gm., sodium hydroxido.o6 gm. , distilled water 1000 c.c. Normal Salt-solution. Sodium chlorid from 6 to 7.5 gm., distilled water looo c.c. Used in the study of living structures. Physiologic Salt-solution, ^iae. Normal Salt-soiitticm. Syrup. A good medium for examining fresh structures, and pre- pared by dissolving equal parts of loaf-sugar in water by boiling. The addition of I per cent, of carbolic acid or chloral will preserve it from mold. Water. Structures fixed in osmic or chromic acid, or a solution of a metallic salt, may be examined in water, which has the advantage of having a low index of refraction. A little thymol will preserve it from mold. White of Egg needs only to be filtered to prepare it for use. It may be iodized. II. Glycerin and Other Fluid Media. Acidulated Glycerin. Glycerin 50 c.c, glacial acetic acid or formic acid I c.c, dis- tilled water 50 c.c. Used after staining in borax or lithium-carmin, previous to mounting in glycerin. Scale's Glycerin-jelly. Equal parts of pure glycerin and gelatin, soaked, melted, and clarified. Brandt's Glycerin-jelly. Melted gelatin l part, and glycerin 1.5 parts. Filter through spun glass, and add a few drops of carbolic acid to the filtrate. For mounting, melt a little on the slide, having previously soaked the object for a short time in the medium warmed by gentle heat. Calberla's Liquid. One part each of glycerin, alcohol, and water. A valuable examination fluid. For very delicate objects, Lee recommends the same formula, with two parts of water instead of one. Calcium Chlorid. A 50 per cent, or saturated solu- tion is used. The addition of a little camphor will preserve it. As this salt is very hygroscopic, the mount need not be closed at once. Carbolic Acid. A I per cent, solution is used as a mounting-medium. Car- noy's Solutions. I. A concentrated aqueous solution of methyl-green containing I per cent, of acetic acid and o. I per cent, of osmic acid, used in the study and preservation of fresh tissues. It has a selective action on nuclei. 2. Powdered tannin 0.5 gm., water 100 c.c. Castor-oil. Recommended by Grenadier, on account of its low refractive index, for certain delicate tissues (sections of eyes of Cephalopods)^ on the sup- position that it would augment visibility for the more refractive elements of these tissues. Copper Acetate. A solution of I gm. of copper acetate and 4 gm. of mercuric chlorid in 250 c.c. of glycerin and I c.c. of glacial acetic acid is used in preserving and mounting green algre. Creasote. As a mounting-medium, a 5 percent, aqueous solution is used. Deane's Glycerin- jelly. Dissolve 30 gm. of gelatin in 60 gm. of water, and add 120 gm. of glycerin. This must be used warm. Fabre-Domergue Glucose Medium. Dissolve glucose in warm water and dilute to 25° of EXAMINATION MEDIA the areometer (sp. gr. I.1968). To 1000 parts of this solution add 200 parts of methyl-alcohol, 100 parts of glycerin, and camphor to saturation. Neutralize by the addition of a little potash or soda. This medium is said to preserve, unchanged, nearly all animal pig- ments. Farrant's Solution {Hamilton). Make a saturated solution of arsenious acid in water by boiling, let it stand twenty-four hours, and filter. Then to equal quantities of water, glycerin, and arsenious acid solu- tion add picked gum arable until a thick, syrupy fluid is obtained. In about a week, filter slowly through frequently changed filter-paper. Fol's Glycerin-jel- lies. I. Melt together one volume of Beale's jelly and one volume of water, and add 2 to 5 per cent, of car- bolic acid. 2. Gelatin 30 parts, water 70 parts, gly- cerin, 100 parts, alcoholic solution of camphor 5 parts. 3. Gelatin 20 parts, water 150 parts, glycerin loo parts, alcoholic solution of camphor 15 parts. Gage's Fluid. Mercuric chlorid o. 5 gm. , salt 4 gm. , white of egg 15 c.c. , water 200 c.c. Mix thoroughly and filter. Used in the study of ciliated cells and red blood-cor- puscles. Gannal's Solution. A preserving medium consisting of aluminum acetate I part, and water 10 parts. Gilson's Fluid. Mercuric chlorid o. 15 gm., 15 per cent, acetic acid 2 c.c, 60 per cent, alcohol 60 c.c, and water and glycerin each 30 c.c. An admir- able medium for the study of fine cellular detail in well-fixed tissues. Glycerin. As a medium for ex- amination and mounting, glycerin is usually diluted with water, which lowers its index of refraction, often an advantage from an optic point of view, on account of the increased visibility it gives to many structures. On the other hand, undiluted glycerin has the advantage of being a more efficacious preservative. Objects mounted in glycerin should be subjected to a prolonged preliminary soaking in glycerin of gradually increasing strength ; if done on the slide, and treated with fresh glycerin daily, the edges of the cover-glass should be luted to make the preparation air-tight, glycerin being so hygroscopic as to rapidly diminish in strength when exposed to air. To facilitate the removal of the cover- glass, warm the slide gently ; this treatment will also counteract the shrinking action of glycerin on delicate tissue-elements and restore them to their normal con- tourand dimensions. Glycerin, being a solvent of cal- cium carbonate, is not a suitable medium for the pre- paration of calcareous structures. By dissolving in glycerin cadmium chlorid, chloral, and certain other substances, its index of refraction may be raised to about that of crown-glass, which greatly augments its clearing action, and allows the full aperture of homo- geneous objectives to be brought to hear on the object. A saturated solution of zinc sulphocarbolate in glycerin will raise its index of refraction from 1.4610 1. 501, and is prepared by taking equal parts by weight of Price's glycerin and zinc sulphocarbolate, and boiling for an hour or more. Filter while hot. Glycerin and Al- cohol. Useful for bringing delicate objects gradually from weak into pure glycerin. Glycerin I part, alcohol I part, water 2 parts. Glycerin-jelly. Soak in 150 c.c. of distilled water, 25 gms. of gelatin for two hours, and add 3 c.c. of carbolic acid ai^d 1/5 c.c. of glycerin ; heat for fifteen minutes and filter through spun glass. Wrap the cork of the bottle in which the jelly is preserved in linen dipped in dilute carbolic acid. For use, melt it in hot water, place a drop on the section, upon which gently press a cover- glass. Glycerin and Gum. Useful when the arseni- ous acid of Farrant's medium is objectionable. Take chloroform-water (l : 200) 200 c.c, gum acacia 130 gm., and glycerin 100 c.c. Dissolve the gum in the chloroform-water, with frequent stirring and without Ml STAINS, ETC.. 1379 EXAMINATION MEDIA heat ; add the glycerin. Mix and filter through the best Swedish filter-paper, on which has been deposited a thin layer of talc. Glycerin and Formic Acid. This is especially used for picrocarmin preparations, and is made by adding formic acid to dilute glycerin — 1 per cent. Goadby's Fluids. First formula : Bay- salt (coarse sea-salt) 5 iv, alum 5 ij, mercuric chlorid 2 grs., boiling water I qt. This fluid, diluted with an equal volume of water, is recommended by Schultze for preserving Medusa, EchinoJerinata , Entoniostraca , Polytlialinia , Pofyiystitia, and Aiuielid Larva. He ad- vises the subsequent use of glycerin to secure trans- parency. Seco)id formula: Bay-salt, ^viij, mercuric chlorid gr. 2, water I qt. The absence of the alum renders this fluid suitable for the preservation of objects containing calcium carbonate. Hantsch's Liquid. Glycerin I part, alcohol 3 parts, water 2 parts. Hart- ing's Fluid. One part of mercuric chlorid to 200 to 400 of water. It is recommended for preserving blood- corpuscles, nerve-tissue and muscle-tissue, etc. Hayem's Mounting-media. These are solutions of gum with chloral, for objects stained with carmin or hematoxylin, and of gum with potassium acetate, for objects stained with anilin colors, and are prepared as follows : P ill a tall 6oc.c. glass two-thirds full with gum arable, and add either a solution of chloral containing 5 to 10 per cent, of glycerin or of potassium or ammonium acetate. The gum with frequent shaking dissolves in a few days, and the resulting syrupy fluid is then filtered, lodin. Liquor iodi (Br. Ph.) looc.c, distilled water 300 c.c, glycerin 200 c.c, gum arable 260 gms. Mix and dissolve without heat ; filter through Swedish paper coated with a thin layer of talc. Used in mounting tis- sues stained with iodin. Jaeger's Liquid. Glycerin and alcohol each I part, sea-water 10 parts. Kaiser's Gly- cerin-jelly. Soak one part of gelatin for 2 hours in 6 parts of distilled water, then add 7 gm. of glycerin and 1 gm. of carbolic acid for every 100 gm. of the mix- ture. Warm for 10 to 15 minutes, stirring constantly until the flakes produced by the acid have disappeared. Filter while warm through spun glass laid wet in the filter. P"or use it must be warmed. Klein's Dammar Lac. Dissolve in 2 oz. of turpentine, 1)4 oz. of gum dammar, and filter. Dissolve ]A, oz. of gum mastic in 2 oz. of chloroform, and filter. Mix the two solutions and filter again. Langerhans' Gum and Gly- cerin. A modification of Tarrant's medium. Gum arable 5 parts, in water 5 parts; after 12 hours add glycerin 5 parts, and 5 per cent, aqueous solution of carbolic acid 10 parts. Used in preserving marine animals. Lawrence's Glycerin-jelly. Soak a quantity of Nelson's gelatin for 2 or 3 hours in cold water. Decant the superfluous water, and melt the gelatin by the aid of heat. To 8 parts of the gelatin, when it has cooled, but is still fluid, add I part of white of egg ; boil until the albumin coagulates and the gelatin is clear ; filter through flannel, and to 8 parts of the filtrate add 6 parts of a mixture of I part of glycerin and 2 parts of camphor- water. Levulose. This substance is non-crystallizable, and is recom- mended as a preservative of carmin and anilin stains (hematoxylin partially fades in it). Objects may be brought into it from water. The index of refraction is somewhat higher than that of glycerin. May's Fluid. Glycerin 60 c.c, I per cent, arsenic acid 10 c.c, methyl-alcohol 10 c.c, water 20 c.c. Methyl-green. See Carnoy'' s Solution. Meyer's Salicylic Vinegar. A solution of one part of salicylic acid in 100 parts of pyroligneous acid. For Larva, A^ematodes, etc., add I part of the salicylic vinegar to 10 parts of glycerin diluted with twice its volume of water ; for Infusoria, add I part of the vinegar to 10 parts of glycerin diluted with four times its volume of water. Noll's Sali- cylic Vinegar and Gum. A mixture of equal parts of Meyer's dilute fluid and Tarrant's medium. This mixture does not become turbid and does not dry up. It is an admirable medium for delicate Crustacea and their larvae. Owen's Fluid. Mercuric chlorid 0.014 gm., alum 79 gm., salt 137 gm., water 1680 gms. Used for preserving soft-bodied animals. Pacini's Fluids. («) Mercuric chlorid I part, sodium chlorid 2 parts, water 200 parts. Especially useful for the blood-corpuscles of cold-blooded animals. \b) Solution « plus two parts of mercuric chlorid. For the examination of the blood-corpuscles of warm- blooded animals, [c) Mercuric chlorid I part, acetic acid 2 parts, water 300 parts. For the examination of the nuclei of animal tissues. ( It is a mixture of 97 volumes of 90 per cent, alcohol (in which is dissolved a little picric acid) and 3 volumes of pure hydrochloric acid. The acid facilitates penetration by preventing the precipitation of the salts of sea-water. After penetration, the or- ganism is washed in go per cent, alcohol until the yellow stain of the picric acid no longer appears. Alcohol. An excellent fixing medium, suitable for all tissues, except those of the central nervous system and those undergoing fatty infiltration or degeneration. It is also used to harden and preserve objects that have been fixed in other fluids. As a preservative it is not without defects, as it alters the structure of tissues by continuously dehydrating their albuminoids. Toluol, ether, and xylol are recom- mended as substitutes [A'altschitzky). As a fixing agent alcohol is usually employed in gradually increas- ing strengths, beginning with 50 or 70 per cent. Ahso- luie Alcohol. (Jne of the most penetrating fixing agents, which has the advantage of preserving the structure of glands and of nuclei. It should be em- ployed in large quantities. Hydration may be pre- vented by suspending in the alcohol strips of gelatin {■Lowrie). After fixation, preserve the object in 90 per cent, alcohol. Mayer recommends boiling abso- lute alcohol for fixing certain Arthropoda. Absolute alcohol is prepared in Ranvier's laboratory by add- ing anhydrous copper sulphate to 95 per cent, alcohol. Pulverized copper sulphate is heated to red heat, in order to drive oft the water of crystallization ; when cool, the white powder is placed in a wide-mouthed bottle, holding about a liter, and three-fourths full of alcohol. The bottle is quickly closed and the whole shaken. After standing a day or more — with occasional shakings — it is decanted, treated with fresh copper sul- phate, and the operation repeated until the copper sul- phate no longer shows a blue color on contact with the alcohol. As a test, a drop of the alcohol thus dehy- drated may be mixed with a drop of turpentine on a glass slide and examined under the microscope ; if no particles of water are to be seen, the alcohol is absolute enough for all practical purposes. I\Ietliyla(ed Spirit contains a little methyl-alcohol, and is nearly as strong as abso- lute (ethyl) alcohol, and its strength may be increased by placing in it some well-dried potassium carbonate, which absorbs any water present in it. ^'■One-third Aliohor^ (Ranvier'' s Alcohol^ This classic reagent consists of two parts of water and one part of alcohol of 36° Beaume, which contains nearly 89.6 per cent, absolute alcohol. It is a very mild fixative, and is chiefly used for extemporaneous and dissociation pre- parations. Rectified Spirit contains 84 per cent, of alcohol and 16 per cent, of water. Altmann's Nitric Acid. Particularly useful for preserving mitotic figures, nuclei, embryonic tissues, and the retina. A 3 per cent, pure acid is used, the solution having a sp. gr. of 1. 02. Immersion for a quarter to half an hour is sufficient for blastoderms and small embryos ; two to four hours are required for fixing larger objects. Wash out thoroughly and harden in strong alcohol. Any staining process may be used. Broca's Fluid. Used for the preservation of brain- tissue. It consists of zinc chlorid, 10 grams, and alcohol, 90 per cent., 100 c.c. After two or three days, transfer the tissue to 95 per cent, alcohol. Carnoy's Fluid. One of the most penetrating and rapid of fixatives, applicable to tissues in general, and useful for the study of karyokinesis in the ova of Ascaris. First formula : glacial acetic acid I part, abso- lute alcohol 3 parts. Second formula : glacial acetic acid I part, absolute alcohol 6 parts, chloroform 3 parts. The chloroform is said to render the action of the mix- ture more rapid. Chromic Acid. Used in aqueous or alcoholic solution in strengths varying from o. I to 2 per cent. Weaker solutions are used for' nerve-tissue. Wash out several hours in running water. If the object be preserved in alcohol, it must be protected from the light, or a precipitate will be thrown down on its surface. The brownish-green color of objects fixed in chromic acid may be removed by treating them with hydrogen dioxid. A 0.02 per cent, solu- STAINS, ETC. 1382 FIXING AND HARDENING FLUIDS tion is recommended for macerating nerve-tissue and non-striated muscle-tissue, a cube of 5 mm. requiring about 24 hours' immersion in 10 c.c. of the medium [Ranviei-). Copper Sulphate. Recommended by Bedot for the preparation of dehcate pelagic animals. A large volume of a 15 or 20 per cent, solution is added to the sea-water containing the animals. Fi.x- ation occurs in a few minutes. A few drops of nitric acid are added, and the whole is left for 4 or 5 hours. The animals are then hardened in a large volume of Flemming's fluid, in which they should remain for 24 hours, and are preserved in alcohol. Corrosive Sublimate. A most excellent reagent, gener- ally applicable, useful particularly for fixing glands and glandular structures. Saturated aqueous and alcoholic solutions are usually employed. The tissues turn white when fixed. All the corrosive sublimate must be washed out in alcohol, or the sections will be sprinkled with crystals of the salt. The hardening is completed in alcohol. Glass, wood, or platinum should be used in manipulating objects immersed in this reagent. Sections may be stained with any of the usual reagents. Cox's Sublimate Solution. A combined hardening and impregnating fluid, consisting of 5 per cent, solutions of potassium bichromate and mercuric chlorid each 20 parts, potassium chromate 16 parts, water 30 or 40 parts. The reaction should be only slightly acid. The pieces are left in this solution two or three months, then cut with a freezing-microtome. The sections are put in 5 per cent, solution of sodium carbonate for an hour or two, washed in water, then in oil, and covered by a rapidly drying resin, like sandarac. This coating may be covered by castor-oil, and the cover-glass pressed down. The preparations are not permanent in balsam or dammar. Davidoff 's Fixing Fluid. This is a mixture of a saturated solution of corrosive sublimate 75 c.c. and glacial acetic acid 25 c.c. It is useful for ova, which should remain in it for a half to one hour ; then wash in water and transfer to alcohol, gradually increasing its strength. Delafield's Fluid. A fixing agent suitable for tissues having delicate structural elements. It has the following composi- tion : I per cent, osmic acid solution ID c.c, 0.2 per cent, chromic acid solution 100 c.c, 95 per cent, alcohol ICQ c.c, acetic acid I c.c. Erlicki's Fluid. One of the best hardening agents for large objects, and more rapid in its action than MuUer's fluid. It is composed of potassium bichromate 2.5 parts, copper sulphate I part, water 100 parts. The formation of mold is prevented by adding a little camphor or naphthalene. Ferric Chlorid. Objects are fixed for a short time in a dilute alcoholic solution, washed in alcohol, and stained in pyrogallol. This process is recommended as a general zoologic method, but chiefly for Infusoria and other ciliated organisms, and for its selective action on nerve end-organs. Fish's (/*. A.) Liquid. This is found to preserve the shape, to harden, and to differentiate brain-substance. It con- tains alcohol (95 per cent.) 200 c.c, water 800 c.c, glycerin 75 c.c, zinc chlorid 50 gm. The alcohol and water should be mixed first, so as to get a strength of 22 per cent., as determined by the alco- ometer. More alcohol maybe required, but the entire quantity of dilute alcohol should not exceed looo c.c Then add the glycerin and zinc until the specific gravity of the mixture is 1. 04. When the brain is introduced, it should rest just at the surface, and the vessel should be deep enough to prevent it touching the bottom. Cotton may be laid over the top if any part projects. It is well also to inject the fluid into the cavities and blood-vessels daily for a week. After a few days the brain will sink, when, without removing it from the liquid, the pia is stripped off. Half of the liquid is now replaced by alcohol and the brain is steadied with cotton. After 2 days half of the lighter liquid is replaced by alcohol, and in 2 or 3 days more pure alcohol is used. Flemming's Fluid, isf Formula : Chromic acid 0.2 gm., glacial acetic acid o. I c.c, water 100 c.c. This is especially recommended for fixing the achro- matic spindle-fibers in nuclei. 21/ Formula : One per cent, chromic acid 45 c.c, 2 per cent, osmic acid 12 c.c, glacial acetic acid 3 c.c. This fixes small pieces (2-3 mm. thick) in from a few to twenty-four hours, and is useful for fixing the figures in cell-division and for many other purposes. A weaker solution is also used : One per cent, osmic and glacial acetic acids each 10 c.c, one per cent, chromic acid 25. c. c, water 100 c.c. The second formula is the one generally known as Flemmiiig' s Fluid. Fol's Fluid. A modification of Flemming's fluid. It contains less osmic acid. To 2 c.c. of I per cent, osmic acid add 25 c.c. of I per cent, chromic acid, 5 c.c. of 2 per cent, glacial acetic acid, and 68 c.c. of water. Giacomini's Method of Preservation of the Brain consists of two stages. In the first stage the fresh organ, still enveloped in its membranes, is immersed in a saturated solution of zinc chlorid. In this it floats with a little of its surface above the fluid ; and so, while its form is not interfered with by pressure, it must be turned two or three times a day, in order that all parts may be uniformly acted on. If the subject has been dead for some time, 600 grams of the solu- tion may be injected through the carotids under slight pressure, so as to give a firmness to the somewhat soft- ish brain before its removal. After 48 hours, the sur- face is hard enough to have the membranes removed. Let this be done without taking the organ out of the solution, or, if it be taken out, let it be put into water immediately, so that it may the less lose its form by pressure. Afler having been cleaned, let it remain in the solution till, as the hardening proceeds, it begins to sink no longer, and then remove it. At this stage it will be firm, slightly diminished in volume, the fis- sures a little opened, and the color whitish, unless the membranes have been left on too long, in which case the course of the large vessels will be stained of a rusty color from the blood pigment. It is now im- mersed in alcohol of commerce for not less than 10 or 12 days, but it may be for an indefinite period ; here it sinks, and so must be often turned, to avoid deform- ity by pressure on the bottom of the vessel, and it is well to renew the spirit 2 or 3 times — the oftener, the sooner the process is finished. After this immersion the consistence is greater, the size a little less, and the convolutions somewhat closer together. In the second stage the organ is immersed in glycerin of commerce, or with I percent, of carbolic acid added. When first put in it floats, with some of its upper surface above the surface of the glycerin, but gradually becoming heavier as the alcohol evaporates, and glycerin is imbibed, it sinks more and more deeply till it is just level with the liquid — then it is to be taken out. In this part of the process, neither surface, color, consistence, nor volurne is altered, but it becomes heavier. A brain should gain from 150 to 200 grams in from twenty to thirty days, according to its volume. Now set aside for several days, till the surface is dry, and then cover it with several layers of gum mastic varnish, or, better still, marine ghie, diluted with a little alcohol. This varnish is not to prevent evaporation — the glycerin does that but is simply as a protective against dust and injury. Hermann's Fluid. A modification of Flemming's fluid. Platinum chlorid is used instead of chromic STAINS, ETC. 1383 FIXING AND HARDENING FLUIDS acid ; in other respects the formula: are alike, lodin. A good and rapid fixing agent for delicate tissues. Lugol's solution may be used, of which the formula is as follows : lodin 4 parts, potassium iodid 6 parts, water 100 parts. Ranvier recommends a saturated solution of iodin in a saturated aqueous solution of potassium iodid, filtered, and diluted to a brown-sherry color. Johnson's [Lindsay) Fluid. Potassium bichromate, 2.5 per cent., 65 parts; 2 per cent, osmic acid 15 parts, 2 per cent, platinum chlorid 15 parts, acetic or formic acid 5 parts. Ten parts of a 5 per cent, solution of uranium nitrate may be added ; this will prevent the tendency of the osmic acid to blacken and will give a delicate chestnut-brown tint. Klein's Fluid. This should be freshly pre- pared and kept in tlie dark. It is made by mixing 2 parts of 6 per cent, chromic acid with I part of methyl- ated spirit. For hardening the intestine Klein recom- mends a 5 per cent, solution of neutral ammonium chro- mate. Kleinenberg's Fluid. Picro-sulphuric Acid. This reagent is especially adapted for fixing embryonic tissue and soft pathologic structures, as sarcoma and myxoma, it is prepared as follows : to loo c.c. of a saturated aqueous solution of picric acid add 2 c.c of strong sulphuric acid ; after an hour filter, and to the filtrate add 300 c.c. of distilled water. A few hours to several days are required for fixation. Wash in warm alcohol to remove the acid. Kolossow's Fluid. Recommended for its great penetrating power. It consists of a 0.5 per cent, solution of osmium in a 2 or 3 per cent, solution of uranium nitrate or acetate. Kultschitzky's Fluid fixes tis- sues without causing the precipitation of the albu- minoids, so likely to occur in solutions containing chromic acid. It is prepared by adding in excess finely powdered potassium bichromate and copper sul- phate to 50 per cent, alcohol, and placing in the dark for 24 hours. At the moment of using, add a few drops of acetic acid, 5 or 6 to 100 c.c. Fix objects for 12 to 24 hours in the dark, then treat with strong alcohol, and they are ready for sectioning. Lang's Sublimate Solution. Used for fixing P/a?iaria. Its composition is as follows : mercuric chlorid 5 grams, sodium chlorid 6 grams, acetic acid 5 c.c, water, 100 c.c. The Plajiaria are placed on their backs and the fluid poured over them. After half an hour they are placed in 70 per cent., then in 90 per cent., and then in absolute alcohol. They are sufficiently hardened in two days. Lemon-juice. Recom- mended by Van Gehucten as a fixative for nuclei. It should be fresh and filtered. Fix for five minutes, and wash out in water. Mercuric Chlorid. See Cot- rosive Sublimate. Merkel's Fluid. A delicate reagent, used for hardening fish ova, and consisting of equal volumes of 1.4 percent, chromic-acid and 1. 4 per cent, platinum-chlorid solutions. Several hours or days may be required for penetration. Prick the ova and wash in alcohol of 50 to 70 per cent. A few hours' immersion in this fluid will, it is claimed, effectually prevent blackening of objects fixed in osmic acid. Miiller's Fluid. This agent is very exten- sively used, as it penetrates well and hardens evenly. It has the following composition : potassium bichro- mate 2.5 parts, sodium sulphate I part, water 100 parts. The addition of a little camphor, chloral, thymol, or naphthalene will prevent the formation of mold. The time required for hardening depends on the size of the object. This fluid diluted to 0.2 per cent, is used as a macerating agent. Osmic Acid. An aqueous solution is used in strengths varying from 0.05 to 2 per cent. The time required for fixing de- pends on the object and the strength of the solution, and varies from a few seconds for Infusoria in a o. 5 per cent, solution to 24 hours for tactile corpuscles in a I per cent, solution. The osmium must be thoroughly removed by washing in water, as any remaining in the tissue in time over-colors it. Solutions of osmic acid must be protected from the light at all times. Fatty tissue should have the fat dissolved out by alcohol be- fore immersion in osmic-acid solutions, or it may after- ward be decolorized by turpentine. For delicate membranes osmic acid may also be employed in the form of vapor. As a macerating agent for the cortex cerebri (Rindfleisch) , a o.l per cent, solution is used, and may be followed by dissociation in glycerin. A 1 or 2 per cent, solution is the best fixing agent for blood. Palladium Chlorid. Recommended by Cattaneo as the best fixative for Bifusoria. It is pre- pared by dissolving lo grams in one liter of water containing 5 or 6 drops of hydrochloric acid. One or 2 minutes' immersion will suffice for the fixation of small objects. It is an impregnation reagent, and colors certain tissue-elements in various tones of brown. According to Schultze, it has a special faculty for penetrating tissues rich in connective tissue, and gives a better consistence than chromic acid or Miiller's fluid. Paladino' s Palladium Chlorid. Used to de- monstrate the axis-cylinders in peripheral nerves. After hardening in potassium - bichromate solution place the tissue in a o. I per cent, solution of palladium chlorid, to which a little hydrochloric acid has been added ; in 2 or 3 days transfer to a 4 per cent, solution of potassium iodid for I to 2 hours. Dehydrate and embed in paraffin. Perenyi's Fluid. An important embryologic reagent. It produces perfect fixation of segmentation-spheres and nuclei, and has the advantage that fuchsin, eosin, picrocarmin, and other stains may be dissolved in it. It is composed of 10 per cent, nitric acid 4 parts, absolute alcohol and 0.5 per cent, chromic acid each 3 parts. Picro-nitric Acid. Mayer s for7nula. Water 100 c.c, nitric acid (25 per cent. N^Oj) 5 c.c, and as much picric acid as will dissolve in the mixture. The properties of this fluid are similar to those of picro-sulphuric acid, and it has the advantage of not crystallizing lime-salts in tissues containing them. Eight c.c. of 25 per cent, hydro- chloric acid may be substituted for the nitric acid, the mixture possessing the same properties and being known as picro-hydrochloric acid. Picric Acid. A fixing agent of great penetration, and, therefore, espe- cially suitable for the preparation of chitinous structures. A saturated solution is employed. The time required for fixation varies from a minute to a day, and depends on the size of the object. Wash out in alcohol and stain in alcoholic solutions. Platinum Chlorid [Rabl). Objects are placed- in an aqueous solution, I : 300, for 24 hours, then washed with water and hardened in alcohol. Safranin or Delafield's hematoxylin may be used to stain. This reagent is valuable in the study of karyokinesis. It renders Pfitzner's granules and the longitudinal division of the elements plainly visible. Potassium Permanganate [Dit Plessis). Useful for the study of isolated and very contractile cells, as spermatozoa. It is said to kill more rapidly than any other agent, 2 per cent, osmic acid not excepted. A saturated aqueous solution is used. It is also used for washing out over-staining with carmin, and in I per cent, solution as a mordant for anilin dyes [Hennegity), and for reducing silver impregnations. Rabl's Fluid. Especially useful for the study of mitosis and nuclei generally. It must be freshly prepared at the moment of using, and consists of 200 c.c. of 0.33 per cent, chromic acid and 4 or 5 drops of formic acid. Fix for 12 to 24 STAINS, ETC. 1384 INJECTION MASSES hours, wash thoroughly in water, and harden in alcohol of gradually increasing strength. Sections may be stained in hematoxylin or safranin. Silver Nitrate. Used in the study of epithelia. Solutions of 0.5 to 2 per cent, are employed, and fix rapidly. Wash out in distilled water. Weak solutions do not interfere with subsequent staining. INJECTION-MASSES. These are composed of a dye combined with some suitable substance, technically termed, respectively, the coloring-mass and the veJiicle, and are used for in- jecting gland-tubes and blood-vessels. I. Aqueous Masses. Emery's Carmin. Add, with continual stirring, acetic acid to a 10 per cent, ammoniacal solu- tion of carmin until the color of tlie fluid is blood-red from incipient precipitation of the dye. The clear solution is poured oft and injected cold, and the specimens are thrown at once in strong alcohol to fix the carmin. This fluid is for the injection of fishes. Letellier's Ammonium Vanadate and Tannin. Make a solution of ammonium vanadate in warm water and of tannin in liot water. For use, mix the two solutions according to the tint desired. The walls of vessels are stained black. Miiller's Berlin Blue. Precipitate a strong solution of Berlin blue with 90 per cent, alcohol. The fluid is neutral and the precipitate finely divided. Taguchi's Indian Ink. Rub up on a hone Japanese or Chinese ink, until a fluid is obtained that does not run when dropped on thin blotting-paper or form a gray circle round the drop. Inject until the preparation appears black, and then put it into some hardening fluid, not pure water. This is useful for Invertebrata, lymphat- ics, and juice-canals. II. Celloidin Masses. Schiefferdecker's Masses. For corrosion-prepara- tions. I. Place pulverized asphalt in a closed vessel with ether for twenty-four hours, and shake occasion- ally. Pour off the ether into another vessel, and dis- solve in it small pieces of celloidin until the solution is like the thicker fatty oils. The undissolved asphalt may be used to color fresh ether. 2. Vesitvianin- bi'oiun. Dissolve celloidin in concentrated solu- tion of vesuvianin in absolute alcohol. This color is not fast.* 3. Opaque Blue. Add pulverized Berlin blue to celloidin dissolved in equal parts of absolute alcohol and ether. 4. Opaque Red. Rub up in a mortar pulverized cinnabar with a little absolute alcohol, and add the paste to celloidin dissolved in equal parts of absolute alcohol and ether. Too much pigment will make the injection brittle. Strain the mass through flannel wet with ether. Clear the syringes and nozzles with ether to free them from grease. Corrosion of ilte Preparations. -Throw the injected organs into unrectified hydrochloric acid, and let them remain in it until all the soft parts are destroyed, changing the acid occasionally, if necessary. Wash under a slow stream of water, leave for some weeks in water, rinse, and put in glycerin or in equal volumes of glycerin, alcohol, and water. Artificial gastric juice is also excellent for corrosion. III. Gel.a- TiN Masses. Briicke's Blue Mass. Take a lo per cent, solution of potassium ferrocyanid, and precipitate it with so much of a dilute solution of iron sesqui- chlorid that the weight of the dry chlorid employed shall be or \ that of the ferrocyanid. Wash the precipitate on a filter with the filtrate until only a clear-yellow liquid runs off, then wash with water until the water begins to be blue. Dry the precipitate, press it between blotting-paper in a press, break the mass in pieces, and dry in the air. Carter's Carmin Mass. Rub up 4 gm. of carmin in a little water in a mortar, and add enough water to bring the measure up to 45 c.c. Add 8 c.c. of strong ammonia, and stir until the carmin is dissolved. Glacial acetic acid, 6 c.c, is then added, drop by drop, with continuous stirring, and finally the gelatin, 60 c.c. of a 1 : 6 solu- tion in water. Fearnley's Modification : Cut up 7 gm. of Coignet's gelatin, and soak it in 50 c.c. of water 4 to 5 hours. Rub up in a mortar with a little water 3 gm. of carmin, and add 6 c.c. of strong am- monia ; after standing for 2 hours, pour it in a bottle, rinsing the mortar with 30 c.c. of water. Place the gelatin and unabsorbed water on a water-bath to melt. Add about 6 c.c. of glacial acetic acid to the carmin solution (stop the acid when the color changes to crimson), and stir it into the gelatin. Cover the mass with methylated spirit, and keep it in a cool place. For use, dissolve it on a water-bath, and filter through fine flannel wrung out of hot water. Fol's Blue Mass. A Modification of Thiersch'' s Foniiula. a. To I20 c.c. of a cold saturated solution of iron sul- phate add 300 c.c. of warm gelatin solution, b. To 600 c.c. of the gelatin solution add 240 c.c. of a saturated solution of oxalic acid, and then 240 c.c. of a cold saturated solution of potassium ferricyanid. Pour the first mixture gradually into the second, shaking vigorously, and warm for fifteen minutes over a boiling water-bath. When the mass has set, press it through netting into strings, wash in running water, and dry on prepared paper, without remelting. For use, swell the strings in cold water, and warm with enough oxalic acid for complete solution. Fol's Brown Mass. Soak 500 gm. of gelatin in 2 liters of water in which 140 gm. of salt have been dissolved. Melt the mass over a water-bath and add, gradually, with vigorous shaking, 300 gm. of silver nitrate in a liter of water. Press the mass out through netting, stir it up, in clear daylight, with a mixture of I liters of a cold saturated solution of potassium oxalate and 500 c.c. of a cold saturated solution of iron sulphate. When the whole mass is black, wash for several hours, remelt, and pour on paper. Fol's Carmin Mass. Soak in water for a couple of hours one kilog. of Simeon's photographic gelatin, pour off the water,melt the gelatin over a water-bath, and add one liter of a solution of carmin made as follows : Dilute a strong solution of ammonia with 3 or 4 parts of water and add carmin to saturation, removing the excess by filtration just before adding the liquid to the gelatin. Add to the mass enough acetic acid to turn the dark-purple color to a blood-red hue, and when firm, cut it in pieces. Tie up the pieces in fine netting, and com- press them with the hand under water acidulated with o. I per cent, of acetic acid. The mass is driven out in fine strings, which are washed for several hours in a sieve in running water, then remelted, and poured on large sheets of parchment-paper soaked with paraf- fin, and dried in an airy place. Separate the mass from the paper and cut into long strips. For use, soak them a few minutes in water and melt them over a water-bath. Frey's White Mass. Place 125 to 185 gm. of a cold saturated solution of barium chlorate in a tall, glass cylinder, and add sulphuric acid very carefully, drop by drop. Allow the precipitate to settle for twelve hours ; then decant almost all of the supernatant liquid. The remaining mucilaginous mass, containing the precipitate, is to be mixed with an equal part of concentrated gelatin solution. Injected organs may be preserved in chromic acid. Hoyer's Blue Mass. The filtered and washed precipitate of soluble Berlin blue is placed in a little water on a Graham s dialyzer, and the external water changed undl the solution begins to pass through the parchment. After STAINS, ETC. 1385 INJECTION MASSES diluting, pass the solution through filter-paper. For injection the fluid may be used pure. It may also be combined with gelatin as follows : Warm the solution almost to boiling, and gradually add a warm, thin solution of gelatin until coagulation begins ; then strain through wet flannel. Hoyer's Lead-chromate Mass. Filter through flannel I volume of a solu- tion of gelatin, I : 4, and add I volume of a cold, saturated solution of potassium bichromate ; warm the mixture almost to boiling, and add, gradually, I volume of a cold, saturated solution of neutral lead acetate, also warmed. Cool the mass to the body-tem- perature and inject at once. It flows so freely that even the lymphatics may be injected, and its intense color gives the vessels unusual distinctnes's. If the solution of lead acetate is added to a hot bichromate solution, an orange-red precipitate is obtained ; if both the solutions are cold when mixed, the precipitate is bright-yellow. Hoyer's Silver-nitrate Yellow Mass. Mix with an equal volume of a 4 per cent, solu- tion of silver nitrate a concentrated solution of gelatin, heat, and add a small quantity of an aqueous solution of pyrogallic acid, which reduces the silver in a few seconds. Add chloral and glycerin as in Hoyer's formula for carmin gelatin. The mass is brown in the larger vessels and yellow in the capillaries. It does not change in alcohol, chromic or acetic acid, or potassium bichromate. Neutralization of a Car- min Mass. Ville's Method. The traces of acid mechanically retained in commercial gelatin are elim- inated by placing it in a stop-cock funnel and wash- ing for an hour or more with running water. To test the reaction of the coloring-mass, moisten a strip of dichroic litmus-paper in distilled water, and hold as closely as possible to the injection-mass (which is kept melted on a water-bath) ; it becomes blue at first, but as the acid is added the reaction is less evident, and when the change of color appears very slowly, the addition of the acid should cease. Dichroic Litmus- paper is prepared as follows : A tincture obtained by decoction of cake-litmus is slightly acidified with an ex- cess of sulphuric acid, then heated and agitated with an excess of precipitated barium carbonate and filtered. The solution is exposed to the air in wide vessels until the blue color has given place to a red- dish tint, when strips of white, unsized paper are dipped into it and dried in the shade on stretched threads, in a place free from ammonia vapor. Ranvier's Blue Mass. Soak 5 gm. of Coignet's gelatin for one hour in distilled water, wash it, and place it in a beaker on a water-bath ; when it is dissolved add 125 c.c. of a saturated aqueous solution of Briicke's blue, pre- viously heated on a water-bath, and stir vigorously with a glass rod, which should show no granules when withdrawn. Filter through flannel. The precipitate thrown down by the gelatin disappears if the heating be continued. Ranvier's Carmin Mass. Mix in a stoppered bottle 2 to 5 gm. of pure carmin with a little distilled water ; add ammonia, drop by drop, until the liquid is transparent, and shake. Place 5 gm. of Coignet's gelatin in distilled water for one hour, wash it in water, and heat it in a beaker over a water-bath. When the gelatin is dissolved, add, stir- ring briskly, the solution of carmin. Make a solu- tion of 2 parts of distilled water to I part of glacial acetic acid, and pour it, drop by drop, into the mass, stirring with a glass rod. Stop adding the acid when the ammoniacal odor disappears and there is a faint acid scent. Filter the mass through new flannel. IV. Glycerin Masses. These are used cold. The addition of amyl nitrite to the mass just before using is advised, to counteract its tendency to stimulate con- traction of the arteries. The animal may also be anesthetized with a mixture of ether and amyl nitrite. Beale's Acid Blue Mass. Dissolve 0.5 gm. of po- tassium ferrocyanid in 30 c.c. of glycerin, and 10 drops of tincture of iron sesquichlorid in 30 c.c. of glycerin, and add the latter solution, drop by drop, to the former. Then add 30 c.c. of water and 3 drops of strong hydrochloric acid. If desired, 8 c.c. of alcohol may be added. This is said to be an admirable formula. Beale's Blue Mass. Dissolve 1.8 gm. of potassium ferrocyanid in 30 c.c. each of water and glycerin. Add to 30 c.c. of water 4 c.c. of tincture of ferric chlorid. Gradually, and with agitation, add the iron solution to the potassium solution. Then add slowly 30c. c. of alcohol and 60 c.c. of water, the mix- ture being constantly shaken. Injected specimens should be preserved in acidulated glycerin, or the color may fade. Beale's Carmin Mass. Dissolve in a little water, with about 5 drops of ammonia, 0.4 gm. of carmin, and add 15 c.c. of glycerin; then add gradually, with agitation, another 15 c.c. of glycerin with 8 or 10 drops of acetic acid or hydrochloric acid. Test with blue litmus paper and add acid until the reaction is decidedly acid. Add another 15 c.c. of glycerin, 5 c.c. of alcohol, and 25 c.c. of water. Robin's Cold-flowing Masses, i. Carmin. Rub up 3 gm. of carmin in a mortar with a little water and enough ammonia to dis.solve the carmin, add 50 c.c. of glycerin, and filter. Add a 10 per cent, solu- tion of acetic acid in glycerin, drop by drop, until a slightly acid reaction is obtained. 2. Prussian Blue, [a) Potassium ferrocyanid (sat. sol.) 90 c.c, gly- cerin 50c. c. ; (/.') liquor ferri perchloridi, 80°, 3 c.c, glycerin 50 c.c. Mix a with /' slowly. 3. Green. A saturated solution of potassium arsenite 80 c.c, and glycerin 50 c.c. , is mixed with a saturated solution of copper sulphate 40 c.c, and glycerin 50 c.c. 4. Mahogany-red. {a) Potassium ferrocyanid (concent, sol.) 20 c.c, glycerin 50 c.c; (b) copper sulphate (concent, sol.) 35 c.c, glycerin 50 c.c. Mix a and h slowly, with agitation, and add to the vehicle at the moment of injecting. 5. Yelloti.'. (a) Cadmium sul- phate (sat. sol.) 40 c.c, glycerin 50 c.c; (/;) sodium sulphid (sat. sol.) 30 c.c, glycerin 50 c.c. Mix a with 6, with constant shaking. V. Vehicles and Other Masses. Bjeloussow's Gum Arabic Mass. Make a saturated solution of borax in water, and a syrupy solution of gum arable Mix the two, using 2 parts of the latter to I part of the former. Rub up the mass with distilled water, added gradually, and press through a fine cloth, repeating this until the mass is free from clots. It should coagulate in alcohol, and swell to twice its original volume. It must not be combined with cadmium or cobalt. Cold-blooded animals may be injected while alive. Cadmium Mass. a. Forty c.c. of a saturated solution of cadmium sulphate and 50 c.c. of glycerin, i. Thirty c.c. of a saturated solution of sodium sulphid and 50 c.c. of glycerin. Mix the two solutions with agitation and combine with 3 volumes of vehicle. Copper Ferrocyanid Mass. a. Twenty c.c. of a strong solution of potassium ferrocyanid and 50 c.c. of gly- cerin, 'iliirty-five c.c. of a strong solution of copper sulphate and 50 c.c. of glycerin. Mix the solutions, with agitation. Combine with 3 volumes of vehicle at the moment of using. Fol's Metagelatin Vehicle. To a solution of gelatin add a slight pro- portion of ammonia, and after heating several hours the mixture no longer coagulates on cooling. This vehicle may be thinned by the addition of weak alcohol, and coloring masses added. Its advantage is that it obviates the necessity of warm injections. The STAINS, ETC. 1386 STAINING OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES. injected preparations are thrown into strong alcohol or chromic acid, whicli sets the mass. Hoyer's Oil- color Masses. Mix with 30 parts of lavender, fen- nel, thyme, or rosemary oil, 5 parts of artists' Berlin blue oil-color, rubbed up with 5 parts of thickened linseed-oil. Let the mixture stand 24 hours in a closed vessel ; then decant. Shake before using. This is useful for injecting the vessels of the spleen and other structures difficult of injection. Hoyer's Shellac Mass. Place in a wide-necked flask a quantity of good shellac, with enough 80 per cent, alcohol to cover it. After 24 hours, warm it on a water-bath, to complete the solution ; cool, dilute with alcohol to a thin syrupy consistence, and strain through thick muslin. Color the solution with anilins in filtered concentrated alco- holic solution. Cinnabar may be used for corrosion- preparations. Berlin blue and yellow arsenic sulphid are useful ; both yield a green color. The pigments should be rubbed to fine powder with water, and alcohol added. When the mixture has settled, pour off the dilute and add strong alcohol. By shaking the flask the coarser particles settle ; pour off the fluid containing the finer ones, add it to the shellac solution, and strain through muslin. Hydrochloric acid does not attack this solution ; hence it is useful for corrosion- preparations. Joseph's White-of-egg Mass. Take filtered white-of-egg and dilute it with I to 5 per cent, of carmin solution. This mass remains liquid when cold. It coagulates when immersed in dilute nitric, chromic, or osmic acid, is transparent, and indifferent to reagents. It is useful for Invertebrates. Robin's Gelatin Vehicles. I. Soak i part of " colle de Paris" gelatin in ID parts of cold water; heat in a water-bath, and add 2 per cent, of chloral as a preservative. 2. Dissolve in a water-bath 50 gm. of "colle de Paris" gelatin in 300 gm. of water con- taining a little arsenious acid ; add a few drops of car- bolic acid and 150 gm. of glycerin. This does not keep as well as the pure gelatin vehicle. Scheele's Green Mass. a. Eighty c.c. of a saturated solution of potassium arseniate and 50 c.c. of glycerin. Forty c.c. of a saturated solution of copper sulphate and 50 c.c. of glycerin. Combine the two solutions with three volumes of the vehicle. STAINING OF CONNECTIVE AND OTHER TISSUES. Areolar Tissue. Inject hypodermatically into the sub- cutaneous tissue of a dog or rabbit a I : looo solution of silver nitrate. With a pair of curved scissors snip off a little of the edematous tissue, and stain with picrocarmin for from 10 to 12 hours in a moist cham- ber. The fibrous and cellular elements are then brought into view by treating with glycerin slightly acidulated with formic acid. Bile-capillaries. Go/gPs Method. Fix small cubes of liver 3 to 4 days in a mixture of 4 parts of a 3 per cent, solution of potassium bichromate and I part of a I per cent, osmic acid ; then place in a 0.75 per cent, solution of silver nitrate for two days, wash in distilled water, and harden in alcohol. Sec- tion and mount in balsam. The capillaries appear as a black network on a yellow ground. Bone. I. FleniDtins;'' s Method. Soak sections of decalcified bone in water, and place in a drop of water on a glass plate ; remove the excess of water with bibulous paper and cover with another glass plate to prevent rolling ; place the whole in a dish and cover with alcohol. In half an hour the sections will be fixed and flat. Place in absolute alcohol. To mount, wash in fresh alcohol, then in ether ; place the sections on glass, cover with two thicknesses of blotting-paper and a glass plate, and dry for a day in the air or in an oven. Put a drop of melted balsam on a slide and another drop on a cover-glass ; place the section on the slide, cover, put on a clip, and warm. 2. White's Method. Suitable for osseous or dental tissue. Sections ground moderately thin are soaked in ether for 24 hours, then placed for 2 or 3 days in a thin solution of collodion stained with fuch- sin, then hardened in alcohol, ground to the requisite thinness between two plates of ground glass, with water and pumice powder, and mounted, dry, in thick balsam. The stained collodion is prepared by dissolv- ing fuchsin in methylated spirit and adding the ether and pyroxylin. 3. Vivante's Method. Place very small pieces of young bone for 8 days in Miiller's fluid, then in the osmium-bichromate mixture, then in silver solution. After impregnation decalcify for 20 days in von Ebner's fluid ; then wash in water, place in a solution of sodium carbonate, and embed in paraffin. Cartilage. I. Ranvier' s Method. Place sections of fresh cartilage for 24 to 48 hours in a few c.c. of Ranvier's purpurin solution (see Staining Reagents), wash in water, and mount in glycerin. The nuclei are stained, the matrix remaining almost colorless. 2. Rub the cartilaginous end of the freshly excised femur of a frog with a stick of silver nitrate, and expose to sun- light. Section, a_nd mount in Farrant's solution. The matrix is stained brown, and the apparently empty spaces contain the cells, which are too transparent to be readily seen. Columnar Cells. Wash a piece of the mucosa of the small intestine of a cat in dis- tilled water, place for 10 minutes in 0.5 per cent, silver-nitrate solution, and silver in the usual way. Harden in alcohol, detach the epithelium, mount in glycerin. A view is obtained of the free ends of the cells with the cement-substance between them as "sil- ver lines," and also of the open mouths of the goblet- cells. Cornea. Klein'' s Method. Remove from a living cornea, by brushing, the conjunctival epithelium, and rub the corneal surface with a stick of silver nitrate ; in half an hour detach the cornea, and examine it in distilled water. Negative images of the corneal cells are thus obtained. To obtain positive images, treat according to Ranvier's gold chlorid lemon-juice method (see Staining Reagents, Metallic Stains). Rolletf s Method. Immerse a fresh cornea in aqueous humor, place it in a moist chamber, and ex- pose to the action of iodin vapor ; when brown, peel off the epithelium and examine. A good method, the result being almost equal to that of the gold method. Corpuscles of Grandy. Remove the skin and pa- pillre from the margins of the fresh beak of a duck, and put pieces into 50 per cent, formic acid for 20 minutes, or until transparent ; remove the corneous layer of epithelium, rinse in water, and treat with gold chlorid, according to Pritchard's method (see Stainiitg Reagents, Metallic Stains). The same method may be used for the corpuscles of Herbst. Elastic Tissue. I. Mar- tinotti's Method. Fix for 3 weeks in 2 per cent, chromic acid, wash, and stain 48 hours in 5 per cent. Pfitzner's safranin solution (see Staining Reagents). The elastic fibers appear of an intense black, the other tissues show- ing the usual tints of safranin staining. 2. Unna's Orcein Method. Dissolved gm. of orcein (Griibler) in 20 gm. of 95 per cent, alcohol and 5 gm. of water; dis- solved gm. of strong hydrochloric acid in a like mix- ture of alcohol and water. Take a number of watch- glasses, and pour ID drops of the stain in each ; add 5 drops of the acid mixture to the first glass, 6 to the next, and so on, increasing the proportion by one drop, until all are acidulated. In each glass place I or 2 sections, and stain 12 hours. Examine in a drop of glycerin ; the elastic fibers appear a shiny brown on a lighter ground. Epithelium. Kromayer' s Method. STAINS, ETC. 1387 STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS Stain sections of skin hardened in Miiller's fluid for S minutes in a mixture of equal parts of anilin-water and concentrated aqueous solution of methyl-violet ; wash in water, immerse for a few seconds in Gram's solution, wash again in water, dry with iilter-paper, and differ- entiate in a mixture of I part of anilin to 2 parts of xylol, and then place in pure xylol. This process demon.strates the ' ' intra-cellular and inter- cellular fibrils" of epithelia. Mitrophanow'' s Method. For the study of prickle-cells and intercellular canals. Wash the tail of an axolotl larva in distilled water ; im- merse it for an hour in 0.25 per cent, gold-chlorid so- lution containing one drop of hydrochloric acid to about 5 c.c. ; wash, and reduce in a mixture of I part formic acid and 6 parts water. Goblet-cells. -Scrape the mucous surface of the stomach of a frog after hardening for 24 hours in dilute alcohol, and press the scrapings between two cover-glasses. Allow the film adhering to each glass to dry, and then stain with the Ehrlich- Biondi fluid. Inner Ear. Open the cochlea in Flemming's solution, and fix 4 or 5 hours ; decalcify, if necessary, in I percent, palladium-chlorid solution. Make paraffin sections and stain with Renaut's eosin-hematoxylin, or with safranin. Isolated Mucous and Demilune Cells. Place small fragments of the fresh submaxillary gland of a dog in 5 per cent, ammonium chromate for 4 to 6 days ; then tease a small piece in the same fluid. Each isolated mucous cell has its fibrillar network, a spheric nucleus embedded in protoplasm, and what was the attached end of the cell prolonged into a process. " Mastzellen." Schiefferdccker'' s Method. Place a piece of the mesentery of a rat in a solution of gentian-violet in anilin-water for 24 hours ; rinse in water, decolorize in acid alcohol, rinse again in water, counterstain with carmin, and mount in balsam. The nuclei appear red, the granules blue. See Staining of Blood, Ehrlich'' s Mastzellen.''^ Pacinian Corpus- cles. Harden a piece of skin in alcohol or osmic acid. Stain sections in picrocarmin, safranin, or hematoxy- lin, or stain in the mass with borax -carmin. Plasma- cells. I. iVordinann's Method. Stain sections in a solution of vesuvin containing 4 or 5 per cent, of hydro- chloric acid ; after a few minutes' immersion, remove and dehydrate in absolute alcohol. 2. Unna^s Method. Add ID to 15 drops of a solution of methylene-blue I part, caustic potash 0.05 parts, in distilled water 100 parts, to a watch-glassful of anilin-water ; stain sections of tissue hardened in alcohol for several hours ; dehy- drate in absolute alcohol, differentiate in cresol, rinse in xylol, and mount in balsam. Red Marrow. I. Expose a cover-glass preparation of red marrow to os- mium vapor for one or two minutes, stain in picrocar- min, and mount in glycerin. 2. Stain a cover-glass pre- paration for 24 hours in the Ehrlich- Biondi mixture, and mount in xylol-balsam. Retina. I. Remove the lens and the vitreous body, and inject into the cavity of the eye a mixture of equal parts of acetic acid and osrAic acid, 2 per cent. ; 3 minutes are required to fix. Wash in alcohol for 15 minutes, and place for 2 hours in Johnson's bichromate and platinic mixture (see Fixing Fluids) ; wash in running water, suspend for 2 days in a large volume of 2.5 per cent, potassium-bichromate solution, and pass through successive alcohols, beginning with 20 per cent, and ending with absolute. Stain in the Ehrlich-Biondi mixture, adding to it one-third of 20 per cent, solution of nigrosin. The nuclear cells appear pale-brown, the nucleoli a deeper-brown. The Miiller fiber layers, the molecular layers, and the rods are stained a beautiful green. 2. [a) Kill in the dark a frog that has been kept in darkness 36 hours, and harden the eye in alcohol, [b) Kill another frog kept in direct sunlight for a few hours, and harden the retina in alcohol. Make sections, and stain with picrocar- min. The pigment-cells covering the rods of the retina in a are retracted, while those in b are pushed out between the segments of the rods. Pin the excised eyeball of a triton (without opening the bulb) to a cork, and expose to osmium vapor for 10 minutes. Then di- vide it by an equatorial incision, and place the posterior pole in one-third alcohol for from 6 to 10 hours, and then for the same length of time in picrocarmin ; harden in osmic acid, embed and cut in soft parafiin. Salivary Glands. 1 . Hcidenhain' s Method. Harden small pieces for I hour in 75 per cent, alcohol, 5 hours in absolute alcohol, 24 hours in a fresh supply of abso- lute alcohol. Stain 6 to 8 hours in 10 c.c. of a I per cent, aqueous solution of hematoxylin, and differentiate 6 to 8 hours in I per cent, solution of potassium bichro- mate. Embed in paraffin. The nuclei appear bluish- black, the cell -substance steel-gray, and the demilunes very distinct. 2. Schiefferdccker'' s Method. Stain sec- tions, hardened as described, for half an hour in a watch- glassful of alcohol, to which a few drops of a 5 per cent, alkaline alcoholic solution of eosin have been added ; then place them for a few minutes in a I per cent, aque- ous solution of anilin-green ; dehydrate and mount. Tactile Corpuscles. Impregnate pieces of skin with gold chlorid, according to Lowit's method (see Stain- ing Reagents, Metallic Stains'), harden in alcohol, sec- tion, and stain in picrocarmin, hematoxylin, or purpu- rin. Tendon. l. Take the tendon of the anterior and superior insertion of the gemini muscles of a rabbit, remove as far as possible the adherent muscle-fibers, treat according to Ranvier's formic-acid-gold method (see Staining Reagents, Metallic Stains) ; after reduc- tion of the metal scrape with a fine scalpel, to remove the muscle-tissue that masks the corpuscles of Golgi, which this method is intended to demonstrate. 2. Harden a rat's tail, denuded of integument, for 3 hours in 5 per cent, corrosive-sublimate solution, and wash well in alcohol. Stain in bulk in borax -carmin, de- calcify in dilute hydrochloric acid, embed in paraf- fin, and make transverse sections. Terminal Discs in Tongue of Frog. Curarize or etherize the frog, and inject through the abdominal vein a solution of methylene-blue I part in 800 parts of 0.6 percent, salt- solution, and secure access of air to the mouth. Good results are also obtained by simply pouring the stain into the mouth. Test for Non-striped Muscle. Fix the tissue in a mixture of 10 volumes of 90 per cent, alcohol and I volume of formic acid ; wash, and stain for 24 hours in alum-carmin. The connective-tissue cells are swollen and unstained. The cytoplasm of the muscle-cells appears red. STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS. I. General Methods. Ahrens' Method for Bacteria in Milk or Fatty Substances. Dilute the milk with an equal quantity of water or, in case of denser substances, with a larger volume. Spread on a cover- glass, and fix by heating after it has become dry. Stain for 5 minutes in 12 or 15 drops of methyl-blue to which 3 or 4 drops of chloroform have been added. Then re- move, and allow the chloroform to evaporate ; wash in water; mount. Bizzozero's Method, for microorgan- isms in the vermiform appendix. Stain the preparation in a gentian-violet solution, wash in absolute alcohol for half a minute, transfer to Gram's solution for two min- utes ; then wash alternately in I per cent, chromic acid and absolute alcohol, allowing the preparation to remain half an hour or more in each fluid ; repeat the chromic acid and alcohol, clear, and mount. The surplus stain must be well removed by the alcohol. Ehrlich- Weigert Method. Float the cover-glass (film-surface STAINS, ETC. 1388 STAINING OF MICROORGAl^f ISMS downward) upon a watch-glassful of Ehrlich-Weigert's anilin-methyl-violet stain ; heat the watch-glass gently until the fluid begins to steam ; let it cool for 3 to 5 minutes ; decolorize in I part nitric acid and 3 parts water, and then in 60 per cent, alcohol for I or 2 seconds; wash in water; counterstain with a saturated aqueous solution of Bismarck-brown ; wash, dry, and mount. Anilin-gentian-violet or anilin-fuchsin may be used instead of anilin-methyl-violet. Sections of tissue should not be heated. Gram's Method. Heat 2 to 5 minutes, or stain cold 20 to 30 minutes (tubercle- bacilli, 12 to 24 hours), in saturated solution of gentian- violet anilin- water; rinse quickly in absolute alcohol; transfer to Gram's solution (l to minutes), in which the specimen turns black ; wash in alcohol until the black color vanishes and a pale-gray color appears ; dry and mount in Canada balsam. The decolorization may be hastened by adding 3 per cent, nitric acid to the alcohol and then washing in pure alcohol. All the tissue-cells are decolorized by this method, while the bacteria are stained a deep-blue. The cells may be subsequently stained with a watery or alcoholic solution of Bismarck-brown 2 to 5 minutes, then washed in absolute alcohol until the section is yellowish-brown. This method is of diagnostic value, as certain bacteria are stained, others decolorized by it. Bacteria stained by Gram's method : tubercle-bacillus; Frsenkel-Weich- selbaum pneumococcus ; streptococcus pyogenes ; streptococcus of erysipelas ; staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, albus, citreus, and flavus ; anthrax-bacillus; bacillus of hog-erysipelas. Bacteria decolorized by Gram's method : Typhoid-bacillus, gonococcus, P'ried- lander's capsule-bacillus, Koch's comma-bacillus, glanders-bacillus, and the spirillum of relapsing fever. Botkin advises washing the preparation in plain anilin- water before decolorizing in the iodin-solution. Modifi- cations of GrcxnC s Method. I. Weigert^ s. The sec- tions, stained with gentian-violet, or methyl-violet, are not transferred to alcohol from the iodin-solution, but are laid upon slides and covered with anilin-oil. This is removed with blotting-paper, and followed by xylol and xylol-balsam. The anilin-oil dehydrates and differentiates. 2. Kiihne^ s. [a) A solution is pre- pared of I gram of Victoria blue in 50 c.c. of 50 per cent, alcohol, and diluted to half its strength with 0.5 per cent, aqueous solution of ammonium car- bonate. .Stain from I to 5 minutes ; decolorize in Gram's solution, and treat as in Gram's method, using fluorescein (l gm. to 50 c.c. absolute alcohol) instead of alcohol, to extract the stain. (l>) Add hydrochloric acid (l drop to 50 gm. water") to a concentrated aque- ous solution of violet, and use for staining; continue as in Gram's method. 3. GUntlier^ s [Scheitk). The cover-glass preparation or the section is left for about 2 minutes in gentian-violet anilin-water. Excess of stain is removed with blotting-paper, and the specimen brought for 2 minutes into Gram's solution, then into pure alcohol for half a minute, exactly 10 seconds into 3 per cent, hydrochloric acid in alcoliol, then directly into fresh, plain alcohol, which is changed until no more color is extracted from the preparation. Cover- glass preparations are dried and mounted ; sections cleared in xylol and mounted in xylol-balsam. Tubercle- bacilli and lepra-bacilli must remain in the staining fluid 12 hours. Koch's Method, for bacteria in tissues. Stain in aqueous solution of methyl-violet, fuchsin, or methylene-blue. Wash in a saturated solution of potas- sium carbonate diluted with an equal volume of water. The color will be removed from the nuclei of the cells, but remains in the bacteria ; dehydrate, clear in cedar- oil, and mount in balsam. Kiihne's Carbol-methyl- ene-blue Method. The section is placed in the fol- lowing solution for about )4 hour: methylene-blue 1. 5 parts, absolute alcohol 10 parts ; triturate in a watch- glass and add, gradually, 100 parts of a 5 per cent, solu- tion of carbolic acid. After staining, wash the section' in water ; decolorize carefully in hydrochloric acid, 10 drops to 500 c.c. of water; immerse at once in a solution of lithium (8 drops of saturated solution of lithium car- bonate in 10 c.c. of water) ; place in a bath of distilled water for a few minutes ; dip into absolute alcohol colored by methylene-blue ; dehydrate in anilin-oil that contains a little methylene-blue in solution : wash in pure anilin-oil (not colored), then in a light fluid ethereal oil, as oil of thyme or terebene; clear in xylol; mount in balsam. Recommended for staining the bacillus of glanders, Kiihne's Dry Method. Sections are stained for 10 to 15 minutes in I per cent, solution of ammonium carbonate mixed with a concentrated aqueous solution of methylene-blue; then wash in water, decolorize in an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid ; wash in water, dry upon the slides, clear in xylol, and mount in balsam. Pregl's Substitute for Kiihne's Method. The sections, fixed to a slide or cover-glass by Pregl's- method (see Fixatives) , are stained by dropping Kiihne's carbol-methylene-blue solution upon them. Wash in water, and place immediately in 50 per cent, alcohol. When the sections acquire a pale-blue color with a green- ish tinge, dehydrate in absolute alcohol, clear in xylol, and mount. Unna's Methods. For the recognition of fungi in epidermic scales. I. Place the crust or comedo on a slide, add a drop of acetic acid, and rub to a pulp by means of another slide laid crosswise upon the first ; separate the slides, and dry quickly over a spirit-flame. Wash out the fat with a few drops of ether and alcohol, and stain in two drops of solutions of borax and methyl- ene-blue, cover with the other slide, and warm over the flame for 10 to 20 seconds ; rinse in water, decolorize in glycol 2 to 5 minutes, rinse again in water, then in alcohol, dry over tlieflame, and mount inbalsam. 2. Treat sections for 5 minutes with an aqueous solution of borax-methyl- ene blue, then for 5 minutes with a 5 per cent, solution of potassium iodid to which a crystal of iodin has been added. Rinse in alcohol until a blue cloud forms ; differentiate in creasote for from a few seconds to half an hour, according to the intensity of the stain. Carry to rectified oil of turpentine. In this the bluish color changes to red or brown. Preserve in a solution of colophon- ium in oil of turpentine. Weigert's Iodin Method [Sckenk). Sections are stained in gentian-violet anilin- water, rinsed in a solution of common salt, laid upon the slides, and dried ; then solution of iodin is dropped upon them. After again drying, anilin-oil is poured over the sections, renewed several times, and finally displaced by xylol. Mount in balsam. II. Special Methods. Actinomyces. Select whitish granules from the su.spected pus by spreading it on a glass plate upon a dark background. Prepare cover-glasses as for other methods. The preparation may be stained in lithium-carmin and then by Weigert's method for bacteria. I. IFeii^ert advises a clark-red solution of orseille in absolute alcohol 20 parts, acetic acid 5 parts, and water 40 parts. The specimen is left in the stain I hour, then washed in alcohol and counterstained in I per cent, aqueous solution of gentian-violet. It is again washed in alcohol, and mounted. 2. Gram's Method, with eosin as a contrast-stain, shows the clubs very well. 3. Ehrlich' s Method [Crookshank). Sections are placed in alcohol or distilled water, then in Ehrlich's logwood for about )/, minute, and trans- ferred to distilled water; then placed in a large dish of tap-water, hour or more, till a blue color ap- pears. They are next stained in a solution of rubin S. and orange, I to 2 minutes; washed in distilled water, STAINS, ETC. .1389 STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS dehydrated, cleared, and mounted. 4. PlauP s Met^Lod. Float sections for 10 minutes in a solution of magenta, 2 parts, anilin-oil 3 parts, alcohol (sp. gr. 0.830) 20 parts, distilled water 20 parts [Gibbes). Warm the solution to 45° C. Rinse in water, and counterstain 5 to 10 minutes in concentrated alcoholic solution of picric acid. Wash in water for 5 minutes and then in alcohol for 15 minutes. Pass through absolute alcohol and clove-oil, and mount. The clubs appear red, the tissue yellow. Better than the magenta is the Ziehl- Neelsen solution. When this is used, remove the picric acid by long immersion in alcohol, and counterstain with gentian-violet or methylene-blue i^Crookshank) . Amoeba coli. Conncilnian and Lafleur^ s Method. Sections of tissue hardened in alcohol are- stained in Loeffler's methylene-blue. The amebte are colored dark- blue. The nuclei are best demonstrated by fixing in Flemming's solution and staining with safranin, by which method the nucleoli may often be seen {Schenk). Cover-glass preparations may also be made. Bacillus anthracis. Kiiline s Method. Place the section for 5 minutes in carbolic black-brown solution, rinse in lithia-water and then in 90 per cent, alcohol, stain 5 minutes in carbol-fuchsin, and decolorize in fluorescein- alcohol. The carbolic black-brown acts as a mordant and fixes the red color. Bacillus of Eve and Lin- gard. Stains easily by Gram's method and in ordinary anilin dyes, but not by Lustgarten's method. Bacillus leprae. Stains with the anilin dyes and by Gram's method. Double-stained preparations are easily made. I. Bahes^ Method. Stain in a solution of rosanilin hydrochlorate in anilin-water ; decolorize in 33 per cent, nitric acid. Use methylene-blue as a contrast- stain for the nuclei. 2. Baiimgarten'' s Method {C. V. Kahldeii). Stain 6 to 7 minutes in a dilute alcoholic solution of fuchsin (5 drops of a concentrated solution to a watch-glassful of water) ; decolorize y(_ minute in nitric acid I part, alcohol 10 parts ; wash in water, counterstain in methylene-blue ; wash again in water, dry, and mount in balsam. Lepra-bacilli appear red upon a blue ground. A longer time is necessary for staining tubercle-bacilli. 3. Ltistgarten'' s Method. Cover-glass preparations are stained with anilin-water fiichsin, or gentian-violet; decolorized by i per cent, sodium hypochlorite ; rinsed in water ; dried ; mounted. Bacillus of Lustgarten. I. Liistgarten^ s Method. Place thin sections in Ehrlich-Weigert's gentian-violet solution for 12 to 24 hours, or 2 hours at 40° C. W^ash thoroughly in alcohol; transfer for 10 seconds to a. 1. 5 per cent, solution of potassium permanganate. -A pre- cipitate is formed that adheres to the section ; wash in a dilute aqueous solution of pure sulphuric acid, then in water, and if not decolorized return to the potassium- permanganate solution and repeat the process. When decolorized, dehydrate and mount in balsam. Cover- glass preparations are washed off in water instead of in alcohol. Tubercle-bacilli and lepra-bacilli may be stained in the same way. 2. De Giacomiui^ s Method. Leave sections 24 hours in anilin-water-fuchsin ; wash in water ; decolorize in ferric chlorid, first in a dilute, then in a s.aturated solution. Counterstain with Bismarck brown. Stain cover-glass preparations for a few minutes in the heated solution. Bacillus mallei. This bacillus stains in aqueous solutions of anilin colors, and best when the solution is feebly alkaline. I. Add to 3 c.c. of a 1 : 10,000 solution of caustic potash I c.c. of a saturated alcoholic solution of an anilin color ; or the anilin-water-fuchsin or methyl-violet solution of Ehrlich may be used, diluting it at the moment of using with an equal quantity of a I : 10,000 solution of caustic potash {Sternberg). 2. Loeffler advises for cover-glass preparations, heating for 5 minutes in Ehrlich's solu- tion, then decolorizing in I per cent, solution of acetic acid to which tropeohn has been added to give it the yellow color of Rhine wine, and washing quickly in distilled water. 3. For sections, LcetTler advises his alkaline methylene-blue ; decolorizes in a mixture of distilled water 10 c.c, strong sulphuric acid 2 dro])S, 5 per cent, oxalic acid I drop. Sections are left in this about 5 seconds. 4. Noniewicz' s Method {Schejik). Sections are transferred from alcohol to alkaline methylene-blue for 2 to 5 minutes, rinsed in water, and decolorized in a mixture of 0.5 per cent, acetic acid 75 parts and 0.5 per cent, aqueous solution of tropeolin 00 25 parts. Thin sections are only dipped quickly into the solution ; thick sections remain 2 to 5 seconds. Wash with water ; spread upon the slide, dry in air or over a flame, clear in xylol, and mount in balsam. The bacilli appear black on a blue ground. 5. Sehiitz's Method. Sections or cover-glass preparations are placed for several hours in an aqueous solution of methylene- blue, then washed in weak acetic acid (0.5 c.c. to 100 c.c), dehydrated in alcohol, cleared in cedar-oil, and mounted in balsam (after Squire). Bacillus tetani may be stained by Gram's method. For double stain- ing of bacilli and spores, the method of Ziehl may be em- ployed. Bacillus tuberculosis. \. Arens' Chloroform I\Iethod (Sihenk). Three drops of absolute alcohol are dropped in a watch-glass upon a crystal of fuchsin the size of a millet-seed, and 2 to 3 c.c. of chloroform are added. This solution becomes turbid and then clears. When clear, the cover-glass preparation is laid in it for from 4 to 6 minutes, until the chloroform is evaporated, then decolorized in concentrated alcohol to which hydro- chloric acid (3 drops to a watch-glassful) has been added, rinsed in water, and counterstained with dilute methyl- ene-blue. 2. CzapIe7uskV s Methods. (<■?) After staining in warm Ziehl's solution, drain, and immerse 6 or 10 times in as aturated alcoholic solution of fluorescein containing an excess of methylene-blue. Counterstain in a saturated solution of methylene-blue, and wash quickly in water. (/;) Stain the cover-glass preparation in carbol-fuchsin, heating it until clouds of vapor arise. The following solution is then dropped upon the slide, held ob- liquely, until the surface is cleared : hydrochloric acid and sodium chlorid each 2.5 parts, dissolved in distilled water 100 parts ; then add 500 parts of alcohol. The slide is then washed with water, dried in air, and treated with a drop of some immersion-oil that can be removed by xylol. {Arbeiteii aus dem Path. Anat. Institiit zti Tubingen, 1892, Bd. I, Pleft 3. Also Monatschr. f. prakt. Dertii. xvil. No. 4.) 3. Ehrlich's Method [Sehenk) for tubercle-bacilli in pus. Spread the pus very thinly ; place the cover-glass for I to 2 hours in cold anilin-fuchsin ; decolorize with nitric acid I part, and sulphanil-nitric acid, saturated solution, 3 to 6 parts. The after-stain is methylene-l)lue. 4. FrankeP s Method {Sehenk). The cover-glass is stained with anilin-water-fuchsin, transferred to a fluid consisting of a saturated solution of methylene-blue in 50 parts of water, 30 of alcohol, and 20 of nitric acid. \Vhen the preparation appears blue, it is washed in alcohol and acetic acid or in pure water. 5. Friedldnder' s jMethod. Place upon the dried film-surface of the cover-glass 3 or 4 drops of carbol-fuchsin, heat until vapor arises, wash in dis- tilled water, drain, and add a few drops of a decolor- izing solution (pure nitric acid 5 c.c. to 80 per cent, alcohol 100 c.c); decolorization takes place quickly. Wash in water, counter-stain about 5 minutes with methylene-blue, without heat; wash; dry and mount. 6. Gabbet' s Modification of FranbeP s ]\Iethod. Stain in Ziehl's carbol-fuchsin for about 2 minutes, without heating; wash in water; stain in 25 per cent, sul- STAINS, ETC. 1390 STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS phuric acid loo c. c. and methylene-blue 2 c. c. , for I or 2 minutes ; wash in water ; dry and mount. In the case of sections, dehydrate with alcohol ; clear and mount. A good and quick method. 7. abbes' Method [Sckeiik). Two grams of fuchsin and one of methylene- blue are slowly introduced into a solution of 3 c. c. of anilin-oil in 15 c.c. of absolute alcohol. When they are completely dissolved, 15 c.c. of water are added. A few drops are heated in a test-tube and poured into a watch-glass. In this the cover-glass is laid for 5 minutes, then washed in alcohol until no more color is given off. The bacilli appear red on a blue ground. If desired, stain further with a concentrated aqueous solu- tion of eosin. 8. Gihither' s Method {Schenk). Stain with warm anilin-water fuchsin ; carry the cover-glass, with the prepared side up, into alcohol acidulated with hydrochloric acid, 3 : 100 ; move about for a moment and rinse in water. With a pipet, let a few drops of a dilute alcoholic solution of methylene-blue fall upon the cover-glass ; wash in water, dry, pass three times over the flame, and mount in xylol-balsam. 9. Kaatzer^ s Method. Float the cover-glass preparation for 24 hours in a supersaturated alcoholic solution of gentian- violet, or, if warmed to 80° C, for 3 minutes. De- colorize in a solution of 90 per cent, alcohol 100 c.c, water 20 c.c, strong hydrochloric acid 20 drops. Rinse in 90 per cent, alcohol, after-stain for 2 minutes in concentrated aqueous solution of vesuvin, wash in distilled water, dry, and mount in balsam. 10. Koch'' s Original Method [Sternbe?-g). Stain sec- tions or cover-glass preparations in Koch's methylene- blue solution, containing caustic potash, for 20 to 24 hours, or, if heated to 40° C, for to I hour ; then in an acjueous solution of vesuvin for 2 minutes. Wash out excess of stain in water. Dry the cover- glass preparation in air and mount. Dehydrate the sections in absolute alcohol, clear in cedar-oil, mount in balsam. The bacilli are stained blue and the tissues brown. This method has been superseded by the Koch -Ehrlich Method. \\. Koch- Ehrlich Method [ Scheiik). .Stain the cover-glass preparation for 24 hours at the temperature of the room, or for 15 minutes with heat, in anilin-water alcoholic solution of fuchsin, gentian-violet, or methyl-violet (prepared by adding to anilin-water enough of a concentrated alcoholic solu- tion of the dye to produce opalescence ) . Then immerse the preparation in 33 per cent, nitric acid, and when it assumes a yellow-green tint transfer to 70 per cent, alcohol. Counterstain I to 5 minutes in methylene-blue, malachite-green, or picric acid for fuch- sin, in Bismarck brown for gentian-violet or methyl- violet. Wash in water, dry, and mount in balsam. Prolonged action of the nitric acid will decolorize the bacilli. 12. Pfuhl-Petri's Method {Schenk). Prepara- tions are stained in 10 c.c. of an alcoholic solution of fuchsin in 100 c.c. of water, decolorized in glacial acetic acid, washed in water, dried, and mounted in balsam. 13. Pittioii s Method { Schenk). The pre- pared cover-glass is dipped for a minute into a mixture of an alcoholic fuchsin-solution I part, and 3 per cent, ammonia 10 parts, rinsed in water, carried to a con- centrated solution of anilin-green in alcohol 50 c.c, water 30 c.c, nitric acid 20 c.c. for ^ of a minute, rinsed, dried, and mounted. 14. Reeves' {J. E.) Method. A carbolized, double stain, used for either tissue or cover-glass preparations, is made as fol- lows: Dissolve 2.5 gm. of rosanilin hydrochlorate and 1.5 gm. of methylene-blue in 20 c.c. of absolute alco- hol and 3 c.c. of anilin-oil; agitate thoroughly, and gradually add 30 c.c. of 5 per cent, carbolized water. Filter a little of the stain into a watch-glass, heat it gently until it steams ; drop enough of the hot stain on the cover-glass preparation to flood it, and cover it with a bell-glass for 5 to 10 minutes. Wash and decolorize in alcohol, dry, and mount in xylol-balsam. Fifteen to twenty minutes are required to stain sections ; otherwise the procedure is the same as for cover-glass preparations. 15. ruheycle-bacilli ill Mill; {^Schenk). Place a drop of the milk upon a cover-glass, add 2 or 3 drops of a I per cent, .solution of sodium carbonate, and mix well with a platinum needle ; then warm carefully until complete evaporation has taken place. A thin film of soap remains, and is stained like an ordinaiy cover-glass preparation. Unna's Method. Stain for from 10 minutes to several hours in polychromic methylene-blue (Grlibler), wash in water, and treat with a 33 per cent, aqueous solution of tannic acid 2 to 5 minutes. Wash thoroughly and transfer to absolute alcohol, gold- orange alcohol, or to 25 per cent, nitric acid ; follow with dilute alcohol, water, and absolute alcohol. Clear in bergamot-oil. This process double-stains tubercle- bacilli and leprosy-bacilli. 16. IVeichselbazcin' s Diodifica- tion of the Ziehl-Neelsen Metliod [Schetih). The red- stained cover-glass preparations are transferred directly to an alcoholic methylene-blue solution, in which they remain until they show a homogeneous blue color. They are then rinsed in water, dried, and mounted in balsam. 17. Ziehl-Neelsen Method. Float the cover-glass pre- paration upon Ziehl's carbol-fuchsin, heat till vapor arises (about 3 to 5 minutes), wash in water, and de- colorize in 15 per cent, nitric or 5 per cent, sulphuric acid, then in 60 to 80 per cent, alcohol to remove the remnant of color. Wash well, dry, and mount in balsam. In the case of tissue-sections, stain cold for 15 minutes and decolorize as detailed ; upon removal from the alcohol, counterstain with methylene-blue; wash, dehydrate, clear, and mount. Bacillus typhi abdominalis. Stains with anilin dyes, but is easily decolorized. Does not stain by Gram's method. Cover- glass preparations stain well with aqueous solutions, especially fuchsin. They are to be rinsed in water, not in alcohol. Gaffkyi's Method for sections of tissues : Harden the tissue in alcohol, place sec- tions for 20 to 24 hours in a deep-blue solution made by adding a saturated alcoholic solution of methylene- blue to distilled water, wash in distilled water, de- hydrate in absolute alcohol, and clear in turpentine and balsam. The best stains for the typhoid-bacillus are Lceffler's methylene-blue and Ziehl's carbol-fuchsin. The sections must remain in the dye at least 12 hours. Haumgarten recommends Ehrlich's stain for tubercle- bacilli. In this case a very dilute solution of acetic acid is used for rinsing. The flagella may be shown by Lceffler's method. By leaving the specimens for several days in Ehrlich's anilin-water fuchsin the spores may be stained. Spores also appear if the stain is heated and then extracted by nitric acid. Counterstain with methylene-blue. Coccidium oviforme. Gibbes^ Method. Sections of ralibit's liver, hardened in alco- hol, are stained in a filtered solution of rosanilin sul- phate, 2 gm., in 100 c.c. of a solution of anilin-oil 2 c.c, cologne 10 c.c, distilled water 88 c.c. Ten minutes are required to stain. After washing in water and then in alcohol, the sections are differen- tiated in a solution of iodin-green, I gm. in 100 c.c of the foregoing anilin-oil solution. When the red color has changed to a dull-purple, the substitution has proceeded far enough. It is well to make an examination in distilled water from time to time. Flagella. The first successful method was that of Koch, who used a concentrated aqueous solution of hematoxylin, and then transferred the cover-glass to a 5 per cent, solu- tion of chromic acid or to Midler's fluid. The flagella were stained brown-black. I. Crookshank .stains with STAINS, ETC. 1391 STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS a drop of a saturated solution of gentian-violet in abso- lute alcohol. Before evaporation takes place rinse with water, dry, and mount in balsam. 2. Laffler's Method {Sternberg). A small quantity of a pure culture is suspended in a few drops of distilled water. Small drops of water are distributed upon clean glass covers by means of a platinum-wire loop, and are sowed with bacilli from the first drop. The little drops are spread out by the [ilatinum wire, allowed to dry in the air, then passed tlirough the flame in the usual way. Care must be taken not to overheat. Loeffler's mordant (No. I) is placed upon the cover-glass so as to fully cover it as an arched drop. Tlie cover-glass is then heated until steam begins to arise ; too much heat produces a precipitate. The mordant is left for }^ to- I minute upon the cover-glass and gently moved about. Wash in distilled water, then in absolute alcohol to remove all remnants of the mordant. Drop the staining solu- tion (preferably neutral saturated anilin-water fuch- sin) so as to fully cover the glass, and heat till vapor begins to be given off; wash, dry, mount. 3. Tre>ikmaii>i s Method [Schenk). A few drops of boiled water are placed upon a slide, and a small drop of the culture added and intermi.xed. Of this mixture a droplet is spread upon a cover-glass, dried in air, laid, without heating, in a 2 per cent, solution of tannin and 0.5 per cent, hydrochloric acid, in which it is allowed to remain for from 6 to 12 hours. It is then washed in water and placed in iodin- water for half an hour, washed, and carried to a weak solution of anilin- oil gentian-violet for half an hour, again washed, then dried, and mounted. Gonococcus. The gonococci are seen in the pus-cells grouped around the nucleus. Watery solutions of anilin dyes, preferably methylene- blue, stain the cocci intensely. Gram's method decol- orizes them. I. Schiitz stains for 5 or 10 minutes in a saturated solution of methylene-blue in 5 per cent, car- bolic-acid water and differentiates for 3 seconds^ in acetic acid 5 parts, water 20 parts, washes in water, and counterstains in a dilute solution of safranin. 2. CzenzvnskV s solution of methylene-blue and eosin stains the cocci blue and the pus-cells pink. 3. N'eisser stains for 2 or 3 minutes in a concentrated alco- holic solution of eosin, slightly warmed ; removes the excess with filter-paper, and counterstains in a concen- trated alcoholic methylene-blue solution for from a quarter to half a minute. The cocci appear blue, the cells red. Influenza-bacillus {of Pfeiffer and Cation). Canoti's Method of staining it in blood : Spread the blood upon cover-glasses in the usual way. When dry, place the covers in absolute alcohol for 5 minutes and then transfer them to Czenzynski's staining solu- tion. In this they remain for from 3 to 6 hours in an incubating oven at 37° C, when they are washed, dried, and mounted. The bacillus also stains well in Lceffler's methylene-blue, with heat, and in dilute Ziehl's solution. It does not stain by Gram's method. Koch's Comma-bacillus. Stains easily in diluted alcoholic or concentrated solutions of anilin dyes ; if cold, in about 10 minutes ; if heated, more quickly and mere deeply. Gram's method is not applicable. For sections use fuchsin or methylene-blue. I. Koch's Method. Stain sections well hardened in absolute alcohol for 24 hours in strong aqueous solution of methylene-blue. If the staining fluid be warmed, less time is necessary [Crookskank). 2. Nicati and Rietsch' s Method ( Crookshank ). A small quantity of the stools or of the scrapings of the intestinal mucosa is spread and dried upon a slide, steeped for a few seconds in corrosive sublimate solution or in I per cent, osmic acid, and stained in fuchsin-anilin solution. 3. Babes' Method. Place sections for 24 hours in aqueous solution of fuchsin ; wash in distilled water faintly acidulated with acetic acid or in I per cent, corrosive-sublimate solution; carry them quickly through alcohol and oil of cloves. Phagocytes. Sections of a Peyer's patch, hardened in absolute alcohol and embedded in paraffin, are stained first with alum-carmin, and then with gentian- violet by Gram's method. The bacilli are stained a deep bluish- violet. Plasmodium malariae. A minute drop of blood from the tinger-end is spread upon cover-glasses and the film fi.ved by heat in the usual way, or by placing the covers in a mi.\ture of equal parts of absolute alcohol and ether. Czenzyns- ki's solution may be used to stain, the red cor- puscles taking up the eosin, the malarial organisms the methylene-blue. Plehn recommends methylene-blue, concentrated aqueous solution 60 parts, eosin 0.5 per cent, solution in 75 per cent, alcohol 20 parts, 20 per cent, potassium-hydroxid solution 12 parts. Stain for 5 or 6 minutes and wash in water. Pneumo-bacil- lus of Friedlander. Friedlander' s Alethod. Stain for 24 hours in waiTn, concentrated alcoholic solution of gentian-violet 50 parts, distilled water 100 parts, glacial acetic acid 10 parts ; then wash in I per cent, acetic acid, dehydrate in alcohol, dry or clear, and mount. The capsule is pale-blue, the center deep-blue. For cover-glass preparations Friedlander advises the follow- ing : place in acetic acid for a few minutes ; displace the acid by blowing upon the preparation through a pipet ; stain a few seconds in a saturated solution of anilin-water gentian -violet ; rinse in water; dry with filter-paper; mount in balsam. Pneumococcus of Fraenkel, Klebs, Eberth, and Weichselbaum. This may be stained by Gram's method. Methods to demonstrate the capsules. I. Ribbert places the pre- paration for a few minutes in a hot, saturated solution of dahlia-violet in water 100 parts, alcohol 50 parts, glacial acetic acid 12.5 parts. Staining takes place rapidly ; wash quickly in water. The capsules appear light-blue, the cocci dark-blue. An overstain makes the capsules also dark-blue. 2. Rotix stains for a few seconds in an aqueous solution of methyl-violet, and, without washing, counterstains for the same length of time in Loeffler's alkaline methylene-blue. 3. C. v. Kahl- de7i stains for some hours in a I per cent, solution of fuchsin in 5 per cent, carbolic acid. The capsule appears pale-red, the coccus deep-red. Protozoa in Carcin- oma. Russeir s Method. Stain sections for 10 minutes in a saturated solution of fuchsin in 20 per cent, carbolic acid, wash in water, then in absolute alcohol, and stain for 5 minutes in a I per cent, solution of iodin-green in 2 per cent, carbolic acid ; dehydrate in absolute alcohol, clear in clove-oil, and mount in balsam. The " parasites " are red or jjurple, the tissue-cells blue. Spirochaetae obermeieri. Stain with Lceffler's solution or any of the common basic anilin dyes. Giinther' s Method. Air-dried cover-glasses are placed in 5 per cent, acetic acid for 10 seconds, removed, and the acid displaced by blowing upon the preparation through a glass tube and then holding it for a moment, film-surface downward, over strong ammonia just pre- viously shaken. Then stain in gentian-violet anilin- water or in an aqueous solution of other anilin dyes, and proceed as usual. The acetic acid bleaches the red blood-corpuscles. Spores. Spores are more resistant to the action of stains than other parts of bacteria. I. Giinthei-''s Method. Float the prepared cover-glass on a solution of anilin-water fuchsin or gentian-violet heated to boiling, and remove from the flame for a minute. Repeat this process 5 times and then wash in a 3 per cent, solution of acetic acid in alcohol, and afterward in water. 2. Moller'' s Method {Sternberg). Dry the cover-glass preparation in air, pass it thrice STAINS, ETC. 1392 STAINING OF NERVE-TISSUE through a spirit-flame, or place it for 2 minutes in absolute alcohol. Treat with chloroform for 2 minutes, rinse in water, and carry to 5 per cent, chromic acid for I or 2 minutes, and wash in water. Pour a few drops of carbol-fuchsin upon the preparation and heat to boiling (which occurs in about a minute) ; drain and decolorize in 5 per cent, sulphuric acid, wash thor- oughly in water, and counterstain for half a minute with methylene-blue or malachite-green in aqueous solution. The spores are stained dark-red, the protoplasm of the bacilli blue or green, according to the after-stain used. 3. Neisser's Method Sternberg ). Pass the cover- glass preparation three times through the flame of a Bunsen burner, float upon a solution of anilin-fuchsin, and heat to near the boiling-point for I hour ; wash in water, and decolorize in hydrochloric acid 25 parts, and alcohol 75 parts. Counterstain in a saturated aque- ous solution of methylene-blue. The .spores are stained red, the protoplasm of the bacilli blue. Prolonged action of the hydrochloric-acid solution will decolorize the spores as well as the bacilli. 4. Place the slide or cover-glass, with the culture dried upon it, in a hot- air oven for I hour at 120° C, or for 15 minutes at 180° C, or the cover-glass may be passed 8 or 10 times through the flame of a Bunsen burner. Stain in an aqueous solution of a basic anilin dye. The spores alone are stained {Sternberg). Streptococcus erysipelatosus (Fehleisen) may be stained with the usual anilin dyes and by Gram's method. III. Preliminary Methods. Biedert's Method. Used in examining sputa which contain few tubercle-bacilli. Mix 15 c.c. of the sputa with from 75 to loo c.c. of water and a few drops of potassium or sodium hydroxid solution. Boil until the sputa are thin. Place in a conical glass vessel and after two days pour off the supernatant liquid. Stain the precipitated sediment. Kaatzer's Method. Mix the sputa with from a I to a 3 per cent, solution of caustic soda or potash. This disolves the cells and mucus, but preserves the elastic fibers and bacteria. Stain the sediment. Clear the preparation with a dilute solution of acetic acid. Kiihne's Method. This method is used to over- come the viscidity of sputum and to facilitate the spreading of a thin and even film on the cover-glass. It consists in adding to the sputa an equal volume of a saturated solution of borax. A concentrated aqueous solution of ammonium carbonate will reduce the consistency of less viscid .sputa. Miihlhausen's Method. This method is used to render sputa less viscid. It consists in adding to the sputum from 6 to 8 times its volume of a 2 per cent, solution of caustic potash. Preserving Sputum. Savelieff' s Method. This is a process for preserving sputum for purposes of subsequent examination. Let the patient expecto- rate in a receptacle containing 95 per cent, alcohol, in which the sputum may remain for several months, and in which it is hardened by dehydration and coagulation. A few drops of caustic-potash solution added to a small lump of the hardened sputum on a slide will liquefy it in a few minutes, and from this the cover-glass preparations are made. When dry, fix the film by passing the cover-glass thrice through the flame of a spirit-lamp, wash in water to remove the potash, and then stain according to any of the given methods. Sectioning Sputum. GabritscheTvs- k/s Method. Place the denser portions of freshly expectorated sputum in Miiller's fluid, or .some other hardening reagent, and then embed in celloidin. Stain the sections in safranin, alum-carmin or hematoxylin- eosin. Aronson and Philip treat the sputum first with corrosive sublimate, and, according to Schmidt, it may be embedded in paraffin as well as celloidin. STAINING OF NERVE-TISSUE. Adamkiewicz's Method. Wash sections of spinal cord in water, then in water acidulated with nitric acid, and stain in a concentrated solution of safranin. Treat with alcohol and clove-oil until no more color is given off; wash in water, then in water acidulated with acetia acid, stain in methylene-blue, and clear as before. This process is said to demonstrate the " chromoleptic zones" which surround the gray matter. The myelin (" ery- throphilous substance" of Adamkiewicz) appears red, the nuclei of nerves, neuroglia, and vessels appear violet. This method is of value in the study of degenerative changes, as the erythrophilous substance of pathologic nerves does not take the stain. Alt's Method. Adapted to the .study of peripheral axis-cylinders. Stain for two hours in a solution of Congo red in abso- lute alcohol ; wash out in alcohol. Axis -cylinders of, Centric Fibers {Bevan IV. Lewis). Remove the myelin from sections by prolonged immersion in water, and then stain with anilin blue-black. The axis-cylin- ders appear as slightly wavy, swollen bands. Ciaccio's Method. This method is especially suitable for the ter- minations of nerves in muscles and in the cornea. Place small pieces of tissue, about 2 mm. cubes, for 5 min- utes in the fresh, filtered juice of a lemon ; wash, and place for from ^ to I hour in a I per cent, solution of gold and cadmium chlorids in the dark ; wash, and carry to a I per cent, solution of formic acid for 24 hours in the dark, then for 12 hours in sunlight; lastly, for 24 hours in pure formic acid ; wash, tease, and mount in glycerin. Dausac's {A. Michel) Method. Very minute pieces of tissue are fixed in a watery solution of picric acid, chromic acid, and nitric acid (the proportions are not given) for from I to 2 hours; washed in water for from ^ to I hour; em- bedded in celloidin, cut, and placed in 90 per cent, al- cohol. The sections are now transferred to Ehrlich's fluid for from 2 to 5 minutes, rinsed in water, and placed for from 2 to 5 minutes in a I per cent, solution of potas- sio-gold chlorid ; rinsed in formic acid for I minute, car- ried to a caustic-soda solution, I : 6, rinsed in water, and placed in a 10 per cent, .solution of lithium carbonate for Y2, hour. From this they are brought into a 10 per cent, solution of potassium iodid for from 2 to 3 minutes, and are then reduced for 10 minutes in a strong solution of sodium thiosulphate. The axis-cylinders are stained a black-violet ; the remaining tissue is faintly colored. Platinum chlorid or palladium chlorid gives the same result. Dausac recommends this method also for fibrin and elastic fibers. Exner's Method. A small piece of the cortex cerebri, not exceeding I cubic centimeter in size, is placed in a relatively large volume of I per cent, osmic acid, which should be renewed eveiy 2 days. After from 5 to 10 days, wash with water, treat with alco- hol, and embed. Treat sections on the shde with strong ammonia, which clears the tissue, and reveals the medul- lated fibers stained black. Pieces of tissue, as fresh as possible, not over ^ cm. in thickness, are placed in a I per cent, solution of osmic acid, the quantity of which must be at least 10 times the volume of the tissue, and which should be renewed in 2 days. In 5 or 6 days wash in water and embed. The sections are placed on the slide in glycerin to which a drop of ammonia has been added (strong ammonia and water I : 50). The medullated fibers appear gray or black. The preparation is not permanent. Free Nerve-endings in the Skin. Place small cubes of the skin of the jjalmar surface of the fingers or toes, all adipose tissue being removed, in boiled gold chlorid and formic acid after this mixture has cooled. In an hour, transfer the tissues to slightly acidulated water and expose to sunlight until the gold is reduced. Harden in alcohol, section, and mount in STAINS, ETC. 1393 STAINING OF NERVE-TISSUE formic glycerin. Freud's Method. Wash sections of tissue hardened in ErUcki's fluid with water, and place them for from 3 to 5 hours in a I per cent, gold-chlorid solution. Wash with water and treat for 3 minutes with a solution of caustic soda, I part, in water, 5 or 6 parts. Drain, but do not wash, and place in a 10 per cent, solution of potassium iodid. Remove in from 5 to 15 minutes, wash in water, dehydrate, and mount. Impregnation of axis-cylinders is obtained by this process. Gerlach's Method. Harden pieces of spinal cord for from 15 to 20 days in I or 2 per cent, ammonium bichromate. Make thin sections, and im- merse them in a solution of potassio-gold chlorid I part, water 10,000 parts, slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid. In from 10 to 12 hours, wash in hydrochloric acid, I : 3000, and bring into a mixture of hydrochloric acid I part, and 60 per cent, alcohol 1000 parts, then for a few minutes into absolute alcohol. Clear and mount. Golgi's Gold Method. To demonstrate motor nerve-endings. Treat the tissue for I or 2 minutes in a o. 5 per cent, solu- tion of arsenic acid, and then for from 15 to 20 minutes with ao.5 per cent, solution of potassio-gold chlorid, and reduce in the sunlight in a I per cent, solution of arsenic acid. I. Flechsig s Modification. Harden in a 2 per cent, aqueous solution of potassium chromate, and im- pregnate with a I per cent, solution of corrosive sublimate, weeks or months, according to the size of the specimen. Place the sections in 96 per cent, alcohol. Stain for from 3 to 8 days at 35° C. in the following : pure extract of Japanese redwood I gm., absolute alcohol 10 c.c, dis- tilled water 900 c.c, and 5 c.c. each of saturated solutions of tartaric acid and sodium sulphate. Each section is then placed in 3 c.c. of a 0.2 per cent, solution of potassium permanganate until the purple color of the fluid has faded out; then decolorize in Pal's solution. When the yellow color has vanished, carry into a mix- ture of a I per cent, potassio-gold chlorid solution 5 drops, and absolute alcohol 20 c.c. After the precipi- tate of sublimate has turned black and the red tissue has become blue, wash quickly in distilled water 20 c.c. and a 5 per cent, solution of potassium cyanid I drop. De- hydrate in absolute alcohol, and clear in lavender-oil. The nerve-fibers are stained red, the ganglion-cells, with their processes, black. 2. Kiihne' s Modification. Used for nerve-endings. Instead of using Golgi's gold solu- tion, place the tissue in the following: 1 per cent, potassio-gold chlorid 12 c.c, 2 per cent, osmic acid 3 c.c, 5 per cent, arsenic acid 60 c.c. P'rom this bring it into I per cent, arsenic acid, and reduce in sunlight. The tissue may be preserved in May's fluid. (See Ex- amination and Preservation Media). Golgi's Silver Methods. I. Soak pieces of perfectly fresh spinal cord in a 2 per cent, potassium bichromate solution, for from 8 to 15 days in summer and for about one month in winter. Wash them, and put them into a 0.75 per cent, solution of silver nitrate ; in warm weather the reaction will be complete in 2 or 3 days, in from 8 to 10 days in winter. Dehydrate in alcohol, section if ne- cessary, clear in oil of turpentine, tease in turpentine, and mount in dammar. The preparations are then ex- posed to diffu-sed daylight or to direct sunlight, to effect secondary impregnation. By this method may be de- monstrated the chain of conical funnels, set one within the other, and embracing the axis-cylinder with their narrow apertures. Somewhat greater precision of re- action is obtained by interstitial injection of the fresh tissue with osmic acid before placing in the bichromate solution. 2. For the study of peripheral nerves, the process is modified as follows : Immerse pieces of nerve in the bichromate solution for from 4 hours to 2 days ; transfer them to the silver bath, in which they should remain for from 12 to 24 hours. Wash with successive 88 alcohols, tease in alcohol, dehydrate, clear with tur- pentine, and mount in dammar. Reduce in direct sun- light. The preparations are permanent, but the results are not so fine as in the following method. 3. Place a piece of fresh nerve in a mixture of 10 parts of a 2 per cent, solution of potassium bichromate and 2 parts of a I per cent, solution of osmic acid ; after an hour's immersion, cut into lengths of from to I cm., and return to the solution. Four hours after the first immer- sion, begin to add pieces of silver nitrate to the bath, and, from time to time, transfer pieces of nerve, so as to ensure the proper duration of immersion for some of the pieces. The duration of the silver bath should not be less than 8 hours, and may be indefinitely prolonged. The strength of the silver solution should be 0.5 per cent. I. Obregid' s Modification . The sections are transferred from absolute alcohol (after they have been in sublimate or silver solution) directly into 10 c.c. of absolute alcohol containing 8 or 10 drops of a I per cent, solution of gold chlorid. The latter should be made half an hour before and exposed to diffuse light. The specimens in the solution are kept in the dark for from 15 to 30 minutes, then washed rapidly in 25 per cent, alcohol, then in water, and for 5 or 10 minutes (not longer) in 10 per cent, solution of sodium sulphid. They are again washed in water, and stained with carmin, hematoxylin, or Weigert's stain, and mounted in balsam. 2. Ramon y CajaP s Modification. Small pieces of brain are fixed for from 12 to 24 hours, in the dark, in potassium bichromate 3 parts, osmic acid, I per cent., 25 parts, water 100 parts. An abundant quantity of the fluid should be used, and changed several times during the first day. Embryonic tissue requires from 12 to 24 hours' immersion, adult tissue from 2 to 3 days. After hardening, which must not be excessive, wash in a 0.25 per cent, solution of silver nitrate, for 15 minutes, and then place in a 0.75 per cent, solution of silver nitrate containing I drop of formic acid to each 100 c.c. [ Van Gehiichten). The tissue may be left in the silver bath for from 36 to 48 hours. The silver will be thrown down as a very fine precipitate of silver bichromate. 3. Sala' s Modification. Place the tissue for 4 or 5 days in a 2 per cent, solution of potassium bichromate, for from 24 to 30 hours in 8 parts of the bichromate solution and 2 of the osmium solution, then in a silver bath of 0.75 per cent, strength. Wash with water, fix to a cork with gum, harden in alcohol for a few hours, and cut without embedding. 4. Sehr-vald'' s Modification. Prior to bringing the tissues into the silver bath, put them into a 10 per cent, solution of gelatin in water; they may be embedded in the gelatin in a paper tray, with the aid of a little heat, and thus brought into the silver solution. The gelatin is re- moved by warm water saturated with silver chromate. This process prevents the formation of the precipitate that frequently occurs at the margins of the preparation in Golgi's method. Samassa holds that the precipita- tion may be prevented by preserving the preparation without a cover. Fick and Huber recommend that the use of an aqueous fluid be avoided and that the section be mounted without a cover, or that the cover be raised from contact with the slide by means of wax feet, or that the balsam be rendered anhydrous (by heating it on the slide with the specimen) and the cover put on in the usual way. 5. Van Gehuchten' s Modification. This process is like that of Ramon y Cajal, with this difference : I c.c. of formic acid is added to each 100 c.c. of the silver bath, to assist its action. Twenty- four hours' immersion is sufficient. The tissue is then washed, treated for 15 minutes with alcohol, then for the same time with absolute alcohol, and for the same time with celloidin solution, after which it is STAINS, ETC. 1394 STAINING OF NERVE-TISSUE hardened for 15 minutes in 70 per cent, alcohol, cut, and mounted in the usual way. Golgi's Sublimate Method. Harden the tissue for from 15 to 20 days in MuUer's fluid, and pass it directly into a 0.25 or 0.5 per cent, solution of mercuric chlorid, which should be renewed until it no longer turns yellow. After at least 10 days' immersion in this solution, sections are cut on a freezing microtome, washed thoroughly in water, dehy- drated, cleared, and mounted. The nerve-cells, with their processes and nuclei, are brought out prominently. I'al's modification of this method consists in after-treat- ment of the sections witli a weak solution of sodium sulphid. Hoyer's Method. For corneal nerves. Im- merse corner for from ^ to 5 hours, according to size, in an acidulated 0.5 per cent, solution of potassio-gold chlorid. To demonstrate the intra-epithelial ramifications of nerves, reduce for from 16 to 24 hours by exposure in distilled water containing 2 drops of pyrogallic-acid de- veloping solution, such as is used in photography ; or, instead, the cornere may be placed in a warm, concen- trated solution of tartaric acid at the temperature of an incubating oven until the gold is reduced. Isolated Neuroglia Cells. Make an interstitial injection of I per cent, osmic acid into the white matter of the spinal cord. Tea.se a piece, and stain it with picro- carmin. Jakimovitch's Method. Used to demon- strate Frohmann's lines and Ranvier's crosses. Place small pieces of nerve, in the dark, in a I per cent, silver- nitrate solution ; continue the immersion for 48 hours, and renew the solution frequently. Wash in water, and expose to light for from 5 to 7 days in I part each of formic acid and amyl-alcohol in 100 parts of water. Tease, and mount in glycerin. Joseph's (M.) Method. Used to demonstrate Frohmann's lines and Ranvier's crosses. Place the fresh nerve in I per cent, silver nitrate and 10 per cent, nitric acid mixture diluted with water. After several hours, transfer to a weak solution of ' potassium bichromate, and thence pass through solutions of increasing concentration until it is hardened. It may then be teased and mounted. Kaiser's Method. Stain celloidin sections of spinal cord in a solution of I part naphthylamin-brovvn (Griibler), alcohol 100 parts, water 200 parts. Wash with alcohol and clear with origanum-oil. Chromo- philous ganglion-cells appear dark-brown ; chromo- phobous cells, light on a dark ground. Korybutt- Daszkiewicz's Method. For the study of the cen- tral nervous system. Secure sections to the slide by means of distilled water. Stain for I minute in Bohra- er's hematoxylin, and wash in a I per cent, solution of alum and distilled water ; stain for I minute in a I per cent, aqueous solution of nigrosin, and wash in water; stain for from 15 to 20 seconds in a 0.5 per cent, alcoholic, watery solution of eosin, and wash for a few minutes in distilled water ; transfer to absolute alcohol ; stain for 20 minutes in a 0.5 per cent, alcoholic, watery solution of safranin ; wash well in alcohol ; clear, but not in clove-oil, and mount in balsam. Kupffer's Method. A nerve is stretched on a cork, and treated for 24 hours with 0.5 per cent, osmic acid ; then washed in water for 2 hours, and stained for from 24 to 28 hours in a saturated, aqueous solution of acid fuchsin. After this it is washed out for from 6 to 12 hours (not more in any case) in absolute alcohol, and cleared in clove-oil, embedded in paraffin, and cut. The axis-cylinder appears as a bundle of red fibrils floating in an albuminous liquid. Magini's Method. Used to demonstrate the finer structure of ganglion-cells and their processes. Harden cubes of from 2 to 3 cm. for from 2 to 3 months in Miiller's fluid, wash well with distilled water, and bring for 10 days into froin a 0.5 to a I per cent, solution of zinc chlorid, which should be changed daily, until it does not become yellower than bichromate solution. Section, wash quickly with alcohol, clear partially with creasote, and mount in dammar. Marchi's Method. Used to demonstrate early degeneration of nerves, prior to sclerosis. After hardening in Miiller's fluid, place the tissue in a large quantity of a mixture of Miil- ler's fluid 2 parts, I per cent, osmic acid I part. The degenerated fibers are stained black, the normal are yellow or uncolored. Martinotti's Method. Stain for 2 or 3 hours or days in a sat- urated solution of nigrosin in a saturated solution of picric acid in alcohol ; wash out in a mixture of I - part formic acid and 2 parts alcohol, until the gray sub- stance appears to the unaided eye differentiated from the white. This method is of value in the study of pathologic tissue. May's Methods. I. Forperiph- eral nerves and ganglia, macerate pieces of muscle in 0.5 per cent, arsenic acid, and when swollen place for 20 minutes in solution of I per cent, potassio-gold chlorid 4 c.c, 2 per cent, osmic acid I c.c, 0.5 per cent, arsenic acid 20 c.c. Then wash in water, and expose to sunlight for 3 hours in a I per cent, solu- tion of arsenic acid, kept at 45° C. in a water-bath. Clear in a mixture of glycerin 40 c.c, water 20 c.c, 25 per cent, hydrochloric acid I c.c. 2. Treat a small piece of mu.scle for 12 hours with water containing 2 per cent, of glacial acetic acid, and transfer to a freshly made solution of 0.5 percent, potassio-gold chlorid i c.c, 2 per cent, osmic acid, i c.c, 2 per cent, glacial acetic acid 50 c.c. After from 2 to 3 hours bring into acidulated glycerin, and when the tissue is transparent examine in glycerin or Farrant's solution. Modifi- cations of Weigert's Method, i. Benda' s Modi- fication. Small pieces of nervous tissue are placed for 3 days or more in a saturated solution of picric acid, washed in water, and the hardening continued in alco- hol. Embedding in paraffin is best. Thin sections are ])laced in a concentrated solution of iron sulphate, washed repeatedly, and put into a I per cent, solution of hem- atoxylin until deep-black in color (about 10 minutes). They are bleached in a solution of chromic acid, I : 2000, washed, dehydrated, and mounted. The fibers and the intimate structure of the cells are well brought out. 2. Berkley s Modification. Small pieces are fixed in Flemming's solution for from 24 to 30 hours, at a tem- perature of 25° C. , then transferred directly into absolute alcohol, which is changed twice during the following 24 hours, and then placed from 12 to 24 hours in celloidin. Thin sections should be cut, washed in water, and put into a saturated solution of copper acetate over night, in a covered vessel. If necessary to be rapidly done, the sections may be heated over a water-bath to between 35° and 40° C. for 25 minutes, and then allowed to cool. After washing in water the sections are stained in a hematoxylin solution, prepared as follows: 50 c.c. of water are boiled in a flask and 2 c.c. of a saturated solu- tion of lithium carbonate added ; Iwil a little longer, and add 1.5 or 2 c.c. of a 10 per cent, solution of hematoxylin in absolute alcohol. The flask is then .shaken, corked, and allowed to cool. The solution improves in a day or two, but may be used at once. After staining, the sections are washed and put into Weigert's borax and potassium ferrocyanid solution, which may be diluted one-third. The decolorizing ought to be complete in from I to 3 minutes. Then wash several times in water, then in alcohol, and mount in xylol-balsam. The medullated nerves appear blue-lilack, the glia substance yellowish, the nerve-cells unstained. 3. Breglid s Mod- ification. Mordant sections for from 10 to 15 minutes in a mixture of 15 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol and from 3 to 7 c.c. of a saturated aqueous solution of neutral copper STAINS, ETC. 1395 STAINING OF NERVE-TISSUE acetate ; then bring them for from 5 to 10 minutes into i part of a saturated aqueous solution of lithium-carbonate and 3 parts of water. Stain for from 18 to 24 hours in Japanese red-wood solution (see formula in Flechsig's method), and differentiate in Weigert's decolorizing mix- ture. 4. Flescli' s Modification. Celloidin or other sections are put for a few minutes or more in a 0.5 per cent, chromic-acid solution, then rinsed in water, and brought into the stain. Decolorize in the usual way. This method has the advantage of staining more rapidly and producing better differentiation of the nerve-cells, especially in the peripheral ganglia, and also of giving differentiation of the medulla of central and peripheral nerves. 5. Haug' s Modification. Small segments of fresh cord are put for 2 days into a saturated, aqueous solution of neutral copper acetate, then for from a day to a day and a half into a 5 per cent, or a saturated solution of potassium bichromate; rinsed in water, and placed in 70 per cent, alcohol, for from 36 to 48 hours, in the dark; then treated for the same period with absolute alcohol, in the dark, and embedded. Treat paraffin sections with alcohol, then water, and stain for from 15 to 30 minutes in a well- ripened mixture of I part hematoxylin, I partammonium- alum, 30 parts alcohol, 300 parts water. Rinse in water, differentiate in acid alcohol until a red color appears, wash with water until they turn blue or bluish-gray, counter- stain, if desired, by momentary immersion in a neutral carmin solution, and mount. 6. Hill's Modification. Pieces of nervous tissue are put in from a 2 to a 2.5 per cent, solution of potassium bichromate for 6 weeks ; then washed daily in 30 per cent, alcohol until the fluid re- mains clear ; then fully hardened in strong alcohol. Wash in water small pieces and put them in solution of car- min and alum prepared thus : Boil for 3 hours, in water in which carmin and potash-alum have been placed, and restore the water lost by evaporation. Both car- min and alum should be in excess. Filter when cold. After 2 days put the pieces for 24 hours in a half-satu- rated solution of copper acetate, then into hematoxylin for 8 hours at 40° C. Decolorize in Weigert's decol- orizing fluid. The nerve-cells and non-medullated fibers are rendered susceptible of staining by the alum- carmin. 