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MULTUM IN PARVO.

A

COMPENDIOUS POCKET-MANUAL

OF THE

VETERINARY ART;

BEIXG A

PRACTICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TRUE SYMPTOMS AND MOST
RATIONAL TREATMENT OF

ALL DISEASES INCIDENT TO THE HORSE;

ADAPTED TO THE READY COMPREHENSION OF

EVERY CLASS OF HORSEMEN, viz.

OWNERS, FARRIERS, FARMERS, OSTLERS, GROOMS AND LADS.

Comprising all that has been usefully said by various Authors;
REVISED AND CORRECTED,
WITH CONSIDERABLE IMPORTANT MODERN IMPROVEMENTS,

By JOHN HINDS, V. S. and Others.

LONDON:
SHERWOOD, GILBERT, & PIPER,

PATERNOSTER ROW ;
AND WHITTAKER, TREACilER, AND CO. AVE-MARIA-LANE.

1832.

LONDON:
GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, PRINTERS,
ST. John's square.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Description of the i?'%Mre5 represented v

Preface, containing the Author's views vii

Chapter I. Disorders arising from excessive heat of the

animal system — inflammatory complaints 11

Signs, by which one may judge when any inward sickness

is impending 15

The Distemper of 1 832 20

Inflammation, general principles of 25

Chapter II. Fever — and first of Simple fever 32

Symptomatic fevers 38

Chapter III. Inflammation of the Lungs 42

Catarrh or Cold; Cough, and its effects 47

— Epidemic fever, or the distemper 52

— Low Fever 55

The Cough — chronic cough 57

Broken wind 61

Chapter IV. Affections of the Stomach — inflammation .... 65

Poisons, effects of, and antidotes 67

Worms— Botts, &c 68

Apoplexy, Staggers, Epilepsy 74

Chapter V. Diseases of the Bowels 78

Inflammation : — scouring, molten grease TJ

Colic, gripes, or fret ■ . 85

Chapter VI. Liver complaints 89

Jaundice, rupture , ibid.

Ulceration — adhesion 91

Chapter VII. Inflammation of the Kidneys i)5

Chapter VIII. Affections of the Bladder — diabetes 98

Suppression of Urine 99

Incontinence of Urine 100

A 2

iv CONTENTS.

PAGE

Chapter IX. Diseases of the Eyes — Inflammation of- 102

Moon blindness, accidents , 103

Projecting haw, Warts, Eruptions 107

Chapter X. Vices: Cr^b-biting, Wind-suckirig, &c 109

Chapter XI. Tumours, general principles of • 115

Strangles, 116 ; Surfeit or Mange 118

Farcy, 122; Glanders • 127

Fistula in the Withers, 131 ; Poll Evil 134

Saddle galls. Warbles, Sitfasts 136

Quittor, 138; Grease i^q

Water farcy, Wens, 142 ; . Anbury ". 144

Chapter XII. Wounds and Bruises, external 145

Incised Wounds, punctured and contused wounds 146

Foot wounds, 148; punctured Tendon , , 149

Bruises, blows 150

Broken knees 151

Inflictions: Cutting 154

Strains, of shoulder, hip, stifle 156

Strain of the back sinews 160

Chapter XII L Anatomical description of the Horse's foot

— its internal structure, &c..'. '..'i 162

Chapter XIV. The Art of Shoeing— sound feet 172

unsound feet 176

— one-side nailing, 177; Pointing the toe 178

Chapter XV. Lameness: 1. Diseases of the Legs 179

Signs of lameness 180

—Spavin, 181 ; Splents • • • « 182

—Ring-bone— Curb 183

— Windgalls. Thoroughpin. Mallenders and Sallenders* . 184

2. Disorders of the feet 185

Founder, 188; of Nerving 191

Thrush or frush, 192, Canker 194

Corns, 105; Sand-crack 197

Chapter XVI. Some account of the prescriptions, remedies,
and applications, recommended in the course of the

work 198

Authorities and persons quoted. . .' 204

Index 205

Hinds's Veterinary Works — opinions of the judges con-
cerning their merits, utility, and fitness 212

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

INTENt)ED TO ILLUSTRATE

WHAT IS SAID IN THE COURSE OF THE WORK.

The FOOT OR HOOF, its contents and disorders.
• -N.B. fig. 5. is inserted at page 165.

Back sinew (the) is" shown at {m) fig. 5, descehding into the foot

to form its attachment to the bottom of the coffin bone (c).
^rf' In the old dilapidated foot, represented in fig. 6, this sinew is
• decayed and distorted.

Bars (the) are two ridges (k) fig. 4, dn each side the frog (m); they
form the connecting link between the wall {g) and the sole'c, d.

Coffin (the) wall, or hoof proper, — a side view is given at gg, fig. 2 ;
a bottom view at g, fig. 4 ; and it is. again seen, in section, at g,
fig. 5, and g, fig. Q.

Coffin hone (the) is repregented, with its blood vessels and lamel-
lated substance covering it, at (c) fig. 1, front view, and a back
view of the bone at (c) fig. 3 ; it appears again in section^ at (c)
fig. 5 and at (c) fig. 6. Its under surface lies beneath the sole

(c) {e) and {p) in fig. 4. Its cartilage is shown Sit g g, fig. 3.
Coffin joint (the) is shown in full vigour, with all its nourriture flow-
ing, in fig. 5, between the small pastern bohe (b) and the coffin
bone (c) ; both bones being kept in play by the navicular bone

(d) , here depicted in its actual healthy state. But, in fig. 6, this
nourriture is dried up, and the navicular bone (d) no longer
moveable, as in health, at every step the horse takes, is here seen
growing to and incommoding the action of the coffin bone :
this is " Coffin joint lameness."

Coronet (the) is bared of hair at (b) fig. 1, and it is laid open at (& &)
fig. 2, showing the circulation of the material which supplies the
loss by wear and tear of horn. From its making the entire
circle of the upper part, or crown of the foot, it obtains the name
of coronary ring ; it reaches as high up as ( n) fig. 5, and (m)
fig. 6 ; and firmly embraces the coronary bone, otherwise small
pastern, at h b, fig. 3.

A 3

vi

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.

Frog (the), as seen externally upon turning up the foot, is shown at
(n) fig. 4 ; but the horny parts being removed, we see the sensible
frog at {q): Its cleft — formerly denominated its frush — the seat
of " Thrush,^' is seen at (a). Its point {e) shows the situation
of the largest veins of the sole — to which the knife must nearly
extend when bleeding at the foot is required to be copious.

Heels (the) are shown in all the figures at (o).

Lamella, lamina, or lamellated substance, is that which forms the
fibrous connexion between the horny hoof, or coffin, and the coffin
bone. It is seen covering that bone entirely in fig. 1, and
again at//, fig. 5, though dried up, and contracted in fig. 6.

Navicula, or shuttle bone. Its action is mentioned above, under
coffin joint. It is seen, bare, at {d) fig. 3; in section at (d) fig. 5,
and again at (d) diseased and anchylosed in fig. 6.

Pastern (the) bone is marked (a) in fig. 1, also (a) in fig. 3, 5, 6,
but is now termed large pastern, by reason of the coronet bone,
(6, fig. 3) having been new named " small pastern," on account
of its articulating with the large pastern at// fig. 3.

Sole (the). The bottom of the foot, upon being turned up, as seen
by fig. 4, though technically the hollow part only, at b, c, d, e, p,
in that figure ; c d being the horny or insensible, b, p, the sen-
sible sole, full of blood-vessels and nerves, the sufferer under all
inflictions and diseases of the foot, and the seat of founder of
eyery denomination.

Toe. To preserve uniformity, the toe in every figure is marked
with (Z).

Wounds, pricks, stubs, bruises and strains, are incurred in hunt-
ing, as delineated on page 101 ; whilst it is the pace that de-
stroys the legs, as shown at page 108.

Yare's Crib-biting apparatus ; the principle is described at page
113; where is shown one of the iron rods, which being placed to
each side of the head — from the lips to the eyes, they are joined
together by cross bars of the same material, and fastened to the
cheek-stall and ear-band, inmiovcably, by many well-contrived
straps.

PREFACE.

That " a great book is a great evil," is an old say-
ing, as true as it is trite, and applies without exception
to Treatises on the modern science of Veterinary
Medicine — which are all great ones ; because, in al-
most every new proposition, or recent improvement,
the writers sought to adduce, they had some ancient
prejudice to encounter, or deep-rooted blunder to
grub up, ere they could obtain the requisite credence
with their readers. Hence the unavoidable bulk of
all former works which laid any claim to originality,
or were derived from experience. At any rate, such
was the case with our own production, and such
with celebrated Compendium. In the latter,

full 150 pages of diffuse controversy, doubts, corres-
pondence, and repetition, stood constantly in the
way of a perfect comprehension as to what might be
the author's more mature conviction. This deformity
was long felt, and many years ago pointed out (by
letter) for correction — but to little purpose; on the
contrary, one crude pile of addenda was heaped upon
another in each successive reprint, errors were not
disposed of, valuable alterations in practice went
unnoticed, and, what is more strange, Mr. White's
inertia did not allow him to record even his own
changes of opinion— -some of which are noticed here.

Vlll

PREFACE..

In the present volume — by the rejection of such
exuberances, by the economy of printing, and em-
ploying a terse style, all that is truly practical in the
works of White, in Osmer, and our own volume, as
well as others — is here compressed into a Pocket
Manual fit for daily use, one-sixth of their size,
and one quarter of their quantity, i. e. 40*. worth for
OS. This includes an addition to our former stock
of the practice of three busy years ; which were also
replete with able investigation and patient research,
elsewhere, aided by veterinary facts and observations
derived from various sources. In fact, the recent
times have been prolific of improvements in the Art
Veterinary, as in almost every other branch of art
and science throughout this mighty empire. Of
these the reader should keep in mind that we have
availed ourselves to the fullest extent of utility, as
in duty bound, after applying the test of experience
to each : so that the purchaser of this Manual — small
and thin as it may seem, is here put in possession of
every new and valuable improvement up to the end
of April, 183.^, as well in France and England as in
America. And for this step we find a jjerfect justifi-
cation: having furnished to the common stock,we now
demand our quota. From the last mentioned country,
indeed, the contribution is very trifling — a particle ;
whilst they have there reprinted the Veterinary
Surgery" and the Groom's Oracle," we understand,
woi-d for word. In France, the same two works,
nearly, have been condensed into one Manual
d' Equitation. At home, the celebrated writer who
has chosen Nimrod" for his cognomen, acknow-
ledged " Hinds" for his authority in above twenty
instances, a tribute of respect we are disposed by no
means to cavil at; whilst the Society for the Diflli-

PREFACE,

ix

sion of Useful Knowledge,'* in a treatise on The
Horse, sent forth from that prolific source, did not
fail to open, and keep open, the same volume of
*' Veterinary Surgery ;" as appears by the extraction
of many peculiarities, and the adoption of certain
idiotropic phrases, to say nothing of coincidence in
matters of pure research, and the results of practice.
" I am at a loss, however, (says the critic) to know
in what way the ordinary and middle classes of man-
kind can be benefited by reading a scientific treatise
couched in language, and incommoded with terms of
art, much beyond their comprehension."

Of the volume, entitled " Veterinary Surgery and
Practice of Physic," we say no more here : doubt-
less the publishers will accumulate and present the
reader with the characters given of that work, and
the opinions expressed concerning it, by the critics.
We find it has operated with the desired effect on
that large portion of the community where it was in-
tended to act, most beneficially — viz. outside the
schools. Nor is the present little compendium less
teachable than its predecessor, it is presumed, whilst
its usefulness in another respect is likely to be still
more extended ; for, it may be said to embrace a
condensation of all the existing knowledge on the
subject of the Horse's ailments, at an easy price.
W^ith a view to plainness of manner, we have called
things by their vulgar or generally received names,
so as to meet the notions of the mere stable men
and juniors, notwithstanding we had in several in-
stances pointed out a more accurate nomenclature,
and that these have been adopted by the learned.
We make no apology for the apparent deviation.

As to the novelties, or modern improvements, here
first introduced to public notice, we have found occa-
sion to turn round, while at press, to cast anew some

X

PREFACE.

passages upon which new lights were found to have
been reflected in the interval ; for we never shall
want the candour to review our own opinions and
first rough impressions ; and indeed we can see no
other mode of arriving at the truth, or approaching
towards perfection in any art, much less so in the
treatment of disease — uncertain, conjectural, and sur-
rounded with difficulties, as it most assuredly is. In
this respect, we are proud to say that the supply is to
a considerable amount, and of the most valuable
kind. Upon all those accounts, therefore, we do
not arrogate too much in insisting upon this edition
being an improvement upon all the former works,
as set forth in the preceding pages.

Would the Reader refer to any given point for
verification hereof, he will, perhaps, turn per Index
toCrib-biting — Debility — Distemper — Eyes — Fever
— Inflammation — Knock-up — Liver complaints —
Surfeit — Signs for discovering the true nature of all
ailments — Tumours and Tuberculous affections.

^ The PRESCRIPTIONS and remedies recom-
mended in the course of the work are not repeated
in detail each time, but are referred to, by the page,
or generally, in order to economise the space, and
are to be found recapitulated in Chapter XVI. A
saving of many pages has thus been effected, besides
occasioning less distraction in the malnng up a mul-
titude of medicines apparently varying, but which
differ from each other only in some aromatic scent
or essential oil — mere adjuventia of the laboratory,
that afforded no real aid to the action of the main
ingredients.

MANUAL

OF THE

VETERINARY ART.

CHAPTER I.

Disorders arising from excessive Heat oe the
Animal System : — Inflammatory complaints.

Section 1. Introductory. There is scarcely any
disorder known to attack the horse that Avill not be found,
upon strict examination, either to consist in, or to be a
consequence of, inflammation, that is always aggravat-
ed, and sometimes brought on, by the excessive exer-
tions he is compelled to make. When the inflammation
fixes itself upon any of his internal organs (as enume-
rated below, page 13), it gives rise to the most dangerous
diseases, and even when subdued, leaves behind it some
baleful effects that admit of no permanent cure. Thus,
inflammation of the lungs, the bowels, or any other in-
ternal part, will produce that kind of derangement of the
whole animal system which we term fever, the violence
whereof will be proportioned to the degree and extent
of the inflammation, and the importance of the inflamed
organ in carrying on the economy of animal life. Even
when the fever is abated and pronounced a cure, a ten-

12

PROMPT MEASURES NECESSARY.

dency to slight illness remains a long; time after: debi-
lity^ or weakness, and a disposition to knock up, profuse
sweating, unaccountable lameness, vertigo, form scarcely
a tithe-part of the evils that are so engendered and left
behind ; and which are to be ascribed as much to in-
judicious haste, or violence, in applying even the best
remedies, as to the disorder itself. But, when the medi-
cine employed is inappropriate, as too often happens, or
the patient is overdosed, as is customary, the ruinous
effects of such a mistaken practice are lamentably obvi-
ous, when too late to admit of adequate remedy.

2, Whenever a horse is taken ill, therefore, our first
study should be directed to this point — namely, to ascer-
taining the existence and degree of fever, and what par-
ticular organ is then inflamed, that the adverse symptoms
may be combated and alleviated in their earliest
stages ; for, by procrastination and neglect, and con-
tinuance of work, with increased severity when the
afflicted horse is least able to bear it, we altogether con-
firm the disease, or hasten a fatal termination. This
point the attentive reader will be enabled to accomplish
by watching the symptoms as described under the vari-
ous heads in this Treatise, by meeting each indication
of derangemeyit with its appropriate remedy, and thereby
assisting nature to recover the lost function after the
most rational and approved methods, as here set down.
The general principles upon which this knowledge is
founded, and due discrimination to be employed, is un-
doubtedly acquired most perfectly by the after-death
examination of horses which have died of previously
well-marked, and (to the examiner) of well-known dis-
orders ; for these are the means whereby the most expert
and successful horse-surgeons of the present day attain
celebrity by their skill, and are enabled to speak with
decision as to the actual seat and progress of every ail-
ment, of its nature, degree, and virulence : the cause of
each kind of attack (which distinctly mark out the
remedy), is acquired by practice, by the comparison or

MEANS OF ACQUIRING HORSE KNOWLEDGE. IS

analogy of cases, and the information that is to be ob-
tained from books, from lectures, and conversations with
intelligent persons about the sick stable.

3. In this manner did the best veterinary instruc-
tors formerly teach their pupils the Art of Farriery,
as they humbly termed this species of knowledge ;
and thus did Mr. White introduce to his readers his
first simple treatise on curing the disorders of the
horse : Gibson had done so an age before him, but
more elaborately. Both those excellent men were
confessedly much too technical for the general reader,
and White too brief for the learned one; we have
therefore passed over his too short and too erudite
anatomical essay as unnecessary to such a Pocket
Manual as the present little volume pretends to be.
Should the more ardent inquirer, however, incline to
seek for knowledge as to the * formation of the horse,
the structure and functions of his organs of life, the
causes of their derangement, and the principles upon
which the cure is to be undertaken,' these will be found
detailed to his complete satisfaction in the first chapters
of Hinds' book of ' Veterinary Surgery,' which has been
written expressly for the use, and the language brought
intelligibly within the comprehension, of such general
readers as have leisure and inclination for the task. To
this recommendation we may add, without blushing,
that it will profitably repay the labour and assiduity
which may be bestowed upon the perusal, though the
subject may not, perhaps, be studied so intensely as it
deserves.

4. Of the disorders here spoken of, as arising from the
great natural heat of the horse's blood, augmented by
strong work, and furthermore rendered excessive by the
stimulation of dry food, and still more stimulating cor-
dials, we shall proceed to treat under the following heads,
as those which may fairly be attributed to an over-excited
system ; — a state of perilous existence, that we have the
consolation of premising, may be mainly averted by cool-

B

14

ARRANGEMENT OF DISEASES.

ing regimen, green food, moderate exercise, refreshing
air, and frequent watering: —

1. Inflammation generally, pertaining to all the or-

gans of life.

2. Simple fever ; and symptomatic fevers.

3. Inflammation of the lungs : cold and catarrh.

Epidemy; cough, chronic cough, broken-wind. ^

4. Affections of the stomach : inflammation, poisons,

worms; apoplexy, staggers, epilepsy, vertigo.

5. Diseases of the bowels : inflammation, spasmodic

colic or gripes ; scouring, costiveness, molten
grease, adhesion.

6. Liver complaints: inflammation, jaundice, rup-

ture, ulceration, choler or bilious obstructions.

7. Inflammation of the kidneys.

8. Affections of the bladder, and of its neck: dia-

betes, incontinence and suppression of urine ;

rupture, concretions, &c.
5. In the midst of so many and conflicting disorders,
most of them of dangerous import, and all militating
against the future usefulness of the afflicted animal,
who is to pronounce, at a first view, which among the
whole it is that at any time ' takes him off' his work?'
This being the interested hinge upon which the inquiry
then turns, the next question of the more sordid proprie-
tors, as to * how long the cure will take V depends entirely
on the saneness of the conclusion that is come to on the
first point — namely, * What is the matter with the
horse V * Tell us the name of the disorder (say they),
that we may turn to the books for the prescribed reme-
dies,' and here begins that ruinous series of mismanage-
ment of the disease before spoken of (section I) : then it
is that some busy fool, or forward stableman, steps in
with his ' receipt for this thing, that has cured hundreds,*
or ' receipt for that, which never fails,' and the mischief
is complete, the event disastrous. Thus, it will be seen,
much more depends upon a name than is at first sight
assigned to it : so true is this, that tlie tvrong namincj of

STOMACH : BAD APPETITE,

15

some one of the disorders set down in the preceding page,
would inevitably cost a horse its life, or reduce it in the
scale of beings ; for many more are ruined by wrong
medicines and injudicious treatment, than by all the dis-
eases that are comprised in the too-long catalogue of
ailments to be found in our modern veterinary works.
In order to avert such lamentable mistakes in what is
called symptomatology, and to obviate this difficulty in
deciding on the properest treatment in every case, the
reader is here furnished with the previous tokens and
corresponding symptoms that denote each malady, in
the following —

Signs, by which one may judge when any inward sick-
ness is impending over the Horse.

As hath been said, the principal constitutional
disorders of horses may be traced to the excessive heats
they are put to ; with the like view we find many that
are attributable to cold, or check upon the perspiration
while this may be at its highest state : all these shew
their effects upon the skin or coat. Another series of
disorders arise from over feeding, or bad food, or a de-
fective supply, generally termed surfeits : these are known
by a change in the horse's appetite ; and the whole occa-
sion a change of some sort or other in his manner of
behaviour; that is to say, his liveliness, his mode of
going, of standing in his stall, of taking notice of per-
sons and things, and others of the like nature : to which
add his general appearance, countenance, &c.

6. " Oft^his feed" — although the first perceptible de-
fection in the health of the horse is not always a proof
of constitutional illness, but may arise from a disorder in
the mouth that is easily removed — as lampas, paps, &c. ;
and we should look for and remove all such temporary
causes, as well as inquire respecting the existence of
other symptoms of illness. Nevertheless, this very strik-
ing symptom, refusal of hay and leaving his corn, al-
ways accompanies disorders of the stomach, which is
B 2

16

SIGNS OF INWARD SICKNESS *. THE BILE.

itself extremely susceptible of all other internal affec-
tions whatever, hy reason of the influence that is exer-
cised over it by all the other organs of life [See Chap-
ter IV.], particularly by the liver, as shewn in Chapter
VI. Also, consult the Index for * Sympathy,' ' Sto-
mach.' By the way, lampas should not be Jired, but
scarified or pricked with the lancet, as should the paps;
accompanied by physick and the fever powders, as the
horse so affected is always of full habit. The stomach
is likewise liable to be gorged with too much corn,
given alone without hay, which is absolutely necessary
to enable the corn to pass off : if it do not pass,
rupture sometimes ensues, or at least the horse loses his
appetite.

7. The coat. As the appetite ohen goes off, and very
soon after returns again with horses in full flesh, in con-
sequence of ill usage or hard work, and its relaxation,
this may be pleaded in excuse by some sort of persons
for necrlectino- its admonition in the more decided cases:
and they would do well to attend to the corresponding
symptoms of constitutional derangement, as exhibited by
the eyes and the coat. Firstly, then, the eyes exhibit
a sure sign of the evil influence of a disordered stomach
[see Chapter IX.] ; but it is painful to remark, that
these luminous instructors of our art do not undergo
that frequent inspection which such an important indi-
cation proves they deserve and require. Secondly, the
coat presents itself as the most obvious and teachable in-
dication of health and disease. If this be rough, star-
ing, and apparently dusty, though these extend to a part
only, we may conclude that ' something is amiss' inter-
nally, and must then examine further; when we shall
find, 1st. that he is slower at his work, or uncertain
in his paces; 2nd. hot and dry in the mouth and be-
tween the ears, probably the ears and legs cold at the
same time. The liver is then the original seat of the
disorder, and the reader should turn to Chapter VI. to
ascertain in what degree, in order to employ the reme-

coat: hide-eound — secretions and excretions. 17

dies in time, upon which mainly depends the cure.
3rd. the dung is found to be hard and slimy ; when the
anxious inquirer will consult Chapters IV. and V. 4th.
on the other hand, if a scouring comes on, with abase-
ment of the animal's powers, he will find his difficulties
solved at Chapter VI. sections 3 and 4 Should
the dung give out no odour, the horse has then a cold,
inactive liver ^ incapable of secreting bile (alias choler)
sufficiently, and he will require the stimulation that good
oats and beans impart, with malt mashes, and a cordial
drench ; but the direct contrary, Avhen the dung smells
uncommonly bad — the secretion is then superabundant,
and the liver, or its spleen, enlarged, as may be ascer-
tained by the means directed in the same 4th section.

8. In all those cases, the roughness is first perceiv-
able about the flanks. If the great gut is affected by
stoppage or chill, the hair on the lower part of the belly
first shows the sympathy of the skin, by the hair hanging
down shaggy, as if it had grown longer: hereupon, con-
sult Chapter V. In Uke manner, when cold of the lungs
has been incurred, this is indicated by staring coat on the
chest, ribs, or breast, and the reader must turn to see
what is said of this disorder in Chapter III. After several
days' continuance of any or either such attack, however,
the entire coat puts on the same rough unhealthy appear-
ance, and hide bound commences upon the ribs.

Hide 6oMwc?, however, is not an original disorder, but an
effect, ox symptom of other disorders, the which being re-
moved, the effect ceases ; we have not therefore consented
to treat of it separately, though the custom or the fashion
has been followed by us in most other instances. Neither
is the coat always to be relied upon as a perfect indica-
tion of general health, or the monitor of approaching dis-
orders, since it may be affected temporarily, or adversely,
by other circumstances, whereby the stable people are
thrown off* their guard : 1, Drinking very cold water
while the horse is hot, or standing in a draft of air. each
B 3

18 sun's INFLUENCE : BLIND lIORSEs' COATS.

produces a staring coat for a short time, which frequently
goes off again ; though at other times producing a swr/ei^,
&c. &c. See Chapter X[. for that subject. 2. Old blind
horses do not change their coats as other horses do, but
seem to be governed by the rule of contraries.

9. Perspiration. Jf, after very strong work, the horse's
coat gets dry in a short time, this must be taken as a
proof that the secretions and excretions^ upon which
health (and restoration to health) wholly depends, are
going on correctly ; if not so, then the contrary ; and we
must infer that disorder is creeping in ; and so it is when
a sweating comes on without adequate work to cause it,
as also when it lasts an uncommonly long while for the
season. Sometimes profuse perspiration is caused by
restlessness and nervous anxiety of the craving, gorging
horse ; whence it is that those which have gone blind

\ through diseased stomach, [see Chapter IX. Section 9

(Xj"]? as mostly happens, fret to get out in summer, and
thereby incur the staring coat ; whilst it becomes smooth
in winter, not only from the absence of any such desire,
but from enjoying the comforts of indoor keep, and ex-
periencing no inconvenience from the loss of the sun's
influence. This influence of the sun (by the way),
is of much superior consideration in horse-keeping than
has been usually bestowed upon it; but this is not the
place upon which we can afford to bestow more than this
slight hint.

10. As the coat^ then, is not always to be implicitly re-
lied upon, we must, under any doubt, search deeper, and
look at the skin itself as a more unerring guide. If this
feels dry and husky, with hard lumps upon it [see Sur-
feit, Chapter XL], and is of a dusky hue, with scurf rising
upon the surface of it, we may depend on the horse being
out of condition, and an affection of the lungs is first to
be apprehended. [See Chapter III.] But this is not to
be mistaken for the healthy rising of the yolk on the skin,
which is then moist to the touch, though not so in reality,

{)

MANNERISM CHANGES WITH HEALTH.

19

and the root of each individual hair rises clear out of its
root: the horse is then in an improving state. If the
hairs of the coat, mane, or tail, be tweaked smartly, and
come away readily, it is a sign that he has been consti-
tutionally unwell a long time, and will not recover : the
lymphatic function has surceased ; the excretions will
be found in a deranged state.

11. In manner of behaviour, and in appearance alto-
gether, especially of the face, the observant groom or
owner will detect the existence of any inward illness
as soon as by any other means, and principally of horses
with some sort of breeding in them : your dull cart
horse is not so readily moved by his griefs, nor excited
by emulation. The staring of the coat has been de-
scribed— if this do not happen, but the hairs lie in nu-
merous distinct series, what is called "pen-feathered,"
something is then amiss, as in the preceding case. If the
bright bay, or grey, or shining black, becomes dull or
dusky, it is a sign of disease ; as is every other change
therein, or losing the mottled buttocks, or feeling flabby
at the mane, when upon shaking it rudely, we feel that
the muscle there wants firmness. Also, when the hair at
the flanks and underneath the arm becomes of a tawny
hue, we may be assured of some lurking sickness. By
the same rule, as every horse hath his gaieties and man-
ners upon being fed, or saddled, or going in his exer-
cises, which he exhibits in the carriage of his head, neck,
ears, and tail, whereby he is wont to show himself ofFin his
pride ; whenever these are discontinued, and he becomes
heavy and lumpy, stepping short in his paces, and per-
spiring freely upon little occasions, then take heed of his
dunging, for he is assuredly shut up in his body, and re-
quires laxatives or diuretics, if not much more particular
treatment. Examine some minute details regarding those
obstructions in Chapters IV., V., VI., VII.; also, pay at-
tention to the principles upon which the cure is to be
conducted, as set forth in Chaper II., " Symptomatic

20

EPIDEMIC, A DISEASE OF THE LIVER,

Fevers." There is another disorder very prevalent at this
time, which partakes in its natures of many others, and is
known as

The Distemper of 1832.

12. Neither are its symptoms always the same in any
two individuals, nor is any one case of so decided a
character as to enable us to prescribe the remedy with the
usual confidence. Like all other Epidemic diseases, it
is considered contagious, and is usually guarded against
as such ; which is the safest way of meeting the thing,
though allowedly the most alarming — whether it regards
man or beast ; for both have submitted to its ravages,
and 'tis thence ascribed to some latent atmospheric influ-
ence, which none can satisfactorily account for. How-
ever this be, we have ascertained by examination that the
liver is invariably aflected, the secretion of hile or choler
being imperfect, or the function surceased in every case ;
the consequence whereof has been, increased action of the
pulmonary arteries, rupture, and congestion of blood at
the heart — death. In some subjects, water has been found
accumulated in the heart bag, to the amount of submer-
sion and consequent extinction of life ; in others (a few
instances only) it pervaded the chest ; but we have reason
for saying the disorder originated in imperfect secretion
of bile — the liver having been subjected to too slight an
examination by most of our neighlDOurs. See Chapter VI.
and consult Index, under the words Epidemic, Distem-
jjer, Sympathy. That horses in good health have been
attacked by the distemper and died, we entertain no
doubt ; but those most exposed to incur the disorder
under our own eyes, have been previously subject to a
catarrhal complaint ; in fact, the disorder now prevailing
is as much like that described by Osmer, that happened
70 years ago, as England now is like England then —
more moderate, better understood, and manageable by
milder means. In fine, the discrimination and the treat-

ITS BILE OR CHOLER, SYMPTOMS VARIABLE. 21

ment directed by that discerning old father of Veteri-
nary Science, are strictly available at the present crisis.
See sonae of his practical observations at Sections 7 — 14
of Catarrh.

13. At any rate the distemper is epidemic, and has
visited various and distant parts of this country, not only
in the London district, to which our practice is confined,
and at Newmarket, but in Scotland, Yorkshire, and other
counties, thence to the southernmost parts of our island.
It appeared first upon the present occasion about Octo-
ber, 1831, and so continues up to March, 1832. Very
little warning is given of its approach ; but when it does
come, it is fearfully made known by the following symp-
toms : — 1. General debility ; 2. Pulse low, but a little
accelerated, seldom beyond 50, unless the patient be of
full habit, with previous robustness; 3. Eyes dull, blear-
ing, languid, the lining of the lid yellowish ; 4. Lungs af-
fected with a small weak cough, or a rattling emission of
breath, whilst each inspiration is free but feeble : this has
been called the stomach cough ; turn to Chapter IV.
Sect. 6. ^ ; 5. Coat pen-feathered ; 6. Legs and Ears
cold; 7. ?7Wwe, a very little at the first attack, entire
suppression afterwards ; 8. Dunging scanty, hard, and
dark, if not hlack for once, and then a scouring that is
nearly colourless. 9. Mouth and nose-lining of a pale
yellow. Seldom, however, does it happen that the whole
of these symptoms present themselves in one individual
case; though the debility and paucity of urine (as de-
scribed) do attend every case. The distemper hall is
here distinctly called for, as prescribed under that head.
Administer calomel in \ drams, two or three times a day,
and at night, the blue pill, 1 dram of the mass. A less
decisive practice would but delude, but must be guided
as to quantity and continuance by the state of the dung-
ing, the colour whereof it materially corrects.

By paying prompt attention to those several lead-
ing tokens of disease, and by using ordinary diligence at
the commencement, the careful horse-keeper, owner, or

22 THE EYES, MOUTH, NOSTRILS, AFFORD UNERRING

groom, detects disorder in its earliest stages,and prevents
those dangerous attacks which have been referred to from
gaining ground upon him unawares. He will find his keen-
est observation of the progress of the distemper called
into action ; inasmuch as this appears to be an accumu-
lation of symptoms, varying in every patient, and in every
particular, as to virulence, changeableness, continuance,
and manner of termination. If he have the care of a
valuable stud, he will find the young and the vigorous
horses, which have been subjected to very strong work,
such as incur the prevalent distemper readiest ; a fact
that will teach him to take less work out of this
description of cattle at any one time — to sweat less, and
to avoid the cold half -hour before day-light in going
upon the downs. He will also be pleased to consult

Symptomatic Fever" in the 2nd Chapter, and to pay
some attention to a few further particulars —

14. The Eyes are spoken of upon every occasion [in
the preceding pages, in Chapter IX. and elsewhere] as
being the unfailing intelligencers of the pain or pleasure,
the state of health or disease, a horse may experience at
any time; as may be ascertained, profitably, upon every
physicking we may think proper; for, as soon as the
medicine begins to work, its operation affects the eyes
with dulness. This proves the intimate connexion that
exists between the organs of digestion and the head. See
Chapter IV. Section 1., also " Staggers," and Chapter V.
Again, whenever positive inflammation of any part, or
fever aflflicts the horse, the existence of either may be
detected by turning down the eye-lid, when an uncom-
mon redness will be found to pervade the inside lining
thereof, which shall be exactly in proportion in intensity
of colour to the virulence of the fever. Further, when
the whites of the eyes turn up in an unusual manner, it
is a sign the horse suffers much internal pain, as in the
last paroxysms of locked jaw ; when they impart a tear
he suffers inflammation of the stomach, or has a cold in
the head, or in the lining of the nose, as in glanders. See

i

SIGNS OF INWARD DISEASES : FEVER; GLANDERS. 23

Chapter IX. Yellowness of the membranous Hning of
the hd is spoken of in the preceding section.

15. Mouth. So is yellowness of the mouth mentioned in
a preceding page (21) as one of the signs usually accom-
panying incipient distemper ; but neither these monitory
indications nor the accompanying yellowness of the nos-
trils, have been found sufficiently instructive with contem-
porary Veterinary surgeons, to convince them that the
liver is then subject to derangement, to inflammation, to
enlargement, though demonstrated by us, and published
many years since. See Chapter VI. In other respects,
the mouth, by its increased heat and dryness, tells man
as plainly as words can express, when a parching fever
prevails ; and the pulsation underneath the tongue, by
its irregularity, its acceleration or its occasional weakness,
informs him more particularly of the nature of that
fever. For this see Chapter II , and Chapter III. Section
4. On such occasions the breath is hot, and if it stink,
also, the lungs are mainly affected with disease. After
long continuance this organ becomes rotten (one lobe, at
least), and the horse will cast forth small lumps from the
mouth upon any little exertion — vulgarly mistaken for
portions of the liver, which does not so come forth.

16. The Nostrils are i\o\v attainted; when the tearful
eye just adverted to discharges by this channel a watery
humour : if it issue from the left nostril only, and this be
white, we may suspect a touch of the glanders ; if dark
coloured, it proceeds from an ulcer, such as attends the
second stage of confirmed glanders ; if it be yellowish,
the liver is the seat of the disease. But, referring to the
age of the ailing animal, if we find he is about 3 or 4
years old and has a coM^f^, with slavering, and a discharge
from both nostrils, we conclude, without further hesita-
tion, that this is neither glanders nor a cold in the head,
but that the patient has the strangles.— See Chapter XI.

<i^' The symptoms of inflammation exhibited by the
livid appearance of the membrane that lines the eye-lids
has been spoken of above (Section 14.) as a true indica-

24 INFLAMMATION, HOW DETECTED CHEST FOUNDER.

tion of the actual state of the stomach, &c. ; no less so
is the lining of the septum or division of the nostrils, the
appearance of which is decidedly affected by the state of
the lungs, as these are by that of the whole system.
Thus, in health, we find the colour of this lining upon the
division of the nostrils presents dL pale pin ki7iess ; flog the
horse, run him, or otherwise excite his ardour, and the
membrane immediately assumes a deeper red ; but deeper
still, florid and striated, when this has been excessive, or
inflammation has begun ; which symptoms increase, and
the fine blood vessels thereof become distinct, when the
fever runs high, and the pulse also. As fever re-
cedes, and the inflammation is subdued, those indica-
tions are also found to decrease, instructively to the close
observer. In low fever — termed debility, or weakness,
the membrane loses nearly all its colour, except a slight
patch or two of red, that tells of lingering fever still un-
subdued ; very often, this state of the system becomes ty-
phous or putrid, whereupon the membrane assumes a
pale livid colour, that is found deeper and interspersed
with brown, as the danger increases.

17. The head, by its motions, adds an instructive series
of symptoms to the foregoing. If a horse holds up his
head in going much more than while he stands still,
pointing his toes sharply forward, he is foundered — in
the feet probably ; or he is chest-foundered, if not both
at the same time. — See Chapter XV., Foot lameness,
section 3. If in going the horse wag his head from side
to side, he is weak in the hind-quarters or legs ; but
if he nod it up and down, his weakness or disorder
lies in the fore-quarters or feet. If before, he will
sometimes go along tolerably well without showing his
defects for a long trial ; but bring him up sharply,
shake a stick at his eyes, and he will discover the
defect by grunting, or, as we say, roaring. In fact,
tliis is a good method of finding out a concealed roarer.
The head being hung down dolefully low, shows a
sense of dull pain there ; and if the horse exhibits

SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE.

25

proof of weakness in the loins at the same time, he is
already struck with the worst stage of the distemper : it
has reached the liver. See Chapter III. section 8, and
Chapter VI. section 1. But, if he turn his head round
to his side, looking either at — 1st, the chest, or 2d, the
belly, or 3rd, at the flank, — this denotes, either that the
lungSy or 2d, the organs of digestion, or 3rd, the liver,
suffers pain. For the remedies, consult Chapters III,
IV, V, and VI, which respectively treat of the disorders
of these parts. If, when the head and eyes droop, with-
out any sensation of acute pain, an uncommon pulsation
is felt at the temples, this denotes a determination of
blood thither, and the staggers: grasp the pasterns,
which are then found cold. Whenever the head is
turned about suddenly, the pain is then acute, and the
danger imminent; not so when the horse appears dull
and slothful in that motion. — See page 39.

Inflammation,

1. Consists of an increased action of the heart and
arteries, when general — whereby the blood circulates
with uncommon velocity and uncertainty, but when
local, or existing only in a particular part, the increased
heat is then confined to the vessels of that part only,
although the whole body feels its effects in some degree.
— See Symptomatic Fever, page 38.

2. When a part is inflamed, there arises in it an un-
usual degree of heat, generally attended with considerable
tension and swelling ; the sensibility and irritability are
always increased, and produced by it, even in parts where
no such feeling before existed. In bones and tendons, for
example, scarcely any sensibility can be perceived when
they are in a state of health ; but, when inflamed by a
bruise or strain, it is roused to an alarming degree of
irritation, and the most dangerous consequences may
probably ensue. Inflammation has four modes oftermi-

c

26

TENDENCY TO INFLAMMATION;

nation ; either of which may proceed naturally, or be
accelerated by medicines. The Jirst is effected by dis-
persion, termed resolution ; that is to say, when the dis-
ease, after going a certain length, gradually disappears
again : the second is, by suppuration ; that is, when an
abscess or tumour is formed, and matter produced : the
third method is named effusion, which implies an ex-
travasation (or issue from the vessels) either of blood, of
lymph, or of serum. The fourth method of termination
is by gangrene, or mortification of the inflamed part, and
death. Of each of these four, let us enter into further
particulars, premising that the first and second are both
desirable to our views — each under its peculiar circum-
stances ; the third and fourth are both undesirable, with
only one exception, i. e. on occasion of extra bleeding. —
See page 51.

3. Inflammation of the external parts is generally
occasioned by some mechanical injury; such as contused
wounds, bruises, &c. ; sometimes, however, it arises in
consequence of internal inflammation, or symptomatic
fever, of which it is the crisis, and is then to be consi-
dered merely as an effort of nature to relieve itself of the
internal disease. Thus, we sometimes find in fevers, an
abscess or tumour taking place on the surface of the
body, whereby the fever is considerably diminished, and
generally terminates favourably in suppuration, with a
critical discharge of the offensive matter. When shiver-
ing accompanies the first appearance of inflamed swelling,
it belongs to the latter kind of attack ; if arising from
external causes, no such shivering affection is perceivable
— a distinction very proper to be noted in applying the
remedies.

4. Inflammation is often produced by plethora, or
redundancy of blood in the body, through gross feeding,
when the arterial part of the system has its action in-
creased, and the affection generally extends to the entire
system. [See Fever.'] Similarly to the preceding, this
may be considered as an eflfort of nature to get rid of the
superfluous blood, and points.out the propriety of assisting

AND GENERAL TREATMENT.

27

the effort by copious bleeding. Neglect hereof allows
the blood to determine to some particular part, occa-
sioning local inflammation. With horses in full work
it usually falls upon the lungs; otherwise on some
one other internal organ — never on two at the same
time, until by long continuance a fellow feeling may
be said to arise; hence we trace the most dangerous
fevers of the horse ; apoplexy, or sudden death, when
it ascends to the brain ; rupture of the liver or the heart,
when it accumulates in either organ. To the same cause
— 'plethora — we have ascertained almost every disorder
of the eyes is indebted ; redness of these delicate organs,
at the inner lining of the eye-lid, with projection of the
haws, being the earliest and most apparent symptom of
this fulness of the blood.

5. In the treatment of external inflammation of the
solids, we should endeavour to bring it to the most favour-
able termination, that is, resolution ; excepting always
when we can ascertain that it arises from an effort of
nature to relieve itself of some internal disease ; as just
before remarked, it is then most desirable to bring it
speedily to suppuration. The remedies to be employed
for so resolving inflammation, are local or general
bleeding (vide bleeding, p. 50), purgatives, with cooling
fomentations and poultices, or the saturnine lotion made
warm ; sometimes, indeed, we find the cold applications
used with complete success, when great heat and tension
can be felt at the part affected — these are sal ammoniac
dissolved in vinegar, Goulard's extract diluted, &c.

6. When inflammation takes place in tendinous parts,
or on joints, the saturnine poultice has been found an
useful remedy ; and in the latter case (the joints), blis-
ters are ever exceedingly efficacious. As in these latter
cases the inflammation becomes more troublesome, and
as the pain it occasions is often so considerable as to
produce symptomatic fever, it becomes necessary to em-
ploy, without loss of time, the most prompt and effica-
cious means for its reduction. With this view, we excite

c 2

28

TUMOURS, CRITICAL AND INDURATED;

artificial inflammation in the contiguous skin and mem-
brane underneath it, which are parts of far less import-
ance in the animal economy than either joints or tendons,
and are moreover capable of bearing a considerable
degree of inflammation without inconvenience to the
animal : this is effected by means of roiuels and blister-
ing, and the inflammation thus excited by art will tend
to diminish in a considerable degree that which is going
on in the more important part. This portion of the sub-
ject is resumed in Chapter XII.

7. Should we fail in our endeavours to resolve in-
flammation of the solids — which sometimes happens in
spite of all our efforts, seeming to upbraid us for the at-
tempt, and proving at the same time that resolution in
similar forward cases ought never to be undertaken —
then must it terminate in suppuration. When this
desirable process proceeds but slowly, an assiduous appli-
cation of herb fomentations, and bread poultice, will
expedite the suppurative process, and afford immediate
relief from pain ; the horse evinces a desire to feed, and
should be indulged, as it contributes to the cure. When
the inflammation, or rather the sv/eliing which it occa-
sions, arrives at this state, and a fluctuation may be felt
upon its being pressed by two fingers alternately, the
abscess is ripe (as we say), and contains laudable matter
that requires to be evacuated. If this occurs not spon-
taneously, an opening is to be made with a knife or lancet,
at its lowest or most dependent part, upwards, to such an
extent that the matter may completely escape ; and
future accumulation is prevented by keeping its orifice
open by pledgets a, day or two, to drain. Dress the ulcer
with any digestive ointment; but should the wound ap-
pear indisposed to heal when this treatment has been
pursued a short time, discharging a thin, offensive
matter, and wanting that healthy red appearance by
which the healing process is indicated, 2i detergent lotion
will soon remove those unfavourable appearances; the
discharge thereupon becomes whiter and thicker, and

OPERATION AND MEDICINE.

29

red granulations of new flesh will sprout forth, displacing
the old diseased flesh. Should these granulations, how-
ever, sprout too luxuriantly, constituting what is com-
monly termed " proud flesh," they are to be reduced by
caustic powder strewed on the plaister, or the lunar
caustic in very bad cases. This portion of the subject
is more particularly treated of as Critical Abscess,
Page 26, and Tumours, Chapter XI.

8. Effusion of the fluids, as hath been said, is the
third manner of inflammation of the solids terminating ;
and consists in the withdrawal of the secretion that is
necessary to the life of the part, and, of course, to its
cure ; induration then ensues, and leaves a tumour that
has neither feeling nor blood-vessels belonging to it. If
inconvenient or unsightly, remove the indurated tumour
by stimulating embrocations, blisters or caustics, by fire or
the knife. See Tumours, Chapter XL, article Sitfasts.

9. Lastly, when the inflammation runs very high, as
sometimes happens in cases of violent bruises, or deep
and extensive wounds of the lacerated kind, it may ter-
minate in gangrene or mortification, which is always
attended with great danger. In this case, the matter
discharged, instead of being white and thick, consists of
a dark-coloured fluid, of a peculiarly offensive smell ;
the patient's constitution is generally debilitated, the pulse
becoming quick, weak and irregular ; the appetite goes
oflT, whereby a fearful lasting debility is induced, and it
dies if not relieved in time. With those symptoms, if
arising from a wound, let it be dressed with digestive
liniment, oil of turpentine, or camphorated spirits of
wine ; the parts should be scarified, and fomentations
applied almost incessantly until the mortified parts
appear to separate, and the matter discharged loses in
great measure its offensive smell, appearing whiter and
more thick. When the horse is much weakened by the
disease, with loss of appetite, particularly if there is a
copious discharge from the wound, give one or two of
the following cordial balls :—

c 3

30

INTERNAL INFLAMMATION, CAUSES;

Yellow Peruvian bark 4 drams.

Powdered snake-root • 2 drams.

Cassia, powdered 1^^ drams.

