STORE

©lasgow
TUniversit? Xibrar^

DESCRIPTIVE AND ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

THE PHYSIOLOGICAL SERIES

OF

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

CONTAINED IN

THE MUSEUM

OF

THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS

IN LONDON.

VOL. IV.
ORGANS OF GENERATION.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY R. AND J. E. TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

1838.

GLASGOW UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY,

CONTENTS.
VOL. IV.

DIVISION II.

Continuation of the Species in Plants and Animals.

Subdivision I.
ORGANS OF GENERATION.
A. FISSIPAROUS AND GEMMIPAROUS GENERATION.

No. of
Preparations.

Series I. In Plants 2224 to 2226

II. In Animals 2227—2228

B. MON(ECIOUS GENERATION.

Series III. Cryptandrous Hermaphroditism*.

1. In Plants . 2229—2230

2. In Sponges 2231

3. In Polypes . . . . . . . 2232—2234

4. In Acalephes 2235

5. In Echinoderms 2236—2242

6. In Mollusks . 2242 a 2242 c

Series IV. Heautandrous Herniaphroditisni f.

1. In Plants 2243—2281

2. In Entozoa 2282—2284

3. In Cirripeds 2285—2289

* cpvTrro's, occultus ; aviip, vir : in which the female or productive organs only are distinctly deve-
loped.

f eavTov, sui ipsius ; dvijp, vir : in which the male organs are distinctly developed, but so disposed
as to fecundate the ova of the same individual.

iv

J. . ~ No. of

Series V. Allotrandrous Hermaphroditism*. Preparations.

Subseries 1 . In Anellides 2290—2296

2. In Gastropods 2297—2315

C. DKECIOUS GENERATION.

Series VI. Male Organs.

Subseries \. In Plants 2316—2322

2. In Entozoa 2323—2324 b

3. In Insects 2325—2363

4. In Arachnidans 2364 — 2365

5. In Crustaceans 2366 — 2367

6. InMollusks 2368— 2372 a

7. In Fishes 2373— 2396 b

8. In Reptiles 2397—2452

9. In Birds 2Ab^—2A7Q

10. In Mammals 2471—2591

Series VII. Female Organs.

Subseries 1 . In Plants i . . . 2592—2595 b

2. In Entozoa 2596—2600 e

3. In Insects 2601— 2646 c

4. In Arachnidans 2647 — 2648 a

5. In Crustaceans 2649 — 2650

6. InMollusks 2651— 2657 D

7. In Fishes 2658—2694

8. In Reptiles 2695 — 2725

9. In Birds 2726—2734

10. In Mammals 2734 a — 2845

Series VIII. The Coitus 2846—2857

* dWoTpios, alienus ; dviip, vir : in which the male organs are distinctly developed, but so disposed
as to fecundate the ova of another individual.

CATALOGUE.

GALLERY.

Division II.

CONTINUATION OF THE SPECIES IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS.

Subdivision I.

ORGANS OF GENERATION.

" Of the Reproduction of Vegetables and Animals,

The power of reproduction or continuing the species out of itself, while
itself exists, is peculiar to the vegetable and the animal. A plant has
the power of producing out of itself a new plant, and an animal has
the power of producing out of itself a new animal ; but minerals have
not been found to possess this property ; for a mineral is only a com-
pound, and before it can produce anything else it must be itself decom-
posed, and may go into the composition of a thousand other minerals*.
By this power of reproduction, a succession of vegetables and animals

* [Or rather it is only the compound unorganized substances that can present a semblance of the re^
production of another body by decomposition and a new arrangement of the elementary parts.]

2

goes on, by which means these parts of the Universal System are con-
stantly kept up ; because the originals are as constantly decaying, with-
out in this decay producing anything similar to a vegetable or an animal,
but taking on the character of a mineral.

" However, minerals are also decaying or changing their actual form ;
but are either rising up in some other form, according to the new com-
bination, or perhaps returning back to the first. But this is a change
of the whole, not a production out of the old ; and the whole still retains
the character of a mineral. The old is entirely cast out before the new
is produced, and what shall rise in its place is not fixed by Nature, for it
may have a new combination, which most probably it has ; for a decom-
position most commonly leads to a new combination. The succession
is in a certain degree similar to the original, by which means there is a
regular and invariable system, upon the whole, preserved*.

" The progress of reproduction is not a spontaneous operation either
of the vegetable or of the animal ; but it is an operation in both, arising
out of the actions of the body, depending on many circumstances all con-
curring at one and the same time.

" Both vegetable and animal must be of an age suitable to each, before
which age this operation does not take place. This age is when both
have arrived to a certain degree of perfection in the formation of all
their parts.

" As both vegetables and animals are variable in themselves, not being
always in the same state of perfection respecting the actions of their
parts, (which variation principally constitutes what is termed health or
disease), they must be in the first of these states before they can propa-
gate ; at least as regards the parts which are formed for such purposes ;
which state is called health. They are also ruled by perfection in the
formation of the frame, as well as health, which is the perfection of its

* i. e. The new compound resulting from the decomposition of a mineral or inorganic substance,
generally possesses properties very different from that of the original, but as the elements remain un-
changed they may in succeeding decompositions revert to their previous state of combination ; and,
as nothing perishes, there is, notwithstanding the ceaseless changes that take place in the mineral world,
a regular, and, upon the whole, invariable system, preserved.

3

actions ; and besides, they are influenced by external circumstances, such
as heat and cold ; for both vegetables and animals have their degrees of
heat, which is conducive to health ; and many different classes in both,
vary very considerably in this respect, and as this circumstance is varying
upon this globe, called seasons, most vegetables and most animals have
their seasons of propagation*.

" Air or the atmosphere is another external influence which is neces-
sary, but more in the vegetable than in the animal. Air is necessary for
the first principle of action, viz. life; and it is necessary for health.
Light is absolutely necessary for most vegetables, but not so much for
many animalsf. When all these necessary circumstances meet in each,
generally they are fit for propagation.

" From what has been observed, it must appear that propagation is one
of the completest operations of either an animal or vegetable. However,
in vegetables it would appear that a strong state of health rather hinders
the powers of the male and female ; but we are to consider that what is
termed a strong state of health in a vegetable is great growth ; which
might be reckoned one of the species of propagation. Animals have
their limited growth ; therefore that which was spent upon themselves
while growing, may now be employed in propagation. But nature was
not willing that either all vegetables or all animals should propagate.

* The ideas in the preceding paragraph are more clearly expressed by Hunter, in his Observations
on the Vesicula seminales, (Animal fficonomy, Ed. 2nd, p. 36.), in the following words : " Animals
have their natural feelings (for procreation) raised or increased according to the perfection of the parts
connected with such feelings ; and the disposition for action is also in proportion to the state of the
parts and the excitement of such feelings. But that these feelings may be duly excited, it is necessary
that the animal and the parts should be healthy, in good condition, and in a certain degree of warmth
suitable to that class to which the animal belongs. In the greatest part of the globe there is a differ-
ence in the warmth of the same district at different periods, constituting the seasons ; and the cold in
some of them is so considerable as to prevent those feelings or dispositions in animals from taking
place, and to render them, for the time, unfit for the purposes of generation. This is owing to the
testicles becoming at this season small, and being therefore unfit to give such dispositions, as is the
case in very young animals. This fact is very obvious in birds."

t [Many Entozoa, e. g. live, grow and propagate in the dark recesses of animal bodies ; where nei-
ther light nor air can penetrate.]

B 2

4

even under all the above conditions, more especially animals. It is
necessary in most that there should be a union of two principles before
a third can be produced ; these two principles are distinguished by the
parts which produce them, called male and female, and which in many,
both of the vegetable and animal kingdoms, are separated, each part
having its distinct individual, called the distinct sexes.

" But these parts, termed male and female, which produce the two op-
posite principles to form a third creature, are not to be found separate
(and in distinct individuals) in all vegetables or in all animals ; but they are
both placed in the same (individual) in most vegetables and also in many
animals. So far, vegetables and animals admit of being distinguished into
three, viz. male, female, and mixed, or natural hermaphrodite. The latter is
of two kinds, both in the vegetable and animal ; in one the distinct parts
or sexes are present in the same animal ; in the other the same parts
perform both actions : but I believe in the vegetable the parts themselves
are distinct, only diiferently circumstanced.

" Besides these modes of propagation by means of male and female
parts, and the different dispositions of these parts as above related, we
find in many, both vegetables and animals, but especially in the first,
that propagation or production can go on, without the actions or even
the formation of such parts. How far this property is equally extensive
and similar in both, I shall not at present determine. In the vegetable,
this power or mode of propagation arises from two principles ; one is, that
every part of a vegetable is a whole ; the second arises from some having
the power in every part (under certain circumstances) of retaining life,
bringing in nourishment at every part, and of producing parts called roots.
So that a vegetable under these circumstances is capable always of being
multiplied, as far as it can be divided into distinct plants, and thus such
plants have a double power of propagation ; but in this last mode, the
original vegetable or stock must always lose so much as has been re-
moved by division or propagation, but still it is a whole. However, they
are not all so, for there are many vegetables that will not live when in
parts ; the life of every part of such vegetables depending on the whole,
although perhaps not in the same way and degree as in animals.

5

" Animals have this " {i. e. gemmiparous mode of reproduction) " to a
pretty extensive degree. How many animals are there which propagate
their species from cuttings ! But the curious thing is, that this property
is only to be found in the more imperfect order of animals, while it does
not appear to be necessary that vegetables should differ in their degrees
of perfection in order to have this property, or that it is restricted to the
more imperfect ; but vegetables have but very few degrees of perfection
with respect to each other, and the most imperfect animal is probably
upon a par with the most perfect vegetable.

" Of the disposition, in Vegetables and Animals, of the Male and

Female parts.

" In the vegetable we have the two sexes distinct, inasmuch as the
parts which constitute the sex are distinct; but in the disposal of these
parts upon the plant, nature has varied them as much as she could vary
any three numbers. The plant is always one of the three ; we find then
the male upon one plant, while the female is on the other, as in that class
called Dioecia, of which the palm tree, the lignum vitae, are examples ;
but the male plant and the female are similar in every respect, except in
this circumstance, which is known only by the flower. The reason of
this is, because the plant produces the parts of generation, or forms them
entirely ; and it is not necessary that the plant should have any particular
form to produce the parts of generation, nor can the parts of generation
have any effect on the plant so as to alter its form.

" Another mode is, where the male and female flowers are in the same
plant, but in distinct flowers, as in the class called Monobcia, of which the
cucumber is an example.

" The third mode is, where both the sexes are in the same flower, which
is the case with most plants ; to which I shall at present add a fourth, and
which is similar in some of its properties to the first (or lowest class) in
the animal, viz. the Polypi. This is what may be called viviparous in the
plant, of which mode many of the onion tribe are examples, such as the
common onion, and it is often exhibited in the flower of leeks. How far
we are to consider this as a kind of union of the plant with the animal I

6

will not say ; but it is certainly not similar in all its parts, excepting we
could conceive that in the Polypus, where a young one grew, it was some-
what similar to the flower in a plant*.

" Animals, like vegetables, have the two distinct parts in two animals ;
they have the two parts distinct in the same animal ; and they have the
same parts acting in a double capacity^ .

" These observations only respect the parts, in vegetables and animals,
producing the elFects ; but the different modes which these effects after-
wards pursue " (i. e. the modes of development of the germ or embryo, or
product of generation), " are another consideration. This comprehends
the first mode of nourishment of every known vegetable and animal, with
the structure suitable to that mode. These are very simple in the vege-
table ; a seed is produced, which is not an egg, but probably may be called
a temporary root or stomach, till another is formed which shoots out from
it ; but this is not always the case ; in some the seed becomes a leaf ; how-
ever, not till the root is formed.

" In the animal they" (the modes of nutrition during development) "are
divisible into three ; the first is, where the young grows out of the old
one, as in the Polypus ; the second is, where the parent forms the mix-
ture, for instance, an egg, as in the class called the oviparous ; and the
third is, where the t^o products of the male and female organs meet in
the female, and the embryo is there nourished by the female till fit to take
in its own nourishment, according to its nature.

" How far the first mode is divisible I do not know, but I should divide
it into two ; one where the young grows out of its body, as in the Poly-
pus ; the other when, by separating a part, that part becomes an animal

* [This is the case with the deciduous ovigerous cells of the Corallines, which frequently present the
form of a polype, larger than the nutritious persistent polypi, and with shorter arms.]

t As Hunter has given examples of the corresponding conditions of the generative organs in vege-
tables, it may be stated that the Dioecious animals are Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Pisces, Crustacea,
Arachnida, Insecta, Cephalopoda, Pectinibranchiata, and certain LamellibrancMata. The Monoecious
classes are the Gastropoda, except the Pectinibranchiata, Pteropoda, most of the LamellibrancMata,
Palliobranchiata, Tunicata, Annulata, Cirripedia, and the whole of the Radiata.

X [The first or simplest mode of continuing the species may be by spontaneous fission, as in many
of the polygastric Infusoria ; by external gemmation, as in the fresh- water Polype ; and by internal

" The second or oviparous is divisible into two ; one is where the egg
is laid external to the animal, and is hatched there, as in many of the
insects, fish and amphibia, and all the fowl ; the other is where the egg
is kept in the oviduct arid is hatched there, as in some snails, some fish,
and some amphibia.

" The third is where the embryo attaches itself to its mother, and derives
its nourishment from her, as in all those called quadruped. It is curious
to see, that the first " {i. e. the gemmiparous mode) " and the last " (or pla-
cental mode) " have a kind of similarity, the young in both being nou-
rished immediately out of the old."

Hunterian manuscript Catalogue.

Subdivision I.
ORGANS OF GENERATION.

A. FISSIPAROUS AND GEMMIPAROUS MODES OF GENERATION.

Series I. In Plants.

2224. A section of the stem of a Sallow {Salix Caprea, Linn.), showing the
effects of the inherent capacity for self-existence in the part, indepen-
dently of the organized whole, from which it has been separated : this
property, on which fissiparous generation depends, is here manifested in
the development of roots, and leaf-bearing shoots.

2225. A similar section, showing an increased growth of the nutritive and
respiratory organs, or roots and leaves, by which the part assumes the
character of an organized whole, with the power of propagating its kind

gemmation, or the separation of part of the internal substance of the parent ; such part being endowed
with a locomotive power, but having often a different form from the parent, and termed a gemmule,
in contradistinction to a passive germ, or egg, which is secreted by a special organ or ovary.]

B

by the higher process of the development of organs of fructification and
seeds.

2225 A. The leaf of a Bryophyllum {Bryophyllwn calycinum, Salisb.), which has
the power of developing buds from the angles of the marginal crenations.

Presented by Sir JEverard Home, Bart.

2225 b. Another leaf of the same plant, from which sections, have been taken,
which show the progressive growth of the gemmae or buds, pushed out
from the situation above described.

Presented by Sir JEverard Home, Bart.

2225 c. Another leaf of the same plant, with a detached section of the same, which
shows a further development of two buds, each of which have put forth
leaves, and have begun to send down roots, thus assuming the characters
of distinct individuals. It may be observed, that the leaves having this
property of gemmiparous reproduction, contain an abundance of the
nutrient cellular substance and sap ; from which the buds are supported ;
until their own special organs of nutrition are formed. . '

Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart.

2226. A portion of an Onion {Allium Cepa, Linn.), in which the reproductive
energies of the plant have been expended in the development of bulbs
instead of seeds ; from which bulbs young plants may be observed to
have grown. This is the mode of reproduction which Hunter, in the
Introduction to the present Series, calls "Viviparous in Plants," and
which he compares to the gemmiparous mode of reproduction in the
Polype.

Series II. In Animals.

2227. A Keratophytous Polype {Gorgonia verrucosa, Lam.), in which the indi-
viduals propagated by gemmation are not cast off, as in the gelatinous
freshwater Polype {Hydra), but are retained by a co-extension of the in-
ternal flexible axis ; and which, by a continuity of the nutrient tubes
with their digestive sacs, contribute, like so many mouths, to the support
of the whole.

2228. "Hydatid from a Sheep's brain" {Coenurus cerebrnlis, Rudolphi). The
specimen is placed in this Series by Hunter, as illustrative of the deve-
lopment of new individuals, (as each vermicular body with its suckers
and coronet of booklets may be regarded,) by the process of gemmation,
from the substance of the common uniting cyst.

- B. MONCECIOUS OR HERMAPHRODITE CONDITION OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

Series HI. Cryptandrous, or without distinct fecundating Organs.

1. J?i Plants (termed Cryptogamia by Linn^us).

2229. x\ branch of Fern {Asplenium Adiantum nigrum., Salisbury), in which the

organs of fructification are developed from the under surface of the leaf
or frond, and consist of capsules, containing the germs or " sporules" of
the future plants,

2230. The frond of a prickly Shield-fern {Aspidmm aculeatum, Swartz.), show-
ing a similar position of the simple organs of reproduction ; but they
exist in greater number, and are arranged with much beauty and regu-
larity.

2, In Sponges.

2231. A branched or digitate Sponge in which one of the digitations is laid open
by a longitudinal section, showing the faecal canal, and orifice by which the
reproductive gemmules are expelled after having been separated from the
tissue of the body of the parent.

3. In Polypes.

2232. A section of a Lobularia (^Lobularia digitata, Lam.), showing the groups
of gemmules at the base of each polype, and the canals (some of which
are coloured by injection,) into which the gemmules pass after having
been detached from the reproductive filaments : in these canals they ac-
quire a certain consistence, opacity, and colour ; move freely by means of
superficial vibratile cilia ; and are ultimately expelled through the stomachs
and by the mouths of the polypi.

2233. A section of the kidney-shaped Sea-pen {Renilla Americana, Linn.), show-

10

ing the gemmules in the substance of the stem and below the polypes in
the expanded part of the body of the specimen.

2234. A section of the Finger Sea-pen {Veretillum Cynomorium, Lam.), showing
the groups of gemmules situated below the stomachs of the polypi ; one
of which is exserted, and its tentacles expanded.

4. In Acalephes.

2235. A Medusa {Cyancza aurita, Cuv.). The four circular opake white bodies
in the substance of the disc, and seen in the interspaces of the oral ten-
tacula are the gemmaria, or organs in which the reproductive ciliated
gemmules are developed : each gemmary opens by a separate ciliated
orifice in the ventral or inferior surface of the body.

5. In Echinoderms.

2236. A portion of a Star-fish {Asterias rubens, Lam.), prepared to show the
ovaria, ten in number, attached on each side of the base of each ray, near
the angle of divergence : the ova are not developed in the specimen.

2237. A Star-fish {Asterias papposa. Lam.), with the anterior parietes of one
ray, and the posterior parietes of another ray, dissected off, showing
the ovaria with the ova at the commencement of their development.
The ovaria are two in number in each ray, as in the preceding species,
and are similarly attached on each side of the base of the ray, where they
may be distinguished from the digestive and locomotive caeca by their
greater opacity and granular structure.

2238. The same species of Star-fish with the posterior parietes of the central disc
removed, showing the commencement of the digestive caica and the ovaries.

2239. A portion of one of the rays of a Star-fish {Comatula Solaris, Lam.),

showing the ovarian receptacles occupying the inner side of each of the
pinnae, or articulate processes sent off from the rays. Three of the re-
ceptacles are laid open to expose the contained ova.

2240. A Holothure {Holothuria iremula, Linn.) laid open to show the branched
ovarium, into the excretory canal of which a bristle is placed. This canal
opens near the mouth ; but the elongated caeca of the ovary may be readily

11

distinguished from the salivary caeca by their branched structure, smaller
diameter, and the greater opacity of their coats. (See PI. XLIX., in which
this specimen is figured, and a more detailed explanation of the various
exposed parts is given.)

2241. Another species of Holothure {Holothuna vittata, Lam.), exhibiting the
long, slender, slightly tortuous, ovarian csecal tubes, situated at the ante-
rior part of the body, and having their common excretory outlet near the
mouth. The ovarian tubes, in the quiescent condition exhibited in the
present specimen, contain a whitish opake secretion.

2242. The anterior part of a Sipuncle {Sipunculus Phalloides, Pallas), exhibiting
the two ovaria, which are simple unbranched caecal tubes opening by
separate orifices about two inches behind the anterior extremity of the
body : a bristle is inserted into each of these orifices.

6. In Mollusks.

2242 A, The ovarium of an Ascidian {Cynthia tuberculata, Owen). It is bilobed,
and each division sends off short alternate branches. The ova exhibit
the early stage of their development. Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2242 B. The imperforate valve and corresponding lobe of the mantle of a Te-
rebratule {Terehratula dorsata, Lam.), showing the bilobed branched ova-
rium, the right division of which has been detached from the mantle.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2242 c. The separated valves of a Terebratule {Terebratula psittacea, Lam.).
On the lower or perforated valve the two lobes of the ovarium may be
seen attached to portions of the mantle. Prepared by Mr. Owen.