7. Kitltschitzky'' s Modification. Harden for one or two months in Erlicki's solution, embed in celloi- din and photoxylin, and cut. Stain sections for from I to 24 hours in hematoxylin 1 gm., dissolved in a little alcohol and added to 100 c.c. of 2 per cent, acetic acid. Wash out in a saturated solution of sodium or lithium car- bonate. A finer differentiation is obtained by decoloriz- ing in a lithium-carbonate solution containing 10 per cent, of potassium ferricyanid. 8. Lissauer' s Modification. A rapid method which gives good results with cerebral tissue even when it is imperfectly hardened. Place sections that have been hardened in Miiller's fluid in a I per cent, solution of chromic acid, and heat imtil bubbles begin to form ; rinse in water, place in Weig- ert's hematoxylin, and heat again till bubbles begin to form. Differentiate by Pal's method. 9. PaV s Mod- ification. After staining in the hematoxylin solution, the sections are washed in water, to which, if they are not stained a deep-blue, a trace of lithium carbonate is added. They are next placed in a 0.25 per cent, solu- tion of potassium permanganate for half a minute, rinsed in water, and then brought into a decolorizing solution composed of I part each of chemically pure oxalic acid and potassium sulphite, and 200 parts of distilled water. In a few seconds the gray substance is decolorized, the white remaining blue. Wash well in water, and double-stain with eosin or picrocarmin. 10. RossV s Modification. Harden in a solution of I gm. of chromic acid and 5 gm. of copper acetate in 100 c.c. of water. Dehydrate, and embed in celloidin. Stain for 2 hours in hematoxylin (7 or 8 drops of a 5 per cent., alcoholic solution to 30 c.c. of alcohol). Differentiate in acid alcohol, wash out for 20 minutes in water, dehy- drate, and mount. Double-stain if desired in borax-car- min. 11. Sckdfer' s Modification. Harden the tissue for from 4 to 6 weeks, and put the sections in Marchi's fluid (l part of a I percent, osmic-acid and 2 parts of a 3 per cent, potassium-bichromate solution). Wash quickly in water, and stain in hematoxylin I gm., acetic acid 2 c.c, water 100 c.c. Differentiate by Pal's method. This method is applicable when sections have been too long in alcohol. 12. Vasale' s Modification. From alcohol the sections are transferred to a solution of hematoxylin I gm. to 100 c.c. of water, and decolorized by the aid of heat. After from 3 to 5 minutes they are put into a saturated, filtered solution of copper acetate and left for the same length of time, when they become black. They are washed in water and placed in a solution of borax 2 parts, potas- sium ferricyanid 2.5 parts, and water 300 parts, in which the degenerated areas, the cells, and the neuroglia be- come decolorized, the medullated fibers remaining dark. After decolorization, wash in water, dehydrate, clear, and mount. Counterstaining by picro-carmin or alum- carmin may be practised. 13. IFolter's Modification. I. Stain sections in a solution of 2 gm. of hematoxylin in a little alcohol and 100 c.c. of 2 per cent, acetic acid at 45° C. for 24 hours. Dip them in Midler's fluid, and differentiate by Pal's method. This is an intense myelin stain ; medullated fibers appear blue-black, ganglion-cells yellow, the ground light. Or, sections of tissue hardened in Miiller's fluid and cut in celloidin are mordanted for 24 hours in a mixture of 2 parts of 10 per cent, vanadium chlorid and 8 parts of 8 per cent, aluminum acetate ; then washed for 5 or 10 minutes in water, and stained in the foregoing solution of hematoxylin and diflerenti- ated with Weigert's decolorizing fluid. This is a myelin stain, with a splendid differentiation of the processes of Purkinje's cells. Monti's Copper Method. Small pieces of nervous tissue are hardened in a 2 or 3 per cent, solution of potassium bichromate or Miiller's fluid until they are quite firm. Tliey are then immersed in a mix- ture of equal parts of copper sulphate and Miiller's fluid. A reaction takes place which stains the nerve-cells a red- dish color in direct, or a blackish-yellow color in trans- mitted light. Nerves and Nerve-cells in a Frog's Heart. Find the sinus venosus, and ligate the inferior and two superior venae cavas opening into it ; make an incision into one of the aortfe, and into it tie a fine, glass cannula. Inject normal saline solution to wash out the cavities of the heart. Distend the cavities with 2 per cent, gold chlorid 4 parts and formic acid I part, pre- viously boiled together and cooled. Ligate the other aorta, adjust a ligature below the cannula, cut out the heart, and place it for from a to I hour in 5 c.c. of the gold mixture. Open the auricles, wash the heart in water, and expose it to light in distilled water 50 c.c, con- taining 3 drops of acetic acid. Reduction of the gold takes place in from 3 to 4 days. Examine the auricular septum in glj'cerin, for pyriform nerve-cells with straight and spiral nerve-processes. A 2 per cent, solution of osmic acid, used in place of the gold solution, brings the nerve-fibers into prominence. Nigrosin Method. For axis-cylinders. Stain sections for from 5 to 10 minutes in concentrated aqueous solution of nigrosin, decolorize in dilute, then in absolute alcohol, and clear in origanum- oil. Nikiforoff's Modification of Adamkiewicz's Method. Ffarden in a chrome-salt and transfer directly to alcohol. Section, and place in alcohol. From the al- cohol sections are brought for 24 hours into a concentrated aqueous solution of safranin, or anilin- water safranin, or in 5 per cent, carbolic acid and safranin . Differentiate in alcohol until the gray is distinguishable from the white STAINS, ETC. 1396 STAINING OF NERVE-TISSUE substance. Transfer toa o. I per cent gold-chlorid solu- tion until the gray matter shows a violet tinge, wash carefully in water, place in absolute alcohol. When the rosy-violet of the gray substance forms a distinct contrast to the red medullary substance carry to clove-oil, then to xylol or toluol, and mount in balsam. Nissl's Method. Treat bichromate objects with 95 per cent, alcohol; then stain for 72 hours in an aqueous solution of Congo red, 5 : 400 ; wash out for from 5 to 10 minutes in 95 per cent, alcohol; treat for 6 hours with a 3 per cent, solution of nitric acid in alcohol ; dehydrate for 5 minutes in alcohol, clear in clove-oil and mount in balsam. A specific stain for axis-cylinders. Paladino's Method. For axis-cylinders. Pieces not more than from 5 to 8 mm. in thickness, hardened in potassium bi- chromate, chromic acid, or corrosive sublimate, are put for two days into a large quantity (200 c.c. for each piece) of a o. I per cent, aqueous solution of palladium chlorid. Then place them for 24 hours in a I per cent, solution of potassium iodid, using a relatively small volume, or the palladium iodid formed in the tissues may be extracted. After from I to 2 hours, dehydrate and embed in paraffin by the chloroform method. Medulla, axis-cylinders, and cell-processes are stained brown. Platner's Method. Small, fresh nerves are fixed and hardened for several days in I part of ferric-chlorid solution and 3 or 4 of water or alcohol, washed out in water or alcohol until the washings no longer give the reaction for iron with potas- sium rhodanid, and stained for several days or weeks in a concentrated solution of dinitroso-resorcin in 75 per cent, alcohol ; then dehydrated, embedded, and sectioned. A specific reaction for the neurokeratin network of medullated nerves is obtained by this method. Rehm's Method. For axis-cylinders. Stain sections for a few minutes in a concentrated aqueous solution of Congo red, wash in alcohol, treat for 10 minutes, until they become blue, with acid alcohol, clear with origanum-oil, and mount. This gives a clear axis-cylinder stain with con- siderable other detail. Or, alcohol-hardened sections may be stained for I or 2 days in a 0.5 per cent, aqueous solution of hematoxylin, washed out in an aqueous solu- tion of lithium carbonate until no more color is given off, then dehydrated, and mounted. Counterstain for a few minutes in a o.l per cent, aqueous solution of Bismarck brown. Axis-cylinders, cells, and processes appear gray- black. Sahli's Methods. l. Sections of nerve-tissue hardened in Miiller's fluid are stained for a few minutes or hours in a liquid prepared as follows : Mix 24 parts of a saturated aqueous solution of methylene-blue, 16 parts of a 5 per cent, solution of borax, and 40 parts of water ; let the mixture stand a day, and filter. Wash sections in water or alcohol until the gray matter can be distin- guished from the white, clear in cedar-oil, mount in balsam. Nerve-tubes and nuclei of neuroglia appear blue, ganglion-cells greenish. Micrococci, if present, are stained. 2. .Sections hardened as detailed, and washed for from 5 to 10 minutes in water, may be stained for several hours in a concentrated aqueous solution of methylene-blue. When they have acquired a deep-blue color, rinse in water, and stain for 5 minutes in a satur- ated, aqueous solution of acid fuchsin. Rinse in alcohol, and differentiate in a liberal quantity of water. The axis-cylinders appear red, the myelin- sheaths blue. A still finer differentiation is obtained by rinsing in alcohol containing from o.l to I per cent, of a potassium-hydroxid solution, and then differen- tiating in water. Clear with cedar-oil, mount in balsam dissolved in cedar-oil. Schmaus' Method. For axis-cylinders in the spinal cord. After hardening in Miiller's fluid, stain sections for from 15 to 20 minutes in the following solution : sodium carminate I gm., uranium nitrate 0.5 gm., water 100 c.c, heat for half an hour, and, when cold, filter. Wash out in water. Another stain that may be used is a 0.25 per cent, solution of English blue-black in 50 per cent, alcohol, to which a little picric acid has been added. V. ThanhofTer's Methods. For multipolar nerve-cells. Press fresh tissue between two cover-glasses, separate these, and let them dry in air. Float them on a concentrated aqueous solution of methylene-blue for several hours. Wash in water, pass through alcohol and clearing fluid, or dry in air. Mount in balsam (that is not dissolved in chloroform). Or, place fresh tissue for 3 or 4 days in Landois' fluid ; then stain in bulk for from 24 to 48 hours in equal parts of strong ammoniacal carmin and methylene-blue solutions. Upson's Gold Methods. I. Harden the tissue in Miiller's fluid for from 2 to 5 months ; then wash in water, and place for 2 days in 50 per cent, and then for 2 months in 95 per cent, alcohol. Embed in celloidin, and treat the sections with 80 per cent, alcohol for a few days before staining. The sec- tion to be stained is first rinsed in water, then transferred to a I per cent, aqueous solution of gold chlorid for from ID to 30 minutes, washed in water, immersed for a minute in a 10 per cent, solution of sodium hydroxid, again washed in water, and then placed in a reducing fluid consisting of 5 c.c. of sulphurous acid, from 5 to 10 drops of a 5 per cent, tincture of iodin, and l drop of a 37 per cent, solution of ferric chlorid. When the sections assume a red color, they should be removed from this fluid, and washed, dehydrated, and mounted in the usual way. 2. Place the sections, soon after cutting, in a I per cent, gold- chlorid solution for j-^ an hour ; wash in water, and immerse for ^ a minute in a 15 per cent, solution of sodium hydroxid, to which add, at the time of using, a trace of chromic acid. Wash again, and place in a re- ducing fluid consisting of 15 drops of solution of stannic chlorid, I or 2 gm., in 30 c.c. of a I per cent, tincture of iodin, distilled water 3 c.c, 3 drops of a 5 per cent, solution of iron phosphate, and 3 c.c. of sulphurous acid. 3. For axis-cylinders and nerve-cells. Harden in the dark in a solution of potassium bichromate for 4 months, increasing the strength from I to 2.5 per cent. Wash and transfer to alcohol, increasing in strength from 50 to 95 per cent. Section, free or embedded, dehy- drate, and put sections in a I per cent, gold-chlorid solu- tion with 2 per cent, of hydrochloric acid added. Wash, transfer on filter-paper to 10 per cent, solution of potash 5 c.c, containing a trace of potassium ferricyanid. After y2 a minute, wash, and transfer to the follow- ing : sulphurous acid 5 c.c; 3 per cent, tincture of iodin from 10 to 15 drops; mix, and add solution of ferric chlorid I drop. When the section has become rose- colored, wash, dehydrate, clear, and mount. 4. Sec- tions made as detailed are placed in a I per cent, gold- chlorid solution 5 c.c, saturated solution of ammonium vanadate 10 drops, hydrochloric acid 3 drops. Remove after 2 hours' immersion, wash in distilled water, and place for from to I minute in a mixture of a 10 per cent, caustic-potash solution 5 drops, 10 per cent, potas- sium-permanganate solution ID drops, and a trace of ammonium vanadate ; rinse in distilled water, and treat until they become red with the following freshly pre- pared reducing mixture : 3 per cent, tincture of iodin to which has been added 15 drops of tin chlorid, 3 c.c. of distilled water, from 3 to 5 drops of a saturated solu- tion of iron phosphate, and sulphurous acid 3 c.c. ^ A precipitate will be thrown down when these solutions are mixed, and at the instant that this occurs the sections should be put into it. The remaining treatment is as in the other methods. Van Gieson's Picro-acid-fuch- sin Method. Harden small pieces of nerve-tissue in Miiller's fluid or alcohol, or both, and emlied in celloidin. Mi STAINS, ETC. 1397 STAINING REAGENTS The sections are stained rather deeply in Delafield's hematoxyhn, washed in water, and then pl&ced for a few minutes in a solution of picric acid and acid fuchsin, made by adding to a saturated aqueous solution of picric acid a saturated aqueous solution of Griibler's acid fuchsin, drop by droj), until a garnet color appears ; they are again washed in water, then dehydrated in alcohol, cleared in oil of origanum, and mounted in balsam. The ganglion-cells, neuroglia, blood-vessels, and scle- rosed areas are stained garnet, the a.xis-cylinders red, and the myelin yellow. This stain is well adapted to all tissues in which picrocarmin is used. Weigert's Method. This method depends on the production in the tissues of a chromium or copper lake, in consequence of which hematoxylin acquires the property of staining the myelin of nerves in a specific way. The steps of the process are as follows : The tissue is hardened in Miiller's or Erlicki's fluid, and, when it has acquired a brown coloration, is embedded by infiltration with cel- loidin, and placed for I or 2 days in a saturated solution of neutral copper acetate diluted with I volume of water and kept at the temperature of an incubating oven. In this the tissue becomes green and the celloidin bluish-green, and the change of color indicates that the mordantage is complete. Preserve in So per cent, alco- hol. Stain sections in Weigert's hematoxylin (see Stain- ing Reagents). The time required varies according to the tissue : for the spinal cord and the medullary layers of the brain 2 hours, for the cortical layers of the brain 24 hours ; rinse in water, and differentiate in a solution of borax 2 parts, potassium ferricyanid 2.5 parts, water 200 parts, Yi to several hours being necessary. Wash in water, dehydrate, and mount in balsam. The nuclei may be demonstrated by previous staining in alum-car- min. Weigert's New Method. See IVeigerf s Method liiithout Decolofiziug. Weigert's Method without Decolorizing. Tissues hardened in Midler's fluid and alcohol are embedded in celloidin, and then put into a mixture of equal parts of a 10 per cent, solu- tion of sodium-potassium tartrate and a cold saturated solution of copper acetate, which is kept at from 38° to 40° C. They are next placed in a half-saturated solution of copper acetate at the same temperature for 48 hours. The blocks, rinsed in water, may be kept in 80 per cent, alcohol and cut at any time. The staining fluid is com- posed of I part of an alcoholic hematoxylin solution (l to 10), and 9 parts of a saturated solution of lithium car- bonate ; this fluid is to be freshly made. Stain for from 4 to 12 hours; wash, dehydrate in 90 percent, alcohol, and clear in anilin-xylol (2 to l), then in pure xylol, and mount in xylol-balsam. The advantage of the method is the clearness with which the fine meduUated fibers are distinguished from the cells and other parts, and it is less tedious than the old method. Welters' Method. Harden either peripheral or central nervous tissue in Kultschitzky's fluid, and follow by alcohol. Embed in celloidin or paraffin. Mordant sections 24 hours in the vanadium-chlorid and aluminum-acetate mixture used in Wolters' modification of Weigert's method ; wash for 10 minutes in water and stain for 24 hours in the hematoxy- lin solution used in Wolters' modification of Weigert's method. Wash out in acid alcohol until the sections acquire a light blue-red color. Remove the acid in pure alcohol, dehydrate, clear in oil of origanum, and mount. Besides the axis-cylinders, which are sharply stained, all the tissue-elements are colored. Ziehen's Method. Pieces of nerve-tissue are put for 5 weeks in a mixture of equal parts of I per cent, solutions of gold chlorid and corrosive sublimate. The sections are put in 0.25 per cent, solution of iodin. The nerve-fibers, medullated and non-medullated, the nerve-cells, and the neurolgia-cells are colored blue. STAINING REAGENTS. The stains employed in microscopic anatomy (histology) are divided into two groups, according to their selective ac- tion on the tissues : the histologic, or plasmatic stains, and the cytologic, or nuclear stains. The substances chiefly used are the coal-tar or anilin dyes, carmin, hematoxylin, gold and silver. I. Anilin Stains. These are classified by Ehrlich as acid, basic, and neu- tral. The basic dyes are excellent nuclear stains, and are most used. Some of them have special affinities for certain tissues, and are of the utmost value in bacterio- logic research. They are further classified as plas- matic stains, and, according to the method of staining, as direct and indirect nuclear stains. The indirect, or " Flemming " Method, which is suitable only for sections, consists in overstaining all the tissue-elements in a strong solution of the dye, and then decolorizing. As the nuclei have the strongest affinity for these stains, they resist the washing-out process longest, and still retain the color when it has been yielded up by the ground-substance. The washing-out is usually done in alcohol, but in some instances may be effected by stain- ing with another anilin, which displaces the first in the ground-substance ; this process is known as sub- stitution. The initials attached to the names of anilin dyes indicate a certain tint of a color and its depth or intensity ; as, cyanin B, which means cyanin of a pecu- liar shade of blue, cyanin BB meaning a deeper shade of the same blue, and so on. The initials may also sig- nify chemic change ; as, fuchsin S, which denotes sul- phonation of the dye. Acid Fuchsin. A diffuse stain, having a special affinity for axis-cylinders. A solution of 2 gm. in 40 c.c. of 90 per cent alcohol and 160 c.c. of distilled water is employed. Wash out in 90 per cent, alcohol. Weigert stains sections of tissue hardened in Miiller's fluid in a saturated aqueous solution of acid fuchsin for from I to 24 hours, then rinses them quickly in water, immerses for a few minutes in a satur- ated solution of potassium hydroxid I part, alcohol lo parts. Wash thoroughly to remove the alkali, dehydrate, clear, and mount. This process differentiates the finer nerve-fibrils in the spinal cord. Acid Rubin. See Acid Fuchsin. Anilin Blue-black. See Nigrosin. Anilin Brown. Sections are stained in a saturated solution of anilin brown in equal parts of water and glycerin, and washed and preserved in glycerin. This stain is used especially in microphotography. Anilin Red. See Fuchsin. Artificial Indigo. See A'igro- sin. Bengalin. See N'igrositi. Benzopurpurin. A dark-red, plasmatic stain, affording a good contrast to hematoxylin and other blue nuclear stains. Sections are stained for from 2 to 5 minutes in a solution contain- ing 0.25 gm. of purpurin to 20 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol and 80 c. c. of distilled water. Bismarck Brown. A direct and indirect nuclear stain. A solu- tion of 0.5 gm. in 20 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol and 80 c.c. of distilled water gives a good nuclear stain. The addition of carbolic acid is advised. This dye has also the property of staining certain cellular elements during life. Blackley Blue. See Nigrosin. Chro- motrop. See, under Cytologic Methods, M'atase's Alethod for Differentiating Sexual Cells. Congo Red. An acid stain used in the study of the central nervous system. Stain for 2 or 3 minutes in a 2 per cent, aqueous solution. Corallin. See Fuchsin. Cyanin ( Quinolein Blue). A plasmatic dye. It stains fatty matters a deep-blue, other tissues a pale-blue. Dissolve I gm. in 90 per cent, alcohol, and then dilute with water. A weak solution should be used ; a very weak solution, I : 500,000, in the medium that constitutes the native habitat of the organism, stains Infitsoi-ia intra vitam. Dahlia-violet. A nuclear stain, recom- STAINS, ETC. 1398 mended for demonstrating the granules in Ehrlich's Mastzellen. Tissues hardened in alcohol are stained for several hours in a solution of dahlia-violet 2 gm., in go per cent, alcohol 25 c.c. , distilled water 70 c.c. , glacial acetic acid 5 c.c. Wash in alcohol until near- ly colorless. Deltapurpurin. See Benzopnrpurin. Dinitroso-resorcin. See Staining of iXeri't'-tissue, Plafner' s Method. Eosin. Stains rapidly and gives a beautiful, dilTuse, rosy hue. It is one of the best con- trast-stains with hematoxylin. Make a 5 per cent, aque- ous solution, and dilute as required. It is also a spe- cific stain for red l:>lood-corpuscles (to which it gives a copper color), for certain leukocytes, and for the giant- cells of leprosy and tubercle. Erythrosin. Eosin. Fuchsin. Dissolve l gm. of fuchsin in 15 c.c. of dis- tilled water, and 50 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol, and add 100 c.c. of glycerin. This solution is used for staining blood-corpuscles. Carbol-fuchsin : fuchsin I gm. , carbolic acid 5 gm. , alcohol 10 gm. , distilled water 100 gm. Gentian-violet. A nuclear stain, prepared by dissolving 0.5 gm. of the dye in 80 c.c. of distilled water, 20 c.c. of 90 percent, alcohol, and gla- cial acetic acid I c.c. Stains in 5 minutes. Dissolved in indifferent media it may be used for staining intra vitatn, and in acid solutions colors the nuclei of fresh tissues. It may be used according to Gram's method. Hoffmann's Blue. A nuclear stain for sieve areas. Dissolve I gm. of Hoffmann's blue in 20 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol and 80 c.c. of distilled water, and add 0.5 c.c. of glacial acetic acid. Let sections remain in the solution for about 10 minutes. Indulin. See Nigro- sin. lodin-green. See Mcthyl-grcen. Magenta. See Fiiiksin. Manchester Brown. See Bismarck Broiun. Metanil-yellow. A plasmatic stain with a special affinity for connective tissues. It is also used to differentiate certain preparations ( Griesbach ). Methylene-blue. An important reagent, which gives a specific stain for lymph-spaces and intercellular ce- ment, closely resembling gold and silver impregnation, for medullated nerves, and for plasma-cells. It also stains intra vitain, and is a specific reagent for the axis- cylinders of sensory nerves in living animals (Eiirlich). Small and permeable aquatic organisms may be stained during life by adding to the water containing them enough of the dye to give it a very pale tint. Nerve- tissue may be stained by injecting the dye into the vas- cular system of a living, narcotized animal, or by re- moving the organ and immersing it in the solution. From one-half to I per cent, .solutions in physiologic salt- solution are employed for this purpose. The color is not permanent, but may be fixed by ammonium picrate. Parker fixes the color by dehydrating in a solution of mercuric chlorid, I gm., in methylal 5 c.c. ; washing in a mixture of 2 parts of the methylal and sublimate solu- tion, I part pure methylal, 3 parts xylol. The object is then placed in xylol for 4 or 5 days, when it is ready to mount or embed. Mayer's albumen should not be used to fix sections to the slide, as it discharges the color. A solution of 0.25 gm. in 90 per cent, alcohol, 20 c.c. , and distilled water, 80 c.c, is used for tissue- staining. One per cent, and saturated alcoholic (15 gms. to too c.c.) solutions are used for staining micro- organisms. Dogiel's Methylene-blue and Ammo- nium Picrate. Stain for 10 minutes in a 4 per cent, solution of methylene-blue in normal salt-.solution ; soak for 14, an hour or more in a saturated solution of ammo- nium picrate, wash in fresh ammonium picrate, and ex* amine in dilute glycerin. This process is used to demon- strate epithelia and lymph-spaces, and has the effect of negative impregnation with silver nitrate. A positive image is obtained by a short bath in the stain, a negative image by from 15 to 30 minutes' immersion. Striking STAINING REAGENTS images of the cruciform figures in the nodes of Ranvier in medullated nerves are obtained by this reagent (S. Mayer). Methyl-green. This is chiefly.used as a nu- clear stain for fresh or recently fixed tissues ; it is also a reagent for amyloid degeneration (Heschl), giving a violet color. Use 0.5 gm. of methyl-green in 20 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol, 80 c.c. of distilled water, and I c.c. of acetic acid. Stain the tissue for 5 minutes, wash in acidulated water, differentiate in 90 per cent, alcohol, and dehydrate. The nuclein reaction depends on the presence of the acetic acid. Arnold recommends a di- lute solution of methyl-green containing 0.6 per cent, sodium chlorid for staining cells and nuclei. Bizzoz- ero has observed that the elements of blood and pus, also ciliated epithelium and spermatozoa, do not stain with methyl-green if the cells are highly alkaline ; if the alkalinity is diminished they are dyed violet ; if the cells are acid, they are colored green. Carnoy regards methyl-green as the best stain for nucleoli. Methyl- violet. A good chromatin stain. Dissolve 0.5 gra. in 200 c.c. of distilled water and 5 c.c. of glacial acetic acid. Stain sections for 20 minutes, wash in distilled water, and then in equal parts of glycerin and water. Mount in Farrant's medium. This is also a reagent for tissues undergoing amyloid degeneration. The amyloid substance stains pink. Naphthylamin- brown. See Staining of Nerve-tissue, Kaiser'' s Method. Nigrosin {Anilin Blue-black). A plas- matic stain having a special affinity for ganglion-cells, and much used in the study of the central nervous sys- tem. Dissolve 2 gm. in 100 c.c. of distilled water, and stain sections for from 10 to 15 minutes. Orange. A plasmatic dye used for counter-staining. Dissolve 2 gm. in 20 c c. of 90 per cent, alcohol and 80 c.c. of water. Stain for 10 minutes and wash out in alcohol. Phenylene-brown. See Bismarck Brown. Quino- le'in. See Cyanin. Rubin, Rosein. See Fuchsin. Rosanilin Acetate, Sulphate, and Hydrochlorate. See Fuchsin. Rose-bengal. Take of rose-bengal I gm. , 90 per cent, alcohol 20 c.c, and distilled water 80 c.c. This solution is especially useful for demon- strating the beginning of amyloid degeneration ; it stains the tissues bright-red. It is also recommended for staining the spinal cord and as a contrast-stain. Sa- franin. PJilzner' s formula : safranin (Griibler's) I part, absolute alcohol 100 parts, water 200 parts. Flei?iming xxses a concentrated alcoholic solution diluted ]4. with water. Babes' formuhe : [a) equal parts of a concentrated alcoholic and a concentrated aqueous solution ; [It) water 100 parts, anilin-oil 2 parts, safranin in excess. The latter may be used according to the method of Gram, and is recommended for the demon- stration of mitotic figures. Solferino. See Fuchsin. Spiller's Purple. Rub up in a mortar 2 gm. of Spil- ler's purple. No. I, with 10 c.c. of alcohol, and add 100 c.c. of distilled water. It is used as a double stain, and for the fibi-in in coagulated blood. If the section is to be mounted iij balsam, use cedar-oil to clarify it. Vesuvin, See Bismarck Brown. Victoria Blue. A beautiful nuclear stain. Use a saturated aqueous so- lution, or 0.25 gm., in 20 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol and 80 c.c. of distilled water. Chromatin and nucleoli are stained blue, cytoplasm greenish-blue, or not at all. As clove-oil washes out the color, clear in cedar- oil. This stain has a special affinity for elastic fibers ; fixation in Flemming's fluid or otlier chrom-osmium mixture is necessary to secure this reaction. II. Car- MiN AND Cochineal. These dyes give nuclear re- actions, and are chiefly used for staining in the mass. Acetic-acid Carmin. To boiling 45 per cent, acetic acid add carmin until no more will dissolve, and filter. For use, dilute to i per cent. The concentrated STAINS, ETC. 1399 STAINING REAGENTS solution fixes and stains at the same time, and is a val- uable reagent for the study of fresh objects. It is a pure nuclear stain. Acetic-acid Alum-carmin. Boil an excess of carmin in a saturated potash-alum solution ; when cool, add lo per cent, of glacial acetic acid, and filter after several days. For use, add enough of the filtrate to distilled water to give it a deep-rose tint, stain for from 24 to 48 hours, and wash for 2 hours in distilled water. Dehydrate in alcohol. This solution has great penetration, and stains the deeper tissue-layers as admirably as the more superficial ones. Beale's Carmin. Dissolve 0.6 gm. of carmin in 2 c.c. of strong ammonia ; boil for a few seconds, and stand aside uncovered for an hour, or until the excess of ammonia has evaporated. Then add 60 c.c. each of glycerin and water and 15 c.c. of alcohol ; filter, stand aside to settle, and decant. Csokor's Alum-cochineal. A nuclear and diffuse stain. Nuclei are stained violet, and other tis- sues different tones of red. It is composed of powdered cochineal I gm., and calcined alum I gm., water lob c.c, carbolic acid 0.5 c.c. Delage's Osmium-car- min has the staining properties of carmin and the fixing properties of osmium, and so stains and fixes tissues at the same time. It is prepared by evaporating on a water-bath a strong ammonium-carrain, until red clouds on its surface indicate that the excess of ammonia has disappeared ; and when cool, adding an equal volume of a I per cent, solution of osmic acid. Filter under a bell-jar. As the reagent soon loses its fixing properties, the acid and carmin should be mixed at the time of using. It is said to rival gold chlorid in bringing out the more minute tissue-elements. De la Rue's Cochineal. Exhaust cochineal in boiling water, precipitate the extract with lead acetate slightly acidulated with acetic acid, being careful not to use an excess of the lead. Wash the precipitate with distilled water until the wash- water ceases to give a precipitate with mercuric chlorid ; then decompose it with hydrogen sulphid, filter, and evaporate the filtrate to a syrupy consistence on a water, bath. Dry, and exhaust the dark-purple ]3roduct with alcohol, which dissolves out the carminic acid. Frey's Carmin. Dissolve in 30 c.c. of distilled water 0.3 gm. of carmin, adding ammonia, drop by drop, until the solution is complete. Then add 30 c.c. of glycerin and 4 c.c. of alcohol ; shake, and keep in a stoppered bottle. Grenacher's Alcoholic Borax-carmin. Dis- solve 4 gm. of borax in 100 c.c. of distilled water; add 3 gm. of carmin, warm, and dilute with 100 c.c. of 70 per cent, alcohol. Filter before using, and transfer the tissue from the stain directly into alcohol acidulated with from 4 to 6 drops of hydrochloric acid, in which it should remain until it acquires a bright, transparent ap- pearance. This solution is used for staining in bulk, and gives a splendid color. Grenacher's Alum-car- min. Dissolve 5 gms. of ammonium-alum in 100 c.c. of distilled water, adding I gm. of carmin, cooling, filtering, and bringing up to 100 c.c. by adding water. This solution is not suitable for calcareous structures, but is otherwise an admirable reagent. Grenacher's Borax-carmin. Heat to boiling carmin o. 5 gm. , borax 2 gm. in ioo c.c. of distilled water, and while hot add, drop by drop, about 17 c.c. of acetic acid, or until the color turns from purple to red. After 24 hours decant, filter, and add 0.5 c.c. of carbolic acid. Hamann's Acid Carmin. Dissolve 30 gm. of carmin in 200 c.c. of strong ammonia ; add acetic acid until the fluid be- comes neutral, or is only slightly acid. Allow it to stand for from 2 to 5 weeks, and filter. Haug's Alum Borax-carmin. Take l gm. each of carmin and borax, 2 gm. of ammonium-alum, pulverize, and add 100 c.c. of liquor aluminis acetatis and boil for ^ an hour; decant, and filter after 24 hours. The solution is ready for use in I week. Haug's Ammonium Lithium- carmin. A permanent solution, recommended for preparations which stain with difficulty. Pulverize and boil in 100 c.c. of water, carmin I gm. and ammonium chlorid 2 gm. ; after cooling add from 0.3 to 0.5 gm. of lithium carbonate and, drop by drop, from 15 to 20 c.c. of a strong solution of ammonia. This solution stains in from I to 3 minutes, and gives a gorgeous strawberry- red color. Differentiate in acid alcohol, and follow with absolute alcohol. Heidenhain's Neutral Car- min. Dissolve I gm. of carmin in 3 c.c. of ammonia, and add 96 c.c. each of glycerin and water. Heat on a water-bath until the excess of ammonia is driven oft, or neutralize with acetic acid. Henneguy's Acetic- acid Alum-carmin. Boil an excess of carmin in a satu- rated solution of potassium-alum, and when cool add 10 per cent, of glacial acetic acid, and leave the mixture to settle for several days ; then remove the sediment by filtration, and for use add enough of the solution to dis- tilled water to produce a deep-rose tint. .Stain for from 24 to 48 hours, and wash for 2 hours in distilled water. Hoyer's Alcoholic Carmin. Heat the carmin in a retort with alcohol, acidulated with sulphuric acid, until dissolved ; filter, and dilute freely with water. As long as a rose-red precipitate forms, add lead acetate to the filtrate. As soon as the precipitate is violet, filter, and add to the filtrate lead acetate as long as the violet pre- cipitate forms; collect it on a filter, wash, and dry it. Suspend it in a small quantity of strong alcohol, add alcohol strongly acidulated with sulphuric acid until the violet precipitate loses its color and becomes intensely red. Filter. Two drops of the filtrate added to a watch- glass of alcohol make a strong stain. Hoyer's Am- monium-carmin. Di.ssolve i gm. of carmin in from i to 2 c. c. of strong ammonia and from 6 to 8 c.c. of water. Heat in a glass vessel on a sand-bath until the large bubbles become small, and the purplish color turns to bright-red. showing that the free ammonia has evapo- rated. Allow the solution to cool and settle, saving the bright-red deposit for use again, and add chloral to the neutral, dark fluid, which will keep well. Hoyer's Neutral Carmin. Dilute ammonium-carmin with from 4 to 6 times its volume of strong alcohol ; collect the scarlet-red precipitate which forms on a filter, wash and dry it. Dissolve this powder in a solution of neutral ammonium picrate. Mayer's Aluminum Carmin- ate. Carminic acid l gm. , aluminum chlorid 3 gm., water 200 c.c, and a few crystals of thymol. Gives a blue-violet color, and is a good substitute for alum-car- min when the use of alumis contra-indicated. Mayer's Cochineal. A nuclear stain, which is red or lilue ac- cording to the reaction of the ti.ssues, which should pre- viously have been hardened in 70 per cent, alcohol. Take I gm. of coarsely powdered cochineal and 10 c.c. of 70 per cent, alcohol ; digest for several days and filter. Let the tissues stain, according to size, for from 15 minutes to several days, wash in 70 per cent, alcohol, follow by acid alcohol for a light yellowish-red stain, or by alkaline water for a deep purple-red. New forjuiila : Pulverize in a mortar, 5 gm. of cochineal, mix with 5 g™. of calcium chlorid and 0.5 gm.of aluminum chlorid, add 8 drops of nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.20) and loocc of 50 percent, alcohol ; heat to the boiling-point. Let the mixture stand a number of days, .shake it frequently, and finally filter. The oljjects must be treated with 50 per cent, alcohol before and after staining. Mayer's Carmalum. Take I gm. of carminic acid, 10 gm. of alum, and 200 c.c. of distilled water, heat the mixture, and filter, adding an antiseptic to keep it clear. The fluid is light-red in color, shading toward violet, and is said to have good penetrating powers, even in osmium preparations, and STAINS, ETC. 1400 to be better than alum-carmin for staining in toto. Mayer's Paracarmin. Dissolve carminic acid I gm. , aluminum clilorid o. 5 gm. , calcium chlorid 4 gm. in 100 c.c. of 70 per cent, alcohol, with or without heat. Filter, after precipitation, and the solution will have a clear-red color. Suitable for staining bulky objects with large cavities, such as Salpa. Orth's Carmin Stains. Litliiitm-carinin. Digest 2.5 gm. of carmin in 97.5 c.c. of a saturated solution of lithium carbonate and filter. The stain is diffuse, but on treatment with acid alcohol becomes restricted to the nuclei. Tissues refusing to stain in any other medium do so in this fluid. Picrolithiiiin-carmin consists of I part of lithium carmin and 2 or 3 parts of a .saturated solution of picric acid. After staining, wash out in acid alcohol. Partsch's Cochineal Alum-carmin. Boil powdered cochineal in 5 per cent, alum solution, filter, and add a little salicylic acid as a preservative. This is said to give more delicate differentiation than other alum- carmins. Partsch-Grenacher's Alum-carmin. A nuclear stain, prepared as follows : Boil for 15 minutes 2 gm. of pure carmin, No. 40, and 5 gm. of ammonium- alum in 200 c.c. of distilled water. Cool, filter, and add 2 c.c. of carbolic acid. Ranvier's Carmin. This is composed of carmin I gni., ammonia I c.c, water 100 c.c. Rub up the carmin in a mortar with a little water and add the ammonia. When the carmin is all dissolved add the rest of the water. If there is an excess of ammonia, heat the solution until the carmin begins to precipitate. Reeves' {J. E.) Borax-car- min. A nuclear stain, consisting of the best No. 40 carmin 4 gm., pulverized borax 8 gm., and carbolized water, 2 per cent., 120 c.c. Heat in a porcelain vessel to .boiling, and, when cool, filter. Stains in from I minute to an hour, according to the character of the tissue. A decolorizing and differentiating fluid composed of pure hydrochloric acid 10 c.c. ,70 per cent, alcohol 105 c.c. may be used with this stain. After immersion in this fluid the section must be well washed with water, to remove the acid, and if desired it may now be double-stained in a weak, aqueous solution of sodium sulph-indigotate. RoUet's Acid Carmin. Boil pulverized carmin in dilute sulphuric acid, filter off the red precipitate, and dissolve in water for use. Schneider's Acid Carmin. Boil pulverized carmin in 45 per cent, acetic acid until no more will dissolve, filter, and dilute to I per cent, for use. Schweigger- Seidel's Acid Carmin. Add an excess of acetic acid to ammonium-carmin, and filter. Sodium Carminate. See Sfaining of iVerve-tissiie, Schmaus' Method. III. Hemato.kylinandHematein. Solutions of these substances are used for staining sections, and also tis- sues, in toto, especially such as have been fixed in chrom- ium and osmium fluids. Bohmer's Hematoxylin. A valuable nuclear stain. Dissolve I gm. of hematoxylin in 100 c.c. of absolute alcohol. Make a second solu- tion of 5 gm. of alum in 100 c.c. of distilled water. Add the first solution, drop by drop, to the second, until a deep-violet color is obtained. Let the mixture stand in an open vessel, exposed to the light, for several days. Filter, and add a little thymol to the filtrate. Cook's {A/leyer) Hematoxylin. An alum- hematoxylin containing copper sulphate. Reduce in a mortar 6 grams each of extract of logwood and alum and I gram of copper sulphate, and dissolve in 40 c.c. of water. Filter after 2 days, and add a crystal of thymol to the filtrate. Cuccati's lodin- hematoxylin. Dissolve 25 gm. of chemically pure potassium iodid in 25 c.c. of distilled water. Pour this solution, slowly and with constant agitation, into 75 c.c. of absolute alcohol, and keep in a well-stoppered bottle. Rub up in a mortar 75 eg. of crystallized hem- STAINING REAGENTS atoxylin with 6 gm. of chemically pure, neutral potash- alum, and add 3 c.c. of the iodin-solution ; keep the mixture agitated, and gradually add the remainder of the solution. Shake for some time, to dis.solve the alum, stand aside for from 10 to 15 hours, shake again, filter, and preserve in a tightly stoppered bottle. Oljjects should be left in the liquid for 10 hours, then washed, dehy- drated, and mounted. The solution is said to be a pure chromatin stain. Delafield's Hematoxylin. An excellent nuclear stain. Dissolve 4 gm. of hematoxy- lin in 25 c.c. of absolute alcohol, and add 400 c.c. of a saturated, aqueous solution of ammonium-alum. Ex- pose to light and air for 3 or 4 days ; filter ; add to the filtrate 100 c.c. each of glycerin and methyl -alcohol. Ehrlich's Acid Hematoxylin. Used for staining sections and in the mass. Dissolve I gm. of hematox- ylin in 30 c.c. of alcohol, and add 50 c.c. each of glycerin and water, alum in excess, and 4 c.c of gla- cial acetic acid. Let the mixture ripen in the light un- til it acquires a deep-red color. Objects stained in it should be washed in undistilled water. Ehrlich's Am- moniated Hematoxylin. Dissolve 2 gm. of hema- toxylin and 0.4 gm. of ammonium carbonate in 80 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol. Expose in an evaporating dish for 24 hours, warm, and bring up to 40 c.c. by adding 50 per cent, alcohol, and then add 2 gm. of ammonium- alum, 80 c.c. of distilled water. 100 c.c. of glycerin, and ZD c.c. of acetic acid. Dilute 1 : 10 for use. Gage's Hematoxylin. Boil 7.5 gm. of alum in 200 c.c. of distilled water for about 5 minutes; when cool, add enough freshly boiled distilled water to make up the loss by evaporation; add 4 gm. of chloral, and then 0.1 gm. of hematoxylin dissolved in 10 c.c. of 95 per cent, alcohol. Ixt the mixture ripen for a week. It stains sections in from I to 5 minutes, and if too con- centrated may be diluted with freshly distilled water. This solution does not readily deteriorate. Hamilton's Hematoxylin. A rapid and strong nuclear stain of the following composition: hematoxylin 12 gm., ammonium-alum 50 gm. , glycerin 65 c.c, distilled water 130 c.c, carbolic acid 5 c.c. Heat the mix- ture to boiling before adding the carbolic acid, and expose to sunlight for I month. Haug's Hema- toxylin. A nuclear stain, giving good results with nervous tissue. Dissolve I gm. of hematoxylin in 10 c.c. of absolute alcohol, and add to 200 c.c. of an aqueous solution of aluminum acetate. Let the solution ripen until the violet-black hue becomes brown-black. After staining, treat the sections with acid alcohol, and wash in water until they appear blue. Heidenhain's Hema- toxylin. Place the object to be stained in a 33 per cent, solution of hematoxylin in distilled water for from 1 2 to 24 hours, and then for the same length of time in a 0.5 per cent, solution of neutral potassium chromate, and wash out the excess of this with water, treating further as desired. The stain is clear, from black to gray in color, rich in detail, and adapted to staining in mass, and has the advantage that objects can be decolorized to any extent by prolonging the washing in the chromate. If instead of this a I per cent, alum solution be used, the stain will be blue. Apathy's Modification. Make a I per cent, solution of hematoxylin in 70 or 80 per cent, alcohol. After staining, wash out in a I per cent, solution of potassium bichromate in from 70to 80 percent, alcohol. The mixture should be made freshly and kept in the dark while using, as should also the objects while being washed, and they should be finished by washing in several changes of 70 per cent, alcohol. Iron Hem- atoxylin. Sections are treated with a weak aqueous solution of ferric acetate, washed in water, and stained in 0.5 per cent, aqueous solution of hematoxylin. A blue-black or black-brown stain is obtained. This pro- i STAINS, ETC. 1401 STAINING REAGENTS cess is recommended by Butschli for staining sections of protozoa I fi thick. Another method is as follows : Treat .sections for from an hour to 2 or 3 hours with from a 1. 5 to a 4 per cent, solution of feiTic-ammonium sulphate ; wash in water, and stain for from I to 12 hours in an aqueous solution of hematoxylin , about o. 5 per cent. Rinse with water and treat again with the iron solution. As soon as differentiation is complete, wash for 15 minutes in running water, and mount. The results vary accord- ing to the duration of the treatment with the iron and hematoxylin solutions ; short baths give a blue prepara- tion, in which the nuclear structures are highly differ- entiated ; prolonged baths give black preparations, show- ing connective-tissue fibers and red blood-corpuscles black, central and polar bodies intensely black; cytoplasm sometimes colorless, sometimes gray, in which case cell- plates and achromatic spindle-fibers are stained. Micro- organisms are sharply stained. Kleinenberg's Hema- toxylin. Adapted to staining in the mass. Make a sat- urated .solution of calcium chlorid in 70 per cent, alcohol. Shake it, and let it stand ; decant, and add alum in ex- cess ; shake again, and, after a day or two, filter. To I volume of the filtrate add 8 volumes of a saturated solu- tion of alum in 70 per cent, alcohol ; to this mixture add, drop by drop, a saturated solution of hematoxylin in absolute alcohol, until a purple color appears. It becomes darker in time and on exposure to light. It should be prepared some months before it is wanted. Mallory's Phosphomolybdic-acid Hematoxylin. Ten per cent, solution of phospho-molybdic acid I part, hematoxylin I part, water 100 parts, chloral from 6 to 10 parts. Expose to sunlight for a week. Filter before using, and save the used portions. Stain sections for from 10 minutes toanhour, wash in 40 to 50 percent, alcohol, changing it 2 or 3 times. Dehydrate and mount. If the solution does not stain readily, add a little hema- toxylin. The stain is blue, and in its general effect similar to nigrosin. It is recommended for preparations of the central nervous sy.stem. Mayer's Ammonium- nitrate Hematei'n. Hemalum ioc.c.,7oper cent, alcohol 10 c.c, ammonium nitrate 5 gm. Dissolve, let the solution stand until the excess of alum crystallizes out, 12 to 24 hours, and filter. Useful for staining small objects ill toto. Mayer's Hemalum. An excellent stain for large objects. It consists of two .solutions ; one of hematei'n, or ammonium-hematein, I gm., dissolved by the aid of heat in 50 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol ; the other of alum 50 grams and distilled water I liter. The solutions are mixed, left to cool, and then filtered. A crystal of thymol may be added to prevent the for- mation of mold. For most purposes it is advisable to dilute this stain with water or alum-solution. Hemalum plus 2 per cent, glacial acetic acid gives a more precise nuclear stain. Mayer's Hemacalcium. Rub together in a mortar, very thoroughly, I gm. each of hematein or ammonium-hematein and aluminum chlorid, and dis- solve in 600 c.c. of 70 per cent, alcohol, to which 10 c.c. of glacial acetic acid have been added ; then add 50 grams of calcium chlorid. The color of the fluid is red- dish-violet. Objects overstained in it are treated with a 2 percent, alcoholic solution of aluminum chlorid or from a ^ to a I per cent, solution of sodium or potassium acetate in absolute alcohol. Clearingwithbergamot-o.il or clove- oil causes early fading. Reeves' (y^.f.) Hematoxylin. To one part of 5 or 10 c.c. of 5 per cent, carbol- ized water add enough sodium sulphindigotate to produce a deep bluish-green color, and 7 parts of Delafield's hematoxylin. The mixing should be done at the time of using. After staining, which requires from ^ to I hour or more, immerse the section in water acid- ulated with a few drops of nitric acid, and allow it to re- main until it shows a clear, deep, sky-blue color ; wash in water and dehydrate for 20 minutes in alcohol. This stain differentiates the inclusions in carcinoma-cells — chromatin, parasites, etc. Renaut's Glycerin-hema- toxylin. To a saturated solution of alum in glycerin add, drop by drop, a saturated alcoholic solution of hematoxy- lin, until the mixture has a deep color. Expose to light and air for several weeks, and then filter. Sections may be mounted in the stain. Sanfelice's lodin-hema- toxylin. Useful for staining in the mass. Make a solu- tion of hematoxylin, 0.7 gm. in absolute alcohol 20 c.c, and pour it, drop by drop, into a solution of alum 0.2 gm. and distilled water 60 c.c. Let the mixture stand ex- posed to the light for 3 or 4 days ; then add 10 to 15 drops of tincture of iodin, shake, and let it stand again for 3 or 4 days. Tissues are immersed in this fluid for from 12 to 24 hours, and then transferred for 24 hours to 90 per cent, alcohol acidulated with acetic acid. Weigert's Hematoxylin. See Staining of Nerve -tis- sue, IVeigerf s Method After using, this stain may be regenerated as follows : Add about 5 per cent, of baryta- water, shake it well, and let it stand for 24 hours ; then pass carbon dioxid through it, let it stand another 24 hours, and filter {^Fanuy Be7-linerblaii). IV. Metallic Stains. These are chiefly used in the study of epithelial, connective, and nervous tissues, for which they exhibit a remarkable selectivity. The results obtained vary ac- cording to the method of impregnation, a negative or primary impregnation coloring the intercellular sub- stance, leaving the cells colorless ; a positive or second- ary impregnation staining the cells and not the inter- cellular spaces. Ferric Chlorid. After impregnation in a solution of ferric chlorid. reduction is effected in tannic, gallic, or pyrogallic acid [Polaillon'). Another method is to fix the preparation in the iron-solution and then treat for 24 hours with alcohol containing a trace of gallic acid {Fol). Gold Chlorid. Recommended for tracing nerve-endings in fresh tissues, and for stain- ing connective-tissue and cartilage-cells. Place small pieces of tissue, ]^ inch square, in from a 0.5 to a I per cent, solution of commercial gold chlorid in distilled water. Keep in the dark, and when the tissue has be- come yellow, wash in distilled water. Then expose to the light in 50 c.c. of water containing 2 drops of acetic acid for 48 hours, or until the tissue acquires a purple tint. Mount in glycerin. Boiled Gold Chlorid. Used in studying the terminations of nerves on sensory surfaces. To 4 parts of a I per cent, solution of gold chlorid add I part of formic acid, boil, and cool. In this place small pieces of fresh tissue for from 10 minutes to I hour ; wash in water, and transfer to formic acid, I : 4, keeping in the dark, where reduction occurs. Cohn- heint' s Method. Place fresh tissue in a 0.5 per cent, solution of gold chlorid until it is yellow ; then ex- pose it to the light in water acidulated with acetic acid until reduction occurs, and mount in acidulated gly- cerin. Chrchtschonovitsch'' s Method. Place the fresh tissue in a 0.5 per cent, solution of auric chlorid for from 30 to 45 minutes ; then in distilled water for 24 hours ; then in a saturated solution of tartaric acid at a temperature of 50° C. , until the gold is reduced. Wash in water and harden in alcohol. Freiid' s Method. Har- den the tissue in Miiller's fluid ; stain in equal parts of a I per cent, gold chlorid solution and 95 per cent, alcohol for from 3 to 5 hours ; wash in water, and place in a so- lution of caustic soda I c.c, and distilled water 6 c.c. , for from 2 to 3 minutes. Wash in water and carry to a 10 per cent, solution of potassium iodid for from 5 to 15 minutes; wash, dehydrate in alcohol, and mount. Glass instruments should be used. This method, when successful, gives islolated staining of axis-cylinders. Gold Chlorid and Chrojjiic Acid {^Kolosson). To 100 parts of a I per cent, solution of gold chlorid add STAINS, ETC. 1402 STAINING REAGENTS I part of hydrochloric acid ; place the tissues in this mixture for 2 or 3 hours; wash with water, and keep in the dark in chromic acid, j'j or per cent, for 2 or 3 days ; then wash thoroughly. Lowit Method. Mix 2 parts of distilled water and I part of formic acid (sp. gr. 1. 16) ; in this mixture place small pieces of fresh tissue, from I to 2 mm. in thickness, for from a ^ to I minute, or until they become somewhat transparent. Then trans- fer to a I per cent, solution of gold chlorid, protecting the tissue from the light as much as possible ; in from 1 5 to 20 minutes, or when it is yellow, place it in a solu- tion of formic acid, I : 3, for 24 hours, keeping it in the dark. Then immerse in pure formic acid for 24 hours, in the dark, and, finally, wash thoroughly in water. Pritchard^ s Method. After the tissues have been treated with a gold-solution, the gold is reduced with the following mixture: amyl-alcohol I c.c, formic acid I c.c, water 98 c.c. Remove the tissue from the gold-solution, wash it in water, place in the preceding mixture for 24 hours in the dark, when it will probably have become of a violet color ; if not, place it in a fresh quantity of the fluid for 24 hours longer. Wash in water and harden in alcohol. Jan- vier's Forinic-aeid Method. Place the tissue in a mix- ture of 4 parts of a I per cent, solution of gold chlorid to I part of formic acid, the mixture having been pre- viously boiled and cooled. Allow muscle to remain in this solution for 20 minutes, epidermis for from 2 to 4 hours. The reduction of the gold is accomplished in acidulated water by the action of daylight, or in the dark in I part of formic acid to 4 parts of water. Rnnvie/ s Lemon-juice Method. Express and filter the juice of a lemon, and place the fresh tissue in it for 5 or 10 min- utes, when it becomes transparent. Quickly rinse in distilled water, and transfer to a I per cent, gold-chlorid solution for from 10 minutes to I hour, the time de- pending on the tissue. Wash with water, and place in 50 c.c. of water acidulated with 2 drops of acetic acid ; reduction occurs on exposure to light. Viallanes' Osmic-acid Method. Treat the tissues with a I per cent, solution of osmic acid until they be- gin to turn brown ; then vs'ith \( formic acid for 10 minutes ; then place them in a solution of gold chlorid, I : 5000, in the dark, for 24 hours. Reduce in the light in 'i^ formic acid. Osmic Acid. Tissues fixed in osmic acid and subsequently treated with weak pyro- gallic acid are stained greenish-black [Lee). A devel- oping mixture of water, alcohol, tannin, and pyrogallic acid or a 5 per cent, solution of tannin is used by Kolosson. Treatment with oxalic acid I part, in water 15 parts, gives a Burgundy-red stain to osmium- objects, which should be washed in water before they are put into the acid [Brosicke). Silver Nitrate. Particularly adapted to the study of epithelial and con- nective tissues. Make a I percent, solution in distilled water, and dilute from 2 to 4 times for use. Very thin sections of fresh tissue are washed in distilled water, to remove the chlorids, immersed for hour in the solu- tion, in the dark, washed in distilled water, and then placed in water and exposed to sunlight until brown. Fix in a solution of sodium hyposulphite, in the dark, and mount in glycerin-jelly. The Hert'uis:'s employ a I per cent, solution for marine animals. Tourneux and Hermann, in their studies of the epithelia of Inverte- brates used a solution of 3 : 1000, in which the tissues were left for I hour and then washed in alcohol (36°) . Dekhiiysen treats the tissue with a 1.3 per cent, solution of potassium nitrate, then immerses it in 0.25 per cent, solution of silver nitrate containing 3 per cent, of nitric acid. After from 3 to 6 minutes in the silver-bath, the tis- sue is placed for a few minutes in pure 3 per cent, nitric acid, then in 96 per cent, alcohol, then in clove-oil, in which reduction occurs, in diffused light, in a few min- utes. This method is said to give good fixation of tis- sues, and to permit the use of a nuclear after-stain with hematoxylin, safranin, or methyl-green. The process is the same as that employed by Harmer for marine ani- mals. Von Recklinghausen effects reduction by washing the preparation in normal salt-solution before exposing to light in distilled water. Thanho/fer ex^^osm to light for a few minutes in water acidulated with acetic acid. Krause uses, after washing, a light-red solution of potas- sium permanagate, in which reduction occurs very quickly even in the dark. Jakimovitch exposes the tissues to light in a mixture of formic acid I part, amyl-alcohol I part, water 100 parts; from 5 to 7 days are required, and the mixture must be renewed from time to time. The after-blackening is prevented by washing in sodium- hyposulphite solution [Legros). V. OrHER Organic Stains. Grenacher's Purpurin. Dissolve from I to 3 per cent, of powdered alum in 50 c.c. of glycerin, add a knife-pointful of purpurin, and boil. No alcohol should be used. The orange-colored solution should stand for 2 or 3 days, and then be filtered. This is a nuclear stain which is stable, from 10 to 30 minutes pro- ducing a good result. Nuclear Black i^Kernschivarz). A black liquid of unknown composition, recommended by Platner as a cytologic stain. Dilute the liquid some- what and wash out in dilute ammonia or a .saturated so- lution of lithium carbonate diluted with 3 or 4 volumes of water. Mitotic figures stain deeply, resting chro- matin less deeply, cytoplasm faintly gray. Phloroglu- cin. For staining lignified cellulose. Take of phloro- glucin I gm., 90 per cent, alcohol 20 c.c, distilled water 80 c.c. ; treat the sections for 15 minutes, and fol- low by strong hydrochloric acid. This gives a stain of cherry-red, vaiying in proportion to the extent of the lignification. Ranvier s Purpurin. Boil in a porce- lain capsule 200 c.c. of water and I c.c. of alum; then add purpurin rubbed up in water, and continue the boiling. A saturated solution of purpurin is secured by having an undissolved excess in the capsule. Filter the hot mixture into a flask containing 60 c.c. of go per cent, alcohol. This solution does not keep well. Wedl's Orseille. French orchilla extract, a sufficient quantity, from which the excess of ammonia has been removed by warming in a sand-bath, is poured into a mixture of 20 c.c. of aksolute alcohol, 5 c.c of glacial acetic acid, and 40 c.c. of distilled water, the dye being added gradually until a dark-reddish fluid is produced. This is a protoplasmic stain, the nuclei remaining color- less. VI. Combination-stains. These are of two kinds. In the one class a pure nuclear stain is com- bined with a dye taking effect on the extra-nuclear elements ; in the other, a stain giving a reaction with all the elements of one tissue is combined with one or more stains taking effect on all the elements of the other tissues. Alum-carmin and Osmic Acid [Zoltdn von Roboz). To 50 or 60 gm. of water add alum-carmin until the mixture is nearly rose-red ; then add 10 drops of a I : 500 .solution of osmic acid. Stain objects, in the dark, from 24 to 48 hours. A nuclear double stain; resting chromatin and nucleoli appear pur- ple, kinetic chromatin red, protopla.sm brown. Recom- mended for staining Plnteus and similar objects. Alum- carmin and Picric Acid. Mix 10 volumes of alum- carmin and I of saturated picric-acid solution [Legal). ' Anilin Blue and Safranin (Garlnni). Stain sec- tions for from 2 to 4 minutes in 0.5 per cent, anilin- blue solution, wash in water, then place in a 0.5 per cent, lithium-carlionate .solution, then in 0.5 percent, hydrochloric acid until a clear, blue color appears. Wash again in water, and stain for 10 minutes in I per cent, safranin-solution, dehydrate in methyl-alcohol and STAINS, ETC. 1403 STAINING REAGENTS clarify in clove-oil 2 parts and cedar-oil I part. This stain is especially recommended for salivary glands ; one set of cells is colored red, the other blue ; and for the gastric glands, in which the parietal cells stain red, the central cells blue, the villous epithelium blue, the goblet-cells reddish. In hair-follicles, the sheath of Henle colors red, the sheath of Huxley blue. Anilin Green and Bismarck Brown [List). Used in the same way as methyl-green and Bismarck brown, and yields similar results. Anilin Green and Eosin {Schieffei-ddcker, Airh. f. Mik. Anat.,xv, 1878, p. 30). To a watch-glassful of alcohol add a few drops of an aqueous solution of eosin, and stain for from ;/£ to sev- eral hours ; wash in water, and stain for a few minutes in a I per cent, aqueous solution of anilin greeil, rinse in water, extract in alcohol, and clear in clove-oil. This combination has a special affinity for glandular and con- nective tissue. Baumgarten's Fuchsin and Methy- lene-blue. Sections of tissue fixed in a chromic fluid are stained for 24 hours in a solution of from 8 to lo drops of a concentrated alcoholic solution of fuchsin in a watch-glassful of water. Rinse with alcohol, and stain for from 5 to 10 minutes in a concentrated aqueous solution of methylene-blue ; wash out in alcohol and clear in clove-oil. The nuclei are red, the other ele- ments blue. Borax-carmin and Picrocarmin. A few drops of picrocarmin added to a watch-glassful of Grenacher's alcoliolic borax-carmin gives a beautiful and precise double stain. Baumgarten's borax-picrocar- min is prepared by adding crystals of picric acid to Grenacher's solution, until it assumes a bright-red color. Carmin and Anilin Blue. Stain with carmin, dehy- drate, and stain for a few minutes in an alcoholic solu- tion of anilin blue. Clear with turpentine, then treat with alcohol, and mount. Carmin and Methyl- green (Flesch). Stain with picrocarmin and follow with an aqueous solution of methyl -green. This stain gives good differentiation. Chenzynsky's Stain. See Czenzynke' s Stain. Czenzynke's Double Stain. Concentrated aqueous solution of methylene-blue 40 c.c.,0.5 per cent, solution of eosin in 70 percent, alcohol 20 c.c. , distilled water 40 c.c. Thisisusedto stain the blood, and colors the red corpuscles red, the leukocytes blue ; also for the plasmodium malaria?, the gonococcus, and the influenza-bacillus of Pfeiffer and Canon. Dahlia and Eosin {Schiefferdecker). Use in the same way as anilin green and eosin, taking a I per cent, solution of dahlia. Ehrlich-Biondi- Heidenhain Triple Stain. To 100 c.c. of a saturated aqueous solution of orange add, with continual agita- tion, 20 c.c. of a saturated, aqueous solution of acid fuchsin and 50 c.c. of alike solution of methyl-green ; dilute with from 60 to 100 volumes of water. A drop on blotting-paper should form aspot bluish-green in the center, orange at the periphery ; a red zone outside the orange indicates that the mixture contains too much fuchsin. From 6 to 24 hours are required to stain. Wash out in alcohol and clear in xylol. Chromatic elements are colored blue ; cytoplasm, violet or orange-red ; caryoplasm the same, but in lighter tones, and all the denser protoplasmic elements the same, but darker [Gilson). The stain par excellence for photo-micro- graphy, except for connective tissue [Lindsay Johnson). A slightly acid reaction of the alcohol used for washing out will produce a relatively strong coloration by the methyl-green, while that by the fuchsin will be rela- tively pale ; the opposite result will be obtained if the alcohol contains a trace of alkali. The addition of very dilute acetic acid, until the red tint is markedly in- tensified, will restore the energy of the fuchsin, which is likely to decline after a time (Heidenhain). Ehrlich- Biondi Mixture. See Ehrlich-Biondi-Heidenhain Triple Stain. Ehrlich - Westphal Dahlia and Carmin. Partsch-Grenacher's carmin solution 100 c.c, glycerin 100 c.c, concentrated alcoholic solu- tion of dahlia-violet 100 c.c, glacial acetic acid 20 c.c. Nuclei are stained red, " Mastzellen " blue- violet. Flemming's Safranin, Gentian, and Orange. Stain in a strong alcoholic solution of safranin diluted with anilin-water ; rinse in distilled water, and wash out in absolute alcohol containing o. I per cent, of hydrochloric acid ; then stain in a strong, aqueous solution of gentian, wash in distilled water, treat with a concentrated aqueous solution of orange, and wash in absolute alcohol. The orange, by virtue of its acid properties, displaces the gentian and the result is a double, not a triple, stain. Chromatin and nuclei are stained purple-red ; achromatin fibrils gray or violet ; " attractive spheres," centrosomes, polar corpuscles, and Zwischenkbrper, from reddish-violet or brownish- violet to black-brown, according to the intensity of the reagent. Gaule's Quadruple Stain. The object, fixed in a concentrated solution of corrosive sublimate, is stained successively in hematoxylin, nigrosin, eosin, and safranin . According to their affinity for the different stains, Gaule distinguishes hematoxylophile nucleoli, or caryosoma ; safranophile nucleoli, or plasmosoma, and mixed nucleoli ; and those that react to both hematoxylin and safranin. Genevan Double Stain. Useful for staining vegetable tissue. Decolorize the sections in Javelle water, and then immerse for a few seconds in a slightly alcoholic and ammoniacal solu- tion of Congo red 2 per cent, and chrysoidin o. 2 per cent. A beautiful triple stain is obtained. Hans- tein's Rosanilin-violet. Used for staining plant- tissues, and composed of fuchsin and methyl-violet, each I gm., in 100 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol. It stains cellulose cell-walls a faint violet, lignified cell- walls red. It is also useful in differentiating the histologic details of bast; the fibers stain red, the sieve-tubes and parenchyma scarcely at all, the proto- plasm bluish-violet, the amyloid substance, gums, and nuclei different shades of red, resins blue, tannin, foxy- red, or brick-red [Bower). Hematoxylin and Safra- nin. Stain feebly with dilute Delafield's hematoxylin for about 24 hours, wash in water, then in acid alcohol ; then stain in Pfitzner's safranin and wash out in absolute alcohol [Rabl). The stains may be combined in one mixture, as follows: Bohmer's hematoxylin 25 c.c, safranin (l percent, aqueous and alcoholic solu- tion) 20 c.c, distilled water 100 c.c. From I to 3 minutes are required for staining, and before dehy- drating treat the section with a weak alcoholic solution of picric acid or orange. This combination is re- commended for staining marrow, for the inves- tigation of the development of blood (Fod). Hematoxylin and Rubin and Orange. Stain in Ehrlich's hematoxylin, wash in distilled or acidulated water, then in water containing a trace of an alkali, and then stain in the rubin and orange [Pringle). Kos- sinski's Safranin and Indigo-carmin. .Stain sections in a saturated aqueous solution of indigo-car- min, wash in water, then in alcohol, and stain in a 0.5 per cent, dilute alcoholic solution of safranin. Lowenthal's Sodium Picrocarmin. Dissolve I gm. of caustic soda in 1000 c.c. of distilled water, add 10 gm. of carmin, boil, filter, and then add distilled water to make 2000 c.c. Add gradually, as long as agitation causes the ensuing turbidity to disappear, a 1 per cent, aqueous solution of picric acid. Merkel's Carmin and Indigo-carmin. Solution a. Dissolve 2 gm. of carmin and 8 gm. of borax in 130 c.c. of water, h. Dissolve 8 gm. each of indigo-carmin and borax in 130 c.c. of water. When required, mix STAINS, ETC. 1404 STAINING REAGENTS equal volumes of a and b. Sections must remain in the mixture for 24 hours, and then be placed for y2 an hour in a saturated solution of oxalic acid. Methyl- green and Bismarck Brown. Stain in Weigert's Bismarck brown for a few minutes, wash, and stain in a 0.5 percent, aqueous solution of methyl-green. Clear with bergamot-oil or xylol (List). Methyl-green and Rosanilin Nitrate. Stain for a few minutes in a 0.5 per cent, aqueous solution of methyl-green, wash, and stain for from 10 to 15 minutes in a 0.0001 percent, aqueous solution of rosanilin nitrate, and wash out rapidly in absolute alcohol. Methyl-green and Eosin. Mix 60 parts of methyl-green and I of eosin, and dissolve in warm 30 per cent, alcohol. Sections stain in from 5 to 10 minutes, and should be quickly washed in successive alcohols ( C;?//w/(7). Stain for a few minutes in a mixture of 3 parts of absolute alcohol and I part of a 0.5 per cent, aqueous solution of eosin, wash, and stain for 5 minutes in a 0.5 per cent, aqueous solution of methyl-green [List). Methyl-violet and Eosin. {Schiefferdecker'). Proceed as for anilin green and eosin, using a I per cent, aqueous solution of methyl- violet. Orcein. A vegetable dye obtained from tinc- torial lichens, which unites in itself the properties of basic and acid stains, and also 2 contrast-colors. A saturated acetic-acid solution is used. After staining, the section is washed in distilled water, immersed in alcohol, and quickly transferred to cedar-oil, in which it is mounted. Nuclei are colored blue and protoplasm red. Pianese Double Stain. Prepare a saturated solution of nigrosin in a saturated alcoholic solution of picric acid ; mix 2 volumes of this with I volume of anilin-water, and evaporate in open air. The crystals deposited are dissolved in absolute alcohol, and from this solution green crystals are obtained soluble in alcohol, ether, and water. For tissues, make a 2 per cent, solution in alcohol, for microorganisms, in water. Stain sections first in lithium-carmin, treat with acid alcohol, wash, and immerse in an alcoholic solution of picro-nigrosin until they assume a brown hue. Decolor- ize in oxalic acid. Nuclei are stained red, plasma dark- yellow ; cartilage yellow ; connective tissue pale-green ; elastic fibers violet. Picro-lithium-carmin. See Orth's carmin stains. Ranvier's Ammonium-picro- carmin. Dissolve I gm. of carmin in 3 c.c. of stronger ammonia and 5 c.c. of distilled water by gentle heat, then add 200 c.c. of a saturated, aqueous solution of picric acid, boil, and filter. This stain is valuable for complex tissues, like skin. Ranvier's Picrocarmin. This gives a double stain without the use of an acid or an alkali. Add a saturated, ammoniacal solution of car- min to a saturated, aqueous solution of picric acid until precipitation just appears, mix well, and leave protected from dust, in shallow vessels, to crystallize. When the bulk is reduced to \/^, decant the liquid, filter, and evap- orate it to dryness on a water-bath. Dissolve the residue and the crystalline deposit in water, filter, and evaporate to dryness. A I per cent, solution of the resulting brown powder yields a good stain. Renaut's Eosin-hema- toxylin. Concentrated aqueous solution of potassium eosin 30 c.c. , saturated alcoholic solution of hematoxylin 40 c.c, saturated solution of potassium-alum in glycerin (sp.gr. 1.26) 130 c.c. Mix, and stand aside for 5 or 6 weeks in a vessel covered with a sheet of perforated paper, until the alcohol is evaporated, and then filter. This reagent stains slowly. Objects may be mounted in the solution diluted with from I to 2 volumes of glycerin ; the tissues gradually absorb the colors, leaving the medium colorless. This solution has a selective action on the cells of salivary and gastric glands ; mucous cells become pale-blue, salivary ferment-cells rose-colored. Safranin and Indigo-carmin [A'ossiiis- /!'/). Sections are stained for from 10 to 20 minutes in a saturated solution of indigo-carmin, and, after wash- ing in water and then alcohol, are stained in a 0.5 per cent, solution of safranin in dilute alcohol. The same author also recommends safranin and nigrosin, and stains first in a o. I per cent, aqueous solution of nigrosin for 3 to 5 minutes. Stohr's Picro-carmin. Dissolve I gm. of carmin in 50 c.c. of water and 5 c.c. of liquor ammonire, then add 50 c.c. of a saturated solution of picric acid. Leave the mixture for 2 or 3 days in a large, fiat evaporating dish, then filter, and add a drop of chloroform to the filtrate to preserve it. Weigert's Picrocarmin. In a vessel protected from evaporation soak for 24 hours 2 gm. of carmin in 4 gm. of ammonia. Add 200 gm. of a concentrated solution of picric acid, and put the whole away for 24 hours more. Acetic acid is then added until the first precipitate appears. After another 24 hours, a precipitate will be formed that can only be partially removed by filtration. Now add ammonia, drop by drop, at intervals of 24 hours, until the solution becomes clear. If it stains too yellow, add acetic acid ; if too red, a little ammonia. VII. Stains FOR MiCROORf;.\NisMs. Balmer-Franzel's Anilin Gentian-violet. Gentian-violet 2 gni., anilin-water 100 c.c. Filter before using. Borofuchsin. This con- sists of equal parts of boric acid and fuchsin dissolved in dilute alcohol. Carbolic Black-brown. Black-brown 1 gm., absolute alcohol 10 c.c, aqueous solution of car- bolic acid 100 c.c. Dissolve the dye in the alcohol, and add the carbolic acid. Cose and Simon's Gentian- violet. Gentian-violet 2 gm., goper cent, alcohol 5 c.c. , anilin-water 100 c.c. Ehrlich's Anilin Gentian- violet. Five c.c. of a saturated alcoholic solution of gentian-violet and 100 c.c. of anilin-water. Ehrlich- Weigert's Solutions. I. Anilin-water 100 c.c, con- centrated alcoholic solution of fuchsin II c.c, absolute alcohol 10 c.c. Methyl-violet may be substituted for the fuchsin. Keeps about 2 weeks. 2. .Saturated alco- holic solution of methyl-violet 11 c.c, anilin-water 100 c.c, absolute alcohol 10 c.c. Fraenkel's Polychro- matic Stain, a. Fuchsin-solution. b. Ninety per cent, alcohol 50 c.c, distilled water 30 c.c, nitric acid 20 c. c, methylene-blue as much as will dissolve ; filter. c. Alcohol 70 c.c, nitric acid 30 c.c, Bismarck brown as much as will dissolve. Stain tubercle-bacilli prepar- ations in solution a, then in b. The bacilli will appear red and the nuclei and other bacteria blue. If a Islue stain is used first the specimen may be counterstained in solution c, the nuclei then being brown. Fried- lander's Fuchsin. Fuchsin l gm., glacial acetic acid 2 c. c. , 90 per cent, alcohol 5 c.c. , distilled water 100 c. c. Friedlander's Gentian-violet. See Staining of MicTodrganisins , PiU'iimo-bacillns of Friedldnder. Fuchsin. {Concentrated Alcoholic.^ Fuchsin 25 gm., absolute alcohol ICQ c.c. [Aqueous.) Fuchsin I gm., 90 per cent, alcohol 20 c.c, distilled water 80 c.c. Gentian-violet. \. {Concentrated Alcoholic.) Gen- tian-violet 25 gm. , absolute alcohol 100 c.c. 2. {Aque- ous. ) Gentian-violet I gm. , 90 per cent, alcohol 20 c.c. , distilled water 80 c.c. Gibbes' Double Stain. (See Staitiing of Microdrganisnts , Gibbes'' Method. ) Gibbes Magenta. Fuchsin (magenta) 2 gm. , aniiin-oil 3 gm. , 90 per cent, alcohol 20 c.c, distilled water 20 c.c. Gold Orange. .See Stainitzg of Microorganisms, Unna's Method. Koch's Differentiating or Poly- chromatic Stain, a. Koch's methylene-blue solution. b. Aqueous solution of Bismarck brown. Preparations of tubercle-bacilli are stained first in a, then in b. The blue of the nuclei and other bacteria is changed to brown, while the tubercle-bacilli retain the blue color. Koch's Methylene-blue. Saturated alcoholic methy- lene-blue solution I c.c, 10 per cent, solution of caustic STAINS, ETC. 1405 ZOOLOGIC METHODS potash 0.2 c.c, distilled water 200 c.c. Kuhne's Carbolic Methylene-blue. Methylene-blue 1.5 gm. , absolute alcohol 10 c.c, 5 percent, aqueous solution of carbolic acid 100 c.c. Rub up the dye in the alcohol, and add, slowly, the carbolic acid. Deteriorates with age. Kuhne's Methyl-violet. Methyl-violet i gm., distilled water 90 c.c, alcohol 100 c.c. When using add I drop of nitric acid to each 50 c.c. of the stain. Lceffler's Methylene-blue. Thirty c.c. of a concen- trated alcoholic methylene-blue solution are added to 100 c.c of a solution of caustic potash (o.oi : 100). Filter before using. Methyl-violet. I. [Alcoholic.) Methyl-violet 25 gms., absolute alcohol ICQ c.c. 2. (^Aqueous.) Methyl-violet I gm. , alcohol 20 c.c, dis- tilled water 80 c.c. Neelsen or Ziehl-Neelsen Carbol-fuchsin. See Fiicksin. Ribbert's' Dahlia- violet. See Staining of iMicrodrganisins, Pneiimococciis. Rindfleisch's Fuchsin. Distilled water, 90 per cent, alcohol, nitric acid, each 50 c.c. , and enough fuchsin to saturate. Add the fuchsin gradually and stir frequently. Used for staining tubercle-bacilli. Sahli's Methyl- ene-blue. Distilled water 40 c.c, saturated, aque- ous solution of methylene-blue 24 c.c, borax-solu- tion (5 per cent.j 16 c.c. Used when anilin-oil is not available. Trenkmann's Gentian-violet Anilin-water. A drop of a concentrated, alcoholic solution of gentian-violet is let fall into a test-glass and ID c.c. of water are added. Half of this is then poured away and the glass filled with anilin-water ; a solution is thus obtained that remains clear and stains the bacteria deeply, but the ground very slightly. Cover- glasses should remain about an hour in the staining fluid. Watson Cheyne's Contrast-stain. Saturated alcoholic solution of methylene-blue 20 c.c, distilled water loo c.c, formic acid (sp. gr. 1.2) I c.c. Used after staining in fuchsin anilin-water. Place sections in the solution for from I to 2 hours. Weigert's Differentiating Stain. A. Aqueous solution of gen- tian-violet ; B. acidulated (acetic acid) picro-carmin. Stain sections in A, then in B. The blue of the nuclei will be altered to red and the bacteria will remain blue. Weigert's Gentian-violet. Gentian-violet 2 gm. , ammonium hydroxid 0.5 c.c, distilled water 90 c.c, absolute alcohol 10 c.c. ; mix and filter. Ziehl's Fuchsin. Filtered, saturated, aqueous solution of carbolic acid 90 parts, saturated alcoholic solution of fuchsin 10 parts. Used for staining the typhoid- bacillus. Ziehl's or Ziehl-Neelsen's Solution. See Staining of iMicrodrganisins, Kilhne s Fuchsin. ZOOLOGIC METHODS. Annelids. The blood-vessels of annelids may be demonstrated by treating them for 2 or 3 hours with aqua regia (2 parts of hydrochloric acid to 4 parts of nitric acid). The animals should be laid open before being put into the mixture. The vessel-walls appear black on a yellow ground. The nerves may be brought to view by staining with methylene-blue (see Staining Reagents). Ehler's fluid (see Fixing Fluids) is recommended for fixing and hardening. The intestine of Luinhricus may be cleansed by putting the animal into a tall glass jar filled with scraps of moistened blot- ting-paper ; they gradually evacuate the earthy contents of the gut and fill it with paper [Ktikentkal ). Coffee- grounds may be used instead of paper, and are said to cut better when embedded. The animals may be nar- cotized by exposing them for an hour to the vapor of chloroform ; if exposed for a longer period they will die in a state of extension. Eyes of Arthropods. Hickson's Method. Remove the posterior wall of the head of a fly, and expose the rest to osmium- vapor for 20 minutes ; wash in 60 per cent. alcohol, harden in absolute alcohol, and make sections. Fix sections to the slide with Mayer's albu- min (see Fixatives), remove the paraffin with turpen- tine, wash with absolute alcohol, and decolorize by inverting the slide over a capsule containing 90 per cent, alcohol to which a few drops of nitric acid have been added ; wash with pure alcohol. Parker' s Method. For the eye of Hoinarus. Make paraffin sections and fix them to the slide with .Schallibaum's collodion, treat with alcohol, then with water, and then for a minute with a o. I per cent, caustic-potash solution ; wash thoroughly, and stain for 3 hours in Weigert's hematoxylin (see Staining Reagents) at a temperature of 50° C. ; wash, dehydrate, and mount in balsam. Eyes of Gastropods. Carriere's Method. Excise tlie eye and a part of the tentacle ; expose them to osmium vapor for a few minutes, and prepare sections in the usual way. Fix the sections to the slide with Schalliliaum's collodion (see Fixatives), decolorize with very dilute Javelle water, stain with picro-carmin, and mount in dammar. Gelatin Casts. A method for making anatomic models, etc., from a combination of gelatin 2 oz., glycerin 4 oz., the best Irish glue 4 oz., and boiled linseed-oil ^ oz. Soften the glue in 60 per cent, alcohol, melt it, stir in the glycerin and oil, and add a few drops of carbolic acid. This mixture has the merit of resisting ordinary temperature-changes, and models made of it are not softened by heat or rendered brittle by cold. In making a cast, melt the mixture and pour it into the mold, which should be previously warmed. If it is desired to color the casts, dry or tulje colors may be used, and should be well mixed with the glycerin before being added to the glue (J. W. Scollick). Infusoria. Asa mechanical means of slowing the movements of minute organisms, Eismond directs that a drop of a thick, aqueous solu- tion of cherry-tree gum be added to the water con- taining them, and an intra vitani stain may be obtained by adding methylene-blue to the gum-solution. Jensen prepares a solution of 3 gm. of gelatin in 100 c.c. of water, which is a jelly at the ordinary tempera- ture ; for use it is warmed, and a drop of it is mixed in a watch-glass with a drop of water containing the organisms. This method inhibits movement while preserving life, and is recommended for vivisection. Living Infusoria may be stained in very dilute solutions of cyanin, methylene-blue, and other anilins, in the medium that constitutes their natural habitat. They may also be examined in a colored medium which does not stain them, but which simply serves as a dark back- ground. For this purpose a solution of anilin black is recommended ; the organisms will live in this for several weeks. Cattaneo fixes the organisms for a few minutes in a 0.33 per cent, aqueous solution of palladium chlorid, or with the double chlorid of gold and cadmium, which demonstrates the nuclei better than the palladium. Brass treats protozoa that are opaque through accumula- tion of nutritive material for a few minutes with Kleinenberg's fluid and then with boiling water ; from this they are brought into water containing a little ammonia. To stain, neutralize the ammonia by adding acetic acid, and bring into borax-carmin ; wash, and mount in dilute glycerin. The method of Certes is as follows : Expose the organisms to osmium-vapor for from 10 to 30 minutes, cover, and remove the excess of liquid with bibulous paper. Prepare a solution of picrocarmin, I part, in I part each of water and glycerin, and place a little of this stain at the edge of the cover-glass ; place the slide in a moist chamber, and when the water has evaporated and the glycerin taken its place, strong glycerin is added and gradually substituted for the dilute. The organisms thus prepared STAINS. ETC. 1406 STANDSTILL are fixed in their natural forms, and the nuclear struc- tures clearly brought out by the picrocarmin. Larvae of Echinodermata. Pliiteus larvae are placed for 2 or 3 minutes in a cold, saturated solution of corrosive subli- mate, then washed in water and stained with Mayer's cochineal (see Staining Reagents). The stain should be diluted so as to possess a barely perceptible tinge of color, and the objects left in it from 12 to 24 hours. They are then mounted in balsam or oil of cloves (Bar- rios). This method is equally applicable to other forms. Medusae. / a« Benedeii' s Alethod. This consists in pouring glacial acetic acid over the organisms, and after 5 or 6 minutes washing them in alcohol, changing it frequently, and gradually increasing its strength. It is said that the tentacles may be kept from rolling up by imparting a swirling motion to the fixing fluid, putting in but one medusa at a time, and keeping up the vortex motion until the animal is fixed. The Heriuuigs' Method. For the study of the nervous system. The organisms are treated with a mixture of equal parts of 0.05 per cent, osmic acid and 0.2 per cent, acetic acid, and after 2 or 3 minutes washed in O.I per cent, acetic acid until every trace of osmic acid is removed. They are then placed in o. I per cent, acetic acid for 24 hours, washed in water, stained with Beale's carmin, and mounted in glycerin. Nerve and Muscle of Arthropods. Place a number of Milnesiiim tarai graduiH in a test-tube containing water from which the air has been expelled by boiling. Cover the surface of the water with a drop of oil, so as to exclude the air. After 24 hours or more the animals will be found fixed and extended in a cataleptic state, and they can then be examined in boiled water. They are quite transparent in this condition, and the nervous and muscular systems stand out distinctly. Porifera. Small sponges may be fixed by the usual reagents, preferably by osmic acid, and should be immediately transferred to absolute alcohol and stained with an alcoholic solution — Mayer's cochineal solution is recommended (see Staining Reagents). Sections may be made by decalcifying in alcohol acidified with hydrochloric acid, and then embedding in paraffin in the usual way. Rotifers. The living animal may be examined after quieting with warm water or a 2 per cent, solution of cocain hydrochlorate. For permanent preservation Rousselet recommends the following process. Place the animals in a trough containing water, and narcotize them by adding cocain of I or 2 per cent, strength ; watch them under the microscope until the cilia cease to vibrate, and then fix them in Flemming's .strong solution, which should be introduced into the trough by means of a pipet. After 15 minutes wash them in several changes of distilled water, and mount in distilled water containing a little Flemming's solution, about 8 drops to 30 c.c. of water. Sarcolemma of Insects. To demonstrate the two lamellae of the sarcolemma, digest muscle of an insect in artificial gastric juice for from to I hour, at the temperature of the room in summer, and examine in gastric juice. Siphonophora. Bedof s Method. Add to the sea-water containing the animals a considerable quantity of from 15 to 20 per cent, solution of copper sulphate ; this fixes them in a few minutes. Add a few drops of nitric acid, and after from 4 to 5 hours add Flemming's solution in the proportion of 2 parts to I of the sulphate solution. After 24 hours, a few drops of a 25 per cent, alcohol are introduced by means of a pipet in such a manner as to disturb the colony as little as possible ; alcohol of gradually increasing strength, up to 70 per cent., is cautiously added during the next 14 days, and 90 per cent, alcohol is used for preservation. This method has the advantage of preserving the specimens with all their swimming-bells and polyps in situ. Trematodes. Fisher's Alethod. These forms may be preserved entire as follows : Treat Opisthotrema cochleare with absolute alcohol, then stain with hematoxylin or picro- carmin, clear in clove-oil, and mount in balsam. Trichinae. Examination of the living parasite. Place a piece of trichinized muscle about the size of a cherry-stone in a bottle containing 3 gr. of pepsin, 2 dr. of water, and 2 drops of hydrochloric acid ; keep at 98° F. for about 3 hours, shaking occasionally. When the flesh and cysts are dissolved, pour the fluid into a conical glass and let it settle. The trichinas are then drawn off with a pipet, placed on a slide with water, and examined on a warm stage (Barnes). Stalaxis [stal-aks' -is). Synonym of Staxis. Stalk (stawk) [ME., stalken^ Any lengthened sup- port to an organ . Stallion {stal'-yoji) [ME., stalyone, stallion]. The male of the horse. Stamen {sta'-men) l_aTr//uuv, a thread as spun, the warp in the loom : //. , Stafnens'\. In biology, the pollen- bearing organ of the flower, when complete con- sisting of a stalk or filament and a pollen-sac or anther. Stamina {stam' -in-ah) [orz/^t/wi'] . Natural strength of constitution. Vigor. Inherent force. Stamina] (siam' -in-al) \aTi]\iuv, a thread]. Pertaining to a stamen. Staminate (stain' -in-at) [dr^/zw)', a thread]. Possessing stamens. Applied to flowers which have stamens but not pistils. Staminidium (stam-in-id' -e-itni) [aTrijiuv, a thread : //. , Staminidia']. Kn AjitJieridiiim. Staminiferous (stam-iti-if -er-tis) [_(7T7/fio)v, a thread ; /erre, to bear] . Bearing stamens. Staminigerous (statn-in-ij' -er-us). Same as Staminif- erous. Staminode [statu' -in-dd) . Same as Staminodium. Staminodium (staiii-iti-o' -de-um) [arrjiiuv, a thread ; fidof, form]. In biology, a stamen-like organ; a rudimentary or aborted stamen ; a parastemon. See Lepal. Staminody [stai/i'- in- 0 - de) [arfjfiuv, a thread; fMo?, form]. In biology, the conversion of various organs of a flower into stamens. Stammer [stam'-er) [ME., stameren, to stammer]. To utter with hesitation. To articulate only after repeated attempts ; to stutter. In a wider sense, any speech- disturbance is called a stammer. Stammers' Cell. See Cell. Stanch [stanch, or statvnch) \W¥,. , staunche, stanch]. To check or stop (a flow) ; as to stanch a hemor- rhage or a wound. Stand [ME., j/i^^/^/w/, to stand]. To have an upright posture. Also, a frame or a table to place things upon. S., Microscope, the tripod or base of the microscope with the tube, but without eye-pieces and objectives. Standard [stan'-dard) [ME., standard; extendere,io spread out]. An established rule or model. A cri- terion for comparison. See Vexillum. Standardization [stan-dar-diz-a' -shun) [ME. , standard, standard]. Regulation by a standard; conformity to or use as a standard of comparison ; the bringing of a preparation up to a definite standard. Standstill [stand'-stil) [ME., standen, to stand; ME., stille, still]. A state of quiescence dependent upon suspended action. S., Expiratory, suspension of action at the end of expiration. S., Inspiratory, a halt in the respiratory cycle at the end of inspiration when the lungs are filled with air. The condition can be produced by stimulating the central end of the cut vagus. S., Respiratory, suspended respiration. STANNIC 1407 STAR Stannic istan'-ik) [shinnum, tin]. Pertaining to stan- num. or tin. S. Acid, HjSnO.,, a gelatinous, wliite precipitate, which, on drying, forms a semi-transparent, vitreous mass. It is dibasic. S. Anhydrid, tin oxid. S. Hydroxid. See S. Add. Stanniol [stan' -ne-ol) \_staiuuu!, tin]. Tin-foil. Stannius's Experiments. Experiments showing the action of the various cavities of the frog's heart under stimulation. Stannum [sfan'-iiin) [L.: gen., Stanni~\. See Tin. Stapedectomy (sta-pe-dek' -to-me)\jtapes, stirrup ; iKTOjiit, excision]. Surgical removal of the stapes. Stapedio-vestibular (sta-pe' -c/e-o-ves-fib'-u-lar) [L., stapes, stapes; vestibuhtin, vestibule]. Relating to the stapes and the margin of the fenestra qvalis. Stapedius [sta-pe'-de-us). See Muscles, Table of. Stapes (s/a'-pez) [L., a stirrup]. The stirrup-shaped bone of the middle ear articulating with the incus and the fenestra ovalis. Staphisagria [staf-is-a' -gre-ali) [pTa^iq, dried grape ; h)iiio<;,yi\\A: gen., StaphysagricB\. Stavesacre. The seed of Delphiniimi staphisagria. Its properties are due to an alkaloid, delphinin, CjjHjjNOg, and other extrac- tives It is a violent emetic, cathartic, and parasiticide. It lowers the activity of the heart, producing adyna- mia. It is used internally in asthma and rheumatism, and externally for itch and lice. S., Ung., unof., I part of powdered seeds with 2 each of olive-oil and lard. Delphinin. Unof. Dose gr. j^-j. Staphisagrin [sta-Jis-a'-grin) [nrcKplc, dried grape; aypiog, wild]. An amorphous alkaloid obtained from Staz'esaere. Staphylaea (staf-il-e' -ah). Synonym of Staphylea. Staphylagrum {staf-il-a'-gi-um) \_aTa(f>vAr], uvula; aypdv, to take hold of]. An old instrument formerly used to hold the uvula during amputation of that body. Staphyle (staf^-il-e) [ora^D/i.//, a grape]. The uvula. Staphyledema {staf-il-e-de'-mah) [ora^ii///, uvula ; buhjua, edema] . Edema of the uvula. Any morbid enlargement of the uvula. Staphylematoma {staf-il-eni-at-o' -mali) \jSTa<^v'kri, the palate ; a\)ia, blood]. Hematoma of the palate. Staphyleus [staf-il-e' -its) \aTafv'lii, the uvula]. Per- taining to the uvula. Staphylhematoma [staf- il- lie?n - at - o'- ina) \_aTa(j)v}-ii, uvula; a!/iff, blood; 6//a, tumor]. An extravasation of blood into the uvula. Staphyline {staf -il-iii) \pra<^h')iri, uvula]. Pertaining to the uvula or to the entire palate. S. Glands. Synonym of Palatine Glands. Staphylinopharyngeus [staf - il - in - o - far- in - je'- us) \_aTa(pvXi/, uvula; ^opti}-^", pharynx]. Relating to the pharynx and the palate. Staphylinotherapeutics {sta/- il- in - o- ther-ap - ii' - tiks) \_aTa(pv7L>i, uvula ; therapeutics^ See Grape-cure. Staphylinus [staf-il-i' -nus) \cTa^v'kri, uvula]. Syno- nym of Staphyleus. S. externus, abductor of the Eustachian tube. S. internus, elevator of the palate. S. medius, azygos uvulse. See Muscles, Table of. ■ Staphylion (sta-fil' -c-on) \_(TTa(pv/i/, uvula]. The mid- dle point of the posterior nasal spine. See Cranio- metric Points. Staphylitis (staf-il-i' -tis) \pTa^v'Kri, uvula ; irit;, inflam- mation]. Inflammation of the uvula. Staphylium {sta-fil' -e-um) [^arafvAT/, a bunch of grapes]. The mammary nipple. Staphylo- {staf'-il-o-) [ora^!;?.^, uvula]. A prefix used to denote connection with the uvula. Staphylocausticum (stah-il-o-kaws' -tik-um) [pracpvTir), the uvula; KavoTLKO^, caustic]. A caustic used for application to the uvula. Staphylococcus (staf'-il-o-kok-us) \aTa(^v'kr), grape ; hd/vKOf, a berry]. A micrococcus. Used by Rosenbach as a generic name for the pus-cocci described by him. "Staphylococci are characterized by the fact that, for the most part, the individual cocci in a culture are solitary." (Sternberg.) See Bacteria, Synonyinatic Table of. Staphylodialysis (staf-il-o-di-aF -is-is) [aratpv'Ari, uvula ; diaAvaiQ, relaxation]. Relaxation of the uvula. Staphyloma (staf-il-o' -inali) \_aTa^v'Aii, grape ; biia, tumor: //. , Staphyloinata\ A giving way or bulging of the cornea or sclera of the eye and the formation of a tumor. S., Annular, one surrounded on all sides by atrophic choroid. S., annulare, S. scle- roticse in the ciliary region extending around the entire corneal margin. S., Anterior. See A'eratoglobus. S. anticum sclerae. Synonym of S., Ciliary. S., Ciliary, one in the region of the ciliary body. S. conicum. Synonym of S. pelluciduin. S. corneae, a bulging of the cornea, the result of traumatism or chronic inflammation, due to a thinning of the mem- brane, with or without previous ulceration. The cornea is opaque, and, at times, thickened instead of thinned. By some the term is restricted in its application to a protrusion beginning in prolapse of the iris, iridic tissue replacing the cornea. S. corneae racemosum, S. corneie with perforation at several points, through which small portions of the iris protrude. S., Intercalary, one developing in that region of the sclera which is united with the periphery of the iris. S. iridis, hernia of the iris. S. laterale, staphyloma situated on one side of the equator of the eyeball. S. pellucidum, a term for the transparent ectasia of the cornea. S., Posterior, bulg- ing backward of the sclerotic at the posterior pole of the eye. S., Projecting. Synonym of S. pellucidum. S. sclerae, a protrusion of the sclerotic at any point in its circumference. It is due to long-standing intra- ocular inflammation. S. uvese, a protrusion of a por- tion of the uveal tract through a perforated sclera. Staphylomatic, Staphylomatous (staf-il-o-mat' -ik , staf-il-o' -inat-2is) [orrx^Ji)^?/, grape ; ojia, tumor]. Per- taining to, of the nature of, or affected with, staphy- loma. Staphyloncus {staf-il-ong' -kus) [(rra^DA?/, uvula ; byiwg, tumor]. Swelling of the uvula. Staphylo-pharyngorrhaphy (staf-il-o-far-in-gor'-a-fe). See Passavauf s Operation in Operations, Table of. Staphyloplasty {staf'-il-o-plas-te) [ffra0(i/l;;, uvula; ■K'AacaEiv, to mold]. A plastic operation for the closure of cleft palate. See Mosetig-Moorhof's, Schdnbein' s , and Trendelefiberg'' s Operations,^ Opera- tions, Table of. Staphyloptosis {staf-il-op-to' -sis) \_aTa<^vHi, uvula ; tztu- mf, falling]. Abnormal elongation of the uvula. Staphylorrhaphy {staf - il - or'- a - fe) \_a-a(f>vAi] , uvula ; paiprj, suture]. Suture of the lips of a cleft palate or uvula. See Fergusson'' s and Pollock'' s Operations, in Operations, Table of. Staphylotome {staf'-il-o-tom) \(5Ta<^v7\ri, uvula ; to//^, a cutting] . A cutting instrument used in staphylotomy. Staphylotomy {stafil-of -o-me) \pTa<^v%ii, uvula ; ro////, a cutting]. Amputation of the uvula. Staphylygroma {staf-il-ig-ro' -mah) \iSTa<^vkri, the uvula ; I'ypdg, wet]. Synonym of Staphyledema. Star [ME., starre, star]. I. A celestial body appear- ing as a luminous point. 2. In biology, applied to various radiate structures, granules, cells, groups of cells, or organisms. S. Anise. See Illicium. S.- cells, endothelial cells of vessels, first described by Kupfl'er and regarded as nervous elements on account of their shape and thin, elongated processes, but after- STARCH 1408 STARCH ward shown to belong to the endothelial tissues ; they having both hilum and concentric rings invisible in the have the power of enclo^ng various granules ; Kupf- majority of granules. It includes the starches of wheat fersce ls. S Daughter. S^t Dias/er. S. Grass. barley, rye, chestnut, and acorn, and a variety of ^^e Ah/ns. S. -ridges. ^tt Sclerosep/a. Ss. of starches from medicinal plants, such as jalap, rhubarb Verheyen. See Verheycm. senega, etc. IV. The sai^o-sryoiip comprises those Starch [starch) starch,-], C,n,,0.^. Amylum, starches of which all the granules are truncated at one q. v., one of the most widely-spread plant-substances, end. It includes sago, tapioca, and arum together being found in nearly all plants above the fungi, with the starch from belladonna, colchicum, scammony except, perhaps, Monotropa, and m nearly all the podophyllum, canella, aconite, cassia, and cinnamon organs of plants, though not at all seasons. It occurs V. The rice-'^roup. In this group all the starches are most abundantly in the seeds, tubers, bulbs, roots, and angular or polygonal in form. It includes oats rice rhizomes, also in the pith, bark, and leaves. Starch is, buckwheat, maize, dari, pepper as well as ipecacu' perhaps, the most important of the heat-givers or force- anha. In addition to the differences in form and producers in the food of plant-eating animals. The following table, after ^ ^ Church and Krocker, gives the quan- ^^^^^^^^^^ jpv ) /TA /Q^ /V'O rx titles of starch in lOO lbs. of several ^^^^i'^^ C?^^^^'"^iC^ (3 M /^--p^ V'l kinds of vegetable products and pre- ^^^^^'^^^/^^^^^^^^ Sa^o, tapioca, arrow-root, corn- " ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ mIIzI!'.' . 66-67 Cfii) C^'^^^^Jvi^^ ^'^^^^^ Buckwheat, without husks, . . 44-64 ^^Sifc' '-^ ^ i \ O ^^^^ Millet, without husks 64 ^ESsis/ ^\_/ Vix' ^ Scotch oatmeal 63 Potato-starch. Tapioca Beans 36-52 iapioca. Peas, 39-51 Wheaten bread 48 ^ (fgv /i _ Wheatenbran, 44 O 0'^ WJ^/^ ^iQ U Oats, whole, 37-40 ^psk — »^eA/ ftV} 'hJJK *J Lentils, 40 Ij^J ^ atarcn occurs m peculiar forms f^Ar\^ x'^^M^^yL' ^ (f^Ci fv^^*^^r?No"^^ O called or p-ains, -which in ^^"^ ya^^ ^^^^^^^^ taw ^ OT^^^^^^vlO^" 0 Q~»'t. shape, size, and markings are often ^'^arjG^C-/^«, "/^XS ^^d**^ quite characteristic of the different V-v./^, S^^SHf ^ „ , , . . 1 • I ^, lOffWy /O /-^ -A Rio Arrow-root. plants in which they occur. These ^^A' /fJJ^T \\ ^ form a white, glistening powder, ''ai^ij^ \^ insoluble in cold water, but nearly Maize. completely dissolved by hot water. When heated with water the gran- /rr»^ -'«»»s />— iiles swell up at 50° C. , burst, par- .5 r^_^ ^^^pT^^g^^^pl^^^ The soluble portion is called gra?iu- '^^^^^-^^^fc ^^^^^-..^^^^ ^^^-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ lodin produces acharacteristic blue ^^S^ ^^^^^m^^f^^^^^^S ^^K^^^T'l^^^^'^^-^^^^C^ coloration with starch. The most ^^^felj^^lv^ ^^S^ ^^^^^^^^''^^^^J^^^^^^^^ complete enumeration and classifica- ^^^^^^^^ ^^^"^^^^v ^^^^^C^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ which they are divided into five ^^^^^^5?^^^^ '^^'^^^^^ '"^^^ifj^'^^l^^^^^ groups, on the basis of their phys- w iT-l ^\ A ^ ical and microscopic differences, as \^ ^s^^ \y follows: I. The potalo-grottp in- Bermuda Arrow-root. Sago of Commerce. eludes such oval or ovate starches as give a play of colors when examined by polar- marking mentioned, the starch-granules differ in size ized light and a selenite plate, and having the hilum according to their different sources, so that under and concentric rings clearly visible. It includes the microscope they can be distinguished by the tout les mois, or canna arrow-root, potato-starch, mar- measurement of the average diameter of the granule, anta, or St. Vincent arrow-root, Natal arrow-root, and This ranges, according to Karmarsch, from .01 to .185 curcuma arrow-root. II. Tlie legitminoits starches millimeter, or from .0004 to .0079 inch. See Tests, comprise such round or oval starches as give little or Table of. S., Animal. See Glycogen. S.-bath. no color with polarized light, have concentric rings all See Bath. S., Corn, a substance that has very small but invisible, though becoming apparent in many cases granules, is highly nutritive, and is obtained from In- on treating the starch with chromic acid, while the dian corn. S. -enema, an enema consisting of hilum is well-marked and cracked or stellate. It in- starch-water. S. , Gelatinized, a preparation used as a eludes the starches of the bean, pea, and lentil. III. test in the U. S. Ph. S., Hepatic. See Glycogen. The wheat-group covmpxhe^i those round or oval starches S., Hydrated, a paste produced by adding hot water STARTIN'S LOTION 1409 STATURE to starch. S., Iceland. Synonym of Lichenin. S. lodid, a compound of starch with iodin. S., Iodized, starch that has been acted upon by iodin. S. of the Liver. See Glycogen. S. and Opium Clyster, the opium-enema. S. -sugar. See Dextrose and Glucose. Startin's Lotion. A lotion much used in acute vesic- ular eczema. It consists of oxid of zinc Yi ounce, prepared powdered calamin 4 scruples, glycerin I ounce, lime-water 7 ounces. Cheese-cloth cut in strips may be dipped into this and bound on the parts with a roller. S.'s Mixture. A mi-xture frequently used in the treatment of Acne vulgaris. It consists of sulphate of iron 2 grains, sulphate of magnesium ly^ drams, dilute sulphuric acid 15 minims, infusion of quassia I ounce. This is taken three times a day immediately after meals. It acts as an aperient, and also corrects the anemia. Starvation {star-va' -shmi) [Ger., sterben, to die]. I. Death from hunger. 2. Severe hunger; extreme suffering from hunger or from cold. Deprivation of anything essential to nutrition or the proper discharge of the functions of the body. S.-Cure. See Hunger- cure ; Fasting. Starve [starv) [ME., sterven,\a die]. To perish from lack of food. Starwort (star' -wurt). See Aletris. Stas's Process. A process for the separation of al- kaloids from organic matter in cases of suspected poisoning. It is based on the principle that the salts of the alkaloids are soluble in water and in ethyl- alcohol, but not in ether, amyl-alcohol, benzene, chloroform, or acetic ether ; while the uncombined alkaloids (or most of them) are nearly insoluble in water, but are more or less soluble in ether and the other solvents named. Stas-Otto Method. A method of extracting the pu- trefactive alkaloids from tissues. It depends upon the fact that the salts of the alkaloids are soluble in water and in alcohol, and generally insoluble in ether, while the free alkaloids are soluble in ether, and may be removed from alkaline fluids by agitation with ether. The method is applied as follows : " Treat the mass with twice its weight of pure 90 per cent, alco- hol, and from 10 to 30 grains of tartaric or oxalic acid ; digest the whole for some time at about 70° C. and filter. Evaporate the filtrate at a temperature not ex- ceeding 35° C. , either in a strong current of air or in vacuo over sulphuric acid. Take up the residue with absolute alcohol, filter, and evaporate again at a low temperature. Dissolve the residue in water, alkalinize with sodium bicarbonate, and agitate with ether. After separation, remove the ether and allow it to evaporate spontaneously. The residue may be further purified by redissolving in water and again ex- tracting with ether. The method has been modified in some of its details, especially by Selmi and Marino-Zuco. S.-Otto Process. See Stas's Pro- cess. Stasis {stall' -zis) [^ardatc ; loTavai, to stand]. A con- dition of standstill of the current of any of the fluids of the body, but especially of the blood, which con- dition forms an early stage of the inflammatory pro- cess, with resultant migration of the white corpuscles and serous exudation. S., Diffusion, stasis in which there occurs diffusion of serum or lymph. S., Ven- ous, stasis due to venous congestion. Stasobasophobia {sta-zo-ha-zo-fo' -be-ali) [araaic, stand- ing; (iaair, a step, walk; (pojioQ, fear]. A peculiar fear in consequence of which the act of walking or of standing becomes impossible. Cf. Basophobia. State (stdt) [status ; stare, to stand]. A condition. S. Medicine, that department of medical study that 89 concerns public health, and is in part occupied with the statistics of disease. Statement {stdt'-inent) \_stai'e,\.o stand]. A declara- tion. S., Ante-mortem, a declaration made im- mediately before death, and which if made with the consciousness of impending death is legally held as binding as a statement sworn to. Static [stat'-ik) [frrar/Kof, causing to stand]. At rest. In equilibrium. S. Ataxia. See Ataxia. S. Breeze, a method of administration of static electricity, con- sisting in the withdrawal of a static charge from a patient by means of a pointed electrode. S. Elec- tricity. See Electricity. S. Pelvis, the bony pelvis. S. Shock, a mode of applying Franklinic electricity, placing the patient on an insulated stool, and applying one pole of a static machine to this platform, while the other pole is applied to the body of the patient by the operator. S. Test. See Birth. S. Theory. See Goltz. Statice [stat'-is-e). See Marsh Koseiuary. Statics (stat'-iks) [araTLnii, the art of weighing]. The science relating to forces in a condition of equilibrium. See Mechanics. Station (sta'-shicn) [L. , static; stare, to stand]. Standing position, or attitude. Stationary [sta'-shun-a-re^ [stationarius, pertaining to a post]. Not moving. A descriptive term applied to diseases that remain in the same locality for a period without changing their geographic environment, or that persist without growing better or worse. S. Air, the amount of air which is constantly in the lungs dur- ing normal respiration. Statistics (sta-tis' -tiles) [status, a state]. A numerical collection of facts relating to any subject. S., Medical, that part of medicine pertaining to details of mortality, climate, and the geographic distribution of diseases. S., Vital. Same as S., Medical. Statobathmism [stat-o-bath'-mizm) [arardi;, standing, fixed; (3aH/i6^, a step, threshold]. In biology, Cope's term for inherited growth-energy which has not been interfered with by physical energy ; as distinguished from physiobathmism and kinetobath/nisin. Cf. Bath- mism. Statoblast (stat'-o-blasf) [araTor, standing ; pXaaroc, a bud, germ]. In biology, in fresh-water Sponges and Bryozoa, a modified gemmule or parthenogenetic egg, provided with a protective horny envelop, and often with one or more layers of surrounding silicious spicules. These are produced on the approach of winter or in tropical climates just before the dry season. The so-called winter egg. See OSleoblast. Statoblastic [stat-o-blas' -tile) [oraror, standing ; jiAJiaroc, germ]. Pertaining to a statoblast. Statogenesis (stat - o - gen'- es - is) [ararur, standing; yfi'eaic, producing]. Same as Statogeny. Statogenetic (stat-o-jen-et' ■ih)[jjTaT6i;, standing ; yii'tau;:, genesis]. Of the nature of or pertaining to statogeny. Statogeny (sta-toj' -en-e) [praroc, standing; yiveaic, producing]. In biology, that department of biology which treats of the potential or static forms of energy involved in the adaptive processes or structure-modifi- cations of living organisms ; a form of ergogeny, as distinguished from kinetogeny. Statometer (stat-o;n' -et-er) [ffrarof, standing; /lirpo}', measure]. See Exophthalinometer. Statosphere [stat'- 0 - sfer) [araroQ, standing, fixed; aipaipa, a globe]. In biology, the envelop of the statoblast of fresh-water sponges and bryozoans. Statospore {stat' -o-spor) [cr-nrof, standing, fixed ; dTTopa, seed]. In biology, a resting spore, or hypno- spore. Stature {stat'-i'tr) [statura, stature]. The height of STATUS 1410 STEATOMATOUS any animal when standing. In quadrupeds, it is measured at a point over the shoulders. In man, it is the measured distance from the heel to the top of the head. Status (s/a'-/us) [L.]. A condition, with the idea of permanence or continuance A stage in disease in whicli, having reached its height, it remains there for a time before convalescence begins. S. arthriticus, nervous manifestation of masked gout. S. eclamp- ticus, the state of a person in eclampsia. S. epilep- ticus, a condition, with rise of temperature, symptoms of gravity, and, frequently, death, associated with epileptic paro.\ysms succeeding one another rapidly, at intervals of a few minutes or' an hour or two. S. hystericus, the hysteric state. S. nervosus. Synonym of Neuyaslhenia . S. praesens, the state of a case at the time the condition is noted. S. typhosus, a condition of low, muttering delirium, attended with marked prostration, dull and heavy ex- pression, congestion of the facial capillaries, stupor, mental sluggishness, , heavy , dull eyes, contracted pupils, marked subsultus tendinum, slipping down into the bed, tongue slowly protruded, tremulous, dry and brown, the teeth and mouth covered with sordes ; all sensibilities seem blunted ; involuntary discharge of feces, incontinence of urine from retention ; the pulse is small, feeble, dicrotic ; the heart-sounds are very weak, the first sound may be inaudible, the second is short and relatively accentuated ; venous congestion of the lungs naturally follows unless im- provement occurs, pulmonary edema supervenes, the urine often becomes scanty and bloody, and the patient dies. S. vertiginosus, a condition of pro- longed vertigo, in the course of which the patient for days or weeks together cannot turn or move in any fashion without being seized with the extremest vertigo. Statuvolence (sta-tii' -vo-lens) [stains, state ; volens, willing]. Autohypnotism ; voluntary somnambulism or clairvoyance ; a trance into which one voluntarily enters without aid from another. Staub's Fluid. A chloro-albuminous solution of mer- cury, used in the treatment of syphilis. It consists of the following : Bichlorid of mercury and chlorid of ammonium each 20 grains, chlorid of sodium I dram, liquor ovi albi and distilled water each 4 ounces. Of this 20 minims are injected as a dose. Stauroplegia [stmu - ro- p/e'-je - ah) [aravpog, cross; ■Klrjyrj, a stroke]. Crossed hemiplegia, or paralysis of the arm on one side and the leg on the opposite side. Stavers [sta' -vers'). See Staggers. Stavesacre (stavz' -a-ker). See StapJiisagria. Stay Knot. See Knot. Steam (ste//i) [ME., steem, steam]. The vapor of water ; water in a gaseous state. S. -atomizer. See Ato??iizer. S. -doctor, an old name for a Thompsonian physician, from the extensive use of steaming and sweating made by that school. S.-tug Murmur, the double murmur of aortic obstruction and insufficiency. It may be expressed by the word hoo-chee, hoo repre- senting the obstructive murmur, and cJiee the regurgi- tant murmur. Steapsin (j/'c-(7/''-j'?'«) [ff-fa/i, fat]. A diastasic ferment which causes fats to combine with an additional mole- cule of water and then split into glycerin and their corresponding acids. See Feriiu nts. Stear (sfe'-ar) \_aTtap, fat]. See Adeps. Stearaldehyd \ste-ar-al' -de-hid) {preap, fat; aldehyd\ C,8H.,gO. A substance appearing in tablets having a bluish luster; it fuses at 63.5° C. and boils at 192° C. Stearate {ste'-ar-at) [ort'op, fat] . A salt of stearic acid. Stearerin {ste-ar' -er-in) [_aTtap, fat]. A fatty substance found in the oil of sheeps' wool and which is analogous to stearin. Stearic {ste-ar'-?k) [jnreap, fat]. A name applied to an acid derived from fats and oils. S. Aldehyd, Cj^H^j- CHO, a substance bearing the same relation to stearic acid that an ordinary aldehyd bears to acetic acid. S. Acid. See Acid. Steariform {ste-ar' -if-onn) \cirhip, fat ; forma, form]. Having the appearance of or resembling fat. Stearin {ste'-ar-in) {pikap, fat], nus) [ffrei'dCf'i', to sigh]. Sighing. Stench [ME., stench, a smell]. An ill smell; an offensive odor. S.-pipe, an upright pipe that reaches above the roof of a house ; it is intended to give vent to foul vapors that accumulate in waste-pipes, and water-closets. S.-trap, in sewerage and plumbing, a device for preventing a reflux of foul vapors and gases. Steno, Duct of. See Duct. Steno- {sten'-o-) [crrfi'df, narrow]. A prefix, denoting narrowing or constriction. Stenobregmate {stcn - o - breg'- mat) [u-fi'df, narrow ; (ipiyiia, the bregma]. The condition in which the upper and fore part of the head is narrow. Stenocardia {sten-o-kar' -de-ah) [orfi'df , narrow ; xapSla, heart]. Contraction of the heart, or of its orifices; angina pectoris. Stenocarpin {sten-o-kar' -pin) [crrfi'df, narrow ; aapTroQ, fruit]. A fraudulent anesthetic and mydriatic, asserted to have been obtained from the leaves of Gledits- chia triacanthos, the tear-blanket tree. It has been proved to be a mixture of cocain and atropin. Stenocephalous {sten - o - scf- al - us) [cr-frdf, narrow ; Ke^n'/.ij, head]. Having a head narrow in one or more of its diameters. Stenochoria {sten-o-ko' -re-ah) [urfi'dc, narrow ; ;\'fjpof, space]. Narrowness, stricture, or partial obstruction. Also, contraction of the vagina. S. saccilacrimalis, stenosis of the lacrymo-nasal duct. Stenocoriasis {sten-o-ko-ri' -as-is) [orfi'df , narrow ; K6pri, pupil]. Narrowing of the pupil. Stenocrotaphia, or Stenocrotaphy {sten-ok-ro-ta' -fe- ali , or sten-o-kro' -ta-fe) [orfvoQ, narrow; Kp6ra(por, the temple]. A narrowing of the temporal region of the skull. Stenomycteria {sten-o-mik-te' -re-ah) \pTix>oq, narrow ; fivKTi/p, the nose]. Nasal stenosis. Stenon, Duct of. See Duct. Stenopeic {sten - o - pe'- ik) [oTf vof , narrow ; h-Koio^, pierced]. Applied to lenses that allow the passage of rays only through a straight, narrow slit. Stenopetalous {sten-o-pci' -al-us) [orf iw, narrow ; Ttkra- %m\ a leaf). In biology, furnished with narrow petals. STENOPHYLLOUS 1412 STEREOSCOPE Stenophyllous {stcn-of-il'-us) [crrfi'df , narrow ; i^'v7CAov, a leaf]. In biology, possessing narrow leaves. Stenoraic [sten-o-ra' -ik). See Sienopeif. Stenosis [sten-o'-sis) [frrfi^of, narrow]. Constriction or narrowing of any pore, duct, vessel, or passage. S., Aortic, a narrowing of the aortic orifice at the base of the heart or a narrowing of the aorta itself. S., Cardiac, as a consequence of inflammation of the connective tis- sue in the myocardium, the conus arteriosus upon either side of the heart may become diminished in diameter, with consequent hindrance to the free passage of blood from the ventricle into its corresponding artery. This constitutes what is called stenosis of /he heart. The second sound is fully formed and sharply defined, thus distinguishing the condition from valvular stenosis. S., Cicatricial, stenosis due to a contracted cicatrix. S., Granulation, narrowing caused by encroachment or contraction of granulations. S., Mitral, stenosis of left auriculo-ventricular orifice. S., Post-tracheot- omy, stenosis after tracheotomy. S., Sub-aortic. See S., Aortic. Stenostegnosis, Stenostenosis [sten - o - steg - no' - sis , sten-o-sten-o' -sis)\_Stcnononianus ,ox Stensen; (Trej i'(j(T/f , constriction]. Stenosis of Stensen's duct. Stenostomatous [sten-o-sto' -»iat-us) [arfrdf, narrow ; aroim, mouth]. Having a small mouth. Stenostomia [slen-o-sto' -me-ah) [orfrdr, constriction ; OTo/xa, mouth]. A narrowing or closure of the mouth. Stenostomy [sten-os' -to-iiie) [ffrfror, narrow ; ardfia, a mouth]. The contraction of any mouth or aperture. Stenothermal [sten-o-ther' -mai)\pT(v6<;^ narrow ; Bipnov, heat]. Capable of sustaining a small range of tem- perature. Stenothorax {sten-o-tho' -raks) [crrevdr, narrow ; 66pa^, thorax]. Having a straight, short thorax. Stenotic {sten-of -ik) [ffrci'df , narrow] . Characterized by stenosis ; reduced in size or caliber ; contracted. Stensen, Canal of. See Dud. S., Duct of. See Duct. S., Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of. S.'s Experiment, compression of the abdominal aorta of an animal, so as to cut oflF the blood-supply to the lumbar region of the spinal cord. It leads to rapid paralysis of the posterior portion of the body. Stentorin {sten' -to-ritt) [crrfr-up, a Greek herald]. A blue pigment obtained by E. Ray Lankester from in- fusorians of the genus Stentor. Stephanial, Stephanie (stcf- an'- e - a!, stef-an'-ik) [cr-f^ai'Of, a wreath]. Pertaining to the stephanion. SX^'ph.3cnioT\(sief-an'-e-oJi) [ffrf^ai'Of, a wreath ; crown]. See Craniometric Points. Stepmother's Blessing. A popular term for hang- nail. Steppage [step'-aj) [ME., steppe, a step]. The peculiar gait seen in dorsal tabes, arsenical, alcoholic, and other forms of neuritic paralysis. Steppe Disease. -Svnonym of Rinderpest. S. Mur- rain. See Rinderpest. Stercobilin (ster-ko-/fil'-in) [^/'^■rr?