Oil of cloves 20 drops.

with syrup enough to form one ball. If the disease be
accompanied by purging, add to the above, opium 1
dram. If the four materials could be given in gruel,
without alarming the patient, by means of the stomach
tube, the medicine would be found much more effectual.

10. Internal inflammation, arising from a change of
forrriy has been recently proved to exist in the horse, and
is of two kinds, having diflerent causes, somewhat dif-
ferent seats, and affecting animals under very different
circumstances : though having one symptom in common,
wameZ?/, great and evident internal pain, ending in death ;
in the one case slowly, in the other suddenly : the Jirst
comes on gradually, is the effect of rapid action or hard
work, insufficient water, and frequently of bad living;
the second is the effect of idleness, and high and dry
feeding ; it comes on rapidly, and always terminates in
death by mortification, in the course of one, two, or three
days. This latter has been long considered vulgarly as
* twisting of the guts,' as well as * the dry gripes,* the
latter term being given with good reason ; because no
stool is to be procured, the means usually employed to
obtain this evacuation only accelerating the sad cata-
strophe : indeed, total emptiness of the straight gut is
the surest symptom of its baleful existence, and should
tell us instructively of the utter uselessness of endeavour-
ing to produce alleviation of the patient's miseries by
this means. As this second species is thus sudden and
immediately fatal, the Jirst admits of alleviation, and
life may be protracted several years, even so far as to
raise a hope that a cure has been brought about — as in-
deed partially happens by the course of nature, unless
injudicious treatment has been employed, under a mis-
take of the symptoms being those of colic.

11. A growing of some internal organ to the adjacent

DRY GRIPES, INCURABLE NATURE OF.

31

parts — generally of the lungs to the ribs, the midriff,
&c. is the disorder we term adhesion, by others cohesion
— meaning the same misfortune we are now consider-
ing ; and which, when treated with cordial stimulants,
as for colic, is hereby confirmed, or augmented in viru-
lence, and death is surely accelerated. Adhesion of the
bowels to the liver also takes place from the same causes
as first mentioned, and is, in fact, a primary disease of
ulcerated liver, remedying itself by a slow course of na-
ture, as before observed. But we postpone further
remark hereon to the pages appropriated to * inflamma-
tion of the bowels^ which form of disease it more
assuredly assumes, and that with a ruthless vengeance ;
whilst adhesion of the lungs comes to be treated of
under inflammation thereof. See also Chapter VI. for
Diseases of the Liver.

12. In every case of internal inflammation, the prac-
tice has been to bleed copiously, whereby either resolu-
tion or effusion (as before described) is brought about ;
but in the present cases of change of form, when a ca-
pital organ has lost its function, that favourite remedy is
always doubtful, even in" affections of the lungs — when
it is usually carried too far, for the disorder is thereby
transferred thence to the bowels — fatally. External
artificial inflammation, as before described, is much
more likely to ease afflictions of the lungs or liver,
though nought will relieve those of the bowels — its
twisting, obstruction, knotting or intussusception ( call it
what we like) we again repeat being incurable. With
rowels, seton or blister, employ \he fever powders (Page
35) ; occasional clysters, also, are of considerable service
in every Case of internal inflammation and fever of the
system: though, as must be evident, when the straight
gut is entirely empty, no hope remains, and the labour
is thrown away abortively.

DISCRIMINATION NECESSARY AS TO

CHAPTER II.

Fever — and first of Simple Fever,

1. As almost every horse that is taken ill, be it in any
form whatever, exhibits some of the symptoms of fever —
(indeed we never find an exception) the absolute neces-
sity of every man's making himself fully master of the doc-
trines laid down throughout this and the preceding cAap-
tery must be obvious. He cannot, without the knowledge
herein conveyed, set himself about preparing the reme-
dies that are strictly applicable to each separate species
of attack, nor can he come to a safe conclusion when to
adopt, when to omit, the first of all remedies in febrile
complaints, namely, bleeding ; restoration of health
awaiting its proper use, destruction attending its misap-
plication. This truth is exemplified to the letter in
what I shall have to say regarding the Epidemic Fever,
lower down. Page 52. — The fevers of horses, however
(as I have just shewn), bear very little analogy to those
of the human body, and therefore require a different
treatment; the mode of living, and mind, or conscious-
ness in man, being the chief causes of fever in him ;
whilst by his overstrained exertions on bad food, is the
horse chiefly subjected to this whole class of disorders,
we advisedly term inflammatory fever. — [Another class
of fever arises from overfeeding, want of exercise, and
undue watering.] — Notwithstanding this self-evident
fact, most writers on farriery (J. Clark, for example) have
described a great variety of fevers ; but their observa-
tions appear to have been drawn from the works of

FEVERS — MAN AND HORSE COMPARED. 33

medical authors in the human practice, and their reason-
ing seems to be entirely analogical. William Osmer was
nearly the only exception to this reproach until the
time of James White ; and the latter confessed himself
a long time ' unable to distinguish more than two kinds
of fever,' though allowing that these were often accom-
panied by other obstinate symptoms. Of those two kinds,
the first is an original disease, and therefore termed simple
fever ; whilst the other, being dependent on some iw-
ternal inflammation (as just now described), is very justly
denominated symptomatic fever, — shivering or rigor of
the nerves being the most notable of those symptoms.
See p. 26. For example — whenever the lungs or the
intestines are inflamed, the whole animal system is
thrown into disorder, and a symptomatic fever is the
consequence ; but if a collapsion, or closing up, of the
perspirable vessels takes place, as happens on ' taking
cold' by so checking the perspiration, or hy exciting it
on suddenly entering a hot stable, the blood will accu-
mulate in the interior parts of the body ; and although a
genuine inflammation may not be produced by it, yet
the unequal distribution of the blood will alone occasion
that derangement in the system which constitutes simple
fever.

Every horse that runs a race, or is engaged inaybwr
hours' hard chase, or does any other strong work at top
speed, is thereby thrown into a temporary fever. Our bu-
siness is to employ the remedies promptly, or immediate
danger is to be apprehended ; if cured precipitantly, the
fever returns during life, and descends to the legs and feet.

2. The simple fever does not occur so frequently as
the symptomatic, nor is it by any means so formidable
in its appearance ; sometimes hanging about the horse
for a long time undetected by the common observer. Yet
is it necessary to give it the earliest attention ; for, un-
less Nature receives timely assistance, she will soon be
disabled from getting rid of the load which oppresses
her : the blood continues to accumulate on some in-

34 GENERAL TREATMENT OF FEVERS;

ternal organ, which shortly causes inflammation thereof,
and these symptoms are successively observable: — Pulse
quick, sharp, and unequal ; hot mouth, total loss of appe-
tite, dejected appearance and evident pain — shivering ;
then a hurried respiration and costiveness, with turbid
urine, accompanied sometimes by colic pains. Ifallowed to
go on unchecked, the membrane that lines the eye-lid be-
comes redder than usual ; the inflammation may then be
considered as having fixed itself on some internal organ ;
thus it is that the hitherto unheeded simple fever be-
comes symptomatic of that event, and the patient must
now be treated as for internal inflammation, as described
in the first Chapter.

3. As soon as a horse is attacked with fever of any
description, let him be bled freely, unless he is already
weak, with a feeble pulse {i. e, slow fever, vide dis'
temper, page 52). When the lungs may be the seat of
the disorder, the operator will hear a rattling in the
chest after the bleeding has gone on to a good amount,
say 4 or 5 quarts ; this should be the signal to cease
at once, or the inflammation will be soon transferred to
the bowels, incurably. Give a mild purgative after-
wards ; and, indeed, it sometimes happens that costive-
ness is the only cause of the fever. Ascertain this fact ;
examine the straight gut ; rake it ; inject a clyster of
warm oatmeal gruel ; give castor oil 8 ounces, or
salad oil 12 ounces, with the laxative drench, and you
shall find no further treatment is required in ordinary
cases. However, in all cases bestow good nursing on
the recovering horse, and adopt the whole process, which
we call

The Restorative Means of reinstating health,
and of avoiding relapse in this entire series of disorders.
For this purpose give soft food, viz. good gruel and bran
mashes, in small quantities, and often ; administer the
fever powders until the urine is voided readily and free
from turbidness, but no longer, unless a relapse in this
particular renders a repetition necessary. Warm cloth-

RESTORATIVE MEANS.

35

mgf with a liberal allowance of litter, frequent hand rub-
bing and bandaging the thick legs that always comes on,
are goodly conducive to recovery. When the fever runs
high, it is advisable to insert rowels about the chest and
belly, in order to prevent the inflammation fixing itself
on the organs. After you have conquered the principal
symptoms, and the disorder appears to be going off, the
horse looking more lively, and the appetite returning,
let him be led out for a short time daily, in some sheltered
situation, and give now and then a small mash for the
purpose of restoring his strength and vigour. Give the
tonics for a week or ten days. Keep the staling and
dunging in right trim, the first by means of the powders^
the latter by the laxative drench or the purging ball,
according to circumstances ; as there remains a constant
tendency to costiveness, especially when the tonics have
been employed a long time.

Fever Powders,

No. I. — Powdered Nitre 1 ounce.

Camphor 2 drams.

Tartarized Antimony ... .2 drams — mix,
for one dose, and give every twelve hours, until the de-
sired effect is produced, as above described.

No. 2. — Powdered Nitre • • • » • • • . 1 ounce.
Unwashed Calx of Anti-
mony 2 dra.mix; as before.

No. 3.— Antimonial Powder • • • • 3 drams.

Camphor • . 1 dra. mix ; as before.

N.B. — With liquorice-powder and syrup those pow-
ders may be made into balls, if required in that form.
The reason why these various prescriptions are given,
is that the practitioner may vary them from time to
time, according to the existing circumstances of the
case : thus, No. 1 . is adapted to the first stages, when
great internal pain is evinced ; No. 2. is preferable when
this distress subsides ; No. 3, induces the staring coat

36

drenches; their efficacy and

to smoothness. An alteration, however, is proper when
the urine continues obstinately turbid, by substituting
for the camphor in No. I. three drams of powdered rosin.

Tonic Ball) or Drench.

Peruvian Bark 1 ounce.

Prepared Kali 1 dram — mix,

with mucilage enough to form the mass for one ball; to
be given on several successive days.

N.B. — The efficacy of the bark and kali is greatly en-
hanced, by giving those materials in the form of drench,
mixing the ball in 3 pints of gruel, nearly cold.

Laxative Drench.

Socotrine Aloes, powdered • • • • 3 drams.

Prepared Kali 1 dram.

Mint Water 1 pint.

Water 1 pint — mix,

for one dose. In cases that require thorough purgation,
the quantity of aloes should be increased, or the drench
as above be repeated at the end of 12 hours, whereby a
brisk cathartic effect is produced.

4. Of the Laxative drench, it is worthy of remark, that
3 drams of aloes given in this form are equal to 5 in
form of ball, besides acting sooner and more effectually,
and that too upon the most sympathizing organ of
the animal, the stomach ; loss of appetite being the
earliest symptom of all fever whatever. In addition
to those recommendations of the drench, when the fever
is symptomatic of inflamed lungs, and a difficulty of
swallowing is among the symptoms, no ball can pass
-without a struggle, if at all, and this is ever attended by
irritation of the disorder. But other objections existed
to the giving aloes in solution, however disguised, the
dislike of bitters being very strong in the horse, and the
drench was more or less spilled in the giving. This

IMPROVED MODE OF GIVING.

37

difficulty has been surmounted recently by the invention
of a flexible stomach tube, or pump, sold by Long, of
Holborn, and others, which being introduced to the
gullet, any liquid passes into the stomach freely, afford-
ing the practitioner also incalculable facilities in other
respects, as when the usual emaciation attending inflam-
mation points out the necessity of supporting the
strength of the patient by a generous supply of oatmeal-
gruel, and thereby enabling him to sustain the drains by
rowel and blister, by bleeding and purgation, to which
he has been necessarily subjected.

5. As we shall find frequent occasion to refer to this
improved mode of administering medicines in liquid, in
all cases that require immediate operation to effect any
given purpose, — when the hours' delay always expe-
rienced in the solution of a ball in the intestines defeats
the benefits expected from it ; as, also, in those cases
wherein the stomach and the small intestines require
to be mainly acted upon, we may be allowed thus early
to insist with no common energy on the immense advan-
tages that are to be derived from the use of the stomach
tube, as an improved vehicle for drenching ; leaving, how-
ever, the horn and the bottle in the hands of those who
will not yet resign their use. That which we have in use
is manufactured by Reid, of Regent Circus, Piccadilly ;
and is adapted to further purposes, when connected with
some other apparatus, to be noticed hereafter. [See
Chapter XVI. *' Stomach Pump."] True it is, that the
stomachs of some patients seem better adapted to dis-
solve balls than others, so that the medicine operates to
the full extent of our wishes ; its effects are found com-
mensurate to subdue the disorder, and we recommend its
use in similar cases; but mark the difference of a cold,
dry, and perhaps empty stomach, already diseased : the
jball descends whole, and gets into the coecum ere it dis-
isolves, and an otherwise brisk purgative has been known
jto retain its form and its eflfects, until it arrives in the
jlarge gut, and there effected much harm by super-pur-

38

PRECAUTIONS AGAINST BLEEDING.

gation. Hence have arisen some lamentable errors re-
specting the best possible prescriptions ; and hence, too,
the disrepute into which one entire class of excellent
restoratives (tonics) has been cast by Bracy Clark, and
one or two more, of whose mistaken practice, in this re-
spect, it was observed in the Grooms' Oracle^ 1828, that
" those animals which awaited the knacker's axe, are ill
calculated for trying such experiments upon, fairly."
Besides which, those objectors invariably made up their
tonics in balls much too hard to operate on the stomachy
where alone they could possibly effect any good ; very
contrary to the expert manner of Mr. White, the father
of tonics, whose prescriptions for balls were calculated
for immediate solution ; and the same mode of com-
pounding those valuable restoratives was directed in j
the Grooms' Oracle (p. 280, edition of 1830). It is
but a fair conclusion to these remarks, to allow, that for
the original idea of employing a flexible pump upon
hoven cattle, the public are indebted to Dr. Monro.

6. When any doubt exists, as to whether the patient
labours under the genuine inflammatory fever, the reader
had better refer back to pages 25 and sequel, and con-
sult the next following pages, before he resolves upon
bleeding, as errors are sometimes committed in this re-
spect which endanger the lives of horses so mistakenly
treated. See Index, Bleeding, Fever. Such doubts are
most likely to arise in cases of epidemic fever ^ in which
patients of the very same stable receive the contagion
under totally different circumstances, of previous consti- .
tutional health or disorder, of weakness (debility), or
robustness, or tenderness ; to some of whom the opera-
tion of bleeding largely is found highly beneficial, to
others the sure harbinger of death. See pages 52 — 55.

Symptomatic Fevers.

1. These are generally occasioned by high feeding,
close stables, want of regular exercise, and by an injudi-

CAUSES or INFLAMMATORY FEVER.

39

cious scanty supply of water ; sometimes sudden transi-
tion from a cold to a hot temperature, as coming off a
journey late and entering a crowded stable, is probably
the frequent and immediate cause of it. Horses that are
taken from camp or grass, and put at once into warm
stables, are extremely liable to contract those internal
inflammations which give rise to symptomatic fever :
indeed, to this cause alone is to be attributed the in-
variable cough that attends the coming up from grass or
straw-yard, to which thousands fall victims every year.
Suffering a horse to stand in damp clothing y or replacing
such without sufficiently evaporating the sweat, has been
ascertained in a great number of cases, to occasion that
collapsion of the perspirable vessels before noticed, (page
32.) which causes either simple fever, as above, or the
more aggravated inflammation of some vital organ, which
we are now considering. When fever is symptomatic of
some organic disorder, it is not accompanied by shiver-
ing, as in cases of simple fever, nor is it so sudden in its
attack ; but when, through neglect, it is not subdued by
a prompt adihinistration of the remedies prescribed, the
symptoms increase in violence gradually, until they pre-
sent a formidable appearance. On the other hand, when
caused by great and long-continued exertion, it gene-
rally comes on suddenly, and the disease assumes a
dangerous appearance in its very earliest stages.
Wounds, severe inflictions, strains, and acute disorders,
are accompanied by fever that is symptomatic of the
pain endured, and requires prompt measures.

2. The symptomatic fever has many symptoms in
common with the simple fever ; which are, loss of appe-
tite, quick pulse, dejected appearance, hot mouth, and
a weakness of the whole frame, termed debility. If to
these be joined difficulty of breathing, and quick working
of the flanks, with coldness of the legs and ears, we may
conclude that inflammation of the lungs is then the spe-
cific cause of the fever. Again, if the horse hangs down
his head in the manger, or leans back upon his collar,
d2

40

SYMPTOMS OF SEVERAL KINDS

with a strong appearance of being drowsy, the eyes being
also watery and inflamed, we may now conclude that
the fever is symptomatic of an accumulation of blood in
the vessels of the brain, and may expect an attack of the
staggers is approaching. In this latter case, however,
the pulse is not always quickened ; on the contrary, it
sometimes falls below the natural healthy number of
beats, nearly constituting low fever. Again, when to the
symptoms of fever are joined yellowness of the eyes and
mouth, inflammation of the liver is thereby plainly in-
dicated. Should an inflammation of the bowels be the
cause, the horse is violently griped, lying down, kicking,
and getting up again. Inflammation of the kidneys will
also produce feverish symptoms, and this particular
affection is denoted by painful staling or entire suppres-
sion of urine, and aversion to the least pressure on the
loins. In like manner, when any affection of the bladder
(its neck) is the cause, the horse is frequently staling,
voiding only very small quantities of urine, and that
with considerable pain. Besides those affections of the
organs of life^ extensive wounds, and particularly those
of joints or tendons, will also produce symptomatic fever
of a very inflammatory nature. [See Inflammation,
page 29.] Sometimes it so happens that two or more of
those internal parts suffer inflammation at the same in-
stant, from the same cause ; and indeed, whenever an
attack of this nature has gone on unchecked for any
length of time, the organs sympathize with each other ;
and, when this takes place, the symptoms will uni-
formly be complicated. — [See Chap. IV. Sections 1
and 5.] Still, however, the essential remedies are the
same ; that is to say, copious and early bleeding, with
rowels and blisters, green food and mashes.

In the next and succeeding sections, we come to
treat separately, and more minutely, of those particular
attacks on the organs of life, which by their inflamma-
tory nature occasion the fevers we have just now been
considering in a general manner. Of these organs, the

OF ATTACK— FARCY GLANDERS.

41

first mentioned (the lungs) are liable to a greater variety
and more lasting attacks, than any other viscus of the
horse. This arises from the very great exertions he
is put to, in quick work especially, which tax the respi-
ratory function to perform to the utmost of its capabi-
lity, as well whilst actually going, as in the extreme
pulmonary action that ensues ; hence it is that we trace,
not only the most evident disorders of the horse, from a
" slight cold" to " a confirmed roarer," but those others
also which lie dormant, and are only called up by acci-
dent, by ill-usage, or the seasons, and the influence exer-
cised by the lungs on the other organs of life.

3. The g lander Sf although an inflammatory disease, is
accompanied by none of the foregoing symptoms in its
earliest stage, because the thin discharge from the nose,
which is its own primary, unchangeable, and visible seat,
carries off* awhile any acrimonious tendency; until at
length the tubercles (which subsequently ulcerate), creep-
ing along the membranous lining thereof, reach the
lungs — the left lobe, almost invariably, and inflamma-
tion begins. This constitutes one of the varieties just
spoken of, but is by no means to be treated as simple
inflammation, being a thing of itself for which there is
not to this day, January 1, 1832, any specific remedy
obtained — nothing certain ; nought but quackery and
pretence. Not always, however, is the disease found
upon either lung, even when fatal ; for in such cases it
has entered the system — the circulation of the blood, and,
running along the course of the absorbent vessels, be-
comes farcy.

D 3

42

"a cold" ITS VARIOUS MODIFICATIONS:

CHAPTER III.

Inflammation of the Lungs.

Catarrh: Epidemy, or Distemper, Cough: Chronic
Coughf Broken-windy Roaring^ Sfc.

1 . As well for the frequency of its recurrence, as the
situation of the parts, does this species of attack demand
our first attention : its character for incurableness abates
not our hopes of alleviating its greatest virulence ; and
the success which attends the judicious treatment of mild
cases, inspires us to future exertions. Not by any na-
tural defect in the animal, but principally by mismanage-
ment after very strong work, are these delicate organs,
so indispensable to its going, rendered liable to disorder
more than any other which give life and being to the
frame. Every affection of the lungs is referable to in-
flammation for its origin, but differing in violence accord-
ing to the portion thereof which may suffer ; the effects
also differ : — cold, catarrh, and cough, then, are but
modifications, in degree or extent, for the several portions
thereof which may be attacked with the symptoms describ-
ed in the preceding sections (page 39). That broken-wind
should follow, with roaring, hectic cough, adhesion of the
parts (see page 30), and other complaints, is more to be
attributed to the rough inadequate means employed for
the cure of the original disease, and a too hasty return
to labour, than to any imminent danger in the disease it-
self.

Notwithstanding this, it must be allowed that its pro-
gress is often very rapid, and even fatal, unless proper

SYMPTOMS AND CATASTROPHE.

43

remedies are employed at an early period after its appear-
ance : decay of the substance of the lungs has been found
to have taken place at the very commencement; and
even when the symptoms disappear, part of the function
of respiration is lost by the growing together of the
pleura and ribs, or other such derangement of adhesion
before spoken of.

2. Symptoms of inflamed lungs : loss of appetite, an
appearance of dulness, and disinclination to motion,
thirst, with difficulty in swallowing liquids, unusual
quick heaving of the flanks, hot mouth, and sometimes
a cough. All these are usual, in a slight degree, at any
and every attack upon the lungs ; but when considerable
weakness or debility, and a tottering gait, mark the com-
mencement of the disease, we seldom find it terminate
favourably. If the disease is suffered to gain ground
through an inert or improper mode of treatment, all those
symptoms will increase, respiration become extremely
quick and laborious, the pulse more frequent, and at the
same time weak. A striking appearance of uneasiness
and anxiety may be observed in the animal's countenance ;
the nostrils are expanded, the eyes fixed, and the head
inclining downwards ; the legs and ears become cold,
and the weakness is so considerable, that he is incapable
of moving in the stall without diflSculty. At length,
he does not lie down, unless so much weakened as to be
incapable of standing, when he drops down. The dis-
ease, however, is not always so rapid in its progress as is
here described ; and not unfrequently it happens that a
considerable remission of the symptoms is observable,
which is occasioned, probably, by an eff'usion of water in
the chest, as was remarked upon at page 34, as taking
place on bleeding the patient. This remission is some-
times so very conspicuous, that we are led to pronounce
favourably as to the termination of the case ; more espe-
cially as the patient takes to his food freely, looks lively,
has warm ears, with pulse less frequent, and in short the
symptoms of fever disappear in a great measure. Still,

44

PROGRESS OF A COLD.

however, there is uncommon quickness in the respiration,
generally accompanied by coughs the hind legs swell, and
the horse very rarely lies down : a rough unhealthy ap-
pearance is observable in the coat, the skin feeling as if
stuck to his ribs, and the weakness continues; after
a while, the inflammation, being unchecked, resumes its
former violence, and then speedily ends in locked jaw,
and death.

3. This event has, in all cases under our observation,
arisen from neglect of the restorative means, otherwise
termed nursing, spoken of in a preceding page (34), and
to which the better-fed grooms pay the least attention.
The bleeding has been carried to its proper extent, let
us say ; i. e, sufficient to produce a sensible effusion of
water in the chest, at the time of, or soon after, the oper-
ation (page 51): hereupon, the foregoing favourable
symptoms cause a false notion to be entertained, that the
animal is" going on well," whereas, nought, in general, is
more fallacious, with the higher-bred horses in particu-
lar, especially when any of these unfavourable symptoms
remain: — 1st, He seldom 1*23 down, and, what is more,
nobody coaxes him to do so ; — 2d. His flanks heave too
quick for the healthy state, and the hot stable air which
caused it is seldom changed ; — 3d. A short cough is ob-
servable at intervals ; — 4th. His coat becomes rougher
at the chest and belly, with partial hide-bound ; — 5th.
The redness on the inner coat of the eye-lid, before
spoken of, remains unsubdued ; ultimately, his hind legs
thicken considerably, and seem unequal to his support,
until at length he drops, and dies without a struggle.

4. Sometimes, no such favourable remission of the
symptoms occurs, and the inflammation terminates by the
second method before mentioned, i. e. suppuration —
(See page 25.) In this case, also, the fever is in some
degree lessened ; and the horse beginning to feed a little,
and looking about him, he is too soon pronounced " do-
ing well whereas, his evident weakness, a tickling
cough, and the discharge of foul matter from the nostrils

REMISSIONS, OFTEN DECEITFUL.

45

resembling the worst stage of glanders, instruct us how
little reliance is to be placed upon the relaxation of the
minor symptoms, for little hope of life is left while those
flagrant evils remain unsubdued.

5. The first thing to be done when this dangerous
disease is observed and well marked, is to bleed copiously,
even until the horse begins to faint from loss of blood.
I have seen 6 quarts drawn at one operation, and with
the best effects ; sometimes, indeed, the disease will be
wholly subdued by thus bleeding freely at its commence-
ment, always noting, that in this favourable result, the
redness of the eye-lid inside has been reduced consider-
ably by the operation ; but if not so, then the contrary,
and you must bleed again. In case of any doubt as to
the identity of inflamed lungs, draw but a small quantity
of blood, and note well the period of its coagulation : if
this be slow — say in 20 or 30 minutes — this state of the
blood shows that the case is desperate, and you must
take a large quantity. Purge subsequently with the
laxative draught, giving two doses, as directed at page
36 ; or, should the dung be found hard in the straight
gut, rake it forth, give a pint of castor oil before the
bleeding, and after it a clyster. Probably, in this case
of hard dung in the great gut, the mild purgative ball
below will be found more eligible than the drench.

6. Perhaps the symptoms do not decrease with these
evacuations. The case is then an obstinate one, and, with
a view of diverting the inflammation from this important
organ, let rowels be inserted about the chest and belly,
and blister the sides extensively, the latter being the
most eligible form of exciting external inflammation.
Clothe the patient afterwards warmly, but not too hot ;
hand-rub the legs, and bandage them at night ; do not
neglect for an hour the admission of good, fresh, whole-
some air, noticed in the preceding page as the main pre-
ventive of the much-dreaded relapse, which so frequently
occurs, even after very favourable symptoms may have
appeared, and thrown the attendant groom off his guard.

46

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS:

7. After the bleeding, it has been the usual practice to
bleed afresh if no abatement of the symptoms is observa-
ble ; but among these we must not reckon increased de-
bility on the one hand, nor a great increase of the pulse
on the other — bleeding repeatedly in such cases being-
found fatal, even under the sage eyes of the Pancras
professors, according to their own statements. One co-
pious bleeding, of 4, 5, or 6 quarts, and that from a
large orifice^ is always found of more efficacy than full
as much or more at twice ; in truth, if the operation be
judiciously performed, and followed by the above-pre-
scribed treatment, with good nursing^ hand-rubbing,
bandaging, and, above all, fresh air in a loose stable, we
seldom fail to subdue the symptoms ; but nothing will
complete the cure if wholesome air be denied the patient,
who will himself prove the fact, by going (being loose) to
that part of the stable where he may enjoy it most freely.
See what has been said in the preceding pages regarding
fever (page 34) : observe the restorative means there re-
commended for reducing the unfavourable state of the
three evacuations : defective dunging must be amended
by the laxative drench^ preferably, if the case be urgent;
if not, by a

Mild Purgative Ball.

Aloes of Barbadoes 5 drams.

Castile soap 2 drams.

Oil of caraways • • • 10 drops.

Mix for one ball ; and if the water come sparingly, or is
in a very turbid state, add prepared natron^ 2 drams.

8. The urine, however, does not always come off cor-
rectly with the purgation, but continues bad, and is ever
accompanied by the feverish symptoms ; then give the
fever powder Sy No. 1 and 2 (page 35) in succession, and
No. 3 will contribute to reduce the staring coat, which is
symptomatic of the disorder within. When the feverish
symptoms give way, but debility remains, give the tonics
for a few days (page 36), and the following afterwards:;

TREATMENT AND PRECAUTIONS.

47

Alterative Balls.

Salt of hartshorn <

Opium »

Powdered aniseed

2 drams.
1 dram.
6 drams.

Mix for two balls, to be given on successive mornings :
these may be further administered six or eight mornings,
if the first two appear to do good.

9. Although the disorder may have run so high, that
the suppuration before spoken of has taken place in the
lungs, and consequently no reasonable hope of recovery
remains, yet will this treatment preserve the animal's life,
so that he may be employed in drudgery and the slow
occupations of the farm-yard or streets. When the
lungs have discharged the foul matter completely, as will
be seen by the nose becoming clean, great debility ensues,
so that the patient is sometimes carried off through weak-
ness ; to prevent which, the restorative means (pages 34
and 45) must be pursued with unremitting care; and, in
addition, give prime sweet hay, little and often, oats that
have been steeped in boiling water,oatmeal gruel occasion-
ally, and a small malt-mash seldom. Let not fresh air be
omitted (let us repeat), nor a run in the meadow in the
finest parts of the day, taking care to avoid sharp winds,
and to put on body clothing, and a breast-piece. Beware
of a relapse.

10. Of those affections of the lungs which are either in-
fluenced by disorders of the other organs, or possess influ-
ence over them, see below, under Ca^arr^ (section 8) ;
the fatal effects of its extending to the liver in epidemy,
and the reaction which results from its connection with
the stomach, are fully stated in Chapter IV. section 5.

Catarrh or Cold ; Cough, and its effects.

1. A simple cold on the organs of respiration bears so
near affinity to the more violent symptoms of inflammation
thereof, just above described, and is so well known, that
we might safely dismiss further details with a single ob-

48

CATARRH, ITS VARIOUS STAGES!

servation only — namely, that they are evidently the same
disorder, but this is less severe, and the attendant fever
is considerably milder than accompanies inflammation
of the lobes of the lungs. Of course the immediate
danger is less, but the effects of catarrh generally last
a long time, even the whole of the horse's life ; whence
chronic cough, and the whole series of subsequent in-
sidious attacks on these organs, we come shortly to de-
scribe. Several of these, however, differ from each other
little more than in the degree of the attack, and the par-
ticular part which may be mainly affected ; and, as will
be seen under the next following head of information,
viz. Chronic Cough, Broken-wind, and Roaring, that
the remedies are all of the same class, none specific, but
all useful in alleviating the disorder. To neglect of the
Jirst symptoms, to improper treatment afterwards, and to
insufficient nursing, may safely be ascribed the ruinous
effects produced by an apparently trifling disorder, too
often described as "only a little cold;" whereas, the
blear eyes, and defluxion of the humours from the nose, are
genuine symptoms of the true disease, which becomes
violent by neglect.

2. Catarrh consists in an inflammation of the mem-
hrane which lines the internal parts of the nose, throat,
and cavity of the chest, which is soon after attended by
the symptomatic fever before described (page 38), and
then is confirmed by a cough, but withal so slight as to
delude ordinary observers into a belief that "nothing's
amiss." A stoppage of the mucus that is well known to
be secreted by the said membrane occasions the cough,
and a thin watery discharge from the nostrils. This
change in the consistency of the secreted mucus, and its
increased quantity, marks the right period for bleeding ;
- — the which potent remedy, if delayed, sometimes proves
fatal, especially when catarrh prevails generally among
cattle, owing to unseasonable weather, and is then con-
sidered epidemic (see this lower down, page 53) for this
reason : the strength of the patient being much reduced

USUALLY EPIDEMIC.

49

by a continuance of the discharge, he would be unable to
recover even a moderate loss of blood ; but if the opera-
tion is performed at the commencement, to the extent
of three or four quarts (no more), he will require but to
be evacuated of dung and urine, and the cure is com-
pleted by the nursing and soft food before insisted upon.
See the preceding pages on "Inflammation of the
Lungs," for the treatment is the same.

3. If the first feverish symptoms run high (see page
38), I prefer giving the laxative drench^ at page 36, as
being quicker and more copious in operating than the
hall; but, if the costiveness has been obstinate, give the
mild purgative ball prescribed at page 46 ; and after the
purging subsides, give the fever powder prescribed in
page 35, morning and evening, until a considerable quan-
tity of urine is voided, when a repetition twice or three
times in the course of the next week will sufiice. Keep
the patient moderately warm, give bran mashes ; and if
a tumour rise under the jaw, or sore throat is evinced to
the touch, rub on the part a little mild blister ointment
two or three times.

One thing worthy of remark, respecting this mi-
nor attack upon the lungs, that does not exactly amount
to violent inflammation, on account of the cold that caused
the collapsion of the perspirable vessels (page 33) being
milder, is this — single cases occur but seldom ; for the
adverse state of the weather, with its variableness, being
mainly conducive to the disorder, numbers of animals are
commonly seized with it, all about the same period,
causing great dismay to the owners, and conveying well-
grounded notions of contagiousness. Hence the doctors
are wont to treat their patients all alike, injudiciously
imagining that because this horse fell ill by infection
from that horse, therefore must the disease and the
medical treatment be the same. Nought, however,
could be more fallacious than such a conclusion, seeing
that the attack would fix itself on that organ, or portion
thereof, whose functions might be least perfect in the

E

50

ECONOMY OF BLEEDING*.

individual seized with the distemper ; and of course, as
the symptoms would vary, so must the medical treat-
ment, as we shall prove shortly. In like manner, when
single cases occur, at a distance of time or place, we
know that the cold check which inflicts catarrh affects
the individual variously, according to particular circum-
stances, as to previous health, to high keep, moderate or
low diet, to its exercises, and so forth ; and will it be said,
that because the adverse season has caused many animals
to feel its evil effects at the same period, that therefore
the medicines should be the same for all constitutions
alike, without regard being had to variations in the
symptoms ? Assuredly not. We have therefore divided
these into five classes, underneath ; indeed, all catarrh
resolves itself into one or other of these classes, whether
solitary cases or epidemical.

4. Bleeding has been repeatedly recommended in
this and all the foregoing inflammatory complaints, as a
powerful remedy, as it certainly is, when employed at the
proper time, and to an adequate amount, whilst the pa-
tient has strength sufficient to surmount such a drain
from his powers. In no instance is the mind called upon
to exercise discrimination in those respects, like what is
required in catarrh; in one series of symptoms the ope-
ration being beneficial, in another destructive. How,
then, are we to form a sane opinion when to bleed for a
cold, and when not? This question deserves close atten-
tion. Generally speaking, when the afflicted animal is
drooping with debility, with a cold sweat or a profuse
one, and when redness is not perceptible on the mem-
brane which lines the eye-lid, no man should bleed,
though the number of pulsations at the moment may be
too many for sound health. But a much better criterion
for judging by this thermometer of health, is the nature
or of vibrations, as the pulse swells up under the
finger; because the 7?zm6er may be raised to 40 in a
minute, or far beyond, by various causes, as brisk exer-
cise, fear, want of fresh air, or the action of physic

i

WHEN DISADVANTAGEOUS.

51

within him ; but its hardness or twang, and the absence
of that gradual swell under the finger, so well recognised
in health, prove beyond question that bleeding is then
proper. It is proved another way, also : when the
bleeding has proceeded so far as to restore this healthful
swell of the pulse, when the redness of the membrane
which lines the eye-lid goes off, when we ascertain by a
rattling that effusion has taken place in the chest, as
noted before (page 34), we may conclude that bleeding,
in all such cases, has been employed beneficially. More-
over, when the subsequent treatment has been conducted
judiciously, as directed, we seldom find a second bleed-
ing necessary or desirable.

5. The propriety of keeping a finger upon the artery
while the bleeding goes on, to watch for any change in
the vibration, must be apparent to all. We have spoken
of some other points proper to be observed in blood-
letting, at pages 27, 46, 48, and 49 ; to which may
here be profitably added, that tying up the neck, with
the view of raising the vein, is not necessary, and may
be harmful. Raise the vein by smoothing along its
course with the finger moistened, then press with the
smaller fingers just below ; hold the fleam in a line with
the vein ; let the blade be wide-shouldered, so as to make
a large orifice. Facilitate the flow of blood by intro-
ducing a couple of fingers into the patient's mouth, and
rubbing the bars a little. If a second bleeding be
deemed necessary, very soon after the first, come a little
way farther down. When the skin is pinned, do not
draw it up much, and carefully avoid pricking the vein.
Draw the blood into a measured vessel, fairly, not trick-
ling down the sides ; but do not press it so very hard as
some do, against the vein : slightly does best.

6. For all those inflammatory complaints we are con-
sidering in this Chapter, the neck vein is preferable ; but
local bleeding being desirable sometimes, as for foot
lameness, the toe is then selected for the operation, i. e.
at the union of the crust and the sole, cutting it away in

52

EPIDEMIC FEVER : SEASONS,

a narrow line with the searching knife : promote the
flow by means of warm water bathing. When the hind
quarter requires the relief which bleeding gives, draw it
from the vein which runs across the inside of the thigh.
Do not bleed from the plate vein, nor from the coronet ;
the latter being more difficult to operate upon by the
generality of persons than the toe, and the former has
been adopted for lameness in the shoulder, which is
merely an imaginary disorder, except in cases of con-
tused wound, and then the neck vein is preferable.

After bestowing those remarks on the doctors'
best remedy in all cases of inflammation, we return to
the consideration of catarrh in its most prevalent state,
considered epidemic. This general sort of attack, when
many horses are aflected with it at one and the same
time, is not exactly confined to the spring of the year,
when animals shed their winter coats, but sometimes
breaks out in autumn, when cold rains occur prema-
turely, or succeed to an uncommonly hot summer.

7. Nor is any season entirely free from this destruc-
tive malady ; unseasonable weather at any time of the
year producing catarrhal fever in several forms, all
requiring different treatment, though all have their origin
in inflammatory affections of the lungs. Much ingenuity
has been displayed in endeavouring to ascertain the pre-
cise portion of this important organ which may have
been subjected to the attack under existing circum-
stances ; but every useful purpose will be attained by
drawing attention to the several symptoms that mark
each deviation from the foregoing description of catarrh
and inflammation, and to note down when alteration is
to take place in the treatment of each severally, and to
remark upon the danger frequently incurred of mis-
taking one series of symptoms for another that is mate-
rially opposite. In fact,

8. Epidemic Fever, or the Distemper, is that
catarrhal attack upon horses, and indeed other cattle,
which has been supposed infectious, from the number and

PREDISPOSITION, TREATMENT.

53

fatality of its victims ; though epizootic fever is the
term now applied by the learned to this epidemy of
cattle. When it prevails, the fat and well-conditioned
horses should be bled and physicked as a preventive :
they then escape contraction of the disorder, if they do
not lessen the chances of infection. ( See p. 49.) Sepa-
ration of the sick from the healthy is obviously the first
step to be taken ; and if the untainted cattle can be
sent out of the district, or beyond some hill, the conta-
gion is thus prevented from spreading, to them at least.
Whatever other symptoms may afterwards supervene, the
Jirstf we observe in nine cases out of ten, is cough, ac-
companied by dulness and debility of the limbs, loss of
appetite, wet nose, and disinclination to drink, owing to
sore throat ; whilst, soon after, dimness of sight, if not
glossy eyes, shew how much the digestive organs are
now affected. But if great prostration of strength is
perceivable behind, we should pronounce that all-im-
portant organ, the liver, to have been balefully influenced
by the evil state of the lungs, as said at page 40, mate-
rially ; (see further at Chapter VI. section 1, 2.) Coldness
of the limbs and ears is evidently the effect of stagnation
of the fluids; for there is no other sign of inflammation.
In such cases, and they are the worst type of dis-
temper, bleeding is destructive of life ; clysters worse
than useless. Give the distemper balls and powders,
as directed below : no other hope remains of restoring
the secretion of urine, which may afford a favourable
prognostic ; otherwise death ensues.

9. But, when the debility does not extend to the
hinder limbs, the other symptoms of fever being the
same, moderate bleeding, with clysters, do good ; in ad-
dition, the redness of the inner surface of the eye-lid is
a certain indication that the operation is now proper, and
if the redness is not lowered by the first bleeding, let it
be repeated in moderate quantity. After giving the
laxative drench at page 36 twice, and the purging has
subsided, give

E 3

54

FIVE SPECIES OF EPIDEMY.

The Distemper Ball.

Crude sal ammoniac 1 oz.

Nitre 1 oz.

Soap 4 drams.

Camphor 2 drams.

Linseed oil and mucilage to form two balls. Rub
down the camphor in the oil, and mix. Give one,
morning and evening, for 3 or 4 days ; or, if more
convenient, give the fever powders^ No. 1, or No. 2, at
page 35, until the urine is voided in good quantity
and quality, but no longer. Let the restorative means,
or nursing, before insisted upon (pages 34 and 47), be put
in practice with all assiduity ; for this second class of
distemper bears near affinity to Inflammation of the
Lungs, and to simple catarrh : and if not arrested in its
progress, this class assumes the worst symptoms of the
first or fatal. Do not rowel in either case.

10. A third species of epidemic attack is announced at
once by sore throat, and inability to eat or drink, though
evidently possessing a desire for both. Apply fomenta-
tions to the throat ; but as the fever is not so high as in
the former species, no draining of the system by bleed-
ing, or otherwise, could do any good, the animal dwin-
dling away to a skeleton without it. Employ the restora-
five means before recommended (page 34), give the
distemper balls and powders until the urine is voided
freely, and no longer ; in aid whereof, commence with
using the flexible tube, mentioned at page 37, daily;
the liquid nourishment thus introduced to the system as-
suages the stomach, and prevents the disease from fixing
itself there, besides running off the fever by means of the
bowels. Let the nursing continue until the horse is
completely restored to oats and hay diet, with the proper
evacuations. If recovery appears attainable in a week,
some hopes of ultimate success may be entertained ; but
if not conquered in that time, the distemper will triumph
over our treatment.

LOW FEVER — TYPHUS.

65

11. The fourth species of distemper is still milder
than the preceding: the cough is slight, fever imper-
ceptible, but a running from the nostrils comes on very
similar to what we noticed in inflammatory fever. If
you bleed under these circumstances, you instantly re-
duce the patient to the condition of the first class — the
disease thereby strikes at the Hver, and all is over. But
should the nostrils present an uncommonly red appearance,
the running matter being very acrid, then assist nature
in getting rid of the offensive fluids, by rowelling the pa-
tient; and by giving the distemper balls and fever pow-
ders, with the view of carrying off the fluids by this means
also, until that end be accomplished. Unless this treat-
ment be adopted, the nasty nose will become glandered.
See Chapter XI. Glanders, Section 5, and apply the
steam of Venice turpentine, as there prescribed.

12. The fifth and last class of epidemic fever we
shall have to notice comes on with a tumour on some
fleshy part of the body. The animals thus attacked are
already in low condition, or lean, in whom the vital heat
is so little, that the tumour has no power to rise into in-
flammatory fever, but the blood of such patients is found
devoid of serum, and flows languid and dull, as is also the
whole appearance of the horse : his cough, too, is a weak
one.

13. Low Fever is the term that has been applied to
this and fourth class of attacks^ when happening in
single cases, and not during the prevalence or influence
i (influenza) of an adverse season on many animals at the
same time. Indeed, great inanition of the faculties and
functions seems to mark the whole series of epidemic
fever, with scarcely the exception of the second class,
whence the term slow fever \s applied, in the southern
counties, to the slow circulation of the blood, that is
the common type which marks the first, third, fourth,
jand fifth class of epidemy. Typhus fever, then, in the
horse, is not ideal, as is supposed by some doctors ; even
though we had not further evidence oi' the fever being a

56 osmer's practice in distempers,

putrid fever, in the offensive nature of the faeces, the
urine, and the perspiration; nor in its communicabiUty
to man as well as horse, nor in the state of the solids on
dissection, and the liability of absorption incurred by one
operator at least — that is to say, ourself.

As to the tumour, or boil, which denotes this fifth
class, it is to be treated with the suppurative process, in
the same manner as the critical tumour or abscess of the
more ardent fever caused by inflammation, as described
at pages 27, 28, whereby a complete radical cure is
obtained at once, and renovation of strength will de-
pend upon the nursing, so often mentioned.

14. William Osmer, by whose judicious discrimina-
tion of these symptoms, the world was first enlightened
as to the treatment of epidemy, has the following re-
marks at page 111 of the new edition, lately printed, of
his " Treatise on the Horse a large book, worthy the
careful perusal of all who can find leisure for the task ;
a man of whom our friend James White thought so
so highly, that he founded the third and fourth volumes
of his Works mainly on the horse-intelligence derived
from Osmer — adding other matters thereto. " For the
5th class of distemper," says this celebrated original,
*' apply poultice of bread and milk, with lard, twice a
day, until the matter fluctuates, when it may be opened.
The practice of giving cordials in such languid cases
might seem reasonable at first sight, but is, nevertheless,
a mistaken notion ; the circulation of the blood being
incapable of so receiving an impulse to bring the tumour
to maturity, fit for opening. Therefore, when the ripen-
ing has stood still for several days together, I have dis-
continued warming medicines, and adopted the distemper
balls before prescribed (page 54), increasing the quantity
of camphor, however, with a view of thinning the fluids,
and curing the disease by the common secretory ducts.
But, to my surprise, what has happened, but that the
/wmoz/?', instead of resolving, has, upon the urinary secre-
tion increasing, come to suppuration? Nay, more, I have
9

TUMOUR, AND THE COUGH.

57

known that bleeding (contrary to all expectation) has
caused a tumour to come to suppuration, which before
made no advances thereunto. By thus adapting ray
treatment to the various symptoms as they arose, I lost
but few horses in the distemper; though, when this
disease first made its appearance, and previously to
making those distinctions (says the candid Osmer), I
certainly did endanger the lives of many patients !"

The Cough Ball, proper to meet that symptom, is pre-
scribed below, at page 60 ; one to be given each succes-
sive morning for a week. But it often happens that this
general symptom of catarrh (cough), whether epidemic,
or not so, obstinately teazes the animal a great while ;
and, as long-continued use of the opium occasions cos-
tiveness, it must not be persisted in ; but this new symp-
tom should be removed by a laxative, either the drench,
(page 36), or the hall (page 46), according to the inten-
sity of the obstruction.