Series IV. Heautandrous, or with Male Organs so disposed as to
fecundate the Ova of the same Individual.
1. In Plants.

a, Male and Female Organs in the same involucrum (Hermaphrodite Plants of Linneeus.)

2243. A portion of the Indian Flowering Reed {Canna Indica, Linn. y?Lr.erecta),
showing the organs of fructification. In one of the flowers part of the

c 2

12

corolla is removed to expose to view the single fertile stamen or male
organ, and the single pistil or female organ. The stamen is petaloid^ or
resembles in form one of the divisions of the corolla ; the anther is linear,
and one pollen- cell only is developed in it. The ovary or base of the pistil
is of an oval form with a scabrous surface ; it supports a thin and flat-
tened style, which in the recent flower is coloured. The stigma, or naked
secreting surface of the style, is adnate, and of a linear form. The ovarium
of another and more mature flower is laid open, showing two of the
cells, and an ovulum in each adhering to the septum or placenta.
The Canna Indica belongs to the Linnean class and order Monandria Mono-
gynia, and to the natural group of Cannacea, or Scitaminea.

2244. A portion of a species of Monarda, with a cluster of flowers, showing the
form of inflorescence which obtains in the natural order Labiata. Each
flower is supported on a distinct stalk, the calyx of which is cylindrical,
striated, and 5 dentate. The corolla is bilabiate, with the upper lip very
narrow, and surrounding the stamens. These are four in number, but
two only are apparent and developed for fertilization, the other two being
abortive.

The genus Monarda ranks in the class and order Diandria Monogynia of the
Linnean system.

2245. A portion of a Coix {Coix lacrima Johi, Linn.), exhibiting the or-
gans of fructification. A continuation of the stalk of this gramineous
species serves as the common involucrum of the male and female flowers.
The male flowers are superior, and possess each three stamens ; the fe-
male parts are inferior, and are lodged in a bractea, which assumes a
stony hardness. The plant belongs to the Linnean class and order
Triandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Gr amines.

2245 A. A portion of a stem with a terminal cluster of flowers of the prsemorse
Banksia {Banksia marcescens, Brown). Each flower is apetalous, or
destitute of a corolla. The male organs, or stamens, are here seen as small
yellow bodies, or anthers, situated on the slightly-expanded extremities
of the lobes of the perianthia of Brown.

Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart.

13

2245 B. A corresponding portion with a cluster of flowers of the Banksia erici-
folia, Brown. In this species the four anthers are concealed within a
single envelope (perianth), from within which proceeds a large pistil,
whose style rises by a loop, and afterwards disengages the stigma. It
is the looped styles of the female organs which are here chiefly visible.

Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart.

2246. A sprig of a species of Apocynum, Linn., with several campanulate
flowers. The essential organs of fructification in number and arrange-
ment accord with the type of the Linnean class and order Pentandria
Monogytiia ; the anthers of the male organs are sagittate, and coherent
with the base of the corolla. The style is rudimental.

2247. The organs of fructification of the Winter-cherry {Physalis Alkekenji,
Linn.). A portion of the calyx and corolla has been removed to show the
five stamens and the single pistil. The anthers or pollen-receptacles
consist of two converging cells, which open with two valves by a longi-
tudinal fissure extending from the base to the apex.

2248. A portion of the stalk of a Lobelia {Lohelia cardinalis, Salisb.), with se-
veral flowers ; each of these has its essential organs of fructification,
which in number accord with the type of the Linnean class and order
Pentandria Monogynia ; but the anthers of the five stamens are connate,
or united into a tube bearded at the top, and the stigma of the pistil is
bilobed and ciliate ; the seminiferous capsule is two-celled and opercu-
late ; the placentation or adhesion of the seeds is at the periphery of the
receptacle.

2249. The flower of a species of Albuca, with a portion of the calyx or external
perianth removed, to show the thickened stamens, and the short pistil
with its triquetrous stigma. This belongs to the Linnean class and order
Hexandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord, Liliacece.

2250. A cluster of the flowers of the Umbelled Star of Bethlem {Ornithoga-
lum umbellatum, Linn.), in which the organs of fructification are in num-
ber according to the type of the Linnean class and order Hexandria
Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Liliacea.

225 1 . A portion of the flower of the Pancratium lllyricum, Linn,, showing

14

the six long diverging stamens adhering to the internal surface of the
tubular portion of the corolla. The parts of fructification accord with
the type of the Linnean class and order Hexandria Monogynia. Nat.
Ord. Spathacea or Liliacea.

2252. A portion of a Hyacynth {Lilium Martagr,n, Linn.), with two flowers, in
each of which the revolute divisions of the campanulate corolla expose six
stamens surrounding a single pistil. The fructification accords with the
type of the Linnean class and order Hexandria Monogynia. Nat.
Ord. Liliacea.

2252 A. Two portions of the Barberry [Berheris vulgaris, Linn.), with several
flowers, each of which contains the essential organs of fructification, in
number and disposition according to the type of the Linnean class and
order Hexandria Monogynia. The stamens in this plant are remark-
able for their irritability, bending with a sudden and conspicuous motion,
and striking against the stigma, when the fecundating dust is ripe, at
which time the anther or pollen-receptacle bursts, a portion of the pa-
rietes of the cell separating from the anther and curling outwards so as
to adhere to it only at the apex. Nat. Ord. Berberidea.

Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart.

2253. The flower of the Meadow Saffron {Colchicum autumnale, Linn.), exhi-
biting the essential organs of fructification, which agree in number and
arrangement with the preceding examples. The stamens present filiform
styles and suberect anthers. Nat. Ord. Coronaria.

22b A. The flower of a Tropeole {Tropoeolum majus, Linn.). The stamens and
pistils in this genus are according to the character of the Linnean class
and order Octandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord, TropceolecB.

2255. A longitudinal section of the flower of a Cactus {Cactus grandiflorus,
Linn.), showing the monosepalous or single-leafed imbricated calyx,
adhering to the polypetalous or many-leafed corolla. The numerous
elongated slender filiform stamens are seen adhering to the inner surface
of the base of the calyx and surrounding the thick cylindrical pistil, which
is crowned with a multifid stigma. The ovarium and the immature ovula

15

are shown at the base of the calyx with which the seed receptacle is con-
fluent. The parts of fructification correspond with the type of the Lin-
nean class and order Icosandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. CereoE or
CactecB.

2256. A transverse section of a flower of the same species, carried through the
tubular part of the calyx, above the point of liberation of the greater
number of the stamens ; the central canal of the style, along which, in
many plants, the pollen tubes have been observed to be conveyed, may be
seen with the naked eye in this large and beautiful flower.

2257. A portion of the flower of a Wild Rose {Rosa canina, Linn.) : most of
the sepals and petals are removed, showing the numerous stamens and
pistils which characterize the class Icosandria and order Polygynia of
Linnaeus. (Nat. Ord. RosacecB).

2258. The flower of the Lotus {Nymph(Ea Lotus, Linn.), part of the calyx and
corolla has been removed to expose the essential organs of fructification.
These present the conditions characteristic of ihe Linnean class and
order Polyandria Monogynia. All the stamens adhere to or are inserted
into the germen ; the exterior ones are dilated at the base, as if in a
transitional state between petals and filaments. The stigma or fertili-
zable surface of the pistil is of a stellato-radiate form, glanduliferous in the
middle, and of such an extent as to require for the due fertilization of
the ova the profusion of poUiniferous organs which surround it.

The Nymphaea is remarkable for the obedience of its petals to the
stimulus of light. It closes its flowers in the evening, and lays them down
on the surface of the water till morning, when it expands them, and
often in a bright day they are raised to several inches above the water.
These actions are described by Theophrastus in the plant which he calls
" Lotus," and which may have been the Nymplma Lotus of Linnaeus.

2259. The summit of a stem of Cliffortia cuneata, Aiton, with several flowers ;
these are apetalous, or devoid of a corolla ; the essential parts of genera-
tion, according to Sprengel agree in number and disposition with the

* See his edition of Linne's ' Sy sterna Vegetabilium,' vol. ii. p. 611, No. gen. 1977. (1825).

16

type of the Linnean class and order Polyandria Digynia ; they are pro-
tected by a trifid calyx. By other Botanists the genus is placed in the
Dioecious class, and in the present specimen the male organs or stamens
are alone visible.

2260. A portion of the Deadly Nightshade {Aconitum Napellus, Linn.), with two
flowers, exhibiting the condition of the stamens and pistils which cha-
racterizes the Linnean class and order Polyandria Trigynia. Natural
order, Ranunculacea.

2261. A branch of the Hooded Scull-cap {Scutelhria galericulata, Linn.), with
many flowers. In each of these the essential organs of generation exhibit
the condition characteristic of the class Didynamia, order Gymnospermia
of Linnseus, i. e. stamens four, 2 long and 2 short ; seeds naked in the
bottom of the calyx ; corolla monopetalous and irregular, a little inflated
at the base, and without a distinct nectarium. In the present genus the
flowers are solitary and axillary. The style, which, in general has its
point of origin from the apex of the ovary, proceeds in this species, as in
other plants of the natural order LabiatcE, from the base of that part at
its centre. Many of the flowers in the present specimen well exhibit the
manner in which the lobe of the calyx protects the ova after the fall of
the corolla.

2262. The termination of the stem of the Foxglove [Digitalis purpurea, Linn.),
with several flowers, exhibiting that condition of the essential organs of
fructification which characterizes the class JDidynamia, order Angiospjei'-
inia of Linnaeus. In the lower flowers the corolla has fallen, leaving the
ovary protected by the 5-partite calyx ; in the upper flowers the cam-
panulate corolla remains, and in two of these it is dissected so as to ex-
pose the declinate stamens and their bipartite anthers, together with the
pistil, which is chiefly remarkable for the gradual passage of the style
into the ovary. Owing to this structure, and its size, the Foxglove is a
favourable subject for observing the passage of the pollen tubes along
the canal of the style to the ovarium. Nat. ord. ScrophularincE.

2263. A similar preparation of the Greater Toad-flax [Antirrhinum majus,
Linn.). In one of the flowers the entire corolla is preserved, the upper

17

and lower sides of whose orifice are so pressed together as to cause the
appearance called by botanists personate or masked. The fructification
accords with the type of the Linnean class and order Didynaniia Ang'xo-
spermia. Nat. ord. ScrophularincB.

2264. A flower of an Acanthus {Acanthus mollis, Linn.), from which a portion
of the corolla has been removed to show the essential organs of fructifi-
cation. The stamens are terminated each by a single or unilocular anther,
which is pilose, or beset with hairs along the internal margin. A brush
of fine shining hairs also projects from the inner surface of the circum-
ference of the base of the corolla, and is applied to the origin of the style.
The fructification here also accords with the type of the Linnean class
and order D'ldynamia Angiospermia. Nat. ord. Acanthacea.

2265. A similar specimen, with the gynoeceum or female organ removed.

2266. A flower of the blue Passion-flower {Passiflora coerulea, Linn.). The
involucrum is remarkable for a circle of abortive petals, or filamentous
rays, within the first or outer whorl of ordinary petals. The androeceum,
or male apparatus, includes, also, not only the true stamens, but the fringe
at the mouth of the tube. The stamens are united by their filaments into
one tube, according to the essential character of the Linnean class Mo-
nadelphia, and are five in number, as in the type of the order Pentandria.
Some botanists refer the genus to the class Pentandria, (Smith's Botany,
p. 438.). The ovarium is single but the styles are three in number, and
each is terminated by a capitate stigma. Nat. ord. Passifloria.

2267- A portion of the stem, with a flower of the Passiflora Vespertilio, Linn. The
organs of fructification are essentially the same as in the preceding species.

2268. The flower of a species of Hibiscus, from which a portion of the involu-
crum has been removed to expose the essential organs of fructification :
these exhibit the conditions characteristic of the class Monadelphia, order
Polyandria of Linnaeus, i. e. the stamens, which are numerous^ are united
by their filaments into one mass, or tube, surrounding the pistil, which
presents five stigmata or fertilizable surfaces; one of these is wanting in
the specimen.

18

2269. A portion of the stem with a flower of a species of Hibiscus. The petals
have been cut down to show the organs of fructification, especially the
stigmata, which are large and entire.

2270. The flower of a species of Hibiscus.

2271. The flower of the common Mallow [Malva sylvestris. Linn.), showing a
structure and arrangement of the essential organs of generation corre-
sponding, as in the preceding species, with the characters of the Linnean
class and order Monadelphla Polyandria. In this genus there is only a par-
tial union of the styles at their base, while above that part they are distinct.

2272. The flower of a plant of the natural order Malvacea.

2272 A. A cluster of the flowers of a species of Milk-wort {Polygala speciosa,
Sims.), each of which exhibit that condition of the essential organs of
generation which characterizes the Linnean class and order Diadelphia
Octandria, i. e. having eight stamens collected into two groups or bro-
therhoods. Nat. ord. Poly galea. Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart.

2273. The summit of a branch of the Broom {Spartium Scoparia, Linn.), show-
ing the form of the corolla peculiar to the Papilionaceous tribe of Legumi-
nous plants, and the disposition of the stamens characteristic of the
Linnean class and order Diadelphia Decandria, that is to say, with the
filaments in two combinations, and most commonly, as in the present in-
stance, nine in one set, and a single one separate.

2274. A flower of the Sweet Pea {Lathyrus odoratus, Linn.), showing a similar
form of corolla and disposition of the stamens. The style is flattened at
the apex.

2275. A flower of a species of St. John's-Wort {Hypericum calycinum, Linn.),
showing that arrangement and number of the stamens which characterize
the Linnean class and order Polyadelphia polyandria. Here the stamens
are collected into five groups or brotherhoods, which may be termed a
pentadelphous arrangement : the styles correspond in number to these
groups. Some of the Hypericums are triadelphous, and have three styles.
Nat. ord. Hypericins.

2275 A. A portion of the stem with flowers of Stylidium graminifolium. The

19

calyx is bilabiate, the corolla quinquefid, the fifth division being very
small. The stamens are inserted upon, or closely adhere to, the germen,
according to the essential character of the Linnean class Gynandria ;
they are terminated each by a two-lobed anther, with the lobes divaricate.
This species is remarkable for the irritability of the style, which beats
down, when touched, upon the corolla. Nat. ord. Stylidea.

Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart.

j3. Male and female organs in separate involucra in the same individual.

2276. A specimen of the Three-lobed Arum, or Cuckowpint {Arum tr'ilohatum.
Linn.). The flowers are here of two kinds, male and female, but are
not included in separate floral envelopes : they are numerous, sessile,
growing round a fleshy central stem, or rachis, and surrounded by a large
coloured bract or spathe. This has been laid open to show the unisexual
flowers. The males form the superior group, and are situated imme-
diately below the thickened part of the spadix, and above the constriction
in the spathe. The stamens are very short, with sessile anthers, of an
ovate form, transversely bivalved and turned outwards. The female
flowers consist chiefly of the pistils, in which the stigma is sessile. They
are arranged around the spadix, in the inferior dilatation of the spathe.
The long terminal enlarged part of the spadix consists of a mass of cellular
substance, which extends far beyond the flowers, and is entirely naked.

Arum was regarded by Linnseus as gynandrous. It has since been
placed by Linnean botanists in Monoecia Polyandria. Nat. ord. Aroidea.

• A portion of the stem of the Hazel {Corylus Avellana, Linn.), with several
catkins or clusters of the male flower. In each of these there are eight
stamens, arranged biserially, with the anthers bearded or filamentous at
the extremity. The development of the male flowers usually precedes
that of the female. Linnean class and order, Monoecia Octandria. Nat.
ord. CupuliferoB.

2278. A similar specimen.

2279. A portion of a branch of the Chestnut {Castanea vesca, Gaertner), with
several male flowers, or catkins, and one female flower. The catkins are

D 2

20

cylindrical, the calyx quinquefidj the stamens numerous. Linnean class
and order Moncecia Polyandria. Nat. ord. Cupulifera.

2280. The male flower of a Cucumber {Cucumis salivus, Linn.). A portion of
the monopetalous corolla has been removed to expose the stamens, which
are five in number, but with the filaments arranged in three bundles ;
these cohere by the anthers, which are very long and narrow, sinuously
disposed, and folded back upon themselves.

2281. The male flower of a Cucumber, with the essential organs of fructification

similarly displayed.

2. In Entozoa.

2282. Seven segments of a Tape-worm {Tanla Solium, Linn.), showing the
male and female generative organs. Each segment has a distinct
androgynous apparatus. The male organ consists of a minute opake oval
vesicle, which may be seen by transmitted light with the naked eye, situ-
ated near the middle of the lower margin of each segment : its slender
capillary duct curves towards the lateral generative pore, where it termi-
nates. The female organ consists of a large dendritic ovary, occupying
the greater part of the segment ; in the third of which it is seen injected
with mercury, A single oviduct, much wider than the vas deferens, leads
from the middle of one side of the ovarium to the lateral pore. The mar-
ginal nutrient tubes are also injected with mercury in this preparation.

2283. Two segments of the same species of Tape-worm, in one of which the
ovarian ceeca have been filled with a red injection : the testicle and vas
deferens are obscured by this mode of preparation.

2284. Three segments of the same species of TcBnia, in two of which the nu-
trient canals are filled with red injection, and in the third the dendritic
ovarium is similarly displayed.

3. In Cirripeds.

2285. A specimen of the common Barnacle {Pentelasmis anatifera, Leach),
with a portion of the intra-pedicular ovarium exposed, together with the

21

commencement of the oviduct. The left lateral valves have been cut
away, showing the testis of that side still covered with the thin investing
membrane of the body. The articulated legs have also been cut off, tlie
better to display the extensile tubular organ at the anal extremity or
apex of the body, along which the vasa deferentia are continued.

2286. A specimen of the Vitreous Barnacle (^Pentelasmis vitrea, Leach), from
which the dorsal and part of the lateral valves have been removed, and
the corresponding part of the mantle dissected away to expose the whole
course of the vasa deferentia, which may be distinguished by their dark
colour. They receive at their enlarged and obtuse beginnings the capil-
lary vasa efferentia from the lateral branched testes opposite the sides of
the stomach, pass at first directly backwards to the dorsal aspect of the
body, and then run in a slightly tortuous manner along that aspect, dimi-
nishing in size, converging, and finally uniting at the base of the exten-
sible organ, which represents the penis : it is here laid open, showing
the continuation of the united duct to its extremity. Although Hunter
has termed the organ, along which the capillary vas deferens is con-
tinued, a penis*, there is no evidence that it is used to convey the fer-
tilizing secretion of one individual to the packets of ova of another : on
the contrary, it has been assumed, from the fixed condition of the Cirri-
peds, that they must be self-impregnative. It should be remembered,
however, that the sessile species are generally aggregated close together :
and that in the pedunculated species an approximation of the closely-
crowded individuals is further aided by a more or less elongated and
flexible muscular peduncle.

2287- A specimen of the Vitreous Barnacle, dissected to show the testis and
vas deferens of one side.

2288. A specimen of the Vitreous Barnacle, with the valves of one side removed
and the mantle dissected off to show the granular or follicular testis,
which occupies the interspaces of the digestive organs, and extends into

* See his explanation of figures 4 and 5, (Plate YV ., vol. i,) the latter of which was taken from
the present specimen.

22

the base of each of the feet. Those of the left side have been cut off
to bring into view the impregnating organ.

2289. The soft parts of the Bell-barnacle {Balanus Tintinnabtilum, Linn.), pre-
pared and dissected to show the long and single tortuous vas deferens,
which has been detached from its connexions and unravelled. (See vol. i.
PI. iv. fig. 6.).

Series V. Allotriandrous, or with Male Organs so disposed as to
fecundate the Ova of a different Individual.

1. I?i Anellides.

2290. The anterior moiety of a Leech {Sanguisvga medichialis, Sav.), from
vfhich a portion of the ventral parietes of the body have been removed to
show the male and female organs of generation in situ. The testes in
the entire leech are eighteen in number, arranged in two parallel rows of
nine each, on either side of the nervous chord. Ten of the testes are
here preserved. Each testis sends a short duct outwards which opens
into a longitudinal vas deferens. This canal is continued forwards on
each side, and terminates in a lobulated glandular body, or ' vesicula semi-
nalis,' which appears to contribute some accessory secretion to the semen.
The vesicula on the left side only is shown in the present preparation.
Each vesicula communicates with the fundus of a mesial dilated pyriform
glandular ' prostatic ' sac, from the lower extremity of which a winding
tube is continued, from which the filiform penis is protruded. It is
retracted within the sheath in this preparation. Below the penis and
seed-receptacle are situated the ovaria and ovarian receptacle, the latter
of which has been laid open.

2291. The anterior moiety of a Leech, with part of the parietes of the body re-

moved so as to expose the accessory lobulated gland on the right side
and the mesial seed-receptacle ; the filiform penis is exserted. The ova-
ria and the ovarian sac are seen below the male parts.