«, fecal matter; bilis, bile]. A coloring-matter found in intestinal excre- ment. It is identical with hydrobilirubin. Stercoraceous (ster- ko-ra'- shus) \_stercus, dung]. Fecal ; having the nature of feces. Applied especially to vomiting when fecal matter is mixed with the ejected substances. Stercoral {sfer'-ko-ral). See Stercoraceous. Stercoremia {ster-ko-re' -me-aJi) \jtercus, dung; uii/a, blood]. A condition resulting from arrest of intestinal excretion, and absorption of toxic matters formed in the intestines. Stercorin (.'ta-'-ko-rin) [stercus, dung]. A fecal ex- tractive resembling biliary cholesterin. Sterculia {ster-ku' -le-ali) f^/cww, dung] . A genus of some 85 species of tropical trees. S. ureus of India, and S. tragacantha of Africa afford some part of the gums known as tragacanth. S. acuminata produces the kola-nut. See Kola. Sterculiaceous {ster - ku - le - a'- skus) ^stercus, excre- ment]. Of, or pertaining to, the genus Sterculia. Stercus (ster'-kus) \_stercus, dung]. Feces. Stereoblastula [ster-e-o-blas' -tu-lah) [crrEpfdr, solid; l3/.aaT6(:, a germ: //., Stereoblastulce\ In biology, a solid blastula. Also spelled sterroblastula. Stereo-chemistry {ster-e-o-ketii'-is-tre) \_a-eptoc , solid; ,Y'/'/'e"J, chemistry] . Stereo-isomerism ; theoretic ex- planations of close isomerisms, by which it is assumed that the differences between the various isomers are due to the different positions of the same atoms or radicles in tri-dimensional representations of the molecules. Ordinary structural formula; involve only two dimensions, length and breadth, but these are not sufficient to explain numerous cases of isomerism now known, and a " spatial "or " solid " conception of the molecule is necessary. The term allo-isomerism has been proposed for these cases. Stereocyst (ster'-e-o-sist) [riTsptoc, solid ; Kvarig, cyst]. A hard cyst, or cystic growth. Stereogastrula {ster-e-o-gas'-tru-lal/) [crrepfdf , solid ; yaarr/p , stomach : pi., Stereogastrulcr\. In biology, a solid gastrula. Also spelled Sterrogastrtda. Stereognostic {ster - e - og - nos'- tik) [arep^oc, solid ; yvuai^, knowledge]. Pertaining to the cognition of solidity, or tri-dimensional forms. Stereogram {ster'-e-o-gram) \_areps6c, solid; -jpafjfja,!i writing]. A stereoscopic picture. Stereograph (ster' -e-o-graf). Same as Stereogram. Stereographic {ster - e - 0 - graf- ik) [arepeo^, solid; ypn(t)iiv, to write]. Pertaining to stereography. S. Dermatoneurosis. .See Urticaria, Factitious. Stereography {ster-e-og' -ra-fe) [ffrfpEof, solid ; yidipeiv, to write]. Graphic representation of the skull ; a branch of craniometry. Stereom {ster' -e-dm') [crrfptdf, solid]. The strength- giving filjers of fibro-vascular tissue. See Alestome. Stereomonoscope {ster-e-o-inon' -o-skop) [o-f;i', to view]. An instrument with two lenses for producing a single picture giving the effect of solidity. Stereoneura {ster-e-o-nu' -rali) [crrfpfdf , solid ; verpov, nerve]. A term proposed by Wilder for the inverte- brates whose nervous axis, when it exists, presents no cavity as in the vertebrates or celoneura. Stereophantoscope {ster - e - o-fan' -to-skop) [(T-fpfdf, solid; (^avTaapai, to appear]. A panorama-stereo- scope using rotating discs in place of pictures. Stereophoroscope {ster-e-o-for' -o-skop) [crrfpfdr, solid ; cpipeiv, to carry; OKoirdv, to see]. A stereoscopic zoetrope ; an instrument for the production of a series of images apparently in motion and in stereoscopic relief. Stereoplanula {ster-e-o-plan' -u-lah) [orfpfdr, solid ; planitla, from planus, flat]. In biology, a solid planula. Also spelled Sterroplanula. Stereopiasm {ster' -e-o-plazin) [frrfpfdc, solid ; TrlAafia, anything formed or molded] . In biology : {a) a secre- tion of the basal membrane of certain Actinia, super- seding and supplementing the dissepiments. {b) Ncggeli's term for the solid part of protoplasm. See Protoplasm. Stereoplasma {ster - e - o- plaz'- malt') [(jrfpfdf, solid ; TrTtaaim, something formed or molded]. See Stereo- plasm. Stereoscope {ster' -e-o-skdf) \pT(ptb<;, solid ; rrKorreir, to see]. An instrument by which two similar pictures of the same object are made to overlap so that the re- STEREOSCOPIC 1413 STERTOR fleeted images are seen as one, thereby giving the ap- pearance of solidity and relief. The stereoscope is used in the treatment of strabismus, in which con- dition it serves as an excellent means of ocular gym- nastics. It is also of service in optometry to nullify convergence and diminish accommodation. Stereoscopic [ster-e-o-skop' -ik) [urfpf (if, solid ; cjkottuv, to view]. Pertaining to stereoscopy. S. Vision, binocular vision. See Stereoscope. Stereoscopy [ster-e-os' -ko-pe) [(rrfpeor, solid ; aaoKeiv, to view]. The use of the stereoscope. Sterigma [s/er-ig' -»ia/i)\aTr/pLYim , a prop, support : //. , Sterigmata']. In biology, a stalk or support. Sterile [ster' -il) \_sferiHs, barren]. Not fertile or capable of reproducing ; applied mainly to females. P'ree from microorganisms or spores. Sterility \_sierilitas'\. The condition of be- ing sterile, infertile, or incapable of reproducing. S., Facultative, sterility caused by the prevention of conception. S., Idiopathic. See Azodspermatis7)i. S., Relative, sterility due to other causes than abnor- mality of the sexual organs. Sterilization {ster-il-iz-a' -shun) [s/eriiis, barren]. The condition of rendering sterile, infertile, or incapable of reproducing. In bacteriology, the destruction by heat of the spores or mature forms of bacilli, micro- cocci, or other forms of microscopic life. In most in- stances a temperature of Ioo° C. (212° F.) devital- izes not only the mature forms, but the spores as well. In a few instances this temperature is not fatal to either. This, e. g. , is the case with j5. /emits, the rods resisting 100° and the spores 115°. S., Hueppe's Method of, the repeated exposure to a temperature of from 52° to 65° C. S., Intermit- tent, a method of sterilization of organic infusions ] introduced by Prof. Tyndall, in which an interval of time is allowed to elapse between the several heatings, giving an opportunity for any spores present to develop into adult microbes, in which form they readily succumb to the action of heat. S.-test, Hochenegg's, the surgical dressings are impregnated with a mixture composed of 150 parts of a solution of aluminum acetate of the Austrian Pharmacopeia, 150 I parts water, and 5 parts of a 21 per cent, paste of ' alizarin. This is a yellowish-brown mixture, but on exposure to the temperature of boiling water becomes |. bright-red. E Sterilizator (i/^-r /s - 17^- /(?;■) \_stenlis, sterile]. An instrument for sterilizing or killing germs by heat, in- cluding the exact determination of the degree of heat required to effect this in the case of different species. Sterilized (ster'-il -izd') [sterilis, sterile]. Rendered sterile. I Sterilizer {ster' -il-i-zer). See Sterilhator. 1 Sternad [ster'-nad^ \_arkpvw, breast-bone]. Toward the sternal aspect. Sternal {ster'-iial) \artpvov, the breast-bone]. Per- taining to the sternum. S. Band. See Band. S. Canal. See Canal. Sternalgia [ster-naF -je-ali) \cTtpvov, sternum ; aAyof, pain]. Pain in the sternum. Sternalgic (ster-nal'-jik) [aripvov, breast-bone ; a/lyof , I pain]. Affected with sternalgia. j Sternalis [ster-jia' -lis) [fnkpvov, breast-bone]. Con- nected with the sternum ; sternal. I Sterneber (ster' -ne-her'). See Sternebra. Sternebra (ster' -ne-brali) [stermim, sternum ; vertebra, vertebra]. Any one of the serial segments of the sternum. Sternebral (ster'-ne-brat) [rf^rw?/;;/, sternum ; vertibra, vertebra]. Pertaining to or of the nature of a sternebra. Sternen (rf^r'-wi'w) sternum]. Belonging to the sternum in itself. Sterniform (ster' -Jiif-orm) \_sternu)H, sternum ; forma, form]. Shaped like a sternum. Sternite (ster' -nit) \_aTkpvov, breast-bone]. The under or ventral sclerite of an abdominal segment. ^t&xw\\.\z\ster-nit' -ik) \_arepvov, breast-bone]. Pertain- ing to a sternite. Sterno- (ster' -no-) [j-Avvncw, sternum] . A prefix used to denote connection with the sternum. S. -clavicular, pertaining jointly to the sternum and the collar-bone. S.-cleido-mastoid ; S.-hyoid ; S. -thyroid. See JMuscles, Table of. Sterno-abdominalis (ster -no-ab-doni-in-a' -lis, \pTtpvov, breast-bone; abdomen, abdomen]. The triangularis sterni and the transversus abdominis considered as a single muscle. Sternocostal (ster - no - kos'- tal) \sternian, sternum; casta, a rib]. Pertaining conjointly to the sternum and the ribs. Sternocoxal (ster-no - koks'-al) \_sterniini, sternum; coxa, hip]. Pertaining to the sternites and coxae of an arthropod. Sternofacial ( ster - no - fa'- s/ial ) [^sternum, sternum ; fades, face]. Pertaining to the sternum and the face. Sternoglossal {ster-no-glos' -al) [^irrepvov, breast-bone; yTiuoaa, tongue]. Pertaining to the sternum and the tongue. Sternohyoid (ster - no- hi' - oid^ \jteriniiu, sternum; hyoid\ Pertaining to the sternum and the hyoid bone. Sternoid (ster' -noid ) ^jirtpvov, sternum ; fifJof, resem- blance]. Resembling the sternum. Sternomaxillary (ster - no-maks ' - il - a - re) \sternu?n, sternum; maxilla, jaw]. Pertaining to the sternum and the mandible. Sternon (ster' -non). Same as Stermim . Sternopagia (ster-no-pa' -je-ah) \pi:kpvov, breast-bone ; nayoc, fixed]. The condition of a sternopagus. Sternopagus (ster - nop' -ag- us) \_sterniim, sternum; Trayor, set]. A double monomphalic monstrosity united by the sterna. Sternoscapular (ster-no-skap' -ii-lar) \_sterniim, ster- num ; scapula , i,C2L\>v\a\. Pertaining to the sternum and the scapula. Sternothyroid (ster-710-tJn' -roid) \_steriuim , sternum ; thyroid '\. Pertaining to the sternum and the thyroid cartilage. Sternotracheal (sier-no-tra'-ke-al) \_sternum, sternum; t?'achea'\. Pertaining to the sternum and the trachea. Sternotribe (ster ' - no - trlh) \o-ipvnv, breast-bone; Tplfteiv, to rub]. In biology, touching the heart. Sternum (ster' -num) [irrt'/jj^oi', breast-bone]. The flat, narrow bone in the median line in the front of the chest, composed of three portions, the manubrium, or presternum, the gladiolus, and the xiphisternum, or ensiform, or xijjhoid, appendix. See illustration of Thorax, anterior view, page 224. Sternutament ( ster-mi' -tam-ent ) \_sfertizttamen/um ; sterniitare, to sneeze']. A substance causing sneezing. Sternutation (ster-nii-ta' -shun)\_sternutatio, a sneezing]. The act of sneezing. Sternutatory (ster - nii' - tat - or - e) \_sternittare, to sneeze]. I. Provocative of sneezing. 2. An er- rhine ; a drug or compound that causes sneezing. Sterroblastula (ster-o-blas' -tu-lah) [irrepfdf, solid ; ^\aa- rof, a bud, a germ]. See Stereoblastiila. Sterrogastrula ( ster-o-gas'-trti-lah ) [cr-fpfof, solid ; yaarrip, stomach]. See Stereogastriila. Sterroplanula ( ster- o - plan'- u - lah ) [orrpfof, solid ; planiila, from planus, flat]. See Stereoplaniila . ^\.&\Xot (stu7-' -tor) [L., a snoring]. Sonorous breathing, or snoring. The rasping, rattling sound produced STERTOROUS 1414 STIGMATA when the larynx and the air-passages are obstructed with mucus. Stertorous {stur' -to-rus) \_stertere , to snore]. Breathing with a snoring sound. Stetharteritis [stetJt-ar-ter-i' -tis") [(77?/fer, heart ; aprrjpia, artery ; /-/<■, inflammation]. Inflammation of the ar- teries of the thorax. Stetho- {sleth'-o) \aTii^o<;, chest]. A prefix to denote connection with or relation to the chest. Stethocatharsis {steth-o-kath-af' -sis). Synonym of Ex- pectoration. Stethocele (stetk'-o-sel). See Pneiimoiiocele. Stethocelodyspnea [steth-o-se-lo-disp-ne' -ah) [aT?}doc, chest; Krf/!/, hernia; d'vanvoia, dyspnea]. Dyspnea due to hernia of the lung. Stethochysis {stt-tk-ok' -is-is). See HydrotJiorax. Stethogoniometer {steth-o-go-}ie-om'-et-er) \_aTffioq, chest; yui-la, angle; /Lterpov, measure]. An instru- ment for measuring the curvature of the chest. Sttthograph (stet/i'-o-^^'ra/) [(T7;/f7'o(-, chest ; )pd^f(i', to record]. An instrument for recording the respiratory movements of the chest-wall. Stethographic [steth-o-graf -ik) [crr^^^of, chest ; }'pd(j>eiv, to write]. Pertaining to the stethograph or to steth- ography. Stethography (stetli-og' -ra-fe) [or^Sof, chest ; ypcKpeiv, to write]. The art of recording graphically the move- ments of the chest-wall. Stethokyrtograph [steth-o-kir' -to-graf) [ot?/Wo(;, chest ; /ci;prof, curved ; ^pd^f/i', to write]. An apparatus de- signed for measuring and recording the dimensions of the chest. Stethomenia [steth-o-me' -ne-ah) \ci7ifloc, chest ; month]. Vicarious menstruation by way of the bronchial tubes. Stethometer (steth-om' -ef-er) [(rr^&or, chest ; fierpriv, measure]. An instrument for measuring the amount of expansion of the chest and the relative e.\pansibil- ity of the two sides. Stethometry [steth-oui' -et-re) [^arijOoc, chest ; /zerpov, measure]. The measuring of respiratory movements by means of a stethometer. Stethomyitis {steth -o-mi-i' -tis) [oT//ft)f, chest; /ii'f, muscle ; i-ic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the muscles of the chest. Stethophonometer (steth - o-fo - nom' - et-er) \_a7rj0oc, chest; (pur//, sound; /utrpov, measure]. An instru- ment to measure the phenomena elicited by auscul- tation. Stethopolyscopium {steth-o-pol-is-ko' -pe-um) \aTfjBoq, chest; -n'/ir, many; GKOTrnv, to view]. A stetho- scope having several tubes for the simultaneous use of several observers. Stethorrheuma (steth-or-u'-niah) \_aTffioc, chest ; pevfia, rheum]. Rheumatism of the thorax. Stethoscope (steth' -o-shop) \_aTfjBog, breast ; okott('iv, to examine]. An instrument for ascertaining the condi- tion of the organs of circulation and respiration by their sounds. It consists of a hollow tube, one end being placed over the locality to be examined, the other at the ear of the examiner. A binaural form of the instrument consists of a Y-shaped tube, the flexi- ble branches being applied each to an ear of the listener. By this means not only are all extraneous sounds shut out, but an intensified sound is conveyed to the ear. Stethoscopic (steth' -o-skop-ik) [crr^^of, chest ; aKOTrelr, to view]. Pertaining to or detected by means of the stethoscope. Stethoscopist [steth' - o - skop - ist) [arTjdo^, chest ; CKn- mlv, to view]. One versed in the use of the stetho- scope. Stethoscopy [steth-os' -ko-pe) [crrr/f^oc, chest; (7/co7reh',to view]. Examination of the chest, especially that which is performed with the aid of the stethoscope. Stethospasm (steth' -o-spaz?ii) [orffioq, chest ; a-aafj6c, spasm]. Spasm of the pectoral muscles. Stevens' Saline Mixture. A mixture composed of sodium chlorid 20 grains, potassium chlorate 7 grains, sodium carbonate 30 grains, water 12 fluidrams ; re- commended to be taken every half hour in malignant cholera. Sthenia (sthen'-e-ah) [aftivoc, strength]. Normal or excessive force or vigor (opposed to asthenia). Sthenic (sthen'-ik) \rsQevoc, strength]. Strong, active. S. Fever, synochus ; a form of continued fever marked by high bodily temperature, quick and tense pulse, and highly colored urine. Sthenopyra (sthen-o-pi'-rah) \_c6tvoc, strength; Trvp, fever]. Sthenic fever. Stibiacne (stih-e-ak' -ue) \au^i, antimony sulphuret ; (iKxni, acne]. Acne caused by the use of antimony. Stibial (stib'-e-al) [err//?/, antimony sulphuret]. Per- taining to stibium, or antimony. Stibialism [stib' -e-al-izm) l_aTipi, antimony sulphuret]. Antimonial poisoning. Stibium (stib' -e-itni). Antitiioninm. Stichcultur (.t//r//'-/J'z7/'-//?; ) [Ger ]. See Stai-culture. Stick (stik) [ME., .r/'//^^«, to stick]. I. To pierce with a pointed weapon. 2. A slender piece of wood. S.- caustic. See Atgentuin. S.-lac. See Lac. Sticking Plaster. See Adhesive Plaster. Stictacne [stik-tak' -ne) \_otikt6c, punctated ; d/ii7/, acne]. Acne punctata ; acne in which the pustules have a red, raised base, with a central black point. Stiebel, Canal of. See Canal. Stiega, Canal of. See Canal. Stiff (stif) [ME., stif, stiff]. Inflexible, unyielding, immovable in continuity; applied especially to normally movable parts. S. Joint. See Ankylosis. S. Neck. See Torticollis. Stifle (j;-/'-/) [ME., i/?/?/, to choke]. I. Tochokeup; to kill by impeding respiration. 2. The stifle-joint, q. V. 3. Disease or other affection of the stifle-bone, q. V. S.-bone, the patella of the horse. S. -joint, the knee-joint of the horse. Stifling [sti' -fling) [ME. , stifil, to choke up]. Close ; oppressive. S.-bone. Same as Stifle-bone. Stigma (stig'-mah) [ari)fia, point: //. , Stigfiiafa']. A minute cicatrix. In biology, a spot or mark, as (a) one of the so-called eye-spots, usually red, in many colored Flagellata ; (b) the outer aperture of a tubu- lar trachea, in the Antennata (Myriapoda and Hexa- poda) ; (c) the external opening of a segmental or- gan in the Annelida; see Pseudo-stomata ; (d) that part of a pistil which receives the pollen ; (e) the spot at which the ovisac ruptures in the escape of an ovum into the oviduct. See also. Stigmata. Stigmal (stig'-nial) [arly/ia, stigma]. Pertaining to a stigma. Stigmata, Bakers'. Nodules on the backs of the fingers caused by kneading dough, S., Hereditary, psychic stigmata resembling those of an ancestor and supposed to be inherited. S., Hysteric, the specific, peculiar phenomena or symptoms of hysteria — as the anesthesia, hyperesthesia, hysterogenic zones, reversal of the color-field, contraction of the visual field, the phenomena of transport, amblyopia, im- pairment of the sense of hearing, of taste, and of the muscular sense, etc. S. maydis. See Zea mays. S., Neurasthenic. See S., Hysteric. S. nigra, the black spots caused by the presence of grains of gun-powder in the skin. S., Psychic, certain mental states characterized by susceptibility to STIGMATA L 1415 STIPITIFORM particular suggestions. S. rubra, petechia due to various causes. S., Somatic, tiie objective signs of certain nervous affections. S., Venous, varicose veins. Stigmatal {^stig'-»iat-al) [^ariy/ia, stigma]. Stigmatic. Stigmatic [stig-niat' -ik) \_aTl-y/Lia, spot]. Belonging or pertaining to a stigma ; characterized by a stigma, or by stigmata. Stigmatiferous (stig-mai-if'-er-tis) [oriy/io, stigma ; fey re, to bear]. Bearing stigmata. Stigmatiform {stig - mat' - if - omi) \_aTlyi.La, stigma; forma, form]. Having the form of a stigma. Stigmatism [stig' -mat-ism) {jsTiyjia, point]. A condi- tion of the refractive media of the eye in which rays of light from a point are accurately brought to a focus on the retina. Synonymous with emmetropia. See, also. Astigmatism. Stigmatization {stig- ntat-iz- a'- shini) [_aTt}fia, point]. The formation of ecchymotic spots upon the body. Stigmatodermia [stig - mat - o - der' - 7ne - ah) l^ariy/ua, a prick ; (Sfp/^a, skin]. Disease of the prickle-cell layer of the skin. Stigmatoid [stig' ->?iat-oid) [ariyfia, point; fiJof, like]. Resembling a stigma. Stigmatose [stig' -mat-bz) \_aT'iyixa, stigma]. Marked with stigmata. Stil de grain. Same as Bro-wn-pink, in Figtnents, Conspectus of. Stilbene [stil'-ben) [crr/Pi/Sfn', to glitter], Cj^Hj^. Toluylene, a substance produced by the action of so- dium upon bitter-almond oil or benzol chlorid. It > crystallizes in large monoclinic leaflets or prisms, and dissolves easily in hot alcohol, melts at 120° C, and distils at 306° C. Stilet, Stilette [sti-let') [Fr. , dim. of Lat. stilus, a point]. The small, sharp-pointed instrument enclosed in the cannula. Also, the wire of a flexible catheter. Still [stil) [ME., stille, still]. Quiet; at rest. S.- born, bom lifeless. Stillicidium [stil-is-id' -e-um) \_stilla, a drop ; cadere, to fall down]. The flow of a liquid drop by drop. Also, the flow of the urine in strangury. S. lacri- marum, overflow of tears from obstruction of the canaliculus or nasal duct. S. narium, coryza. S. sanguinis. See Staxis. S. urinae, dribbling of urine. S. Uteri. See Menses. S., Virulent, gon- orrhea. Stilligoute [stil' -ig-oot ) [Fr. , stillare, to let fall ; gutta, a drop]. A dropper; a pipet that lets a liquid fall in drops. Stilling, Canal of. See Canal. S.'s Sacral Nu- cleus, an island of nerve-cells in the sacral region of the spinal cord. See Nucleus. Stillingia [stil-in'-je-ak) [after Benjamin Stillingfleet, an English botanist]. Queen's Root. The root of S. sylvatica, or " queen's delight." Its active prin- ciple is not known. It is expectorant, diuretic, and si- alogogue, with reputed alterative properties ; in larger doses, emetic and cathartic. It is used with sarsaparilla as an antisyphilitic in the tertiary stage. It is valuable with quinin in intermittent fever. Dose of the powd. root gr. x-jj ; of the fld. ext. Tt\,x-_^j ; of the tinct., unof. , ^^^ss-ij; of the decoction (strength j to Oj), unof., j-ij. Stillingin [stil-in' -jin) [after Benjamin Stillijigfleet, an English botanist]. A precipitate from a tincture of the root of Stillingia sylvatica ; resolvent, stimulant, diuretic, antisyphilitic. Dose I to 3 grains. Unof. Stilogonidium [sti-lo-go-}zid' -e-um) [crriiAof, a pillar ; yo"')) generation, seed: pi., Stilogonidia']. In biol- ogy, a stalked gonidium, or asexual reproductive body ; a stylospore. Stilus [sti'-lus) [stilus, a point]. I. A more correct form of the word Stylus, used as an anatomic term. 2. A small tube or a bit of wire sometimes retained in the obstructed lacrymal duct, with a view to the res- toration of its function. Stimulant [stim' -u-lant) [stimulus, a goad]. I. Quick- ening or increasing some trophic or functional process. 2. An agent exciting the functions of an organ or some process of the economy. S., Cardiac, one that increases the heart's action. S., Cerebral, one that exalts the action of the cerebrum. S., Cutaneous, one that increases the activity of the skin, producing dia- phoresis. S., Diffusive, one that has a prompt but transient eflect. S., Hepatic, one that excites the liver. S., Intestinal, one that acts upon the intestinal tract. S., Local, one acting directly on the end- organs of the sensory nerves of the skin. S., Renal, one producing diuresis. S., Spinal, one exciting the spinal cord. S., Stomachic, one giving tone to the stomach, aiding digestion, etc. S., Vasomotor, one exciting the vaso-motor apparatus. Stimulate [stim' -u-lat) [i-Zz'/wttA;;'.?, to stimulate]. To treat with stimulants. To induce increased activity. Stimulating [stim' -u-la-tijig) [stimulare, to stimulate]. Having the power to stimulate. Stimulation [stim-u-la' -shun) \sti7nulatio\ The action of a stimulant ; the process of stimulating ; the effect of the administration of a stimulant. Stimulose [stim' -u-loz) [stimulus, a goad]. Provided with stinging needles or hairs. Stimulus [stim' -u-lus) [L. : pi, Stijmili']. Anything exciting the animal economy, or any part thereof, to increased functional activity. Stimuli, Adequate or Homologous, those for whose action the sense- organs are specially adapted. S., Chemic, irritation caused by a chemic agent. S., Heterologous, one acting upon the nervous elements of the sensory apparatus along their entire course. S., Homologous, a stimulus only acting upon the end-organ. S., Mechanical, irritation caused by mechanical means, as by pinching or striking. S., Summation of. See Summation. Sting [ME. , to sting]. I. A minute, punctured, and often a poisoned wound, made by the pointed de- fensive or offensive organ of some insect, or other animal or plant. 2. A sharp-pointed defensive organ of reptiles and insects. Siingmg [sting' -ing) [WE., stiugen, t.o iVmg]. I. Pro- ducing a burning pain. 2. Wounding by means of a sting. S.-cell, one of the urticating cells or lasso- cells of a Cnidarian . See Cnida, Nematophore, Netna- tocyst. Stink [stingk) [ME., .f//«/v«, to stink], i. To emit a strong, offensive smell. 2. A disgusting odor. S.- glands. See Gland. S.-trap. See Stench-trap. Stinking Smut. See Smut. Stipe [stip) [stipes, a stock, post]. In biology, a stem, stalk or support. Cf. , Thecaphore, Gynophore, Antho- phore, Gvnobase, Gonophore, Carpophore . Stipel [sti'-pel) [stipes, a post]. The stipule of a leaf- let. Stipellate [sti'-pel-dt) [j-///*d'//a, a stipel]. In biology, bearing stipels. Stipes [sti'-pez) [stipes, a stock, trunk]. In biology : I. A stalk, stem, or stipe. 2. A mesal branch of the paroccipital fissure of the brain. Stipiform [sti' -pif-orm) [stipes, stock ; forma, form]. Having the form of a stipe. Stipitate (stip' -it-df) [stipes, a stock, trunk]. In bi- ologv, placed upon a stalk or stipe. Stipitiform [stip' -it-if-orm) [stipes, stock ; forma, form]. In biology, stipiform. STIPULA 1416 STOMACHIC Stipula. {strp'-ti-Zu/!) \_s///'!t/(! , a sta\k : pL, Stipul(/\. In biology : I. A pin-feather of a bird. 2. See Stipule. Stipulaceous {stip-u-la' -slius). Same as Stipulai-. Stipular, Stipulary {stip'-n-lar, slip' -u-la-re) \stipiila, a stalk]. Pertaining to a stipule. Stipulate {stip' - u - lat) \_stipula, a stalk]. Having stipules. Stipulation (stip -u - la' ■ shuii) \_stipula, a stalk]. In biology, the situation and structure of the stipules. Stipule {stip' -id) \_stipula, a. stalk, stem, blade]. In biology, {a) one of the blade-like bodies at the base of the petioles of leaves ; {h) Braun's term for the unicellular foliar structures arising from the basal nodes of Chara, on both the inner and outer sides of the leaf ; (t) one of the small leaves or hair-like appendages lyparapJiyllnni) found among the true leaves of certain mosses ; id) a pin-feather of a bird. Stipuliferous (slip - u - lif- er - us) \_stipula, a stipule ; ferrc, to bear]. Having stipules. Stipuliform {stip' -u-lif-oriii) \_stipula, stipula ; forma, form]. In biology, having the form of a stipula. Stipulosus (stip-u-lo'-sus) \_stipula, a stipule]. Having stipules which are comparatively large. Stirling and Brito's Method. A method of preparing hemoglobin crystals. Mix a drop of blood with a few drops of water on a glass slide and seal the prepara- tion. After a few days beautiful crystals are de- veloped. Stirosis {ste-ro' -sis). Synonym of Sterility. Stirp {stitrp) \stirps, a stock, root, race]. In biology, a term introduced to express the sum-total of hereditary organic units contained in the fertilized ovum. Stirpicultural {stur-pik-uF -tu-ral) \stirps, a race.; ctil- tura, culture]. Pertaining to stirpiculture. Stirpiculture (stur'- pik - ul - tt'ir) \_stirps, stock, race; cultura, culture]. The proposed improvement of the human species by attention to the laws of breeding. Stirps [sturps) \_stirps, stock, race, root: pi. , Stirpes']. In biology, a race or permanent variety ; a lineage, family. Stirrup, Stirrup-bone (stir'-up) [ME., stirop, stirrup]. The stapes. Stitch [ME., stic/ie, twinge]. I. A sudden, sharp, lancinating pain. 2. See also Suture. Stocking, Elastic. A stocking of elastic fibers for the compression of a limb affected with varicose veins and other diseases. Stoechiology {stek-e-ol' -o-je) \proL-xelov, an element ; Xojof , a treatise]. The study of the chemic elements of the gases, fluids, and solids of the body ; physiologic chemistry. See Steeliioloi^y . Stoerck's Blennorrhea. A form of laryngitis sicca end- ing frequently in adhesion between the anterior por- tions of the vocal bands. Stoicheiology (stoi-ke-ol' -o-je). See Stechiology. Stokes' Disease. Exophthalmic goiter. See Diseases, Table of. S. Expectorant, a preparation used in the treatment of bronchitis. It consists of pulverized car- bonate of ammonium l6 grains, fluid extract of senega and squills each dram, paregoric 3 drams, syrup of tolu sufficient to make two ounces. A dram of this is given p. r. n. S. Law. See Law, Angs- trom's. S. Liniment. See Linimentuiu. S. Re- agent. A reducing agent employed in the physio- logic laboratory. It is a solution of ferrous sulphate to which a little tartaric or citric acid has been added and then ammonia till the reaction is alkaline. It should be freshly made when used. S. Sign, vio- lent throbbing in the abdomen in cases of acute enter- itis. The throbbing is to be felt to the right of the umbilicus, and may occasion much distress. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. Stolidity (stol-id' -it-e) \_stoliditas~\. A term designating stupidity of various degrees, even to amentia, or com- plete imbecility — oftener, however, signifying merely a phlegmatic or immobile temperament. Stolon (sto'-lon) \_stolo, a shoot, branch]. In biology: [a) a slender, prostrate branch, taking root, or bearing a bulb at the tip, where it forms one or more new plants ; [b) an analogous budding stock in certain com- pound animals ; e. g., Social Infusoria, Actinozoa , Hy- drozoa, Ascidice. Stolonate (sto'-lon-at) [i/o/o, a shoot]. Stoloniferous. Stoloniferous {sto-lon-if -er-us) \_stolo, a shoot ; ferre, to bear]. Producing stolons. Stoma (sto'-ma/i) [arofia, mouth]. I. The mouth. 2. In biology : [a) an opening on the surface of a plant, especially the leaves, for the passage of gases and moisture. "A stoma is formed of an epidermal cell which divides into two equal sister-cells by a wall ver- tical to the leaf" (Sachs) ; [b] a mouth, ostium, or pore, as the openings in endothelial membranes, establishing direct communication between adjacent lymph-channels. Stomacace {sto-m'ak' -as-e) [orofia, mouth ; kokii, evil]. Canker of the mouth. Fetor of the mouth with ulcer- ated gums ; also, scorbutic sore-mouth. Stomach {stum' -ak) [aro/^a^ of]. The most dilated part of the alimentary canal, the principal organ of diges- tion, situated in the abdomen in the left hypogastric, the epigastric, and part of the right hypochon- d r i a c regions, above the trans- verse colon and below the dia- phragm. S.- ache, pain in the stomach or abdomen. S.- brush, a brush designed to be introduced into the stomach to stimulate secre- tion. S. -buck- et, a small silver vessel attached to a thread, used in obtain- ing a specimen of the contents of the stomach. S. -cough, a reflex cough excited by irritation of the stomach or of the small intestine. S. -drops. See Bitter Tincture. S., Honey-comb. See Reticulum. S., Hour- glass, a stomach having an hour-glass shape, due to a band of exudation. S.-pump, an instrument for withdrawing the contents of the stomach. See Pump. S. -staggers, a disease in horses depending on a para- lytic affection of the stomach. S. -tooth, a lower canine tooth, especially one of the first dentition. S.- tube, a flexible tube for irrigation, etc., of the stomach. S.-worm, a common intestinal round- worm. See Ascaris lumbricoides, under Parasites ( A nimal ) , Table of. Stomachal (stutii' -ak-al) [(T-(5//a,ror, the stomach]. Per- taining to the stomach. Stomachalgia {stuiii-ak-al' -je-ah) [(7-o//a,r"f , stomach; aXyof, pain]. Pain in the stomach. ^X.Qm3iZ\\\z {sto-mak'-ik) [(jro/^ra^nf . stomach]. I. Per- taining to or stinmlating the secretory and digestive functions of the stomach. 2. A stimulant exciUng the functional activity of the stomach. Diagram of Wall of thf Stomach, showing the relative thickness of the mucous membrane, a, b, c, and the transverse, e, oblique, /, and longitu- dinal muscle fibers. STOMACHOSCOPY 1417 STOMOCEPHALUS Stomachoscopy (stn/ii-ak-os' -ko pe) [aronaxor, stom- ach; aanneti', to view]. Examination of the stomach. Stomata [sto'-i/ial-a/i] [pi. of S/oiiia~\. Mouths. Stomatal (sto' -mat- al ) \cT6fia, mouth]. Relating to stomata. ^XomzXs\^\A {sto-niat-aV -je-ali) [uro/^fj, mouth; aXyoq, pain]. Pain in the mouth. Stomate [sta'-mdt) \jj-ojia, mouth]. Having stomata. Stomatelcia, Stomatelcosis [sto-inat-e/'-se-ah, sto-inat- el-ko'-sis) [(Tro//f7, mouth ; i'A/to(Tif, ulceration]. Ulcer- ation of the mouth. Stamatic (sto-mat' -ik) \oT6fia, mouth]. Relating or belonging to the mouth. Stomatiferous [sto-mat-if -er-us) [(7ro/«i, mouth ; ferre, to bear]. In biology, provided with stomata. Stomatitis (sto-mat-i'-tis) [nroiia, mouth ; ir(<;, inflam- mation]. Inflammation of the mouth. S. aphthosa. See A/>////hr. S., Aphthous. See Aphtha. S., Catar- rhal, the most frequent form and especially encountered in infants, when it is often termed " e?ythema neona- torum.^' The mucous membrane is swollen, and the tongue furred ; there is pain on sucking or in older chil- dren on chewing, and salivation is present to a more or less marked degree. This form of stomatitis is usually associated with the exanthemata and other acute dis- eases. S., Corrosive. See S., Gangrenous. S. cremosa. Synonym of Thrush. S. epidemica, an acute infectious stomatitis which occurs in epidemics. S., Epizootic, aphthte epizooticas. S., Follicular. Synonym o{ Ap/ith(C. S., Gangrenous. See Cancrum oris. S. materna, stomatitis occurring during preg- nancy or lactation. S. Mercurial, that arising from poisoning by mercury. S. mycosa. See Thrush. S. parasitica. Synonym of Thrush. S., Phleg- monous. Synonym of 6". , Ulce7-ative. S., Pseudo- membranosa. Synonym oi Thritsh. S., Pultaceous. See Aphtha. S., Saturnine, stomatitis due to lead- poisoning. S., Scorbutic, stomatitis due to scurvy. S., Simple, a simple erythema of the mouth. S., Ulcerative, a grave form of catarrhal stomatitis. It is characterized by the formation of small ulcers on the cheeks, lips, and tongue, with copious salivation, pain, fetid breath, slight fever, and at times great prostration. S. ulcerosa. Synonym oi S., Ulcerative. S., Vesicular. Synonym of Aplitha. Stomatium {sto-ma' -sJie-uin). See Stoma. Stomatocace [sto-inat-ok' -as-e) [oro^a, mouth; /ca/cof, evil]. Fetid ulceration of the mouth. Stomatocatharsis (sto-mat-o-kath-ar' -sis). Synonym of Salivation. Stomatode (sto'-iiiat-dd) [ffrd/zQ, mouth; fJ<5of, like]. Having a stoma. Stomatodendron (sto-mat-o-den'-dron) [ffro//a, mouth ; Sh'dpnv, a tree: //. , Stomatodendra~\. In biology, one of the branches of a complex tiee-like mass sus- pended from the middle of the umbrella in the Rhizostoinidie. These branches end in and are covered with minute polypites interspersed with clavate tentacula. Stomatodynia (sto- mat-o-din'-e-ali) [(Tro//a, mouth ; b(Vfvii, pain]. Pain in the mouth. Stomatodysodia (sto-mat-o-dis-o'-de-ah) [f7r(5//a, mouth ; dvBiofiin, foul odor] . A foul odor of the breath ; ill- smelling breath. Stomatogastric (sto-mat-o-gas'-trik) [arofia, month ; yanTriii, stomach]. In biology, applied to the nerves ; pertaining to the mouth and the stomach. Stomatoiatria (sto- mat-o-e-a' - tre-ah) [arofia, mouth ; larpe'in, treatment]. The medical treatment of diseases of the mouth. Stomatologic {sfo-mat-o-loj ' -ik) \p-6fj.a, mouth ; Adyof, science]. Pertaining to stomatology. Stomatologist (sto - ?nat - oV - o - jist ) [oro/zo, mouth ; /lojof, science]. One versed in stomatology. Stomatology (sto-mat-ol'-o-Je) [aro//a, mouth; 'toyo^, learning]. The sum of what is known about the mouth. Stomatomalacia (sto - mat - o - mal - a' - se - ah) [(jro/^a, mouth; //aAa/c/a, softening]. Sloughing or softening of parts of the mouth. Stomatomenia (sto-mat o-me' -ne-ah) [crrd/^a, mouth ; ^rjv, month]. Vicarious menstruation by way of the mouth. Stomatomia (sto-mat-o' -me-ah) [(Trd//a, mouth ; rifiveiv, to cut]. A general term for the incision of a mouth, as of the uterus. Stomatomorphous (sto-mat-o-mor' -fus) [ard/ia, mouth ; fioptbij, form]. In biology, shaped like a mouth. Stomatomycosis (sto-mat-o-mi-ho'-sis) [arofia, mouth ; /iii'io/C, fungus]. A disease of the oropharynx due to the development therein of the O'/dium albicans. S. oi'dica. See Thrush. Stomato-necrosis (sto-mat-o-ne-kro' -sis). Synonym of Cancrum oris. Stomatonoma (sto-mat-o-no'-mah). Same as Stomacace. Stomatopannus [sto- mat- o -pan' -us) [aroiia, mouth; ■Kavvvi;, thread]. Enlargement of the glands of the mouth. Stomatopathy (sto- mat - op' - ath - e) [^aro/in, mouth; TTciOn^, disease]. Any disease of the mouth. Stomatophorous (sto-mat - off' -or - us) [ord/za, mouth ; (\>kj)eiv, to bear]. Having a mouth. Stomatophyma (sto- mat- o-fi' - nuih) [crrd/^a, mouth ; (pv/ia, growth]. Any enlargement or growth in the mouth. Stomatoplastic (sto - mat -o-plas' -ti/i) [ffrd/^a, mouth ; Ti'/aaaiiv, to form]. Pertaining to stomatoplasty. Stomatoplasty (sto'-mat-o-plas-te) \_aT6/ia, mouth; TT^naadv, to form]. Plastic operations upon or about the mouth. Stomatopoiesis {sto - mat - o -poi - e'- sis) . See Stomato- plasty. Stomatopyra [sto-mat-o-pi'-rah). See Aphtha. Stomatorrhagia (sto-mat-or-a' -je-ah) [_aT6/jn, mouth ; p7/yvl'vai, to burst forth]. Copious hemorrhage from the mouth. Stomatorrhea (sto-mat-or-e'-ah) [ardixa, mouth ; poia, a flow]. A discharge of liquid from the mouth. Stomatoscope (sto' -mat-o-skop) [(rrd/za, mouth ; gkott- fM', to inspect]. An instrument to aid in the inspec- tion of the mouth. Stomatosepsis (sto - mat - o - sep'- sis) \_aT6/ia, mouth ; ai/natt;, sepsis]. Stomatosis due to septic infection. Stomatosis (sto-mat-o' -sis) [arofja, mouth]. Disease of the mouth. Stomatospasmus (sto-mat-o-spaz' -mus). See Trismus. Stomatotheca (sto-mat-o-the' -kah) ^^aro/ia, mouth ; O^ki), box, chest : pi. ., Stomatotheca'\. In biology, that part of a pupa-case which covers the mouth. Stomatotyphus (sto- nuit- o -ti'-fus) \jjT6i.ia, mouth; rvz, a squint]. Relating to or affected with strabismus. Strabismometer [stra-biz-mom'-et-e?-). See Strabo- meter. Strabismometry (st!-ab-is-?no>n'-et-re) [_aTpaj3i(j/ii6g, a squint ; /xkrpor, measure]. The measurement of the degree of strabismus. Strabismus (strab - iz'- mtis) [aTpafi'il^in', to squint]. That abnormality of the eyes in which the visual axes do not meet at the desired objective point, in conse- quence of incoordinate action of the external ocular muscles. .Stevens has devised the following terms to express the deviations of the visual lines in strabis- mus : Heterotropia, a general term for deviation of any kind ; Hypertropia, for one visual line above another ; Esotropia, deviation inward; Exotropia, deviation outward. S., Alternating, when either eye fixes alter- nately. S., Apparent, due to a large angle alpha. S., Concomitant, the squinting eye has full range of movement. S., Constant, when the condition is a per- manent one. S., Convergent, when the squinting eye is turned to the nasal side. S. deorsumvergens, the axis of vision is directed downward. S., Diver- gent, when the squinting eye is turned to the temporal side. S., Downward, strabismus in which the squint- ing eye turns downward below the point of fixation of the other eye. S., Dynamic. Utt Insufficiency. S., External. See S., Divergent. S., Intermittent, that disappearing without apparent cause and returning at regular intervals. It is usually seen in children, and is probably of nervous origin. S., Internal. See S. , Convergent. S., Latent. See Insufficieitcy. S., Monocular, or Unilateral, when the same eye always deviates. S., Paralytic, due to paralysis of one or more muscles. S., Periodic, strabismus occurring sometimes on fixation for near but not for far points. S.. Spastic, strabismus due to a spastic contraction of an ocular muscle. It occurs in connection with cen- tral nervous disease. S. sursumvergens, the visual axis is directed upward. S., Upward, strabismus in which the squinting eye turns upward beyond the point of fixation of the other eye. Strabometer [stra - bom'- et - er) [crrpa/Sdf, squinting ; fif rpoii, measure] . An instrument for the measurement of the deviation of the eyes in strabismus. Straboscopic (stra - bo - skop'- ik) [arpajiog, crooked; CKOTTc'iv, to see]. Pertaining to the appearance of ob- iects as seen by one with strabismus. S. Disc, an in- strument producing distortion of objects. Strabositas (stra-bos'-it-as). See Strabismus. Strabotomy (stra-bot'-o-me) [a-pafiog, crooked ; ripveiv, to cut] . An operation for the correction of strabismus. See Tenotomy. Straddling Disease. See Quebralmnda. Stragular (strag'-u-lar) [stragulum, a cover]. Pertain- ing to the mantle ; pallial. Stragulum (strag'-u-lum) [L.]. The mantle; the pallium. Strain (stran) [ME., straynen, to strain]. In phar- macy, to separate insoluble substances from the liquid in which they occur. To filter. In pathology, any STRAINER 1419 STREPTOBACTERIA abnormal tension put on an organ or part. See, also, Eye-strain. Strainer [stra'-ner) [ME., Ureynoitr, strainer]. In pharmacy, a sieve for filtration. Strait (striit) [ME., strait, narrow]. I. Narrow. 2. A narrow or constricted place. S. -jacket, a strong coat especially designed to prevent injury of self or others by the delirious or violent patient ; camisole. Ss. of Pelvis. Se.^ Pelvis. S. -waistcoat. 'Ata S.- jacket. Stramineous [stra-min' -e-us) \jtramen, straw]. Straw- colored or straw-like. Stramonium [stra-mo' -ne-uiit) [L., gen., Stramonii'\. Thorn-apple. The seeds and leaves of Datura S., the well-known jamestown or " jimson " weed. Its properties are due to an alkaloid, daturin, Cj^Hj^NO.;, identical with atropin (see Belladonna). It has the general properties of belladonna, but is more powerful. S., Ext. Dose gr. S., Fid. Ext. Dose Ti\_j-v. S., Tinct., 10 per cent, strong. Dose rr\^v- XXX. S., Ung., contains of the extract 10, water 5, benzoinated lard 85 parts. Daturin, the alkaloid. Dose gr. yJo-^V- Strangalesthesia {stran-gal-es-the' -ze-ah). See Zones- thesia. Strangalis (strattg'-al-is) [arpayyaVu;']. A small, hard induration of the breast. Strangers' Cold. See Saint Kilda Cold. Strangles (strang'-lz) [oTpayyakrj , a halter]. An in- fectious catarrh of the upper air-passages, especially of the nasal cavity, of the horse, ass, and mule, associ- ated with suppuration of the submaxillary and other lymphatic glands. Strangling [strange-ling). See Strangulation. Strangulate (strang'-u-lat) \_strangiilare, to strangle]. Irregularly expanded and contracted. Strangulated (strang'-gu- la - ted) [strangulare, to strangle]. So compressed that the normal function ceases, or is seriously interfered with. S. Hernia. See Hernia. Strangulatio [strang-gu-la'-she-o) [L.]. Strangulation. S. uterina. Synonym of Hysteria. Strangulation [strang-gu-la' -shitn) [strangulatio; stran- gulare, to choke]. Choking. Constriction produced by a ligature, stricture, etc. Pressure round the neck, whereby the entrance of air into the lungs is pre- vented, the constricting force being either a ligature, the hands, or some power other than the weight of the body itself. Strangury (st?-ange-gu-re)\_aTpay^ , a drop ; ovpov, urine]. Painful urination, drop by drop. It occurs in poison- ing by turpentine and by cantharides, and in inflam- matory affections of the bladder and prostate. Strap, Strapper [strap' -er) [ME., stropp, strap]. A flat thong, or flexible band, often of adhesive plaster. Straps of various kinds are much used in surgery. Strapping [strap' -ing) [ME., stroppe, strap]. The compression of a part (as the mamma, or testis) by means of adhesive straps. Strassburg's Test. A test for biliary acids in the urine : Dip fi'ter-paper into the urine, to which a little cane- sugar has been added ; dry the paper and apply a drop of sulphuric acid ; a violet color is obtained after a short time if biliary acids are present. See Tests, Table of. Strassburger's Cell-plate. The equatorial plate pro- duced in karyokinesis. Stratification [strat-if-ik-a'-sliun) [stratum, a layer ; facere, to make]. Arrangement in layers ; the thicken- ing of a cell- wall by successive layers of formed material. Stratiform [strat' -if-orm) [stratum, stratum; forma, form]. Formed into a layer. S. Fibro-cartilage. Fibro-cartilage that lines those bony grooves through which the tendons of muscles pass. .See Fibro-cartilage. Stratum [stra' -turn) [stratum, a spread for a bed, a pavement: pi.. Strata^. In biology, a layer, lamina, or lamella ; a membrane. S. bowmani, the ante- rior elastic layer of the cornea. S. cinereum, the second layer of the anterior lobes of the corpora quad- rigemina, consisting of gray matter and small cells in a network of nerves. S. corneum, tlie epidermis. S., Flesh, the -Parietal Mesoblast. S. lucidum, one of the layers of the skin. S. malpighii. See Rele mucosum. S. of Oehl, a translucent layer of the epidermis consisting of irregular transparent cells with traces of a nucleus. S. opticum, a mass of gray matter forming the third layer of the anterior lobes of the corpora quadrigemina. S. of Remak, a layer of medullated nerve-fibers beneath the first layer of the cerebral cortex. S. of Visual Cells, a layer of cells in the retina. Straw [ME., straw, straw]. The stalk, or stem, of cer- tain species of grain. S., In the, in childbed ; lying- in ; parturient. S. -berry Mark. Same as Ncevus tnaternus. S. -berry Tongue, the characteristic tongue of scarlet fever. The vessels of the fungiform papilla; become turgid, causing the pajiilla; to stand out as red points, in marked contrast with the thick coating of fur on the filiform papillae. Streak [strek) [Dan., streg, AS., strica, a streak, a line]. In biology, a furrow, line, band, stripe, or color-mark. S. -culture. See Culture. S., Germi- nal. See S., Primitive. S., Medullary. .See Med- iillarv Groove. S., Primitive, an opaque band ex- tending some distance forward from the posterior mar- gin of the ai-ea pellucida and forming the first notice- able sign of incubation in the blastoderm of the am- niota. The accumulation of cells lying immediately behind the blastopore and representing the fusion of the lips of the blastoderm. In amphibia this accumu- lation is known as the Anus of Rusconi, q. v. In mammals the front end of the primitive streak is marked by the Knot of Hensen, q. v. S., Reflex, a shining, white streak running along the center of the vessels in the retina. It is due to the reflection of the light from the anterior surface of the column of blood. Streamless [strein'-les) [M'E. , streem, stream]. Lack- ing in electric activity. Streblosis [streb-lo' -sis). See Dislocation. Street [stret) [ME., streete, street]. Any highway (not a turnpike road), and any public bridge (not being a county bridge), and any road, lane, footway, square, court, alley, or passage, whether a thoroughfare or not. (British Public Health Act, 1876.) Stremma [strem' -ah). Synonym of Sprain. Strength [ME., strengthe, strength]. Physical power. Strengthen [streng' -then) [ME., strengthen, to streng- , then]. To make strong. Strengthening [strejig' -then-ing) [ME., strengthen, to strengthen]. Making stronger. S. Plaster, emplastrum roborans. See Ferrum. Strephotome [stref ' -o-tom) [arpk(^eLv, to twist; rf//- v^iv, to cut]. A cork-screw-like instrument used by Spanton to secure union in the operation for hernia. Strepitus [strep' -it-us) [L., noise]. A sound ; a noise. S. aurium. See Tinnitus aiirium. S. coriaceus, an auscultatory sound resembling tbe creaking of leather. S. uteri. See Uteri}ie Souffle. S. uterinus, the Uterine Bruit, q. v. Strepsis [strep' -.ns). See Torsion. Streptobacteria [strep - to - hak - te' - re - ah) [aTpfirroc, twisted; l3aKTr/pia, a stick, a staff]. In biology, short, rod-shaped bacteria associated in chains. STREPTOCOCCUS 1420 STRIOLA Streptococcus {strep-to-kok' -kus) [orpETrrdf, twisted ; liuKiiot:, a kernel: //. , Streptococci'\. A genus of coc- caceous schizomycetes, of which the cocci are ar- ranged in strings or chaplets. Many of the species are believed to be pathogenic. See Bacteria, Syno- tiyniatic Table of. Streptostylic (slrep-to-sti'-lik) [crrpfTrrof, twisted; arvXdi;, a pillar]. Having the quadrate bone freely articu- lated with the skull, as in opliidian and saurian reptiles. Streptothrix [strep-toth' -riks) [crrpfirrdf , twisted ; Qp't^, the hair]. In biology, a genus of Schizomycetes, the cells uniting into simple or branching threads. See CladotJirix, under Bacteria, Synonyinatic Table of. Stretch \W)i.. , strecchen,\.o stretch]. To draw out to full length. S.-walk, a position in walking for phy- sical development, with the arms stretched upward. Stretcher {strec/i' -er) [ME., strecchen, to stretch]. A portable cot or litter for carrying the sick. Stria (stri'-ah) [L. a streak: //. , Stria\. A streak or line. S., Acoustic, S., Auditory, transverse white lines, on the lower part of the floor of the fourth ven- tricle, which unite with the auditory nerve-roots. S. atrophicae, whitish, cicatricial lines of the skin caused by the contractions of skin that have been stretched by fat, pregnancy, etc. S., Callosal. See .S". longitud- inales et laterales. S. Cornea, a narrow, white streak interpolated between the thalamus and the caudatum, on the ventricular floor. In color it resembles translu- cent, bluish horn, owing to a vein which passes along and under it. S. gravidarum, the atrophic stris observed upon the abdomen in pregnant women. S. of Heidenhain. 'Ate Rods of Heidenkain. S. longitud- inales et laterales, appearances of part of the corpus callosura. S., Pineal, the habena or habenula. S. of Retzius, brown stripes on a tooth, parallel to its edge. They are the- indications of enamel-formation. S. vascularis, the vascular layer of the cochlea. Corpora striata. See Corpus. Striate {sti-i'-df) \_stria, a furrow]. Marked with minute ridges or furrows. S. Body. See Corpora striata. S. -plicate, in biology, having minute folds that form strire. S. -punctate, having parallel rows of spots or dots that form striii;. S.-sulcate, in biol- ogy, striate with little furrows. Striated [stri'-a-ted) \_stria, a furrow]. Marked with furrows. S. Hair. See Ringed Hair. Sixiaition (stri-a' -shun) \_stria, furrow]. An arrange- ment of lines. A striated structure. S. of Heiden- hain. See Rods of Heidenhain . Striatum {stri-a' -turn) [L.]. Same as Corpus striatum. Striature (j/r/'-aZ-wr) [rfrz'a^r, to furrow]. I. Mode of striation. 2. A stria. Strichcultur {strich' -kid-tur') [Ger.]. See Culture. Strictura {strik-tu'-ralt). See Stricture. Stricture (strik' -tu?-) \_strictura : stringere, to compress]. The abnormal narrowing or contraction of the lumen of a canal or duct from external pressure, or as a result of inflammatory or other changes. The most con- stricted part of the opening through which a hernia protrudes. S., Annular, a ring-like obstruction pro- duced by a fold of mucous membrane or constriction all around the urethra, gut, etc. S., Bridle, a fold of mucous membrane forming a crescentic obstruction, or perforated in its center ; called, also, S., Linear, S., Pack-thread, S., Valvular and S., Hour-glass, according to the peculiar appearances. S., Cicatri- cial, a stricture due to cicatricial tissue. S., Conges- tive, a temporary obstruction of the urethra from sub- acute prostatitis or other passing inflammation. S.- cutter, an instrument for dividing a stricture. S.- fever, the constitutional disturbances sometimes the result of acute stricture. S., Functional. See S., Spasmodic. S., Impermeable, or S., Impassable, one not permitting the passage of a bougie or catheter. S., Irregular, or S., Tortuous, so named from the complications or peculiarities. S., Irritable, one in which the passage of the instrument causes great pain. S., Organic, narrowing of a canal due to tissue- change, to deposits, or to pressure from without. S., Permeable or Passable, one permitting the passage of an instrument. S., Recurrent or Contractile, one in which the constriction returns after dilatation. S., Simple, one that produces no interruption of function, pain, etc. S., Spasmodic, a stricture due to muscu- lar spasm and not to organic change. Strictureotome (st7-ik' -ttir-o-tdm). See Stricturotome. Strictureotomy {strik-tiir-ot' -o-me) [strictura, strict- ure ; rtfivtiv, to cut]. .See Stricturoto??iy. Stricturotome [strik' -tu-ro-t6t>i) \strictura , stricture ; -ifivtiv, to cut]. A cutting instrument for use in di- viding a stricture. Stricturotomy (strik-tur-of -o-me) \stricttira, stricture ; Tiijxveiv, to cut]. A cutting operation for the relief of stricture. Stridor (stri' -dor') \_stridere, to make a creaking sound]. A peculiar, harsh vibrating sound arising from some ob- struction in the throat or larger respiratory tubes. It is most commonly due to compression of the trachea by some extraneous growth, or to spasm or paralysis of the vocal bands. S. dentium. See Odotitoprisis. S., Inspiratory, the sound heard in inspiration through a spasmodically closed glottis. S., Laryn- geal, stridor due to laryngeal stenosis. S. serrati- cus, a sound like that of sharpening a saw, some- times produced by expiration through a tracheotomy- tube. Stridulate (strid'-u-lat) \_striduhis, creaking]. To make a stridulous noise, as an insect. Stridulation [strid-u-la' -shun) \_stridulare, to stridu- late]. The act or function of making a stridulous sound. Stridulous {strid' -u-lus') \jtridere, to make a creaking sound]. Making a creaking or grating sound. S., Laryngismus. See Laryngismus. Striga {stri' -gall) \_striga, a swath, furrow : //. , Strig(e'\. In biology : {a) a bristle-like scale ; (/') a streak. Strigate (stri' -gat). Same as Strigose. Strigil {strijf-il) \jtrigilis, a scraper]. A flesh -brush. Strigilate (st?-ij'-il-dt) \_strigilis, a scraper]. Provided with a strigilis. Strigilation (strij-il-a' -shun) \_slrigilatus'\. Friction by means of a brush. Strigilis [strij'-il-is) [strigilis, a scraper : //. , Strigiles']. In biology, a comb-like organ on the first tarsal joint of the fore leg of the bee, employed to clean the antennae and to clear from the eye-hairs all pollen- grains or foreign bodies ; the eye-brush, eye-comb. Strigilose [strij' -il-oz) [striga, a furrow]. In biology, minutely strigose. Strigmentum [strig-men' -turn) [L., a scraping]. The rolls of dirt and epithelium rubbed off the moist skin. S. capitis. See Pityriasis. Strigose, Strigous [stri'-goz, stri'-gus) [striga, a fur- row]. Covered with bristles; armed with sharp and stout hairs. Striking [stri' -king). See Black Leg. String Method. See Treatment, Methods of. Stringhalt (string' -hawlt) [a corruption of Springhalt\ A popular name for a nervous affection manifested in involuntary, convulsive movements of one or both hind legs of a horse. See Springhalt. Striola (stri' -o-lah) [L. , a little furrow]. A delicate stria. STRIOLATE 1421 STRUCTURE Striolate, Striolated (stri' -o-lat, stri' -o-la-ted) \striola, a little furrow]. Having striolae. Stripe (.t/r//) [ME., j/rz/c-, stripe]. A streak; a dis- colored mark. Ss. of Retzius, dark lines extending more or less parallel to the free surface of the tooth, due to inequalities in growth and density of the en- amel. Striped Maple {stript). See Acer. Stripping {strip' -ing) [ME., stripeii, to rob]. Uncov- ering ; unsheathing. In the plural, the last and rich- est milk given at any one milking ; so called because it is slowly removed by the milker, who strips the teat between the fingers. S. of the Pleura, removal of the lining membrane of the thora.x of an animal used for food, to remove the traces of pleurisy an'd of tuber- culosis. Strobic [sfrob'-ik) [aTp6jio<;, a top]. Resembling or pertaining to a top. S. Discs, discs drawn with con- centric circles, so as to produce an illusory impression as if they were revolving. Strobila (strob-i'-lah) [aTpojiTADC, a pine-cone: , Strol>i/ii-\. In biology, a form of development oc- curring in the C)!idaria and Cestoda, in which the products of asexual generation by a sort of fission re- main attached to the proliferating organism or to each other. A name given to a tape-worm as a whole. S., Monodisc, the simplest form of strobilation, in which the disc (Siyphisloina) separates from its peduncle. S., Polydisc, that form in which successively formed discs remain attached. Strobilation {strob-il-a' -shiiii) \pT po^iiKoi; , a pine-cone]. In biology, the formation of zooids, discs or joints by metameric division, gemmation, or fission. Strobile (sfrob'-il) \prp6\M'hoc, a pine-cone]. (;■) [Ger., .?/<)//^;7z, to stutter]. To hesi- tate or make repeated efforts to articulate a syllable. Stuttering is a variety of stammering. See Stammer- ing. S. -spasm. See Lalophobia. Stycerin {stis'-er-in), CaH,.^0.^. Phenyl glycerol ; a sub- stance obtained from the bromid of cinnamic alcohol by long boiling with water. It is a gummy mass, easily soluble in water and alcohol. Stye {sti). See Hordeolum. Stylamblys {sti-lam' -blis) [otvIoi;, a pillar ; a^pJv^, blunt]. In biology, a small process attached to the inner branch of the pleopod of a crustacean. (Bate.) Stylar {sti'-lur) [gtvAo^, pillar]. Pertaining to or re- sembling a style. Stylate {sti'-ldt) [stilus, a stake]. Having a persistent style. STYLE 1423 STYRONE Style {sill) [oTvXog, pillar]. In biology, that portion of the pistil which connects the ovary with the stigma. S. -branch, in biology, a division of the style. S., Lacrymal. See Laoyntal. Stylet [sti-let') [stilus, stake]. A probe ; a probe or wire inserted into a catheter or trocar, in order to stiften the instrument or to perforate the tissues. See Stilet. Styletiform [sti-let' -if-orvi) [j/z7«j, stake ; forma, form]. Shaped like a stylet. Styliferous {sti-lif'-er-us) stake ; ferre, to bear]. In biology, bearing a style. Styliform (sti' ■ lif-onn) \jtilus, stake; forma, form]. Shaped like a style. Styline (sti'-lin) \jtilus, stake]. Pertaining or relating to a style. Styliscus (sti-lis' -kus') \aT\)}daKoq, dim. of dTvkoq, a pillar: pi. , Stylisci'\. I. A slender cylindric tent. 2. In biology, the passage leading from the stigma to the ovary through the style. Stylo- [sti'-lo-) [cryAof, pillar]. A prefix used to denote connection with or relation to the styloid process of the temporal bone. Stylocerite (sti-los' -er-it) \_aTvKoq, a pillar; a'tpaq, a horn]. In biology, a style or large spine on the outer margin of the first joint of the first pair of antennae of crustaceans (Bate). Stylo-glossal [sti-lo-glos'-al) [oriiXof, pillar; yluaaa, tongue]. Connected with or relating to the styloid process of the temporal bone and the tongue. Sty\og\oss\ls [sti-lo-glos'-iis). See Muscles, Table of . Stylogonidium [sti-lo-go-nid' -e-um) [trrii/of, a pillar ; yovr/, generation]. In biology, a gonidium formed by abstriction on the ends of special branches of the thal- lus in certain fungi. Stylohyal (j//-/y-/;/'-(7/) [j-/?7;«, stile ; hyoid'\. One of the bones of the hyoid arch of vertebrates. Stylohyoid [sti-lo-hi'-oid ). See Muscles, Table of, and Nerves, Table of. Styloid (sti' -loid)\pTvXoq, pillar]. Resembling a stylus or slender, cylindric column. Stylo-mastoid {sti-lo-mas' -toid) \aTv\oc^, pillar; mas- toid'\. Pertaining conjointly to the styloid and mas- toid processes. S.-m. Foramen, a foramen on the inferior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It transmits the facial nerve. See Foramina, Table of. Stylo-maxillary (sti-lo-maks'-il-a-re') \aTvkoq, pillar; maxilla, maxiWal. Pertaining to the styloid process and the maxilla. Stylo-pharyngeus {sti-lo-far-in-je' -us). See Muscles, Table of. Stylopod {sti' -lo-pod) [arvkoq, a pillar; Troyf, foot]. Same as Stylopodium. Stylopodium (sti-lo-po' -de-um) [crrii^of, pillar; Troi'f, foot: pi. , Stylopodia\ In biology, a disc-like enlarge- ment occurring at the base of the style in some flowers, e. g. , Umbelliferij: . Stylosanthes {sti-lo-san' -thez) [oriiAof , pillar ; hvQoq, flower] . A genus of leguminous plants including the Pencil Flower ; the herb S. elatior, which is of repute in relieving the irritability of the uterus during gesta- tion. Dose of the fld. ext. n\_x-xx. Stylospore [orii/iof, a pillar ; ffTropd, seed] . Same as Pycnospore. Stylosporous {sti-los' -po-rus) [urr'/.of , a pillar; arrofxi, seed]. Of the nature of a stylospore. Stylo-staphylin {sti - lo - staf - il - in) pillar; aTapa-y//a, diaphragm]. Under the diaphragm. Subdivided (sub'-div-i-ded) [sub, under; dii'iile/r, to divide]. Re-divided; making secondary or smaller divisions. Subdolichocephalic {sub-dol-ik- o - sef - al' - ik) [sub, under; (JoAq'oc, long; Ki:, under ; zyKtr^a- 7<.ov, brain]. The oblongata, pons and corpora quad- rigemina taken together. Subendocardial (^sub-en-do-kar'-de-al) [sub, under; Evfiov, within ; napdia, heart]. Beneath the endocar- dium. Subendothelial (sub - en - do - the'- le ■ al), [sub, under ; fi'rtov, within ; 0;//,?/, nipple]. Situated or occurring under an endothelial structure. Subepidermal, Subepidermatic, Subepidermic [sub- ep-id-er' -mal, sub-ep-id-er-mat' -ik, sub-ep-id' -er-inik ) [sitb, wnAtr ; enl, upon; dtp/ia, skin]. Situated be- neath the epidermis. Subepithelial (sub - ep - ith - e'- le - al) [sub, under ; f7r/, upon ; drfki], nipple]. Situated, or occurring, under an epithelial surface. Suber (su'-ber) [L., gen. Suberis\ Cork. Subereous (su-be'-re-us) [suber, cork]. In biology, corky. Suberic Acid [su-ber'-ik). See Acid. Suberiferous (su-ber-if -er-iis) [suber, cork ; ferre, to bear]. Bearing suberin. Suberification (su - ber - if - ik - a' - shun) [suber, cork ; facere, to make]. Same as Suberization. Suberin [su' -ber-in) [suber, cork]. I. Pulverized cork ; used as a dressing for wounds. 2. In biology, the impure cellulose forming the cellular tissue of cork. Its reactions are essentially those of cutin. It forms yellowish drops with potassa. ^\xh&Tiz2LX.\on[sti-ber-iz-a'-shun) [sicber, corV]. In biol- ogy, the change of a plant-tissue into suberin or cork. 90 Suberone (su'-ber-on) [suber, cork], C^Hj^O. A liquid obtained from cork by boiling it at 180° C. Its odor resembles that of peppermint. Suberose [sub' -er-oz) [sub, under; erodere, to gnaw, to consume]. In biology, slightly gnawed on the margin. Subesophageal [sub - e - so - faf - e ■ al ) [sub, under ; oio6ti)a}oc, esophagus]. Beneath the esophagus. Subfalcial (sub-fa/' -se-al) [sub, under; falx, falx]. At the free edge of the falx cerebri. Subfascial [sub-fash' -e-a I ) [sub, under; fascia, fascia]. Beneath the fascia. Subfebrile (sub-feb'-ril) [sub, under; febris, fever]. Slightly febrile. Subfemoralis [sub-fem-o-ra' -lis). Same as Subcrureus. Subfissure (sub-fish' -ur) [sub, under; fissura, fissure]. A fissure of the brain which is concealed by a super- gyre, and invisible until the lips of the superfissure are divaricated. Subflavous (sub-fla' -vus) [sub, under; flavus, yellow]. Somewhat yellow. S. Ligament, the ligament of yellowish, elastic material, found between the lam- ina: of adjacent vertebr£e. Subfoliar -yi)''- - (7r) [sub,xmAex; folium, leaf]. Having the character of a subfolium. Subfolium [sub-fo' -le-um) [sub, under; foliujn, ]ea.{'\. A leaflet going to make up a part of any folium of the cerebellum. Subfornical (sub - for'- nik - al ) [sub, under ; fornix, fornix]. Beneath the fornix of the brain. Subfrontal [sub - frun'- tal) [sub, wnAex ; frons, fore- head]. Applied to a fissure and gyre (Broca's) in the ventral region of the frontal lobe of the brain. Subgelatinous (sub-Jel-af -in-us) [sub, under ; gelatina, gelatin]. Partly gelatinous. Subgenital (sub -jen'- it - al) [sub, under; genitalis, genital]. Situated under the genital organs. S. Vestibule [porticus subgenitalis). See Syndemniuin. Subgerminal (sub-jer' -min-al ) [sub, under ; germen, a germ]. Situated beneath a germinal structure. Subglabrous (sub - gla' - brus) [sub, under; glaber, smooth]. In biology, almost devoid of hairs or other like covering. Subglenoid (sub-gle' -7ioid). See Infraglenoid. Subglossitis [sub -glos - i'- tis) [sub, under ; y'kidcaa, tongue; itii;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the tissues under the tongue. See Ranula. Subglottic (sub-glot'-ik). See Infraglottic. Subgrundation (sub-grun-da' -shun) [Fr. , subgronda- tiflu']. The intrusion of one part of a cranial bone beneath another. Subgular (sub - gu'- lar) [sub, under; gula, throat]. Same as Subjugular . Subgyre (sub-fir') [sub, under ; yvpog, gyrus]. A gyre that is encroached upon or covered by another or supergvre (covering-gyre). Subhepatic [sub-he-pat' -ik) [sub, under; ?/7ra/i, liver]. Situated beneath or on the under surface of the liver. Subhumeral (sub-hu' -mer-al ) [jz//;, under ; humerus, humerus]. Below the humerus. Subhymenial (sub-hi-me' -iie-al) [sub, vcaAex ; hyiuen- iuiii, hymenium]. Below the hymenium. Subhyoid [sub-hi'-oid) [sub, under; hoeuSt/c, hyoid]. Beneath the hyoid bone. Subicteric (sub-ik-ter'-ik) [sub, under ; 'U-epoi;, jaun- dice]. Moderately or slightly icteric. Subiculum (sub - ik'- u - luiii) [sttbex, a layer]. I. In biology, the thickened part of the leaf or stem of a host bearing the mycelium of a parasitic fungus. 2, The uncinate gyrus. Subiliac (sub-il'-e-ak) [sub, under; ilium, ilium]. Per- taining to the subilium. SUBILIUM 1426 SUBNORMAL Subilium (sub-W -e-uDi) \_su/>, under; ilium, ilium]. The lowest portion of the ilium. Subimaginal {snb-im-aj' -in-al) [j^i^, under ; imago, imago]. Having the character of a subimago. Subimago [aib-im-a' -go) under ; imago, image: Siibimagos ox Subimagines'\. See Pseudimago. Subinflammation {siib-in-Jlam-a' -shun) \_sub, under ; inflammatio, inllammation]. A slight degree of in- flammation. ^\!i)o\n^3L.mmaXoxy {siib-in-Jlam' -at-or-e) \sub, under; inllammatio, a burning]. Of the nature of a slight intlamraation. Subintegumentary ( snb-in-teg-ii-men'- tar-e) \jnb, under; integument]. Situated beneath the integument. Subintestinal [sub-in-fi's' -tiu-al') [,r//^, under ; intesti- num, intestine]. Situated beneath the intestines. Subintrant [sub-in'-trant) \_SHbintrare, to enter se- cretly]. A qualification applied to malarial fevers in which a new paroxysm begins before the termina- tion of the preceding one. Subinvolution (siib-in-vo-ln' -skun) \_snb , wnAe^r ; invo- latio, a rolling up]. Imperfect involution. S., Men- strual, subinvolution of the mucous membrane of the uterus after menstruation. S. of the Uterus, the im- perfect or incomplete contraction of the womb after delivery. Subjacent {sub -ja'- sent) \_sub, under; jacere, to lie]. Underlying ; lying beneath. Subject (iw/Z-zH'/) \sub, under; yrt^^r^, to throw]. I. An individual that serves for purposes of experiment or study, or that is under observation or treatment. 2. In anatomy, a body for dissection. Subjective (suh-Jek'-ti't') \_siib, under ; jacere, to throw]. I. Pertaining to the individual himself. 2. Of symp- toms, experienced by the patient himself, and not amenable to physical exploration. S. Sensations, those not caused by external stimuli. Subjectivism {sub-jek' -tiv-izm). See Passivisrn. Subjugal [sub -ju'- gal) \siib, under; jugum, yoke]. Below the malar bone. Sublanceolate [sub-Ian' -se-o-ldf) under ; lanceo- la, a little lance]. Somewhat tapering and pointed. Sublatio, Sublation [sub-la' -she-o, sub-la' -shun) \_sub- latio, removal]. I. Removal ; ablation. 2. Depres- sion, or couching, of the lens in cataract. S., Retinal, detachment of the retina. Subligamen (sub-li-ga'-mcn) under ; liga>-e, to bind: gen., Subligaminis']. A form of truss used in hernia. Sublimate [sub' -lim-at) \_sublimare, to lift up high]. I. A substance which, under the action of heat, passes at once from a solid to a gaseous state, and again con- denses in a solid form without intermediate liquefac- tion. 2. The product of sublimation. S., Corro- sive, mercuric chlorid. .See Hvdrargyrum. Sublimation [sub-lit?i-a'-sliun') \sublimare, to lift up high]. The vaporization and condensation of a vola- tile solid. The distilled product is called a sublimate. Sublime (sub-lim') to lift up high]. I. To subject to sublimation. 2. To undergo sublimation. Sublimed (sub-hmd'') \jublimare, to lift up high]. Dis- tilled, prepared, or purified by sublimation. Subliminal [sitb-lim' -in-al) under ; //w^'w, thresh- old]. Below the threshold of consciousness, or of sensation. See Threshold. Sublimis [sub' - lim - is) [L.]. Elevated; superficial, a qualification applied to certain muscles. Sublingua [sub-ling' -giaali) [sub, under; lingua, the tongue : pi., Subli7igucf\. In biology, a process of the mucous membrane, below the tongue of many Prosimii and Chiroptera. Sublingual [sub - ling' - giual) \_sub, beneath; lingua, tongue]. Lying beneath the tongue. S. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. S. Fossa. See Fossa. S. Gland. See Glands and Saliva. S. Triangle. See Triangles, Table of. Sublinguitis [sub - ling -gwi'- lis) [sub, under; lingua, tongue; irig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the sublingual gland. Sublobular (sub-lob'- u-lar) [sub, under; lobulus, a lobule]. Situated or occurring beneath a lobule. S. Veins, the radicles of the hepatic veins, situated at the base of a cluster of lobules. Sublumbar [suh-lum' -bar) [j-wi^, under ; luiiibus, loin]. Situated under the loins. Subluxation [sub-luks-a' -shun) \_sub, under ; luxatio, luxation]. Incomplete luxation. Submalleolar [sub-mal-e' -o-lar) \sub, under ; ?italleolus, malleolus]. Under the malleoli. S. Amputation, removal of the foot at the ankle-joint. Submammary [sub-mam' -ar-e) \jub, under; mamma, breast]. Situated beneath the breast. Submarginal [sub-mar'-jin-al) \_sub, under; marge, margin]. Situated near the border or margin. Submarginate [sub-iiuir'-jin-at) \_sub, under; margo, margin]. Bordered with a mark which is slightly separated from the edge. Submaxillary [sub-maks' -il-a-re) \_sub, under; maxilla, maxilla]. Lying beneath the lower maxilla. S. Fossa. See Fossa. S. Gland. See Glands and Saliva. S. Triangle. See Triangle. Submedial [sub-me'-de-al ) \_sub, under ; medius, mid- dle]. Situated beneath or near the middle. Submembranous [sub-mem' -bra-nus) \sub, under ; me/iibrana, a membrane]. Somewhat membranous. Submental [sub-men' -tal) \_sub, under; mentum, chin]. .Situated under the chin. Submentum [sub-men' -tiim)\sub,\mAtx ; fnentum, t\it chin : pi, Submenta~\. In biology, the basal part of the labium of an insect, immediately in front of and joining the gula. Also applied to the basal part of the second maxilla. ' Submerge [sub-merj') [^?//), under ; mergere, io dip]. To immerse. To place under the surface of a liquid. Submersion (^///'-ot^t'-j////^) [.wi^, under ; mergere, to dip]. The condition of being under the surface of a liquid. Submetallic [sub-mef-al'-ik) [.(■«/^ under ; ?netallum, metal]. To a certain extent metallic. Submissio [sub-mis' -e-o) [L.]. A lowering. S. cor- dis, the systole of the heart. Submucosa [sub-mu-ko'-sah) \_sub, under; mucosus, mucous]. The layer of fibrous connective tissue that attaches the mucous membrane to the subjacent parts. Submucous [sub-mu' -kus) \_sub, under ; mucosus, mu- cous]. Situated beneath the m.ucous membrane. Submuscular [sub-mus'-ku-tar) \_sub, xmAex ; muscii- lar'\. Beneath a muscle. Subnarcotic [sub-nar-kot'-ik) {_sub, under; vapKuriKog, narcotic]. Moderately narcotic. Subnasal [sub - na'- zal) \sub, under; nasus, nose]. Situated beneath the nose. S. Point. See Crania- metric Points. Subneural [sub-7iu'-ral) \_sub, under; wiipoi', nerve]. Situated under the neuron or under a nerve. S. Gland, the homologue in the amphioxus of the hypophysis of higher vertebrates. Subnitrate (sub-ni' -trat) [.«^/', under ; niter]. A basic nitrate. Subnodal [sub-no' -dal) \sub, under; nodus, node]. Behind or under a node. Subnormal [sub-nor'-mal) \_sub,\xxiAtx ; ttorma, rule]. Below the normal. SUBNUCLEUS 1427 SUBSISTENCE Subnucleus [sub-nu'-kle-us) \jitb, under; nucleus, nu- cleus]. Any one of the subdivisions into which a group of nerve-cells is divided by the passage through it of intersecting nerve-bundles. [Spitzka.] Subnude {sub-nud') \jiih, under; nudns, naked]. In biology, almost naked or bare of leaves. Suboccipital [sub-ok-sip' -it-al) \_sub, under; occiput, occiput]. Situated beneath the occiput. S. Triangle. See Triangles, Table of. Suboccipito-bregmatic (sub-ok-sip' -it-o-breg-mat' -ik) \_sub , vcnd.-(7ot'-^V/-(7/) [^?//;, under ; pyra- mis, pyramid]. Approximately pyramidal. Subradular [sub-rad' -u-lar) [sub, under; radula, a scraper]. Situated beneath the radula. Subramose, Subramous [sub-ra'-mdz, sub-ra' -mus) [sub , \j,i\Ae.x ; ra7«z«, branch]. Slightly ramose. Subreniform [sub-ren' -if-orni) under; ren, kid- ney ; forma, form]. Shaped somewhat like a kid- ney. Subresin [sub-rez'-in) [sub, under; resina, resin]. That ingredient of a resin which is soluble in boiling alcohol, but is precipitated on cooling. Subretinal [sub-ret' -in-al) [sub, under; retina, retina]. Situated beneath the retina. Subsacral [sub-sa' -kral) [sub ,w\Aer ; sacrum,i,a.crum.'\. Situated or occurring ventrad of the sacrum. Subsalt [sub'-sazvlt). Synonym of Salt, Basic. Subscapular [sub -skap'- u-lar) [sub, under; scaptcla, the shoulder-blade]. Under the shoulder-blade. S. Artery. See Arteries, Table of S. Nerve. See Nerves, Table of. Subscapularis [sub-skap-u-la' -ris). See Muscles, Table of Subsclerotic [sub-skle-rot'-ik) [stib, under; OKkripoq, hard]. Beneath the sclerotic. Subscriptio [sub-skrip'-she-o) [subscribere, to write beneath]. That part of a prescription which contains the directions to the pharmacist, indicating how the ingredients are to be mixed and prepared. Subserous [sub-se' -rus) [sub, under ; serosus, serous]. Lying beneath a serous membrane. Subsessile [sub-ses'-il) [sub, under; sessilis, sessile]. Not quite sessile. Subsidence [sub' -sid-ens , or siib-si' -dens) [sub, under; sedere, to sit]. The gradual cessation and disappear- ance of an attack of disease. Subsigmoid [sub - sig' - moid) [sub, under; ah/fia, sigma ; eldoc, like] . Under the sigmoid cavity or flexure. S. Fossa, a fossa bounded in the median line by the attached mesentery of the sigmoid flexure, and above by the limit of the attachment of the mesentery of the descending colon. It may be seen by lifting the sigmoid flexure of the large intestine, and varies much in size in different individuals. Subsistence [sub- sis' -tens) [sub, under; sistere, to stand]. That which nourishes or gives support. Food. SUBSOIL 1428 SUBUNGUAL Subsoil {sub'-soil) [sub, under; ME., soile, soil]. The under soil. S. Water, water which has pene- trated the soil, and is found immediately above the first impervious stratum. Sxxhs'p'moViS (siib-spi' -II us) [sub , xmdtx ; spine] . 1. Situated beneath or ventrad of the spinal column. 2. Beneath a spine. Subspiral {sub-spi' -ral^ [sub, under; spira, a coil]. Somewhat spiral. Subsplenial [sub-sp/e' -iie-al) [sub, under; OTrTir/viov, a bandage]. Beneath the splenium. Substage [sub'-sidj) [sub, under; ME., s/age, a stage]. The arrangement beneath the stage of a microscope for the diaphragms, condenser, illuminator, and other accessories. Svihsta.nc& (stib' -stans) [substantia, %nhs,ia.nce~\. I. The material of which anything is composed. 2. A tissue. See Substantia. S., Adamantine. Synonym of Enanu'l. S., Alible, the portion of the chyme which is utilized for nourishing the body. S., Alimentary, an article of food. S., Basis, the intercellular or ground substance. S., Cell, cell-protoplasm. S., Central Gelatinous. Synonym of Substantia gelat- inosa. S., Contractile : I. Living protoplasm which has the property of contracting. 2. The contractile portion of a muscle-fiber. S., Cortical, the peripheral portion of an organ, situated just beneath the capsule. S., Fibrinoplastic. Synonym of Paraglobulin. S., Gelatinous. See Substantia gclatinosa. S., Ger- minal. See Gerin-plasma. S., Ground, the homo- geneous matrix or intercellular substance of a tissue in which the cellular elements and fibers are embedded. S., Hyaline. Synonym of Cytoblasteina. S., Hya- loid. Synonym of Vitreous Humor. S., Intercel- lular. See S., Ground. S., Interstitial: I. The connective tissue of an organ. 2. Achroniatin. S., Intertubular, the matrix of dentine in which the dentinal canals are placed. S., Intervertebral, the intervertebral cartilages. S., Living, protoplasm. S., Medullary: i. The part of an organ constituting its central in contradistinction to its peripheral or cor- tical portion. 2. The tissue forming the medulla, as in bone. S., Nuclear: I. See Heredity. 2. Chro- matin ; mitome. S., Parietal, the matrix of cartilage. S., Proteic. Synonym of Proteid. S., Reticular. Synonym of Formation, Reticular. S. of Schwann, White, the medullary sheath of a nerve-fiber. S., Supporting, a supporting tissue, as the neuroglia and connective tissue. Substantia {sub-stan' -she-ah) [L.]. Substance. S. adamantina dentium, the enamel of the teeth. S. cinerea, the gray matter of the nervous system. S. ferruginea. Synonym of Locus cceruleus. S. filamentosa dentium, a name given by Malpighi to the enamel of the teeth. S. fusca. See Locus niger. S. gelatinosa rolandi, a jelly-like substance found in the spinal cord near the tip of the posterior horn. S. grisea, the gray matter of the spinal cord. S. hyalina, Leydig's term for the inter-reticular portion of protoplasm. S. intermedia, the portion of the cerebellar substance situated between the cortical and the central gray matter. S. medullaris, the medullary substance of the kidney ; also, of a hair. S. nigra. See iTitercalatum. S. opaca, Leydig's term for the reticulum of protoplasm. S. ossea dentium, a name given by Malpighi to dentine. S. parenchy- matosa, parenchyma. S. perforata. .See Space, Perforated. S. primaria, the medullary portion of the central nervous system. S. propria, the true or most important tissue of an organ. S. reticularis. Synonym of Formation, Reticular. S. rolandi. Synonym of S. gelatiitosn rolandi. S. rubra [lienis). the splenic pulp. S. soemmerringi. Synonym of Locus niger. S. striata. Synonym of Enamel. S. vasculosa, the pulp of the spleen. Substantive Coloring-matter. See Pigtnents, Colors, and Dye-stuffs. Substernal {sub-ster'-nal) [sub,\mAtx ; arepvov, breast- bone]. Situated or occurring beneath the sternum. S. Tenderness, a tenderness to pressure in the lower portion of the sternum, sometimes thought to be an evidence of constitutional syphilis. Substitution (sub-stit-ze'-s/iten) [sub, under ; statuere, to place]. The replacement of one thing by another. a. In chemistry, the replacing of one or more elements or radicles in a compound by other elements or radicles. Substitution is the principal method em- ployed in examining the chemic structure of organic bodies. It is also called metalepsy. b. In medicine, the action of the unaffected hemisphere of the brain in taking up the function of the diseased opposite hemisphere. In general, the vicarious action of organs. In pharmacy, the supplying of another drug or compound instead of the one ordered or called for. Substratum [sub - stra' - turn) [sub, under; stratum, a layer]. An under layer or stratum. Substriate [sub - stri'- at) [sub, under; j/r/a, stria]. Having imperfect striae. Subsulphate {sub - sul' - fat) [sub, under; sulphur, sulphur]. A basic sulphate. S. of Iron. See Salt, MonseP s. Subsultus {sub-suF -tus) [j///;, under ; M//»r, to leap]. Any jerking or twitching. S. tendinum, involuntary twitching of the muscles, especially of the hands and feet, seen in low fevers. Subsynovial [sub-si-no'-ve-al) [sub, under; synovia, synovia]. Situated within a synovial sac. Subtegmen {sub-teg' -men^ [subtexere, to weave under]. Weft. S. fornicis, in the fornix, the layer of nerve- fibers situated beneath the superficial longitudinal bundles. Subtegumental {stdi - teg - u - i7ten'- tal ) [sub, under ; tegumentum, a cover]. Subcutaneous. Subtemporal {sub-tend -por-al ) [sub, under; tempus, temple]. Situated beneath the temporal bone or muscle or below the temple. Subtentacular («/(^-/<'«-/<7/l'-«-/(7r) [sub, under; tentacu- lum, a tentacle]. Beneath the tentacles of a crinoid. Subterranean, Subterraneous {sub-ter-a'-ne-an, sub- ter-a' -7ie-us) under ; terra, eanh'\. Situated or growing beneath the surface of the earth. Subthalamic {sub-thai' -am-ik) [sub, under ; Odhifio^, thalamus]. Situated beneath the optic thalamus. Subthoracic {sub - the - ras'- ik) [sub, under ; dupa^, thorax]. Situated below the thorax. Subtrochanteric {stdt - tro - kan - ter'- ik) [sub, under; TpoxavTTjp, trochanter]. Situated below the tro- chanter. S. Amputation, the removal of a leg by amputation just below the trochanters. Subtrochlear {sub-trok'-le-ar) [sitb, under ; rpoxi^ia, pulley]. Beneath the trochlea. Subtropical {sub-trop' -ik-al ) [sub, under ; rpoTTiKdc, of the solstice]. Pertaining to regions almost tropical in climate. Sububeres {sub - u' - ber - Iz) [sub, under; libera, the breasts]. Children at the breast. Suckling children. Subulate {sub'-u-lat) [subula, an awl]. In biology, awl -shaped. Subuliform {sub'-u-lif-on?i). Synonym of Subulate. Subumbrella {sub-um-brel'-ah) [sub, under; zanbra, shade]. In biology, the concave inner surface of the umbrella in UleduscE. Subungual, Subungial {sub-ung'-gwal, sub-ung'-ge-al) [sub, unAtr; tmguis , na.W']. Situated beneath the nail. SUBVAGINAL 1429 SUCTION Subvaginal {sub-vaf -in-al). Synonym of Infravagi- nal. Subvertebral {sub-ver' -te-bral) [jz^i^, under ; vertebra, vertebra]. Placed beneath a vertebra. Subvirile [sub-vir' -il) \sub, under; virilis, virile]. Deficient in virility. Subvola (sub-vo' -lah) \^sub, under ; vo/a, the palm of the hand]. I. The space between the second and fifth fingers. 2. See Hypothetiar. Subvolution {snb-vo-/u' -skuii) \_sitb, under ; volvere, to roll]. A method of treatment recommended by Boerne Bettmann for pterygium. The pterygium is gathered up by the twro branches of a fine forceps serrated at the extremities. A knife is passed beneath it close to the cornea and the triangular membrane is 'dissected off toward the apex. A suture, with a needle at either extremity, is passed through the apex. Both needles are introduced from above downward, thus leaving a loop of thread on the outer surface. The needles are now passed through the base from below outward, the points of puncture being the ends of parallel lines drawn from the punctures in the apex and just far enough back so that when the flap is turned upon it- self beneath the base the roll will correspond with the corneo-scleral margin. The two extremities of the suture are now firmly tied. Subzonal (sub - zo'- na/) [sub, under; C"i"?> zone]. Situated within the zona pellucida. Subzygomatic (siib-zi-go-jnat' -ik)\_si/h, \xnd.&r ; ^vyu/ja, zygoma]. Situated below the zygoma-. Succedaneum [suk-se-da' -ne-itm) \_succedere, to take the place of]. A medicine that may be substituted for another. S., Caput. See Caput. Succenturiate [suk - sen - ttt'- re - at) [succenttiriare, io receive as a substitute]. Accessory. S. Placenta. See Placenta. Succi [suk'-i] [L.]. Genitive and plural of Siiccus, q. v. Succiferous {suk-sif ■er-us') \_succus, juice ; ferre, to bear] . Producing sap. Succinamic Acid {suk-sin-atn' -ik) \succinum , amber], C^HjNOg. A crystalline monobasic acid, of pleasant acid taste. Succinamid [suk-sin'-am-id) \_sucdmim ,amhtx ; amid'\, C4HJN2O2. A substance produced by shaking succinic ester with aqueous ammonia. It is a white powder, insoluble in water and in alcohol ; it crystallizes from hot water in needles. Succinate (suk' -sin-Sf ) [siucinuni, amber]. A salt of ' succinic acid. S. of Ammonium, a salt sometimes prescribed in delirium tremens. Succinctum (suk - singk' - tuvi). Synonym of Dia- phragm. Succinic Acid {stik-sin' -ik"). See Acid. Succinimid (suk - sin' - im - id ) \succinum, amber] , CjHjNO,. A crystalline substance produced by gen- tle ignition of the anhydrid in a current of dry am- monia. It crystallizes from acetone in rhombic octa- hedra without any water ; when anhydrous, it melts at 126° C. and boils at 288° C. Succinin [suk' -sin-in) \succinum, amber], C^HjjOj. I. A daik-brown substance produced when equal parts of succinic acid and glycerin are heated together to about 230° C. 2. The insoluble portion of amber. Succinone (suk' -sin-on) \succinum, amber]. An oily liquid obtained in the dry distillation of calcium suc- cinate. It has a decided empyreumatic odor. Succinum (suk-si'-mun) [L.: gen. , Succini'\. Amber. A fossil resin found in the alluvial deposits of Central Europe. It is thought to be derived from an extinct species of pine. Its properties are due to a volatile oil which may be obtained by destructive distillation. Succini, Ol., is an antispasmodic. It has been used in hysteria, etc. Externally, it is employed as a rubefacient in rheumatic affections and in bronchitis. Dose gtt. v-x. Succise (suk-siz') \juccidere, to cut off]. In biology, appearing as if cut oft at the lower end. Succivorous (suk - siv' - 0 - rus) \_sitccus, juice ; vorare, to devour]. In biology, feeding upon plant-juices. Succuba (suk' - ji - bah) [sub, under; cuinbere, to lie: //. , Succubir\. A female demon formerly believed to consort with men in their sleep. Cf. Inctibus. Succubate (suk'-u-bat) [succubare, to lie under]. To have carnal knowledge of a man. Succubous (suk'-ii-bus) [succiimbere, to lie under]. In biology, having the basal margin of each leaf over- lapping the apex of the preceding leaf, as distinguished from inctibous. Succubus (suk'-U'bus) [L. : //. , Succubi'\. A male demon, once considered to be the counterpart of the succuba. SviCCXll&nX. (suk'-u-lent) [succus, a. ]\x\ce'\. In biology, thickened and juicy. Succursal (suk - u?-'- sal) [succtirsalis , subsidiary]. Subsidiary. S. Hospital, or Asylum, a branch pro- vincial hospital, usually for mild cases. Succus (suk' -us) [L.-.gen. and pi. Succil. Juice, as S. belladonnas, S. conii, S. hyoscyami, S. limonis, S. mori, S. scoparii, S. taraxaci, all official in the B. P. S. alterans, a proprietary remedy composed of roots and herbs and much exploited in the treatment of syphilis. It consists as follows : fluid extracts of smilax, sarsaparilla, stillingia sylvatica, and kappa minor, each 2 ounces; extract, phytolaccse decandrre 2 ounces, and tinct. xanthoxyli carolin. I ounce. Of this a dram is taken in water three times daily, gradually increasing the dose to a half-ounce. S. entericus, the intesti- nal juice, secreted by the glands that are found em- bedded in the intestinal mucosa. It is thin, opales- cent, alkaline, and has a specific gravity of lOII. Its chief function is probably to act as a diluent. It contains an amylolytic and a proteolytic ferment. S. gastricus, the gastric juice. S. spissatus, any extract prepared by evaporation of the natural juice of a plant.' Succussion (suk-ush'-un) [succutere, to shake]. The shaking of the individual from side to side for the purpose of determining the presence of fluid in a cav- ity or hollow organ of the body. S. -sound, or Splash, the peculiar splashing sound heard in hydro- pneumo-thorax or pyo-pneumo-thorax when the pa- tient's chest is slightly shaken. It is due to the com- bined presence of air and fluid in a closed cavity. It was first described by Hippocrates, and hence is also known as the Hippocratic Sound. The sound may also be obtained in the presence of a dilated stomach partly filled with fluid. Suck (silk) [siigere, to draw in]. To take nourishment, as a babe, at the breast ; to draw in with the aid of the mouth. Sucker (suk'-er) [AS., sucan, also sugere, to suck]. In biology, an organ adapted for suction ; a sprout, shoot, or haustorium. Cf. Propaguhim. Sucking (suk'-ing) [sugere, to suck]. Giving suck ; nursing ; drawing with the mouth. S. -bottle, a nursing-bottle. S. -stomach, an old and misleading term for the honey-sac of the hive-bee. , Suckle {suk' -I) [sugere, to suck]. To give suck. To nurse at the breast. Sucrose (su'-kroz). See Sacchantm. Suction (suk' -shun) [suctio, a sucking]. The act of sucking. S. of Cataract, removal, by means of a syringe, of the fragments of lens-substance after discis- sion. SUCTORIAL 1430 SUGAR Suctorial [suk - to' - re - al) \_siigere, to suck]. Suitable for bucking. Sudamen, Sudamina (su-da'-»ien, su-dam' -in-ah). See Miliaria. S. crystallina. See Miliaria crystallina . Sudaminal \sii-tla/ii' -in-al) [sudare, to sweat]. Of the nature of sudamina. Sudation {su-da' -shun) \_sudare, to sweat]. Ttie act of sweating. Sudatoria [sn-dat-o' -re-ah). See Hyperidrosis and Mili- aria. Sudatorium (su-dat-o' -re-ii/>i) \_sudor, sweat] . A room or apartment for the administration of a sweat-bath. Sudolorrhea \_siidare, to sweat; o/eu/ii, oil; po/a, a flow]. Synonym, oi £c^ema seborrhceicum. Sudor [su'-dor) [L.]. Sweat. S. anglicus. See Miliaria. S. cruentus. Synonym of Heinatidro- sis. S. nocturnus, night-sweat. S. sabulosus. Synonym of Uridrosis crystalliiia. S. sanguinosus. See Heinatidrosis. S. urinosus. See Uridrosis. Sudoral (sii' -dor-al) \_sudor, sweat]. Pertaining to sweat, or to active diaphoresis. S. Typhoid Fever, a form of typhoid fever characterized by chills, fever, and sweats, and which may be mistaken for inter- mittent fever. Sudoriferous (sii-dor-if'-er-iis) \jndor, sweat; ferre, to bear]. Sweat-bearing; sweat-producing. S. Glands. See Sweat-glands. Sudorific [stc - dor - if - ik) [_sudor, sweat; facere, to make]. I. Production of copious sweating. 2. A medicine or agent inducing profuse sweating. Sudoriparous [su-dor-ip' -ar-us') \sudor, sweat ; parere, to beget]. Producing or secreting sweat. S. Glands. See Sweat-glands. Sudorous {.«<'-^/or-2<.f) [.t«ie>itation'\. Excessive nourishment. Superambulacral [su-per-am-bu-la'-krat ) \_super, above; anibulacruni\. Above the ambulacra. Superanal [su-per-a' -nal). Same sji Supra-anal. Superbus {su-per' -bus) [L. , superb]. A term applied to the rectus oculi superior muscle, and sometimes to the levator menti, because their action gives to the face a proud and haughty expression. Supercallosal i^su-per-kal- o'-sal) [super, over; cal- losutit]. Situated above or occurring above the cal- losum. Supercalorinesis (su-per-kal-o-j'in-e'-sis) [_super, over ; calor, heat : //. , Supercalorineses\ Any disease caused by increase of the animal heat. Superciliary [su-per-siF -e-a-re) [super, above ; cilium, eyelash]. Pertaining to the eyebrow. S. Ridges, the projecting apophyses at the anterior surface of the frontal bone. Supercilium [su-per-sil' -e-um') [L.]. The eyebrow. Superconception sit - per -kon-sep'- shun). Same as Superfetation. Superdentate [su- per -den' -fat) [super, over; dens, tooth]. Having teeth only in the upper jaw. Superdistention (su-per-dis-ten' -shun) [super, above ; distendere, to distend]. Excessive distention. Superextension [su-per-eks-ten' -shun) [super, above ; extendere, to extend]. Excessive extension. Superfecundation [su-per-fe-kun-da'-shujt) [super, over; fecundus, fertile]. The fertilization of more than one ovum of the same ovulation resulting from separate acts of coitus. Superfecundity [su-per-fe-kun'-dit-e) [super, over; fecundus, fertile]. Superabundant fecundity. Superfetate [su-per-fe' -tat ) [superfcetare, to conceive anew when already pregnant]. To conceive after a prior conception. Superfetation {su-per-fe-ta' -shun) [stiperfxtatio ; super, fa:tus\ A supposed fertilization of an ovum when there is another from a previous ovulation in utero- gestation. This is now considered impossible. Superfibrination [su-per-fib-rin-a' -shun) [super, over ; fibrin, fibrin]. Excessive formation of fibrin in the blood. Superficial {su-per-fish'-al)[superficialis ; super, over; fades, face]. Confined to the surface. Not extending below the surface ; shallow. S. Reflexes. See Reflexes, Table of. Superficies [su' - per -fish - ez) [L.]. The surface or outside. Superfissure [su' - per -fish - e^-) [super, ovex; fissura. fissure]. The lines of overlapping of a supergyre. Also, the lines of junction of two supergyres meeting from opposite directions. Superflexion [su - per -fiek' -shun) [super, ovtx ; fiexio, a flexion]. Excessive flexion. Superfoliation [su-pcr-fo-le-a'-shun) [super, over; folium, leaf]. In biology, excess of leaves. Superfrontal [su-per-frun' -tal) [super, over; frons, forehead]. Superior or upper, as a fissure of the frontal lobe of the brain. Superfunctive [su-per-funk' -tiv) [super, over; functio, function]. Excessive functional activity. Supergenual [su-per-jen' -u-al) [super, aho\t ; genu, knee]. Situated above the knee. Supergyre [su' -per-fir). See SiU'gyre. Sn^sxim-posed. [su-per-iiii-pdzd') [super, ovtr; imposed'\. Placed one upon another. Superimpregnation [su-per-im-preg-na' -shun) [super, over ; impregnation'\ . The development of more than one ovule at one time, as in plural pregnancy. Superinduce [su-per-in-dus') [superinducere, to bring upon]. To bring on as a complication of a condition already existing. Superinduced [su-per-in-dust') [super, upon ; inducere, to bring in]. Superimposed. S. Segmentation. See HoDwplasis. Superinvolution [su-per-in-vo-lu' -shim) [super, over; involutere, to involute]. Hyperinvolution ; excessive rolling up. Superior [su-pe' -re-or) [comparative of superus, high]. Higher ; noting the upper of two organs or parts oc- cupying a relatively high position. In biology, applied to an ovary that is not at all adherent to the calyx. Also applied to a calyx whose tube closely adheres to the ovary, so that its limb, or spreading portion, appears to spring from the top of the latter. S. Bul- bar Palsy, ophthalmoplegia externa. S. Vermiform Process, the upper part of the median lobe of the cerebellum. It is divided into three lobes, the lobulus centralis, monticulus cerebelli, and commissura simplex. Superlactation [su-per-lak-ta' -shun) [super, over ; lac, milk]. Excess of the secretion of milk. Superligula [su-per-lig' -u-lah). See Epiglottis. Supermedial [su-per-me' -de-al) [super, over ; medius, middle]. Lying above the middle. Supernasolabialis [su-per-na-zo-la-be-a'-lis) [super, over ; nasus, nose ; labium, lip]. A muscle found in many of the lower animals, the analogue of the leva- tor labii superioris alxque nasi of man. Supernatant [su-per-7ia' -taut ) [super, over ; natans, swimming]. Floating upon the surface of a liquid. Supernidation [su-per-nid-a' -shun) [super, over ; nidus, nest]. Excessive proliferation of the menstrual decidua, resulting sometimes in membranous dysmen- orrhea. Supernumerary [su- per-nu'-7ner-a-re) [super, o\er ; numerus, a number]. More than the usual or normal number. Supernutrition [su- per-nu -trish'-un) [super, over; nutrire, to nourish]. Excessive nourishment. See Hypertrophy. Superoccipital [sti - per- ok - sip'- it- al) [super, over; occiput, occijpnt.']. Situated at or near the upper part of the occiput. Superoxidized [su-per-oks' -id-tzd) [super, ovtx ; b^vr, acid]. Having an excess of oxygen above the usual amount which satisfies the combining capacities of the other elements of a body. Superparasite [su-per-par' -as-it) [super, over ; para- site'\. In biology, a parasite of parasites. Superparasitic [su - per - par - as- it' - ik) [super, over; parasite^ Pertaining to superparasitism. SUPERPARASITISM 1434 SUPRACOMMISSURE Superparasitism {sii-per-par' -as-i-tizm] \super, over ; parasite\ The infestation of parasites by other parasites. ^ Superposed {sn-per-pdzd ') \super, over ; ponere, to place]. Stationed above anything. Superpurgation {su - per - pur - ga' - shim) \_super, over; purgation^ Over-purgation. A term applied in farriery to a diarrhea or flux from the bowels that, at times, is induced by and follovs^s the action of a physic. It is accompanied by much irritation or even inflammation of the bowels, and is always serious. Supersacral [sii - per - sa'- kral) \_s npe r, o\e.r ; sacrum, sacrum]. Situated over the sacrum. Supersalt [su' per-sawlt) [«//.?;-, over ; ME., salt, salt]. In chemistry, any salt containing an excess of acid. An acid, as distinguished from a basic salt. Supersaturate {su-per-sat' -u-rat ) \_super, over ; saiurare, to saturate]. To saturate to excess. Supersaturated [sii-per-sat^-u - rei-ted) \_super, over; saturare, to saturate]. A condition in which there is more of a substance dissolved in a liquid than would suffice to saturate it under ordinary conditions. Supersaturation [sii-per-sat-u-ra' -shun) [super, over ; saturare, to saturate]. The operation of saturating to excess. Superscapular {su-per-skap' -ti-lai-'). Same as Supra- scapular. Supersecretion {su-per-se-kre' -shuii) \_super, over ; secer- iiere, to secrete]. Excessive secretion. Supersphenoid {su-per-sfen' -oid) \_super, over; sphe- noid ~\. Situated cephalad or dorsad of the sphenoid bone. Supersquamosal (su-per-skiva-mo' -zal) [super, over; squama, scale]. A bone of the skull of ichthyosaurus, behind the postfrontal and postorbital. Supertemporal [su-per-tem' -po-ral ) [super, over ; tem- poral^. Situated high up in the temporal region. Supervenosity [su-per-ve-nos' -it-e) [super, over ; veno- sus, venous]. The condition in which the blood has become venous to a high degree. Supervention (su-per-ven' -shun) [super, over ; venire, to come]. That which is added; an extraneous, or unexpected condition added to another, as the super- vention of septicemia, or other complication in disease. Supervolute [su' -per-vo-lut) [super, above ; volvere, to roll]. In biology, that form of estivation in which the gamophyllous calyx or corolla is both plicate and twisted, as in the corollas of stramonium and morning- glory. Supination [su-pin-a' -shmi) [supinatio ; sttpinus, on the back]. The attitude of one lying upon the back ; the act of turning or lying upon the back ; the turning of the palm of the hand upward. In medicine, the condition of being supine. Supinator {szi'-pin-a-to?'). See Muscles, Table of. Supine [su'-pin) [supinus, back]. Lying on the back face upward, or palm upward. Suppage (sup'-aj) [sup, age]. A food that may be supplied. Suppedaneous {sup - ed - a'- ne - us) [suppedaneus ; sub, under; pes, foot]. Pertaining to the sole of the foot. Supple (sup' -I) [WE., souple, pliant]. Pliant, flexible. S.-back, a term applied in the neighborhood of Aber- deen to caries of the vertebrre in lambs. Supplemental (5?^/-/^-wt'«'-/'£z/ ) [supplementum\ Ad- ditional. S. Air. See S. Bags. See Anes- thetic. Support (jZif/-fr/^) [j-z/Z/orto/r, to carry]. I. The act of holding anything in its position. 2. Any appliance acting as a supporter. Supporter [sttp-or' -ter) [siipportare, to carry]. An ap- paratus intended to aid in supporting a prolapsed organ (as the uterus), or a pendulous abdomen. Supposititious (sup-oz-it-ish' -us) [suppositicius , substi- tuted]. Spurious; not genuine. S. Children, pre- tension by a woman, for purposes of extortion, of having given birth to a child. Suppositorium (su-poz-it-o' -re-um) [supponere ,\.o '^TiZt under : gen. , Suppositorii ; pi. , Suppositoria'\ . See Suppository. Suppository [sup-oz' -it-o-re) [suppositorium']. A solid medicated compound designed to be introduced into the rectum, urethra, or vagina. Its ciyisistency is such that while retaining its shape at ordinary tem- peratures it readily melts at the temperature of the body. The basis of most suppositories is oil of theo- broma. For urethral suppositories a mixture of gela- tin and glycerin is used. It is generally molded into a conic shape, but is sometimes cylindric or spheric. Suppressed [suppressus, conceaXtd]. Over- powered ; subdued. S. Breathing. See Breath- sounds. Suppression (sup-resh' -tin) [suppressio ; sub, under ; primere, to press]. A condition of being concealed or retained ; applied to the natural excreta of the body. S. of Menses, the abnormal abstention of the menses beyond their usual time of appearance. See Amenorrhea. S. of Urine, a condition due to a renal disorder with interference with the secretion of urine. Suppurant (sup'-u-rant) [siippuratio , suppuration]. I. Suppurating, or promoting suppuration. 2. An agent which promotes suppuration. Suppuration (sup - u - ra' - shun) [siippuratio ; sub, be- neath; Tzvov, pus]. The formation of pus. The pro- cess following inflammation, whereby the white blood- corpuscles or leucocytes, together with other cells, become the distinctive corpuscles of pus, and thus form an abscess. In this process microorganisms play an important role. See, also. Theories of Inf anima- tion, under Theory. Suppurative {sup' - u - ra - tiv) [suppuratio, a suppura- tion]. I. Promoting suppuration; producing pus. 2. An agent, medicine, or application that favors sup- puration. Supra- (s2t'-prah) [supra, above]. A prefix signifying upon or above. S. -acromial, situated above the acromion. S.-anal, above the anus, or above the top of the abdomen. S. -axillary, above the axilla; above the axil. Supra-auricular {su-prah-aw-rik' -u-lar). Situated or occurring above the external ear. S. Point. See Craniometric Points. Suprabranchial (su-prah-brang'-ke-al) [supra, above; hranchiic, gills]. Above the gills. Suprabuccal {su-prah-buk'-al ) [supra , ahovn ; biicca, mouth]. Above the buccal region. Supracephalic {sit-prah-sef-al'-ik) [supra, above ; kc<^- a'tirj, head]. Placed on the head. Suprachoroid {su - prah - ko' - roid ) [supra, above ; choroid]. Situated above the choroid or the choroid plexus. Supraciliary {su - prah - sil'- e - a - re). Same as Super- ciliary- Supraclavicle ( su - prah - klav' - ik-l) [supra, above ; clavis, key]. In biology, a distinct portion of the scapular arch of certain fishes (Dory, Sturgeon). Supraclavicular {su -prah - kla - vik' - u - lar) [supra, above ; clavis, collar-bone]. Above or upon the clav- icle. Supracommissure {su-prah-kom' -ish-ur)[supra, above ; commissura, commissure]. The commissure of the brain just in front of the stalk of the epiphysis. SUPRACONDYLAR 1435 SUPRASERRATUS Supracondylar {su-prah - kon' - dii - ar) \supra, above ; condyle\. Situated above the condyles. S. Fora- men, (l) the posterior condyloid foramen of the occipital bone ; (2) a constant foramen in the inner condyloid ridge of the humerus. S. Ridges, ridges on the shaft of the humerus extending upward from the condyles. Supracondyloid {su - prah - kon' - dil - oid). Same as Supracondylar. Supracostal [su-prah-kos' -tal') [supra, above; casta, rib]. Situated above a rib or above the ribs. Supradiaphragmatic (sti -prah - di - af - rag - mat'- ik) [supra, above ; diaphragm'\ . Situated above the diaphragm. Supradorsal (sii-prah-dor' -sal ) [supra, above.; dorsum, back]. Dorsal; placed dorsally. Supraesophageal [su - prah - e - so - faj'- e - al) [supra, above; o'laoipayoc, esophagus]. Situated above the gullet. Suprafoliaceous (su-prah-fo-le-a' -shus) [supra, above ; folium, leaf]. In biology, inserted upon the stem above the axil of a leaf. Suprafoliar (su-prah-fo' -le-ar) [supra, above; folium, leaf]. In biology, growing upon a leaf. Supraglottic [su-prah-glot' -ik) [supra, above; y\oTTLq, glottis]. Situated within the larynx and above the vocal bands. Suprahyoid [su-prah-hi'-oid) [supra, tihov^ ; hyoid'\. Situated above the hyoid bone. Supra-iliac [su' -prah-il ' -e-ak) [supra, ahove.; ilium, ilium]. Above or at the upper end of the ilium. Supra-ilium [su-prah-il ' -e-um) [supra, above ; ilium, ilium]. A proximal epiphysis of the sacral end of the ilium of some animals. Supra-intestinal [su-prah-in-test' -tin-al)[supra, above ; intestine~\. Above the intestine. Supralabial [su-prah-la' -be-al) [supra, above; labiuvi, lip]. Pertaining to or situated above the upper lip. Supramalleolar [su-pra-mal-e' -o-lar") [supra, above ; malleolus, malleolus]. Above the malleoli. S. Am- putation, removal of the leg at the lower portion above the malleoli. Supramammary (su-prah-mam'-ar-e) [supra, above ; mamma, breast]. Above the mammas. Supramarginal (su-prah-mar' -jin-al^ [supra, zlOQve. ; marginal '\. Bounding the Sylvian fissure on the upper side, as the supramarginal convolution. Supramaxilla {su - prah - maks - il'- ah) [supra, above ; maxilla, maxilla]. The supramaxillary bone. Supramaxillary [su-prah-maks' -il-a-re) [supra, above ; maxilla, maxilla]. Relating to the superior maxilla. Supranasal (su - pi-ah - na'- zal) [supra, above; nasus, nose]. Above the nose. S. Point. See Cranio- metric Poifiis. Supraneural (su-prah-nu'-ral) [supra, above; vevpov, nerve]. Over or above the neural axis. Supra-occipital (su-prah-ok-sip' -it-al) [stepra, above ; occiput, occipital bone]. Situated above the occipital bone ; also, the upper part of the occipital bone. Supra-orbital [su-prah-or' -bit-al ][supra ,&hove ; orbita, orbit]. Situated above the orbit of the eye. S. Arch or Ridge, tlie curved prominent margin forming the upper boundary of the orbit. S. Foramen, a fora- men at the inner third of the orbit. It transmits the supraorbital arter>', vein, and nerve. Sometimes it is incomplete, being but a notch or groove, and then is called the S. Xotch. S. Point. See Crania- metric Points. Suprapatellar ( .r?/-/ira/z-/(7A<>/'-(7r) [supra, zhov^; pa- tella, patella]. (Dver or above the patella. Suprapedal (su-prah-ped'-al) [supra, over ; pes, foot]. Above the foot. Suprapharyngeal (sie - prah - far - in'-je - al ) [supra, above; 9d/jii;^^, pharynx]. Above the pharynx. Supraplex (su'-prah-pleks) [supra, above ; plexus, plex- us] . One of the plexuses of the brain of some animals. Supraplexal (su - prah - picks' - al) [supra, above; plexus, plexus]. Pertaining to the supraplex. Suprapontile (su-prah-pon'-til) [supra, above; pojis, bridge]. Situated or occurring above the pons. Suprapromontorence (su - prah - prom - on'- to - reus) [supra, above ; promontorence']. The convex emi- nence caused by the course of the facial canal over the oval window and inferior semicircular canal above. Called, also, Petro-mastoidean Canal. Suprapubic (su - prah - pu'- bik) [supra, above ; pubis, pubis]. Situated or occurring above the pubes, as a suprapubic operation. Suprapygal (su - prah - pi' - gal) [supra, zk>o\&; pyga, rump]. Above or over the rump. Suprarectus (su-prah-rek' -tus) [supra, above ; rectus, straight]. The rectus superior muscle of the eye. Suprarenal (su - prah - re'- nal) [supra, above; ren, the kidney]. Above the kidney ; applied especially to the suprarenal capsules or bodies. S. Bodies Transverse Section of the Human Suprarenal Capsule. X 50. {From Stirling.) a. Zona glomerulosa. b. Z. fasciculata. c. Z. reticularis. d. Strands of cells of the medulla, e. Transverse section of a nerve, f. Ganglionic cells, g. Transverse section of bundles of smooth muscle, h. Transverse section of a vein. i. Capsule, j. Corte.x. k. Medulla. or Capsules, small, flattened, ductless bodies, the ad- renals, somewhat glandular in appearance, situated just above the kidneys. Their function is not known. Suprascapula (su - prah - skap/ - u - lah) [supra, over ; scapula, scapula]. A bone of the shoulder-girdle in certain fishes. Suprascapular (su-prah-skap' -u-lar) [supra, above; scapula, the shoulder-blade]. Situated above the shoulder-blade. S. Notch. See Notch. Supraseptal (su-prah-sep'-tal) [supra, zhovt; septum, septum]. Situated above a septum. Supraserratus (su - prah - ser - a' - tus) [supra, above ; serra, saw]. The serratus posticus superior muscle. SUPRASPINAL 1436 SURRA Supraspinal [su-prah-spi'-tiai) [supra, above; spina, the spine]. Situated on the spine or above its origin. Supraspinales (sie - prah - spi - na'- !ez). See Muscles, Table of. Supraspinate [su-prah-spi' -nst). See Supraspinous. Supraspinatus {sit - prah - spi - na'- tits') \_supra, above ; spina, spine]. A name given to various organs situ- ated upon tlie spine or above its origin. Supraspinous [su-prah-spi' -mis') \supra, above ; spina, spine]. Situated over tlie spinous process of a verte- bra. S. Fossa, the triangular depression above the spine of the shoulder-blade. S. Muscle. See Mus- cles, Table of. Suprastapedial [su-prah-sta-pe' -de-al) [j^/ra, above ; stapes, stapes]. Above the stapes. Suprasternal (^w-Zra/z-^/dV-'-wa/) \supra, ahov^; arep- vov, sternum]. Cephalad of the sternum. Supratemporal [sii - prah - tern' - po - ral ) \_supra, over ; tempus, time]. Over the temporal region. Suprathoracic ( su - prah - tho - ras'- ik ) \_supra, over ; dupa:-, thorax]. Above the thorax. Supratrochlear ( su-prah-trok' -le-ar ) \supra, above ; trochlea, pulley]. Situated or occurring above any trochlear part, but particularly above the trochlea of the humerus. See Trochlea. Supratympanic [su-prah-tiin-pan' -ik ) \_SHpra, over ; tyinpanum, tympanum]. Above the tympanum. Supravaginal ( su - prah - vaj' - in - al) [ supra, over ; vagina, vagina]. Above the vagina. Sura, (su'- rah) \_sura']. The calf of the leg. The promi- nence formed by the gastrocnemius muscle. Sural {su'-ral) [^suralis ; sura, calf]. Pertaining to the calf of the leg. S. Nerve, Superficial, that formed by the junction of the external cutaneous of the peroneal and the communicantes fibulares. S. Vein, one situ- ated just beneath the skin of the calf ; it opens into the popliteal vein. Suralimentation {sur-al-im-en-ta' -shun) \super, over ; alimentation']. The method of forced feeding or over-alimentation sometimes employed in pulmonary tuberculosis and other diseases. Suranal (siir-a'-nal^. Same as Supra-anal. Surcingle (wr'-w'w-^/ ) \^super, over; cingulum,2L\)t^i\. The tail, or narrow end, of the corpus striatum. Surculigerous (siir-ku-lij'-er-us) \_surculus, a sucker ; gerere, to bear]. Producing a sucker. Surculose, Surculous [sur' -ku-loz, sur'-ku-lus) [surcit- lus, a sucker]. Producing suckers. Surculus {sitr' -ku-lus) [L., a twig, shoot: pi., Surciili\ In biology, a sucker. Surcurrent [sur-kur'-ent) \_sub,xmAtr ; currere, to run]. In biology, denoting a leafy expansion running up the stem. Surditas ( sur'- dit - as). Synonym of Deafness. S. verbalis. See Aphasia. Surdity [siir'-dit-e). See Deaf less. Surdomute {siir'-do-inut) [^siirdus , de.a.i ; mutus,mvXe:'\. A deaf and dumb person. Surdomutitas (sur-do-inu' -tit-as) [surdus, deaf ; ?nutus, mute]. Deaf muteness ; deaf-mutism. Surdus (sur'-dus). See Deaf. Suren (su'-ren) [Ger.]. The old German name for the pustules of scabies ; later Sarcoptes were named Suren, which was finally Latinized by Hildegard and others into siirones, suriones. Surface (sur'-fds) \¥r., surface']. I. The exterior of a body. 2. The face or faces of a body ; a term fre- quently used in anatomy in the description of bones. S. -wells, those which obtain their supply from the subsoil water. Surfeit [sur' -fit) [Fr. , surfait, excessive]. A sense of fulness approaching nausea, arising from excess in eating or drinking. More than enough. Surgeon {sur'-jun) [ME., sourgeon, surgeon]. One who practises surgery. See Chirurgeon. S.s' Agario. See Agaricus. S. -apothecary, in England, one who is licensed to practise by the Royal College of Surgeons and by the Apotliecaries' Society. S.- aurist, an otologist. S. -dentist, a dentist who prac- tises the surgical as well as the mechanical parts of his profession. S. -general, the title of certain surgeons of high rank, chiefly in the military and naval services. S. -generalship, the oftice of a surgeon-general. S.-ship, the office of a surgeon. S., Veterinary, one who treats diseases of the domestic animals. Surgeoncy {sur'-jun - se) \_'it\'E.. , sourgeon, surgeon]. The office of surgeon, military or naval. Surgery {sur'-jer-e) [ME., sitrgerie, surgery]. See Chirurgery. Formerly that branch of medicine con- cerned with manual operations under the direction of the physician. The scope of the word is now widened, and is so bound up with general medicine that a strict and succinct definition is impossible. In- strumental and manual operative work is still the chief idea, and, so far as it is related to diseases com- monly or possibly requiring operative procedure, sur- gery usually includes the treatment of systemic abnor- malities. The term, as limited to a special branch of medical science, as obstetric, gynecologic, aural, ophthalmic, etc., is growing into disuse, while, at the same time, the division of these specialties has nar- rowed the field of work of surgery as now commonly understood. The surgeon has recouped himself by the inclusion in his department of many subjects not strictly requiring operative treatment, such as inflam- mation, fever, microbiology, syphilis, etc., etc. S., Antiseptic, the application of antiseptic methods in the treatment of wounds. S., Conservative, meas- ures directed to the preservation rather than to the removal of a part. S., Military, that pertaining to gunshot wounds and other injuries peculiar to military life. S., Minor, includes the lesser surgical opera- tions, bandaging, the making and application of splints, dressings and sutures, counter-irritation, cauterization, blood-letting, vaccination, etc. S., Operative, refers to the performance of operations. S., Orthopedic, the remedy of deformities by manual and instrumental measures. S., Plastic, repair of absent or defective tissue by transference of tissue from another part or person. See Transplantation, Autoplasty, Rhino- plasty, etc. S., Railway, deals with injuries received on railways. S., Veterinary, the surgery of domestic animals. SnTgic3.\ {sur' -jik-al) \_WE., surgeii e,s,urgery'\. Pertain- ing to surgery. S. Fever, iiee Traumatic Feiier. S. Insanity. See Insanity, Confiisional. S. Kidney, suppurative disease of the kidney. S. Knot. See Knot. S. Sore-throat, sore-throat due to the absorp- tion of septic matters in hospitals ; it sometimes at- tacks interne surgeons and nurses. S. Tuberculosis, tuberculous disease that may be reached by operative treatment, e.g., that involving glands, joints, bone, and the like. Surprise (sur-prtz') [ME., surprisett, to surprise]. To strike with sudden astonishment ; to come upon sud- denly. S. Bath. See Bath. S., Cerebral, instan- taneous and temporary stupor caused by mental shock or by a sudden lesion of the brain. Surra, or Surrah Disease {soor'-rah) [native name in India]. The name given by English army veterinary surgeons to an epizootic pernicious anemia in horses, mules, and camels, associated with the presence of an infusorian {Trypanosoma evansi, Balbiani). It has at SURROGATE 1437 SUTURE times incapacitated the English cavalry service in India, killing 50 per cent, of the horses. See Para- sites [Atiiiiial) , Table of. Surrogate [sur'-o-gat) \_siin-ogatiis, ?,VLhi\.\iwXeA']. Any medicine or ingredient used as a substitute for another and more expensive ingredient, or one to which there is a special objection in any particular case. Sursumduction (siir' -suin-duk' -shtui) \sm-siim, upon ; diicere, to lead]. The power of the two eyes of fusing two images when one eye has a prism vertically be- fore it. Survival (i-«;'-67''-7'(2/) [iw/cr, over ; z'z'w;r, to live]. In biology, the persistence of an individual or race, after the general extinction of related forms. S. of the Fittest. See Selection, xYatnral, and Evolution. Susceptible {sns-sep^-tib-l) \_suscipere, to undertake]. Sensitive to an influence. In pathology, liable to be- come affected with a disease. Suspended (^«J-/t'K'-,^c•^^' ) [jz/jr/^wrtov, to hang up]. I. Hanging ; applied to an ovule hanging from the ovarian wall, or a seed from the summit of a cell. 2. Inter- rupted. S. Animation, a term sometimes applied to the temporary cessation of the vital functions. It may be due to asphyxia, to syncope, or to the trance-like condition that closely simulates death, in which the patient may remain for some hours or even days. S. Matter, undissolved particles diffused throughout a liquid. Suspension (szcs- pen'- shun) \_suspensio ; sub, under; pendere, to hang]. The act or condition of hanging, as applied to an organ or part. Also, a mode of treatment of certain diseases, especially tabes dorsalis, in which the patient is so placed that the whole weight of the body hangs upon the neck, the head being supported at the chin and the occiput. The stretching of the spinal cord sometimes removes the morbid process in a manner at present not well under- stood ; also, that condition of a finely divided solid in which it is held undissolved in a liquid. S. -treat- ment. See under Suspensioji. Suspensor (sns-pen'-so?') \sicspendere, to suspend]. In biology, a term applied to the chain of cells formed by division of the germ cell in the embryo-sac previous to the formation of the embryo. A Sitspensorium. See Pro-etnbryo. Suspensorium [siis-pen-so' -re-wn) \jitb, under ; pen- dere, to hang]. That upon which anything hangs for support. S. hepatis, the suspensory ligament of the liver. S. testis, the cremaster muscle. S. vesicae, the superior false ligament of the urinary bladder. Suspensory [stispen' -so-re) \jub, under ; pendere, to hang] . Designed or useful for suspension. Suspend- ing. S. Bandage, a supporting bandage for the scrotum. S. Ligament. See Ligament and Zona ciliaris. S. Ligament of the Lens. Zonula of Zinn. S. Triangle. See Triangle. Suspiral (sus'pir-al) [suspirare, to breathe out]. A breathing-hole. Suspiration {sus-pi-ra' -shun) ^suspiratio^. A sigh, q. the act of sighing. , Suspirious (sns-pi' -re-iis) \_suspiriosns'\. Characterized by sighing. Suspirium {sus-pi'-re-iim) [L.: pi, Suspiria'\. A sigh. Sustentacular [sus-ten-tak' -u-lar) \_sustentaculum, sus- tentare, to support]. Pertaining to or serving as a sustentaculum. S. Cells, a name given to certain supporting cells in the testicle. S. Tissue, support- ing tissue. Sustentaculum {sus - ten - tak' - u - lum) \_sustentare, to support]. A support. S. lienis, the suspensory ligament of the spleen. S. tali, a process of the OS calcis supporting the astragalus. Susurration ( sus - u - ra'- shun ) \^5usurratio'\ . A mur- mur, or susurrus. Susurrus {su-su' -rus)\\^.