The Cough,

However, still continues, long after all the more dan-
gerous symptoms of catarrh have subsided : and, if we
do not abate its violence, may last the horse a long time ;
whence it acquires the fine term —

15. Chronic Cough, and brings about that affec-
tion of the throat, known as roaring, or else broken-
wind. No specific for cough is yet known ; but this de-
fect is compensated by the great number of prescriptions
and simple remedies that supply the place of one ; and,
indeed, when we employ several of them in succession,
they seem to aid each other in lowering the symptoms,
so as to dispose the disorder to work itself off. Of these
remedies, the emollient decoctions — 1st of linseed, and
2d of coltsfoot, given frequently during the day (hourly),
in a vessel, from half a pint to a pint each time, are both
goodly correctives of the tickling and soreness which
catarrh leaves behind it. The admixture of honeij,
treacle, or sugar with either of those decoctions is very

58

VARIED TREATMENT OF CATARRH,

desirable when the cough is dry and hectic ; but, when
soreness is still evinced, mix butter and coarse sugar in-
timately together, and give small balls, three or four
times, at morning stables, fasting. Should viscidity
seem to retard the mucus in the throat, give the fol-
lowing

Cough Drench,

Linseed • 1 pint.

Decocted 3 hours in hot water 6 pints.

Treacle 8 oz. — when cold.

Add vinegar 1 pint.

Mix ; give about half a pint three, four, or six times in the
course of the day: here is quantity sufficient for half a
week's consumption.

1 6. When the disorder induces weakness in coughing,
an infusion of garlic with the linseed decoction gives re-
lief ; and if the obstruction be very great, as if he were
choking, blistering the throat removes this cause of com-
plaint.

No. 1. — Blistering Liniment:

Lyttse, powdered • • • . - 1 dram.

Oil of turpentine 2 drams.

Sweet oil 1 oz. — Mix well.

No. 2. — Blistering Ointment :

Lyttae, powdered 4 drams.

Oil of turpentine 1 oz.

Hogs' lard 4 oz. — Mix well.

Besides the above, and those recommended in cases of
the more severe attack (vide Inflammation of the Lungs,
page 42), other remedies, adapted to particular symp-
toms, are at hand. For example, if constipation is ap-
prehended, give the laxative drench (page 36), or the
mild physic (page 46) ; if turbid urine, give the fever
powders (page 35), or the distemper ball (page 54) ; but
neither of those derangements is to be apprehended if

CHRONIC COUGH, THICK WIND, &C.

59.

hot bran mashes be given at night, when the head should
be rubbed dry, and the eyes wiped out. If the glands
of the jaw SAvell up, resembUng strangles, or the eyes be-
come watery, the frequent hot mash soothes both symp-
toms; the first should be further stimulated with the
mild blistering liniment^ whilst the ichorous discharge at
the eyes will cease upon inserting dirowel under the jaw.
Remember to give fresh air and walking exercise in warm
clothing, as before ordered in the page just referred to.
Relapse often takes place months after the cough has
been subdued, and, in fact, at every change of the coat ;
this has been defined as ''Periodical Cough," but I see
no reason for seeking to make distinctions where none
really exist, but in the frequent recurrence just adverted to.
Somewhat of the same complexion is the next head of
our inquiries, while the two succeeding affections of the
lung Si viz. broken-wind and roaring, have been dis-
coursed of in the books, as appears, more with an eye to
disputed dealings in such cattle, than with any remote
hope of effecting even a temporary cure. Let us not
add to the number. Horses which have been long so
afflicted, cough whenever they drink cold water; there-
fore should they have a small quantity of warm water
mixed with it ; or, better still, give little or none but
bran mashes. The old cough, and symptoms of broken-
wind, frequently subside by this treatment.

17. Chronic Cough has been adverted to as one of
long continuance, proceeding from any of the preceding
attacks, which have been partially cured only, no other
symptom of catarrhal inflammation remaining but the
cough. As said higher up (page 48), the original cough
is occasioned by inflammation of the membrane that lines
the nose and throat; a stoppage of the mucous secretion
follows, which occasions cough; and this continuing a
long time, a thickening of the membrane ensues, which
causes constant irritation to cough, or that sonorous kind
of breathing which is termed thickness of wind, or roar-
ing. Cure there is none, when the disorder has been suf-

GO

REGIMEN IN CHRONIC COUGH.

ferecl to run on a long time unchecked ; but consider-
able relief may be afforded by moderate treatment adapted
to the attendant symptoms. Correct any obstruction of
the evacuations : in case of costiveness, give a laxative
ball (page 46) ; if the urine be turbid, or in small quan-
tity, give the fever powders. No. 2 (page 36) ; if rough-
ness appears on the belly only, then ivorms are the cause,
and give the remedies prescribed under that head. Fre-
quent doses of tar water alleviate the irritation.

Cough Drench.

Tar 2 ounces.

Water 1 pint.

Treacle • 2 ounces.

Mix ; and give this quantity 3 or 4 times a-day, or when-
ever the cough is troublesome. A blister to the throat,
extending nearly from ear to ear, and along the whole
line of the windpipe, is found efficacious when the irri-
tation is ascertained to lie so high up. Try the follow-
ing

Cough Ball,

Gum ammoniacum 3 drams.

Powdered squills • • • 1 dram.

Opium 1 dram.

Ginger 1 dram.

Soap li dram.

Mix, with syrup and linseed powder, enough to form the
ball for one dose : give five or six mornings in succession.
Do not give camphor with the opium, as Mr. White pre-
scribed, this being one of the mistakes in practice which
he had to correct.

18. But medical treatment is less required than a close
attention to diet, most of these chronic patients being
ravenous eaters ; and to this cause we may sometimes
trace the disorder. Many eat their litter and become
cribbers, and drink immoderately when they can get at
it; whilst too much hay and chaff diet will make any

I

THICK wind; symptoms PREVENTIVES.

61

horse cough, as will ordinary oats with denial of water.
On the other hand, the cooling diet before recommended
(page 47), as carrots, lucerne, tares, always give relief.
Let the horse be watered 3 or 4 times a-day, very mode-
rately, and fed often, but sparingly. Eggs beat up with
sugar give relief when the cough is a dry one ; and if
much pain, with apparent viscidity, is evinced, eggs in
vinegar relieve it materially.

Broken-Wind.

1. Cough, of a dry husky nature, attends this last and
incurable stage of catarrh in both its sub-divisions of
simple broken-wind, and " thick in the wind ;" the for-
mer being the effect of a rupture of the air-cells of the
lungs into each other, caused by brisk work upon a full
stomach : the latter proceeds from the same cause —
over-exertion — acting upon the wide fat chest of the
draft horse, invariably; whence that snorting and burly
manner tliat characterises our finest London teams. Yet,
all horses that lie by a while evince thick wind, in a small
degree, upon first going out, owing to the accumulation
of fat upon the lungs, that coagulates and clogs up the
air-cells ; and their bursting into each other (as said)
literally causes broken-wind. How are we to remedy
such defects — the one of nature and mistaken keep, the
other of accident or maltreatment?

2. In like manner, high-bred horses, in high keep,
always "put on flesh,'' as the training grooms term it,
though unafflicted with " chest too wide," but the con-
trary extreme of bad conformation, known as '* too flat in
the chest," and when taken out and put suddenly on
strong work contract thick wind: the same injudicious
exercise being continued, brings on rupture of the cells,
and incurable broken-wind — roaring. The means of
avoidance are thus distinctly marked out : feed oftener
and in smaller quantities, and observe the same rule as
to water. Compel no great exertion soon after feeding
or watering him, but let his work begin at the lowest rate

F

62

ALLEVIATION OF BROKEN-WIND ;

that he can go decently, increasing it gradually, if need
be, up to the extent of his powers, but not until you have
well worked the loose fat out of him ; so shall you avoid
contracting thick wind by sudden gallops, or converting
this into broken- wind, by continuing it at too high a rate,
or at too great lengths of ground.

3. A cure for absolute broken- wind being hopeless, all
we should reasonably undertake is the alleviation of the
disorder. The craving for food observable in broken-
winded horses, points out this disposition as one cause of
its continuance, if not of its origination ; therefore, when
the quantity given is necessarily reduced, add to its suc-
culence by giving it of better quality, and observe a cool-
ing diet. If violent coughing comes on occasionally,
and the horse preserves his fleshy bleed moderately, give
the laxative ball or drench, and follow this with bran-
mashes : give also the cough ball at page 60; let the
exercise be regular, and the air of the stable fresh and
wholesome. Allow carrots, sliced and given from the
hand, which will divert the horse from cribbing and eat-
ing his litter, to which such afflictions ever dispose him;
also turnips, and well-sweated mangel-wurzel, two or
three times a-week, but no more. Give neither vetches,
clover, nor grass, since these contribute to internal fat-
ness, that enemy to free respiration.

4. Roaring. — This is another of the evil effects of
ill-treated catarrh, spoken of above; and being incura-
ble, let us not occupy time, nor call attention to the
niceties of its situation, nor to the law-suits of which it
has always been the prolific source. For this, like
those other affections of the organs of respiration, admits
of considerable alleviation ; so much so, in some cases,
as to give a faint assurance (always deceitful) that the
disorder has ceased. This temporary fallacy, however,
has been achieved by good management — such as, if
practised at an early period of catarrh, would have pre-
vented roaring of any kind — viz. gentle exercise, aug-
mented by slow degrees daily, until the groom finds how

ROARING, WHEEZING, AND TIPING.

63

much the horse can possibly do without distress and con-
sequent roaring. When a roarer has an unnatural bend
of the neck (and windpipe), exercise him with the nose
out, so as to restore the natural straightness, and the roar-
ing will be reduced greatly. If blistering the throat has
been previously employed, or at the commencement of
the disorder, with proper attention to the bowels, and to
reducing any feverish symptoms that may appear, by
bleeding, &c., many an useful animal might be preserved
to us, though not to the full extent of his former powers
— certainly not. Give the cough remedies at pages 58
and 60, if you would lower the symptoms awhile.

5. Wheezing is occasioned by the inflammation and
thickening of the membranous lining before noticed
(page 48) having fixed itself low down the windpipe,
where it divides into two branches, on® of which
conveys the air into each lobe of the lungs. Some old
ones wheeze only after feeding and lying down, at each
expiration of the air, most audibly ; whereas the genuine
roarer only roars in the wheezing manner after being put
to his top pace. Give less hay, more corn ; feed and
water oftener; keep down feverish symptoms, and give
occasionally the cough drench (page 58), and the ball
(page 60), if required.

6. Piping is that stage of the disorder which consists
of a strict contraction of the windpipe higher up than the
preceding, whereby the air, rushing through a very con-
fined space, is operated upon much after the fashion of
a pipe or whistle. The cure is almost hopeless for aged
horses, which generally get worse and worse in spite of
any efforts we can make. Blistering the part appears
to offer the likeliest means of assisting nature ; and giv-
ing the drench just recommended (page 58) affords pre-
sent relief.

7. A Whistler is near akin to the preceding, except
as to situation, the contraction being now at the throat
apple or glottis, that much-injured spot, where brutish
dealers attempt " to cough" their new purchases.

F 2

64

RESPIRATION OCCASIONALLY AFFECTED

8. The high blower is one which has the like affection,
but it is now situated in the head, or rather the mem-
brane lining the cells of the nose. Very little of the dis-
order is perceivable in the stable, but upon going out,
the state of the horse's respiration is pitiable: he snorts
a rumbling noise from mouth and nose, froths, and rolls
about as if he would tumble. 0^ We know of no cure
for either of these; but we do know that scarcely one of
the horses so affected with chronic disorders of the lungs
escape diseases (founder) of the fore feet. The bowels
also are affected with flatulent expulsions, by the com-
motion so much snorting and blowing occasions in the
depressions of the midriff.

9. Whatever the symptoms or degree of broken-wind,
the disorder is always liable to assume virulent inflamma-
tory appearances upon any extra work, that always leave
the patient in a worse state than previous to this new
attack. Sore throat, and sometimes suffocation, ensue:
opening the windpipe is adopted in the latter event being
apprehended. For confirmed sore throat (see page 48)
the mustard embrocation and bran poultices are the
ready remedies; though the means of keeping up these
latter by means of an eight-sided piece of cloth is not
well known, it ought to be acquired — consuh bandaging,
in chap. xvi. When dulness and refusal of water are
the early symptoms, we may infer distemper: blister the
parts, and bleed to the amount of 4 quarts.

Respiration is frequently much obstructed in se-
vere affections of the stomach ; so much so, at times,
as to induce a belief that the lungs then suffer an origi-J
nal disorder: it goes off, however, as the following varied
treatment is found to effect its object in each separate
case. — See page 70.

BY INFLUENCE OF THE STOMACH.

65

CHAPTER IV.

Affections of the Stomach.
Inflammation f Poisons^ WormSf Apoplexy ^ Staggers,

1. Although some persons believe that the horse's
stomach is not susceptible of inflammation^ yet is this no
less the fact, as we have opened several, in which the
disease was manifested in change of structure, in ulcera-
tion, and discoloration. If the objectors had said that
inflammation of the small intestines, and of the stomach,
were so nearly alike as to require no variation in the treat-
ment, we might have consented to subscribe to their opi-
nion. But however this be settled, the stomach, it is well
known, partakes of every illness that affects the animal,
as is evinced by the loss of appetite that attends all (even
external) disorders: a wound, or a prick in the foot,
communicating by a kind of fellow-feeling with the
stomach ; besides which, we constantly recognise refusal
of food as the first symptom of a something being amiss
with the animal, and carefully set about ascertaining
what that something may be. In the foregoing observa-
tions on disorders of the lungs, I explained this point,
and also in what manner taking an extra quantity of
blood transferred the inflammation of that organ to the
bowels by effusion ; and have now further to add, that
to diseased stomach alone is to be ascribed all disorders
of the head (except a cold) — as staggers, megrims, ver-
tigo, epilepsy, and all spontaneous disorders of the eyes.
Such is the fellow-feeling or companionship that exists
F 3

66

STOMACH, INFLAMMATION OF;

between one organ and another, whereby this influence or
transfer is carried on. Certain veins, also, that are spread
over the stomach, issue out of it, and communicate with
the liver and kidneys, by means of the great vena porta ;
whereby is effected that quick action of certain medicines
upon these latter organs, and the almost immediate evi-
dence of urine, which happens on taking any of the
resins, nitre, or the prescriptions here ordered for effect-
ing that salutary evacuation. (See these, at pages 35,
47, 54.) Aloetic purges sometimes go off in the same
way, and thus defeat our hopes in this respect, but
ought to excite no alarm when the quantity of staling
is taken into account. Furthermore, I have shown (at
page 53) that in one class of epidemic catarrh, when-
ever the disorder extended thence to the liver, it takes
the afflicted animal off his hind legs, which is the sure
precursor of death, without a remedy.

2. When inflammation attacks the stomach, it soon
diffuses itself to the small intestines, and liver also ; or,
if those intestines be the original seat of disease, it fre-
quently extends upwards to the stomach, the first symp-
toms of acute pain being distinctly appeased by this
diffusion over a more extended surface. In the examin-
ation of horses, therefore, that have died of this disease,
we seldom find the inflammation restricted to one parti-
cular organ : it more commonly happens, indeed, that the
whole of the abdominal viscera exhibit a diseased appear-
ance, though in different degrees, the original seat of the
inflammation having suffered considerably more dilapid-
ation than those lying remote ; the kidneys, for example,
which usually retain their healthy appearance amidst all
the ruin that is going on (provided they were not here-
tofore injured), and secrete the urine to a desirable
amount ; thus seeming to invite us to effect a cure by
administering diuretics, that are so well calculated to
promote the discharge by cooling means — as nitre, car-
rots, oatmeal gruel, and resinous substances.

3. The external coats of the stomach, which are con-

DIFFUSED TO THE LIVER. — POISONS.

67

nected together by membranous tissues, is that portion
of which we have just been speaking — memhrane being
alone susceptible of feverish affections ; but inflammation
of the internal surface (also connected to the former by
membrane) sometimes takes place, in consequence of
improper substances — poisons, bad food, or cold water,
being taken into it, as well as the worms which adhere
to and penetrate the otherwise insensible or velvet-like
portion thereof. Leaves of the yew-tree have been fre-
quently found destructive of cattle ; and some low vege-
tables, growing in swampy places, are obnoxious to the
horse kind, and are generally left untouched, unless the
appetite is depraved by cribbing or otherwise. Mares in
foal take the leaves of yew with avidity, and die of
sleepiness, unless attended to speedily. In such cases,
give the

Anti-Poison Ball.

Farina of croton nut ...... 10 grains, with

Meal and mucilage to form the ball.

Wash it down with small drenches of oatmeal gruel
( warm J, and vinegar, equal parts : repeat the drench
frequently. In six hours repeat the ball, unless
its restorative effects are previously visible. But, for
reasons already assigned (page 37), the efficacy of the
croton on the stomach will be greatly enhanced if given
in the liquid form— the drench very small. The same
instrument, the stomach-pump apparatus, may be used
in subtracting the yew-leaves, or those poisonous sub-
stances undermentioned.— See the pump described in
Chapter XVI.

Arsenic is dangerous as a medicinal tonic in vulgar
hands, and liable to be mischievously employed, if not
maliciously. Would the injured owner wish to ascertain
the latter fact, he will find, on examination, the stomach
and small intestines very much inflamed : let a portion of
the contents thereof be cast upon the fire, and a smell
like that of garlic will be given out if arsenic be present.

68

POISONS AND REMEDIES.

Hemlocky notwithstanding its bad name, is eaten with
impunity by working horses, though cows have been
poisoned with it often. Water -parsley, when eaten in
quantities, operates after the manner of yew-leaves, and
is to be counteracted by the same means. In like man-
ner is dropiuort generally refused, though brood mares,
and horses having vitiated appetites, take it Avith the
same evil effects. The anti-poison ball, with plenty of
the drench, is the only curative known : if fever super-
vene, and the animal is tolerably conditioned, bleed
moderately.

4. The symptoms of poisoning^ in addition to sleepi-
ness, are small weak pulse, the extremities cold, the
appearance dejected; respiration disturbed, unequal; an
alarming prostration of the animal powers — and death :
sometimes there will be a cough, whether the poison be
vegetable or mineral. When the strychnos nux V., 1
dram, has been employed, locked jaw closes the scene in
2 or 3 hours, if not preceded by delirium, torpor, convul-
sions, tremblings — death. The general treatment is to
give mucilaginous drenches, or oil freely, as decoction
of linseed, and gum arabic dissolved in water, with sul-
phuret of potass, in 4-dram drenches. Clysters of oat-
meal gruel, warm, soothe the inflamed gut; and if the
disease is attended by purgation, use the linseed decoc-
tion and wheat-flour gruel fur this purpose. By perse-
vering herein, I have succeeded in 4 cases out of 5 —
recently-incurred cases. But the whole practice just
laid down has been superseded, successfully, by the use
of the stomach-pump, mentioned just above, and more
fully described in Chapter XVI.

5. Botts are that species of worms which invade the
stomach, and are mostly found in agricultural horses ;
always on that velvet-like portion of it which is insensi-
ble to hard substances, and therefore they cannot ordi-
narily inflict so much mischief as hath been too vividly
ascribed to them. Mr. White, we have reason to know,
several years before his decease, corrected his early notions

BOTTS ULCERATE THE STOMACH.

69

respecting the prevalence of this disease, agreeing that
many symptoms attributed by him to " worms/' might
arise, for the most part, from other causes — as a cold,
and consequent collapsion of the perspirable vessels,
from organic diseases, indigestion, concretions, &c. Not-
withstanding this candid avowal, neither he nor any one
else agrees with Bracy Clark, that they were designed
by the great Author of all to act upon the food by tritu-
ration, or as pepper does in the human stomach! The
inflammation which hotts produce in the stomach is indi-
cated by symptoms somewhat different from those just
described ; indeed, the effect may more properly be con-
sidered as ulceration of the stomach than inflammation,
since, upon examining horses that have died with this
complaint upon them, I have always found ulcers of
considerable extent in the muscular coat. The symptoms
of this disease generally come on gradually : the horse
becomes hide-hound, has a rough unhealthy coat, loses
flesh and strength, though feeding heartily, and has fre-
quent tickling cough; still the symptoms are usually
disregarded, and the proper remedies neglected, until
the botts have penetrated deeply. In some instances, it
is true, these insects detach themselves, and falling upon
the digestible portion of the stomach, are passed off with
the dung. In such cases, if the stomach has not been
much injured by them, the horse gradually recovers, and
assumes a gayer coat, for this passing off usually happens
in summer. Sometimes, however, the botts seize hold of
the sensible portion, whereupon the ulceration is so con-
siderable as to throw the whole system into disorder; for
the lungs, which are particularly disposed to sympathise
with the stomach, as was observed higher up (pages 40,
4J, 66), become highly excited in consequence. The
inflammation that is thus inflicted on the lungs is
extremely obstinate ; the midrifl and lining of the chest
partaking of the evil effects, often baffle our endeavours,
for we do not in general judge rightly of the cause, and
so do not remove it.

70

SYMPATHY OF LUNGS AND LIVER.

This sympathetic inflammation of the lungs, which
has been derived from the sufferings of the stomachy and
which often terminates disastrously, may be known from
the original inflammation before treated of (page 42 — 49)
by an occasional cough coming on after feeding, by rough
coat first appearing on the belly and flanks, whereas the
rough coat that attends the original disease begins on the
chest. This, also, is one of the series of cases in which
bleeding for diseased lungs does no good ; but, on the
contrary, bereaves the patient of what little strength re-
mains; and although it does not kill, reduces his flesh,
and his rank as a horse, irrecoverably.

One additional observation here may not be
deemed inapt to our purpose; whenever the lungs are
afflicted greatly with catarrhal inflammation, and any
other viscus is labouring under functional derangement
of any kind at the same time, the danger is great, bleed-
ing destructive. Such is the case in three out of the
five cases into which epidemic fever divides itself (ac-
cording to Osmer), the liver being then the sympathetic
sufferer. We sometimes hear this influence of one organ
upon another called companionship, fellow-feeling, and
mutual sensibility ; but all are applied and received as
meaning the same thing as is just described, and was
before adverted to at pages 40 and 65.

6. Upon the subsidence of any inflammatory com-
plaint, whatever organ may have been the seat of
attack, the stomach returns to its former healthy tone
with protracted difficulty ; so that emaciation con-
tinues to threaten us with relapse, and too often
does occur fatally. In such cases, as constituting an
essential point in the oft-recommended ' restorative pro-
cess,' or nursing, the approved custom has been to give
tonics, although their efficacy was not uniform, and by
Bracy Clark is flatly denied. But such failures arise
from practitioners not sufficiently preparing the bowels
beforehand by purge or laxatives, and furthermore by the
hard balls, in which tonics are compounded, descending

WORMS, THEIR EFFECTS.

n

out of the stomach before they can possibly dissolve, and
communicate their good effects where alone they could
be of any service. And this would be the case, notwith-
standing they might be compounded of materials well
disposed to dissolve without delay — as was the case with
most of White's prescriptions of tonic balls. Nevertheless,
I prefer ionics intended to act immediately upon the
stomach should be administered in the liquid form ;
and as they are usually compounded of bitter ingredi-
ents, give them by means of the tube described at page
37. Of this class of restoratives is the

Stomachic Laxative,

Barbadoes aloes 2 drams.

Rhubarb, ginger, and cinchina, of each 1 dram.

Carbonate of soda 2 drams.

Strong extract of camomile 1 pint.

Mix, and give the same four or five succeeding days.

7. Worms of three kinds are found in the horse : the
most frequent, and that which occasions the greatest
havoc, has just been spoken of, as residing in the
stomach. Indeed, ' the boft question' has caused a
good deal of learned disquisition, more than it deserved,
and is unworthy of a place here. 1st. The bott is of a
reddish colour, seldom exceeding three-fourths of an inch
whilst in the stomach, for when it increases in size, it
Iseems to detach itself, and comes off nearly half as much
longer, and big withal. At one extremity it is furnished
with two small hooks, by which it is found attached to
the insensible coat generally, and then does not seem to
cause any considerable uneasiness. It is astonishing
with what force these worms adhere, and how tenacious
they are of life : they have been known to resist the
strongest poisons, nor have we yet discovered any medi-
cine capable of destroying them ; whilst the strong pur-
gatives given with the hope of carrying them off, have
been hitherto addressed to the bowels only — causing
them to stick faster to the unmoved coat of the stomach.

72

REMEDIES FOR WORMS '

The 2nd species of worm inhabits the large guts — ccectim
and colorif evidently engendered in bad provender, and
crudities remaining therein long undigested ; which
teaches the necessity of emptying the bowels occasionally,
with balls composed of bitter, and therefore anthelmintic
materials, as below. This worm is very slender, of a
blackish colour, and reaches two inches in length, seldom
more. It causes great irritation, loss of condition, and
staring coat about the belly. After a while frequent fits
of coughing are observable, of a deeper and more cavern-
ous tone than the catarrhal cough. The 3rd kind is a
whitish flat slender worm, frequently 7 or 8 inches in
length, and is generally found in the lower part of the
small intestines. This kind is not so frequent as either
of the preceding, and appears to be much the same as the
second, but differing in size and colour, principally by
reason of the nutritious chyme in the midst of which they
exist.

8. Worms of all three kinds are sometimes destroyed
and issued forth in spring, by the horse taking grasses
of an anthelmintic nature (i. e. bitter), that thus occa-
sion slight purgation. We may always be assured of the
existence of worms, when a whitish or straw-coloured
powder is observable immediately beneath the anus.
When the fact is thus demonstrated, keep the horse in the
same pasture that has produced it to the end of the
month — after which the same herbs change their quality
and powers by ripening, flowering, seeding, &c. The
remedies proposed for worms are numerous : savin, rue,
box, iEthiop's mineral, antimony, sulphur, emetic tartar,
calomel, and vitriolated quicksilver, have each its advo-
cates : when costiveness prevails, the two last, if given
with the aloetic ball, at page 46, so as to purge briskly,
particularly the calomel i dram, are excellent remedies;
but given merely as alteratives, they effect no visible good.
I have generally found the following ball very effectual,
giving the preceding night calomel from -} dram to 1:
dram.

VARIED TREATMPJNT FOR.

73

Purgative Worm Medicine.

Bitter aloes 6 drams.

Ginger, powdered \^ drams.

Prepared natron 2 drams.

Oil of wormwood 20 drops.

Mix with syrup enough to form the ball for one dose ;
unless the means are at hand (i.e. the drenching tube,
page 37) of giving the same in the liquid form. Do not
give the calomel on the same day as the purgative, least
of all along with it, as commonly practised. Neither is
the practice of preparing the bowels by bran mashes at
all consonant to the effects hoped for from this prescrip-
tion. An interval of a week at least should elapse if
repetition of this worm medicine is deemed necessary.
The above ball divided into two, and given on successive
days, is better adapted to horses with weak insides, long
bodied, reedy, and easily moved : for such, frequent small
dosGs, given four mornings following, often succeed in
bringing away the worms, when the more drastic medi-
cines have failed.

Alterative Worm Balls.

Common aloes l-J drams.

Soap 1 dram.

Savin, the leaves powdered, 1 dram.

Mix with syrup enough to form the ball, and give daily
4 or 5 times; unless the drenching tube is dit hand, and
then it is preferable in the liquid form. In this case omit
the soap, this being a mere vehicle for making up the
ball. Box or rue may be substituted for the savin at
pleasure, and with advantage, sometimes, the mere altera^
tion being well calculated to meet any peculiarity in the
individual's constitution.

9. The 2nd kind, or small dark worm, (as well as botts)
sometimes descend to the straight gut in large quantities,
occasioning much uneasiness in the horse, as is exhibited

74

DISORDERS ENGENDERED IN THE

in his manner. Inject by the clyster-pipe a solution of
aloeSj 6 drams in 2 quarts of warm water. Linseed oil
effects the same end, and equally well, destroying the in-
truders at the lower gut with much facility : rake the gut.

Ball for Worms.

Emetic tartar 2 drams.

Ginger, powdered 1 dram.

Mix with meal and syrup to form 1 dose, to be given
in the morning before feeding, for a week or 10 days,
though its effects would be more efficaciously employed
against the botts if given in the liquid form.

Apoplexy^ Staggers, Epilepsy.

1. Many advantages attend this classification of dis-
eases under their causes, and their respective seats ; as
the inquirer is thus induced to pay attention to any de-
rangement at its commencement, and while the bye-
standers would give to the varied attack several different
names, we still adhere to the right course of applying the
remedies to the single cause of all. * Stomach staggers
was the term White thought most felicitous, after fluctuat-
ing years in deciding ; thus acknowledging, that in the
stomach alone resided the cause of that one s?/mp^om which
denotes the whole series of attack, namely, falling down.
Of these, apoplexy, or dropping down suddenly, breath-
less— though an inward noise is heard, and the heart con-
tinues in motion, generally terminates in death, the veins
of the neck being found filled with blood. Megrims
which likewise consist in dropping down, are of longer
continuance, and never prove fatal. Both owe their
origin to ill-cured disorders of the stomach, re-acting upon
the nerves ; whilst the apoplectic sufferer has, in addi-
tion, a determination of blood to the head, and pressure,
if not extravasation thereof on the brain. The less imme-
diate cause of such falling fits is found in the closing up of
the lower orifice of the stomach, or else stoppage of the
bile that enters the gut near it ; whence the yellownes
9

STOMACH : STAGGERS, VARIOUS SYMPTOMS. 75

in the eyes that is observable in staggers, whether mad
or sleepy, or simply the stomach staggers ; fulness of the
stomach from over-feeding, or taking- indigestible food ;
or torpor of the stomach itself, causing pressure upon the
bile-duct, being common to all three species of staggers.
Epilepsy is the general name for all such falling fits as
attack suddenly ; though it must be allowed, that pre-
vious indications of the disorder coming on may often be
detected by the patient observer of the following symp-
tomatic symptoms,

2. Before the attack the horse seems drowsv, the eyes
issue tears, the appetite is diminished, the pulse seldom
much altered, unless he is of full habit, and the mac^
staggers are coming on, when the beats increase : but if,
on the contrary, the sleepy staggers come on, it is previ-
ously evinced by a languid pulse : costiveness and a defi-
cient secretion of urine accompany those other symptoms,
with belly distended, and breathing somewhat troubled.
But mad staggers often attack the horse suddenly, as
it were, without those previous indications beino; noticed,
until too late to be of any service. The stomach staggers
simply consists of a stomach so distended with food, as
to be rendered incapable of carrying it off; when the air
that constantly disengages itself from the mass ascends
to the head, and causes vertigo, or giddiness.

3. Bleeding in all cases, and emptying the stomach in
these latter, is obviously the sole proper treatment ; par-
ticularly in mad staggers is bleeding necessary, though
then very difficult to perform ; whilst mere falling down
through vertigo, with occasional plunging, is soon re-
lieved by back raking, and giving the laxative draught,
although we may not find such a fulness of blood as
might warrant us in drawing off so much as two quarts.
But when the stomach cannot thus be relieved of its load,
the debilitated powers must be roused by stimulants, as
under, and the food softened by liquids, as salted water
jin small quantities, or thin gruel made salt. Inject a
gallon clyster oii\iQ gruel, warm, and repeat ihelaxative

76

TREATMENT OF STAGGERS,

draught : after partial recovery, a disposition to costive-
ness returns, which must be amended by the same
draught, or the Purgative Ball, at page 73, divided.

Laxative Draught,

Barbadoes aloes ...... 2 drams.

Castile soap 1 dram.

Common salt 4 oz.

Water 1 pint — mix.

Stimulating Draughts,

No. 1. — Foetid spirit of ammonia. . I oz.

Camphor 1 dram.

Mint water 1 pint — mix.

No. 2. — Spirit of hartshorn 1 oz.

Powdered valerian 6 drams.

Mint water 1 pint — mix.

4. If the disposition to sleep returns, or is not removed
by the bleeding and laxative, insert a rowel under the jaw,
or bhster the head high up on the jaws. The idea that
the staggers are contagious must be reckoned among the
mistaken notions ; arising, probably, from some hard-
worked teams, with bad food, irregularly served, being
found all in the same condition at times. Although this
whole series of disorders be properly attributed to an af-
fection of the brain, yet do we find, upon dissection, the
generality of cases afford no further appearance of disease
than a distension of the larger ventricles with a fluid as
limpid as water; excepting always in sudden death, when
the blood-vessels are found to have discharged their con-
tents on the brain.

5. Blown animals, with no other previous indisposition,
are carried off in the way just described. When the sto-
mach is gorged with food, whether from its being taken
suddenly, or from its remaining undigested, and the ope-
ration commonly performed on cows cannot be employed
on the horse, all other remedies may be superseded by the
use of the Stomach Pump," as in the case of poisons

AND PREVENTIVE MANAGEMENT.

77

(page 67), and recommended at page 73. Moreover,
when much filled, and torpor affects the stomach, as ob-
served above, it refuses to be acted upon by the stimu-
lating draught, or the laxatives ^ust prescribed, and no
other means of cure can be adopted but this newly-
invented instrument. — See it described in Chapter XVI.

6. Here the observation shall not be thrown away, that
has been insisted upon pretty much at large in another
place, viz. that all those disorders of the stomach which
originate there, and communicate such astonishing effects
to the head, may be obviated from the first by paying
more attention to the manner of feeding than is generally
bestowed upon this department of stable economy. The
same quantity of nutriment, given at shorter intervals and
regularly, doing more to keep the stomach in order, and
to restore its lost tone after fever, than the whole Materia
Medica put together. Change of food, no matter of what
nature, is another powerful aid to restore healthy action
of the stomach.

This whole subject of stable management has re-
ceived, as it deserved, very extended attention in the
Conversations on Conditioning, published by us in 1828
and 1830, and entitled The Grooms' Oracle, or
Pocket Stable Directory.

G 3

78

DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN COLIC

CHAPTER V.

Diseases of the Bowels : — Inflammation^ Colic^
or Gripes,

1. " Colic pains" is the first announcement by
which we hear of any acute disease of the belly, where-
ever it may be situated, or whatever the symptoms ;
whereas no mistake can be so full of danger to the life of
the patient, as exhibiting the medicines that cure the
colic^ when the real attack is inflAxmmatory . We shall
shortly draw attention to the symptoms that distin-
guish the one from the other ; mean time, one leading
fact must be kept in mind, namely, that flatulent colicy
which does not go off by stool in a reasonable time, fol-
lowed by a remission of the pain, ends in inflammation of
the bowels; whilst we find, that an imperfectly-cured in-
flammation of those irritable membranes, inflicts an
injury that disposes them to contract " colic pains"
during life, upon every slight occasion of taking cold.
Working horses, which fall ill from being much exposed
to hard weather, contract the genuine colic, or fret, with-
out inflammation, provided the dunging be in tolerably
right trim ; for such cattle a warm gruel drench, with 2
ounces of oil of turpentine, afibrds almost immediate re-
lief : give plain gruel in plenty afterwards, lukewarm.
When this ** taking cold," which consists in a coUapsion
of the perspirable vessels, is severe, inflammation ensues
at once ; the same effect is produced when horses, which
may have lain out at grass, in camp, or journeying, are
brought suddenly into warm stables — a fact this, that is
not sufficiently attended to by people in general.

AND INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 79

2. Symptomatic fever (see page 38) indicates the
existence of inflammation, from whatever source it may
arise ; which may also owe its origin to the change of
form noticed higher up (pages 30, 42), as adhesion of
one organ to another: thus do the large gut and the liver
adhere, and after committing a few days' ravage, cures
itself by a natural process, viz. sloughing off, and coming
away by stool. Stones, and large lumps of earth in the
intestines, cause the well-recognised colic fains, and
these are sometimes greatly relieved by the same natural
means ; but we cannot always know when these are really
present, and causing the mischief, whereby the reme-
dies are usually carried to extremes, and the disorder too :
inflammation is also known to supervene sometimes,
through the great pressure those extraneous bodies neces-
sarily occasion.

Entanglement of the bowels is another cause of the
inflammatory symptoms in a distressing and hopeless de-
gree : there is no remedy for " the dry gripes," as we hear
this fatal affliction vulgarly termed, whether arising from
simple entanglement, or from a tumour forming on the
small gut, and hanging pendent by a cord, which causes
strangulation of a knot of the colon, and consequent in-
flammation, gangrene, and death. This is another of
the evil consequences of careless or mistaken stable
management, alluded to at a preceding page (77) in
terms of admonition. — See page 30, where the subject
of Inflammation is treated of, generally ; and this, which
arises from change of form, is described particularly.

80

A TABLE, SHEWING

The symptoms by which
the genuine Spasmodic
COLIC is known.

1. Pulse, natural or lower,
though a little quickened
during the paroxysms of
pain, and fuller.

2. Sudden in its attack,
but without fever.

3. Lies down and rolls
upon his back, as if re-
lieved thereby.

4. Legs and ears of their
natural warmth.

5. Relief is afforded by
rubbing the belly, flat-
handed.

6. Intervals of rest.

7. Relief obtained from
walking about.

8. Strength scarcely af-
fected.

9. Lining of the nostrils
natural.

10. Inner lining of the
eyehd natural.

11. Motion of the guts
little ; unless when pur-

Inflammation of the
Bowels has these contra'
distinguishing symp^
toms.

1. Pulse much quickened,
but small, and scarcely
distinct.

2. Gradual'm its approach ,
with previous symptoma'
tic fever,

3. Lies down; but sud-
denly jumps up again,
seldom rolling on his
back.

4. Legs and ears generally
cold.

5. Belly exceedingly ten-
der, and painful to the
touch.

6. Constant pain

7. Motion evidently m-
creases pain

8. Rapid and marked
prostration of strength,

9. Great redness within
the nostrils.

10. Lining of the eyelids
very red.

11. Peristaltic motion ex-
cited : anus hot

gation comes on.

(J:^- In both cases the afflicted horse paws the ground
with his fore feet; but when the pain proceeds from
entanglement of the gut, he does not so paw the ground.

INFLAMMATION OF BOWELS — TREATMENT. 81

3. Careful attention to these symptoms will enable
any one of common perception to detect inflammation of
the intestines at its earliest stages ; and, as it generally
attacks the better bred and high-conditioned horses, we
presume assistance would be given with the promptness
which the urgency of the case demands. Take blood at
once, to the amount of four, five, or six quarts, from a
large orifice [See page 50] ; let the purgative that fol-
lows be a mild one, even though costiveness prevails, and
though we may reasonably deduce the disorder from that
origin. If this be so, give the laxative drench (page 36),
and repeat it in 8 hours. Meantime, soften the bowels
with clysters of warm water, or thin oatmeal gruel, with
a solution of Epsom salts, |^lb., or table salt lib. Repeat
the clysters assiduously; and let each be largely admi-
nistered, whereby the seat of constipation is soothed, and
the cause of the disease is thus drawn off. Often, very
often, the attack originates in costiveness alone ; procuring
a complete evacuation of the straight gut constituting the
cure : in this case back raking is found very useful. But
when the inflammatory symptoms do not abate by these
means, recourse must be had to other remedies. There-
upon, blister the whole of the belli/ : (see page 68 for
blister). Sheep-skins, newly stripped off, and placed
over the sides and loins, possess the same property of
drawing the extra heat from the interior to the exterior.

4. Bandage the legs, with a view to restore the circu-
lation in them, and to lessen the flow of blood to the in-
flamed part. Clothe with breast-piece and hood, warm,
but the body-cloth light, thin, and loose. Attend to the
nursing, as before insisted upon, in the cases of inflamed
lungs (pages 34 and 47). Give fresh air, and a walk
out daily ; and, when the recovering patient can bear it,
the run of a paddock, or homestead, during the more
moderate part of the day. Adopt soft food, as bran
mashes, stout gruel, green food, carrots, mangel wurzel,
(a little, well sweated) turnips, but no corn until he will
eat a double handful with avidity. Return to full feed

82

SCOURING, OF SEVERAL KINDS

and to hay with great caution : look to the main evacu-
ation many days after all the feverish symptoms subside,
and give a clyster when aught is amiss.

5. Scouring. But, instead of costiveness, a looseness,
with febrile symptoms, sometimes attends an inflamma-
tion of the bowels, though by no means so dangerous as
the former ; the purgation^ if not too violent, carrying
off the disorder. This feature of the disease is commonly
produced by the improper use of physic, in quality or
quantity, or by neglecting the horse during the operation
of any purgative medicine, however proper or well-timed
this may be in itself. Great pain is evinced ; the patient
frequently looks round at his flanks; his breathing is la-
borious, the pulse quick and small, the mouth hot ; but
the ears or legs not so cold as in the preceding or con-
stipated feature of inflamed bowels. When the looseness
can be traced to green food, those symptoms are scarcely
perceptible at first, and it should not be restrained, but
encouraged by mashes, then gruel and the like : put on
warm body clothing ; give nothing cold. In these cases
bleeding does harm ; for the fever scarcely ever runs high
enough to warrant such a drain.

6. If the extra purgation continues more than half the
day, and does not abate in violence, then should mea-
sures be taken to put a stop to it. Give the arrow-root^
wheat-flour gruel, or linseed tea, with the following

Scouring Drench.

No. I. — Chalk powdered .... 10 oz.

Catechu 2 drams.

Opium 2 scruples.

Mix in the gruel, and give every six hours while the pur-
gation lasts; when these ingredients should be dimi-
nished and gradually discontinued. The following is
better adapted to a cold constitution ; to be given at the
same intervals :

DISCRIMINATION AND TREATMENT.

83

No. 2. — Opium 1 dram.

Chalk, powdered 4 drams.

Compound tincture of tragacanth 10 oz.
Mint water 1 pint, mix.

Apply fresh sheep-skins to the sides, hot ; and employ

the mustard embrocation extensively. If the purgation
still continues, give the anodyne draught ; and admi-
nister the opium in a clyster of wheat-flour gruel.

Anodyne Draught,

Opium ... . \\ dram.

Water gruel 2 pints— Mix,

Mustard Embrocation.

Camphor 1 oz.

Flour of mustard 8 oz.

Oil of turpentine 2 oz.

Water of pure ammonia* • • '2 oz.

Mix into a thin paste, and rub for a considerable time
on the belly, extensively.

7. It sometimes happens, when a horse has taken
purging physic, that gripes and violent sickness occur
before the medicine comes off. In this case, a plentiful
exhibition of thin water-gruel, warm, with clysters of
the same, fail not to procure the desired evacuation, and
relief from pain. If the patient, in consequence of the
excessive purgation that sometimes ensues the foregoing
treatment, is tucked up, with the hind legs dragged under
his body, he will require nourishing and nursing ; a
handful of crushed beans, some excellent oats, a small
and good malt mash, are goodly restoratives of his lost
vigour. Sometimes a scouring takes place, acccompa-
nied by the yellows ; but as this latter symptom proves
that disordered liver is then the cause of scouring, the
reader must then consult what is said farther down,
(pages 88 — 94), regarding the liver, when calomel is pro-
per after the main feature, yellowness^ has been reduced.

84 MUCOUS INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.

8. Molten Grease is not strictly an original disease y
but is derived from another, namely, inflammation of the
lungs, of no great violence indeed, but therefore more
assuredly transferred to the bowels^ and that always of a
fat subject. The slimy appearance thus produced among
the dung has procured for this disorder its very vulgar
name. To overmuch exercise, suddenly undertaken, of
a well-fed horse, is justly attributed the feverish symp-
toms and inflammatory action of the whole system of
blood-vessels that 2ittend molten grease. Notwithstand-
ing the fine learning which was at one time thrown away
upon this topic, by White and others, with a little acer-
bity to boot, certain it is that the afflicted horse loses
flesh every day of its continuance ; the superabundant
fat, which first caused the disorder, literally coming
away with the dung. Since the decease of White, indeed,
we have seen proofs of the fact ; vessels forming them-
selves in the midst of great bodies of fat (on the kidneys,
&c.) expressly calculated for carrying it off by means of
the circulation. In addition, the means employed to re-
duce the inflammatory symptoms conduce to the same
end, by putting in practice all the drains we are masters
of. Of these, bleeding is the most obvious; to be followed
by repeated purgations (never over strong) adapted to the
state of the bowels, which are usually costive, requiring
such a ball as is prescribed at page 46 ; but if the dung
be uncommonly hard, give castor oil 1 pint, previous to
the operation, and follow it, in this case, by preferring to
give the laxative drench, at page 76, before any other,

9. On the contrary, should a looseness prevail, give
arrow-root, wheat-flour gruel, linseed tea, and follow the
whole routine of treatment prescribed for inflammation
of the bowels, with that feature of looseness described at
page 82, under the old term *' Scouring." Once bleeding
is sufficient in the constipated cases, but if the lungshe
still inflamed as well as the bowels, the reader who has
attended to what was said higher up (page 55), as to
two of the organs of life being attacked at the same time,

SPASMODIC COLIC.

85

(the lungs being one) he need not be told of the great
danger that is now to be apprehended. Bleed again, to
an amount agreeable to the urgency of the inflammatory
symptoms, and employ all the means of recovery before
recommended (pages 34 and 81), with the nursing, air,
and exercise, so as to ensure a complete recovery, and
avoid the much-dreaded relapse.

Colic, Gripes, or Fret.

1. Spasmodic affections of the bowels so much re-
semble inflammation thereof, that some dangerous mis-
takes are daily made in treating the one for the other, by
giving stimulants in cases of inflammation, when the di-
rect contrary practice (sedative) is then required. This
grave error may be avoided in great measure by paying
attention to the foregoing observations on the distin-
guishing characteristics of these two disorders of the in-
testines, at pages 78 — 82, especially the " table of symp-
toms" that marks the more minute variances in parallel
lines. In addition to the symptoms of the genuine colic
there described, we may remark, that its origin is com-
monly a cold in the bowels, acting upon the nerves,
which occasions certain portions thereof, viz. several
inches of the large gut, to contract upon its contents ;
whence the suddenness of the attack noted in the Table
(No. 2), and the relief that friction on the belly
affords (No. o), as well as that derived from walking
about (No. 7), whereby the nervous affection is alle-
viated, and temporary intervals of ease are obtained, as
noticed in the Table (No. 6). All which symptoms are
so totally at variance with those set down in the parallel
Nos. as characterising the more fearful inflammation,
that any misapprehension herein should be held unpar-
donable in the commonest helper of the stable. Upon
revising the great number of such cases, in which the
lives of valuable horses have been sacrificed to inatten-
tion on the part of the attendants, one is led instinctively
n

86

FLATULENT COLIC, GRIPES,

to lament that the ground-ash exercise has been ne-
glected, or misapplied, in their bringing up.