2292. A transverse section, including twelve segments of a Leech, from the upper

23

part of which the fundus of the seed-receptacle and the upper ends of
the accessory glands are seen projecting ; the ducts continued from the
glands to the receptacle are well exhibited in this preparation.

2293. The anterior moiety of a Leech, with the dorsal parietes removed to expose
the generative apparatus. Both the lobulated accessory glands and the
intermediate receptacle and sheath of the intromittent organ are well dis-
played ; the filiform penis is protruded externally. Below these parts
may be observed the two small round ovaria ; they are directly under the
bend of the penis : the oviduct is continued from the interspace of the
ovaria, having received a short duct from each ; it here presents two dila-
tations from contained masses of minute ova before it finally expands
into the receptacle for the ova, which opens externally at the twenty-
ninth segment of the body.

2294. The anterior moiety of an Earth-worm {Lumbricus terrestris. Linn.), with
the parietes of the body slit open along the back, and the two halves
divaricated, so as to expose the alimentary canal, testes and ovaries.
Four portions of black bristle indicate the four testes, which are the
small white globular bodies immediately exterior to the bristles, two on
each side. The ovaria are the larger oval bodies, of a less pure white
than the testes, in the interspace between the bristles. They are four on
each side, and increase in size as they are situated more posteriorly.
Each of these essential organs of reproduction has a separate external
aperture, which is very minute ; and impregnation takes place by the ap-
position of the genital outlets of one individual to those of another,
without intromission, as in the leech. In this state two earthworms
are preserved in a succeeding series.

2293. The anterior part of an Earthworm, similarly prepared, to show the parts
of generation. The ovaria appear to be collapsed, and both these and
the testes are less distinctly shown than in the preceding preparation.

2296. An Earthworm, with the dorsal parietes dissected off from the anterior
part of the body, exposing part of the alimentary canal, together with
the testes and ovaria. The latter are well developed, and may readily be
recognised by a reference to the preparation No. 2294.

24

2. In Gastropods.

2297. A Slug [Limax ater. Linn.), from which the dorsal parietes of the body-
have been removed to display the viscera, and principally the parts of
generation, in situ. The latter will be understood from the description
of the succeeding preparations, in which they are more distinctly dis-
played. The intromittent organ is partly everted and protruded from
the orifice of generation on the right side of the neck : bristles are in-
serted into this orifice and that of the prostatic sac and rectum.

2298. A Slug {Limax rufus, Linn.), dissected to show the parts of gene-
ration.

The testis is that small, rounded, light-coloured, minutely granular
body, which is attached to the dark-coloured hepatic lobes forming the
apex of the visceral mass. A slender and almost capillary vas deferens
may be traced upwards from the testis, passing through another portion
of the liver, and becoming apparently lost in the upper part of an oblong
lobulated greyish coloured body. This body is the ovarium ; and its duct,
together with the vas deferens, which has now become enlarged by the
addition of a glandular substance to its parietes, ascend together to the
common outlet on the right side of the neck. Here also may be observed
a globular sac, called by Cuvier the ' Prostatic sac,' which may furnish
some accessory secretion, or may receive the semen of another individual
in the coitus, and which opens by a short duct, also into the common
outlet.

Besides the generative organs, the alimentary canal and liver are well
displayed in this preparation. Bristles are inserted into the anus, the
vagina and the prostatic duct.

2299. A Slug, in which the alimentary canal and liver have been removed, the
better to display the generative organs. The granular or racemose testis
hangs suspended by the slender vas deferens. The ovarium is seen ex-
tending downwards from the parts where the oviduct comes into contact
with the vas deferens ; both canals are then continued upwards to the

25

common genital outlet, where a loop of the vas deferens may be seen to
have separated itself from the oviduet before entering the base of the
penis, which is partially everted and protruded. The line of demarcation
between the oviduct and glandular vas deferens is more distinctly per-
ceptible in this than in the preceding preparation.

2300. A Slug, with the dorsal parietes of the abdomen removed, and the large
ovarium separated from the rest of the visceral mass : the different orifices
are also shown, which open outwards at the right side of the neck. The
two orifices next the middle of the body, in which bristles are inserted,
lead to the prostatic sac and to the penis ; the other two orifices at the
enlarged extremity of the everted cloaca are, the one, the anal orifice,
the other, with the inserted bristle, the termination of the oviduct.

2301 . A Slug {L'lmax alhus, Linn.) with the dorsal parietes of the body reflected
upwards to expose the viscera, and especially the generative organs, in
situ. The intromittent organ is protruded and everted. The prostatic
sac is seen empty, and in that state its coats are thin and transparent ;
to the right of this sac may be observed the terminal loop of the vas de-
ferens, expanding as it recedes from the genital outlet to become attached
to the oviduct. The convolutions of the united oviduct and glandular
vas deferens occupy the anterior part of the abdominal cavity. The
small convoluted part of the vas deferens may be observed traversing the
alimentary canal to join the testis, which is situated at the lower part of
the visceral mass.

2302. A Slug [Limax rufus, Linn.), with the dorsal parietes of the body re-
moved, exposing the prostatic sac, and portions of the oviduct and vas
deferens, and showing the two horny filaments, secreted, the one in the
prostatic sac, the other in the canal of the intromittent organ, and which
are protruded and cast out after copulation.

2303. A Snail {^Helix pomatia, Linn.), in which the visceral mass has been
withdrawn from the shell, injected and dissected, to show the organs of
generation.

The testis is impacted between the lobes of the liver near the apex of
the spiral mass ; it cannot be so distinctly discerned as in the Slug. The

26

vas deferens may, however, be observed, emerging at the concavity of
one of the spiral turns, ascending and crossing the intestine in its con-
voluted course ; it is seemingly lost in the large mass which constitutes
the ovarium*, but passes through it to join the glandular part of the
vas deferens. From the ovarium a glandular mass is also continued a little
way upwards, and then changes into a flattened membranous canal or
oviduct, disposed in short plaits, and enlarging as it passes towards the
genital opening. A flattened glandular substance may be seen adhering
closely to the concave side of the oviduct ; this is the gland connected
with the vas deferens, which at the termination of this glandular body
leaves the oviduct to open into the penis. A small cylindrical duct
into which a black bristle is inserted, and which forms, as it were, the
concave margin of the meso-oviduct, may be traced downwards to the
small spherical sac w-hich hangs loosely by the side of the testis. This
sac is the homologue of the prostatic sac in the Slug, from which it
differs in the length of the excretory duct, and in the presence of a short
caecal appendage given off" from the duct, and which is shown in the
next preparation. Besides this, the Snail differs from the Slug, with
respect to its generative organs, in having a long flagelliform ap-
pendage continued from the penis (which hangs freely downwards in the
preparation), and in having an elongated thick muscular sac, con-
taining a calcareous spiculum, (which is exposed in the preparation by
the removal of part of the parietes of the sac) ; and lastly, in having a
number of elongated glandular caeca, the multifid vesicles of Cuvier,
(into the excretory orifices of which yellow bristles are inserted). These
vesicles appear to relate to certain modifications of the ovum in the shell-
clad Snail, which are not required in the naked Slug ; they are called into
activity at the period of oviposition, and may be seen enlarged and dis-
tended with their secretion in a preparation in a succeeding series. The
muscular sheath and its contained dart are subservient to the purpose of
preparatory excitement. The communication of the sheath with the va-

* The slime-secreting organ of Swammerdam, testis of Cuvier, Sac albuminipare oi Laurent, Ovarium
of Treviraijus.

27

gina, from which the spiculum is protruded, is indicated by a small black
bristle. It is into the vagina also that the long prostatic duct opens,
(contrary to what takes place in Limax^ and the two large black bristles
in this part pass, the one into the oviduct, the other into the prostatic
duct above described, which may thus be distinguished in the preparation
from the vas deferens.

2304. The organs of generation of a Helix pomatia. The testis has here been
detached from the liver, and the convoluted vas deferens may be traced,
enlarging as it ascends, to the place where it adheres to the ovarium near
the commencement of the plicated canal, in which the eggs receive their
albumen and external covering. The large ovary, with its continuation
into the oviduct, and the adherent glandular vas deferens, may be traced
to the separation of the latter, which then proceeds singly to the penis.
The flagelliform body is continued from the penis at the part where the
vas deferens terminates. The prostatic sac is seen near the upper end of
the ovarium, and its duct, and the short blind appendage continued from
it are well displayed. The mode of union of the multifid vesicles, in
groups of three, may here be observed. The muscular sheath of the
spiculum amoris is preserved entire ; a bristle is inserted into the common
outlet of the various parts of this comphcated generative apparatus.

2305. The parts of generation of a Snail {Helix aspersa. Linn.). They corre-
spond so closely in structure, and in the manner of preparation, with those
displayed in No. 2304, that the following differences need only to be
mentioned. In tracing the duct of the spherical prostatic sac, it will be
seen that the caecal appendage is given off at a greater distance from the
sac, and that it is considerably longer and wider : its blind extremity is
closely attached to the plicated and dilated oviduct, of which it might seem
to be a continuation, but is not. The multifid vesicles are less numerous,
and relatively shorter. The cervix of the muscular sheath is laid open,
showing the pointed extremity of the contained dart.

2306. A Snail, with the parts of generation dissected and displayed. Two black
bristles are passed through the excretory orifice of the prostatic duct,
one into the long caecal appendix continued from that duct, which is

E 2

28

thereby bent outwards, the other into the duct itself. A thick white
bristle is inserted into the penis, and a loop of thread is tied round its
retractor muscle, which has been divided. The testicle is seen m situ,
impacted in the visceral mass ; it is separated from the ovary by the inter-
position of a bristle, in order to show the convolutions of the vas defe-
rens. A white bristle is inserted into the rectum.

2307. The parts of generation of the Helix aspersa, with the exception of the
testis. They are stained of a dark colour, from having been originally
pinned down on a tablet of black wood. The elongated portion of the
testicle, which is united to the enlarged oviduct, may be plainly distin-
guished ; a bristle passes from the termination of the vas deferens throuah
the whole length of the penis. The long caecal appendage of the prostatic
duct is here dissected from its attachments : the other parts may be re-
cognised from the descriptions of the preceding preparations.

2308. A Helix aspersa, with the generative and digestive organs displayed ; a

black bristle is inserted into the penis, and white ones into the vagina.
The flagelliform appendage exhibits the spiral disposition of its extremity,
which is indicative of recent copulation.

2309. A similar preparation, with the muscular sheath of the calcareous dart
laid open.

2310. The soft parts of the Helix nemoralis, with the flagelliform appendage of
the penis, the prostatic caecum, multifid vesicles, muscular sheath of the
dart, and part of the oviduct, exposed.

2311. A portion of the generative apparatus of a Snail, including the muscular
sheath of the dart, which is laid open ; the multifid vesicles ; the penis,
along which is passed a white bristle ; part of the oviduct, prostatic duct,
and vas deferens.

2312. The soft parts of a Pulmonated Gastropod, with the parts of generation
displayed. They resemble those of the Helix aspersa, except that the
multifid vesicles are reduced to two in number, as in the genus Parmacella;
from which, however, the present specimen differs in having a long caecal
appendage continued from the prostatic duct, as in Helix aspersa : a black

29

bristle is passed along the duct into the commencement of the csccal ap-
pendage, and one of the accessory vesicles has been laid open. The
muscular sheath of the spiculum amoris is also of very small size, and the
flagelliform appendage is relatively shorter than in Helix aspersa.

2313. The soft parts of a Marsh-Snail {Lymnea Stagnalis, Lam.), prepared to
show the generative, anal, and respiratory orifices. This Gastropod differs
from the Slugs and Snails in the separation of the above orifices from one
another. The male organs open externally below the right tentacle ; a
black bristle is inserted into that orifice. The female organs terminate at
some distance below^ by a round orifice with a slightly raised boundary,
in which a white bristle is inserted. A portion of quill is placed in the
respiratory opening ; the brown bristle by the side of it indicates the ex-
cretory duct of the renal organ ; and the white bristle below is placed in
the rectum. .

Owing to the wide separation of the outlets of the two sexual organs,
it generally happens that while the penis of one Lymnea is inserted into
the vagina of another, the latter receives the intromittent organ, and is
itself impregnated by a third individual ; a chain of some length is not
unfrequently formed by this connexion of one individual with two others
at the same time.

•2314. The soft parts of a pulmonated Gastropod, prepared to show the parts of
generation.

2315. A specimen of the 'spiculum amoris,' or calcareous dart of a Snail.
C. DIOECIOUS CONDITION OF THE SEXUAL ORGANS.

Series VI. Male Orgaius.

1 . I?i Plants.

23 IG. A twig bearing the organs of fructification of the male Misletoe {Visciwi
a/Awm, Linn.) The essential organs are protected by a rudimental calyx,

30

and a quadrifid corolla formed by the confluence of the four petals at
their base : the anthers are adherent to the petals,

23 17- A portion of a twig with two catkins or clusters of the male flowers of the
Pamper Mulberry (Brousso?ietia pap^rifera, Yehtehet.). The corolla is
wanting in this plant, but its place is supplied by a quadrifid calyx ; the
number of stamens is four, whence the genus ranks in the Linnean
order Tetrandria, of the class Dicecia. With reference to the natural
group or order of plants, some botanists rank the Broussonetia with
the Anient acecB ; others, on account of the tenacity of its fibre, with the
VrticecB.

2318. A twig with several catkins of the Broussonetia papy rif era. In some of
these the calyces are closed, in others open, displaying the large bilobed
anthers of the stamens.

2319. A portion of a twig with a cluster of the male flowers of the Cliffortia
cuneata. The stamens are protected at their base by a calyx, but the
corolla is wanting.

2320. A similar specimen from the male Cliffortia cuneata.

2321. A spadix, or cluster of the male flowers of the Maize {Zea Mays, Linn.).
Each flower contains six stamens.

2322. Two portions of the organs of fructification of a male Palm.

2. In Entozoa.

2323. A portion of the intestine of a Piked Whale {Balcznoptera rostrata, Lac ep.),
to which a male specimen of the Echinorhynchus glandiceps is attached.
Part of the parietes of the body has been removed to expose the genera-
tive apparatus. The testes are the two oval bodies situated near the an-
terior end of the abdominal cavity. The ducts of these bodies are en-
larged, and descend, slightly twisted round each other, to the whitish
glandular body at the base of the intromittent organ ; this is retracted,
and one of the retractor muscles is preserved.

2324. A male specimen of the Ascaris lumbricoides, with the visceral cavity laid
open, the alimentary canal removed, and the testis displayed.

31

This organ consists of a long, slender, cylindrical tube, which is con-
tinued from a reservoir at the base of the penis, at first straight and
slightly dilated, but suddenly diminishing to capillary tenuity at a distance
of an inch and a half from the seminal reservoir ; and becoming disposed
in a series of convolutions and loops which surround and conceal the in-
testine at the middle of its course: the minute caecal termination of the
seminiparous tube is closely attached to the inner surface of the parietes
of the body, but has been detached, and the intestine removed in the pre-
paration. The penis, which is here retracted, projects from the anterior
part of the anus on the concave side of the incurved anal extremity of
the body.

2324 A. A male specimen of a Filaria, from the American Ostrich, {Filaria
Rhe(s)f with the abdominal cavity laid open, the alimentary canal displayed
m sit7i, and the male organ, a single filamentary tube, which extends,
without convolution, from one extremity of the body to the other, re-
moved, and separately displayed, by the side of the specimen.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2324 B. A specimen of a small Nematoid Worm from the stomach of a Tiger
{^Gnathostoma spinigerum, Owen), with the abdominal cavity laid open,
the alimentary canal bent to one side, and the convolutions of the long
seminal tube or testis unravelled. This terminates in a dilated receptacle
at the base of a single penis ; from this receptacle the secerning tube is
continued forwards, and soon begins to be disposed in numerous folds
and convolutions, gradifally diminishing to the blind extremity, which is
attached to the middle line of the ventral surface of the abdominal
parietes, half-way between the two extremities of the body.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

3, In Insects.

2325. A male House-fly {Musca dornestica. Linn.), with the anterior part
of the abdominal parietes, and the intestine removed, and the
two testes brought forward into view. These present a large propor-
tional size and a pyriform figure : they consist of a group of spherical
packets, containing almost innumerable convolutions of a single spermatic

32

tubule, connected together principally by the ramifications of extremely
fine tracheae, and the whole enveloped in a common capsule. From each
testis a vas deferens is continued, which soon unites with its fellow,
and the single excretory duct is continued to the base of the short bifid
horny penis. The two tubular vesiculae scminales observable in the Hip-
pobosca and other Dipterous insects have not been preserved in this
dissection.

2326. A male Silk-Moth [Bombyx Mori, Latr.). It differs from the female in
having the teeth of the pectinated antennse longer, and the abdomen
more abruptly truncated posteriorly. At this part may be observed the
two horny hooks or claspers.

2327. A male Silk-Moth " ready for copulation," according to the original
Catalogue. The abdomen has been laid open and the testes removed.
The vesicular bag attached to the anus is the terminal dilatation of the
rectum.

The following is Mr. Hunter's description of the male organs of gene-
ration in the Silk-worm Moth.

" Of the Male.

" The termination of the belly of the male is not so pointed as in the
female ; it appears as if one ring had been cut off short, whose edges had
prettv long hair, somewhat like a short tail.

" Of the external Parts of the Male. — On the edge of the termination
of the last ring, and on its under surface, are two horny substances, (I be-
lieve the remains of the last feet or holders on the tail when in the cater-
pillar state) whose business it is to hold in the time of copulation. At
the anus are two horny hooks for the same purpose, for when they copu-
late they hold the female so fast as to allow her to hang by this hold ;
and I have seen them lay hold of another by the wing so fast that they
could be lifted up by it.

" Of the internal Parts. — The internal parts consist of two testicles,
one on each side, situated about midway between the anterior and pos-

33

terior end of the belly, and near to the upper surface of the back. The
two together would make about one-tenth of the size of the whole animal.
They appear as if composed of three or four smaller bodies, rounded,
and a little compressed together. Each testicle has a duct which emerges
out of it in the hollow on their inner side, very similar to the ureter in
the kidney. These ducts pass towards the anus in a convoluted course,
and then the two unite into one duct. At this part they are considerably
enlarged. At this union enters a duct which is formed of two blind be-
ginnings. The common duct, or union of the whole is of considerable
length and is coiled up with the others in the natural state, and termi-
nates at last in the penis. The penis is a horny substance which is ca-
pable of being projected and drawn in, and is in a distinct part, not in
the anus as in birds, yet they both open between the two last scales."

Hunterian Martuscript.

2328. A male Silk-Moth, with the penis exserted.

2329. A male Cicada or Tree-hopper {Cicada Australasia, Donovan), with the

ventral parietes of the abdomen removed to expose part of the male or-
gans of generation. The large intromittent organ is protruded. The
two triangular yellow plates between the posterior pair of legs and the
abdomen, cover and constitute part of the apparatus for producing the
chirping soimds for which the Cicadae have been in all ages celebrated.
This apparatus is peculiar to the male.

2330. The male organs of a large species of Cicada. The common duct leading
from the penis rapidly dilates, and divides into two wide tubes, which are
principally the terminations of large convoluted accessory ducts, but also
receive the capillary vasa deferentia. These perform many convolutions
before joining the testes, which are large rounded masses, each consisting
of an aggregate of almost innumerable short caca.

2330 A. A small species of Cicada, with the penis protruded ; and the dorsal
parietes of the body removed, to display the testes in situ.

Prepared by Air. Owen.

2331. Three Hive-bees {Apis mellijica, Linn.), showing the three kinds of indi-

34

viduals which constitute the comrnunity of these social insects. The
lower specimen is the male, or ' drone'; the next the prolific female, or
' queen' ; the upper one the unprolific female, nurse, or ' labourer'.

It is an established law that no prolific insect should breed up, or per-
form the duties of the parent towards her offspring, and most insects die
soon after the eggs are extruded, apparently exhausted by the vast num-
ber which are developed. When therefore the larva does not possess in-
dependent powers or means of support, a third kind of individual is
generated, which is a sterile female ; and as the powers of this individual
are not exhausted by the generative process, she is enabled to collect the
nourishment, and nurse and attend to the helpless offspring of the fertile
individual. This is generally done in concert, and the neuters or labourers
are peculiar to the ants and bees.

The external characters of the three individuals of the species y^pis
mellijica are thus described by Hunter.

" Of the Male Bee.