\ A softmurmurin aneurysm, cardiac diseases, contracting muscle, etc. S. aurium. See Tinnitus aurium . Sutela (.w-/t''-/<;//) [L.]. To sew. 'S,^^ Suture. Siitiighin's Method. A method of dressing the umbilical cord. The navel, funis, and stump are pow- dered with pure gypsum, and the cord is wrapped in hygroscopic cotton-wool sprinkled with the same powder. The dressing is changed twice daily. The cord in a short time becomes mummified. Sutura (su-tu' -rah) [L.]. See Suture. Sutural [su'-tic-ral) \_sutura, suture]. Pertaining to or having the nature of a suture. Suture [su'-ttir) \_sutura, suture], i. A line of joining or closure; a seam, raphe. 2. A stitch used in clos- ing the lips of a wound. S., Antiseptic, the material used has been made aseptic by boiling, or by some other germicidal measure. S., Appolito's, a con- tinued Gely's suture. S. of Apposition, a super- ficial suture, including only the skin, and employed to secure accurate apposition of the margins of the latter. S. of Approximation, one which is passed deeply through the lips of a wound to secure apposition of the deeper tissues. S., Base-ball, a continuous suture all around the wound. It has been employed in complete division of the intestine. S., Beclard's, a modification of S., Berfrandi' s. The needle is threaded with a white and a colored thread ; in withdrawing the suture the white thread is withdrawn from one end and the colored thread from the other. S., Bell's [B.), a modification of the glovers' suture, in which the needle is passed from within out alternately on the two sides of the wound. S., Bertrandi's, d points passes; a continuous suture passed through and through, back and forth. S., Bishop's, an interrupted in- testinal suture introduced on the mucous surface of the bowel, and the knots tied alternately on each side of the wound. S., Bouisson's {intestinal), five pins are passed in and out on each side of the wound, which is closed by drawing the pins together by sutures introduced in the intervals. S., Bozeman's, or Bozeman's Button. See S., Button. S., Breidenbach's, Lembert sutures tied in the lumen of the bowel. S., Buried, a suture employed to ap- proximate structures in the depths of wounds, the superficial tissues being brought together over them. Buried sutures are completely covered by skin, and do not involve this structure at all. S., Button, the use of button-like discs to prevent the thread from cutting through the tissues and to bring large masses in better apposition. S., Catgut, a suture in which the material employed is catgut. S., Circular, one that is applied to the entire circumference of a divided organ, as the intestine. S., Circumvoluted. See S., Twisted. S., Clamp, the shotted suture of Sims. S., Clavate. See 5., Quilled. S. of Coaptation. See S. of Apposition. S., Cobblers', a suture made by arming a needle with two threads. S., Compound. See S., Quilled. S., Connell's, one for uniting intestine after circular resection. About half the lumen of the bowel is united by stitching through all the coats of both ends, from the mucous surface, back and forth. The remaining portion is closed by con- tinuous sutures, which are passed parallel with the margins of the wound and carried across the latter. S., Continued, or Glovers', one composed of a number of interrupted sutures, which are not cut apart. S., Cranial, the line of union of two or more cranial bones. There are three sets of cranial sutures: those at the base of the skull, those at the SUTURE 1440 SUTURE side, and those at the vertex. These are as follows : S. , Basilar, the junction between the basilar surface of the occipital bone and the posterior surface of the body of the sphenoid. S., Coronal (fronto-parietal) , the union of the frontal with the parietal bones trans- versely across the vertex of the skull. Jf. , Dentate, an irregular tooth-suture, as between the parietal bones. S., Etiiinoido-frontal, the union between the frontal and ethmoid bones. S. , Ethino-lacrymal, the union between the lacrymal and ethmoid bones. ^. , Ethmo- sphenoid, the union between the sphenoid and ethmoid bones. S., Ealse, any suture in which there is inter- locking of the bones without serration. S., Frontal, a suture which at birth joins the two frontal bones from the vertex to the root of the nose. The bones afterward become one by its obliteration. S., Pronto- malar, the union between the malar and frontal bones. S. , Fronto-inaxillary, the union between the superior maxillary and frontal bones. S., Fronto-nasal, the union between the nasal and frontal bones. S., Fronto- parietal. See Coronal Suture. S., Fronto-sphenoid, the union between the ake of the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. S., Fronto-tcinporal, the union be- tween the frontal and temporal bones. S., Infra- orbital, a suture sometimes found in the line of the infra-orbital canal. S., Inter/na.xillary, the union be- tween the superior maxillary bones. S., Internasal, the union between the nasal bones. S., Interparietal. See S., Sagittal. S., Jiigal. See S., Sagittal. S., Lainbdoid, the union between the two superior borders of the occipital bone and the parietal bones. S., Lepidoid. See S. , Squanw-parietal. S. , Longitud- inal. See S., Sagittal. S., JMasto-occipital. See S. , Occipito- mastoid. S. , Masto-parietal. See S. , Parieto-mastoid. S. , Maxillo-lacrymal, the union be- tween the lacrymal and superior maxillary bones. S. , Maxillo-preinaxillary , the union of the premaxillary portion of the superior maxillary with the rest of the bone. S., Medio-frontal. See S., Frontal. S., Metopic. See S. , Frontal. S. , Naso-tnaxillary, the union between the superior maxillary and nasal bones. S., Netirocentral, the cartilages between the bodies of the dorsal vertebrae, posterior to the points of articulation of the ribs with the main portion. S., Oceipilal. See S., Lambdoid. S., Occipito-tnastoid, the union between the mastoid portion of the temporal bone and the occipital bone. S. , Occipito-parietal . See S., Lambdoid. S., Palatine, the union between the palate bones. S.. Palatine, Tratisverse,'Ca^ yxmon between the superior maxilla and the palatine processes of the palate bone. S., Parieto-mastoid , the union between the mastoid portion of the temporal bone and the parietal bone. S., Petro-oecipital , the union be- tween the occipital bone and the petrous portion of the temporal. 5. , Petro-sphenoid, the union between the ala magna of the sphenoid bone and the petrous portion of the temporal. S., Sagittal, the union be- tween the medial margins of the parietal bones. S., Sealy. See 6". , Sqiiamo-parietal. S. , Serrated, a suture in which the interlocking indentations and projec- tions are finer than those of a dentate suture. S., Spheno-malar , the union between the malar bone and the ala magna of the sphenoid. S. , Spheno-parietal, the union between the ala magna of the sphenoid bone and the parietal bone. .S". , Spheno-petrosal. See S., Petro-sphenoid. S., Spheno - squamous. -See S., Sqnamo-sphenoid . S., Spheno-temporal, the union be- tween the temporal bones and the sphenoid. S. , Sqtiamo-parietal, S. , Squamosal, the union between the squamous portion of the temporal bone and the parietal bone. S., Sqnamo-sphenoid, the union be- tween the great wing of the sphenoid and the squamous portion of the temporal bone. .S". , Squajnous. See S., Squamo-parietal. S., Temporo-oecipital. See 6". , Oceipito-mastoid. S., Temporo-parietal , the union be- tween the parietal and temporal bones, made up of the parieto-mastoid and squamosal sutures. S. , Trans- verse (frontal). See 5. , Coronal. S. , True, a. union between bones by the interlocking of projections and indentations. S., Zygomatie, a union between the temporal bone and the zygomatic process of the superior maxilla. S., Cushing's Right - angled Continuous Intestinal, the needle is introduced parallel with the wound on the serous surface and carried back and forth across the wound in this way. S., Czerny's [intestinal), the needle is passed from the serous surface through the wound, down to, but not including, the mucous membrane, and through the wound on the opposite side and out on the serous sur- face. S., Czerny-Lembert, the application of Lem- bert sutures after the Czerny sutures are in place. S., Deep. See S. , Buried. S., Distance, a suture used in uniting tendons, nerves, etc. S., Dry, adhesive- plaster strips are applied to the lips of the wound, and these are drawn together by suturing the selvaged edge of the strips. S., Duplay's Tendon. Set S. ,Tillaux and Duplay's. S., Dupuytren's, a continued Lem- bert suture. See Illustration. S., Duverger's, a sut- ure of the intestine in which the trachea of a calf is used as the basis of support. S., Emmert's, a suture for intestinal wounds. It consists of a series of double Lembert sutures. See Illustration. S., Furriers'. See S., Glovers\ S., Gaillard's, a suture for entropion. A threaded needle is passed in the lid near its free margin and at the junction of its middle and outer thirds and brought out about a thumb's breadth from the margin ; the other end of the thread is passed par- allel to and near the first, and the ends are tied over a roll of lint. A similar suture is passed at the junction of the middle and inner third.s. S., Garengeot's, the glovers' suture of the intestine, in which the stitches are placed farther apart than usual. S. for Gastrostomy, a suture is made to surround the proposed opening in the stomach, with loops left at convenient intervals. By means of a needle supplied with a hook these loops are drawn through the abdominal wall around the incision, and quills introduced through the loops, after which the suture is drawn tight. This approximates the stomach firmly to the abdominal wall. See Illustration. S., Gely's, an intestinal suture applied by a thread with a needle at each end. The wound is closed by a series of cross-stitches. See Illustration. S., Glovers', a continued suture in which the needle is passed through the loop of the preceding stitch each time. S., Gus- senbauer's, a figure-of-8 suture for the intestine, in- tended to accomplish the same result as the Czerny- Lembert suture. S., Halstead's, a plain quilt-suture, a modification of Lembert's suture. See Illustration. S., Hare-lip, or Twisted, the edges of the wound are transfixed with pins and approximation secured by twisting or wrapping the ends of the pins with thread. See Illustration. S., Harris's, a suture for intestinal wounds. The mucous membrane of the distal end is denuded with a curet for one or two lines and the upper end invaginated, and sutures passed. S., Horse-hair, the strong hairs of the mane or tail of the horse, prepared as sutures. S., Implanted, hare-lip pins are passed through the skin on each side of the wound and parallel with it, which is then approximated by twisting thread around the ex- posed extremities of the pins. S., India-rubber, the same as S., Tim'sted, except that small rubber rings are used instead of string. S., Interrupted, a series of sutures passed through the margins of SUTURE 1441 SUZANNE'S GLAND the wound, and each of which is knotted. See Illustration. S., Jobert's, a suture for intestinal wounds. This author has described three different forms of suture, which have been called after his name. See Illustration. S., Knotted. See S. , Interrupted. S., Lace, a suture in which a small curved needle is repeatedly introduced around the wound, forming a continuous suture encircling the defi- ciency (fistula). S., Lapeyronie's, a modification of S., Falfyn's, the thread being passed through the mes- entery. S., Lead-plate, a suture the ends of which are attached on either side of the wound to lead-plates. S., Le Dentu's [teiidoji). See Illustration . S., Ledran's, intestinal sutures passed through the wound one-fourth inch apart ; the threads are tied separately on each side, forming two bundles. S., Le Fort's (tendon). See Illustration. S., Lembert's, an in- testinal suture in which the needle is passed trans- versely to the wound through the peritoneal and mus- cular coats and out again on one side of the wound, and then carried across the wound and made to pene- trate the two outer coats as before. See Illustration. S., Littre's, in cases of gangrene of the intestine, the inferior end is obliterated by ligation and the upper end is attached to the inguinal ring to form an artificial anus. S., Loffler's, a suture for intestinal wounds. Interrupted metallic sutures are crossed once and attached to tlie abdominal wound. S., Loop. See 6'., Interrupted. S., Mansell's, a suture for complete transverse section of the intestine. The two ends are drawn through a longitudinal slit made for the purpose in one end, and the two sections accurately united by interrupted sutures ; the invaginated portion is with- drawn, and the longitudinal slit closed. S., Mattress, a continuous suture which is made back and forth through both Hps of the wound. S., Metallic-plate. See S., Button. S., Nerve, a suture of fine thread or catgut uniting the divided ends of a nerve. S., Noose. See S., Interrupted. S., Palfyn's, a loop of thread is passed through the intestinal wound, and the ends of which are then secured to the integument. S., Pancoast's. S., Tongue atul Groove. S., Pe- tit's, a suture for intestinal wounds. As many stitches as are required are passed three lines apart, the ends on each side are tied together and then twisted into two bundles. S., Pin. See S., Hare-lip. S., Plastic, a suture devised by J. Pancoast, and used by him for superficial wounds, the extent of the approximated surfaces being enlarged to increase the chance of union. The cut surface of one lip of the wound is beveled to fit into a groove in the other lip. The thread is car- ried from without inward, first through the outer lip of the groove ; then, the beveled lip, and then the deep lip of the groove ; then forming a loop on the deep surface of this lip, it is carried again through the same struc- tures in inverse order and at a different place. The free ends are tied over a little roll of adhesive plaster placed on the skin-surface of the grooved lip. S., Primary, one that is used to effect immediate closure of the wound. S., Primo-secondary, the insertion of sutures at the time of operation, then tamponing the wound. The tampon is removed in from 12 to 48 hours and the sutures tied. S., Quilled, a doubled thread is passed and tied over quills or a soft catheter ; usually employed as sutures of relaxation. See Illustration. S., Quilt, one similar to .S., Mattress. S., Ramdohr, invagination of the upper portion of the intestine into the lower, followed by suture. S., Rat-tail, a material obtained from the rat's tail. S. of Relaxation, one that is introduced some distance from the wound-mar- gin, carried through its depths, and made to emerge at some distance on the opposite side. The intention is to 91 relieve the tension of the wound-sutures. S., Relief. 'Ae.e. S. of Relaxation. S., Reybard, the employment of thin, oval plates of deal carrying threaded sutures, to unite the divided intestine. S., Richter's, a suture for intestinal wounds. Interrupted metallic sutures that are twisted and brought out of the ex- ternal wound. S., Rigal's. See S., India Rub- ber. S., Ritisch's, a suture for intestinal anas- tomosis. The suture is passed through the bowel and lumen from side to side, the ends twisted, and brought out of the external wound. S., Robin- son's, a suture for uniting the ends of a divided intestine. A rubber tube is inserted in the proximal end and the mucous membrane is denuded for one-half inch to receive the proximal end. A row of sutures is introduced around the circumference. S., Royal. See Royal. S., Sabatier's, the employment of a piece of playing-card saturated with turpentine for the ap- proximation of intestinal wounds. S., Sailors'. See S., Reef. S., Sanger's, in the Cesarean opera- tion the insertion of 8 or 10 deep sutures of silver wire through the uterine incision, followed by 20 or more superficial sutures through the peri- toneum. S., Secondary, one that is introduced at a period subsequent to the operation, as in cases in which the wound has been tamponed. S., Sero- serous, one that brings two serous surfaces together. S., Shotted, both ends of the suture are passed through a perforated shot, which is then tightly com- pressed. S., Silk-worm Gut, a suture-material prepared from the "silk-guts" of the silk-worm. S., Simon's, a suture for lacerated perineum involv- ing the sphincter ani, in which the rectal mucous mem- brane, the vaginal mucous membrane, and the skin are sutured separately. S., Sims'. See S., Clamp. S., Spiral. See S., Glovers'. S., Spiroidal, a con- tinuous spiral intestinal suture. S., Staple, a sharpened wire, bent like a staple, is passed through both lips of the wound and secured. S., Subcuticu- lar, a buried, continuous suture in which the needle is passed horizontally into the true skin back and forth until the whole wound is closed. S., Sunk. See S., Buried. S., Superficial, one which includes the skin only. S. of Support. See S. of Relaxation. S., Symperitoneal, a sero-serous suture of the peri- toneum. S., Taylors', the cobbler-stitch used to bring together the flaps after amputation of the cervix uteri. S. Tendon. See .S". , Le DentiC s, Le fort's, and Wolfier' s. S., Tobacco-bag. See Purse-string Operation. S., Tongue and Groove, one margin of the wound is beveled on each side and a V-shaped section is taken from the thickness of the other flap along its free margin, longitudinally, to receive the first. This gives a greater extent of raw surface in apposition. See Illustration. S., Triangular {of Simoti), a suture for laceration of the perineum through the sphincter ani ; the skin, vaginal mucous membrane, and rectal mucous membrane are separ- ately stitched. S., Twisted. See S., Hare-lip. S., Uninterrupted. See .S". , Continuous. S., Utero-parietal, suturing of the uterus to the inner surface of the abdominal incision after Cesarean sec- tion. S., Viscero-parietal, a suture used in the operation of stitching a wounded organ to the abdo- minal incision. S., Wolfler's, an interrupted intes- tinal suture in which the knots of the stitches in the mucous membrane are tied in the lumen of the bowel in three-fourths of the circumference, and on the out- side in the remaining portion. The serous surfaces are then united by Lembert sutures. S., Wolfler's (tendon'). See Illustration. Suzanne's Gland. A pea-sized glandular body found SVAPNIA 1442 SWEDISH near the alveolo-lingual sulcus of the mouth close to the median line. It is distinct from (he sublingual gland. Svapnia [svap' -ne-a/i). Denarcotized opium. Swab (swo/>) [MD., S7vi76/)ei-, splash.^. A piece of cloth or sponge upon the end of a stick, used in feeding the sick, making applications to the throat, cleansing the mouth and teeth, etc. S. -stick, a rod or shaft, one extremity of which is to be wound with cotton. Swaddle [swod'-l) [ME., s-vathilen, to swaddle]. To swathe ; to wrap in cloths, as a new-born child. Swaddling [swod'-ling) [ME., nvadling\. The act of wrapping in a swaddle. S. -cloth, S. -clout, a cloth wrapped about a new-bom child. Swallow (raW-o) [ME., s'voloioeii , to swallow]. I. To take into the stomach through the throat. The cavity of the throat and gullet ; the esophagus. 2. A fissirostral oscine passerine bird, of the genus //z>««a'ci. S.'s-nest, the nidus hiriindinis : a deep fossa of the cerebellum between the commissure of the flocculus and uvula. S. -tails, notches on the teeth of a horse. Swallowing (swoU -o-ing) [ME., j-zWoTt/^w, to swallow]. Taking into the stomach thi-ough the throat and esophagus. Swamp {swo?iip) [origin obscure]. A piece of low, wet, marshy land. S. -apple, a parasitic growth found on swamp-azalea. S. -dogwood : I. Button- bush. 2. A plant allied to Coniiis fiorida ; Cor?tns sericea. S. -fever, a malarial fever. S.-itch. Same as Army Itch. S. -laurel, Kalinia glauca. S. -milk- weed, Asclepias incaniata. S.-pine, Piuus australis ; broom-pine. S. -sassafras, magnolia. S. Yellow- fever. See Hema/uria , Ma /aria/. Swan Alley Sore. Synonym of Chancre, Phagedenic . Swarm [ME., swarm, a swarm]. A cluster of insects, as bees. S.-cell. See Zoospore. S. -spore. See Zoospore. Swarming [ME., swarmen, to swarm]. I. Moving in a swarm. 2. Breeding multitudes. A form of endogenous cell-formation noted in certain algae (^Coii- ferTacea, Desmidiaceai). Swarthiness [swawr'-thc-nes) [ME., sivarty'\. The state of being swarthy. Swarthy (swawr' -the) \)AY,., ST.varthy~\. Dark; tawny. Swartzia (szmwrt'-se-ah). See Panococco. Sweat (swet) [ME., swette, sweat]. The secretion of the sudoriferous glands. It consists of a transparent and normally colorless, aqueous fluid, holding in solu tion neutral fats, volatile fatty acids, cholesterin, traces of albumin and urea, free lactic acid, sodium lactate, sodium and potassium chlorids, and traces of Chromidrosis. S., Critical, the profuse perspiration which occurs at the crisis of a febrile disease. S., Dia- phoretic. See S., Cold. S. -eczema, eczema sebor- Section of Part of Coil of a Sweat-gland. D. Duct. S. Secretory part. X 300. (From Stirling.) alkaline phosphates. S., Bloody, purpura affecting the sweat-glands. .See He?natidrosis. S., Blue, perspi- ration which has a blue color ; it is thought by some to be due to oxidation of the colorless indican secreted in the sweat. S., Cold, perspiration accompanied by coldness of the surface of the body. S., Colored. .See rhoicum. S. -glands, the smal bodies situated lobular, reddish in the true skin and subcutan- eous areolar tis- sue. Each con- sists of a con- V o 1 u t e d tube from which the excretory duct passes outward through the skin. In its pas sage through the epidermis the duct is more or less spiral. S . , Green, sweat having a bluish or green- -7 Transverse Sec- T I o N OF the Secretory Part of a Sweat - gland FROM THE Ax- illa. Magnific. a. Nuclei of iinstri- ated muscle. (From Stirling.) Sweat-glands from the Palm of THE Hand X 20. I. Horny layer of epidermis 2. Rete mucosum. 3. Papillary layer. 4. Der- ma, or true skin. 5. Subcutaneous cellular tissue. 6, 8, 9. Sudoriparous, or sweat-glands. ish color, seen mainly in copper- workers, and due to copper taken into the system by the inhalation of particles or fumes, or with food and drink (Crocker). S. -house, a room or inclosure furnished with appara- tus for subjecting the occupant to the sudorific effects of steam ; achicolum. S., Night, drenching perspira- tion occurring at night or whenever the patient sleeps, as in the course of pulmonary tuberculosis. S., Phos- phorescent, a very rare peculiarity of the sweat, in which it becomes phosphorescent ; it has been ob- served in some cases of miliaria and after eating phos- phorescent fi.sh. The phosphorescence is thought to be due to bacilli {Crocker). S., Red, a peculiar, red perspiration noted in the axila; and genital region, and due to microorganisms which have developed in the hairs of these warm, moist parts. Sweating (szcet'-ing) [ME., swette, sweat]. The excretion of the contents of the sudoriferous glands in sensible quantities. S. Fever, or S. Sickness. See Miliaria and Fcvi-r, Miliary. S., Morbid, hyperidrosis. S., Unilateral, sweating on one side of the body, due usually to disease of the nervous system and often to the pressure of thoracic growths upon the sympathetic. Swedish [sii'e'-dish) [D., Zweedsch, Swedish]. Pertain- ing to -Sweden. S. Green. Same as Rininann's Green. S. Movements, certain scientific movements intended to exercise and develop the human body. They were originated by Ling, a Swede, in the early jiart of the nineteenth century. Passive movements are such as are applied to the patient without his assist- ance ; active movements are performed by the patient; SWEENY 1443 SYCOSIS conce/itric inoveinents are performed by the patient, while the operator or some other power resists ; ex- centric movc-Dti-nts are performed by some power out- side of the patient while he resists. S. System. See Ling' s Sys/ein. Sweeny [s7i)e'-ne) [origin obscure]. A wasting, or shrinkage, of the shoulder-muscles of the horse, generally due to some lameness of the foot or fore- leg ; it is also called sivinney. Sweet (j-Tc?/) [ME., swele, sweet]. A quality of taste of whicli sugar and honey furnish examples. S.- bread, the true sweet-bread, regarded by gourmets as a great delicacy, is the thymus gland of the calf, found occasionally persistent, but as a rule only present in the fetus and young calf, at the ventral side of the trachea, partly without and jsartly within the chest, between the layers of the anterior mediastinum, ft is elongated, of a grayish-white color, and lobulated on its surface. It is com- monly known amongst butchers as the " throat- bread." The pancreas is vulgarly termed the *' gut-bread" or " belly sweet-bread," and is the article which would be supplied in the great majority of cases by butchers asked for the sweet- bread. See Pancreas. S. Centaury. See Cacalia. S.-b., Chest, the thymus gland. S. Cicely, the root of Osmorriiiza longistylis. An aromatic stomachic, carminative, and expectorant. \ Dose of the fid. e.xt. ,^j-ij. Unof. S. Fern, \ the leaves and tops of Co/nptonia aspleni folia. It is astringent, carminative, and alterative. Dose of the fid. ext. ^^ss-ij. Unof. S. Flag. ^ See Calamus. S. Gale, the bark o{ Myrica gale. Astringent and stimulant. Dose of the fld. ext. TTLv-3 ss. Unof. S. Gum, the bark of Liquidainbar styraciflita. Tonic and astringent. A popular domes- tic remedy in diarrhea. Dose of the fid. ext. ^ss-j. The balsam exuding from the tree is much used as a corrigent of fetid breath. Unof. S. Niter, sweet spirit of niter, spiritus setheris nitrosi. S.-oil. See Olivte, Oleum. S. -scented Water-lily. See Ajv;/- phcea odorata. S. Shrub. See Calycant/ins. S. Su- mach. See Rki/s aromatica. S. Wine. See IVincs. Swell [swel) [ME., s-nellen, to swell]. To grow in bulk; to puff out. S. -bodies {Sc/i-uiellkdrper),Z-acV- erkandl's term for the venous plexuses found over the turbinated bodies. Swelled (s7veld) [ME., swellen, to swell]. Swollen. S. Head. Synonym of Actinojiiycosis. Swelling (s-oel'-ing ) [ME. , jzw/Zw, to swell]. Any morbid enlargement, inflation, tumor, or protuber- ance. S., Albuminous, cloudy swelling. S., Blen- norrhagic (of the knee), the enlargement of the knee which occurs in gonorrheal synovitis. S., Cloudy, a swelling of cells due to disturbed nutrition (Vir- chow ). S., Glassy, amyloid degeneration. S., Lacteal, a swelling of the breast due to obstruction of the lacteal ducts. S., White, a disease of the bones which causes them to dilate as if distended by pressure from within. A tumor, usually of the wrist or ankle, due to caries ; hydrarthrosis. Swertia (s'ver' -te-ah]. See Chirata . Swim-bladder, or Swimming-bladder. See Pneu- matophore. Swimmeret (s7uim-er-et' ) [ AS., ^7/iA;;i/)(r]. Conception, or im- pregnation. Sylvester's Method. See Artificial Respiration. Sylvestrene ( sil - 7'es^- tren ) [silvestris, belonging to a wood], C,|,H,|.. A substance that occurs in Swedish and Russian turpentine-oil, and may be obtained pure by digesting its hydrochlorid with anilin. It boils at 175-178° C. Sylvestris (sil-ves'-tris). See Silvestris. Sylvian ( sil'- ve - an ) [after Sylvitts\ Relating to the anatomist Jacques Dubois, Latinized Sylvius (1478- 1555). S. Artery, the middle cerebral artery, lying in the fissure of Sylvius. S. Convolution. See Convolutions , Table of. S. Fossa, the depression at the side of the fetal cerebrum where the insula is subsequently formed. Sylvius, Aquedtict of. .See Aqueduct. S., Fissure of. See Fissures. Table of. Sym- {sij?i-). An euphonic form of Syn. Symbion, Symbiont (sim'- be - on, sim'-be-ont) [avv, along with; /?/of, a life]. In biology, either of two organisms living in intimate association ; a com- mensal. Symbiosis ( sini - bi - 0'- sis) [ahv, along with; ^'ioq, & life]. In biology, the intimate association of two living organisms, not parent and offspring, male and female, or parasite and host. Commensalism. Symblepharon {sim-blef -ar-on) \p'ov, together ; fiTiiipa- pov, the eyelid]. The abnormal adhesion of the eye- lids to the eyeball in consequence of burns, wounds, etc. S., Anterior, symblepharon of the anterior part of the conjunctival sac, in which the adhesion extends from the lid to the eyeball in such a manner as to admit of the passage of a sound between the two parts. S., Posterior, symblepharon of the peripheral part of the conjunctival sac. S., Total, symblepharon affecting the entire extent of the eyelid. Symblepharosis {sim-blef-ar-o' -sis') \pvv, with ; ^"kt^a- pov, eyelid]. Adhesion of the eyelids to the globe of the eye or to each other. Symbol [si/n'-bol) l_av/u^o'Aov, a pledge]. A sign or character denoting an idea. The following are com- monly employed in medicine : R , Recipe, take of; 3, Scruple; 5, Dram; f^, Fluidram ; ^, Ounce; f ^ , Fluidounce ; ITL, Minim. See, also, List of Abbreviations, p. x. Symboleusis (sim-bo-bi'-sis). Synonym of Consulta- tion. Symbolism {sim' -bol-izm) [r7ii///3oAoi', a symbol]. The delusional or hallucinational interpretation of all events or objects as having a mystic significance; a habit not uncommon in certain forms of insanity. Syme's Operation. Amputation at the ankle-joint, the malleoli being sawn through, and a flap made with the skin of the heel. See Operations, Table of. Symele {si?n'-el). See Symelus. Symelus or Symmelus (sim' - el - us) [c?')', together ; fj.£Xo(;, limb]. A species of single autositic monsters " characterized by imperfect development of the pelvis and lower extremities ; by atresia ani et urethr(r ; by more or less intimate fusion of the lower extremities, and by a twisting of the lower limbs so that the femurs are united by the external condyles, the legs by the fibulae, and the feet, if they exist, by the fibular edge and little toes, so that the heels look forward." Symmelic [sitn-el'-ik ) \ovv, together ; fiklioq, limb]. Characterized by a coalition of the limbs. Symmelus [sim' -el-us). See Symelus. Symmetric, Symmetrical [sim-et'-rik, sim-et' -rik-al) [aliv, together; fihpov, a measure]. Pertaining to, governed by, or exhibiting symmetry. S. Gangrene. See Sphaceloderma. Symmetry (j/w'-fAr;") [trm', together ; //f rpor, measure]. In anatomy, a harmonious correspondence of parts; also the relation of homologous parts at opposite sides or ends of the body. In pathology, the theory that constitutional diseases affect both lateral halves of the body impartially. Sympatheoneuritis [sim-path-e-o-nu-ri' -tis) \_(!v/i7ra0eM, sympathy; vevpov, nerve; irtq, inflammation]. In- flammation of the sympathetic nerve. Sympathetic [sim - path - et'- ik) [avuTraftr/Tiicoc, sympa- thetic]. Effecting consentaneous activity or sympa- thy. S. Bubo. See Bubo. S. Inflammation, or Irritation, affection of an organ arising by reflex ac- tion, infection, or other unknown way. synchronous or following similar affections of other organs. S. Nerve, or Nervous System, a series of ganglia connected by commissural fibers, upon each side of the vertebral col- umn from the base of the skull to the coccyx. It may be also traced into the head. It gives origin also to numerous plexuses, ganglia, etc. See Plexus and Ganglia ; also /. 84S. S. Ophthalmitis, inflamma- tion of the uveal tract of an eye arising subsequent to some injury or affection of the other eye. The eye first affected is called the exciting eye, or excitor, the other the syDipathizer. The inflammatory period may be SYMPATHETICUS 1445 SYMPTOMATIC preceded by sympathetic irritaticm, in which there is lacryniation, pliotophobia, etc. Removal of the excitor is the treatment usually prescribed. Sympatheticus [sini-path-et' -ik-us). See Sympathetic Nerve. Sympathetiplex [sim-path-et'-ip-leks) \_avfindOeia, sym- pathy ; plexus, plexus]. A sympathetic plexus. Sym^aXhic [sim path' -ik). Synonym q{ Sympathetic. Sympathizer (sim' -patli-i-zer'). See .Sympathetic OpJi- tlialiiiitis. Sympathy [sim' path-e) [_ahv, together ; Tratioc:, suffer- ing]. In pathology, the mutual relation between parts or organs more or less distant, shown in the transla- tion of a morbid condition from an aftected to an un- affected organ. A meaningless term for tile facts of reflex neuroses, metastasis, secondary infection, etc. Sympelmous (sim-pel' -inns') \p'vv, together; Trf^l/^a, the sole of the foot]. In biology, having the deep plan- tar tendons united. Sympetalous [simpef -al-ns') \_a'vv, together; TztraXov, leaf]. In biology, the same as gamopetalous. Sympexion ( si?n - peks'- e - on ) [augmented form of Syjnpexis : pi., Sympexia'\. A sympexis. Sympexis [sim - peks'- is) [ (Jt)/i7r?/f/f]. A concretion found in the vessels or crypts of certain glands, espe- cially the thyroid and lymphatic, the prostate, and in the vesiculse seminales. Symphora [sim' -for- ah). Synonym of Congestion. Symphorema {sim-fore'-viah) [(jiJT, together ; (pnpeiv, to bear]. The state of being congested. Symphoresis {siin-fo-re' -sis) \a'vv, together ; ^opiiv, to bear]. Congestion, or a congestive process. Symphoricarpous [sim-for-ik-ar' -pus) \_avv, together ; (popeiv, to bear; /capTrdf, fruit]. In biology, bearing clustered fruits. Symphyantherous {sim-fe-an' -ther-us) \ci'vv, together ; (piieadat, grow ; avOr/p, flower]. Same as Synantherous. Symphycarpous ( siiii-fik-ar' -pus) [_av/j.(t>v£iv, to grow together; napnof;, fruit]. In biology, having con- fluent fruits. Symphynote [sitn'-Ji-ndt ) \<3vp(^'miv, to grow together ; viorov, the back]. In biology, applied to such bivalve molluscs [Unio) as have the valves soldered together at the hinge. Symphyogenesis [sim-fe-o-jeti'-es-is) \_ avfiipveiv, io grow together; ytveaig, generation]. In biology, the union of previously separated parts. Symphyogenetic ( sim -fe - o - jcn - et' - ik) [fjvfivoir^, symphysis]. Per- taining to a symphysis. Symphyseotomy (sim-Jiz-e-ot' -o-me). See Symphysi- otomy. Symphysial {sim-fiz'-e-al). Same as Symphyseal. Symphysic (sim-fiz' -ik). Same as Symphyseal. See also Teratism. Symphysion {sim-fiz' -e-on) [_a'vp(j)vai<;'\. See Cranio- nietric Points. Symphysiotome {sim-fiz' -e-o-tom)' [_avij.(pvciq, symphy- sis; Topfj, cutting]. A cutting instrument used in pubic symphysiotomy. Symphysiotomy {sim-fiz- e - of - o -me) \a'vjj(^vrsiq, sym- physis; Topii, a cutting]. The operation of separating the bones forming a symphysis by division of the con- necting tissues. Synonymous with S., Pubic. S., Pubic, the operation of cutting through the pubic symphysis for the purpose of increasing the conjugate diameters of the pelvic canal. Symphysis {sim' -ftz-is) \avv, together; , to grow]. The coalescence or junction of bones, usually of sym- metric bones in the median line, as .S". pubis and S. of the Jaiv. S., Pubic, the line of union of the two pubic bones. S., Sacro-coccygeal, the sacro- coccygeal articulation. S., Sacro-iliac, the union between the sacrum and the ilium. Symphysodactylia {sim-fiz-o-dak-til' -e-ah). Synonym of Syndactylism. Symphysopsia [sim-fiz -ops' -e-ah). Synonym of Cy- clopia. Symphysoskelia [sitn-fiz-o-ske'-le-ah) [avv, together; (fi'veiv, to grow ; a/ceAdf, leg]. The condition in which the lower extremities are united. Symphysotomy {sim-fiz-ot' -o-me). Synonym of Sym- physiotomv. Symphytrotomy {sim-fit-rot' -o-me) \p'vpi^vcic,, symphy- sis ; TjTpov, pelvis; rnpij, section]. Pelvic section through the symphysis pubis ; pubic symphysiotomy. Sympiesis [sim - pi - e'- sis) {o'vv, together; nieaii;, a squeezing]. A pressing together of parts. Symplast [siin' -plast). Synonym of Plasmodium. Symplectic [sim-plek' -tik) \avv, together ; ■KAineiv, to twine, weave]. A bone connecting the hyo-man- dibular bone above with the quadrate bone below in certain vertebrates [fishes) ; also called mesotym- panic. Symplectomeres [sim-plek'- to -mers) [n'r/nrMKu^, en- twined together; juepog, a part]. In biology, the col- lective name applied by Dujardin to sarcode organisms. Symplocium {sim-plo' -se-um) \_(j'v/inr?-oiioi;, entwined]. In biology, the band of thick-walled cells in the sporangium of most ferns ; the annulus. Sympode {sim' -pod). .Same as Sympodium. Sympodia [sini-po' -de-ah) [fri', together; izovq, foot]. The condition in which the lower extremities are united. Sympodial [sim - po' - de - al) \pvv, with; ■Ko'vq, foot]. Pertaining to a sympodium. Sympodium [sim-po' -de-um) \_ohv, with ; 7rdi>f , foot : pi., Svmpodia']. In biology, a stem which consists of a series of secondary stems or axes which have arisen as branches one from another, as in the grape-vine, the tomato, the linden, etc. See Pseudaxis. Symptom {simp' -tom) [av/i-ru/ja , a coincident happen- ing]. That change or phase which occurs synchron- ously with a disease and serves to point out its nature and location. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. S.- complex, the ensemble of symptoms of a disease. S., Direct, one depending directly upon disease. S., Dissociation. See Dissociation-symptom. S.- grouping. Same as S. -complex . S., Indirect, one only indirectly due to disease. Ss., Labyrinthine, a group of symptoms due to lesion or disease of the internal ear. S., Negatively Pathognomonic, one which never occurs in a certain disease and therefore by its presence shows the absence of that disease. S., Objective, one observed by the physician. S., Pas- sive. S., Static. S., Pathognomonic, a symptom which exhibits itself only in a certain disease and there- fore undeniably proves its presence. Ss., Physical, the physical signs of morbid conditions. S., Rosen - bach's, loss of the abdominal reflex. S., Static, a symptom which indicates the condition in a single organ without reference to the rest of the body. S., Subjective, that observed only by the patient. Ss., Sympathetic, symptoms for which no adequate cause can be given other than so-called sympathy. Symptomatiatria {simp-to-mat-e-a' -tre-ah) [n'vfnTTWjia, symptom ; larpe'ia, treatment]. Treatment directed solely to the symptoms. Symptomatic {simp-to-mat' -ik) [<7DU7r7(j,uar«df, symf- SYMPTOMATIZE 1446 SYNCHYSIS iomatic^. Having the nature of a symptom ; that which may be interpreted as a symptom. That which may be a symptom of another affection ; opposed to idiopathic. S. Anthrax, an epidemic, infectious disease of cattle, also called "Black-leg" and "Quarter-evil." See Bacillus chanvici in Table of Bacteria, and Black-leg. S. Fever, the febrile symptoms of a disease. Symptomatize (simp' -to-/nat-tz) [^crbjUTrrutm, symptom]. To show symptoms of. Symptomatography (siinp-to-inat-og'-ra-fe) \_av/ii7TTu//a , symptom ; ypdipeiv, to write]. A written or printed description of symptoms. Symptomatologic [simp - to - mat - o - loj'- ik) \_av/nTTw/xn, symptom ; /(oyof, science]. Pertaining to symptoma- tology. Symptomatology {simp - to - mat - ol'- o -je) symptom; /dyof, treatise]. The sum of what is known of the nature, purport, and interpretation of symptoms. Symptomology (simp-to-mol' -o-je^. Same as Sympto- matology- Symptosis [simp-to' -sis) [psvinrinTEiv, to fall together]. Wasting ; emaciation ; collapse. Sympus [sim'-piis) [ohv, together; Troi'f, foot]. A vice of development consisting in coalescence of the lower limbs ; a siren monster. There may be but one foot (S. monopiis), or two [S. i/ip/is), or the feet may be represented only by toes [S. apiis). Syn- [sin-) [(tit, together]. A prefix, signifying ~i'ith or together. Synacmic [sin - ak'- mik) {oi'v, with; a/c//;/, prime]. Pertaining to synacmy. Synacmy [sin-ak' -me) [uw, with ; aKfii], prime]. In biology, having the stamens and pistils ripen at the same time, as distinguished from heteracmy. Cf. pro- terandry, and proterogyny. Also called syiianthesis. Synactic [sin-ak'-tik)' [avvanTiKoi;, brought together]. Accumulative. Synadelphus [sin - ad - el' -fus) \_a'vv, with; a&tXt^oc;, brother]. A monster having eight limbs with but one head and trunk. Synsesthesia [sin-es-the' -ze-ali). See Synesthesia. Synagogue [sin'-ag-og). Synonym of Contraction. Synalgia [sin- al'-Je-ah) [(Tt'i', together ; (iAyof, pain]. Pain felt in a distant part from an injury or stimulus to another part of the body. Synanastomosis [sin - an - as - to - mo'- sis) \_ai'v, with ; anastomosis']. The joining of several blood-vessels. Synanche [si-nang'-ke). Synonym of Diphtheria. Synangium [sin - an -Je'- um) [(tiif, together ; ayyelov, vessel: //., Synangia]. An arterial axis, or trunk. Synanthema [sin-an' -them-ah) \avvavtiuv , to blossom together]. In dermatology, a group of efflorescences on the skin. Synantherous [sin - an'- ther - us) [ni'v, together ; an- //z^ra, anther ; from iivdeiv, to hloora]. In biology, the same as syngenesious. Stamens coalescent by their anthers. Synanthesis [sin- an -the' -sis) \_cii'v, with; ar6//mc, the full bloom of a flower]. See Svnacmv. Synanthous [sin-an' -thm) [cn''i>, with ; avdoq, a flower]. In biology, [a) exhibiting synanthy ; [h) having flowers and leaves at the same time, as distinguished from proteranthoiis and tivsteranthotis. Synanthrose [sin - an'- throz) [avv, together; avdi/p, anther], Cj.2H,.,0„. A sucrose found in rye and the roots of certain plants. It has no action on polarized light. Synanthy [sin-a7i'-the)[aiiv, with; avip?/p, an anther]. In biology, the abnormal coalescence of two or more flowers. Synaphipod [sin-af -ip-od) \pin)ai^iic^, continuous, con- nected ; /Toiif, foot]. In biology. Bates' term for the palp of a crustacean. Synaphymenitis [sin-af-i-)nen-i' -tis) \pm'at\)r], connec- tion ; hfiiiv, a membrane; itlc^, mflammation]. A former synonym for conjunctivitis. Synaptase [sin-ap' -taz). See Emulsin and Amygdalin. Synapticula [sin - ap - tik' - n - lah) [avva-i^roq, joined together: //. , Synapticiihe']. In biology, one of the cross-bars connecting the septa in certain corals. Synarthrodia [sin-ar-thro' -de-ah). See Synarthrosis, Synarthrodia! [sin - ar - thro'- de - al) \_aiw, together; lipHpov, a joint] . Of the nature of a synarthrosis ; belonging to a synarthrosis. Synarthroesis [sin-ar-thre'-sis). Synonym of Con- gestion. Synarthrosis [sin-ar-thro'-sis) [itl'I', together ; apOpov, joint]. A form of articulation in which the bones are immovably bound together (without any interven- ing synovial cavity). The various forms are : Sutnra^ in which the processes are interlocked ; Schindylesis, in which a thin plate of one bone is inserted into a cleft of another, and Comphosis , in which a conic process is held by a socket. Syncam^pe [si n-kam'-pe) [(Tuy/ca^rr?/] . A freely movable joint. Syncanthus [sin-l-an' -thus) [avv, with ; navftof;, can- thus]. An obsolete term for abnormal union of the orbital margin and the ocular conjunctiva. Syncarp [sin' -karp) \p'vv, together; Kap-6c, fruit]. In biology, a multiple fruit. Syncarpium [sin-kar' -pe-iun) . Same as Syncarp. Syncarpous [sin - kar' - pus) \pvv, together ; Kapnd^, fruit]. Having the character of a syncarp. Syncausis [sin-hazu'-sis). Synonym of Combustion. Syncephalus [sin - sef - al - us) [ci'i', together; Kt^aki), head]. A double monstrosity with the two heads- fused into one. Syncerebral [sin-ser' -e-bral) [cri'ii', together ; cerebrum, cerebrum]. Pertaining to a syncerebrum. Synzt.r€t)rvim [sijt - ser' - e - brum) [a/'i', together; cere- brunt, cerebrum]. A compound brain. Synchilia, Syncheilia [sin-ki' -le-ah) \a'vv, together; X'^'i'koq, lip]. Atresia of the lips. Synchiral [sin-ki'-ral) [a'vv, vi\t\\ ; hand]. Har- rison Allen's term for the movement in which the right and left foot of a single pair move together, as in the gallop of a horse. Synchisis [sin'-kis-is). See Synchysis. Synchiton [sin' -kit-on). Synonym of Conjunctiva. Synchitonitis [sin - kit - on - i'- tis). Synonym of Cow- junctivitis. Synchondrosial ( sin - kon - dro'- ze - al) [ avv, with ; ,\'(5i'(5pof, cartilage]. Pertaining to a synchondrosis. Synchondrosis ( sin - kon - dro' - sis ) [ avv, together ; x6v('ipor, a cartilage]. A union by an intervening growth of cartilage. S., Pubic. See Symphysis, Pubic. S., Sacro-coccygeal. See Symphysis, Sac- ro-coccygeal. S., Sacro-iliac. See Symphysis, Sacro- iliac. Synchondrotomy [sin-kon-drot'-o-me] \_avv, together; Xovfipoc, cartilage; ri/jveiv, to cut]. A division of the cartilage uniting bones, especially of the sym- physis pubis. Synchopexia [sin-ko-peks'-e-ah). Same as Tachycardia. Synchronism [ sin'- kro - nizm ) \_avv, with; xp^^""^' time]. Concurrence in time of two or more events. Synchronous [sin'- kro - n us") \_avv, together; XP°^°^' time]. Occurring contemporaneously, or at the same interval. Synchysis (sin'-kis-i.-:) [ av-yx'"'^'C> ^ mixing together]. Synchysis scintillatts ; the presence of clouds of bright, shining particles in the vitreous humor of the eye. SYNCLEISIS 1447 SYNENCEPHALIA As the eye moves from side to side these particles (crystals of tyrosin or cholesterin) look like showers of bright, shining gold or silver scales, which move with the eye. They occur more frequently in persons beyond middle life. Syncleisis [sui-k/i'-sis). Synonym of Occhision. Synclinal (siji - kti'- nal) \_avv. together; kXivelv, to bend]. Bending or inclining in the same direction. Synclisis (sin' -klis-is). Same as Sym/itism. Synclitic [sin-klit' -ik) [crtiy/c/iir;?^, leaning together]. Exhibiting or characterized by synclitism. Synclitism [sin' -klit-iziii) \_a\)yKkiTriq, bending together]. A condition marked by parallelism or similarity of inclination ; parallelism between the pelvic planes and those of the fetal head. Synclonus (sin'-ZcIo-iins) \_avv, with ; k'/iovoc, great agi- tation]. A genus of diseases, including those char- acterized by tremulous motion. Also, any abnormal, tremulous, muscular motion, as that of chorea. S. ballismus, paralysis agitans. S. tremens, general tremor. Syncopal [sin'- ko- pal) [GvyKonij , a cutting short]. Pertaining to, characterized by, or of the nature of syncope. Syncope {sin'-ko-pe) \cvyKonri, a cutting short]. A swooning or fainting. A partial or complete temporary suspension of the functions of respiration and circula- tion. S. anginosa. Synonym of Angina pectoris. S., Laryngeal, laryngeal vertigo. S., Local, sudden pallor and insensibility of a part. Syncopic {siti-kop' -ik) \_ovjkott?/, a cutting short]. Of the nature of syncope ; syncopal. Syncoptic [sin-kop' -tik) [(TiiyxoTrri/cof, cut short]. Per- taining to, having the nature of, or causing syncope. Syncotyledonous [sin-kot-il-e' -do-nns) \avv, together ; KOTv\ri&i)v , any cup-shaped hollow]. In biology, char- terized by coalescent cotyledons. Syncranius {^sin-kra' -ne-iis) \avv, with; upavtov, skull]. The superior maxilla. Syncranterian [sing - kran - te' -re - an) [(Ti'ij', -together ; K.pavTfipeg, the wisdom-teeth]. In biology, applied to such serpents as have the posterior teeth forming a con- tinuous row with the anterior. Syncretism [sin' -kre-tizni) \avyKpriT'd,ELV , to combine]. The blending of various tenets or theories into one. Syncrisis [sin' -kris-is) [avyKp'iveiv, to coagulate]. Co- agulation or solidification of one or more liquids. Syncritic [sin-krit' -ik). Synonym of Astringent . Syncytial [sin-sit' -e-al ) \pvv, together ; nvToq, a hollow] . Pertaining to a syncytium. Syncytium [sin - sit'- e - urn) [avv, together ; kvtoc, a cell: //. , Syncytia']. In biology, a tissue in which no cell-boundaries can be recognized ; a mass of protoplasm with nuclei scattered throughout. Syndactyl [sin-dak' -til ) \avv, together ; 6aKTvk.oQ, a digit]. Having the adjoining fingers or toes bound together. Syndactylia [sin-dak-til' -e-ah). Same as Syndactylism. Syndactylism ( sin - dak' - til - izm ) [avv, together ; 6dKTv'Ao^, finger]. Adhesion between fingers or toes ; webbed fingers. Syndactylous [sin-dak' -til-us). Same as Syndactyl. Syndectomy [sin - dek'- to - me) \_abv6eafioc, ligament ; eKTo/Lir/, a cutting out]. See Peritomy. Syndelphus [sin - del' - fus) [avv, together ; dJs/'i.ijiof , brother]. A monocephalic double monstrosity with a single pelvis, united thoraces, four upper and four lower extremities. Syndemnium [sin - dem' - ne - ti?n) [(ti'iv, together; 6efiviov, couch, bed]. A peculiar, remarkable, hollow space in the middle of the subumbrella, the " porticus subgenitalis," the " subgenital vestibule," found only in two families of the Rhizostomce [i. e., Versuridte and Cra??ibessid(F). Syndendrium (sin - den ' - dre - urn) \pvv, together ; 6h'6pi.ov, a little tree]. In biology, the thick, flat, quadrate disc, suspended from four stout pillars [dendrostyles) and formed of the united trunks of the polypiferous tree of the Rhizostotna:. Syndesis [sin-de' -sis) [avvdav, to bind together]. Ihe state of being bound together. Syndesmectopia [sin-dez-mek-to' -pe-ah) [p'vv&taiioq, a bond; hroTTiog, out of place]. Ligamentous dis- placement. Syndesmitis [sin-dez-mi'-tis) [ahvcka/ioc, a ligament ; iTig, inflammation]. Inflammation of one or more ligaments. S. catarrhalis. Synonym of Conjtincii- vitis. Catarrhal. Syndesmodiastasis (sin-dez-mo-di-as' -tas-is) [avvSea- //of, ligament ; dtdaraai^, separation]. Separation of the ligaments. Syndesmodontoid [sin-dez-mo-doji'-toid] [avv6taiJtr(hc!/j.og, ligament; bfia, tumor]. A new growth containing a large amount of connective tissue. Syndesmopathia [sin-dez-mo-pa' -t/ie-a/i) . Synonym of Desmopathy. Syndesmosis [sin-dez-tno' -sis) \p\)v6ea^or, ligament]. The articulation of two or more bones by ligaments. Syndesmotic (sin-dez-mot'-ik) \_a'vv6eafio(;, ligament]. Bound together. Syndesmotomy [sin- dez-mot' - o-me) [(7i'i'(Sfff//of , liga- ment ; TCfiveiv, to cut]. Dissection or section of the ligaments. Syndesmus [sin - dez' - t?ius) [(Ti''i'(5fcr/yof, ligament]. A ligament. Syndrome [sin'-drom) \p'm\ together; 6p6fioc, a run- ning]. A word denoting the aggregate symptoms of a disease. See, also, Symptom-complex. S. of ^A^eber, paralysis of the oculo-motor nerves of one side (that of the cerebral lesion) and of the members, the face, and the hypoglossal nerve of the other side. It is usually due to a lesion limited to the inferior and inner part of the one cerebral peduncle. Syndyasmus [sin-di-az' -fuzts). iiynonym of Copulation. Synechia (sin-e-ki' -ah or si-ne' -ke-ah ) [avvexEio- ; avi>, together; exf:iv,to hold: , Synechit?]. A morbid union of parts. See Iris. Synechise pericardii, adhesions of the pericardium. Synechotome (sin - ek'- o - tom) \_awixeiv, to hold to- gether ; Tffiven', to cut]. An instrument for the divi- sion of adhesions, particularly of the membrana tympani . Synechotomy (sin-ek-ot' -o-me) [criw£;\-£n', to hold to- gether; rkfiveiv, to cut]. The division of synechias between the membrana tympani and the inner wall of the tympanum. Synedral (sin-e'-dral) [a'rv, together; f(5/io, seat]. In biology, growing upon the angle of the stem. Synedrous (sin-e' -drus) [ffiu', together; t6pa, a seat]. Same as Synedral. Synema (sin-e'-mak) [at'i', with ; viy/ia, a thread : pi., Svnemata]. In biology, the column formed by the united filaments of monodelphous stamens. Synencephalia (sin-er-sef-a' -le-ah) \c'vv, with ; kjKt- t^akoc^, the brain]. The condition of a synencephalus. SYNENCEPHALOCELE 1448 SYNOVITIS Synencephalocele [siu-en-sef'-al-o-sel) [ryi'v, with; j/Kfi/iaAof, brain ; «:///i', together ; ipytiv, work: //. , Synergies]. In biology, the simultaneous or sympa- thetic action of different organs. Synesthesia {sin - es - the'- ze - ah) \o'vv, with; a'laftjiair, sensation]. A phenomenon consisting in a sensation being felt or located in one part of the body, as the result of an irritation at some remote or distant point. Syneurosis {sin-u-ro' -sis). See Synneurosis . Syngenesious {sin-jen-e' -ze-tis) \pvv, together; yeveaiQ, generation]. In biology, a term applied to stamens which are united by their anthers. Syngenesis [sin - jen'- es - is) \_avv, together ; yeveai^, generation]. In biology, generation by means of the combined qualities of both the male and female re- productive bodies, as a doctrine distinguished from speniiism or the theory of incasemetit , as well as from epigenesis. Syngenic {sin-jen' -ik). Synonym of Congenital . Syngignoscism {sin - gig' - no - sizm) \_obv, together; I'uuf a', to know]. , A term proposed as a synonym of hypnotism, from a prominent symptom, " the agree- ing of one mind with another mind." Syngonidium {si^ig - go - nid' - e - utn) \g'vv, together; yoi'of, generation, seed]. In biology, an aggregation of gonidia. Synidrosis («'«-/(/-;'6i''-j2j) [criVi', together ; /'riptif, sweat]. Concurrent sweating. The association of perspiration with another condition. Synizesis {sin-iz-e'-sis) [crui'/'C'/OTf]. Closure or oblitera- tion of the pupil. Synkinesis {sin - kin - e'- sis) \p'vv, together; itivrjaiQ, movement]. Involuntary movement taking place in one part of the body synchronously with or in consequence of a voluntary or reflex movement in another part. Synneurosis {sin-nu-ro' -sis) . See Syndesmosis. Synocha {sin' -o-kah). See Synochus. Synochal {sin'-o-ha! ) \_a'viioxn(;, continued] . Pertain- ing to synocha. Synochoid {sin' -o - koid) \rji'voxoz, continued]. Re- sembling synochus. Synochus {sin' -o - kits) \o'vvoxfKi continuous: //., Synoclii]. A fever continuing at a uniform degree for a considerable period. S. anniversaria, a fever that returns annually at the same time for several years. S. ardens, S. putris, typhoid fever. S. scorbutica, a fever caused by scurvy. Synocil {sin'-o-sil) \avv, with; cilium, lash]. In biology, a cylindric or conic bundle of sensory fila- ments in certain sponges, possibly having a visual func- tion. Syncecious, Synecious {sin - e'- shus) \avv, together ; nhifiv, to live]. In biology, having male and female flowers or organs in one cluster. Synonym {sin' -o-nim) [rr/'i', together ; ovoua, a name]. A word which can replace another word without altera- tion of meaning. In medicine, any variant name by which a disease, an organ, or a part of the body may be known. Synonymatic {sin-on-im-af -ik) \p'vv, together; bvofia, a name]. A purer form of Synonymic, or synonymicai, and applied hy naturalists to lists of technical names or onyms, including the synonyms. Synophthalmia {sin- off - thai' - me - ah) \_avv, together; b(j£alfwi;, eye]. A malformation in which the orbits torm a single, continuous cavity. This condition is called, also, Cyclopia. Synophthalmos {sin - off - thai'- mos). Synonym of Cyclops. Synophyty [sin-off' -if-e) [avv, together; ^vtov, plant]. In biology, the cohesion of two or more embryos in a seed. Synopsia [sin- ops'- e- ah) \_a'vv, together; oip, eye]. Congenital union of the eyes. Synopsis {sin-op' -sis) {_avi>, together; b-ijjig, a. seeing]. A cla.ssified collation. A general view. Synorchism {sin-or' -kizm) \ovv, together ; bpxi';, testi- cle]. Adhesion or fusion of the two testicles. Synoscheos {sin-os'-he-os) \_(yhv, with ; baxeog, scrotum]. A condition of adherence between the skin of the penis and that of the scrotum. Synosteography {sin -os-te- og'- ra - fe) [auv, together ; oari 01', bone; ypd(pftv, to write]. The descriptive anatomy of the joints. Synosteo\ogy [siji-os-te-ol'-o-Je) [dyf, together ; bareov, bone ; loyoc;, knowledge] . The sum of what is known regarding the joints. Synosteosis {sin-os-te-o'-sis). See Synostosis. Synosteotomy {sin -os-te- of- o - me) \ahv, together ; b(jrkov, bone ; ro/i//, a cutting]. The dissection of the articulations of bones ; anatomy of the joints. Synostosed {sin' - os - idzd ) \_avv, together; bareov, bone]. Joined in bony union. Synostosis {sin-os-to' -sis) [rr/'V, together ; offrfoj/, bone]. Union of fractures or bones by osseous material. Synostotic {sin-os-tot' -ik) \o'vv, together ; oortov, bone]. Pertaining to or of the nature of synostosis. Synotia {sin -o'- she -ah) [o'vv, together; ovq, ear]. Union of the ears, as in certain monsters. Synotus {sin-o'-tus) [avv, together; oi'f, ear]. A syncephalic monstrosity having the ears fused. Synovectomy {siti-o-z'ek' -to-me) . See Arthrectomy. Synovia {sin-o' -ve-ah) \_a'vv, with; iliov, an egg]. The lubricating fluid secreted within synovial membranes. Synovial {sin - o'-ve - al) \synovialis ; avv, together; (Joi', egg]. Pertaining to the synovia. S. Membrane. See Membrane . Synovin {sin' -o-vin) [avv, with ; cJor, egg]. The form of mucin found in synovia. Synoviparous {sin-o-7/-iis) [c7t)r, together ; sepaluiii,a. sepal]. Same as Gaiiiosepaloiis. Synspermy {sin - sper' - me) {fs'vv, together; anipfxa, seed]. In biology, the union of two or more seeds. Syntagma (sin-tag' -inah) [^ain'Tayjua, that which is put together]. In biology, Pfeifter's term for a body or aggregation of tagmata. See Tagnia. Syntasis [sin'-tas-is) [ouvraaig ; avvreivEiv, to stretch to- gether]. A stretching, or tension. Syntatic [sin-tat' -ik) [crticrEiVfvi', to stretch together] . Pertaining to or characterized by syntasis. Syntaxis [sin-taks'-is) \avvTdcaiLV,\.o arrange]. I. Articulation. 2. Reduction, taxis. 3. A suture. Syntecopyra [siii - tek - op' - ir- ah ) \avvTliKUV, to waste away; ;t(7j, fire]. Colliquative fever. Syntectic [sin-tek' -tik) [ff!itT?;«:TOiof]. Pertaining to or characterized by syntexis ; wasting. Syntenosis [sin-ten-o' -sis) \_a'vv, together; rtvui^, ten- don]. Articulation by means of tendons, as in the human digits. Synteresis [sin-ter-e'-sis) [avvrripriGK; ; cvvTrjpnv , to guard with]. Preventive treatment, or hygiene; prophylaxis. Synteretic [sin-ter-ef -ik) [avvTiipriTiiiuQ, preservative] . Pertaining to prophylaxis, or synteresis ; hygienic ; preventive. Syntexis [sin-tcks' -is) \_ahvTe^ig ; avvri/Keiv, to melt to- gether]. A wasting ; tabes; phthisis. Synthermal {sin-ther' -mal). Same as Isothermal. Synthesis [sin' -thesis) \pvvd(OLi:\ avi>, with; ridi/pai, to ]3lace]. In chemistry, the formation, artificially, of a compound by combining its proximate parts. Synthetic (sin-thef -ik) \pvv, with ; rSi/mi, to place]. Pertaining to synthesis. Compounded. Synthorax [sin-tho' -raks). Synonym of Thoracopagus. Syntonin { sin' - to - niii) [ffi'ivrorof, contracted]. An acid-albumin obtained by the prolonged action of dilute hydrochloric acid upon minced muscle. It is also formed in the stomach during digestion. Syntrimma, Syntripsis [sin-trim' -ah, sin-trip' -sis). Synonym of Comminution. Syntrope [sin'-trop) [a'vv, together; rptTreiv, to turn]. One of a set of syntropic parts (opposed to atiti- trope). Syntropic (sin-trop' -ik) [ffri', together ; rpiiTEiv, to turn]. Similar, and turned in the same direction (thus the ribs of either side are syntropic ; those of opposite sides are antitropic). Syntropy [sin' -tro-pc) [it/')', together; rpfiniv, to turn]. In biology, Wilder's term for the morphotropic rela- tion between parts upon the same side of a structural plane. Synulosis [sin-ti-lo'-sis) \_avvn'v'Xuai(^ ; ovlaj, scar]. Cicatrization ; cicatrix. Synulotic [ sin - 1( - lot'- ik) [avvov7MTLK6i;, healing]. Promoting cicatrization. Synymensis [sin-ini-en' -sis). Synonym of Syndesmosis. Synzygia [sin-zij' -e-ah) \pvil,vyia, a junction ; ovv, to- gether ; (,vy6v, a yoke, any means of joining together]. See Syzygy. Syphilelcos, Syphilelcus [sif-il-el'-kos, sif-il-el' -kits) \jvphilis, syphilis; ulcer]. Syphilitic ulcer. Chancre. Syphilelcosis [sif-il-el-ko' -sis) \_syphilis, syphilis ; cXkoc;, ulcer]. The condition or progress of syphilitic ulcer- ation ; the condition of having a chancre. Syphilid, Syphilide [sif'-il-id) [ME., syph- ihs]. Any disease of the skin due to syphilis. S., Acneiform, one of the early and rare forms of the cutaneous manifestations of syphilis. Its favorite posi- tions are the face and shoulders. It is marked by the formation of flat pustules, about the eighth of an inch in diameter, on a dark-red, raised base, with a narrow areola. S., Annular. S^e. Syphiloderma circinatum. S., Bullous, a syphilitic skin-ulceration that occurs in two forms, the riipial and pemphigoid.'" They difier from the other vesicular and pustular syphilids in not being placed on a raised, red base, and the areola is often pink, and not the usual. raw-ham color. S., Circinate. See Syphilodernia circinatian. S., Ecthymatous, a form occurring only in the cachectic, and characterized by the presence of large pustules, which may be superficial or deep, the former occur- ring mainly in the early stage, the deep in the third period. The lesion commences around a hair-follicle, is about a third or a quarter of an inch in diameter, dries into a greenish scab on a raised, red base, develops slowly, and lasts for a few weeks. It is most common on the lower limbs. S., Erythematous. See Roseola, Syphilitic. S., Follicular, Miliary Syphilid; Syphilitic Lichen; a variety of pajailar syphilid in which the hair-follicles are the seat of the lesion. The lesion may be large or small. The larger occurs in the first six months of the disease, in irregular groups of from three or four to twenty, on the extensor aspect of the limbs and the back. The papules are about the size of a large pin's head or millet-seed, bright-red at first, soon changing to brownish-red, and crowned with a small scale. They appear in crops. The small form is very rare, is most common in women, and occurs in the first or second year of the disease. The papules are the size of a large or small pin's head, pink at first, then fawn- colored, thickly crowded together in groups. S., Her- petiform. See S., Vesicular. S., Impetiginous, Syphilitic Impetigo ; small pustules, single or aggre- gated, appearing on the scalp, and covered by yellowish- gray or brown crusts, forming patches around a single hair-group. S., Lenticular, one of the common, early eruptions, often following closely upon or mixed up with the erythematous lesion. The papules are few or many, but not closely packed, and only grouped around the mouth and genitals. The usual sites are the forehead, lower part of the face, the nape and back, the flexor aspect of the limbs, and about the genito-anal passages. The lesions are from an eighth to half an inch in diameter, distinctly raised, sharply defined, flatly convex, of a deep-red tint (though they may be pale), firm and smooth. S., Macular. See Roseola, Syphilitic. S., Miliary. See S., Follic- ular. S., Nodular, Tubercular Syphilid ; convex projections of the skin, too large to be called papules. They are most common in the tertiary period, but may also be an early manifestation. They vary from a quarter to a half an inch in diameter, are sharply defined, considerably raised, of the character- istic coppery color, occasionally Ineaking down and ulcerating, with thick scabs, and much inflammation around, accompanied with much pain, and followed by white, depressed scars. They are solitary or few on the face, limbs, and trunk, but are not grouped, save in the tertiary stage. S., Nummular. See Syphilo- derma papulo-squajuosum. S., Orbicular. See Svphiloderma circinatum. S., Papular, a papular, syphilitic eruption on the skin or mucous mem- brane. S., Pemphigoid, Pemphigus; a rare eruption in acquired syphilis and occurring almost exclusively in the congenital form. It is usually SYPHILIDIATRIA 1450 SYPHILIS limited to the palms and soles, but may be widely spread. The contents seldom remain clear long. S., Pigmentary, Syphilitic Leukoderma ; most common from the sixth to the twelfth month of the disease. It is rather a rare condition, but is seen much more fre- quently in women than in men, and in brunets than in fair women. Its seat is chiefly on the neck, especially at the sides and back; it may occasionally be seen on the face, chest, or flank. The lesions are irregularly margined, round or oval spots, from an eighth to one inch in diameter, well-defined or ill- defined, with a yellowish-brown color. They may be discrete or confluent. They last from two months to several years, or may be permanent. S., Pustular, the termination occasionally of the vesicular syphilid. The contents become purulent, a crust forms, ulcer- ation may go on under it, and a pigmented depression or scar is left. S., Rupial, one of the most character- istic syphilids occurring in the second and third years of the disease, and associated with profound cachexia. The lesion is the characteristic stratified, conic, limpet- shell crust, which on removal leaves a sharply punched-out ulcer, shelving toward the center. These lesions are usually few in number, and on the limbs. S., Squamous. See Syphilodei'ina f>apulo-squatno- sum. S., Tubercular. See S., Xodu/ar. S., Varicelliform, a form of vesicular syphilid in which the vesicles may be either convex or umbili- cated, and their contents cloudy. They are situated on a slightly raised plateau, of the usual dull-red color. After a few days the vesicles dry into thick, adherent crusts of a greenish-black color. The course is slow. S., Varioliform, a slight modification of the varicelliform, causing the lesion to resemble the vario- lous eruption. S., Vesicular, an early skin-eruption of syphilis, appearing in the first six months. It may be small (very rare) or large. The lesions of the latter are grouped {herpeti forni syphilid) in irregular, circin- ate, or serpiginous forms. The vesicles have a deep-red base, rupture at the end of a week, and dry up. They are common on the face, limbs, and trunk. Syphilidiatria (sif-il-id-e-a' -tre-ah) [syphilis, syphilis ; J(!r/-jE/a, treatment]. The medicinal treatment of syph- ilis. Syphilidocolpitis [sif-il-id-o-kol-pi'-tis) [syphilis, syph- ilis ; K(j}-7Toi:, vagina; ltic, inflammation]. Syphilitic inflammation of the vagina. Syphilidography [sif-il-id-og' -ra-fe). See Syphilogra- phy. Syphilidology (sif-il-id-ol' -c-je). See Syphilology. Syphilidomania (sif-il-id-o-ma' -ne-ah). See Syphilo- »tania. Syphilidophobia (sif- il- id- o- fo' - be - ah). See Syphilo- phobia. Syphilidophthalmia iysif-il-id-off-thal' -nie-ah) [syphilis, syphilis: o(^fc/'.//df , eye] . Syphilitic ophthalmia. Syphilifer (sif'-il-if-er) [.q'//«7/>, syphilis]. One who conveys syphilis. Syphiliphobia (sif-il-if-o'-be-ah). See Syphilophobia. Syphilis (sif -il-is) [syphilis, syphilis]. A chronic, in- fectious disease believed to be due to a specific organ- ism and characterized by a variety of structural lesions of which the chancre, the mucous patch, and the gumma are the most distinctive. A bacillus has been found in the lesions by Lustgarten and others, but whether it is the real cause or not has not been defi- nitely determined. The disease is generally acquired in sexual congress, hence its earliest manifestations appear upon the genital organs, but any abraded surface of the body, if brought in contact with the syphilitic poison, may give entrance to the infection. The earliest lesion of acf|uired syphilis is the chancre , initial sclero- sis, or primary sore, which appears after a period of incu- bation varying from two to three weeks. It is usually a reddish-brown papule with an ulcerated central spot, and has a slight serous or purulent discharge. Taken between the fingers, it is found to have a peculiar cartilaginous hardness. Microscopically it consists of an accumulation of round cells, epithelioid cells, with, perhaps, a giant- cell here and there. The blood-vessels present a hyper- plasia of the intima, to which in part the induration of the chancre is due. Very soon after the appearance of the chancre the nearest lymphatic glands become en- larged and indurated — the indolent buboes of syphilis. The chancre is generally solitary and is not auto-inocu- lable. The !?iucous patch, condvloma latum, moist papule, or mucous tubercle is located ujion mucous membranes, at muco-cutaneous junctions, or where two skin-surfaces are in habitual contact. It is a flat, scarcely elevated patch, on mucous membranes gener- ally covered by a whitish pellicle. Under the micro- scope we find a round-cell infiltration of the upper layers of the corium, some of the round cells pene- trating between the cells of the epidermis. There is also a considerable quantity of fluid exudate, which in- filtrates and loosens the epithelial elements. The gumma or gummy tumor is a rounded nodule, varying in size from the dimensions of a pea to those of a small apple. Its favorite seats are the periosteum of flat bones, the membranes of the brain, the liver, spleen, and testicle. It is usually soft and contains in its interior a gelatinous "gummy" material. Radi- ating from and into it are bands of connective tissue ; sometimes the latter forms a distinct capsule about the gumma. Histologically, it presents a cellular ac- cumulation and some new blood-vessels, which, how- ever, are inadequate for the nutrition of the newly formed tissue, hence its degeneration. In the viscera gummata are, as a rule, absorbed, their former sites being marked by stellate cicatrices. Another import- ant though not distinctive lesion produced by .syphilis is a diffuse sclerosis of the blood-vessels, especially of the parenchymatous organs. The cutaneous eruptions have histologically nothing peculiar — they are inflam- matory lesions. The clinical course of syphilis is generally divided into three stages : the //-/wa;;)', char- acterized by the presence of the chancre and the indo- lent bubo ; the secondary, by the mucous patch, cu- taneous eruptions, sore throat, and general enlargement of the lymphatic glands ; the tertiary, by the gumma and by severe skin-lesions. Between the appearance of the chancre and the secondary manifestations a period of six weeks usually elapses. The tertiary phe- nomena follow the secondary after a stage of quies- cence of variable length. The tertiary lesions are the most destructive, but are, fortunately, rarer now than in former times. Syphilis also bears an important, but as yet obscure, relation to certain diseases of the ner- vous system, such as locomotor ataxy and paretic de- mentia. Although very wide-s|iread, syphilis is not contagious in the ordinary sense of the word. Infection generally proceeds from a chancre or from a mucous patch ; it may be conveyed by the blood. One attack as a rule confers immunity. S., Benign, syphilis in which the symptoms are mild. S. brephotrophica, syphilis spread among infants and those engaged in their care (Bulkley). S., Congenital, syphilis present at birth. S., Constitutional, syphilis charac- terized by general manifestations. See S., Secondary. S., Cutaneous. .See Syphilodertna. S. e coitu illicito. See 5. pravorjim. S. e coitu legitime. See S., Marital. S., Encephalic, syphilis of the brain. S. endemica. See S. pandemica. S. epidermica. See S. pandemica . S., Equine, SYPHILISMUS 1451 SYPHILONYCHIA an infectious disease of horses characterized by inflammatory lesions of the genital organs, enlarge- ment of the lymphatic glands, and motor weakness, sometimes going on to complete paralysis of the hind limbs. The disease may be fatal. S., Extra-genital, syphilis in which the first lesion is situated elsewhere than on the genital organs. S., Gonorrheal, a chancre of the urethra producing a discharge resemb- ling that of gonorrhea. S. hereditaria, S., Heredi- tary, S., Inherited, the syphilitic poison can tra- verse the placenta in either direction — as a rule, it is the mother who infects the child. Abortion is frequent, but if a living child is born it will develop symptoms of the inherited disease in from two weeks to three or four months after birth. These symptoms belong in part to the secondary stage, in part are peculiar. A hyperplasia of the connective tissue of the lung, liver, spleen, and pancreas is a common lesion. In the case of the first-named organ the condition is known as white pneumonia. The spleen and liver may be greatly enlarged. S. ingenita. 'Aet S., Heredi/ai'v. S. innocentium. Synonym of 6". insontiiim. S. insontium, syphilis of the innocent, /. e., syphilis acquired in an innocent manner, or non- venereal syphilis. S. insontium sine coitu, non- venereal syphilis acquired otherwise than by sexual intercourse. S., Intra-uterine, syphilis acquired during intra-uterine existence. It is generally con- sidered as a form of hereditary syphilis. S. invete- rata. Synonym of S., Tertiary. S., Latent, syph- ilis in which the symptoms are in abeyance. S., Malignant, syphilis characterized by very destructive lesions, especially by gummata that appear early and degenerate rapidly. S., Marital, syphilis acquired in lawful wedlock. S. modificata. Synonym of Syphiloid. S., Non-venereal. Synonym of S. insontium. S. occulta, syphilis appearing in persons who give no history of primary or secondary lesions. S., oeconomica, a form of syphilis insontium, in which the disease is acquired through eating and drinking or other household utensils, or by incidental contact with syphilitic persons (Bulkley). S. pandemica, syphilis which has extended widely after the manner of other contagious diseases. It may appear in an epidemic or an endemic form. In the former, the disease spreads with great rapidity and affects many persons ; in the latter, it spreads more slowly and limits itself to a tribe or nation for a long time (Bulkley). S. pravorum, syphilis acquired in illegitimate sexual intercourse. S., Primary, syph- ilis during the period intervening between the appear- ance of the chancre and that of the secondary phenom- ena. S., Secondary, syphilis during the period in which the secondary phenomena are present. See Syphilis. S. sine coitu, syphilis not acquired by sexual contact. S. sporadica, syphilis insontium oc- curring in an isolated or sporadic manner (Bulkley). S. technica, syphilis acquired in following one's occupation, as by physicians, midwives, nurses. S., Tertiary. See Syphilis. S. universalis, syphilis affecting the entire body. S., Vaccination, syphilis acquired at the time of vaccination by the use of vaccine-lymph from a syphilitic subject, or subse- quently by the inoculation of the wound. S., Ven- ereal, syphilis acquired in illegitimate sexual inter- course. S., Visceral, syphilis of the viscera — the lesions are either inflammatory or in the form of gummata. Syphilismus {sif-il-iz'-tniis). .Synonym of Syphilis. Syphilitic {sif-il-it'-ic) \syphilis, syphilis]. Pertaining to or affected with syphilis. Syphilization [sif-il-iz-a'-shun] \_syphilis, syphilis]. In- oculation with the pus of a chancre. The term is also used to express a sort of immunity against fresh inocu- lation of syphilis, from the fact of previous inocula- tion. Syphilized (sif'-il-izd) [syphilis, syphilis]. Affected with hereditary syphilis. Syphiloderma \sif -il - o - der' - inah) {syphilis, syphilis; (5f'yi//f;, skiu]. Derniatosyphilis : Syphilis cutanea; a term including the various manifestations upon the skin due to syphilis. The early lesions are manifold, of a reddish-brown, coppery color and leave pigment-stains ; they are symmetric, polymorphous, show a tendency to circular grouping, seldom itch or cause subjective symptoms, and develop slowly. The tertiary rashes are always ulcerative and result from the breaking down of gummata ; they occur on any part of the body, are unsymmetrically distributed, extend centrifugally while healing in the center and leave flat, white scars. They are usually seen on the palms and soles. S. circina- tum, circinate, orbicular, or annular syphilid ; lepra syphilitica ; a form of squamous syphilitic skin -eruption of the secondary period. It occurs during the first year of the disease and may be quite early. The favorite positions are the nape and other parts of the neck, fore- head, and around the chin and mouth. It occurs in cir- cles from half an inch to an inch in diameter, which may form gyrate figures with clear centers and sharply de- fined, distinctly raised borders, with some scales. S., Papulo-squamosum, numtnular syphilid ; squa?iwus syphilid ; syphilitic psoriasis ; a papular skin-eruption seen at any period of the first, and occasionally in the second year of syphilis, followed by desquamation, the scales ranging in size from a quarter to three-quarters of an inch in diameter. They are usually scanty and dirty-looking, but may be abundant and silvery. The lesions are seen all over the body, and may persist for months. Syphilodermia (sif-il-o-der' -iiie-ah). Same as Syphilo- derma. Syphilographer (sif-il-og'-ra-fer) \syphilis, syphilis; ypdipeiv, to write]. One who writes on syphilis. Syphilography (si/- il - og'- ra - fe) {syphilis, syphilis ; -}pa(psn>, to write]. A descriptive treatise on syphilis, its forms, distribution, etc. Syphiloid [si/^-il-oid) [syphilis , syphilis ; fidof, resem- blance]. An endemic disease of Lithuania, Poland, and other regions, and which is probably identical with syphilis. Also known as .Syphilis modificata. S., Canadian, a disease which in some respects resembled syphilis, and prevailed in Canada during part of the eighteenth century. S. of Courland, a disease ob- served at Courland, Russia, having many of the symptoms of syphilis. S., Hessian, a form of dis- ease resembling syphilis, at one time prevalent in Hesse. S., Jutland, a disease resembling syphilis observed in Jutland, Denmark. Syphilolepis (sif-il-nV-ep-is) [syphilis, syphilis ; AfTr/f , scale]. A scaly or furfuraceous eruption of syphilitic origin. Syphilology [sif-il-ol'-o-je) [syphilis, syphilis; science]. The sum of knowledge regarding the origin, nature, and treatment of syphilis. Syphiloma [sif- il - o'- mah) [syphilis, syphilis ; bjxa, tumor: pi., Syphilomata']. A gummatous tumor of syphilitic origin. Syphilomania [sif-il-o-ma^-ne-ah] [jrjj///«7/.y, syphilis; /-/ai'/a, mania] . The inclination to attribute diseases to syphilis. The morbid belief in the presence of syphilis. Syphilomatous [sif - il - - mat - us^ [jy///z///.f, syphilis ; ofia, tumor]. Pertaining to syphiloma. Syphilonychia (sif-il-o-nik'-e-ali) [syphilis, syphilis; ovvt, nail]. An onychia of syphilitic origin. S. SYPHILOPATHY 1452 SYSTEM exulcerans, syphilitic onychia with ulceration. S. sicca, syphilitic onychia without ulceration. Syphilopathy {sif -il-op' -ath-e)\_syphilis, syphilis; irddog, disease]. Any syphilitic disease. Syphilopemphis (sif-il - o - pent' - fis) \syphilis, syphilis; 7rf/i(/»(,', a blister]. Pemphigus of syphilitic origin. Syphilophobe {sif -i!-o-fdb) \_syphilis, syphilis ; (fiojiog, fear]. One affected with syphilophobia. Syphilophobia {sif-il-o-fo'-be-ali) \_syphilis, syphilis; dread]. A morbid condition in which the patient imagines himself to be diseased with syphilis. Also an intense dread of syphilitic infection. Syphilophyma ( sif- il-o - fi'- inali ) \_syphilis, syphilis ; (fv^ia, growth]. Syphiloma of the skin. Syphiloscleroma (sif-il-o-skle-ro' -inah). Synonym of Cliancre. Syphilosis {sif -il-o' -sis) \_syphilis, syphilis]. Syphilitic disease. Syphilous [sif'-il-iis). Same as Syphilitic. Syphionthus (sif-e-oii' -thus) \_syphilis, syphilis ; iovBoc, an eruption on the face] . The copper-colored erup- tions or fawn-colored, furfuraceous patches of syphil- itic origin. Syphon [si'-fon). Synonym of Siphon. Syphonage {si'-fon-aj). See Siphonage. Syphonoma (si-fon-o' -tnali). Synonym of Siphonoma. Syriac Ulcer. .Synonym of Diphtheria. Syrigmophonia {sir- ig-mo -fo'-ne-ah) \_ avpiaaeiv, to hiss; movi], voice]. A piping or whistling state of the voice. Syrigmus [sir-ig'-imts) \_avpiaaeiv, to hiss]. Any sub- jective hissing, murmuring or tinkling sound heard in the ear. Syringe (sir' -in/) [o-y/j/yf, a pipe]. An apparatus for the injection of a liquid into a cavity of the body. Syringeal (sir-in'-je-al) [avpiy^, a pipe]. Relating or belonging to the syrinx. Syringin ( sir - in' - jiii ) [ aiipn/^, tube]. A crystalline glucosid obtained from Syringa vulgaris. Syringitis [sir-in-ji'-tis) \_avpLy^, tube ; itiq, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of the Eustachian tube. Syringium {si-rin' -je-um) [crt'/Kyf , a pipe : pi., Syrin- gia~\ . In biology, a tubular repugnatorial organ on certain caterpillars. Syringocele, Syringocoelia [sir-ing' -go-sel, sir-ing-go- se'-le-ah) [crwp/yf , tube ; KOikla, hollow]. The cavity or central canal of the myelon or spinal cord. Syringo-cystadenoma ( sir-ing' -go-sis-tad-en-o' -tnah ) \pvpiyi, a pipe; Ki'a-ir^, a cyst; iuMp', gland; 6/;a, tumor]. A peculiar disease of the skin that probably begins in embryonic sweat-glands. The eruption consists in a number of small, round, hard, raised papules of the color of the skin, which tend to grow larger and become of a bluish-red color. There are no subjective symptoms. ^yivcx^oxA. {sir-ing' -goid). Synonym of Fistulous. Syringomeningocele {sir-ing' -go - men - ijt' - go - sel) [(jii/)/} ;, pipe ; ////v/yf , meml)rane ; KifA?j, tumor]. A meningocele resembling a syringo-myelocele. Syringomyelia {sir-ing' -go-nii-e' -le-ah) \_nvpiyi, tube; //ijf/.df, marrow]. The morbid condition caused by the presence of an adventitious cavity in the spinal cord or by the dilatation of the central canal. Syringomyelitis {sir-ing' -go-ini-el-i'-tis) \_avpiy^, tube ; //!>f/of, marrow; /r/f, inflammation]. The inflamma- tion coincident with or preceding syringomyelus. Syringo-myelocele {sir- ing'-go - nii' - el -o- sel) [avpiy^, tube ; //ve'/og, marrow ; KoiXdg, hollow]. Synonym of spina bifida. Syringomyelus {sir-ing' -go-mi' -el-us) \_a\}piy^, tube; Iivh'kIw, marrow]. An abnormal dilatation of the cen- tral canal of the spinal cord in which the central gray column is converted into connective tissue, the inte- rior softening and forming a cavity. A disease similar to this in children is called hydroinyelia. Syringomyon {sir-ing-go-mi' -on) \pbpbyS., a pipe ; p.v-o-fe) \_air] ; ovv, together; rrTpieu<, to turn]. A wrench, and the subsequent in- flammation. In biology, the massing of the chlorophyl- bodies of a cell under intense light. Cf. Apostr-ophe, Epistrophe. Systylous (sis' -til-tis) [arffrivlof , with columns standing close]. In biology, applied (a) to flowers in which the styles cohere to form a single column ; (b) to mosses in which the lid is fixed to the columella. Syzygial [siz-ij' -c-al) [ffi'^iyof , yoked together]. Per- taining to syzygy. Syzygium [si-zij' -e-ii/ii) \_nvL.vyin(;, yoked]. A genus of E. Indian myrtaceous trees. S. jambolanum affords an astringent bark, which is asserted to be use- ful in diabetes. Same as Syzygy. Unof. Syzygy {siz'- ij - e) [(Ti'C'/ff, yoked together; ovv, together; Zevyvvvai, to yoke, to join: pi. , Syzygiesl. In biology : I. A fusion of two bodies, without loss of identity. 2. A zygote or conjugate body, formed by the union or conjugation of two similar gametes, and usually followed by encapsulation and later by sporulation ; a syzygium. Szydlowski's Method. A method of estimating CO^ in the air. See Ventilation. T T. The abbreviation of Tension, referring to the intra- ocular pressure. See Tension. T. -bandage. See Bandage. T.-bone. See Taii-bone. Tabacosis (tab-ak-o'-sis) \tabacum, tobacco]. Zenker's term for disease of the lungs arising from inhalation of vegetable fibers, especially of cotton. Properly, that form of pneumonokoniosis due to the inhalation of tobacco-dust. Tabacum [L. : gen., Tabaci\ Tobacco. The dried leaves of JVicotiana tabaciiin, native to America. Its properties are mainly due to an alkaloid, nicotin, CjqHj^Nj, which, next to prussic acid, is the most rapidly fatal poison known. Tobacco is a powerful depressant, nauseant, emetic, diaphoretic, and anti- spasmodic ; it is also narcotic and sedative, lowering arterial tension. In toxic doses death occurs by par- alysis of the respiratory centers. It is used chiefly as an antispasmodic, and is said to be effectual in tetanus. T., Enema, gr. xx in ^ viij hot water for each enema. T., Ol., obtained by distillation ; violently poisonous. T., Vinum, gj to Oj. Dose TTLv-^j. Nicotin, the alkaloid, efficient in strychnin-poisoning. Dose Tt\,^^o-J(j- and up to TTLij in two hours. Preparations unof. Tabanid [tab' -an-id) \_tabanus, a gad-fly]. Any horse- fly or gad-fly of the family Tabanida:, of which the genus Tabamis is the type. More than 1 300 species are known, the females of many of them being capable of inflicting a severe and painful bite. See under Parasites [Animal), Table of. Tabasheer {tab'- a- slier) [lA'ind., tabasher']. A cor- ruption of Tabixir. An opal-like substance formed abnormally in the joints of certain species of bam- boos. This is probably the substance called Octilits mtindi, and Lapis miitabilis by 17th century writers. It played a great part in medieval therapeutics as a supposed remedy for all sorts of physical and mental ills. It is used locally as a tonic, aphrodisiac, pectoral, astringent, and anti-spasmodic. Unof. Tabatiere anatomique {tab - at'- e - ar an - at - om'- ek) [Fr.]. The depression at the base of the thumb on its radial aspect between the second and third extensor tendons. Tabaxir {tab'-aks-er). See Tabasheer. Tabby-cat Striation. Peculiar markings occurring on muscles that have undergone extreme fatty degeneration. The condition is especially seen in the musculi papillares of the heart in pernicious anemia. Tabebuia {fab-e-bn' -e-ali) [a native Braz. name]. A genus of bignoniaceous trees and shrubs of tropical America, of some 60 species. T. impetiginosa is mucilaginous and highly astringent, and is locally valued as a medicine. Unof. Tabefaction {tab - e -fak'-slnin) \jabefacere, to melt]. Wasting; emaciation. Tabella {fa-bel' -ah) [L. : //., Tabellce'X. A table. A troche. A tablet. Tabellary {tab' el-ar-e). Same as Tabtdar. Tabes {ta'-bez) [L. , a wasting]. Formerly used as a synonym of wasting, shrinking, or consumjition. Now used as a synonym of Tabes dorsalis or Locomotor Ataxy, a disease dependent upon degeneration and sclerosis of the posterior columns of the spinal cord. Its most pronounced symptom, incoordination of the TABESCENCE 1454 TACHYTOMY muscles of locomotion, has served to establish the term Locomotor Alaxy as the common designation of the affection. The anatomic changes consist of atrophy and degeneration of the nerve-fibers, with hypertrophy of the connective tissue, and extend from the lumbar region to the calamus scriptorius. The symptoms are numerous, but the chief are "lightning-pains;'' un- steadiness and incoordination of locomotor and other voluntary movements, extending even to the upper ex- tremities ; disorders of vision, among others the valu- able Argyll- Robertson Pitpil, q. v. ; cutaneous anes- thesia ; girdle-sense ; abolition of the patellar reflex ; diminution of sexual desire; peculiar "crises," etc. The disease is a very chronic one, but is not always progressive. It occurs most frequently in males, and usually between the ages of thirty and fifty. The most common cause, by some authorities said to be the only cause, is syphilis. Other predisposing, exciting or adju- vant causes are prolonged exposure to cold and wet, alcoholism, mental strain and traumatism of the spine. T. coxaria, wasting from hip-joint disease. T. ergotica, a toxemia resulting from the use of ergot ; its symptomatology closely simulates that of locomotor ataxia. T. glandularis. Synonym of T. inesenterica. T., Hereditary. See Friedreich'' s Ataxia. T., Lacteal. See Hyperlactatiou. T. mesentericus and T. scrofulosa, old terms descriptive of diseases of the digestive and assimilative organs, sometimes tuberculous, sometimes syphilitic, and attended with wasting. T. neurasthenica, neurasthenia with the symptoms of locomotor ataxia. T. pulmonalis, pul- monary tuberculosis. T. saturnina, the general dis- ability due to lead-poisoning. T. scrofulosa. Synonym of T. mesenterica. T., Suspension Treatment of, see Suspension. T. urinalis. Syn onym of Diabetes mellitits. Tabescence (tah-es' -ens) [/akrj, head]. Pertaining to a roof- shaped skull. Tectochrysin {tek-to-kris'-iti) a carpenter ; jfpwof, gold]. A coloring-matter ob- tained from Poplar Buds. Tectology (tek-toF -o-je) \reK- Tuv, a builder; Aoyog, science]. In biology, structural morph- ology. Tectona (tek-to' -nah ) \TtKTwvia, carpentery]. Teak, a tree of the natural order Verbenacea, the East Indian oak. Its wood is valuable for ship- building. Its leaves are astrin- gent and the flowers and seeds diuretic. Tectorium (tek-to' -re-um) [te- gere, to cover : //. , Tectoria'\. In biology, a covering, as the 20 in number, are called milk, temporary, or deciduous teeth. In the adult the permanent teeth consist of 2 Canine. Bicuspids. Molars. Wisdom-tooth. The Teeth of an Adult. coverts of a bird ; also applied The upper section of the illustration represents the upper set, and the lower the lower set. to the membrane of Corti. Tectorial {tek-to' -re al) [tectorium, a. cover'}. Serving as a tectorium, or covering. T. Membrane. See Mevibratie of Corti. Tectrices ( tek'- tris-ez) \tegere, cover,conceal]. Plural of Tec- trix. In biol- ogy, the feath- ers of the wing- coverts or tail- coverts of a bird, as distin- guished from r e m i g e s, and rectrices. Tectrix {tek'- triks) [L., a cover : //. , Tec- trices'\ . Cover- ing or hiding. Tectrices, the plural, applies to the smaller feathers that cover the quill- feathers, wings, or tail of a bird. Tedium vitae ( te'- de-iim vi' - te). See Tce- dium. Teeth (/^//i) [Plu- ral of tooth, q. f. ]. In man, the small bones Tooth in the Vertical Section of Jaw. E. Enamel, D. Dentine. P. M. Perio- dontal membrane. P. C. Pulp-cavity. C. Cement. B. Bone of the Lower , . , Jaw. V. Vein. a. Artery. N. Nerve, which occupy {From Stirling.) the alveolar cavities of the upper and lower jaws. They are the hardest portions of the body and the principal organs of mastication. The first set of teeth in childhood, incisors, I cuspid or canine, 2 premolars or bicuspids, and 3 molars in each lateral half of each jaw. The last molar of each half-jaw is cut at an age of from 20- 25 years, and is therefore called a wisdom-toot/i. In popular parlance the upper canine teeth are called eye-teeth; the lower canines, stomach-teeth. The upper central incisors are sometimes called butter-teeth In structure the tooth consists of a hard enamel, encasing the crown; the denfifte, within the enamel, consti- tuting the whole of the root and interior of the crown ; and the pulp, a bulbous prolongation of the mucosa of the gums, which is traversed by blood- vessels and nerve- filaments. The dentine of the root is surrounded by the cement or crusta petrosa. The exposed part of the tooth is the croivn, the middle part the neck, and the part within the alveoli the fang or root. T., Auditory, the tooth-like pro- jections on the edge of the limbus laminae spiralis of the ear. They extend l^etween the epithelial cells and give the limbus an uneven, highly refracting sur- face. They are composed of the osteogenous tissue of the crista. T., Numbering of the, in number- ing the teeth, the incisor next the symphysis menti or meson is first, the wisdom-tooth last, or eighth. The first incisor is also said to be central, mesal, or proximal, and the last or wisdom-tooth, distal. In numbering the groups of teeth, as incisors, bicuspids or premolars, molars, the one nearest the symphysis is number one of the particular group. T., Temporary, the teeth of the first dentition ; milk-teeth ; deciduous teeth ; also, a provisional set of artificial teeth. Teething {te' -thing) [ME., teethe, to cut the teeth]. The development and appearance of the first teeth in an infant. Dentition. Teetotalism (te-to'-tal-izm) [redup. of total }. The practice of entire abstinence from alcoholic beverages. Tegmen [teg' -men) \_legmen, a cover : //., Tegmina']. In biology, a covering, as the coat of a seed, the coverts of a bird, or the elytrum of a beetle. T. tym- pani, the roof of the tympanic cavity. Tegmentum [teg-men' -turn) [/^<,w^', to cover]. A cov- ering. The dorsal portion of the crus cerebri, formed TEGMINAL 1461 TELLURIUM by the deep longitudinal fibers, interlaced with trans- verse and arched libers. In biology, an outer covering, as of a bud or a mollusc. Tegminal (teg' -miu-al^ \jeg)nen, a covering]. In bi- ology, integumentary. Tegminalia (teg- niiii - a' -le-ali) [tegi/ieii, a covering]. Plural of Tegminalium . In biology, the plates of a tessellated crinoid or other similarly protected ani- mal. Tegula [teg'-H-lah) \_tegula,a. tile: //. , Tegula']. In biology, a sclerite covering the base of the fore-vi'ing or the metathoracic spiracle of certain insects. Tegumen [teg' -u-ineii) . Same as teg/^icn. Tegument (teg' -ii-/iieiit) \_tegei-e, cover, conceal]. In biology, an enveloping or protective coat ; a tegmen, or tegmentum. Teichmann's Crystals. See Hemin. Teichmann-Neumann Test. See Tests^ Table of. Teichopsia (ti-kop'-se-ah) [rff^iof, wall ; 6i/)«f, vision]. A temporary amblyopia, with subjective visual images like fortification-angles; probably due to vasomotor disturbances of the visual center. Teigne [Fr. ]. See Tinea. T. pelade. Synonym of Alopeeia areata. Teinodynia (ti-no-din' -e-a/i). See Tenodynia. Teissier's Method. See Phospliates. Tela (te'-lali) [L.]. A web or web-like tissue ; a plexus. T. adiposa, adipose tissue. T. aranese. See Spiders' Web. T. cellulosa, areolar tissue. T. choroidea, the membranous roof of thS parts of the third and fourth ventricles of the brain. See Diatela and Aletatela. T. epithelialis, epithelial tissue. T. flava, elastic tissue. T. haemelis, lymph-cells and blood-corpuscles, and, also, splenic tissue. T. vas- culosa, the choroid plexus. Telaesthesia (tel-es-the'-ze-ah). See Telepathy. Telangiectasia (tel-an-Je-ek-ta'-ze-a/i) [r£/lof, end; ayyeiov, vessel ; eKraoic, a stretching]. Dilatation of capillaries, or of the smaller blood-vessels. Telangiectasis (tel-an-je-ek' -tas-is). See Telangiectasia and Nirznis vascularis. T. faciei. See Acne rosacea. Telangiectasy (tel-an-je-ek' -tas-e^. Same as Telangiec- tasia. Telangiectatic [tel-an-je-ek-tat'-ik) [rt/of , end ; ay- ye'iov, vessel ; tK-aaig, a stretching]. Relating to or characterized by telangiectasia. T. Warts. See A ngiokeratoina . Telangioma (tel - an - je - o' - niali) [rf Aof, end ; iiyynov, vessel ; 6//a, tumor]. A tumor composed of dilated capillaries. Telangiosis (tel-an-je-o' -sis) [ri'/or, end ; iiyye'iov, ves- sel]. Disease of the capillaries or minute blood- vessels. Telar (tc'-lar) \_tela, a web]. Pertaining to a tela; of the nature of a tela. Telarian (te-la' -re-an) [tela, a web]. In biology, web- making or tissue-making, as a spinning spider. Teledactyl (tel-e-dak'-til) {ji/As, far; rfd/crnAof, finger]. A device to avoid stooping when wishing to pick up things from the floor (in disease of the spine, injuries, etc.). It consists of six spring-forceps at the end of a cane, operated by a cord passing to the handle and provided with a ring for the index finger. Telegony (tel-eg'-o-ne) [r;/Xf, afar; yovij, offspring]. The influence of a previous husband on the children of a subsequent one through the same woman. Telegraph (tel'-e-graf) [r?//f, far; ypdcpeiv, to write]. An electric apparatus for conveying information to a distance with great rapidity . T., Muscle, an appara- tus for recording the contraction of muscles. Telegraphers' Cramp. See Cramp. Telekinesis (tel-ek-in-e' -sis) [r;?Ae, far; k1i'?/(J((;, move- ment]. The power claimed for some wonder- vvorkers of causing objects to move without touching them. Telekinetic (tel-ek-in-et' -ik) [vf/'Ae, far; Kivi/aix;, move- ment]. Pertaining to or characterized by telekinesis. Teleocephalous (tel-e-o-sef'-al-ns) {rk'ktoq, complete ; K£ov, an animal: //. , Teleozoa'\. In biology, an animal ex- hibiting well differentiated tissues ; a metazoan. Telepathic (tel-ep-ath' -ik) [-fjAe, far; -tWof, disease]. Pertaining to telepathy. Telepathist (tel'-ep-ath-ist, ox te-lep' -atli-ist) [rz/zlr/, far; TraHnc;, disease]. One who is versed in telepathy. Telepathy (tel'-ep-at/i-e, or te-lep' -ath-e) [r^/e, far ; ■kqBoq, disease]. Formerly an empiric form of treat- ment whereby cures were guaranteed by the exhibition of the remedy at a distance from the seat of disease. The term is now applied to a certain form of clairvoy- ance in which one is supposed to become conscious by dream or vision of distant events ; the action of one mind upon another when the two persons are sun- dered by a considerable distance, and there is no communication by means of the senses ; thought- reading ; thought-transfer. Telephone (AV^- 07rfh', to view]. Pertaining to the telescope. T. Catheterism, the passage of several catheters, each smaller than the one before it, one within another, until one is passed through a urethral stricture. Telestereoscope (tel-es-ter'-e-o-skop) [-ifke, afar ; arepeog, solid; OTOTTEh', to view]. An instrument for obtaining a stereoscopic view of distant objects, by which such objects obtain a relief like that of near objects. Teleutogonidium (tel-ii'-to-go-nid'-e-ntn) [reAfiir?/, completion; yovdf, generation : //. , Teleutogonidia'\. See Teletitospore. Teleutospore (tel - ii' - to - spor) [Tektwii, completion ; (TTTopd, seed]. In biology, a peculiar, thick-walled, often compound spore, produced by the Uredinecc or Kusts late in the season ; a brand-spore ; pseudo- spore. Telluric (tel-u'-rik) [tellus, earth]. Derived from the earth or soil ; as a telluric miasm. Tellurism (tel' -u-rizm) [tellus, earth]. Telluric miasm ; influence of the soil as a cause of disease. Tellurist (tel' -u-rist) earth]. One who believes in the telluric origin of any disease (e.g., of tetanus). Tellurium (tel-u'-re-iim) [tellus, the earth]. Te=l28 ; sp. gr. 6.24, quantivalence n, iv, and vi. A non- metallic element of bluish-white color, brittle, brilliant, easily fusible, and resembling sulphur in chemic pro- TELOBLAST 1462 TEMPORO-PARIETAL perties. None of the preparations are used in medi- cine. The element itself, like selenium, imparts an extremely fetid odor to the exhalations and excreta of tlie body. Elements, Table of . Teloblast (lel'-o-blast) [rtAoq, end ; S^aarof, germ]. A segmentation-sphere at the extremity of the germ-band, which becomes elongated by cells arising from the mesoblast. Teloblastic (tel-o-blas' -tik) \jtkor, end ; ft7iaa-6c, germ]. Pertaining to the teloblast. Telolecithal [lel-o - les'- Ilk - al) [rf^of, end ; 'AtKitioi;, yolk]. Having a relatively large mass of food-yolk, eccentrically placed ; said of certain meroblastic eggs. Telolemma (tel-o-lein' -ah) [rtAor, end ; 'Aejifia, husk]. The membrane covering the eminence of Doyere, or the point of entrance of a motor nerve into muscular fiber. Telomalacia (tel-o-tnal-a' -se-ah) [rfv'^of, surface ; iia/a- ma, softness]. Phlegmonous erysipelas. Telopore {lei' -o-por) [rtAof, end ; nopoi;, pore]. In biology, a terminal pore in the embryos of certain in- sects. "t elotroch (lei' -o-lroi). Same as Telolrocha. Telotrocha ( tel - ot'- ro - kah ) [rf /lof , end ; rpoxo^, a wheel : //. , Telolrochie'\. In biology, a chaetopod larva in which there is present a pre-oral and a post- oral (i.e., a peri-anal) ring of cilia; the latter some- times has the form of a peri-anal patch. Cf. Atrocha, Monolrocka, Polvlrocha, Nololrocha, Gaslerotrocha, Ainphitrocha, Aclinotrocha, Trochophora . Telson (tel' -son) \Tk'koov, a limit]. In biology, the terminal somite of the pleon of a crustacean. Temper (tem'-per) \_teiiiperare, to regulate]. That mixture of mental and emotional qualities that pro- duces a predominant quality of disposition or character. The temper is one of the points to be carefully noted in cases of insanity or other central nervous disorder. Moderation ; equipoise of mind ; also, as a verb, to mingle, modify. Temperament ( teni' - per - am - enl ) \jemperamenliim'\ . A term vaguely applied to the predominance of one group or order of constitutional functions over others in an individual. The various divisions of tempera- ment were based on the former doctrine of the four humors of the body — blood, lymph, bile, and atrabilis or black bile; the predominance of any one resulting respectively in a sanguine, lymphatic, bilious, or melancholic temperament. Although the doctrine of the temperaments has long since lost its significance, it is generally admitted that an individual may have a predisposition to types of mental action not im- properly classed as nervous, phlegmatic, lymphatic, etc. T., Bilious, that marked by a predominance of bile ; persons of this type having sallow complexions, dark hair, sluggish circulations. They have great firm- ness and endurance. T., Lymphatic, that character- ized by fair complexion, light hair, flabby muscles, slight force of character, and slightly developed pas- sions. T., Nervous, that characterized by great activity and sensitiveness of the nervous system. T., Sanguineous, that characterized by fair or ruddy com- plexion, rapid pulse, a hopeful disposition, and strong passions. Temperance (tem' -per-ans) \temperantia\ Moderation in satisfying desire ; especially as regards the use of alcoholic beverages. Temperate ( tem' - per - at ) \Jemperalns, moderated]. Moderate, without excess. T. Zone, the zone of cli- mate situated between the isotherms of 30° and 70°. Temperature (tem' - per - a - tar) \teiipeyalurd\. The degree of intensity of heat or molecular vibration. T., Absolute, that reckoned from the absolute zero of temperature, estimated at 273° below the zero of the Centigrade thermometer. T., Conversion, that at which the decomposition of artificially inactive, asymmetric compounds takes place. T., Morbid, any considerable variation from the normal temperature of the body. T., Normal, the temperature of the body in a state of health — 98.6° F. , as estimated by the clinical thermometer. See Thermometer. T. -spots, variations of the heat of the skin, showing a specific end-apparatus arranged in a punctated manner con- nected with the temperature-sense. Temperature-spots are arranged in a linear manner or in chains, usually slightly curved. Cold-spots, spots where only the sensation of cold will be felt. Hot-spots, where only heat will be felt. Both are anesthetic toward pain and pressure. The cold-spots are the more abundant. Temple (tem' -pi) \teinpits, time; from the throbbing of the temporal artery, or from belief that the hair first turns gray at tliis place]. The flat or depressed por- tion of the head between the eye and ear and neigh- boring parts. Templin-oil (tem' -plhi-oil) \_Templin, a town of Prus- sia]. Oil of pine-cones, from Pimts pumilio ; it re- sembles ordinary oil of turpentine. Temporal (tem'-po-ral) \teinporalis ; tempora, temples]. Pertaining to the temples. T. Artery. See Artery. T. Bone, the bone situated at the side and base of the skull. It is divided into a squamous, a mastoid, and a petrous portion. T. Diplopia. Sa.rae as IPonioHymous Diplopia. T. Fossa.* See Fossa. T. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. T. Operculum. See Post-oper- culum. T. Ridge. See Ridge. Temporarii, Dentes (tein-po-ra'-re-i den'-tez) [L.]. The temporary, or milk, teeth. Temporary (tem'-po-ra-re) [/^w/or«;-?'«j, lasting but for a time]. Not permanent. T. Stopping, a prepara- tion consisting principally of bleached gutta-percha, carbonate of lime, and quartz, for filling teeth. T. Teeth. See Teeth. Temporen (tem'-po-ren) \_tempora , {he: temples]. Be- longing to the temporal bone in itself. Temporization (teni-po-riz-a'-shtm) \_tempus, time]. The expectant treatment of disease. See Expectant. Tempore- {pem' -po-ro-) \jempus, time]. A prefix de- noting connection with the temple, as, e.g., temporo- facial, temporo-malar, temporo-occipital, etc. Temporo-auricular (tem-po-ro-aio-rik' -ii-lar) [temptis, time ; attriciilaris, of the ear]. Pertaining to the temporal and auricular regions of the head. Temporo-occipital (tem-por-o-ok-sip'-it-al) [tempus, time ; oeeipitt, occiput]. Pertaining to the temple and back of the head. Temporo-facial ( tem- po-j-o- fa'-shal) [tempus, time ; fades, face]. The larger of the main branches of the facial nerve. Temporo-hyoid (tetii-po-ro-hi'-oid) [tempus, time; hyoid']. Pertaining to the temporal and hyoid bones. Temporo-malar (tem-po-ro-ma'-lar) \tempus, time; mala, cheek]. Pertaining to the temporal and malar bones, or to the temple and the cheek. Temporo-mandibular (tem po-ro-man-dib'-u-lar) [Jem- pus, time ; maiidible\ Pertaining to the temporal bone and the mandible. Temporo-mastoid (te>it-po-ro-mas'-toid) [tempus, time ; mastoid^. Pertaining to the temporal and mastoid regions of the skull. Temporo-maxillary (teiii-po-ro-maks' ■il-a-)-e) [iempus, time; ma.xilla, maxilla]. Pertaining to the temporal region and the upper jaw. Temporo-parietal (tem-po-ro-par-i'-et-al) [tempus, time; /(?;7>.(, wall]. Pertaining to the temporal and parietal bones. TEMPORO-SPHENOID 1463 TENNYSIN Temporo-sphenoid (tem-po-ro-sfe'-noid) [tcmpus, time; spiienoiJ^. Same as Spkenotemporal . Temulence ( tem' - u - lens ) [ teniulcntia ]. Inebriety ; drunkenness. Temulentia (/^w-«-/^«'-.f/;(;'-rt/; ). Synonym of Alro- Itolisiii. Tenacious {/c-na' -shiis) \jcnax, tough]. Having the quality of touglmess or ability to resist mechanical strain or dissolution. Tenacity [te-nas' -it-e) \te)iaiitas'\. Toughness ; resist- ance to fracture or dissolution. Tenaculum ( ten - ak'- ii - him ) \jencre, to hold : //. , Tenacttla'\, \. An instrument, usually hook-shaped, for seizing and holding divided vessels, etc. 2. One of a pair of processes on the abdomen of certain in- sects {Poditndic , spring-tails) serving to hold the elater in place. T. -forceps. See Forceps . Tenalgia (ten-al ' -je-ah) \Tkvidv, tendon; o/i;of, pain]. Same as Tenodynia. Tenax [te'-naks) [L.]. Oakum especially prepared for surgeons' use. Tench's Mouth. The os uteri {os tinea). T.'s Nose. See Nose. Tendency {ten' -den-se) \Je)idere, to stretch]. The in- clination or aim toward a given state or condition. Tender (toi^-^/^/-) [/(V/t-r, soft ; Yx.,tendre\ I. Sensitive to impressions, especially to touch ; soft, and readily yielding to the knife. 2. Delicate, easily destroyed. Tenderness [ten'-der-nes) [tener, soft]. Jhe condition of abnormal sensitiveness to touch ; soreness. Tendinosus [ten-din- a' -stis) [L.]. Same as Scmiten- dinosiis. See Aliescles, Table of. Tendinous (ten'-din-ns) [^tendinosns']. Pertaining to or having the nature of tendon. Tendo, Tendon (ten'-do, ten'-don) [tendo, tendinis, a tendon: , Tendines, Ten- dons'\. A tendon ; the white, glistening, fibrous cord con- necting the body of a muscle with its point of insertion. T. Achillis, the Achilles ten- don or common tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus mus- cles, the thickest and strongest of the body. T. Achillis Re- flex. See Reflexes, Table of. T., Central, the trifoliate apo- neurosis in the center of the diaphragmatic vault. Called also Cordifonii Tendon. T., Cordiform. See T., Central. ' T., Hamstring. See Ham- string. T. -reflex. See Re flexes. Table of . T. -spindle, a peculiar nerve-ending in tendons described by Golgi as being found in the immediate vicinity of the union with the muscle, also called Golgi's corpuscle. T. of Zinn, the ligament of Zinn. Tendophony [ten - doff '- o - ne) \tendo, tendon; ijiuvlj, voice]. Auscultatory sounds supposed to be caused by the chordre tendineK. Tendoplasty (ten' -do-plas-te) \tendo, tendon ; nAaaatw, to form]. A plastic operation on tendons. Tendo-synovitis (ten' -ilo-si-no-in'-tis) \_tendo, tendon ; synovia, synovia]. The "compound ganglion" of older te.\t-books, now recognized as a local tubercu- losis. Tendotome (ten'-do-tom). See Tenotome. Tendo-vaginitis granulosa (ten-do-vaj-in-i'-tis gran- u-lo' -sail) [L.]. Hueter's term for tuberculosis of tendon-sheaths, the sheaths being filled with granula- tion or fungous tissue. Fendon. Tail of Rat. Tendoii-cells seen on edge and embrac- ing a fiber ; bb. On the flat, the cells with a ridge. Tendril [ten'-dril) \_tener, soft, delicate]. In biology, a leaf, a portion of a leaf, or a branch so modified as to serve the purpose of a climbing organ. Tenesmic (te-nez' ->nik) [red'tdudf ; Teiveiv, to strain] Of the nature of or affected with tenesmus. Tenesmus [te-nez' -nius) [rsiveonog ; re'iveiv, to strain]. Rectal or vesical jiain, with spasmodic contraction of the sphincter ani or sphincter vesicae. The painful desire to empty the bowels or bladder without the evacuation of feces or urine. Tenia, Taenia [te'-ne-ali) [raav'a, a band, fillet, rib- bon]. In biology, a genus of parasitic platode worms of the Class Cestoda (tapeworms) and Order Polyaoa. They form ribbon-like stocks, composed chiefly of a row of consecutive segments progressively increasing in size posteriorly [proglottides) and arising by strobila- tion from the knob-like head [scolex), which is pro- vided with organs of adhesion. Over 300 species are recognized, having for their hosts very widely separated animals, with correspondingly wide geographic dis- tribution. Cf. Parasites [Animal), Table of, also Cys- ticerens, Eehinococcns, Aleasles. T. -chain, the chain formed by the proglottides or joints of a tapeworm. T.- head. See Scolex. T. hippocampi, the corpus fimbri- atum of the hippocampus major. See Fimbria. T. semicircularis, a whitish band along the caudatum forming one of the margins of the rima ; also called tenia. T. thalami, the habena or habenula. T. tubse, the name given by V . B. Robinson to a band forming a thickening of the upper border of the perisalpinx or peritoneum covering the upper bolder of the Fallopian tube ; being shorter than the tube, it aids in saccula- ting it, which is detrimental to the facility of trans- mitting ova, leads to ectopic gestation by allowing the ovum to slip into portions of the tube which are not in the main stream of the menstrual fluid. The women possessing this band have usually premenstrual pain or tubal colic, and are either sterile or have few children. This band is considered a relic of embry- onic life. T. violacea, a part of the fourth ven- tricle. Teniacide, Tseniacide [te'-ne-as-id) \_ta:nia, tapeworm ; cirderejioVWY]. Destructive of tapeworms ; a remedy that destroys tapeworms. Teniafuge, Taeniafuge [te' - tie - af - ilj) \tcenia, tape worm; fngare, to drive]. An agent that expels, without necessarily killing, tenia. Teniasis [te-ni' -as-is) [tania, Xema.']. 'Y\it. ensemble oi symptoms resulting from the presence of tenia in the body. Teniate [te'-ne-at) \tccnia, tapeworm]. Ribbon-like in shape. Tenicide [ten' -is-id). .See Teniacide. Tenifuge [ten'-if-iij). See Tenia ftge. Tenioid [te'-ne-oid) [raiv'ia, a band, ribbon; fldof, form]. In biology, ribbon-like, or resembling a tape- worm. Teniola (/'««-z'-o-/rt/z) [L.]. A small ribbon. T. cin- erea. l. A. thin, grayish ridge separating the striae of the floor of the fourth ventricle from the cochlear di- vision of the acoustic nerve. 2. In biology, one of the four ridges developed on the exumbrellar gastric wall of certain 3/ediiscE [Scypliopolyps), also called gastral teniola, gastric ridges, tenioles. Cf. Phacelli. Teniophobia [te -ne - o-fo' - be - ah) \tcpnia, tapeworm; ibSpor, dread]. Morbid dread of becoming the host of a tapeworm. Tennant's Powder. See Powder. Tennis-arm. Same as T.-elborv. T. -elbow, a strain of the elbow, said to be frequent in tennis-players. Tennysin [ten'-is-in). A certain alkaloid occurring in brain-tissue. TENODYNIA 1464 TEPID Tenodynia (ten - o- din'- e - ah) tendon; uSbvij, pain]. Pain in a tendon. Xenography {teii-og' -ra-fe). See Teiiontography. Tenology [ten-oF -o-jc). See Tenoiitology. Tenon, Capsule of. A tibro elastic membrane or fascia separating the eyeball from the surrounding tissues within the orbit. It is covered by a continuous layer of endothelial plates, and corresponds to a synovial sac, whose lubricated surfaces of contact facilitate the movements of the eyeball. (Piersol.) T.'s Mem- brane. See T.'s Capsule. T.'s Space, a lymph- space separating the sclera from Tenon's capsule. Tenonitis {ten - on- i'-tis) \_Teuoii, an anatomist ; ir^f, inflammation]. Inflammati(jn of Tenon's capsule. Tenontagra {ten - on - ta' - grah) \t(vuv, tendon; hy^a, seizAire]. Gout in tendons. Tenontodynia (ten-on-to-din' -e-aJi). See Tenodynia. Tenontography ( ten - on - tog'- ra - fe) \_t£V(jv, tendon ; yj)ii(j>tiv, to write]. The descriptive anatomy of the tendons. Tenontology (ten-on-tol' -o-je) [revuiv, tendon ; 'Adyor, treatise]. The sum of what is known regarding the nature, etc., of tendons. Tenontomia {ten-on-to'-me-ali). Hynonym of Tenoto;/iv. Tenontophyma {ten - on - to - fi'- mah) [jivuv, tendon ; (pv/ja, growth]. A tumor growing on a tendon. Tenontophyte {ten - on'- to -fit) [rti'ui', tendon ; (pvTor, plant]. A new formation upon a tendon. Tenontostoma (ten - on - tos'- to - niali) [rf^uii, tendon ; oarnjv, bone]. Bony change in a tendon. Tenophyte {ten'-o-/lt) [rtvu/', tendon ; (fn'rov, growth]. An osseous or cartilaginous growth on a tendon. Tenorrhaphy { ten - or'- a/ - e) l_Tepup, tendon; pa^i], suture]. The uniting of a divided tendon by sutures. Tenositis {ten-o-si' -tis) [rt rui', tendon ; /r/f, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of a tendon. Tenostosis ( ten - os - to'- sis ) [rei'cji', tendon ; harkov, bone]. Ossification of a tendon. Tenosuture {ten-o-su'-tUr). Same as Tenorrhaphy. Tenosynitis (ten-o-sin-i'-tis). See Tenosynovitis. Tenosynovitis {ten-o-si-no-vi'-tis) [rfi'wv, tendon; 5i'«f77'a, synovia ; jr(f, inflammation]. Combined in- flammation of a tendon and of its sheath. See Thecitis. Tenotome (ten' -o-totn) [r/wr, tendon ; rn/ior, cutting]. A tenotomy-knife. Tenotomize ( ten - ot' - o - m'lz ) tendon ; ro////, a cutting]. To perform tenotomy. Tenotomomania (ten-ot-o-mo-nta' -ne-ah) [r/rui', ten- don ; ro//;?, a cutting ; /^ai'/ra, mania]. A morbid de- sire to perform tenotomy. Tenotomy (ten - of - o - me) [r/t'wr, tendon; rf/iveiv, to cut]. The operation of cutting a tendon to correct deliciencies, inequalities, derangements, or disorders due to muscular contractions or imbalance, and for the correction of heterophoria or strabismus. See St?-a- botomy. T., Graduated, cutting a part of the fibers of the tendon of an ocular muscle for heterophoria or slight degrees of strabismus. T., Tarsal, division of the peroneal tendon for the relief of spavin. Tension (ten' -shun) \fensio : tendere, to stretch]. In physics, that force apparent in mutual repulsion of the molecules of gases. It disappears when the repulsion is balanced by gravitation. The tendency of electricity to overcome resistance. In physiology, the condition of an organ when under a strain. T., Elastic, stretching by means of an elastic material. T., Intra- ocular, the pressure of the intraocular contents upon the sclerotic. Abnormal increase of tension is char- acteristic of glaucoma. Accurate measurement of tension is made by means of instruments called tono- meters ; for practical purposes it is estimated by palpa- tion with the fingers. The registration of tension is indicated by the following terms : I'n. — Tension normal ; the varying degrees of subnormality by the sign — , prefixed to the figures, i, 2, 3, the last denot- ing extreme flaccidity ; hypertension is indicated by the sign prefixed to I, 2, 3, the last indicating the extreme hardness of the highest glaucomatous pressure. T., Muscular, the state of moderate contraction which occurs when muscles are passively stretched. Tensor (ten'-sor) \tendere, to stretch]. An organ or part whose function is to make tense. T. Muscles. See Aluscles, Table of. Tent \_tenta, a tent: //. , TenteB\. An instrument made of compressed sponge, laminaria, tupelo, or other ma- terial that increases in volume by the absorption of water ; it is used chiefly for dilating the cervix of the uterus. T., Cornstalk, a tent made of dried cornstalk pith. T., Laminaria, a tent made of dried Lam- inaria stems. T., Sponge, a tent made of com- pressed dry sponge. T.-wine [z'intim tinetum, colored wine], a Spanish wine of dark-red color. Tentacle (ten'-tak-l) \_tentare, handle, touch, feel]. In biology, loosely applied to any slender, tactile or pre- hensile organ, as a feeler, horn, proboscis, antenna, vibrissa, ray, or arm. Tentacula (ten-tak'-zi-lak). Same as Tentacle. Tentaculate {ten-tak' -u-lat) \_tentaetilum, a tentacle]. Having tentacles. Tentaculicyst {ten- tak'-tt- lis -isf) \tcntacnliiin , a ten- tacle; KviTTic, a cyst]. In biology, one of the audi- tory tentacles of certain Cnidaria. " They are short, transformed tentacles in which the solid endodermal axis, or the peripheral distal end-cells of the hollow tentacle-canal form one or more otoliths. " Also spelled tentaciiloeyst. Tentaculiferous {ten-tak-ii-lif -er-ns) \_tentaculiim, ten- tacle ; yJvr^?, to bear]. Bearing tentacles. Tentaculiform (ten - tak' - ti - lif- orm) \tentacitlum, ten- tacle ; yi>/7«<7, form]. Tentacular. Tentaculigerous {ten-tak-ii-lij' -er-us). Same as Ten- taculiferous. Tentaculocyst. See Tentaculicyst. Tentaculum {te7t - tak' ■ n - Inm) \tentare, feel, touch, handle: pi., Tentaciila\ In biology, a tentacle. Tentigo (/w-Z/'-^o) [L.]