2. Like the molten grease affection, we find colic oc-
casionally attended with costiveness, but more frequently
by flatulent purgation, if distension of the gut be not al-
ways the true origin of the spasms ; and intervals of
relaxation therefrom bringing on a looseness without any
other symptom, this may be considered as the natural
termination of the attack ; our business is then to assist
its working off by mashes and clysters of warm water or
plain gruel. On the contrary, fever, however slight,
witli an unquiet indication of pain, evinced by his look-
ing at his flanks, prove that costiveness is then the true
cause of the spasmodic colic, which soon begins to rage
within, the horse pawing^, striking at his belly, and look-
ing wildly at his flanks, alternately. If not arrested in
its progress, these outrages increase in violence, when
his glassy eyes, hot mouth, and cold ears and legs, tell
us plainly that inflammation has begun ; [See page 78 —
82], and we must then change our whole course of
treatment according to this change of symptoms, as
before recommended. Upon the first symptom of pain
without looseness, give the laxative drench, at page 36,
and repeat in 4 hours, so as to procure a good stool ; an
operation that may be facilitated, excellently, by adding
to the first drench castor oil half a pint, or salad oil one
pint, and in ordinary cases little more is required than
giving the sedatives, as under. But, when the paroxysms
come on violently, bleeding is indispensable in the very
first instance — some practitioners do not wait even for
this, but bleed for all coZzc that is without purgation, and
with it, too, provided the pains do not yield to the seda-
tives within an hour. Give copious clysters of salted
gruel, after drawing forth the dung, if any be in the
straight gut that is hardened, not otherwise ; and in that
case, having thus arrived at a certain knowledge of the
true cause of the spasms, the purging ball, at page 46,
should follow any other remedies we may have adopted:

OR i'RET TREATMENT FOR.

87

continue the clystering. The dry gripes is the term that
usually distinguishes this kind from that which com-
mences with purging. See also '* entanglement" of the
gut, page 79.

3. Flatulent colic is so termed from the windy nature
of the complaint ; but the treatment in both cases is the
same, with the single exception of laxatives, which are
obviously rendered unnecessary by this natural result.
When the natural purgation is great, give the Scouring
Drenchf No. 1 or No. 2, and consult the whole article
on Scouring f at page 82. Give sedatives, viz.

Colic Drench.

No. 1 . — Strasburg turpentine • • • • 3 oz.

Tincture of opium 1 oz.

Ale, warmed 1^ pints.

Water gruel, warm. .. . 2 pints — Mix

for one strong drink, to be given between the paroxysms
of pain, as part of it is commonly spilled ; or it may be
given at twice, or 3 times with advantage. Most prac-
titioners prefer the oil of turpentine, which is quite as
efBcacious as the above, but its hanging about the lips
of the patient annoys the horse extremely. If the relief
obtained be partial only, the repetition of half the drink
is advisable ; or give instead,

No. 2. — ^Tincture of opium • • • • 1 oz.

Oil of juniper 1 dram.

Oatmeal gruel, warm • • 1 pint — Mix.

4. General Observations. As prompt relief in all
cases of spasmodic colic obviates the risk of its be-
coming inflammatory by continuance, and the afore-
mentioned materials may not be at hand upon all occa-
sions, warm ale may be given, of good quality ; if not,
a glass of brandy, or two of gin may be added, as may
powdered ginger, two drams ; but spirits are far from
desirable, and the " gin and pepper" dose of the old

H 2

88

GERERAL ERROR REGARDING BOWEL

farriers still less so. When the patient perspires freely,
this evacuation should be encouraged, the sw#at scraped
and wiped off, and the clothing changed ; and when
walking or trotting exercise can be adopted, a draught
of wind should be avoided, as should also cold water.
Warm bedding is desirable ; and a profusion of straw
from the first, for the horse to tumble upon and roll in,
prevents injuries.

(j;:^ After hard work, or a long run, horses of tolera-
ble breeding refuse food, and fall off in condition rapidly,
if they do not droop at once. This is not invariably an
attack upon the bowels, as is usually supposed, and mis-
takenly treated as such, but of the liver ; or rather,
its spleen increaseth very much in size, whilst the lobes
of the liver shrink in proportion, and in some cases
decay entirely. To ascertain this fact of enlargement of
the spleen, an examination of the straight gut is to be
set about by introducing the whole arm carefully, when
the state of the spleen can be felt, if enlarged, by its
lowermost angle distinctly reaching the pelvic cavity.
We are just now apprised of cases in which horses so
attacked have died with the spleen, weighing 12, 15, and
20 pounds respectively. Before this disorder has carried
on its ravages to such an extent, the exhibition of calo-
mel, 1 dram per day for a week, adapted to circum-
stances, according to the modes prescribed at page 93,
invariably brings about the healthy action of the liver, and
a reduction of the spleen, so that it can no longer be felt
to press upon the upper extremity of the straight gut.

COMPLAINTS FOLLOWING HARD WORK. 89

CHAPTER VI.

Liver Complaints — Inflammation^ Jaundice, Rup-
ture, Ulceration, Cholera.

1 . Fever is symptomatic of every evil affection of the
liver, and of these yellowness is the most obvious ; hence
"the yellows" has been used to designate any derange-
ment of the functions of the liver, which causes obstruc-
tion of the bile, and occasions its being taken up again
into the circulation. [Old Snape calls it choler repeated-
ly, at page 31, in his "Anatomy of a Horse," folio, 1683 ;
a work which we may venture to assert will never be ex-
celled.] This is discovered by the eyes appearing of a
dusky yellow colour; the mouth, lips, and saliva also ac-
quiring a yellowish tinge ; the animal refuses his food, is
dull and sluggish; his urine is of a dark brown colour,
and when lodged on the ground appears blood red. The
further consequence of the bile being prevented from
entering the gut is, that costiveness prevails for lack of
that stimulus to the expulsion of its contents ; whilst the
little dung that may come away is hard, and resembles
yellowish or greenish clay ; the pulse is irregular in the
beats, though not in general much accelerated : in this
i latter respect, and the yellow discoloratioas, we run no
risk of confounding molten grease with this disorder of
the liver. If those symptoms be not reduced by judici-
ous medical treatment, death ensues by the enlargement
of the substance of the liver, and rupture thereof ; though
this misfortune sometimes happens without any previous
warning, with fleshy working horses in particular, which
may have suffered from any previous inflammatory affec-
H 3

90 OBSTRUCTION OF THE BILE — CHOLER.

tion whatever. Death from this cause is known by the
animal struggling very little, or not at all, and the nota-
ble enlargement of its carcase when down. Pampered
stallions, also, that have been much used, drop in this
way ; they are then said to have " ruptured a blood-
vessel," by the stable people, by reason of the blood which
comes off by the bowels, or is found upon after-death
examination within the abdomen, coagulated sometimes,
to the amount of 2 or 3 pails full.

2. This fatal termination, in every case, is only to be
averted for a time by repeatedly bleeding largely from the
neck vein, to be followed by very mild physic, as the
laxative drench (page 30), or the purgative ball (page
46). As happens in other inflammatory attacks, weak-
ness, tottering, profuse perspiration, and cold ears and
legs, with slight pawing behind, show the ruin that is
going on within, even in the mildest cases, when a kick
or two from a horse which never kicked previously, or the
stamping of one leg uncommonly wide, or a httle unac-
countable restiveness, equally indicate now the acute
attack, which, however, soon subsides. At other times,
a manifest prostration of strength deters the practitioner
from having recourse to the fleam, even in the smallest
quantity ; nevertheless, no other hope of relief remains,
in general (unless in the distemper), and there is some
gleam of it, when the taking of a small quantity of blood
affords a little relief : a very hazardous experiment, truly,
and requiring the exercise of much cool observation. If
this turn out favourable, then repeat the operation in 6
hours, and blister the sides extensively. Examine the
membrane of the eyelid for the yellow indications of a
disordered liver, which now appear in a small degree,
and assure us that we have not mistaken the seat of the
disorder, at any rate.

3. This same obstruction of the bile in very hot sea-
sons, occasions it to overflow the liver so much as to
inflame the peritoneal membrane that supports the
bowels, the consequence whereof is excessive purgation,

ADHESION OF THE LIVER AND GUT.

91

with cold ears and legs. Yellowness about the eyes
proves that this is the real cause of the pain and the
purgation; and warm bran-mashes, or plenty of warm
water, salted, are the sure and speedy remedies. Let no
delay take place ; and look back to pages 52, 83, & 88, for
what is there said of the corresponding diseases that pre-
dispose to this state of the bile. Try the ball at page 93.

4. Adhesion of the large gut to the liver is the effect
of a slight inflammation of this organ, though probably
of some continuance, caused by a vitiated state of the
blood, of long standing, but not virulent. Ulceration of
the thin extremity (of the right lobe) takes place, and
the consequence is adhesion, or the growing together here
spoken of, and alluded to elsewhere (pages 42, 79). The
cure is effected spontaneously, in numerous cases we have
examined, by the ulcer sloughing, and comingofF by a little
extra purgation, though commencing with costiveness.
This symptom is accompanied by the usual fever, weak-
ness, and yellow appearances, though not in a high
degree. Laxatives are plainly indicated as the most
eligible means of assisting the cure, and the drench, at
page 36, will sooner reach the parts requiring relief than
purging balls, the which, if made strong, cause so much
commotion as to hurry off the patient by inflaming the
intestines, the liver, and the whole inside. Through
this lamentably-mistaken treatment, and that other of
giving cordials in cases of adhesion, is this effort of
nature to relieve itself of an accumulation of offensive
serum converted into the immediate cause of dissolu-
tion ; whereas, if left to itself unphysicked, and allowing
a week's comparative rest, we never found a case that did
not terminate favourably ; whilst in every case of death
from adhesion that has come under our notice (and they
have been many), in which we could ascertain what
course of treatment had been followed, all terminated in
loss of life by strong physic.

5. Quite as often we find the thick upper end of the
right lobe of the liver adhering to the midriff, attached

92 CATARRHAL DISTEMPER TRANSFERRED TO

indissolubly, unless by tearing it away with considerable
force ; the afflicted horse carrying the disorder with hira
to the knacker's, always, we believe,when it has been fairly
contracted. To inflammation of the lungs, with the evil
influence those organs then exercise on the liver, is to be
ascribed the adhesion (or cohesion) at this particular por-
tion of the liver. Indeed, the earliest symptom is that
of catarrh in its worst feature, consisting in the cough
that returns, seemingly, after the inflammatory symptoms
have been subdued. People in general, then, believe that
the horse has " caught a fresh cold," whereas the disorder
is mainly to be ascribed to want of the wholesome air,
before recommended in the recovery from inflammation
of the respiratory organs (see pages 34 and 40), in neglect
of the restorative means, of nursing and plenty of liquids.
Heat and dryness of the parts are the immediate cause
of the adhesion, and a dry husky cough its first symptom ;
incapacity for performing his usual work in the same style,
loss of strength, or absolute refusal to go, mark the stages
and progress of a disease we may safely pronounce incur-
able, though so easily prevented at first, and capable of
alleviation afterwards : for this purpose refer to *' chronic
cough," and to catarrhal complaints generally; for it is
upon the lungs our remedies must be brought to act, al-
though the liver is sometimes so much deranged by the
inactivity thus imposed upon it, as to cause obstruction
of its functions, an accumulation of bile, and consequent
costiveness, with " the yellows" in a slight degree.

6. Jautjdice, or the Yellows. This disease is also
indicated by that yellowness of the eyes and mouth which
denotes imperfect secretion of the bile, with dulness and
lassitude, want of appetite, and "symptomatic fever."
(See pages 38 and 87.) The term given to it, being no
other than the one visible symptom — its colour, we may
arrive at a more sure manner of treating the disorder,
because yellowness or jaundice does not exist without
some derangement in the bile, which is owing, more or
less, to Inflammation or the Liver. Simple /awnrfice

THE LIVER. JAUNDICE *, TREATMENT.

93

being last in degree, but always depending on increased
action of the liver ; or, in other words, the increased
pain of that action causing inflammation. We have
shown what dire effects are produced when this increased
pain is caused by adhesion, of two sorts, and by rupture;
but when the disease has not extended to these ex-
tremes, and is confined to mere enlargement of this
organ, with increased heat and evident pain, the same
medicines do for both degrees of attack, call them what
we may. As before observed, inflammation of the liver,
proceeding from what cause it may, is sometimes attended
with costiveness, at others with scouring ; in the first case
give the laxative drench (page 36), and if the horse be
of very full habit, give the purging ball (page 46) a few
days afterwards, or repeat the drench until the desired
emptying of the bowels has been fully effected. As be-
fore observed, do not give calomel and the purgative on
thesame day; but with a much smaller quantity of aloes we
may mix them with advantage, upon the old principle,
that the mercurial acts mainly upon the liver. With
I this view, give the laxative ball once every 12 hours;
[ thrice, when it occasions moderate purging.

Laxative Ball.

Calomel i dram.

Barbadoes aloes 1 do.

Castile soap - 2 do.

Rhubarb • 4 do.

Mix with syrup enough to form the ball for one dose.
I So far for that symptom of the yellows which consists
jin costiveness ; on the contrary, when the bowels are
already relaxed, the prescriptions before directed for
simple scouring are proper here ; but we now introduce
the calomel with the same view of carrying the curatives
directly to the liver.

Scouring Ball.

Opium 1 dram to I do.

Calomel 1 do.

Castile soap* . 2 do.

94

EPIDEMIC ATTACKS THE LIVER.

Mix with syrup enough to form the ball for one dose.
Give one every 12 hours for 3 or 4 days.

6. In well-marked cases of inflammation, when the
feverish symptoms run high, bleeding may be resorted
to with advantage at the first attack ; but, upon drooping
and apparent despondency, a species of sigh is emitted,
and constant inclination to lie down, evince weakness
and abasement of the animal powers, the operation would
hasten death. These, indeed, are symptoms which ac-
company and declare the very worst stage of the distem'
per, as observed higher up, pages 52 — 55. — See also
Chapter IV. sec. 1, 2; and note the discrimination
marked out at page 88. In addition to all this, we stop
these labours to remark upon the present epidemic
among horses, that it differs in no essential point from
those of former years, as described in the pages just re-
ferred to, and already printed off; nor does it differ ma-
terially from the distemper, described by Osmer, as
happening in his time, to whose book the inquiring
reader should turn for further information. Let him be-
ware of bleeding, as directed at page 52 — 55, when great
debility ensues the opening of the bowels, which be-
comes necessary, for the disorder has then reached the
liver ; and as soon as the commotion has ceased, give
the calomel, as directed at pages 88 and 93, and adopt
the restorative process so often recommended (see page
M), with the to7iics and fever powders, according to the
circumstances of scanty urine or other derangements of
the evacuations. Give the distemper ball at page 54 ; and
as soon as a little remission of the symptoms is observed,
give the quinine balsam, 4 ounces, in warm water, two
pints; than which a finer restorative in all cases of debi-
lity, liver obstructions, and chronic pains, is not to be
found in the whole Materia Medica. See Balsam, in
Chap. XVI. But all this danger and trouble will be
obviated by promptly adopting the simple measures re-
commended in section 3, page 90, — as hath been proved
on n)an and horse, while we are yet at press.

DISORDEE OF THE KIDNEYS FOUR SPECIES.

95

CHAPTER VII.

Inflammation of the Kidneys.

1. This is the only disorder affecting these organs, but
differing in degree according to the cause thereof, which
is fourfold — 1st, Bad food, as mow-burnt hay and musty
oats — 2nd, Some injury inflicted either externally by a
blow, or internally by the passing of any hard substance,
as a stone — 3rd, By using cantharides too strong in
blistering or rowelling, or the indiscreet exhibition of
corrosive sublimate in any way — 4th, By the free em-
ployment of diuretic medicines. Of these evils, the
latter is of the most frequent recurrence, and leaves the
kidneys in a feeble state, unfit to receive the further
stimulation too frequently practised, if the substance be
not entirely carried away — of one kidney at least, the
other performing alone the whole function of separating
the urine from the blood. Therefore should we avoid
the further use of such medicines in inflammation of the
kidneys, liver, and bladder's neck, viz. turpentine, the
resins, coarse aloes, Castile soap, &c.

2. At the first attack, the horse stands straddling, as
if he wanted to stale, sometimes voiding, after painful
efforts, a small quantity of " bloody urine," or such as
appears to be so when lodged on the ground. But as
the disorder becomes more violent, the urine is entirely
suppressed, and the " symptomatic fever" before spoken
of, at page 38, is strongly marked. By passing one's
hand over the loins, we can ascertain by the patient's
flinching, in what degree he suffers, and whether both
kidneys are affected, or one only. In the latter case, the

96

TREATMENT OF INFLAMED KIDNEYS.

corresponding leg behind becomes stift' and ill to move ;
whilst the rigidity extends to both hind legs when both
kidneys are affected. That the pain is very acute, and
the danger great, we may learn from the horse's looking
sharply round at his flanks, and then dropping his head
slowly as he brings it to the original position.

3. Commence operations by bleeding freely, giving pre-
viously a pint or 20 ounces o{ castor oil, or a larger quan-
tity oi' salad oil. In cases of costiveness, instead of so
much oil, give the purgative ball at page 46 ; or, if the
case be very urgent, give the laxative drench at page 36
twice, which then becomes a brisk cathartic. Inject fre-
quent copious clysters of thin gruel, or salted warm water,
which soothes the parts adjacent previously to the physic
coming off", and after it has set. Cover the loins with warm
skins of sheep newly slain, after having rubbed over the
Tp2Litst\ie mustard embrocation, yiage S3. After this treat-
ment, clothe the patient slightly, but never induce perspi-
ration, which retards the cure; but rather keep the stable
cool, continue the allowance of water, tepid, in small
quantitiesjoften ; hand-rub the legs, and bandage them up.

4, Provided the symptoms do not abate with this
treatment, repeat the bleeding and the dose of oil; but
do not give the stimulating diuretics under- mentioned
(section 6), notwithstanding " suppression of urine" be
one of the corresponding symptoms, and all the people
of the stable may urge its necessity (as they do) from
this very suppression, when it is ruinously improper; but
as soon as the suppression abates a little, prefer the cool-
ing diuretics, as the fever powders (page 35), or other
preparations of nitre; give green food, carrots, and other
natural diuretics.

5. If this course be not assiduously pursued, the bladder
becomes affected by the quantity and quality of the urine
sent into it, and a j^i'ofuse staling they term diabetes
ensues, as sometimes happens. In the further progress
of the disorder, if not without any previous warning, the
difficulty of stalingjust adverted to occurs; not exactly

DIURETICS RUINOUS.

97

because no urine is secreted by the kidneys, but by rea-
son of the bladder having lost its function of expelling
its contents (called palsy, or rather torpor); or that the
neck of the bladder is disordered. But, to whichever of
these causes a "suppression of urine" is owing, the prac-
tice of further stimulating the kidneys to a still greater
secretion, proves ruinous [see Bladder'] ; therefore, when
blistering is resorted to, avoid the use of turpentine as
well as cantharides and hellebore, with all the prepara-
tions of mercury ; should physic be deemed necessary, as
it sometimes is when a collection of hardened dung is
the only cause of a suppression of urine, a mild purg-
ing ball is alone necessary to remove it. — See page 46.

6. So intimate is the connexion between the kidneys
and the bladder, in their natural ailments, that some
difficulty exists in ascertaining which of them may at
any time be the seat of attack. Nor is this circumstance
of much importance, the treatment being similar. Pass
a hand into the rectum, and smoothen forwards the neck
of the bladder with the balls of the fingers ; if it be full
and hard, the disorder lies in the neck thereof, and the
above treatment (sections 2, 3,) will lessen its inflamma-
tory symptoms : this manual operation usually causes the
water to pass off, and may be repeated without damage
if the hand employed be a small one. The fever pow^
ders, Nos. 1 or 2, may then be given, as the water has
been partly absorbed, and is transpiring by the skin ;
or give nitre and resin, equal quantities, powdered, half
an ounce, twice a-day; or common turpentine, half an
ounce, made into a ball with meal, and ginger, half a
dram, once a day.

1

98

SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF

CHAPTER VIII.

Affections of the Bladder, and of its Neck : —
Diabetes^ Incontineiice and Suppression of UrinCy
Concretions, ^c.

1. These are, many of them, suppositious disorders of
the bladder, being in fact dependent on affections of the
kidneys, as hath just been said; and the reader must
refer to the preceding pages if he requires more informa-
tion hereon. The generality of stable people, however,
looking to the immediate symptom only, assign to each
particular affection the term that is denoted by that
symptom; and the master of common-sense- writing on
these matters, (James White) having adopted the same
vulgar course, we follow him, for the sake of rendering
our labours more extensively understandable.

2. Every one of those symptoms of disorder, when
fairly ascribable to the bladder, consists in torpor, or ces-
sation of its functions of receiving, retaining, or expelling
the urine regularly ; whereby it comes thus by too much
or too little at a time, not at all, or involuntarily.
Relaxation being hereby clearly indicated, give the tonic
halls, and still avoid the medicinal diuretics. Observe,
that profuse perspiration, brought on by strong work,
while the horse requires to stale, occasions torpor, by
reason of the urine being reabsorbed, and carried off by
the skin, in this manner reversing the function of the
bladder.

3. Diabetes. — Excessive staling, when it happens,
is the effect of irritation of the kidneys after actual in-
flammation may have ceased; and being thus simply a

9

PROFUSE STALING SUPPRESSION.

99

relapse, the same treatment as that just above described,
must be continued. Green meat, as carrots, &c., is
found serviceable, when less water will be craved for, and
it is then to be given in small quantities, frequently
moistening the mouth. Though some symptoms of fever
be present, do not give the fever 'powder in this particu-
lar case. Tonic halls and opiates best allay the irrita-
tion of the kidneys. Give No. 1, morning and evening,
whereby the urine will be evidently reduced, if the case
be a recent one. If not so, after taking 3 or 4 such
balls, recourse must be had to Nos. 2 and 3 in succes-
sion, the change alone being desirable. The old prescrip-
tion of lime-water is without any recommendation.

Tonic Balls.

No. 1. — Opium 1 dram.

Powdered ginger 3 drams.

Yellow Peruvian bark 5 drams.

Mix for 2 balls, and give 1 morning and evening.

No. 2, — Emetic tartar ^ • • 4 drams.

Opium 1 dram.

Mix for 2 balls, and give as before.

No. 3. — Salt of steel 4 drams.

Aromatic powder 2 drams.

Mix for 1 ball, and give it mornings and evenings.
Should the opium in No. 1 and 2 occasion costiveness,
give once the laxative drench, page 36. Should these
tonics be found of little avail in the form of balls, give
the same materials in water gruel; mix them well, and
give, not warm.

4. Suppression of Urine, although mentioned as
a distinct disorder, is nevertheless but one of the symp-
toms of inflammation of the kidneys, as said at page 96;
when also that other subdivision of this whole series of
affections we term bloody urine makes its appearance,
and must be treated as there described. The suppres-

100

THE BLADDER, ITS NECK, AND THE

sion, or non-appearance of the urine, however, is some-
times occasioned by inflammation of the neck of the
bladder, and by a spasm thereof, that prevents the escape
of the water, and we should then speak of it as " reten-
tion of urine." When this is the cause of the suppres-
sion, the hind legs become stiff, and sometimes incapable
of supporting: the patient: give an opiate in warm water,
by means of the stomach tube, page 37, and if the
bowels be not in right trim, give the laxative drench
there prescribed, with opium 20 grains in it ; repeat
the same in six hours. Another cause of the retention
of the urine, and the most frequently occurring, is cos-
tiveness, the hardened dung pressing the gut against
the neck of the bladder : the remedy in this case, is
plainly a dose of physic, (page 46), and back raking
the straight gut, whereby the bladder is immediately re-
lieved of its contents; give afterwards the fever powders.
No. 1, page 36, two or three times. Be careful not to
mistake these last mentioned affections for genuine in-
flammation of the kidneys : pass a hand over the loins,
to ascertain whether the kidney is painful, as before di-
rected ; examine the state of the bladder by introducing
a hand into the rectum ; and by smoothing its neck for-
ward, the urine will be voided, whereupon we know the
suppression does not depend on inflammation.

5. Incontinence of Urine. An almost constant
dribbling of the water in small quantities, though de-
scribed by some writers as a distinct disease, is but a
symptom attending one or other of the foregoing affec-
tions of the kidneys ; for the bladder itself is little sus-
ceptible of inflammation, naturally or accidentally.
Mares, however, which have been quacked with irritating
substances, as Spanish flies^ with a view to hasten the
period of horsing, are afflicted with this incontinence of
urine, by reason of the inflammation thus produced in
the whole pelvic region. Stone, or earth balls, in the
kidneys, or while passing the ureters into the bladder, as
well as after reaching this receptacle, occasion the water

KIDNEYS DISTINGUISHING SYMPTOMS. lOl

to pass off unequally, or to suppress it entirely. In all
cases where inflammation is well ascertained to exist,
whether of the bladder, its neck, or ascending higher up
to the kidneys, bleed to the amount of four or five quarts,
give purging physic, and employ clysters; but when
these and the neighbouring parts are suffering much pain,
avoid the strong purgatives, and adopt castor oil, or the
laxative drench, at page 36, twice.

I 3

102

THE STOMACH INFLUENCES THE EYES.

CHAPTER IX.

Diseases of the Eyes: — Inflammation, Moon-Blind-
ncss. Accidents.

1. Inflammation of any internal organ, as hath been
said when treating of the stomach and the lungs, affects
the eyes; simple catarrh or cold occasioning an imme-
diate blearing, and all disorders of the stomach that affect
the blood vessels on the brain, cause a pressure on the
internal structure of the globes that gives them a certain
glossy, wild stare, as we see exemplified in all cases of
staggers for example. Of course, when the eyes lose
their accustomed brilliancy, through the existence of
those constitutional disorders, the cure can only be
effected by the general treatment before recommended
in such cases, rather than by any topical applications —
for the vision will still be imperfect while the original
cause remains. When, however, any internal disorder
has lasted some time, and the eyes appear permanently
affected, as we shall notice presently, then a different
course is to be pursued ; but, whatever success attends
our endeavours to reduce the symptoms, such eyes ever
after retain a disposition to moon-eye, or to go blind in
one eye or both,

CCj" Soreness, a blearing and inflammation, is fre-
quently brought on by filthy stables, and the vapour
arising from urine and rotten bedding: the palpable cure
for which, is the removal of the cause outside the stable,
or kicking out the groom, through whose negligence the
complaint had gained admittance : washing with luke-

SYMrXOMS AND TREATMENT: THE HAW

103

warm water alleviates the pain ; then, dry the eyes well
before g'oing out to encounter a bleak wind.

2. Horses which have been so afflicted at any time,
purchasers would do well to reject in the first instance.
They are known at once by hollowness of the orbit, and a
certain wrinkle towards the inner corner of one eye, if
not both, or by a difference in the size of the eyes ! both
defects proving that the mass of fat, on which the inner
part of the eye moves, has been reduced in quantity by
disease, and so allows the eye-ball to recede in its orbit
or socket. For the purpose of ascertaining this fact,
bring the horse to the stable-door, so that the light may
fall equally on both eyes, and if one pupil contracts or
recedes before the other, that eye has been diseased, and
is prone to become so again. Similarly, if a faint spot
appear on the centre of the pupil, subsequent blindness
may be looked upon as certain. A thickening of the
eye-lid, or a continual flow of tears, proves that inflam-
mation lurks in the lid, or in the haw; but we are not
justified therefore in cutting out the haw, as Taplin re-
commended, and some persons foolishly practise — for
both symptoms cease upon washing with the eye-lotion,
prescribed below. Not so soon, however, when the
globe itself is inflamed, and loses its natural transparency
by the thickening of the outer film, though the pupil may
still be discerned through it : in this case the lids are par-
tially closed, and the haws also protrude, in consequence
of the globe being drawn inward. Would we ascertain
in how much this thickening prevails ? Pull the horse up
briskly towards the light, flourish the hand before his
eyes, place a finger on the pulsation, or the palm on his
heart, and if he have any breeding in him, a sudden flut-
ter will be distinctly felt, if the sight be good.

3. Should the inflammation proceed from any other
cause than those just now spoken of, and arise from
some external injury, as a blow, or from a bit of chaflP
or dust getting in, or a cold, merely washing it with
the lotion will not subdue the symptoms in obstinate

104 moon-blindness: stable management.

cases. It will then be necessary to bleed moderately,
and give the laxative drench (page 36) once or twice,
according to the previous quality of the horse's dung;
unless this be in a very bad costive state, when a more
decisive purgative should be administered — namely, the
ball at page 46, for this is commonly found to be the
main cause of the complaint. To high feeding, then,
without a due proportion of exercise, is to be attributed
the -prevalence of bad eyes in any stable; the effects
whereof are augmented by close and crowded stabling,
by darkness thereof, and the hartshorn exhalations con-
stantly arising from the dung, the urine, and the perspi-
ration so engendered. These cases require great atten-
tion and care ; for, unless the proper remedies are em-
ployed on the first attack, the disease (though it seems
to go off awhile), will be frequently returning, so as to
justify, in some measure, the mistaken notion that the
moon has some influence on the disorder. The bleeding,
therefore, should be prompt, and bear some proportion
to the violence of the inflammation, and the condition of
the animal. Should the vessels on the white part of the
eye and inner part of the eyelids appear to be distended
with blood, immediate relief may be obtained by scarify-
ing the membranous lining of the lid with a lancet.
In fact, this operation is serviceable in every inflamma-
tory attack on the organs of vision. Let the cold lotion
(p. 107, No. 1,) be used in all cases, and if feverish symp-
toms appear (see page 39), give the powders at p. 35.

4. Not only give physic, but keep the bowels in a
lax state by means of bran mashes ; reform the state of
the stable as to light, air, and smell; and upon going
out, adopt a shade or blinkers, to keep off dust, and to
regulate the proper degree of light. A seton placed im-
mediately under the eye, I have found a very serviceable
remedy; but unless the operation is nicely performed, an
unpleasant mark remains behind. When, however, the
patient has been attacked with this disorder before, and
is also out of condition, neither bleeding or physicking

OPERATlOxNS: ERRONEOUS PRACTICE.

105

can do much good, and, what is more, if either is carried
to excess, does infinite mischief. With regard to other
topical applications than those mentioned, or those re-
medies that are applied directly to the eyes, I must con-
fess that I have not seen much benefit derived from them ;
except, indeed, when the inflammation has abated con-
siderably, and left behind an opacity ^ or film, on the
surface, called a cataract, and then common salt^ or fine
sugar, powdered, and blown into the eye, has sometimes
proved useful, at others doubtfully so; but the adop-
tion of pounded glass, mixed with honey, has been found
by Mr. White's successors to lie among the mistaken
notions to which all practitioners are liable, more or less,
and which the candid mind discards upon the accession
of new information. But a more efficacious remedy
than this kind of mechanical friction (which is very
likely to increase the inflammatory symptoms), is the
employment of mercury, with a view to excite the absorb-
ents to take up and carry off the deposite which con-
stitutes the disorder. Therefore, take

Corrosive sublimate 8 grains.

Water half a pint.

Mix, and apply to the lid (being closed), and all round
the orbit, twice a-day with a sponge.

A simple poultice of bread, or of turnips, not hot,
placed over the eyes at night, is well adapted to reduce
mflammation ; but mix no greasy matters in this or any
other application to the eyes. The cata;ract of large
working horses is generally very thick and obstinate; in
such cases, dissolve in water 2 ounces, a scruple of
white vitriol, and with a feather put a drop on the film
morning and evening. Of these remedies 3 or 4 appli-
cations effect the cure.

5. This kind of inflammation generally comes on rather
suddenly, unlike some others, which depend upon, and
relate to, constitutional disease (as said at page 103),
sometimes attacking one eye, at others both are affected.

lOG BLINDNESS HERITABLE : CATARACT.

As no apparent cause for this sudden attack occurs to
the groom's mind, he very commonly attributes it to hay
seeds or dust having fallen into the eye, and little or no
attention is paid to it; notwithstanding this neglect, the
disease frequently goes off without any treatment what-
ever, and in some cases its disappearance is as sudden as
the attack. In a short time, however, the symptoms
again appear, as unexpectedly as at first, and again go
off, continuing this uncertain fluctuation for a consider-
able time, the eyes sometimes appearing of their natural
transparency, quite free from inflammation, at others
watery, inflamed, and opaque on the surface. At length
the internal parts of the eyes seem to partake of these
repeated attacks, and a cataract is produced ; that is to
say, the thickening of the crystalline lens is confirmed.
If this takes place on one of the inflamed eyes only, it
frequently happens that the other becomes perfectly
sound and strong, and your horse, which may

have troubled his owner for a year or two, becomes quite
as serviceable as ever for ordinary purposes.

6. From about 4 to 6 years old is the age when bad
eyes mostly prevail; that is to say, when the animal
system is first filled with juices, and the minute vessels
that cover the brain and the eye partake of the constitu-
tional vigour, are susceptible of the general excitement,
and very liable to feel the effects of any check upon their
own action, or of a coUapsion of the perspirable vessels
noticed higher up, at page 78. Some horses derive a
disposition to moon-blindness from their sires, and then go
blind at the earliest age just mentioned ; a fact that has
been frequently proved, since the period of Mr. White's
writings, beyond a question of doubt. When a stallion
has no positive defect in his eyes for which we ought to
reject him, yet, if he have a great portion of white in
them, we should look upon him with suspicion ; such an
indication of some latent vice or mischievousness in him
being certaiii, as it is in every animal of his kind, whe-
ther male or female, horse or gelding. No reason what-

INFLAMED EYES ; REMEDIES.

107

ever exists for believing that horses of any particular co-
lour, black, for example (as hath been said), are more
liable to moon-blindness than any other.

Eye Lotion.
No. 1. — Goulard's extract* dram.
Water, milk warm* • • • 1 pint.
Mix, and apply to the lid and round it, with a sponge, 2
or 3 times a day ; at first, oftener.

No. 2. — Opium, in tincture* • • .4 drams.
Water, milk warm .... 1 pint.
Mix, and apply as before.

No. 3.— White Vitriol -J dram.

Water '4 oz.

Mix, and apply once or twice. This is well adapted to
reduce the projecting haw at its first appearing swelled.

7. The Haw, however, does not always resume its
healthy state by this treatment, even when the other
symptoms of inflammation have abated ; for it is not al-
ways that the disorder resides in the haw itself, the
apparent projection being occasioned by the eye being
drawn back into its socket by the influence of the previous
inflammation on the retractor muscle, and the exhaustion
of the mass of fat on which the eye moves. Follow up
the exhibition of the lotion, No. 3, with No. 1 for several
days, to the whole region of the eye, until if feels cool
without it. Bleed moderately, if the horse be in good
condition; keep the body open, as directed before; but
should the swelling remain, and put on an ulcerated ap-
pearance, cutting out the offensive part may become
necessary. How much of this projecting cartilage is to
be thus taken away, depends on each individual case,
but should by no means be undertaken by any one who
has not studied the anatomy of the part : for, if too much
haw be thus liable to disease, too little, or none at all,
will soon produce blindness.

8. Warts on the eye-lids, when troublesome, occasion
the horse to rub and bring blood, whereby more are pro-

lOS

WARTS AND ERUPTIONS.

pagated ; let them be cut off with a pair of scissars, and
touch the hps of each wound with lunar caustic : keep
up the horse's head a few hours, to prevent rubbing.

9. Eruptions on the hds occasion itching and rub-
bing, with its attendant blemishes ; therefore, apply the
ointment Hydrarg. Nitratis, of the shops, after reducing
its strength by an equal quantity of hog's-lard. Use a
soft painter's brush or sponge for the purpose, and
apply it once a day : keep his head up.

(p^r In all those diseases of the eyes, one thing is
worthy of remark, namely, that the horse never loses his
appetite in consequence ; unless the disorder begins in
the stomach, as mentioned before, he rather seems to eat
more voraciously ; and we may instructively add to this
fact, that the robust horse and greedy feeder is mostly
subject to contract simple inflammation of the eyes, that
is not traceable to any other cause. See Symptomatic
Fever,

SHYING AND STARTING, ACQUIRED.

109

CHAPTER X.

Vices: — Cribbing: Biting the Crib, or Wall; Wind"
sucking ; Weaving ; Eating Litter.

1 . The vices of horses are few, inherently ; most of
those we observe and lament in a domestic state, being
taught or induced upon them by the lord of the crea-
tion— poor, mean, and abject in every respect as regards
brutes, and the horse especially so. Kicking, whilst in a
wild state, and perhaps battles on the score of pasturage
or the female, being his highest offences, until man
tethers him up, and adds to in-door dry keep, certain in-
judicious treatment, from coltship upwards, whence is
derived some inveterate habits. Of these, shying and start-
ing are taught, as it were, by the want of firmness, and
injudicious precipitance of the rider ; and are only to be
amended by a direct contrary conduct, as is more fully
and completely set forth in " Rules for bad Horsemen,"
by Thompson and Hinds, Chapter VIII. So is cribbing
taught, or let us say, superinduced by the conduct of the
stable people ; for the horse in a state of nature never
did become a cribber ; not because he has nothing to
gnaw at, but because he has his liberty; then, bring him
in from the forest and tie him up, all anxious, healthy,
and robust as those horses are, and they almost invaria-
bly take up some such vice from having nothing else to
employ themselves upon. The cure is thus clearly
pointed out, or rather the preventive is prescribed in a
single sentence, viz. give your horse something to amuse
him.

K

110 CRIBBING, HOW ACQUIRED; ITS

2. Whichever of the above terms we bestow upon the
particular symptom that distinguishes the inveterate vice
of cribbing, still is disordered stomach, and consequently
depraved appetite, with staring coat and anxious counte-
nance, the immediate attendant upon the whole series.
To the correction of the stomach then should we ad-
dress our first labours for its removal ; or rather, the
people of the stable should be hence instructed how rea-
dily they might have prevented its occurrence, by attend-
ing to the wants and temper of their horses, as regards
appetite. For the origin of any such habit has been,
1st, neglect of feeding at the proper periods, and denial
of water ; 2nd, permitting a robust, hearty, mettlesome
horse, to stand idle at empty racks ; 3rd, by currying one
that has a thin skin in the stall, or other place where he
may find something to gnaw at, and when he so offends,
giving him a rap and a curse ; 4th, by detaining a healthy,
fretful horse in-doors at a time that he ought to be ex-
ercised, especially when others have gone out from the
same stables ; lastly, cribbing may be brought on by imi-
tation, when also some of the foregoing causes usually
concur to render it inveterate. Young horses are mostly
liable thus to acquire the habit by example, as well as
upon cutting their teeth, when the feverish gums require
cooling, which is further promoted by the brisk inhala-
tion of fresh air ; they thus seek to supply the Avant of
it naturally by sucking the wind, which is one of the fea-
tures of this disease. Here it is worthy of remark, that
whatever be the age, none but good horses in other re-
spects fall into this vice ; whence I was induced at an
early period to infer, that a restless desire to be abroad,
impatience under restraint, and the fretfulness that is
thus engendered, shortly communicating with the most
sensitive of the organs of brute life, the stomach, de-
praves its functions, and causes a vast reduction of the
animal's powers. Subsequent close observation of the
progress of several cases, confirms this first impression.

EFFECTS DEBILITATING AN UNSOUNDNESS. Ill

At the commencement of this habit, it is true, the dispo-
sition to crib may be so trivial as to occasion no visible
harm, except wearing away the teeth, generally on one
side of the frontals, the horse doing his work as well as
ever, and keeping up condition ; but who is there to say,
that such a beginning is not the unfailing forerunner of
a ruined nag? Such a horse is already an unsound
one.

3. Let it not be supposed, however, that cribbing is
entirely incurable. Had this been the case to its full
extent, we might have passed over the subject in silence,
as Mr, White and other writers have done ; but many
well-authenticated cures having been wrought upon in-
veterate crib'biters and wind-suckers, within these few
years, imposes upon us the willing task of givingsorae ac-
count of the principles upon which they have been effected.
Richard Lawrence considered crib-biting as depending
upon disordered lungs, a mistake he and others must
have fallen into upon observing the great distension of
the carcase, occasioned by the wind being sucked in and
driven forcibly into the cellular membrane ; but the fla-
tulent colic which accompanies the symptom, and the in-
flammation that succeeds it, clearly teach us that the sto-
mach first, and bowels afterwards, are the organs materi-
ally affected by this vice, and require correction ere the
patient irrecoverably loses condition and strength. Pre-
vious to this appearance of leanness, people in general
do not pronounce cribbing an unsoundness that would
justify the return of such a horse upon the vender's
hands : it is nevertheless an evil affection, that grows into
a habit, and requires very judicious and expensive treat-
ment to prevent the vice from reducing the serviceable-
ness of the horse.

4. Wind-sucking is not always accompanied by biting
or resting its teeth on the crib ; but the horse pokes out
his neck ^sometiraes without aught to bite at) or reins it
in, with the lips alternately open and shut, whilst he is
heard distinctly at several yards' distance, to suck the

K 2

112

FUTILE CONTRIVANCES FOR CRIBBKRS*,

wind with all his force. We hear of several cruel practices
to prevent cribbing, as burning-, lacerating, &c.; but they
are all equally useless and barbarous. The old fashion,
of buckling a strap tight round the neck, has the effect
of arresting the action of the wind-pipe, which accompa-
nies the suction, whilst it is on, but no longer; besides
the danger that is incurred of causing the air to lodge in
the membranous lining of the pipe, and to bring on roar-
ing. See pages 47, 61.

5. No truth in animal management is better recog-
nised than this one : " remove the cause of any thing
amiss, and the evil effect thereof ceases;" so, having set
down in a preceding page the several causes of cribbing,
we might say that the vice would cure itself, if man did
not interpose as above, and add inflictions thereto, of
currycomb and brush, and ground-ash, and missiles, and
the displeasure of a harsh guttural voice from lungs like
leather. What is worse, all the while that the afflicted
horse is undergoing this seeming correction of his vices,
he is not given to understand that he is doing wrong, but
recurs to his favourite amusement by way of consolation
under trouble, as soon as his tormentors leave him.
Whereas, if any reasonable person attempts a cure, of
course all this brutal behaviour will cease, and the follow-
ing treatment be adopted. 1. That the food be regular,
and given with kind sounds of the voice, whereby a cer-
tain chiding word and angry look will become doubly
effectual whenever a repetition of the offence requires
coercion : let the horse know what you want him to do
by rewards, and what you want him 7iot to do, by a single
chiding word, and he will desist, if but to hearken at the
unwelcome sound. Hereupon, a few slices of carrot or
apple, from the jacket pocket, patches up the short-lived
quarrel, until the offence is again perpetrated and again
reprobated, when the same reconciliation takes place as
before. One day's work at this will teach him your su-
preme desire. 2. Between his feeds and hay, muzzle up
occasionally ; put him to stand where there is no crib to

EFFICACIOUS treatment: yare's method. 113

bite at, no wall to gnaw, no post to rest his teeth on, or
whichever may be his chief propensity. 3. A post
or rail being prepared beforehand, with nettles or cul-
rage, the exercising groom stops the horse to take a
blow at one of these, and chides him for the attempt to
bite, with reproaches for a repetition, or a reward for
obedience. With the same view, he prepares a rail,
smeared over with aloes or any other bitter material, and
fastens his horse to it. 4. Whenever the cribber has
fed as much as necessary, he should have a slight snaffle
with plyers, fastened to the head-stall, to champ upon,
which improves digestion, and affords amusement. An
hour before going out, rein up, with his tail to the
manger, as well to put his head in order, as that he may
hearken to good advice. 5. Discontinue currying upon
the belly, the flanks, and under the arm, however thick-
skinned the individual may be. 6. Take out of the
cribber an abundance of exercise — full 3 hours morn-
ing, besides afternoon ; bestow great attention on him
for a week at least ; sleep in or over the stable ; study
the particular temper of the horse, and ascertain how he
acquired the evil habit, that this at least may be coun-
teracted. If he inveterately suck whilst down^ or dur-
ing walking exercise, a bit of listing is to be stitched on
to the plyers of his snafflle, on each side.

6. Lastly^ Crib-biting may be rendered physically
impossible, by applying the new anti-crib-biting appara-
tus, invented by T. Yare, of Dean-street, Soho ; which
has been found effectual to all its purposes, especially
when accompanied by the foregoing treatment. The
principle upon which it is constructed, is simply a me-
chanical obstruction of the teeth meeting with the object
sought to be bitten. This is effected by means of a bent
iron rod, resembling the annexed figure,
being fixed to each side of the muzzle, by
connecting bars across, underneath the
jaws and over the nose, the whole being
fastened to a strong cheek-stall and ear-
K 3

114 WEAVING AND LITTER- EATING, REMEDY.

band by several straps. With this contrivance on him,
the crib-biter may take up his corn, or pull his hay,
without the power to gnaw the manger, whilst he must
take time to masticate his food properly. Mr. Yare ob-
tained the silver medal of the Society of Arts for his
ingenious contrivance; and undertakes the cure of crib-
bers of every degree, in which he is eminently successful.

7. Eating litter arises from depraved appetite, and
classes with cribbing ; for the stomach having been dis-
tended with wind so sucked in, requires some hard sub-
stance to keep it in that state : such a horse will swallow
straw, earth, wall, and the like, and thus further extend
the evil. The medical treatment consists in completely
emptying the stomach and bowels, by giving the drench
(page 36) twice or three times, and purgation ensues.
If the ball is still preferred (notwithstanding our recom-
mendation), give the following —

Purging Ball.

Aloes of Barbadoes 7 drams.

Hard soap 2 drams.

Ginger 1 dram. — Mix,

with syrup sufficient for one ball. Previously hereto,
give bran mash ; and after the ball, half a pint of warm
mash or water. On the physic coming off, give plenty
of bran mashes.

8. Weaving is a restless kind of see-sawe motion of the
head and body from side to side, with the forelegs strad-
dling, which plainly tells that the animal is deploring his
solitary confinement. This propensity is to be amended
by similar treatment to the foregoing, and giving him a
companion of any sort.

DISEASES HAVING ONE COMMON ORIGIN.

115

CHAPTER XI.