" The male bee is considerably larger than the labourers : he is even
larger than the queen, although not so long when she is in her full state
with eggs : he is considerably thicker than either, but not longer in the
same proportion : he does not terminate at the anus in, so sharp a point ;
and the opening between the two last scales of the back and belly is
larger, and more under the belly than in the female. His proboscis is
much shorter than that of the labouring bee, which makes me suspect he
does not collect his own honey, but takes that which is brought home by
the others ; especially as we never find the males abroad on flowers, &c.
only flying about the hives in hot weather, as if taking an airing ; and
and when we find that the male of the humble bee, which collects its own
food, has as long a proboscis or tongue as the female, I think it is from
all these facts reasonable to suppose the male of the common bee feeds
at home. He has no sting.

" The males, I beheve, are later in being bred than the labouring bee.
As they are only produced to go off with a hive, they are not so early
brought forth ; for in the month of April I killed a hive, in which I found

35

maggots and chrysalises, but did not find any males among the latter :
the maggots are too young for such investigation ; but about the 20th of
May we observed males : they are all very much of the sanje size In
the month of August, probably about the latter end, we may suppose they
impregnate the queen for the next year, and about the latter end of the
same month, and beginning of September, they arc dying-, but seem to be
hastened to their end by the labourers. In 1791, as early as the 1 9th of
June, I saw the labourers killing the males of a hive, or rather of a swarm,
that had not yet swarmed, but was outhanging ; this, however, was out of
the common course. They appear to be sensible of their fate, for they
hurry in and out of the hive as quick as possible, seemingly with a view
to avoid the labourers ; and we find them attacked by the labourers, who
pinch them with their forceps, and when they are so hurt, and fatigued
with attempts to make their escape, as not to be able to fly, they are
thrown over on the ground and left to die. That this is the fate of every
male bee is easily ascertained, by examining every bee in the hive when
killed for the honey, which is after this season ; no male being then
found in it. Bonnet supposes them starved to death, as he never
saw w^ounds on them. In the course of a winter I have killed several
hives, some as late as April, and in such a way as to preserve every
bee, and after examining every one entirely, I never perceived one male
of any kind ; although it has been asserted there are two sizes of
males, and that the small are preserved through the winter to impregnate
the queen."

" The Queen Bee.
" The queen, the mother of all, in whatever way produced, is a true
female, and different from both the labourers and the male. She is not
so large in the trunk (abdomen) as the male, and appears to be rather
larger in every part than the labourers. The scales on the under sur-
face of the belly of the labourers, are not uniformly of the same colour
over the whole scale ; that part being lighter which is overlapped by the
terminating scale above, and the uncovered part being darker ; this light
part does not terminate in a straight line, but in two curves, making a

F 2

36

peak, all which gives the belly a lighter colour in the labouring bees ;
more especially when it is pulled out or elongated.

" The tongue of the female is considerably shorter than that of the
labouring bee, more like that of the male ; however, the tongues of the
labourers are not in all of an equal length, but none have it so short as
the queen.

" The size of the belly of the female of such animals varies a little,
according to the condition they are in ; but the belly of the male and the
labourer has but little occasion to change its size, as they are at all times
nearly in the same condition with regard to fat, having always plenty of
provision ; but the true female varies very considerably ; she is of a dif-
ferent size and shape in the summer to what she is in the winter ; and
in the winter she has what may be called her natural size and shape ; she
is upon the whole rather thicker than the labourer, and this thickness is
also in the belly, which probably arises from the circumstance of the ovi-
duct being in the winter pretty large, and the reservoir for semen full.
The termination of the belly is rather more peaked than in the labourers,
the last scale being rather narrower from side to side, and coming more
to a point at the anus. The scales at this season are more overlapped,
which can only be known by drawing them out. In the spring and
summer she is more easily distinguished ; the belly is not only thicker,
but considerably longer than formerly, which arises from the increase of
the eggs. We distinguish a queen from the working bee simply by size,
and in some degree by colour ; but this last is not so easily ascertained,
because the difference in the colour is not so remarkable in the back, and
the only view we can commonly get of her is on this part ; but when a
hive is killed, the best way is to collect all the bees, and spread them on
white paper, or put them into water in a broad, flat-bottomed, shallow
white dish, in which they swim ; and by looking at them singly, she may
be discovered. As the queen breeds the first year she is produced, and
the oviducts never entirely subside, an old queen is probably thicker than
a new-bred one, unless indeed the oviducts and the eggs form in the
chrysalis state, as in the silk-worm, which I should suppose they did.
The queen is perhaps at the smallest size just as she has done breeding ;

37

for as she is to lay eggs by the month of March, she must begin early to
fill again ; but I believe her oviducts are never emptied, having at all
times eggs in them, although but small."

" Of the Labouring Bee.

" This class, for we cannot call it either sex or species, is the largest
in number of the whole community ; there are thousands of them to one
queen, and probably some hundreds to each male, as we shall see by and
by. It is to be supposed they are the only bees which construct the
whole hive, and that the queen has no other business but to lay the eggs:
they are the only bees that bring in materials ; the only ones we observe
busy abroad ; and, indeed, the idea of any other is ridiculous, when we
consider the disproportion in numbers as well as the employment of the
others, while the working bee has nothing to take off its attention to
the business of the family. They are smaller than either the queen or
the males ; not all of equal size, although the diflFerence is not very
great.

" The queen and the working bees are so much alike that the latter
would seem to be females on a different scale ; however, this difference
is not so observable in the beginning of winter as in the spring, when
the queen is full of eggs. They are all females in construction, having
the female parts, which are extremely small, and would be easily over-
looked by a person not very well acquainted with the parts in the
queen." Hunter on Bees, Phil. Trans. 1792, p. 173.

2332. A male Hive-bee, with the sheath of the penis, everted.

2333. A male Hive-bee, with the dorsal parietes of the body dissected away to
show the organs of generation. The two elongated bodies on each side
which are next the back are the dilated vasa deferentia ; the two larger
elongated bodies, of which the obtuse blind extremities are seen rising
above them, are the vesiculse seminales. The testes themselves are not
here displayed.

2334. A similar preparation.

38

2335. A male Hive-bee, with the ventral parietes of the body removed to show
the dilated vasa deferentia and the vesicular seminales.

2336. A similar preparation, in which the vesiculae seminales are drawn aside to
show their common duct, the inverted sheath of the penis, with its small
inferior caecal appendage, and the two large lateral sacculi, which open
near its termination.

2337. A male Hive-bee, with the dorsal parietes of the abdomen dissected off,
and the male organs reflected downwards. The testes have been removed,
but the slender convoluted, as well as the dilated, portion of each vas
deferens is preserved. It will be seen that they open into the anal ex-
tremity of the vesiculae seminales, and that these are joined together be-
fore the common excretory duct is sent off.

2338. A small Hive-bee, with the two vesiculae seminales and one yas deferens
exposed, together with the excretory duct and sheath of the penis, of
which the horny portions may be clearly discerned.

2339. The male organs of generation of the Hive-bee displayed on a tablet of
black wood ; the vesiculae seminales project forwards ; the testes have
fallen to the bottom of the bottle.

2340. The male organs of generation of two Hive-bees, similarly displayed : on
one side the left testis, vas deferens, and vesicula are all preserved ; on
the other side only the vesiculae seminales and common excretory duct
remain. The appendages of the sheath of the penis are carefully dis-
played.

2341. A similar preparation, but with the testicles and one vas deferens defi-
cient. The different relative sizes of the several parts in the preceding
preparations would indicate that they were designed to exhibit the sea-
sonal changes in the male apparatus ; but there are no original records
authenticating the periods at which, or the views with which they were
prepared.

The following is Hunter's decription of the male organs of the
Hive-bee.

39

" Male Organs.

" The Drone bee is the male of that genus. The parts of generation
consist of two testicles, one vas deferens to each ; two vesiculae, the
ductus communis, and the penis, with its apparatus for projecting. The
testicles are very large for the size of the animal, lie in the back, are ob-
long, one end towards the thorax, the other towards the anus. The vasa
deferentia come out, at first small, near the lower and inner side, pass
towards the anus, becoming something larger, and open obliquely near
the termination of an oblong bag. The oblong bag or vesicula lies more
towards the belly and laterally, and in the direction of that cavity termi-
nates in a duct, which uniting with the fellow duct of the other side form
the ductus communis, which is of considerable length. At the termina-
tion of the ductus communis there is an apparatus somewhat similar to a
larynx*, which lies between the two bags and is the first thing seen on
opening the abdomen. It is only attached to the abdomen by means of
the air-cells, vessels, &c. From this part goes towards the tail an irre-
gular body which I suppose to be the penis in its prepuce. Near to the
opening of the prepuce are two large processes which do not appear to
be cavities ; at least I have not found them to contain any thing."

Hunterian M S

2342. A male Humble-bee {Boinhns terresfris, Linn.), with the intromittent or-
gan exserted and the two holders divaricated.

2343. A male Humble-bee, with the anterior parietes of the abdomen removed,
showing the vesiculae seminales ; which are relatively smaller than in the
Hive-bee.

2344. The anal segment of a male Humble Bee (Bo?nbus), showing the copula-

tive claspers of this genus.

* The sheath of the penis is supported by two lateral pairs of horny pieces, and a series of homy
semicircles situated on the anterior or under surface. The terminal processes are hollow flattened
sacculi, having their excretory orifices ciliated, and placed close to the outlet of the penis.

40

Mr. Hunter has left the following account of the male organs^,
which agrees with their appearance in the common species Bombus
terrestris.

" Humble Bee.

*' The male parts may be divided into external and internal, although
the external are commonly concealed by the two last scales of the abdo-
men. The external parts consist of a pair of holders, or two horny sub-
stances, each of which is forked, and curved towards each other at their
projecting parts or points, which lay hold of the female when in copula-
tion. These horny parts are broad at their base, inclosing the penis, as
in the Silk-motli.

" Between these are two other horny substances projecting nearly as
far as the outer. They are small, and between them is the duct, or penis,
adhering to them : or this may be viewed in another light ; the penis has
these two horny substances on each side to support it, as a projecting part,
incapable probably of erection, only of protrusion : the soft part between
or duct, projects a little, which may probably enter the female. The
semen may be squeezed out at this part. This horny substance can be
made to project beyond the two last scales of the abdomen, which is pro-
bably the case in copulation. At the base of this horny part it is attached
forwards to the last scale of the belly, and behind to the rectum. Imme-
diately behind this attachment, which is the cavity of the belly, and just
under the last scale, on the fore part of the abdomen, are two oblong
bags, each coiled up upon itself, and full of a mucus, which are either
reservoirs for the semen, or are glands similar to the vesiculae seminales
in other animals. The testicles are bodies lying in the abdomen higher
up among the intestines, being attached to them by the air vessels. In
some I have observed two testicles on each side, and a small body a little
higher up, communicating with the upper part of the other by a small
duct. The large one is oblong, very tender, and has a duct passing from
its lower end, which enters the above described canal near their entrance
into the horny substance or penis. In some I have not been able to dis-

\

41

cover the small testes, but suppose all have them. These parts are hardly
dissectable with the naked eye, but require a magnifying glass of about
two inch focus. The semen is of a pale wheyish colour."

Hunterian MSS.

2345. A male Wasp [Vespa vulgaris, Linn.), with the anterior parietes of the
abdomen removed, to show the small vasa deferentia and the vesiculae
seminales, situated at the lower part of the abdominal cavity.

2346. The male organs of a Wasp, removed and displayed on a piece of ebony.
The testes have fallen to the bottom of the bottle ; the vasa deferentia, at
first small, gradually enlarge to their union with the small caecal processes,
which represent the vesiculae seminales. These vesiculae are not united
at their posterior extremities as in the hive-bee, but each sends out a duct,
common to it with the vas deferens, and these common ducts unite just
before entering the base of the penis.

2347. The anal segment and copulative claspers in a Wasp.

2348. The male and female of a species of Wasp {Vespd).

2349. A male Hornet {Vespa Crabro, Linn.), showing the structure of the
anal segment adapted for the retention of the female during the coitus.

2350. A Locust {Acrida viridissi?na, Kirby), with the dorsal parietes of the
abdomen removed, the intestine dissected away, and the male organs dis-
placed and turned down.

There are two testes on each side, one large and one small, which consist
of an aggregate of closely compacted caecal tubes. The vasa deferentia
are small ; they communicate with the excretory canals of an extensively
developed accessory apparatus of branched caecal tubes, which have four
times the diameter of the seminiferous tubules. At the base of the penis
there are two secreting sacs, analogous to those on each side the penial
sheath in the bee, but relatively shorter and wider, — (are these attractive
or odorous glands?) The sheath of the penis is terminated by two lateral
bold-fasts, and the anal segment of the abdomen sends off two corre-
sponding but shorter processes.

2351. The testes and vesiculae seminales of a Locust (Acrida viridissima).

42

Mr. Clift has preserved a copy of the following note by Hunter, which
relates to one of the preceding preparations : " In a large male green
Grasshopper the termination of the upper and last scale ? was in two
points, or forked, as also was the lower, but not so long ; and between
these two were the anus and external parts.

" The whole belly almost was filled with caeca, all terminating in one
central duct. On each side was a part that seemed to be composed of a
duct or ducts coiled up into an oblong body, which I suspect are the
testicles." Hunterian MSS.

2352. A male Summer-chaffer [Melolontha solstitialis, Linn.), with the intro-
mittent organ exserted. This is of a large relative size and horny tex-
ture, slightly curved, and terminated by two strong hooks ; above and
between which may be seen the soft expanded glans penis. At the pos-
terior third of the sheath is a transverse articulation, adapting it to its
destined movements.

2353. A male specimen of the Cock-chaffer {Melolontha vulgaris, Linn.),
with the generative organs displayed. The testes consist on each side
of six orbicular seminiparous csecal glands, from each of which proceeds
a capillary efferent vessel ; these converge and terminate on each side in
the extremity of the vas deferens, which unites with its fellow and the
corresponding vesicula seminalis at the same place, to form the common
excretory canal. The vasa deferentia consist of innumerable convolu-
tions of a capillary tube. The organ of intromission is very large, and
of a horny texture, and is accompanied, as in most other insects, with a
pair of incurved holders.

Hunter has left the following note on the male Cockchaffer : " The
feelers {antenna^ terminate in three branches, which are flat, and which
close upon one another. Those of the males are larger than those of
the female, and when in copulation they spread them out, but the female
does not.

" The males are smaller than the females. They have more hairs on
their posterior thoracic scales. The thoracic scale in the female is mot-
tled, like tortoise-shell.

43

" The penis is horny and terminates in two hooks, which, I imagine,
lay hold of some part of the vagina.

" Towards the latter end of the season I found a vast number of males
whose holders were separated, and the penis projecting."

Hunterian MSS.

2354. A male specimen of the Blaps mortisaga, with the ventral parietes of the
abdomen and the alimentary canal removed, to display the parts of gene-
ration. These consist of two testes and their vasa deferentia ; two sub-
spherical vesiculae seminales, and two tubular vesiculae or accessory
glands. The testes are the larger and more opake rounded bodies ; they
consist essentially (as shown by microscopic examination of recent spe-
cimens,) of an aggregate of small ovoid sessile capsules.

2355. A male Dung-chafFer (Geotrupes stercorarius, Fabr.), with the ventral
parietes of the abdomen removed to show the parts of generation in situ.

2356. A male Beetle {Scarabceus), with the intromittent organ protruded.

2357. A male Rose-beetle {Cetonia aurata, Fabr.), similarly prepared. The
numerous testes may be seen hanging by their slender ducts on each side,
and the convolutions of the long tubular accessory vesicles in the
midspace. The preparation is suspended by the horny sheath of the penis.

2358. The male organs of a Rose-beetle displayed on a piece of ebony. The
twelve capsules, or masses of seminiparous caeca of which each testis is
composed, are separately displayed on the left side ; their respective ex-
cretory ducts successively unite to form the common vas deferens, which
joins its fellow of the opposite side after a tortuous course of more than
double the length of the entire insect. Their point of union is also that
to which three pair of accessory secerning tubules or vesiculae seminales
converge, to become united. One of these is here unravelled ; its length
exceeds that of the beetle itself by twelve times. The other two vesiculae,
on each side, are blind floating tubes of less extent. The common canal
of all these parts becomes much dilated, and is twisted upon itself, before
terminating at the base of the penis.

2359. A Rose-beetle (Cetonia aurata, Fabr.) with the ventral parietes of the

44

abdomen removed, from which the male parts appear to have been ori-
ginally displaced, but are now decayed and fallen to the bottom of the
bottle. The dilated common terminal duct of the male secerning appa-
ratus, the intestinal canal, and intromittent organ are clearly exhibited.

2360. A male Beetle {Megasoma Titanus, Kirby), with the ventral parietes of
the abdomen removed and the retracted penis and part of the secreting
apparatus turned down.

Here the male sex is distinguished by the development of two incurved
horn-like processes upon the sides of the thorax, and one recurved and bi-
furcate process rising from the anterior part of the thorax above the head.

2361. A mutilated specimen of the male apparatus of some large Coleopterous
insect.

2361 A. A male Gideon Beetle {Dynastes Gideon, Kirby), in which the dorsal
parietes of the abdomen have been dissected away^ the intestinal canal
turned aside, and the male organs reflected downwards.

The testes consist of an irregular mass of closely aggregated circular
flattened lobes, each composed of a distinct cluster of seminiparous tu-
bules. A slender capillary vas deferens is formed by the union of their
several ducts on each side, and is continued in a convoluted course, widen-
ing as it proceeds, to the place where the duct of the elongated tortuous
vesicula seminalis joins it. The common duct of the vesiculae and vasa
deferentia becomes suddenly expanded, is bent upon itself, and terminates
at the base of the incurved horny sheath of the penis.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2361 B. Two of the lobes of the testes of the Gideon-Beetle removed from the
body and prepared for microscopical examination. They consist each of
a series of caecal follicles radiating from the circumference to the centre.

Prepared by Mr, Owen.

2362. A male Glow-worm {Lampyris splendidula, Linn.). The elytra and wings
are developed for flight in this sex only.

2363. A male Musk-beetle (CW'«//«5y<2? 7/?o*cAa^w*, Linn.), with the penis pro-
truded.

45

4. In Arachnidans.

2364. A male Spider {Mygale cancerides,^ alck.sa.er), suspended by the tumid
unarmed extremities of the elongated maxillary palps, or feelers, the lasi
joint of which contains an erectile apparatus, which is the organ of excite-
ment in the male. In the female the corresponding parts are more slen-
der, and are armed w^ith a small horny hook.

2365. A Scorpion {Buthus africanus. Leach), with the ventral parietes of the
abdomen removed to expose the male organs of generation in situ. A
bristle is inserted into the termination of the excretory duct on the left
side. The external orifices are situated close to the base of the pectinated
processes, which are present in both sexes.

5. In Crustaceans.

2366. A river Craw-fish {Astacus fluviatilis, Fabr.), with part of the thoracic
parietes removed to expose the testes and vas deferens of the left side.
The testis is a compact glandular body, consisting of innumerable minute
secerning caeca, widest at its anterior extremity, and sending a long narrow
process backwards along the middle line of the body. The vas deferens
leaves the upper part of the gland, and, forming numerous convolutions,
enlarges as it proceeds to the posterior part of the visceral cavity, whence
it extends in a straight line to the base of the fifth pair of legs, where it
finally terminates, without communicating, in any part of its course, with
its fellow of the opposite side.

2367. The male organs of a Lobster {Astacus marinus, Fabr.). The testes are
two elongated, subcylindrical lobulated bodies, commencing each by an
obtuse extremity anteriorly^ where they are thickest, and are joined
together by a transverse band about three lines behind these extremities.
They then again become separate, and descend parallel to, and in contact
with each other, immediately beneath the heart, giving off, opposite its
posterior apex, the vasa deferentia ; after which they make a curve down-
wards, and pass backwards in a somewhat irregular course for the extent
of two or three inches. Each vas deferens comes ofi^from the outer side
of its respective testis ; it is at first very narrow, but gradually widens as

46

it extends straight backwards for two thirds of an inch ; then it makes a
turn upon itself and becomes suddenly dilated, whence it continues, with a
few slight windings, to the basal joint of the fifth pair of legs, which it
finally perforates to open on the external surface. The termination of
the duct being loosely connected with this part, and susceptible, from
its length, of eversion, thus forms on each side a sort of intromittent
organ, which is applied, in the coitus, to the vulval orifices on the third
pair of legs in the female. The granular or follicular structure of the
testes may be readily discerned with a pocket lens in the preparation ;
they exhibit the quiescent or unexcited condition.

6. In Mollusks.

2368. The soft parts of a male Pterocera {Pterocera Scorpio, Lam.), pre-
pared to show the urethral groove and intromittent or exciting organ.
The orifice of the respiratory cavity is laid open ; the termination of the
rectum is exposed, and a bristle is inserted into the anus : the termina-
tion of the vas deferens is seen below the rectum, and the groove leading
from it to the base of the penis, which is the slender elongated sub-
compressed organ by which the preparation is in part suspended : the
urethral groove, here exclusively devoted to the passage of the semen,
is widened by portions of bristle ; the penis terminates above the canal in
a small lanceolate process.