. Lust; satyriasis. T. prava. Synonym of Lupus. T. venerea. Synonym of Nymph onian ia . Tentorial ( ten - to'- re - al) [tentorium']. Pertaining to the tentorium. TentO'civLm (teti-to' -re-zim') [tentorium , pi., Ten- toria]. In biology: (a) the endocranium ; (i) the partition between the cerebrum and the cerebellum formed by an extension of the dura ; it is sometimes ossified. Tenuifolious (ten-u-if-o'-le-us) [tentiis, thin ; folium, leaf]. In biology, having slender leaves. Tephromyelitis (tef-ro-mi-el -i'-tis). .Synonym of Paralysis, Infantile. See also Poliomvelitis. Tephrosia (tef-ro' -ze-aJi) [rfc^pdf, ashen]. A genus of some 125 species of leguminous plants, a few of which are N. American. T. apollinea, T. senna, T. leptostachya, and other tropical or subtropical species have purgative leaves. Unof T. virginiana (cat- gut, hoary pea, goat's rue, turkey-pea, devil's shoe- strings) is tonic and anthelmintic. Tephrosis {tef-ro' -sis). See Incineration. Tephrylometer (tef-ril-om' -et-er) [jiibpa, ashes; iitrpov, measure]. A graduated glass tube for measuring the thickness of the gray matter of the brain by means of the segment or core removed. Tepid (tep'-id) \_tepidus, warm]. About blood heat. T. Bath. See Batb. TEPIDARIUM 1465 TEREBINTHINA Tepidarium (tep - id - a' - re - tiiri) [/t'/zV/w, warm]. A warm bath. See Baih. Tepopote {te-po' -po-te). Teamsters' Tea. The twigs of Ephedra aHtisyp/ii/itun , commonly known in the Southwestern U. S. as canutiUo, or whorehouse tea. It is said to be serviceable in venereal diseases. Dose of the fld. ext. L'nof. Ter- [L. , three times]. A common prefix meaning three, or threefold. In chemistry, a prefix joined to the names of certain compounds containing three acid atoms or radicles. Terabdelle [ter - ab'- del) [ripeeLv, to bore; jiddXkeiv, suck] . An instrument employed by Damoiseau to supersede the leech. Teracrylic Acid {ter-ak-rW -ik). See Acid. Teras (te'-ras) [rfpaf, a monster: pL, Terata\. A monster. Terata anadidyma, an order of double autositic monsters in which there is an upward cleav- age of the cerebro-spinal axes. Fusion has occurred at the cephalic extremity, with divergence of the caudal, and, as the result, a double monster is pro- duced, single above and double below. T. anaka- tadidyma, an order of double autositic monsters in which there is both upward and downward cleavage of the cerebro-spinal axes. The two primitive traces approach at points in their continuity only, while the two extremities diverge. As a result, a double being is formed, double above and below, with union be- tween. T. katadidyma, an order of double auto- sitic monsters in which there is a cleft of the cerebro- spinal axes from above downward ; that is, the primi- tive traces have fused at their caudal extremity, and diverge in varying degrees as they ascend. The result is a double being, separated above and joined below. Teratic {fer-af^-ik) \TfpaTiK6c, monstrous]. Of the nature of a teratism ; monstrous. Teratism iter' -at-izi)i) [rfp«f, a wonder, marvel, mon- ster]. Any anomaly of conformation, whether con- genital or acquired through disease or injury. Gouley classifies monstrosities as follows : A. Congenital mo7i- sfrosities, or vices of primary conformation, grouped as follows: I. The ectrogenic. Those monstrosities in which are absent or defective certain parts belonging to the normal body; for example, the absence of one kidney, of one or both testicles, of the external uro- genital organs, etc. 2. 'Y\i% sv»iphvsic. Those mon- strosities produced by fusion or coalition of organs, such as the kidneys. 3. The eeasmie. Those mon- strosities in which the parts that should be united re- main in their primitive, fissured state, as in hypospadias and epispadias. 4. The (?/r«?V. Those monstrosities in which natural openings are occluded, as in imperforate urethra. 5. The hvper^enetic . Those monstrosities in which certain parts are disproportionately large, such as the penis, the testicles, etc. 6. The ectopic. Those monstrosities in which one or more than one part may be abnormally placed, such as a kidney or both kidneys, etc. 7. The Jtennaphroditic. Those monstrosities in which organs of both sexes exist. B. Acquired monstrosities., or those that are the out- come of disease, of violence, or of operations neces- sitated by diseased conditions or injuries. They may be grouped as follows: I. The ectrogenic. Those monstrosities caused by the loss of some part from dis- ease, injury, or operation. 2. 'Y\i^ sv'nphysic. Those monstrosities produced by the fusion of parts from disease, injury, or operation. 3. The ceasmic. Those monstrosities in which a cleft results through disease, injury, or operation. 4. The(?i'r«/(r. Those monstrosities in which natural openings are occluded through dis- ease, injury, or operation. 5- The hypergenetic. Those monstrosities in which certain parts are inordinately enlarged through disease. 6. The ectopic. Those monstrosities in which a part is displaced through dis- ease or injury. Other classifications of monstrosities have been given by Ahlfeld, Bischoff, Blumenbach, Breschet, Buftbn, Fisher, Licetus, Meckel, and Otto, See Monstrosities, Table of Classification of, according toGeofiVoy Saint-Hilaire, altered by Hirst and I'iersol, under Alonster. Teratogenic [ter-at-ofen'-ik) [r/paf, monster ; yevvav, to produce]. Giving rise to teratism, or monstrosity. Teratogeny [ter-at-oj' -en-e) [rf/jaf , a monster ; ytvvav, to beget]. The formation or bringing forth of mon- strosities. Teratoid ( ter'- at - oid) [rfpctf, monster ; eirfof, resem- blance]. Resembling a monster, or anomalous organ- ization. Teratology ( ter - at - ol' ■ 0 - je ) [ripac, monster ; /"'oyof , science]. In biology, the science of malformations and monstrosities in the vegetable or animal kingdom. Teratoma (ter-at-o' -iiiak) [rZ/ir/f , monster ; tumor : //. , Teratomata'^. A congenital tumor, which may contain various concretions of organic tissue, as teeth, hair, and other erratic material. Dermoid cyst. Teratomatous {ter-at-o' -tnat-ns) [rfpaf, monster ; o//a, tumor] . Of the nature of or resembling a teratoma. Teratophobia (ter-at-o-fo' -be-a/i) [ripai;, tumor ; iLlXv, ill LIUL able water. {b) Sulphuric acid. Red to brownish- red color. Mix 3 drops of water, 2 of a, and 3 or 4 of b. Bcettger's test. Nitrous acid. (a) Diluted sulphuric fLcid (^} Ccidmiiim iodid starch-paste. Blue color. Add a and l>. \ Bcettger's test. Ozone. Strip filter-paper Ill V^lSLtliCU VVILII acid-free sol. of gold chlorid Violet color. Expose R. to gas. Bcettger's test. Ozone. Strip filtering paper dipped into a sol. of tVin nil! m T»t"^l^nvi r1 lli^LIllUIll |Jt iJ LvJJVl U . Brown color. Expose R. to gas. Bcettger's test. Safranin. Sulphuric acid. Blue color. Add R. If water is added colorbecomes green. Bcettger's test. Sulphocy an at es (Rhodanates). (a) Tr. guaiaci. (i)Dil. sol. copper sulphate. Blue color. Dip strip filter-pa- per in a ; let dry ; moisten withi; place on it a drop of liquid. Bcettger's test. Water in ether. Carbon disulphid. Milkiness. Agitate gently with equal bulk R. Bolas's test. Nitric acid. Sulphuric acid lo, sol. ferrous sulphate i. Brown zone. Heat R., and pour liquid cautiously on top. Borntraeger's test. Acidimetry ; alka- limetry. Concentrated tincture orange-peel. Colorless with acids, lemon-yel- low with alka- lies. Add R., and shake up with ether. Bouchardat's test. Alkaloids. Potass. iodo-iodid=io- din 10, potass, iodid 20, water 500. Brown ppt. Add R. to liquid. Bourgoiii's test. Nitrobenzol in oil of bitter almonds. Sol. potass, hydrate. Green color. Shake 15 drops oil with 8 of R. If 20 drops water are added, two layers are formed, upper green, lower yellow. Bou ssingault's test. Nitric acid. {a) Hydrochloric acid. (A) Indigo-solution. Decolorization. Acidify with a, and add drop of b. Brandberg's test. Benzol ; benzine. Pitch. R. dissolves in benzol, not in benzin. Brandes' test. Quinin. (a) Chlorin-water. (b) Ammonia. Green color. Treat liquid with a and b. TESTS 1472 TESTS TABLE OF TY-STS.— Continued. Name. Use. Reagents. Reaction. Application. Remarks. Braun's test. Glucose. (a) Sol. picric acid, (b) Sol. sodium hydrate. Blood-red color. A 1 k a 1 i n i z e with b, warm to 90°, add a, and boil. Brautlecht's test. Organic impuri- ties in potable water. (a) Aluminum sul- phate I, hydrochlo- ric acid I, water 8. {b) Ammonia. Examine under microscope be- fore and after addition of saf- ranin. Treat 100 c c. water with 5 c.c. a and add ior2drops*. Filter off ppt., redissolve in 10-15 drops di- lute acetic acid. Brazil-wood test. Acidimetry ; alka- limetry. Sol. of coloring-matter of Brazil-wood {Pel- tophorum dubium). Turns purplish- red with alka- lies; yellow with acids. .Brieger's test. Strychnin. Pure chromic acid. Violet color. Add R. to li(^uid. Brine-test. Albumin in urine. (a) Saturated sol. so- dium chlorid, acidu- lated with 5 per cent. sol. dilute hy- drochloric acid. White ring. Overlay R. with urine. Very delicate. Brouardel and Boutmy's test. P t o m a i" n s from plant-alkaloids. (a) Potass, ferricyanid. (b) Ferric chlorid. Blue color. Apply a, then b. Bruecke's test. Bile-pigments. \a) Nitric acid. {o) Sulphuric acid. Color-reactions. Add a to urine, shake ; let b flow to bottom. Bruecke's test. Glucose. Boil fresh bismuth subnitrate with po- tass, iodid 30, water 150, and after 10 min- utes add 5C.C. 25 per cent. sol. hydrochlo- ric acid. Reduction. Bruecke's test. Proteids. (a) Hydrochloric acid. (b) Potassio-mercu- ric iodid. Precipitate. Acidulate with a, and add b. Bruecke's test. Urea. (a) Fusel-oil. (b) Sol. oxalic acid in fusel- oil. Cry s t al I i n e de- posit. Heat alcoholic extract with a, filter, and add b. Brunner's test. Glucosids. Pettenkofer's test for bile-acids. Red color. Buckingham's test. Alkaloids. Fresh sol. of ammo- nium molybdate 8 grains, in sulphuric acid 2 drams ■ heat till clear. Color-reactions. Add R. Bujwid and Dun- ham's reaction. Products of bacil- lus cholerse asi- aticae. See PocJil s veaction. Burchard's test. Cholesterin and cholesterin-fats. (d) Chloroform. (i) Acetic acid anhydrid. { /'\ 1 r»ViiT Ti r* !if*ir1 Violet to green color. Dissolve substance in a, add b, and a few drops c. Modification of Liebermann's test. Cadet's test. Arsenic. Sodium acetate. Kakodyl (charac- teristic odor). Heat with R. Caillan's test. Glucose in urine. Chloroform. Apply tests for glu- cose. Shake 2 vel. urine with one R. ; allow to settle ; upper layer /^nntniTiQ nil the (ylii- cose. Calcium-carbonate test. Free acids and acid salts in gas- tric juice. See Leo's test. Campani's test. Glucose. Mix concent, sol. lead subacetate with dil. sol. copper acetate. Yellow to orange- red ppt. Add R. to sol. 0.5 per cent, gives red, 0.1 per cent, yellow color. Cappazuoli's test. Glucose. Sol. copper hydroxid in potass, hydrate. Blue color. Add R. to liquid. TESTS 1473 TESTS TABLE OF T'EST'&.—Cotitimied. Name. Use. Reagents. Reaction. Application. Remarks. Capranica's test. Guaniii. (a) Aq. sol. picric acid, (d) Concent, sol. po- tass, bichromate, (c) Concent, sol. potass, ferricyanid. With a yellow, crystalline ppt. ; with b orange- colored, crystal- line ppt. ; with c prismatic, yel- lowish-brown crystals. Add R. to solution. Carbolic-acid test. Albumin in urine. See Mehn^s test. Caro-Fischer's test. Hydrogen sulphid. See Fischer's test. Carter's test. Indican in urine. Nitric acid, Play of colors as in bile-test. Overlay acid with urine, or allow the two to come in con- tact on porcelain plate. Bile gives same reaction ; if a dee p-b 1 u e or purple ppt. forms on addi- tion of sulphuric acid — play of colors due to ex- cess of indican. Casali's test. Biliary matter. (a) Lead acetate, (b") Ammonia, (c) Ether and hydrochloric acid. Yellow, red, violet, blue color. Precipitate urine with a and b and extract with c. Let ethereal layer evaporate, and test with oxidizing agents. Casamajor's test. Glucose. Methylic alcohol. Cloudiness. Shake liquid with R. Casoria's test. Water in absolute alcohol. Dehydrated "copper sulphate. R. turns blue. Pour liquid over R. Chatin and Gaul- tier de Claubry's test. lodin. Nitric acid i, sulphu- ric acid 6, starch. Blue tovioletcolor. Add R. Chautard's test A. Acetone in urine {a) Aq. sol. magenta. (b) Sulphurous acid. Violet color. To a drop of a, decolor- ized by b add urine. Delicacy; 0. 01 ace- tone ; reaction may appear after 4 or 5 minutes. Chautard's test B. Acetone. (a) Fuchsin 0.25, water 500. (b) Sulphurous acid. Red-violet color. Add b io a until a is decolorized. Add mixture to the liquid. Chevreul's test. : Ammonia. i Hematoxylin-paper. Red color turns violet. Expose paper to fumes. Chloroform-test. j Potass, i o d i d in urine, etc. ! (a) Fumingnitric acid. (b) Chloroform. Violet-red color. Add a little a and }^ b ; shake. ■ Delicate and reli- able. Cholera-red reac- 1 Products ot' bacil- tion. 1 lus cholerse asi- aticas. See Poehl's test. Cholestol reaction. ' Cholesterin and cholesterin-fats. See Liebemiann' s test. Chromic-acid test. 1 Albumin in urine, j See Rosenbach' s test. Citric-acid test. Mucin. See Mucin-test. Clark's test. Creasote; carbolic acid. (a) Nitric acid. (5) Potass, hydrate. Creasote, no crys- talline ppt. ; car- bolic acid, yel- low crystals. Boil with excess of a until red fumes are no longer evolved ; neutralize with b. Claus's te.st. Water in absolute alcohol. Anthrachinon and so- dium amalgam. Red color ; abso- lute alcohol causes a green color. R. is moistened with the alcohol. Cochineal-test. Acidimetry ; alka- limetry. Cochineal i gm., macer- ated for four days in alcohol 20, water 60 ; filtered. Turns violet with alkalies, yellow- ish-red with acids. Colasanti's test. S u 1 p h o-c y a n i c acid. Sol. of gold chlorid (i : 1000-10,000) in potass, hydrate, or in sat. sol. sodium bicarb. Violet color on heating, metallic gold deposited on cooling. Warm R. with dilute solution of the sub- stance. Congo-red test. Free hydrochloric acid. See RiegeV s test. 93 TESTS 1474 TESTS TABLE OF TESTS.— CmUmued. Name. Use. Reagents. Reaction. Application. Remarks. Contejean's test. Hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. Cobalt oxid (freshly precipitated). Blue cobalt chlo- rid. Evaporate drop of liquid on watch- glass with R. Cotton's test. Brucin. Sol. sodium sulph-hy- drate. Violet to green color. Add excess of R. to brucin in nitric acid. Cunisset's test. Biliarj' matter in urine. Chloroform. Yellow color. Shake urine with R. Curdling - ferment test. Curdling ferment in gastric juice. (a) x\[ normal sodium hydratesol. (d) Neu- tral or amphoteric milk. Curdling. Neutralize 5 to 10 c.c. filtered gastric juice with a; mix with equal quantity of b, warm to 37° or 40° C. Reaction takes place in 10-15 min. A If nrkl Molybdic acid i, sul- phuric acid 2. Blue color. Essential oils first shaken with water, which is separated ; urine is distilled. Test with R. Dsvv's test - Carbolic 3cicl. Molvbdic acid i, sul- phuric acid 10. Dark olive-^reen to blue and vio- let color. Add 3 to 4 drops R. to I to 2 drops of liquid. Dsvv's test* Strychnin. {(z) Sulphuric acid, (d) Potass, ferricyanid. Deep-violet color. Add fl, then b. Day's test. Pus. Alcoholic sol. of guaiac exposed to light until it turns green in con- tact with potass, iodid. Blue color. To watery sol. of pus add a few drops of R. Inert when applied to dried pus. Debrunner's test. ■ Water in absolute alcohol. Potass, permanganate. Purple discolora- tion indicates water. R. insoluble in absolute alcohol, sol. in water. Degener's test. Alkalimetry. Phenacetolin, a brown substance obtained by heating for seve- ral hours carbolic, sulphuric, and glacial acetic acids aa I. Alkalies turn it red. DelflF's test. Caffein Sol. red mercuric oxid in potass, iodid. Crystalline ppt. Add R. to liquid. Other alkaloids yield amorphous ppt. Diazobenzol - s u 1 - phuric-acid test. Glucose in urine. (a) Sol. potass, hydrate. (6) Sol. diazobenzol- sulphuric acid (i : 50), made faintly alkaline with a. Yellowish -red , changing to dark- red ; froth car- min-rcd Alkalinize 20 c.c. of. Not very reliable, urine with a ; add equal volume b. Diazo-reaction. Aromatic com- pounds in urine in typhoid fever, See Ehi liclt's test. Diphenylamin test. Nitric acid. (a) Sol. of diphenyl- amin. (A) Concent, sulphuric acid. Deep-blue color at zone of contact. Add I or 2 drops a ; pour in b to form a layer beneath the liquid. Donath and Mayr- hofer's test. Glycerin. (a) Carbolic acid, (b) Sulphuric acid, (c) Ammonia. Carmin-red color. Evaporate to dry ness ; heat to 120° C. with two drops of a and b. Extract with water, and add to residue c. Donng's test. Pus. Liquor potassae. Tenacious, gelat- in i f 0 r m sub- stance, resemb- ling white of egg. To deposit of pus add R. Dragendorff's test. Brucin. (a) Sulphuric acid i, water g. {b) Very dilute sol. potass, bi- chromate. Raspberry-red to brownish-orange color. Dissolve in a, and add with a glass rod small quantity of b. Dragendorff 's test. Carbolic acid in urine. Petroleum-naphtha. Take up with R. and test as usual. Dragendorff's test. Strychnin. Iodic acid. Red to reddish- brown color. Add R. TESTS 1475 TESTS TABLE OF T^^TS.—Conlimied. Name. Use. Reagents. Reaction. Application. Remarks. Drechsel's test. Biliary matter. (a) Syrupy phosphoric acid. (A) Cane-sugar. Red to reddish- brown color. Add to concent. liquid a and b, and heat on a water-bath. Drechsel's test. Xaiithin-bodies. Copper chlorid. Mud-colored ppt., becoming white. Add R. to ammoniacal solution of sub- stance. Drevvsen's test. Acetone in urine. See Bayer's lest. Dudley's test. Gallic acid. Sol. of ammon. picrate. Reddish color, changing to green. Add R. Dudley's test. Glucose. Bismuth nitrate, dis- solved in a little nitric acid; add equal bulk acetic acid, and dilute to lo vol. with water. Gray or black ppt. Add to urine (rendered strongly alkaline by sol. of sodium hydrate) i or 2 drops of R., and boil. Duflos' test. Picrotoxin. Potass, bichromate. Green color. Add sol. R. Dus a r t-Blondlot's test. • Phosphorus in tissues. Alcohol, ether, and carbon bisulphid, containing per cent, sulphur in sol. Place copper phos- phid in tlask. and proceed as in Marsh's test for arsenic. Treat substance with R., allow to stand 24 hours, decant, and treat residue a second and a third time in same manner. Mix the liquids, filter into retort and warm mixture with por- tions of metallic cop- per, until latter remains bright. Al- low to stand 24 hours, distil off carbon di- suiphid mixture, col- lect copper on filter, wash with alcohol, then with ether. Earthy-phosphates test. Earthy phosphates in urine. White ppt. i 1 Edlefseii's test. Naphtha! in. (fit) Sol. calcium chlorid. (b) Concent, hydro- chloric acid, (c) Ether, (d) i per cent. aq. sol. resor- cin. On addition of a and b lemon-yel- low color ; d over- laid with ethereal extract bluish- green : cherry- red on addition of HXO3. Add 3 to 4 drops a and a few drops b. Ex- tract with c, and overlay d with the extract, adding a little ammonia. Reliable but com- plicated. Edlefsen's test. Naphthalin. Ammonium or sodium hydrate. Fluorescence. Add a few drops R. to liquid. Delicate. Ehrlich's test. Aromatic com- pounds in urine of" typhoid-fever patients. {a) Sulphanilic acid 5.0, hydrochloric acid 50 1000.0. (4) Sodium nitrite 0.5, distilled water 100. Orange-red ring ; rose-red foam. Mix 40 c.c. of a and I c.c. of b ; mix with equal quantity of urine ; allow am- monia to flow down the tube. Shake to produce the foam. Of considerable diagnostic value ; obtained also in carcinoma, septi- cemia, and per- haps other condi- tions. Ehirlich's test Silirubin . (fz} 3,c6tLic 3.cid- \b) Sulphanilic acid I gm., hydrochloric acid 15 c.c, sodium nitrite o.i gm. Dark color, becom- ing violet on addition of glacial acetic or other acid. Add equal vol. a, and drop by drop b. Einbrodt's test. Ammonia. (a) Sol. ammon. chlorid. (*) Sol. potass, hydrate, (c) Sol. mercuric chlorid. White opalescence. To 100 c.c. of liquid add I drop each of a, of b, and of c. ■ Endemann and Prochazka's test. Copper. Hydrobromic acid. Rose-red to red- j To i drop liquid add dish-brown or ! i drop R. ; let evapo- blackish color. rate slowly. Eosin-test. Acidimetry ; alka- limetry. Eosin I gm. in 30 c.c. of water. Acids destroy fluo- rescence ; alkalies restore it. Esbach's test. Proteids in urine. Picric acid 10. citric acid 20. Distilled water 1000. Precipitate ; quan- tity indicated on graduated tube. TESTS 1476 TESTS TABLE OF TESTS.— Co«//«z/^a'. Name. Use. Reagents. Reaction. Application. Remarks. A^ercury . \^hite stain. Heat substance in cru- cible, and condense vapor on cold gold plate (as lid). Everitt's test. Opium. (a) Sol. ferric chlorid. (d) Sol. mercuric chlorid. Red color with a, not altered by b. Add a. Ewald's test. Free hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. Similar to Mohr's test B. Ewald's test. Motor activity of stomach. See Siewer's test. Eycktnsnn s test. Carbolic acid. (d) Spirit of nitrous ether, (b) Sulphuric Red color. Add to 1 c.c. of lic[uid I to 3 drops a and an eQual vol. b. Salicylic acid and albumin show same color, but not so intensely. Fairthorne's test. Chloral. (a) Concent, sol. of potass, bichromate. (b) Nitric acid. Blue color. Heat with a, then add b. Fairthorne's test. Morphin. (a) Sodium hypochlo- rite (chlorinated soda), (b) Ammonia. Dark-red color. Add a, then b. Fat-test. Fat. See Osmic acid test. Fehling's test. Albumin in urine. Fehling's sol. (See fgllllfj^ 'j" test fo'i' glucose.) Brownish -red or lildLlVC t-.'-'li-'l . Heat R., and slowly 3d d urine Fehling's test. Glucose in urine. (a) 34.652 gm. crystal- lizcd copper s u. 1~ phate, water 200 (*) 173 gui- sodic po- tassium tartrate, 4S0 c.c. sol. sodium hy- drate. Mix a and b vviiiic dLiiiiiig, (alJU dilute to 1000 c.c. Ppt. of red cu- prous oxid or yel- low cuprous hy- droxid. Dilute I c.c. of R. with 4 c.c. of water, and boil. Add urine, drop or two at a time, and boil. Delicacy 0.001 per Fehling's test. Peptone and pro- peptone in urine. Fehling's sol. (See Fehling^s test for glucose.) Rose-colored halo above ppt. of phosphates. Heat IS c.c. ofR. ; add filtered urine slowly. Fenton's test. Tartaric acid. (a) Sol. of ferrous chlo- rid or ferrous sul- phate, (b) Hydrogen dioxid. (c) An al- kali. Violet color. Add a, I or 2 drops b, and excess c. Fermentation-test. Glucose in urine. See Roberts' test. Ferric-chlorid test. Antipyrin. Sol. ferric chlorid. Dark-red color. Add dilute R. to liquid. Unreliable. The red color in dia- cetic-acid reac- tion disappears on heating; that of antipyrin does not. Ferric-chlorid test. Salicylic-acid com- pounds. Sol. ferric chlorid. Violet-blue color. Add R. to liquid ; or acidulate with Ho- SO4, shake with ether, and test ether- eal extract with R. Delicate, especi- ally by shaking with ether. Other substances, less common, also respond. Ferric-chlorid test. Tannic acid. Ferric chlorid. Grayish-green or blackish color. Add R. (iz) Sol. sodium nitrO" prussid. (b) Hydro- gen sulphid. Tfi^'at linnirl mrifn /i in I 1 CflL IIL|Ull-l WiLl> U 111 the presence of b. Filhol's test. lodin. (a) Potass, hydrate. (*) Alcohol, (c) Hy- drochloric acid, (d) Chromic acid, {e) Carbon disulphid. Violet color of e. Extract iodin ; evapo- rate to dryness with a, take up with b, evaporate ; dissolve in water, add a few drops c, then d, then e. TESTS 1477 TESTS TABLE OF T'E^lii.— Continued. Name. Use. Reagents. Reaction. Application. Remarks. Fischer's test. Glucose in urine. (a) Phenylhydrazin hydrochlorid. (b) Yellow, crystalline precipitate. Place in test-tube 2 gm. a and 1.5 gm. b ; fill LlliJC VVti,ll V> aLCl 1 and add equal quantity urine. Stand tube in boiling water 15-20 minutes ; then in cold water. Detects traces. Fischer's test. Hydrogen sulphid. (a) Hydrochloric acid. (^) Para in i d o-di- methylamin s u 1 - phate. . (c) Dil. sol. ferric chlorid. Blue color. To 50 c.c. liquid add i \- . I- • U f LllCil a. lew grains b, and i or 2 drops c. Fittig's test. Alkalimetry. Ethereal sol. mesityl- chinon. R. is yellow ; alka- lies turn it violet. Add liquid to R. Fleitmanti's test. A r^pTi i c {ct) Strong potassium hydrate, {b) Pure zinc, (c) Paper wet with silver nitrate. {c). l-*n 1" a litflf /J Q ti r1 fi in H LI L Ct IIILIC LI tXii\S U 111 a test-tube with the substance ; clasp c over it and boil. N^Hi sh s nictliod, except that a is substituted for the acid. Fliickiger's test. Acetauiiid. (a) Sol. potass hy- drate. (*) Chloro- form. Disagreeable odor of isocyanphenyl. Add a and b ; shake; heat. Fliickiger's test. Brucin. Mercurous nitrate (free from excess of acid). Crimson color. An aqueous sol. mixed with R. is heated. Fliickiger's test. Creasote; car- bolic acid. (a) Sol. ferric chlorid. (*) 85 per cent, alco- hol. Green color. Mix a I part, creasote 9, b 5. Green color. Ad d 60 water: cloudy - brownish Carbolic acid gives brown color with alcohol, blue with water. Fliickiger's test. Creasote: car- bolic acid. (a) Ammonia, {b) Bro- min-vapor. Blue color : car- ta ol i c acid; brown or dirty- gj"gg]1 • ci'G3.SOtC Add vol. a, and ex- pose to b. Fliickiger's test. Digitalin. Chloral alcoholate. Yellowish-g r e e n color, turning violet, then blsckish r G G n on heating. Dissolve in R. ; then heat. Fliickiger's test. Free mineral acids. Mixture in sol., of fer- rous sulphate, gallic acid, sodium ace- Decolorization. Add a drop of R. to liquid. Fliickiger's test. Gallic acid. {a) Fresh sol. ferrous sulphate 1, water 100! (b) Sol. sodium acet at e . Violet color. Add a : sol colorless ; then add b. Fluorescein test. Alkalimetry. Fluorescein i gm., agi- tated with 100 c.c. dilute alcohol ; filter. Green fluorescence by reflected light, in pres- ence of least ex- cess of an alkali. Fourcroy's test. Phosphoric acid. {a) Ammon. chlorid. (b) Ammon. hydrate. (c) Sol. magnes. sul- phate. White, crystalline ppt. Add a and b, and then c. Francis' test. Biliary acids in urine. Glucose (dried over water-bath) 2gm., in sulphuric acid 15 gm. Purple color. Place 4 c.c. of R. in test-tube and float equal quantity urine on top. Franqui and Van de Vyvere's test. Glucose in urine. Bismuth hydrate in potass, hydrate. Gray or black ppt. Boil urine with R. Frerich's test. Leucin and tyro- sin in urine. (a) Basic lead acetate. (b) Hydrogen sul- phid. Crystals of tyrosin in 24 hours ; leu- ciii appears later. Ppt. urine with a ; re- move excess of a with b : evaporate fluid on water-bath to small vol. Fresenius' test. Nitrites. (a) Starch-paste, (i) Sol. potass, iodid. (c) Sulphuric acid. Blue color. Add a, b, c. TESTS 1478 TESTS TABLE OF TESTS.— Co«//«W. Name. Use. REAGENT.S. Reaction. Application. Remarks. Freuiid's test. Sulphates in urine. (a) I per cent. sol. ali- zarin. (('') 5 per cent, acetic acid, (c) Sol. barium acetate (11.22 to looo). I c.c. c = 3 mg. sulphur trioxid. To 50 c.c. urine add 10 drops each a and b till mixture shows orange color. Trit- urate with c till ppt. becomes distinctly red. If urine dark- colored, decolor- ize with acetic acid and zinc powder. Froehde'stest. Alkaloids. Sol. of sodium molyb- date 0 01 gm in sul- phuric acid lo c.c. Color-reactions. Fiirbringer's test Albumin in urine. Capsules (Stiitz's) containing sodio- mercuric chlorid, sodium chlorid, and citric acid. Cloudiness or floc- culent ppt. Open capsule at both ends and introduce into urine. Delicate and con- venient. Fiirbringer's test. Albumin in urine. (a) Mercuric chlorid. (6) Sodium chlorid. Precipitate. Add sol. of a and of b. Furfurol-test. Carbohydrates. See Sckiff's and Mo lisch's tests. - Furfurol-test. Glucose. See Molisch's test. Galipe's test. Albumin in urine. Sat. sol. picric acid. White turbidity. Place a little R. in test-tube, add a few drops of urine, or overlay with urine. Prevents mistak- ing of phosphates or urates. Gallois' test. Inosite. 2 per cent. sol. mer- curic nitrate or Lie- big's sol. for estima- tion of urea. Yellow residue, turning red on heating. Heat sol. with a few drops of R. Proteids, tyrosin, and sugar must be absent. Garrod's test. Uric acid in blood. Acetic acid. The thread be- comes incrusted with uric-acid crystals. To 30 c.c. of serum add 0.5 c.c. of R. and immerse a fine thread. Obtained espe- cially in gout, but also in leukemia and chlorosis. Gauthier's reagent. Egg-albumin. Sol. sodium hydrate 250, copper sulphate, I f sol. 50, glacial acetic acid 700. Precipitate. To 2 c.c. liquid add 10 c.c. R. Serum-albumin will not be precipi- tated. Geissler's test. Albumin in urine. (a) Citric acid. (b) HgClo. 3 it sol., con- taining 12-15 potass, iodid. Precipitate. Add to urine test-paper dipped in a and dried, then one dipped in b and dried. Very delicate. Gentele's test. Glucose. Sol. potass, ferricyanid in potass, or sodium hydrate. Decolorization. Add liquid to R. and warm. Uric acid gives same reaction, even in the cold. Gentian-Violet test* Amyloid degener- ation. ((2) 5 per cent. acj. sol. gentian-violet, (b) 10-15 PSf cent. sol. acetic acid. Pink color. Treat section ^ to i minute with a ; wash \\\b\ examine under microscope. Gerhardt's test. Acetone in urine. Sol. ferric chlorid. Red color. Add R. to urine. Not very reliable ; other substances respond . Gerhardt's test. Biliary pigments in urine. (a) Chloroform {b) Tr. iodi. (c) Sol. potass, hydrate. Yellow to brown- ish color, with green fluores- cence. Shake equal parts urine and a ; allow to settle J add b and c to extract. Gerhardt's test. Diacetic acid in urine. Sol. ferric chlorid. Bordeaux-red color ; foam vio- let-red. To urine add a few drops of R. to pre- cipitate phosphates ; then add a few more drops of R. ; or fil- ter, and then add. Color disappears on addition of sulphuric acid. Gerhardt's test. Urobilin in urine (in excess). (a) Potass, hydrate, (b) Chloroform, (c) Tr. iodi. Green fluores- cence. To chloroform extract of urine add a and b. Glacial-phosphoric- acid test. Albumin in urine. See Hindenlang' s test. Gmelin-He i n t z ' s test. Biliary pigments in urine. Fuming nitric acid. Play of colors be- ginning with green and pass- ing through blue, violet, and red to yellow. Bring urine and R. in contact on porcelain plate or overlay R. with urine in test- tube. Very delicate ; i in 70,000 to 80,000. TESTS 1479 TESTS TABLE OF T'ESTS.— Continued. Name. Use. Reagents. Reaction. Application. Remarks. Griess' test. Nitrites in saliva. (a) Sulphuric acid, (b) Metadianiido - b e n - zol. Intense, yellow color. Dilute saliva with vols, water ; add a few drops a and b. Grismer's test. Glucose in urine. (a) 1 : 1000 sol. safraniii. (b) Potass, hydrate. Decolorization de- notes glucose. Boil I c.c. urine with 5 c.c. a and 2 c.c. b. Not reliable. Guaiac-test. Blood. See Vati Deen's test, Almen's test, and Huehnerfeld' s test. Guaiac-test. Hydrocyanic acid. See Schdnbebi' s test. Guareschi's test. Phenol. Chlorofornj. Red ppt. sol. in alcohol. Treat warm alkaline sol. of phenyl with R. Giinzburg's test. Hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. Phloroglucin - vanillin sol. : Phloroglucin 2, vanillin I, absolute alcohol 30. Red color ; cherry- red crystals. To a few drops of juice in evaporating dish add a drop of R. and warm gently. I in 15,000 ; very delicate. Gutzeit's test. Arsenic. • (a) Zinc. (*) Sulphuric acid 10, water 190. (<-) Sol. lead acetate, (rf) Sat. sol. silver ni- trate acidulated with nitric acid. B r i gh t-y e 1 1 0 w stain, becoming black or brown on addition of water. Place a piece of a in test-tube with 5 c.c. of i ; add liquid, not exceeding i c.c. About 1 cm. below open end of test-tube insert a glass-wool or cotton plug moist- ened with 0.5 c. Cover tube with 3 thicknesses filter-pa- per, applying to up- per one a drop of d. Stand aside in a dark place. Guyot's test. Ammonia. To acid sol. of mer- curic nitrate add sol. potass, bromid until first ppt. is redis- solved ; then add potass, hydrate till orange-yellow ppt. appears. Filter White precipitate. Mix R. and liquid. • Guyot's test. Iodoform. Starch. Blue color. Heat in flask, and pass vapor through a heated tube over R. Hagen's test. Strychnin. (a) Sulphuric acid, {b) Lead dioxid. Bluish-violet color. Mix a and b with liquid. Hager's test. Alkaloids. Sol. picric acid (1:1000). Yellow ppt. Add R. to liquid. Hager's test. Ammonia. Mercurous nitrate. Black ppt. or brown color- ation. Add R. to liquid. Hager's test. Arsenic. (a) Potass, hydrate. (b) Zinc, (c) Ribbon of magnesium. Evolution of arsin, which is tested in any conveni- ent way. Heat liquid with a in excess, b, and small piece of c. Hager's test. Arsenic. (a) Hydrochloric acid. {b) tinfoil. Steel-colored to brown stain. Acidify with a. drop in b, heat to 90° C. Hager's test. Dextrin. (b) Ammonium molyb- date. ib') Citric acid. Blue color. Boil liquid with a and Hager's test. Glucose. Mercuric oxid (red) 30, sodium acetate 30, glac. acetic acid 25, sodium chlorid 50, water 400. After solution dilute up to 1000. Ppt. of mercurous chlorid. Add excess of R. to liquid. Hager's lest. Nitric acid. (a) Molybdic acid. (4) Sugar. Blue color. Add a and b. Hager's test. Nitrobenzol in oil ofbitter almonds. 45 per cent, alcohol. Cloudiness. Dissolve 10 drops oil in 10 c.c. R. Hager's test. Nitrous acid. Carbolic acid. Red, then brown and green color- ation. Add R. to liquid. Hager's test. Phosphorus. (a) Ether or benzine. (1^) Strip of silver- nitrate paper. Black stain. Dissolve in a, heat to 30-40° C, and expose b to vapors. TESTS 1480 TESTS TABLE OF lY^ST^.— Continued. Name. Use. Reagents. Reaction. Application. Remarks. Hager's test. Purity of quinin. Sol. of sodium salicyl- ate (I :5). Cloudiness indi- cates other cin- chona alkaloids. Shake 2 gm. quinin sulph. with 20 c.c. cold water ; filter. Dilute filtrate with equal bulk water, add 10 to 12 drops R., and shake. Hager's test. Strychnin in san- tonin. Sat. sol. picric acid. Cloudiness or ppt. Shake 2 gm. santonin with 6 c.c. water, filter ; to filtrate add I to 2 c.c. R. In case of reaction, strychnin may be present, and should be further tested for. Hager's test. Sugar in glycerin. (d) Ammon. molybdate. (b) 25 per cent. sol. nitric acid. Blue color. Boil 5 drops glycerin, 100 drops water, 3 to 4 eg. a, and i drop b. Hager's test. Tannic acid. Ammonium molybdate. Reddish - ye 1 1 0 w color. Haines' solution. Glucose in urine. Copper sulphate 3, potass, hydrate g, glycerin 100, water Red ppt. Use as in Fehling's test. Hammersten's test. Indican in urine. (a) Chloroform. (b) Fuming hydrochloric acid, (c) Sat. sol calcium hypo- chlorite. Blue color of chloroform. Mix lo of urine with 3 to 5 a, 10 b, and i drop c. Agitate gently. Too much or too strong c changes color to green. Hammersten's test. Metalbumin. (a) Concent, sulphuric acid. (4) Acetic acid. Violet color. Add a and b. Hammersten's test. Milk-curdling fer- ment. See Curdling-f erment test. Harley's test A. Urohematin. Nitric acid. Pink, crimson, or purple color in- dicates excess. Dilute 24 hours' urine to 60 oz., or concent, if amount greater. To 2 drams add V2 dram R. ; allow to stand. Harley's test B. Urohematin. (a) Nitric acid, {b) Ether. Red color of b in- dicates excess. Boil 4 oz. urine ; add a ; when cool heat in 6 oz. boltlG w 1 1 h I oz. b ; shake ; stand aside 24 hours. Harnack's test. lodin in urine. (a) Starch-paste, (b) Carbon disulphid. Purple color of b. Shake with a and b. Haslam's test. Albumin . (iz) Sol. sodium chlorid. (d) Sol. ferric chlorid. '^A^hitish zone. Mix urine with few drops a, and pour b cautiously on top. Hassalt's test. Aconitin. Syrupy phosphoric acid. Violet color. Dissolve in R., and evaporate gently. Hauck's test. Hyposulphites. Sol. potass, per- manganate. Color changed to bluish-green. Mix. Hay's test. Biliary acids. Sulphur. R. sinks in fluid containing bili- ary acids. Throw a little R. on surface of liquid. Heat-test. Albumin in urine. Nitric acid. Cloudiness or white ppt. Heat upper third of urine contained in a test-tube. To ppt. add drop of R. ; al- bumin is not dis- solved. Delicate. Alkaline urine may not throw down ppt. until acid is added. Heinrich's test. Albumin. (a) Dilute acetic acid. {b) Sol. sodi um chlorid. Precipitate. To 5-10 c.c. liquid add 2 drops a, and boil. Add enough b to make 4 per cent. sol. Heinrich's test. Glucose. Mercuric iodid 18, po- tass, iodid 25. Dis- solve ; add potass, hydrate 10, water to 1000. Reduction. Heat R. and add liquid. 40 c.c. =0.1342 glu- cose. Heintz's test. Potassi um in urine. (a) Hydrochloric acid. (b) A little platinum chlorid dissolved in eq. vol. alcohol and ether. Octahedral crys- tals. To 100 c.c. urine add a little a ; then 2 vols. b. TESTS 1481 TESTS TABLE OF TEST^.— Continued. Name. Use. Reagents. Reaction. Application. Remarks. Heller's test or method. Albumin in urine. Nitric acid. White ring or disc. Place about 30 drops ■ Delicacy 0.0025 per R. in test-tube, and i cent, overlay with equal quantity of urine. Heller's test. Biliary pigments. (ff) Hydrochloric acid. (b) Nitric acid. Play of colors. In a beaker-glass mix 6 c. c. of a with enough urine to col- or. Allow to trickle down the side and form a layer under- Heller's test. Blood in urine. Liquor po'tassae. Reddish - brown ppt. of phos- phates and blood coloring-matter. Render urine alkaline with R. and boil. Heller's test. Glucose. See Moore's test. Heller's test. Urophain in urine. Sulphuric acid. Black or opaque color indicates excess; f)ale garnet-red, di- minution. From height of about 4 inches pour 4 c.c. urine upon 2 c.c. R. in beaker-glass, so that they mix inti- mately. Heller's test A. Indican in urine. Strong hydrochloric acid. Violet or blue color. To 4 c.c. R. in small beaker-glass add 20 drops of urine while stirring. Allow to stand. If bile is present, re- move by precipi- tation with lead acetate and filtra- tion. Heller's test B. Indican in urine. Strong hydrochloric or nitric acid. Violet or blue ring. Gently heat 4 c.c. R. in test-tube ; over- lay with equal quan- tity of urine freed from albumin. Hempel's test. lodids. (a) Sol. ferric chlorid. (b) Sulphuric acid. (c) Starch-paste. Rose-red color. Add a and b, then c. Henry's test. lodin. Sol. potass, perman- ganate. Liberate iodin with R. Heppe's test. Chlorates. Sol. anilin sulphate i, sulphuric acid 2. Intensely blue col- or. Add R. Herbst's test. Aconitin. \ — Phosphoric acid. Violet color. ; Evaporate with R. Herbst's test. Atropin. (a) Sulphuric acid. (6) Potass, bichromate. Odor of oil of bit- ; Add a, b, and a little ter almonds. ] water. Herse's test. Codein. (a) Sulphuric acid, (b) Sol. ferric chlorid. Blue color. Dissolve in a, add b. Herzberg's test. Free hydrochloric acid. See Congo-red test. Heynsius' test. Albumin. (a) Acetic acid. (b) Sat. sol. sodium chlorid. Flocculent ppt. Add a and a few c.c. of b ; boil. Hilger's test. Albumin in urine. (a) Acetic acid. (b) Sol. potass, ferro- cyanid. Turbidity or ppt. To I vol. urine add \i vol. a: then add 3 or 4 drops b. Extremely d e I i - cate ; 0.0025 per cent, albumin. Serum - albumin, globulin, and al- bumose respond ; peptone does not. Hindenlang's test. Albumin in urine. Metaphosphoric acid. White cloud around R. Drop pellet of R. into filtered urine and allow tube to stand. Do not boil. Delicate; R. does not keep well. Hinterberger's test. Atropin. Cyanogen. Blood-red color. Pass current of R. into alcoholic sol. Hirsch's test. Carbolic acid. Tr. ferri chlorid. Purple color. Add R. to aqueous sol. Hlasiwetz's test. Hydrocyanic acid. Picric acid. Blood-red color. Heat alkaline sol. with R. Hoffmann's test. Alkalimetry. Eupittonic acid. Orange color, turned blue by alkalies. Delicacy, i : 60,000. TESTS 1482 TESTS TABLE OF TESTS.— CotUifma/. Name. Use. Reagents. Reaction. Application. Remarks. Hoffmann's test. Carbolic acid. (ai Sulphuric acid. {6) Potass, nitrate. Violet color or streaks. To 2 c.c. a add 2 c.c. liquid, and a little 6. 0.001 gm. Hoffmann's test. Chloroform. (a) Anilin. (d) Alco- hol, (c) Sodium hy- drate. Odor of isonitril. Add a, b, c. Hoffmann's test. Tyrosin. Neutral sol. of mercu- ric nitrate. Crimson or pink coloration or ppt. Heat solution with R. Ppt. occurs if much tyrosinispresent. Hoffmann and Ultzmann's test. Altered biliary coloring-matters (bilifuscin). Brown color. Dip piece of clean, white linen in urine, and allow to dry. Hofmeister's test. Peptone in urine. (a) Concent, sol. so- dium acetate. (d) Concent, sol. ferric chlorid. (c) Sol. po- tass, hydrate, (d) I per cent. sol. cop- per sulphate. Beautiful, red color (Biuret- reaction). To 500 c.cm. urine add 50 c.cm. a : then b guttatim until liquid is red ; neutralize with c ; boil ; filter. If filtrate free from albumin, add few drops c and d. Hoppe- S e y 1 e r ' s test. Santonin in urine. (a) Sodium hydrate. (*) Amylic alcohol. Red color with a, which is decol- orized by d. Treat urine with a ; extract with b. Distinction from chrysophanic acid ; urine not decolorized by b. Hoppe- S e y 1 e r ' s test. Glucose in urine. o-Nitrop h e n y 1 p r o - pionic acid 5.76 gm. with 100 c.c. 10 per cent. sol. sodium hy- drate, dissolved in water and diluted to 1150 c.c. Dark -blue color (indicates 0.5 per cent, glucose or reducing sub- stance). Boil 5 c.c. R. with 10 drops urine ^ min- ute. Hoppe- S ey le r ' s test. Xanthin. Sol. sodium hydrate mixed with chlor- inated lime. Dark-green ring, turning brown, then disappear- ing, around each particle of xan- thin. Drop xanthin into R. Horsford's test. Glycocoll. Sol. potass, hydrate. Bright-red color. Boil with R. Horsley's test. Glucose. Copper sulph. 30, water 1440, tartaric acid 30 ; let cool ; add potass, hydrate 90, potass, carbonate go. Reduction of cop- per sulphate. As in Fehling's test. Horsley's test. Morphin. Sol. potass, ferricy- anid. Red color after several hours. Add R. Horsley's test. Morphin. (a) Sol. silver nitrate. (*) Nitric acid. Reduction of sil- ver ; blood-red color with t. Add a ; filter ; to ni- trate add b. Horsley's test. Strychnin. (a) Sol. potass, bichro- mate. (A) Sulphuric acid. Purple-violet to red color. Add a ; to crystals which form add b. Huber's test. Free mineral acids. Mixture of sol. ammon. molybdate and sol. potass, ferrocyanid. Red cloudiness, which disap- pears on adding the smallest ex- cess of alkali. Add R. Huchard's test. Hepatic insuffici- ency. Sugar 150-200 gms. Appearance of sugar in urine. R. is introduced into stomach ; normally destroyed in a few hours ; if liver in- sufficient, appears in urine. Huehnerfeld's test. Blood. (a) Tr. guaiaci. (i) Mixture of glacial acetic acid 2, dis- tilled water 2, oil of turpentine 100, absol. alcohol 100, chloro- form 100. Blue color. Treat liquid with a and a little of b. A modification of Vsn Decn s test. Huizinga's test. Glucose. (a) Potass, hydrate. id) Ammonium mo- lybdate or tungstate. (c) H y d r 0 c h 1 0 ric acid. Blue color. Alkalinize with a, add b ; boil, and acidu- late with c. TESTS 1483 TESTS TABLE OF TESTS.— Con/imted. Name. Use. Reagents. Reaction. Application. Remarks. Hume's test. Arsenic. Amraoniacal sol. silver nitrate. Black color. Pass arseniuretted hy- drogen into R. Huppert's test. Bile-pigments. {a) Milk of lime (i per cent. sol.). (6) Acid alcohol (containing hydrochloric acid). Green color. Precipitate with a ; ex- tract with b. Warm extract. Husemann's test. Morphin. (a) Sulphuric acid, (b) Nitric acid. Blue-violet to red color. Heat for half hour with a ; after cooling add one drop b. » A mgm. Hydrochloric-acid test. Balsam of copaiba. Hydrochlor.ic acid. Red color. Add R. to urine. Cal- cium chlorid or tr. iodi facilitates re- Reliable. Ihl and Pechmann's test A. Levulose. Concent, alcoholic sol. resorciii with a little hydrochloric acid. Red color. Warm R., and add substance to it. Ihl and Pechmann's test B. Levulose. (a) Concent, sol. di- phenylamin. (b) Hy- drochloric acid. Yellowish-g r e e n, then dark-blue color. Boil with a and a little *. Ilimow's test. Albumin. (a) Acid sodium phos- phate, (b) Carbolic acid (i : 20). Cloudiness and precipitate. Acidulatewith a; filter ; add Indigo-test. Acetone. See Bayer's test. Indigo, or indigo- carmin, test. Glucose. See Mulder's test. Indol-reaction. Products of bacil- lus choleras asi- aticas. See Poehl's test. lodin-test. Amyloid degenera- tion. Lugol's solution. M ahagony-red color. Treat freshly cut sur- face of organ with diluted R. Glycogen and cho- 1 e s t e r i n give same reaction. lodintest. Starch. lodin I gm., potass, iodid 3 gm., water 50 c.c. Deep-blue color. Add R. lodoform-test. Acetone in urine. See Lieben' s test. Isocyanphenyl-test. Nitrobenzol (a n i- lin). See Flilckiger' s test for Acetanilid. Ittner's test. Hydrocyanic acid in tissues. (a) Dil. sol. potass, hy- drate, ib) Sol. fer- rous sulphate (which has become yellow bv exposure to air), (c) Hydrochloric acid. Blue or green color; flocculent, dark-blue ppt. Render liquid alkaline with a ; add a few drops b, agitate, and let stand 10 minutes. Now add c in slight excess; warm slightly. Allow to stand several hours if necessary. Large quantities, immediate, blue color and precip- itate. Delicacy 1 : 50,000. Jacquemart's test. Alcohol. (a) Sol. mercuric ni- trate, {b) Ammonia. Reduction of a ; black precipitate on addjng b. Add a, then b. • Jacquemin's test. Alkalies. Sol. pyrogallic acid, with trace of ferric chlorid. Change of color to blue. Add R to liquid. Jacquemin's test. Carbolic acid. (d) Anilin. (i) Sodium , hypochlorite. Blue color. Add eq. vol. a; then add b. Acids color sol. red, alkalies blue. Jaffe's test. Indigo in urine. (a) Hydrochloric acid, (i) Sat. sol. calcium hypochlorite (bleach- ing powder), (c) Chloroform. Blue color. Mix equal parts urine and a ; add a few drops b until maxi- mum color appears. Agitate with c: eva- porate c extract, and weigh to get ap- proximate quantity. Albumin must first be removed. Jaffe's test. Kreatinin. (a) Sol. of picric acid. (b) Sodium hydrate. Intense red color. Add a an d a few drops of b. 1 : 5000 Vonjaksch's test. Bilirubin in blood. Yellow froth. Abstract some blood with cupping-glass ; place in a test-tube in refrigerator ; after coagulation, w i t h- dr.aw serum into another test-tube; shake. Serum becomes green if placed in a warm cham- ber three or four hours. TESTS 1484 TESTS TABLE OF T'E&TS.—Co7itmued. Name. Use. Reagents. Reaction. Application. Remarks. Von Jaksch's test. Diacetic acid. (a) Sol. ferric chlorid. {b) Sulphuric acid. (c) Ether. Burgundy red color. Add a, filter; add more a; boil portion of mixture; red color should persist. To other portion of urine add b and c and per- form test with a on the ethereal extract. Von Jaksch's test. Free hydrochloric acid in gastric ^uice. Sol. benzo-purpurin 6 B. Dark-blue color. Add R. or saturate fil- ter-paper with R. dry, and dip in gas- tric juice. Von Jaksch's test. Glucose in urine. (a) Phenyl - hydrazin hydrochlorate. (b) Sodium acetate. Same as Fischer's test. To 6-8 c.c. urine add 2 parts a and 3 parts b ; warm ; place tube in boiling water 20-30 minutes, then into cold water. Modified Fischer's test. Von Jaksch's test. Kresol (Para-). (a) Sodium nitro-prus- sid. (b) Potass.-hy- drate. ( c ) Acetic Reddish -ye llow color ; light pink when c is add- ea. Add a and b ; add ex- cess c. - Von Jaksch's test. Melanin. Sol. ferric chlorid. Black color ; also black by trans- mitted light. Add R. Von Jaksch's test. Thallin. (a) Ferric chlorid. (b) Ether Dark-green color. Shake urine with b; to b extract add one drop a. Urine on addition of n alone, red. Many substances give red color, therefore extract with b. Jaworowski's test. Albumin in urine. Ammon. molybdenate I, heated with water 40 ; mix with tartaric acid 5. Filter if not clear. Precipitate. Urine must be trans- parent and acid (aci- dify with tartaric acid if necessary). Add R. a few drops at a time ; filter. Said to detect i in 300,000. Johnson's test. ■ Glucose. (a) Sat. sol. picric acid. (b) Sol. sodium hy- drate. Claret-red color. Add a few drops a, al- kalinize with b ; warm. Delicacy o.oi per cent. Johnson's test (quantitative). Sugar in urine. • Standard claret color prepared by boiling 40 minims cold, sat. sol. picric acid with f5j sol. containing gr.j glucose to fSj, mixed with f5ss potass, hydrate; water is added to make fSiv. (a) Sat. sol. picric acid, (b) Sol. potass.'hydrate. If color same as standard, urine contains gr. j glucose to fSj. If darker, dilute lo standard tint. Number of dilu- tions equals number of grains per ounce. Boil fSj of dilute urine I minute, with 40 minims a and fSss b ; dilute to fSiv. Cool by immersing in cold water. Jolles' test. Albumin in urine. {a) Hydrochloric acid. {b) Sat. sol. calcium chlorid. White turbidity. Treat urine with equal volume a ; overlay with 2 or 3 drops b. 0.01 per cent. Kaeramerer's test. Nitric and nitrous acids in potable water. {a) P 0 1 a s s. - i 0 d i d- starch-paste, (b) Acetic acid, (c) Sul- phuric acid. () Dil. sulphuric acid (i : i). (c) Sol. sod. hydrate. Yellow color. Add 2 a, 8 to 100 c.c. of liquid ; distil off 20 ; add 3 c ; boil ; let cool. Thresh's test. Alkaloids. {a) Bismuth oxid 4.68, dissolved in 80 hy- drochloric acid, water to 300. (d) Potass, iodid 20, in water 700. Reddish-brown precipitate. Mix a and b; add drop by drop to solu- tion of alkaloid. Thresh's test. Bismuth. (a) Hydrochloric acid. (b) Potass, iodid. Orange-red to yel- low color. Add a and b. Add substance to R. 1 : 100,000. Thudichum's test. Kreatinin. Dilute sol. ferric chlor- id. Dark-red color, increased by- warming. Thymol-test. Glucose in urine. See Molisch's test. Tidy's test. Albumin. Equal volumes car- bolic acid and gla- cial acetic acid. (If drop mixes turbidlv with water, add more acetic acid.) White precipitate. Add R. 1 : 15,000. Tidy's test. Albumin. (a) Alcohol, (b) Car- bolic acid. White precipitate. Add to urine 15 drops a, and then 15 drops b. Tiedemann and Gmelin's test. Bile-pigments. See Gmelin-Heintz's test. Tilden's test. lodin. Potass, permanganate. Test as most con- venient. Liberate by means of R. Tizzoni's test. Iron in tissues. (a) 2 per cent. sol. Blue color, potass, ferrocyanid. 1 (b) V2 per cent. sol. hydrochloric acid. | Treat section of tissue with a, then with b. Tollen's test. Glucose. Hydrochloric acid. Levulinic acid and formic acid. Heat liquid with R. Tommasi's test. Carbolic acid. Hydrochloric acid 50, water 50, potass, chlorate 0.2. Blue color. Dip pine-shaving into liquid, then into R. ; then expose to sun's rays. Trapp's test. Veratrin. Hydrochloric acid. Dark-red to dark- violet color. Heat with R. Traube's test. Hydrogen dioxid. (a) Sulphuric acid and zinc-iodid starch- paste. (4) 2 per cent, sol. copper sulphate, (c) y^. per cent. sol. ferrous sulphate. Blue color. To 6 c.c. a add 2 drops b, a little c. Mix with liquid. Treumann's test. Theobromin. (a) Chlorin-water. {*) Ammonia. Purple color. Evaporate to dryness with a : add b. Trichlorac etic- acid test. Albumin in urine. See Raabe's test, and under Urine, Tests J^or SeiKm- Albumin in. Trommer's test. Glucose in urine. Trommsdor ff s ^ Nitrous acid . {a) Sodium or potass, hydrate, (b) 10 per cent. sol. copper sul- phate. Orange-red pre- cipitate. Add to urine H and drop in b until it ceases to be dis- solved ; boil. Delicacy o.oi per cent. Salicylic acid, chloral, uric acid, give similar reaction. test. (<7) Sulphuric acid, (b) P ot a s s i u m- iodid starch-paste. Blue color. Mix a, b, and sub- stance. Trotarelli's test. Ptomains. (a) Sol. sodium nitro- prussid. (b) Palla- dium nitrate. Color-reactions. Add a and then b to the sulphate of the ptomain. Trousseau and Dumontpallier's test. Bile-pigment. See Marecltal's test. Von Udransky's test. Bile-acids. (a) 0.1 per cent. sol. furfurol. (1^) Con- cent, sulphuric acid. Red. then violet \ To i c.c. of sol. of sub- color, stance add i drop a, 1 and underlay with i c.c. b : cool. TESTS 1503 TESTS TABLE OF T'ESTS.—Contimied. Name. Use. Reagents. Reaction. Application. Remarks. Von Udrunslcy's test. Carbohydrates. ^Molisch' s t€sts J'of fylitcose . Von UdrSnsky's test. Tyrosin. (a) 0.5 per cent. sol. furfurol. (b) Concent, sulphuric acid. Pink color. To I c.c. sol. of sub- stance add I drop a, and underlay with i c.c. b. Von UdrSnsky and Bauraann's test. Urea. (a) Benzoyl-c h 1 0 r i d . (b) Sodium hydrate. Benzoyl-urea. To concent, sol. ofsub- stance add a and ex- cess of b. Uffelmann's test. Free hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. Extract of bilberries in amylic alcohol. Color changes f r 0 m grayish- blue to rose-tint. Dip filter-paper, satur- ated with R. and dried, into gastric juice. Uffelmann's test. Hydrochloric and lactic acids in gastric juice. Sol. ferric chlorid 3 drops, concent, sol. carbol. acid 3 drops, water 20 c.c. Sol. of hydrochlor- ic acid decolor- izes or produces steel-gray color ; 1 a c t i c-acid sol. a yellow color. Add liquid to R. 0.05 per cent, lactic acid. R. must be fresh. Uffelmann's test. Nitric acid. (a) Diphenylamin. (i) Sulphuric acid. Blue color. To a add 1.5 c.c. 4, stir ; then add 3 or 4 drops of the liquid. Ultzmann's test. Bile -pigments in urine. (a) Sol. potass, hv- drate (i to 3). (b) Hydrochloric acid. Eme r a 1 d-gr e e n color. To 10 c.c. urine add 3 or 4 c.c. a. and then excess of b. Urate-test. Urates in urine. Are dissolved on heat in"'. Urea-test. Urea. See Nitric-acid test. Urobilin-test. Urobilin in urine. (a) Ammonia, (b) 10 per cent. sol. zinc chlorid Filtrate green by reflected, rose- red by trans- mitted light. Alkalinize urine with a, add 8-10 drops b ; filter rapidly. Valser's test. Alkaloids. Mercuric i 0 d i d and potassium iodid. Precipitate. Van Deen's test. Blood in urine, etc. (a) Tr. g u a i a c i . (*) Ozonized (old) tur- pentine (French best). Blue color. To urine add 2 c.c. a, and 2 c.c. b : shake. Delicate; other substances re- spond: pus, urine containing potass, iodid, and saliva. Van der Velden's test. Free hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. See Maly's test. Van ghan and ^Jovy's test. Tyrotoxicon. (a)SuIphuricacid. {b) Carbolic acid. Yellow to orange- Place on porcelain sur- f3.cc 2 or 3 drops G3ch of a and b; add a few drops of aqueous sol. of ethereal res- idue of substance. Is only to be re- liminary test; the physiologic test should always be Vidan's test. Sugar. Equal volume sesame- oil and hydrochloric Pink color. Heal R. to boiling; add liquid. Violette's test. Glucose. Similar to Fehling's test. Vitali's test. Alkaloids. {a) Fuming nitric acid. (4) Alcoholic sol. po- tass, hydrate. Color-reactions. Evaporate to dryness with a : add i drop b. Vitali's test. Alkaloids. (a) Sulphuric acid, (b) Potass, chlorate, (c) An alkaline sulphid. Color- reactions in presence of c. Vitali's test. Atropin. (a) Fumingnitric acid, (i) Alcoholic sol. po- tass, hydrate. Violet color, turn- ing red. Evaporate with a: when cold add i drop b. Delicacy 0.000001 gram. Vitali's test. Biliary coloring- matter. (a) Sol. quinin bisul- phate. (4) Ammonia. \c) Sulphuric acid. id) Sugar, {e) Alco- hol. Violet color. Add a, neutralize with b ; add c, crystal of d, and e. TESTS 1504 TESTS TABLE OF TESTS.— Con/iiiinuL Name. Use. Reagents. Reaction. Application. Remarks. Vilali's test. Chloroform. {(z) Hydrogen sulphid. (*) Piece copper wire. Intense-blue color. Pass current of a through liquid, then through glass tube; ignite; hold b in flame. Vitali's test. Chloroform. («) Hydrogen sulphid. (b) Solution potass, hydrate and thymol. Red color. Pass current of a through liquid, then into b. Vitali's test. Fusel-oil. Sulphuric acid. Red, changing finally to green. Pour liquid on top of R. ; stir gently. Vitali's test. Morphin. (a) Sulphuric acid. (6) Sol. sodium sulphid. Flesh color, violet, dark-green. Dissolve in a; add 2 drops b; heat cau- tiously. Vitali's test. Thymol. Mixture of chloroform and sol. potassium hydrate. Red color. Distil off, passing va- por into R. Vogel's test. Carbon disulphid. {a) Alcohol, sol. potass, hydr ate. {6) Sol. copper sulphate. Lemon-yellow pre- cipitate. Add u. then b. Vogel's test. Ferric salts. Sol. salicylic acid. Violet color. Add R. Vogel's lest. Glucose. Litmus-solution. Decolorization. Boil with a few drops of R. Vogel's test. Nitric acid in pot- able water. (a) Gold-leaf. (A) Hy- drochloric acid, {c) Stannous chlorid. R e d d i s h- violet color. To 15 c.c. water add a little a and b ; boil ; filter; add c. Vogel's test. Quinin. (a) Chlorin-water. (d) Powdered potass, ferrocyanid. Pink to deep-red color. Mix with a, and add b. Vogel's test. Free sulphuric acid in vinegar. Potassium chlorate. Evolution of chlor- in. Add R. Vogel's test. Tannin. (a) Chlorin-water. (6) Ammonia. Blood-red color. Add a and b. Vohl's test. Sulphur. Mix water i with gly- cerin 2; saturate with slaked lime and fresh lead hy- drate ; decant. Black color. Heat R. with the sub- stance. Vortmann'stest. Hydrocyanic acid. (a) Sol. potass, nitrite. {d) Sol. ferric chlorid. (c) Dil. sulphuric acid, (rf) .Ammonia. {e) Amnion, sulphid. Bluish - green to violet-red color. Add a few drops a ; 2-4 drops b ; c until color light-yellow ; heat to boiling; al- low to cool ; add d • filter ; to filtrate add De Vrij's test. Alkaloids. Phosphomolybdic acid . Precipitates. Vulpius' test. Sulphonal . Potass, cyanid. Repulsive odor of mercaptan. Heat substance with R. ^Vagtier's test. Collodium . Color discharged by R. Similar to 'J '}'o?fztK^y' s Wartha's test. Anthrachinon. (a) Sol. potass, hy- Green to bluish- purple color. Heat with a and b. Water-test. Water. See Nigrosin-test. Watson's test. Gallic acid. (a) Ammonia, {b) Hydrochloric acid. Red color. Dissolve in water ; add a and b. Watson's test. Pyrogallic acid. Ammonia. Lemon-yellow color. Dissolve in water ; add R. Watson's test. Tannin. (a) Ammonia, {b) Nitric acid. Purple color. Dissolve in water ; add a and b. Weber's test. Indican in urine. (a) Hydrochloric acid. (b) Ether. Blue foam; red color of the ether. Heat 30 c.c. of urine to boiling with 30 c.c. a: let cool; shake with b. TESTS 1505 TESTS TABLE OF TESTS.— CoM/zwW. Name. Use. Reagents. Reaction. Application. Remarks. Weidel's test. Xanthin. (a) Freshly prepared chlorin-water. (b) Nitric acids (c) Am- monia-vapor. Pink or purplish- red color. Warm substance with a and trace b as long as gas is evolved ; then evaporate to dryness titid b i" i ii ^ in contact with c. Wcidel's test. Xanthin bodies. (a) Chlorin-water. (h) Ammonia, (c) Potass, or sodium hydrate. D ark-pink or purple; violet on final addition of c. Dissolve in tlie warm in a; evaporate on water-bath; treat under bell jar with b. Reaction obtained with X a n t li i n , h e t ero xanthin, paraxanthin, and Wellcome's test. Morphin. ! Chlorinated lime. Red color. Add R. V\^6ltzien's test. Hydrogen dioxid. Mixture of sol. of fer- ric chlorid and po- tass, ferricyanid. Blue color. Add R. Weuzell's test. Strychnin. Sol. potass, perman- ganate I in sulphuric acid 2000. Color-reaction. Delicacy 1 1900,000. Weppen's test. Morphin. {a) Sugar, ib) Sul- phuric acid, (c) Bromin. Red color. Add a, b, c. Weppen's test. Veratrin. (a) Sugar. (*) Sul- phuric acid. Light-yellow to dark-green and dark-blue color. Add a and b. Werbei's test. Nitroglycerin. (a) Ether or chloroform . (*) Anilin. (c) Sul- phuric acid Purple to dark- green color. Extract with a, add two drops b, evapo- rate ; add c. Weyl's test. Kreatinin. (a) Dil. sol. sodium n i t ro p r ussid. lb) Dil. sodium hydrate. (c) Acetic acid. Transient ruby- red color ; if , poison], CjHjjN. A poisonous ptomain obtained by Srieger as one of the products of the culture of the tetanus-microbe. It is tetanizing in its action, producing first tremor, then paralysis and violent con- vulsions. See Ptomains, Table of. Tetanus (tet'-an-us) [rkravoc,, re'ivEiv, to stretch]. A spasmodic and continuous contraction of muscles, causing rigidity of the parts to which they are attached. See TrisDiiis, Opisthotonos, Kmprosthotonos, Pleuros- thotonos. Brieger has isolated four toxic ptomain-sub- stances from cultivations of so-called tetanus-bacilli : Tetanin, which produced symptoms of tetanus (in mice) ; Tetatoxiti , which caused tremor, paralysis, and convulsions ; Muriate of Toxin , which produced tetanus and salivation ; Spasmotoxin, which prostrated quickly, with clonic and tonic spasms. T., Acoustic. See Acoustic. T., Cephalic, T., Cerebral, T., Hydro- phobic, T., Kopf-, a special form of tetanus that has sometimes been observed to follow injuries of the head, especially those in the neighborhood of the eyebrow. Trismus and facial paralysis occur upon the side of the injury. There is dysphagia, and death frequently results. T. dolorificus. Synonym of Cramp. T., Extensor, a form of tetanus in which the extensors act more powerfully than the flexors. T., Hydrophobic. See T., Cerebral. T., Imita- tive, hysteria which simulates tetanus. T. infantum. See T. neonatorum. T., Localized, tetanic spasm of a part. T., Post-operative, that following opera- tion. Chvostek' s Sign, a diagnostic and pathognomonic sign of post-operative tetany. A slight tap upon the side of the face, over the point where the facial nerve emerges from the parotid, suffices to call forth a sud- den spasm of that side of the face. T., Ritter's, the series of contractions, or apparent tetanus, observed on the opening or interrupting of an electric current which has been passing through the nerve for some time. Opening tetanus. T., Toxic, tetanus pro- duced by an overdose of nux vomica or its alkaloids. T., Traumatic, tetanus following an injury. Tetany (tet'-an-e) [tetcivoc, tetanus]. A tonic spasm of the extremities occurring chiefly in rickety infants and lasting a variable time. The fingers, hands, and wrists are the portions mainly affected. It occasionally occurs in nursing women also. See Tetanilla. T., Epidemic, T., Rheumatic ; a form occurring over large portions of Europe, especially in the winter season. It is acute, lasting only two or three weeks, and rarely proving fatal. T., Gutturo-, astammering due to tetanoid spasm of the laiyngeal muscles. T., Rheumatic. See T., Epidemic. Tetartophya, Tetartophyia (tet-ar-toff'-e-ah, tet-ar- to-fi'-e-ah) [-f-a/jrof, fourth ; (pie^i^, to increase] . A quartan remittent malarial fever. Tetatoxin (tet-at-oks'-in). See Tetanus. Tetra- (tet' -rah-) [rerpa, four]. A Greek numeral used as a prefix and denoting four. Tetrahasic (fet'-rab-a'-zih) [-frpa,four; /3d(T(C> base]. Having a basicity of four ; having four atoms of re- placeable hydrogen. Tetrablastic (tet-rab-las' ■tik') [rtrpa, four ; pXaoToc;, a germ]. In biology, applied to an embryo having four germ-layers, i. e., an ectoderm, entoderm, somato- pleure, and a splanchnopleure. Teirahvachius (tet-rab-ra'-he-tes) [re-pa, four; fSpaxiui', arm]. A monstrosity having four arms. Tetracamarous (tet- rah - am'- ar - ns) [rirpa, four; KUfiapa, a vault]. In biology, having four chambers, as a fruit of four carpels. Tetracarpellary (tet- rah - ar'-pel - ar - e) [rerpa, four; KapTTog, fruit]. In biology, having four carpels. Tetracheirus (tet-rah-i'-nts) [rlrpa, four; x^'l>> hand]. A monster with four hands. Tetracoccus (tet - rak - ok' - its) [rirpa, four; kokkoc;, berry]. I. A micrococcus occurring in clusters and forming groups of four. 2. In biology, a fruit of four carpels. Tetract (tet'-rakt^ [rirpa, four; ciKric^, ray, a beam]. In biology, having four rays. Tetractinal (tet-rak' -tin-al) [rkrpa, four; d/f-/f, ray]. Having four rays. Tetracyclic (tet-ras-i'-klik) [rkrpa, four; kvk?io(;, ring]. In biology, applied to a flower possessing four whorls of floral organs. Tetrad (tet'-rad) [rcrpa, four]. An element having an atomicity of four. Tetradactyl, Tetradactyle (tet - j-ad - ah'- til) [rerpa, four; c5(i/vTi'Aof, a finger, toe]. In biology, an animal having four digits on each limb. Tetradymous (tet - rad' - im - tis) [rerpd6vp.o(;, fourfold]. In biology, in sets of four each. Tetradynamous (tet - rad - in'- am - us) [rerpa, four; AvvafiLg, power]. In biology, applied to stamens when there are six in the flower, four of them longer than the other two. TETRA-ETHYL-AMMONIUM 1508 TEXAS FEVER Tetra-ethyl-ammonium [tL't-rah-eth-il-am-o'-ne-tini). A proposed solvent for uric acid and urea. It is best used in a lo per cent, solution, the dose being lo to 20 minims. It is obtained by decomposing its iodid by moist AgNO,^ or its sulphate by baryta. It occurs in deliquescent, hair-like needles, as laitter as quinin. It is strongly alkaline and caustic. Tetragenous [tel - raj' - e/i - us) [rerpa, four ; y'lyvtatiai, to be born]. In biology, applied to bacteria and other organisms which produce square groups of four as the result of fission. Tetragonal {tet-rag' -o-nal\ [rtr/io, four, ywvia, angle, corner]. Four-angled. Tetragynous (^tet - raj' - in - us) [rsrpa, four; yvv'ri, a female]. Having a gynecium of four carpels. Tetrahydrobetanaphthylamin {tet-rah-hi-dro-be-tan- aff-thil ' -ain-in). See Hydroiiaphthyla77iin. Tetramasthous (tet-ram-as' -thus) [rtrpa, four ; iiaaOot;, breast]. Having four breasts. Tetramastigate {/et - ram - as'- tig - at ) \TtTpa, four ; jjAoTi^, a whip]. In biology, applied to micro- organisms having four flagella. Tetramazia (tet - ram - a' -ze - ah) [rtr/ja, four ; /laCoc;, breast]. The presence, normal or abnormal, of four teats or mammary glands. Tetramerism {tet - ram' - er - izm) [rfr/ja, four; fispo^, part]. In biology, division into four parts. Tetramerous {tet-ram' -er-tis) \TtTpa, four; //t'pof, part] . In biology, having the parts or organs arranged in fours or multiples of four. Tetramethylalloxantin {tet-ram-eth-il-al-oks-ati' -tin) . See Aiid, A malic. Tetramethylenediamin {tet-ram-eth' -il en-di' -am-in), QHg(NH.^)2. A substance identical with putrescin, which has been isolated from decaying animal matter. It is a liquid with a peculiar odor. It fumes in the air and boils at from 156° to 160° C. On cooling, it solidifies to a crystalline mass. Tetrandrous (tet-ran'-drus) [-fV/w, four; (ivi/p, male]. Having four stamens. T&tTa.n&ryX.tw'm (tet-ran-er'-ith-rin) [rtrpn , four ; ipud- por, red]. See Tetronerythrin. Tetranopsia [tet - ran - op' - se - ah) \TtTpa, four ; 6i/'(f , vision]. A contraction of the field of vision limited to one quadrant. Tetra-ophthalmus (tet-rah-off-tlial' -mus) Sjhpa, four ; ijipt^fiAiioc, eye]. A form of monster having four eyes. T&lra.'pous (tef -rap-us) [rf-/)a, four ; -orf , foot]. Hav- ing four feet. Tetrapterous (tet - rap' - ter - us) \Ti:Tpa, four; Trrepov, wing]. In biology, having four wings; said of a fruit or stem. Tetrapyrenous {tet-rap-i-re'-nus) [rt'-pa, four ; nvpiji', the stone of a fruit] . In biology, characterized by four stones, or pyrenes. Tetrarch (tet'-rark) [ri-pa, four ; apxei^v, to rule]. A term descriptive of radial fibro-vascular bundles hav- ing four rays. Tetrascelus [tet-ras' -el-us) [rtrpa, four; OKiAoi;, leg]. A monster with four legs. Tetraschistic (tet-ras-kis'-tik) [rerpa, four ; ax'topa, a cleft, division]. In biology, dividing into four similar parts. Tetraselenodont {tet-ras-e-le'-no-dont) [-f'-pa, four; aeTiTjiir/, moon; orSojif, tooth]. In biology, applied to an animal with molar teeth exhibiting four crescentic ridges. Tetrasepalous {tet-ras-cp' -al-tts) [rfVpa, four; sepalum, sepal]. In biology, having four sepals. Tetraspermous [tet-ras-per' -mus) [rtrpa, four; cnkpjia, seed]. In biology, having four seeds. Tetrasporangium {tet ras-po-ran'-je-um) [rtrpa, four; anopd, a spore ; ayytiov, vessel : //. , Tetrasporangia'\. In biology, a cell in which tetraspores are produced. Tetraspore {tet'-ras-por) [rfrpa, four; mropd, a spore], In biology, one of four spores produced in a single mother-cell or sporangium, as in the Red Marine Alga lyploridea). Tetrasporic {tet-ras-por' -ik]\TiiTpa,iovcc ; cTTropu, spore]. Composed of tetraspores. Tetrasporous (tet - ras - po' - rus) [jiiTpa, four; OKopa, spore] . Of the nature of tetraspores. Tetraster (tet-ras' -ter) [rirpa, four; aari/p, star]. The karyokinetic figure when there is a fourfold division of the nucleus and four centers of radiation. Tetrastichiasis (fet-ras-tik-i' -as-is)\TiTpa, four; , dim. of Oa/iwji;, a bush]. In biology, a bushy thallus. Thanato-biologic (than-at-o-bi-o-lof-ik) [f^dra-of, death ; /3/of , life]. Pertaining to life and death. Thanatodes (than - at - 0' - dez) [^drarof, death ; f/iSor, like]. Mortal. Lethal. Thanatognomonic (than-at- og-tio ■ ttwti' - ik) [^Jdi'o.-or, death ; yiw/nuv, sign]. Indicative of death. Thanatoid (thati' -at-oid) \fiavaTiii; , death ; tlJof, resem- blance]. Resembling or having the appearance of death. Thanatology {tkan-af-ol '-o-je) [fIdvnTor, death; Ad/of, science]. The svmi of scientific knowledge regarding death. Thanatomania (than-at-o-tna' -ne-ali) [fJdmroi;, death ; fiavia, mania]. Suicidal mania. Thanatometer (than - at - otti'- et - er) [^^di'arof, death ; fiETpov, measure]. A thermometer introduced into the stomach or rectum to determine if the depression of temperature is so great as to be a sign of death. Thanatophidia (thaii-at-o-Jid'-e-ah) \piiva-o(.;, death; d0;f, a serpent]. Those serpents whose bite produces toxic symptoms or death. Thanatophobia (than-at-o-fo'-be-ah) [ddvaroc, death ; (pufio^, dread]. A morbid fear of death. Thanatosis (than-at-o' -sis). See Mortification. Thane's Method. A method of finding the fissure of Rolando. The upper end of the fissure is half an inch behind the mid-point of a line drawn from the glabella to the inion. Its lower end is close to the posterior limb, and about an inch behind the bifurca- tion of the fissure of Sylvius. The bifurcation of the latter corresponds to a point one-and-a-quarter inches behind and one-quarter inch above the level of the external angular process of the frontal bone. Thapsia (thap' -se-ah) \^a\\>ia'\. A genus of old-world umbelliferous plants. Thapsia resin {resina thapsics) is the product of 7'. gargatiica, T. silpkiutti, and T. villosa. The resin is strongly counter-irritant. The root of T. gaiganica is used by the natives of N. Africa as a counter-irritant. Internally a tonic. Dose of the fid. ext. TTLx-xxx. Unof The root of T. villosa (deadly carrot) is purgative. Unof Tharandt Normal Culture-solution. A solution em- ployed at the Foret Academie Experiment Station of Tharandt, Saxony, for the study of the life-history of plants by "water-culture." The formula given by Knop is: Calcic nitrate 4 parts by weight, potassic nitrate I part by weight, magnesic sulphate (crystal- lized) I part by weight, potassic phosphate I part by weight. These salts are to be thoroughly mixed and the mixture used in the proportion of I : 2000, I : 1000, I : 500 parts of water. To the solutions when ready for use a drop or two of a solution of some iron-salt, or a decigram of ferric phosphate, must be added. Thaumatropy [thaw - ttiat' - ro - pe) [ftahiia, wonder; -ponij, change]. The extraordinary transformation of one organ or part into another. Thea (the' -ah). A former genus of plants now included as a section under Catiiellia. See Tea. T. nigra, black tea, is less pungent and less fragrant than green tea and is made from leaves that have undergone ferment- ation and are then slowly dried. T. viridis, green tea, THEBAIN 1510 THEORY is prepared from leaves that have been dried quickly, having undergone no fermentation. The poorer grades are frequently colored with gypsum, Prussian blue, etc. Thebain {the' -ha -in) \Qri^ai, Thebes], Ci^H^jNOj. Called also paramorphin — a poisonous alkaloid found in opium, consisting of silvery plates, melting at 193° C, with an acrid taste and analogous to strychnin in its physiologic effects. It is a powerful tetanizer, ex- alting the activity of the cerebro-spinal centers. Unof Thebaism {the' -ba-iziii) fQ/}pat, Thebes], The condi- tion induced by thebain or paramorphin. Thebesius, Foramina of. See Foramma, Table of. Thebolactic Acid {theb-o-lak' -tik). See Acid. Theca {the'-kah) {pr/nr], a case, box: //. , Thecal- In biology, a case, sac, capsule, or sheath, as a sporan- gium or anther-cell. T. cerebri, the cranium. T. cordis, the pericardium. T. vertebralis, the invest- ing membranes of the vertebral cord, with tubular pro- cesses to each of the spinal nerves. Thecal {the'-kal^ \_^'Ik>], a case]. Pertaining to the theca. T. Abscess, tenosynovitis, paronychia, or whitlow. Thecaphore {the' -kaf-or) [pijurj, case ; (pofjoc, bear]. See Gynopliore . Thecasporal {the - kas - po'-ral) \_6tjMi, case; arropd, spore]. Thecasporous. Thecaspore {the' -kas-por) \_67jKr], case; a-rropa, spore]. In biology, a spore formed in the interior of a sac- like cell ; the theca or ascus ; an ascospore. Thecasporous {tlie - kas - po' - rics) [Br/Kr], case; o~opd, spore] . Having thecaspores. Thecate {the' -kat)\piiK.r), a case]. In biology, sheathed ; held within a theca, or furnished with a theca. Theciferous {the-sif'-er-us) Ijir/Kt/, case ; ferre, to bear]. Bearing thecse. Theciform {the' ■ sif- orm) \6r]Kr], case ; /ci;7«a, form]. Resembling a theca. Thecitis (the-si'-tis) [O'lKtj, case; l-ic, inflammation]. Inflammation of tendons and their sheaths, or of any fibrous sheath. Thecodont {the'-ko-dont) [OiiKrj, case; bSovg, tooth]. Having the teeth covered or sheathed in alveoli. Thecostegnosis {the - ko - steg - no'- sis) [Otjk?!, sheath ; areyvotiv, to contract]. The shrinking or contraction of the sheath of a tendon. Theden's Bandage. See Bandage. Theic {the'-rk) [///ra, tea]. A tea-drunkard; an im- moderate user of tea. Thein {the' -in). See Tea. Theism {the'-izm) \jhea, tea]. The morbid condition due to the excessive use of tea. It is characterized by headache, palpitation of the heart, tremor, insomnia, cachexia, etc. Thelalgia {the-lal' -je-ah) [Brjlri, nipple ; aX/of, a pain]. Pain in the nipples. Thelasis, Thelasmus {thel' -as-is, thel-az' -mus) \_&]kaa- fior, a sucking]. The act of sucking. Thelitis {the-li'-tis) [BrfAij, nipple; irtq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the nipple. TheWvLm {the'-te-uin) nipple]. A papilla: also, a layer of cells. Theloncus {the-long' -kns) [^y?/?,?/, nipple ; oyKof, tumor]. Tumor of the nipple. Thelothism {the'- lo - thizin') [dtf/Jj, nipple ; aOeeiv, to push]. Projection of the nipple, caused by contrac- tion of the transverse muscular fibers. Thelyblast {thel '- ib - last) \j)ffkvc^, female; ptiaaro^, germ]. In biology, the female element of the bi- sexual nucleus {ox genohlast) of a cell ; a mother-cell. Cf. Arsenoblast. Thelycum {thel' -ik-uin) female: //., Thelyca'\. In biology, a structure on the ventral surface of the perion of certain crustaceans ; peculiar to the females. Thelygonia {thel-ig-o' -ne-ah). See A'ymplioviania. Thelymania {thel-im-a' -ne-ah) [f^?//li)f, woman ; fiavia, madness]. Satyriasis. Thelytocous {the-lif -o-kiis) \f>rikvc^, female ; rtKtiv, to bear]. In biology, producing females only. Thelytoky {the-lif -o-ke) [W?/Aiif, female ; tuks'iv, to bear, produce]. In biology, caused and conditioned by an over-supply of females. Thenad {the'-nad) [Oimp, palm]. Toward the thenal side or aspect. Thenal {the'-nal) [^fmp, the palm]. Pertaining to the palm or the sole ; also, toward the palm. Thenar {the' -iiai-) [^Hivap, palm] . The palm of the hand; also, the sole of the foot. Thenard's Blue. Same as Cobalt Blue. Thenen {the'-neti) \pkvap, palm]. Belonging to the thenar aspect in itself Theobroma {tJie - 0 - bro' - inah) ['^eof, a god; ppu/ia, food]. A genus of sterculiaceous plants of tropical America. T. cacao is the cacao-plant, or chocolate- tree. See Chocolate, Cacao. T., Ceratum, " red lip-salve," cacao-butter, white wax, aa 35 ; oil of almond 30; oil of rose, to flavor, and carmin to color, aa q. s. T., Oleum, butter of cacao. The fixed oil of the seed of the chocolate-tree, T. cacao. It consists mainly of stearin with a little olein, and is demulcent, not becoming rancid. It is used in making suppositories. Theobromin, Theobromina {the-o-bj-o'-tnin, the-o-bro- mi'-nah) [feof , a god ; ppujua, food : gen. , Theobro- ininiE\, C^HgN^Oj. A feeble alkaloid obtained from Cacao butter-. It is a white, crystalline powder, with a bitter taste, but no odor. It is insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, etc. , when cold. It is said to have about the same effect upon the system as caf- fein and thein. Theolin {the'-o lin). Same as Heptane. Theomania {the-o-ina' -ne-ah) [feof.agod; /Y(iv/'a, mad- ness]. Religious mania ; insanity in which the patient believes himself to be a divine being. Theomaniac {tlie-o-ma' -ne-ak) [^f(5f, agod; /vaij^a, mad- ness]. One who is affected with theomania. Theopathy {the-op' -ath-e) [^fdf , a god ; TrdT^'of, disease]. Cure by prayer. Theophyllin {the-o-fil ' -in) \_thea, tea, (p'vXlov, leaf], C,H|^N402. An alkaloid discovered in tea. It is isomeric with the base obtained from cacao (theobro- min) and with paraxanthin, but difters from them in its reactions. Theoretic, Theoretical {the-o-ret'-ik, the-o-ret' -ik-al) \ptu)pqT(ii6(:\ Based on theory ; speculative. Theory {the'-o-re) [Oeupia, a view]. The abstract principles of a science. Also, a reasonable supposi- tion or assumption, generally one that is better de- veloped and more probable than a mere hypothesis. T., Cohnheim's Injlanimation). See TA Saimtel's. T., Darwin's. See Darwitiism, Nem Danvinism, Evolution. T., Fluss' {of Inflainiiiation). See T, Landerer's. T., Hammarsteii's ; that the coagulation of the blood is due to the decomposition of a substance called fibrinogen, which is dissolved in the blood-plasma. This decomposition is brought about by the agency of the fibrin-ferment, which is the product of the disintegration of the colorless corpuscles. The most important product of this action is the com- paratively insoluble material called fibrin. T., Lamarckian ; the doctrines based upon the teachmgs of the French naturalist, J. B. P. A. de Monet de La- marck (1744-1829), who attempted to explain the pro- gressive evolution of nature by virtue of an inherent THEORY 1511 THERIOMA tendency to development and the efforts excited by change of conditions. T., Landerer's (of Jnflai>iina- tiori) ; that the tension of tlie tissues ( Gewebspannung) during inflammation is much lower than under normal conditions. The capillaries surrounded by these inflamed tissues are unable to withstand the pressure of the blood and, therefore, dilate. The immediate effect of this dilatation is an acceleration of the move- ment of the blood, which rushes in to fill the widened capillaries. But after a certain lapse of time, as the surrounding tissues lose their elasticity more and more, the blood-stream slows, thus producing the condition of the circulation typical of inflammation. (Metschni- koff. ) T., Metschnikoff's Biologic or Comparative [of Inflat)ii)iatio)i) ; " inflammation generally must be regarded as a phagocytic reaction on the part of the organism against irritants. This reaction is carried out by the mobile phagocytes, sometimes alone, sometimes with the aid of the vascular phagocytes or of the ner- vous system. The essential phenomena of inflamma- tion represent an actual struggle between the phago- cytes and the irritant agent." T., ■ Paralytic [of Infiammatioji) ; the doctrine that regards hyperemia as the most essential act in inflammation, and caused by paralysis of the vasomotor nerves. T. of Pepto- geny and Peptogenous Substances of Schiff and Corvisart ; this theory adduces the noteworthy pecu- liarity whereby the secretory tissues of the stomach yield gastric juice only when in contact with certain alimentary substances, because these substances furnish an indispensable element in the production of pepsin. T., Podwyssozki's [of hiflamination); "inflamma- tion is a local reaction, often beneficial, of the living tissues against the irritant substance. This reaction is chiefly produced by a phagocytic activity of the meso- dermic cells. This reaction, however, may precipi- tate not only changes in the vascular system, but also the chemic action of the blood-plasma and tissue-fluids in liquefying and dissolving the irritant agent." T. of Preformation. See PreformatioJi and Incasement. T., Recapitulation ; according to which each animal in its own development repeats the history of its ancestry, "climbs up its own genealogical tree." This theory was first clearly enunciated by Fritz Miil- ler, and has since been elaborated by many, notably by Balfour and Ernst Heeckel. T., Rokitansky's [of In- J?a>?u?iatiou); the theory that inflammation is an abnor- mal process of nutrition in which, as a result of stasis, exudation takes place. The stasis is the most important factor. Its cause is to be found in the commingling and adhesion of the red cells, the condensation of the plasma by transudation of serum, and the accumulation of white cells. The exudation is explained, aside from molecular attraction, by the continued pressure under which the plasma in the area of stasis exists. T., Roser's [of Iiiflammation) ; according to this theory inflammation is a true disease, due to infection by microbes, the reparatory phenomena constituting its cure. . T., Sachs' [of Inflamniatioii) ; is that a single process represents a salutary reaction against some iniurious influence ; that regeneration, cicatriza- tion, and the primary processes of inflammation, such as emigration and the alteration in the vessel-walls, are reparatory acts serving to counteract the damage brought about by the irritant, /. e., true inflammation never occurs except where there has been a primary lesion of the tissues. This theory has been accepted and developed by Buchner and Neumann. T., Samuel's [of Inflainiiiatioii) ; according to this theory the main factor in all inflammatory states consists in a lesion of the vessels, which are attacked by the irritat- ing cause. The inflamed vessels, being more perme- able, allow the fluid and corpuscular elements of the blood to flow through them in a purely passive manner. These exuded products collect in a situation where they meet with least resistance and there produce the inflam- matory tumor. T., Schimper's [of (he Arrange?>ie>tt of Leaves) ; according to which all relations of position are referred to a single principle. " This principle lies in the idea that growth in a stem hasan upward direc- tion in a spiral line, and that the formation of leaves is a local exaggeration of this spiral growth." (Sachs.) T., Schwann's [of Injlaininatioii). Same as Roki- tansk/s Theory, q. v. T. of Schwendener. See Schivendenerism. T., Spasmodic [of liillaiiunatioii) ; the doctrine that hyperemia is the most essential phe- nomenon in inflammation, and holds it to be caused by a spasmodic contraction of the affected arteries, accom- panied by an afllux of blood to the neighboring part. T., Strieker's [of Inflai>iinatiou) ; the theory that the tissue-cells, under the influence of the inflammatory ir- ritant, return to their former undiflerentiated embryonic condition, and then rapidly proliferate, forming similar cells. T., Virchow's Nutritional [of Parenchymat- ous Iiz/la?/ima/ion) ; according to Virchow, hyperemia is but a subordinate process and entirely secondary to an increased nutritive and reproductive activity of the cells at the seat of inflammation, which gives rise to the formation of a large quantity of exudation-cells at -the expense of the cells of the damaged tissue. Therapeia [ther-ap-i' -ah). See Thei-apeiitics. Therapeutic [they-ap-u' -tik) [(^tpaTrf !;-«//]. Pertain- ing to therapeutics ; curative. T. Test, a method of diagnosis by administering certain remedies which are known to influence a given disease, e. g., quinin in malaria, potassic iodid and mercury in syphilis. Therapeutics [ther - ap - u' - tiks) [(^f/jairEi/r/K^]. That branch of medical science which considers the applica- tion of remedies as a means of cure. T., Mediate, medicating a child through its mother's milk. T., Sug- gestive, hypnotic suggestion in the treatment of dis- ease. Therapeutist [ther-ap-u' -tisi) [^^tpaTre/a, therapy]. One skilled in therapeutics. Therapic [ther-eip' -ik) \_6EpaTreta, therapy]. Pertaining to therapy ; therapeutic. Therapol [ther' -ap-ol) [_6epaTTEla, cure ; oleum, oil]. A vegetable oil containing ozone. It has been used in diphtheria. Therapy, Therapeia [ther'-ap-e, ther-ap-i' -ah') \ptpa- neia, therapy]. Therapeutics — now used chiefly as a suffix, e. g. , serotherapy, aerotherapeutics. Therg's Fistula. See Fistula. Theriac [the' -re-ak). See Theriaca. Theriaca [lhe-}'i' -ak-ah)\_dr]piaKr] ; 6i/plov, beast, serpent ; it was at first the name of a medicine used for snake- bite]. Treacle ; molasses. The non-crystallizing residue of the juice of the cane, left after the process of evaporation. It consists of cane-sugar-solution, caramel, and various impurities. It was formerly used in pharmacy and also as the name of an antidote to the bites of venomous snakes or insects. T. an- dromachi, Venice treacle, a compound (no longer official) of some seventy or more drugs mixed with honey, and given as an antidote in cases of snake- bite. Theriacal [the - ri'- ak - al) l_dr/piaK// ; Oiipiov, best]. Having the virtues ascribed to theriaca; useful as an antidote for venomous bites. T\\&t\o6.ic [the-re-oil'-ik) [^^//pt'oi', a wild beast]. Malig- nant. Therioma [the ■ re - o'- mah) \_6>ipi6eiv, to make or be wild: //. , Theriomata']. A rare name for a malig- nant ulcer ; a tumor. THERIOTOMY 1512 THERiMOMETER Theriotomy (the-re-ot' -o-me) [6>/piov, beast; ro/j?), a cut]. Zootomy; the anatomy or dissection of ani- mals. Therm [pipjirj, heat]. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from o° C. to 1° C. It is equal to looo calories. See Unit. Thermae (thiir' -me) \depti7j, heat]. Hot baths; hot springs. Thermsesthesia {thur-mes-the' -ze-ah). See Therims- tliesia. Thermal [thiir' -mal) [dep/iTj, heat]. Pertaining to heat. T. Ataxia. See Ataxia. T. Springs, warm. or hot springs. Thermality (thur-mal'-it-e) [6ep/n], heat]. Exaggerated generation of heat, symptomatic of infection. Thermanesthesia (thiir - man - es - the' - ze - ah). See Thermo-anesthesia. Thermantidote {thur-man' -tid-bt) \_depfiri, heat; anti- do/e'\. An apparatus for cooling the air, much used in some hot regions, as India. Thermasma [thur-maz' -niah) [ptpiiaaiia']. A warm fomentation. Thermatology [thiir-mat-ol' -o-je) \_dtpuij, heat ; Aoyof, science]. The scientific use or understanding of the waters of thermal springs in the cure of disease. Thermesthesia [thiir - mes - the' - ze - ah) [pkpiii], heai \ uiaH>/(7ig, sensation]. The sensation of heat or of the temperature of bodies. Thermesthesiometer (thur-mes-the-ze-om' -et-er)\ptpjiij, heat ; a'latii/atc, sensation ; fiirpov, measure]. An instrument for measuring the sensibility to heat of dift'erent regions of the skin. Thermic {thiir' -mik) \pkppri, heat] . Pertaining to heat. T. Fever, sunstroke; heat-fever. Thermifugin \thur-mif' -u-jin) [dep/i)/, heat; Jugare, to expel], CgHj(CH3 )NCOONa. Sodium carbamate, recommended as an antipyretic. Unof. Thermo- {thur'-mo-) [Oep/Lit/, heat]. A prefix used to denote connection with or relation to heat or tempera- ture. Thermo-anesthesia (thur-mo-an-es-the' -ze-ah) \Qtp^>], heat; auesthesia\ Loss of the perception of thermal impressions. Thermo-cautery (thiir-mo-kaio' -ter-e) . See Cautery. Thermo-chemic [thicr-mo-kem' -ik)\QtpiJ.ii , heat; ;i'f/^eM, chemistry]. Pertaining to thermo-chemistry. Thermo-chemist [thiir - mo - keiii' - ist) [pepfir], heat; Xeuiia, chemistry]. One versed in thermo-chem- istry. Thermo-chemistry [Ihur-mo-kem' -is-tre) [Oip^uif, heat ; Xepeia, chemistry]. That branch of chemic science embracing the mutual relations of heat and chemic changes. Thermochroic [thur-mo-kro' -ik) [ftepiir/, heat ; XP^C^ surface]. Pertaining to a quality of certain substances that transmit some thermal radiations, but absorb or change others. Thermo-current ( thur- mo - ktir'- ent ) [ dipui], heat ; cttrrere, to run]. An electric current produced by heat. Thermo- diffusion (thiir-mo-dif-n' -zhun) Idep/nTj, heat ;^ diffusio7i\ Diffusion of a gas by inequalities in temperature. Thermodin {thur' -mo-din) [pkppr], heat], ^ „ /O.QH, '-e^iXN.Cb.CHj.COO.QH,. Acetyl-ethoxyphenylurethan ; acetyl-ethoxyphenylcar- bamate ethyl ester. A hydrocarbon that crystallizes in white needles, which are odorless and almost taste- less, melt at 86°-88° C, and are slightly soluble in water. The drug is antipyretic. The dose is from 7.5 to 10 grains. Unof. Thermo-electricity [ thur-mo-e-lek-tris'-it-e) \_fltppTi, heat; if/sKrpov, amber]. Electricity generated by heat. Thermo-excitory ( thur-mo-ek-si' -to-re ) [depp.71, heat ; excitor, excitor]. Having the function of exciting the production of heat (opposed to tliermo-inhibitory). Thermogenesis ( thur - mo -jen'- es -is) [ Bcpprj, heat ; -)ivvar, to produce]. The production of heat. Thermogenetic (thur-mo-jen-et'-ik) . Same as The?-- mogenic. Thermogenic {tliiir-ino-jen' -ik) \_Hipui], heat; yevvav, to produce]. Pertaining to thermogenesis ; producing heat. Thermogenous [thur-moj' -en-us") [^fpo?;, heat ; } f producing]. Producing heat. Thermogram {thur' -mo-gram) [rijp^;;, heat ; ■)paupa, a mark]. The record of a thermograph. Thermograph (thur' -mo-graf) [Hippj], heat ; ypaeiv, to write]. Any automatic device for registering vari- ations of temperature. Thermography (thur-inog' -i-a-fe) [pepur/, heat ; ypa^cLV, to write]. Writing by means of heat. The use of the thermograph. Thermohemia [thur-mo-kem'-e-ah). See Insolation. Thermo-inhibitory (thiir-mo-in-hib'-it-o-re) [Oippi/, heat; inhibitory']. Having the function of inhibiting or controlling the production of heat ; as thermo- inhibitory nerves or centers. Thermology (thur-mol'-o-Je) [Otppii, heat; /d>oc, science]. A treatise on heat. Thermolysis [thur-mol'-is-is) \6kpprj, heat; Avrrtg, a loosening]. The dissipation of heat. This is mainly accomplished by means of the skin and lungs. It is regulated by nervous influence. Thermolytic [thur-mo-lit' -ik) \_6kpurj, heat; A.vdLq, a loosening]. I. Pertaining to or promoting thermoly- sis. 2. An agent that promotes the discharge of heat from the body. Thermomagnetism [thur - mo - mag'- net - izm) [dkpfiri, heat ; uayverrjc, magnet]. Magnetism produced by heat. Thermometer (thur-tnovi' -et-er) [fttpur], heat ; ukrpov, measure]. An instrument for measuring the intensity of heat, consisting of a reservoir of mercury (or alcohol) expanding into a vacuous capillary tube, the intensity being measured by the length of the column of mercury. T., Centigrade, one in which the freezing-point is at 0° and the boiling-point at 100°. T., Clinical, a thin-bulbed, self-registering thermom- eter for ascertaining the bodily temperature. T., Fahrenheit, one in which the interval between freez- ing and boiling is divided into 180 equal parts, each called a degree, the zero-point being 32 degrees or divisions below the freezing of water. T., Reau- mur, one in which the freezing-point is 0°, and the boiling-point 80°. To convert the registration of one thermometer into that of another the following formulte are useful : — Let No. of degrees Fahrenheit. " C= " " Centigrade. " R= " " Reaumur. Then to convert Fahr. into Cent 5 {F-1,2) Cent, into Fahr. Fahr. into Reaum. 4 _ ^ Reaum. into Fahr. ^ h 32 = 4 T,, Surface, a thermometer for registering the surface temperature of any portion of the body. See next page for Tahte of Comparison of Thermometers. THERMOMETRIC 1513 THIERSCH'S METHOD Comparison of Thermometers. H 3 K I Z < X Z < X z < < < iJi < {J Oi OS (J PS 212 100 80 122 50 40 32 0 0 210 98.9 79.1 120 48.9 39-1 30 -I.I -0.9 20S 97.8 78.2 118 47.8 38.2 28 -2.2 -!.S 206 96.7 77-3 116 46.7 37-3 26 -3-3 -2-7 204 95-6 76.4 114 45-6 36-4 24 -4-4 -v6 202 94-4 7S.6 H2 44.4 35.6 22 -5-6 . -4-4 200 93-3 74-7 no 43-3 34-7 20 -6-7 -5-3 1 98 92.2 73-8 108 42.2 33-8 18 -7.8 -6.2 196 91.1 72.9 106 41. 1 32-9 16 -8.9 -7-1 194 90 72 104 40 32 14 -10 -8 -8.9 192 88.9 71. 1 102 38.9 31-1 12 -It. I 190 87.8 70.2 100 37-8 30.2 ID -12.2 -9.8 188 80.7 69-3 98 36-7 29-3 8 -13-3 -10.7 186 S5.6 68.4 95 35-6 28.4 6 -14.4 -11.6 184 84.4 67.6 94 34-4 27.6 4 -15-6 -12.4 182 83.3 66.7 92 33-3 26.7 2 -16.7 -13-3 180 178 82.2 65.8 90 32.2 25.8 0 -17.8 -14.2 81. 1 64.9 88 3I-I 24.9 -2 -18.9 -15-1 176 80 64 86 30 24 -4 -20 -16 78.9 63.1 84 28.9 23-1 -6 -21. 1 -16.9 172 77.8 62.2 82 27.8 22.2 -8 -22.2 -17.8 170 76.7 61.3 80 26.7 21.3 -10 -23-3 -18.7 168 75-6 60.4 78 25-6 20.4 -12 -24-4 -19.6 166 74-4 59-6 76 24.4 19.6 -14 -25.6 -20.4 164 73-3 58.7 74 23-3 18.7 -16 -26.7 -21-3 162 72.2 57-8 72 22.2 •17.8 -18 -27.8 -22.2 160 71. 1 56-9 70 21. 1 16.9 -20 -28.9 -23-1 158 70 56 68 20 15 -22 -30 -24 156 68.9 55-1 66 18.9 I5-I -24 -31-1 -24-9 67.8 54-2 64 17.8 14.2 -26 -32.2 -25.8 152 66.7 53-3 62 16.7 13-3 -28 -33-3 -26.7 150 65.6 52.4 60 15.6 12.4 -30 -34-4 -27.6 148 146 64.4 5'-6 58 14.4 II.6 -32 -35-6 -28.4 63.3 50-7 56 13-3 10.7 -34 -36.7 -29-3 144 62.2 49-8 54 12.2 9.8 -36 -37-8 -30.2 142 61. 1 48.9 52 I I.I 8.9 -38 -38.9 -31 -1 140 60 48 50 10 8 -40 -40 -32 138 58.9 47.1 48 8.9 7-1 -42 -41. 1 -32-9 136 57-8 46.2 46 7.8 6.2 -44 -42.2 -33-8 134 567 45-3 44 6.7 5-3 -46 -43-3 -34-7 132 55-6 44.4 42 5-6 4-4 -48 -44-4 -35-6 130 54-4 43-6 40 4.4 3-6 -50 -45-6 -36.4 128 53-3 42.7 38 3-3 2-7 -52 -46.7 -37-3 126 52.2 41.8 36 2.2 1.8 -54 -47.8 -38.2 124 40.9 34 I.I 0-9 -56- -48.9 -39-1 Thermometric (thur-mo-mel' -rik) f^Oep/i?/, heat ; fisTpov, measure]. Pertaining to the thermometer or to ther- mometry. Thermometry [thur-inoin' -et-re) [tttpfu], heat ; /urpor, measure]. The scientific use of the thermometer, and the facts and theories relating thereto. Thermonanesthesia {thur-iiio-nan-es-the' -ze-ah). See Tlieriiio-anestlu'sia . Thermoneurosis [Ihnr- mo ■ mi - ;-//, form]. Apparent reversion, in a human subject, to an animal form of lower type. Thesis {the'-sis) [^^/c/f, a proposition]. A dissertation. Usually, the essay presented by an undergraduate at the time of his candidature for a degree. Thesocyte {thes'-o-S!t)[^Hi(;, from riOr/pt, to lay up ; kvtoc, cell]. One of certain reserve cells found in several sponges. Thetismus {the-tiz' -mus). Synonym of Lisping. Thevetia {the-ve' -slie-ah) [after Andre Thevet, a French monk and traveler]. A genus of tropical apocyna- ceous shrubs and trees. T. iccotli and T. nerii folia, of tropical America, and Asia, are poisonous, febri- fugal, and emeto-cathartic. Unof. Thevetin {thev' -et-in) [after Andre Thevet, a French monk and traveler]. A poisonous glucosid from certain species of Thevetia. Thiazole {thi'-az-ol), C3H3NS. A substance produced by exchanging hydrogen for the amido-group in amidothiazole. It is a colorless liquid, boiling at 117° C; it closely resembles pyridin. Thick Wind. A colloquial term for impeded respira- tion in the horse, somewhat louder and less free than normal breathing. Thiersch's Method of Skin-grafting. The part to be grafted is made aseptic and then washed with a salt- solution (6 : 1000). The granulations are removed with a sharp curet ; the bleeding surface is covered with protective and compressed, to check all bleeding. From a portion of the arm or leg, free from fat and pre- viously sterilized, broad strips of the upper layers of the skin are removed by a to-and-fro movement of a razor continually flooded with salt-solution. These grafts are then placed upon the prepared surface, covering it completely. Lattice-work protective strips are applied, then a compress moist with salt-solution, the whole being covei-ed with protective and dry cot- ton and bandaged. An antiseptic dressing should be placed upon the surface from which the grafts were removed. THIGH 1514 THISTLE 22 Thigh (//^/) [ME., i'/z?;^^/^, thigh]. The femur. The part of the lower limb extending from the pelvis to the knee. T.- bone, the femur or OS fe III 0 r i s. T.-joint, the hip- joint ; the articu- lation between the innominate bone and the femur. Thilanin {thil'-an- iii), a sulphuretted lanolin designed to replace ichthy- cl and thiol in the treatment of itching skin-dis- eases. Thillaye's Ban- dage. See Ban- dage. Thimbleweed ( thim'- bl - wed ) . The herb Rubeck- ia lanciniala ; di- uretic and tonic. It has balsamic properties. Dose of the fld. ext. TTLxv-::^]. Unof. Thin [ME. thin]. Slender; meager; lean; spare. Thio- [thi'-o-) [delov, sulphur]. A prefix denoting the presence of sulphur, or a sul- phur radicle. Thio-acetals {tki- o-as' -et-alz) . See IMercaptah. Thio-acid (thi'-o- as'-id). One of the acids derived from others by the substitution o f sulphur for oxy- gen, generally but not always in the hydroxyl group. They are liquids o f disagreeable odor, less soluble in water and possessing a lower boiling - tempera- ture than the cor- responding oxy- gen acids. Thio - alcohols {thi-o-al' -ko-hols) . Muscular Nerves of the Antero- INTERNAL ASPECT OF THE ThiGH. t. Anterior crural nerve. 2. Branches to iliacus muscle. 3. Branch to inner part of psoas. 4. Large cutaneous branch. 5, 6. Muscular filaments of small musculo-cutaneous branch. 7. Cutaneous branches. 8. Deep, or anastomotic filament of internal cuta- neous branch. 9. Branches to rectus femoris. 10. Branches to vastus ex- ternus. 11, 11. Branches to vastus internus. 12, 12. Internal saphenous nerve. 13. Its patellar branch. 14. Vertical, or tibial branch. 15, Obtu- rator nerve. 16. Branch to adductor longus. 17. Branch to adductor brevis. iS. Branch to gracilis. 19. Branch to adductor magnus. 20. Lumbo-sacral trunk. 21. Union of this trunk and the first sacral nerve. 22, 22. Lumbar and sacral portions of sympathetic. 23. External inguino- cutaneous branch. See Mercaptans. Thiocamph (///?'^-(7-/?^7/;(/") [^j/op, sulphur, rffw/Z/o;-]. A fluid disinfectant, used for fumigation. It is formed by the action of sulphurous acid on camphor and is used in the strength of one ounce to a pint or quart. Unof. Thio-ethers (tJii' -o-e' -therz). See Alkyl-snlphids. Thiol [iJii'-ol) \pHov, sulphur]. German Ichthyol : prepared from gas-oil by heating with sulphur. It occurs in two forms, the dry and the liquid. It has been used largely in gynecic practice. Dose of dry thiol, gr. ij-x. Unof Thionin (thi' o-nin) . Same as Lauili's Violet. Thiophen, Thiophene {lki'-o-fen,i/ii'-o-fen)\6elov,s\i\- phur], C^H^S. A hydrocarbon of the aromatic series ; a colorless, limpid oil, of faint odor, and miscible with water in all proportions. The sodium salt, QH.^CNaSj, is a white powder, precipitated in the form of scales ; it contains 33 per cent, of sulphur and has a disagreeable odor. It is used in a 5-10 per cent, ointment in prurigo. The biniodid, C^HjIjS, has been used as a .substitute for iodoform. It crystallizes in beautiful plates, in- soluble in water, but very soluble in ether, alcohol, and chloroform. Its odor is characteristic, but not disagree- able. It is a vigorous disinfectant and deodorant, superior to iodoform. Unof. T., diiodid, has been recommended as an antiseptic. Thiophen lodid (thi-o-fen-i' -o-did). lodothiophen, a halogen compound of thiophen, a substance obtained from benzene. The experiments of Spiegler have shown it to be an antiseptic possessing varying degrees of power in retarding the development of bacteria in culture-media. It is preferable to iodoform in having a faint, agreeable, aromatic odor. Thiophenol [fki-o-fen'-ol) [delov, sulphur; phenyl'\, CpH-. SH . Phenyl inercaptan ; obtained by the action of phosphorus pentasulphid on phenol. It is a mobile, ill-smelling liquid, boiling at 168° C. ; its specific grav- ity at 14° C. is 1.078; it dissolves readily in alcohol and ether. Thiophtene (thi-of'-ten) [fevoi', sulphur], C^H^S.^. A substance produced when citric acid is heated with phosphorus pentasulphid. It is an oil, boiling at 225° C. Thioresorcin (fki-o-rez-or'-sin) [fteiov, sulphur ; resor- cv'w], CpH^(SIl2).^. Bisulphydrate of phenyl. It possess- es the therapeutic properties of iodoform, and is harm- less and odorless. It is used either as a powder or as an ointment, i^ss-j in ^v of lard. Unof. Thiosinamin (llii-o-siii'-am-iii) [delov, sulphur ; sinapis, mustard], QH^NjS. A body prepared from allyl, mustard-oil, alcohol, or ammonia. It is useful in cutaneous affections, lupus, glandular enlargements, night-sweats. It is used by hypodermatic injection in doses of from 3 to 30 minims of a 15 per cent, alco- holic solution. Unof. Thiourea (/hi - 0 - it - re' -ah) [fif'inv, sulphur; ovpov, urine], CS(NH2)2. Sulphocarbamid \ a substance ob- tained from urea. It crystallizes in fine, silky needles or in thick, rhombic prisms, which dissolve easily in water and in alcohol, but with difficulty in ether. They possess a bitter taste and have a neutral reaction. They melt at 169° C. and decompose at higher temperatures. Thiourethane [thi-o-u' -re-than) [dtiuv, sulphur ; ovpov, urine]. Any one of the crystalline esters of sulpho- carbamic acid. Thioxanthone [thi-o-zan' -than) \pciov, sulphur ; ^av- fior, yellow], CjgHgSO. A substance produced in the condensation of diphenyl-sulphido-carboxylic acid effected by H2S0^. It consists of yellow needles that become colorless upon distillation ; it melts at 207° C. and boils at 372° C. Third {/hnrd) [ME., Ihirde, third]. Next after the second. T. Eye. See Pineal £ye. T. Intention. See Healing. T. Tonsil. See Liischka's Tonsils. T. Ventricle. See Ventricle. Th.\x^\. {thtirst) SVlY.., thiirstl. The state manifested by a desire for drink. It is marked by dryness of the mouth and fauces, together with constriction of the pharynx and esophagus. See Dipsosis and Poly- dipsia. T.-cure. See Schroth' s Cure. Thistle, Barnaby's. See Ceutaitrea. THIURET 1515 THORAX Thiuret (thi' - ii - ret \ \tii\ox\ sulphur], QH-X3S.,. An antiseptic which readily yields its sulphur in a nascent condition. On this property depends its antiseptic ac- tion. It is a crystalline powder, practically insoluble in water, and is best used in combination as the borate, or perhaps best as the parasulphophenate. Thlipsencephalon \thUp-sen-sej' -al-on). See Thlip- seiicephahis. Thlipsencephalus ythlip-sen-sef -al-ns) [^H/.irpic, pres- sure; ijAfoa/or, brain]. A variety of single autositic monsters of the species pseudencephalus, in which there is extensive exposure of the base of the skull from non-development of the occipital bone and even of the upper vertebrre. Thlipsis (/h/ip' -sis) ['^/iV'fi pressure]. Compression, especially of blood-vessels. Thoka-Losi (//;f-X'r?//-/y-j£'). An Australian and Fijian form of mutilation, consisting in the incision of the urethra at the membranous portion. The object is supposed to be a superstitious method of treating rheumatism and sundry fevers. Another similar method of mutilation for supposed similar reasons is called Targangaleng-ale, incision of the urethra from the meatus to the frenum. Similar mutilations are practised by some of the Arabs and by certain African tribes. Thomas's Decalcifying Solution. See under Stains, Table of. T.'s Operation. See Cesaiean Opera- tion. Thompson's Line. See Lines, Table of . T.'s Sounds. Graduated metal bougies, employed to dilate urethral strictures in the male. Thomsen's Disease. Myotonia congenita : a dis- ease commonly congenital and occurring in families, and characteiized by tonic spasm or rigidity of the muscles, coming on when they are first put in action after a period of rest. As the muscles are used the stiffness gradually wears off. The disease usually appears first in childhood at about the age of eight or nine years. The etiologj' is obscure ; the duration indefinite. No treatment is of any avail. The JMyo- tonic Reaction is characterized as follows : The con- traction of the muscles upon mechanical stimulation of the motor nerves is normal. Mechanical stimulation of the muscles easily induces contraction lasting from five to thirty seconds. The galvanic current ap- plied to the muscle shows that opening contractions are very difficult to obtain, that the closing contrac- tions are of very long duration, and that upon stabile application well-formed, wave-like contractions may be seen to pass from the kathode to the anode. The re- flexes are normal. See Diseases, Table of. Thomsonianism \ tom-so' -ne-an-izm \ [after Dr. Samuel Thomsou\ A form of empiric medicine introduced by one Samuel Thomson 11769—1843) of Massachu- setts. Sweating, lobelia, and capsicum were the principle curative agents relied upon in this school. Thooid [tlio'-oid) \_Hur, a beast of prey of the wolf kind; ficW, form]. In biology, lupine, resembling or related to a wolf. Thoracaorta \ tho-rak-a-or' -tah) [^Hupac, thorax; hopri/, aorta ] . The thoracic aorta. Thoracentesis (tlio-ras-en-ie'-sis) [ftiypai, chest ; /cf jt- '/(T/c, a piercing]. The piercing of the thorax for the removal of any abnormal collection of matter. Thoracetron {tlio-ras-e'-tron) \pL>pa^, thorax ; rfpov, the abdomen : //., Thoracetra ]. In biology, the second division of the body of the king-crab (Limu- lus). Cf. Cephaletron, Pleon. Thoracic {tko-ras'-ik\ [Wtipaf, thorax]. Pertaining to the chest or thorax, and also to certain of its organs. T. Aorta. See Arteries, Table of. T. Choke, in the horse, the lodgment of a foreign body in the thoracic portion of the esophagus. T. Duct. .See Duct. T. Index. See Index. T. Nerve. See Xerves, Table of. Thoracico-abdominal ( tho-ras' -ik-o-ab-dom' -i-nal ) thorax ; abdomen, abdomen]. Pertaining to the thorax and the abdomen. Thoracico-lumbar [tho-ras-ik-o-him'-bar) [Huf)ai, thorax ; lumbus, the loin]. Pertaining to the thoracic and lumbar regions. Thoraciform {tho-ras' -if orm) [BupaE, thorax; forma, form]. Shaped like a thorax, as the mesonotum. Thoracispinal ( tlio - ras - is- pi'- nal ) [ 6pai, thorax ; Kv'/'/u(jic, curvation]. Deformity of the thorax. Thoracocymechos ( tho - rak - o - sim - ek' - os) \QC)pas, thorax ; ni ua, a wave ; rjxoQ, a sound]. A splashing sound heard in the chest on succussion. Thoracodidymus [tho-rak-o-did' -im-us) [^wpat, chest ; 61&VU.0C, double]. A double monster joined by the thoraces. Thoracodyoiia i^tho-rak-o-din'-e-ah') [Stipof, thorax ; o&'i vTi, pain]. Pain in the chest. Thoracometer [^tho - rak - om'- et - er) [dupa^, thorax ; uerpov, a measure]. A stethometer, an instrument for measuring the movements of the walls of the chest. Thoracomyodynia (tho-rak-o-mi-o-din' -e-ali) [6o-je)i) [flpd///?of, a clot ; ye.vvav, to produce]. In biology, producing or giving rise to clots. Thrombogenic (fhroiii-l'o-jen' -ik) [ftp6fijio(;, thrombus ; yEi'i'oi', to produce]. Producing thromtai. T. Enzyme, an unorganized ferment having power to form a curd, clot, or coagulum by enzymosis or hydrolysis ; e. g. ren- net (Armstrong). Thromboid {throm' -hoid) [flpou.So^, thrombus; £tfSof, like]. Resembling or having the nature of a throm- bus. Thrombolymphangitis {lhront-bo-lim-fa)i-ji' -lis) [^'pd//- /3or, thrombus; Ivmpha, lymph; ltk;, inflammation]. Lymphangitis, with thrombosis. Thrombophlebitis {Jhrom-ho-fle-bi' -tis) [^OpojuPog, throm- bus ; o/.f V', vein ; (-/f, inflammation]. Phlebitis with thrombosis. Thrombosis ythrotu-bo' -sis^ [^^pd///3or, thrombus]. The formation of a thrombus. T., Cardiac, thrombosis of the heart. T., Marantic. See Marantic. T., Puerperal Venous, puerperal thrombosis of the uterine veins. Thrombotic [throtu-bot' -ik) [^Hpo/upog, thrombus]. Per- taining to or of the nature of thrombosis. Thrombus {t/irom'-b!/s) [^pd/v/jof, clot : //. , Throtnbi'\. A clot of blood formed within the heart or blood-ves- sels, due usually to some impediment to the circulation or to alteration of the blood or vessel-walls. See E»i- bolus. T., Ante-mortem, the white thrombi in the heart and large vessels formed before death. T., Ball, a small or large, rounded, ante-mortem clot found in the heart, especially in the auricles. T., Currant-jelly, a soft, reddish, post-mortem clot. T., Lateral, a clot attached to the vessel-wall, and not obstructing the lumen completely. T., Obstruct- ing, one completely obstructing the lumen of the vessel. T., Progressive, one that grows into the lumen of the vessel. T., Stratified, one in which there are successive layers of fibrinous deposit and of varying color. T., White. See T. , Ante-mortem. Throttle {throt'-l) [ME. , Mro/f/, throat ; throtten, to choke]. I. The throat. 2. To choke ; to suffocate. Through Illumination. See Voltolini' s Alethod. Thrush [ME., thrushe, thrush]. I. A form of stoma- titis due to a specific fungus, Oiditivi albicans or Saccharomvces albicans, and characterized by the pres- ence of diffuse, white patches. It occurs especially in weakly children, but may affect adults depressed by some form of wasting disease. It is also called Para- sitic Stomatitis and Aphtha, but the latter is more fre- quently reserved for a vesicular form of stomatitis. 2. A diseased condition of the frog of the horse's foot, with a foul-smelling discharge. T. -fungus. See Thrush. Thrust-culture [thrust kid' -tiir). A culture of bac- teria in a solid culture-medium, inoculated by thrust ing the infected oese into the sterilized gelatin ; a Stab-cultnre or Stick-ciiltitre. Thuja (thii'-jali) \pvia: gen., Thiijir\. I. A genus of coniferous trees, the arbor vitae. 2. The pharmacopeial name for T. occidentalis, a tree of N. America, Arbor vitiE. The leaves and twigs are diuretic, sudorific, and stimulant. T., Oleum, a volatile oil of camphoraceous odor, composed of thujol and terpene. Dosen\_j-v. Thtijol (fhu-jol ] C,„H,„0. .\n oily liquid, the chief constituent of Thuja occidentalis . It increases the blood-pressure and has antipyretic qualities. Thumb (11111111) [ME. , thoumb'e, thumb]. The first fin- ger or toe ; pollex or hallux. It differs from the other digits in having but two phalanges and in that its metacarpal bone is separately movable. T. -method of Palpation. See Palpation. GlenarcT s Method of. T.-pad, a pad-like formation over the inner metacar- pal bone of some batrachians. Thumb [corruption of i'/^ ;-/////]. Palpitation of the heart in the horse. Thumps [origin obscure]. An affection in the horse identical with hiccough in man, due to spasmodic ac- tion of the diaphragm. Thunbergia [thun-ber'-je-ah] [after K. P. Thiinberg, 1743-1828, a Swedish botanist]. TImnbergia fra- grans, a native plant of East India, is cultivated in the West Indies and used as an aromatic tonic. Thunder-struck Disease. Synonym of Apoplexy. Thus \\^. , thus , tiis : gen., T/iuris or Turis~\. I. True frankincense, or olibanum. 2, Turpentine of pine- trees. Thymacetin (tki-?itas'-e-tin) [^iyyor, thyme; acetum, OC H vinegar], CgHjCHjCgH, i-i' -tis) \pvpei)q, shield ; aihiv, gland; iTiq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the thyreoid gland. Thyreocele (ihi'-re-o-sel) \6vpe6(;, thyreoid; icrjArj, a tumor]. A tumor affecting the thyreoid gland. Goiter. Thyreo-cricotomy {thi-re-o-kri-kof -o-7ne') \pvpi6(;, thy- reoid ; cricotom\i\ . Tracheotomy performed through the crico-thyreoid membrane alone. Thyreoid (thi' -re-oid) [Supf of, shield ; eltJof , form] . I. Shield-shaped. 2. Pertaining to the thyreoid gland. 3. The lobes called " kernels " or "glands " in myxe- Injected Lobules of Thymus of A Cat. a. Cortex, b. Medulla, c. Blood- vessels, d. Septum of connective tissue. {From Stirling.) View of Thyreoid Body. I. Thyreoid isthmus. 2. Median portion of crico-thyreoid mem- brane, body. 3. Crico-thyreoid muscle. 4. Lateral lobe of thyreoid the poiHuin adaiiii. T.-extract, a glycerin extract of the .sheep's thyreoid gland, used in the treatment of myxedema, cretinism, psoriasis, and other diseases. It may be given dry, in powder, or in liquid form, in quantities corresponding to an eighth or a quarter of an entire thyreoid from the sheep, every day or on alternate days. See Organotherapy. T. Foramen. See Foramen , Obturator. T. Gland , a ductless, gland- like body of unknown function, on the anterior aspect of the upper part of the trachea, consisting of two lateral lobes, one upon either side, connected centrally by an isthmus. See Cachexia and Myxedema. T.- therapy, the treatment of disease by the administra- tion of thyreoid extract. See Organotherapy. Thyreoidectomy {thi-re-oi-dek'-to-me) \dvptoc, shield ; kuTopi], excision] . Excision of the thyreoid gland. Thyroid. See Thyreoid, the preferable form. Thyreoidin (ihi-re-oi' -din) \pvpt6c, shield; eidof, like]. The extract of thyreoid gland. See Organotherapy. Thyreoiditis [thi-re-oi-di' -tis) \f^vpi6c, shield ; mc;, in- flammation]. Inflammation of the thyreoid gland. Thyreoidotomy (thi-re-oi-dot'-o-me) \pvpt6c, shield; Topij, incision]. Incision of the thyreoid gland. Thyreoitis (tlii- re - o - i' - tis) [St/jfof, shield; niq, in- flammation]. Inflammation of the thyreoid gland. Thyreoncus {tlii - re - ong' - ktis) [fii/jfo^-, shield ; byKO<;, tumor]. Same as Tliyreocele. Thyreo-oesophageus [thi-re-o-e-sof-aj-e' -us) \dvpe6^, shield ; bwo(l>dyog, esophagus] . Muscular fibers between the esophagus and the thyreoid cartilage. ^ Thyreopalatine {thi-re-o- pal'-at-in) \Qvpe6q, thyre- oid ; palatine^. Pertain- ing to the thyreoid gland and the palate. T. Mus- cle, the palato-pharynge- us. See Muscles, Table of f Thyreophraxia {thi -re- 0- ml -■! fraks' -e-ah). Synonym of Goiter. Thyreophyma {thi-re-o-f.' - ;««^)[f^j;pfdf, shield; tpv/xa, a tumor]. Enlargement of the thyreoid gland. Thyreoprotein - re -o- pro'-te-iii) [ft.'pfof, shield ; npi'oTO(;, first]. An albu- min isolated by Bubnoff from the thyreoid gland. Thyreotomy [thi-re-of -o- me). See Thyreoidoto- my. Thyrse {thurr.) [Ovpao^, a stalk, stem]. In biology, a compact panicle like that of the grape, lilac, or horse-chestnut. Thyrsiform {thur' -siforin) \Qvpao^, a stalk ; forma, form]. Having the form and Fibula, Anterior of a thyrse. View. Thyrsoid {thur'-soid) i. shaft of tibia. 2. Internal \P'vpcoq, stalk ; elSoq , tuber9sity. 3.. External tu- dema. T. Axis. See Arteries, Table of. T. Body. See T. Gland. T. Cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal cartilages, united at an angle in front called form]. Having the form of a thyrse. Tibia {tib'-e-ah) [L.,shin; also, flute or pipe]. The larger of the two bones of the leg, commonly called the shin-bone, articulating with the femur, fibula, and astragalus. berositv. 4. Spine. 5. Tuber- cle. 6. Crest. 7. Inferior ex- tremity. 8. Internal malleo- lus. 9. Shaft of fibula. 10. Superior extremity. 11. In- ferior extremity and exter- nal malleolus. TIBIAD 1519 TIN Tibiad [tib^-e-ad) \_/ibta, tibia]. Toward the tibial aspect. Tibial {tib'-e-al) [tibialis, tibiale ; tibia, tibia]. Per- taining or belonging to the tibia. T. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. T. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. T. Nerve. See Nerves, Table of. Tibiale (fib-e-a' -le) [tibia, tibia]. One of the bones of the tarsus. Tibien (//i^'-c'-^«) [//^/6/3og, fear]. Morbid dread of places. Topothermesthesiometer {top-o-therm-es-the-ze-oin'-et- er) [rd-of, place; (?f/3//7?, heat ; aladriaiq, sensation; fierpov, measure]. An instrument for estimating local sensitiveness to impressions of heat. Torcular or Torcular Herophili {tor' -ku-lar her-off' - i-li) [the wine-press of Herophilus]. The expanded extremity of the superior longitudinal sinus, placed in a depression on the ental surface of the occipital bone. It receives the blood from the occipital sinus, and from it the lateral sinus of the side to which it is de- flected is derived. Tori {to'-ri). Genitive and plural of Torus. Toric [to'-rik) [torus']. Having the properties of a torus. T. Lens. See Torus. Tormentilla {tor-men-til' -ah) [L.]. The root of Poteft- tilla tormentilla, a mild tonic and astringent. Dose of fid. ext. TTLx-xl. Unof. Tormentum {tor-men' -turn) [L., a "rack "]. An old name for various obstructive disorders of the intes- tine. T. intestinorum. Synonym of Dysentery. Tormina {tor'- min - ah) [pi. of tormen, a racking pain]. Griping pains in the bowels. T. alvi, colic. T. celsi, dysentery. T. intestinorum. Synonym of Dysentery. T.,' Post-partum, the after-pains of parturition. Terminal, Torminous {tor'-min-al, tor' -min -us). Af- fected with tormina. Tormodont {tor' -mo-dont) [rdp/^of , a hole or socket; d(5o/'f , tooth] . In biology, having teeth set in sockets. Tornaria {tor-na' -re-ah) \tornus, a lathe]. Inbiology, the name applied to the peculiar larva of the acorn- TORNWALDT'S DISEASE 1525 TOUCH worm [Balanoglossus), which in many ways resembles a young Bipinnaria. Tornwaldt's Disease. See l^hornivaldt s Disease. Torose [to'-roz) \jonis. a bulging, protuberance]. In biology, cylindric, wilh constrictions and enlargements at intervals. Torpedinous [tor-ped ' -iii-ns) [foipere, to be numb]. Benumbing, like a torpedo. Torpedo [tor-pe' -do) [L. , lorpedo, torpedinis, a cramp- tish ; forpere, to be numb]. Numbness ; stupor ; narcosis. [Rare.] Torpent [tor' -petit ) [forpei-e, to benumb]. I. Incap- able of the active performance of a function. 