Tumours: — Strangles, Glanders, Farcy, Surfeit-
Mange, Poll-evil, Fistula, Quittor, Grease, 8^ c.

1. Properly speaking, all swellings on any part of the
body, are tumours, though that term has not been ap-
plied to those that have been treated as such under other
names. We shall not, therefore, take the whole into
consideration under this one general head, but, in com-
pliance with custom, come shortly to treat of each under
its separate name, as above. Notwithstanding which,
we do not deny the great advantage arising from thus
classifying a number of constitutional disorders in one
view, namely, their affinity as to cause and effect ; for
no two of those disorders appear at the same time on the
same animal, unless in the course of superseding the first,
through the exceeding severity of the other ; whilst the
whole owe their origin to the same cause, viz., to depra-
vation of the secretions, and consequent defect in the
excretions, producing evil humours in the blood ; which
are then brought into baleful activity by some slight in-
cident (as a chill), that shows more or less malignity, or
changes its aspect, according to the previous health of
the individual attacked. This predisposition to disease
is justly ascribed to vitiated organs of digestion, &c.,
brought about by the manner of living ; as superabund-
ance of food and inadequate exercise, by bad food and
hard work, irregularity of feeding, change of quarters,
and abuse, by bad water, &c. In this we perceive the
reason why some horses, and other cattle, contract the

116 TRUE DOCTRINE REGARDING TUMOURS.

single tumour of one or the other kind, whilst others,
placed under the same circumstances of infection or of
exposure, contract the plural species (miliary), internally
or externally, as the case may be. A plague, typhus,
and distemper, are all connected with tubercles on the
lungs, the liver, or the skin, according to an ingenious
French writer named Dupuy, who appears to have be-
stowed much laboured research on the subject.

2, Tumours also arise (oftener than we can know of),
on the digestive organs, and mostly the small gut,
fatally, as noticed at page 79 ; while those which appear
singly on the fleshy parts of the body after fevers, of
which they then form the critical discharge and cure,
are noticed at pages 26 and 56, as proceeding more im-
mediately from that cause. But those which arise in the
glands, being the most fearful species of external tu-
mours, being decidedly infectious, require present atten-
tion ; whereas those other tumours, that come of external
violence, as well as those of the limbs, whether of the
bones, ligaments, membranes, or tendons, and which
occasion lameness, will be considered under their respec-
tive heads, as subdivided into spavin, wingal, ring-
bone, splent, &c.

Strangles.

1. Although a disease of youth, and attacking nearly
every colt once, the strangles appear occasionally on
full-grown horses, and is then more troublesome to cure,
as well as alarming the people with groundless fears of
glanders, which never attacks young horses but by in-
fection. Generally, the 4th and 5th years are the more
obnoxious to strangles, though coming on a year or two
years earlier, in some forward horses ; the period de-
pending, in great measure, upon the keep, and conse-
quent filling up of the animal system, which is the main
cause of the disorder, if not the only one. It consists
in a swelling under the jaws, attended with cough, dul-
ness of the eyes, and other feverish symptoms, as

STRANGLES, APPROVED TREATMENT OF.

117

described at pages 26, 38. The kernels under the throat
swell ; soon after, a discharge from both nostrils of
white thick matter appears; evident soreness, if not
difficulty of swallowing, succeed, and the inflamed swell-
ing bursts ; in this manner effecting a cure naturally.

2. When the disorder threatens delay, and a difficulty
of swallowing tells us that some danger of choking or of
starvation is to be apprehended, let the inflamed throat
and swelled gland undergo warm fomentations to alle-
viate the pain and tension of the parts ; give oatmeal
gruel, warm, and prepare a white-bread poultice, to be
applied assiduously to the part, and kept there, chang-
ing it twice a-day. Previously, however, clip the hair
quite close to the gland and the throat, so that those
applications may have the required effect. Sometimes
the skin is so tough as not to yield readily to the poul-
tice ; and as the speedy escape of the offensive matter
from the tumour is desirable, suppuration will be pro-
moted by rubbing on the swelling a little of the follow-
ing—

Stimulating Ointment.

Camphor , 1 dram.

Hogs'-lard 1 ounce.

Oil of origanum ^ dram. — Mix,

and apply previous to each renewal of the poultice.
When the tumour becomes quite soft and full of matter,
and not until then, it may be opened with a lancet from
the bottom upwards, though the spontaneous discharge
is far preferable, as leaving no room to doubt of its ripe-
ness, nor any apprehension that a fresh swelling might
arise, though the matter still remains, as happens some-
times, notwithstanding all the care we employ to press
it forth, and to cause its escape, by keeping the lips of
the wound open with a piece of lint plaster. Continue
poulticing, cool, until the swelling subsides ; whereupon,
dress with digestive ointment, strapping it on with ad-
hesive plaster, tolerably firm. Complete the cure by

118

LIABILITY TO GLANDULAR DISEASES.

giving alterative laxatives, as the drench at page 76.
If costiveness prevails, give the ball at page 46.

3. In all cases of strangles, steam the head often with
warm water, put into a tub, wide enough to admit the
pail's being placed therein that contains the patient's
mash or oatmeal gruel, so that the steam may ascend on
the outside of the pail. Though the young ones get
over the strangles with comparative ease, and improve
greatly in form and size immediately after recovery, yet
this is not the case with full-grown horses, which retain
a disposition to contract other glandular diseases in suc-
ceeding years, as the vives and glanders, owing to the
tumour not being sufficiently ripe to discharge all the
offensive matter. Observing this effect of opening it a
day too soon, Mr. White latterly abandoned the use of
the lancet, trusting to those stimulants for ripening the
tumour to its proper degree. This practice is found to
succeed admirably when the discharge at the nose ap-
pears to subtract from the matter which ought to fill the
tumour, besides the danger of its carrying off the
patient in consumption of the lungs, whence the running
proceeds.

Surfeit and Mange.

1. Although essentially the same in several respects,
these disorders differ greatly according to the previous
health of the patient, or rather I would say, his condition.
Both proceed from disorder of the digestive organs, and
of the stomach principally, as is proved by a single pur-
gation removing the worst symptoms of the first men-
tioned, which arises from foul feeding and lodging, or
superabundant dry meat; whilst the more loathed, con-
firmed mange, is alleviated by good feeding, and in both
the cure is mainly effected by topical applications and
the adoption of that cleanliness, the forgetfulness whereof
first engendered the disease. But the better fed horses
never contract mange^ as these are usually kept clean ;

SURFEIT, FIRST INDICATIONS NEGLECTED.

119

unless the slighter attack ( surfeit J, is allowed to make
head, or the animal get it by contagion.

2. Horses of condition, that have been well kept in the
summer, will thence contract a surfeit that spreads all
over their bodies equally, resembling the stings of wasps ;
but this appearance is to be taken as proof of good liv-
ing and increasing vigour, which a single purgative ball
(as at page 46) will reduce, and a mild course of the
alterative balls prescribed below will perfectly cure. If
the urine be scanty or turbid, give a diuretic ball, and
repeat it, if there be occasion.

3. At one time, the stable people applied the term
surfeit to any and every external appearance of disorder
for which they could not find a more distinct name, as
was noticed at page 23 ; hence the stable phrase — "it
was only a little surfeit at first, but is now become hide-
bound, or farcy ;" one or the other of which do often
succeed -the so-called little surfeit, unless the symptoms
have been those of inflammation of some internal organ,
as described at pages 39—41. In addition to the symp-
toms described, as above, surfeit is known by the pustules
spreading in wider scurvical eruptions, and loss of hair
from the mane. Hereupon bleed and physic, both, if the
mouth be hot; if not, a common purging ball only may
be given, such as is prescribed at page 46, giving a warm
bran mash beforehand, and in 24 hours after give more
mash, repeating the same daily. Let the currycomb
and brush be assiduously employed to loosen and bring
off the scurf, which will be detached by applying the
following

Wash.

No. 1. — Blue vitriol 1 ounce.

Camphor 4 drams.

Spirits of wine 2 ounces.

Water 2 pints.— Mix,

and apply twice daily to the whole body, neck and
knees, for three or four days after the physic has set. If

120

THE MANGE INVETERATE,

the patient is off his feed, as usually happens, give a
better mash, as oatmeal gruel, or of malt, and coax him
with a few beans, slices of carrot, or other such means,
but keep the dunging of tolerably soft consistency during
the external applications : change these, and substitute
the saline

Wash, No. 2.

Table salt 1 pound.

Water 3 quarts — Dissolve,

and wash all over, well rubbing the parts, and in the
course of the pustules ; also the mane, jaws, throat, and
belly, until the coat is tolerably dry. Put up and clothe,
or take exercise clothed, according to the weather, as
the horse will shiver with the application. Give a warm
generous malt mash soon afterwards; and if the climate
is a cold one, a pint of hot water may be put into the
wash, No. 2.

As most people dislike the word mange to be applied
to these affections of the skin, and the spots, with a
staring coat, continue, notwithstanding the foregoing
treatment, give the mineral

Alterative Balls,

Muriate of quicksilver • • • • 4 drams.

Tartarised antimony 3 ounces.

Ginger & aniseed powders,

of each 3 ounces. — Mix,

with syrup, enough to form the mass, and divide into 16
balls, one to be given every morning. With the like
object, the same materials, nearly, may be given — thus :

Antimony, finely powdered. . ^ an ounce,

given daily in the corn, or double that quantity for a
large horse, and with it about as much powdered ginger,
also, as will tend to improve his coat, and carry off the
eruption. With these powders, continued for three weeks,
I have given, with great success, for ten successive nights,

REQUIRES VARIED TREATEMNT.

half a dram of the blue pill in mass, which contains
each about 15 grains of mercury.

4. Obstinate mange, however, that which lias been
brought on by poor and beastly living, or is of long con-
tinuance, does not subside before this treatment, though
accompanied by better food : the disorder is no longer
to be considered as one of the skin only, but of the
blood, or whole system. Yet must not such a lean sub-
ject be bled. He must be treated with sulphur all over,
changing the ointment occasionally. The wash, No. 1
and No. 2, have been used, let us suppose, to cleanse the
coat, but fail to effect a cure; then adopt the following

Mange Applications.

No. 1. — Sulphur vivum 4 ounces.

Oil of turpentine 3 ounces,

Hogs'-lard 6 ounces. — Mix,

and apply with a brush to the scabs and sores, after the
horse has been well curried and brushed, even to sore-
ness, every day, until the cure is completed.

No. 2. — Sulphuric acid 2 ounces.

Oil of turpentine 4 ounces.

Mix these two cautiously together, by putting in a little
at a time, and, when well incorporated, add thereto.

Sulphur vivum 4 ounces, and

Hogs'-lard, just melted • • • • 6 ounces.

Apply as before directed. These cause the spots to
appear larger on the first application, but not so subse-
quently ; the smell is extremely disagreeable, which has
put some people upon employing other medicines, as
corrosive sublimate, but withal very dangerously ; but
nearly the same effect as these produce (barring the
smell), may be obtained by giving the antimonial pow-
ders along with the blue pills, as prescribed in the last
page; which should be given, at all events, unless the
alterative balls are in operation, and then these powders

L

122

SURFEIT BECOMES FARCY.

may take place of the halls. If the appetite fail, coax
the patient to eat; give bits of carrot frequently ; and,
indeed, the foregoing balls, being very small and nearly
tasteless, may be given, by means of a hole bored partly
through such bits of carrot. As change is desirable,
discontinue No. 1 and No. 2, and apply, in a similar
manner,

No. 3. — White hellebore, powdered • • 4 ounces ;

boil in 3 pints of water, until reduced to two pints, and
then add.

Muriate of Quicksilver 2 drams,

which has been previously dissolved in

Muriatic acid 3 drams.

Mix the lotion for an extensive application.

Farcy.

1. In many features resembling surfeit, of which it is
often a consequent, farcy is caused originally by a cold
or check upon the perspirable vessels of the surface,
whilst the stabled horse is suffering the effects of hard work
and irregular feeding upon a jaded constitution. Bad
food, idleness, and filthy lodging, also engender diseases
of the skin ; whilst coach and waggon horses mostly
suffer from these twin disorders ; neglect and mistreat-
ment always causing the first or milder attack to de-
volve into the more loathed farcy. Cold rains in
spring, coming after a few days of unseasonably hot
weather, are followed by those tubercles on the skin ; and
the first cold rains of autumn following an uncommon
hot summer, also, give rise to a notion of epidemy, from
the great number of horses so affected, as well as to well-
grounded fears of contagion. In India they term it the
rainy disorder (Burusatee), that conies after a series of
hot and dry weather, followed by a murky damp air, in
which the principle of blight is recognised by our coun-

HOW CHARACTERIZED. 123

try folks there, who have come from the agricultural dis-
tricts at home. Drinking cold water, standing in a cur-
rent of air, after going a stage in summer, or entering a
hot stable under the same circumstances in winter, are the
certain precursors of all those disorders of the absorbent
vessels which produce tumours, unless, indeed, the state
of some vital organ — usually the lungs — be such as to in-
cur a more imminent disorder from the like cold or check.
See Chapters III. IV. V. That farcy is at its first ap-
pearance a local disease, is proved by its submitting to
local applications for a complete cure ; that it becomes
ingrafted in the entire system by neglect, is ascertained
by its contagiousness and ultimate incurableness. We
are not to infer, because the buds which constitute farcy
run along the course of the veins, that this is an original
disease of the blood, though its heat and influidity con-
tribute thereto ; for this appearance is alone caused by
inflammation of those numerous absorbent glands which
occupy the whole animal frame, being so small exteriorly
towards the coat as to be scarcely visible, until they be-
come tumerous and break, and discharge their contents,
after the same manner as those larger ones of the jaws,
described above. Though they draw their corrupt na-
ture from the vessels to which they are attached, they do
not communicate their own evil state to the blood until
the corruption extends far and wide, and the disease is
incurable. Before this event, however, it acquires the
nasal symptoms of the glanders, and communicates
either disease to others, according to the state of health
the receiver may be in at the time ; thus proving the
identity of the two — poisons, as Mr. White insisted upon
terming both, asserting that certain parts only of the
body are obnoxious thereto. Thus we find the internal
parts of the nose particularly liable to be affected by
*' the poison ;" the skin is very susceptible of its action,
and the lungs do not escape the contagion ; for upon dis-
section, 1 find numerous tubercles on the left lobe, cor-
L 2

124 VARIOUS APPEARANCE OF FARCY I TUMOUR,

responding with those on the outer surface, which con-
stitute the disease.

2. Inside the legs, and along the belly, the veins
being larger, so are their attendant absorbent vessels,
and consequently the buds are more luxuriant and diffi-
cult of cure. Sometimes no particular buds appear, but
one hind leg assumes a general enlargement; and if
fever prevail, whilst the nose is inflamed inside at the
same time, it may be considered the very worst kind of
attack, the inside of the leg soon becoming entirely ulcer-
ated. The same is the case when the tubercles or swel-
ling appear first about the pastern, and ascend upwards
to the thigh. They are commonly fat patients that have
this diffused swelling of the leg, which is now nearly
connected with the cause of grease, and yields to a pur-
gative and a diuretic, as directed below for grease. But
not so when accompanied by the chancred nose, which
discharges an offensive ichorous matter, and is succeeded
by a gland under the jaw, swelling, and becoming at-
tached to the bone. When this happens, the farcy is con-
nected with glanders ; and Mr. White at one time termed
it ** the farcy-glanders." In this case give the farcy balls,
No. 2, and wash the buds with the escharotic mixture
below. But, if a single tumour of good size make its
appearance on any fleshy part of the body or neck, let it
be brought forward by the means prescribed at pages 26
and 56, for it is then complicated with some disorder of the
blood ; and so it is if two sizeable tumours appear, only
they will not in that case come to perfection, and must
be reduced with the actual cautery, afterwards treating
them as common ulcers. This is a stubborn and very
infectious species of the farcy, closely resembling the
Indian Burusatee, spoken of in the preceding section ;
and, when many animals are carried off by it, people
consider it epidemic, and apply the epithet murrain to its
ravages among horned cattle, horses, and sheep. In the
first section, the causes which conduce to this general

DIFFUSED SWELLING, BUDS TREATMENT. 125

attack are assigned to unfavourable seasons : it forms
the 5th class of Epidemy in Osmer's arrangement, page
106, of his Treatise. A well-timed bleeding, purgatives,
and other drains, are found successful preventives in hot
countries and forward seasons.

3. In all other cases of the tubercles appearing par-
tially on the forelegs, neck, or knees, the disorder is of
the mildest species ; unless in those other cases, where
one side of the horse is first attacked, and suddenly
it shifts to the other side, which shows that the infection
has been a long time incurred, and has entered into the
animal's system. Whatever be the cause, or whatevp the
degree of attack, the buds are to be reduced by
escharotics or the actual cautery, and afterwards the
sores will put on a healthy appearance in the generality
of cases, upon being washed with a strong solution of
sulphate of iron, or the escharotic mixture below ; but,
however favourable these symptoms, the cure is not to
be relied upon without the aid of internal medicine.
Employ the following balls awhile as directed, beginning
with No. 1 ; but should this disagree with the horse's
inside, as happens with certain weakly constitutioned ani-
mals, discontinue its use until the appetite returns, and
the purging and much staling subsides. Half a dram
of opium made into a ball, with meal and mucilage,
effects this end in ordinary cases ; and more securely,
if a second ball be given in 12 hours after. Hence will
be seen the necessity of watching closely the operation
of these strong medicines.

Farcy Balls.

No. 1. — Corrosive sublimate |^ dram.

Aniseeds, powdered 1 ounce.

Mix well, with syrup, sufficient to make three balls, and
give one morning and evening, continuing the same for
8 or 10 days, provided, as aforesaid, that the medicine
does not disagree : for a very strong horse, the quantity
of the mineral may be increased, after the first days,

126

BURNING FARCY BUDS : REGIMEN

gradually, to double the quantity, and so should the

aniseeds.

No. 2. — Sulphate of copper 3 drams.

Corrosive sublimate 1 scruple.

Bark, powdered • • • 2 drams.

Ginger, powdered ........ 2 drams.

Mix with Venice turpentine, sufficient to form 3 balls ;
give one morning and evening, as in the preceding di-
rection, increasing the strength of the active materials,
by either adding to the weight of each, or dividing the
like mass into two halls only. Let the same caution be
used as in giving the ball No. 1 ; both medicines being
calculated to disagree with the bowels of the strongest
horse, after being used some time.

Eschar otic Mixture.

Muriatic acid 2 drams.

Muriate of quicksilver .... 1 dram, mix, and

Add water 4 drams, then

Rectified spirit 6 drams.

If considered too strong, add more water. Be careful in
the application, as it destroys the skin wherever it may
touch, and is therefore a more convenient application,
when used by a clever hand, than firing the buds.

4. For ordinary mild cases, however, the wash recom-
mended at page 119 is found sufficiently powerful for
horses of fine quality. Some, however, use the blue
vitriol alone, powdered, or in solution ; whilst others
adopt the lunar caustic. When the sores appear in-
flamed, or clogged with filth, let them be washed with a
solution 0^ burnt alum — 1 ounce in a pint of water;
and as the cure proceeds, much grooming, dressing,
hand*rubbing, cleanliness, and regular exercise (not vio-
lent), will contribute greatly to complete restoration.
The food must be generous and sufficient, under a
course of the foregoing balls particularly ; no mashes,
unless it be of malt, when the patient appears to droop a

AND NURSING. ENDLESS DISPUTATIONS. 127

little— as he will at the end of 2 or 3 weeks' treatment —
nor give any water quite cold. Promote the action
of the absorbent vessels, and those of the surface (lym-
phatics) particularly, by giving the antimony, the nitre
and resin, and other restoratives, as prescribed for swr-
feit (page 120). By thus increasing the secretions and
excretions, the remains of the disease are carried off; to
which end, also, the dunging should be watched, and
not suffered to acquire hardness. Reduce this unfa-
vourable state by green food or mashes, if the animal
put on flesh, which is seldom the case ; but if his con-
dition has been low, and it is thought necessary to keep
up his stamina with corn, a mild aloetic purgation be-
comes indispensable : give the ball at page 46.

Glandeus.

gr^" An interesting, because a difficult subject, involv-
ing much curious obscurity, and too much discussion;
incurable by any means yet known, though often re-
moved ; contagious, though not always communicable ;
evidently a disease of close stables, or other confined
places, yet attacking horses that never enter one — even
those at sea ; and, lastly, when leaving its locality, it
enters the system, and devolves into farcy, submitting
to a specific course of treatment ; — the glander question
seems a chapter of contradictions we scarcely hope to
reconcile. Yet may this much be beneficially premised
of an antidote to horses engendering the disease, though
not so, perhaps, to contagion — that salted hay has been
given to several working teams, among which glandered
subjects appeared occasionally, without any increase to
the number of the infected, during the whole of 1831 ;
whilst washing the nose with salt water is found to
cleanse the ulcers, to lower the iividness of the mem-
brane, and to increase the general health, on which de-
pends the cure — if ever it has been effected.

1. The preceding four sections, which comprise our

J 28 GLANDERS THE TRUE SORT, INFALLIBLE TEST OF ;

view of farcy ^ with its remedies, may be taken as introduc-
tory to the study of that opprobrium of the art^ which ac-
quired its name from one of its symptoms only — viz.,
swelled glands, though evidently a primary disease of
the nose. At least, the membranous lining thereof be-
coming inflamed through hard work, chronic catarrh, or
infection, discharges matter from one nostril only at first
(the left), then communicates its baleful influence to the
glands under the lower jaw, which swell, and become
attached to the bone. The animal is then a glandered
one to all intents and purposes, whether horse or man
(for the disease is communicable to our species), with
several degrees of virulence, according to previous health,
but without hope of a cure, despite of certain pretences
recently set up. Under such circumstances, what is
to be done? What, but avoidance of the cause in the
first place ; 2ndly, as infection is believed the most
general mode of propagation, we should inquire what is
the true glanders; and, 3dly, we may set down the
course of proceeding whereby glanders have been re-
moved, as asserted, and guard the reader against quack-
ery and delusion. See page 41.

2. It is not every horse that will take the glanders by m-
yec^z'oTz, though placed under all the precise circumstances
of others which have caught it ; i. e. breathing the same
air of the same stable during an entire night. Nor will
every horse contract the glanders, though placed in the
self-same predicament as others that do incur the ma-
lady ; as witness the case of 22 cavalry horses on ship-
board (narrated in Hinds's Veterinary Surgery, page
348), all which were variously affected, some violently
glandered, others trivially, some not in the least. Hence
we come to the conclusion, that previous health consti-
tutes the sole difference, as to the degree, and as to the
whole fact. So we know, that exceeding strong work has
brought on the glanders on weak constitutions; a sim-
ple cold effects the same for some few ill-fed individuals ;
whilst the greater number, going over the same ground.

INFECTIOUS nature; and non-contagion. 129

in company, being hearty ones, have escaped, and do
escape, both the simple cold and the glanders. To imper-
fectly-cured strangles, we have no hesitation in attribut-
ing several cases of glanders that happened under our
own inspection ; and by parity of reasoning, any ill-cured
disorder of the organs of life (of the lungs principally),
leaves the system in such an unhealthy state as to ex-
pose the individuals so mis-treated to incur glanders by
any and every means of communication, as soon as ex-
posed thereto, which the healthy animals shall escape,
and in truth run no risk of incurring. The same was
observed by us regarding the distemper or epidemy at
page 53 ; the predisposition thereto depending greatly
on the individual's actual health, and the wise pre-
cautions of the owner.

3. Whatever person undertakes to teach proprietors
that those disorders are not contagious, is doing an irre-
parable injury to society, by throwing people off their
guard ; as he must have come to his conclusion too
hastily, without sufficient preparation, similarly to our
untaught ancestors, who had occasion to lament asto-
nishing devastations of cattle of every description, by
contagion occurring from time to time all over Europe.
On the other extreme, we find some persons crying out
** Glanders !" at every discharge from the nostrils, and
invocating coercion over the property of others, with a
relentless ire, equal to their own conscious uncertainty.
If both nostrils run, it is not the true glanders, though
long continuance of the discharge may produce that
effect. If the membrane that lines the nose is of the
same colour on both sides, it is not glanders, even though
a spot resembling a chancre may be visible there ; for
this is but the orifice of the tube that brings the tears
from each eye respectively, and both are now a little en-
larged and watery. If the horse be affected thus on one
side only, and that the left, we shall find the gland or
kernel under the jaw enlarged on that side only, in two
or three days; this is the true glanders. But if the

130 PROGRESS OF THE DISEASE; APPLICATIONS, AND

newly-affected horse have a cough with these two cor-
responding symptoms, be assured he has not yet got the
true glanders : if he be not an aged one, we should then
pronounce this an attack of bastard strangles, that
may probably degenerate into glanders ; or it may be a
catarrh, or (if very old and abused), the asthma, or
consumption, but no real, bona fide, infectious glanders.
After awhile, according to previous health, the discharge
and the livid colour of the membrane, hitherto confined
to one nostril, now affect both, and the running becomes
fetid, the cartilage rotten. Has the inquirer still any
doubt? Let him take a portion of the foul matter, and
drop it into water : if it sinks, he may be assured of its
being real glanders, and it will likewise mix with the
water upon being well stirred about with a stick ; but
when the discharge is the effect of a cold only, it swims
near the surface, and preserves its slimy and ropy nature
notwithstanding the stirring.

4. All applications at the nose, except to cleanse
away the filth, having been found absolutely nugatory
and delusive as cures, and the practice of scraping and
trepanning proved equally barbarous and futile, we reject
them all, together with any preparation of mercury the
art of chemistry has devised. Sulphate of copper has
recently engaged the attention of several experimental-
ists, some of whom say they have succeeded in curing
the glanders by administering constant small doses, but
with the acknowledged fact, that they thereby destroyed
the coats of the stomach, which often compelled them to
desist ere sufficient trial had been given of its efficacy !
Very good feeding should accompany the exhibiting any
such a potent remedy — an indispensable concomitant to
the cure, we have reason for saying the gentlemen were
very likely to overlook. Whoever would again try this
species of experiment, let him give it in solution, by
means of the stomach tube, described in Chapter XVI.

5. Glanders have been cured spontaneously on a
large scale, under our own inspection, solely by regular

SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF GLANDERS. 131

good living ; a fine sea-side country and moderate work
being the only adjuncts. With such an auxiliary,
Venice turpentine^ diffused in steam, at the nostrils, has
removed recent cases of glanders, wherein the chancres
were already visible, the discharge fetid, and the gland
hard and fixed. To apply this remedy, make a bran
mash, hot, in which the turpentine is to be mixed ;
attach this, by means of a nose-bag, to the horse's head,
and renew its warmth in a quarter of an hour by means
of a pail of hot water, into which the bag is to be par-
tially immersed. Afterwards cover the body, neck, and
head, so as to promote perspiration ; but, if this do not
come on by those means, cover the body first, in a large
blanket wrung out in hot water — rub dry, cover up,
and repeat the same daily. In all such cases we have
given salt in every form the patient would take it — in his
feeds, in his water, and washed his legs and his nose with
salted water. With the same view we hear of sulphate
of iron being given in the water, the pail being suspended
in the stable for the horse to drink at will.

Cantharides have been spoken of, vehemently, in
a ponderous volume ; but the author (Mr. Vines) has not
enabled his readers to carry his suggestions into prac-
tice : they failed in our hands, and we have inquired in
vain for any attestation of success on his part.

Fistula in the Withers.

1. At its first appearance, this disorder maybe re-
pressed with very small trouble, being little more than a
saddle gall, but deeper seated. When the horse is
found to trip frequently, or to fall down unaccountably,
remove the saddle, and search at the withers, and along
the whole of its bearing, for the cause, when the horse
will flinch from the touch, and the part will be found
very hot, with an inconsiderable enlargement, or none
whatever. In this early stage, wash frequently with the

132

FITULA: EARLY MEASURES EFFECTUAL.

Cold Lotion.

Goulard's extract 2 ounces.

Vinegar 4 ounces.

Water 2 quarts. — Mix,

and apply with a sponge. If the case is recent, and the
horse is otherwise healthy, no other treatment will be
required. But such slight cases, it must be confessed,
occur but seldom, the same carelessness which permitted
the original fault, inducing a culpable neglect of these
first symptoms — dangerous and monitory as they must
prove on the road.

2. In the next stage, the cure is also extremely easy,
being at first simply a tumour^ that is reducible by the
usual treatment, described in the early part of this
chapter, page 117 ; but when neglected, it degenerates
into a fistulous sore, proves extremely difficult of cure,
and cannot be removed without severe treatment. As
soon as the swelling is perceiwed, fomentations should be
applied to promote suppuration ; and when matter is
formed, let the tumour be opened freely at its most
depending point, so that its contents may be completely
evacuated by pressure, and future accumulation pre-
vented, by keeping open the lips awhile. When these
are washed and sloughed off, heal the sore with digestive
liniment or ointment ; but should these fail to effect
their purpose, apply the detergent lotion 3 or 4 days,
until the sore assumes a red healthy appearance, and the
matter issues of a whiter and a thicker consistence.

Digestive Liniment.

Tincture of myrrh • • • 2 ounces.

Corrosive sublimate 10 grains. — Mix.

Detergent Lotion.

Soft soap, diluted 2 ounces.

Water of acetated ammonia 1 ounce. — Mix.

3. When, however, the disease has been neglected in

DECISIVE PRACTICE : OPERATION.

133

its first stage, and the offensive matter suffered to pene-
trate in pipes among the muscles, affecting the ligaments
or bones of the withers, a more decisive treatment is then
rendered indispensable. Still the tumour seldom comes
forward to ripeness, naturally, but is ascertained to be
making its way in several directions — more fearfully
when tending downwards. Fomentations of warm water,
in which cloths have been steeped and slightly wrung
out and applied to the parts, will be found highly service-
able to this end, and may be succeeded by poultices of
any material. When ripe^ open the most prominent
part, and insert at the orifice a whalebone probe to as-
certain the direction and extent to which the fistulous
pipes lead ; cut down upon each of these its whole
length, excepting only that one which tends towards the
shoulder, so far as to interfere with the action thereof.
When this extreme case occurs, the horse goes a little
lame, and the knife is not to pass all its length, but a
seton is to be inserted freely into its lowest or most de-
pending part, and kept open, so as the whole of its mat-
ter may escape through, and finally the slough come off
by the same orifice — which is then much enlarged, by
saturating the seton tape with an irritating mixture^
composed of spirits of wine, 2 ounces, corrosive subli-
mate, 1 scruple. In bad cases, we must not expect that
the pipes will slough oflP without being stimulated there-
to by the

Hot Mixture.

Take resin, tar, mutton suet,

and bees'- wax, of each. . 1 ounce ;

Melt slowly : take the ladle off the fire, and mix into it
Spirits of turpentine 1 ounce,

And verdigris 3 drams.

Pour into the open pipes, hot as it may be, and wrap
up. Secure the sound parts from contact with this mix-
ture, and also from the corrosive nature of the running
matter, when the dressings are applied. These are to

M

134> SCALDING MIXTURE, SCRAPING THE BONES?

commence when the sloughs which the hot mixture oc-
casion separate from the living parts, which is generally
found to be effected in 2 or 3 days.

4. If the surface of the sore appears red and healthy,
and the matter comes off whiter and of thicker consis-
tence, a repetition of this painful operation will not be
necessary ; but many farriers repeat " the scalding," as
they term it, twice in every case, though the necessity
thereof may not appear by the nature of the sore. In
after practice, Mr. White did not maintain the propriety
of his " very hot ointment;" nor is he known to have
practised "scraping with a drawing-knife the carious
bones of the withers ;" nature performing this operation
for us, in the constant disposition to throw off every
thing offensive, by the joint process of secretion and ab-
sorption. Cleanliness being very conducive to the cure,
the parts affected should be well sponged out every day
at dressing ; and pledgets, made of linen, rolled up with
a point, should be introduced, spirally, to the bottom of
each pipe, so as to draw forth what matter may descend
and lodge there.

Digestive Ointment.

Common turpentine 4 ounces.

Yolks of two eggs » mix well, and add

Myrrh, in powder 4 drams.

Gum mastich '• • • 2 drams.

Tincture of myrrh, sufficient to bring the whole
to a proper consistence.

Should the healing proceed too fast, sprinkle on the
dressing a small portion of sulphate of copper.

Poll Evil.

1. Although ascribed to some injury inflicted by man,
truly, in many cases, yet have we reason for saying that
abscess at the poll has arisen spontaneously; and in every
case its virulence would be in proportion to the predis-

CAUSES OF POLL-EVIL : TREATMENT.

135

position of the individual to contract tumours of one or
the other description, as set forth in the present chapter
more than once.

A bruise is the mildest origin Mr. White assigned to
this terrible-looking disorder, the which, by early atten-
tion, might easily be cured ; though without any such
external cause, it frequently assumes a most alarming
appearance, and baffles our efforts too long time, as re-
gards the class of animals usually attacked by it. If the
offensive matter be suffered to continue its ravages in-
wards and sideways, it frequently proves more difficult
of cure than fistula in the withers, and cannot be sub-
dued without our having recourse to those avowedly
strong remedies recommended in that noisome disease.
Like it, also, may a slight attack be repressed by the
means set down at page 131, though but seldom ; for the
less that can be seen or felt of the disorder, the deeper
it is seated, and therefore the more danger is to be appre-
hended from its ravages upon the bone and muscle, and
sometimes on the ligament which connects six out of
the seven bones of the neck together, and suspends the
whole by an attachment to the withers and back. It
is to the great action of the neck, imparting its influence
by friction (?), to the knoll bone, or poll, that is to be
ascribed most cases of poll-evil and the exceeding viru-
lence of every attack ; for, at that precise point the said
ligament terminates its attachment. Ordinary horses
are mostly subject to this disease.

2. When the tenderness and extent of the evil has
convinced the owner that time would be thrown away in
any futile attempt at repressing it, he will adopt the
more bold and decisive mode of treatment pursued in
the case of fistula. Bring the tumour forward to ripe-
ness by the same means, or somewhat stronger applica-
tions : mix chopped onions with the poultices ; and
when the opening has been effected as there directed,
let the hot mixture be made stronger by increasing the
proportion of turpentine. Prepare the whole mass in
M 2

136

CARE REQUIRED IN COMPOUNDING.

larger quantity, so as to bear some relation to the supe-
rior size of the present opening ; apply the same two or
three times, until the whole evil is sloughed off com-
pletely ; and wherever the matter appears pent up in
sinuses and corners, by membrane running transversely,
use the knife fearlessly, applying the point to these, and
avoid cutting acrosswise, and also of touching the neck-
bone behind the knoll, where the ligament before men-
tioned has its upper attachment, otherwise, the horse
will carry low his head ever after. Sometimes it be-
comes necessary to employ a more

Potent Hot Mixture.

Hogs'-lard and common tur-
pentine, of each 4 ounces.

Melt over a gentle fire, and add the following mixture :

Spirits of turpentine 3 ounces.

Vitriolic acid 1^ ounce.

Mix these intimately in an earthern glazed vessel, by
pouring the acid to the spirits; let the compounder
avoid the deleterious gas which then ascends, by stand-
ing to windward. Pour this to the former mixture, and
apply, as in case of fistula, hot, but not " very hot." Do
not keep the ladle on the fire after the two sets of in-
gredients are commixed, as the spirits would fiy off :
that must be taken as an oversight of Mr. White's suc-
cessors, who ordered the contrary course.

Complete the cure, by applying the digestive liniment
at page 132, or the ointment at page 134, and follow
the treatment there directed, as well as the *' cleanliness^'
recommended at the same page.

Saddle Galls — (Warbles) Sitfast,

1. These are but different names for degrees of the
same disorder, proceeding from the same cause (saddle
pressure) — the first mentioned being inflamed tumours,

SADDLE GALLS TREATMENT.

137

whilst a sitfasj; is a callous one : both produce sores^ the
first spontaneously, or by course of treatment, the se-
cond only by an operation. The cure of both is effected
by the same means ; being those (nearly) employed in
cases of fistula and poll evil.

2. As in the two preceding articles, repression of the
saddle galls may be tried, with more reason and greater
promise of success than usually attends such attempts in
fistulous cases. With this object in view, apply the cold
Zo/20w prescribed at page 132, by saturating several folds
of linen therein, and renewing the same afresh many
times a-day, until the tumour gives intelligible signs of
decay ; but if not so, and the case appears obstinate,
this course must be abandoned, as in fistula and evil,
and our efforts should now be addressed to its increase,
ripeness, and subsequent discharge. When swellings of
this kind are large from their first appearance, and much
inflamed, this ought to be the treatment from the begin-
ning— viz., procuring suppuration by means of fomenta-
tions and poultices, and then using the knife or lancet.
Dress with digestive liniment (page 132), or ointment
(pagel 34), and follow the same instructions as those given
for fistula, &c. Seldom, however, does it happen that
we find occasion to employ the hot mixture to the mere
saddle gall sore, such extreme cases being of rare occur-
rence with horses of any relative value.

3. SiTFASTs: their nature is somewhat implied by
the name, and consist of indurated tumours, the remains
of ill-cured warbles, or an original gall or bruise, in-
sufficient to create inflammation, and therefore without
matter ; a callosity, to the touch resembling leather.
Blistering the tumours, or merely washing with the
detersive lotion, will cause the edges of the induration to
separate, and it is then to be removed by force or the
knife ; the sore which remains may be healed with the
digestive liniment (page 132), or any greasy ointment.
Should a protuberance remain, apply the lunar caustic ;

M 3

138 COFFIN-JOINT LAMENESS, A CAUSE OF.

or it may be prevented by sprinkling a little blue stone,
powdered, upon the dressing.

Ointment for Sitfasts.

Camphor 2 drams.

Oil of origanum 1 dram.

Ointment of mallow leaves 4 ounces. — mix.

QuiTTOR.

1 . Like the foregoing disorders of the Poll, theWitherSt
&c., though Quittor is justly ascribed to a bruise, or to
a tread at the coronet, its malignancy depends in great
measure on the horse's health in other respects. So,
when sympathetic fever falls into the feet from the lungs,
causing contraction and compression, the corns and
canker which follow not unfrequently produce quittor;
which is then cured by giving vent to these disorders at
the sole, unless the constitutional health be bad. And
the same when the cause is well known to be a prick or
wound inflicted by the shoeing smith ; though the treat-
ment that follows, is very different under the several cir-
cumstances. If not attended to in time, the matter en-
gendered by the wound penetrates in various directions,
though the original puncture be scarcely visible ; the
pipes or sinuses extending in all directions, at some
places admitting the probe to pass downward under the
hoof, at others forwards or backwards in the course of
the coronet, or directly inward upon the cartilage; which
in time (though the disorder may not proceed to the
extent here contemplated) becomes as hard as the bone
whence it proceeds, and occasions "lameness of the coffin
joint," as shewn at d Hg. 6.

2. In the first case of quittor appearing, whether from
a tread, or spontaneously, the remedy is very simple, and
consists in introducing any caustic whatever, as verdi-
gris or corrosive sublimate, to the entire seat of the
disorder. Take of thinnest tissue paper, smear it over

TREATMENT OF QUITTOR. GREASE.

139

with lard or butter, and sprinkle thereon a few grains of
the sublimate ; roll it up into a point, the size of the
pipes, and effectually introduce one of these pledgets to
each pipe : cut off the ends close, and cover the whole
foot with an ordinary bran poultice to alleviate the in-
flammation and pain that will necessarily ensue. Keep
up the horse's head in a cradle. After a lapse of 3 or
4 days, the caustic will be found to have done its duty :
the core will slough off", leaving a large opening, with a
led healthy appearance. Dress with digestive ointment
or Friar s balsam, and if any part do not look thus
healthy, wash it so far with a solution of blue vitriol, or
sprinkle the part with the vitriol in powder, and place
the dressing over the whole.

3. In case of quittor arising from a wound in the sole,
the cure greatly depends on making an opening at the
exact seat of the original injury. Dress the opening thus
made with the compound tincture of benzoin and diges-
tive ointment. A poultice will be required to soften the
horn and to subdue the inflammation that ensues.

Grease.

1. Previous health and condition have great influence
on the degree and continuance of this disease; whether
it decline before the first slight remedies, or resist for a
long time the strongest means employed for its removal,
returning again and again at intervals, whenever the
horse is exposed to cold after exercise. Ill-constructed
stabling, with shallow stalls, is the chief exciting cause
of grease ; and a horse which has once suffered this dis-
ease continues ever after most liable to contract it, by
being led into a cold stream of water, or standing in the
cold after strong exercise ; whereas another horse, with
better legs, might, under the same mischievous practice,
contract farcy, perhaps, if not the more inflammatory
fever. Another erroneous practice is too generally fol-
lowed, of clipping the heels of horses, which by nature
require to have the hair long ; for, in proportion that the

140 CLIPPING THE HEELS, MISCHIEVOUS.

legs are hairy, the skin is thick, soft, and spongy, and
therefore liable to the full effects of being thus deprived
of its natural defence against cold and wet. In proof
hereof, remove by spreading abroad the hair upon the
shaggy heel of a waggon- horse which has been out in
sloppy weather, so as to examine the state of the skin,
which will, notwithstanding, be found dry and warm.
Again, if such a leg swell after being clipped, the appli-
cation of a flannel bandage at night will remove the
complaint by morning. Generally, however, the horses
most subject to grease, are those which suffer under a
debilitated constitution, wherein the secretions are car-
ried on with languor and the excretions are consequently
imperfect, particularly the urinary. And this may be
the case, although the horse with little work to do may
appear in fleshy condition, yet his system stands in need
of being invigorated ; as hand-rubbing, generous feed-
ing, with as much voluntary exercise in a loose box as
he can obtain, and a laxative hall, if the state of his
dunging require it, followed by tonics,

2. Such a ball generally improves the urinary excre-
tion also, which is found the principal curative of this
disease ; at least in slight cases, when the heels have
been first well washed in warm soapy water, and brushed
out dry and clean, and then washed with the astringent
lotion 5 or 6 times a-day. If the inflammation be con-
siderable, reduce it by means of an extensive poultice
for 2 or 3 days at least, made of bran, meal, or turnips,
not hoty and then apply the lotion as directed. Keep
the poultice moist and fresh, whilst required ; remove it
several times on the first days, clip the hair close, and
observe cleanliness. By this treatment, the discharge
becomes less and less offensive, or ceases altogether,
and cracks appear. Let these be washed in strong alum
solution^ and a thin film will cover the parts next day.
If the urine does not flow freely, as it ought, give the
alterative powder below.

3. When the disease is of long standing, or the horse

9

CAUSES OF GREASE : URINE.

141

has suffered from it before, more difficulty attends its re-
moval, and these powders must be persevered in until it
disappears. In very obstinate cases, a rowel in the thigh
will reduce the swelling, and improve the quality of the
discharge. A run at grass is found necessary to com-
plete the cure ; and, in the mean time, green, food, as
carrots, vetches, cut grass, clover, and bran mashes, may
be given, a change of diet being highly conducive to the
desired absorption. Should the patient become debili-
tated and droop, raise his spirits with good oats, sweet
hay, and a meal masb now and then ; if he put on flesh
and appear gross, give the alterative balls and powders ;
in such cases as these bleeding moderately has been
found serviceable, as promoting absorption. Indeed,
evei y change that is effected in the treatment, medicine,
diet, air, and exercise, all tend lo cause the all-desirable
absorption, or taking up into the system, the offensive
nature of this disease, in common with most others of its
class ; and this is the reason, and our apology, for the
number of things prescribed in carrying on the cure.
Much trouble, care, and labour, are necessary to effect
a tolerably perfect cure ; which appears to be an appro-
priate punishment for the indolence, carelessness, and
neglect of cleanliness, which first brought it on.

Astringent Lotions.

No. I. — Alum, powdered 1 ounce.

Vitriolic acid 1 dram.

Water 1 pint. — Mix.

No. 2. — Corrosive sublimate .... 2 drams.

Muriatic acid 4 drams.

Water 1 pint. — Mix.

The latter, although strong, may be improved by adding
blue vitriol, 1 dram.

Astringent Powders,

No. 1.— Alum, powdered 4 ounces.

Bole, powdered I ounce. — Mix.

142

DOCTRINE OF TUBERCULOUS DISORDERS.

No. 2. — Vitriolated zinc

2 ounces.

2 ounces. — Mix.

Bole, powdered

Astringent Ointment,

Hogs'-lard

Oil of turpentine

Acetated water of litharge

4 ounces.
2 drams,
i ounce. — Mix.

Alterative Powders.

Nitre and resin, powdered,

of each 4 ounces — Mix,

and divide into 8 doses, one to be given in the corn at
evening stables.

cS^" Whoever has pursued the foregoing investigation
of the tuberculous disorders incident to horses, the most
prominent whereof and oft-recurring, we now bring to a
close, must have observed how much one kind depends
upon another; insomuch, that no two of them ever
appear together in the same individual, unless when one
supersedes another, as the farcy -glanders; he will, there-
fore, come to the conclusion, with us, that a vitiated
state of the animal system attends every case of tumour
connected with the circulation of the blood, as all those
treated of in the foregoing pages most assuredly are.

Mercurial Alterative,

with syrup into a ball for one dose.

Calomel • • • •

Aloes •

Hard soap • •
Oil of juniper

30 drops. — Mix

^ dram.

1 dram.

2 drams.

Water-farcy and Wens.

1. Very obscure in its origin, and by some ascribed to
chest founder^ from the stiffness of the legs, inability to

ANTICOR, WENS, ANBURY.

143

graze, and occasional lameness ; yet, from its resemblance
to the diffused swelling of the hind legs, which charac-
terizes the worst stage of farcy (page 124), we prefer its
old name. Although termed Antecoeur ( Anticor ) by
the French, from its situation before the heart (or coeur),
we coincide with the vulgar English in ascribing it to the
same cause as farcy, with dropsical symptoms super-
added, the effect of great debility that arises from change
of coat. It is considered epidemic, and is then accom-
panied by sore throat. See Catarrh. An enlargement
at the breast, with an extended base towards the throat,
that threatens suffocation, denote this rather foreign than
English disorder, that is here further attended by symp-
tomatic fever and inflammation of the surrounding mus-
cles, which waste away by long continuance.

2. Bleed without delay, copiously ; give the mild
purging ball at page 46, preceded by a bran mash, and
followed by more. Foment the swelling three or four
times a-day, at least, with bran water : promote absorp-
tion by varying the food, &c., as directed in a preceding
page (141), and give daily, for a week or more, the fol-
lowing—

Fever Balls.