2369. The soft parts of a small Pectinibranchiate Gastropod, showing the large
and long intromittent organ protruded from the right side of the neck ; a
bristle is inserted into the seminal passage which is here a complete canal.

2370. The soft parts of a small Pectinibranchiate Gastropod, in which the mantle
has been dissected away from the dorsal region of the body, to show the
male organs of generation ; the course of the slender vas deferens from
the testicle to the penis is well displayed. The latter part is of great
relative size, and projects as usual from the right side of the neck.

2370 A. A male Carinaria (Carinaria mediterranea, Lam.). The testis is the
elongated gray-coloured body which occupies the superior or convex
margin of the visceral mass, or the part corresponding with the apex of

47

the shell in the turbinated Gastropods : the dark substance between the
testis and the body is the liver, through which the intestine and vas de-
ferens may be seen to pass, the one towards the mouth, the other to the
base of the bifid intromittent organ : this projects from the right side of
the body, half way between the visceral mass and foot.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2371. The male organs of a Cuttle-fish [Sepia officinalis. Linn.). The testis is
single ; it is the large, oval, compressed glandular body, which is the
lowest of the suspended parts. The vas deferens is the short narrow tube
continued from the upper extremity of the testis ; it enters a glandular
gac, which is twisted upon itself, and presents a close laminated structure
internally, and terminates in an obtuse blind extremity. A wide duct is
continued from the commencement of the above glandular caecum, which
sends down a large membranous sac ; a lobulated glandular body is
attached to the parietes of this sac, which is continued above into the
terminal tube, by which the products of the male generative apparatus
are finally emitted.

2372. The male accessory glandular organs, with the convoluted sac containing
the elastic self-moving filaments described by Swammerdam and Need-
ham, and the terminal ejaculatory tube, or penis, of a Cuttle-fish {Sepia
officinalis, Linn.).

2372 A. The male organs of a Sepiole {Sepiola Rondeletii, Leach). The testis
is irregularly ovate, smooth, and slightly convex externally, and with two
facets on the opposite side, which meet and form a middle ridge, from
the upper part of which the vas deferens is continued ; this tube soon
enters a thick irregular glandular canal, which, after a tortuous course,
suddenly becomes filamentary, and communicates with the duct of a
globular and glandular prostatic sac : the canal, formed by the conjoined
ducts of this sac and the testis finally enters the lower part of a long
and wide sac, which contains the elastic filaments. In the Sepiole the
above sac contains two kinds of bodies ; first, a number of long filament-
ary transparent tubes, obtuse and enlarged at one extremity, and gra-
dually diminishing to the opposite end, which is slightly twisted, as if

48

broken off ; secondly, long pyriform cysts, containing each a small am-
ber-coloured conical substance, having an opake filament attached to their
apex, which passes into the interior of the first described tubes ; the se-
cond bodies are surrounded by an opake mucus. Prepared by Mr. Owen.

7. I?i Fishes.

23/3. The trunk of a male Lamprey {Petromyzon marinus, Linn.) with
the ventral parietes of the abdomen dissected away to show the tes-
tes, in situ. These are situated between the kidneys, and consist each of
a taeniasform substance of considerable length, but adapted to the extent
of the abdomen by being folded upon the duplicature of peritoneum which
attaches the testis to the region of the spine. There is no excretory
duct or vas deferens continued from the testis to the external surface,
but the fecundating fluid passes immediately from the testis into the ca-
vity of the abdomen, and is thence expelled by the contractions of the
surrounding parietes from the peritoneal openings in the cloaca : into
these large bristles have been placed.

2374. The corresponding part of a male Lamprey {Petromyzon Jluviatilis, Linn.),
in which the testes and intestine have been removed, and the kidneys
alone preserved, which have been partially injected. It is these organs
which have been described as testes by some anatomists who have consi-
dered the Cyclostomous fishes as Hermaphrodites, confounding the true
testes with the ovaria. Three bristles project from the cloaca : the thick
white bristle passes through the rectum ; the black bristle is inserted
into the left ureter ; the small white bristle penetrates the abdominal ca-
vity by the left peritoneal outlet from which the semen is expelled.

2375. A male Pipe-fish {iSyngnathus O/?/^2V20w, Block), with the ventral parietes
removed from the lower part of the abdominal cavity to expose the
testes : these present the form of slender elongated straight tubes,
pointed, and closed at the^ anterior extremity ; they are very small in
proportion to the size of the fish, being in the unexcited condition. The
long slender tail of the specimen has been cut off.

2376. A portion of a Pipe-fish {Syngnathus Acus, Linn.), including the ter-

49

mination of the abdomen and the commencement of the subcaudal mar-
supium, or egg-pouch. Both cavities are laid open ; in the abdomen
may be perceived the rectum, the slender elongated allantoid bladder,
and the two tubular testes, which are more attenuated than in the pre-
ceding specimen, having discharged the fecundating fluid. In the sub-
caudal pouch there are portions of two packets of ova, which undergo
their development, and are probably impregnated as they pass from the
abdomen of the female into this receptacle, which is peculiar to the
male.

2377- A male Hippocampus {Hippocampus guttulatus, Cuv.), with the parietes
removed from the right side of the abdominal and marsupial cavities. In
the abdomen may be seen the testis of the right side, having a similar
simple elongated cylindrical form as in the Syngnathi; the pouch, which
still contains some of the ova, is divided by an incomplete longitudinal
septum descending from the middle line of the upper surface of that
cavity. The orifices of the abdomen and pouch are close together ; there
are no anal fins, the absence of which characterizes externally the male
sex in the genus Hippocampus.

2378. A Sand-eel {Ammodytes Tobianus, Linn.), with the abdominal cavity laid
open to expose the milt, or soft roe, as the testicles of fishes are com-
monly called ; the testicle in this species is single, of an elongated tri-
edral form, partially divided along the middle line by a longitudinal
fissure.

2379- The viscera of an electric Eel {Gymnotus electrivus^ Linn.), preserved
chiefly to show the testes, which are two oblong triedral bodies, atte-
nuated at both extremities.

2380. The rectum, kidneys, and testes of the electric Eel. A black bristle is
inserted into the rectum, or white one in the common duct of the gene-
rative and urinary glands.

2381. The testes with the cloaca, termination of the rectum, and urinary bladder
of the Pike {Esox Lucius, Linn.). The secretion of each testis is con-
veyed along a central longitudinal canal, which in the right testis is ex-
posed through nearly its whole length ; a bristle is inserted into the cor-

50

responding efferent canal of the left testis : the outlets of these canals
are situated in the cloaca close to that of the allantoid bladder, into which
a portion of quill has been passed. A dark and apparently fatty substance,
perhaps the remains of the Wolffian body, may be observed to be attached
to each testis.

2382. One of the testes of an osseous Fish.

2383. A similar preparation.

2384. The testes of a Mackerel {Scomber Scombrus, Linn.). They are partially
injected, and a slice has been removed from one of them to show the
vascularity and structure of the gland. A bristle is inserted into the
short common duct by which the fecundating fluid is expelled. The
period of the full development of the testes in this fish is the month of
June.

2385. A portion of one of the testes of a Mackerel {Scomber Scombrus, Linn.),
with the short common excretory duct laid open.

2386. A Trout {Salmo Fario, Linn.), with the parietes removed from the riejht
side of the abdomen to show the right testis, and the straight and short
vas deferens continued from its lower extremity to the cloacal outlet,
where it terminates immediately posterior to the anus.

2387- One of the testes of a Trout, in which fine injection of size and vermilion
has been thrown in the retrograde direction into the vas deferens, from
which it has passed into the tubuli testis, in many parts ; and has pene-
trated as far as their blind extremities at the superficies of the gland.

2388. Two transverse sections of the testis of a Trout, similarly injected, show-
ing the central canal containing the vas deferens, and the radiated dis-
position of the secerning caeca, or tubuli.

2389. The testes and air-bladder of the Salmon {Sabno Salar, Linn.). A por-
tion of the oesophagus is preserved, showing the orifice by which the air
bladder communicates with it. The anterior and larger extremities of
the testes are situated close to the termination of the ductus pneuma-
ticus ; they proceed backward, gradually diminishing in size for about
six inches, then suddenly become much smaller, and so continue to the

51

cloacal outlet, where the vasa deferentia terminate by a common opening
behind the anus. An attempt has been made to inject the glands by the
vasa deferentia.

2390. The testes, and air-bladder, of a Cod {Gadus Morrhua, Linn.). The testes
are elongated, flattened and compressed, and a great extent of the glan-
dular substance is brought into a small space by being disposed in con-
volutions upon the edge of a duplicature of peritoneum like the small
intestines.

2391. A portion of the testis of a Cod.

2392. A Gold-fish {Cyprmus auratus. Linn.), with the parietes of the right side
of the abdomen removed, together with the digestive organs, to show
the testes and their excretory ducts. They present an irregular lobulated
texture, and the vasa deferentia are relatively longer than in the Trout.

2393. One of the testes of a Cephaloptera (C'ie/?A«/o/?/c?'ff Manta, Bancroft). It
is attached to the margin of a duplicature of the peritoneum, and slightly
bent upon itself in an undulating manner. It has been partially injected,
and a section of the upper lobe has been made to show its texture. An
accessory glandular body is attached to the concave side of the testis.

2394. The cloaca of a Male Ray {Rata Batis, Linn.) laid open to show the
rudimentary penis, perforated by the canal continued from the two
cavities into which the valvular terminations of the vasa deferentia open ;
these cavities, which serve as a species of seminal reservoir, and are sur-
rounded with muscular fibres, are laid open, and bristles are inserted into
the terminations of the vasa deferentia.

2395. A portion of the trunk of a Picked Dog-fish [Spinax aca?ithias, Cuv.)
injected, with the testes exposed in situ. They appear, in their present
unexcited state, as moderately elongated compressed vascular glands,
situated at the anterior part of the abdomen ; they are attached by their
mesial edges to a duplicature of the peritoneum, which connects them
to the region of the spine. A bristle is inserted into the common outlet
of the seminal ducts, which open into the posterior part of the rectum.
The copulative holders are preserved, which are situated on each side of
the cloacal aperture ; these are present in the males of -ill the plagio-

H 2

52

stomous fishes ; for in them the ova are impregnated internally, and in
some species, as the present, are also developed within the oviducts.

2396. The head and trunk of the Small-spotted Dog-fish {^cyllium canicula,
Cuv.), with the abdomen laid open, and the digestive organs removed
to show one of the testes in situ. It presents an elongated form, but is
thicker and larger than in the preceding specimen. The cloaca is laid
open, showing the common outlet of the vasa deferentia and ureters :
below the papillary eminence on which this orifice is situated, there is a
transverse valvular fold of the lining membrane of the rectum, and below
this fold are the orifices of the two peritoneal canals, into which bristles
are inserted. The claspers, or holders, are shown attached to the mesial
margins of the ventral fins, and strong bristles are passed into the
cavities at the base of the claspers which are subservient to their erection :
the cavity on the right side has been laid open.

2396 A. One of the lobes of the testis of the Basking Shark {Selache maxima,
Cuv.). It is of a circular compressed figure ; flat and impressed on one
side with a semilunar groove ; convex on the opposite side, and there
covered by so thin a tunic, that the convolutions of the tubes of which
it is composed are plainly discernible ; these tubes have a diameter of
about two lines. Prepared by W. Clift, F.H.S.

2396 b. a portion of the secretion contained in thevas deferens of the Basking
Shark. Presented by W. Clift, F.R.S.

8. In Reptiles,

a. Metabolian Subclass, in which copulation takes place without intromission.

2397- The posterior moiety of an Amphiume {Amphiuma didactylum, Cuv.),
with the abdominal cavity laid open, and exposing to view the termination
of the intestinal canal supported by its broad and simple mesentery, the
termination of the right lung, the long allantoid bladder attached by a
duplicature of peritoneum to the mesial line of the abdomen, and the
testes with their adipose appendages : the latter may be observed projecting
on each side of the root of the mesentery, and behind them are the testes,
which are ash-coloured bodies of an elongated subcylindrical form,

53

tapering at both extremities : the vasa deferentia descend in the form of
white ligamentous tubes, and finally open into the posterior part of the
termination of the rectum, which is laid open. The renal organs are
almost concealed by the above described parts ; they have been
injected.

2398. The male organs, kidneys, allantoid bladder, and large intestine of the
Menopome {Menopoma AUeghanniense, Bl.). The testes here present
a less elongated and more compact oval figure, and thus indicate a further
stage of advancement above the class of Fishes. The vasa efFerentia
leave the testis at a longitudinal groove at their posterior and internal
surfaces, at the line of reflection of the supporting processes of perito-
neum, and on each side unite to form a vas deferens, which descends
along the edge of a process of peritoneum, external to the kidneys, and
finally opens into the termination of the rectum, as in the Amphiume.
The kidneys are the opake white bodies which, beginning by small
extremities near the lower end of the testes, shghtly enlarge as they
descend to the cloaca. The aorta, injected, may be observed to occupy
their posterior interspace, and there to send off the arteries for the hinder
extremities.

2399. The testes, vasa deferentia, kidneys, allantoid bladder, rectum, and cloaca
of a Newt {Triton). The testes consist here of three separate glandular
masses on each side. The vasa deferentia have a more convoluted course
than in the Menopome.

2400. A similar preparation, in which the rectum and allantoid bladder are re-
moved, to bring into view the elongated wavy capillary caeca developed
from the extremity of the vas deferens, and representing the accessory
generative glands called ' vesiculae seminales.' A bristle is passed through
the termination of the rectum and cloaca.

2401. A Newt, with the ventral parietes of the abdomen and most of the abdo-
minal viscera removed, to expose the testes, which form a single reniform
body on each side. The cloaca, bounded by the two tumid glandular labia,
characteristic of the male sex, has been artificially dilated, to show the
valvular projection formed by the rectum after it has received the vasa

54

deferentia. The dentated cutaneous crest is beginning to be developed
along the back.

2402. A Newt (Triton punciaius, Merrem.), shm\a.Y\y prepared, showing the
testicles consisting of a single lobe on each side. The dorsal crest is
here developed ; it is a temporary organ characteristic of the male, and
supposed to be serviceable in the manoeuvres required by the act of
copulation, which takes place in the water, but is unaccompanied by
intromission.

2403. A young Newt [Triton palustris, Laur.), with the ventral parietes of the
abdomen removed, to show the testes in situ, which at this immature
stage are flaccid, and of diminished size, and consist only of a single lobe
on each side. On the right side may be seen the group of short capillary
caeca given off from near the extremity of the vas deferens, and repre-
senting the vesiculae seminales.

2404. A Newt ( 7rzV(5W /ja/wi'/m); at a more advanced period, with the ventral
parietes of the abdomen removed, to show the testes beginning to enlarge,
but still flaccid, and simple in form ; they are indicated by the insertion
of bristles.

2405. A crested Newt {Triton cristatus, Laur.), fully grown, with the anterior
parietes of the abdomen removed, to show the male organs of generation
in situ. Both testes consist of two principal subspherical lobes, above
which is a smaller glandular body. The left is situated a little more
forward than the right. The vasa deferentia are distended with semen,
and much convoluted. The dorsal crest and tumid labia of the cloaca
show that the animal has been dissected at the season of procreation.

2406. A Crested Newt, killed at the season of procreation, and similarly pre-
pared ; with the 'dllantoid bladder turned to one side, and the rectum
and cloaca laid open to show the termination of the convoluted vas defe-
rens, and the group of straight capillary caeca, or vesiculae seminales.

240/. A Salamander {Salamandra maculosa, Laur.), similarly prepared, to show
the male organs. The testes are irregular elongated bodies, consisting
of four lobes on each side, attached to the spine by a broad duplicature

55

of peritoneum ; the vasa deferentia are of a dark colour, as are also the
caecal vesiculse which communicate with their extremities. The rectum
and cloaca are laid open to show the two longitudinal folds of membrane
or rudimental penes, upon which the vasa deferentia terminate ; a bristle
is passed into the allantoid bladder.

2408. A variety of the same species of Sdlnm^Liidev {Sala7?iafidra maculosa), simi-
larly prepared, to show the testes in situ: that on the right side exhibits
five distinct lobes. The accessory tubuli or vesiculae are relatively larger
than in the preceding specimen.

2409. The male generative and urinary organs, with the allantoid bladder, rec-
tum and cloaca of a Frog {Rana tem.poraria, Linn.). The testes are
single reniform bodies of a grey colour. The kidneys are of a more
elongated and flattened form ; they are minutely injected ; as are also the
appendiculae adiposai. The vasa efFerentia are the white capillary vessels
passing from the mesial border of the testis into the substance of the
kidney ; they traverse that gland, and open into the vessel which runs
along its outer border, and which is common to both the renal and
spermatic efferent tubes. The vessel or canal, which thus combines the
function of vas deferens and ureter, opens into the middle of a large and
simple compressed pyriform vesicula seminalis, which corresponds with
the more complicated multifid vesiculae of the Newts and Salamanders ;
the common excretory ducts are finally continued from the apices of the
vesiculae, and open into the posterior part of the rectum. The large bifid
allantoid bladder is here turned down.

2410. A similar preparation, uninjected.

2411. A Frog with the ventral parietes of the abdomen removed, and the stomach
raised, to show the testes, m situ. They are here seen of small size ; and
have their arteries partially injected.

2412. A Frog, similarly prepared, and with the digestive organs removed to
show the testes in situ ; they exhibit their period of enlargement and
activity. The appendiculae adiposae at their anterior extremities are
injected.

56

2413. A Frog of a different species, similarly prepared, showing the testes of a
more globose figure.

2414. A Frog, with the abdomen laid open, and all the viscera removed except
the heart, and the urinary and genital organs. The parts are minutely
injected by the arteries, but the testes, as in the preceding preparations,
have admitted little of the colouring matter. They are drawn laterally
apart from one another, to show the vasa deferentia passing to the kid-
neys. In this and the preceding preparations may be observed the change
which takes place in the size, shape, and colour of the radial digit of the
anterior extremity, by which it is converted into an instrument for more
effectually retaining the female in the long-continued embrace during
which the fecundation of her numerous ova is effected.

2415. A Toad {Bufo fuscus, Cuv.), with the testes and urinary organs exposed ;
the testes present an elongated and more regular reniform figure than in
the frog. The one on the right side is coloured with injection. The
rectum is laid open, and a bristle is inserted into the common terminal
orifice of the urinary and seminal ducts.

2416. A Surinam Toad {Pipa monstrosa, Laur.), dissected to expose the testes ;
they resemble in figure those of the Toad, but, being in the unexcited
state, are of small size in the present specimen.

b. Ametabolian Subclass, in which copulation is attended with intromission.
2417- The posterior part of the body of a Snake {Coluber Natrix, Linn.), with
the ventral integuments dissected oflP from the abdomen and tail to show
the testes and the two penes in situ. The testes are small, slightly-com-
pressed, oblong bodies, situated anterior to the kidneys, the right about
an inch in advance of the left, corresponding to the difference in the re-
lative position of the kidneys : the penes, which consist almost wholly of
a preputium, or invertible sheath, and a small glans, are retracted within
their sabcaudal cells ; bristles are inserted into the outlets of these recep-
tacles, and pass into the cavities of the inverted preputia. The muscles
which retract the penes and invert the sheaths, are exposed, as they pass
backwards to their origins from the inferior spines of the caudal vertebrae.

57

2418. The termination of the abdomen and the tail of a large Coluber, in which
the left preputial sheath is laid open, showing the intromittent organ in
the retracted state ; and the right preputium everted, the glans protruded,
and the long retractor muscle dissected. The urethral groove and retro-
verted papillae on the preputial membrane and glans may be noticed in both
the penes. The termination of the rectum in the cloaca, and its vascular
lining membrane, are displayed by injection : below the rectum are shown
the terminal orifices of the ureters, into which bristles are inserted.

2419. A Rattle-snake {Crotalus horridus. Linn.), with the whole of the thoracic
abdominal cavity laid open, and the viscera exposed in situ. The testes
present a more elongated form, and are situated nearer to the anterior
extremities of the kidneys than in the Natrix ; but the chief difference
in respect to the generative apparatus is manifested in the structure of
the intromittent organs ; these appear to be double on each side, from
the great development of the bifurcations of the glans penis ; those of
the right side are here protruded ; the left bifurcate penis is retracted,
the preputium inverted, and its retractor muscle displayed in situ.

2420. A Coluber {Elaphis quadrilineatus,3o^AF.), with the two penes everted and

protruded, showing the urethral grooves, the large retroverted papillae on
the preputial vascular membrane which constitutes the body of the penis,
and the small flattened wrinkled processes which beset the glans.

2421. A Coluber (Pm'ci;o* Hippocratis, Bonap.), with the penes inverted;
bristles are placed in the outlets of the preputial sheaths.