2. A medicine or agent that reduces or subdues any irrita- tive action. Torpid {tor'-pid) \jorpere, to be numb]. Affected with torpor. Torpidity [tor-pid' -it-e). Synonym of Tojpor. Torpor [tor'-por) [L., numbness]. A condition of sluggishness, abnormal inactivity, numbness, or defi- cient sensation. T. retinae, dulled perceptive power of the retina. Torporific [tor-por-if -ik) \torpor, numbness ; facere, to make]. Causing, or producing, torpor. Torquate [tor' -Invat) [/f/Y^/ci', a neck-chain] . In biol- ogy, ringed about the neck. Torques (?fr'-/'7t7^o) [/or^z/fj-, a neck-chain]. In biology, a collar-like marking of the skin, hair or feathers of the neck. Torrefaction (tor-e-fak' -shuii). Synonym of Toi'refica- tion . Torrefication (to>--e-fik-a' -sinm) \to7-refacere , to dry by heat] . Roasting ; drying by means of high artificial heat. Torrefied Bread. Ordinary bread toasted in thin slices until it is almost blackened. Torrid (tor' -id) [torrere, to parch]. Hot ; burning. T. Zone, the climatic zone lying between the isotherms of 70° F., north and south. Torsion [for' -s/uiii) \joriiitere, to twist]. A twisting ; also, the rotation of the eye about the visual axis. T. of an Artery, twisting of the free end of an artery to check hemorrhage. T. of Teeth, the forcible turning of teeth in their cavities for the purpose of correcting irregularity in position. T. of the Umbil- ical Cord, the spontaneous twisting of the umbilical cord. From eight to ten twists are normal ; great torsion usually occurs after the death of the fetus. Torsoclusion [tor-sok-ht'-zlnai) [torqtiere, lo twist; chtdere, to close]. A form of acupressure in which the point of the pin is pushed through a portion of tissue parallel with the course of the vessel to be secured, then carried over its anterior surface, and at the same time swept round until brought to a right angle with the artery, when the point is thrust into the soft parts beyond. Torticollar (tor - tik - ol ' - ar) \_tortns, twisted; collum, neck]. Affected with wry-neck, or torticollis. Torticollis (tor - tik - ol' - is) \tortus, twisted; colhtm, neck]. *A congenital or acquired contraction of one or more of the cervical muscles, usually of one side, resulting in an abnormal position of the head — wry- neck. T., Intermittent. See T., Spasmodic. T., Spasmodic, spasmodic contraction of the sterno- cleido-mastoid muscle of one side, causing a drawing of the head toward the opposite side. Tortulous (tor'-tii-lus) \torta, a twist]. In biology, twisted, or like a string of beads, moniliform. Tortuose {tor' -tii-oz) \tortuosiis winding]. In biology, bent and twisted, as some stems. Tortuosity (tor-tu-os' -it-e) {tortus, twisted]. A twisted or devious course, as of a blood-vessel. Tortuous (tor' - tu - us) {tortus, twisted]. Twisted, sinuous. Torula \to7-'-u-lah) {torus, a swelling, protuberance: //. , Toruli£\. In biology, a genus of budding fungi (Blastoiiiycetes). See Saccharotnyces cerevisia, under Bacteria, Synonyinatic Table of; also, Yeast. Toruliform (tor' - u- lif- ortn) {torula, torula; forma, form] . Resembling an organism of the genus Torula. Toruloid (tor' -u-loid). Synonym of Toruliform. Torulose (tor' -u-ldz) {torula, a little swelling, knob]. In biology, knobbed. Torulous (tor'-u-lus). Same as Torulose. Torulus (tor'-u-lus) {torus, a swelling, protuberance: //. , Toruli\ In biology, a knob-like articulation for receiving a spine, antenna or other appendage. Torus (tor'-us) {\^.: gen. 2cnii. pL, Tori']. 1. A surface having a regular curvature, with two principal me- ridians of dissimilar curvature at right angles to each other. 2. An elevation or prominence, as of the belly of a muscle. Torus, used without qualifying adjective, sometimes designates the tuber cinereum of the brain. T. frontalis, a protuberance in the region of the fron- tal sinuses, at the root of the nose, in the median line and on the external surface of the skull. T. palati- nus, a protuberance on the surface of the hard palate, marking the point of junction of the intermaxillary and palato-maxillary sutures. Totem (to' -tern) [Algonkin, oteni, with a prefixed poss. pron. my family token]. The word generally given by travelers and interpreters to the family crests of the Red Indians (Lang). Totemism (to' -tem-izni) [Algonkin, otem"]. The deriva- tion of the family name and crest or badge from some natural object, plant or animal. " The names totetti and to- temism have been in use at least since 1792, among writers on the North Amer- i c a n tribes ; Prof. Max Miiller says the word should be, not totem, but ote or otem. Long, an interpreter among Indians, in- troduced the word totemism in 1 792." (And. Lang.) Touch (tuc/i) [Fr., toucher']. 1. The tactile sense ; the act of judging by the tactile sense ; palpa- tion. 2. In obstet- rics, digital exami- nation of the female genital organs and adjacent parts through the vagina. T., Abdominal, ap- plication of the hands to the abdomen for the diagnosis of intra-abdominal con- ditions. T., After, the sensation which persists for a short time after contact with an object has ceased, body ; a tactile corpuscle. Vertical Section of the Skin, Palm of Hand. b. Papilla of cutis.' d. Nerve-fiber of touch-corpuscle. e,f. Nerve- fiber in touch-corpuscle, z- Cells of Malpighian layer. (From Stir- ling.) T. -corpuscle, a touch- See under Tactile. T., TOUCHING 1526 TOXICANT Wagner's Touch-corpuscle, Skin of Hand. . Nerve, a, a. Terminations of n. {From Stirling.) Double, combined vaginal and abdominal or vagina! and rectal palpation. T.-me-not. See A^oli t?ie tangere and Inipati- ens. T., Rectal, examination made by the linger in the rectum. T., Royal, the laying on of the hands by a king, formerly believed to be effi c a c io u s in scrofula o r kings' evil. T., Vaginal. See ToucJi [sd Jef.). T., Vesical, exami- nation through the bladder, the urethra having been dilated to admit the finger. The latter can only be done in the fe- male . T. -wood. See Ainadoit. Touching (tiich' -iiig) [Fr. , toucher, to touch]. I. The ap- plication of the hand or fingers. Touching was fonnerly practised by the kings of England for the cure of scrofula, hence called Kings'' Evil. 2. See Adenochirapsology. Tour de Maitre {toor-de-mdty^ [Fr. , •' the master's turn "]. A maneuver in passing the catheter in a fat person. The surgeon stands on the right side of the patient and introduces the catheter, with its convexity upward, the shaft lying obliquely across the left thigh of the patient, and as the point enters the bulb, the handle is swept around toward the abdomen, when the beak enters the membranous urethra and is carried into the bladder by depressing the shaft be- tween the patient's thighs. The sound may be intro- duced into the uterus in an analogous manner, enter- ing the instrument with the convexity upward, and then sweep- ing the shaft around. Tourette's ( Gilles d e la) D i s - ease. Mo- tor inco5r- d i n a t i o n with echo- la 1 i a and coprolalia ; a c on vul- sive form of tic. Tourniquet ( toor'- nik - et) [Fr., tourner, to turn]. An instrument / for control- ling the cir- culation by means of compres- sion. It usually con- sists of two metallic plates united by a thumb-screw and Petit's Tourniquet. a strap provided with a pad. The strap is fastened about the part, the pad being placed over the artery to be occluded. The screw is placed diametrically op- posite the pad, and the strap is tightened by separating the metallic plates of the screw. T., Dupuytren's, one for compressing the abdominal aorta, consisting of a semicircle of metal with a pad at one extremity. T., Esmarch's, consists of a stout, elastic rubber band applied above the proximal turn of an elastic bandage passing around the part to be rendered exsanguine. T., Field, one consisting of a strap and buckle with a pad to pass over the artery. T., Horse-shoe, one shaped like a horse-shoe, to compress (by a screw) only two points, and thus permit venous return. T., Lip, one consisting of a U-shaped piece of steel, the arms being provided with plates which are approximated by a central screw. T., Provisional, one applied loosely, so that it may be tightened at once upon the recur- rence of hemorrhage. T., Signorini's. See 7'., Horse-shoe. T., Skey's, also a modification of the horse-shoe or Signorini's. T., Spanish Windlass, a knotted bandage or handkerchief twisted by a stick and used as a tourniquet. T., Torcular, same as T., Spanish Windlass. Tous-les-mois (too-la-inwah) [F., "every month"]. .\ variety of arrow-root starch prepared from Canna cdiilis : canna-starch. Toussaint's Theory. A theory as to the cause of im- munity conferred by inoculation. After one attack of a disease {e.g., anthrax) the lymphatic glands undergo a hardening of their surrounding envelop, thus render- ing them impervious to the after-entrance of infectious agents by this, the usual, portal. Tow (to) [ME., tozi', tow]. The refuse of flax or hemp ; coarse flax ; it has a limited use in surgery. Towel-gourd. See Ltiffa. Toxa (toks'-ah) \_pl. of To.xum, from to^ik6v, poison]. Diseases due to poisons. Toxaemia {toks-c' -ine-ah). See Toxemia. Toxalbumin [toks-al '-l>ii-?iiin)\To^iK6ii, poison; alhtimin, white of egg] . A proteid substance resembling a ferment rather than a poison. Any one of the poisonous albumi- noids which are produced or separated from the albu- min of the tissues by the agency of bacteria, and enter- ing the circulation, constitute the cause of the general symptoms of infectious diseases. Toxalbumins have been obtained from cultures of a number of bacteria — among others from those of diphtheria, typhoid fever, cholera, tetanus, glanders, tuberculosis, anthrax, and pneumonia ; likewise, also, from cultures of the stapliy- lococctcs pyogenes aureus, the swine-plague bacillus ; from those of certain germs found by Booker in the stools of the summer diarrhea of infants, and from those of two toxicogenic germs isolated by Vaughan from drinking-water. It is possible that poisonous albumin- ous substances are also produced by animal parasitic organisms. Thus Viron has isolated a toxic proteid from the fluid of hydatid cysts. Toxanemia {toks - an - e' - me - ah) [rof;™/', poison; a priv. ; (7///(7, blood]. Anemia produced by "poisons. Toxemia (toks-e'-me-ah) [rof(A:oi', poison ; aijia, blood]. A condition of the blood in which it contains poison- ous products, either those produced by the body-cells and not properly eliminated, or those due to the growth of microorganisms. Toxemic [foks-em' -ik') [rof/zcor, poison ; (ujxa, blood]^ Pertaining to, affected with, or of the nature of toxemia. Toxic (/<9/6j"'-77-) [-of(/cf5j', poison]. Poisonous; due to. or associated with, poisoning. Toxicant {toks' -ik-ant) {to^ik/iv, poison]. I. Poison- ous or toxic. 2. A poisonous agent. TOXICATION 1527 TRACHEA Toxication (toks-ik-a' -shiDi). Synonym of Poisoning. Toxicemia [toks-is-e' -nie-aJi). Synonym of Toxemia. Toxichematosis (toks-ik-eni-at-o' -sis) \joE,Lmv, poison ; a///a, blood]. Blood-poisoning. Toxichemia {toks-ik-e' -nte-ah). Synonym of Toxemia. Toxicide i^toks' - is -id ) [rof^/cov, poison; cadere, to kill]. A remedy or principle that destroys toxic agents. Toxicity i^toks-is' - if -e) [ro^mov, poisonous]. Toxic quality ; poisonousness. Toxicodendric Acid (toks-ik-o- den' -drik) [rofIAa^, a guardian, protector]. In biology, " a defensive pro- teid produced in the body of an animal which has an acquired immunity for a given infectious disease, and which has the power of destroying the toxic products of the pathogenic bacteria to which the disease is due." (Sternberg.) Cf. Toxosozin. See Phylaxin. Toxosozin [toks-o-so' -zin) [^to^ikou, poison ; aui^erv, save, keep]. In biology, " a defensive proteid found in the body of a normal animal, which has the power of de- stroying the toxic products of bacterial growth." ( Sternberg. ) See under Fliylaxin. Cf. Toxophylaxin . Toynbee's Experiment. The rarefaction of the air of the middle-ear by swallowing, with coincident closure of the mouth and nares. T.'s Law. See Lazv. Trabal [fra'-bal) [trais, beam]. Pertaining to the trabs ; callosal. Trabecula (/;-payftn, diaphragm]. Pertaining to the neck and the diaphragm. Trachelodynia {Ira-kel-o-din' -e-aJi) l_-paxV'' or, neck ; bi^ri'!/, pain]. Pain in the neck. Trachelokyphosis {tra-kel-o-ki-fo'-sis)\Tpax'l1oc, neck ; KvcbuniQ. kyphosis]. An anterior curvature of the cer- vical portion of the spinal column. Trachelomyitis {fra-kel-o-mi-i'-tis) \_7pax'!'' oc, neck ; /ivr, muscle; inc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the muscles of the neck. Trachelopanus {tra-kel-o- pan' -its') [rpdj/?/ or, neck ; paniis. swelling]. Tumefaction of the cervical lymphatic glands. Trachelopexia {tra-kel-o-peks' -e-ali) {jpaxrfl^oq, neck; -ii^ic. a fixing]. Fixation of the neck of the uterus. Trachelophyma {tra-kel-o-Ji'-mah) [rpaxri'^MQ, neck; -f!'//') [rpaxeia, trachea; priyrivni. to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the trachea. Tracheoscopic {tra- ke-o-skop'-ik) [rpajf7a, trachea ; BKo-e'iv. to view]. Pertaining to tracheoscopy. Tracheoscopist {tra-ke-os'-ko-pist) [Tpaxi'm, trachea; annvrelv, to view]. One versed in tracheoscopy. Tracheoscopy {tra-ke-os'-ko-pe) [rpaxi^'ia, trachea; TRACHEOSTENOSIS 1529 TRACT aKoireiv, to inspect]. Inspection of the interior of the trachea, by means of a laryngoscopic mirror and re- flected light. Tracheostenosis [tm-ke-o-ste-no' -sis) [jpaxela, trachea ; arevcjGig, stenosis]. Abnormal constriction of the trachea. Tracheotome {tra' -ke-o-tom) [7/ja,\-e(n, trachea ; ro/i//, a cutting] . A cutting instrument used in tracheotomy. Tracheotomy (ti-a-ke-ot' -o-nie) \Tpax(in, trachea; ro//?/, a cutting]. Surgical incision of the trachea. T., In- ferior, one performed below the isthmus of the thyroid gland. T., Plunge-. See Phinge-tracheotomy. T., Superior, one performed above the isthmus of the thyroid gland. T.-tube, a tube to be worn in the opening made in tracheotomy, and through which breathing is carried on. Trachitis [tra-ki' -tis) [rpa^^tw, trachea ; lthi, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of the trachea ; it may be acute or iliTonic. It is marked by tenderness along the course of the trachea and pain on swallowing. Trachoma (tra-ko' -niah) [jpax'vu rough : //., Tracho- mata'\. Granular conjunctivitis, a contagious disease of the eyelids that may in severe cases extend to the globe of the eye. It is at first characterized by sago- like elevations of the palpebral conjunctiva, and later by fibrous and cicatricial tis- sue that by fric- tion produces p a n n us. The disease is due to a specific diplo- coccus. T. arlti, the granular form. T . , Brawny, a late stage of mixed trachoma in which the surface of the conjunctiva is rather smooth, although lymph- oid infiltration persists. Synony)7iatic Table of. Trachoma. T.-COCCUS. See Bacteria, T. diffusum, a high degree of mixed trachoma in which large growths cover the tarsal conjunctiva. T., Follicular, T., Mixed, the usual form of trachoma. See T. arlti. T. -gland. Gland. T.verum. See T. arlti. Horny Epi- thelium, or Summer Granulations, a form of tracho- Knapp's Improved Roller Trachoma-forceps. matous conjunctivitis similar in appearance to follicular trachoma, but differing from it in the fact that the granules or excrescences are horny or teat-like eleva- tions. The name Hypertrophic Trachomatous Con- junctivitis has been proposed for it. Knapp's Roller-forceps Method {of treating tracho}na), the expression of the gelatinous matter in follicular trachoma by a roller-forceps. Trachycarpous (trak - ik - ai-'-fus ) [jpaxv^, rough ; Kap-oq, fruit]. In biology, having the fruit roughened. Trachyphonia (trak-if-o' -ne-ah) \jpa.x^'Q, rough; <^uvii, voice]. Roughness, or hoarseness, of voice. Trachysma itrak-iz' -mah). Synonym of Trachoma. Trachyspermous {trak - is - per'- nuts) \Tpaxv^, rough ; a~ipfia, seed]. In biology, having the seed rough- ened. Tract {trakt) \tractus~\. I. An extended area, usually much longer than it is broad. 2. Any one of the col- umns of white matter of the spinal cord. See Column. 3. A track or course. T., Alimentary, a musculo- membranous canal, about 30 feet in length, extend- ing from the mouth to the anus. Digestion is its chief function, and in this it is aided by certain accessory organs. T., Anterior Cerebro-pontile, a tract of fibers of the crus cerebri extending from the anterior portion of the frontal lobe to the pons. T., Anterior Pyramidal. See T., Pyramidal. T., Antero-lateral Ascending. Synonym of T. , CoLuers\ T., Bechterew's. See T., Tegmental. T., Bulbar, any of the tracts of fibers found in the bulb or oblongata. T., Central Medullary, the gray matter of the spinal cord immediately about the central canal. T., Cerebellar. See T. , Direct Cerebellar. T., Cerebro-pontile, a tract of fibers passing from the cerebrum through the internal capsule and crus to the pons. T., Commissural, the cerebellar peduncle {Owen). T., Crossed Thalamo-tegmental, a tract of fibers passing through the tegmentum and con- necting the thalamus with the spinal cord (Spitzka). T., Digestive. See T, Alimentary. T., Direct Cerebellar, an ascending tract of fibers placed at the periphery of the posterior portion of the lateral col- umn of the cord. It passes upward through the lateral tract of the oblongata, the restiform body, and the infe- rior cerebellar peduncle to the vermiform process of the cerebellum and to the cerebellar lobes. T., Fillet, a tract of fibers passing from the fillet along the upper and outer side of the red nucleus through the internal capsule to the parietal lobe. T., First Projection, the corona radiata (J/n'"^;'/). T. of Flechsig. See T. , Principal. T., Frontal Pontile. Synonym of T. , Cei-ebro-pontile. T., Fronto - cerebellar, the tract of fibers connecting the frontal lobe of the brain with the cerebellum. T., Funicular. See Funiculus gracilis. T., Genito-urinary, the genito- urinary organs in continuity. T., GoU's. See Column, GolTs. T., Gowers', a tract of fibers from the pos- terior roots which run cephalad in the lateral column. One portion of the fibers disappears in the cervical part of the spinal cord, the other terminates in the medulla. T., Habenular, a tract of fibers passing from the hab- enula to the mesal side of the red nucleus at the base of the brain. T., Intellectual. Synonym of T., Fronto-cerebellar. T., Intermediary Lateral, T., Intermedio-lateral, a tract of nerve-fibers in the lateral column of the spinal cord, placed midway between the anterior and posterior gray horns. T., Internidal, the fibers extending from the nuclei of origin of the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves. T., Intestinal, the large and small intes- tine. T., Lateral. See Column, Lateral. T., Lemniscus, a tract of fibers beginning in the upper region of the pons, below the formatio reticu- laris, and separating into three bundles, the superior, median, and inferior lemnisci. T., Lissauer's, a small tract of fibers in the spinal cord at the junc- tion of the posterior horn and the lateral column. The fibers are derived from the posterior roots, and after a short upward course enter the posterior horn. T., Motor, the path for motor impulses from the brain to a muscle, consisting of a central and a peripheral portion. The former extends from the cerebral cortex to the gray matter in the anterior horns of the spinal cord ; the latter includes the motor cells TRACTELl.UM 1530 TRANSECTION in the cord, the fibers passing to the anterior root, ihe anterior root and the nerve trunk to the muscle. T., Myelo-cerebellar. See 'J\ , Direct Cerebellar. T., Olfactory, the narrow portion of the olfactory lobe of the brain. T., Ophthalmic, T., Optic, this arises by two arms or lirachia, one from the stratum opticum of the quadrigeminal bodies, the other from tlie optic thalamus. From the junction of the two arms it winds obliquely across the under surface of the crus cerebi, to which it is attached by its anterior margin, then passes forward, being connected with the tuber cinereum and the lamina cinerea. Finally, it unites with the tract of the opposite side to form the chiasm. T., Peduncular, any tract of fibers in the crus cerebri.- T., Posterior Cortical, a tract of fibers passing from the corte.x of the occipital and temporal lobes to the nerve-cells in the pons. T., Postpyram- idal, the dorsal pyramid of the cord. T., Pre- pyramidal, the ventral pyramid of the cord. T., Principal, that portion of the ventral column of the cord not belonging to the direct pyramidal tract. T., Pyramidal, the continuation in the spinal cord of the ventral pyramids of the oblongata. At the decussa- tion of the pyramids about three-quarters of the fibers usually cross to the opposite side. These pass down the cord in the lateral column and constitute the lateral (or crossed) pyramidal tract. Those that do not decussate pass down in the inner part of the ventral column at the side of the ventral median fis- sure and constitute the ventral (or direct) pyramidal tract. T., Radicular, the portion of the spinal cord dorsad of the principal tract. T., Respiratory, the respiratory organs in continuity. T., Restiform, the restiform bodies. T., Semilunar, a semilunar band of fibers in the outer portion of the cerebellar hemisphere. T., Sensory, any tract of fibers conducting sensation to the brain. T., Speech, a group of fibers passing from the cortex of the sub-frontal gyrus of the left side, usually to the nuclei of origin in the ob- longata of the nerves connected with the apparatus of speech. T., Spiral, the spiral impression in the large fossa of the cribriform plate. It is pierced by foramina for transmiting filaments of the auditory nerve. T., Tegmental, a tract of fibers in the tegmentum, proba- bly connecting the olivary body with the mid-brain. T., Teretial. Synonym of Fasciculus teres. T., Tertiary Projection, the peripheral nerves originating from the nuclei surrounding the aqueduct, and from the cells in the gray matter of the spinal cord. T., Uro- genital. Synonym of 7'., Geinto-iirinary. T., Uveal. Synonym of Uvea. T., Voluntary Motor, that portion of the motor tract extending from the cortex of the brain to the ventral horns of the cord. Tractellum [trak-tel ' -iini) [dim. of tractus, a tract: //. , Tractella'\. In biology, that flagellum of an infusorian which precedes in locomotion. Traction (trak' -sliuii) \_trahere, to draw]. The act of drawing or pulling. T. -aneurysm, an aneurysm most commonly seen in children, and if seen in adults to be referred to childhood, due to traction on the aorta by an incompletely atrophied ductus Botalli. T., Axis, traction in the axis or direction of a chan- nel, as of the pelvis, through which a body is to be drawn. T., Axis Forceps, an obstetric forceps for performing axis-traction in the delivery of the fetus. T. -diverticulum, a circumscribed sacculation of the esophagus from the traction of circum - esophageal adhesions. T., Elastic, traction by an elastic force. Tractor (Irak' -tor) \trahere, to draw]. I. An instru- ment for making traction. 2. .See Ferkinisni. Tractoration {Irak - tor - a' - shun) \jrahere, to draw]. Treatment by metallic tractors ; Perkinism. Tractus (trak'-tus). See Tract. Tragacanth (trag'-a-kantli). See Tragacantlia. Tragacantha [trag-a-kan'-tliah) \TpayaKavda; Tpd-jog, goat; niMvHn, ihom : gen., Tragacanthic'\. The exu- dation of several species of Astragalus found in Asia Minor. A natural mixture of gum arable and bas- sorin. A demulcent employed mainly as a vehicle for resins and insoluble powders. T., Glycerinum (B. P.), tragacanth, glycerin, and distilled water; a translucent jelly. T., Mucilago, tragacanth 6, gly- cerin l8, water to loo parts. Dose gj, ad libitum. T., Pulv., Comp. (B.P.), tragacanth, gum acacia, starch, and refined sugar. Dose gr. xx-gj. Tragacanthin (trag-a-kan' -thin). See Bassorin. Tragal {tra'-gal) [rpdyof , goat ]. Pertaining to the tragus. Tragalism {trag' -al-izm) [rpayog, goat]. Salacious- ness ; sensuality. Traganthin (trag-aii' -thin). See Bassorin. Tragicus {traj-ik'-tis). See Muscles, Table of. Tragophonia. [trag- oj^-o^- )ie-all). Synonym of £go- phoiiY. Tragopodia (trag - op - o'- de - ah) [rpayof, goat; vro/'f, foot]. Knock-knee. Tragus [tra'-gus) [rpayoc, goat]. The small promi- nence of cartilage projecting over the meatus of the ex- ternal ear. Trailing Arbutus {tra'-liug ar'- bu - tus). Ground Laurel, May Flower. The leaves of Epigea repens. Diuretic and astringent. It has been used to allay irritability of the urinary organs. Dose of fid. ext. 3 ss-j . Unof. Train [Iran) [yiY.., trainen, io draw]. A following; that which is drawn after. T. -murmur. See Tisher^s Alurmur in Signs and Sympto)iis, Table of. T.-oil. See Whale-oil. Training [ti-dn'-ing) [ME., trainen, to draw]. Syste- matic exercise for physical development or for some special attainment. T. -school, an institution where persons are instructed in nursing. The majority of the large hospitals have established such institutions. Trait [trat] \_Vr. , trait, a line]. Any natural character- istic or feature that is peculiar to an individual. Tramosericeous [tram - o - ser - ish' - us) [trama, weft ; sericeus, silken]. In biology, having a satin-like luster. T\2iX\yfi\\r^%{tram' -pling) [ME., trampelen,\.o trample]. The killiiig and bruising of animals in conveyance by rail or sea by being thrown down and trampled upon by the feet of their companions. Trance (trans) [tratisitus, a passing or passage]. I. A form of catalepsy, characterized by a prolonged condi- tion of abnormal sleep, in which the vital functions are reduced to a very low minimum, and from which the patients ordinarily cannot be aroused. The breathing is almost imperceptible, and sensation is abolished. The onset and awakening are both very sudden. 2. The .state of syncope much protracted. T. -doctor, a mesmerist. T., Hysteric, the trance-like condition sometimes met with in hysteria. Trans- [^trans, across]. A Latin preposition used as a prefix to denote across. Transcendental [tran-seu-den' -tal)\trans, across ; ^ctfw- dcre, to climb]. Beyond the bounds of experience. T. Anatomy, philosophic anatomy. Transductor (trans - duk' - tor). Synonym of Trans- versus pedis. Transect (tran-sekt') [trans, across; secare, to cut]. To make a transection. Transection (tran-sek' -shun) \_trans, across ; secare, to cut]. Any section made across the long axis of a part, or of the whole body, in the latter case dividing it into TRANSFER 1531 TRANSPROCESS cephalic and caudal regions. See Posifion and Direc- tion, Table of Intrinsic Terms. Transfer [trans'-fcr). See Phenoinoia of Tra>isfer. Transference (trans- fcr^ -ens) [^trans, across ; ferre, to bear] . Supposed transmission of thought from one individual to another through the agency of a hy- pothetic psychic force ; mind-reading, or thought- reading ; hypnotic suggestion. T. of Sensibility. See Sensitivizatio)!. Transfix {trans -Jiks'] \trans, across ; to fix]. To pierce. Transfixion [trans-Jik' -shttn) Sjrans, across ; figere, to fix]. In amputation, the passage of the knife directly through the soft parts, cutting being done from within outward. Transforation (trans - fo - ra'- skim) [tram, across ; forare, to pierce]. .Vpplied especially to perforation of the fetal skull. .Synonym of Perforation. Transformation (trans-for-ma' -shun) [trans, across; formare, to form], A change of form or constitution ; degeneration. In biology, the series of changes or metamorphoses undergone by certain animals during the early stages of their individual life-history. Cf. Pleomorphism. Transformism (trans- for' -t?iizm) [trans, over; formare, form, shape]. In biology, the doctrine of descent with modification ; the transmutation of species. Transfrontal (trans-fron'-tal ) [trans, across ; frons, forehead]. Crossing the frontal lobe of the brain. Transfusion (trans-fit' -zhun) [trans, across; fundere, to pour]. The transfer of liquid from one vessel to another ; applied especially to the introduction into a vessel of the body of blood from another body. T., Arterial, the transfusion of blood into an artery. T., Auto-, the driving of the blood from the periphery to the center — the heart and the brain — in order to maintain the circulation, as in bandaging of the limbs in post partum hemorrhage. T., Direct, or Imme- diate, the transfusion of blood from one person to another without exposure to the air. T., Indirect or Mediate, the introduction of blood that has first been drawn into a vessel. T., Nervous. See Organo- therapy. T., Peritoneal, transfusion into the perito- neal cavity. T., Reciprocal, the exchange of equal volumes of blood between a patient suffering from a febrile disease and one who is convalescent from that disease, the blood of the latter being supposed to contain an antitoxin. T., Venous, transfusion into a vein. Transiliac (trans-il'-e-ak) [trans, acroa; ilium]. Passing across from one ilium to the other, as the trans- iliac diameter or axis. Transilient (trans-il '-e-ent) [trans, over; satire, to leap]. Extending across. T. Fiber, a nerve-fiber passing from one convolution of the brain to another ■not immediately adjacent. Transillumination ( trans-il-lii-min-a' -shim ) [trans, through; /////w/wrtri", to illuminate]. The throwing of an intense light through the substance of a hollow organ as a means of diagnosis. Transinsular (trans-in' -su-lar) [trans, across; insula, island]. Traversing the insula of the brain, as e.g., a fissure. Transischiac (trans-is' -ke-ak) [trans^s.cro'is; ischitim~\. Extending transversely from one ischium to the other. T. -convolutions, connecting gyri or isthmuses. Transition (trans - i^li' - im) [transire, to go over]. Change ; passage from one state to another. T.- resistance, the resistance introduced into an electric current by the accumulation of decomposition-products upon the electrodes. Transitory ( trans' -it-or-e) [transire, to go over]. Temporary ; not permanent ; as transitory mania, or frenzy. Translocate (trans-Io' -kat). Same as Dislocate. Translucent (trans-lu' -sent) [trans, across ; lucere , to shine] . Permitting a partial transmission of light ; semitransparent. Translucid (trans-ln'-sid). Synonym of Translucent. Translumination ( trans-lii-min-a' -shun )'. Synonym of Tr an si II II m in alio n . Transmigration (trans-i/ii-gra'-shun) [trans, across; migrare. to wander]. The passage of cells or par- ticles through a membranous septum, as, e. g. , the colorless corpuscles of the blood in inllammation, or the passage of cells across a space. T., External, the passage of an ovum from one ovary to the opposite oviduct without traversing the uterus, that is, by way of the peritoneal cavity. T., Internal, the passage of the ovum through its proper oviduct into the uterus and across to the oviduct of the opposite side. Transmissibility Urans-mis-ib-il ' -it-e) [trans, across; mittere, to send]. The capability of being transmitted or communicated from one person to another. Transmission (trans-mish'-un) [trans, across ; mittere, to send]. I. The communication or transfer of any- thing, especially disease, from one person or place to another. 2. See Heredity. T., Duplex, the property of nerves of transmitting impulses in two directions. Transmutation (trans-mu-ta' -shun) [transmutare , to change]. The process of changing ; the conversion of one substance or one form into another substance or form. Transocular (trans-ok' -u-lar) [trans, across ; ocultis, eye]. Extending across the eye. Transpalatine (tram-pal '-at-in) [trans, across ; pala- tine'^. I. Transverse, as a palatine bone, which ex- tends on either side from the median line. 2. A bone of certain sauropsidan vertebrates. Transpalmar (trans-pal ' -mar) [trans, across ; palma, palm]. Situated across the palm. Transpalmaris (trans - pal - ma' - ris) [trans, across ; palma, palm]. The palmaris brevis muscle. See Muscles, Table of. Transparent (trans-pa' -rent) [trans, across ; parere, to appear]. Having the property of permitting the passage of light-rays without material obstruction, so that objects beyond the transparent body can be seen. T. Finger. .See Finger. Transperinaeus (trans - per - in - e'- us) [trans, across ; pel inceiim , perineum]. The transversus perinEei muscle. Transpinalis (tran-spi-na' -lis) [/rawj, across ; spinalis, spinal] . Any intertransverse muscle of the spinal tract. Transpiration (Iran - spi - ra'- shun) [trans, across ; spirare, to breathe]. I. The act of passing fluid, vapor, or gas through a membrane, especially through the skin ; perspiration. 2. The material passed oft'. 3. In biology, the evaporation of water or other vaporizable matter from the plant. T., Pulmonary, the exhalation of watery vapor from the lungs. Transplantar (trans-plan' -tar) [trans, across ; planta, sole]. Eying across the sole. Transplantation (trans-plan-ta' -slum) [trans, across ; plantare, to plant]. The operation of grafting. See Graft. T. of Cornea. See Keratoplasty. Transpleural (/'/-(7;/,f-//«'-m/) [trans, across; ■Klsvpa, side] . Crossing the pleural sac. Transposition (trans - po - zish' - un) [trans, across ; ponere, to place]. An interchange of position, as of the viscera ; also termed Situs inversus. Transprocess (trans-pros' -es) [trans, across ; processus, process]. A transverse process. TRANSSUBSTANTIATION 1532 TREATMENT Transsubstantiation [/i-ans - sub - s/an - she - a'- shun ) \jratis, through ; substantia, substance]. The replace- ment of one tissue by another. Transtemporal (/';v?;/j-/;'ot'-/(7-;'(7/) \tra>is, across; tein- temple] . Crossing the temporal lobe. (Wilder.) Transudate {trans' -it-dat) \trans, through ; sudare, to perspire]. A liquid or other substance the result of transudation. Transudation (trans-it-da' -sJiiin) \t)-ans, through; (/(iTf. to perspire]. I. The passing of any fluid through a membrane or tissue, especially the blood-serum through the vessel-walls. 2. Transudate. Transudatory {trans-u' -da-to-re) \tratis, through ; su- dare, to perspire]. Passing by or pertaining to transudation. Transversal (trans-ver' -sal) \^trans, across ; vertere, to turn]. Transverse ; running across. Transversalis (trans-ver-sa' -lis) \_trans, across; vertere, to turn]. See Mttscles, Table of. T. Fascia, the fascia on the inner surface of the transversalis muscle, between the latter and the peritoneum. Transverse (trans-vers') \jrans, across ; vertere, to turn]. Cross- wise ; at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body. T. Presentation, a presentation of the fetus at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the uterus. Transversus (//v/w-Tw'-ww). 'Aet Muscles, Table of. Trap (trap) [ME., trappe, trap]. A device intended to prevent the escape of foul vapors from sewers and waste-pipes into a house. It generally consists of one or more S-shaped pipes, filled with water; some are provided also with valves. T.-door Flap, a semicir- cular or horseshoe flap made in trephining the skull. Trapezate [trap' -ez-at) . Same as Trapeziform. Trapezial (tra-pez' -e-al) [rp(i;rfCn, table]. Pertaining to the trapezium, or to the trapezius. Trapeziform [tra-pez' -if-orm) [rpaTTfCn, table ; forma, form]. Having the shape of a trapezium. Trapezium ( /ra-/^s''-f-z6Poq, fear]. Insane dread of the number thirteen. Trial (tri'-al) [Fr., trier, to try]. The act of trying or testing. T.-case, a box of lenses for testing and es- timating the refraction of the eye, containing biconvex, biconcave, cylindric, prismatic, and other lenses. T.- frame, a spectacle-frame into which the trial-lenses may be slipped. T.-glasses or T.-lenses, a grad- uated set of concave, convex, cylindric, and prismatic lenses used in testing vision. See Spectacle-lenses. T.-jar, a jar in which mixed liquids are allowed to stand in order that they may separate by gravity. Trialate {tri-a'-ldt) [tres, three ; alatus, winged]. In biology, having three wings. Trialkylic {tri-al-kil' -ik) [tres, three; alhali']. Con- taining three molecules of an alkyl. Triallylamin {tri-al-il '-am-in). A chemic compound, (C,H5)3N. Triailylin (tri-al'-il-in) [/ronds to the occiput. It is divided by the dorsal belly of the omo-hyoid muscle into two triangles, the occipital or upper, and the subclavian or lo7uer, q. v. T., Occipital, a triangle with the follow- ing boundaries : ventrad, the stemo-mastoid muscle ; dorsad, the trapezius, and caudad, the omo-hyoid muscle. Its floor is made up of the splenius, the levator anguli scapute, and the middle and posterior scaleni. Its im- portant contents are the spinal accessory nerve, the as- cending and descending branches of the cervical plexus, and the transversalis colli artery and vein. T., Omo- clavicular. Same as T., Subclavian, q. v. T., Omo- hyoid. Same as T., Superior Carotid. T., Omo- tracheal. See T., Carotid Inferior. T., Palatal, a triangle of A. von Torok having the width of the palate as its base and the alveolar point as its apex. T. of Petit, an abdominal triangle bounded below by the crest of the ilium and laterally by the external oblique and latissimus dorsi. It is covered by the skin and fascia and its floor is formed by the internal oblique. T., Pubo- TRIANGULAR 1540 TRICHADEXIA urethral, a triangle situated in the perineam. Its boundaries are extenia/ly the ischio-cavernosus muscle, i>!tc'>-)ia/!y the bulbo-cavernosus muscle, and posteriorly the transversus perinrei. T. of Scarpa, a triangle located in the proximal third of the thigh. The bounda- ries are externaUy the sartorius muscle, iuteruallv the adductor longus muscle, and abcri'e Poupart's ligament. It is covered by skin and the superficial and deep fascise. Its floor is formed by the iliacus, psoas, pectineus, ad- ductor longus, and part of the adductor brevis. Its import- ant contents are the femoral artery and vein, the anterior crural nerve, and the crural branch of the genito-crural nerve. Ts., Simon's, the groin, the internal face of the thighs, and the hj-pogastric region form the femoral triangle of Simon : the surface of the axilla, the pectoral region, and the inner aspect of the arm, the brachial tri- angle of Simon. These regions are often the seat of variolous rashes, or roseohc variolosce, which appear on the second and third days of the invasion-stage of small- po.x. T., Subclavian, a triangle of the neck bounded cephalad by the dorsal belly of the omo-hyoid muscle, caudad by the upper border of the clavicle. Its base, directed ventrad, is formed by the stemo-mastoid mus- cle. Its floor is made up of the first rib, with the first digitation of the serratus magnus. It contains the subclavian artery and occasionally the vein, the brachial plexus of nerves, the supra-scapular vessels, the transver- salis colli artery and vein, and the external jugular vein. T., Submaxillary, a triangle of the neck formed cephalad by the lower border of the body of the inferior maxilla and a continuation of this line to the mastoid process of the temporal bone, caudad by the dorsal belly of the digastric and the stylo-hyoid muscle, and ventrad by the middle line of the neck. Its floor is made up of the ventral belly of the digastric, the mylo- hyoid and hyo-glossus muscles. It contains the sub- maxillar)- gland, the facial artery and vein, the sub- mental arter\-, the mylo-hyoid arterv- and nerve, and the stylo-maxillary ligament, behind which is the external carotid arterv'. T., Suboccipital, a triangle in the dorsal part of the neck. It is formed by the rectus capitis posticus major, and superior and inferior oblique muscles. It is covered by the complexus muscle, and contains the vertebral arterv". T., Superior [of the 7ieck). Same as T., Carotid, Superior. T., Surgical, a triangular space containing important vessels and nerves which may require to be operated upon. T., Upper Cervical. See T., Carotid. Superior. T., Vesical, a triangle at the base of the bladder — the trigonum of the urinary bladder. The apex is at the beginning of the urethra, and the other two angles at the orifices of the ureters. Triangular {tri-ang'-gu-lar) \_triangiiliis, three-cor- nered]. Pertaining to figures with three sides, and applied to a number of such-shaped organs or parts of the body. Triangulare [tri-ang-gn-la'-re^ [triangularis, three- cornered]. A peculiar bone of the tarsus of some animals. Triangularis {tri-ang-gu-la'-ris). See Muscles, Table of Trianthous (tri-an'-thus) [rpsl^, three; ayOn^, flower]. In biologj', three-flowered. Triarch (tri'-ark) ["/3f?f, three; (ipjoc, inler]. In biol- ogy-, a term descriptive of radial fibro-vascular bundles having three rays. Triarsenate [tri-ar'-sen-at). See Arsenate. TviaAoraic (tri-at-o»i'-ik) [tres, three; atomus, an atom]. In chemistry, consisting of three atoms ; applied to the molecules of elements when the atoms are of the same kind. Also, the same as trivalent. Also, having three hv'droxyl groups by which other atoms or radicles may be attached without altering the structure of the rest of the molecule. Triaxial, Triaxon {tri-aks'-e-al, tri-aks'-on) [rpf/f, three; hzijv, axis]. Having three axes, as some sponge-spicules. Tribadism {t?-i'-bad-izm) [rpiScLv, to rub]. Unnatural sexual relations between women. Tribaritic (tri-bar-it'-ik) \tres, three; bariin?!']. Pos- sessing three atoms of barium. Tribas {frib'-as) [rp/,Jfir, to rub]. One \vho practises tribadism. Tribasic {tri-ba'-sik) \_tres, three; basis, a base]. In chemistrj', an acid having three hydrogen atoms replace- able by basic atoms. Tribracteate [tri-brak'-tc-df) \_tres, three: braciea, a thin plate] . In biologv", having three bracts. Tribromacetic Acid (tri-brom-as-e' -tii) [_7pn^, three; Spuuoc, stench; acetum, vinegar], QBrjHOj. A monobasic acid derived from acetic acid and occurring in transparent, prismatic crj-stals. Tribromid [tri-brom' -id) [rprir, three ; 3ptiuoc, stench]. A compound of bromin analogous to a trichlorid. Tribromphenol {tri - brom -fe' - nol) \_rpdc, three; jSpuuoc, stench; ///t'wo/], C|.H,BrOH. A substance prepared by the reaction of carbolic acid with bromin. It is antiseptic, especially for the intestinal tract. Dose gr. j-iv. Unof. T. -bismuth, a remedy recom- mended as a specific against Asiatic cholera. It is a yellow, neutral, insoluble powder, destitute of odor and taste and scarcely poisonous. It contains 49. 5 per cent, of bismuth oxid and 50 per cent, of tribromphenol. The dose is gr. vijss (gram ^^). Unof. Tribulus [frib' -u-ltts) [rp(3o/.of, a caltrop]. A genus of polypetalous plants, several varieties of which are used medicinally in European countries and in Africa. Tributum [trib-u'-tum) \tribuere, to render]. A tribute. T. lunare. Synonym of Menstruation. Tributyrin {tri-bu'-tir-in) [tres, three ; biityruyn, but- ter], €3115(0.0^11-0)3. A compound found in butter. It is liquid, and has a sharp, bitter taste. Tricaprin (tri-kap' -rin ) \tres, three ; caper, a goat], 03115(0. CjijHjgOjj. A substance found in butter and milk. Tricaproin (/;7-/^(7/''-;-(?-?'«) [//v.r, three ; f(7/c'r, a goat], 03115(0.0511^^0)3. A substance found in milk and butter. Tricaprylin (i';7-i'<7/'-?77-/;/) [/;vj, three; caper, a goat], C3H-(O.CgHj50)3. A substance found in milk and butter. Tricapsular [tri-kap' -sii-lar) [tres, three ; capsula, cap- sule]. In biology", having three capsules. Tricarbon [tri-kar'-bon) [tres, three; carbo, carbon]. A radicle containing three atoms of carbon. Tricarpellary {tri-kar' -pel-a-re') [tres, three ; carpelltis, carpel]. In biology, having three carpels. Tricarpous (tri-kar' -pas') [rptl^, three ; Kap-o^, fruit]. In biolog}-, bearing three fruits or three carpels. Tricaudalis {tri-kazi.'-da'- lis) [tres, three; cauda, a tail]. The retrahens aurem muscle. So called because it is composed of three slips. 'Trxz&Vi.vii&v [tri-sel' -ti-lar) [/;•«, three ; cellula.s. cell]. Having three cells. Tricephalous [tri- sef- al - us) [rpe'i^, three; K£pii, hair; voaoc, disease]. Pertaining to or aft'ected with trichinosis. Trichinous (trik'-in-its) \dpi^, hair]. Infested with or containing trichinae. Trichismus [trik-iz'-mus) [Op'i', a hair]. In surgery, a scarcely perceptible fracture ; also, a capillary fissure or crack. Trichitis [trik-i' -tis) [Opi^, a hair; cri^, inflammation]. Inflammation of the hair-bulbs. Trichloracetic Acid { tri - klo - ras - e'- tik) . See Acid, Trichloracetic. Trichlorphenol [tri-klor-fe'-nol) \_rpelc, three; ;i-/Lwpdf, green; phenol]. A derivative of carbolic acid, used as a disinfectant, and said to be twenty-five times stronger than carbolic acid. A 2 per cent, solution has been used in purulent ophthalmia. Trichoblast (trik'-o-blast) [(yp(|, hair ; /SAoordf, short] . In biology, an internal hair, like those which project into the intercellular spaces of the stems of some water- lilies. Also, a name proposed by Sachs for such idio- blasts as are especially distinguished by size and branching. Trichocardia [tri-ko-kar' -de-ah) [^^p/f, hair; Kap&ia, heart]. A peculiar condition of the inflamed pericar- dium roughened by pseudo-membranous elevations. Trichocarpous [trik-o-kai-'-piis) [Opi£, a hair ; Kap-6c, fruit] . In biology, having the fruit covered with hairs. Trichocephaliasis [trik - 0 - sef- al-i'- as - is) [^p/f, hair ; Keoa'/r/, head]. The diseased condition produced by the presence of a parasite of the genus Trichocephalus. Trichocephalus [trik-o-sef -al-iis) [*^p;f, hair ; Keoa/.i/, head]. A worm popularly known as threadworm, parasitic in the intestinal tract. See Parasites [Ani- mal ) , Table of. Trichocirsus [trik-o-sitr'-sus) [^p/f , a hair; K^pcrdf, a varix]. A term applied to abnormal capillary dilatation. Trichocladose [tri-ko-kla' -doz) \jpti(, three ; K/.adof , branch]. In biology, trifid or trichotomous. Trichoclasia [trik-o-kla' -ze-ah) [Opit, a hair ; K/.aaig, a fracture]. Synonym of Trichorrhexis nodosa. Trichocryptosis ( trik-o-krip-to' -sis) \ppiS., hair ; Kpv-- 70f, hidden]. Any disease of the hair-follicles. Trichocyst [trik' -o-sist) [6p/f , hair ; M (7r/r, bladder]. In biology, a small vesicle containing a thread, which can be shot out rapidly, like the nematocyst of a coelen- terate, and found in the ectoplasm of the Infusoria and in some of the Flagellata. Trichocystic [trik-o-sis'-tik) [dpl^, hair ; kvgtlq, blad- der]. Pertaining to or of the nature of a hair-cell or tri chocyst. Trichodangeia [trik-od-an' -je-ali) \7pix^>&TI^, hair-like ; d)';-e7f)i', vessel ; //. of Trichodangeium]. A term syn- onymous with capillaries. Trichodangeitis [trik -od-an-je-i' -tis) \Tpix^&M^ hair- like ; ay^jf'iov, vessel ; iri^, inflammation]. Capillary inflammation. Trichodarteria [trik - od - ar - te' - re - ah) l_-pix'jSig, hair- . like; fiprr/pia, im artery]. An arteriole. Trichodarteriitis [trik- od-ar-ter-e-i'- tis) [^p'f, hair; aprr/pia, arterj' ; iric, inflammation]. Inflammation of the arterioles. Trichodo-phlebitis [trik -od-o-fleh-i'- tis) \_Tpix^>^m., hair-like ; 0/J1I', a vein ; iric, inflammation]. Inflam- mation of the venules. Trichogen [trik' -o-jeii) [(^p/5,hair; yEvvav, to produce]. A substance that stimulates the growth of the hair. Trichogenous [trik-oj' -en-us) [f^p//, hair ; ytvvav, to produce]. Encouraging the growth of hair. Trichoglossia (trik-o-glos'-e-ah) [0p!5, hair; yluGaa, tongue]. The appearance of hair-like villi on the tongue. The filaments are formed by the thickening of the sheaths of the papilte. TRICHOGYNE 1542 TRICHOTOMY Trichogyne {/rik'-o-ji>t) [Opi^, hair; yin'?/, a female]. In biology, the simplest form of female organ in certain Algi^ [Porphyracea: anA A'emaliac) before fertilization. It consists of a single cell with a lateral hau--like pro- longation. Trichogynic (trik-c-jin' -ik) [^p/'f, hair; ywi], a female]. Pertaining to a trichogyne. Trichoid {trik'-oid) [f/u/j, hair; caJof, resemblance]. Resembling hair. Tricholeukosis [trik-o-lu-ko' -sis) ['Jp/f , a hair; Aehncoaiq, whiteness]. Synonym of Cnnities. Tricholithus {trik-ol'-ith-ns) [(?p/f, a hair; A/fef, a stone]. A hairy concretion. Trichologia ( trik - o - lo'- je - ah) \dp'i^, hair ; Myeiv, to collect]. Caqjhologia; tloccillation. Trichology (trik-oF -o-je) [Opi^, hair; ?i6yog, science]. The sum of what is known regarding the hair, its nature and diseases. Trichoma [trik-o' -111011) [7p/'^|-t)//n, a growth of hair], I. In biology, a general term for a plant-hair or hair-like structure ; specifically applied to the string of cells or pseudocysts contained in the filament of algse of the sub-class NostocItincLV. 2. See Trichoniatosis. Trichomaphyte [trik-o' -maf -it) [7p/,x-a),ua, a growth of hair; ijcrdi', a plant]. A cryptogamic growth which was formerly thought to be the cause of trichomatosis. Trichomatose {trik-o' -inat-oz) [rpLxovv, to cover with hair]. Matted together, as hair. Trichomatosis { trik - 0 - mat - o'-sis) [6pi§, hair]. An affection of the hair characterized by a matted condi- tion and coherence, due to fungoid growths; plica polonica. Trichome (tri'-kom) [f^p/f, hair]. See Trichoma. Trichomonas ( trik - 0711' - 0 - nas ) [(^p/f , hair ; povac, a monad]. A genus of infusorians. See Parasites [Animal) , Table of. Trichomyces {trik-om' -is-ez) [Opi^, a hair ; /ivKrjg, a mushroom]. Synonym of Trichophyton. Trichomycosis [trik-o-mi- ko'-sis) [dpii, hair; pvKrjg, a mushroom] . Any disease of the hair produced by a vegetable parasite. T. barbae. Synonym of Sycosis parasitaria. T. capillitii. Synonym of T. circinata. T. circinata, ringworm of the scalp, produced by the Trichophyton tonsurans. T. favosa. See Favus. T. nodosa, a peculiar condition, generally nodose in character, affecting the hairs of the axilla and scrotum, and due to the growth and encapsulation in the cortical layers of the shaft of a small rod-shaped bacterium. T. pustulosa, a pustular, parasitic disease affecting hairy regions. Trichonosis, Trichonosos [trik-on' -o-sis, trik-on'-o- sos) \ppiS,, hair; vbooq, disease]. Any disease of the hair. T. cana. See Canities. T. discolor. See Canities. T. furfuracea. Synonym of Tinea ton- surans. T. versicolor. See Ringed Hair. Trichopathic (tri-ko-path'-ik) [Opi^, hair; TrdOoc, dis- ease]. Relating to disease of the hair. Trichopathy {trik-op'-ath-c) [''p/f, hair; -rradoc, disease]. Any disease or morbid ailment of the hair. Trichophore [trik' -o-for) [^flpi^, hair ; (pepeiv, to bear]. In biology : (a) the cell or cells immediately supporting a trichogyne ; (d) a process of the integument inclosing the base of the bundle of setce in certain annelids {Poly chat a). Trichophoric [trik - 0 - for'- ik ) l_flp!^, hair ; (ptpetv, to bear] . Pertaining to the trichophore. Trichophorous {trik-off'-o-rits) [ftp'i^, hair; (jjtpuv, to bear]. In biology, bearing hairs or hair-like struc- tures. Trichophytinous (trik-off-it-i' -nus) [(Pp'^, hair ; ^vtov, a plant]. Pertaining to the presence of Trichophyton tonsurans. Trichophyton ( tri- koff'- it - on ) [ftpiS, hair ; (pvrdv, a plant]. A genus of fungoid, vegetable organi.sms para- sitic upon or affecting the hair. T. tonsurans is the cause of tinea tonsurans, or ringworm. Trichophytosis (tri-kof-it-o'-s/s) [Hpi^, hair ; vT6v, a plant]. A contagious disease of the skin and hair, oc- curring most often in children, due to the invasion of the epidermis by the trichophyton-fungus, and charac- terized by the formation of circular or annular, scaly patches and partial loss of hair. Set Tinea. T. barbae. Synonym of Sycosis parasitaria. T. capitis, tri- chophytosis of the scalp. T. corporis. Synonym of Dermatomycosis macitlo-vesiczilosa. T. cruris. Syno- nym of Marginal Eczema. Trichopoliosis {trik-o-pol-e-o'-sis)\6pi^, a hair ; iroAiova- ftai, to become gray]. Synonym of Canities. Trichoptilosis (trik-op-til-o'-sis). Synonym of Tri- chorrhexis nodosa. Trichoptylose {trik-op'-til-oz). Synonym of Trichor- rhexis nodosa. Trichorrhea {trik-or-e'-ah) [dp'i^,han \ poia, a flow]. Rapid loss of the hair. Trichorrhexis (trik-o-reks' -is) [^^p/f , hair; pfj^ig, a break- ing]. Brittleness of the hair. T. nodosa, an atro- phic condition of the hair affecting more often the male beard, wherein several irregular thickenings resembling nodes can be recognized on each shaft, the hairs often breaking with a " green-stick fracture " immediately through the node. Trichosanthes [trik-os-anth'-ez) \_f)pi^, a hair; avdog, a flower]. A genus of the Cucurltitacetp. Certain vari- eties, chiefly East Indian, are used medicinally. Trichoschisis ( trik- os'- kis - is ) [Opi^, hair ; t7,t'<7'f, a splitting]. The splitting of the hair. Trichoscopy (trik-os' -ko-pe) [6p/f , a hair ; aiwirdv, to examine]. The examination of the hair. Trichosis (/';7'/J'-(?''-j-?'-t) [fifp/f, hair; rotTOf, disease]. Any morbid affection of the hair. T. athrix. Synonym of Alopecia. T. decolor, morbid discoloration of the hair. T. deformis, a morbid change in the quality of the hair. T. distrix. .Synonym of Trichoptilosis. T. hirsuties. Same as Hirsuties. T. plica. See Plica polonica and Trichomatosis. T. poliosis. See Canities. T. sensitive, a sensitive state of the scalp ; any manipulation causing pain. T. setosa, a disease in which the hair grows thick, rigid, and bristly. Trichosporangium {trik-o-spo-ran' -je-um') \ppiS,, hair ; (T-(5pof , seed ; ayytlov., vessel: //. , Trichosporangia\ In biology, a sporangium having the function of a hair. Trichospore (trik' -o-spor) [ftpi^, hair ; airopog, seed]. See Conidium. Trichostema {trik-o-ste' -mah) \_dp!^, hair; GTijfia^ sta- men]. A genus of gamopetalous plants. T. lanatum, black sage. It is used as a hair-tonic and to make the hair dark. Trichostereticus [irik-o-ster-et'-ik iis) [^p/f, ahair; OTEpr/TiKog, depriving] . Causing loss of hair. Trichosyphilis (trik-o-sif -il-is) [Opi^, hair ; syphilis, syphilis]. Any syphilitic disease, or affection of the hair. Trichosyphilosis ( trik-o-sif- il- o'-sis ). Synonym of Trichosyphilis. Trichoth'allic (trik-o-thal'-ik) [Bp'i^, hair; flaAAdf, a green shoot]. In biology, having a filamentous thallus. Trichothecium (trik-o-the'-se-um) [flpii, a hair ; Oi/m;, a chest] . A vegetable parasite of the hair. T. roseum, A fungous growth found in the ear. Trichotomic (trik-o-tom' -ik) [rp'txa, in three; ro/i(5f, cut]. Pertaining to trichotomy. Trichotomous (tri-kot'-o-mus) [rpixa, in three; ropSg, cut]. In biology, three-forked. Trichotomy [tri-kof -o-me) [rptxa, in three ; To/udg, a cut]. Division into three parts. TRICHROIC 1543 TRIGGER Trichroic {tri-kro'-ik) [jpd^, three; xpo'^i color]. Pos- sessing the property of trichroism. Trichroism (tri' -kro-izin) [rpe(f, three; xpo"-, color]. The property possessed by some crystals of exhibiting different colors in three different directions when viewed by transmitted light. Trichromate [tri-kro' -maC) [rpfZf, three ; ;t;pu//n, color]. A compound of a basic oxid with three molecules of chromium trioxid. Trichromatic {tri- kro - mat' - ik) [rpe??-, three; XP"f"^> color] . Having three colors. Trichromic (tri-kro'-mik) [rpe/f, three; XP"f"^' color]. Trichromatic. Tricipital (tri-sip'-it-al') [triceps, three -headed]. Three- headed. Having three origins. Triclinate (trik' -lin-at). Same as Triclinic. '^xKzVmxQ. (tri-klin' -ik) [rpe?f three ; aXivdv, to incline]. Pertaining to the inclination of three intersecting axes with one another. Tricoccous {fri-kok' -us) \rpuq, three; KOKnog, a berry]. In biology, having three cocci, or mericarps. Tricocephalus [trik-o-sef -al-tts) [flpt^, hair ; Kecpa?.//, head]. See Trichocephalus, and Parasites [^Animal], Table of. Tricodein {^tri-ko'-de -in) \tres, three; codeiii'\. A compound formed by the action of .sulphuric acid on codein. Given to animals in full doses it causes vomit- ing, ptyalism, and catharsis. Tricolor [tri' -kul-or) [L.]. Three-colored. Tricornate {tri-korn'-at) \_tres, three; cornii, horn]. Three-horned, or having three horn-like appendages. Tricorni, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. Tricornigerous [tri-kor-nij' -er-us). Same as Tricor- nute. Tricornis {tri-kor' -ills') \tres, three ; ro;-;/«,horn]. Hav- ing three processes or prominences. A descriptive name applied to the lateral ventricles of the brain. Tricornute (tri-kor' -mlt) [/r^j, three ; cornutus, horned]. In biology, having three horn-like appendages. Tricostate [tri-kos' -tat) three ; cfj/a/^j, ribbed]. In biology, having three ribs, or cost£e. Tricotyledonous (tri-kot-il-e'-do-nns) [rpdq, three; KOTvAt]66v, a hollow]. In biology, having three seed- leaves. Tricrotic [tri-krot' -ik) [-piKporoc, with three strokes]. Having three waves, as a tricrotic pulse ; exhibiting tricrotism. Tricrotism {tri'- kro - thin) [rp/'/cporof , having three strokes]. The presence of three elevations on the down-stroke of a pulse-tracing ; the quality of being tricrotic. Tricrotous [tri' -kro-tiis) [rpdq, three; Kporoq, stroke]. Same as Tricrotic. Tricrural [tri-krti'-ral) \tres, three; cms, leg]. In biology, having three branches from a common center. Tricuspid {tri- kits' -pid) \tres, three; czispis, point]. Having three cusps or leaflets. See Valve. T. In- competence. See Endocarditis. T. Stenosis. See Endocarditis. T. Valve. See Valve. Tricuspidal {tri-kus'-pid-al). Same as Tricuspid. Tricuspidate {tri-kiis'-pid-at) \tres, three ; cuspis, a point]. In biology, tipped with three cusps, or small, hard teeth. Tricyanic Acid [tri-si-an'-ik). See Acid. Tridactyl {tri-dak' -til) [rpeiq, three; 6aK.TvXoc_, linger]. Having three digits. Tridactylous {tri-dak' -til-its) [rpelq, three ; fiaK-v7i.oc, finger] . Same as Tridactyl. Tridentate {tri-deii' -tat) [/;-«, three ; deiis,\.oo'Ca~\. In biology, three-toothed. Trideroatlodymus {tri-der-o-at-lod' -im-tis) [tres, three ; deroatlodymiis\ A rare variety of triple monster, pre- senting features of the derodidymus and of the atlody- mus. Tridigitate [tri-dij' -it-at ) \_tres, three ; digitus, finger] . Having three fingers or digitations. Tridymus {trid' - im - us) [rpMu/zof]. Synonym of Triplet. Tridynamous {tri-din' -ain-us) \rpuq, three ; dhva/uig, power] . In biology, having six stamens, three of them longer than the others. Triecious, Trioecious (tri-e'-shus) [rpeZf, three ; oZh-of, house]. In biology, producing staminate, pistillate, and perfect flowers respectively on different plants. Triencephalus {tri-en-sef -al-its) [rpe^f , three ; eyKecpa- /-of, brain]. A fetal monster without smell, hearing, or sight. Triethylamin (/;■/- etli - il '- am - in) \tres, three ; ethyl ; amin\ A ptomain obtained from haddock left to putrefy in an open vessel for five days in summer. As a free base, it has an oily character and an ammoniacal odor. It is but slightly soluble in water; boils at 89°— 89.5° C; and is but slightly toxic. See Ptomains, Table of. Trifacial [tri-fa'-shal). See Trigemimts. Trifarious {tri - fa'- re - zts) [ti-ifaritts, of three sorts, threefold]. In biology, arranged in three rows or series. Trifasciated {tri - fash'- e - a - ted ) \Jres, three ; fascia, band]. In biology, three-banded. Trifid (tri' -fid) [tres, three ; findere, to cleave]. Three- cleft. Triflagellate {tri-flaj'-el-dt) [tres, three; fagclliim, a whip]. Having three flagella ; trimasligate. Trifloral, Triflorous {tri - flo'- ral, tri - flo'- rus) [tres, three; flos, a flower]. In biology, three-flowered. TiiRuoiid (tri-Jlit'-or-id) [tres, three; Jlitorinj. A fluo- rin compound analogous to a trichlorid. Trifoliate {tri-fo'-le-at) [tres, three; folium, 2^. leaf]. In biology, three-leaved. Trifolium {tri - fo'- le - urn) [tres, three; folium, leaf]. A genus of leguminous herbs ; the clover. T. pratense (common red clover) is vaunted in the treatment of whooping-cough, syphilis, and carcinoma. Unof. T. Compound, a syrup containing in each fluid-ounce the active principles of red clover gr. 32, stillingia, bur- dock, poke, berberis, aquefolium, and cascara amarga aa gr. 16, prickly-ash bark 4, potassium iodid gr. 8. It is recommended in syphilis. Dose 3j-ij. Unof. Trifoveolate {tri-fo'-ve-o-lat) [tres, three ; foveola, a little pit]. Having three fovese. Trifurcate {tri - fur' - kst) [tres, three; furca,ioxY\. Three-forked. Trigamous {trig'- am - us) [-pfiq, three ; yciaoq, mar- riage]. In biology, having staminate, pistillate, and perfect flowers in the same head. TrigSiSX.xic (tri-gas' -trik) [rpEiC, three ; yaari/p, belly]. Having three fleshy bellies (as certain muscles). Trigeminal {tri -jem'-in- al) [tres, three; geminus, twin-born]. Triple ; pertaining to the trigeminus. T. Cough. See Coitgh. Trigeminous [tri-fem'-in-us) [tres, three ; gemiiii, dou- ble]. I. Born three at a time. 2. Same as Trigem- inal. Trigeminus {tri-jem' -in-us) [tres, three ; gemini, dou- ble]. The descriptive name of the fifth pair of nerves, which divide each into three branches. Trigger {trig'-er) [Ger. , Dri'tcker, a trigger] . A device by means of which a catch or spring is released. T.-area, a sensitive region of the body, in'itation of which may give rise to certain peculiar phenomena, either physiologic or pathologic, in some part of the body. T. -finger, a condition in which flexion or ex- TRIGLANS 1544 TRIMETHYLAMIN tension of a finger is at first obstructed, but finally accomplished with a jerk or sweep. T.-material, an apheter ; any theoretic catastatic substance whose sudden breaking up communicates an explosive decomposition to the protoplasm directly concerned in any function. The trigger-material itself must be acted upon by an- other trigger-material ; and thus every nerve-impulse and every functional act must be accompanied by the destruction of a fuse-like train of protoplasm. See Apheter. Triglans {tri' -glattz) \_ti-es, three; glans, acorn, nut]. In biology, having three nuts within an involucre. Trigonal (trig'-o-nai) [rp£(f, three ; yuvia, angle]. In biology, same as Trigonotes. Trigone {t7-i' -goii). Synonym of Trigoman. T., Olfac- tory. Synonym of Cafunnda mammilla7-is. T. of Bladder. See Trigomtm vesica. Trigonella (tri-go-nel'-ah) [rpiyuvo^., three-cornered]. A genus of Legumtnosa. T. elatior, a variety, the seeds of which have been used in affections of the bladder and in poultices. T. foenum grsecum, a variety used in plasters and salves and in veterinary medicine. T. monspeliaca, a variety a decoction of the seeds of which is used by the Italians in various forms of diarrhea. Trigoneutic {tri-go-nu' -tik) [rpfjf , three ; yovevecv, to beget]. In biology, producing three sets of offspring in a season. Trigonocephalic {trig-o-no-sef-al' -ik) [rp/^wrof, three- cornered ; /If ^aXy, head]. Pertaining to trigonocephaly. Trigonocephalus itrig-o-no-sef'-al-tts^ \Tpiywvoi;, three- cornered; KEcpakij, head]. A triangular-shaped skull with the small end anterior, due to a premature union of the coronal suture. Trigonocephaly {trig-o-no-sef -al-e) [-p/ywj'oc, three- cornered; KEcpa'/J/, head]. A deformity of the skull produced by a premature union of the medio-frontal or metopic suture. See TKigonocepha/iis. Trigonocerous (frig-o-nos' -e?--us) [rpiyuvog, three-cor- nered ; Kepac, horn] . In biology, having three-edged horns. Trigonous {trig'-o-ntis) \_Tpcyuvoc, three-cornered]. In biology, three-angled. Trigonum (tri-go'-niim) \Tpiywoq, three-cornered]. A triangle; also the interpeduncular space. T. acustici, a three-cornered space on the dorsal surface of the medulla. T. cerebrale. Synonym of Fornix cerebri. T. cervicale, the base of the dorsal gray cornu of the spinal cord. T. clavipectorale, a triangle of the chest. Its boundaries are the clavicle, the pectoralis minor muscle, and the thorax. T. colli medianum, re- lating to the space occupied by the two anterior triangles of the neck. T. coraco-acromiale, a triangular space whose boundaries are the coracoid process, the apex of the acromion, and the concave border of the clavicle. T. dorsale the space between the anterior pair of the corpora quadrigemina. T. fiuctuans, the posterior cerebral commissure. T. habenulae, the triangular space behind the upper surface of the optic thalamus, in front of the lamina quadrigemina, and between the sulcus habenulse and the sulcus subpine- alis. T. hypoglossi, a triangular space on the dorsal surface of the oblongata. Its boundaries are, above, the strite medullares acusticre, internally, the pos- terior longitudinal fissure, and, externally, the ala cinerea. T. inferius commissurae posterioris, the lower triangular half of the posterior commissure of the brain. T. pensile, the posterior cerebral com- missure. T. vagi, a small, triangular space on the medulla oblongata, marki^jg the origin of the vagus nerve. T. ventriculi lateralis, a triangular projec- tion located between the entrances to the posterior and descending horns of the lateral ventricle. T. vesicae the triangular surface of the bladder immediately be- hind the urethral orifice. Trigyn [tri'-jin) [rptlq, three; yiivii, female]. A plant having three styles. Trigynous [trij'-in-tis) {rptiq, three; yvvii, a female]. In biology, having three pistils. Tvih&\o\dL\tri-hal'-oid) three ; haloia\ A com- pound of a radicle with three atoms of hydrogen. Trihedral {tri-he' -dral) [rpt^f, three; i6pa, a seat]. Three-sided. Trihilate {tri-hi'-lat) \tres, three; hilum, a hilum]. Having three hila or scars, as a seed. Trihydric (tri-hi'-drik) [rpf/f , three ; I'dup, water]. Containing three atoms of hydrogen in the molecule. Tri-iniodymus (tri-in-e-od'-im-us) [rpelg, three; Iv'iov, the nape of the neck; 6iSv/io^, double]. A monster having three heads united posteriorly and attached to a single body. Tri-iodid [tri-i'-o-did) [rptZf, three ; JuJ^f, like a vio- let]. A compound of iodin analogous to a trichlorid. Trijugate, Trijugous (tri-ju' -gat, tri-jn'-gus) \tres, three; jtigzim, a yoke]. In biology, having three pairs of leaflets. Trilabe (tri'-lab) [rpeZf, three; '/.afi^avEiv, to grasp]. An instrument with three prongs, for withdrawing small calculi through the urethral passage. Trilabiate (tri - la' - be - at) \tres, three; labiu/n, lip]. Three-lipped. Trilaminar [tri - lam' - in - ar) \tres, three; lanmia, plate]. In biology, three-layered. Trilineate {tri-lin' -e-dt) three ; line]. In biology, marked with three longitudinal lines. Trilisa (tril'-is-ah) [L.]. A genus of composite eupa- toriaceous plants. T. odoratissima. See Beers Tongue. Trilliin [iril'-e-in) {fres, three]. A precipitate from a tincture of the root of Trillin in pendulum, styptic, tonic, expectorant, antiseptic, and emmenagogue. Dose, 2 to 4 grains. Unof. See Beth-root. Trilobate (tri-lo'-bat, or tri'-lo-bat) \tres, three ; loba- (us, lobed]. In biology, three-lobed. Trilobed Same as Trilobate. Trilocular (tri-lok'-u-lar) [tres, three; locuhis, cell]. In biology, having three chambers. Triloculate (tri-lok' -u-lat) \tres, three; locidus, a cell]. In biology, same as Trilocular. Trimacular, Trimaculated [tri-mak'-u-lar, tri-mak'- ii-la-ted) Sjres, three; macula, spot]. In biolog)', marked with three spots. Trimargarin {tri-mar' -gar-in) [rpcif , three ; tnaigar- ?';?]. A mixture of tripalmitin and tristearin. Trimastigate (tri- tnas'-tig- at) [rpelg, three; fiaari^, whip, scourge] . In biology, having three flagella ; tri- flagellate. Trimembral [tri - mem' - bral) [/r^j, three ; membrum, member]. Having three members. Trimercuric [tri-mcr-ku' -rik) [tres, three; tnercury']. Containing three atoms of bivalent mercury. Trimerous [trim' -er-tis) ["pf'f , three ; jxtpoq, a part]. In biology, having three parts or segments ; in three's. Trimesic Acid [tri-mes'-ik). See Acid. Trimester [tri-ines'-ter) \trimestris, of three months] . A stage or period of three months. Trimestral, Trimestrial [tri-mes'-tral, tri-mes' -tre-al) \tri?nestris, of three months]. Pertaining to a tri- mester. Trimetallic {tri-tnei-al'-ik) [rpf7f, three; 7netal\ Con- taining- three atoms of a metal in each molecule. Trimethyl [tri - meth' -il) {tres, three; methyl^ The chemic group (CH.^)3. Trimethylamin ( tri - meth - il'- am - in ) \tres, three ; TRIMETHYLENE 1545 TRIPLET methyl ; amin\ Seca/in, {CU.^).j'N. A thin, colorless, alkaline liquid obtained from herring-brine, formerly prepared by the action of caustic alkali on ergot, hence its name, secalin. Used in acute rlieumatism internally, or as a liniment I to 3 of glycerin. The hydrochlorate is a soluble, crystalline salt. Dose of trimethylamin Tt\^v-_:^j ; of the hydrochlorate gr. ij-iij. Unof Trimethylene (tri-ineth' -il-en) \tres, \X-\xt(i\ methylene^, CjHg. A substance obtained by heating trimethylene bromid with metallic sodium. It is a gas. T.-diamin, a ptomain obtained, with other to.xic bases, from cul- tures of the comma-bacillus on beef-broth. It causes violent convulsions and muscle-tremor. See Ptomaim, Table of. Trimethylic (tri ■ meth - il'-ik)\_tres, three ;^ methyl^ Containing three molecules of methyl. Trimorphic [tri-mor' -fik). Same as Trimo>-phous . Trimorphism l^tri - mor' - fizm) {jptiq, three; iiop(j>t], form]. I. In biology, a term used to indicate the fact that hermaphrodite flowers of three different kinds, short-styled, mid-styled, and long-styled, are produced on the same species of plant. 2. Existing under three distinct forms, as certain insects. Trimorphous {tri-moff -us) \jpe.'iq, three; //op^;?, form] . Pertaining to trimorphism. Trimyarian (tri- mi-a'-re-an) \rpdc, three; ul'C, a muscle]. In biology, applied to such bivalve mollus- can shells as present three muscular impressions. Trimysistin (tri - mis - is'- tin) [/;-«, three ; mysistiii'], C3H5(Cj^H2j02)3. A crystalline substance obtained from butter. Trinervate (tri-nur' -vat) \tres, three; nervits, nerve]. In biology, three-nerved, or having three slender ribs. Trinerved (tri' -imrvd). Same as Trinervate. Trinitrate (tri-ni' -trat) \tres, three; nitrate^ A nitrate containing three nitric-acid radicles. T. of Glyceryl. See nitroglycerin. Trinitrin (tri-ni' -trin). See Altroglycerin. Trinoctial (tri - nok' - shal) \tres, three; nox, night]. Comprising three nights. Trinodal (tri-no'-dal) [/r^j-, three ; wo^/^^j, knot]. In biology, having three nodes or joints. Triocephalus (tri-o-sef -al-us) [rpfZf , three ; nEiialrj, head]. A variety of single autositic monsters of the species otocephalus, in which there is an entire absence of the ocular, nasal, and buccal apparatus. The head is merely a small, spheroidal mass, covered uniformly ■with skin. Tricecious (tri-e'-skus). See Triecious. Triolein (tri-o'-le-in) [tres, three; oleum, oil], CjHj (O.CjgHjjO),. A glycerol ester containing three oleic- acid radicles. It is a clear, colorless, oily liquid, and is the chief constituent of all fatty acids. See Olein. 'T-:\o'n2\(tri'-o-nal) [rpeff, three], C2H5CH3— C— (SO.^- C2H5)2. Diethylsulphonemethylmethane. A disul- phone belonging to the ethyl and methyl groups ; in ordinary doses it is harmless and possesses marked hypnotic properties. It is a powder consisting of shining tablets with a melting-point of 76° C. , and which dissolve in 320 parts of water at ordinary tem- perature, readily in alcohol and ether, and have a dis- tinctly bitter taste. It is administered in a finely pow- dered statt, dissolved in liberal quantities of soup, warm ■water, milk, or tea, or it may be administered by the rectum in the form of a watery solution. Dose gr. Ix daily. Unof Trionym (tri'-o-nim) [rpelf, three ; ot'i'/za, name]. A name consisting of three terms. Triophthalmos (tri- off -thai '-mos) [rpeZf, three; h<^- SaAudc;, eye]. See Diprosopus. Triopodymus (tri-op-od'-im-zis) [r/jflf , three ; iif, the face; SiSvjuo^, double]. A monster with three faces and but a single head. Triorchid (tri-or' -kid ) [rpsif, three ; bpxi^, a testicle] Having three testicles. Triorchis (tri-or' -kis) [rpel^, three; opxti, testicle]. An individual that has three testicles. Triose (tri'-oz). See Glycerose. Triosteum (tri-os' -te-um) [rptZf , three ; ha-kov, bone] . A genus of caprifoliaceous plants of Asia and America. T. perfoliatum (tinkers' weed) and T. angustifol- ium, of the U. S., are purgative and emetic. Unof. Triotus [rpfZf, three ; oi'f, ear]. Set Dipro- sopus. Triovulate (tri - ov' - u • lat) {t^res, three; ovitlttm, zxi. ovule] . Having three ovules. Trioxid (tri-oks' -id) [rprif, three; oxid^ An oxygen compound analogous to a trichlorid. Tripaleolate (tri-pa' -le-o-lat ) \_tres, three; paleola, a. little straw]. In biology, provided with three palese, as the flower of a bamboo. Tripalmitin (tri-pal'-mit-in) [rpeZf, three; palmitin'\, C^\l-^(O.C^^\i^fi)^. One of the solid fats of the body. Tripapillated (tri-pap' -il-a-ted ) \tres, three ; papilla, a nipple]. Having three papillae. Tripartite (trip' -ar-tlt, or tri-par'-tit ) [tres, three ; par- tiri, to part, divide]. In biology, three-parted. Tripe de Roche (trep-de-rdsk') [Fr.]. See Gyrophora. Tripennate (tri-pen' -at). Same as Tripinnate. Tripes (/W-/f3) [L.]. i. Three-footed. 2. A monster having three feet. Tripetaloid (tri - pet' - al - oid ) [rpeZf , three ; TTk-aAov, , leaf]. In biology, appearing as if furnished with three petals. Tripetalous (tri-pef -al-us) [rpeJf, three ; -Kkrakov, leaf]. In biology, three-petaled. Tripharmacum (tri-far' -mak-wti) [ Tptiq, three ; 0ap- fjaKov, a drug] . A medicine made up of three ingre- dients. Triphenyl (tri- fen'- il) [tres, three; phenyl^ The chemic group (C5Hj)3. T.-amin, (CgH5)3N, a sub- stance obtained on heating dipotassium anilin or sodium diphenylamin with brombenzene. It crystallizes from ether in large plates, melts at 127° C. , and distils with- out decomposition. • T.-dihydro-glyoxalin. See Amarin. T. -methane, CjgHjg, a product of the reac- tion between benzol chlorid and mercury diphenyl. It dissolves with difficulty in cold alcohol and glacial acetic acid, easily in ether, benzene, and hot alcohol, crystallizing from the latter in thin, shining leaflets, melting at 93° C. T.-rosanilin. See Rosanilin-blue. Triphyllous (tri f I' -us) [rpeiq, three; (p'u^lop, a leaf]. In biology, three-leaved. Tripier's Amputation. In surgery, horizontal section through the os calcis, leaving the upper part of this bone, together with the astragalus. See Operations, Table of. Tripinnate (tri-pin'-dt) [tres, three ; pinnatits, winged]. In biology, three times pinnately compounded. Tripinnatifid (tri-pin-af -if-id ) [tres, three ; pimiattis, winged ; findere, to cleave]. Pinnatifid with the seg- ments twice divided in a pinnatifid manner. Tripinnatisect (tri-pin-at' -is-ekt )[tres, three ; pinnatits, winged ; sectus, cut]. Parted to the base in a tripin- nate manner. Triple (trip' -I) [-rpi-'/ooq, triple]. Consisting of three. T. Phosphate, ammonio - magnesic phosphate, a precipitate thrown down from urine when ammonia is set free by the decomposition of urea. Triplet (trip' -let ) [tres, three; plica, a fold]. A series of three. In the plural, three offspring at one birth. In optics, a system consisting of three lenses. T., Achromatic. See Microscope. T. Monster, a monster having its parts tripled. TRIPLEX 1546 TRISTIGMATOSE Triplex {trip' -lex) [L.]. Threefold. T. Pills, the PiliiliT triplices, N. F. ; so called from containing three principal ingredients. Triplicostate (trip - lik - os'- tat ) \triplus, threefold ; casta, rib]. In biology , triplinerved. Triplinerved (I'/v/'-Z/w-f/'tv/) [triphts, threefold; ner- c'lis, nerve]. In biology, denoting a leaf in which two prominent nerves emerge from the middle nerve a little above its base. Triploblastic [trip - to - bias'- tik) \_-pnT/.dog, threefold ; fi'taGTuc, germ]. Possessing three blastodermic mem- branes, consisting of epiblast, mesoblast, and hypo- blast. Most animals are triploblastic. Triplokoria {trip - to -ko'- re -ah) [-p;-/oof, threefold; linf)!}, pupil]. An iris having three pupils. Triplopia {trip-lo' -pe-ah) \_-pi~/oog, triple ; uif), eye]. A form of polyopia, in which an object is seen as three. Triplopy {trip'-lo-pe). Same as Triplopia. Tripod (tri'-pod) \Tpi~ov(; {rpi-ofi), three-footed]. An object having three legs or supports. T. Magnifier. See Microscope. T., Vital, the brain, heart, and lungs, viewed as the triple support of life. Tripodic {tri-pod' -ik) [rp/Troi'c (rp;-o(5-), three-footed]. In biology, three-footed. T. Walk, the term applied by Dixon to the locomotion of certain insects, earwigs, water-scorpions, aphides, and some beetles. The front and hind legs of one side are found to be moved almost simultaneously with the middle leg of the other. Tripoli {trip'-o-le) [Tp/7ro//c, Tripoli, a district contain- ' ing three cities]. A kind of rotten-stone used in polishing ; also, a silicious diatomaceous earth, likewise used in polishing. T. Senna. See Senna. Tripolite {frip'-o-lit) [Tp/Vo/'/c, Tripoli]. A substance composed of lime, silicon, and oxid of iron, some- times used in dressings and bandages instead of plas- ter-of-Paris. Tripper-faden. "Gonorrheal threads." A whitish filamentous discharge occurring in the urine in chronic urethritis. It consists of mucus and pus and contains gonococci. T.-kokken, gonococci. Triprosopus {trip-ros'-o-pus) [rpac, three ; ~poao-6v, face]. A form of fetal monstrosity in which there is a fusion of three faces in one.' Tripsis {trip'-sis) [rpi^pic; rpi(Seiv, to rub]. Same as Trituration. Tripterous {trip'-ter-us) [r/3f?f, three ; Tr-fpdr, a wing]. Having three wings or alfe. Triptokoria {tript-o-ko' -re-ah') [rpE/f, three ; Trinreiv, to fall ; Kopr/, the pupil]. A condition of the iris in which there are three distinct pupils. Tripudiatio- {tri-pu-de-a'-she-o) \tripudiare, to dance]. Synonyin of Chorea. T. spartica. Synonym of Chorea, Epidemic. Tripupillate {tri-pu' -pil-at) \tres, three; pupilla, pupil]. In biology, having three central spots or pupils close together. Tripus {tri'-ptts) [T/if/r, three; -kovc, foot]. Same as Tripod. T. cceliacus, the three branches of the celiac artery. Triquetral {tri - kivet' - ral) \triqiietrus, triangular]. Same as Triquetrous. " Triquetrous {tri - k'vet' - rus) [triquetrus, three-cor- nered]. In biology, three-angled or triangular-pris- matic. Applied to certain stems and leaves. Triquetrum (tri-kwct' -rum) [/r/V/z/t'/rM, three-cornered : //., Triqiietra'\. Any Wormian bone ; also, the cune- iform bone of the carpus. See Bones, Table of. Triquinate {tri-k'iiin' -at) [/;-«, three ; quini, five each]. In biology, divided into three parts or lobes and then into five. Triradial, Triradiate {tri-ra' -de-al, tri-ra' -de-at) \_tres. three ; radiatus, rayed]. Radiating in three direc- tions ; trifurcate. Trisalt \tres, three; ME., salt, salt]. A salt containing three atoms of base to one of acid. Trisection {tri-sek' -shun) {tres, three ; secare, to cut]. Division into three parts. Trisepalous {tri-sep' -al-us) [tres, three ; sepalum, sepal]. Denoting calyxes which have three sepals. Triseptate {tri-sep' -tat) \tres, three ; septum, a septum]. Having three septa. Triserial, Triseriate {tri-se'-re-al, tri-se' -7-e-at) [tres, three; series, series]. Disposed in three horizontal rows, one above the other. Trisetose {tri-se'-tdz) [tres, three ; seta, a bristle]. Hav- ing three bristles. Trisetum {tri-se' -tum) [tres, three; seta, bristle]. A genus of plants belonging to the order Graminacece. They are closely related to Avena. T. flavescens, a grass having yellow flowers, found in North America, Europe, and Asia. Trisinuate {tri-sin' -u-at) [tres, three; sinus, a fold]. Having three sinuses. Trismoid {triz' -moid) [rpia/idc, a creaking]. A form of trismus neonatorum thought to be due to pressure on the occipital bone during labor. Trismus (triz'-mus) [-pwiioq; rpi^eiv, to gnash]. Spa.sm of the muscles of mastication, the condition commonly called lockjaw, a tetanic condition of the muscles of mastication. T. capistratus, a condition in which the jaws cannot be separated because of adhe- sions between the cheeks and the gums, following ulcer- ation of the parts. T. catarrhalis maxillaris, neu- ralgia of the jaw. T. of Cerebral Origin, persistent spasm of the muscles of the lower jaw, due to cerebral disease. T. cynicus, risus sardonicus. T. dolorifi- cus, tic douloureux. T. maxillaris. See T. catar- rhalis maxillaris. T. nascentium. See Tetanus neonatorutn. T. neonatorum, a form of tetanus only met with in infants, almost invariably occurring in the first five days of life. It is a very fatal disease, and the more so the earlier it appears. It is marked by frequent convulsions occurring in paroxysms, with rigidity of the muscles and an involvement of the muscles of the mouth and throat, causing inability to swallow. It is possibly due to some form of infection at birth. T. sardonicus. See T. cynicus. T., Traumatic, tris- mus following a wound or injury. T. uteri, trismus occurring during and as a result of the puerperium. Trispermous {tri' - spzcr - jnus) [rpe'ig, three; awcpfia, seed]. In biology, three-seeded. Trisplanchnia {tri-splangk' -ne-ah) . Synonym of yiJM^V Cholera . Trisplanchnic {tri-splangk' -nik) [r/jfvf, three; airXdyx- vnv, viscus]. The descriptive name of the sympa- thetic nerve, from the fact that it is connected with the viscera of the three largest cavities of the body. Trisporic, Trisporous {tri-spor' -ik, tri-spor'-us) [rpe/c, three; o-Tro/ia, spore]. Having three spores. Tristachyous {tri-sta' -ke-us) ["pf'f, three ; CTaxv^, an ear of corn]. In biology, bearing three spikes. Tristearin {tri-ste'-ar-in) [rpm, three; crtap, fat]. Stearin ; tritenyl stearate, C3H5(CijH3502)3 ; one of the solid fats of the body. Tristichiasis {tris-tik-i' -as-is) [rpiarixia, a triple row]. A form of congenital distichiasis in which there are three rows of cilia. Tristichous (tris'-tik-us) [-pf?c, three ; (jrq'of, a line, row]. In biology, arranged in three perpendicular rows. Applied to phyllotaxy. Tristigmatic {tri-stig-maf -ik) [Tptiq, three ; ariy^a, a mark]. In biology, having three stigmata. Tristigmatose {tri-stig' -mat-oz). Same as Tristigmatic. TRISTIMANIA 1547 TRIVIAL Tristimania {tris-tim-n'-ne-ah) \_trisfis, sad; juavia, mania]. Melancholia. Tristis {tn's'-tis) [L.]. Sad; gloomy; having a dull color. Tristitia {fris-tisk'-e-ah) [L., " sadness "]. Melan- cholia. Trisubstituted [tri-suh' -stit-ii-ted^ \tres, three ; siib- stititerc, to substitute]. In chemistry, having three elements substituted by equivalent elements. Tri-sulcate [tri-sul' -kat) \Jres, three ; sulca, a furrow]. In biology, three grooved. Trisulfuretum (tri-sul-fu-ye'-tum). See Trisulphu- retitm. Trisulphid {fri-siil' - ftd ) \tres, three; sulpkiti']. A compound of sulphur analogous to a trichlorid. Trisulphuretum \tfi-sul-fii-ye' -turn) [//vj, three ; sul- phur, sulphur]. .A. trisulphid. Tritaeophya {trit-e-o(f' -e-ah) \rpLTa'ioq, tertian ; (pveiv, to augment]. A tertian fever. T. americana, the pernicious malarial fever to which immigrants to Span- ish America are subject. Tritseus (trit-e' -its) \TpiTaioc, tertian]. Tertian fever. Tritellurid (/rZ-fr/'-^f-r/V/ ) [^ra, three ; tellurium^ A compound of tellurium analogous to a trichlorid. Tri-ternate (tri-tm' -ndt\ \tres, three; ternatiis, ar- ranged in threes]. Applied to a leaf that is thrice compounded on the ternate plan. Triticeo-glossus (trit-is' -e-o-glos' -us) [/?-iticuin, wheat- like ; y'Aijaaa, tongue]. An anomalous muscle hav- ing its origin from the arytenoid cartilage and its insertion in the side of the tongue. Triticeous (trit - ish' - us) [triticum, wheat]. Having the appearance of a grain of wheat ; pertaining to wheat. T. Nodule [corpus triticewn, " wheat-like body"), one of the small cartilaginous nodules of the larynx. Triticeum (trit-is' -e-um) \tritictim, wheat]. The triti- ceous nodule. Triticin (trit'-is-iii) \jritiiicm, wheat], A gum-like substance found in Triticuin repens. Triticum (trW -ik-itm) [L. : gen., Tritici\. I. Wheat; a genus of graminaceous plants which produce the various kinds of wheat. 2. The rhizome of Z! repens deprived of its rootlets. T. acutum, a species grow- ing in Europe. T. caninum, dog's-tooth grass. It is thought to possess the same properties as T. repens. Dogs eat the blades to induce emesis. T. durum, hard-grained wheat, the seeds of which are richer in nitrogen than the soft wheats ; it is cultivated in South- ern Europe. T. monococcum, single-grained wheat ; it grows wild in Greece and Mesopotamia, and is an in- ferior species in cultivation. T. repens, couch- grass ; it grows in Europe, Northern Asia, North and South America. The rhizome is smooth, straw-colored, and has a sweetish taste. It contains malates, sugar, triti- cin, and a nitrogenous principle, and is emollient, diuretic, and antiphlogistic. It is best administered in a decoction made from 2 to 4 ounces of the plant in 2 pints of water, and reduced one-half by boiUng. T. sativum, common wheat. The ground and sifted seeds constitute flour, official in the pharmacopeia as farina tritici. T. spelta, spelt-wheat, indigenous in the Persian mountains, and cultivated in Europe. It yields flour of tine quality. T. vulgare. See T. sativum. Tritici, Amylum, wheat-starch. T., Extractum, Fluidum, a preparation made by exhaust- ing T. repe7is with boiling water, and then adding a certain quantity of alcohol. Dose f^j. T., Farina, wheat-flour. T., Farina, Testa, baked flour. T., Saccharum, a sugar obtained from the extract of T. repens, which dissolves readily in alco- hol. Triticumina Food (trit - ik - ti ' - tnin - ah) \Jriticiim, wheat]. A malt food prepared in England by malting wheat so as to cause it to contain about twice as much soluble carbohydrates as ordinary wheaten flour. Tritomesal (tri-to-mes' -al) \rpiToq, third ; juiooc, mid- dle]. Denoting the third longitudinal series of cells in the wing of hymenopters. Tritopin {tri'-to-piu), CjjHj^Np.. An alkaloid ob- tained from opium. Tritovertebra {t>-i-to-vur' -te-braJi) \rphoq, third ; ver- tebra, vertebra]. Carus's term for a limb-bone, or the bony framework of the limbs considered as verte- bral elements developed in special relation with the muscular system. Tritovertebral [tri-to-vur'-te-bral) [rp/Vof, third ; ver- tebra, vertebra]. Having the character of a trito- vertebra. Tritovum {tri-to'-vum) [rptVof, third; ovum, egg]. The third stage of an ovum. Tritoxid (/rz-Zo/C'^'-zV) [-/o«rof, third ; of ('f, acid]. Same as Trioxid. Tritozooid (trit - o - zo'- oid) [rphog, third; ^(jiov, an animal; el6oc, form]. In biology, a zooid of the third generation ; the immediate offspring of a deutero- zooid. Tritubercular (tri-tu-bur' -ku-lar) \tres, three ; tubercu- Itim, tubercle]. Having three tubercles or cusps ; tri- cuspid. Trituberculate (tri-tu-bur' -ku-ldt). Same as Trituber- cular. Trituberculism (tri-tu-bur'-ku-lizm) \fres, three; tu- berculuin, a tubercle]. A peculiarity of molar teeth, indicating the possession of three cusps. Triturate (trit'-u-rdt) [triturare, to rub together]. As a verb, to reduce to fine powder. As a noun, a finely divided powder. T., Tablet, a small disc of some soluble material, usually sugar of milk, charged with a certain dose of a medicinal substance. See Tablet. Trituration (trit-u-ra' -shtin) \_trituratio ; tritus, a rub- bing]. The process of reducing a solid substance to a powdered state by grinding or rubbing. In pharmacy, a class of powders having sugar of milk as their dilu- ent in the proportion of ten parts of the substance to 90 of the sugar. Tritus {tri'-tus) [L.]. See Trituration. Trityl (trit' -il) [rpe^f, three; i/lv, matter], QH-. The third of the methyl series of hydrocarbon radicles. T. -alcohol, C.5H7HO, propyl-alcohol. Tritylene (trit' -il-en). Same as Propylene. Triungulin (t}-i-ung' -gu-lin) \tres, three ; tmgula, a hoof, claw]. In biology, the first larval stage of cer- tain beetles (Meloidie). Trivalence (tri' -va-lens, or triv'-al-ens) \jres, three ; valere, to be worth]. The quality of being trivalent. Trivalent (triv'- al - ent) \tres, three ; valere, to be worth]. In chemistry, equivalent in combining or displacing power to three monad atoms. Trivalerin (tri-val' -er-in) \tres, three ; valere, to be worth], A substance which exists in the oil of marine animals, like the seal. Trivalve (tri'-valv) \_tres, three; valva, door]. In biology, applied to a structure having three valves, as a shell. Trivalvular (tri-val' -vu-lar) \tres, three ; valvula, a small valve]. Having three valves. Trivertebral (tri-vur' -te-bral ) \_tres, ' three ; vertebra, vertebra]. Composed of three vertebrae. Trivia (triv' -e-ah) \triviiis, of three roads]. The point of intersection of the three semicircular canals of the cochlea. Trivial (triv'-e-al) \Jiivialis, common]. Denoting the popular name of a plant or animal ; the specific name. TRIVIUM 1548 TROPHIC Trivium [triv'-e-uni)\tres, three ; via, vf&y.pL, Trk'ia']. In biology, the three anterior ambulacra of an echino- derm. Trixis {triks'-is) [L.]. A Mexican plant allied to rhu- barb. The root is used as a laxative. Trocar {iro'-kar) [Fr., trois- quarts, from its triangular point]. An instrument used in paracentesis, or tap- ping a cavity, as in hydrocele. It consists of a per- forator and a metallic tube. T., Lancet, a trocar hav- ing a lancet-shaped perforator. T., Piloting, Dur- ham's trocar, used for introducing the articulated tracheotomy-tube. T., Rectal, a curved trocar used in tapping the bladder through the rectum. Trochal (fro'-kal) [rpoxo^, a wheel]. Having the form of a wheel. T. Disc, the wheel-organ of the Rolifera, the ciliated and usually retractile apparatus which pro- jects at the anterior end of the body of the wheel-ani- malcule. Trochanter [tro-kan' -ter) \_TpoxcivTr/p ; Tpoxij(, a wheel or pulley]. The process on the upper extremity of the femur. The major and minor processes at the extremity of the femur which receive the flexor and extensor muscles of the thigh are respectively called the greater and the lesser trochanter. T. tertius, an anomalous process at the upper portion of the popli- teal space of the femur. Trochanteric (tro-kan-ter' -ik) l^-poxavTf/p, a trochan- ter]. Pertaining to a trochanter. Trochantin (tro-kan' -tut) \_rpoxavT^p, a trochanter]. The lesser trochanter of the femur. Trochantinian [tro-kan-tin' -e-a)i) [_TpoxavT^p, trochan- ter]. Pertaining to the trochantin. Trochate {tro'-kat) \jpoxoq, a wheel]. I. Same as Trochal. 2. Trochiferous. Troche [trok, troch, or tro'-ke) \rpox6q, wheel]. A trochischus. A round lozenge. Trochia [tro'-ke-ah) [rpoxog, a. wheel]. A term for- merly applied to the orbit. Trochiferous [tro-kif -er-us) \rpox(><:, wheel ; ferre, to bear]. In biology, provided with a trochal organ. Trochiform [tro' - kif - onii) \Tpoxoi;, wheel ; forma, form]. In biology, having the form of a top-shell. Trochilia {tro-teit'-e-ah). See Trochlea. Trochin, Trochinus [tro'-kin, trok' -in-us) [-po;fdf, a wheel]. The lesser tuberosity of the head of the humerus. Trochinian (tro-kin' -e-aii) [rpoxoi;, wheel]. Pertaining to the trochin. Trochiscus (tro-kis'-kus) [jpoxiaKog, a little wheel : //. , Trochiscr\. A troche, pastil, tablet, or lozenge. In pharmacy, a small, flattened cake prepared from a mass of sugar and mucilage as an excipient, with a prescribed medicinal substance. There are 15 official trocliisci. Trochiter (trok'-it-er) [rpoxocsi wheel]. The greater tuberosity of the proximal end of the humerus. Trochiterian [trok-it-e'-re-an) [rpoxix;, a wheel]. Per- taining to the trochiter. Trochlea [trok'-le-ah) [rpex^iv, to run]. A part or pro- cess having the nature of a pulley. T. of the Astrag- alus, the surface of the astragalus articulating with the tibia. T. of the Femur, the intercondyloid fossa of the femur. T. of the Humerus, an articu- lation at the extremity of the humerus, over which a band of cartilage passes. T. labyrinthi. See Cochlea. T. of the Obliquus oculi superior, T. of the Orbit, the ligamentous ring or pulley, attached to the upper margin of the orbit, which transmits the tendon of the superior oblique muscle of the eye. Trochlear itrok' -le-ar) l_Tpoxi'/i.la, a pulley]. Pertain- ing to or of the nature of a trochlea. Trochlearis {trok-le-a' -rii) ^Tpoxi'l^ia, a pulley]. Per- taining to the trochlea. Also, applied to the superior oblique muscle of the eye. Trochleary (trok' -le-a-re). Same as Trochlear. Trochleate (trok' -le-at\. Same as Trochlear. Trochocephalus (trok-o-sef -al-tis) [r/jojof, wheel; Kicbakij, head]. A rounded appearance of the head, due to partial synostosis of the frontal and parietal bones. Trocho-ginglymus {tro - ko -ging' - Urn - us) [jpoxig, wheel; y'tyylviio^, ginglymus]. A combination of a hinge-joint and a pivot-joint, as in the humero-radial articulation. Trochoid (tro'-koid) [ r/jo Yof, wheel]. Serving as a pulley or pivot; involving a pivotal action. Trochoides [tro-koi'-dez) [rpoxSc;, wheel]. A term given to pivot-joints or pulley-joints, such as the at- lanto-axial. Trochophora {trok-off' -or-alC) \Tpox'K, a wheel ; (pepeiv, to bear]. In biology, a peculiar larval stage of certain Venues, having a characteristic preoral ciliated ring. Trochosphere (trok' -o-sfer') \jpox(>^, a wheel ; c<^alpa, a sphere]. In biology, applied to various invertebrate larvae bearing a circlet of cilia. Trochospheric { t>-ok - 0 - s/er' - Ik) [ -poxoc, wheel ; C(fiaipa, sphere]. Pertaining to a trochosphere. Troglodyte (trog'-lo-dit) [Tpuy7.7], a cave; S'veiv, to enter]. Inhabiting caverns. Troisier's Ganglion. A large lymphatic gland some- times found above the clavicle in cases of retrosternal tumor. Trolard's Vein. The large anastomotic vein between the superior longitudinal and lateral sinuses. See Vein. Troltsch (von), Corpuscles of. See Corpuscle. Troma (tro'-?!iah). Same as Trauma. Trommer's Test. A test for the presence of grape- sugar, or glucose. The liquid to be tested is filtered, and to the filtrate a solution of ammonio-cupric tar- trate is added. If glucose be present, the copper is precipitated in the form of a bright, orange-red, basic cuprous oxid. Boiling facilitates the precipitation, which is sometimes stubborn. See Tests, Table of. Tromomania (^trom-o-ma' -ne-ah) [ rpo/iof, tremor; pav'ia, madness]. Delirium tremens. Tropacocain (tro-pak-o'-ka-iu) \_atropin ; cocain\ A powerful anesthetic and mydriatic, derived " from a small-leaved coca of Java." It has the general quali- ties of cocain, but appears to be more active. Tropaeolin [trope' -o-lin) \TpoTTaloi;, turning]. Certain azo-dyes, so named Isecause their colors resemble those of the flower of Tropaolum majiis. See Orange Colors in Figments, Conspectus of. Tropaeolum (tro-pe'-o-lum) [rpoTraioQ, turning]. A genus of the Pelargoniea: including the larkspur, garden nasturtium. T. majus, Indian cress ; a Peruvian species. The buds and fruit are used as a condiment. It is said to be stomachic, diuretic, and laxative. T. minor, dwarf nasturtium. It is a native of Peru, and has the same properties as T. majus. Trophe (tro'-fe) \Tpo(^tj, nourishment]. Aliment. Trophesial {tro-fe'-ze-al) [Tpo(j)i/, nourishment]. Per- taining to or of the nature of a trophesy. Trophesy (trof'-es-e) [rpno//, aliment] . Defective nutri- tion of a part resulting from disorder of the nerves regulating nutrition ; trophoneurosis. Trophi {tro'-fe) [rpo(4of , a feeder]. In biology, a col- lective tcrni for those mouth-parts of an invertebrate employed in feeding. Trophic (trof'-ik) [Tpocpi/, nourishment]. Pertaining to the functions concerned in nutrition, digestion, and assimilation. T. Centers, centers regulating the nu- trition of nerves, or through them, of organs. TROPHIS 1549 TRUE Trophis [tro'-fis) [rpdi^(f, well-fed]. The ramoon-tree. T. americana, a shrub of the West Indies, used as an alterative and mild astringent. T. aspera, paper- tree of Siam and India. The berries possess astrin- gent and antiseptic properties, and the juice of the leaves and young shoots is used in the treatment of ulcers and cutaneous eruptions. Unof Trophoblast (trof -o-blast) \_Tpo(j)>/, nourishment ; (iXaa- rdf, a germ]. In biology, the outer epiblastic layer of the extra-embryonic somatopleure. Trophoblastic (trof-o-blas' -tik) \rpo(^ri, nourishment; piaaroi;, germ]. Pertaining to a trophoblast. Trophocalyx (trof'-o-ka-Uks) \_Tf)0(l»'/, nourishment ; kATlv^, a calyx]. See Trophosphere. Trophodisc (/r^'/'-ij-i/z.?/') [rpo^?;, nourishment ; (5(t7KOf , a disc]. See Trophosphere. Tropholecithal (trof-o-les'-ith-al') \jpo^ri, nourishment; MkSo^, the yolk of an egg]. Pertaining to a tropho- lecithus. Tropholecithus {trof-o-les' -ith-iis) [rpo0^, nourishment ; "ksKLdog, the yolk of an egg]. In biology, the food- yolk of a meroblastic egg. Cf. Alorpholeciihtts. Trophology (trof-ol'-o-je') \rpoi^ri, nutrition ; A(5yof, science]. The science which treats of or relates to nutrition. Throphoneurosis (tj'of -o-nu-ro^-sis) [rpofr/, nourish- ment ; vsiipov, nerve ; voang, disease] . Any atrophic pro- cess due to injury or perverted action of the nerves or nerve-centers. T., Disseminated. Synonym of Sc/e- rodertna. T., Facial, progressive facial atrophy ; facial hemiatrophy. T., Musuclar, trophic changes in the muscles in connection with disease of the nervous system. T. of Romberg, unilateral atrophy of the face ; hemiatrophy. Trophoneurotic (trof - o-nu-rot'-ik) \rp6(^ii, nourish- ment; vehpov, nerve ; voaoc, disease]. Pertaining to a trophoneurosis. Trophonosus (trof-on' -o-siis). See Trophopathy. Trophopathy (trof-op'-ath-e) [rpo^;/, nutrition ; Tvadog, disease]. Any nutritional disorder. Trophophore {trof'-o-for) [jpoipi], nourishment ; (pipeiv, to bear]. In Isiology, one of the ameboid cells of sponges, giving rise to gemmules. Trophophorous [trof-off ' -or-us) \rpo^i}, nourishment ; (l>£peiv, to bear]. Pertaining to trophophores. Trophoplasm (ytrof' - o- phizm) \rpo(^ri, nourishment; ■KXdoativ, to mold in clay]. In biology, Njegeli's term for the vital substance of the cell, the formative plasm, or morphoplasm, in contrast to the idioplasm. Trophoplast [trof - o - plast) \Tpo(j>fj , nourishment ; TTAaaasLV, to mold or form in clay]. In biology, a plastid ; a mass of formative plasm. Trophosomal [trof-o-so' -jnal) \_Tpo(f)r/, nourishment; (Td)/_/a, body] . Nutritive. Pertaining to a trophosome. Trophosome (trof'-o-sdni) [rpo(^7, nourishment ; auim, body]. In biology, the mass of nutritive zooids of a hydrozoan. Cf. Gonosome. Trophosperm [trof'-o-spurm) \_Tpor/, nourishment; cnepjua, seed]. The portion of an ovary that bears the ovules. Trophospermium (trof-o-spiir' -me-iini) [rpo^^, nourish- ment ; arrkpim seed]. In biology, the placenta. Trophosphere [trof'-o-sfcr) [Tpo(prj, nourishment; (jfaipa, a sphere]. In biology, the tissue between the decidual stroma and the blastocyst in Eritiaceiis. See Trophodisc, Trophocaly.x , Trophoblast , Trophospongia. Trophospongia (tro-fo- spun' - je -ali) \Tpo<^r], nourish- ment; ffTToy/id, a sponge]. In biology, the outer or maternal layer of the trophoblast, tropliodisc, or tro- phocalyx. Trophotropic [trof-o-trop'-ik) l^Tpo(j>r/, nourishment; Tpk-KEiv, to turn] . In biology, exhibiting trophotropism. Trophotropism [trof-o-tro' -pizm) [rpocprj, nourishment ; rpeneiv, to turn]. In biology, the term applied by Stahl (1884) to the attraction [positive trophotropism) and repulsion [negative trophotropism) exhibited by certain organic cells to various nutritive solutions. A phenomenon now included under Chemotaxis , q. v. Trophozooid [trof -o-zo' -old) [jpotpii, nourishment; Cvoi', an animal; eWof, form]. In biology, nutritive zooid. Tropic, Tropical [trop'-ik, trop'-ik-al) [rpoTrwdf, tropic]. Pertaining to or found in the tropics. T. Acid. See Acid. T. Big Leg. See Elephan- tiasis arabum. T. Boil. See Boil, Aleppo. T. Chlorosis. See Ankylostomiasis and Dochniiasis. T. Fruit Laxative. See Senna. T. Measles, a name suggested by Cautlie for a disease that was prevalent among the foreign residents of Hong Kong, during September and October, in 1888. Mild cases were regarded as " German measles," severe cases as a form of dengue. He defines it as follows : •' Rubeola tropica is a specific eruptive fever, the primary, rose- red rash appearing on the face and neck on the second day of the illness ; the second rash, miliary and papular, on the body, face, and occasionally on the limbs on the fourth day. The third rash, of small, coalescent wheals, appears on the arms and legs, or legs only, on the sixth day, when the fever subsides. The severe form attacks adults chiefly. ' It is epidemic, contagious, but seldom associated with catarrh or desquamation, and characterized by the intensity of the pain in the back, head, and orbit on the third and fourth days of the illness." The duration of the disease was much shorter than that of dengue, the termination was invariably favorable, and the compli- cations and sequelae of measles were not observed in any case. Tropidin [trop'-id- in) \atropin'\, CgHjjN. A sub- stance resulting from the decomposition of atropin in the presence of hydrochloric and glacial acetic acids ; it is an oily fluid having an odor resembling that of coniin. Tropidosternal [trop-id-o-stur'-nal) {rponiq, keel; arepvov, sternum]. Keeled, as a breast-bone. Tropin [tro'-pin) \_atropin'\, CgHj^NO. A substance obtained by the decomposition of the alkaloid atropin ; it crystallizes from ether in plates, melts at 63° C, and boils at 229° C. Tropis [tro' -pis) [rpdmf, keel]. In biology, the keel or backward curve of a cymba, as in sponge-spicules. Tropsin [trap' -sin). Same as Tropacocain. Trousseau's Phenomenon or Sign. A diagnostic sign of post-operative tetany. The spasm of an ex- tremity which may be produced by compression of its principal blood-supply or nerve-supply for a brief period of time, from a few seconds to a few minutes. The spasm will continue as long as the pressure is maintained. T.'s Spots, Taches cerebrates: red spots which may appear on the skin after it has been mechanically irritated ; they were thought by Trous- seau to be diagnostic of meningitis. Trouts (/;-«''-?3\ (tu' -bal) [/«^«^, a pipe]. Pertaining to an ovi- duct. T. Abortion, of Eland- Suctoh, internal rupture of the ovum in extra-uterine gestation, with a pouring out of blood through the fimbriated extremity of the tube into the abdominal cavity. T. Mole, a tubal ovum that has been destroyed by hemorrhage. It is at first spheric, but after attaining the dimensions of a walnut becomes ovoid. In the majority of cases the amniotic cavity occupies an excentric position, hence rupture easily occurs, and the embryo is lost. T. Pregnancy, pregnancy in one or the other Fallopian tube. Tubarium (tu-ba'-re-um) [////;«,c, pipe, tube: //. , Tu- baria'\. The tube formed and inhabited by a polyite. Tubate (tu'-bat) \tuba , \vlbe:'\. Tubiform ; provided with a tube. Tube [tiih) Sjubus, or tiiba, a tube]. Any pipe-like struc- ture in the body, especially the oviduct or Fallopian tube. Also, a hollow, cylindric, surgical appliance, made variously of rubber, glass, bone, silver, etc. T., Absorption, a glass tube used in Bunsen's method of volumetric analysis of gases ; it is graduated and closed at one extremity, and collects gas and conducts it to the eudiometer. T., Air, a bronchial tube ; f.^'-., the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchial tubes. T., Aus- cultation, a tube for testing the acuteness of hearing. It has three branches, two of which are placed in the patient's ears, the third in the ear of the auscultator; the sound of a vibrating tuning-fork placed in con- tact with the top of the patient's head will then be transmitted to the observer from the patient's ears. T. of Bellini, the large excretory ducts of the uriniferous tubules formed by the frequent union of canals of smaller size. T., Bellocq's, an instrument used for plugging the posterior nares in nasal hemorrhage. T., Binocular, the tube of a binocular microscope. T.- breather, an animal breathing through tubes. T., Bronchial. See Bronchia. T., Calcigerous. See Dental Canals. T. -casts, iirinary casts ; casts of the renal tubules, and indicative of kidney-disease. They vary in size, shape, and appearance. Their length ranges up to 200 or more ; their diameter from 4/i to 40/i. They are usually straight, but may be curved, twisted, convoluted, or branched. T.-c, Blood., those composed of coagulated blood with cor- puscles embedded. They show that the hematuria originates in the secreting structure of the kidney. T.-c., Epithelial, those composed of plastic matter with cells embedded, and denoting desquamative in- flammation. 7'.-r. , Fatty, those containing free fat- globules in the coagulated matter, indicating fatty degeneration in a chronic nephritis. T.-c., Granular, those containing finely divided, granular debris, either in scattered masses or completely filling the casts. They are usually found in cases of con- tracted kidney. T.-c, Hyaline, transparent, soft, de- licate casts, also called J/z/irozw Casts. T.-c, Mucous, See T.-c, Hyaline. T.-c, Pus, those that contain de- generated leukocytes ; indicative of involvement of the interstitial kidney-substance. T.-c, Seminal, molds of the seminal tubules found in the urine, and recognized by the presence of spermatozoids. T.-c, Waxy, those that give the amyloid reaction ; they are large and yellowish in appearance, and are indicative of serious nephritis. T.,Chaussier's {for insufflation), TUBE 1551 TUBERCLE a metallic tube trumpet-shaped at one extremity and curved at the other to faciliate its introduction into the larynx, and provided with a perforated collar to which suitable material is attached for the purpose of closing the aperture of the larynx. T., Collecting. See Tubule. T., Communicating. See Tubulus, Com- tmmicating. T. -culture. See Culture. T., Den- tinal. See Canal, Dentinal. T., Depaul's {for insufflation), an instrument similar to Chaussier's. T., Drainage, a hollow tube of glass, rubber, or other material to be inserted into a wound or cavity to allow of the escape of fluids. T., Draw, the tube which slides within the tube of a microscope. Ts., Egg. See Ts., Ovarian. T., Emmett's Fistula, a trumpet- shaped tube for draining a fistula. T., Enterotomy, an instrument used in establishing an artificial anus, to prevent protrusion of the gut. T., Esbach's, Esbach's albumimeter ; a graduated glass cylinder for estimating the percentage of albumin in urine. T., Esmarch's Elastic, an elastic tube furnished with a hook and chain, and used to render a limb bloodless. T., Esophageal, a soft, flexible tube used for lavage and gavage. T., Eustachian, the canal extending ob- liquely from behind the soft palate to the tympanum. It is partly osseous and partly cartilaginous, lined by mucosa, about 36 mm. long and 2 mm. wide. T., Fal- lopian. See Oviduct. Ts. of Ferrein, a prolongation of the stria; of the Malpighian pyramids into the cortex of the kidney. They are also known as Aledullary rays. T., Geissler's, an instrument for showing the striae which are produced by an electric discharge in a highly rarefied medium. T., Germ, a tube formed in the germination of a spore by distention of the endospore. T., Hearing-, a tube consisting of a spiral wire encased in leather and covered with close- textured silk or woollen tissue, with an oval ear-piece and a cup-shaped mouth-piece. It is for the use of persons whose hearing is impaired. T., Henle's Looped. SttTubiihis. T., Intestinal, the intestinal canal. T., Kobelt's, in the paroophoron, the remains of tubules in the Wolffian bodies. Ts., Leiter's. See Leiter'' s Tubes. T. -length, the length of the tube of the microscope at which corrections must be made for the formation of the image at a definite distance. This distance is set arbitrarily by most makers, hence the lack of uniformity. Ts., Lieberkiihn's. See Crypt. T., Lithotomy, an instrument used in opera- tions for calculi. Ts., Lobular Bronchial, the bronchioles. T., Loop. See Tubulus. T., Medul- lary, the neural canal in the embryo. T., Mi- croscopic, the metallic cylinder that contains the draw-tube of a microscope. Ts., Miescher's. See Sarcocystis tniescheri xmAtx Parasites (Ani?i!al), Table of. T., Milk, one of the lactiferous ducts. T., Muscle. See Alusclefiber. T., Nerve, a primitive nerve-fibril. T., Neural. T., Medullary. T., O'Beirne's, a tube of rubber for irrigating the colon. T., Otopharyngeal. See T. , Eustachian. Ts., Ovarian, ova-chains ; germinal epithelium in a developing ovary. Ts., Peptic, the gastric glands. Ts., Perforating, uncalcified perforating tubules, or Sharpey's fibers in bone. T., Perineal, iiee T, Litho- tomy. Ts., Pfliiger's. SeeT. , Ovarian. Ts., Pfliiger's Salivary, ducts of the acini of salivary glands. T., Pituitary. See Hypophysis cerebri. Ts., Pulp, tubu- lar masses of the tissue proper of an organ, as of the spleen. T .,'R&c^vv\ng [of the kidney) . See Tubulus, Straight Collecting. T., Rectal, a flexible, rubber tube for introduction into the rectum. Ts., Respiratory Bronchial. See Bronchioles. T., Ribemont's Laryngeal, a tube used for insufflation in asphyxia neonatorum. T., Safety, a small extent of the ectal portion of the Eustachian tube which is slightly open and permits equalization of pressure in the tympa- num from the pharynx, and also allows a recoil of air from the tympanum when the tympanic mem- brane is suddenly driven in, as in explosions. Ts., Seminal, the tubes constituting the lobules of the tes- tis. See Cells, Seminal. T., Speaking. See T., Hearing. T., Spray, an apparatus consisting of two tubes so adjusted that a current of air or steam through one will cause a spray to issue from the other. T., Stomach. See T. , Esophageal. T., Straight. See Tubules, Straight Collecting. T., Toynbee's Conic Metal, a tube used for washing out the mastoid cells and the tympanum. T., Tracheal, a tracheal cannula. Ts., Uriniferous, Ts., Uriniparous. See Tubulus. T., Uterine, a tube used for injecting the uterus. T., Voltolini's, a small tube used to keep open an inci- sion in the tympanic membrane. Tuber (tu' -ber) [tuber, a bump, swelling : pi. ,Tubera'\. In biology, a thickened portion of an underground stem. T. anatomica, a protuberance, tumor, or swel- ling. T. annulare. See Pons varolii. T. an- terius. See T. cinereum. T. brumale. See T. cibarium. T. calcanei, the tuberosity of the calcan- eum. Tubera candicantia. See Corpora inaiiiDiil- laria. T. cinereum, a tract of gray matter extending from the optic chiasma to the corpora mammillaria, and forming part of the floor of the third ven- tricle. T. corporis callosi, the splenium. T. eustachii, a slight protuberance below the fenestra ovalis on the inner wall of the tympanic cavity. T. frontale, the frontal eminence. Tubera geniculata, the internal and external geniculate bodies. T. gut- turosum. See Goiter. T. ischii, the tuberosity of the ischium. T. maxillae, the tuberosity of the superior maxilla. T. omentale hepatis, a promin- ence on the left lobe of the liver, corresponding to the lesser curvature of the stomach. T. omentale pancreatis, a prominence of the middle part of the pancreas, corresponding to the lesser omentum. T. parietale, the parietal eminence. T. supracondy- loideum, an eminence opposite the distal end of the internal border of the linea aspera of the fibula. T. supraorbitale, the superciliary ridge. T. syphiliti- cum. .See Syphiloma. T. tympani. See T. eus- tachii. T. valvulae (cerebelli), a. small prominence of the cerebellum on its inferior vermiform process at its anterior extremity in front of the uvula. T. ver- rucosum, a callosity often found on the great toe at the metatarso-phalangeal joint. T. zygomaticum, a prominence of the zygoma on its lower border near the union of the superior maxilla and the zygomatic process. Tubercle [tu' -bur-kl) \_tuberculum , a tubercle]. I. In anatomy, a rounded prominence on a bone or other part ; also, the rounded end of a bone. 2. In derma- tology, a small protuberance in the corium or subcuta- neous tissue, produced by a morbid deposit. 3. In pathology, a small, hard, granular body, mm. to 2 mm. in diameter, yellowish at the center and bounded by a reddish, vascular zone. 4. In biology, applied spe- cifically to the enlargements found on the roots of leguminous plants; first described by Dalechamps in Ornithopoditim fuberosui)! (1587) and since by Wor- onin, Beyerinck, Prazmowski, Frank, Schlosing Jr., Laurent, Sachmann, Kornicke, etc. T., Adductor (of the femur), a slight protuberance at the lower end of the internal supracondylar line of the femur, giving attachment to the tendon of the adductor magnus. T., Amygdaloid, a prominence on the roof of the de- scending cornu of the lateral ventricle. T., Anatomic, a wart-like tuberculous growth sometimes appearing TUBERCLE 1552 TUBERCLE on the hands of dissectors. It is also called necrogenic verruca. Ts., Anterior Pair of, the anterior pair of the corpora quadrigemina. T., Anterior {of a ver- tebra), a tubercle at the anterior part of the extremity of the transverse process of certain vertebrte. T., Anterior [of the atlas), a protuberance upon the ven- tral arch of the atlas at the meson. T., Anterior (of the catcaneum), a prominence on the anterior inferior surface of the os calcis. T., Anterior (of the optic thalamus), a rounded prominence of the thalamus at its anterior extremity. T., An- terior (of the vagina), a rough eminence at the upper part of the vaginal orifice, behind the meatus urinarius. T., Black, a synonym of Melanosis. T. of the Calcaneum, a tubercle on the external surface of the OS calcis. T., Carotid, a prominence of the sixth cervical vertebra on the anterior part of its trans- verse process. T,, Conoid, a broad projection of the clavicle on its posterior border at the union of its middle and outer thirds, to vifhich is attached the conoid liga- ment. T. of the Cuboid, a tubercle on the plantar surface of the cuboid bone, also called the tuberosity Diagram of the Minute Structure of Tubercle. of the cuboid. T., Cuneate, of Schwalbe, a promi- nence on the cuneate fasciculus. T., Cuneiform. See T., Painful. T., Deltoid, a projection on the anterior border of the clavicle, giving origin to apart of the deltoideus. T., External, the outermost of the three tubercles on the transverse process of some of the dorsal vertebrre. T., External Supracondyloid, the projection a| the lower end of the femur on the outer portion of its posterior surface, giving rise to the plantaris muscle. T. of the Femur, a tubercle on the neck of the femur, on the anterior surface near its junction with the trochanter major. T., Fibrous, a tubercle which has been modified by the formation of connective tissue within its structure. Ts., Genial, double pairs of tubercles on each side of the middle line on the inner surface of the lower maxilla. T., Genital, the rudimentary penis or clitoris in the uro-genital region of the embryo in front of the cloaca. T., Gray. See 7: , yl////rzn'. T., Gray, of Rolando, a prominence between the prolongation of Burdach's column and the postero-lateral groove. T., Greater (of the humerus), the greater tuberosity. T., Hyaline, a miliary tubercle the reticulum of which has undergone hyaline degeneration. T., Inferior, the lowest of the three tubercles at the extremity of some of the dorsal vertebrae. T., In- ferior Obturator, a projection on the pubic margin of the obturator foramen. T., Infraglenoid, a prominence from which arises the long head of the triceps, below the glenoid cavity of the scapula. T., Internal, the innermost of the three tubercles at the extremity of some of the dorsal vertebrae. T., In- ternal Supracondyloid, a prominence from which arises the internal head of the gastrocnemius, on the posterior and inner surface of the lower end of the femur. T., Intravascular, a prominence on the intima of a blood-vessel. T., Jugular, a ridge near the outer wall of the anterior condyloid foramen on the inner sur- face of the occipital bone. T., Lacrymal, the small papillary prominence at the margin of the eyelid, and in the center of which is the punctum lacrymalia. Ts., Leprous, the tubercles found in tubercular lep- rosy. T., Lesser (of the humerus), the lesser tuber- osity. T. of Lower, a small eminence on the wall of the right auricle, between the orifices of the pre-cava and inferior post-cava. T., Lymphoid. See under Tuberculosis. T., Mammillary. Corpora 7nam- viillaria. T., Miliary, a small, globular tubercle in the stroma of an organ, showing microscopically giant-cells in the center, next smaller cells, and round cells like leukocytes at the periphery. Ts. of Mont- gomery, the prominences on the surface of the areola of the nipple ; they are formed by the sebaceous glands. T., Mucous. See Mucous Patch. T., Nuchal, the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra. T., Olfactory. See Bulb, Olfactory. T., Painful, a painful tubercle in the subcutaneous tissue in the region of the joints ; the nature of the affection is uncertain. T., Papillary (^of the liver), sl projection of the lobulus spigelii into the transverse fissure. Ts., Pearly, milium ; small, whitish, non-inflammatory ele- vations situated in the upper part of the corium. T., Pharyngeal, the pharyngeal spine. Ts., Pisiform, the corpora mammillaria. T., Plantar, a tubercle on the first metatarsal bone ; it gives attachment to the tendon of the peroneus longus. Ts., Posterior Pair of, the posterior tubercles of the corpora quadrigemina. T., Posterior [of a vertebra), a tubercle at the pos- terior end of the lumbar and several of the thoracic ver- tebra. T., Posterior [of the atlas), a tubercle on the dorsal arch of the atlas ; it is situated in the median line on the external surface. Sometimes it is replaced by a depression with an elevated rim. T., Posterior [of the optic tlialamus), n tubercle on the ventricular surface of the thalamus, toward the posterior end. T. , Pterygoid, a tubercle on the inner surface of the inferior maxilla ; it gives attachment to the internal pterygoid muscle. T., Quadrigeminal. See T., Postei-ior Pair of. T. of the Radius, the bicipital tuberosity of the radius. T., Retrograde, a tuber- cle that has undergone calcification. T. of a Rib, a tubercle on a rib, articulating with the transverse process of a vertebra. Ts. of Rolando, rounded masses close under the surface of the lateral columns of the oblongata, formed by the enlarged dorsal horns of the gray matter. T. of Santorini, a small eminence on the mucous surface of the larynx, due to the cartilage of Santorini. T., Scalene, a tubercle on the first rib ; it gives attachment to the anterior scalene muscle. T. of the Scaphoid Bone, a projection on the outer surface of the bone which gives attachment to the annular ligament. T., Secondary, a tubercle that sometimes follows the breaking down of a caseous mass, as in catarrhal pneumonia. T., Superior Ob- turator, a tubercle on the margin of the obturator fora- men. T., Supraglenoid, a tubercle above the glenoid fossa of the scapula ; it gives attachment to the long head of the biceps. T. of the Thyroid Cartilage, a tubercle on the outer surface of the ala of the thyroid cartilage, at the posterior end of the upper margin. T. of the Tibia, the tuberosity on the anterior surface of TUBERCULAR 1553 TUBERCULOSIS the tibia. T. of the Ulna, a prominence at the base of the coronoid process which gives attachment to the brachialis anticus. T. of the Zygoma, a tubercle at the junction of the anterior root with the zygoma ; it gives attachment to the external lateral ligament of the lower jaw. Tubercular (tu-bitr' ■kii-lar') \_tiibL'i-cithuii, a tubercle]. Presenting the pliysical appearance of a tubercle. Tuberculate, Tubercled {tu-bur-kit-hit , tu' -bur-kid) [/K/^e-rcw/i^w, a tubercle]. Warty; bearing tubercles. Tuberculated {tu-biir' -ku-la-ted) \tubi-ri:ulunt , a tuber- cle]. Furnished with tubercles ; tuberculous. Tuberculation [/u- bur- ku- la' -shun) \_tuberculum, a tubercle]. The formation, development, or arrange- ment of tubercles ; the process of affecting ^ part with tubercles. Tubercule (tu' -bur-kill) \tuberculuin, a tubercle]. A tubercle. Tuberculiform (tu-bur' -ku-lif-orm) \tuberitilum, tuber- cle ; forma, form]. Shaped like a tubercle. Tuberculin ( tic-bur' -ku-lin) \tuberculum, a tubercle]. Kocli s Lymph ; Paratoloid ; a glycerin-extract of cul- tures of the bacillus of tuberculosis. It is a brownish, neutral, albuminoid liquid, soluble in water, and consists probably of ptomains of tiie tubercle-bacilli. Dose hypodermatically of a I per cent, solution. It is to be used therapeutically only with great care. It is extremely valuable in the diagnosis of tubercu- losis in cattle. Unof Klebs and Hunter have en- deavored to eliminate from tuberculin its dangerous elements. Hunter has prepared certain modifications of which he has named the two principal, respectively B, and CB. Trudeau has concluded that Modification. CB contains much less of the remedial element than tuberculin, and is quite as dangerous, while Modifi- cation B is as efficacious as tuberculin, and free from some of its dangers. See also Tuberculocidin. Tuberculinized (tu-bur' -ku-lin-izd) [tube>rulu!