Emetic tartar 2 drams.

Venice turpentine 4 drams. — Mix,

with liquorice powder sufficient to form 1 ball.

3. Examine the swelling : if upon pressure it retains
the pit made by the finger, it is a sign of dropsy, and
the water must be discharged by puncturing in several
places, and on the lowest or most depending part of the
swelling. Continue the fomentations, and encourage
the discharge by keeping open the orifice with tow
pledgets. Sometimes the swelling runs along the lower
belly towards the sheath ; the treatment, however, is the
same. At other times it assumes a more distinct form
on the breast, and then acquires the name of Ambury, or

144 INDOLENT TUMOURS, TREATMENT OF.

4. Anbury. This tumour is not very frequent,
though we have found hunters of great worth so disfi-
gured, for the thing itself neither obstructs the pace or
endangers the rider. The Anbury is supposed to come
of a blow from bushes, or prick of thorns, in leaping
hedges, and consists in an enlargement of the true skin
— on the carcase mostly. Those which form with a nar-
row base are easily removeable by tying a horse-hair
tight round it, and in about a week the tumour falls off,
when it is to be treated as a common sore ; unless, in-
deed, a part of the root is left behind, as usually hap-
pens, when this must be previously extirpated with the
actual cautery, the knife, or by sprinkling thereon pow-
dered copperas. Some of these tumours have much
blood in them, which proves a connection with some
minor artery ; the flow of blood from such an one should
therefore be stanched as soon as the tumour drops (or
can be taken away), by the ligature, or by the cautery.
Dress with the digestive ointinent. After this treatment,
purge or bleed, according to circumstances of condition
and health, and as those other symptoms may indicate.

5. Warts and Wens, which have little or no feeling
in them, rise in various parts of the skin; the latter kind
being seated in the true skin, have a connection with a
small vein, and require treatment; whereas the rmrt is
seated in the scarf skin, and is easily eradicated by means
of the scissors and searing the part, or applying a caus-
tic thereto, as verdigris and savin leaf, in equal quantities.
If the wen come not on a sinewy part, or near a joint,
extirpate the same with the knife, by dividing the skin
only from the bottom upwards, and drawing it back : the
swelling is to be levelled with the adjoining surface.
This was the old practice ; the following is far preferable.
If the wen can be drawn out whole by the pincers, the
cure is then effected by merely lapping over the skin
and strapping it down with the adhesive plaster, the
hair having been previously shaved off. With the wen a
nerve-like string comes away, of good length.

EXTERNAL VIOLENCES COMMITTED BY MAN. 145

CHAPTER XII.

WovNBS Ai^D Bnvis^s '.—Inflictions; Strains;
Dislocations.

1, All those disorders we come now to inquire into,
their nature and means of cure, under their several sub-
divisions, may be considered external violences, com-
mitted by man upon his faithful servant — the horse.
We turn, without relief, from the pains incurred through
the ignorance or injudicious treatment of his master, to
those others that are inflicted by his ambition, his plea-
sures, his profit, or his brutal passions.

2. All the wounds of horses are incurred under cir-
cumstances of great excitement, whether in war, in the
race, or on the road ; reckoning as nothing here those
few which come of sheer carelessness in keeping and
shoeing. Most cases of the kind we now contemplate
are likewise tolerably recent, when brought to be cured,
so that we can ascertain some of the attendant circum-
stances with sufficient accuracy for our purpose ; for ex-
ample, the amount and manner of contusion, the quan-
tity of blood spilled, &c. Because, when the first has
been much and the other httle, further bleeding, to a
good extent, becomes indispensable ; but not so when
much blood has been already lost, as is the case in in-
cised wounds, wherein no bruise or contusion accom-
panies the cut, and enough has already flowed to keep
down the feverish symptoms. Promptitude stands us in
good stead in all such events. The first necessary opera*

N

146 WOUNDS OF DIFFERENT KINDS : CONTUSION,

tion is to remove carefully all dirt, or other extraneous
substance ; washing the wound with water, not cold,
and searching for stubs to its base, which should be in-
jected with a syringe.

3. If the wound has been inflicted with a clean cut-
ting instrument, unaccompanied by bruise or laceration,
and the divided parts do not gape much, they may be
neatly sewed together, so that the cure shall be effected
by the Jirst intention. This may also be accomplished
better in some cases, by bringing the parts together, and
keeping them in position by a firm bandage ; for, should
the stitches rend asunder, the cure is thereby defeated,
and life endangered : our choice in this respect must be
guided by the part that is injured. A roller must be
applied of sufficient width, and kept constantly moisten-
ed with the saturnine lotion (page 132), diluted with an
equal quantity of water, to assist in retaining the parts
in their situation until they unite,which may take up 4, 6,
or 8 days ; unless, indeed, considerable swelling and in-
flammation come on, when it becomes necessary to re-
move the roller, in order to apply the fomentations which
are requisite in all such cases. At any rate, the roller
will be found serviceable in stopping the flow of blood
from the more considerable vessels, which have been
effected by compression. The principal obstacle to this
re-union of the divided parts — and which we must not
attempt until means have been prepared to overcome it
— is the natural restlessness of the patient ; and which
we can only accomplish by strong ligatures, by slinging,
cradling the head, or splintering the limb, or limbs, ac-
cording to circumstances. Add to these means, the
reduction of the animal powers by depletion and purga-
tion, with comparative abstinence, and we may reckon
upon a few days of tractability, without any doubt as to
the result.

Fever will naturally supervene from the first hour
of the accident, which will change its symptoms as the
cure goes on; the medical treatment whereof may be

XACERATION, HOW RENOVATED : PUNCTURES. 147

now instructively studied by turning to page 29. Keep
up the evacuations.

4. Contused wounds, however, accompanied by lacer-
ation, are more frequent than the simply incised ; still
the union should be always attempted (if a desirable ani-
mal), unless wholly impracticable. Fomentation of the
parts, often, then becomes necessary, in order to promote
the formation of matter in the wound, and the reduc-
tion of the surrounding effusions, by forwarding the ab-
sorption thereof. Should considerable swelling and
inflammation arise, moderate bleeding near the affected
parts, with further laxative medicines, or more active
physic, are highly proper : a poultice will alleviate the
symptoms materially. As soon as those symptoms shall
have been removed, discontinue the fomentation and
poultice, and apply only the digestive ointment, or the
liniment X^di^e 132); but should the wound appear in-
disposed to heal, discharging a thin offensive matter,
apply instead of this, the detergent lotion (page 132).
When the granulation of new flesh goes on too
luxuriantly, that is, when what is called " proud flesh"
makes its appearance, the caustic poAvder (blue vitriol)
is to be sprinkled on the wound. Notwithstanding the
formidable appearance of some such wounds, nature
does wonders for the renovation of the parts, the surgeon
being but a humble assistant in aiding its powers.
Slight wounds heal generally with very little trouble, and
sometimes without the interference of art. In wounds
of this kind, tincture of myrrh (the digestive liniment,
at page 132), or the compound tincture of Benzoin, are
found efficacious; the latter chiefly when the injury has
been inflicted a long time, and the cure goes on tardily,
and stands in need of stimulation.

5. Punctured wounds, or such as have been made
with sharp-pointed instruments, are generally pro-
ductive of more inflammation than those that have a
more formidable appearance ; and if such wound hap-
pens to penetrate into a joint, or the cavity of the chest

148 PUNCTURES TO BE CLOSED. MEDICAL TREATMENT.

or belly j the worst consequences are to be apprehended,
unless it be skilfully treated. The effects hereof were
anticipated, when treating of inflammation, at page 29.
When a joint has been so punctured, the synovia, or
joint oil, may be observed flowing from the wound.
Hereupon, the first care is, to close the opening that has
been made into the joint ; for, as long as it remains
open, the inflammation will go on increasing, and the
pain will be so great, as to produce symptomatic fever,
which has often proved fatal.

6. The most effectual method of closing a wound, is by
applying the actual cautery to its lips ; but this is only
applicable to those cases wherein the wound is of the punc-
tured kind, and small ; for, when the wound is large,
and of the lacerated kind, it is next to impossible to
close it effectually, by any means, and death is frequently
the consequence. As in the preceding cases, when the
opening has been closed, if not done before, it is of the
utmost importance to guard against the inflammation
that may be expected to arise, or to remove it, if already
present. To effect this purpose, bleeding and purging
are the most effectual remedies ; and a rowel near the
affected joint, above it, will be found useful also. Should
the joint be swollen much, employ the blister prescribed
at page 58, around the base of the swelling, after the
inflammation subsides a little.

7. Foot wounds, from stubs, over-reaching, taking up
a nail, &c. often prove troublesome, when neglected :
in fine, this one word, neglect, is the besetting sin of
horse-keeping, from the crown of his head, to the sole of
his foot. As soon as a horse falls lame, examine his
foot, and take care no dirt enters the wound, or at least,
that none remain. Apply the detergent lotion imme-
diately, and then the digestive ointment or liniment,
(page 132), and no more treatment will be necessary in
ordinary cases. When the sensible part of the foot is
wounded in shoeing, by driving the nails into the
amellcc that connect the hoof and the foot-bone together,

WOONDED TENDONS ; SURGICAL REMEDY. 149

compound tincture of Benzoin is to be applied, which has
the effect of closing the orifice.

8. Tendons, in like manner, are very liable to punc-
tured wounds, or rather the membranous sheaths that
surround those which are termed hack sinews ; and, what
is most melancholy to relate, many such have been in-
flicted, in my own neighbourhood, by the fork at mak-
ing up, or otherwise, through carelessness, or some worse
fault, of the stable folk. Those sheaths being furnished
with small secretory sacs, which produce a slippery
fluid, resembling joint oil, any wound there causes the
fluid to escape, under the skin, where it dries up, and is
followed by great pain and inflammation ; whilst in-
curable lameness is the consequence of severe medical
treatment. If, moreover, the flexor tendon itself be
wounded, the case is still more aggravated: excessive
inflammation soon takes place in those hitherto quies-
cent parts, which occasions much trouble, and some
risk. Let the lips of the wound be brought together,
and retained by adhesive plaster ; but, for small punc-
tures only, the lunar caustic should be first applied, or
white vitriol : in these cases, do not employ the actual
cautery. When a swelling remains, reduce it with blis-
tering, once or twice, after the inflammation has been
abated by fomentations and the saturnine poultice.
Bleeding is here again necessary. Gangrene sometimes
ensues a high and long continued state of inflammation ;
in any situation, and under every circumstance of wounds,
indeed, is that liability incurred, see page 29.

a poultice of the ordinary consistence : apply in a cloth
wrapper.

Saturnine Poultice,

Goulard's Extract

Water

Linseed Meal . - •

1 pint.

enough to make

N 3

150

ABSCESS CAUSED BY BLOWS.

Bruises.

1. In recent bruises, of any consequence, the embro-
cation, camphorated spirits, or any stimulant, if applied
immediately, will disperse the effusion that soon takes
place ; but, after awhile, that inflammation is found to
^n^exw Que, fomentations are the most appropriate reme-
dies, with moderate bleeding, and a laxative, in either
case. In slight cases, however, the contrary course is
best: then wash the parts with the cold lotion, (page 132),
diluted with water to one half its strength.

2. If abscess forms, in consequence of a bruise, dis-
charging large quantities of matter, particularly if the
discharge be of a bad colour and offensive smell, the
wound or ulcer also appearing dark-coloured and rotten,
indicating approaching mortification, the horse's strength
must be sustained by allowing a supply of oatmeal gruel,
and malt mashes, in addition to his corn ; and if the ap-
petite goes off, he must be drenched with both, or either,
warm : give the cordial drench, if the malt does not raise
his pulse a little : see Tumours, page 115.

3. Should a callosity remain after the foregoing
treatment, the embrocation is to be well rubbed into the
part twice a day, and if this does not succeed, recourse
must be had to a blister.

Embrocation for Bruises and Strains.

Camphor • • • • ^ oz.

Oil of turpentine 1 oz.

Soap liniment H oz. — mix.

4. Blows and Bruises, as just said, (section 2), oc-
casion swellings and abscess, when inflicted on fleshy
parts, ill able to bear the j^unishment ; the small fibres
being broken, causes the abscess, and its disruption is its
cure, as we have seen above, (p^ges 27, 1 IG). But bloivs

EFFECTS OF BLOWS, KICKS, BITES : REPELLANT. 151

on the headf which we often see inflicted in the metro-
poHs, subject horses to convulsive disorders in after life,
for which there is no cure ; and kicks or blows on the
joints, frequently inflict incurable lameness, generally on
capsular ligaments, which thereby become as hard as
bone, and the joint enlarged and almost stiflP. Blister-
ing such a swelling at its highest margin, in a circle,
all round, but not extensively, gives it relief, though
nothing will completely cure : if the Mistering be in-
judiciously carried on higher up the shank bone, the
swelled joint will get larger in consequence ; in fact,
many cases of which we have been cognizant of the
cause, arose from inflictions on the bone above the joint
affected, but the effect had extended to the joint.

5. Horses at grass, at market houses and race sta-
bles, are frequently hurt by kicks and bites from others,
most of them about the neck, back, withers and shoul-
ders ; and to such a degree do they maul each other,
that a considerable swelling takes place, with inflam-
mation, accompanied by symptomatic fever, (see page
38). Apply the repellant, viz. the cold lotion, (page 132),
diluted with more water, or vinegar and water, stale beer
grounds, &c. If a tumour is found to rise up, discon-
tinue this treatment; foment it, poultice the part, and
open it when ripe, as before directed in other cases
{Tumour, page 1 15) ; but as you will not now apprehend
that it has any connection with the circulation, let the
treatment be the same as for critical abscess, pages 26
—28, 56.

Repellant for Bruises.

Vinegar 1 pint.

Water |- pint.

Armenian Bole 2 drams. — mix.

Broken Knees.
1. Generally occurring upon going a good pace, the
amount of injury will be proportioned to the speed and

152 BROKEN KNEES ; JOINT OIL ; TREATMENT.

the weight behind, (perhaps) propelling the horse along,
whilst his knees are scraping a gritty, if not a stony
road. If the mischief extends to laying open the knee
joint, little hopes remain of effecting a cure; and, should
the horse be one of moderate value, he would not be
worth the trouble of a trial that is always expensive, and
ever doubtful. However this be, we may ascertain the
fact, by passing the probe to the base ; by the depth it
enters, and its grating, we find in how much the bone
is laid bare. For further proof, apply a linseed poultice,
and at the end of 12 hours, on removing it, we shall
find joint oiZ has issued, of a thin, yellowish cast,
and we proceed, or not, at our peril. If the flow of oil
continues, inflammation and gangrene ensue ; this may
be prevented, in some measure, by washing the knees,
all round the wound, but not on it, with the cold lotion,
(page 132), diluted with more water, before any poultice
is put on. A digestive ointment is sometimes requisite.

2. Washing with weak lotion, indeed, twice or thrice,
should precede every other application (next after
sponging out the dirt and grit from the wound), to keep
down the inflammation, which will always accrue, more
or less, whether the skin be divided or not. According
to the previous condition of the patient, will be obvious
the necessity of bleeding, and other treatment, recom-
mended above, for Wounds" generally, sections 4 — 6.
Rest is quite indispensable in every case, and in the
worst cases, any departure from this injunction is al-
ways fatal ; leading the afflicted horse to the doctor's,
makes a part of this erroneous practice, and riding or
leading him home, is but an aggravated version of the
same error. Mere contusions may be brought to sub-
side with no other treatment ; and if the cut be not se-
riously lacerated, the cure is easily effected, by the ban-
dage compressing the lips of the wound together ; but
in any case, should small portions of the skin hang
pendant, let these be replaced so as to re-unite properly ;
loss of substance here being sorely felt in the sequel.

RESTORATION OF BROKEN KNEES.

153

The application of the hot iron, recommended by the
compilers of " the Horse," can only succeed in case of
small 'punctures, as described above, section 6. Mr.
Cherry says, with more reason, that —

3. All wounds of the knee from tumbling down, must
of necessity be contused wounds. They are not like a
clean cut, where the separated parts being brought to-
gether, and kept in place a short time, firmly unite ;
but they are wounds with a loss of substance, which has
to be supplied by new granulations. When the quantity
of substance lost is but small, it is soon renewed ; and,
if the new formed parts are not bruised while yet ten-
der, nor stretched by working the patient, all goes on
well. The prominence, which is apparent at first, soon
subsides, and the hair grows as before. How are these
two opposite effects produced ? Why, by more blood
being sent to the part, and circulating quicker, which
produces heat — by some persons mistakenly considered
a morbid inflammation, though quite indispensable in
carrying on the curative process of nature. The cure
of broken knees is, in reality, a work of time ; the in-
jured parts regenerate slowly ; nature will not allow her
own efforts to be wantonly infringed upon, and very often
it happens, that the best treatment devisable by man,
consists in looking on and doing nothing !

4. After such an accident, the horse loses much of
its value, if the hair does not cover the scar naturally,
as also when any protuberance remains. Both objec-
tions, however, may be obviated in time, by the same
means. In default of the heat and inflammation just
alluded to, the protuberance usually resists being ab-
sorbed, whereupon artificial warmth is to be supplied
by very mild blister after the wound has healed ; which
will not only promote absorption of the callosity, but
stimulate the hair to grow thickly over the scar, of its
natural colour. This being usually black, ivory black,
and hogs' lard, are to be mixed with the blistering ma-
terial ; though some employ gunpowder and lard only.

154 INTERFERING, CUTTING PREVENTIVES.

If a chesnut colour is required, Armenian bole is to be
mixed with the digestive ointment before the scar is
healed completely.

As a preventive, the knee caps of Messrs. Whip-
py, in the Borough, are found to answer every purpose
of such a contrivance : they have our cordial appro-
bation.

Inflictions. — Cutting; Strains^ of Shoulder, Hip,
Stifle, and Back sinews,

1. Cutting hdLS ks degrees and gradations of injury,
according to the quantity of punishment inflicted, the
part that strikes the blow, and the point that is stricken;
merely touching one leg with the foot of the other, by
the high bred horse, genteelly termed interfering^ be-
ing productive of lameness in training, with all its con-
sequences upon the owner's engagements. Turning in
his stall, instead of backing sufficiently, on going out
in the morning, principally, together with the strong
exercise that immediately follows, being the prolific
cause of the appalling announcement of " fell lame in
training," when the bets run heavy; whilst the more
ordinary horses, which do not cross the legs in turning
short, as racers do, only inflict the cut or contusion in
going apace. The common travelling pace inflicts the
injury upon the fetlock joint ; whereas the infliction is
made near to the knee, only when the horse is on a
swing trot or gallop, thence termed " the speedy cut,"
and is frequently accompanied by a dangerous come
down both to horse and rider. Horses cut mostly after
hard work over ploughed land, and young ones sooner
than those whose bones are settled in their proper
places. Such young horses require no more treat-
ment than the protection of a boot, or defence of leather
that covers the part stricken, until they acquire more
strength, and grow to their proper form of going.

2. Much controversy as to the part which inflicts
the cut, and the cause thereof, has amused and puzzled

CUTTING, HOW OCCASIONED ! SHOULDERS, SETTING ON. 155

the gentlemen of many words and few ideas ; but the
whole affair is soon settled by two experiments : 1st, on
the inflicting hoof and shoe let some tar be smeared,
and upon being put in motion this will be rubbed off;
2ndly, as the cutting comes on mostly when the shoes
are somewhat worn, and the toe does not point aright,
take off and shift the worn shoes from left to right, and
you restore the proper pointing, whilst the cutting is
abated for the present. Having ascertained the part
which inflicts the injury, rasp it down as much as may
be done with safety^ the inside of the hoof being ex-
ceedingly susceptible of every such reduction, which
few feet can well afford to part with ; if the fault be
in the shoe, bevel it away on the ground edge, drive no
nails, or but one on the inside, taking especial care that
the outsides are well driven and well clenched, and
hammered down again in a few days. As to mxaking
the shoe thicker at one branch of the heel than at the
other, this will depend entirely on which quarter the
tread is heaviest, being sometimes on the inner, some-
times on the outer ; this fact, therefore, must be ascer-
tained by the 2nd experiment, as above. Cutting does
not always depend upon the foot which inflicts it, in-
deed, but seldom : the original fault lies higher up, viz. at
the shoulder. This interesting fact has been fully proven
in the 1st Chapter of my Veterinary Surgery.'*

3. When a horse has been strained in hunting, his
toes turn in, both before and behind ; the same defects
reversed, come naturally, when the knees or the hock
turn in, and the toes turn out : the first mentioned de-
fect is termed pigeon-toed," when the quarter next to
the toe inflicts the cut or bruise, chiefly the speedy cut ;
the second, or cat-hammed and knee-knocked defect,
cause the toes to turn out, when the quarter next the
heel inflicts the injury, and if the shoe is made wider
at the branches than the hoof, as it ought for well-
formed legs, then it is the shoe heel which requires re-
duction. Some horses have the fore limbs set on, high

156

PIGEON-TOED AND CAT-HAMMED.

up at the shoulders, so that they go " low before and
are those which wear away the inner quarter, or batter
the hoof much on the ground, well known as " high-
goers ;" whilst the contrary form of limbs, set on low
on the carcase, occasions the tread to bear greatly on
the outer quarter. Mr. White was in acknowledged
error, when he expressed his opinion, that ** the toe in-
flicted the wound ;" though he was quite correct in di-
recting one more remedy — " keep the toe as short as
possible," says he, truly ; as this strengthens the inner
quarter, and causes it to grow more upright, whilst the
long toe occasions it to spread, or become splat-footed.

Saddle galls, sitfastSy or warbles, though rightly ac-
counted bruises at first, yet have we treated those in-
flictions among the class of tumours, to which they very
soon closely assimilate.

Strains — or, more accurately. Sprains.

1. On this subject every sportsman ought to be well
acquainted, since his horses are particularly liable to
such accidents, and still more so to vulgar misapprehen-
sions regarding the situation of the injury, and conse-
quent mistreatment of the malady. Strains, or rather
sprains, are almost invariably disorders of the limbs, af-
fecting either the fleshy parts, or the joints; that is to
say, the connecting parts of joints, as of the ligaments
that tie them together, or of the tendons which put them
in motion : these latter are the flexors or back sinews^
which sometimes give way in racing, so as to sever the
ligaments, whereby the horse is emphatically said to
* break down' — as more particularly described below, at
p. 161.

2. Strain in the Shoulder. More frequently
ideal than real, we must still speak of strain in the
shoulder, rather as a thing possible than of frequent re-
currence. Shoulderslip, is another of the vaguely as-
serted accidents of the fore limbs ; and * swimming the

LAMENESS TESTS FOR ASCERTAINING IT. 157

horse,' by way of cure, an equally ignorant and ineffi-
cacious attempt, long scouted by men of sense. Not
but a cause of lameness is sometimes met with in the
shoulder of the lower bred cattle ; but then it lies deep,
obscure and incurable : tumour of the scapula, and on
the side next the ribs, is not unfrequent ; it is described
below, (section 6.) In all asserted ' strain' of the limb,
unless the true signs are present, and the rider or driver
knows of the accident that occasioned the lameness, for
it could not happen at ordinary work, the disorder is
merely suppositious ; it then lies in the foot, or joints.
Examine the lower extremities, and consult in all cases
what is said farther down, as to diseases of the foot —
strain of the back sinews, coffin-joint lameness, splents,
spavins, corns, &c. As to the ' Signs of lameness,' con-
sult Chapter XV. section 2. ; and keep in mind, that, al-
though the first symptoms may abate, or wholly subside,
on the horse taking exercise, yet, at its return, if the
disorder lies in the upper part of the limb, or any joint,
the lameness is worse after the exercise ; but not so in
the cases of spavin, windgalls, curb, and the like : it then
is evidently relieved by rest.

3. When the lameness really lies in the shoulder, the
muscles of which exceed every other in coarseness and
strength, it occasions inflammation, with great heat and
tension of the parts — the attack comes on immediately
after the accident, and is very considerable. Whereas,
any lameness in the foot (for Avhich it is so frequently
mistaken), is generally gradual in its progress, (unless
proceeding from a Wound,) and does not at all hinder
the extension of the limb. On the contrary, in genuine
shoulder strain, the toe on the affected limb is either
drawn along the ground, or the patient moves his foot
in a circle outwards, at every step he takes ; great pain
is evinced on doing this, and at rest, the toe is thrown
pointedly forward. In violent cases, — as a fall on leap-
ing over, or on going fast down-hill, the horse appears
wholly incapable of extending any part of the limb,
o

158 STRAIN OF THE STIFLE, HOCK, AND HIP.

4. As the disorder in these cases lies very deep, viz.
at the attachment of the shoulder blade to the ribs,
bleeding must be resorted to ; but, if not a very bad
case, and lying near the surface, fomentations of marsh-
mallows, or of bran and camomile flowers, applied to
the lower part of the chest, and withinside of the arm,
will afford relief. In case of bleeding, operate upon the
plate vein, and give the laxative ball, page 46. If the
injury is considerable, insert a rowel at the chest ; give
perfect rest, and a loose box as soon as the pain and
inflammation abate, which may be promoted by the cold
lotion. After awhile, take walking exercise, in hand,
unless great pain be evinced, though some reluctance to
move about may be expected, before those very strong
muscles regain their right action : if the recovery be
long procrastinated, a blister will assist it materially. A
2 or 3 months* run at grass, will not be a day too much
to complete the cure.

5. Strain of the Stifle. In this case, the stifle will
be found unusually hot and tender to the touch, with
swelling. Apply fomentations, which suffice in slight
cases ; if not, apply a rowel, and give the mild purging
ball, at page 46. When, by these means, the inflam-
mation of the joint has abated, leaving the swelling and
lameness as bad as ever, apply the embrocation for
strains, page 151. Strain of the hock joint, requires
the same treatment. See Chapter XV. section 2., for
* signs of lameness.'

6. Strain of the hip — commonly termed — of the whirl-
bone, or round bone. Too often it happens, when any
lameness occurs in the hind leg, the cause of which
may be too obscure for the farrier's comprehension, he
confidently pronounces it a strain in the whirl-bone ;"
and this he does with all that affectation of infallibility,
which at one time of day characterised the whole fra-
ternity. Familiar as are the every-day cases of lame-
ness behind, from disorders of the leg, we are left in as-
tonishment at the hardihood, which, in this respect, still

LAMENESS FROM BONE TUMOURS.

159

maintains its ground, in spite of experience : spavin in
embryo, or strain of the hock joints are those disorders
which people most commonly mistake for hip lameness.
For our own part, none of us ever saw a case of strain
here, or other damage, that did not proceed from a blow
or bruise, on the horse entering a narrow door- way, or
in turning short into a gate-way. These are simple
bruises, and should be treated as such : see page 151.
Never blister the hip, nor apply the iron to it ; nor the
ayls, nor any other cure-all nostrums, burning, escha-
rolic and destructive as they all are.

(J^f Turn to the * Signs of lameness,' in chap, xv ;
and read again sections 1 — 4, on * shoulder strain,' as
equally applicable to hip strain.

^ Many of those affections of the legs which cause
lameness, are concealed tumours on the bones (like
splents), which never shew themselves to the eye, until
dissection takes place. Such enlargements we have
found on almost every part of the legs, from the car-
case to the hoof : on the shank, on the shoulder bone,
near the elbow, underneath the back sinews, &c., and
though not large, they were sufficient to impede the
action. Such bony excrescences, or tumours, frequently
occur, also, on the carcases of low bred cattle; as may
be observed on turning over a lot of bones in the knack-
er's receptacle. With this leading fact impressed upon
the mind, how much anxiety, in investigating the cause
of lameness, might be spared ! how much trouble and
expense, fruitlessly bestowed on hopeless cases, might
be saved, by sending the afflicted animal to the knack-
er's at once ! The more lamentable, because such horses
are of small price, the owners not rich.

7. Strain of the back, is matter of doubt; Mr. White
rather chose to consider it an injury, generally. When
the muscles swell, they only are injured, and a partial
cure may be effected, by fomenting the parts and strap-
ping with adhesive plaster.

o2

160 LAMENESS FROM INJURIES OF TKE FOOT BONES.

Strain of the Back Sinews, otherwise * Coffin
Joint and Navicular Lameness.'

1. The back sinews (in the plural) would be more
intelligibly described, as the flexor tendon and its sheath,
the first descending from behind the knee, inclosed in
the sheath, is attached to the bottom of the coffin bone,
whilst the sheath terminates in the small pastern. As
in passing to the coflin bone, the tendon must necessarily
press upon the navicula, or shuttle bone, any indispo-
sition of one part soon communicates to the others also;
though the swelling and heat of the sinew will declare
its superior virulence, their absence equally indicates
that the interior of the foot is then the seat of inflam-
matory heat and of lameness, that admits of no radical
cure. Between the flexor tendon and its sheath are
numerous filaments, in which is secreted an oily fluid,
designed to supple and lubricate the parts ; but when,
through over-work, inflammation supervenes, this fluid
is soon exhausted ; for want of it the parts adhere, and
the work continuing, causes the stiffness, heat, and
swelling, which constitute the disorder. Sometimes,
the very minute sacs which secrete this fluid in the legs,
are ruptured, when those other disorders arise, we term
windgalls, and thorough pin. When the fibres, which
tie down the tendons, are ruptured, or the insertion of
tendon at the bones is torn asunder, this is utter ruin,
or ' breaking down.*

2. When the case is a very bad one, the general
health of the horse is affected with symptomatic /every
(see page 38,) and requires bleeding and physicking.
Meantime, foment the part with warm water, or bran
mash or mallows. Prepare a flne bran poultice, suffi-
ciently large to cover the whole ; mixing into it the sa-
turnine lotion, hot, with linseed meal enough to give it
the proper consistency. Look well to the bandaging,

NAVICULAR LAMENESS TREATMENT OF. 161

and compel the patient to be quiet. Take this off when
cool, and foment it again, well ; prepare another such
warm poultice, or add hot lotion again to the former,
and repeat this alternation several times, assiduously,
during the first 2 days, at any rate. Afterwards apply
saturnine lotion^ diluted ; and when the inflammation
is a little abated, the embrocation for strains may be
applied, two or three times only, and no more — Mr,
White himself having abandoned the too pertinacious
employment of this means of causing the absorption
that is requisite to effectuate the cure. He also re-
linquished firing f at this stage ; and recommended
blistering only when the swellings proved obstinate, and
it remains after the inflammation is subdued.

3. Prefer taking the blood, when this is deemed
necessary, from the toe ; but very few ordinary men
can find the large vein under the toe, so as to in-
sure obtaining a sufficient quantity — say 2 or 3 quarts :
immersing the foot in warm water, causes the blood
to flow freely ; and if a doubt exists as to the real
quantity taken, the water-pail may be marked, and all
above it dipped out, with the graduated or other mea-
sure. As soon as the horse can bear his foot plane on
the ground, as he will by help of the foregoing treat-
ment, the enlargement may be reduced by bandaging
the leg tolerably tight. Let a long bandage of cotton
or flannel, be dipped in the embrocation; pass it spi-
rally round the part, from the heel upwards, making
it fast above the knee, or the hock, as the case may be.
Remove this frequently — more so at first, pass the hand
gently over the swelling, moisten the bandage with the
same embrocation, to which as much vinegar has been
added. In a week, the patient will bear slight rubbing,
and the bandage tightened daily, whereby we may ex-
pect a complete reduction of all the symptoms save one,
in every ordinary case. A loose box, gentle exercise in
hand, and finally, a long run at grass, may render the
horse serviceable once more.

o 3

162

ECONOMY OF THE FOOT, NOT EXAMINED

CHAPTER XIIL
Anatomical Description of the Horse's Foot.

1. Obvious as the fact must be to every one, that
the best mode of preserving the feet of our horses, con-
sists in following nature, and adhering to its forms, yet
was all inquiry into the structure and economy of this
indispensable member of an animal made for progres-
sion, quite neglected, until a very recent period. So
much so, that old Snape, (1687), Lafosse and Gibson,
(1743), who severally published elaborate dissections
of the whole subject, yet omitted to open the Aoq/" com-
pletely, to see what it contained that might be worth
preserving ; on the contrary, they seemed to hit upon
small particles, by means of comparative anatomy, as if
by accident, and whenever they presented to us the
portrait of the entire skeleton, they all gave us a repre-
sentation of the hoof, untouched, as it appears during
life ! None of them pretended to have seen the na-
vicula, or nut bone, the coronary ring or the cartilages,
until described by Osmer, in the 2nd chapter of his
treatise, about 1759. To Mr. Strickland Freeman, a
Berkshire gentleman and amateur, we are under great
obligations, for the first full display of the internal struc-
ture and functions of the horse's foot (1797). Although
the *' no foot no horse," of the ingenious Mr. Jeremiah
Bridges had preceded him, that industrious elder, (with
his "six discoveries," 1752), had not the ability to an-
icipate such a work as Mr. Freeman's; who left nothing

OF OLD ; WORTHY OF BEING STUDIED.

163

unsaid as to facts, however he might be afterwards ex-
celled in practical illustration. This task was reserved
for James White, of Exeter, who borrowed largely from
Freeman's pages and drawings, and brought the know-
ledge of the internal structure and economy of the foot,
within the reach of every owner's comprehension, and
pocket capability, in 1801. Physiology, always a diffi-
cult science to teach, as it is to learn, was not smoothed
for the general reader, by Mr. Edward Coleman's " Ob-
servations on the foot of the Horse," 1798, &c. ; elabo-
rate, diffuse and expensive, the two volumes of the
professor seemed rather to choke up an inlet of know-
ledge, than to supply a desideratum, for the original
work of Freeman was still in the market.

2. Thirty years ago, any ordinary man employed
about the stable and the forge, might naturally imagine,
(and many among them did believe,) that the internal
parts of the foot were a compact body, simply enclosed
by the horny hoof, to protect them from the blows and
pressure they must otherwise undergo in travelling; but
the least reflection on its action, would convince him,
how very incomplete and inadequate such a limited pro-
tection would prove, under all the circumstances of wear
and tear, to which it is hourly subjected. Let him con-
sider one minute, that those internal parts are replete
with blood vessels and nerves, and therefore, possessed
of a high degree of sensibility ; let him consider, also,
what an immense weight is thrown upon the feet, at
every step the horse takes in progression, and what pain-
ful concussions would thereby be occasioned to the ani-
mal, were the hoofs the only safeguard against so much
pain and misery. But nature, ever provident of our
wants, has so constructed this part of the limb, as to
obviate all those inconveniencies. So, if we examine
any portion whatever of animal economy, are we not
filled with lively astonishment at the infinite wisdom
displayed in its conformation? Nor is it too much to
assert, that the internal structure of the horse's foot is

1G4 CONCUSSION PROVIDED AGAINST ; THE FOOT,

equally curious, strikingly beautiful, and every particle
fully commensurate to its purposes. Although we here
find concealed within the hoof a variety of wonderful
contrivances, adapted with benign minuteness to prevent
concussion from the most violent exertions, and to supply
the waste and wearing away that is constantly going on ;
yet such is still the folly and obstinacy of farriers, that
they frequently destroy this beautiful mechanism, by per-
verting the order of nature, and many an abused animal
is thereby doomed to perpetual lameness, or at least to
painful suffering to the end of its days. See Chapter XV.

3. Although an elaborate description of the anatomi-
cal structure of the horse's foot, would not be consistent
with the objects of this little volume ; yet will it be es-
sentially useful to all persons interested in the animal, to
enter upon such an explanation of it as will enable them
to comprehend what are the true principles of Shoeing ;
together with the method of preserving the feet from
many troublesome and some incurable disorders. For
several of these, which may not at first exactly amount
to disease, nevertheless subtract from the horse's useful-
ness, his speed, and his well being; contractiony for ex-
ample, of the hoof or coffin upon its very sensible con-
tents, the coffin bone (fig. 5.) with its cartilaginous pro-
cesses and surrounding vessels c, c ; which latter may be
seen in front (a, c) fig. 1. exhibiting the lamellce which
connect that bone, so important in the mechanism of the
parts, to the wall or crust; and which connection, being
at any time shook, or severed by violence of the horse's
pace and consequently rough concussion of the foot and
road together, causes injiammution, commonly described
as *' fever in the feet." The effect of this species of in-
evitable injury, coupled with age and other infirmities,
may be estimated by comparing the annexed figure (5.)
with fig. 6 on the plate, where the coffin-bone (c) and
the wall or crust, having lost their connecting lamellce
by absorption (caused by " the fever") now adhere to-
gether, or very nearly so, occasioning the crippling gait

ITS INTERNAL TARTS ; USES DESCRIBED. 165

termed " groggy." This mode of comparing these two
figures will prove vastly instructive to the yet uninitiated
scholar in the course of his inquiries, as to the dilapida-
tions caused by age, hard work, and disease. In the
annexed figure, those and all other soft portions are

shewn in their perfect state, unimpaired by disease or
the smith's injudicious driving. The hoof, properly
speaking, is the whole exterior of the foot which meets
the eye ; the front or wall being the hardest and
the heels softest; the frog and bars partaking inter-
mediately of the same nature, whilst the hollow or
sole comes off a little flakey, when in health. Fi-
nally, as regards the exterior, the upper part of the
wall, where it is connected with the skin (at n), is
termed the coronet, which encircles the foot from heel to
heel : the lower part in front is the toe (at I), whilst the
sides of the hoof are named quarters, of which the inner
quarter is softer than the outer, in all manner of feet
whatever, as depicted at 6 6 fig. 2. In front, the wall or
crust is highest and most oblique ; but towards the extre-
mity of the quarters becomes gradually lower and more
upright, until reaching the heels (at o), where it takes a
sudden turn inwards, to form the bars (at n, fig. 4) which

fig. 5. Section of the foot.

I

166 HEALTHY AND DISEASED FEET, COMPARED.

have the frog (m) between them. Finally, as regards
the exterior: upon turning up the foot, we perceive the
frog and bars at m, 7i fig. 4 ; and the hollow space (c)
thence to the toe and quarters, is the sole. All these are
insensible to the touch in healthy but liable to be pene-
trated and bruised from without, and to acquire disorders
from within, where lies the sensible sole (6 fig. 4.) along
inside of it (with the sensible frog q), and partaking of the
same shapes as the entire bottom of the foot, to the
concavities whereof its convexities are nicely adapted and
contributory.

4. Here we may instructively pause a moment, to
speak of the agreement in the letters of reference to the
several figures that represent the anatomical structure of
the foot. All the six figures are in fact but so many re-
presentations of the same bones, cartilages, horn, &c.
under as many different aspects, or circumstances of
being laid bare, or divided by cutting into sections, or
other exposure of their relative situations and proper
functions. In figures 1, 3, 5, 6, this is more strikingly
ihe case ; the letter c, c, c, c, being the coffin bone in
each figure, but differing in these respects : (c) fig. 1,
shews the front view thereof, with its blood vessels and
lamellse, or fibres, still adhering, as it appears upon being
drawn out from its coffin, or horny defence, as repre-
sented by fig. 2. In fig. 3, the coffin bone is again
shewn (at c); a back view, with its cartilages at^, g, by
which it is attached and suspended at the heels ; at (d) is
the shuttle bone, or navicula, which forms a joint (giving
action to the whole internal foot) in connection with the
small pastern bone (6) and coflftn bone(c).

The navicular bone {d) and coffin bone (c) appear
again in figures 5 and 6, shewing the functions each has
to perform conjunctively, and in what degree disease has
deprived them of these in the dilapidated figure 6, which
is more especially observable by comparison with the same
references (d and c) in fig. 5. In both figures the coffin
bone, &c. are seen in section, cut down through the centre
of the whole foot, at the faint line h, d, c, I, in fig. 3, and

CORONARY RING SOLE; DISEASES, HOW ENGENDERED. 167

again in fig. 1, at the line described by a, b, c, /. The
navicular^ as well as this same coffin hone, during life,
lies completely concealed, being inserted and buried in
its coffin or hoof, represented by fig. 2; which reaches as
high on the hone, at the depression thereon at 6, b, in
figures 3, 5, and 6.

The toe and heel. At /, /, Z, Z, I, I, I, and I, in all the
figures (1, 2, S, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8) is the toe of the foot,
and of the shoe, in course : at o, o, o, and o, alike in
figures 2, 4, 5, and 6, is the heel.

Coronet, Galled the coronary ring by Osmer, and
after him re-discovered by Coleman, it is seen at 6, 6, in
fig. 1 and 2, — in the first e:r^ema//z/, bared of the hair, —
in figure 2 we have laid it open through its whole course,
forming the summit or coronet of the foot, proper. From
this circumstance, the bone around which the coronary
ring thus makes its close embrace — as shewn at the de-
pression thereon 6, 6, fig. 3, received the name of coro-
nary bone ; but this very proper term has been substi-
tuted by another — and it is now spoken of as the small
pastern, by reason of its articulation at f,f, with the pas-
tern, or *' great pastern bone," marked a, a, a, and a,
alike in figures 1, 3, 5, and 6.

5. This internal muscular sole, then, spoken of in
section 3, and depicted at (p) fig. 4, with its sensible
frog, q, is replete with blood vessels and nerves, and
therefore exceedingly susceptible of any kind of injury, to
which it is indeed very much subjected — externally from
blows, pace, stubs, pricks, and paring away in shoeing, by
weakened bars and concussion ; and internally it suffers
from contraction, causing foot fever, founder, corns, cracks,
and frushes, and all the secret ills that afflict the foot.
It is also connected towards the heel with the cartilagi-
nous processes of the coffin bones, g, g, fig. 3. The sole,
(c) frog (m) and bar {n) presented to our view on turn-
ing up the foot (fig. 4), are furnished with a constant
supply of nutriment and means of renovation by the se-
cretion that is constantly carrying on by its muscular

168 ARCANA OF THE FOOT LAID OPEN: NAVICULA.

sensible counterpart within ; which is here laid bare and
exposed on one half of the same figure, — the sole (p)
being hollow and more vascular than the frog {q).

Immediately over these latter, towards the heel, is in-
terposed an elastic, frog-like, springy substance, resem-
bling in texture and qualities pale India rubber, marked
(/i) in the annexed portrait, fig. 5. Above these rests
the coflRn bone (c) shewing the hard enamel borne on its
surface as contrasted with its very porous centre; in which
the blood vessels terminate, and wherein is concocted the
material for supplying the wearing away of the hoof :
to the bottom is firmly fastened (spread thinly over
its surface) the back sinews, that descend into the foot
by the line d, c, fig. 3. How the navicular bone,
d, d, d, (in figs. 3, 5, 6) is thus kept in position by it, so
as to act in conjunction with the small pastern (6) and
coflBn bone (c) in all the actions of the foot, must be appa-
rent upon a single glance ; as must, also, the change of
structure which is exhibited in fig. 6. where this important
part of the joint is shewn in a state of dilapidation, ad-
hering to the coffin bone ; whilst the attachment of the
back sinew to its lower surface (just spoken of) is lost,
withered, or dried up by age, concussion, and disease :
this is the so much talked of " Navicular disease."

However this be admitted, returning to pursue our
description of the healthy portrait, at page 165, we
observe the flexor tendon, or back sinew (m), that de-
scends behind all those bones of the foot and leg, is there
seen attached to the lower surface of the coffin bone,
as already described. At (//) is the connecting lamellae
and secretion of horn, between the coffin or wall (g)
and the coffin bone (c), which is designed to replace
the wearing and paring that continually subtract from
its quantity.

^ The student, who has not made such a section
as this, of a healthy foot, or, is acquainted with the
subject only through the medium of other sections,
should know, that all our predecessors have derived their

ADHESION WIXH THE COFFIN BONE.

1G9

instructions from a view of diseased and distorted feet
only, and thereby led astray their pupils in this respect :
the present is the only portrait of its sort, and was first
published (by us) in 1825; again in 1827 and 1829, in
successive editions, of the *' Veterinary Surgery and
Practice of Medicine."

5. That change of form should take place in a piece
of mechanism so exquisitely formed as this, is nought
surprising, when we recollect the number of evils to which
the feet are subjected in shoeing, the very great action to
which the horse is impelled, and the diseases which de-
scend into his feet from a broken-down constitution. For
hereupon some functions cease altogether, others are per-
formed adversely, or destructively, and age and infirmity
then present a very different foot for our contemplation
from what we had studied under more favourable circum-
stances. For example, the cut fig. 5, as delineated at
page 165, was taken /resA, from a five year old subject,
in health, hy John Hinds ; that on the plate (fig. 6.) by
James White, from an old worn-up horse, whose hoofs
still appeared externally to be in good travelling condi-
tion ; and what information does this fact present? Why,
that the lamellce (atyyin this, and at c, fig. 1.) which
connected the coffin bone with the internal surface
of the hoof, had been absorbed, and both adhere firmly
together in the old subject (fig. 6.), and rendered a due
performance of his paces impossible in the horse which
carried such a diseased foot.

Other dilapidations, as will be readily detected, have
been committed on this foot by the ravages of time : in
fig. 6. the coflSn bone (c) has lost its shape on all sides ;
the upper angle being enlarged and become obtuse, so as
to interrupt the due course of the coronary ring ; the na-
vicula or shuttle-bone (d) is adhering to the coffin bone;
the back sinew (at m) is thickened, and has lost its elas-
ticity, owing to the internal frog-like elastic substance (Ji)
on which it is pressed, being contracted and hardened by
heat, and become inelastic : having thus lost its original

p

170 SECRETION OF HORN, HOW CARRIED ON.

quality, it could no longer act as designed in resisting
concussion — whence " foot fever," and contraction, with
its thousand ills. — See p. 185.

6. Examining the component parts of the foot a little
closer, and again referring to the print, (fig. 5.) on page
1 65, we here observe that the secretion of horny mate-
rial before spoken of, ascends (at ff )io the coronet (at
w), where it enters the coronary ring (as seen at h 6, fig.
2.) which surrounds the hoof and supplies its vessels and
lamellae with the requisite nourishment and renovation.
The internal surface of the coffin or wall (fig. 2.) is lined
throughout by this lamelled substance, which is a fibrous
membrane, resembling very much the under surface of a
mushroom ; and on the sensible foot (i. e. the coffin
bone c,) which would otherwise come in contact with it,
are found similar lamellce or membranous plaits, exactly
corresponding and agreeing with the former, and forming
a secure union between the two. [See these latter de-
picted, at (c) fig. 1.] By this kind of firm attachment,
the smith is taught that the whole bearing of the horse's
weight should be on the wall or crust of the hoof (5^ 9 9 9f
in figures 2, 4, 5, and 6); the frog and the heels having
nought whatever to do with supporting the incumbent
weight, although touching the ground and expanding,
upon extraordinary exertions only, to assist in the act of
springing forward, conjointly with the elastic frog-like
substance (A) before spoken of.