2422. A Slow-worm {Anguis fragilis, Linn.), with the ventral parietes of the
abdomen dissected off, and the viscera displayed in situ. The testes are
situated a little anterior to the dilated rectum, the right in advance of the
left ; their peritoneal capsules, which are somewhat collapsed, present a
brownish tinge. The small allantoid bladder which distinguishes the
Angues from the true Serpentes is here preserved ; the right penis is
retracted, the left protruded ; the retractor muscles of both are displayed.

2423. A Slow-worm, similarly prepared, but with the liver and large intestine
removed. The testes are more distinctly shown ; their posterior extre-
mities are on the same transverse line, and rest on the anterior extremities

58

of the kidneys , but the right testis extends further forwards, and exceeds
in size the left. A bristle is inserted into one of the inverted penial or
preputial sheaths.

2424. The American Slow-worm, or Ophisaur {Ophisaurus ventralis, Cuv.),
with the posterior part of the abdomen laid open, the intestinal canal
removed, and the testes and kidneys displayed in situ. The short trans-
verse folds or convolutions of the vasa deferentia may here be observed
continued along the mesial edges of the kidneys towards the cloaca.
The termination of the rectum is exhibited with part of the allantoid
bladder, and the right penis everted. The intromittent organs are of
smaller size than in the typical Serpents.

2425. A small specimen of Ophisaur, with the ventral parietes of the abdomen
reflected to show the testes and other viscera in situ.

2426. One of the testicles of the large New Holland Scincus {Tiliqua scincoides,
Cuv.), with the tunica albuginea laid open, to show how loosely, in the
present unexcited condition of the testicle, the tubuli are contained
within it.

2427- A species of Scincus [Tiliqua), with the ventral integuments dissected off
from the posterior part of the abdomen and base of the tail, to expose
the testes and penes. The right testis is more advanced in position than
the left. The structure of the penes, and the provision for their safe in-
version when not in use, are the same as in the Serpents, for the short
legs of the lizard tribe serve only for progression, not for support, and,
when the animal is at rest, the belly is in contact with the ground. The
right penis is here protruded : it consists in great part, as in the Serpents,
of an elongated preputium, or invertible sac, connected at its moveable
extremity with a short sub-bifurcate glans ; the retractor muscle is simi-
larly disposed.

2428. A portion of the integuments and muscles of the base of the tail, including
part of the cloaca and one of the penes, of a large Scincoid Lizard.
The penis is everted, showing its urethral groove, transverse rugae, and
the short retroverted papillae of the glans ; the retractor muscle is also
displayed.

59

2429. The posterior moiety of the common or Ocellated Lizard {Lacerta ocellata,
Cuv.), with the testes and vasa deferentia exposed in situ. The testes
are flattened oval bodies, the right being anterior to the left. Below the
valvular fold which indicates the termination of the rectum, may be
observed the orifices of the ureters, in which bristles are placed. One of
the inverted penes or prepuces is laid open, showing the glans ; and the
retractor muscles of both penes are displayed.

2430. A portion of an Ocellated Lizard, showing the testes, vasa deferentia, and
kidneys, m*?^^. The semen is conveyed from the testes by several extremely
minute vasa deferentia, to the commencement of the vas deferens ; the
close- set transverse folds of which might be mistaken for an epididymis*.
Bristles are inserted into the ureters. The right penis is everted, the left
inverted, and its retractor muscle protrudes from the cut surface of the tail.

2431. Two male specimens of Lacerta agilis, Linn., with the testes exposed in
each, showing two stages of their increase ; in the specimen with the
largest testes the two penes are also shown, one protruded, the other
retracted,

2432. The viviparous Lizard {Podarcis muralis,WAGLER), with the ventral pa-
rietes of the abdomen removed to show the testes in situ ; they have a
nearly parallel position.

2433. An Agama {Agama atra, Daud.) with the ventral parietes of the abdo-
men and the digestive viscera removed to show the testes in situ : the
cloaca is dilated and both penes are everted, showing the urethral grooves
leading from the cloaca to the bifid glans of each intromittent organ.

2434. A section of an Iguana {Iguana tuberculata. Linn.), including the posterior
part of the abdomen and the commencement of the tail. The testes and
the broad band continued from each of them, and formed by the alternate
transverse folds of the vas deferens, may be observed in the abdomen. The
cloaca is laid open, and a great part of the allantoid bladder is cut away, but
one of the large appendices adiposae is preserved (see No. 1820, a.). The

* A true epididymis is formed by the convolutions of several eiFerent tubes prior to their union to
form the vas deferens.

I 2

60

termination of the rectum may be seen behind the large orifice of the
allantois ; immediately posterior to this orifice are situated the outlets of
the ureters, and in the interspace a ridge is continued downwards, on
esch side of which are placed the orifices of the vasa deferentia ; from
these orifices the urethral grooves commence, which are continued along
each penis to its papillose glans. The right penis is protruded, the left
retracted, and the retractor muscles of both are displayed.

2435. Apart of the cloaca with one of the penes of the Iguana, everted and
distended.

2436. An Anolis {Anolius, Cuv.), with the testes and vasa deferentia, and the
retracted penes exposed in situ.

243/. The posterior part of a Chameleon {Chameleo ptaniceps, Merrem.), with
the testes, vasa deferentia, and kidneys displayed in situ : the testes are
remarkable for their very dark colour. The cloaca is laid open, the left
penis everted, showing its bifid glans ; and a bristle is inserted into the
right penis, which is retracted and inverted.

2438. The termination of the rectum and the cloaca of a young male Crocodile
{^Crocodilus acutus^ Cuv.), laid open : small brown bristles are inserted
into the terminations of the ureters, and larger black bristles into the ter-
minations of the vasa deferentia ; these are situated just above the base
of the penis, which is a single and simple, short, conical organ, grooved
along the middle of its inferior surface.

2439. A similar preparation from a larger Crocodile. Bristles are inserted into
the ureters : the crura of the two fibro-cartilaginous bodies, which re-
present the corpora cavernosa of this single penis, are displayed ; together
with the commencement of the peritoneal canals which lead to the val-
vular papillae situated on each side of the base of the penis.

2440. The penis of a Crocodile, showing the urethral groove, continued forwards
on a slender elongated conical process which seems to represent the
glans, and is given off" a short distance from the end of the fibro-cartila-
ginous substance. The individual from which this specimen was taken
measured fourteen feet in length.

61

2441. A longitudinal section of the testis, convoluted vas deferens and kidney
of a large Turtle {Chelonia imbricata, Brongn.). The testis is an elon-
gated rounded body, bent in a semilunar form, and decreasing in size as
it descends towards the cloaca. Its tubular structure is with difficulty
discerned in the present preparation. The vasa efferentia leave it near
the upper part of its concavity, and soon join the vas deferens, which
forms a large and compact body by its numerous convolutions situated
between the testes and kidney ; the vas deferens is about the tenth of an
inch in diameter, and is filled with a caseous secretion,

2442. A portion of the opposite section of the same testicle and convoluted vas
deferens.

2443. One of the testicles of a Tortoise, injected, and divided by a longitudinal
incision ; a bristle is inserted into the vas deferens.

2444. The cloaca and penis, with the allantoid bladder and termination of the
rectum of a Turtle {Chelonia Mydas, Brongn.). The bladder is small in
proportion to the size of the animal, especially as compared with its con-
dition in the Land Tortoises ; it is laid open as far as its communication
with the cloaca, and on one side may be seen the terminations of the vas
deferens and ureter, which are situated upon a valvular papilla, the sper-
matic duct opening nearer the bladder than the urethra. The penis is short,
and is indicated chiefly by the urethral groove ; it is only the glans and
the pointed extremity of the fibro-cartilaginous body immediately above
it that project from the surface of the cloaca ; these are partly inclosed
by a thick duplicature of the lining membrane of the cloaca, which repre-
sents a preputium.

2445. The external compartment of the cloaca, laid open, and the penis in situ,
of a large Turtle.

2446. The penis of a Turtle, as it appears when protruded from the cloaca, which
is effected by an eversion of the external membranous or preputial fold
of that passage.

2447- The generative and urinary organs, cloaca, and tail of the European
Fresh-water Tortoise {Emys EuropcEa, Brongn.).

62

The testes and convoluted vas deferens are separated from the kidneys
by the peritoneum, which, after having given an entire investment to
the testis, is then reflected over the flattened or slightly concave surface
of the kidney. The testis presents a compact rounded figure ; the peri-
toneum covering the vas deferens, and the uniting membrane of the con-
volutions of that tube, are stained with a dark pigment ; the large veins
and spongy bodies at the base of the penis are filled with red injection.
The cloaca is laid open, showing the terminations of the allantoid bladder
and rectum, and the commencement of the urethral groove of the penis ;
this organ is protruded_, exhibiting the pointed form of the glans, and the
urethral groove.

2448. A similar preparation from a Land Tortoise {Testudo, Cuv.). A thick
bristle is placed in the orifice of the allantoid bladder at the commence-
ment of the urethral groove : the temporary conversion of this groove
into a complete canal by the apposition of its margins, consequent upon
distension of the corpora cavernosa, is here well exhibited ; as are also
the two transverse semilunar ridges with which it is bounded anteriorly.
A bristle is passed on the right side from the cavity of the peritoneum
into the canal, which is continued thence into the substance of the
corpus cavernosum penis ; the peritoneal canal is laid open in the middle
of its course, and again near its blind termination ; the bristle protrudes
from the incision made into the latter part.

2449. The right kidney, testis, vas deferens, with the termination of the rectum,
the cloaca, penis, and tail of the Tabulated Tortoise ( Testudo tabulata,
ScHWEiGGER.). The peritoneal canal, which extends through the left
corpus cavernosum penis, is laid open through its whole extent ; a bristle
is inserted into the commencement of the corresponding peritoneal canal
of the left side.

2450. A longitudinal section of the penis of the Great Tortoise {Testudo Indica,
VosM.), showing the entire length of the peritoneal canal, and the reti-
cular sinuses in which it finally terminates in the glans penis.

2451. The corresponding section of the same part, showing the opposite side of

63

the peritoneal canal^ and the orifices which lead from it into the conti-
guous sinuses.

2452. The male generative and urinary organs of a Tortoise. The bifid allan-
toid bladder is distended with horse-hair. The testes, which resemble
the kidneys in shape, and equal them in size, are distinguished by their
smooth, white, unconvoluted surface. The large penis has been injected,
and a small bougie is placed in the urethral groove : the glans penis
which bounds the urethral groove anteriorly, presents a crescentic figure,
and projects from the under surface of the fibrous corpus cavernosum,
which terminates in a point projecting beyond the glans.

9. In Birds.

2453. The posterior part of the abdomen of the common Fowl {Phasianus

Gallus, Linn.), showing the testes and kidneys in situ.

The testes are situated upon the anterior extremities of the kidneys ;
they have an entire investment of peritoneum, and are suspended by a
duplicature of the same membrane to the sides of the spine.

The vasa deferentia proceed toward the cloaca, forming a series of short
and close-set transverse folds ; they terminate on papillae, which are
external and anterior to the ureters ; white bristles are inserted into the
seminal, and black ones into the urinary outlets. The compartment of
the cloaca into which the above ducts open, is separated by a transverse
valvular fold from the rectum above and by a similar fold from the ex-
ternal outlet below, with which the glandular cavity, called " bursa Fa-
bricii," communicates.

See the Figure and further description of this preparation in Plate L.
Fig. 1.

2454. One of the testicles, with the remains of the corpus Wolffianum, of a
Bustard {Otis tarda, Linn.). The parts have been injected with mercury
from the vas deferens. In tracing this tube towards the testis, it will be
seen about two inches from that gland, to send off from one side tor-
tuous branches which penetrate the Wolffian body, and there subdivide to
great minuteness : similar branches continue to be given off from the

64

remainder of the vas deferens which is continued to the anterior extre-
mity of the Wolffian body ; most of the branches thus sent off from
the vas deferens terminate and are lost in the Wolffian body, but others
are continued across the anterior part of that temporary gland, and
penetrate the testicle, constituting the vasa efferentia. A very small pro-
portion of the testicle has been penetrated by the mercury through
these vessels : a portion of the gland has been removed, so as to expose
a few of the tubuli testis so filled, which shows that they divide or branch
in the substance of the testicle, as is the case in some of the rodent
mammalia.

2455. The testicles of a Bird, with the plicated vasa deferentia injected with
mercury ; the tortuous branches penetrating the remains of the Wolffian
bodies are also filled, and these bodies, (which are much smaller here than
in the Bustard,) may be observed extending beyond the testis to the su-
prarenal glands.

2456. The testicles and remains of the Wolffian body of a Bird. Mercury has
been thrown into the vas deferens, and half the substance of the gland
has been removed, but the tubuli testis have not been filled.

2456 A. The testicles of a Java Cassowary {^Casuarius galeatus, Vieil.). They
are of a more elongated form than in the Fowl, and the bird having died
before the season of sexual excitement, they present a relatively small
size. Presented by Mr. Owen.

2i57 . A House-sparrow {Pyrgita domestica, Cuv.), killed in the month of Ja-
nuary, and prepared to show the minute size of the testes at that season ;
they may be discerned of the size of pins-heads, in the same relative
position as in the common Fowl.

2458. A House-sparrow, killed at the beginning of February, when the testes
generally present, as in this instance, a slight increase of size.

2459. A House-sparrow, killed at the latter end of February, when the testes

exhibit a further increase.

2460. A House-sparrow, killed in the month of March, showing a still greater
enlargement of the testes.

65

2461. A House-sparrow, killed in the month of April, showing the full develop-
ment of the testes. Their large proportional size at this period corre-
sponds with and accounts for the frequency and rapidity with which the
coitus is repeated at the procreative season in the passerine birds, in
which the seasonal changes of the testes are most conspicuous.

2462. The posterior part of the body of a House-sparrow, killed in May, when
the testes begin to be on the decline.

Hunter alludes to the preceding series of preparations in the following
passage in his paper on the glands called Vesiculae Seminales.

" In the greatest part of the globe there is a difference in the warmth
of the same district at different periods, constituting the seasons ; and
the cold in some of them is so considerable, as to prevent those (the
procreative) feelings and dispositions in animals from taking place, and
to render them, for the time, unfit for the purposes of generation. This
is owing to the testicles becoming at this season small, and being, there-
fore, unfit to give such dispositions, as is the case in very young animals.
This fact is very obvious in birds, of which the Sparrow may be produced
as a proof. For if a cock-sparrow is killed in winter, before the days
have begun to lengthen, the testicle will be found very small ; but if that
organ is examined at different times in other sparrows, as the warmth of
the weather increases, and if this examination is continued to the breed-
ing season, the difference in the size of the testicles will be very striking."

Aiiimal CEcono7ny, p. 41.

The testes of the Sparrow are represented at their different stages of
development in Plate L.

2462 A. The posterior part of the body of a Cuckoo {Cuculus canorus, Linn.),
prepared to show the testes, which are smaller than those of the House-
sparrow, though the bird was killed in the beginning of May, when the
testes are in full activity. Prepared by Dr. tienner.

2462 B. A similar preparation from a Cuckoo, killed at the latter end of June,
when the testes have begun to diminish in size. Prepared by Dr. Jenner.

In both specimens the left testis may be observed to be larger than
the right ; and the same approach to a correspondence with the peculiar

66

condition of the female apparatus in birds may be noticed in the prepa-
rations of the Sparrow : but the following specimen offers an exception
to the rule.

2462 c. The posterior part of a Rook {Corvus frugilegus, Linn.), prepared to
show the testes, of which the right presents the maximum, and the left
the minimum of development. Prepared by Dr. Jenner.

2463. The cloaca and penis of a Bird : the latter is of very small size and grooved
longitudinally as in the Reptile.

2464. A similar preparation.

2465. The cloaca and penis of the Gander {Anser palustris, Briss.). Bristles
are placed in the terminal orifices of the vasa deferentia ; the penis is in
its retracted state, and is spirally twisted like a corkscrew. The wide
triangular depression at its base, into which the seminal secretion must
first pass, leads to the commencement of the urethral groove which tra-
verses the whole length of the penis, and is bounded laterally by trans-
verse ridges beset with retroverted papillae.

2466. A similar preparation of the penis of a Gander.

2467- The termination of the rectum with the cloaca and penis of a Swan
{Cygnus Olor, Briss.). The intromittent organ presents a similar
structure to that of the Gander, but is of smaller size. Bristles are passed
through the ureters and left vas deferens, the latter opens close to the
base of the urethral groove : the termination of the rectum and extent of
the urinary receptacle may be distinguished by the character of the
lining membrane of the two parts.

2468. A similar preparation, showing the penis of the Emeu {Dromams Novcb

Hollandm, Latham.). It resembles in structure that of the Anserine
birds, and the elastic ligamentous substance which enters into its compo-
sition is also disposed so as to retract it into a spiral figure.

2469. The penis of an Ostrich {Struthio Came/us^hiisn^ .) , injected, showing the
two fibro- cartilaginous substances, commencing by separate crura, and
forming the principal part of the body of the penis ; between which, and
along the upper surface of the penis, is continued the groove, representing

67

the urethra ; the true corpus cavernosum is situated on each side of this
groove ; the part, which is reflected back from the extremity of the penis,
and seems to represent the glans, consists of the elastic Hgament which
effects the retraction of the penis. At the commencement of the urethral
groove the papillae are preserved on which the vasa deferentia terminate :
bristles are passed through these papillae.

2470. A transverse section of the injected corpus cavernosum of the same penis.
The Ostrich, from which the present and preceding preparation were
taken, stood eleven feet high.

10. In Mammals.

a. Ovoviviparous Sub-Class.

2471. A male Opossum {Didelphis dorsigera. Linn.), preserved to show the
form and position of the pendulous scrotum, and the single cloacal outlet
from which the penis is protruded during erection ; the bifid glans only
is visible in the preparation.

2472. The hinder parts of a male Opossum {Didelphis hrachyura, Pall.), to

show the same peculiarities in the structure of the male generative ap-
paratus.

2473. The pelvis with the termination of the rectum, the urinary bladder, and a
portion of the ventral integuments, including the pendulous pedicellate
scrotum, testes, and cloaca, of an Opossum.

2474. The male organs, urinary bladder, and rectum of a young Kangaroo,

{Macropus major, Shaw.). The testes in this, as in all other known
Marsupials, are contained in a pedicellate scrotum, which is situated an-
terior to the penis. The vasa deferentia are here shown passing from the
scrotum to the neck of the bladder, and bristles are inserted into the
peritoneal canals of the spermatic chord leading to the tunica vaginalis
of each testicle. A bristle is passed into the left ureter ; Cowper's glands
are also shown on the same side. The penis projects from the anterior
verge of the cloaca ; a bristle is inserted into the urethra.

K 2

68

2475. The testes and spermatic chords, with the blood-vessels injected, of aPha-
langer, or 'Wha Tapoua Roo' {Phalangista vulpina, Geoffr.). The
tunica vaginalis has been laid open on both sides, showing the elongated
epididymis and its large globus major: one of the peritoneal canals
forming the communication between the cavity of the tunica vaginalis
and abdomen is laid open through its whole extent : a bristle is inserted
in the other.

2476. A portion of the scrotum of an Opossum {D'ldelphis Virginiana, Shaw,),
showing the cavity of the tunica vaginalis, and part of the canal leading
from it to the abdomen.

2477- The ossa innominata and marsupial bones of a male marsupial animal.
Their office in this sex will be explained in the following preparation.

2477 A. The corresponding bones, and the portions of the abdominal muscles
attached to them, of a male Phalanger {Phalangista fuliginosa, Ogilby.).
The marsupial bones extend into and seem to be developed in the sub-
stance of the tendon of the external abdominal muscle forming the mesial
or internal pillar of the external abdominal ring. The cremaster muscles
are given off from the inferior border of the internal oblique, pass out by
the external abdominal rings, and wind round the marsupial bones, before
being expanded to embrace the testis ; (their insertions are not shown, in
consequence of the testes having been removed in the specimen here dis-
sected). The marsupial bones are always developed to a length corre-
sponding with the position of the scrotum, so as to serve as fulcra to the
cremaster muscles, and enable them to act with great force in the com-
pression of the testis ; a circumstance which is probably required in con-
sequence of the length and tortuosity of the double vagina, along which
the semen has to be propelled. The coitus in the Kangaroo, and pro-
bably in other Marsupials, is of long duration, and the scrotum during
that act disappears and seems to be partially inverted during the forcible
retraction of the testes against the marsupial bones.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2478. The parts of generation and rectum of a male Potoroo {Hypsiprymnus
murimis, Illig.). The rectum is laid open, together with the cloaca, to

69

show the penis, continued, as in Birds, from the anterior part of the
latter cavity. The penis in this, as in other Marsupiata, differs from that
of Birds and Reptiles, chiefly in being perforated by a true urethral canal.
The large anal glands are here dissected.