//,tu.her- cle]. Submitted to the action of tuberculin. Tuberculinose {tu-bur' -ku-lin-d'z) \tuberculuiii, tuber- cle]. A term applied to some of the modifications of tuberculin. See also Tuberculin. Tuberculitis [tu-bur-ku-li'-tis) [tubarulum, tubercle ; ltk;, inflammation]. The inflammation in the tissues surrounding a tuberculous node. Tuberculization (tu-bur-ku-liz-a' -shun) \tuberculu?n, tubercle]. I. The formation of tubercles, or the con- dition of being charged with tubercles. 2. Treat- ment with tuberculin. Tuberculocidin (tu-bur-ku-lo'-sid-in) \iuberculum , tubercle; cadere, to kill]. Alexin; a precipitate obtained by Klebs from Koch's tuberculin by precipitat- ing the noxious substances with platinum chlorid, the al- bumoses remaining in solution. See also Tuherctdin. Tuberculoid (tu-bur' -ku-loid) \tuberculum , tubercle ; EiJof, like]. Resembling tubercle. Tuberculose (tu-bur' -ku-ldz). See Tuberculate. Tuberculosis (tu - bur - ku - lo' - sis) \tuberculum, & tu- bercle]. An infectious disease due to the introduction into the system of the bacillus tuberculosis, discovered by Koch in 1882. It has a very wide-spread, almost a universal, distribution, and it is estimated that fully one-seventh of all mankind die of it. The bacillus, the essential etiologic factor, gains entrance into the body with the inspired air, with the food, and by direct inoculation. The commonest mode of introduction is by inhalation ; in consequence, the respiratory tract is the most frequent seat of tuberculosis. The bacilli become disseminated in the air chiefly through the agency of the sputum of persons afflicted with pulmonary tuberculosis. The sputum of such in- dividuals contains countless bacilli, which are held in 98 it as long as it is moist, but are scattered through the air when the sputum becomes dry and pulverulent. When tuberculosis is acquired through the food, an occurrence not rare in childhood, it localizes itself primarily in the intestinal tract. The food which most often conveys the disease is milk from tuberculous animals, more rarely tuberculous meat. Direct in- oculation does not play an important role in the causa- tion of the disease. The status of heredity as a factor in the propagation of tuberculosis is not yet fully settled. Isolated instances of apparently hereditary trans- mission, both in man and in animals, are recorded, and demonstrate that the disease nmy be inherited ; but in the majority of cases the acquisition of tuber- culosis is post-natal. There is, however, a mani- fest tendency of the disease to attack the offspring of tuberculous parents, which, as it is not the result of hereditary transmission, must indicate the existence of a predisposition or susceptibility which is transmitted from parent to child. The lesion produced by the growth of the bacillus of tuberculosis is known as the tubercle (miliary or gray tubercle or nodule). This is a small, grayish, translucent nodule, from to 2 mm. in diameter, firmly imbedded in the surrounding tissues. By the coalescence of neighboring tubercles larger masses, the so-called tuberculous infiltrations, are produced. Histologically a typical tubercle consists of three groups of cells, the epithelioid, the giant-cells, and the round or lymphoid cells. The first are oval in shape, have a vesicular nucleus, and are the result of the proliferation of the fixed connective tissue and endothelial cells ; perhaps, also, of epithelial cells. The formation of the oval cells is the first effect pro- duced by the tubercle-bacillus. The giant-cell is a large multinuclear mass, usually situated in the center of the tubercle. It may be the product of repeated nuclear multiplication in a single cell, without division of the cell-protoplasm, or the result of the coal- escence of several adjacent cells. The round cells are leukocytes that have emigrated from the blood-vessels, and they may be so numerous as to conceal the other cells (lymphoid tubercle). The bacilli are found in the giant-cells, between and in the epithelioid cells, and, in later stages, in the round cells. New blood-vessels are not formed in the tubercle. The tendency of the tuberculous formation is to undergo a peculiar form of coagulation, known as cheesy necrosis. This gives rise to a structureless, yellowish- white mass, which microscopically shows an almost total absence of nuclei in the central area, while at the periphery nuclei, both normal and in various stages of degeneration, are found. The necrotic tissue does not as a rule take any stain. P"or this degeneration two factors are responsible : the absence of blood-vessels and the action of peculiar poisons elaborated by the bacillus. The breaking down of tuberculous areas in the interior of organs gives rise to cavities, which may be seen in muscles, bones, brain, lymphatic glands, and elsewhere, but are most pronounced in the lungs, where they may attain a very large size. On surfaces — skin and mucous membranes — tuberculosis often leads to the formation of ulcers, which are characterized by an irregular, eroded appearance and by the presence of tubercles. Tuberculous areas occasionally become secondarily infected with pyogenic or saprophytic organisms. The tubercle-bacillus itself is capable of producing pus, but the majority of the so-called tuberculous cold abscesses are merely collections of fatty and disintegrated cells and tissue-detritus. Tuberculosis is primarily a local disease — extension takes place by continuity and contiguity, along the lymph-channels, along the respiratory and intestinal TUBERCULOSIS 1554 TUBO-OVARIAN tracts, and through the blood. It is usually possible in secondary tuberculosis to demonstrate the original focus, but in the case of tuberculous lymphatic glands the source of infection is not always discoverable. This has been explained by assuming that infection may take place i)i iitero and the bacilli lie dormant in the lymphatic glands for varying periods after birth (latent tuberculosis). The possibility has also been suggested that the bacilli may penetrate a mucous membrane, be carried to the nearest lymphatic gland, and unfold their activity there. In the human subject tuberculosis appears under various forms, presenting clinical differences, but identical from the pathologic standpoint. Since the discovery of the tubercle- bacillus such diseases as scrofula, lupus vulgaris, Pott's disease, many forms of chronic joint-disease, and the anatomic tubercle have been proved to be tuberculous in nature. The most frequent seats of tuberculosis are the lung, the intestinal tract, the lymphatic glands, the serous membranes, the bones, the skin, the testicle, the epididymis, the brain, the Fallopian tubes, the uterus, the spleen. Tuberculosis is very frequent in the lower animals, attacking especi- ally the domestic herbivora and fowls and wild animals kept in captivity. In cattle the lesions take the form of nodes and conglomerates, which, on serous membranes, may be pedunculated (pearl- disease). Histologically there is in bovine tubercu- losis a greater tendency to the formation of fibrous tissue than in the human form. The symptoms of tuberculosis vary with the localization of the disease. A few general phenomena are common to nearly all forms, viz. : emaciation, loss of strength, anemia, fever, and sweats. Amyloid degeneration may occur in various organs in cases of the disease associated with prolonged suppuration. In the diagnosis of tuberculosis the demonstration of the presence of the bacillus is of the highest importance. T., Acute Miliary, an acute, febrile disease, characterized by the formation of minute tubercles in great numbers in various parts of the body. It is due to the discharge into the circulatory stream of the constituent elements of some tuberculous focus, scattering the bacilli through- out the system. Three forms are usually described : I. A general or typhoid form. 2. One with marked pulmonary symptoms. 3. One in which cerebral symptoms predominate. T., Anatomic. See Tubercle, Anatomic. T., Avian, tuberculosis affecting birds. T., Bovine, tuberculosis as it occurs in cattle ; pearl- disease. See Tuberculosis. T., Cerebral : I. Tuber- culous meningitis. 2. Tuberculosis of the brain itself T. cutis, tuberculosis of the skin ; lupus vulgaris is the most common form. T., General Miliary. See T. , Acute Miliary. T., Hematogenous {of the lung), this may be a miliary tuberculosis, affecting both lungs or a greater portion of one only, or it may be a localized tuberculosis, characterized by the appearance of tuber- cles in a limited area of the lung. T., Inoculated, tuberculosis caused by direct inoculation of tuberculous material. T., Intestinal, tuberculosis affecting the intestinal tract. T., Laryngeal, tuberculosis of the larynx. It is usually secondary to tuberculosis of the lungs, but in rare cases appears to be primary. T., Latent. See under Tuberculosis. T., Meningeal, tuberculosis of the cerebral or spinal meninges. The tubercles are scattered along the course of the blood- vessels. T., Miliary, tuberculosis characterized by the deposit of miliary tubercles in the viscera. T., Para- sitic, tubercular growths produced by parasitic nema- todes. T., Pseudo, a disease producing lesions similar to those of tuberculosis, but due to a pleomorphic or- ganism, the ClaJothrix asteroides {Eppinger). T., Pulmonary, tuberculosis of the lungs. T., Renal, tuberculosis of the kidney. T., Surgical, tuberculosis of parts amenable to surgical treatment. T., Urogeni- tal, tuberculosis, apparently primary, of the genito- urinary tract. T. verrucosa cutis. 'Ae^&J'erruca necro- genica. T. zooglceica, also known as pseudo-tuber- culosis. A disease of guinea-pigs, rabbits, lambs, and horses, which is characterized by cheesy nodules. The cause is a pleomorphic bacillus forming zooglea masses. Tuberculous {tu-bur' -ku-lus) \tuberculinu, tubercle]. Affected with, or pertaining to, a tubercle. Caused by the bacillus tuberculosis. T. Disease of the Foot. See Foot, Fungus. Tuberculum {tu-bur' -ku-lum) [L.]. See Tubercle. T. sebaceum. See Milium. Tuberculus [tu - bur'- ku - lus) \tuberczilum, tubercle] . In entomology, a supplementary eye. Tuberiferous {tu-ber-if -er-us) \tuber, a tuber ; ferre, to bear]. Producing tubers. Tuberiform {tu' - her - if ■ orm) \tuber, tuber; forma, form]. Tuber-shaped. Tuberoid {tu' -ber-oid ) \tiiber, a swelling; e\&oq, like]. Resembling a tuber. Tuberose {tu'-ber-oz). See Tuberous. Tuberosity {tu - ber - os'- it - e) \Juber, a swelling] . In anatomy, any protuberance of a bone or process. T., Greater {of the humerus), a rough projection on the outer side of the head of the humerus. T. of the Isch- ium, a thick, downward projection of the ischium, on which the body rests when in a sitting posture. T., Lesser {of the humerus^, a small tuberosity in front of the head and on the inner side of the bicipital groove of the humerus. T., Maxillary, a rounded eminence at the lower part of the zygomatic surface of the superior maxillary bone, especially prominent after the growth of the wisdom-teeth. Ts. of the Os calcis, two prominences, an external and an internal, on the posterior inferior aspect of the os calcis. T. of the Palate Bone, a pyramidal process at the lower part of the posterior border of the external surface of the palate bone. T. of the Radius, a rough eminence at the inner and anterior aspect of the bone just beneath the neck. Tuberous {tu'-ber-us) \tuberosus, like a tuber]. Char- acterized by the presence of tuberosities, as e. g., a tuberous angioma. Tubicolous {tu - bik' - 0 - lus) \tulia, tube ; colere, to in- habit]. In biology, inhabiting a tube. Tubifacient {tu - be -fa'- shent) [tuba, a tube; facere, to make]. In biology, tube-forming, as certain polyps and worms. Tubiferous {tu - bif- er - tis) [tuba, a tube ; ferre, to bear]. Bearing or having tubes. Tubiflorous {tu-be-flo' -rus) [tuba, tuht; flos, flower]. In biology, having tubular flowers. Tubiform {tu'-be-form) [tuba, a tube; forma, form]. Trumpet-shaped ; also, tubceform. Tubilingual {tu-be-ling' -g-dml) [tuba, tube; lingtia, tongue]. In biology, having a tubular tongue. Tubinarial {tu-be-na' -re-al) [tuba, tube; 7iares, nose]. Having tubular nares. Tubiparous {tu-bip'-ar-us) [tuba, tube; pare?-e, to pro- duce]. Producing tubes or tubules. Tubo-abdominal {iu-bo-ab-dom' -in-al) [tuba, a tube; abdomen, abdomen]. Pertaining to an oviduct and to the abdomen. T. Pregnancy, one that begins in the tube, but that finally becomes abdominal. Tubo-ovarian {tu - bo - o - va'- re - an) [tuda, a tube ; ovarizis, an ovary]. Pertaining conjointly to the Fal- lopian tubes and the ovaries. T. Pregnancy, an extra- uterine pregnancy in which the ovum develops between the fimbria of the oviduct and the ovary. TUBO-UTERINE 1555 TUMOR Tubo-uterine [titbn, tube ; uterus, uterus]. Pertaining to the oviduct and the uterus. T. Pregnancy, a form of tubal pregnancy in which the ovule develops in the uterine wall, a portion of the sac often projecting into the uterus, and having on the outer side the round ligament and the greater portion of the tube. Also known as interstitial pregnancy. Tubular [tu'-lui-laj-) \_tHbulus, a small tube], i. Per- taining to or having the form of a tubulus. 2. Applied to a sound heard on auscultating the chest, and re- sembling a current of air passing through a tube. 3. Nearly cylindric and hollow, like a tube, as a tubular corolla or calyx. T. Adenoma, an adenoma after the type of tubular glands. T. Breathing. Synonym of Breathing, Bronchial. T. Epithelioma, a carcin- oma found in the salivary glands composed of irregular cells, the cell-masses extending in tubes or cylindric plugs in various directions. Pearly bodies are also present. T. Gland, a secreting gland tube- like or cylindric in shape. There are three varieties - — the simple, the compound, and the modified or coiled tubular gland. In a special sense the term tubular glands is used to designate the enteric glands or fol- licles of Lieberkiihn. T. Looseness. Synonym of Alembranoiis Enteritis. T. Membrane. See A'euri- lemnia. T. Pneumonia. Synonym of Pneumonia, Lobular. T. Rale, one produced in a bronchial tube. Tubulate (tu'-bn-ldt) [tubttlus, s^'naaW tube]. Formed like a tube. Tubule {tu'-bill) [tubulus, dim. of tubus, a tube]. A small tube. In anatomy, any minute, tube-shaped struc- ture. See also Tubulus. T., Communicating, or Junctional, that part of a uriniferous tubule between the distal convoluted, and the straight collecting tubule. T., Dentinal, the tubular structure of the teeth. T. of Ferrein. See Tube of Ferrein. Tubulicolous [tu-bu-lik' -o-lus) [tubulus, tubule ; colere, to inhabit]. Inhabiting a tubule. Tubuliferous (tu-bu-lif -er-us) [tubulus, tubule ; ferre, to bear]. Having tubules, or tube-like ovipositors. Tubulifiorus {tu-bu-lif ' -lo-rus) [tubulus, a little tube ; Jlos, flower]. In biology, having the heads composed of tubular flowers. Tubuliform [tic' -bu-lif-orni) [tubulus, tubule ; forvia, form]. Shaped like a tubule. Tubulose (tu' -bu-ldz). Same as Tubular. Tubulus [tu'-bu-lus) [tubulus, a. small tube: //. , Tu- buli'\. In biology: {a) a small, tube-like organ; a tubule ; (b) the ovipositor of certain insects ; (r) see Cornu, Neck. T. lactiferi, the excretory ducts of the mammse, 15-20 in number. T. seminiferi, the tubular threads, arranged in fasciculi, which compose the substance of the testicle. They are lined with epithelium from which the spermatozoids develop and are about 350 i^ich in diameter. T. uriniferi, the urinary tubes of the kidneys. Beginning at the Malpighian capsules, each forms— 1st, a con- stricted neck; 2d, a wide canal, called the proximal, or first convoluted tubttle ; 3d, a spiral tube, called the spiral tubule of Schachoiua ; 4th, the narrow, straight tube, called the descending limb of HenW s loop ; 5th, the ascending limb of Henle's loop ; 6th, the irregtclar tubule; 7th, the distal or second convoluted tubztle ; 8th, the czirved tubule ; 9th, the straight collecting tzibule opening at the apex of a pyramid. Tubus {tu'-biis) [L. : //., Tubi']. A tube. In biology, the basal portion of the labium of the bee. T. prox- imus convolutus. See under Tubulus. Tufnell's Bandage. An immovable bandage stiffened with a paste of white of egg and flour. It is also called egg-and-flour bandage. T.'s Diet or Treat- ment. See Diet. Tuft [ME., tuff, a tuft]. I. A rete ; a glomerulus. 2. A fascicle of flowers or leaves. T., Malpighian. See Malpigliia>i Bodies. Tugging, Tracheal. See Tracheal Tugging. Tulbaghia (tul-bag'-e-ah) [L.]. A genus of liliaceous plants, with the smell of garlic. The thick, fibrous roots of T. alliacea and T. cepacea are used in S. Africa in pulmonary tuberculosis and as a cure for worms. Unof. Tulip (tid-lip) [tulipa, tulip]. A common European flowering-plant, Tulipa vulgaris. It is a sialogogue and cardiac poison. See Tulipin. Unof. T.-tree. See Liriodendron . Tulipin (tu'-lip-in) [tulipa, tulip]. An alkaloidal principle from the common tulip. It is strongly sialo- gogue, acts on the heart like veratrin, and on the spinal cord like scillitin or colchicin. Dose of a grain, in granules, or pills. Unof. Tully's Powder. See Morphina. Tulpius, Valve of. The ileo-cecal valve. Tumefacient [tu-me-fa' -shent) [tumefacere, to swell]. Swelling ; swollen. Tumefaction (tu - me - fak'- shun) [tumere, to swell ; facere, to make]. A swelling or enlargement of a part arising from any cause. Tumenol [tu' -men-ol) [bitumen; oleum, oil]. A sul- phonated preparation of certain hydrocarbons. It may be used in three forms : I. T/wi^wo/ itself, a dark-brown or brownish-black liquid ; 2. Tumenol sulphotie, an aromatic, syrupy liquid ; 3. Tumenol sulphonic acid, a black powder, soluble in water. A 10 per cent, tinc- ture is used in the itching dermatoses. Unof Tumescence [tu-tnes' -ens) [tumescere, to swell]. The state of growing tumid ; a swelling. Tumescent {tu - mes e7it ) [tumescere, to become swollen]. Swelling or enlargement due to absorption of moisture. Tumid (tu'-mid) [tumere, to swell]. Swollen. T\xm\A\\.y (tu-tnid' -it-e) [tumidus, swollen]. The state of being swollen. Tumidness {tu'-mid-nes). Same as Tumidity. Tumor {tu' -moi-) [tumere, to swell]. I. Any enlarge- ment or swelling of apart. 2. Anew growth not the result of inflammation or hyperplasia. (See Tumors, Table of, p. 1558, etc.) A tumor is an atypical growth when it differs from the tissue in which it develops. True tumors are variously classified. The following classification is based, at least as regards classes A and B, on the blastodermic origin of the dominant tissue of the tumor. Many combinations occur — these are not given in the table, but will be found under their proper headings elsewhere. A. Mesodermic Tumors. ( Large. ■{ Small. I. Sarcoma. 2. Fibroma. 3. Myxoma. 4. Lipoma. 5. Chondroma. 6. Osteoma. 7. Hemangioma. 8. Lymphangioma. ( Lympho-sarcoma, I Large. Small. Round-cell. Spindle-cell. Giant-cell. Melanotic. Alveolar. Endothelioma Angio-sarcoma. Cylindroma. Chloroma. Psammoma. f Hard, t Soft. Hyaline. Fibrous. O. durum or O- eburneum O. spongiosum or O. medullary. Telangiectatic. Cavernous. Simple. Cystic. TUMOR 1556 TUXICIX B. ECTODERMIC AND EnTODERMIC Tt'MORS. Glioma. Neuroma. f N. myelinicum. ( N. amyelinicum. .adenoma. Epithelioma. f Tubular. \ Racemose. ( Squamous. ^ Carcinoma. Cylindric. (. Glandular. Epithelial cvstoma. \ simplex. I *^ - ( C papilhferi C. Teratoid Tc.mors or Teratomata. Dermoid cysts. Cholesteatoma. T. albus, white swelling; tuberculous arthritis. T., Adenoid. Synon}Tn of -r/\Y\oxi\v^o\ Sa"co?na, Spindle-cell. T., Fibro-plastic. Synonym of Sarccvia. Spindle-cell. T., Fibrous, a fibroma. T., Fibro-vascular, a telangiec- tatic fibroma. T., Floating, a tumor tliat changes its place in a cavity of the body, as the abdomen. T. . Fol- licular, an atheroma. ' T., Fungating, a tumor prolif- erating actively on its surface ; usually applied to cysts, the lining wall of which is proliferating. T. gallicus. Synon^Tn oi Btiho. T., Gaseous, a tumor containing gas. T., Glandular, an adenoma. T., Gubler's, a prominence on the back of the wrist occasionally seen in lead-palsy. T., Gummatous, T., Gummous, T., Gummy, a sv"philitic gumma. T., Hair, T., Hairy, a dermoid cvst containing hair. T., Heter- adenic, a hyaline cylindroma. T., Heterochronic. a tumor made up of tissue which is not normally found in the individual at the period of life at which the tumor occurs. T., Heteroplastic, a tumor diftering from the tissue in which it grows. T., Heterotopic, a tiunor growing in tissue diftering from that of which it is com- posed. T., Homeomorphous. S%Tionym of T., Hovteoplastic. T., Homeoplastic, a tumor resembling the tissue from which it grows. T., Homologous. Synonym of T., Homeoplastic. T., Horny, cornu cutaneum. T., Infectious Granulation-, a nodule or node, due to infection with a specific microorganism. T., Infiltrating, a tumor growing into the surrounding tissues. T., Innocent. SynonvTU of 7"., j5f«/if;;. T., Irritable i of the ireasf). this may be a painful adenoma or a painful subcutaneous tubercle. T., Lacteal, a galactocele. T., Lymph, a lymphangioma. T.,Lym- phadenoid, a h-mphadenoma. T., Malignant, one which gives metastasis or recurs, or does both, and eventuallv destroys life. T., Melanic, T., Melanotic, a tumor the seat of pigmentation by melanin. T., Mesoblastic, T., Mesodermic, a tumor developed from mesodermic tissue. T., Molluscous. SvTionvm of MoUuscum contagiosum. T., Movable, a tumor which can be moved about. T., Mucoid, T., Mu- cous-tissue, T., Mucous. SjnonvTn of Myxoma. T., Muscular. Synonym of Myoma. T., Myelo- genic. Synonym of Sarcoma. Giant-cell. T., Mye- loid, one containing giant-cells. T., Myoid. S\"n- onym of Leiomyoma . T., Nerve. Synonym of Xeuroma. T., Osseous. Synonym of Osteoma. T., Osteoid, one in which bony tissue is developing. T., Papillary. Synonym of Papilloma. T., Pearl, T., Pearly. Synonym of Cholesteatoma. T., Pearly [of the iris), a small cystic tumor of the iris, containing a whitish, tallowy material. T., Perineal, the bulging of the perineum produced by the fetal head in child- birth. T., Phantom, an apparent abdominal tumor, due to flatus or contraction of a section of an abdom- inal muscle ; seen in hysterical persons. T., Pilo- cystic, a dermoid cyst containing hair. T., Recur- rent, one which returns after removal. T., Recur- rent Fibroid, a spindle-cell sarcoma. T., Scalp. Synon\-m of Caput succedancum . T. of the Scalp, Cock's Peculiar, a fungating growth of the sebaceous glands of the scalp. T., Sebaceous, a tiunor of a sebaceous gland; an atheroma T., Serocystic, a proliferation-cyst. T., Splenic, a term sometimes applied to an enlarged spleen. T., Stercoral, a tumor formed by impacted feces. T., Teratoid. SjTJonym of Teratoma. T., Vascular. S}"non}-m of Angioma. T., Villous. Synonym of Papilloma. See Tumors, Table of, beginning on page 155S. Tumultus {tu-miiU -tus) [L.]. Tumult. T. sermo- nis. See Aphasia. Tungsten ^tung'-sten\ [Swed. , "heavy stone'']. A metal. s}Tiibol W, at. wt. 1S3.5, having properties like those of uranium and molybdenum. Some of its compounds have been employed in medicine. Thev are now chiefly used as reagents. See Elevients, Table of. Tunica {tu'-nik-an) [L., a cloak: //. , Tunicj:'\. An enveloping or covering membrane. T. adventitia. See Artery. T. albuginea oculi, a tendinous mem- brane of the sclerotic coat. T. albuginea ovi, the thin, compact, distinctly marked zone of connective tissue immediateU- under the epithehum of the cortex of the ovary. T. albuginea testis, the fibrous cover- ing of the testis. T. cellulosa. See T. submucosa. T. fibrosa, the e.xtemal layer of the connective-tissue envelop of the Graafian follicle. T. fTbrosa intestin- alis. See T. submucosa. T. granulosa, the layer of epithelial cells lining the follicle of the Graafian vesicle. T. intima. See Artery. T. media. See Artery, also T. uvea. T. mucosa, the mucous mem- brane of a part. T. muscularis, the muscular coat surrounding certain organs, as the intestine, the uterus, etc. T. nervosa. See T. sub-mucosa. T. propria, one of the layers of the Graafian follicle. T. re- fiexa, the parietal portion of the tunica vaginalis. T. ruyschiana, a name given to the internal la)-er of the choroid coat of the eye, consisting of a plexus of capillar}- vessels. T. serosa, the serous coat of the small intestines. T. submucosa, the submucous areolar tissue of the small intestines and some other organs. T. uvea, the uveal tract of the eye, composed of the iris, cilian.' body, and choroid. T. ■ vaginalis, a name given to the serous covering of the testis, and also to the membranous sac (capsule of Tenon \ enveloping the eye. T. vasculosa, the vas- cular layer of the testis, called also the pia mater of the testis. See T. uvea. Tunicate [tu'-nik-at ] \tunica, tunic]. In biolog)" : I- Having coverings or coats. A bulb like that of the onion is tunicated. 2. An Ascidian. Tunicin {tu'-nis-in) [tunica, a coat]. Animal cellu- lose : a carbohydrate constituting the chief part of the mantle of Tunicata {Ascidians). It is soluble in TUNICLE 1557 TYLOPHORA Schweitzer's reagent, and is colored blue by the addi- tion of iodin after preliminary treatment with sulphuric acid. Tunicle (tu'-iiik-l) \_titnicula, a tunicle]. A little tunic. Tuning-fork (fu'-ning-fork). A pronged, metallic in- strument capable of vibrating so as to form a certain definite note. Tunnel (/mt' el) [ME., tunnel]. A long pipe- like passage. T. -anemia. See Anlylostotniasis. T. of Corti. See Canal. T. -disease. See Caisson- disease. Tupelo (tu'-pe-lo). See A'yssa and Te7tt. Turacin [tie' -ras-in) [.\frican, tttrakoo\. A crimson coloring-matter obtained from the feathers of the turakoo. It is slowly soluble in water, but easily solu- ble in alkaline fluids, and contains about 6 per cent, of copper. See Pigments, Conspeitiis of. Turacoverdin [tu-rak-o-ver' -din) [African, turakoo; viridis, green]. A green coloring-matter obtained from the feathers of certain birds. Turbid Pneumonia (tur' -bid nu-mo' -ne-ah). A term applied to the indistinct pneumonic symptoms follow- ing injections of tuberculin ; it is also called Injection- pnenmonia. Turbinal {tur' - bin - al) [turbo, top]. A turbinated bone. Turbinate, Turbinated {fur' -bin -at, tur' -bin -a- ted) [_turbo, a top]. Top-shaped. Scroll-like. T. Bones, the common name given to the three, sometimes four, bony projections upon the outer wall of each nasal fossa. The lowest of these, alone, is a separate bone. Tiirck, Column of. See Column. T., Fasciculus of. See Fasciculus. Turf. See Coal. Turgescence {tur - jes'- ens) [furgescere, to become swelled]. The swelling or enlargement of an organ or part, from any cause whatsoever. Turgid {tur'-jid) [turgidus, swollen]. Swollen, con- gested. Turgidity, Turgidness {tur-jid' -it-e, tur'-jid-nes). See Tuigescence. Turicatas {tur-ik' -a-tas) [Mex.]. The popular Mexi- can name for the parasitic mite, Argas turicata, Dug^s. See under Parasites {Animal) , Table of. Turio {tu'-re-d) [furio, a shoot : pi., Turiones^. A strong, young shoot, or sucker, springing out of the ground. Turkey {tur'-ke) [F., Turqtde, Turkey, because it was thought to have originally come from Turkey]. An American gallinaceous bird of the genus Meleagris. T. Corn. See Corydalis. T.-red. Same as Madder. T.-red Oil, two entirely distinct oils are known under this name. One is simply an inferior grade of olive-oil, known as " Gallipoli oil," prepared from somewhat unripe olives, and containing a large proportion of extractive matters, hence easily becoming rancid. It is used in the old process of Turkey-red dye- ing, under the name huile tournante. The other, used for producing alizarin-reds by the quick process, is the ammonium salt of sulpho-ricinoleic acid (C.oH,,- (HS03)03). Turkish {titr' -kish) . Pertaining to Turkey or the Turks. T. Bath. See Bath. T. Saddle. See Sella turcica. Turmeric [tur' -mer-ik) \_turmerica, turmeric]. The rhizome of Cucttrma longa, an aromatic and stimulant. The coloring-matter is used as a test for soluble salts of boron. Dose of fld. ext. n\^xv-gj. T. -paper, unsized white paper steeped in tincture of turmeric and dried by exposure to the air. A test for alkaline solutions, which give a reddish-brown coloration. See Cu?-cuma a.r\di Cucurmin. T., Tinct. (B. P.) , used to make turmeric paper. Turn [ME., turnen, to turn]. To cause to revolve about an axis. T. of Life. See Menopause. TurnbuU's Blue. .Same as Berlin Blue. Turner's Cerate. The ceratum calaminae or ointment of calamin (20 per cent.). T.'s Yellow. Same as Cassel Yellow. 'Vxixx\^\2^{tur' -ner-ah). See Damiana. Turnesol Rag. Same as Bezette. Turning {turn'-ing) [ME., turnen, to turn]. I. See / 'ersion. Turnip {tur' -nip) [ME., turn, something round; nepe, a turnip]. The thick, fleshy root of the plant Brassica rapa {Linnaus). T. Braxy. See Braxy. T., Indian. See Dragon-root. Turpentine {tur' - pen - tin) . See Terebinthina. T.- tree. See Terebittth. Turpeth {tur' -petit) [ME., turbyte, a purgative root]. The root of Ipoincca turpethuvi , a purgative plant, much resembling jalap, found in Asia and Australia. Unof. T. Mineral. See Hydrargyrum. Turps [ME., turbentyne, turpentine]. The trade-name for oil of turpentine. Turtle {tur'-tl) [a corruption of ^;Vo/,fi']. A tortoise; a member of the Testndinata. T.-back Nail. See Nail. T.-lung. .See Bronchiectasis. Turunda, Turundula {tu-rim' -dah, tu-run'-du-lah) [L. : pi., TurtindiF, Titrundulce\. A surgical tent. Tussal {tus'-al) \tussis, cough]. Pertaining to or of the nature of a cough. Tussilago {tus - il - a'- go) [gen., Tussilaginis']. See Coltsfoot. Tussis {tus'- is) [L.]. A cough. T. convulsiva, T. ferina, T. quinta, T. stomachalis, T. strangu- lans. Synonyms of Whooping-cough. Tussive {tus'- iz') [ticssis, cough]. Pertaining to or caused by cough. T. Fremitus. See Fretnitus. Tutamen (/2<-/^7'-;«^«) [L., defense : pl.,Tutaiiiina\ A defense or protection. Tutamina cerebri, the skull and meninges of the brain. T. oculi, the appendages of the eyes — the lids, brows, lashes, etc. Tutsan {tut' - san) [totus, all; sanus, well]. See St. John^ s Wort. Twang [ME., t7vangue'\. A personal quality of the voice, usually nasal. Tweenbrain {twin' -bran). See Diencephalon, and Jn- teil)rain. Tweezers {tiue' -zers) . See Volsella. Twin {twin) [ME., twin, twins]. One of two persons born at the same birth. T. Leaf, the rhizome and rootlets of Jeffersonia diphylla. It is diuretic, altera- tive, and antispasmodic, and in large doses emetic. Dose of the fld. ext. ITL xx-gj. Unof. See, also, feff'ersonia diphylla. Twist, Aberdeen. A variety of acupressure in which the pin is given a half or a quarter rotation before fixing it in the tissues on the side of the artery opposite to the ]Joint of insertion of the pin. Twitch (/-i'/f-//) [ME., /7f'/ir//^;z, to twitch]. To give a short, sudden pull or jerk. See, also, Uvular Tzvitch. T. -grass, Triticum repens. See Triticum. Twitches {t-wich'-es). See Palmus. Twitching {twich'-ing) [ME., twicchen, to twitch]. An irregular spasm of a minor extent. Twixt-Brain {t-vikst' -bran). See Interbrain. Tyloma {ti-lo'-mah) [r/'Au/za, callus : //. , Tylomata"]. See Callositas. Tylophora {ti - loff' - 0 - rah) [rvXaq, knob; (pepeiv, to bear]. A genus of asclepiadaceous old-world plants. T. asthmatica is used as a substitute for ipecac. Unof TUMORS 1558 TUMORS TABLE OF TU.MORS. Name. Histologic Constituents. Physical Manifestations. Appearance of Sec~ TION. Size. Adenoma. I. Acinous. -Acini lined with spheroidal epithelium, with varying amount of connective tissue, as in a normal gland. I. Acinous. Firm, rather hard consistence ; inelastic: lobulated ; light-gray or slightly yellow color; mov- able : encapsulated ; generally single : rounded : w h e n on mucous surfaces, flat and irregu- lar 2 Tubular. Soft ; frequently pedunculated ; grayish-white or reddish color; translucent. Gray or yellowish- white: of variable density ; often inter- mingled with cysts. I. Acinous. CherT>- or walnut; in the breast; large. 2. Tubular. Tubules lined with cylindrical epithe- lium. 2. Tubular. Small. Angioma. 1 . Tel a ngiec- 2. Cavernous. 1. Telangiectatic. Dilated blood-vessels. 2. Caverfious. Spaces lined with endothelial cells and filled with blood, like corpora cavernosa of penis. 1. Telangiectatic. Surface often covered with small, granular elevations, resembling a strawberry ; often well cir- cumscribed. 2. Cavernous. S 0 f t , doughy ; non - pulsating ; leaden or blue color. Red color ; affecting in part the corium ; in part the subcutane- ous adipose tissue. Patch on the skin the size of a mil- let-seed to sever- al inches in extent. 2. Cavern- ous. Usually small. Carcinoma. I. Scirrhous (hard, sphe- roidal- celled). I. Scirrhous. Hard, irregular, tuberous: ad- herent to surrounding tissues; ulcerated. Non-encapsulated. Ulcer. — Irregular in outline and depth: margins hard, nodular, everted. I. Scirrhous. Firm ; white; often traversed by fibrous septa : creaking under the knife; cupped. Scraping exposes a milky fluid, the so-called "cancer-Juice." I. Scir- rhous. Moderate. 2. Encephaloid (soft, sphe- roidal- celled). Large epithelial cells containing one or more nuclei, without visible inter- cellular niatri.x. grouped into acini (cancer-nests). \'essels have walls of normal thickness and constitution, and ramify in the stroma, and not among the cells themselves. 2. Encephaloid. Soft, globular or bossellated : elastic, comp"ressible ; fluctuat- ing ; non-encapsulated. 2. Encephaloid. Resembles brain-tissue. 2. Encepha- loid. Consider- able. 3. Colloid (probably a d e ge n e ra- tion of one 0 f the pre- ceding vari- eties). Three varieties are described histo- logically: (a) squamous, made up of squamous or flat epithelium ; (b) cylindrical, containing columnar cells : {0 glandular, composed large- ly of polyhedral cells, like those of secreting glands. 3. Colloid (usually mucoid). Soft : jelly-like : contains mucoid material; semitranslucent : glis- tening ; at places diffluent. 3. Colloid. -Amorphous : jelly-like. 3. Colloid. Large or small. Chloroma. A form of round-celled sarcoma {which see). Small nodules. Greenish or dirty color on section. Small. Cho I es t e a- toma. Concentric layers formed of flat cells of an epithelial character, arranged in whorls enclosing cholesterin plates. Belongs probably to the Teratomata from the occurrence in it of sebaceous glands, hair-follicles, etc. Solitary or multiple nodules or nodes. Shining, glistening. Small. TUMORS 1559 TUMORS TABLE OF TUAIORS. D E G E N E R .A- TIOV TO AVHICH Subject. Growth. ature ! Fr E- quencv. Illustrations. ' (From Ziegler and IVoodhead.) I . A cinoiiS. Mamma, lip, ovan-, testis, prostate, thyreoid, parotid, lacryma! gland, sudorifer- ous and sebaceous glands. Mucous. Fatty. Colloid. Cystic. Young adults. Slow. Benign : the flat a d e - noma may become malignant. Rare. 2. Tubular. Rectum and other portions of intestines; uterus. I. Telangiectatic. Skin, mucous membrane, brain, bones, and mamma. U sually con- genital. Usually Benign. Common. i ■ " -A- . ■ t.' I 2. Caveryioits. Liver, kidney, spleen, uterus, bones, muscle. (Illustrated). 1. Scirrhous. Mamma; alimentary tract (especially the pyloric end of stomach) ; glands of the skin (rare; ; rectum ; uterus. 2. Enceplialoid. Testicle: ovary; mucous membranes. Homv. Fatty. Cvstic. Colloid. Mucoid. Hyaline. Caseous. Pigmentary. Ulcerative. Calcareous (rare). Adults past 40 years of age. Slow, but may be rapid. Malignant. Metastasis takes place by means of the lym- p h a t i c s, but carci- n om a of the stom- ac h and intestines invades the liver by the por- tal blood- patbs. Common. pUv-^ ji eg-s® . ^.-^^^'p^\ A ^ ^ ^ i - 3. Colloid. Stomach ; intestine : ovary ; mamma: thyreoid. ( The illustration is of Myxo- matous CarcifiOTna). Periosteum of skull. Fatty. Young adults. Rapid. Malignant. Rare. Same as Round-celled Sarcoma. Brain and meninges. Non - malig- nant. Rare. TUMORS 1560 TUMORS • TABLE OF TUMORS— Cofifimted. Name. Histologic Constituents. Physical Manifestations. Appearance of Sec- tion. Size. Chondroma. (E ti c )l 0 n d - roma.) Hyaline or fibro-cartilage, with few blood-vessels. The cells are ar- ranged irregularly and have irregu- lar shapes, many being stellate or spindle-shaped. Hard ; elastic ; nodular or lobu- lated, sometimes smooth ; round; encapsulated ; usually single, but may be multiple and sym- metric. Homogeneous or coarsely granular ; translucent ; bluish- gray or pinkish- white; often marked by connective-tissue septa. Small if multiple; large if single. Dermoid Cyst. See page 1564. Endothelioma Multiplication of endothelial cells lining lymph-passages. A variety of sarcoma. Large, round cells con- taining one or two nuclei. Resem- bles epithelial new-grawths. Circumscribed or extensive flat growths, spreading over the ser- ous membranes ; white in color. Small nod- u 1 e s or e X t e n - sive infil- tration. Epithelioma. I. Squci^notis. Composed of pegs or columns of cuboidal epithelial cells which first infiltrate the subjacent connective tissue, then every underlying struc- ture, including bone, in their track. These ingrowths contain the cell- nests, epidermal pearls, or pearly bodies. Dense; inelastic; non- encapsu- lated ; ulcerated ; edges of ulcer indurated. I. Sguamozts. White ; dense ; homo- g e n e 0 u s ; poor in juice ; when scraped a gruel-like material is obtained, which consists of plugs of cells and individual cells. 2. Cylindric- celled or columiiay- celled. Originates either from the cylindric surface-epithelium of a mucous membrane, or from that of glands lined by columnar epithelium. Con- tains no "cell-nests." Consists of al- veoli containing cylindric cells at the periphery, and irregular cells in the center. Presents the character of adeno-carcinoma. Soft, infiltrating masses or nodes, or papillomatous growths. 2. Cylindrical. Soft, juicy; gelatinous if mucoid or colloid. Fibroma. 1. Hard. White, fibrous tissue, consisting of fibers and few connective-tissue cor- puscles ; blood-vessels few. 2. Soft. Few fibers, many cells. 1. Hard. Ovoidal or spherical ; lobulated ; nodular or bossellated ; pedun- culated or sessile ; firm, elastic ; encapsulated; glistening white, yellowish, or slightly red color ; unattached to overlying tissues ; single or multiple. 2. Soft. Soft, compressible ; sessile or pen- dulous; single or multiple; en- capsulated. 1. Hard. Smooth, glistening, firm ; grayish-white color. 2. Soft. Moist, not so glisten- ing ; more reddish. From a grain of shot to fetal head or much larger. Glioma. RmiTiri r^f^llc inrifn lafO"!^ nn/^li=i or-ii _ ix.'^uiiu. wnii idigc iiutwict, ciii bedded in a scanty, granular, inter- cellular substance. Aff;er the type of the neuroglia of the brain. Softj ^clstinous, ^luG~likc tumor j not distinctly outlined ; some- what translucent. Usually single. T 1 V /=• fifii i n_f iccn (3 T^iit usually a little harder and more reddish in color. Small, rarely larger than a fist. TUMORS 1561 TUMORS TABLE OF TUMORS— Cow/mW. Seats of Predilection. Degenera- tion towhich Subject. Age. Growth. Nature. Fre- quency. Illustrations. {Frojn Ziegler and Woodhead.) The bones, especially on or in the phalanges ; scapula, ili- um, upper jaw; subcutane- ous tissue; salivary glands (parotid) ; testicle ; bronchial cartilages. Fatty. Mucoid. Calcareous. Cystic. U sually in the young. Slow or rapid. Benign ; may a s s u m e malignant character- istics. Common. ;«/■'' r?-' > : ,. v'» ^ r. Sii..- , -o - , ' 0 > • '* Vi# . if , • « » 1 .. il' 0 > n ^ I. il "1 r,..' , ft ' ■ . .a .« ik-tei'iii i III jwiVj" JiiJ *a]Cjl[iiJUil II Pleura and peritoneum ; mem- branes of brain. Young adults. Rapid. Malignant. Very rare. 1. Sg u anions . Nose, lower lip, penis, scro- tum, vulva, anus, tongue, gums, palate, tonsils, larynx, pharynx, esophagus, blad- der, OS uteri, hands and feet (rare). 2. Cylindrical. Stomach; intestinal tract; uterus ; gall-bladder, biliary passages ; respiratory tract. Horny. Ulceration. Mucoid. Colloid. After 40. In uter- us be- fore 40. Slow or rapid, ac- cording to situa- tion. Varies in its rapidity. Malignant. Late metas- tasis. Malignant. Late metas- tasis. Common. Quite com- mon, es- pecially in diges- tive tract. ' ®® Uterus ; periosteum ; ovary ; labium majus; mamma; testicle ; tendons ; aponeuro- sis ; neurilemma of nerves ; around articulations ; sub- cutaneous tissue ; rectum. Ulceration. Calcification. Myxomatous. Fatty. Telangiec- tatic. Chiefly in adults from 35 to 55 years of age. Slow. Benign. Very com- mon. \ V (' ■ .' ■ , ■ ■; I • ■■■ , *£. ■ ■■ fZ Brain ; retina ; spinal cord ; op- tic and auditory nerves; su- prarenal capsules. Mucoid. Fatty. Calcareous. Telangiec- tatic. Partic- ularl\' in chil- dren. Slow. Benign, ex- cept in the eye, where it is usual- 1 y com- bined with sarcoma. Rare. TUMORS 1562 TUMORS TABLE OF TUMORS— Con/ifmed. Name. Histologic Constituents. Physical Manifestations. Appearance of Sec- tion. Size. Lipoma. Adipose tissue (fat-vesicles larger than normal) bound together by delicate connective tissue. Circumscribed; lobulated, soft, doughy, pseudo-fluctuating, in- elastic ; attached to the skin — hence dimpled ; ovoidal, spheri- cal, or flattened ; occasionally pedunculated; usually sur- rounded by a thin capsule ; usu- ally single ; when multiple, usu- ally hereditary. Like adipose tissue. From size of hick- ory-nut to very large size. Lymphangi- oma, Aggregation of dilated lymphatic ves- sels and lymph-spaces supported by connective tissue. Soft, doughy, transparent sacs or vesicles, filled with lymph ; often feels like a series of tangled cords. From a cherry to fetal head. Lympho-sar- coma. Hyperplasia of the lymphoid cells of the lymphatic glands. Glands for a time preserve their shape, but soon extends to neighboring tissues. Large. Myoma. 1. Leiomyoma. 2. Rhabdomy- oma. Smooth, non-striated, muscular fibers, such as occur in the uterus, with varying quantities of fibrous tissue ; few blood-vessels. The fibers are composed of spindle-shaped cells containing large, rod-shaped nuclei. Striated muscular fibers, often unde- veloped, being spindle-shaped, and associated with sarcomatous tissue. Rounded or pyriform , well-circum- scribed ; hard ; firm ; smooth or nodular ; white or flesh-colored ; encapsulated or non-encapsu- lated ; often multiple. Large roundish masses or small nodules. A striated appearance as in the fibroma. Often quite large. Very large if in kid- ney; small in heart. Myxoma. Delicate network of stellate cells en- closing a mucoid intercellular sub- stance. Type — Wharton's jelly; vitreous humor. Round or lobular ; soft, gelatinous ; semi-translucent ; encapsulated ; elastic ; may be fluctuating. Pinkish or yellowish- gray, exuding a glairy fluid, or a trembling, gelatinous mass. Usually small. Neuroma. MeduUated or non-meduUated nerve- fibers. Very rarely may contain ganglionic cells ; usually combined with fibrous tissues. Spheric, ovoid, oblong, or bul- bous ; sometimes plexiform ; firm ; painful on pressure ; few or many (even hundreds). Often resembles fibro- ma. Small. Osteoma. Osseous tissue (cancellous or compact bone). Hard ; often lobulated ; sometimes spheric ; may be spinous or spiculated : pedunculated or sessile; usually single ; maybe multiple and symmetric. Like bone-tissue. Vari able ; grain of coffee to cocoanut. Papilloma. Hypertrophied papillae of the skin ; varying amount of connective tissue surrounding two or more central blood-vessels, and covered by seve- ral layers of epithelial cells. Circumscribed; hard (on the skin) : soft (on mucous mem- brane) ; surface smooth, brush- like, or cauliflower-like ; single or multiple. Usually small; may be large. TUMORS 1563 TUMORS TABLE OF T'UUOK'S,— Continued. Seat of Predilection. Degenera- tion TO WHICH Subject. Age. Growth. Nature. Fre- quency. Illustrations. {From Ziegler and IVoodhead.) Back of neck ; shoulders ; back ; nates ; inside of arm and thigh ; submucous and sub- serous connective-tissue. Calcareous. Myxomatous. Cystic. Inflammation. Ulceration (rare). Chiefly during adult life. Slow. Benign. Very com- mon. Posterior and inner surfaces of thigh ; genitals ; anterior abdominal wall, neck, nates, axillce, groin, penis, tongue, cheeks, lip, liver, kidney. Usually con- genital. Slow. Benign. Rare. Neck, groin, axilla, medi- astinum, etc. Young adults. Rapid. Very malig- nant. Rare. M Uterus, esophagus, intestine, prostate, stomach. Kidney, ovary, testicle; tongue, heart. Calcareous. Fatty. Myxomatous. Cavernous. Mature or ad- vanced life. Con- genital. Slow. Rapid. Benign. Malignant in the s e g - mental or- gans and kidney, ovary, tes- ticle when combined with sar- coma. Very com- mon. Rare. Nasal cavities ; mamma ; in- termuscular spaces ; sub- mucous and sub-serous tis- sues- back; thighs; lip; cheek ; labia ; clitoris ; pre- puce ; s c r o t u m * axillse ■ parotid ; ear ; more rarely periosteum, bone, heart, and nerve-sheaths. Fatty. Ulceration. Telangiec- tatic. Any age ; may be con- genital. Slow. Benign. Common. ' ■ <• ■'a •'' - '-sj .wi f » * , -A* Cut ends of nerves, as in stumps of amputation, on skin. Slow. Benign. Somewhat rare. Cranial bones, maxilla, orbit ; ends of phalanges ; juxta-epiphyseal portions of long bones (tibia, femur, humerus, etc.) ; dura mater ; muscle ; aponeurosis ; lungs. Con- genital or early life. Slow. Benign. Not com- mon. Skin of hands and genitalia; larynx ; bladder ; rectum ; nose. At all ages. Slow or rapid. Benign. Common. TUMORS 1564 TUMORS TABLE OF TUMORS— Co;2//«//<'a'. Name. Histologic Constituents. Physical Manifestations. Appearance of Sec- tion. Size. Psammoma. A form of sarcoma (nest-celled). Con- nective tissue composed of flat, elongated cells of great size and in which are embedded gritty con- cretions that are composed of cal- cium carbonate. Hard, circumscribed ; light color. White; gritty on sec- tion. Small. Sarcoma I. Round- celled. Embryonic or immature connective tissue. Blood-vessels without walls, or thin walled, ramifying among the cells. Small or large round cells, embedded in a small amount of granular or homogeneous intercel- lular substance. Soft; vascular; whitish; some- what translucent ; on pressure after some hours exudes a milky fluid ; round or ovoid, or oblong. Resembles brain-mat- ter ; of a yellow, gray, or brick-dust hue. Often very large. 2. Spindle- celled. Cells varying much in size, spindle- shaped, with long, fine, tapering extremities, separated by very little intercellular substance. Often have a fibrous appearance (Recurrent Fibroid). Firm ; reddish ; does not exude milky fluid. Shape as foregoing. Fibrous or flesh-like aspect; pinkish color. May be large. 3. Giant-celled {Myeloid.) Masses of protoplasm containing two or more nuclei— up to 20 or 50 — with a varying amount of round and spindle cells. Jelly-like consistence or firm, like muscle. Shape as foregoing. Smooth, shining, suc- culent ; no appear- ance of fibrillation ; greenish or livid red or maroon color, varied by pink or darker red spots, due to extravasation of blood. Large. 4. Alveolar. Alveolar space filled with rarcoma cells; the trabeculse composed of spindle-cells. Very vascular; soft. Small or large. 5. Melanotic. Sarcomata of various kinds in which brownish or black pigment becomes deposited as amorphous granules in the cells as well as the connective tissue and blood-vessel walls of the tumor. Rounded, nodular, dark-colored tumors of varying size and con- sistency, usually hard. Brownish or black. May be large. Dermoid Cyst. Cyst wall contains hair-follicles and sebaceous glands. Contents. — Dis- intregating epithelial cells, hair, sebaceous matter, teeth, etc. Globular ; tense ; smooth ; freely movable. May be large. TUMORS 1565 TUMORS TABLE OF TUMOKS— Continued. Seat of Predilection. Degenera- tion TO WHICH Subject. Age. Growth. Nature. Fre- quency. Illustrations. {From Ziegler and IVoodhead.) Membranes of brain, choroid plexus ; pineal gland; spinal cord ; nerves. Calcareous. Early life. Rapid. Malignant. Rare. Periosteum ; bone ; lymphatic glands ; subcutaneous tis- sue ; testicle ; eye ; ovary ; lungs; kidneys; intermus- cular septa. Mucoid. Fatty. Ulceration. Calcareous. Ossification. Telangiec- tatic. Cystic. Youth, .or be- fore 35th year. Very rapid. Malignant. Early metas- tasis. Dis- semination by the blood-ves- sels and not by the lymphatics. Common. iC(J (^)0 • (>^'^ ^^^^ Subcutaneous tissue ; fasciae and intermuscular septa; periosteum; interior of bones ; eye ; antrum ; breast ; testicle. As foregoing. As fore- going. Rapid. Malignant by recurrence. Common. Lower and upper jaw ; lower end of femur ; head of tibia. Usually in adults over 40. Slow. Compara- tively be- nign. Me- tastasis rare. Rarer than the pre- ceding forms. W -iAM Skin ; eye ; bone ; lymphatic glands, pia mater of brain. Often springs from warts. In the young. Rapid. Malignant. Rare. Where pigment occurs nor- mally ; the eye and the skin, the pia ; secondarily, espe- cially in the liver. As other sar- comata. As other sarco- mata. Usually rapid. Very malig- nant. Common. 4- ' ' '^^ Outer angle of orbit ; over root of nose ; ovary ; testi- cle. Con- genital. Slow. Benign. Comrrion. TYLOSIS 1566 TYPHLO-EXTERITIS Tylosis {t!-lo'-sis) [ri'Aof, a callosity]. I. A form of blepharitis in which the lid-edge is thickened and hardened. See, also, Ca//osiias. 2. In biology, a protuberance of the wall of a plant-cell through the pit in the wall of an adjacent duct. T. palmae vel palmaris, a synonym of callosity of the palm. T. plantse vel plantaris, a callosity occurring on the foot. Tylosteresis \/i-/o-s/er-c-' -sis) [rvAog, knot ; crepsiv, to deprive]. Extirpation or removal of a callosity. Tylotic [ti-lot'-ik) [rt'/.of, a knot]. Pertaining to, af- fected with, or of the nature of tylosis. Tylus [ti'-ltis) [tv'Aoc, a knob: pL, Tj'//"\. In biology, a median projection of the upper surface of the head of certain insects. Tympan [tim'-pan) \jhn-avov, a drum]. A tym- panum. Tympanal (titn' -pan-al). See Ring, Tympanic. T. Organs, peculiar sense-organs found in cer- tain insects (Saliatoria). They have long been universally regarded as auditory organs, although the animals continue to hear after their removal. See Chordotonal. Tympanic {tim - pan'- ik) \Tv^-avov, 3. drum] . Pertaining to the tympanum. T. Bone, the thin roof or plate of bone separating the tym- panic and cranial cavities. T. Membrane. See Mimbiane. T. Orifice. See Orifce. T. Plate. See Fiah-. T. Resonance, tympan- itic resonance. T. Ring. See Hing. T. Teg- men, the bony plate forming the roof of the tympanum. Tympanichord [tim-pan'-ik-ord ) [ rvii-avov, a drum ; Kopi^ij, a string] . The chorda tympani, a branch of the facial nerve. Tympanichordal [tim-pan-ik- or'-dal) {rvfi- Tzavor, a drum; X^P^'h ^ string]. Pertaining to the tj'mpanichord. Tympanicity {tii/!-pan-is'-if-e)\Tvfi-avov, drum]. The quality of being tympanic. Tympaniform (^tim'-pan-if-onn) \r'vi.i-avov, drum: forma, form]. Shaped like a 1)111- panum. Tympanism (fim'-pan-izm) \rvu-avoi', drum]. Distention with gas ; tympanites. Tympanites [fim-pan-i'-te;;) [rvix-avov, drum]. The sjTnptom popularly known as " drum- belly,"' a distention of the abdominal walls caused by paralysis of the muscular coat of the intes- tines and their inflation with gas. T., Acute, that due to intestinal irritation. T. hysterica, enormous distention of the abdomen in hysteria. T. universalis, general emphysema. Tympanitic (tim-pan-it'-ik) \j'vu-avov, dnmi]. I. Caused by, associated with, or exhibiting tympan- ites. 2. Applied to a percussion-note like that pro- duced by percussing a tympanitic abdomen. Tympanitis [tiiii-pan-i' -tis) [rr.uTravoi', drum; itic, in- flammation]. Inflammation of the tympanum, or mid- dle ear. See Otitis media. Tympanodisc. The membrana tvTnpani. Tympano-Eustachian [tim-pan-o-ti sta'-ke-an) \tvu~- avov, drum; E!tstac/iiiis,s.xi&mAom\&i\. Pertaining to the tympanum and the Eustachian tube. Tympano-hyal {tim-pan-o-ki'-a!) [rvu-avov , Aram; io^KM/c, hyoid]. A small cartilage of the human fetus subsequently fusing with its surroundings. Tympano-malleal (fim-pan o-ma!'-e-al) [riii-avov, drum ; malieiis, hammer] . Pertaining to the tympanic bone and the malleus. Tympano-mandibular (titn - pan -o-man -dib' - n - iar) [rvu-avov, Aram; mandib!e\. Pertaining to the tym- panum and the mandible. Tympano-occipital [ti/n-pan-o-ok-sip' -if-al) [rvfiTravov, drum; occiput, occipital bone]. A small bone in relation with the exoccipital bone and the outer ear of a bird. Tympano-periotic [tim-pan-o-per-e-ot' -ik) \TVfnTavov, drum; ~epi, around; ovq, ear]. Consisting of a tym- panic bone united with the periotic bone proper. Tympano-squamosal [tim - pan - 0 - skwa - )iio'- zal ) [rvfi-avov, drum; squama, scale]. Common to the tv'mpanic and the squamosal bone. Tympanum [tim' -pan-itm) \7v^~avov , drum]. The middle ear. The irregular cavity within the petrous Ear and Tympanum. Pinna, or auricle brana tympani. Tensor tympani. Superior semicircular canal. External semicircular canal. canal. 16. Facial nerve. 17. Large petrosal nerve. iS. Vestibular branch of auditory nerve. 19. Cochlear branch. 2. Concha. 3. External auditory canal. 4. Mem- Incus. 6. Malleus. 7. Manubrium mallei. S. 9. Tympanic cavity. 10. Eustachian tube. 11. 12. Posterior semicircular canal. 13. 14. Cochlea. 15. Internal auditory portion of the temporal bone communicating with the phar}-nx through the Eustachian tube. Tympany {tim' -pan-e). See Tympanites. Type {tip) [-('-Of, a stamp]. Imprint; emblem; sjTnbol; character. A normal average example. In pathology, the distinguishing features of a fever, disease, etc., whereby it is referred to its proper class. Typembryo {ti-pem'-bre-o) [r'v-oc, lypt ; htSpvov, em- bryo]. That stage or period in the development of an embrvo when the characteristics of the main tj'pe to which it belongs are first discoverable. Typewriters' Backache. An occupation-neurosis ; it is said to be best guarded against by the use of a high seat and a footstool. Typhemia {ti-fe' -me-ah) [rrdor, smoke ; niua, blood]. A depraved state of the blood following t)'phus. T3^hia (ti' -fe-ali). See Fever. Typhoid. Typhinia {ti-fin' -e-ah). Sjno-aym o{ Relapsing Fe7'er. Typhlitic {tif-lif -ik) [jv^'/.oq, the cecum ; iTiq, inflam- mation]. Pertaining to, affected with, or of the nature of ti.-phlitis. Typhlitis {tif-li'-tis) {rvQ/.bq, cecum ; iriq, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of the cecum. T. stercoralis, typhlitis due to constipation. Typhlo-enteritis (tif-io-en-ter-i'-tis). See Typhlitis, TYPHLOSOLAR 1567 TYSON Typhlosolar (tif-lo-so' -lar) [™^/lof , cecum ; nuki^v, a tube] . Pertaining to a typhlosole. Typhlosole {tif -lo-sol) \tvi^'K6q, cecum; aukijv, tube, pipe]. In biology, a tube lying in the dorsal middle line of the intestine of certain worms {Liwibricida). It is open longitudinally toward the body-cavity, and is formed to increase the absorbing surface of the stomach- intestine by a longitudinal fold of its dorsal wall into the lumen of the gut. Typhlotomy (tif-lot' -o-?ne) \jv^'k6^, cecum; ro^u?/, a cutting] . Division or section of the cecum. Typhogenic (ti-fo-jen' -ik) [-f^of, stupor; ytvvav, to produce] . Producing typhus. Typhoid [ti'-foid) [rvcpoq, stupor ; «Mof, like]. Resem- bling typhus. T. Fever. See Fever. T. Spine, Gibney's term for a neurosis sometimes following tjnphoid fever, characterized by the production of acute pains in the vertebral column on the slightest move- ment, whether lateral or forward, and the absence of any marked febrile disturbance or neuralgia. Gibney regarded the condition as a perispondylitis. T. State, the condition of stupor and hebetude, with dry, brown tongue, sordes on the teeth, rapid, feeble pulse, incon- tinence of feces and urine, and rapid wasting, seen in fully developed typhoid fever and other adynamic dis- eases. Typhoidal (ti-foi'-dal^ [riiOOf, stupor; £/(5of, like]. Resembling typhoid. Typhoidet, Typhoidette {ti-foi-det') [Fr.]. A mild or benign type of typhoid fever. Typho-malarial [ti' -fo-mal-a'-re-al^ [ry^of, stupor ; mala7-ia\. Applied to fevers exhibiting symptoms of both typhoid and malarial disorders. Typhomania [ti-fo-ma' -ne-ali) \rv^0Q, stupor; fzav'ia', madness]. The lethargic state, with accompanying delirium, sometimes observed in typhus. See, also, Periettceplialitis. Typhonia (fi-fo'-ne-ak). Same as Typhomania. Typhotoxin {ti - fo-toks' -in) [rii«)of, stupor; to^ikov, poison]. A ptomain discovered by Brieger, and be- lieved to be the special product of the Koch-Eberth typhoid-bacillus. It is isomeric with the base C^Hj^- N0.2, obtained from putrefying horseflesh, but is very different in its properties, being strongly alkaline, while the latter base possesses a slightly acid reaction, and the physiologic effects of each are also different. Typhotoxin induces lethargy, paralysis, and death without convulsions, while the unnamed base produces strongly marked convulsive symptoms. After death from typhotoxin the heart is found to be contracted in systole. See Plomaiiis, Table of. Typhous (ti'-fus) [jvipoq, stupor]. Pertaining to or having the nature of typhus. Typhus [ti'-fus] [rw^of, stupor]. Jail-fever; ship- fever. See Fever. T. anthracicus, T. bubonicus, T. gravissimus, T. pestilentialis. Synonyms of the Plague, q. v. T. petechialis. Synonym of Fever, Cerebrospinal. T. siderans, a malignant form of typhus fever, ending fatally in two or three days. T. syncopalis. Synonym of Fever, Cerebrospinal. Typical [tip'-ik-al] [rviriiiOi; ; rimog, a stamp]. Consti- tuting a type or form for comparison ; illustrative ; complete. Typus (ti'-piis). See Type. Tyrannism [tir'-an-izni) \Tvpavvoq, a tyrant]. Cruelty of morbid inception, of which sadism is an erotic variety. Tyremesis (ti-rem' -es-is) [rvpof, cheese; efiecLQ, a vom- iting]. The vomiting of caseous matter; an ailment common among nursing infants. Tyrian Purple. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Tyrol White. Same as Hamburg White. Tyio\ine (tir'-o-lin). Anilin Violet; a violet dye. Tyroma (ti - ro'-ma/i) [_T'upufia; -vpoc, cheese]. I. Baldness ; loss of hair. 2. A tumor caused by caseation of lymphatic glands. Tyrosin {ti'-ro-zin) \rvp6z, cheese], CgHuNOj. An amido-acid occurring in pancreatic digestion ; a decom- position-product of proteids, etc. It is found in the urine in acute yellow atrophy of the liver and in phos- phorus-poisoning, and occurs in the liver, spleen, pan- creas, in stale cheese, and is formed on boiling animal substances (albumin, horn, hair) with HCl or H^SO^. Tyrosin crystallizes in exceedingly fine needles, usually collected into colorless, feathery masses ; snow-white in color, tasteless and odorless, sparingly soluble in cold water but much more so in boiling water ; it dis- .solves with difficulty in alcohol, and is insoluble in ether. See Hoffmanit' s Test and Piria^ s Test. Tyrosis [ti-ro'sis) [rt'pof, cheese]. Curdling. See Caseation. Tyrothrix {ti^ -ro-thriks) \Tvp6q, cheese ; Gp'i^, hair]. A genus of Schizomycetes. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. Tyrotoxicon (ti-ro-toks' -ik-on) [riipof, cheese ; to^ikov, poison]. A ptomain obtained by Vaughan from poison- ous cheese, poisonous milk, poisonous ice-cream, etc. Chemically it is very unstable; it may disappear alto- gether in twenty-four hours from milk rich with the poison. It induces vertigo, nausea, vomiting, chills, rigors, severe pains in the epigastric region, dilatation of the pupils, griping and purging, a sensation of numbness, or " pins and needles," especially in the limbs, and marked prostration, or death. The symp- toms may vary somewhat in different individuals. The poison is thought to be the cause of the summer diarrhea of infants. See Ptomains, Table of. Tyrrell's Hook. A hook used in certain operations upon the eye, as in iridectomy. Tyson, Glands of. The sebaceous glands secreting the smegma of the prepuce and of the labia pudendi. u 1568 ULCER U., the symbol of Uranium. Uaterium [u-at-e' -re-um) [oir, ear]. A medicament used in me treatment of diseases of the ear. Xi\itx (u'-ber) [L., udder; //. , Ubera\. The mamma ; also the nipple. Uberous {u' -ber-us) [uber, fruitful]. Fruitfiil, prolific. Udder [iid'-er) [ME., udder, udder]. The mammary apparatus, especially of the cow. UfFelmann's Gelatin. See Stains, Table of. U's. So- lution, to distinguish hydrochloric fi-om lactic acid in suspected gastric contents : Add a few drops of neu- tral ferric-chlorid solution to a 4 per cent, solution of carbolic acid. This is turned yellow by lactic acid, but is not affected by hydrochloric acid when dUnted to the strength of gastric juice, 0.2 per cent. See T^.*, Table Ukambin (u-kam'-bin) [Afiican]. An African arrow- poison, presmnably a combination of juices from various plants. Its physiologic effects are the same as those of strophanthin, but in a considerably augmented degree. Unof. Ulaganactesis (u-lag-an-ek' -te-sis)\m)7jav , gmn ; ayavaK- rT,cic, irritation]. Irritation or vmeasy sensations in the gums. Ulatrophia, Ulatrophy {u-lat-ro' -fe-ah, u-lat' -ro-fe) \jjI'/-ov, gum: arpoo'ia, atrophy]. Atrophy of the gums. Ulemorrhagia iu-km-or-a' -je-ah ) [01 /.or, the gum ; a'lua, blood ; piTiTvitu, to burst forth] . Hemorrhage or bleed- ing at the gmns. Ulcer {ul'-ser) \iilcta, a sore]. A destructiv-e loss of cutaneous substance, extending into the corium. The size is quite indefinite ; the 5hap)e is variable, usually rotmd, but may be reniform, irregular, or serpiginous. It may be deep or hollow, with steep or sloping sides, and a smooth or irregular base. Its edges may be sharp or rounded, everted or undermined ; the surface bleeds readily, and is clean or sloughy, and covered with pus or serum. It always leaves a scar. U., Aden. See Phaged(zna tropica. U., Adherent, an ulcer of the skin, the base of which becomes ad- herent to the underlying fascia. U., Amputating, an ulcerating process which encircles a member, destroying the tissues to the bone. U., Anatnite, a phagedenic sore of hot countries ; it is very imyielding to treat- ment. U., Arterial, a superficial ulcer due to arterial disease. U.. Atheromatous. .See Endarteritis, Chronic. U., Atonic, an ulcer having vmhealthy granulations, Tvith little or no tendency to cicatrization. U., Autochthonous. S)"nonym of Chancre. U., Cancroid. See U., Rodent. U., Carcinomatous, an ulcerating carcinoma. U., Carious, an ulcer pro- ducing gangrene. U., Chancroidal. -Synonym of Chancre. U., Cochin-China, a chronic phagedenic ulcer affecting foreigners in Cochin-China. U., Cock's-comb, an ulcer having rough, irregular out- growths. U., Cold, a small, inflammators- ulcer occurring spontaneously upon the ends of the fingers or toes. U., Constitutional. See Syphilis. U., Contagious. Synonym of Chayicre. U., Corrosive. Xi\ Q>\A syaoxxyta ol Stomatitis gangrcTtiosa. U., Cra- teriform, a variety of malignant, epithelial ulcer, which affects the same regions on the upper part of the face as does ordinary rodent ulcer. It occurs in the same class of people, but runs a much more rapid couree. Ulceration occurs at the conical stunmit. and asstmies a crater-like form. There is no tendency to fungate or become warty. U., Creeping ' of the cornea), a serpiginous corneal ulcer. U., Curling's, an ulceration of the duodenum observed after severe bums of the body and limbs. U., Diphtheric, the ulcer occurring in diph- theria ; it is covered with false membrane. U., Dys- peptic, 's^t. Herpes facialis. U., Endemic, an ulcer more or less local as regards the countries in which it is found, as .\lepjx) boU, Penjdeh sore, etc. U., Erethistic, a name given to an extremely sensitive ulcer. These ulcers occur in regions that are liberally supplied with sensitive nerve-fibers, as about the anus or the matrix of the nail. U., Fissurated, laceration of the cer%-ix uteri. U., Fistulous, an ulceration commu- nicating with a fistula. U., Follicular, ulceration of a mucous membrane, having its origin in the lymph- follicles. U., Fungiform. A synonym of Epithelioma. U., Gastric, perforating ulcer of the lining membrane of the stomach. U., Gummatous, an ulcer due to the breaking down of a gumma. U., Gwalior, an endemic ulcer observed at Gwalior. U., Hemorrhagic, a bleeding ulcer. U., Indolent, one with an in- durated, elevated edge, and a non-granulating floor, usually occurring on the leg. U., Inflamed, an ulcer surrounded by marked inflammation. U., Initial {of syphilis). Synonym of Chancre. U., Intractable. SynonjTn of U., Indolent. U., Inveterate. S}"no- njm of U., Indolent. U., Jacob's, a rodent ulcer of the eyelid. U., Lupoid, an ulceration resemb- ling lupus. U., Lupous. Synonym of Lupus. U., Lymphatic, an ulcer having an exudate which re- sembles lymph. U., Malabar. See Phagedcsna tropica. U.. Malignant. Svnonym of Carcinoma. U., Marjolin's, an ulcer having for its seat an old cicatrix. U., Menstrual, an ulcer from which vi- carious menstruation takes place. U., Mercurial, an ulcer due to chronic mercurial poisoning. U., Mozambique, a single, highly contagious ulceration, prevalent in Mozambique and in Reunion Island. U., Perforating, an ulcer that jjerforates the surrounding tissues. U., Persian, an ulcer prevalent in Persia. U., Phagedenic, a form of ulceration in which the process extends insidiously but obstinately. U., Phleg- monous. Synonym of U., Inflamed. U., Putrid. See Gangrene, Hospital. U., Rodent, a form of ulcer- ation, probably epitheliomatous, which involves all tissues, bones and soft tissues alike. U., Round, {of the stomach). Perforating ulcer of the stomach. U., Round (of the uterus), a rapid ulceration of the uterus, probably epitheliomatous. U., Saemisch's, an infec- tious ulcer of the cornea. U.. Scorbutic, an indolent ulcer found in sciury. U., Serpiginous, an irregularly burrowing ulceration. U., Simple, a mild form of ul- ceration, not due to a poison or to systenuc disease. U., Stercoral, a small ulcer of the bowel, produced in cases of long-standing constipation, with fecal impaction, from the irritation of the hard masses of feces. Usually no symptoms are produced. U., Sublingual, an ulcer upon the frenum of the tongue, due, probably, to irrita- tion by the lower incisor teeth. U., Symptomatic, an ulcer indicative of general disease. U., Syphilitic, ul- ceration due to syphilis. U.. S5rriac, malignant angina. U., Toe-nail, ulceration caused by an ingrowing toe- nail. U., Tuberculous, ulceration due to tuberculo- sis. U., Turkestan, a form of ulceration noticed among the Russian soldiers in Turkestan. It was at- tended with profuse suppuration and adenitis. U., Varicose, an ulcer due to varicose veins. U., Vene- real. SynonjTn of Chancre or Chancroid. U., Weak, one with exuberant and flabby granulations. U., Yemen. .S)"nonjTn of U., Cochin-China. ULCERATE 1569 ULNEN Ulcerate (id' -ser-at^ \iilciis, ulcer]. To become ulcer- ated. Ulcerated [ul'-ser-a-ted ) \itlcus, ulcer]. Affected with ulceration. Ulceration [til-ser-a' -$111111) \jdciis, a sore]. The pro- cess of the formation of an ulcer. U. of the Cervix. See Erosion. U., Fissured. See Ulcer, Fisstirated. U., Heryng's Pharyngeal, a rather diffuse ulcer of the hard palate and fauces. U., Malignant, ulcera- tion caused by carcinoma or sarcoma. U., Puerperal, ulceration of the genitals due to injury during labor. U., Tuberculous [of the laryiix), an ulcer usually found on the dorsal wall of the larynx, and caused by tuberculosis. Ulcerative {id'-ser-a-tiv) ulcer]. Pertaining or belonging to ulceration. U. Scrofuloderma. See Myeosis. Ulcerous («/' -ser-us] \jdcerosHs'\ . Exhibiting ulceration ; having the character of an ulcer. Ulcus {ul'-kus) [L.]. See Ulcer. U. excedens. See Rodent Ulcer. U., Grave. See Fungus Foot. U. rodens, Mooren's term for a form of creeping ulcer which begins at the upper edge of the cornea as a superficial lesion, separated from the healthy portion by a gray, opaque rim which is undermined. The whole cornea is liable to be traversed and the sight destroyed. Ulcuscle, Ulcuscule, Ulcusculum (nl-kus'-kl, ul- kus'-kill, id-/cus' -ku-hon) \jilcmculiiin : pi., Ulcus- cula\. A small ulcer. Ulerythema {ii-ler-ith-e'-mah) \ov7.t), scar; cpi-dT^fia, erythema]. An erythematous disease marked by the formation of cicatrices. U. sycosiforme. See Sycosis, Lupoid. Uletic [u-let'-ik] [ov'/ov, gum]. Pertaining to the gums. Ulex [zi'deks) [L.]. A genus of leguminous shrubs of Europe and Africa. U. europaeus is the common gorse, whin, or furze. Ulexin {u-leks'-in) {^idex, a shrub], CnHi^Np. An alkaloid found in the seed of Ulex eiiropi^us. It is a powerful diuretic, and causes local anesthesia. Dose gr. -jL in pill ; to be used with caution. Unof. Uliginose, Uliginous [u-lii'-in-oz, u-lij'-in-us) \_uligo, moisture] . Pertaining to or growing in a marshy soil. Ulitis (u-li'-tis) [oi'/.or, gum ; iTic, inflammation]. In- flammation of the gums. Ullem {ul'-ein). A form of indigestion met with in Lapland, and probably due to the use of smoked meat. Ulmic (ul'-mik) \jdmus, elm] . Denoting an acid found in earth-mold, a product of the decay of vegetable matter. Ulmin [ul'-min] \_ulmus, elm]. A brown substance produced by the action of strong acids or alkalies on various organic bodies, especially by heating treacle or alcohol with strong sulphuric acid. Ulmous (ul'-miis) \jilinus, elm]. In chemistry, denot- ing a group of brown or black substances containing ulmin or ulmic acid. Ulmus [ul'-miis) [1^.: gen., Uhni'\. Elm, slippery elm. The inner bark of U. fulva. It contains a large per- centage of mucilage, and is demulcent and slightly astringent. It is valuable in diarrhea, and as an emollient in acute inflammations. U., Mucilago, elm 6, boiling water 100, macerated for two hours and strained. Dose ad lib. Cf. Fremontia. Ulna [ul'-nah') [L., a cubit]. The large bone of the forearm, articulating with the humerus and the head of the radius above and with the radius below. See p. 229. Ulnad {ul'-nad') \idna. ulna]. Toward the ulnar aspect. Ulnar (td'-nar) \jdnaris, ulnar]. Pertaining to the ulna. U. Nerve, a nerve both of motion and sensa- 99 tion springing from the brachial plexus and supplying the ulnar region of the arm. Ulnare, or Os ulnare [ul-na'-re) [idna, ulna]. One of the bones of the carpus. See Bones, Table of. Brachial Portion of Muscu- Terminal Portion of Me- LO-CUTANEOUS, MEDIAN AND DIAN NERVE AND OF UlNAR Ulnar Xerves. Nerve. I. Musculo-cutaneous nerve. 2. Branch to coraco-brachialis. 3. Branch to biceps. 4. Branch to brachiahs amicus. 5. Anastomotic branch from median. 6. Division of musculo- cutaneous. 7. Radial nerve. 8. Its external cutaneous branch. 9. Internal cutaneous. 10. Its anterior, or ulnar branch. 11. Upper portion of median and ulnar nerves. 12. Their middle portion. 13. Branch to pronator radii teres. 14. Trunk giving rise to anterior muscular branches. 15. Branches to flexor profundus digitorum. 16. Branch to flexor longus proprius pollicis. 17. Interosseous branches. 15. Palmar cutaneous branch. 19. Branch for muscles of thenar eminence. 20. External collateral branch to thumb. 21. Internal collateral branch. 22. External collateral branch to index finger. 23. Common trunk of internal collateral branch to index finger and e.xternal collateral branch to mid- dle finger. 24. Trunk of internal collateral branch to middle finger and external collateral branch to ring finger. 25. Branch of ulnar nerve to flexor carpi ulnaris. 26. Branches to two inner fasciculi of flexor profundus digitorum. 27. Cutaneous and anastomotic filament. 28. Dorsal branch. 29. Superficial palmar branch. 30. Common trunk of in- ternal collateral branch to ring finger and external collateral branch to little finger. 31. Internal collateral branch to little finger. 32. Deep palmar branch. 33. Branch of the latter to hypotlienar muscles. 34. Branches to muscles of fourth interosseous and to fourth lumbricalis. 35. Branches to muscles of third interosseous space and to third lumbricalis. 36. Branches to the adductor of the thumb and to the mus- cles of the first two interosseous spaces. Ulnaris {ul-na'-ris) [L.]. See A/uscles, Table of. Ulnen (ul'-nen) \jd7ia, ulna]. Belonging to the ulna in itself. ULNO-CARPAL 1570 UMBRACULIFORM Ulno-carpal [id-no-kar' -pal) \_ulna, ulna; /capTof, car- pus] . Pertaining to the ulna and the carpus. Ulno-metacarpalis {til-no-inet-ak-ar-pa'-lis) \_ulna, elbow ; inetacarpiis, from //era, beyond ; Kapnoi;, the wrist : pL, Ulnoinetacaipahs~\. One of the vving- muscles of a bird ; it arises from the ulna and is in- serted into a metacarpal bone. Ulno-radial [td-no-ra' -de-al) \_iilna , ulna; radius, ra- dius]. Pertaining to the ulna and the radius. Ulocace (u-/ok'-as-e) \_ovaov, gum; KaKog, evil]. Ul- cerative ulitis. Ulocarcinoma {ii-lo-kar-sin-o'-inaJi) \ov'kov, gum; carciiioiiia^ Carcinoma of the gums. Ulon [ii' -loii) \ov'kov, gum]. The gums. Uloncus [u-/oiii^''-kits) [oiiT'.ov, gum ; oynoc, a tumor]. A tumor or swelling of the gums. Ulorrhagia (id-or -a' -je-ali) [otiAoi", gum; 'pi]yvvvai, to burst forth]. Same as Ulorrliea. Ulorrhea [id - or - e'- a/i) [ov'kov, gum; poia, a flow]. Bleeding from the gums. Ulosis [ic-lo'-sis). Synonym of Cicatrization. Ulotic [udot^-ik) \oh'/Ji, scar]. . Pertaining to or tending toward cicatrization. Ulotrichous (udof -rik-us) [oiAof, woolly ; 6p/j, hair]. Having woolly hair. Ulterior {id -te'- re -or) [L. ]. Toward the periphery; applied to lesions of the spinal cord. Ultimate [id' -tini-at) \_iiltimiis, super, of ultra, beyond]. Farthest, or most remote. U. Analysis. See Analy- sis. U. Principle. See Principle. Ultimisternal (ul-tim-is-tur' -nal) [tdtimus, last; arep- vov, sternum]. Pertaining to the last or lowest seg- ment of the sternum. Ultimum [hF - ti/n - iini) [L.]. Last. U. moriens ("last dying"). The right auricle; so called from the belief that it is the last part of the heart to cease its contractions. U., Stadium. See Stadium. Ultra-brachycephaly [uF -tra-hrak-is-ef'-al-e) \idtra, beyond ; brachycephaly\. Brachycephaly in which the cephalic index exceeds 90°. Ultracentenarian (id-trah-sen-tcn-a' -re-an) \_iiltra, be- yond; ip, ureter; Xvai^, a loosening]. Same as Utero-dialysis. Ureterophlegma {ii-re-ter-o-fleg' -7nah') [ovpj]Tr/p, ure- ter; (pXfy/m, phlegm]. Accumulation of mucus in the ureter. Ureterophlegmasia (ti-7-e-ter-o-fleg-tna^-ze-aIt). Syno- nym of Ureteritis. Ureteropyosis ( ti-re-ter-o-pi-o' -sis) [ovpiiriip, ureter ; ■Kvov, pus]. Purulent inflammation of the ureter. Ureterorrhagia {ti-re-ter-or-a' -je-ali) [oiip^r/}p, ureter ; ptj-yvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the ureter. Ureterorrhaphy (u - re - ter - or' - af- e) l_ovpr/Ti/p , ureter ; pCK^I, seam]. Suture of the ureter. Ureterostegnosis [u-re-tey-o-steg-no' -sis) [ovprjTTjp, ure- ter; OTf}i'U(T/f, stenosis]. Stenosis or constriction of the ureter. Ureterostenoma [it-re-ter-o-ste-no' -mali) l_ovp?/Ti/p, ure- ter; arevijiia, a contraction]. Narrowing of the ureter. Ureterostoma (« - re - ter - os' - to - inah)\ovpr]Tijp, ureter ; aTofia, mouth]. The renal or the cystic opening or mouth of the ureter. Ureterostomy {it-re-ter-os'-to-me) [^ovpr/ri/p , ureter; OTOfia, mouth]. The formation of a ureteral fistula. Ureterotomy {n-re-ter-of -o-me) \ovprjTiip, ureter; TOfiij, cutting]. Incision of the ureter. Uretero-ureterostomy [u-re'-ter- o - u-re-ter-os' -to-me) [oii/!);/-///^, ureter ; trro/^a, mouth]. The establishment of an artificial communication between one ureter and another, or between different parts of the same ureter. Uretero-uterine [ii-re-ter-o-ti'-ter-in) [ovpTjTrjp, ureter; uterzis, uterus]. Belonging to both ureter and uterus. Uretero-vaginal (it-re-ter-o-vaj' -in-al) [^ovpj/ri/p, ure- ter; vagina, vagina]. Belonging to both ureter and vagina. Urethane [ii' -re-thaii) \ovpov, urine ; ether'\, NH2CO2- CjH-. Ethyl Carbamate. A hypnotic and antipyretic. A decided antagonist to strychnin and other tetanizers. It has yielded excellent results in convulsions and in tetanus. In very large doses it is toxic. Dose gr. xx-Ix. Unof. In a wider sense, any ester of car- bamic acid may be called a urethane. Urethanes are crystalline, volatile bodies, soluble in alcohol, in ether, and in water. Urethra (ii-re' -thrali) [ovpr/8pa, urethra]. The excre- tory canal of the bladder, extending from the neck of the bladder to the meatus urinarius. It is divided in the male into a prostatic portion, a membranous por- tion, and a spongy portion, and is from 8 to 9 inches long. In the female it is about 1)4 inches in length. Urethral (ii-re' -thral^ \ovprfipa, urethra]. Pertaining to the urethra. U. Crest. See Vertiinontamtm. U. Fever. A series of febrile reactions that may follow the introduction of a catheter or bougie into the blad- der. When not due to actual traumatism, it is a neu- rotic condition apparently produced by a kind of shock following an unwonted local stimulus. Urethralgia {ii-re-thral ' -je-ah)\ovpiidpa, urethra ; ciajoc, pain]. Pain in the urethra. Urethratresia (tt-re-thrat-re' -ze-aJi) \ovpr/dpa, urethra ; atresia']. Imperforate urethra. Urethremorrhagia {ii-re-threm-or-a' -je-ah) \ohpifipa, urethra; aipa, blood; pr/yvvvat, to burst forth]. Hem- orrhage from the urethra. Urethrism, Urethrismus {ii'-re-thriz7)i, u-re-thriz'- j?ius) \_ovpi/6pa, urethra]. Urethral irritability. Urethritic [^u-re-thrif -ik) \ohpippa, urethra ; mq, in- flammation]. Pertaining to or of the nature of urethritis. Urethritis (ti-re-thri'-tis) [ohpifipa, urethra ; itl<;, in- flammation]. Inflammation of the urethra. U., Anterior, that affecting the penile portion of the urethra. U. catarrhalis, simple non-specific urethri- tis. U. granulosa, chronic urethritis with urethral granulations. U. membranacea, chronic urethritis with the formation of membranes in the urethra. U., Posterior, inflammation of the prostatic and mem- branous portions of the urethra. U., Specific. See Gonorrhea. U. venerea. See Gonorrhea. Urethrito-syphilis [ti-re-thri-to-sif'-il-is) \_ovprfipa, ure- thra ; mf, inflammation ; .ry//«7w, syphilis] . Gonor- rhea accompanied by syphilis. Urethrocele (ji-re' -tliro-sel) \_ovpydpa, urethra; Ki/Arj, a tumor]. A pouch-like thickening of the wall of the urethra in females. Urethrocystitis [ii-re' -thro-sis-ti' -tis") \_nvpr/dpa, urethra ; A-)'(Tr(f, bladder; trig, inflammation]. Urethritis asso- ciated with cystitis. Urethrograph (ti-re' -thro-graf^ \_avpifipa, urethra; ypnijiFiv, to record]. A recording urethrometer. Urethrometer (ii-re-throm'-et-er) [ovpi/dpa, urethra; pcTpov, measure]. An instrument for determining the caliber of the urethra or for measuring the lumen of a stricture. Urethrophraxis (ii-re-thro-fraks' -is^ \ovpr]6pa, urethra; (ppn^ic, a blocking]. Urethral obstruction. Urethroplastic {u-re-thro-plas'-tik) [_ovp?jf)pa, urethra ; 7r?idca£ii', to form]. Pertaining to or of the nature of urethroplasty. Urethroplasty [a-re'-thro-pias-te) [^ovpr/Opa, methra. ; ir'/Maaeiv, to form]. Plastic operation upon the urethra. Urethrorrhagia (ii-re-thror-a' -je-ah) \ovprfipa, urethra ; p>P/vvvat, to burst forth]. I. Hemorrhage from the urethra. 2. A gonorrheal or gleety discharge from the urethra. Urethrorrhaphy [u-re-th^'or' -af-e) \ovpifipa, urethra ; pap/;, seam]. The closure with sutures of an abnor- mal opening into the urethra. Urethrorrhea [ti-re-thror-e'-ah) \_ovpifipa, urethra; poia, a flow]. Any morbid discharge from the urethra. Urethroscope [ti ■ re' - thro - skop) [_ovpi/6pa, urethra; (jKOTTe'iv, to examine]. An instrument to dilate the urethra and to allow inspection of its lining mem- brane. Urethroscopy ('i-re-tJiros'-ko-pc) \ovplfipn, urethra; aKOTve'iv, to view]. Inspection of the mucous mem- brane of the urethra. Urethrospasm i^it-re'-tJiro-spazm) [ovpijBpa, urethra; (TTraafi6c, spasm]. A spasmodic stricture of the urethra. Urethrostenosis (u-re'-thro-ste-no'-sis) [ovpr/dpa, ' ure- thra ; GTivuaig, a constriction] . .Stricture of the urethra. Urethrostomy (a - re - thros'- to - me) [o'vpi/Opa, urethra ; a-dim, mouth]. Perineal section with permanent fixa- tion of the membranous urethra in the perineum. Urethrotome {ii-re'-tliro-tom) [^ovpi/Opa, urethra ; ropi/, a cutting]. A cutting instrument used in urethrotomy. U., Dilating, a combined urethrotome and dilator. Urethrotomic {11 -re -thro -torn' -ik) \t)'vprfipa, urethra; Topi], a cutting]. Pertaining to urethrotomy. URETHROTOMY 1576 URINARY Urethrotomy (u - re - throt' - o - me) l_ovijr/dpa, urethra; re/iveiv, to cut]. Incision of the urethra for btricture by a urethrotome or other instrument. U., Cock's Ex- ternal, laying open the perineum without a guide, for an impervious stricture of the urethra. U., External, incision of the urethra through its external wall. U., Internal, incision of urethral stricture by a blade introduced into its lumen. U., Syme's External, an operation in which an incision is made through the perineum upon a grooved director passed through the stricture. U., Wheelhouse's External, an opera- tion in which an opening is made into the urethra anterior to the stricture and a grooved director is passed through it into the bladder and the stricture divided. See, also, Operations, Table of. Urethro-vaginal (u-re' -thro-vaj' -in-al) [^opvr/fif>a, ure- thra ; vagina, vagina]. Pertaining to the urethra and the vagina. Urethro-vesical {n-7-e-ikro-ves'-ik-al)\ovprjdpa, urethra ; vesica, bladder]. Pertaining to the urethra and the bladder. Uretic (ii-ret' -ik) \(}'vpi]TiKd{\. I. Pertaining to urine ; stimulating the flow of urine. 2. An agent or medi- cine that stimulates the flow of urine. Urginea {iir-jin' -e-ali) \_urgere, to press]. A genus of liliaceous plants. U. scilla, the plant that produces the official squill. See Scilla. Uric (ii'-rik) \ovpm', urine]. Derived from or belonging to the urine. U. Acid, one of a series of three sub- stances ( CjH^N^O — hypoxanthin ; CjH^N^Oj = xanthin ; CjH^N^Oj = itric acid ) , each differing from the preceding by an atom of oxygen. Hor- baczewski has indicated the possibility of the forma- tion of uric acid from the nuclein of cells. Uricacidemia (ii-rik-as-id-e'-i)ie-ah) \_ol'pov, urine; acidns , a(//ffl, blood]. The presence of a demon- strable amount of uric acid in the blood. It is said to produce various nervous symptoms, such as head- ache ; according to Haig, it is responsible for many and varied phenomena. Uricedin (ii-re-se' -diii) [orpoi', urine] . A new proprietary remedy suggested for the treatment of gout. It is said to dissolve uric acid. It is a white, granular substance, readily soluble in water. After its administration the urine is capable of dissolving, in vitro or on auric-acid filter, large quantities of uric acid. Uricemia, Uricaemia [ii-ris-e'-ine-aJi) \ovpov, urine ; a\fia, blood]. The presence of uric acid in the blood on account of the failure of the red blood-corpuscles to oxidize the acid ; lithemia. See Uricacidemia. Uridrosis (u-rid-ro' -sis) \ohp(iv, urine; wipw^-, sweat]. Sudor urinosns, a pathologic condition characterized by the presence of urea in the sweat. It is notice- able in cholera, uremia, atrophy of the kidneys, and in some cases of artificially induced diaphoresis. U. crystallina, a condition in which the salines of the sweat, together with elements of the urine, crystal- lize upon the skin in reddish- white granules. Urinaccelerator {u-rin-ak-sel ' -er-a-tor) [oi'poF, urine; accelerare, to accelerate]. The accelerator urinEE. See Muscles, Table of. Urinal (u'-rin-al) [ovpov, urine]. A vessel for re- ceiving urine. Urinalysis [ti-riii-al' -is-is) \ovpov, urine ; Avat^, loos- ing]. The analysis of the urine. Urinary [jd -rin-a-re) \ovpov, urine]. Pertaining to the urine. U. Bladder. See Bladder. U. Calculus, a stony concretion found in the urinary passages. A table of the different varieties of urinary calculi is ap- pended : — ANALYSIS OF URINARY- CALCULI. Incineration. MUREXID Test. Final Test. Nature of Cal- culus. Melts and leaves a fixed resi- due. Purple color. Yellow flame when burned. Sodium urate. Melts and leaves a fixed resi- due. Purple color. Violet flame when burned. Potassium urate. Melts and leaves a fixed resi- due. No purple color. Dissolve residue in acetic acid ; add ammonia in excess — white, crystalline precipitate. Ammonio - magne- sium phosphate. Melts and leaves a fixed resi- due. No purple color. Residue insoluble in acetic acid. Dissolve in HCI ; add ammonia — white precipitate. Calcium phos- phate. Does not melt, but leaves a fixed residue. Purple color. Dissolve residue in dilute HCI ; add ammonia until alkaline, then ammonium-carbonate solution. id) White precipitate. {b) No precipitate, hut hydric soldic phosphate causes white, crystalline precipitate. Calcium urate. Magnesium urate. Does not melt, but leaves a fixed residue. No purple color. Residue dissolved in water is not alkaline. Dissolves in HCI without effervescence. Ammonia in excess causes a white precipitate. Calcium phos- phate. Does not melt, but leaves a fixed residue. No purple color. The calculus is insoluble in acetic acid, but the residue dis- solves with eff'ervescence. The calculus dissolves with effervescence in acetic acid. Calcium oxalate. Calcium carbonate. No fixed residue. Purple color. Mix powder with lime and moisten. (a) Ammonia is evolved and red litmus paper becomes blue in the vapor. {b) No ammonia. Ammonium urate. Uric acid. No fixed residue. No purple color. Nitric-acid solution grows yellow with evaporation. Residue insoluble in potassium carbonate. Xanthin. No fixed residue. No purple color. Nitric-acid solution turns dark-brown. Residue soluble in ammonia. Cystin. No fixed residue. No purple color. The soft calculus grows brown when dry and soft again with heat. Soluble in ether and residue grows violet on heating. Soluble in nitric acid.with slight bubbling; no change of color. Urostealith. URINARY SEDIMENTS 1577 URINARY SEDIMENTS U. Canal, a primitive urinary passage. U. Cast, a tube-cast. U. Organs, the organs concerned in the secretion and excretion of the urine. They include the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra. U. Sediment, the deposit of sabulous and other material left after urine has been allowed to stand for some hours in a vessel. A table of the principal materials that may be found in urinary sediment is appended : — TABLE OF URINARY SEDIMENTS. Variety. Gross Appear- ances AND Characters. Microscopic Features. Tests. Significance. Illustrations. (After Tyson, Cassehnan, Landois, Beale, and von Jaksch.) Blood. A flocculent, red deposit. Blood-corpuscles. Equal parts of tincture gua- iac and ma- ture oil t u r- p e n t i n e or ozonic ether cause green line at junc- t i o n with urine. Disease of kidney, bladder, or ure- thra. Si* ^ ® c O *(a "••o © „ ^ ® Calcium carbo- nate. Whitish sedi- ment (rare) ; urine alka- line. Amorphous gran- u I e s : small spheric or dumb- bell crystals. Soluble in acids, with ef- fervescence. No special signifi- cance. Calcium oxa- late. Cloudy, whit- ish, often highly re- fracting sedi- ment. Transparent, re- fracting o c t a - hedra. Some- times " dumb- bell " shaped. Soluble in min- eral acids, not in acetic. Vegetable diet, especially rhu- barb ; oxaluria ; often with uric acid in lithemia. Calcium phos- phate. Whitish or yell o wish sediment ; urine feebly acid or alka- line. Amorphous gran- ules, or wedge- shaped crystals, separate or in ro- set-like clusters. Insoluble by heat; solu- ble in acetic or mineral acids. Phosphaturia; dyspepsia ; alka- line fermentation. ■ Calcium sul- phate. Not distinct- i V e ; rare ; urine acid. Elongated, trans- parent needles or tablets. Insoluble i n ammonia or acids. No special signifi- cance. Choletterin. Not distinct- i V e ; very rare ; urine alkaline. Large, transparent plates, often su- perimposed ; one corner frequent- ly defective. The micro- scopic ap- pearances. Pyelitis, cystitis, etc. URINARY SEDIMENTS 1578 URINARY SEDIMENTS TABLE OF URINARY SEDIMENTS.— C^>;//z>««a'. Variety. Gross Appear- ances AND Characters. Microscopic Features. Tests. Significance. Illustrations. {After Tyson, Casselmati, Landois, Beale, and von Jaksch.) Cystin. White or yel- lowish-gray deposit; rare ; acid, neutral, or al- kaline urine. Six-sided plates, ! often superim- 1 posed. 1 Crystals burn on platinum with a bluish- green flame without melting; if heated with caustic potash on sil- ver plate leave a per- manent,dark stain. Cystinuria may be an hereditary and insignificant con- dition ; or it may indicate the pres- ence of a cystin- stone in the kid- ney. \w 0(' Hippuric acid. Not distinct- ive ; whitish deposit; urine acid. Four-sided prisms with two or four beveled edges at the ends. Dissolved i n ammonia, but not in hydrochlor- ic acid. Diet of cranberries and other vege- tables; adminis- tration of benzoic acid ; in diabetes. =^^^^ Indigo. A m o r p h ous fragments or c o ncretions of blue color ; urine al k a- line or acid. Amorphous gran- ules, fine needles, and crystals of a blue color. The color is distinctive. I n decomposing urine. L e u c i n and tyrosin. Usually a bile- stained de- posit ; often scanty ; rare ; urine acid. Leuciii: Yellowish, highly refracting spheres, c o n - taining radiating lines. Tyrosin : "Nee- dles " arranged in " sheafs." Leucin : Heat- ing with pro- tonitrate of mercury i n solution de- posits metal- lic mercury. Tyrosin : Crys- t a 1 s d i s - solved in hot water, and treated with mercuric ni- trate and ni- trate of pot- assium, giv- ing a red so- 1 u t i o n and T" *i rl nffif ir»i— tale. Destruction o f liver; especially acute yellow atrophy, and phosphor US- poisoning. W M Magnesium phosphate. Not distinctive; rare; urine concentrated, but feebly acid or alka- line. Large, strongly refracting plates, in the shape of doii^3.ted rhorn~ bic tablets. Soluble in acetic acid, r e-p re c i p i- ttitcci by C3r~ boiiate of so- dium. No special signif- icance. %<^^ Mucin. Cloudy tur- bid i t y or a viscid, gelat- inous s e d i - ment. Epithelium and leukocytes, held in a stringy, transparent mass. Acetic acid causes cloud- i n e s s or precipitate. Genito-u r i n ary catarrh, especi- ally cystitis. Phosphates, Triple — Am- monio-mag- nesium phos- phate. Heavy, white deposit; urine feebly acid or alka- line. Triangular prisms with beveled edges — " coffin lids." Also feathery, star shapes, and other forms. Insoluble b y heat. Solu- ble in acetic o r mineral acids. Dyspepsia; alka- line fermentation of urine ; cystitis. # 0 \t URINARY SEDIMENTS 1579 URINARY SEDIMENTS TABLE OF URINARY SEDIMENTS. — Ce«i'/«2^ftium ur- ate.) " Brick- dust " deposit, the color due to the color of the urine. Dis solved and cleared by heating. Urine acid ; s o m e t imes alkaline. Amorphous gran- u 1 e s . Ammo- nium urate ap- pears as spheric cry stals sur- rounded by spic- ules— " he d g e - hog crystals." Dissolved by heat or on adding acids. Lithemic and rheu- matic diathesis. Fever. Ammon- ium urate occurs when an acid urine is under- going alkaline fermentation. Uric acid. Small grains, r e s e mbling red pepper ; urine acid. Crystals of vari- ous shapes colored brown- ish-red by the urinary pig- ments. The com- monest form resembles a whetstone. The crystals dissolve in caustic pot- as h. The murexid-test produces a purple color. Lithemic or rheu- matic diathesis. ^ [J w (}\ Xanlliin. Not distinct- ive; urine acid; very rare. "Whetstone" crystals. Insoluble i n acetic acid ; soluble i n ammonia. Xanthin-stone in the kidney. H. Bence Jones once found this sub- stance in the uritie of a lad tvho had three years previously exhibited the symptoms of renal colic. It was seen m the sediment in the form of whet- stone crystals, which were insoluble in acetic acid and soluble in ammn- nia {thus distinguished fioni uric acid). — Von faksch. Urinate [tt' -riit-dt) \_iirinare'\. To evacuate urine from the bladder. Urination {ii-rin-a' -shuii) \ohpov^ urine ; tiriitare, to urinate]. The act of voiding urine. Urine (ic'-riii) [oi'poi', urine] . The excretion of the li) \ovpov, urine ; doxelov, receptacle]. A urinal. Urodynia (ii-ro-din' -e-ah) \ovpov, urine ; bSvvjj, pain]. Painful micturition. Urcedema (ii-re-de' -7nah) . See Uredema. Uroerythrin {u-ro-er' -itk-rin) [ovpov, urine ; epvOpoc, red] . A urinary pigment of which but little is known. It is the coloring-matter of certain pink urinary de- posits, and is probably present in highly colored urine of rheumatic diseases. It is an amorphous, reddish substance, with an acid reaction, slowly soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. See Purpurin. Urofuscohematin (« - ro -fus- ko - hem' - at - in) \_ovpov, urine; fiiscns, dark; aiyta, blood]. A red pigment of the urine, derived from hematin. Urogaster(«''-;'o-^i7j-2'(?r)[ot'poi', urine; yaarrjp, stomach]. The urinary intestine, or urinary passages collec- tively, which are developed from the original cavity of the allantois in connection with the primitive in- testinal tract. Urogastric (u - ro - gas' - frik) [ovpov, urine; yaarijp, stomach]. Pertaining to the urogaster. Urogenital (ii-ro-jen' -it-al) \ovpov, urine; ytvvav, to produce]. Pertaining conjointly to the urinary and genital organs. U. Sinus, the anterior part of the cloaca, into which the Miillerian ducts open. Urogenous (11- roj ' - e>i - us) \_ovpov, urine; yevvav, to produce]. Producing urine. Uroglaucin [it - ro - glaui' - sin) [oipoi', urine ; y/'tai'/cdf, green]. A decomposition-product of indican; it is called also cyanurin, urocyanin, and indigotin. Urogravimeter [u - ro -grav- im' - et - er). See Urin- o?neter. Urohematin [ti-ro-hem'-at-in). Altered hematin in the urine. Urohematoporphyrin [u-ro-hem-at-o-por' -fi r-in)\_ovpov , urine; aifia, blood; nopcjivpoQ , purple]. Same as Urohematin. It is a urinary pigment occasionally oc- curring in certain pathologic urines, as of acute rheuma tism, Addison's disease, etc. It is soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Urohyal (ii-ro-hi'-al) \_ovpnv, urine; voeiiVjt;, hyoid]. In biology, the tail-piece of the composite hyoid bone. Uroleucic Acid (u-ro-lu'-sik). See Acid. Uroleucinic Acid [u-ro-lu-sin' -ik) [ovpov, urine ; Ti.evnog, white]. A substance found by Kirk in a specimen of urine. It is trioxyphenylpropionic acid. Urolith {u'-ro-lifli) [ovpov, min&; ?i'ido(;, a. stone]. A urinary calculus. Urolithiasis (ti-ro-lith-i' -as-is) [ovpov, urine ; 'ASiaoK;, lithiasis]. That condition of the body which favors, or is characterized by, the formation of urinary calculi. Urolithic (u-ro-lith'-ik) [ovpov, urine; Xldoc, stone]. Pertaining to or having the nature of urinary cal- culus. Urolithotomy iii-ro-lith-ot' -o-me). See Lithotomy. Urologic (u-ro-loj'-ik) [ovpov, urine; Aoyof, science]. Pertaining to urology. Urologist (ii-rol' -o-jist) [ovpov, urine; 'koyoq, science]. One versed in urology. Urology {ic-roU -o-je) [ovpov, urine; /loyof, science]. The scientific study of the urine. Uromancy (it' -ro-man-se) [ovpov, urine ; pavre'ia, divin- ation]. Diagnosis or prognosis by observation of the urine. Uromelanin {u-ro-mel '-an-in) [ovpov, urine ; melanin'\. A black pigment found in the urine. It is probably derived from the decomposition of urochrome. Uromelus {u-rom' -e-liis) [oi'pd, tail ; jikXoq, limb]. A single autositic monster of the species symelus, in which there is more or less complete fusion of the limbs, with but a single foot. Uromere {11' -ro-mer) [ovpa, tail ; jikpoq, part]. In bi- ology, one of the abdominal segments of an arthropod. Uromeric [u-ro-mer'-ik) [ovpd, tail; fiepoc, part]. Per- taining to a uromere. Urometer (u-rom' -et-er). See Urinometer. Uroncus (u-rong'-kus) [ovpov, urine; byKOQ, tumor]. A tumor containing urine. Uronephrosis [u-ro-nep'-ro' -sis). See Hydronephrosis. XJro'phs.'m [u-ro-fe' -in) [owpov, urine ; (/ia«df, gray]. A pigment-body to which the characteristic odor of the urine has been ascribed. Urophthisis {u-roff ' -this-is) [ovpov, urine ; (bOlaig, wash- ing] . Synonym of Diabetes mellitics. Uropittin [u-ro-pit' -in) [ovpov, urine], CgHj^K^Oj. A derivative of urochrome. Uroplania (ji-ro-pla' -ne-ah) [ovpov, urine ; nXdvr;, wan- dering]. The abnormal appearance of urine in other than the urinary organs. Uropod [it' -ro-pod) [ovpd, tail ; ttovq, foot]. In bio- logy, one of the abdominal limbs of an arthropod. Uropodal (u-rop'-o-dal) [ovpd, tail; Tro/f, foot]. Per- taining to uropods. UROPOIESIS 1582 URTICARIA Uropoiesis {u-ro-poi-e' -sis) \_u'bpov, urine ; ttoiIelv, to make]. The secretion of the urine by the kidneys. Uropoietic {n-ro-poi-et' -iJt) \o\)pov, urine ; iroikuv, to make]. Concerned in uropoiesis ; uriniparous. Uropsammus {ii-rop-sam' -its') \ovpov, urine ; ipd/x/zo^, sand]. Urinary sand, or gravel. Uropygial {n- j-o- pij' -e -al^ [_ohpoiTv-yiov, rump]. Per- taining to the Uropygiuni. Uropygii, Glandula. The uropygial gland of a bird. See Gland. Uropygium {it-ro-pij'-e-mn) [oi'p'i, tail; irt);?/, rump : //. , Ui-opygia\. In biology, the rump. Uropyloric (ii-ro-pi-lor' -ik) [obpa, tail ; -v\up6q, a gate- keeper]. In biology, of or pertaining to the posterior portion of the pyloric division of the stomach of cer- tain Crustaceans. Urorhodin (iL-ro-ro'-diii) [oi'poi', urine; poAov, rose]. A red pigmentary deposit found in urine and derived by alteration from uroxanthin. Urorosein {it-ro-ro' -ze-iii) \itvpni\ urine; roseiti\. A rose-colored pigment found in the urine in various diseases. Urorrhagia [n-ror-a' -je-ah) \_ovpov, urine ; pip/vvvni, to burst forth]. Excessive secretion and discharge of urine. Urorrhea (u-ror-e' -ah) \obpoi', urine ; poia, a flow]. I. The ordinary, normal flow of the urine. 2. The in- voluntary passage of urine. Urorubin [ii-ro-rn'-liiti) \_nvpov, urine ; rubies, red]. A red urinary pigment. Urorubrohematin ( « - ?-o -ni- bro - hem'- at - in ) \ohpov, urine; rubruni ^x^A; aJ/za, blood]. A urinary pigment obtained from the urine of leprous patients. Urosacral [ii-ro-sa'-kral] [ovpct, the tail; sacrum, sacrum]. Pertaining to the tail and the sacrum. Uroscheocele {ii-ros' -ke-o-sel). See Urocele. Uroschesis (w-rM'-z^^j-zV) [oi'iooi-', urine ; (7;fftr, urine ; CTzaofio^, spasm]. Spasm of some part of the urinary tract. Urostealith (u-ro-ste'-al-ith) [oi'pov, urine; arcap, fat; Aidoc, stone]. A fatty or saponaceous matter occurring in some urinary calculi. Urostegal (ti' -ro-ste-gal) \nhpa, tail ; areyij, a roof]. Pertaining to the urosteges. Urostege {u'-ro-slej) \nvpa, tail; (!Teyii,a. roof]. In biology, one of the large scales on the ventral side of the tail of a snake. Cf. Gastrostege. Urostegite {ii' -ro-ste-fit) \_n'vpd, tail; aTtyrj, roof]. One of the urosteges, or urostegal scales. Urosteon (ii-ros' -te-on) \_o'vpd, tail ; oariov, bone]. In biology, the caudal portion of the sternum of certain birds, having a separate center of ossification. Urosternite {u-ro-ster'-nlt) [twpa, tail; Grkpijov, ster- num]. The sternite, or ventral median sclerite, of any somite of the urosome of an arthropod. Urosthene (u'-ros-then) [ow/ni, tail; cUtvog, strength]. In biology, an animal possessing an unusual develop- ment of the tail. Urosthenic (u-ro-s/hc/i'-ik)lovpa, tail; oOtvoc, strength]. Strong in the tail. Urostylar {ii-ro-sti' -lar) \nvpa, tail ; rsrvXor^, column]. Pertaining to a urostyle. Urostyle (it' -ros-til) [n/yjo, tail; (iri'P.of, column]. In biology, the elongated terminal vertebra of the spinal column of certain animals, as the os coccygis of the frog. Urotheobromin [u-ro-the-o-bro' -min). See Paraxan- thin. Urotoxic [ii-ro-toks' -ik) \ovpov, urine; rof/Koi', poison]. Pertaining to poisonous substances eliminated in the urine. Urotoxy [ii' -ro-toks-e) \_ovpov, urine ; to^ikov, poison]. A term invented by Bouchard to denote the standard of toxicity of urine necessary to kill a kilogram of liv- ing substance. Urous (ii'-riis) [ovpov, urine]. Having the nature of urine. Uroxanthin (^ii-ro-zan' -thin) \_ovpov, urine; ^avdoi;, yellow]. Indigogen. A pigmentary substance occur- ring normally in human urine. Its secretion is enor- mously increased in the first stage of cholera and in certain affections of the liver and of the myelon. (li-roks' -in) [oy.poi', urine ; oft'f, sharp]. Same as Alloxantin. Urrhodin [oi'poi', urine ; potSd'of, rosy]. A red, purple, or violet urinary pigment, derived from uroxanthin. Urrhosacin (itr-o' -sas-in). See Urrhodin. Ursone [iir'-sbn). See Ericolin. Urtica (lu'-tik-ah) [L. : gen., Urticcf\. A genus of apetalous plants including the nettles. See A'ettle and Pomphits. Urtical (iir'-tik-al) \_iirtica, nettle]. Belonging to the nettles. Urticaria (iir-tik-a'-re-ah) \iirtica, a nettle]. A'ettle- rash ; Cnidosis ; Hives : an inflammatory disorder of the skin characterized by the development of wheals, which give rise to subjective sensations of burning and itching. These appear suddenly in large or small numbers, remain for from a few minutes to several hours, and disappear as suddenly as they came, leaving no trace behind. The disease may be acute or chronic, and due to various agencies acting upon the vaso-motor sys- tem, such as gastro-intestinal disorders, intestinal worms, the ingestion of shell-fish, etc. U. acuta, an acute form often associated with fever of Ioi-2° F. {U. febrilis). The pulse is quick, and there are marked signs of gastric irritation, with headache and prostra- tion. The eruption may not appear for a day or two, and then comes out copiously all over. It disappears rapidly after removal of the cause of gastric irritation. U. bullosa, an exaggerated form of U. vesicans. U. chronica, a term referring to the duration of the dis- ease as a whole, and not to that of the successive crops of wheals individually. The disease may last for an indefinite period. U. conferta, a form in which the lesions occur in groups. U. endemica, an irritative cutaneous eruption occurring in some districts, nota- bly the Kahlberger Schweiz, and caused by the pro- cession caterpillars, particularly the species Cnetho- canipa. The eruption is papular and wheal-like in URTICARIAL 1583 UTEROMANIA character, and is accompanied by intolerable itching. It is usually seen on the flexor surfaces of the extremi- ties, but may appear on any part of the body, also on the mucous membranes. Domestic animals are also subject to the affection. The poisonous agent secreted by these insects is formic acid. Their influence is said to be either mechanical or chemical, and it is even said that contact is not necessary to its pro- duction. U. evanida, a variety in which there is a rapid disappearance of the symptoms. U. factitia, Dci'mographia, Aiitographisin, Dc'nuograph- ism, the form produced in individuals with an irri- table skin by any slight external irritation. U. fe- brilis. See U. actita. U. gigans. See U. tuberosa. U. haemorrhagica. Purpura urticans; hemorrhage into the urticarial wheals from rupture of the extremely congested capillaries. U. medicamentosa, that variety resulting from the use of certain drugs. U., Nervous. Synonym of U. factitia. U. cedema- tosa, Giant Urticaria, a variety characterized by the sudden appearance of large, soft, edematous swell- ings of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, which may measure several inches in diameter. These are es- pecially prone to develop about the eyelids, but may also attack the trunk and limbs in the neighbor- hood of the joints. A sense of tension is all that is complained of. If the mucous membrane of the throat and larynx is involved the symptoms are alarming but not dangerous. A variety of this is the so-called Quincke' s Disease, or acute circu??iscribed edema, in which the orbital tissue or the tissue of other parts of the face may swell up into a large tumor, or there may be a large, ill-defined swelling of a considerable portion of the limb or other part of the body from subcu- taneous edema (dZ sicbcutanea). It is generally limited to the loins and thighs. U. papulosa. Lichen urti- catus, a form occurring in children, in which, as a re- sult of the inflammatory effusion, a small, solid papule remains after the subsidence of the wheal. It is most abundant about the loins and buttocks, but may appear on any other part of the body. It is often associated with irregular, flat, scabbed pustular lesions. U. pig- mentosa, xanthclasmoidea, a rare type of urticaria, which begins within the first few months of life. It consists of large, reddish, wheal-like tubercles that eventually change to a brownish-red or yellowish color. Itching may or may not be present. The dis- ease runs a protracted course, but tends to spon- taneous recovery at puberty. It is most abundant on the neck and trunk, next upon the limbs, face, and head, and is only occasionally present on the palms and soles. Boys are commonly affected. U., Provoked. Synonym of U. factitia. U. subcutanea. See U. a-dematosa. U. toxica, that due to certain ar- ticles of food. U. tuberosa, U. gigans, a form in which the wheals assume a tuberous fonn and become very large, as big as a walnut, hen's egg, or even larger. The lesions are few in number, and the disease occurs mainly in persons with broken-down constitutions, beyond middle age. See Angio-neurotic edema. U. vesicans, excessive serous effusion into the center of the wheals, producing vesicles. U. vesiculosa. Same as U. papulosa. • Urticarial, Urticarious (ur-tik-a' -re-al, ur-tik-a' -re-us) [^urticaria, nettle-rash]. Pertaining to urticaria. Urticate (ur'-tik-dt) \_urticare, to sting]. To sting like a nettle. Urtication [ur-tik-a' -sluai) [ztrticatio ; urtica, nettle]. Flagellation with nettles, a method of treatment formerly employed in paralysis, and also to produce irritation ; also, a sensation as if one has been stung with nettles. Usage [u'-sdj) \_usiis, use]. Any common habit, cus- tom, or manner. Uschinsky's Solutions. Non-albuminous culture- media for the cultivation of pathogenic bacteria, especially. Uschinsky suggests the following two mix- tures : (a) Water looo, glycerin 40-50, sodium chlorid 5-7, calcium chlorid o.l, magnesium sulphate 0.2, dipotassic phosphate l.o, ammonium lactate 10. o. (/') Water 1000, glycerin 30-40, calcium chlorid 0.1, sodium chlorid '5-7, magnesium sulphate 0.2-0.4, dipotassic phosphate 2-2.5, ammonium lactate 6-7, sodium asparaginate 3.4. Usquebaugh [us' -kwe-baui) [Irish]. A strong cordial made in Ireland. It furnishes the name from which the word whiskey is derived. Ustilaginous [us - til - aj' - in - us) \_ustilago, ustilago]. Aft'ected with ustilago ; smutty. \ys\]\ai^o [us-til-a' -go) [L.: gen., Ustilaginis^. A genus of parasitic fungi ; the smuts. U. maydis. Corn- s/met, a fungus parasitic upon maize or Indian corn, Zea Alays. In medicinal properties, it resembles nux vomica and ergot of rye combined, but it is rarely employed. U., Ext., Fid., unof. Dose lTLxv-5j. Ustion [us'-clnai) [iistio ; urere, to burn]. A burning. In chemistry, incineration. In surgery, cauteriza- tion. Ustulation [us-iti-la' -shun') \_ustulatio'\. The roasting, drying, or parching of a drug as a step in preparing it for use. Ustus [us'-tus) \_ure;-e, to burn]. Calcined. Dehy- drated by intense heat. Uterectomy. .Same as Hysterectomy. Uteri, Adscensus [u' -ter-i-ad-sen' -sus). Synonym for Hysteria. Uterine [u'- ter - in) \_uterinus']. Pertaining to the uterus. U. Anteflexion, and Anteversion. See Uterus. U. Appendages, the ovaries and oviducts. U. Gestation, the period of time between conception and delivery ; the development of the product of con- ception within the cavity of the uterus. U. Inertia. See Uterus. U. Inversion. See Uterus. U. In- volution. See Uterus. U. Milk : I. A fluid between the villi of the placenta in the cow. 2. The small quantity of albuminous fluid contained in the small spaces between the epithelial covering of the villi of the chorion and the crypts or depressions in the de- cidua. U. Pregnancy, normal pregnancy. U. Segments. See Contraction-ring. U. Souffle, a vascular sound heard on auscultation through the ab- dominal wall between the fifth and sixth months of pregnancy. See Placental JMurmur. Uteritis [u-ter - i' - tis) [w/cTw, uterus ; (r(f, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of the womb. See Metritis. Utero- [u'-ter-o-) \jiterus, uterus]. A prefix to denote connection with or relation to the womb. Utero-abdominal [u-ter-o-ab-dom' -in-al ). Pertaining conjointly to the uterus and the abdomen. Uterocopulatory [u-ter-o-kop' -u-la-tor-e) \itterus, uterus; copulate']. Vaginal or copulatory, as certain sexual passages of hermaphrodite gasteropods. Uterodeferent [u-ler-o-def -er-ent) \jiterus, uterus ; de- ferent]. Oviducal or deferent, as certain sexual pas- sages of hermaphrodite gasteropods. Utero-fixation [u-ter-o-fiks-a' -shun). Hysteropexia, or abdominal fixation of the uterus by surgical oper- ation. Utero-gestation [u-ter-o-jes-ta' -shun) \iiterus, uterus ; gestatio, gestation]. The uterine period of gesta- tion ; pregnancy ; gestation within the cavity of the uterus. Uteromania [u-ter-o-'na'-ne-ah). See Aymphomania. UTEROMETER 1584 UTERUS Body of uterus, oviduct. 5 Uterometer (u-ter-oni'-et-er) [uterus, uterus ; fie-pov, measure]. An instrument used to accurately deter- mine the depth and position of the uterus and to locate and estimate the dimensions of structures therein contained. Utero-ovarian (u-ter-o-o-va'-re-an) [ttterzis. uterus; ovai-iiim, ovary]. Pertaining conjointly to the uterus and the ovaries. Uteropexia, Uteropexy (« - ter - o - pc'ks'-e-ah , it'- ter • o - peks - e) . See Hysteropexia. Uteroscope {u'- ter - o - skop) \icterus, uterus; CKo-iiv, to inspect]. A uterine speculum. Uterotome {ii' ■ ter - o - torn) [litems, uterus; ro//;?, a cutting]. A cutting instrument used in uterotomy. See Hysteroto7ne. Uterotomy (ti-ter-ot'-o-me) [uterus, uterus; riuveiv, to cut]. Incision into the uterus. See Hysterotomy. Uterus [u'-ter-us) [L. : gen., Uteri\ The womb ; the organ of gestation ; it receives the fecundated ovum in its cavity, retaining and supporting it during the development of the fetus, and becoming the principal agent in its expulsion during parturition. The uterus in the non-gravid state in the human subject is a hollow, pear-shaped, muscular organ, three inches long, two inches wide, and one inch thick, and is divided into three por- tions, the fundus, the body, and the ce>-iix. The fundus is the upper and broad portion ; the body gradually narrows to the neck, whicli is the contracted portion. The mesal orifice, os uteri, communicates with the vagina. The ental surface is covered with mucosa continuous with that of the vagina. The ectal surface of the fundus and -body is covered with perito- neum. The whole organ is suspended in the pelvis by means of the broad ligament. Its cavity measures two and a half inches in length. The Fallopian tubes enter one on either side of the fundus at the cornua of the organ. U., Anteflexion of. See Antefle.xion. U., Anteversion of. See Anfeversion. U., Arbor vitae of, branch-like elevation of the mucous membrane of the cervix. U. bicornis, when, from arrested de- velopment, the uterus is divided into two horns or compartments. U., Body of, that part above the isthmus. U., Cervix of, that part below the isthmus. U., Columns of, the ridges or elevations of the mu- cous membrane of the cervix from which extend the branches that with three columnar central axes are called the arbor vitas. U., Contraction of, the intermittent contractile action of the uterus whereby the fetus is expelled. U. cordiformis, an arrest of development, as a result of which the uterus is heart-shaped, or with a depression in the fundus. U., Corpus of. See U., Body of. U. duplex, a double uterus from an arrest of development. U., Fundus of, the portion above a line drawn from one oviduct to the other. U., Gravid, a uterus containing a fecundated ovum. U., Hour-glass Contraction of, the formation of two distinct cavities of the body and neck, the narrowed internal os marking the boundary between them. U., Impregnated. See U. , Gravid. U., Incarceration of, strangulation by pressure or constriction. U., In- ertia of, deficiency of uterine contractions in labor. U., Infantile, a uterus normally formed, but arrested in development. U., Inversion of, the organ is " upside-down, and wrong-side out. " U., Involution of, the process whereby the uterus is reduced to its normal size and weight after labor. U., Isthmus of, a slight depression or constriction upon the ectal sur- face of the uterus separating the body from the cervix. U. masculinus, the little passage formed by the sinus pocularis in the substance of the prostate. It is so called from its resemblance in structure to the female uterus. See Prostatic Vesicle. U., Neck of, same as U., Cervix of. U., One-horned, an arrest of devel- DoRSAL Aspect of Female Internal Genitalia. 2, 2. Ovaries. 3. Left oviduct. 4. Fimbriated extremity of , 5. Broad ligaments. 6. Ventral vaginal cul-de-sac. opment resulting in a uterus composed of a single lateral half, usually with but one oviduct. Uteri, Os Externum, the external mouth or opening of the uterus into the vagina. U., Os Internum, the internal an- atomic limit between the body and the cervix of the uterus. Plicae palmatae, the radiate branchings of the arbor vitre from the central axis. U., Procidentia of, protrusion of the uterus from the vulvar orifice. H a G R a M M A TI C RE- PRESENTATION OF THE Changes in Position of the Uterus during G E s T a T I o N. — The numerals indicate in <, ' weeks the height of • the fundus uteri. The italic figures indicate respectively, also in weeks, the ab- dominal enlargement and position of cervix uteri. {After Schultze.) U., Prolapse of, falling of the uterus, but without protruding from the vulvar orifice. U., Puerperal Atrophy of, the rare condition of super-involution of the uterus produced when puerperal involution goes further than to restore the uterus to the size that it had before delivery. The organ may become infantile in UTPADEL 1585 UVULOTOMY size. U., Retraction of, the constant property of the uterus that tends to keep the uterine walls in appo- sition. U., Retroflexion of, a bending of the pos- terior uterine surface upon itself. U., Retroversion of, when the fundus is so posteriorly displaced that the axis of the body forms an obtuse angle with the axis of the pelvic inlet. U., Souffle of. See Uterine. U. unicornis. See U., One-horned. Utpadel, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonyrnatic Table of. Utricle (ji'-trik-l ) \iitrictclus, dim. of titer, a small bag] . Any minute cell or vesicle; a membranous sac. Also, a depression, the simis pocularis, between the ejacu- latory ducts. Also, a cavity communicating with the semicircular canals of the ear. See Prostatic Vesicle. Utricular [u-trik' -u-lar) \_utriciilaris\ Relating to the utricle. Resembling a small bag or bottle. Utricularia (ji-trik-ti-la' -re-ah) \_utricnlus, a bag]. A genus of aquatic plants of some l6o species, of wide distribution ; the bladderworts. They are classed as insectivorous plants ; their bladder-like leaves imprison insects, crustaceans, and worms. The fresh plants are said to make a good application for burns and wounds. Some species have diuretic properties. Unof. Utriculate {ii-trik' - ii- lat) \_iitrictilus, a little bag]. Having a utricle. Utricule {tt'- trik - ftl) \_iitrictilns : pL, Utricules']. A utricle. Utricules of Miescher. See Sarcocystis miescheri, Lankester, under Parasites [.Animal), Table of. Utriculiferous {ii-trik-ti-lif -er-Hs)\_utriculus, a utricle ; ferre, to bear]. In biology, bearing or producing utricles or bladders. Utriculiform [u-trik' -n-liforni) \_utricziliis, a little bag ; forma, form]. Like a utricle ; utricular. Utriculoid [ii - trik'- u - loiJ) \titriculus, a little bag; f?(ioc', like]. Same as Utriculiform. Utriculose {ti-trik' -ii-ldz) \_titriciilus, a utricle]. Same as Utricular. Utriculus [ii-trik' -ii-lus) [L.]