(j^ This portion of the mechanism of the foot, Mr,
White was induced to call, in deference to one of Mr.
Coleman's reveries, "a fatty elastic substance ;" an idea,
we have reason to know he long since abandoned, though
his successors still retained the mistaken notion in his
works, whilst the professor himself was shamed out of
his fatty conceit, by Dr, G. Pearson, one of his exami-
ners, face to face.

7. The frog is a very important part of the foot, and
requires to be particularly considered, many obstinate
mistakes having been made respecting the uses for which

THE FROG, SOLE AND BARS : PRESSURE. 171

it was designed, and many more incorrigible practices
being still perpetrated upon its external portion. United
with the sole, it is composed of a tougher and more elas-
tic kind of horn. In form it resembles a wedge, but to-
wards the heel, where it becomes wider and expanded,
there is a cleft in the middle, which continues to the
heels. Whenever the frog receives pressure, this cleft sepa-
rates wider than when at rest, producing the same effect
upon the heels of the crust ; and when this weight is so
great as to bring the frog in contact with the ground, the
pressure occasions the secretions internally to disperse
upwards into the coronary groove ; for, upon slitting open
this groove as is done at (66) fig. 2, an immense number
of small orifices may be seen, into which those secretory
vessels empty themselves. What, then, is to become of
all these provisions of nature, if the frog be impaired by
the hand of man — since no ordinary accident can injure
it from without, and the internal or sensible part is ren-
dered so liable to diseases, as we have shewn in section
3 (page 164).

The relative situation of the sensible and the insensi-
ble frog, sole and bars, may be studied with advantage,
by noticing the extremely vascular nature of the sensible
sole, fig. 4, at 6, p, and the callous nature of its coun-
terpart at m, c, of the same figure. In fig. 2, the
hollow of the coffin or hoof again exhibits this very sen-
sible part, at its bone surface. In fine, examine where we
may, we can discover nought but an all-wise contrivance
to avert those ills, which the necessities and the inconsi-
deration of man constantly inflict.

172

LAMENESS FKOM SHOEING,

CHAPTER Xiy.

The Art and Practice of Shoeing: — 1st. Of
Sound Feet ; 2nd. Of Unsound Feet.

I. Of all the disorders to which horses are liable, none
are more difficult of cure, or occur so frequently, as those
which attack the foot; and it is a further incontrovertible
fact, that the majority of these are the consequence of
bad shoeing, and other improper management of the foot.
Hence will be seen the necessity of studying the preced-
ing chapter seriously, the better to acquire the princi-
ples of shoeing ; and of paying attention to that which
succeeds the present, in its details, as regards the remo-
val of foot 'lameness. By a natural and easy transition,
we are thence led to a consideration of the whole limb, a
mis-shapen or ill-attached set of legs very often govern-
ing the tread, and superinducing distortions and disorders
of the foot. So truly grounded is this latter aphorism,
that some feet are met with which no manner of shoeing
whatever could amend ; whilst others fall so slowly into a
dilapidated shape, that they do not become lame, and
probably never would go lame with moderate work,
though ever so unskilfully shod. Other feet again seem
especially calculated for acquiring some given disorder
from their first being exposed to strong exercise ; partly
by reason of the powers of such horses having been mis-
takenly applied to the wrong purpose by their first pro-
prietors, and more being expected from them than could
be well performed. Still will it be allowed, that a series
of bad shoeing will spoil the best of feet, when the horse

SHAPE OF FOOT. OSMER's SEATED SHOE. 173

is employed on fast worh^ particularly ; but bad shoeing
or good, depends less on the shoe itself than on pre-
paring the hoof that is to receive it — this having been
the grand error in the art, from the age of Solleysel to
the advent of White — if the usual mystification that is
thrown around it be not a still greater error.

2. The talk we hear of " following the shape which
nature gives the bottom of the foot in forming the shoe,"
is quite as fallacious as describing that form as being
"nearly circular;" for we meet with no feet that have
arrived at maturity undeformed by domestication, by
keep, by going, and by shoeing, previously to which the
colt's foot is oval^ as represented in figure 4. The outline
thereof having been drawn by Mr. White from a dissec-
tion of his own, stultifies his assertion respecting the circu-
lar form^'m which he followed blindly the mistaken notions
of Mr. Coleman, who wrote instructions for "shoeing
the different kinds of feet," (copying the words of Osmer)
whilst maintaining that only one kind or shape was
proper. In his day, the shoe applied by this staunch old
veteran, was certainly more circular than the generality,
and thence termed " Osmer s seated shoe," to the pre-
sent day; but he directs that it be made "quite flat, of
an equal thickness all round the outside, and open and
most narrow backwards at the extremities of the heel, for
healthy horses ; whilst those whose frogs are diseased, re-
quire the shoe to be wider backwards. To prevent this
flat shoe from pressing on the sole, the outer rim thereof
is to be thickest, and the inside gradually thinner. With
such a shoe the frog is admitted to touch the ground, the
necessity of which he had already shewn." But, not-
withstanding this nearly circular form of the shoe, Osmer
did not instruct Coleman and Co. that the bottom of the
foot should be circular ; for, the ci^ust or wall on which
ALONE THE SHOE IS TO REST, and be fastened, does
not reach to the heels. So that, although the shoe might
approach the circular form, the foot is not necessarily
round. — See it, fig. 7.

p3

174

OF rilEPARING THE HOOF.

3. Four weeks is a sufficient time for any horse to
carry a set of shoes, whether they are worn away or
not ; for the hoof will have acquired a ragged and un-
even appearance, the shoe will be imbedded in the heel,
and the cavity of the sole be scaly and redundant. In
taking off a shoe, the smith commonly tears it rudely
away with the pincers, now pulling at one heel, now at
the other, and finally ripping it away at the toe ; whereby
stubs sometimes remain, and the crust is torn, especially
when it is thin or of a brittle nature, from which it can
ill afford to bear any such reduction : rather, let the
clenches be cut, and the nails punched, so that they
may be drawn separately. Prepare the hoof for the
shoe, by reducing the luxuriance at the bottom, particu-
larly at the toe, by means of the buttress or rasp ; re-
store the due concavity of the sole^ and no more, and
draw a small chasm between the bar and the c?^ust, at
d, fig. 4. to prevent the shoe from pressing on that part,
and thereby occasioning corns. In doing this, be careful
not to weaken the natural connection that exists between
the bar and the crust, which would, of course, render the
bar useless, and allow the heels to contract. As the
junction of the bar with the crust affords a firm bearing
for the heel of the shoe, it must be rasped perfectly flat,
exactly on a level with the frog, so that they bear equally
on a plane surface, previously to applying the shoe.
Never press a scalding hot shoe to the foot, more than just
to mark it. Whatever ragged parts remain on the frog,
may be taken off after the job is over, by means of a
pocket-knife. Do not * open the heels,' this being one
of the smiths' mistaken notions, or one of the arts of the
dealers, who would give an assumed healthy form to the
foot for an especial occasion, which is certain to spoil it
permanently.

4. To a foot so prepared, the shoe represented by fig.
7 is to be adapted. 1 he web at the toe must be full an
inch wide for a middle-sized nag ; but narrowing away
low:^rds the heels, where the width is to be half an inch

SHAPE OF SHOE ; NAILING.

175

only : thickness at the toe, half an inch, outside ; of
the heels, three eighths — but on the inner rim all round
the toe and quarters, somewhat thinner. By working
the shoe on the ground surface, in raising the shoulder,
(at a a, fig. 7,) to protect the nail heads, according to
the modern practice, or fullering, according to the old,
with punching, &c., the shoe becomes a little convex on
part of \i%foot surface ; the inside edge and the ground
surface becoming thereby slightly concave^ as represented
in the same figure, affords good foot-hold upon going
over heavy ground. Dudley's malleable cast iron shoe
is a good model of this modern shaped shoe, though
we do not recommend it to general use : our objec-
tions were long ago stated at large, and have never been
refuted — practice has confirmed them.

Let the toe be steeled ; and the nail-holes may begin
very near it, for the fore feet, but not so behind. If,
however, the heels have been pared away and ' opened,'
contrary to good advice, this begets a sad necessity for
nailing in the quarters ; on the outside 4 nail-holes, in^
side 3 or 4. This manner of nailing, however, prevents
the requisite expansion of the heels, upon which so much
reliance is justly placed for the due performance of the
functions of the sensible foot, as described in the pre-
ceding chapter. For large horses, the shoe must be of
larger dimensions ; and at the heels of all, (except hunt-
ers in full work, over a heavy country,) the iron should
project a little beyond the horn, to allow of its growing
without embedding the shoe within it ; but when a
horse over-reaches, other contrivances become necessary
at the part of the shoe which is struck by the hind foot,
and both must be reduced by bevelling away the shoe
towards the ground.

5. Frog-pressure was long a disputed point, but now
admits of none ; the question having been carried to the
two extremes by the obstinacy of the disputants, long
time admitted not of adjustment. An examination of
the internal, or sensible parts of the foot, such as we

176 COMPRESSION. ERRONEOUS PRACTICES.

have undertaken in the preceding chapter, must con-
vince every one that the function of secreting horny
matter could not be duly performed, while the frog and
bars were constantly suspended from the ground ; nor,
on the other hand, could the sensible sole (or bottom),
the bars and frog, bear constant "pressure, or rest-
ing upon the ground, without contracting disorder of
shape, and consequent navicular lameness, or thrushes,
corn and founder. The frog, then, must remain un-
touched by rasp or buttress, and left to wear away of
itself, except removing any little raggy particles, to pre-
vent dirt and dust from lodging there ; the resistance it
meets with on soft ground is quite sufficient pressure to
keep the frog and bars in health, whereby it assists the
expansion of the heels, and promotes the elasticity of
the whole hoof.

6. Unsound feet, or those disposed to become un-
sound, require a different shoe and different treatment
from the foregoing. Compression of the hoof upon its
contents, is one of the chief causes of lameness ; and
this is usually inflicted, by allowing great thick-walled
hoofs to press upon the heels, contracting these together,
through failure of adequate resistance at the sole. There-
fore, when the wall is thick and dry, let the quarters be
rasped away, and further restore its elasticity, by keep-
ing the hoof moist in the stable : wet it constantly ; ap-
ply folds of wetted flannel round the coronet, or make
the horse stand 4 or 5 hours a day on soft clay, or in
some unpaved damp yard ; but not dirty, for the stable
dung and urine are the principal causes of that dry, brittle,
clumsy hoof, we are now endeavouring to correct by
cool moisture. Three very erroneous practices prevail
at some forges, viz., 1st. drawing the sole, 2nd. paring
the binders, 3rd. opening the heels ; either of which en-
ables the wall to overpower the sole or bottom by its su-
perior strength, and cause a ruinous compression of the
sensible sole, h, p, fig. 4.

7. When a horse, even with tolerable sound feet, has

ONE SIDE NAILIKG ; CONTRACTION. 177

worn shoes that are very thick, or turned up at the heels
— particularly if, at the same time, the crust of the heels
has been suffered to grow so high, that the frog is kept a
considerable distance from the ground, it would be very
improper to reduce such heels all at once, so as to al-
low the frog to receive pressure suddenly ; for the back
sinews would in that case be strained to their full ten-
sion, become inflamed, ossify, and coffin -joint lameness
(so called) would ensue. In feet of this description, it
is necessary to remove from the toe all the horn that
can be spared, and to lower the overgrown heels by in-
stalments, if at all, so as to bring them to the right
bearing at three or four removes, or renewals, of the
shoes ; at the same time, form the toe of the shoe rather
thin, and that of the best hard steel, in order to make
up in durability what is reduced in quantity.

8. Draught horses' shoes should be made flat on both
surfaces, provided the sole is of a proper form and stout-
ness ; but if it be Jlat or convex, and consequently too
thin — which is generally the case with hard-working
horses of this description, the internal or foot surface
of the shoe must be concave, or the inner edge thinned
away, in order to meet and provide for the deformity.
Still must the ground surface he flat; for the convex
shoe which is commonly put on draught horses, in town
teams, prevents them from treading securely, and ren-
ders them incapable of exerting the whole of their
strength, and scarcely of laying their own proper weight
to the collar : the pitiful endeavours of such ill suited
creatures upon pulling up hill, would appear ridiculous
if they were not at the same time deplorably painful.

9. Nailing on one side only is the nearest approach
yet made to perfection, for allowing of healthful ex-
pansion, whilst affording the feet due protection, and
is demonstrably serviceable in all cases arising from con-
traction, as Founder and its whole series of disorders
described in the next chapter (XV). See also page 155.
Some horses, a little disposed to contracted heels, have

178

WEAK FOOT. POINTING ARIGHT.

worn their shoes out the whole month, nailed thus on
the outside only, with manifest advantage ; and others
again, experimentally, carried them through the severest
work under our own daily inspection, with only one more
nail inside, next the toe ; thus proving, that much less
force is necessary to the requisite attachment of its iron
defence to the foot than is usually employed. This is
not the place to discuss the prior claim to this disuse of
superabundant nails, from the long standing eight —
itself a reduced number; but the practice of Mr. Hinds,
sen., in cases of disease, or of dilapidated brittle hoof,
to say nothing of tacking on a simple web to sustain the
dressings for thrush, corn, &c., is too well known, in
print, to allow of conceding that point to modern pre-
tenders after originality.

10. Finally, it may be recommended, generally, to
take as little from weak hoofs as can be dispensed with.
In cases of convex foot, take nought from the heel,
whilst the toe is to be kept short ; such are liable to
com, and then require the bar shoe : the outer wall is
then marked with rings at about an inch from each
other, and the coronet is contracted, dry and shrunken.

11. Pointing the toe. Observe the tread o? the foot,
which frequently depends upon the setting on of the
shoulder, or high or low ; whence certain doubts and
disputes, whether the inner quarter or the outer is to be
kept lowest ; to make the toe point straight forward,
an affair that may be soon settled, by noticing the manner
of the individual's throwing his legs about him, or of
bringing them firmly to the ground. The position of
the ' legs under him,' is always accompanied by the
toes pointing inward, whereby the weight of the
horse's body is thrown upon the toes: the shoe toe
then requires a gentle curve, French fashion. Tips
are far from desirable in any case, and when allowed
to remain on a long time, (at grass or otherwise,) effect
much harm to the crust, to the back sinew, and to
naturally low heel.

species' of lameness discriminated.

179

CHAPTER XV.

Lameness : — and 1. Diseases of the Legs ;
2. Diseases of the Feet,

1. Having already treated the lameness that comes
of strains^ as inflictions caused by accident, or purely
ideal — in which manner the several points of attack il-
lustrated and explained each other, we come now to the
consideration of those causes of lameness which cannot
be mistaken, as they soon become visible in the shape of
hone tumours, or of puffy enlargements under the skin ;
whilst those of the foot, that lie concealed within its
coffiti, or appear on its surface, are reserved for separate
consideration. [See page 187, 5^]. Not always, how-
ever, does it lie in our power to effect a cure of these
afflictions ; alleviation being the utmost we can promise
in general, sometimes not so much, but in lieu of hope
recommend patience, that great grandam of all the do-
mestic virtues. At this earliest stage, it is worthy of
remark, as conducive to a right estimate of the cause
of certain lamenesses, that the leg behind is more liable
to disorders than the fore-leg, whilst the fore foot suflTers
more than the foot behind. The reason for both is toler-
ably clear to our perception, and we deduce some good
practical results from the observations made upon them :
as the fore limbs suffer much from concussion upon the
hard roads, and thereby incur feverish feet and inflam-
mation of the sole, as well as the more frequent disorder
we call chest founder — that falls down from the lungs —
•from all which the hinder feet are tolerably free, we

180 LAMENESS, KINDS OF, VARIOUSLY DENOTED;

thence distinctly infer the cause, and direct the remedy
accordingly. On the contrary, the hinder legs being the
main instruments in propelling the body along in speedy
going, and especially strained in the drag, we find the
number of disorders belonging to the leg part, behind,
three times that of the leg part before. This latter pecu-
liarity arises from the injuries inflicted on the many-
boned hock joints, and by straining the double bones of
which the shank consists, from each other ; taken all to-
gether, however, lameness is not of such frequent occur-
rence behind as before. Lameness arising from constitu-
tional disorder is of frequent recurrence — indeed, often
happens without any other cause, and is adverted to in
Chapters T. and II. and Pages 28, 40, &c.

2. Signs of lameness, according to William Osmer —
and we can have no better authority, except our own eyes.
When a lame horse is made to go on, if he be lame in
any of the muscular parts belonging to the foot, he will
endeavour to give the foot ease, by not setting it fully on
the ground ; but if the lameness be in the fetlock joint,
on the tendons of the leg, or proceeds from thorough
pin, or be in the hock, or proceed from any swellings
surrounding the hock, or be occasioned by a curb, or
spavins, or canker, — all such causes will be manifest to
the eye and the touch : we can have no better evidence
of the cause, and may undertake the cure with con-
fidence. If the lameness be in the stijie, however
slightly, he cannot so well perform the extension of the
limb, but will drag his toe upon the ground, more or less,
according to the degree of injury he has received, as in
the manner of shoulder strain, before described (page
156) ; and if it be in the ligaments belonging to the hip
joint, he will, in all such cases, rest his foot fully on the
ground, but will halt or step short in the trot, and yet go
very sound perhaps in the walk. Vide Osmer's Treatise
on the Horse, page 124. Lameness is often occasioned
by repeated straining of the muscular or tendinous parts
of the leg, the anguish whereof descends to the foot of

AND HOW ACQUIRED : SWELLED HOCK.

181

the horse ; and acquire the terms windgall, thrush, splent,
ring bone, canker, &c. according to the part which maybe
affected. These will occur after very hard work, upon
standing long in the stable, for want of friction at the
joints, and go off again by exercise, or may be avoided
by giving a loose stall, or a run in a paddock — else they re-
quire medical treatment. We sometimes find good horses
come up from grass lame of a splent, or a ring bone, most
unaccountably to those who pay no regard to the plague
of flies ; which worry the horses, and cause almost inces-
sant stamping, to get rid of their tormentors, with even
worse effects than travelling over the hard roads would
bring on.

3. Spavin. This is a swelling on the inside of the
hock, and is of two kinds ; the first we shall notice con-
sists of an enlargement of the bone, whence it acquires
the term bone spavin, often occasioning lameness before
the swelling becomes visible, and leading us into those
mistakes, and giving rise to the doubts about its seat,
which were noticed when treating of strains," in a
preceding chapter [page 156.]. It occurs on the upper
end of the shank bone of the hind leg, sometimes on the
hock joint, at other times below it, as before remarked
(sect. 1.); and is always attended with much pain, in
consequence of the membrane ( periosteum J which
firmly embraces all bone, being raised from its connection
therewith, and suffering inflammation in consequence.
When the spavin is once formed those bones unite, and it
proves very obstinate to cure; whence the stiffness of the
whole leg, that deceives some of us into a belief that the
disorder now lies at its superior part — on the hip, or the
stifle. The lameness occasionally goes off, upon the
horse being exercised, and returns again in the stable as
bad as ever — but not visibly worse than before, as marks
lameness of the hip and other joints. [See Page 156.]
This circumstance alone should induce us to be jealous
of the hock, to examine it frequently, so as to apply the
remedy immediately upon its appearance ; for, upon
Q

182 TREATMENT OF SPAVINS. SPLENTS, OFTEN

promptitude in this respect mainly depends the perfect
cure : compare the size of the two hocks, for you cannot
always detect the swelling by the touch, nor is the heat
much encreased, nor does the horse often ^mcA from the
hand — but the contrary, sometimes. This latter circum-
stance begets in me an idea, that friction after work might
prevent spavin, if, indeed, hardworking cattle ever were
deemed worthy of hand rubbing ; but this kind of care is
little to be expected from those whom cupidity has in-
duced to incur the disorder originally, by working their
teams inordinately, and too young — whence the cat-
hammed hocks and awkward tread which brings on
spavin, originally. As another preventive, make the
toe point aright as near as may be, upon every removal of
iron defence. See "Art of Shoeing," page 178,
and on " Cutting," Section 3.

4. In this and all similar cases is fully exemplified the
trite old aphorism, " a stitch in time saves nine a
blister being our especial remedy in all recent attacks —
whereas, the old and confirmed spavin is not only diflficult
to reduce, but is scarcely ever eradicated. At its first
appearance, then, apply the blistering ointment, No. 2.
(page 58) ; let it be done well, and not after the old
fashion, up and down, but circularly: clip off the hair
from the tumour, and also cut oflP a narrow line all round
the leg ; rub in well at these parts, but not extensively ^
tie up the head, and next day dress with hog's lard. A
neglected spavin, however, requires firing and blistering
also, and a run at grass of two or three months, if it is
hoped to bring the horse into use again : age does a good
deal, but the horse is invariably reduced in the scale of
usefulness and value.

5. Splents are, in hke manner, bony excrescences
about the shank bone, i. e. between the knee and fetlock
joints inside, and sometimes, though not so often, behind,
on the corresponding bone below the hock. There are
people in the South who call out " splents !" at every
appearance of bone tumour on the legs, and indeed be-

MISTREATED. FIRING, WHEN PROPER; WHEN NOT. 183

fore aught amiss is to be seen — the lameness frequently
being in the foot, and sometimes consisting in a strain of
the back sinew. When a splent does not rise under-
neath the sinew, nor so as to interfere with the action of
the joint, little inconvenience is sustained by the horse,
after it has fairly formed itself, and often disappears
without any medical treatment, beyond a blistering or
two. Above all things, avoid firing the tumour on ordi-
nary occasions, nor employ any of the old barbarous
operations, though it be seated on those critical points ;
but first reduce the great heat and tenderness by employ-
ing the cooling lotion^ page 132, or the saturnine poul"
tice, page 149. After this, apply a liquid blister, page
58, to the whole of the tumour, and in a narrow ring all
round, as directed in the preceding section.

6. Ring bone. These are bony excrescences of ei-
ther pastern, that do not always occasion lameness, un-
less extending to the joint, or affecting the upper carti-
lages of the foot with its inflammatory tendency : more
frequent in the hind foot than before, it may be set down
as a disorder of hard-working draught horses ; rest there-
fore is seldom allowed by the owner, and the enlargement
encreases until the whole foot is ruined. No remedy is
to be found for confirmed ring bone, though firing and
blistering do effect some good in recent cases, when the
latter is followed up with assiduity, and rest is allowed.
Between each blister, when the effects of the preceding
seem to cease, wash the parts with the cold lotion, page
132. See above — section 2.

7. Curb is a swelling below the hock, brought on by
strong work with too much loading, which sometimes
occasions lameness, and more frequently afflicts well
bred cat-hammed young horses in leaping, than those
whose bones are firmly set by age. It may be detected
by taking a side view of the leg, and comparing this with
the sound one ; but is not attended by extraordinary
heat, and therefore firing the part at once is the most
decided practice, and safe too. Afterwards, reduce the

184 OLD ERRORS UP-ROOTED. SALLENDERS.

beat which remains by applying the cooling lotiony page
132.

8. WiNDGALLs. More commonly attacking the
hind legs, these tumours derive their vulgar name from the
anciently mistaken notion, that they contained air ; an
ignorant blunder which induced them to puncture their

windgalls," whence, however, they saw issue nought
but a liquid resembling jom^ oz7. See ^S^ram, page 160.
That operation accordingly ruined the horses subjected
to its effects ; whereas, slight cases not unfrequently dis-
perse without treatment ; but ifthe tumours be many, or
of large size, bandaging offers the best means of causing
them to recede. Let the roller of thin flannel be wetted
with the cold lotion, page 132 ; remove twice a day ; and
when the heat has been reduced by these means, add to
the lotion about one tenth of its quantity of rectified
spirit. For bad cases, blistering is the best remedy, and
when very bad, firing must be employed, but not too
deep on the back sinew, nor at the joint. See Firing, in
Chapter XVI.

9. Thoroughpin occurs above the hock on each
side, and is caused by the escape of the oily secretion,
which has been ordained for lubricating the parts, closely
resembling windgalls, and like these comes of hard work.
Rest and treatment, similar to that prescribed in the pre-
ceding section for Windgalls, will effect all the good that
can be expected.

10. Mallenders and Sallenders. The first is
applied to that disorder of the fore leg which consists of a
scurfy eruption on the bend of the knee, whilst the same
occurring at the inside of the hock, acquires the name of
sallenders. Though unsightly, and the offspring of ne-
glect, they are seldom attended by lameness ; but when
they are so, give a dose of physic in the first place, and if
the urine come off in a turbid state, give a diuretic ball
occasionally, until that objection is removed. Clip the
hair close, and having washed the parts well with warm
soapy water, apply twice a day one of the following —

BLOOD SPAVIN. NAVICULAR DISEASES. 185

Ointment.

No. 1. — Acetated Water of Litharge 2 drams.

Spermaceti Ointment 2 ounces.

Olive Oil 1 ounce.

Camphor • 1 dram.

Oil of Rosemary 1 dram. — Mix.

No. 2 Sugar of Lead * • • 2 drams.

Tar 4 drams.

Hog's Lard li oz. — Mix.

11. Blood spavin. A disorder of the hock, arising
from hard work ; it requires blistering and rest, much
after the manner of healing Thoroughpin and Windgalls.

Disorders of the Feet : — 1. Founder. — 2. Thrush,
— 3. Canker, — 4. Corns. — 5. Sandcrack.

1. Lameness in the upper parts of the limbs, has been
shown to arise from hard work and misapplication of the
animal's powers. We could trace these to their causes
with some accuracy, because they soon present to us an
altered form^ and some of them subside with very little
treatment ; but the disorders which the same kind of mis-
usage inflict upon the internal sensible foot — shut up as
those parts are within the hoof or coffin — require more
skill, or tact, in the development of their altered func-
tions, and are only to be studied profitably after the
manner directed in Chapter XIII. They had long been
investigated by several degrees of scholars, with various
success, according to their talents and previous habits ;
which begat as many different versions of the concealed
disorders that afflict the component parts of the internal
foot, and caused some contradictions, by futile endea-
vours to fix on the precise part affected. Of these
" Navicular disease" was the most refined and plausible,
besides being just; and had been described by Osmer,
(Chapter II) as a disease of " the shuttle bone," 30 years
before. [See below. Sect. 7.] " Coffin lameness," was
more ancient, and more generally applied to any disease
within the coffin or horny hoof [fig. 2.] ; it is a goodly
Q 3

186 FEVER IN THE FOOT, FROM CHEST FOUNDER.

terra, and quite consonant to our own notions of the thing
meant to be spoken of. From these modern attempts,
however, no other good could be derived by people in
general, as regards the cure, than a fine display of
learned words and an astonishing facility at conjecture ;
for all diseases of the foot, including those that are in-
flicted externally, may be comprised in one word —
namely, inflammation, and its natural consequences :
contraction of the horny hoof upon its softer contents,
and alteration of their structure; founder, with its dozen
otherwise-named adjunct disorders, follow the inflamma-
tion that is brought on violently, and is vulgarly known
as "fever in the foot," because of the great heat thereof:
brittle fioofis always present. See Chap. XIII. Sect. 4.
On the other hand — change of structure likewise super-
venes, through the very reverse state of the hoof, viz. its
softness, whereby a flatness and *' pomiced feet" occa-
sion the internal sensible parts to spread out, and the
sole to sink ; hereupon, though lameness comes on but
slowly, it is nevertheless certain to creep in occasionally,
after brisk trotting, particularly of high goers.

2. But another cause of lameness, that remained long
unknown or unheeded, arose from diseased lungs, or
bowels, which, upon hard work, communicate their evil
influence to the feet {before principally, and behind oc-
casionally), but inscrutably to the people who have gone
before us ; though the first- mentioned had been long no-
ticed with tolerable accuracy as simple " chest founder,"
by the stable men. [See full details in Veterinary Sur-
gery," by the Index.'] One fact, corroborative of the fore-
going, and well recognised at the smithy, though not ap-
plied to any investigation of this kind, is disclosed in the
constant inflammatory state of the hoof (with its conco-
mitant diseases) which belong to great horses, of foul
habit and ravenous disposition, as compared to the mild,
the gentle, and reedy horses of light carcase, and conse-
quently lean legs and cool feet. Of course, the tenderest
parts of the foot would suffer from this influence more

COl' FIN -JOINT LAMENESS. CONTRACTION.

187

immediately than the more hardy ; as well as somewhat
agreeable to existing circumstances, of severe work, of
accident, or of shoeing ; and, when upon dissection they
found how the navicula had suffered in its proper ac-
tion, or the coffin ^o'mt anchylosis, or the cartilages ossi-
fication, the learned persons termed succeeding cases
accordingly, as near as they could guess by parity of rea-
soning. Hence the controversies that arose about " Na-
vicular disease," and " Lameness of the cq^w^'ozVz^," or
of the coffin bone." They could not demonstrate the
distinction, however, during life, and did not pretend to
discriminate the treatment for either, since the symptoms
were all alike- — ^namely, inflammation, tenderness upon
the hoof being rapped, incapacity for going or even stand-
ing quietly ; and when very acute, increased action of the
pulse at the pasterns, as well as at the large artery under
the arm. Bleeding was thus indicated to the prac-
titioner at the feet affected — usually the fore ones, for
the hind feet do sometimes suffer the same kind of in-
flammation, when the bowels have recently undergone
inflammation, and the general debility that thereupon
ensues has allowed its effects to descend to the feet : in
both cases *' the fever" has been lighted up by the con-
valescent horse being put to work too soon after the
drains by bleeding, physicking, &c. deemed proper for
the internal disorders, have reduced his powers of going.

Contraction is promoted by standing on foul
litter, whether that be simply acidulated, or heating, both
conditions being destructive of the horn, and both are
generally combined : it is also promoted by fast going —
pace being the destroyer alike of feet and lungs, owing
to rapidly repeated concussion against the ground. We
do not always detect this cause of lameness, until a
change of structure has assumed some distinct form, and
is capable of being managed under one of the commonly
received names here adopted. Of these Fever in the
feet" is the more general term, as it is the least visible,
though to the touch more palpable : one fore foot only is

188 SEAT OF LAMENESS. FOUNDER, AFFECTS

sometimes so affected, of good free going nags, by reason
of its having been made the leading limb in travelling,
without making the needful change. When disorders of
the feet have lasted long, the sufferer is accounted
" groggy," by reason of his uncertain gait and constant
endeavours, when standing, to ease the weight of his
body off from the tender foot.

3. Founder is the properest term to be applied to
such an ailment, in whatever degree it may exist; though
the foregoing fine ones have been adopted by many good
writers, all signify merely that the horse is supposed
incurably lame. When the disorder lies in the fore feet,
the horse holds up his head particularly high on going,
which he relaxes upon standing still ; he throws out the
fore foot pointedly, whether going or standing, and brings
the hind legs under him to take off the weight of the
body from before. The hoof will be found unnaturally
hot to the touch all over, and the pulse high, as just ob-
served ; therefore bleed to a good extent underneath the
toes of the feet affected, where the hoof joins the sole (at
f, fig. 4), say 2 or 3 quarts from each — an operation that
usually requires repetition, in bad cases. See some re-
marks on bleeding at the toe at page 51 ; and observe
that when the blood does not flow sufficiently, let the
excision of horny sole extend towards the point of the
frog (at e). Reduce the heat by a linseed poultice , ex-
tensively applied to the whole hoof and coronet, twice
during the day; then, let this be succeeded by the re-
peated application of wet cloths, upon which powdered
nitre ^oz. has been sprinkled immediately before, as the
cooling properties of the nitre fly off in water. Or, the
cold lotion, at page 1 32, may be applied with a sponge
twice a day. This treatment never fails to reduce the
heat, but must not, on that account, be continued too
long, as may be known by a permanent coldness at the
parts remaining when the cloths are left off a little while.
Let the wall and quarters be rasped down, and the sole
drawn thin, lest the patient lose his hoofs entirely.

THE ORGANS OF LIFE I TREATMENT.

189

4. However the tenderness of the feet may go off, in
two or three days, the pain will be found to have affected
the lungs, notwithstanding the usual precautions di-
rected, as to symptomatic fever, may have been perse-
vered in. See page 39 — 41. In this event, refer to
Chap. III. and proceed as there directed, according to
the symptoms. Keep the dunging in right trim ; give
cooling medicines, if any ; feed the patient much below
his usual quantity, though he should crave for it. Do
not permit him to rise, until the hoof has recovered its
former hardness, and the drawn toe fills up ; nor press
the patient to go out too soon, nor then a great way at
once ; he will rather require a few weeks' run at grass,
and much in-door care.

5. In the event of the case not going on thus favour-
ably, and a thickening about the pastern and coronet
is observable, clip and blister well these parts all round ;
cover up, and put on a cradle. As before mentioned,
when the hind feet thus undergo the inflammatory at-
tack, the bowels are affected instead of the lungs, as in
the former case, and require similar attention. See
Chap. V. Should the fever not abate materially in a
week, loss of the hoof is to be anticipated : at the coro-
net, the hoof will recede, leaving a small chasm, which
no art or application can avert from extending, and the
hoof will come off, leaving the sensible parts bare ; and
as the new hoof, which begins to form immediately, will
never attain the full size, or become so hardy as before,
the owner must now decide whether he will destroy the
horse, or keep it and wait the event, for the lungs or
the bowels, and sometimes both, will be continually ail-
ing. If the latter alternative is resolved upon, wash the
parts with a solution of burnt alum in water, once, which
brings over the foot a thin film, and relieves the animal
from much pain.

6. Lameness, that comes on slowly, and is utterly
incurable, is produced by the same causes in a lower
degree, which do not show their effects at once, but

190 POMICE FOOTED : TREATMENT. OCCASIONAL

terminate either in contraction of the hoof gradually
upon its contents, or in pomice foot. This latter con-
sists in a severing of the firm connection that ought to
subsist between the sole and the hoofy whereby the coffin
bone and its bases press upon the sole, in such a manner
as to change its form from a concave to convex ; where-
upon the draught horse loses the power of making a
purchase with the toe, but slips and slides about, when-
ever he would pull against the collar. Paring the sole
of such heavy horses as we now contemplate, and apply-
ing the shoe hot, will have effected a good deal towards
promoting pomice feet; whilst neglecting to pare the
wall on shoeing, so as to give the shoe a firm bearing,
which cannot be done w^hen the shoe remains on above
3 to 4 weeks, are also among the causes of contraction ;
and so is the want of moisture and the heat of litter. A
stopping of cow-dung and clay commixed is a good
preventive of both ; or the artificial stopping made of
Jelt cut to the shape of the sole, soaked in water, and
secured by splinters of wood, as well as Mr. Cherry's
padSf are found equally and more conveniently service-
able.

7. But a lameness comes on sometimes, without any
contraction or other visible or ascertainable cause what-
ever ; by some wrongly attributed to sprain in the su-
perior part of the limb (shoulder or hip), and by others,
to change of structure in the sensible part of the foot —
rightly enough ; age and pace having caused those di-
lapidations in the component parts of the internal foot,
which is to be seen by comparison of the adhering na-
vicular bone (d) to the coffin bone (c,) fig. 6, with the
same parts in healthy action, in fig. 5. See this in-
teresting topic more fully handled in Chap. XIII. page
166, &c. and in the present, at page 185. As there is
no cure, and scarcely any alleviation of this change of
structure, when once fairly begun, we should be careful
to avoid incurring so destructive a disorder, by not
working our horses by sudden fits and starts, and then

LAMENESS : NERVING, ESTIMATED VALUE. 191

allowing long rests ; for hereby, the very susceptible parts
having been exerted excessively, become stiff and dry,
and are unable to recover the proper tone and feeling, so
as to undertake afresh the violent exercise to which they
are again put. Fever is the consequence, though not
violent, probably, yet requiring the milder treatment
above prescribed : reduce the wall and quarters, if stiff,
pare the sole, apply the linseed poultice, and blister the
coronet in succession, but only so far as to lessen the
fever. Nailing the shoe on one side only, allows the
hoof to expand; on the benefits whereof so much re-
liance is deservedly placed. Chest-founder is the
term which has been applied of old to this state of the
disorder, and not without reason, as before noticed. See
section 2.

It is no answer to what is here said of the ef-
fects of contraction^ that some horses sport contracted
heels without going lame ; because much depends (in-
deed all) on the care that has been bestowed on such
horses after very severe work, and the superior attention
paid in those same stables to general health ; so that
such owners apprehend nothing from the influence of
diseased lungs, or of the bowels^ descending to the feet,
though these should be a little feverish at any time. Not-
withstanding this seeming security, such procrastinated,
or chronic founder, gradually undermines and changes
the natural organization of the hoof and sensible foot,
and gives rise to various diseases.

8. Nerving — a surgical operation of modern inven-
tion, has been found to answer every good purpose which
could be hoped for from so severe an ordeal, upon horses
afflicted with ' chronic founder ;' i. e. such a lameness as
never completely leaves the horse. This operation, how-
ever, though very simple to look upon, is the business
only of a well-practised hand — always failing in those of
any other, and should never be undertaken whilst great
heat {i. e. fever) prevails, or the lameness is at its worst
pitch. Neither are horses several years occasionally lame

192

NEW PRACTICE OF UNNERVING.

and subjected to hard road work, proper subjects to be
operated upon ; nor, indeed, old horses of any descrip-
tion, unless our new method turn out more favourable to
them than the original mode of absolute excision.

9. Though we have consented to follow the old track
in this, as in every other instance, of employing the
ordinary or common term — Nerving, yet would Un-nerv-
ing better convey the idea of cutting away a part of the
vessel which conveys the sense of feeling to the foot
below. It consists in making a slight incision in the
skin just above the fetlock joint; then, taking up the
nerves which pass down superficially on each side the
back sinew ; and, when these are elevated sufficiently,
by means of a needle introduced underneath, instead of
dividing or cutting away any part (as hitherto practised)
let a strong thread of horse hair be passed round each
branch of nerve, making a tight ligature, and the
horse will rise and go at once, without lameness. This
method is strictly applicable to cases of recent lame-
ness, and has been found effectual in one instance dur-
ing eight months preceding the writing of this passage
(March 21, 1832). The method hitherto practised —
namely, excision of an inch of the nerve, experienced
many disappointments; 1st. in the loss of the hoof,
through cutting away injudiciously ; 2nd. in the return
of lameness, after a year or two of slow work, by the
severity of the infliction ; 3rd. in the absolute inefficacy
of the operation : all which the improved method pro-
miseth fair to obviate, by leaving every fibril in its origi-
nal position, whilst surceasing only the communication
of feeling, and consequently of pain, between the ver-
tebral nerves and those of the feet.

9. Thrush or Frush, more frequently attacking the
hind feet than the fore ones, we are justified in the be-
lief that the filth and heat of the stables contribute
greatly to produce the discharge of rotten matter from
the cleft of the frog (a, fig. 4.), which constitutes this
disease; but it is nevertheless only a symptom, or the

THRUSH, TREATMENT OF.

193

effect of a change of structure within, arising from hard
work and the ill-cured inflammation (i. e. founder), before
noticed. In the fore feet, this is ever the simple cause;
whilst, to slowness in the circulation behind, may fairly
be attributed the copious flow of ichorous matter observ-
able there. The remote cause has been stated, in the
last page, to be contraction.

10. Although not lame at first, yet if neglected, the
thrush, sooner or later, makes the horse unserviceable ;
the discharge becomes more offensive daily; the horn
devolves into a mass of corruption, and peeling off ex-
poses the sensible frog (q, fig. 4). The pain is very
acute upon the touch, and canker at length pervades the
whole foot, if efforts be not made to arrest its progress :
delay in undertaking the cure, entails upon the horse
incurably contracted heels to the end of his days. When
young and vigorous, however, the discharge carries off
any inflammatory symptoms which may have previously
existed ; and if it be stopped too abruptly, those symp-
toms return, but not so, if the measures be taken with
judgment and decision.

11. Lower the system, by giving the laxative ball at
page 93, until purgation commences. Give diuretics in
either form ; and if the patient be an old one, or the hinder
feet be the seat of disease, repeat these, with the same
view that we give diuretics in cases of grease. Relieve
the compression of the hoof, by rasping the quarters ;
remove the rotten and detached horn, and wash away the
filth. When the heat and inflammation have thus been
lowered at the sole, apply any astringent whatever ; and
this, assisted by pressure, and tar at the frog, will ren-
der that part firm and solid, and the discharge will of
course cease when the inflammation leaves the sensible
frog and sole — the great importance of which parts may
be learnt, if not already appreciated as they ought, by the
Reader's turning to the plate, and taking a sight of these
at q, p, fig. 4.

194) CANKER, HOW DERIVED. REMEDIES.

Astringent ointment.

Blue vitriol 2 ounces.

White vitriol 1 ounce.

Tar 1 pound.

Hog's lard 2 pounds. Rub

down the vitriols (being previously powdered) in the
lard, and add the tar. Cover a pledget of tow with the
ointment, and at night introduce it to the bottom of the
cleft, without force, taking it away in the morning ; and
as the sensible frog presents itself, lay another tow plas-
ter over the former, the size of the exposed frog. Wrap
up and bandage the whole, unless when the horse goes
to work — an easy turn or two per day promoting the
discharge and consequently the cure.

12. Canker. — This disease frequently originates in
thrush, and consists in a separation of the sensible and
insensible sole and frog, beginning with the latter, and
mostly attacks the hind feet of heavy working horses.
As it generally proves very obstinate, and not unfre-
quently incurable, early vigorous measures become the
more necessary ; and even then the cure is a tedious
and disagreeable affair to undertake, and one that is
seldom repaid by the value of the animal.

13. Remove as much of the rotten horny bottom of the
foot as may have separated from the sensible frog,
bars, and sole (see fig. 4), with the knife ; apply mild
caustic to the fungus which will be found on the sensible
surface, but not so where new horn may be forming :
blue vitriol, powdered and laid on with care, is not ex-
celled by any other application. Dress over this with
the following —

Mild liniment.
Crystallised verdigris, powdered ... 1 ounce

Honey • 2 ounces

Powdered bole and alum • • • 'each ^ oz. mix in

Vinegar 3 ounces, over

a very gentle fire.

DISEASES FROM CONTRACTION.

195

Strong liniment.

Oil of turpentine • • • • 1 ounce.

Sulphuric acid . . J ounce, mix cautiously in

Tar 4 ounces.

Perhaps it would not be impertinent to add, that the
strong liniment is to be employed only in the worst cases.

14. The disease being local, medicine is not always
necessary, unless it lasts a long while ; when the cure is
nearly complete, one purgation, followed by diuretics,
will be necessary to forefend the grease, which usually
succeeds a protracted cure. Meantime, when the parts
begin to look red and healthy, and the discharge loses
that peculiar smell by which it is known, becoming
whiter and of a thicker consistence, the cure may be
considered as advancing. To this end, let the horse be
worked as much in the dry as possible, in all cases
avoiding moisture.

\b. Corns. This is another of the diseases of con-
tracted hoofs, and is of frequent occurrence, and mostly
pertains to the fore feet. Resembling the corns in human
feet, these are ascertained to exist by the touch, as con-
sisting in little soft, reddish-looking spots, in the angle
between the bars and the crust, at c?, fig. 4 : when
such symptoms appear, the cause of lameness is no longer
doubtful. They are generally the consequence of bad
shoeing, and are rendered incurable by the smith's paring
out the corn (which gives partial relief) but leaving the
heel of the shoe, or the crust at the heel, in the same
state as when the pressure by one or the other inflicted
the disease. Whereas, by cutting off the shoe heel,
paring down and rasping the horny heel, and procuring
expansion, permanent relief is soon obtained. One sided
nailing contributes to this obvious means of relief most
admirably — after the paring has been performed effectu-
ally ; particularly when the corn is near the inner quarter
(as is usual), and the said nailingis invariably on the outer
quarter, the compression of the sensible sole (at 6, fig. 4.)

196

CORNS PREVENTION AND REMEDY.

between the bars and the outer crust, which caused the
corn, being thus relaxed and admitted to a healthy ac-
tion ; when absorption of the extravasated blood and
matter which constitutes the disease takes place natu-
rally, in recent cases it may be so eradicated.

16. But, it seldom happens that such precautions can
be taken ; so that, corns once contracted, a disposition
thereto continues. It recurs upon every occasion of extra
work upon old shoes, when they get embedded in the
horn, and should be removed, the crust which grows
down luxuriantly on the outside rasped away, as well as
the angle inside the crust where corns are seated at (c?,
fig. 4.) In doing this, the workman must not be permitted
to pare the bars: if he has sense, he will perceive how
much their whole substance is now required, and he will
see the necessity of adding to their relative prominency
by always paring away the horn at the angle of the heels.
If both heels have corns, let the bar shoe be affixed, pro-
vided the frog be solid and of sufficient substance for it
to bear on ; but if not, it must be chambered ; or
the heels may then be rasped and pared away, so
as to receive no pressure whatever from the shoe, and
frequent examinations may prevent bad cases of lame-
ness, though no hopes of complete eradication can be
wisely entertained.

17. Neglected awhile, the corn spreads underneath the
horny sole, which should be laid open with the knife to
its full extent, taking care not to touch the quick. Ap-
ply butter of antimony ^ and afterwards dress with tar (1
oz.) mixed with sulphuric acid, 1 ounce. If the heels are
uncommon thick and unyielding, a poultice occasionally
(not hot) relieves the stricture so occasioned ; so, when
the corn is of much extent, and the matter discharges in
large quantities, a poultice to the whole foot will reduce
the inflammation that remains from the operation and
consequent discharge. Never apply the fire to corns, as
some do. When the sore assumes a healthy appearance,
dress with compound ^mc^wre of Benzoin, or digestive

TREATMENT OF SAND-CRACKS.

197

ointment, or tar alone. Allow a run at grass ; and at
every future removal of the shoes pare out the seat of
corn a little, and apply to the spot a small portion of
butter of antimony : leave the inner heel strong ; rasp
down the toes.