2479. The hinder parts of a small Opossum {D'ldelphidis species), dissected to
give a side view of the termination of the rectum and cloaca. The penis
seems here to emerge from a special compartment at the anterior part of
the cloaca ; a bristle is inserted in the orifice of the urethra at the base of
the bifurcate glans, along the inner surface of each division of which a
groove is continued from the urethra. The cremaster is shown passing
to the scrotum.

2480. The urinary bladder, urethra, penis, and accessory generative glands,
together with the rectum and cloaca, of the ' Wha Tapoua Roo' {Pha-
langista Vulpina, Cuv.). The ureters and vasa deferentia are shown,
joining the neck of the bladder ; a bristle is placed in one of the vasa
deferentia, and the urethra is laid open at its commencement, showing
the longitudinal ridge, at the sides of which the semen enters that canal.
The commencement, or first part of the urethra, corresponding to the
prostatic and muscular* portions in other mammalia, is of great length,
and of a pyriform figure, being at first much enlarged, but gradually di-
minishing in diameter as it approaches the bulbous and cavernous con-
stituents of the penis. The enlargement arises chiefly from a thickening
of the parietes of the canal, which consist of an internal glandular sub-
stance compared by some anatomists to the prostate, and surrounded by
a thin external stratum of transverse muscular fibres ; the canal itself is
also here slightly dilated. The crura of the corpus cavernosum are
enlarged, and each is surrounded by a strong compressor muscle j", but,
as in other Marsupials, they have no ligamentous attachment to the
ischial bones. Two small accessory glands may be observed immediately
anterior to the junction of the crura of the corpora cavernosa, and two

* This is called the membranous portion in human anatomy,
t Erector penis in human anatomy.

70

larger accessory glands are situated immediately beyond that junction :
two other still larger glands, of an oval form, are placed nearer the cloaca ;
these communicate by slender subelongate ducts with the preputium: lastly,
there are two anal follicles opening near the verge of the cloaca, the right
of which is here laid open. The penis is bent upon itself in a sigmoid
form, when retracted, as in the present specimen : the retractor muscles
pass backwards on each side of the rectum, meet behind it, and join to-
gether before passing to their bony insertion : the preputial division of
the cloaca is laid open, showing the bifurcate termination of the glans
penis, and the small retroverted papillae on the body of the glans.

2481. The male organs of generation of an Opossum {Didelphis Virginiana^
Shaw), showing the relative position of the scrotum and penis charac-
teristic of the Marsupiata. The urinary bladder is preserved entire ; a
longitudinal section has been removed from the whole of the right side
of the prostatico-muscular parts of the urethra, showing the relative thick-
ness of the muscular and glandular parietes, and the capacity of the
urethral canal. A black bristle is inserted into one of the vasa deferen-
tia, and a brown bristle into the corresponding ureter. The two dilated
crura of the corpus cavernosum penis, and the two distinct bulbous
enlargements with which the corpus spongiosum commences, together
with their separate compressor muscles, are well displayed ; two of the
accessory Cowperian glands are preserved on the left side. The penis is
injected, showing its form and size when erect, and the vascularity of
the bifurcate glans. The grooves continued from the termination of the
urethral canal, along the two portions of the glans, render the resemblance
very close between these parts and the double penis of Reptiles. The
office of the bulb of the urethra in relation to the distension of the glans
penis is well illustrated in this preparation, in which we find a separate
bulb or posterior enlargement of the spongy body on each side, prepared
as a reservoir of blood to be propelled into the corresponding anterior
enlargement forming the glans of the same side during the period of
erection, and of the ejaculation of the semen.

2482. The urinary bladder, prostatico-muscular part of the urethra, and two pairs

71

of Cowperian glands, of a young Kangaroo : bristles are placed in the
terminations of the vasa deferentia.

2482 A. The bladder, urethra, and penis, of a Koala {Phascolarctos fuscus, Bl.).
The musculo-prostatic part of the urethra presents the same form and
development as in the other Marsupiata. The crura of the corpus caver-
nosum, and the large double bulb of the urethra, with their investing
muscles, are shown ; the urethra opens into the bottom of an expanded
cavity formed by an infundibular glans, the sides of which are flattened
and produced, corresponding to the bifurcation of the glans in the
Opossum. Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart.

2482 B. The corresponding parts of a Wombat {Phascolomys Vomhatus, Blainv.).
In addition to the two crura and two bulbs, there are here preserved six
Cowperian glands, each invested, like the preceding parts, with a capsule
of muscular fibres. The glans penis, which is laid open by a longitudinal
incision, ends obtusely, and the bifid division is only slightly indicated.
The urethral grooves continued to the termination of each of these di-
visions subdivide them so as to give the termination of the glans a four-
lobed figure. It is interesting to observe, in relation to the affinity of
the Wombat to the Rodent order, that the exterior of the expanded glans
is here beset with retroverted horny spines.

Prepared hy Mr. Clift, F.R.S.

b. Placental Sub-Class.

2483. The integuments of the perinjEum and base of the tail, with the anal
glands and cloaca of the Beaver {Castor Fiber, Linn.). In the cloaca
may be observed the orifices of the anus and prepuce, into which quills
are placed, and the orifices of the preputial or castor pouches, which are
indicated by bristles.

This preparation is figured at PI. XLVIII. fig. 1. vol. iii.

2484. The male organs, urinary bladder, rectum, castor-bags, and cloaca of a

Beaver. The testes, which are small for the size of the animal, are situ-
ated here between the castor-bags and bladder. The tunica vaginalis and
its continuation with the peritoneum are laid open, showing the great

72

width of the canal of communication, which is in relation to the passage
of the testicles from and their return to the abdominal cavity. The vasa
deferentia are short, but tortuous, so as to allow of a variation of length
corresponding to the periodical changes in the position of the testes.
The vesiculae seminales are proportionally smaller than in some other
Rodentia, as the Cavies : they are two in number, of an elongated form,
and are described by Hunter as convoluted bags, their ducts having no
communication with the vasa deferentia, but opening, both the one and
the other, upon the verumontanum*. The penis has been injected;
the rectum is laid open, and the flattened termination of the glans with
its crenate border may be seen just projecting from the preputial com-
partment of the cloaca. The castor glands on the right side are pre-
served entire.

2485. The testicle and one half of the tunica vaginalis of a Beaver. The peri-
toneal canal which forms the communication between the cavities of the
tunica vaginalis and abdomen is left entire, to show its great width ; a
structure which is common to all the rodent, and other mammalia in which
the testes escape periodically from the abdomen, and return again to that
cavity after the season of sexual excitement is past. The cremaster,
which is the principal agent in these movements, is largely developed,
and forms a complete muscular sac for the testis when the latter is out of
the abdomen.

2486. The opposite testis of the same Beaver, with the tunica vaginalis and
muscular sheath of the cremaster inverted. The epididymis and sper-
matic chord are attached to the tunica vaginalis by a broad duplicature
of peritoneal membrane:

2487- The cloaca, castor-bags, termination of the ectum, and protruded penis,
of a Beaver. The rectum is laid open. The urethra terminates by a
transverse sHt in the centre of the truncated termination of the glans.
The preputial gland is laid open on the right side.

* See ' AnimEil CEconomy,' p. 39,

73

2488. The bladder and commencement of the urethra, with the dilated termina-
tions of the vasa deferentia, the vesicular glands, and prostatic glands of
a large Rodent. The cavity of the enlarged vasa deferentia, which is laid
open on the left side, is occupied by transverse folds of the mucous lining
membrane, which are very numerous and close set : this part of the duct
may, therefore, be regarded in the light of an accessory glandular organ
of the male apparatus. The structure of the vesicula seminalis is exposed
by the removal of a longitudinal section, showing it to be composed of
an aggregate of enlarged follicles, which are distended with their amber-
coloured semitransparent secretion. The prostatic glands are four in
number, two on each side ; they consist of a congeries of tortuous caecal
tubes, which, in the outer gland of the left side, have been unravelled.
The urethra is laid open, showing the large caecal depression containing
the verumontanum ; and the orifices of the glands above described are
indicated by the insertion of bristles,

2489. The testis, spermatic chord, and tunica vaginalis of a Hare, {Lepus timi-
dus. Linn.). The tunica vaginalis is inverted, as in the preparation of
the Beaver's testicle (No. 2486), showing the great capacity of that part
which surrounds the chord, and the corresponding free communication
of the vaginal canal with the abdomen! The principal difference here
observable is in the superior size of the epididymis, which is much en-
larged at both extremities, and is folded upon itself before it is continued
into the vas deferens.

2490. The bladder and penis with the large vesicula seminalis, and Cowper's
glands of a Hare. The chief peculiarity in the male generative apparatus
of this Rodent is the confluence of the vesiculae seminales into one large
bag ; it is slightly bifid at the fundus, and its coats acquire a spongy
glandular structure at its cervix ; which seems to answer to a prostate.
The vesicula communicates with the urethra by a pretty wide opening,
situated on the middle of the verumontanum ; and the vasa deferentia,
which become enlarged near their termination, communicate with the
outlet of the vesicula. Cowper's glands are two small pisiform bodies,
whose ducts terminate in the dilated commencement of the urethra,

L

74

which is here laid open, showing the extremities of bristles passing
through the orifices of the vasa deferentia and vesicula seminalis.

2491. The male organs of generation of a Guinea-pig {Cav'ia PorcelluSy Linn.).
In one of the testes the globus major of the epididymis rests in the cre-
masteric pouch, in the other it is drawn out, and the cremaster is inverted.
The course of the vas deferens is shown on the right side, and it is laid
open near its termination, exposing the secretion with which it is distended ;
a bristle is passed through the duct into the urethra to show its separate
opening into that canal. The corresponding vesicular gland is also laid
open to show the compact mass of secreted matter with which it is
distended. Cowper's glands are also exhibited, and the sigmoid course of
the penis, as it is disposed in the retracted state.

2492. The male organs of generation in situ of an Acuchi {Dasyprocta Acuchi,
Illig.). The right testis is exposed in its temporary receptacle in the
perinaeum, where it lies parallel with and immediately above the terminal
reflected part of the penis ; the communication of the tunica vaginalis
with the abdomen is by the wide canal and aperture usual in this order
of Mammalia. Within the abdomen may be observed the adipose ap-
pendages of the spermatic chords, a portion of the rectum and bladder,
and, on each side of the interspace of the preceding parts, the extremities
of the large vesiculae seminales. The penis in the retracted state de-
scribes a sigmoid flexure ; the long prepuce is laid open to show the
extremity of the penis bent back towards the anus, and armed on each
side with a dentated horny ridge. The large anal gland and its muscular
capsule are shown on the right side ; and above it, near the tuber ischii,
may be seen one of Cowper's glands.

2492 A. The ossa innominata and male organs in situ of an Acuchi. On the
right side the external abdominal ring is turned down, and the mode of
formation of the cremaster by the sacciform development of the inferior
fibres of the internal oblique is shown, the testis having been protruded
from the abdomen. On the left side the testis is retracted, and the cre-
masteric muscular pouch inverted. The bladder and rectum are removed,
exposing the tortuous course of the vasa deferentia, together with the

75

vesicular and prostatic glands. The commencement of the urethra is laid
open, and the separate terminations of the left vas deferens, and corre-
sponding glandular vesicula, are shown ; the former having a bristle
passed through its orifice, while the duct of the latter is occupied by the
projection into the urethra of a portion of the firm, brittle, amber-co-
loured substance which characterizes the secretion of the vesicular glands
in the Cavies. The prostatic caeca are external to the ducts of the vesi-
culae, and may be distinguished by their lighter colour. A portion of the
penis is preserved, and the muscles compressing the corpora cavernosa
and bulb, {erector es penis and acceleratores urina) together with the
muscle which unbends the penis during erection, and at the same time
compresses the venae dorsales penis, are shown ; the latter muscle arises
from the lower part of the symphysis pubis and sends its tendon along
the dorsum penis to be inserted into the ossicle of the glans.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2493. The parts of generation in siiu of an Agouti {Dasyprocta Agouti, Illig.).
The testes are retracted within the abdomen ; the vasa deferentia, vesi-
culae seminales, and prostate, which closely resemble those of the Acuchi,
are seen in their relative positions. The muscular part of the urethra is
exposed, and Cowper's glands are shown sending their ducts to terminate
in the bulb. The penis first advances forward in front of the pubis and
abdominal muscles, being closely attached to those parts ; it then bends
backwards, and enters the preputial sheath, whose orifice, together with
the glans, is directed towards the anus. The prepuce is laid open to
show the dentated horny plates attached to the sides of the glans penis.
The right anal gland is exposed, and a bristle is inserted into its excretory
duct.

2494. The penis of an Agouti, showing its bent figure in the retracted state, and
the lateral armature and terminal cavity of the glans.

2495. The penis of a Spotted Cavy {Coelogenys subfusca, F. Cuv.), in which
the glans is armed with two strong horny spines, directed forward, in
addition to the small retroverted spines, and the two lateral dentated
horny plates which it possesses in common with the Agouti. The ter-

L 2

76

minal horny processes are ordinarily retracted out of sight within the
depression or sac at the extremity of the glans.

2496. The termination of the penis of a Spotted Cavy, with the terminal fossa
of the glans everted, and the large and strong horny spines protruded.

2497. The male organs of generation of a Cavy, prepared principally to show
the separate orifices by which the vasa deferentia and ducts of the vesi-
cular glands open into the urethra ; bristles are placed in these ducts, and
into the orifice of the duct of the left prostatic gland. The penis, anus,
and large anal glands are also preserved.

2497 a. One of the testes of a Capromys {Capromys Fournieri, Desm.), with
the large adipose appendage attached to the epididymis. The globus
major is surrounded by the remains of the cremasteric pouch : it was
found projecting through the external abdominal ring : the tunica albu-
ginea has been removed from one half of the testis.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2497 B. The bladder, penis, vesicular and prostatic glands of the Capromys
{Capromys Fournieri., Desm.). The bladder and muscular part of the
urethra are laid open to show the separate terminations of the ducts of the
testes, glandulse vesiculares, and prostatic cseca. A small quill is passed
through the duct of the vesicular gland of the right side ; a black bristle
through the vas deferens of the same side, and another bristle through
the duct of the prostate of the left side. The vesicular glands present
a white and glistening exterior ; they are of an elongated form, with thin
parietes, and send off, on one side principally, from fifteen to twenty
obtuse caecal processes : the one on the right side is laid open. The
prostate gland consists of four principal masses or lobes, each composed
of a number of flattened tubular ca^ca, with thin and easily lacerable
parietes, compacted together by cellular tissue.

The urethra at its commencement forms a small cul de sac with the blind
end projecting behind the neck of the bladder, and separated from the ori-
fice of the bladder by a transverse ridge ; the ducts of the testes, prostatic
and vesicular glands terminate separately in a depression on each side of
the verumontanum. The muscular part of the urethra is closely embraced

77

by a thick stratum of muscular fibres, diverging in a double oblique or
penniform manner from a middle longitudinal inferior raphe : the 'acce-
leratores urinae' have been dissected away from the bulb of the urethra,
which is of large size : the crura penis are embraced by short but strong
' erectores ;' the ' levatores' muscles, or ' compressores venae dorsalis,' are
here seen terminating in a single tendon, which runs along the dorsum
penis, to be Inserted into an elongated flattened ossicle which lies in the
glans above the termination of the urethra. The glans, in this genus, is
unprovided with the horny armature which gives it so remarkable a
character in the Cavies. Prepared by Mr. Oiven.

498. The male organs of generation of the Gray Squirrel {Sciurus cinereus,
Linn.). The testes, which, as in most other Rodentia, are alternately
abdominal and scrotal, and which have consequently the canal of the
tunica vaginalis of great width, have been retracted from the scrotum, and
the cremasteric pouch has been inverted. The vasa deferentia pass with a
slightly wavy course to the base of the prostate. The vesicular glands are
remarkable in the Sciurine family of Rodents for their small size ; they are
slender, somewhat elongated bodies, bent upon the base of the prostate,
through the substance of which their comparatively long ducts pass,
together with the vasa deferentia. The prostate is a relatively large
elongated compact body, simply applied, and loosely attached to the
posterior part of the neck of the bladder and muscular part of the
urethra. Cowper's glands are also relatively of large size ; they are
situated at the sides of the rectum ; of a rounded conical form, with the
base bent forwards upon the apex, from which a long, thick duct, with
glandular parietes, is continued into the bulb of the urethra : this struc-
ture is displayed on the left side, and a bristle inserted into the duct.
It is interesting to observe here, that the diminutive size of the so-called
vesiculse seminales is not compensated by a dilatation of the vasa de-
ferentia, as might have been expected had their office been to serve as a
reservoir for the secretion of the testes, but by the magnitude of the
other glands, viz. the prostate and Cowper's, the admitted function of
which is to add some accessory fluids to the semen ; and this argument

78

is of greater weight, because the squirrels do not diflFer either in the
mode or duration of the act of copulation from other Rodents in which
the vesicular glands are largely developed.

2499. The male organs of a Squirrel {Sciurus ajffinis. Raffles.). The testes
are here situated in the scrotum, which forms a more pendulous sac than
in the Rodents generally ; the right compartment has been laid open,
showing the testis in situ^ and the enlarged inferior extremity of the
epididymis, which makes a distinct projection at the bottom of the
scrotum : the constituents of the spermatic chord may be observed
separating from each other at the internal ring, which is widely open,
and situated immediately external to the recti abdominis muscles. The
spermatic artery and vas deferens are connected on each side by a dupli-
cature of peritoneum with the sides of the prostate gland : the vesicular
glands are relatively larger than in the Gray Squirrel, and are lobulated.
The penis passes forwards in front of the symphysis pubis and recti mus-
cles, and then bends downward to terminate in a small pendulous prepuce
above the scrotum. The rectum and anal glands, in some of which a
bristle is placed, are also preserved in this preparation.

2500. The testicle of a Rat {Mus decumanus, Linn.). The epididymis is con-

nected to the testis by a slender fasciculus of vasa elFerentia, and in the
rest of its course by a duplicature of the tunica vaginalis. It is of
great length, with both extremities enlarged, and bent upon themselves.

2501. The testes, vasa deferentia, accessory generative glands, and urinary

bladder of a Rat [Mus decumanus, Linn.) The tunica albuginea is
reflected from one of the testes, showing the large size of the tubuli
testis, which are partially unravelled : the epididymis has been injected
with mercury, its peculiarities of form, size, and connection with the testis
are described in the preceding preparation. The vasa deferentia are short
and unconvoluted. The glandulse vesiculares are elongated sacs, curved
forwards and inwards at their upper extremities, and giving off a single
series of short and wide caecal processes from their convex margins :
their concavity is occupied by a tubular gland, analogous to the pro-

79

state of the Cavies ; but an accessory secretion is also prepared by two
rounded compact glands, situated at the sides and in front of the neck of
the bladder, and similar in structure to the prostate of the Squirrels.

2502. The pelvis, tail, and hinder extremities, with the male organs, of a Mu-
rine quadruped. The testes are within the abdomen ; portions of brown
bristle are placed behind them : the prepuce is laid open, and portions
of black bristle are placed behind the glans penis, which is bent down
close to the verge of the anus.

2503. A Mouse {Mus musculus, Linn.), with the abdominal cavity laid open,
and the digestive viscera removed to show the testes and kidneys in situ.
The testes are within the abdomen, and exhibit the atrophied condition
characteristic of them in the winter season ; the abdominal apertures or
rings, through which they escape when enlarged during the period of
sexual excitement, are seen immediately behind them, and the guber-
nacula and reflected cremaster muscles may be observed passing through
the abdominal openings. It is interesting to perceive the correspondence
between the testes and kidneys in their obedience to the laws which
influence their relative position in the abdomen, both glands of the
right side being advanced in the same degree anterior to those of the
left.

2504. A Mouse, killed in spring, when the testes, like those of the sparrow,
have acquired an inordinate magnitude ; in which state they are extruded
from the abdomen into temporary receptacles in the perinaeum : the
testis on the right side has been purposely drawn forwards into the
abdomen to show its large size ; the vesicular glands, which are simple
elongated caeca curved outwards like the cornua uteri, exhibit a corre-
sponding enlargement.

2505. A Mole {Talpa Europcsa, Linn.), with the abdomen laid open to show
the testes, as they appear in winter. They are lodged in large crema-
steric pouches in the perinseal region, making no projection externally.
The right testis is drawn into the abdomen by the side of the bladder,
and its posterior extremity may be seen attached to the inverted crema-
ster; the left testis has its anterior extremity projecting into the abdominal

80

cavity. The prostatic glands, which consist of an aggregate of caecal
tubes, are just visible behind the bladder.

2506. A Mole, killed in February, and prepared to show the increased size of
the testes, and the commencing sexual development of the prostatic
caeca.