. I. A utricle, q. v. 2. Same as Vesicula frostatica. U. hominis, U. masculinus, U. prostaticus, U. urethrae. Same as Simts pocularis. Uva [ii'-vah) \jiva, a grape, a cluster of grapes] . In biology, a succulent indehiscent fruit having a central placenta. U. ursi, bearberry. The leaves of Arc- tostaphvlos uva ursi. It contains gallic and tannic acids, arbutin (resolvable into hydroquinone) and other extractives ; it is astringent, tonic, and diuretic. It was formerly much employed in calculous disorders of the bladder. Dose gr. x-^j. U., Ext., Fid. Dose V\y^--^'y U., Infusio (B. P.), sj-Oj. Dose ^j- ij. Arbutin, the glucosid. Unof Dose gr. iij-v. Uvae {u'-ve) \jrda, a grape]. Raisins. The ripe fruit of Vitis vinifera, imported from Spain ; official in the B. P. They are contained in Tinctura carda- momi composita and Tinctura sennce. U. passas majores, ordinary raisins. U. passae minores, Corinth raisins, or true currants. Uvea {u'-ve-ah) [L., a grape, from the resemblance to its color]. Also called the Uveal tract. The choroid membrane or vascular tunic as a whole, especially the iris and ciliary body. See Entiris. Uveal [u'-ve-al) \_uvea, a grape]. Pertaining to the uvea. Uveitis {u-ve-i' -tis). See Iritis. Uveous (u'-ve-us). Same as Uveal. Uvitic Acid [u-vit'-ik). See Acid. Uvula (u' -vu-lali) [L.]. The conic membranous ap- pendix hanging from the free edge of the palate. U. cerebelli, a small lobule of the postvermis of the cere- bellum which forms the posterior boundary of the fourth ventricle. U. of Lieutaud. See Lieictaud. U. -twitch, an expedient for keeping the uvula for- ward in posterior rhinoscopy. U., Vesical, a prominence at the internal or external orifice of the urethra. Uvulaptosis [u-vu-lap-to'-sis') \j(vula, uvula ; -tCxjii;, falling]. A relaxed and pendulous condition of the uvula. Uvular (ii' -vu-lar) [uvularis'] . Pertaining to the uvula. \Jv\l\a.T\a. {u-vti-la'-re-ak) [wz'/^/a', the soft palate]. A genus of liliaceous plants. U. perfoliata, of N. America, is demulcent, tonic, and nervine ; useful in the treatment of sore mouth. U. latifolia and U. flava have similar uses. Unof Uvularis (ii-vu-la' -ris) \iivula, uvula]. The azygos uvulns muscle. See Muscles, Table of. Uvulatome {u'-vu-lat-om) \_uvula, uvula; ro//?/, cut- ting]. A cutting instrument used in performing uvulat- omy. Uvulatomy {u-vu-lat' -o-me) [tivula, uvula ; rofii], sec- tion] . Excision of the uvula. See Staphylotomy. Uvulitis (u-vu-li'-tis) [_uvula, uvula; trtc,, inflamma- tion]. Inflammation of the uvula. Uvulotomy {u-vu-lot'-o-me). See Uvulatomy. IOC V 1586 VAGINA V. Abbreviation of Vision, ox Aaiify of Vision. Also, the symbol of Vanadium. 'Vaccigenous(vai-si/''-en-i/.<:)l_7'arciniis, of a cow ; yevi'ai', to produce]. Producing or cultivating vaccine-virus. Vaccin (c'a/y-sin) [_z'aica, a cow]. See Vaccine-. Vaccina {vak-si' -nah). Same as Vaccinia. Vaccinable [vak'- sin - a - l>l) [yaccinits, of a cow]. Susceptible of successful vaccination. Vaccinal [vak' -sin-a/) \yacca, a cow]. Pertaining to vaccination or to vaccine. Vaccinate (vak' -sin-dt) \_vacciiiare , to vaccinate]. To inoculate with vaccine-virus in such a way as to pro- duce cowpox. \a.cc'ma.X.\ox\ [vak - sin - a'- shun) [I'acca, a cow]. In- oculation of the body with the virus of a pustular disease of bovidK, called cowpox, in order to protect from or modify the virulence of smallpox. V., Ani- mal. See v., Bovine. V., Arm-to-arm, that method of vaccination in which the virus is carried from the arm of one patient to that of another. V., Bovine, that practised by the aid of vaccine-lymph cultivated in bovine animals. V., Compulsory, the law compelling the vaccination of infants within a certain period after birth. V.-rash, a rash sometimes following vaccina- tion ; it is usually transitory but sometimes assumes an eczematous or erythematous form. It may also be syphilitic. V. -syphilis. See Vaccino-svphilis. Vaccinationist (ziak - sin - a'- shun - ist ) \iiaccinare, to vaccinate]. One who depends upon or believes in the efficacy of vaccination as a preventive of smallpox. Vaccinator [vak' -sin-a-tor) \yaccina7-e, to vaccinate]. (Jne who vaccinates ; an instrument used in vaccinating. Vaccine {vak' -sen) [tvrm?, cow]. The lymph occur- ring within the eruptive vesicle of cowpox. V., Bo- vine, that derived IVom the vesicles of heifers. V.- farm, a farm upon which vaccine-virus is .systematically produced and collected. V., Humanized, that from vaccinal vesicles of man. V., Lichen, the most com- mon eruption consequent upon vaccination. It may L>e either papular, papulo-vesicular, or pustular, and very rarely bullous. It appears between the fourth and the eighteenth day, most frequently on the eighth ; begins on the arms usually, though it may commence on the face, neck, or trunk, and appears in successive crops covering the greater portion of the body. The pap- ules are acuminate, pin's-point sized, and bright-red; usually discrete, but they may coalesce into patches. The rash lasts from a few days to a week or two. V.- lymph. Se^ Vaccine. V. -point, a slip of quill or bone coated atone end with vaccine-lymph. V. -virus, the same prepared for use in vaccination. Vaccinella (vak - sin - el' - all) \_vacca , cov^'^. The sec- ondary eruption sometimes following cowpox ; spu- rious vaccinia ; a sore that sometimes follows vaccina- tion, but is not genuine cowpox. Vaccinia (iacca, cow]. Cowpox. If the human subject be inoculated with cowpox, a small papule appears at the site of inoculation in from one to three days, which becomes a vesicle about the fifth day, and at the end of the first week is pustular, umbilicated, and surrounded by a red areola. Desiccation begins in the second week and a scab forms, which soon falls oft, leaving a pitted cicatrix. Vaccinia (vak - sin' - ik) \_vacca, cow]. Pertaining to vaccine, or to vaccinia. Vaccinifer (vak-sin' -if-er) \_vaccinns, of a cow ; ferre, to bear]. A person or animal from whom vaccine- virus is taken ; a vaccine-point. V Vacciniform {vak - sin'- if - ovni) \_vaccinus, of a cow ; forma, form]. Resembling vaccinia. Vacciniola {vak-sin-i' -o-laJi) [dim. of vaccinia^ A secondary eruption, resembling, and sometimes follow- ing, vaccinia. It may closely resemble the eruption of smallpox. Vaccinist [vak'-siji-isi) \yaccinus, of a cow]. A prac- tiser, or defender, of vaccination ; one who believes in the efficacy of vaccination. Vaccinium {vak-sin' -e-iim) \_vaccimis, of a cow]. A genus of ericaceous plants to which belong the cran- berry, blueberry, bilberry, etc., of many species. See Cranberry and Brousnika. V. crassifolium, a plant having therapeutic properties resembling those of uva ursi. It is useful in catarrhal inflammations of the urinary tract. Dose of the fld. ext. Tl^xxx-gj. Unof Vaccinization (vak-sin-iz-a' -shun) [vaccinare, to vac- cinate]. Thorough vaccination by inoculations, re- peated frequently, with the view of establishing com- plete immunity to smallpox. Vaccinogen {vak-sin' -o-jen)\yaccinus,o{a. cow ; ycvvav, to produce]. The person or animal from which, or from whom, vaccine-virus is taken. Vaccinogenous (vak-sin-oj ' -en-ns). See Vaccigenous. Vaccinoid {I'ak' -sin-oid) \_vaccinits, of a cow, fMdf, like]. Resembling vaccinia. Vaccinophobia (vak-sin-o-fo'-be-ah) [yaccinus, of a cow ; (f)d/3of, fear]. Morbid dread of vaccination. Vaccino-syphilis {'vak-sin-o-sif -il-is) \_vacciniis, of a cow; syphilis, syphilis]. Syphilis conveyed by vac- cination. Vacuolar (vak' -ti-o-lar) [jiacuolicm, vacmtm, vacuum]. ■ Pertaining to or of the nature of a vacuole. Vacuolation (vak-ti-o-la' -shun) [yaciiolnm , a vacuole]. The first stage in the process of vascularization of a clot, in which cracks and fissures appear in it. Ac- cording to W. Hunter, vacuolation appears in small clots as early as the tenth day. Vacuole [vak'-ti-ol) \_vacuum, an empty space]. In biology : (a) a vesicle in the protoplasm of a protozoon, either permatient ox contractile (pulsating). It is some- times spoken of as gastric, from having in some way a direct connection with the function of digestion ; (/') the cavity in a plant-cell containing cell-sap. Vacuolization (ziak-n-o-liz a' -shun) \yaciiolum, vacu- ole]. The formation of vacuoles, such as sometimes takes place in diseased tissues. Vacuum (vak'-n-tim) [L.]. A space from which the air has been exhausted. V. -plate, in dentistry, a term applied to a plate on which artificial teeth are mounted, having an air chamber to assist in its retention in the mouth. Vadum (va' -dum) [L. , a shallow]. A shallow in the depths of any fissure of the brain, commonly in the central nearer the dorsal end. It represents a possible isthmus or complete interruption. Vagabonds' Disease, or Discoloration. Parasitic Melanoderma ; a pathologic condition of the skin in which it takes on a deep-brown tint, resembling that of Addison's disease. It results from chronic irritation from pediculi. Vagal (va'-oal) \_vagare, to wander]. Pertaining to the vagus nerve. Vagina (va-ji'-nah) [L., a sheath]. The musculo- membranous canal extending from the vulval opening to the cervix uteri, the organ of copulation in the fe- male, the excretoiy canal for uterine secretions, and a part of the birth-canal. In biology, the term is ap- VAGINAL 1587 VALEROLACTONE plied to various sheath-like structures, as the basal portion of certain leaves, or a portion of the mouth- apparatus of sucking insects, etc. V., Bulbs of, two erectile organs upon the lateral and anterior parts of the vagina. V., Colutnns of, two longitudinal eleva- tions of the mucous membrane, on the ventral and dorsal wall. V. cordis. See Pericardittm. V., Cul-de-sacs of, four arches {anterior, posterior, right and /<■/? lateral) made by the junction of the vaginal walls with the uterus. V., Double, an anomaly of development consisting in a duplication of the vaginal canal. V. femoris. 'Aee Fascia lata. V., Fornix of, the combined cul-de-sacs of the vagina. V., Rugae of, transverse elevations of the mucous membrane branching from the columns. Vaginal (vaf - - «/) \7iaginalis'\. Pertaining to the vagina. V. Process. See Process. V. Pulse. See Pulse. V. Respiration, the breathing of a child while its head is still in the vagina, a rare event. V. Tunic. See Tunica. V. Vault, the roof of the vagina surrounding the cervi.x uteri. It is divided into an anterior and a posterior portion. Vaginalitis (vaj- in-al-i^-tis) \jiagi?ialis, of a sheath ; iTtQ, inflammation]. Inflammation of the tunica vagin- alis of the testicle ; hydrocele. Vaginant [vaj ' -in-ant ) [vaginare, to sheathe]. Sheath- ing ; vaginal. Vaginate (vaj'-in-at) [vagina, sheath]. Sheathed. Vaginervose (yaj - in - ur' -vbz) \yagu5, wandering; nervus, nerve]. In biology, irregularly nerved. Vaginicoline [vaj-in-ik'-o-lin) [vagina, vagina; colere, to inhabit]. Living in a vagina, as an animalcule. Vaginiferous [vaj-in-if -cr-us) [vagina, vagina ; ferre, to bear]. Producing or bearing a vagina. Vaginigluteal [vaj-in-e-glu'-te-al) [vagina, \i,^va2L; gluteus']. Pertaining to the vaginigluteus. Vaginigluteus, Vaginiglutaeus [vaj - in - e - glii-te' -us) [vagina, sheath ; glutalere, to be worth]. In chemistry, the relative saturating or combining capacity of an atom compared with the standard hydrogen atom ; the quality or force which determines the number of atoms with which any single atom will chemically unite. See Qtiantivalence. In biology, taxonomic or morpho- logic value. Valency [va'-len-se) [valei-e, to be worth]. Same as Valence, q. v. Also, a single unit of combining capacity. Thus, carbon has four valencies. Valentin's Corpuscles. See Corpuscle. V.'s Gan- glion. See Ganglia, Table of. V.'s Pseudo-gan- glion. See Pseudo-ganglion. Valerate [val ' -er-at) [valere, to be strong]. Any salt of valeric acid. V. of Cerium, a salt useful in the vomiting of pregnancy. Dose gr. jss. V. of Zinc. See Zitic. Valerene [val' -er-en). See Amylene. Valerian [va - le' - re - an) [valere, to be strong]. A plant of the genus Valeriana. V., American. See Cvpripediuni. Valeriana [va - le - re - an' - ah) [valere, to be worth : gen., Valeriana;']. A genus of gamopetalous plants; valerian. The rhizome and rootlets of /' officinalis. Its properties are due to a volatile oil, which yields several derivatives. It is antispasmodic and gently stimulant to the nervous system and organs of circula- tion. In full doses it increases heart-action, producing exhilaration ; in toxic doses, diarrhea, vomiting, re- duced sensibility, and mental disturbance. It is excel- lent in hysteria, convulsions due to worms, the coma of typhus fever, and in whooping-cough. V., Abstr. Dose gr. v-xx. V., Ext., Fid. Dose r\,x-xxx. V., Infus. (B.P.) Dose ^j-ij. V., Tinct., 20 per cent. Dose gss-ij. v., Tinct., Ammoniat., valerian 20, arom. spt. ammonia to 100 parts. Dose ^ss-ij. v., 01., the volatile oil. Dose TTLij-v. To the same genus belong some 150 species, many of which have properties somewhat similar to those of the official plant. See, also. Ammonium, Zinc, Iron, and Quinin. Valerianate [va-le' -re-an-dt) [valere, to be strong] Same as J'alerate. V. of Amyl. See Apple-oil. Valerianic Acid [va-le-re-an'-ik). See Acid, Valeric. Valeric Acid [va-le' -rik). See y4cid. Valerin [val'-er-in) [valere, to be strong]. A terpene obtained from Valerian. See Amylene. Valerolactone [va-ler-o-lak' -tori) [valere, to be strong ; lac, milk], C-HrOj. A substance prepared by heating bromvaleric acid with water above 100° C. It is a colorless liquid that does not solidify at 18° C. , and that boils at 206° or 207° C. ; it is miscible with water. - VALETUDINARIAN 1588 VANDELLIA Valetudinarian [val-et-u-diii-a'-re-an) [iialetudinarius ; vah'tiido, health]. An invalid. Valetudinarium {jial-et-ii-din-a' -re-uui) [ L.]. An in- firmary or hospitaL [Old.] Valeur globulaire, of Lepine. The proportion of hemoglobin to the number of red corpuscles, expressed in terms of the amount of hemoglobin in an individual corpuscle. Valgus [val'-gus) [L.] I. A bow-legged man. 2. See Talipes. V., Nervous, valgus of neurotic origin, v.. Paralytic, valgus caused by paralysis of the tibia- lis anticus. V., Spurious. Same as Splay-foot. Validirostral [val-id-ir-os'-tral) \_validns, strong; ros- trum, beak]. In biology, furnished with a stout beak. Vallate (-■al'-dt) \_valliiin, rampart]. In anatomy, sur- rounded with a walled depression ; cupped. WaXltcxAa. (val-ek'-u-lah) [7', varix : eMof, like]. Re- sembling a varix. Varicomphalus [var - ik - om' -fal - us) [varix, varix; bfiipa/M^, navel]. A varicosity at the navel. Varicose (zellicarc, to pluck]. To twitch ; to move spasmodically. Vellication {vel - ik - a' - slnin) \i'ellicatio ; velHcare, to twitch]. The spasmodic twitching of muscular fibers as observed in tic. Velpeau's Apparatus. An immovable dressing for fractures, consisting of a compress and card-board splints, hardened by a solution of dextrin. V.'s Bandage. See Bandage. V.'s Hernia, femoral hernia in front of the vessels. See Hernia, and Dis- eases, Table of. Velum {ve'-hiiii) [yeliim, veil, sail: //. , Vela']. In biology, a veil or veil-like structure, variously applied to membranous growths in both plants and animals, as the swimming-membrane of molluscan larvte ; the turned-in margin of the umbrella of certain medusse, or the envelop covering the sphorophore of a hymeno- mycetous fungus. V. interpositum, the membranous roof of the third ventricle. V. palati. Same as V. penduluDi palati. V. partiale, a membrane or veil which in some of the HymeJiomycetes stretches from the margin of the pileus to the stipe. V. pendulum palati, the soft palate, and especially the uvula. V., Posterior Medullary, the commissure of the flocculus of the cerebellum. V. tarini. Same as V. , Posterior Aledullarv. V. universale, a membrane which in some of the Hymenomycetes covers the entire sporo- carp. Velumen [ve-lu'-men) \veliimen,'& fleece]. In biology, the velvety integument of certain parts of plants or animals. Velutinous ive-lu' -tin-us) \_velutem, velvet]. Velvety to the touch. Vena {ve'-nah) [L.]. A vein. See Veijt. V. cava. See Cava. Vena cava inferior, is formed by the junction of the two common iliac veins and empties into the right auricle of the heart. It receives lumbar, right spermatic, renal, suprarenal, phrenic, and hepatic branches. Vena cava superior, formed by the union of the innominate veins, conveys the blood from the upper half of the body to the right auricle. ' Venae [ve'-tie). Plural of Vena. Veins. See Vein. Venae comites, veins that accompany arteries in their course. V. Galeni, the two trunks formed by the union of the vein of the corpus striatum and that of the choroid plexus ; they empty into the straight sinus. V, thebesii, the small veins by which blood passes from the walls of the heart to the right auricle. Venae vorticosae, the venous network and trunks of the choroid coat of the eye. Venal [ve'-nal). Same as Venous. Venalization [ven-al-iz-a'-sliim) [vena, vein]. The acquirement of venous qualities by the blood. Venatio (ven-a' -slie-6) [yenari, to hunt]. I. Same as Venation. 2. A hunting. Venation {7.>en-a'-s/tun) \_vena, a vein]. In biology, the distribution of veins in a leaf, or in the wing of an insect. See Nervation. V., Forked, venation in which the veins branch in repeated equal divisions, v., Reticulate, venation in which the veins have the form of a network. V., Unbranched, venation in which the veins run parallel and unconnected from the base to the tip of a leaf. Venenata {ven'-en-dt) [venemnit, poison]. Poison- ous. Venenation [ven-en-a'-shun) [venenam, a poison]. The condition of one affected by the venom of a poisonous insect or reptile. Venenatus (ven - en - a' - tiis) [yenemoii, a poison]. Poisonous. Venenific (ven-en-if'-ik) [venenum, poison]. Poison- forming. Venenifluous {ven-en-if -lu-tts) [venenu/zi, poison ; Jlttere, to flow]. In biology, exuding a poisonous fluid or juice. Venenose, Venenous (ven' -en-dz, ven' -en-ns) [_venen- osi/s]. Toxic; poisonous; acting by a toxic property. Venenum (ven' -en-itni). Same as Poison. Venereal (z'en-e'-re-al ) \_Venns, the goddess of love]. Pertaining to the sexual passion. V. Bubo, a swel- ling of the glands of the groin secondary to some venereal disease. V. Diseases, gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid. V. Sore. See Chanere. V. Wart. See Verruca acuminata. Venereology (ven-e-re-ol' -o-je) [ Venus, the goddess of love; Aoyor, science]. The science of venereal dis- ease. Venery (ven' -er-e) [ Venus, the goddess of love]. Sexual intercourse. Venesection (ven-e-sek'-skun). See Blood-letting. Venesuture (ven-e-su'-tilr) [vena, vein ; sutuj-a, su- ture]. The suturing of a vein. Venetian Red. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Venice (^vw'-zV) [Ital.] . A city of Italy. V. Treacle, V. Turpentine. See Theriaca, Turpentine. V. White. Same as Hamburg White. Veniplex (ven' -ip-leks) [vena, vein ; plexus, plexus]. A venous plexus ; a plexus of veins. Venom (ven'-om) [venenum, poison]. The poison secreted by certain reptiles and insects, as the rattle- snake, the scorpion, etc. V. -albumin, the albumin of the venom of a snake. V. -globulin, a globulin found in snake-poisons ; there are various kinds described. V. -peptone, a peptone found in the venom of certain serpents. V., Quickening, V., Vital, semen. Venomous (ve}t'-om-us) [7'i?;7^;/«;«, a poison]. Poison- ous ; belonging or pertaining to venom ; secreting venom. Venosal (ven-o'-zal) [vena, vein]. Venous. Venose (ven'-dz) [vena, vein]. In biology, veiny; furnished with conspicuous veins. V.-costate, in biology, between ribbed and veined. Venosity (ven-os' -it-e) [i'e7ia, vein]. Venous quality ; a condition in which the arterial blood shows venous qualities ; general congestion of the veins. Venous (z^e'-nus') [ve^iosus]. Pertaining to a vein. V. Hum, the murmur or rushing sound observed in auscultation of a vein. V. Nevus. See N'cevus vascularis. Vent (tient) [ME., vente, vent]. An outlet, especially the anal opening. Venter (zr^'-Zd-r) [venter, heWy]. The belly or abdo- men. Applied to structures having a concave or a belly- like appearance. V. of Ilium, the iliac fossa. V. of Kidney, the pelvis of the kidney. V. of Scapula, the anterior surface of the scapula. Ventilation. The dilution and removal of all impuri- ties that collect in the air of inhabited rooms, the most common of which is COj, which may be tested by Lange' s Method, q. v. In hospitals the fundamen- tal principle of ventilation observed is that each adult person confined in a space of 1000 cubic feet requires 3000 cubic feet of fresh air per hour in order to pre- vent the proportion of carbon dioxid in the room from rising above 0.06 per cent. This estimate is based on the fact that each adult expires, on the average, 0.6 of a cubic foot of carbon dioxid per hour. Ventilation may be natural, due to the forces constantly acting in nature, or artificial, the result of measures intro- duced by man. The former is brought about by the agency of the wind and by diffusion, or the power which gases of different densities possess of mixing with each other. Artificial ventilation is brought VENTILATION 1596 VENTRICULUS about either by extracting the foul air from the room, or by forcing pure air into the room, and is effected by means of fans, heat, gas, or steam. Auztitral ventilation is aided by means of tubes or shafts employed as inlets and outlets. The outlets are guarded by Cowls, which prevent the entrance of rain, increase the extracting effect of the wind, and check the tendency to down-draught. A most valuable agent in this ventilation is the chimney. Windows also may be utilized for the same purpose. The estimation of CO.^in the air may be made by the following methods : I. Minimetric Method, when the proportion of CO.^ is not less than one part per looo. The analysis is made by the use of a solution of sodium carbonate with phe- nolphthalein as an indicator. 2. Petteiikofei '' s Method has for its basis the fact that if air containing CO.^ is brought into contact with barium hydroxid in solution a combination takes place between the barium and CO., immediately, and insoluble barium carbonate is precipitated. 5. Szvdlowski's Method consists in comparing a given volume of the air to be tested with a sample of air from which CO.^ has been removed, and the difference of pressure recorded by means of a mercurial column. 4. Reiset's MetJiod, calculates the amount of CO., in the air from the difference found between the titration of a given volume of barium-water before and after the passage of the air throufh it. V., Methods of ; there are various methods of securing ventilation, some of which are as follows: Auburn or Pentonville System of ventilating prisons. The cells are arranged in blocks of several tiers in height, and each block is surrounded by an outer build- ing, between the walls of which and the doors of the tiers of cells on each side is an open corridor, not divided by floors corresponding to the floors of the several tiers. The air is drawn from this corridor into the cells. Boyle's J'entilator, an arrangement of mica valves allowing air to pass out, but allowing no back- draught. Cooper's Ventilator, a series of apertures in the glass of a window-pane arranged in a circle so as to be more or less completely closed by a circular disc having corresponding apertures and moving upon a central pivot. Ellison s Ventilating Bricks, arthncks perforated with conical holes, and fixed in the walls, with the apices of the cone on the outside. They are not likely to produce a draught. Ninckes-Bird's Metliod consists in placing a movable block of wood under the entire length of the lower window-sash. Louvred Panes, a form of window-ventilation by which an upward di- rection is imparted to the incoming air. These panes take the place of one or more of the squares of glass, and may be either opened or closed. Mc Kinneir s Ven- tilator, a combined outlet and inlet ventilator, which is applicable in the case of upper rooms or rooms in single- story houses. It consists of two tubes, the one encir- cling the other, the inneracting as the outlet, and being fitted with a cowl. Sherim^ham Valve, b. common form of inlet in windows or walls for the purposes of ventilation. The entrance to the opening in the wall is guarded by a strainer to keep out dust, while on the inside is a valved iron plate with closed sides and hinged at the bottom. This opening is usually placed near the ceiling. Snvad-Dowd System of Ventilation, an artificial system of ventilation in which the outlets are at the bottom of the sheeting along the floor-line and open into spaces beneath the floor. These spaces are connected with flues down which the air is drawn by the powerful action of the furnace-chimney. Tobin' s Tube, a means of ventilation, the air from without enter- ing through a hole in the wall and being conducted by an upright tube into the upper portion of the room, v., Pulmonary, the supply of pure air to the lungs and the removal of the vitiated air. V., Respiratory, the supply of a fluid containing oxygen to a respira- tory membrane and its removal after the oxygen has been given up. Ventilator [ven'-til-a-tor) [ventilare, to fan]. An ap- paratus for effecting ventilation. 'W&ntra.di (z'en' -trad) Iventer, stomach]. Toward the ventral aspect or surface; not dorsad or neurad, and not laterad. Ventral {t>en'-tral) [vetitralis ; vetiter, belly, or abdom- inal cavity]. Pertaining to the belly. At or in the direction of the venter or belly-side of the body or the ventral aspect of an organ. Heinal is sometimes used instead of ventral. See the opposite. Dorsal ; also, Position and Direction, Table of Intrinsic Terms. Ventrally (z'en' -tral-e). Synonym of Ventrad. Ventricle {ven'-trik-l) [t'entriculits : dim. of venter, a belly]. Applied to certain structures or parts having a bellied appearance. V., Aortic, the left ventricle of the heart. V. of Arantius, a cul de-sac in the oblongata. Vs. of Brain, the third, fourth, fifth, and two lateral. V., Third, between the optic thalami and extending to the base of the brain; /"! , Fourth, the space between the oblongata and pons in front, and the cerebellum behind ; V., Fifth, iht cavity between the lamina of the septum lucidum ; V. , Lateral, the considerable cavity of either half of tha cerebrum, communicating with the third through the foramen of Monro. Each ventricle consists of a triangular central cavity or body, and three smaller cavities, called cornua. The corpus callosum forms the roof of the body, the septum lucidum the mesal boundary, and. the floor is formed by the corpus striatum, ttenia semicircularis, optic thalamus, choroid plexus, corpus finibriatum, and fornix. The anterior cornu curves forward and out- ward into the anterior lobe of the brain, the middle cornu descends into the middle lobe, and the posterior cornu or digital cavity curves backward into the occipi- tal lobe. V. of Cerebellum, the extension of the fourth ventricle into the substance of the cerebellum. V. of Cord. See Canal, Central. V. ,of Corpus callosum, the space between the labium cerebri and the callosum ; the callosal fissure. V. of Larynx, a de- pression between the true and false vocal bands. V., Left, of Heart, that upon the dorsal and left side of the heart, and which, through the aorta, forces the blood over the general system. V. of Morgagni, a small cavity bounding each vocal band externally, v., Optic, the cavity of either optic or geminal lobe, v., Right, of Heart, that forcing the blood through the pulmonary artery toward the lungs. V., Sixth. See Verga' s V., and Canal, Central. V., Sylvian. Same as Fifth, v., Verga's, a space occasionally found between the callosum and the fornix. Ventricornu [ven-trik-or' -nu) \_venter, venter ; cornu, cornu]. The ventral extension, or anterior horn, of the gray matter of the myelon. Ventricornual (ven - trik - or' - nu - al) \_venter, venter; cornu, cornu]. Pertaining to the ventricornu. Ventricose [z'en'-trik-dz) [zienter, abdomen]. Inflated or swelled out on one side, resembling an abdomen. Ventricous {ven'-trik-us) [venter ,he\\y']. In biology, distended, resembling an abdomen. Ventricular [ven-trik' -u-lar) \_ventriculus, a ventricle]. Belonging or pertaining to a ventricle. V. Aqueduct. See Aqueductus Svlvii. V. Bands, the longitudinal folds of mucous membrane above and parallel to the vocal bands. The false vocal bands. Ventriculose (ven - ti-ik' - u - loz) \_ventriculus , belly]. Minutely ventricose. Ventriculous [ven-tj-{k'-2i-lus). Same as Ventricular. Ventriculus [ven-trik' -u-lus). See Ventricle. VENTRICUMBENT 1597 VERGA'S VENTRICLE Ventricumbent [ven - trik - tim'- bent) [venter, belly ; aihere, ioWt']. Prone; lying with the ventral surface down. Ventriduct {ven'- ti-id - ukt) [venter, belly ; ducere, to lead]. To carry toward the belly. Ventriloquism {z'en-tril ' -o-kwiziii)[venter, h^Wy ; loqui, to speak] . Peculiar vocal utterance without the usual modifications of the resonance-organs, so tliat the voice seems to come from a closed space or from a distance. Ventrimesal {ven - trim - e'- zal) [venter, belly ; fjsaov, middle]. Pertaining to or situated on the ventrimeson. At or toward the ventral edge of the meson, or ventral mesal or median line. See the opposite — • Dors i mesa / ; also, Position and Directioii, Table of Intrinsic Terms. Ventrimeson (I'en-trim-e' -zo>i) [r'enter, belly ; fieoov, middle]. The mesial line on tlie ventral aspect of the body. The ventral edge of the meson or median plane of the body. The ventral median or mesal line. Cf. Dorsimeson ; also. Position and Direc- tioii, Table of Intritisic Terms. Ventripyramid {ven - trip - ir'- am - id) [venter, belly ; pyramis, pyramid]. An anterior pyramid of the ob- longata. Ventrocystorrhaphy (yen-tro-sis-tor'-a-fe) [venter, venter; kvotii;, cyst; 'pnen-tro-me' -zal). Same as Ventrimesal. Ventrose {ven'-troz) [ventrosus\ Having a belly, or a swelling like a belly. Ventrosity [I'en-tros'-it-e) [ventrositas'\. Corpulence ; pendulousness of the abdomen. , Ventrotomy (ven-trot' -o-me) [venter, belly ; ro//^, a cut]. The operation of surgical incision of the ab- dominal cavity. Venula {ven'-u-lah) [venula, dim. of vena, a vein: //. , Venulir'\. In biology, a small vein or veinlet. Venule {ven'-uT). See Venula. Venulose {ven'-u-ldz) [venula, dim. of vena, a vein]. In biology, furnished with veinlets. Venulous [ven' -u-lus) [venula, a small vein]. Full of veinlets. Venus Flycatcher, or Flytrap. See Diona:a. Veratralbin {ver - at - raF - bin) [veratrum, veratrum ; alhics, white]. An alkaloid obtained from White Hellebore. Veratria [z'er-a' -tre-ah). See Veratrina. Veratric Acid [ver- a' -trik). See Acid. Veratrin (ver-a' -triti) [veratrum, veratrum] , CjjH^g- NOp. I. See Veratrina. 2. Cevadin. This occurs, together with veratric acid and other alkaloids, in white hellebore and in Sabadilla seeds. It crystallizes from alcohol in prisms and melts at 205° C. 3. A precipitate from a tincture of the root of Veratrum viride ; it is cathartic, nervine, arterial sedative, re- solvent, anodyne, etc. Dose ^ to grain. Unof v., Oleat., veratrin 2, oleic acid 98 parts. V., Ung., veratrin 4, alcohol 6, benzoinated lard 90 parts. Veratrina, Veratrine {ver-at-ri'-nah, verat'-rin) [L.]. A mi.xture of alkaloids obtained from the seeds of Asagrcra officinalis. It is an exceedingly poisonous local irritant, and is used mainly as an external appli- cation for neuralgia, gout, and rheumatism. Dose gr. 1 1 'So 10- Veratrization (ver - at - riz - a'- shun) [veratrum, vera- trum] . Subjection to the influence of veratrin ; vera- trin-poisoning. Veratrum (ver-a'-trum) [L. , hellebore]. A genus of liliaceous plants. V. album, white hellebore, a European plant closely related to I', viride. It is a violent emetic and cathartic, and is actively poisonous ; it is now little used, except as an insect-powder. For this use it is highly valued, as it destroys many insects which the ordinary buhach does not affect. Unof. V. sabadilla. Cevadilla, cebadilla, a bulb- ous plant of the order jMelnntliacece ; it contains a number of alkaloids, and is the source of Veratrina. The seeds are official in the B. P. under the name Sabadilla. V. viride [gen., Veratri viridis'], American hellebore ; the rhizome and rootlets of the plant contain jervin, veratrin, and other alkaloids. It is a powerful depressant of the heart and a paralyzant of the spinal cord. Its action is similar to that of aco- nite, but is regarded as inferior. It is highly esteemed in puerperal fevers, pneumonia, and aneurysm. V., Ext., Fid. Dose n\,i-iv. V., Tinct., 50 per cent. Dose Tt^ij-x. Verbascum (ver-bas'-kum) [L., mullein]. A genus of scrophulariaceous plants, including mullein, the leaves of V. thaspus, or common mullein. The latter is emollient, demulcent, and slightly anodyne, and is a popular domestic remedy in pulmonary tuberculosis and other pulmonary affections, being palliative to the cough. It is useful in diarrhea and in inflammations of the urinary tract. Dose of fluid extract gtt. x-xx. Verbena [ver-be' -nah) [L.]. A genus of flowering plants of some 80 species, once highly esteemed in medicine, but now little used. V. hastata, bhte vervain, is expectorant and emetic; V. officinalis and V. triphylla, antispasmodic; V. urticifolia, diuretic. Unof. Verbigerate [ver-bij'-er-at) [verbigere, to talk]. To make use of verbigeration. Verbigeration {ver-bij-er-a'-shuii) [verbigere, to ta\k'\. The frequent and uncontrollable repetition of one and the same word, sentence, or sound, without reference to its meaning ; abnormal repetition of words. 'Vevdet {7'dr-da') [Fr.]. A fungous disease of maize due to the presence of parasites — L'stilago segetum , Uredo carbo, or Sporisorium maidis — on the grains. It was erroneously believed to cause pellagra. Verdigris iver'-dig-ris) [ME., verdegrese, verdigris]. A deposit upon copper vessels from the formation of cupric salts. See Copper, and Pigments, Conspec- tus of. v., Blue, a deposit consisting in the main of bibasic acetate of copper. V., Common, basic cupric acetate. V., Green, a bright, very bluish-green ver- digris composed of a mixture of several acetates, but mainly of sesquibasic cupric acetate. Verditer {ver'-dit-er) [Fr. , verde de terre, earth green]. A name applied to two pigments. V., Blue, is either a carbonate of copper or a mixture of copper oxid with hydrated lime. V., Green, is an impure carbonate of copper with chalk. Both are used as pigments. Verdure [ver'-dur') [viridis, green]. Green vegetation. Verdurous [ver'-diir-us) [viridis, green]. Covered with verdure ; verdant. Veretrum (ver-ef -niiii). Synonym of Penis. Verga's Ventricle. A cleft-like space occasionally found between the fornix and the callosum. VERGE 1598 VERRUCA Verge (viirj) [virga, a rod]. In biology, the male organ of crabs, arising from the sternum or from the coxal joint of the pobterior feet. Vergens [vnr'-je?iz) [L.]. Inchning. V. deorsum, tending or inclining downward, as of the axis of vision of one eye in strabismus. V. sursum, upward in- clination or tending. Verheyen, Stars of. Venous plexuses of stellate form situated on the surface of the kidney, beneath its capsule. They unite to form the interlobular veins. Verin i^ver'-iti) \_veratrnm, hellebore], CjgH^jNOg. An amorphous alkaloid obtained from veratrin. Verjuice (tier' -jus) [Er. , verjas\. The expressed juice of unripe fruits. Vermian (ver' -me-aii) \yerniis, a worm]. In biology, of or pertaining to worms ; worm-like. "W &xm.\Q,€W\ (ver - mis - el' - e) [It., little worms]. An Italian paste consisting mainly of flour, cheese, and egg, rolled into small, worm-like cylinders. It is a favorite ingredient of soups. Vermicidal (ver-znis-i' -da/ ) \yermis, worm ; cadere, to kill]. Destroying worms. Vermicide (^ver'-mis-id) [^vermis, a worm; cadere, to kill]. A medicine or agent that kills intestinal worms. Vermicular (zier-mik'-ii-lar) \_vermicitlaris ; vermis, worm]. Worm-shaped or with worm-like motion. Vermiculate (ver-mik' -n-lat) \yermiciilatits'\. Resem- bling or shaped like a worm. In biology, («) marked with tortuous, wavy lines or depressions ; (/') infested with worms. Vermiculation (ver - mik - u - la'- shitii) \7>ermieulatio'\. The peculiar motion of certain tubular organs, such as the esophagus and the intestines, consisting in the pro- gressive contraction of successive parts of the tube. Vermicule (ver' -mik-fd) \_vermicuhis, a small worm]. A little worm or grub. Vermiculose [ver-niik'-u-lo'z) [z'ermieuhis , a little worm]. Eull of worms ; worm-like. Vermiculus (yer-ttiik' -u-lus) [L.]. A little worm or grub. Vermiform (I'er'-mif- orni) \yermif0r7nis ; verrnis, worm; forma, a form]. Having a shape like a worm. V. Appendage, or Appendix, a worm-shaped tube at the lower and back part of the cecum. V. Process, Inferior and Superior, the vermis of the cerebellum. Vermifugal (7'er-mi/' -it-gal) [verviis, worm; fugare, to flee]. Having the qualities of a vermifuge; expel- ling worms. Vermifuge (ver' -mif-iij) \_z'ermis, worm ; fitgare, to expel]. A medicine or agent that expels intestinal worms. Vermigrade (ver' -7nig-rad^ [ziermis, worm ; gradi, to walk]. Moving like a worm. Vermilion (ver-mil '-yiin). See Pigments, Co^zSpectus of. Vermin (ver' -miii) [vermis, worm]. A general (and mainly collective) name for parasitic animals and for semi-parasites, such as fleas and bed-bugs. Vermination (ver-min-a' -sJmn) [vermis, worm]. In- festation with worms ; the condition of one affected with worms. Verminous (ver'-inin-ns) [vermis, worm]. Affected with or having the characters of worms. Vermiparous (ver-mip' -ar-us) [vermis, worm ; parere, to bear]. Producing or breeding worms. Vermis (ver' -mis') [L. : //. , Vermes^. I. A worm. See lVor?n. 2. The mesal lobe of the cerebellum. Vermivorous (ver-mii'' -or-iis) [vermis, worm ; vorare, to devour] . Worm-eating. Vermix (ver'- vn'is). A contraction, used by Minot and some German writers, of the term T'ermiform Appendix. Vermouth (vei-'-mii/k) [Ger. , wer?milk, wormwood]. A cordial prepared from white wine and flavored with wormwood ; esteemed as an appetizer. Vernacular (z'd?r-«esica, bladder]. A prefix to de- note relation to or connection with the bladder. Vesico-abdominal (I'es' -ik - o- ah -dom' -iti- al) \j.ehere, to carry: //. , Vexilla'\. In biology, the upper and largest of the five petals of a papilionaceous flower. Via (vi'-ah) [L. : //. , Vi(E'\. A way. Vi<€ natwales, the natural passages. See also Primes via. Viability (vi-ab-il'-it-e) [viabilis, viable]. Ability to live ; applied to the condition of a child at the time of birth. Viable (vi'-ab-l) [7'/i-bur'-nin) [yibicrmnn , the wayfaring tree]. A precipitate from a tincture of Viburnum optilus ; anti-spasmodic, anti-periodic, expectorant, tonic. Dose I to 3 grains. Unof. Viburnum (vi-bur'-num) \\^.;gen., Viburni'j. I. A genus of caprifoliaceous trees and shrubs, of some 80 species. V. dentatum, is diuretic. V. lantana is vesicant. V. obovatum has antiperiodic properties. V. opulus, "Cranberry tree," " Cranebark," is an efficient remedy in uterine and abdominal pains. V. prunifolium, black haw; the bark is used. It con- tains a resin, viburnic acid, identical with valerianic acid and other extractives. It is astringent and anti- spasmodic, with decided nervine properties. It is useful in the nervous diseases of pregnancy. Dose of the fid. ext. 5 ss-ij ; of extract, gr. iij-x. V. tinus is purgative. Liquor sedans, a utero-ovarian sedative and anodyne. Each fluid-ounce contains of black haw and golden seal each gr. Ix, Jamaica dog- wood gr. xxx, aromatics q.s. Dose ,^j-ij. The so- called Hayden'' s Viburnum Compound is said to be composed of the active principles of V. opulus, Dioscorea villosa, Scutellaria lateriflora, and aro- matics. See, also, Dockniackamus. Vicarious (vi-ka' -re-tis) [_vicarius ; vice, in the place of]. Substitutive; taking the place of another; VICE 1604 VINEGAR applied to the assumption of the functions of one organ by another. V, Menstruation. See Mensirii- ation. Vice (t.///-t, virile]. The as- sumption of male characters by an aged woman ; the growth of a beard, the development of a manly voice on the part of a woman after the menopause. Virilia {vir-il '-e-ali). Plural of Virilis, manly. The male generative organs. Virility {vir - il' - it - e) \7'iriUtas\. The condition of mature manhood ; procreative power. Virose (rv'-ros) [77>ci5z/.f, poisonous]. Poisonous; hav- ing a poisonous taste or smell. Virous (77'''- r«j ) [zvyow^^, poisonous]. Possessing poi- sonous properties. Virulence {vir' -ii-/e>is) [I'irnienfia ; virus, a poison]. Malignity, noxiousness, infectiousness. Virulent {vij-'-ii-lcnt) \_virttlentits'\. Having the nature of a poison. See Virus. Viruliferous (inr-u-lif '-er-tts") \7'iriis, virus ; ferre, to carry]. Containing or conveying a virus. Virus {vi'-riis) [L. ]. A poison that causes a morbid process or disease ; any pathogenic microbe. The word was formerly applied to the specific contagium of an infectious disease, especially to that of cowpox. v., Attenuated, virus deprived of some of its patho- genic quality by culture and modification by animal inoculation-experiments, so that inoculated in another person or animal it preserves the same against attack or the usual violence of the disease. V., Human- ized, vaccine-lymph that is not taken directly from the cow or calf, but from the vaccine-pustule of a human being, usually a child, who may have been inoculated with matter obtained from another child or from the cow. v.. Specific, the characteristic poison of a disease. Vis [L.]. Force or energy. V. conservatrix, the 'healing power of nature. V. formativa, the energy of nature as manifest in the formation of new tissue to replace that which has been destroyed. V. a fronte, energy exerted in front ; resistance. V. inertiae, that force by virtue of which a body at rest remains at rest; or, if in motion, continues in motion. V. medicatrix. Same as V. conservatrix. V. plastrix, in biology, growth-force. See Bathniism, Physiobathmisin, Stato- batluiiisin. V. a tergo, force applied from behind. V. vitse, vital force. Visage {viz'-ij) [visits, a look]. The face. Viscera {vis'-er-a/i). See Visciis. Viscerad {vis'-er-ad) \_visciis, a viscus]. Toward the visceral cavity. Visceral {vis'-er-al) [j.'iscera']. Pertaining to the vis- cera. V. Arches and Clefts, four slit-like depressions with intermediate thickenings of the lateral wall of the cervical region of the embryo. They are persistent slits in fishes. Visceralgia {vis - er - aU - jc - aJi) \yiscus, viscus ; Q/'ij of, pain]. Pain or neuralgia in a viscus. Viscerate {vis'-er-dt) Sjnscera]. To eviscerate or disembowel. Viscericardiac {vis -er-ik- ar'-de -ok) [ziiscera; Kap6ia, heart]. Pertaining to the viscericardium. Viscericardium {ins-er-ik-ar' -de-uin) \yiscera, viscera; Kapdia, heart]. The visceripericardial sac. Viscerimotor {vis-er-im-o' -tor) viscus ; motor, motor]. Conveying motor impulses to a viscus. Visceripericardial {vis-er-ip-er-ik-ar'-de-al ) [viscera, TTepI, around ; napAia, heart]. Common to the peri- cardium and the viscera. Visceropleural {vis-er-o-phc'-ral) [viscera; Tvlevpa, side]. Same as Pleiirovisceral. Visceroskeletal {vis-er-o-skel'-et-al) [viscera ; (jKC/ieTOV, skeleton]. Pertaining to the visceral skeleton. Viscid {vis^-id ) [viscidits] . Clammy ; slimy ; adhe- sive ; glutinous. See Viscous. Viscidity {vis-id' -it-e). Same as Jlscosity. Viscin {vis' -ill) [viscum, bird-lime]. Bird-lime. A mucilaginous extraction of the mistletoe, Viscum Jia- vescens, Gentiana lutea, and other plants. Viscose {-ns'-kdz) [j.'iscum, bird-lime]. A gummy se- cretion or product of the Micrococcus viscosus. Viscosity {vis-kos' -it-e) [viscositas\ The property of glutinousness, ropiness, or tenacity. Viscous {vis'-kus) [i-ip-er-sep' -shtai) \i.'iviis, alive ; per- cipere, to perceive]. The study or observation of physiologic processes without dissection or vivisection. Vivisection \i'iii-is-ek' -shiiii) \_vivns, alive ; sectio, cut- ting]. The dissection of an animal, or experimenta- tion upon it, while still alive, for scientific purposes. See Callisection, and Sentisection. "VivKs^zX-iorn^X^viv-is-ek' -shtin-ist^ \_vivus, alive; sectio, a cutting]. A practiser or defender of vivisection. Vivisector [viz'-is-ck' -tor^ alive ; sector, a cutter]. One who practises vivisection. Vivisectorium (viv-is-ek-to' -re-iini) [L.]. A place or laboratory where vivisection is performed. Vleminckx's Solution. An application used in Austria and Germany for treating acne. It consists of lime I part, sulphur 2 parts, and water 20 parts. Slake the lime, add the sulphur, and boil to 12 parts. Vocal {vd'-kal) \_vox, the voice]. Pertaining to the voice or its organs. V. Bands, a name given to cer- tain membranes of the larynx by which the sounds of the voice are produced. They consist of siipeiior, ventricular or false bands, and inferior or true bands. The latter are covered by the mucous membrane of the larynx and are thin bands of elastic tissue, reach- ing from the wings of the thyreoid to the arytenoid cartilages. V. Fremitus, the thrill conveyed to the hand when applied to the chest during phonation. It is increased in consolidation of the lungs, and decreased or absent when there is a pleural effusion. V. Resonance, the resonance produced by the voice as heard on auscultating the lung. This is increased with slight degrees of consolidation of the lung and decreased with extreme consolidation and with large pleural effusions. Vogt, Angle of. See Angle. Vohsen's Method. A method of illuminating the frontal sinus. It is done by placing the source of il- lumination over the orbital surface of the sinus. Voice (7'()/.f) [ME., z'oice, voice]. The sound produced by the vibration of the vocal bands and modified by the resonance-organs. The utterance of articular sounds, v.. Change of. In tire transition-period of youth the voice loses its treble quality and (sometimes irregularly) assumes the qualities of the adult voice. This is called the change of voice. Void [ME., voiden, to void]. To evacuate, e.g., from the intestine or bladder. Voisin's Method. See Hypnotism. Vola [z'o'-lah) [L.: gen. and //., I'olie']. The palm, or rather the hollow of the hand ; the hollow of the foot. Volar [vo'-lar) [yolaris ; vola, palm]. Pertaining to the palm of the hand. See Palmar. Volatic [z'o-lat' -ik) [z'olatictis ; volare, to fly]. Flying, momentary. Volatile [vol'-at-il) [volatilis']. Capable of assuming, or prone to assume a state of vapor ; evaporating. V. Oils. See Essential Oils. Volatility {ziol-at-il' -it-e) \_volatilitas\ The quality of being volatile. Volatilization [vol-at-il-iz-a' -shiaT) \zo-lup' -ttc-iis-nes) \yoluptitosus, full of gratification]. The state of being voluptuous. Volupty (vo-lup' -te) \_voluptas\ . Voluptuousness ; or- gasm. Volute {vo-lili') \_voluta, a spiral scroll]. In biology, rolled up like a scroll. Volva (vol'-vah) \yolva, a wrapper, covering: pi., Volva'] . In biology, a covering possessed by the fruiting organs of some fungi. The same as Velum universale. Volvulus {vol' -vu-lus) \_volvere, to roll]. An old name was Ileac Passion. A twisting of the bowel upon it- self or upon its mesenteric axis, so as to occlude the lumen. It occurs most frequently in the sigmoid flexure. Vomer {vo'-mer) [L., a plowshare]. The thin plate of bone situated vertically between the nasal fossae, and forming the posterior portion of the septum of the nose, v.. Cartilaginous, a cartilaginous plate that forms the anterior portion of the septum of the nose. Vomerine {vo' -iner-iii) \yomer, vomer]. Pertaining to the vomer. Vomic {vom'-ik) [yomicus'\ . Ulcerous ; purulent. Vomica {vom' -ik-ali) [vomere, to vomit: P'omiccel. A pulmonary cavity; a collection of pus in the lungs or adjacent organs that may discharge through the bronchi and mouth. V. laryngis. A synonym for Perichondritis of the Larynx. Vomit {vom' -it) [vomere, to vomit]. I. To expel from the stomach by vomiting. 2. Vomited matter ; an emetic. V., Bilious, vomit stained with bile. V., Black, the characteristic vomit of yellow fever. The dark fluid ejected is a mixture of decomposed blood and the contents of the stomach. V., Bloody. See Hemateinesis. V., Coffee-ground, vomit composed of broken-down blood-clots and tissue, together with the contents of the stomach. It is seen frequently in carcinoma of the stomach. V.-nut. See Nux vomica. Vomiting {voin' -it-ing) [ziomere, to vomit]. The for- cible, convulsive ejection of the contents of the stomach, duodenum, or intestines through the mouth. V. of Blood. See Hematemesis. V., Dry, persistent nausea with attempts at vomiting, but with the ejection of nothing but gas. V., Pernicious, the variety of vomiting occasionally seen in pregnancy that becomes so excessive as to threaten the patient's life. V., Ster- coraceous, the ejection of fecal matter in emesis, usually due to intestinal obstruction. Vomitive {vom' -it-iv) [z'omere, to vomit]. Emetic. Vomito (vom'-it-o) [Sp.]. Vomit. Vomitonigro. Black vomit. A name for yellow fever. V., Priests'. A name for Yelloiv Fever, q. v. Vomitory {vo!?i' -it-or-e) \_vo//titorius']. I. Emetic, or vomitive. 2. Any agent or substance that induces emesis. Also, a vessel to receive the ejecta. Vomiturition {vom-it-u-ris/i'-un) \_vomituritio'}. In- effectual attempt at vomiting, with a strong feeling of desire to vomit. 2. Vomiting with but slight effort. Vomitus {vom'-it-us) [ziomsre, to vomit]. Vomited matters ; the act of vomiting. V. cruentus, bloody vomit. Von Baer's Law. The law that the embryos of higher animals pass through a succession of metamorphoses resembling the adult forms of lower types of animals. See Law. Von Gieth's Oil-jacket. A dressing especially of value in tj)e pleurisy of infants or young children. Pure olive-oil is poured in sufficient quantity into a previ- ously warmed bowl, and a strip of old, soft, cotton- cloth, large enough to encircle the chest, is placed in the bowl and completely saturated with the oil. This is then applied to the patient's chest, and outside of it a second strip of dry cloth is placed, and, if necessary, a third, which completes the dressing. Von Mering's Mixture. See Anesthetic. Von Troeltsch, Corpuscles of. Peculiar, spindle- shaped corpuscles ; the connective-tissue corpuscles of Virchow. Voodoo (vu'-du) [Creole Fr. , vaiidoux, a negro sor- cerer]. A system of charms and enchantments of African origin, practised in part as a healing art in the U. S. and W. Indies. Voracious {vor-a'-shiis) \yorax ; vorare, to devour]. Having an insatiable appetite or desire for food. See, also. Bulimia. Voracity {vor-as' -if-e) [yoracitas, voracity]. Greedi- ness or rapaciousness for food. Voronej, Elixir of. A famous mixture used in Russia. It occurs in a stronger and a weaker form, as follows : I. The stronger: sal. ammon. g x, ol. naphtha; gvj, ol. caryophyl. '^■x., acid, nitric, ^vj, potas. nitrat. and Turkey pepper each §jss, menth. virid 5viij, acetum Oj, spts. vin. gall. Oiv. 2. The 'veaker : cam- phor, ol. naphthae, ess. terebinth., acid, nitric, each jij, Turkey pepper 2 pods, acetum 3 vjss, spts. vin. gall. J)iv. Vortex {vor'-teks) [L., a whirl]. A structure having the appearance of being produced by a rotary motion about an axis. V. of the Heart, a name applied to the spiral arrangement of the muscular fibers of the walls of the heart. Vorticose {vor' -tik-bz) \_vortex, vortex]. Whirling. In anatomy, specifying the veins of the external layer of the choroid coat of the eyeball, the vemz: vorticosce. V. Veins. See Voice vorticoscr. Vowel {vow' -el) [Fr. , vovelle, vowel]. Any one of the chief sounds of the voice, formed by the vibrations of the vocal organs unmodified by the resonance-organs. Vox {yoks\. Voice. Voyeur (voi-yr') [Fr. ]. A sexual pervert who in- dulges in witnessing coitus. Vries, Plasmolytic Method of. A method of deter- mining osmotic pressure by the use of living plant-cells. Vulcanite {vuF -kau-'if') \_]'idcan, the god of fire]. Ebonite, or hard, vulcanized caoutchouc (india-rubber). V. Base, in dentistry, a vulcanized. India-rubber plate adapted to such portion of the alveolar arch as is de- prived of natural teeth and is to be supplied with an artificial substitute. V., Dental, India-rubber com- bined with sulphur or sulphur compounds, and colored with vermilion. A combination of rubber 48 parts, sulphur 24 parts, and vermilion 36 parts. Compare Rubber. Vulcanizer {vul' -kan-i-zer^ [ -the god of fire]. In dentistry the apparatus in which the prepared rub- ber is hardened by tlie action of steam. It consists of a copper boiler, with a screw-top, having connected with it a thermometer for regulating the steam neces- sary to harden the rubber, and a safety-valve to pre- vent explosion. VULCANOL 1610 WANDERING Vulcanol {vul'-kan-ol) [Vu/can, the god of fire]. A thick, lubricating oil formed in great quantities in petro- leum-refineries and in paraffin and solar-oil works. Vulgar [nil' - gar) \7'u/gari.<:, common^. Common. Coarse. Unrefined. Popular. Vulnera {z iil' - ner - ah) [L.]. Plural of Vidntis. A wound. Vulnerary [yid' - ner - a ■ re) [yulnus, a wound]. In therapeutics, any remedy or agent useful in healing wounds. Vulnus [vnF-mis) [L.: geJt., Viibieris ; pl.,Vtdnera\. A wound. V. sclopetarium, a gun-shot wound. V. simplex, an incised wound. Vulpian's Law. See Law. Vulpic Acid [vul'-pik). See Acid. Vulsella [vul-seF -ah). See Vuhellum. Vulsellum {znd-seF- ii>?i) [L.: //., Vidsedal. A kind of forceps ; volsella. See VoheUa. Vultus (vid'-tus) [L.]. The face, countenance, or looks. Vulva [I'uF-vah] [z'olvere, to roll up]. The female pudendum, though not, strictly speaking, including the mons veneris. V. connivens, a form of vulva in which the labia majora are in close apposition. V., Garrulity of, vaginal flatus. V. hians, the form of vulva in which the labia majora are gaping. Vulval, Vulvar [vtil'-val, vid'-var) [I'tdva, vulva]. Pertaining to the vulva. Vulvate, Vulviform {vid'-vat, vtd' -vi-fonn) \indva, vulva; forma, form]. Shaped lik^ or resembling the vulva. Vulvismus (vid-vh' -nitis). See I'aginismiis. Vulvitis (ind-vi' -tis) \_vnlva, vulva ; lti<;, inflammation] . Inflammation of the vulva. V., Diphtheric, vul- vitis with diphtheric deposit. V., Follicular, in- flammation of the mucous follicles of the vulva. Vulvo- iz'iil' -V0-) \_viilva, vulva]. A prefix denoting relation to the vulva. Vulvo-vaginal (tntl ■ vo -vaj'- in - al) \yidva, vulva; vagina, vagina]. Pertaining conjointly to the vulva and the vagina. V. Glands, the small glands situated one on each side of the vulva near the vagina. See Glands. Vulvo-vaginitis [vid-tw-vaj-in-i' -tis) [z'z//™, vulva ; vagina, vagina; triq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the vulva and the vagina. W. The symbol of Tungsten (Wolfram). W. L. or A. Wave-length. Wachendorf's Membrane. The fetal membrane of the pupil of the eye. It atrophies about the seventh month. See Alemhraiie, Pupillary. Wachsmuth's Mixture. See Anesthetic. Waddle {ivodd') [dim. of 7vade\ To sway or rock from side to side in walking. Wade's Balsam. Friars' Balsam; Jesuits' Drops; a favorite vulnerary, essentially the same as the com- pound tincture of benzoin. Wafer {iva'-fer) [ME., wafi-e, wafer"]. A pharmaceutic preparation made by pouring a thick, smooth mixture of flour and water between greased, hot, polished plates or cylinders, so adjusted that a thin sheet or wafer is pro- duced. When dry this is hard and brittle, but when moistened it becomes soft, tough, and slippery, and is well adapted for taking medicines in the form of powder. W.-ash. See Ptelca trifoliata. Wagner's Spot. The germinal spot or nucleolus of the ovum. Wagner, Tactile Corpuscles of. Oval-shaped bodies at the termination of nerve-fibers, regarded by Wagner as directly concerned in the sense of touch. W. and Meissner's Corpuscles, tactile end-organs lying in the papillse of the skin. Wagnerian Corpuscles [luag-ner'-e-an). See Tactile Corpuscle. Wahoo {wah-hoo'). See Eiionymus. Waist {itiast) [ME., ivast, waist]. The narrowest por- tion of the trunk above the hips. Waistcoat, Straight (tvdst'-kot. strat). See Jacket. Wake (7£'«/(') [ME. , TiifZ/^CT^to come to life]. To return to consciousness, as after sleep. Wakefulness {wak'-ftd-nes). See Insomnia. Walcheren Fever [wal'-cher-en). [From IValcheren, Netherland]. A severe type of malarial fever. Waldenburg's Apparatus. An apparatus constructed on the principle of a gasometer, and used for compress- w ing or rarefying air, which is inhaled, or into which the patient exhales. Waldeyer's Glands. Acino-tubular glands at the attached border of the tarsus. W.'s Plasma-cells. See Pla'sma. W., Sulcus of, a spiral sulcus of the limbus of the ear. Wale (wal). See Wheal. Walk \wawk) [ME., walken, to walk.] i. Manner of walking. See Gait. 2. In Swedish physical training certain forms of progression are specified as walks. See StretcJi-ivalk, J 'ard-walk . Wallerian Degeneration. Degeneration of nerves after separation from their trophic centers. W. Law. See Law. Wall-eye {waivl'-i). A vulgarism used to express the appearance of leukoma of the cornea, or of eyes with a light-colored iris ; also, a divergent strabismus. W.- pepper. See Sediim acne. Walnut {wol'-ntit). See Juglans. Walter's Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of . Walther's Angle. See Angle. W.'s Ducts, ducts in the sublingual gland. W., Oblique Ligament of, a band of capsular ligament of the ankle-joint, extending from the external malleolus to the eminence on the astragalus for the flexor longus pollicis. Wamble (7uom'-bl) [ME., wamlen, mawkish]. A feel- ing of nausea ; a heaving of the stomach. [Vulgar.] W. -cropped. Nauseated; sick at the stomach. [Vulgar.] Wan (won) [ME., wan, wan]. Pale; pallid; of sickly hue or expression. Wandered (7£/07/-/ann's Theory of. Weitbrecht, Cartilage of. See Cartilage. W., Cord of. See Cord. W.'s Ligament. See Liga- ment. W., Retinacula of. See Retinacula. Welcker's Angles. See Attgle. Welk. See IVkelk. Well [ME., wel, well]. In good health, not dis- eased. An artificially made spring of water. A cavity or pit. Wells' Fades. The facies of ovarian disease. Welt. See Wheal. Wen. See Sebaceous Cyst. Wenz's Method. A method of removing all the pro- teids from a liquid. Saturate the solutions with am- monium sulphate, and all the proteids but peptones will be precipitated, and may be filtered off. Werlhoff's Disease. Purpura hcemorrhagica. See Diseases, Table of. Wernekinck, Commissure of. The decussation of the prepeduncles of the cerebellum. Wernicke's Fissure. See Fisstcre. W.'s Sign, • Hemiopic pupillary inaction. If a bright light is thrown into the eye and the pupil reacts, the integrity of the reflex arc is demonstrated. It is possible in, cases of lateral hemianopsia to throw the fight into the eye so that it falls upon the blind half of the retina. If when this is done the pupil contracts, the indica- WERTHEIM'S OINTMENT 1617 WHITE tion is that the reflex arc referred to is perfect, by which is meant tliat tlie optic nerve-tibers from the retinal expansion to the center, the center itself, and the third nerve are uninvolved. In such a case the conclusion would be justified that the cause of the hemianopsia was central; that is, situated behind the geniculate bodies, either in the fibers of the optic radi- ation or in the visual cortical centers. If, on the other hand, when the light is carefully thrown on the hemiopic half of the retina, the pupil remains inactive, the conclusion is justifiable that there is interruption in the path between the retina and the geniculate bodies, and that the hemianopsia is not central, but dependent upon a lesion situated in the tract. Wertheim's Ointment. An ointment used in treating chloasmata. It consists of the ammoniated chlorid of mercury and bismuth, each two drams, and glycerin ointment one ounce. This is to be smeared over the blotches. Werwolf, Werewolf {-iver' --milf) [ME., 7oerwo.lf'\. A lycanthrope. See Lycanthropy and Zodnthropy . West Indian Colic. See Colic. WestphaTs Nucleus. See Nucleus. W., Paradoxic Contraction of, this consists in the contraction of a muscle, caused by the passive approximation of its extremities. It is best known in the tibialis anticus, in which it can be produced in proper cases by rapid dorsal flexion of the foot ; the foot remains firmly fixed in this position for some time. It has been observed in cases of combined sclerosis of the posterior and lat- eral columns and in paralysis agitans (Westphal). It is found only in disease. W.'s Phenomenon, or Symptom, loss of the knee-jerk, as in tabes dorsalis. See Signs and Synpfoms, Table of. \Ar.-Erb's Symptom. Same as IVestphaV s Pheno77ienon. Wet [ME., Tf^/, wet]. Moist; not dry. W. Brain, an excessively serous condition of the brain, seen posi- ?iio>'tem in cases of alcoholism, etc. W. -cupping, cupping combined with scarification, whereby some blood is drawn. W.-nurse. See Nurse. W. Pack, wrapping a patient with a wet sheet covered with dry blankets. W. -scald, eczema in sheep, occurring in wet and cold weather. W. Tetter. See Eczema. Weyl's Test ( for kreatinin). See Tests, Table of. Whale-oil [AS., h~mcl, whale]. Train-oil. An oil extracted from the blubber of the common or Green- land whale. It is yellowish or brownish in color and of disagreeable odor. Its specific gravity is .920 to .931. It is used for illumination and for soap-making. Wharl {Jiivarl) [a variety of whirl]. The uvular or rattling utterance of the R sound. Wharton's Canal. See Duct. W., Duct of. See Duct. W.'s Jelly, the gelatin-like connective tissue of the umbilical cord. Wheal {Invet) [ME., 7oheel, a pimple]. A raised stripe or ridge on the skin, usually of short duration and accom- panied with violent itching. It may be produced by a stroke or from the bite or sting of an insect, or it occurs as a symptom in urticaria. See Pomphus. W.- worm, the Acarus scabiei, or itch-insect. Wheat [Irwet). See Triticuni. Wheatena [hiuet-e' -jiali) [ME., whete, wheat]. An arti- ficial food said to contain all the elements of the wheat- berry except the husk. The starch-granules have al- ready been ruptured by heat, and only a few moments' cooking is necessary. Wheel {hwel) [ME., wheel, wheel]. A circular frame or solid disc turning on an axis. In biology, the tro- cheal disc of Rotifera. W. -crutch, a contrivance used in orthopedic surgery whereby children unable to walk from hip-disease, paralysis, etc., may move themselves from place to place. W., Knight's, a small wheel 102 rotating in the horizontal plane, with a number of seeds attached to its circumference, devised by Andrew Knight to ascertain the effect of geotropism. W. of Life. See Zoetrope. Wheelhouse's Operation. Incision into the urethra through the perineum for the treatment of stricture. See under Urethrotomy. Wheeze {hwez) [ME. , hwezen, to wheeze]. To breathe hard ; to puff and blow ; to breathe with difficulty and audibly. Wheezing {h-aalus. W. Line (of the pelvic fascia), a thickened, whitish band in the pelvic fascia, extending from the lower part of the symphysis pubis to the spine of the ischium. This line marks the point of division of the fascia into two layers, the obturator and the recto-vesical. W.- lipped, having white lips. W. Matter. See Brain. W. Mole. See Alole. W. Mustard, sinapis alba. W. Nail, a condition of the nail in which spots and bands of white are seen on its surface. Occasionally the whole nail may be white. The mechanical cause is the presence of air between the affected lamella;, but the origin is unknown. The condition is sometimes associated with gout, syphilis, or leprosy, or is a part of trophic changes. The white spots commonly seen on the nails of young persons are due to trauma. W. Oak Bark. See Quercns alba. W'., Paris, whiting. W., Pearl, bismuth subnitrate. W., Permanent, pulverized barium sulphate mixed with white lead. W. Pneumonia. See Pneunionia. W. Precipitate. See Precipitate and Hydrargyrum . W. Rosin, ordin- ary rosin which has been melted and mixed with water. W. Sage. See Erotia lanata. W. San- dalwood. See Sa)italum. W. Softening, a form of cerebral softening in which the affected area pre- sents a dirty-white color, due to embolism of one of the larger arteries or to gradual narrowing of the arteries by chronic endarteritis. W. Substance of Schwann. See Scktvann. W. Swelling. See Hydrarthrosis. W. Tache, a form of tache observed in typhoid fever, in which the vessels of the area irritated by the nail undergo contraction and remain empty. W. Tanned Leather. See leather. W., Venetian, a mixture of equal parts of white lead and barium sulphate. W. Vervain, the root of bena urticifolia ; of reputed value in malarial fevers. W. Vitriol, zinc sulphate. See Pigments, Conspectus of, W. Wax, yellow wax bleached by exposure to air, light, and moisture. W. Wine. See,TFine. W.- winged, having white wings. White's Disease. Same 2& Darier s Disease. Whites [liwitz). -See Leukorrhea. Whiting (h-vit'-ing) [ME., 7i'hit, white]. Purified calcium carbonate. Whitleather (hiait'Ieth-er) 7iihittlether']. The ligamentum nuchae, or packwax, of the ox. Whitlow [Inuit'-Io). See Panaris. W., Painless. See Alorvan^ s Disease. Whole {hdl) [ME., hoi, whole]. Hale; healthy; sound. Whoop {hoop) [ME., houpen, to whoop]. The in- spiratory crow which precedes or occurs during a par- oxysm in whooping-cough. WILL Whooping Cough {hoo'pifig-kawf). See Pertussis and Bacillus tussis conviilsivce, Afanassiew, under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. Whore's Itch. Same as Army Itch. Whorehouse Tea [hor'-hozos te). See Tepopote. Whorl (//7i'();-/) [ME., whorle, \s\\ox\'\. See Vortex. In biology, organs disposed in a circle about a cen- tral axis are said to be arranged in a whorl. W. of Heart. See Vortex of Heart. Whytt's Disease. Acute hydrocephalus. W.'s Tinc- ture, a preparation consisting of cinchona 6, orange- peel 2, gentian 2, cinnamon I, dilute alcohol 50. Wickersheimer's Fluid. A fluid employed chiefly for the preservation of museum specimens. There are two formuIcB, the first for injecting, and the second for immersing. They are as follows: — ■ First Second Solution. Solution. Arsenious acid, ; 16 gms. i2gms. Sodium chlorid So 60 Potassium sulphate, .... 200 150 " carbonate, ... 20 15 " nitrate, 25 18 Glycerin 4,000 c.c. 4,000 c.c. Wood-naphtha 750 750 Water 10,000 10,000 Wicopy {unk' -ope). See Dirca palustris and Epilo- bium. Wide-mouth [tvid' -mouth). See Macrostomia . Wig [abbr. of periwig]. A covering of false hair for the head. Wigger's Ergotin. An alcoholic extract prepared from ergot deprived of fixed oil by means of ether. W.'s Method, a Method of Generating Chlorin. Mix 18 parts of finely ground common salt with 15 parts of finely pulverized good manganese dioxid. Put the mixture in a flask and pour a completely cooled mixture of 45 parts of concentrated sulphuric acid and 21 parts of water upon it, and shake. Wild (twA/) [ ME. , 7f27,/c, wild]. • Not domesticated. W. Bean. See Apios. W. Bergamot, the herb hlonarda fistulosa, in large doses a powerful diapho- retic. A reputed antiperiodic. Dose of the fld. ext. Tr\,xv-3j. W. Cherry. See Primus virginiana. W.-fire. 'iiynowyxa. oi Erysipelas. W. Ginger. See Asarum. W. Indigo. See Baptisia. W. Liquor- ice. See Abrus. W.-mare, the night-mare. W. Marjoram. See Origanum. W. Potato. See Con- '•olvulus patiduratus. W^. Sage. See Serra salvia. W. Silk. See Silk. W. Sunflower. See Grin- delia. W.Yam. See Dioscorea. Wilde, Cords of. Transverse strire of the corpus cal- losum. W.'s Incision, in operations in the mas- toid region, the incision of the soft parts. See Operations, Table of. Wilder's Fissures. See Fissure. W., Foramen of. .See Foramina, Table of. Wildermuth's Ear. See Ear, Deformities, and Dis- eases, Table of. Wilkinson's Formula. An animal parasiticide used in dermatology. It consists of sulphur, tar, and lard, of each two ounces, precipitated chalk one ounce, ammonium sulphid one-half dram. It is used for tinea tonsurans and scabies. W.'s Ointment, or Salve, for psoriasis ; it consists of sublimed sulphur and oil of cade, of each four drams, green soap and lard each one ounce, prepared chalk two and one- half drams. Wilks's Kidney. The large white kidney of chronic parenchymatous nephritis. See Diseases, Table oj. Will [wil) [ME., 7OT7/e';z, to will]. Volition; desire, with more or less engagement of the motor centers and of the muscular system. 1618 WILL AND VARRENTRAP'S METHOD 1619 WINTER Will and Varrentrap's Method. See Xitrogen. Willan's Lepra. A synonym of PsoTiasis. See Diseases, Table of. Willard's Lupus. A term formerly applied to lupus of tuberculous as opposed to that of non-tuberculous origin. See Diseases, Table of. Williams' Tracheal Tone. The peculiar resonance, sometimes found in the second intercostal space in cases of very large pleural efiusions. It is a dull tym- panitic resonance, becoming higher on opening the mouth, and arises from the vibrations of air in a large bronchus surrounded by compressed lung. See Signs ami Symptoms, Table of. Willis, Chords of. Fibrous bands, which extend transversely across the inferior angle of the superior longitudinal sinus. W., Circle of. See Circle. W.'s Disease, diabetes. See Diseases, Table of. W., Nerve of. See A'erz'es, Table of. Willow [wil'-o) [ME., wilowe, willow]. See Salix. W.-bark, the bark of several species of willow, nota- bly Salix arenaria and S. capraa, used in Russia and Denmark for the tanning of lighter skins, for the manufacture of glove-leather and the so-called Russia leather. The percentage of tannin it contains is usually given as from three to five per cent., although Eitner found over 12 per cent, in several species. W.-herb. See Epilobium and Lythrum. Wilson's Disease. General exfoliative dermatitis. See Diseases, Table of. W.'s Formula, an animal parasiticide used in dermatology. It contains sulphur I ounce, potassium carbonate 2 drams, benzoated lard 5 ounces, oil of chamomile dram. W.'s Muscle. See JMtiscles, Table of. Winch (K'mf/^) [ME., -mnche, the crank of a wheel]. The handle for turning a wheel or other revolving ap- paratus ; the apparatus thus revolved. W., Verona, an apparatus having a cog-wheel and used for tighten- ing a ligature around a hemorrhoid. Winckel's Disease. .A.n epidemic disease of children, characterized by cyanosis, jaundice, and hemoglobin- uria. See Diseases, Table of. Wind [ME. , wwi/, wind]. I. A current of air. 2. Flatus. W. of a Ball, the compression of air said to be produced by the passage of a ball close to the body, and to give rise to an injury called a " wind- contusion." W., Broken, 'istft Heaves . W. -colic. See Bloat. W. -contusion. See W. of a Ball. W. -dropsy, a synonym for flatulence. W., Elec- tric, that form of electric current which, coming in contact with the person, gives the sensation of a gentle blowing upon the parts. W. -fertilized, anemophil- ous. W. -flower, anemone. W. -galls, in farriery, dilated bursre found at the posterior part of the fetlock- joint, and due to a dropsical condition of the bursre and tendon. W. -getting, in the process of training, a gradual increase in the capability of the heart, especially of the right chambers. W.-pipe. See Trachea. W. -pox, chicken-pox, or varicella. W.- puff, the collection of air or gas beneath the skin of a fowl following the operation of caponizing. Simple puncture affords relief. W. -stroke, acute spinal paralysis in the horse. W. -sucking: I. The habit of a horse that carries his nose in the air. 2. More correctly, the habit of a horse, called crib-biting. Windlass (7£'/«(/'-/aj) [ME.]. An apparatus for wind- ing a cord on an axle, the cord being tightened by means of a weight. W., Spanish. See Tourniquet and Carrot. Window [uiin'-do) [ME. , unndowe, window]. An aper- ture in a wall for the admission of light and air. W., Oval. See Fejiestra ovalis. W., Round. See Fenestra rotunda. Wine {unn') [ME., w/m, wine]. The fermented juice of various species of Vitis. A sweet wine is one in which a notable portion of the original grape-sugar of the must has escaped fermentation, or to which an ad- dition of sugar has been made subsequent to the main fermentation. A dry wine is one in which the sugar, whether originally present or subsequently added, has almost all undergone change in the processes of fermen- tation. A sparkling ^\x\a- , skin] . Yellow-skinned. Xanthocyanopia, Xanthocyanopsia [zan-tho-si-an-o' - pe-ah, zan-tho-si-an-op' -se-ah) \fav(l6r^, yellow; Kvavog, blue ; biptc, sight]. A defect of color-vision in which yellows and blues are perceived, while reds are imper- ceptible. Xanthocystin ( zan - tho - sis'- tin ) \_^av66g, yellow ; Kvarig, bladder]. A nitrogenous substance found in the whitish tubercles in the mucosa and organs of a corpse. Xanthoderma (zan-tho-der'-mah) [fav^df, yellow; 6ip/ia, skin]. Yellowness of the skin. Xanthodont (zan'- tho - dont) [fap^df, yellow; bSovc, tooth]. In biology, having yellow teeth, as the in- cisors of rodents. Xanthodontous (zan-tho-don'-tus) {favftoq, yellow; ofSoi'f, tooth]. Having a yellow discoloration of the teeth. Xanthogen (zan'-tho-jen). Same as Xanthein. Xanthoglobulin (zan-tho-gloh' -u-lin) \favQ6q, yellow ; globiclus, a ball]. Same as Hypoxanthin. A yellow substance found in the liver and the pancreas. Xantho-kreatinin (zan-tho-kre-at'-in-in) \_^avd6c,, yel- low; Kpeac, flesh]. The most abundant of muscle- leukomains, named from the sulphur-yellow color of its crystals and its resemblance to kreatinin. It appears XANTHOKYANOPY 1623 XANTHOXYLUM in the physiologically active muscle at the same time with kreatinin, constituting sometimes one-tenth of the kreatinin present. It has been found by Monari in aqueous extracts of the muscles of a tired dog, and in the urine of soldiers fatigued by marching. In large doses it is decidedly poisonous, producing depression, somnolence, extreme fatigue, frequent defecation, and vomiting. See Latkoiiiains, Table of. Xanthokyanopy {zaii-tho-ki-an' -o-pe) [fovSor, yellow ; KvavoQ., blue; ui/i, eye]. Red-green blindness, with undiminished spectrum. See Xauthoivaitopsia. Xantholin {zan' -tlio-lm). Same as Santonica. Xanthoma (zan-tlio' malt) [tart'oc, yellow ; o//a, tumor]. Xanthelasma ; a form of new-growth of the skin, oc- curring as plaques imbedded in the skin, o'r as nodules from a pin's head to a bean in size, rarely larger. The color is yellow, usually the tint of chamois-leather. The plaques are slightly raised above the surface, but are scarcely perceptible to the touch when pinched. They are frequently seen in the form of plates imbed- ded in the eyelids, especially in people past middle age who have been subject to migraine. X. diabeti- corum, Lichen diabeticorum : a rare disease of the skin alwavs associated with diabetes mellitus. It de- velops rapidly and sometimes intermittently ; the lesions are denser and firmer than those of true xan- thoma, and are dull-red, discrete, "and solid, though at the apex they present a yellowish point, like pus. They are abundant on the scalp and face, but never exist on the eyelids, nor are they ever associated with jaundice. Itching and tingling are always present. X. lineare vel striatum, a form of X. plautim in which the lesions occur in lines or striae. X. macu- latum et papulatum, a form of X. planum in which the lesions occur in papules and macules as well as in plaques. X. multiplex, a form occurring usually in women about middle life. It is frequently hereditary and is usually associated with jaundice, which, as a rule, precedes it by a year or more. The lesions are generally distributed. X. palpebrarum. See X. planum. X. planum, X. palpebrarum ; the com- moner form of Xanthoma, usually situated on the eyelids. X. tuberculatum, X. tuberosum, a rarer form of Xanthoma characterized by tubercular lesions upon the extensor surfaces of the extremities, and on parts exposed to pressure, as the elbows and knees, shoulders buttocks, backs of fingers and toes, palms and soles. The lesions vary in size from a hemp-seed to a pea, are hard to the touch, deeply set in the skin, and project prominently from it. They ma}' coalesce to form veritable tumors. The disease is a chronic one. Xanthomatosis [zan-tho-?nat-o'-sis) [far(?of, yellow ; 6u«, tumor]. Xanthoma of so marked a type as to indicate a special diathesis. Xanthomatous (zan-tlio' -inat-ns) [fai'f^df , yellow ; 6/m, tumor]. Of the nature of or affected with xan- thoma. Xanthomelanous [zan-tho-ineV-an-iis] [^nr^^or, yellow ; fit/.ac^, black]. The lighter of the Melanochroi , or races with black hair and )'ellow or olive skin, as dis- tinguished from the Melanous, those with black hair and black skin. Xanthopathy (c(7;/-/'//fi/'-(7/'/^-(') [fav(?df, yellow ; -ciBar, a suffering]. Yellowness of the skin from morbid conditions. Xanthophane [zan'-tho-fan). See Chrotnophane. Xanthophyl, Xanthophyll [zan'-tho-fil) [farfidr, yel- low ; 9i'A/loj', leaf]. In biology, leaf-yellow, a special pigment isolated by Berzelius from autumn leaves. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Xanthophyllin (zan-tho-fil' -in). Same as Xanthophyl. Xanthopicrin {zan-tho-pik' -rin) \i,a\S6c, yellow ; ttik- p6i) \_iav%(;, yellow ; pafivoc, buckthorn]. A yellow coloring-matter con- tained in the ripe Persian or Turkish berries and in Avignon grains. See Pigtnents, Conspectus of. Xanthorrhea [zan-thor-e'-ah) \_^avd6c, yellow ; pieiv, to flow]. I. An acrid, purulent discharge from the vagina. 2. A genus of tree-like liliaceous Australian plants, called black-boy and grass-tree. They afford an abundant resin. See Acaroid. Xanthorrhiza [zan-thor-i'-zah) [favf^df, yellow ; pi^a,^. root]. A genus of ranunculaceous plants. X. apii- folia, of the United States (yellow-root), is a good, bitter tonic. Unof. Xanthosis [zan-tho'-sis) [^otOoc, yellow]. The yellow pigmentation sometimes observed in carcinoma. X. of the Nasal Septum, a dirty-yellow appearance in the nasal mucous membrane due to hemorrhage and the subsequent disintegration of the blood. Xanthospermous (zan-iho-sper' -mus) yellow ; aTvipucL, seed]. In biology, having yellow seeds. Xanthous (zan'-thus) \i,avti6q, yellow]. Having a yel- low skin, or complexion. Xanthoxylene (zan-thoks'-il-en) \_^av66g, yellow ; ^vXov, wood], C,f|Hjp. A colorless, volatile oil obtained from the fruit of Xanthoxylum alatum. Xanthoxylin [zan-thoks'-il-iti) [fai'ffdf , yellow ; ^vTiov, wood]. I. A precipitate from a tincture of Xan- thoxylum fraxineum ; stimulant, styptic, tonic, siala- gogue. Dose I-2 grains. Unof. 2. A stearopten from the volatile oil oi Xanthoxylum piperitum. Xanthoxylum {san - thoks' - il - um) \_^av66<;, yellow; ^'vXov, wood: gen., Xanthoxyli\ A genus of ruta- ceous trees and shrubs of many species, including the prickly ash (A', fraxineum). In many, if not all the species, the root-bark is stimulant and tonic. X. alatum, of India, is anthelmintic and sudorific. X. cribrosum, of the U. S. and W. Indies, is strongly diuretic and stimulant. Its bark is locally used in a wide range of diseases. Dose of fl. ext., gtt. x-xx. Unof. X., Decoctum, unof. , ,^j-Oij. Dose _^j-ij. X., Ext., Fid. Dose gss-j. X. fraxineum, /r/V/^/j' ash, tooth-ache tree, angelica tree — a North American species of the Xantlioxylacea which belong to the Rutacece. The bark, the Xanthoxylum of the U. S. Ph., is chewed in odontalgia. It is a stimulant, aro- matic, bitter, sialagogue and emmenagogue, and is XANTHURIA 1624 XIPHISTERNAL of repute in chronic rheumatism and " biliousness. " Dose gr. x-xxx. X. naranjillo, of the Argentine Republic, is recommended as a substitute for jabo- randi. X. nitidum, of China, is febrifugal. X. senegalense, of Africa, has similar properties, but appears to be poisonous. Xanthuria [zan-tJiic' -re-ali). See Xanthimiria. Xarheb [zar' -Jieb) . See Paraschistes. Xenarthral [zen-ar^-thrai) [^evof, strange; apdpov, joint]. Strangely jointed. Xenembole {zen-em' -bo-le) \_^kvor, foreign ; i)i^o)\.ri, a hurling]. Same as Xenenthesis. Xenenthesis (zen-en'-t/ie-sis) \_^evog, strange ; tv, in ; diaic, a placing]. The introduction of a foreign body into the economy. Xenodochium [zeji-o-do' -ke-uni) [fevof , a stranger ; dkx^oQm, to receive]. A hospital ; a public house. Xenogamy [zen-og' -am-e) \£,tvo(;, a stranger; yajjLuv, to marry]. A form of cross-fertilization in which fer- tilization is effected by pollen from another plant of the same species. Xenogenesis (zen-o-jen' -es-is) [jf I'of , stranger ; ykveaii;, birth]. In biology, Mr. Milne Edwards' term for the generation of something foreign, i. e. , of offspring varying in their characters and life-cycle from the parents. Cf. Heterogenesis. Xenogenetic, Xenogenic (zen-o-jen-ef -ik, zen-o-jen'- ik) [fei'of , strange ; yevvav, to produce]. Pertaining to xenogenesis. Xenogeny (zen-oj' -en-e) [fsvof, strange ; jew/f, born]. Same as Xetiogenesis. 'X.&nomenia. (zen - 0 - me^- 7te - a/i) . See Menstruation, Vicarious. Xenonomia (zeti-o-no' -me-ali). Same as Heteronomy. Xenophthalmia [zen-off-tha! ' -nie-ah) [fwof, foreign ; bHa'A/Lid(;, eye]. Conjunctivitis due to injury. Xenopneumonypostasis (zen-op-nu-mon-ip-os' -tas-is') [fet'of, foreign ; nvev/Lior, lung ; vTroaraoi^, sub- sidence] . The settling of foreign bodies into the lower portions of the lungs. Xenosite [zen'-o-sit] [ffi'of, strange ; fr/ro^-, food]. A parasite in an intermediate condition, organ, or host. Xeransis {zer-an' -sis) [fz/pafff/f]. The drying up or desiccation of a part or of a drug. Xerantic (3(?r-(7w''-//i') \_^ripavTiK6{\. Having desiccative properties ; drying. Xeraphion (zer-a' -fe-on') [^t/poc, dry]. I. A medicine to be taken dry. 2. A medicine to check discharges. Xerasia {zer-a'-ze-ali) [f//pof, dry]. A disease of the hair marked by cessation of growth and excessive dryness. Xerocollyrium {zer-o-kol-ir'-e-tan) [^^pof, dry; Kok- Aovpiov, collyrium]. Any dry collyrium ; an eye- salve. Xeroderma (zer - o - der' - wo//) [f ^/pof , dry ; fiipfia, skin]. Xerosis ; a congenital dryness, harshness, and roughness of the skin, commonly appearing within the first two years of life, unaccompanied by subject- ive sensations, and exhibiting to the eye a fine, scaly desquamation and a characteristic, dull, grayish, yel- lowish, dirt-colored discoloration, chiefly involving the temples and the extremities. Set Ichthyosis. X. ich- thyiodes. See Ichthyosis. X. of Kaposi, a dif- fuse atrophy of the skin, idiopathic in origin. X. pigmentosum. Atrophoderma pigmentosum ; Angi- oma pigmentosum atrophiciDU ; Melanosis lenticularis progressiva ; Kaposi' s Disease ; a very rare skin-dis- ease, beginning generally in summer and occurring during the second or third year of life. It is char- acterized by minute, measly, erythematous blotches upon parts exposed to the sun, which soon disappear, leaving pigment-spots like ordinary freckles, which persist even during winter. A spontaneous atrophy of the skin then occurs, resulting in the formation of non-pigmented, glistening scar-tissue, and finally in this tissue malignant, epitheliomatous growths form. Death generally results about puberty. Xerodermia (zer-o-der' -me-ali) [f//poc, dry; dkpua, skin]. A dryness of the skin. See, also, Xeroderma and Ichthyosis. Xerodes [zer-o'-dez) [ffpd)(5//f, dryish]. A tumor that is dry and hard. Xeroma (zer-o'-mah). See Xerophthalmia. Xeromycteria (zer-o-ttiik-te' -re-ah) //pof , dry ; /ivKTr/p, the nose]. Lack of moisture in the nasal passages. Xeromyrum (zer - ovi' - ir - um) [^'/pof, dry; fivpov, ointment : gen., Xeroinyri'\. A hard, stiff oint- ment. Xeronosos {zer-oji' -o-stts) [^rjpoQ, dry ; vdao<;, disease]. A condition of dryness of the skin. Xerophagy (zer-off' -aj-e) [^;;p(5f, dry ; (payelv, to eat]. The use of dry or desiccated aliment. Xerophilous (zer-off' -il-us) [f';po(", dry ; <^iXuv, to love]. In biology, a term applied to plants which, like the cactuses, are adapted to dry regions. Xerophthalmia ( zer - off - thai' - me - ah ) //pof, dry ; b<^da\ii6q, eye]. A dry and thickened condition of the conjunctiva, sometimes following chronic conjunc- tivitis or disease of the lacrymal apparatus. Xerophthalmos [zer -off- thai' -mos). See Xerophthal- mia. Xeroplasta (zer-o-plas' -tah) [f7?p6f , dry ; -KAdaaeLV, to mold]. A group of diseased states, attended with de- fective secretion ; it includes sterility, anuria, atrophy, marasmus, etc. Xerosis (zer-o'-sis) \_^ripuaiQ, a dry state]. A dry con- dition. See Xerodenna. X. of the Conjunctiva. See Xerophthalmia. See Bacillus of Xerosis epithe- lialis conjunctiihv , in Bacteria, Syttonymatic Table of. Xeiostoma. {zer-os'-to-mah) [f^pof, dry ; (7ro//a, mouth]. Aptyalism, or dry mouth. Xerostomia [zer- o - sto'- me - ah) [f/;p6f, dry; arofia, mouth]. Dry Mouth. A rare condition of the mouth, in which the tongue is red, cracked, and dry; the buccal surfaces of the cheeks and the hard and the soft palate are also dry, and the mucous membrane becomes pale, smooth, and glistening. Speech is difficult, as is also swallowing. There appears to be no pathologic condition of the salivary glands. The disease occurs in women only, and usually after middle life. Xerotes (zer-o'-tez) [f;?por7;f]. Dryness ; dry habit of body. Xerotic [zer-ot'-ik) [f/;pof, dry]. Characterized by xerosis ; dry. Xerotribia, Xerotripsis [zer-o-trib'-e-ah, zer-o-trip' -sis) [f//pof, dry ; rpljSEiv, to rub]. Dry friction ; a dry rubbing. Xiphicostal (zifik-os'-tal) \^'ii^oq, sword; costa, rCo'\. Pertaining to the xiphoid cartilage and to the ribs. X. Ligament, a ligament extending from the xiphoid cartilage to the cartilage of the eighth rib. Xiphihumeralis (zif-e-hu-mer-a'-lis) [if(0o(:, sword ; humerus, humerus]. A muscle which in some ani- mals passes from the xiphoid cartilage to the proximal end of the humerus. Xiphiplastral {zif-ip-las'-tral)[^i) See Xiphiplastron. Xiphodes (iZ/'-o'-^j'^c) [f<0of, sword ; eZdof, like]. Hav- ing the shape of a sword. Xiphodymus (zif-od ' -im-us) [^'^of, sword ; dtdv/ioc, double]. A sysomic monstrosity with united pelvic and thoracic cavities, two legs, and with an occasional rudimentary third leg. Xiphoid {'Jf'-oid) [f/;»of, sword; d6oq, like]. Ensi- form ; sword-shaped. X. Appendix, or Process, the third piece, or ensiform process, of the sternum ; xiph- isternum. It is cartilaginous in youth and osseous in mature age. Xiphoidian {zif-oid '-e-an) [^/0of, sword ; e«Sof, like]. Belonging or pertaining to the ensiform cartilage. Xiphopagus ( zif- op'- ag - tis) [f '0of , sword ; Trdjof , fixed]. A monomphalic monstrosity united by the xiphoid cartilages or the epigastrium. The Siamese twins furnished an example. Xiphophyllous (zif-off' -il-us) [fi^of, sword ; ^'vXkov, leaf]. In biology, having sword-shaped leaves. Xylem {zi'-lem) \_^'v\ov, wood]. In biology, that por- tion of the tibro-vascular bundle which contains ducts or tracheids. Xylic {zi'-lik) \_^v\ov, wood]. Pertaining to or derived from wood. X. Acid. See Acid. Xylidic Acid {zi-Hd'-ik). See Acid. Xylidin [zil'-id-in) [^'v'Aov, wood], CgH^.NHj. A me- thylated homologue of anilin, obtained from dime- thylanilin. It serves for the preparation of red azo- dyestuffs. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Xylo- (zi'-lo-) [^^vXnv, wood]. A prefix to denote con- nection with or relation to wood. Xylobalsamum {zi - lo - bal' - sam - uvi) [fi'/loi', wood; PaXaa/Liov , balsam]. The dried twigs of Commiphora opolialsatnttm , the balm of Gilead of Asia ; also, a balsam extracted from the same. Unof. Xylocarp {zi' -lo-ka7p) \^vkm\ wood; Kapizoq, fruit]. In biology, a hard, woody fruit. Xylocarpous [zi-lo-kar'-piis) \_^v7mv, wood ; Kapn-dg, fruit]. Having woody or hard fruit. Xylogene {zi'-/o-jen) \_§vXoi', wood; yein'or, to produce]. A woody substance found in vegetable cell-walls. Xyloid [zi'-Ioid) [f('?>,oi', wood ; t/'Vof, resemblance]. Resembling or having the nature of wood ; ligneous. Xyloidin (zi-loi' -din) \_^i)'kov, wood ; fttJof , form], Cj- HgNO,. A white, inflammable, pulverulent sub- stance described by Braconnet (1833) and obtained by the action of concentrated nitric acid upon starch or various forms of woody fiber. Also called Xy/idin. Xylol (zi'-lol) \_^'vAov, wood ; oknvi, oil], ChH,,,. Dimethyl benzene. A volatile hydrocarbon some- what resembling benzol. It has proved serviceable in smallpox. Dose n\,iij-x. X. -balsam, Canada bal- sam dissolved in xylol. For its uses in microscopy, see Mounting-media. Xyloma {zi-lo'-mah) [f ti/lov, wood : //., Xylomata~\. In biology, a sclerotoid, spore-producing body of certain fungi {Polystigma and Ascomycetes). Xylon (zi'-lon) \_^vKov, wood]. i. Wood. 2. The cotton plant. 3. A substance identical with wood- cellulose. Xylonite {zi'-lon-it). Same as Zylonite. See Celluloid. Xylophagous {zi-loff'-ag-us) [_^vlov, wood ; ov, animal]. Pertaining to a zoea. Zoecial [zo - e'- she - al) Ifuuv, animal; o'lKia, house]. Pertaining to a zoecium. Zoecium, Zooecium (zo-e'-se-tim) [C^joi', animal ; o'luia, house: //. , Zoecia'\. In biology, the chamber in which the polyp is lodged in Polyzoa ; the Cystid of Nitsche and the Brutkapsel of Reichert. Zoeform (zo'-e-form) [C901', animal; forma, form]. Having the form of a zoea. Zoether (zo-e'-ther) [C,ui], life; aWi/p, upper air]. Same as Prolyl. Zoetic {zo-et'-ik) [Coil, life]. Vital. Zoetrope (zo'-e-trop) [Cw), life ; rpc-eiv, to turn]. An instrument that by the revolution of a series of pic- tures before the eye gives the appearance of a person or animal in motion, the pictures successively repre- senting single phases of a compound act. Called, also, a phanakistoscope. Zoiatria (zb-e-a' -tre-ali) \fC)riv, animal ; inrpela, medical treatment]. The art and science of veterinary surgery. Zoiatrics [zo-i-at'-riks). -See Zoiatria. Zoic [zo'-ik) [Cw'iof, of animals]. In biology, of or pertaining to living organisms ; relating especially to animal life. Zoidin [zo'-id-in). See Glairin. Zoism [zo'-izm) \_^cyf], life]. The doctrine or theory that life is the manifestation of the operations of a peculiar vital principle ; the doctrine of vital force. Zoistic {zo-is'-tik) [fw?/, life]. Pertaining to animal life ; vitalistic. Zollner's Lines. A device to illustrate false estimates of direction or paral- lelism by intersecting lines crossing parallel lines at a certain angle. Zona (zo' - nail) \_gen. and //. , Zona:^ I. A zone ; a belt or girdle. A name given to cer- tain spaces traversing the cortical envelop of the kidney, as Z. glo- merosa, Z. fasciculata, Z. reticularis, etc. 2. Herpes zoster. Z. alba, the white zone of the eyeball. Z. arcuata, the inner zone of the basilar Zollner's Lines. ZON.ESTHESIA 1629 ZOO-CURRENTS membrane extending from tjie lower edge of the spiral groove of the cochlea to the external edge of the base of the outer rods of Corti. Z. cartilaginea, the limbus of the spiral lamina. Z. choriacea. Same as Z. cartilagi- nea. Z. ciliaris, the ciliary zone, or ciliary processes col- lectively ; the zone of Zinn, or the suspensory ligament of the crystalline lens; a radially plicated modified anterior continuation of the hyaloid membrane of the vitreous body {Picisoi). Z. denticulata, the inner zone of the basilar membrane, together with the limbus of the spiral lamina. Z. fasciculata, the central portion of the cortex of the suprarenal capsule, com- posed of tube-like transverse bands. Z. ganglionaris, a collection of gray matter on the filaments of the cochlear branch of the auditory nerve. . Z. glomer- ulosa, a zone of the cortical portion of the supra- renal capsule, which has a net-like appearance on section, situated near the surface of the organ. Z. ignea. Synonym of Herpes zoster. Z. incerta. See Regio subthalainica. Z. lasvis. Same as Z. arcuata. Z. mediana. Same as Z. caj-tilaginea. Z. nervea. Same as Z. arciiata. Z. orbicularis, a thickening of the capsular ligament around the acetabulum. Z. pectinata, the outer zone of the basilar membrane, extending from the rods of Corti to the spiral ligament. Z. pellucida, the thick, solid, elastic envelop of the ovum, corresponding to the cell-wall of a cell. It is also called the vitelline membrane. It contains the vitellits or yolk, corresponding to the cell-contents of the cell; the Germinal Vesicle (corresponding to the nucleus of the cell), which last contains the Germinal Spot, corresponding to the cell-nucleolus. Z, per- forata, the lower edge of the spiral groove of the cochlea. Z. perforata of the Cochlea, the inner and perforated division of the lamina spiralis membranacea. Z. radiata, the zona pellucida when the radiating pore-canals are very distinct. Z. repens. Same as Herpes zoster. Z., reticularis: I. The portion of the cortex of the suprarenal capsule next to the medullary portion. Here the spaces formed by the transverse bands are of small extent. 2. The inner layer of the cortical portion of the suprarenal body. Z. serpiginosa. Synonym of Herpes zoster. Z. spongiosa, the extreme dorsal tip of the posterior horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord. Z. tecta, the inner part of the lamina spiralis membranacea covered by the organ of Corti. Z. tendinosa, a fibrous ring situated at each auriculo-ventricular opening in the heart. Z. valsalvae, the membranous spiral lamina of the cochlea. Z. vasculosa, the medullary substance of the Graafian vesicles. Z. volatica. Same as Herpes zoster. Zonaesthesia (zdn-es-t/ie' -ze-ali). See Zonesthesia. Zonal {zo'-nal^ zone]. Pertaining to a zone, or to the disease called zona. In biology, of or pertain- ing to the subdivisions of an articulate or annulose ani- mal. Zonary (zo'-nar-e) [zona, zone]. Characterized by or pertaining to a zone. Z. Fauna, Hsckel's name for the intermediate pelagic fauna discovered by Murray to inhabit the zones of different depths of the ocean be- tween the surface and the deep-sea bottom. Z. Pla- centa. See Placenta. Zonate izo'-nai) \zona, a zone]. In biology, girdled or ringed ; marked with concentric bands. Zone (zon) [zona, a band]. See Zona. Z., An- electrotonic. See Z., Polar. Z., Cervical, the lowest fourth of the internal surface of the uterus. Z., Ciliary. Ste Zonula ciliaris. Z., Epileptic, a tract of the integument irritation of which may give rise to an epileptic attack. Z. of Haller. Same as Z. of Zijin. Z., Hepatic. See Hepatic. Z., Hyperesthetic, a zone of the integument characterized by exalted sensi- bility. Z., Hysteroepileptogenous, Z., Hystero- genic, hyperesthetic areas in hysteric persons, where pressure on the one hand calls forth well-marked phe- nomena of hysteria, such as convulsions, or catalepsy, or on the other hand checks an attack that is in progress. The ovarian region and areas near the niamina are hysterogenic zones. Z., Internal, of the Lenticular Nucleus, a zone connected by transverse white fibers with the internal capsule. Z., Katelectrotonic. Z. , Peripolar. Z.,Lissauer's. Sameas Z/w^zz^^r'^ Tract. Z., Ophthalmic. See Herpes. Z., Peripolar, a term proposed for the zone or region surrounding the polar zone on the body of a patient undergoing electro- therapeutic treatment. Z., Placental, that portion of the uterus to which the placenta is attached. Z., Polar, a term proposed for the zone or region surrounding the therapeutic electrode applied to the human body for electric treatment. Zonesthesia {zo-nes-the' -ze-aJi) [Zuvij, a belt ; aiadi/aiQ, sensation]. Perverted feeling in which there is a sense as of a cincture, or halter, or constriction about a part ; also called Strangalestkesia and girdle-sensa- tion. Zonociliate [zo-no-sil' -e-at ) [zona, zone ; ciliiim, eye- lid]. In biology, characterized by a circlet or zone of cilia. Zonolimnetic (zo-no-lim-net' -ik) [l.uv7], abelt ; "kijxvrjrriq, living in marshes]. In biology, applied to such fresh- water or limnetic organisms as are limited to certain depths, as distinguished from aiitolinineiic (living only at the surface), and bathylimnetic (dwellers in deep waters). Zonoplacental (zo-no-plas-en' -tal ) [Cwiv/, girdle ; pla- centa~\. Having a zonary deciduate placenta. Zonula (zo' -nit-lali) [zonula, dim. of zona ,7.on€\. A little zone or belt. Z. ciliaris. ^te. Zona ciliaris. Zonular (zo'-nu-lar) [zonula, a little zone]. Pertain- ing to or of the character of a zonula, or a zone. Z. Cataract. See Cataract. Zonule {zon' -III) [zonula, a little zone]. A small zone. Z. of Zinn, the suspensory ligament of the crystalline lens of the eye. See Ligament. Zonulet {zo'-nu-let) [zonula, zonule]. A little zone. Zoo- {zo'-o-) [^Cmv, an animal]. A prefix to denote connection with or relation to animal life. Zoo-amylin (zo-o-am' -il-iii) [Coop, an animal ; amy- starch]. Glycogen; amyloid. Zoo-amylum {zo-o-am' -il-ufti). See Paramylum. Zoobic, Zoobiology {zo-o'-bik zo-o-bi-ol '-o-gy) [C.C)nv, animal ; /3/of, life ; ISyo^, science]. In biology, terms employed indifferently by Ducrotay de Blainville to express the internal phenomena of the organism in their relation to external conditions. Zoobiotism [zo-o-hi'-ot-izm) [ICmv, animal; /3(0f, life]. Same as Biotics. Zooblast [zo' -o-hlast) [CCmv, animal; /3/acrrof, germ]. In biology, an animal cell. Zoocarp (zo'-okarp) [(,iliov, animal; Kapiro^, fruit]. See Zoospore. Zoocaulon (zo-o-ka7i''-lon) [CCmv, animal ; Kavl6^, stem, stalk]. In biology, the branching stalk of certain colonial infusorians. Zoochemia [zo-o-ke' -me-ah) [ICmv, an animal ; ;i-;//if/a, chctiustry'\. The chemistry of animal life and tissues. Biochemistry. Zoochlorella, [zo-o-klo-rel ' -ah) [Cunr, animal ; x'/up^^i pale-green: //. , Zoochlorell(e\. In biology, one of the green granules found in certain invertebrates, e.g.. Hydra viridis, Euglena, Stentor. Cf. Zooxanthella. Zoo-currents, or Zoorema (zo-o-kur' -ents, zo-o-re'- )[Cuoi', animal ; (Oei)//a, current]. In biology, local ZOOCYST 1630 ZOONITIC planktonic streams or very crowded animal roads in the sea. They occur in the open ocean, as well as on the coast, and are especially pronounced at Messina and at Lanzarote. Zoocyst {zo'-o-s!st) \_L,C)ov, animal ; Kvartr, bladder]. In tiology, an encysted organism which gives rise to zoospores. Zoocystic (zo-o-sis' -ti/i) [C^or, animal; kvotli;, cyst]. Pertaining to a zoocyst. Zoocytial (zo-o-sif -e-al) [Cw'"', animal; kvtoq, cavity]. Pertaining to a zoocytium. Zoocytium (zo-o-sif -c-'wit) \i,Q>in>, animal ; Kvroq, cavity : pl.y ZooiYtia\. In biology, the gelatinous matrix se- creted by certain colonial infusorians. Zoodendrial [zo-o-den'-dre-al) [i^woi', animal ; Sivdpov, tree]. Pertaining to a zoodendrium. Zoodendrium [zo-o-den' -dre-tiiii) [Cvo'S animal ; cSti'- 6pov, tree]. In biology, a branched zoocytium. Zoodynamic [zo-o-di-nam' -ik^ \C,C)Ov, animal ; 6'uvafj.i^, power]. Pertaining to zooclynamics. Zoodynamics (zu-o-di-iiain' -iks) \C,uinv, animal ; &vva- litKog, dynamic]. In biology, animal physiology. Zooerythrin (zo-o-er' -ith-riti) [CiJor, animal ; ipvBpuq, red]. In biology, a red lipochrome-pigment abun- dant in sponges ; also spelled zoonerythrin. Cf. Tiiracin. Zoofulvin (zo-o-fiil ' -vin')\y.Cdov , animal ; fiihnis, tawny]. A yellow coloring-matter obtained from certain birds, the turakoos. Zoogamete i^zo- o - gam' - et') [^iioi', animal ; yafitTi},2L wife]. In biology, a gamete or sexual spore endowed with the power of locomotion. Zoogamous [zo-og' ■am-Hs)\_^^^m\ animal; yafioq, mar- riage]. Pertaining to zoogamy. Zoogamy [zo-og' -am-e) \_CC>ov, animal ; yafwi;, marriage]. In biology, the sexual generation of animals ; copula- tion, conjugation, mating. Zoo^zn^ {zo' -o-jen). See Glairm. Zoogenesis {zo-o-jen' -es-is) \C,(f>ov, animal ; yei'vav, to beget]. The generation of animal forms. Animal- breeding. Zoogenic (zo-o-jen' -i/;) [Ccjoi', animal ; yzvvav, to pro- duce]. Pertaining to zoogeny. Zoogeographic (zo-o-je-o-graf'-ik) [Cuo)', animal ; ysog, earth; ypcKpmv, to write]. Pertaining to zoogeography. Zoogeography (zo-o-Je-og' -ra-fe) [Cuov, animal ; ) //, the earth; }'pd(^)f^^', to write]. In biology, that branch of zoology which treats of the geographic distribution of animals. Cf. Pliytogeography. Zooglea [zo-o-gle'-ah) [CyoD, animal ; y/oi6q, a sticky substance]. In biology, a stage in the life-history of certain Schizomycetes , or bacteria, in which they lie embedded in a gelatinous matrix secreted by the microbes themselves. Zoogleic (zo-o-gle' -ik) [QCiov, animal ; y?.oi6(;, a sticky substance]. In biology, pertaining to a zooglea, Zoogleoid (zo-o-gle' -oid ) [Ci^iov, animal ; y'Knmq, sticky substance]. In biology, zooglea-like. Zoogonia (zo-o-go' -iie-ah) [Cuoi', animal ; yovi], gen- eration]. Viviparous generation. Zoogonidium (zo-o-go-ntd'-c-iim) [Cuoi', animal ; yovij, generation: //. , Zoogonidia'\. In biology, a motile gonidium ; one furnished with cilia. Zoogonology (zo-o-go-nol' -o-Je) [CCmv, animal ; yovij, generation ; Ao/of, a treatise], A scientific view of the origin and development of animal life. Zoogonous [zo-og'-o-mis] \_C,C)oi>, animal ; yovuq, pro- ducing]. Same as Viviparous. Zoograft (zo'-o-graff) [C//or'-fk ) [C'Joi', animal ; fJop(pr/, form]. Pertaining to zoomorphism. Zoomorphism (zo-o-mor' -fizin) animal ; fJ-op^i), form]. Representation of animal forms as distin- guished from the human form. Zoomorphy (zo' -o-mor-fe). Same as Zoomorphism. Z.oon (zo'-on) \f,CMv, an animal: //. , Zoa\ In biology, a morphologic individual, the total result of the devel- opment of a single ovum. Cf. Zooid. Zoonal (zo'-o nal) [C, animal ; I'Ofcoc, law] . The principles or laws of animal life. Zoonomic [zo-o-iioin' -ik) [Ci^oi', animal ; I'o/iOf, law]. Pertaining to zoonomy. Zoonomist (30-('«'-o-/;//rf) [fuoi', animal ; I'o/^of, law]. One versed in zoonomy. Zoonomy [zo-oii' -o-?ne). Same as Zoonotnia. Zoonosis (zo-on'-o-sis) \_L,(bov, animal ; voaog, disease : //., Zoonoses^. Any disease communicated or com- municable from one of the lower animals to man. Zoonosology ( zo-o-noz-oF -o-je ) \Z,(^ov, animal ; v(}ao(;, disease ; /o>of, science]. The systematic considera- tion of the diseases of lower animals ; zoopathology, zoopathy. Zooparasite [zo-o-par' -as-it^ \l,Q>ov, animal; rrapaatTog, parasite]. In biology, a parasitic animal. Zooparasitic [zo-o-par-as-it' -ik) \J,Cdov, animal ; irapdaiTor^ parasite]. A disease caused by an animal parasite. Zoopathology {zo-o-path-oF -o-je) \i^iMv, animal ; irdOoc, , suffering ; Xoyog, science] . The science of the dis- eases of animals. Zoopathy ( zo - op' - ath - e) \C,C(iOV, animal; TrdOoc, suffer- ing]. The science of the treatment of diseases of animals. Zooperal izo-op' -er-al) [Cwov, an animal; ireipasn', to experiment] . Pertaining to experimentation upon animals. Zooperist (zo-op^-er-ist) [_CCjov, an animal; nelpaeiv, to experiment]. One who performs experiments on animals. Zoopery {zo - op'- er - e) \J,CiOV, an animal; ireipaeiVjto experiment]. A term proposed by Wilder to express experimentation upon animals. Cf. Callisection and Lentisection. Zoophagous [zo-off ' -ag-us) [fwo)', animal ; ) \_l,C)ov, animal; phys- ioiogy~\. Animal physiology. Zoophyte (zo'-o-fit) \_ZC)ov, animal ; (pvrov, plant]. In biology, a member of the lower invertebrata, the whole animal structure, whether a single animal (zoo{d),ox consisting of a large number of animals, as in most corals, sea anemones, acalephs, and sponges. ' ' The word has been applied to the lower animals by most writers in natural history since Pliny. It was first used by Sextus Empiricus and no doubt suggested by a passage of Aristotle in which the gradation from the higher animals to the plants is alluded to. But far from constituting a progress in science, that designation introduced only confusion, or at least served to propagate a false impression that there were living beings truly partaking at the same time of the nature of animals and plants. Nothing can be farther from the truth than to ascribe such a view to Aristotle, as his commentators, Goza and Budaeus, have done ; for, though Aristotle alludes to a gradation among animals and to a sort of transition from them to plants, he nowhere regards those animals as ambiguous in their character, but everywhere speaks of them as living animals and alludes to the sponges as plants. These erroneous notions had been enter- tained for nearly two thousand years until Peysonnel demonstrated the animal nature of the expanded in- dividuals of the so-called zoophytes, in which some of his predecessors had fancied they saw real flowers." (L. Agassiz.) Zoophytoid ( zo - off'- it - oid) \^Cmv, animal ; (pvrov, plant] . Resembling a zoophyte. Zoophytology (zo-o-Ji-tol' -o-je) \C,Cm<, animal ; (pvrov, plant; /:6}0f, a treatise]. The study of zoophytes. Zooplastic (zo-o-p/as' -iik) [Cwof, animal ; nAaaoeiv, to form]. Pertaining to or of the nature of zooplasty. Zooplasty {zo' -o-plas-te) [fwoi^, animal ; Trldaaeiv, to form]. The surgical transfer of zoografts ; the trans- plantation of tissue from any of the lower animals to man. Zoopsia [zo- op' - se-ah ) [Ctjoi', animal; 6)/)(f, vision]. The seeing of animals, as an illusion or as an halluci- nation or in dream. Zoopsychology [zo-o-si-kol ' -o-je) [CCiov, animal; -^vxij, soul, mind; /o;of, science). In biology, the science of the mental activities of lower animals. Zoorema. See Zoo-currents. Zooscopic [zo-o-skop' -ik) [^Cmv, animal ; onoTrelv, to view]. Pertaining to or of the nature of zooscopy. Zoosco'py [zo-os' -ko-pe) [fuof, animal; aKoireiv, to see]. The hallucinatory appearance of animal forms. Zoosperm [zo' -o-spitrm) [Cwoi', animal; airepfia, seed]. Same as Zoosperi)iium. In biology, [a) same as Zoospore ; [h) a spermatozoid, a Zoospermiuui. Zoospermatic [zo - o - sper - mat'- ik ) \J,ix)0v, animal ; ankpim, seed]. Pertaining to a zoosperm. Zoospermium [zo-o-spiir' -ine-mti). See Zoosperm. Zoosporange [zo' -o-spdr-anj). Same as Zoosporati- giu7n. Zoosporangial [zo-o-spo-i-an'-je-al) [suoi^, animal; anopa, seed; dyyelov, vessel]. Pertaining to a zoo- sporangium. Zoosporangium [zo-o-spo-ran' -je-tim) [Cwov, an animal; aiTopn, seed; dyyhor, vessel: //. , Zoosporangia\. A sporangium which produces motile spores. Zoospore [zo' -o-spbr) [CtJOi^, animal ; oKupd, seed]. In biology, a motile spore, a swarm-cell or swarm-spore. Zoosporic [zo' o-spor' -ik) \J,Q>ov, animal ; anopd, seed]. Of the nature of a zoospore. Zoosporiferous [zo-o-spor-if'-er-us) [^woj', animal ; cTTTopd, seed ; ferre , \.o\t^2x\. Producing zoospores. Zootaxy [zo' -o-taks-e) [Cipoc, animal ; rof(f, arrange- ment]. In biology, systematic zoology ; the taxonomy of animals. Zootechnics,or Zootechny [zo-o-tek' -niks, zo'-o-tek-ne) [CCiov, animal ; rt^p'//, art]. In biology, the science of breeding and domesticating animals. Zootheca [zo-o-the' -kah) [l^woi', animal ; t^iiKri, case : pi., Zootkecce'\. In biology, the case or cell containing a zoospore or a spermatozoid. Zoothecal [zo-o-the' -kal) \J,uov, animal; ^//k//, case]. Pertaining to a zootheca. Zoothecial [zo-o-the' -se-al) [iTwoi', animal ; drjKiov, a casket]. Pertaining to a zoothecium. Zoothecium [zo-o-the'-se- lun) [C^joi.', animal ; drjKiov, dim. of tli/Kt], case: //. , Zootheeia'^. In biology, an aggregation of simple loricse incasing certain colo- nial infusorians. Zootherapy [zo-o-ther'-ap-e) [Cwot', animal ; tiEpaire'ia, therapy]. Veterinary therapeutics. Zootocology [zo- o-to - kol' - o-je) [Ciiord/i'Of , viviparous; /d) o(;, science]. A term proposed by Dr. Field, of Nor- wich, England, to supplant the word biology. Zootomic [zo-o-toiii' -ik) \l,uov, animal; ro////, a cutting]. Pertaining to zootomy. Zootomist [zo-ot' -o-niist)\C,Qiov ,z.xi\\a'i\ \ rofiij, a cutting]. A comparative anatomist. Zootomy [zo-ot'-o-me) \_^(jov, animal; to//?/, a cutting]. In biology, comparative anatomy ; the dissection of animals. Zootrophic ( zo-o-trof -ik) \_l,C)ov, animal ; rpt(ptiv, to nourish]. Pertaming to animal alimentation. ZOOXANTHELLA 1632 ZYGOZOOSPORE Zooxanthella [zo-o-zan-theF -ah) [C«oi', animal ; ^anOoc, yellow : //. , Zooxanthella:'\ . In biology, one of the yellow pigment-granules forming the phaeodium of cer- tain radiolarians. Zopissa {zo-pis' -ah) [Cci-icca]. In the older phar- macy, the pitch and tar scraped from a ship's sides. It was regarded as a strong xerantic and discutient remedy. Zoster [zos'-ter) [Cuorz/p, a girdle]. See Herpes zoster. Z. atypicus gangraenosus et hystericus. Kaposi's term for a vesicular affection characterized by an erup- tion of vesicles and papules, chiefly in groups, followed by central scabbing, and which was often surrounded by a corona of pus or minute pustules. In some parts, from coalescence, large areas of gangrene are produced, fol- lowed by sloughing, and keloid development in the scar. The eruption is symmetric, shows a marked tendency to recur, and occurs in hysteric individuals. Z. auricularis, a form of zoster affecting the ear. Z. brachialis, zoster affecting the arm or forearm. Z. capillitii et frontalis, zoster of the forehead and scalp over the distribution of the first branch of the fifth nerve. Z. cerebralis, zoster which sometimes affects the whole of one side of the body and is of cerebral origin. Z. cervico-subclavicularis, zoster affecting the neck and anterior portion of the chest. Z. facialis, zoster in the distribution of the trigeminus nerve. Z., Herpes, shingles. An acute herpetic vesicular eruption in the distribution of a cutaneous nerve, often an intercostal nerve. Z. hystericus, zoster due to hysteria. Z. lumbo-femoralis, zoster appearing on the nates, thigh, and calf of the leg. Z. lumbo-inguinalis, zoster of the back and groin. Z. ophthalmicus, an eruption in the course of the ophthalmic division of the fifth nerve. It is confined to the orbital region, the side of the nose, the forehead, and the anterior part of the scalp. Z. pectoralis, zoster affecting the pectoral region. Z. perinaealis, zoster affecting the vulva, or the penis and scrotum, and the perineum. Zuckerkandl's Convolution. See Convolutions, Table "f- ■ Zygadenus {zi-gad' -en-its') [Ci'7'S!% yoke ; adr/v, gland]. A genus of liliaceous plants, mostly N. American, the zygadenes. Z. venenosus, of the Pacific States [deatJi caiiiass, or hogs^ potato), is a violent poison, narcotic, convulsant, and acrid stimulant. Unof Zygal [zi'-gal) \Cvy6v, yoke]. Yoked; applied , by Wilder to cerebral fissures which, like the paroccipital , consist of two pair of branches connected by a stem or zygon. Zygantrum (zi-ga)i' -trum) \(,vy6v, yoke ; avrpov, cave]. In biology, a depression on the posterior face of the neural arch of each vertebra of certain reptiles, receiv- ing the zygosphene of the succeeding vertebra and thus interlocking the vertebrse. Zygapophysial [zi-gap-o-fiz' -c-al) \(,vy6v, yoke ; qtto- w/ia, the cheek-bone]. The arch in the bones of the face formed by the interartic- ulation of the temporal with the malar bone. Zygomatic {zi-go-nuxt' -ik) [Ci'>'(J/za, zygoma]. Pertain- ing to the zygoma, or cheek-bone. Zygomatico-auricular {zi-go-mat' -ik-o-aw-rik' -u-lar) [C''/W/irt, zygoma; auricularis, of the ear].' Pertain- ing to the zygoma and the auricle. Zygomatico-auricularis {zi-go-mat' -ik-o-aw-rik-u-la' - ris) \l.vyijiixa, zygoma ; auricularis, of the ear]. A muscle of the external ear ; the attrahens aurem. See Aluscles, Table of. Zygomaticofacial (zi- go-mat- ik-o- fa' -shal) \jivyufia, zygoma ; fades, face]. Pertaining to the zygoma and the face. Zygomaticotemporal {zi -go - mat - ik - o - tem'-po-ral ) [s'i7(j//a, zygoma; tetnporal\ Pertaining to the zygo- ma and the temporal bone or fossa. Zygomaticus {zi - go - mat' - ik - us) [i^fiyu/^a, zygoma]. One of several small subcutaneous muscles arising from or in relation with the zygoma. See Muscles, Table of. Zygomorphic {zi-go-mor' -fik). Same as Zygomorphous. Zygomorphism {zi-go-mor' -fizm) [Cfyop, yoke ; jiopdfri, form]. The character of being zygomorphous. Zygomorphous {zi-go-mor' -fus) [fvyov, yoke; liop^i], ■ form]. In biology, applied to such flowers as may be divided into similar halves in one plane, or into similar halves in two planes at right angles to one another, but in which the halves produced by the two bisections are of different shapes.- Zygomorphy {zi' -go-mor-fe). Same as Zygomorphism. Zygon {zi'-gon) \_Cvy6v, yoke]. In the human brain, the bar that connects the two pairs of branches of a zygal fissure. Zygophyte (zi'-go-flt) [C,vy6v, yoke; ^iirdi', plant]. In biology, a zygospore-producing plant. Zygopleural ( zi - go - plu' - ral ) [l^vyov, yoke; TrAei'pa, side]. In biology, bilaterally symmetric. Cf. Di- pleural and Tetrapleural. Zygose {zi'-gdz) \fvy6v, yoke]. In biology, pertaining to or characteristic of zygosis. Zygosis {zi-go' -sis) \f,vyovv ,Xo ]om, yoke]. In biology, the process of asexual reproduction by conjugation or fusion of two protoplasmic bodies or gametes. Zygosperm {zi'-go-spurm) \f,vy6i', yoke ; aTvipfja, seed] . Same as Zygospore. Zygosphene {zi'-go-sfen) \C,vy6v, yoke ; oipriv, wedge] . In biology, a process on the anterior face of the neural arch of each vertebra of certain reptiles, interlocking the vertebrfe by fitting into a fossa {the zygantrum) on the posterior face of the preceding vertebra. Zygosporangium {zi-go-spo-ran' -je-um) \f.vyav, yoke ; arropa, seed ; ayyeiov, vessel : Zygosporangia\ In biology, a sporangium resulting from zygosis and giv- ing rise to zygospores. Zygospore {zi'-go-spor) [Ci'} yoke ; (rn-opd , seed] . In biology, the spore resulting from the zygosis or conju- gation of two protoplasmic bodies or gametes. Zygosporophore {zi - go - spor'- o -for) \fvy6v, yoke; arropa, seed; (fiepeiv, to bear]. In biology, "a club- shaped or conic section of a hypha adjoining a gam- ete-cell after its delimitation." Zygote {zi'-got) [^vyovv, to yoke]. Same as Zygospore. Zygozoospore {zi -go - zd'- o - spor) l_Cvy6v, yoke; Cipov, animal ; crTTopd, seed]. In biology, a motile zygote or zygospore. ZYLONITE 1633 ZYMURGY Zylonite [zV-lo-ntt) [fw/lof, word]. This material is a modified form of celluloid, and, like the latter, is com- posed of pyroxylin and camphor, though in different proportions. It is claimed that zylonite is a chemic combination, while celluloid is a mechanical mixture. Zylonite has uses in dentistry and surgery. See Celluloid. Zymase izi'-niaz). See Microzyme. Zyme [ziyn) \_t^vfJ-ri, leaven]. In biology, an organized ferment. Cf. Enzyme. Zymic [zim'-ik) [Cvjir/, leaven]. Of or pertaining to organized ferments. Zymin (zi'-inin) [C'',"'?, a ferment]. A product pre- pared from the pancreas for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. See Zyme. Zymogen (zi'-mo-jen) [fi'/^'/, leaven; yivfjq, produc- ing]. In biology, the condition of an unorganized chemic ferment as it exists in the resting seed ; dur- ing the process of germination it gives rise to an enzyme, diastase, etc. Zymogenic {zi-mo-jeu'-i/c) [l^/)//?/, leaven ; yevr/c, pro- ducing]. In biology, causing fermentation, as certain anaerobic microorganisms. Zymogenous [zi-moj' -en-its). Same as Zymogenic. Zymogic izi-moj' -ik) . Same as Zymogenic. Zymoid [zi'-moid) \_Cvfi-q, leaven; ddog, form]. In biology, resembling an organized ferment. Zj'mologic (zi-mo-loj' -ik) \(,'viiri, leaven ; X6yoc, sci- ence]. Pertaining to zymology. "ZyvaoXo^y {zi-mol ' -o-je) \C,viJ.Tj, leaven ; ?td>of, science]. That department of science which deals with fermen- tation. Zymolysis (zi - mol' - is - is) \(,vin}, leaven; \vaiq, dis- solving]. In biology, fermentation produced by an organized ferment. Sheridan Lea and others have incorrectly employed this term to designate unorgan- ized fermentation, implying a vital origin of the agent. Same as Zymosis, which is preferable. Cf Enzyme and Enzymosis. Zymolytic (zi-md-lit' -ik) \^Cvf'rj, leaven ; Avaig, loosen- ing]. Due to, attended with, or relating to zymolysis ; zymotic. Zymoma [zi-mo'-mah) [ci/iw/ia ; L^wuof/r, to ferment]. Any ferment, fermented mixture, or culture. Zymome [zi' -inom)- \!l,vnw)jia, a fermented mixture]. An old name for the gluten of wheat that is insoluble in alcohol. Zymophyte [zi' -vio-ftt) [(,vfj-r], leaven; (^vtov, plant]. In biology, an anaerobic microorganism capable of producing fermentation : a zyme. Zymoplastic {zi-mo-plas' -tik) [(.vnr;, leaven ; TrAaaaeiv, to form]. Applied to certain substances of the blood- plasma derived from cells. Zymoscope [zi' -mo-skop) \L,vfiri, leaven ; dKcnrelv, to view]. In biology, Zenneck's apparatus for ascertain- ing the zymotic power of yeast by gauging the amount of carbonic anhydrid given off. Zymose [zi'-moz) [i,'yu7/, leaven]. Same as Enzyme, q. V. Zymosimeter [zi-mo-sim' -et-er)\L,'viiuiuic,, fermentation; fi^Tpov, measure]. A device for measuring fermenta- tive processes. Zymosis (g/-;«o^-jm) [(t)/i07)jj, to ferment] . I. In biology, fermentation as the result of the vital activity of cer- tain microorganisms, organized ferments, or zymes. It is a synonym of fermentation, but is preferable to zymolysis, as the effect is not one of simplification. 2. The condition of one affected with a zymotic disease. Zymotechnic (zi-mo-tek' -nik) [fi'/"?, leaven ; rex'"!], art]. The art of inducing and conducting zymotic processes in connection with vinification, acetification, etc. Zymotic (zi-mof -ik) \J.viiU)Cic^, fermentation]. In bi- ology, pertaining to zymosis, or fermentative changes produced by an organi-zed ferment, or zyme. Z. Dis- eases, those generally classed as epidemic, endemic, infectious, or contagious, now believed to be due to specific viruses, as small-pox, measles, scarlet-fever, diphtheria, whooping-cough, and "fever" (typhus, simple continued, enteric, and others). Zymurgy {zi' -mur-je) [Ci'/'^, leaven ; epyov, work]. That department of technologic chemistry that treats of the scientific principles of wine-making, brewing, and distilling, and the preparation of yeast and vine- gar, in which processes fermentation plays the principal part. 103 \ f