18. Sand Crack. Brittle hoof is the cause of the
crack into which sand, or other substances may enter,
that is so named, and is itself caused by the fever and
contraction termed founder, before spoken of — page 188.
It mostly appears on the fore foot inner quarter, but when
at the hinder feet, the crack usually occurs in front.
When happening through some great exertion, it gene-
rally appears in its worst form at once, so deep as to
expose the quick ; but when of the mildest form, and
scarcely deemed worthy of notice, because the horse does
not go lame with it, may shortly become incurable
through neglect. In this case, the firing iron, drawn
across the fissure at its two extremities, will be sufficient
to stop its progress in ordinary cases ; but in none is the
shoe allowed to bear on the part below, the crust being
cut or thinned in that line repeatedly. Fill up the crack
with wax, made warm enough for that purpose ; such a
slight pressure contributing to the healthy granulation of
fresh horn, whilst preventing the access of dirt or sand, of
wet, or cold atmospheric air. Give rest.

19. The cracks we have contemplated are of the
milder sort. If the horse be worked, the crack extends,
and becomes incurable. Cleanse out the dirt, thin down
the edges of the crack, examine its base for the growth of
" proud flesh" there ; then apply a caustic, as copperas
or butter of antimony, and wipe out the matter with
pledgets of dry tow. Press into the chasm the warm wax
as before ; take it out, and examine to the bottom of the
crack for evidence of fungous or proud flesh, and pro-
ceed as before directed. Keep the hoof moist ; renewed
stoppings, and finally the run of a meadow, or other damp
ground, contribute to the cure.

CHAPTER XVI.

Some Account of the Prescriptions, Remedies, and
Applications, recommended in the course of the Work.

Alteratives. Medicines which act slowly are so called,
as do many vegetables — by slight purgation, sweating,
urinating, or otherwise. Some medicines, (tonics for
example,) are always given in repeated small doses,
as the alterative balls prescribed at page 47 ; another
form at page 1 20, is diaphoretic, and so is the powder
at the same page. The alterative worm balls at pages
73, 74, and the mercurial at page 142, could not be
given in any other manner.

Anodyne draught for disordered bowels, form of, 83.

Antimony powders for mange, page 120.

Astringent ointment for the frush, p. 194 ; astringent
lotions for grease, two forms of, at p. 141 ; and an oint-
ment at p. 142.

Back-raking . The very serviceable " manual ope-
ration," so useful in many cases, and indispensable in
obstinate costiveness, is yet most clumsily and too vio-
lently performed. We recommend it in a great variety
of cases — see pp. 45, 81, 86, 100 ; and at pp. 88 and 97,
have shown how an examination of the straight gut con-
duces to direct us in the proper treatment of the knocked
up horse — the long chase and ill usage that produces
utter abasement of the animal's strength, sometimes
affecting the lungs, at other times the bowels, and nearly
as often the liver or spleen.

Balsam. An old name for the digestive ointment
that is applied to old sores, wounds, &c. : it is made
by digesting sulphur in oil of turpentine in a sand heat.
9

ALTERATIVES — BLEEDING.

199

Balsam de Chili, or Chili Balsam, possesses no higher
claim to our notice than the preceding ; it is supposed
to have been a succedaneum for petroleum, obtained by-
adding oil of aniseed to the spurious coal-tar petroleum.

Balsam, or balm, is also applied to any preparation,
possessing the soothing or healing qualities, whether ap-
plied outwardly, or taken inwardly, thence termed balsam
of life, or of this or that commixture. Thus we have
the Balsam of Quinine, which derives its restorative
powers from the due admixture of the extract of cin-
chona so named. In all cases of debility, proceeding
from whatever cause, whether from fever, inflammation,
or distemper, the Quinine balsam is given by us with
complete success, and forms one item in the restorative
means here recommended for adoption, after the removal
of severe constitutional disorders : see p. 94.

Bandaging, the economy of, explained, 45, 81, 161 ;
— the roller bandage, 148, 184.

Barbadoes Naphtha — the new name for Petroleum.

Bleeding, Is the very best or the very worst of the
remedies employed by man, according as it may be per-
formed judiciously or otherwise. See pages 38 and 50,
where the economy or management is described at great
length. We find the operation destructive in several
cases of the epidemic distemper, p. 54 ; whenever the
attack is accompanied by extraordinary debility ; but
when, on the contrary, the animal may be in full vigour
previous to the attack, bleeding will not only relieve, but
prevent the distemper assuming its more virulent symp-
toms; as was observed at pp. 45, 53, 125. Bleeding
is recommended at pages 26, 32, 34, 40, 48, 57, 75,
81, 96, 101, 118,151,187, 188. In some cases, bleed-
ing should not be resorted to, as remarked at pp. 31, 48,
53 ; in others it would be disastrous ; these occasions
are pointed out at pp. 46, 54, 55, 70, 82, 90.

Local bleeding — at the toe has been spoken of at page
161, as admirably adapted to lower the heat and in-
flammation that always accompanies founder. The

200

PRESCRIPTIONS AND REMEDIES :

large vein will be opened by passing the knife from (/)
to (e) fig. 4 on the plate. Bleeding in the mouthy is very
desirable for all disorders of the head, and for loss of
appetite arising from hard work.

Blistering, is performed on the horse by means of a
liniment or ointment, with more or less of cantharides,
according as greater effect may be required, as in the hone
tumours we call ring bone, &c. page 142. The form
to be observed in making and applying blistering lini-
ments and ointment will be found at pages 58 and 151,
and this remedy is again recommended in several other
cases— at pp. 49, 81, 152,183.

Blue pill, one of the preparations of mercury, and
recommended in liver obstructions, or distemper, p. 22.

Calomel, like the blue pill, is a preparation of mercury,
and applies its quality to the liver. See pp. 72, 88, 93.

Cantharides is the main ingredient in blisters ; but
when oft repeated irritates the kidneys.

Caustics, the lunar, actual, &c. class together, 29 ;
an escharotic succedaneum for fire, 126.

Clysters, for management of these, see 34, 45, 68,81 ,86.

Cold lotions, forms of, 107, 132; economy of their
application, 188 ; their use, 183,4.

Colic drench, two forms of, 87,

Cooling regimen recommended, 47, 66, 81.

Coltsfoot decoction for catarrhal complaints, 57.

Cordial halls are prescribed at page 30 ; though the
draught or drench is highly preferable, as this acts at
once upon the stomach, and the material is in every one's
hands. Ale or beer made warm, or the malt mash, are
equal to any thing we can recommend, and we are there-
fore chary in adding to the number of such prescriptions,
which are already too many, and too frequently resorted
to. The addition of ginger renders such a draught
every thing that can be desired.

Cough ball, form of, 60 ; is also recommended, 57, 62.

Cough drenches, two forms of, 60.

Detergent lotion^iovm of, at page 132; for ulcers, 28.

BLISTERING — LAXATIVES.

201

Digestive ointment for sores, form of, at page 134. —
See above. Balsam. Digestive liniment, form of, 132;
proper in poll-evil, 136 ; and for warbles, 137. Also pre-
scribed at pp. 117, 137, 139, 153.

Diuretic balls, 119,193. Diuretic powders, p. 35.

Distemper ball, form of, 54 ; highly proper, 22, 56.

Drench (the) preferable to balls, 36. See Cordial
Tonic, Stomach- tube.

Embrocations, very proper in inflammations, 29 ; for
bruises, 151, 162.

Eye remedies, forms of, wash, and poultices, 105;
eye lotions, three forms of, 107.

Escharotic mixture (strong) for cauterizing farcy
buds, page 126.

Farcy Balls, two forms of, are given at pages 125, 6.

Fever Powders, three forms of, at page 35 ; they are
also recommended at page 16, 31, 46, 104 ; but in one
case only are deemed undesirable, 99.

Firing. Cases occur in which firing is indispensable ;
but is nevertheless resorted to too frequently, and per-
formed too severely. Singeing the ears and the loose
hairs of the coat, make a part of the same ferocious
school of misintelligence. Throughout Chapter XV. we
have frequently recommended the hot iron, in disorders
of the legs ; and for closing small punctured wounds,
page 148 ; but the contrary advice is given at pages
154, 162, 183. Anciently, for strain in the sinews and
chronic lameness, an old practitioner of celebrity applied
the fire upon the rind of bacon, and the operation came
off much milder, but we do not find that it has been per-
severed in any where. For taking off the Farcy buds, we
recommend the Escharotic mixture above referred to.

Hot mixture for fistula, page 133; another very
strong, 136.

Irritating mixture for fistula, 133.

Laxative Balls, how operating, 91 ; — for the Yellows,
93, 193 ; laxative drench, two forms of, 3Q, 76 ; is re-

202

PRESCRIPTIONS AND REMEDIES.

commended in a variety of cases, see page 34, 45, 53,
58, 75, 100, 101, 104.

Liniment for canker, two forms, 194, 5.

Linseed decoction, or cough drench, form of, 58.

Lotions — see Astringent, Cold, Detersive, Saturnine.

Mange applications, — three several, 121.

Mustard embrocation, form of, 83 ; for sore throat, 64.

Nerving. Should be termed unnerving, as the opera-
tion consists in subtracting from the nerve which de-
scends into the foot : see particular details at page 191,

Ointment — the stimulating, form of, 117 ; for sitfast.
138; astringent, for grease, 142.

Opiate — is advised at page 100, in a case of sup-
pressed urine. Opium 1 dram in solution is sufficient
in ordinary cases, though a clyster with 2 drams of
opium, will be found as efficacious in relieving the neck
of the bladder, provided it can be retained a reasonable
time. The Balsam of Quinine also acts as an Opiate
upon debilitated animals.

Petroleum, or Barbadoes Tar, was once considered a
sovereign remedy in obstinate coughs ; but an imposition
being practised by the druggists which possessed no dis-
cutient property, Petroleum fell into disuse ; until again
brought forward (1830) by B. Hart, an amateur veteri-
narian of some repute, and recommended by him in a
pamphlet. When obtained genuine, it is still entitled to
consideration in all cases of scurfy eruptions, mange, and
old ulcers. The agency for the disposal of the real arti-
cle— under the termnaphtha, is now confided to C. Clark,
Veterinarian, of Stamford-street. See Balsam de Chili,

Physick — is the term generally applied to purgatives
only, and for the Horse, Aloes of Barbadoes is the basis
of all. A great number of prescriptions are given in the
books, but are most of them deemed unnecessary to our
present purpose — an increase or diminution of the aloes,
constituting the chief change we are called upon to make.
Two forms oi purging balls are given at pages 46, 73, and

LINIMENT— WORM MEDICINES.

203

under laxatives the enquirer will find as much informa-
tion as he will need, as to emptying the bowels in the
safest and best manner. See Drench, Stomach Pump.

Poisons — What are so? and counteracting agents, 67 ;
Anti-poison ball, ih.; remedies, 68 ; farcy poison, 123.

Poultices — the economy of, 139, 140; and applica-
cation, 64, 117, 133, 135, 161, 188.

Rowels and setons advised, 28, 35, 45, 55, 104, 133,
182, 3.

Saturnine Zo^^ on proper, 27, 147, 151, 162 ; the form
of, 132. See Colds. Saturnine poultice, form of, 149*

Scouring Drench, two forms of, 82 ; the ball, 87.

Steaming the head in catarrh, method of, 118, 131.

Stimulating draught, two forms of, 76.

Stomachic laxative, form of, 7 1 .

Stomach tube. An invention for administering liquids
to animals without spilling, and devoid of offence to the
palate when bitter, in which way only tonics ought to be
given to effect their purpose aright. In truth, all medi-
cines that are intended to act upon the stomach, should
be given in no other form than liquid. This instrument
has been recommended to general use in administering
drenches, at pages 30, 36, 99, 101, 104, 117 ; it is ma-
nufactured by John Read, of Regent's Circus, is without
external seam, and is sufficiently long to reach the far-
thest stomach of horned cattle. When horses or other
animals have been gorged or blown, Mr. Read has an
accompanying apparatus — the Stomach-pump, by which
the contents thereof may be diluted and drawn forth.

Tonics should always be given in the liquid form,
otherwise they fail of their effect, totally. Four forms of
tonics are given at pages 36 and 99 ; the arsenical is
mentioned as dangerous at page 67.

Worm medicines, forms of, pages 73 ; balls most eli-
gible for, 74.

AUTHORITIES AND PERSONS

CITED IN THE COURSE OF THIS WORK.

Bridges (Jeremiah) an early explorer of the anatomy of the
Horse's Foot, 162.

Cherry, (F.) his pads excellently adapted as a stopping for feet,
190; his remarks on hroken knees, 153.

Clark (Bracy) eschews tonic remedies, 38; how mistaken, 70;
his opinion of worms in the body, 69.

Clark (James), his thoughts on fevers erroneous, 32.

Coleman (Edward) his observations on the foot, 163; his fatty-
elastic substance exploded, 170 ; error concerning a circular
foot, 173.

Dudley's malleable shoes, still liable to objection, 175.

Dupuy's (M.) doctrine of tuberculous affections, 116.

Freeman (Strickland) first dissected the Foot throughout,
162 ; was not surpassed by White or Coleman, 163.

Gibson (William) his treatise on the foot too learned, 13; did
not examine the horse's hoof sufficiently, 162.

Hinds (John) his section of the foot, the only one unimpaired by
disease, as compared with others ; his preparation delineated,
165; Veterinary Surgery, a proper study for all men, 13; his
father on one-sided nailing, 178; his Groom's Oracle, 77-

Horse (the) Compilers of that work on broken knees, 153; they
make free with Hinds's book, iv.

Lafosse (M.) neglected the dissection of the Foot, 162.

Lawrence (Richard) on Crib-biting, 111.

Monro (Dr.) inventor of the stomach pump, 38.

OsMER (William) the most estimable of Veterinary writers, 33 ;
his treatise on the Epidemic Distemper, 56, 70 ; it is identical
with the Indian disorder, 25 ; and with the distemper of 1832 ; was
the first who described navicular lameness, 1 62 ; and the coro-
nary ring, 167 ; his seated shoe, improved, 174.

Pancras College — bleed exceedingly, 46.

Read (John) his Stomach tube, &c. 37.

Snape (Andrew) first noticed disease of the (choler, or) liver, 89 ;
omitted to explore the whole foot, 162.

Whippy (the Messrs.) their knee-caps, very desirable, 154.

White (James). The father of tonic remedies, 38, 71 ; revised
his opinions, viz. on fevers, 33; on stomach-staggers, 74: as to
the prevalence of worms, 68 ; practice on tumours, 134 ; practice
confirmed, 118, 123, 4, 98, 135; indebted to W. Osmer, 56, and
to Freeman, 163; his treatise on physiology too learned, 13;
mistaken in his practice — as to opium and camphor, 60 ; eye-
glass, 105, 106 ; scalding mixture, 136; cutting, 156; diseased sec-
tion of the foot, 169; his practice improved upon, 84, 111, 173.

Yare (T, R.) his anti-crib-biter, principle of the invention, 113;
obtains the medal, 114.

INDEX.

Abscess — the critical, &c. caused by bruises, 151. — See Tumours.
Adhesion of parts, how occasioned, 30, 42, 92 ; of the liver and

gut, 79, 91 ; remedy, 91, 92.
Air, wholesome, restores strength, 34, 45, 46, 81.
Anbury, how inflicted, 144, and cure, ib.
Anticor, caused by debility, 143 ; treatment, ih. ; epidemic, ib.
Apoplexy — Megrims, symptoms and treatment of, 74.
Appetite (want of) denotes disorders, 16.
Arsenic, a tonic, 67 ; how detected in empoisonment, ib.
Back sinew, strains of,156,161,168 ; description of,6. — SeeTendons.
Bile, obstructions of, 92. — See Choler, Liver, Distemper.
Bladder, palsy of, 97, 98; diseases of, depend on kidneys, 98; neck

of, inflamed, 100; concretions, ib.
Blind horses, change the coat at reverse seasons, 18 ; and why, ib.
Blindness, heritable, 106.

Blood — redundancy of, disastrous, 26; its appearance in fevers,
45.— See Chapter XVI.

Blown animals, how carried off*, 76.

Blows and kicks, effects of, and treatment, 151.

Botts ulcerate the stomach, 68; usually neglected, 69; the Bott
controversy, 71- — See Worms.

Bowel complaint after hard work — a mistake for liver, 88 ; adhe-
sion to the liver, 79, 91 ; affected by founder, 189.

Bowels, inflammation of, 31, 40; discrimination of from colic, 78 ;
table of symptoms, 80.

Bowels, disease of, causes fever, 11 ; affects the coat, 17, and feet, ih.

Breaking down, the principle of, 161.

Broken knees, of several degrees, how incurred, 151 ; remedies
for, 153 ; restoration of the hair, ib.

Broken wind originates in a cold, 42 ; symptom of the several
kinds, 61 ; regimen for, 63.

Bruises, nature and treatment of, 150 ; at the coronet, 138 ; occa-
sion poll evil, 135; of the hip and stifle, 160.

Burusatee, the Indian Epidemic, 122, 124.

Canker, how derived, 194; and treatment, ib. ; one cause of, 138.
Cantharides, improper in some cases, 99, 100.
Carriage, the horse's, denotes his state of health, 20, 24.
Catarrh incurable, 42, 48 ; course of, 43 ; the cure of, is deceptive,

44 ; treatment, 45, 47 — 52 ; the Epidemic, 53 ; predisposition to,

ib. ; transferred to the liver, 66, 92.
Chest-founder, influences the feet, 24, 179, 186, 189, 191.
Choler — the bile so called of old, 89 ; how deranged, 17 ; when

deranged, its effects, 90; certain cure for, 91.

s

206

INDEX.

Clipping the heels, mischievous, 104.

Coat (the) proves the nature of disorders, 15—17; not always to
be relied upon, 18 ; quick drying denotes health, 19; pen-fea-
thered, ib.; its colours, changes of, 19. — See Hidehound.

Coffin-joint lameness, one cause of, 138; another, 149 and 177;
is of the back sinews, 161 ; in what it consists, 5, 185—7.

Coffin bone described, 5, 16G; changed in shape, 169.

Cold (a) its effects, 47, 115 ; how affecting the coat, 15, 17; ne-
glected, ruinous, 48; a check on the perspirable vessels, 121 ;
causes glanders, 128

Colic pains, what, 34, 79 ; term given to all internal disorders, 78.

Colic, the right spasmodic kind, symptoms of, 80; errors concern-
ing, 85 ; discrimination needful, 86 ; treatment, 87.

Colour — alteration in, by illness, 19.

Contagiousness — the opinion well supported, 20.

Corn, gorging, too much, its evil effects, 16.

Corns, a disease of contraction, 195; recent cases soon eradicated,
196 ; treatment, ib.

Coronary ring described, 5, 169. So termed by Ostner, 167.

Costiveness, the sole cause of some disorders, 34, 45, 77, 81.

Cough, on taking up, 39 ; depends on inflammation, 42, 44, 48 ;
treatment of, 57 — 60; attends broken wind, 61; and inflamma-
tion of the stomach, 70; and worms, 72; and adhesion of the
midriff, 92 ; none with glanders, 130.

Crib-biting taught, 109; acquired, 110; is an unsoundness. 111 ;
remedies for, 112 — 114.

Curb, how incurred, 183; remedy, ib.

Cutting of several degrees, 155; how ascertained, 156.

Death indicated, 20, 26, 29, 30, 66 ; endangered, 38.

Debility, or low fever, evinced ; 38, 40 ; is indicated by the nos-
trils, 24; it remains after fever, 11 ; and accompanies the dis-
temper, 21 ; unfavourable symptoms, 43, 46, 47, 53 ; affects the
feet, 187 ; occasions grease, 140; remedy, 141 ; and dropsy, 143.

Digestion, organs of, symptoms of diseased, 25 ; recovery of lost,
70 ; depraved, cause of disordered eyes, 110, and of tumours,
115, 118.

Diabetes, how brought on, 96 ; symptoms and treatment, 99.

Diseases, several that have one common origin, 115 ; the cause of
many, 11, 15 — when wrongly named, dangerous, 14, 15; a pre-
disposition to, 115; carried off by treatment, 127.

Distemper, first symptoms of, 21 ; the five species described, with
treatment of, 52 — 55 ; transferred to the liver, 66, 92 ; con-
nected with tuberculous affections, 116; that of 1832 described,
20 ; how attacking, 21 ; treatment, 22 ; symptoms of, variable, 22.

Dry gripes, what? 30, 42, 79, «7-

Dunging — its indications of disorder, 17, 20, 45 ; scanty, in Dis-
temper, 21, 22.
Effusion, what? 26; on extr bleeding, 51 ; in Catarrh, 43.

IKDEX.

207

Entanglement of the bowels, what, 79.

Epidemic fever — discrimination necessary, 38 ; of several kinds
52 ; treatment, 53 ; fatal termination, 66 ; lungs and liver sympa-
thize, 70, 92; assumes a farcy appearance, 125 ; disease of 1832,
20; the Indian, 122, 124.— See Distemper.

Excretions, how depraved, 115 ; causes tumours, ib.

Exercise — too strong occasions broken wind, 61 ; and other dis-
eases, 11 ; subjects young horses to distemper, 22.

Eyes, denote inflammation, 44 ; diseases of, 102 ; causes and treat-
ment, 103 — 107 ; lotions for, ib.; eruptions on, 108; influenced
by stomach disorders, 16 ; the intelligencers of pain and of plea-
sure, 22 ; colour of the lids in distemper, 21, 22.

Farcy, &c. — true doctrine regarding, 115; cause and appearance,
122 — 4: treatment, 125; buds, how reduced, 126.

Farriery, the art improved, 8, 12, 162.

Feeding, the economy of, 61, 2; generous, necessary in some dis-
eases, 126, 130; excess of, harmful, 115; the usual mode of, too
stimulating, 13 ; too much, 15 ; of refusing food, 16 ; arises from
bad mouth, ib.

Fever, how produced, 11, 32; symptom of recession, 24; the pu -
trid, symptoms of, 24 : of the feet, 170, 186 ; it accompanies every
disease, 32 ; simple fever, what ? 33 ; cure for, 34 ; symptomatic
fever indicated, 34 ; cause and treatment, 38 — 41 ; indicates in-
flammation, 79; and obstructed bile, 92.

Fistula in the Withers, easily removed 131 ; treatment, 132 ; ope-
ration for, 133; scalding, not required, 134.

Foot — Sections of healthy and diseased feet, how differing, 5, 169,
173 ; fast work, spoils the best, 172; unsound feet require at-
tention, 176; disorders of the foot, 185; fever of the, 186; con-
traction and inflammation, ib.; bleeding at the, 6, 51, 188 ; fever
of, how caused, 138, 191 ; wounds of, 149; pointing wrong, re-
medy for, 156 ; study of its economy neglected, 164, 198 ; worthy
of note, 165 ; its arcana laid open, 5, 6, 168. — See Shoeing.

Founder, remedied, 177 ; the common cause of all foot diseases,
188 ; treatment, ib.,- how detected, 24 ; of the chest, 24, 186 ; af-
fects the lungs, 189 — 191.

Frog pressure, how manifested, 170; admits not of dispute, 175;
anatomical dissection of, 6, 169.

Glanders, a tuberculous disorder, 115; connected with the lungs,
116, 123: the subject a perplexed one, 127 ; salt a preventive,
ib. and a remedy, 131 ; pretended cures, 128, 131 ; what is the
true sort, 128 ; test for ascertaining, 130 ; infectious, or not ? 129 ;
copperas, cantharides, and mercury — delusions, 130 — 1 ; signs
of the slight touch, 24 ; and of the confirmed, ib.; affect the
lungs, 41 ; come of ill-cured strangles, 118.

Grease — origin of tuberculous diseases ; 115 ; causes of, 139 ; treat-
ment, 144 ; it succeeds ill-cured canker, 195.

Gripes, the dry, 30 ; mistaken term, 79 ; on physick taking, 83. —
s 2

208

INDEX.

Guts, twisting of the, 30. Sc-e Entanglemenl.

Haw of the eye, not to be cut out, 103; treatment of, 107-

Head, the, is indicative of state of health, 20 ; turn of, denotes

the several affections of the body, 24; blows on, 152.
Heat necessary to the cure of wounds, 154; when excessive, the

groundwork of disease, 11 — 14, 15.
Heart, congestion at the, in distemper, 21.

Hidebound — not an original disorder, 17 ; it denotes internal dis-
order, 44, 70.

Hoof — brittle and soft, horses liable to, 186* ; loss of hoof, how ar-
riving, 189 ; contraction of. — See Foot Foimder, Thrush, &c.

Jaundice, symptom of, and remedies, 92. — See Yellows.

Inflammation the cause of all constitutional disorders, 11; how
ascertained, 24; what it is, 25 ; treatment, 26—31 ; vvliat not ge-
nuine, 33, 85; intestinal, how transferred, 70; table for distin -
guishing true, 80 ; treatment, 81 ; of wounds, 149.

Interfering, mostly incurred by thorough breds, 155.

Kidneys, inflammation of, several kinds, 95 ; treatment, 96 ; exa-
mination of bladder, 97-

Kicks and bruises acquired, 152 : treatment, ib.

Knees (Broken) various kinds of, 153 ; test of the worst, ih.\ pre-
cautions and remedies, ih.\ Cherry's recommendation, 154.

Knock up, symptoms and true seat of, 18 ; treatment, ih. 93.

Lameness, occasioned by ill-cured fevers, 11 ; from wounds, 149 ;
from strains — the shoulder, 158 ; tests for ascertaining its seat,
ih. ; from bone-tumours, 158, 160 ; of the feet 185 ; various, ih ;
occasional, 186; from disordered lungs, ; of legs and feet, how
diftering, 179; the kinds of, how denoted, 180 ; signs of, ih. ;
coming up from grass, cause of, 181 ; coming on, very slow, 189 ;
how promoted, 190; the seat of, mistaken, ih. ; not always
attending contraction, 191.

Locked jaw terminates inflammation, 44; appearance ofeyesin,22.

Low bred cattle afflicted with bone tumours, 160.

Litter-eating, cause and remedy, 114.

Liver, signs of its being the seat of disease, 17» 24 ; is the seat
of distemper, 20; symptoms of diseased, 25, 31, 41; influenced
by bad lungs, 47, 66, 92 ; liable to inflammation, 89 ; fatal, 90 ;
adherent to gut, 91 ; affected by hard work, 88.

Lungs, symptoms of diseased, 25,27,31, 33; inflammation of,
42 — 47; very liable to disorder, 41 ; affected in glanders, ;
ill cured, the cause of glanders, 128; bad, occasions lameness,
186 ; and is affected by founder, 188 ; when diseased, cause
fever, 11 ; and staring coat, 17; the first symptom of distemper,
21 ; cause of stinking breath, 23.

Mallenders, what, 184; treatment, 185.

Mange, how incurred, 118; treatment for, 120; obstinate cases,
remedies, 121.

Manner of behaviour, change of, 15 ; shows inward illness, 19, 20.

INDEX.

209

Medicines often employed injudiciously, 11, 14.
Molten grease of two kinds, treatment, 84.
Moon-blindness, 102 ; treatment of, 105.

Mouth, signs of disordered, and cure, 16 ; colour in distemper,
21, 23; hot, denotes fever, 23.

Murrain, what so termed, 124. See Distemper.

Nailing, one-sided, allows of expansion, 177> 191 ; in the quar-
ters and toes, 175 ; for corns, 195.

Navicular lameness, how occasioned, 5, 161, 168; well founded,
181, 185, 187; the bone described, 6.

Neglect, the besetting sin of horsemen, 146, 149.

Nerving, i.e. un-nerving, requires skill, 191; precautions, ih. ;
how performed, 192 ; its failure, ib.

Nostrils, colour of lining, denotes the state of health, 23, 24 ; a
discharge in fever, 55.

Organs of life, how affected by inflammation, 11 ; and affecting-
each other, 16.

Operations: bleeding, 50; for tumour, 28, 56, 117, 124; for fis-
tula, &c. 133 ; for sitfast, 137 ; for wens, 144 ; for founder, 191.
Over-reaching, treatment of, 149, 200.

Pace, when uncertain, denotes illness, 17, 20; is destructive of
the feet, 165 ; and of feet and lungs, 187.

Perspiration, checked by drinking, 18; profuse, a sign of disor-
ders, ih. ; and of anxiety, ib.

Physicking overmuch, its effects, 12.

Physicking, mode improved, 37, 73, 74; recommended, 54 ; goes

off by urine, 66 ; effect of over-dosing, 82.
Physiology, how acquired, 13 ; a difficult science to acquire,z6. 165.
Piping, how occasioned, 63 ; and remedy.

Poisons, the vegetable, taken by cattle, 67 ; symptoms and reme-
dies, 68.

Poll-evil, causes of, 134; scalding mixture, ; operation, 133,136.

Pomice-footed, how incurred, 186, 190.

Principles of doctoring, how to be acquired, 12, 19.

Quittor, causes of, 138, 197 ; remedy for, 139.

Receipts, dangerous nature of quackish, 15.

Rest, indispensable to a cure, 152, 187, 197-

Restorative means of reinstating health, 34, 45, 81 ; great danger
of neglecting, 44, 47, 54, 56, 92 ; tonics, 38, 70 ; after scour-
ing, 83 ; under mercurial treatment, 127.

Ring-bone, what, 183 ; treatment, i&.

Roaring, how alleviated, 62 ; is of several degrees, 63 ; concealed,

how detected, 24.
Saddle galls, cause of, and treatment, 136.
Sallenders, seat of, and treatment, 184.
Sandcrack, described, 197; treatment of, ib.
Scouring of the bowels, remedies, 82 ; in flatulent colic, 87 ; in
s 3

210

INDEX.

jaiuulice, 83, 93 ; in molten grease, 84 ; the result of dis-
eased liver, 17-

Secretions and excretions, depraved, 115; promoted, conduce to

the cure, 127; of imperfect excretions, li), 134, 140.
Shivering, an unfavourable symptom, 33 ; v^hen not, 26, 39,
Shoeing, bad, the cause of most disorders, 172; smiths to notice

the bearing, 170, 173 ; of preparing the hoof, 173 — 4, 177 ; and

the shoe, ib. ; it requires a periodical remove, 174; nailing,

177; pointing the toe, 178.
Shoulder, setting on, its effects on the tread, 156 ; strain of the,

seldom occurring, 157; bone tumour on it, an obscure cause of

lameness, 158, 160.
Sickness, of every sort, signs by which to ascertain, 15. — See Coat,

Stomach, Eyes, Mouth, &c.
Signs of diseases impending, 15; prompt attention averts a fatal

termination,22 ; of disease existing, 80, 96; of lameness, 180, 188.
Sitfasts, what, 137 ; and treatment, ib.
Skin, the, sure indications of health and disease, 19.
Spasmodic colic, cause and treatment, 87.
Spavin, bone, what, 181 ; treatment, 182 ; blood spavin, 185.
Spleen, enlargement of, upon hard work, 88.
Splents described, 182; treatment, 183.

Stables, filthy, occasion blear eyes, 102 ; how to reform, 104.

Stable management, averts disorders, 14; effects of overaction, 15.

Staggers or vertigo, induced by remains of fever, 1 1 ; how de-
noted, 25; symptom of, 40; stomach staggers, 74; mad stag-
gers, 75; treatment, 76; prevention, 77-

Stomach, always influenced by disease of other organs, 16; and
affects the eyes, 23, 102; signs of inflamed, ib. ; decided inflam-
mation, 66 ; transferred to the liver, ib. ; how affected by poisons,
67 ; botts afflict it, 68 ; recovers its tone slowly, 70 ; stomach
staggers, 75.

Stomach tube, improved mode of giving drenclies, 37-

Strains, a necessary study with sportsmen, 156 ; of the shoulder,
not often, ib. ; how occasioned, and cure, 158; of the stifle,
hock, and hip-joint, 159; of the back, seldom, 160; of the
back sinews, 161, 168.

Strangles, distinguishing signs of, 24; treatment of, 116; of ill-
cured, 118; becomes glanders, ib.

Sun's rays influence the horse's well-being, 18.

Suppuration, what, 26, 27 ; usually preferable, 28; of the lungs, 44.

Surfeits, how occasioned, 15, 18; surfeit and mange, how con-
nected, 118; the term applied to all tuberculous appearances,
1 19 ; symptoms, and treatment, ib.

Sweating, profusely, how brought on, 11; how checked, 18; a
sign of disorder, ib.

Sympathy of tlie organs of life, 16; the stomach and lungs, 40,
43, 46, 68, 70 ; oflungs and bowels, 84, 5 ; lungs and liver, 92.

INDEX.

211

Sympathetic fever, 138.

Symptoms of various diseases, 2, 39, 41 ; of deceitful, 43, 45.
Symptoms of disorder, liow to be met, 12; the knowledge of, 15 ;

of the corresponding symptoms, 16; variable nature of, 20, 22.
Tendons, liable to be pricked, 150; treatment, ib. ; strain of, 161 ;

how produced, 122.
Thrush described, 192 ; treatment, 193.

Toe, pointing of, affected by setting on of the shoulder, 155, 178,
182 ; bleeding at the, how done, 161.

Tonics, ill appreciated, 38 ; ball or drench, which preferable, 36 ;
proper, 97, 99 ; in grease, 140.

Training, severe, incurs distemper, 22, and lameness, 180.

Tuberculous affections, many, 116; termed siirfei I hy the stable
people, 1 19 ; tubercles on lungs in farcy and glanders, 123 ;
partial appearance of, 125, 142.

Tumours of several kinds, doctrine respecting, 115 ; from wounds,
148; and bruises, 151 ; of bone, a cause of lameness, 158; are
symptomatic of fever, 26; the operation on, 28, 56, 117, 124,
133, 137; an extensive class of diseases, 115; how character-
ised and distinguished, 116 — 139; doctrine of tuberculous dis-
orders, 142 ; indolent, treatment of, 143, 4.

Veterinary knowledge, how acquired, 8, 12, 162.

Vices of horses, how incvilcated, 109; remedies. 111.

Vives consequent upon ill-cured strangles, 118.

Urine, how affected by various substances, 66 ; bloody urine,
95 ; suppression of, 99 ; mistaken treatment, 96 ; re-absorbed,
98; excess of, 99^ bloody, ib. ; incontinence of, 100; is al-
ways defective in distemper, 21.

Warbles, treatment of, 135.

Warts on the eye-lids, treatment, 107; on the body, 144.
Water, cold, occasions cough, 59.
Water farcy, what : and remedy, 142.
Weaving, a solitary vice, 114 ; remedy, ib.
Wens, nature and treatment of, 143 — 4.
Wheezing, cause of, 65 ; situation and remedy, ib.
Wind, thick or broken, how affected, 61.
Windgalls, mistaken practice, 184; treatment, ib.
Wind-sucking, how acquired, 110; remedies, 111; mistaken
practice, 112 .

Worms, of three kinds 71; botts, 68; ravage the stomach, 69;
remedies, 72; and varied treatment, 73.

Wounds, occasion fever, 39, 40 ; in the sole, 139 ; incurred from
violence, 146; first applications, 147 ; contused, and punctured,
treatment, 148; of the foot, 149; of tendons, 150.

Yellows, a symptom, ^5, 83 ; denotes disordered liver, 89 ; in
extra purgation, 91 ; influence of the lungs, 92. — See Jaundice.

Lutehj published, hij the same Booksellers.

HINDS'S WORKS ON FARRIERY,

ON

BREEDING, REARING, MOUNTING, AND TRAINING
HORSES INTO CONDITION;

Illustrated with numerous Copper- plates and Engravings on Wood,
3 vols, price \l. lOs. iid. in red, or separately, as follows : —

s. d.

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Edition, modernized by Mr. Hinds 8 0

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*#* The last two pieces together, form the Third Volume.
Volume the First is a full Treatise on Diseases — and is entitled,

VETERINARY SURGERY AND PRACTICE OF
MEDICINE;

OR,

FARRIERY TAUGHT ON A NEW PLAN:

Being a familiar Treatise on all the Diseases and Accidents to
which the Horse is liable ; the Causes and Symptoms of each, and
the most approved Remedies employed for the Cure in every Case ;
with Instructions to the Shoeing-Smith, Farrier, and Groom, how
to acquire Knowledge in the Art of Farriery, and the Prevention
of Diseases. Preceded by a popular Description of the Organs of
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ples on which these are to be restored when disordered.

Opinions delivered concerning this Work,

" It is to the physiology and diseases of the Horse that Mr.
Hinds pays most attention, and for this very reason we are dis-
posed to pay attention to his book. He leaves the old beaten track
of writers on Farriery, and in a style much more familiar and inte-
resting than hitherto — (which in similar works is daily becoming
more fashionable) — he brings his reader on from cause to effect,
from symptom to cure, in a truly edifying and instructive manner.
The truth is, Mr. Hinds is no visionary, — for there are quacks in
the Veterinary profession as well as in every other, — but a practical
Veterinary Surgeon, who has had much experience among horses,
and who, at the same time, has made their diseases the subject of
his habitual study. Although, according to the old aphorism, we

Lately 2)u^l^sh^d^ hy the same Booksellers. 213

here find that ' doctors differ,' we have reason to believe, from our
own knowledge in Farriery, that wherein they may differ, our au-
thor would be able to maintain his ground against all those who
have published on the same subject before him." — Scots Agricultu-
ral Magazine, No. 3.

" At length we may congratulate ourselves and the public — that
is to say, the sporting and equestrian part of it, that something sub-
stantial and equal to its importance is likely to be achieved for the
Practice of Horse Medicine. Next to the forthcoming broods
of practitioners in this art or mystery being capable of answering
satisfactorily their Examiners' technical questions, they would do
well to study the principles upon which the mitigation of disorders
is to be undertaken ; a study they will be enabled to enter upon
with delight, by assiduously comprehending the plain and accurate
demonstrations set forth in admirable style, in the first booh of Mr,
Hinds*s Veterinary Surgery. Finally, until this volume of Veteri-
nary Surgery and Practice of Medicine came forth, no book had been
published for twenty-five years which was half so well calculated to
place the study and practice of Farriery on their proper bases ; and
we augured truly, on the appearance of the first edition, that the pub-
lic approbation must attend a work in which so much hard labour,
keen research, accurate deduction, and sound practical knowledge
were evident in every chapter." Weekly Dispatch, Aug. 10, 1829.

NiMROD, a literary signature of much renown, well known to
every gentleman of eminence in the sporting world, quotes repeat-
edly, and with becoming deference, from the pages of Mr. Hinds's
Work, (Vet. Surg.) and founds a long series of valuable papers on
information derived from this volume, concerning lameness, shoe-
ing, the tread, &c. See Sporting Mag. Aug. 1828, pages 473 to
491 ; also Nov. and Dec, and again in 1829, frequently.

Volume the Second of MR. HINDS'S WORKS consists of

CONVERSATIONS ON CONDITIONING, ENTITLED,

THE GROOMS' ORACLE,

AND POCKET STABLE-DIRECTORY:

In which the Management of Horses generally, as to Health,
Dieting, and Exercise, are considered, in a Series of familiar Dia-
logues, between two Grooms engaged in Training Horses to their
Work. With Notes, and an Appendix, including Extracts from
the Receipt-Book of John Hinds, V.S. 2nd Edition, price Ts.

The Sporting Magazine for May, 1829, expresses its surprise that
" hitherto no Stable Guide, addressed to the capacity of servants,
should have issued from the press. All the old books of Farriery,

914 Lately published, by the same Booksellers.

from their stiffness, failed to instruct as they ought ; but in this vo-
lume the matters treated of, independent of the manner in which it
is executed, is much to be commended. We no where discern a
wish on the part of the Authors to display /j^e learning ; hut, on the
contrary, they render topics of the most difficult nature perfectly
intelligible to the meanest capacities. As to the points upon which
they converse, we discover none omitted that could be desira-
ble to the practical horse -keeper or owner, — the most common-
place that may be known to every trainer of eminence, in part or
in the whole, being brought forth in a pleasing and truly instruc-
tive manner, for the benefit of the less-expert and junior persons.
But we must quit The Oracle by recommending it to the notice of
those for whom it was especially compiled."

" Mr. J. Hinds's Grooms' Oracle not only comprehends every
kind of information relating to the diseases of a horse, but gives
ample and admirable directions how that noble animal should be
treated, so as to obviate disease in every variety of service in which
it may be employed." Vide Taunton Courier, April 8, 1829.

" The matter taught, we are fain to believe, is of the utmost im-
portance to the well-being of horses of every description, and of
the higher bred cattle in particular; the object of the speakers be-
ing to talk of training hoi'ses into fit condition for getting through
their work in style — whether that be of the Turf, the Chase, or
the Road. As usual in works of this nature, amidst much that is
quite new information, there is a good deal of intelligence that is
known to all Training-Grooms, as, 1st. The mode of keeping down
flesh whilst keeping up the stamina ; 2d. Of putting pace into the
horse ; 3d. Of improving his stretch and form of going, as well as
sustaining his lasting qualities." Vide Jge, March 22, 1829.

The Weekly Dispatch, sporting newspaper, goes on with its ob-
servations on the state of the Veterinary Art, — thus, " the immense
advantages of post mortem examinations is evident to all but the
meanest capacity, and was strenuously insisted upon in the Au-
thor's former volume, as it is again in this Grooms' Oracle, in more
familiar terms. If the practice of Veterinary Medicine and Sur-
gery is thus in a fair way of being disclosed to vulgar eyes, and laid
open to the comprehension of ordinary minds, no less so is the Art of
Training horses into condition for every species of work here placed
in a more just and rational light than we have hitherto been in the
habit of hearing and seeing the subject treated. Mar. 15, 1829.

Also, with fine Engravings of the various Breeds of Horses,
Price 85,

A TREATISE ON THE HORSE,
ITS DISEASES, LAMENESS, AND IMPROVEMENT;

In which is laid down the proper Method of Shoeing the different
Kinds of Feet. Also, some new Observations on the Art and
Practice of Farriery ; and on the Nature and Difference in the se-

Lately published^ by the same Booksellers. 215

veral Breeds of Speedy Horses ; showing on what Principles their
Perfection depends, and by what Methods the Breeding of Speedy
Animals may be greatly improved and amended. By William
OsMEU, Veterinary Surgeon, and many Years Shoeing-Smith in
Blenheim-Street, Bond-street. Fifth Edition, newly re-written,
with considerable Additions, by John Hinds, V. S.

A contemporary Critic observes — " Mr. Hinds, the Author of

* Veterinary Surgery,' the ' Grooms' Oracle,' and other publica-
tions of considerable merit, has just brought out a fifth edition of
Osmer's Treatise, with valuable additions. As one proof of the
intrinsic merit of the original, we observe, that most of our cele-
brated Veterinarians have made free with his doctrines, and his
terms, copying even his very words, in many instances, and adopt-
ing his ideas, his opinions, and general deductions. — Osmer's
Treatise, though rich in materials, and long time a source of valua-
ble instruction to the ardent professional inquirer, was not sys-
tematically arranged, and, consequently, much of its interest was
overlooked by the general Reader. To remedy this apparent de-
fect, Mr. Hinds has classified the whole into parts, and these again
into sections ; and, to parry the charge of plagiarism, which is cast
with no unsparing hand on several celebrated professors, Mr. Hinds
has included his additions between brackets. After stating his
inducements for issuing this improved edition, the Editor concludes
thus : — " For these liberties I oflfer no apology : if they be not judi-
cious, I ask not applause ; if not requisite, I deserve blame ; if
impertinent, pity." No apology, however, is necessary : the ar-
rangement is judicious and absolutely requisite ; and, so far from
deserving either blame or pity at our hands, Mr. Hinds is entitled
to the thanks of every lover of that beautiful quadruped, the Horse,
for having thus separated the tares from the wlieat, and gathered
into luxuriant sheaves a rich harvest for the proper treatment and
benefit of our favorite animal." — Sporting Magazine for May, 1830.

Another says — " Osmer's Treatise on the Horse, by /. Hinds, is
among the most valuable of our recent publications. Mr. Hinds's

* Grooms' Oracle,' and ' Veterinary Surgery,' ought to be in the
hands of every Gentleman, who either has in possession, or
has a chance of possessing, the noble animal to whose proper treat-
ment the Author has directed his enlightened researches. If to
these publications the present excellent treatise be added, it may
be safely averred, that every useful or important point of instruc-
tion relating to the welfare of the Horse, and the interests of its
owner, will have been scientifically, profitably, and satisfactorily
developed." — Taunton Courier, March '6, 1830.

" Here is another of those books on the Horse, which lie who
runs may read, and all who read can understand," is very aptly ob-
served at the commencement; and in truth no other kind of

2 1 G Lately published, by the same Booksellers,

writing on subjects that are purely practical, will be received at
the present day, when ' the school-master is abroad' in every art
and every science, and the public mind may be pronounced athirst
after knowledge. In this very desirable quality, plainness of lan-
guage, and teachableness of manner, Mr. Hinds is already known
by some considerable works on Farriery, to which the present
volume is a necessary and important addition ; and moreover does
honour to the candid and maidy avowals of its editor, as to certain
revisions to which his own practice has submitted since he became
acquainted with the works of Osmer. How this author should have
remained so long neglected by the public, seeing the sterling merit
of every page, is easily accounted for in the neglect of that lucid
order which characterises all our modern books of instruction, and
none more so than the former volume of Mr. Hinds on the treat-
ment of horses in health and disease. We can find no room for
extracts ; but that part of the volume which treats of the breeding
speedy cattle, is well worth all the attention that can be bestowed
upon it by every horse-breeder, as being replete with good sound
maxims, practical remarks, and poitits to be observed in bringing
the parents together, in the treatment of mare and foal, before, at,
and after the time of gestation, and for avoiding those numerous
errors in rearing, which forms the just opprobrium of many of our
best studs. To say that we recommend the volume to notice 07i
this account, is not enough — it is indispensable ; for we really never
yet met with any that pretended to treat on such subjects, certainly
none which has left an impression on the memory equal to the vo-
lume of Old Osmer, His treatment of Epidemic Distemper also
is incomparably clear and discriminative, under its different symp-
toms."— Weekly Dispatch, March 14, 1830.

Just published f Price Ss. 6d. with fine Plates, viz. — 1. Mounting ;
2. The True Seat on Horseback.

RULES FOR BAD HORSEMEN ;
Hints to Inexpert Travellers;
And Maxims worth Remembering by the most experienced
Equestrian's. By Charles Thompson, Esq.
New Edition, with modern Additions, by John Hinds.

Gilbert & Rivington, Printers, St. John's Square, London.