2507. A Mole, killed in the beginning of March, and prepared to show a further
increase of the testes and accessory prostatic glands ; the latter have now
advanced forwards on each side of the urinary bladder, so as to encompass
its cervix : the left testis has been drawn back into the abdomen, and its
attachment to the inverted cremasteric pouch displayed.

2508. A Mole, killed about the latter end of March, and dissected to show the
complete development of the testes and prostatic glands ; the latter have
acquired an enormous size, and now quite conceal the urinary bladder.
The thickened muscular part of the urethra is laid open, a white bristle
is passed into the bladder, and two brown bristles into the ducts of the
prostatic glands. The long penis, and its two crura, surrounded by the
erectores muscles, are also shown.

2509. A Mole, which was killed in autumn, prepared to show the collapsed state
of the testes, and the atrophied condition of the prostatic glands, (the
testes, however, have not yet returned to the small size which they ex-
hibit in winter).

Mr. Hunter observes in his work on the Animal CEconomy (p. 41.)
that the seasonal or periodical changes in the size of the testes is not pe-
culiar to birds, but is common to all animals which have their seasons of
copulation. " In the buck," he says, " we find the testicles are reduced
to a very small size in winter ; and in the land-mouse, mole, &c., this
diminution is still more remarkable. Animals, on the contrary, who are
not in a state of nature, have no such change take place in their testicles ;
and not being much affected by seasons, are consequently always in good
condition, or in a state to which other animals that are left to themselves
can only attain in the warmer season. Therefore in man, who is in the
state we have last described, the testicles are nearly of the same size in
winter as in summer ; and nearly, though not exactly, the same thing may

81

be observed in the horse, ram, &c., these animals having their seasons in
a certain degree.

" The variation above taken notice of is not confined to the testicles,
but also extends to the parts which are connected with them. For, in
those animals that have their seasons for propagation the most distinctly
marked, as the land-mouse, mole, &c., the vesiculae are hardly discernible
in the winter ; but in the spring they are very large, varying in size in a
manner similar to the testicle. It may, however, be alleged, that the
change in these bags might naturally be supposed to take place even ad-
mitting them to be seminal reservoirs ; but what happens in the prostate
gland, which has never been supposed to contain semen, w ill take off the
force of this objection ; since in all animals which have such a gland, and
which have their season for propagation, it undergoes a limited change.
In the mole, the prostate gland in winter is hardly discernible, but in the
spring becomes very large and is filled with mucus."

2510. The posterior part of the body of a Mole, prepared to show a side view of
the male organs of generation. The right testis is seen just within the abdo-
men ; behind it is the prostatic gland of the same side, at about the middle
period of its development ; a bristle is placed in its duct. Behind the
prostate gland is seen the small and contracted urinary bladder. The
muscular part of the urethra is laid open ; Cowper's gland of the left side
is here shown situated at some distance from the urethra, covered by the
common integument above the root of the tail. A section has been taken
from this gland, showing its follicular structure and small central cavity ;
the course of its duct is traced to its termination in the bulb of the ure-
thra. The left crus of the penis has been detached from the ischium,
and the whole course of the intromittent organ is displayed ; it at first
advances forwards, and is then suddenly bent backwards upon itself, as
in the Rodentia ; but ends in a free projecting cutaneous preputial sheath
at a little distance from the anus. A bristle is placed in the urethra.

2511. The male organs of generation of tlie Cape-Mole {Chrysochlorus Ca-
pensis, Cuv.). The testes are situated in the abdomen a little below or
posterior to the kidneys, which they resemble in form, but are somewhat

M

82

more compressed. The epididymis begins as usual at the upper or an-
terior end of the testis, and immediately recedes from the gland to which
it is connected by a narrow fold of peritoneal membrane ; it passes in-
sensibly into a large vas deferens, which pursues a loosely convoluted
course to the neck of the bladder ; behind the bladder may be seen the
obtuse rounded ends of two vesiculae seminales. The correspondence
of the male with the female organs is strikingly shown in this pre-
paration : the testes representing the ovaria ; the epididymides the ex-
panded fimbriae ; the vasa deferentia the Fallopian tubes ; and the
vesiculae the horns of a bifid uterus.

2512. The male organs of generation and urinary bladder of a Hedge-hog,
{Erinaceus Europaus, Linn.). The testes in this complicated appa-
ratus may be distinguished by their well-defined and circumscribed form,
by the attached epididymis, which is of large size, and by their hanging
suspended from the slender vasa deferentia. Behind the bladder are
seen the large glandular vesiculae seminales ; in front of the bladder are
the flattened prostatic glands. Cowper's glands, like those of the mole,
are situated out of the pelvis, behind the ischia ; their long ducts are here
stretched out on bristles. The separate orifices by which the ducts of
the above complicated apparatus open upon the large verumontanum
within the urethral caecum are likewise displayed by having bristles
inserted into them ; the portion of quill is passed into the bladder.
See the figure of this preparation, Plate LV, fig. 1 and 2.

2512 A. The male organs of a Hedge-hog, with the ossa innominata and the
lower part of the abdominal nmscles showing the orifices of the inverted
cremasteric pouches, which appear at the external abdominal rings when
the testes have repassed into the abdomen. The sacrum and rectum
being removed, portions of the vesiculae seminales are exposed behind
the bladder, and the right Cowperian gland is shown on the outside
of the corresponding ischium. The prostatic glands and the process of
peritoneum by which they are attached to the abdominal muscles may
also be seen between the two testes. The penis is large and of great
length. The erector muscle of the right crus is here shown, together

83

with the two long and slender retractor muscles, which arise from the
tuberes ischii behind the erectores, and passing along the side of the
penis, meet upon its dorsum near the reflection of the long prepuce,
compress the venae dorsales penis, and are ultimately inserted into the
ossicle of the glans. The urethra terminates below a peculiar process
which projects beyond the main body of the glans.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2513. The integuments of the lower part of the abdomen, with part of the pelvis,
and the male organs of generation, urinary bladder, and cloacal outlet of
the Musk Shrew {Sorex myosurus, Pallas.). The testes have passed
from the abdomen into temporary receptacles in the perinaeum, not
forming, however, an externally projecting bag. The scrotal receptacle
on the left side is laid open, and the testis detached from the cremaster
and spermatic vessels, and turned down. A bristle is passed from the
abdomen through the wide peritoneal canal which leads to the tunica va-
ginalis of the right testicle. On each side of the contracted bladder may
be seen the vesicula seminalis and prostate. The preputium is in part
laid open to show the extremity of the bent and retracted penis.

2514. The male organs of generation, with the perinaeal integument, scent-glands,

scrotum, rectum, and anus of the Zibet {Viverra Zibetha, Linn.). The
testes are concealed in the scrotum, from which the spermatic chords may
be seen ascending to the sides of the bladder where the vasa deferentia
quit the chords to pass to the base of the small prostate : there are no
vesiculse seminales. The muscular part of the urethra is of great length ;
Cowper's glands are situated on each side of its termination ; that on the
left side is exposed immediately behind the left crus penis, which has
been detached from its bony connection. The penis is continued from
the junction of the two crura forwards in front of the pubis to the small
preputium which is situated at the anterior part of the enlargement
caused by the scent-glands : the glans penis, which has a pointed form, is
bent downwards. The large orifices of the two lateral scent-glands are
situated just within a longitudinal fissure bounded by two labia, which

M 2

84

have been divaricated; a section has been removed from the right gland :
the fissure is situated between the preputium and scrotum.

2515. The prostatic and muscular parts of the urethra, penis, scrotum, anus and
anal glands of a Viverrine quadruped. The muscular capsule of the anal
glands is dissected and a portion removed from the left gland, through
the excretory orifice of which a bristle is passed. A bristle is also placed
in the termination of the urethra.

2515 A. One of the testes, with the urinary bladder, penis, and Cowper's glands
of a Suricate {Ry%<ziia tetradactyla, Illig.). The epididymis is closely
attached to the testis and is of large size, especially at its commencement,
where it forms the enlargement called 'globus major'; the vas deferens
is convoluted at its commencement, and sends off a short caecal process,
after which it is continued straight to the beginning of the urethra. The
bladder and urethra are laid open. A section is removed from Cowper's
gland on the left side, showing the large size of its component follicles ;
the duct of this gland is traced to the urethra, and laid open to show the
longitudinal plicae of its lining membrane ; a bristle is inserted into the
orifice of the duct of the opposite gland : the absence of a prostate and
of the accessory glands called vesiculae seminales, seems to be com-
pensated by the great development of Cowper's glands, which nearly
equal the testes in size. They have each a proper capsule of muscular
fibres, and the secretion is forced along the ducts, to near the distal end
of the urethra ; posterior to the orifices of Cowper's glands the urethra
is dilated into a cul de sac, which is separated from the muscular or mem-
branous part of the canal by a transverse valvular fold. The penis is
extremely short. Presented by Mr. Owen.

2515 B. The neck of the bladder, and commencement of the urethra, with the
terminations of the ureters and vasa deferentia of a Bear {Ursus Arctos,
Linn.). The vasa deferentia are injected with mercury to show the cel-
lular or follicular structure of their terminal dilatations, which though in
contact, are quite distinct from each other, both as to their cavities and
proper substance : the continuation of the vas deferens beyond the dilated

85

part is at first wide, but contracts as it converges towards its fellow to
terminate on the veruniontanurn.

Presented by Thomas Blizard, Esq., F.R.S.

2515 c. The glans and os penis of a Raccoon {Procyon Lotor, Storr.). The
distal end of the ossicle is an expanded subcircular convex imperforate
disc, which is simply covered with the skin of the glans, of which it
forms the most prominent part : the erectile tissue of the glans and the
urethral orifice are below the terminal disc. Mzis. Langstaff.

2516. One of the testes of a Hyaena {Hycena vulgaris, Cuv.), showing the large
size of the epididymis, and its close connexion with the body of the
gland.

2517. The testes, penis, and surrounding integuments of a Leopard {Felis Leo-
pardus, Linn.). The right compartment of the scrotum is laid open,
showing the testis and tunica vaginalis in situ : the commencement of
the urethra is also exposed, and the course of the short penis traced to
the thick tegumentnry preputium, which is laid open to show the small
glans.

2518. The penis of a Cat {Felis Catus, Linn.), showing the retroverted callous
papillae of the glans.

2519. The testes, penis, anus and anal glands, of an Otter {Lutra vulgaris.
Linn.). The left compartment of the scrotum is laid open, showing the
testes in situ, and the commencement of the canal leading from the tu-
nica vaginalis to the abdomen. The long glans penis is exposed within
the preputial sheath ; the left anal follicle is laid open, showing its glan-
dular and receptacular part, the former being placed around the excretory
orifice.

2520. The lower part of the abdomen, with the male organs in situ, of a Por-
pesse {Phocoena communis, Cuv.). The left testis presents an elongated
form, and is of small size, being in the unexcited condition ; the vas
deferens is short, but is convoluted in its course to the neck of the blad-
der. The right testis has been removed ; a bristle is placed in the termi-
nation of the vas deferens ; the prostatic part of the urethra is surrounded

86

with a remarkably strong capsule of muscular fibres, part of which are
exposed on the right side. The right rudimental ischium, and right
' erector penis' arising therefrom, are shown ; the penis, after the junction
of the two corpora cavernosa, describes a close sigmoid curvature, before
terminating in the long, straight, and gradually tapering glans. This, in
the ordinary retracted state of the penis, is entirely withdrawn, as in the
Otter and Seal, within the prepuce, so that, while the glans is protected
from the sea water, no impediment is offered by a projecting penis to the
course of the animal through the element which it inhabits. The ' re-
tractor penis' of the right side is dissected.

2521. The corresponding parts of a young Porpesse, with the right kidney and

testis in situ; the testicle lies just below the lobulated kidney; the
epididymis is here shown ; the strip of integument which includes the pre-
putium has been reflected backwards with the rectum ; the glans penis
has been drawn out of the prepuce, and a section of the corpus caverno-
sum penis has been made. A bristle is inserted into the artery entering
the right crus.

2522. The male organs, with the urinary bladder and rectum, of a Porpesse,
removed from the body. The preparation is partly suspended by the
testes, which are connected with the posterior surface of the urinary
bladder by two broad duplicatures of peritoneum, resembling the broad
ligaments of the ovaria and uterus in the female. The epididymis is of
an elongated triedral form, with the broadest facet connected by a dupli-
cature of peritoneum to the testis ; the connexion is close at the com-
mencement, but gradually becomes looser, and, at the lower end of the
testis, the connecting fold is half an inch broad. The convoluted part
of the course of the vas deferens is here shown. The twisted penis, its
retractor muscle, and the long and pointed glans are all well exhibited in
this preparation.

2523. The bent portion of the penis of a Dolphin {Delphinus Tursio, Fabr.),

showing the form and extent of the curvature of the penis in its retracted
state, together with portions of the two retractor muscles.

87

2524. A section of the penis, including the elongated glans, of a Dolphin. On
the cut surface may be seen the single corpus cavernosuni which com
poses the body of the penis ; it is remarkable for the thickness of its
fibrous sheath, which equals that of the contained erectile tissue.

2525. A portion of the convoluted vas deferens of a Whale ; the thickness of
the parietes of the duct varies from one fourth to one sixth of an inch :
the surface of the lining membrane is smooth.

2526. The terminations of the vasa deferentia, and a portion of the urethra, of a
Whale, showing the semilunar fold within which the ducts open. The
vasa deferentia are slightly dilated, and their inner surface is honey-
combed.

2527- A transverse section of the penis of a Whale. This preparation shows
the body of the penis to consist, as in the Porpesse, of a single corpus
cavernosum, grooved above for the lodgment of the vena dorsalis, and
more deeply excavated below for the passage of the urethra and the sur-
rounding vascular structure. This structure, representing the corpus spon-
giosum, is principally placed on the lower and lateral parts of the canal, and
exhibits in the transverse section chiefly the areas of large divided veins.
The fibrous sheath of the corpus cavernosum is of great thickness ; the
substance which it incloses is principally composed of decussating bands
of glistening ligamentous substances intercepting small meshes or inter-
spaces which are occupied by blood vessels.

The following is Mr. Hunter's description of the male organs of gene-
ration in the Whale tribe :

" The parts of generation in both sexes of this order of animals come
nearer in form to those of the ruminating than of any others ; and this
similarity is, perhaps, more remarkable in the female than in the male ;
for their situation in the male must vary on account of external form, as
was before observed.

" The testicles retain the situation in which they were formed, as in
those quadrupeds in which they never come down into the scrotum.
They are situated near the lower part of the abdomen, one on each side,

88

upon the two great depressors of the tail. At this part of the abdomen,
the testicles come in contact with the abdominal muscles anteriorly.

" The vasa deferentia pass directly from the epididymis behind the
bladder, or between it and the rectum, into the urethra ; and there are
no bags similar to those called vesiculse seminales in certain other
animals.

" The structure of the penis is nearly the same in them all, and formed
much upon the principle of the quadruped. It is made up of two crura,
uniting into one corpus cavernosum, and the corpus spongiosum seems
first to enter the corpus cavernosum ; in the Porpoise, at least, the
urethra is found nearly in the centre of the corpus cavernosum ; but
towards the glans seems to separate or emerge from it, and becoming a
distinct spongy body, runs along its under surface, as in quadrupeds.
The corpus cavernosum in some is broader from the upper part to the
lower than from side to side ; but in the Porpoise has the appearance of
being round, becoming smaller forwards, so as to terminate almost in a
point some distance from the end of the penis. The glans does not
spread out as in many quadrupeds, but seems to be merely a plexus of
veins covering the anterior end of the penis, yet it is extended a good
way further on, and is in some no more than one vein deep.

" The crura penis are attached to two bones, which are nearly in the
same situation and in the same part of the pelvis as those to which the
penis is attached in quadrupeds ; but these bones are only for the in-
sertion of the crura, and not for the support of any other part like the
pelvis in those animals which have posterior extremities, neither do they
meet at the fore part, or join the vertebrae of the back.

" The erectores penis are very strong muscles, having an origin and
insertion similar to those of the human subject.

" The acceleratores muscles are likewise very strong; and there is a
strong and long muscle, arising from the anus, and passing forwards to
the bulb of the penis that runs along the under surface of the urethra,
and is at last lost or inserted in the corpus spongiosum. This muscle
draws the penis into the prepuce, and throws that part of the penis that

89

is behind its insertion into a serpentine form. It is common to most
animals that draw back the penis into what is called the sheath, and may
be called the retractor penis."

Hunter on JVJiales^ Phil. Trans., Ixxvii, 1787, p. 441.

2527 A. The distal extremity of the penis of a young Dugong {^Halicore Indicus ,
Cuv.). The animal measured eight feet in length ; the penis, from the bulb
• to the glans, one foot fourteen inches. The preputial integument reflected
over the glans contains, as in the true Cetaceans (see No. 2520.), a layer of
rete mucosum ; but the glans terminates in an enlargement, consisting of
two lateral semilunar lobes or prominences, including a conical process
with the apex turned forwards, upon which the urethra opens. All the
integument covering the glans presents numerous and deep rugse, indi-
cative of the great capacity for expansion in this part of the organ. On
the cut surface of the penis there may be observed a marked deviation
from the cetaceous structure of the same organ, and an approach to that
which the Pachydermata and some other mammalia exhibit, viz. a divi-
sion of the corpus cavernosum into two lateral portions by a middle
ligamentous septum ; the vascular and erectile tissue also bears a greater
proportion to the surrounding ligamentous structure than in the true
Cetaceans. Prese?ited by Sir Stamford Raffles.

2b17 B- The distal extremity of the penis of the Sumatran Tapir {Tapirus Indi-
cus, Cuv.). The upper and lateral parts of the base of the glans present
three rounded processes, beyond which the extremity of the glans is
continued forwards, and terminates in a large truncate, slightly convex,
surface, in the middle of which is situated the orifice of the urethra.

Presented by Sir Stamford Raffles.

2528. A transverse section of the penis of a young Elephant {Elephas Indicus,
Cuv.). The corpus cavernosum presents in this view a reniform figure,
with the corpus spongiosum and urethra occupying the concavity ; the
external ligamentous substance increases in thickness as it approaches
the urethra, and, dividing at that part, sends a portion over the upper
surface of the canal between the spongy and cavernous bodies, and a
thicker portion below the urethra. The corpus cavernosum is divided

N

90

into two lateral moieties by a thick vertical ligamentous partition ; and
similar but thinner septa subdivide the lateral parts by extending between
the fibrous capsule of the corpus spongiosum and the external sheath.
The vessels of the erectile tissue of the corpus cavernosum are sur-
rounded by the soft substance which Mr. Hunter describes as muscular
in the Horse.

2529. One of the accessory glandular organs of the male apparatus commonly
called ' vesiculaa seminales/ and the true seminal bladder, or reservoir,
of the Elephant. The glandular vesicula is of an elongated form, be-
coming smaller towards the anterior or closed extremity, which is divided
by a constriction or septum from the general cavity, with which it
communicates by means of a small canal. The parietes of the glan-
dular vesicula are thickest at the blind end, and the internal surface
is here most broken and increased by the presence of columnar pro-
cesses of the internal membrane, which project into the cavity, and
decussate each other : the interspaces of these columns extend in many
parts, like sinuses, deep into the substance of the parietes of the vesi-
cula : towards the urethra these parietes become thinner and smoother.
The external coat of the vesicula presents a fibrous structure. A part of
the muscle is shown which is expressly adapted to empty the glandular
vesiculae in the Elephant. A few inches of the termination of the
tortuous vas deferens are preserved ; this duct opens on a papillary emi-
nence in the fundus of a large pyriform sac, of which a section has
been removed to show the thinness and smooth internal surface of its
parietes.

2530. A portion of one of the accessory glands of the male generative apparatus
of an Elephant.

253 1 . A portion of the neck of the bladder and urethra of an Elephant, showing
the orifices of the true seminal reservoirs, as well as those of the glan-
dular vesiculae, and of the prostatic glands. The two large orifices are
those of the glandular vesiculse ; the large black bristles are inserted into
the terminal dilatations of the vasa defereniia ; the smaller bristles are
placed in the ducts of the prostate.

91

2532. One of the testes of a Peccari {Dicotyles torquatus, Cuv.). These glands
are of unequal size ; the present is the largest, and shows the epididymis
to be considerably developed ; this part is closely attached to the whole
length of the testis, and the extremity from which the vas deferens is
continued is bent upon itself.

2533. The smaller testis of the same Peccari ; it has been laid open, showing
the small corpus Highmorianum, or cellular substance to which the tu-
buli testis converge, situated near the upper third of the testis, and ex-
tending deep into its substance.

2534. The bladder and muscular part of the urethra, with the prostate, Cowper's
glands, and one of the vesicular glands of a Peccari. The gland com-
monly called vesicula seminalis is a very large and lobulated parenchy-
matous body, the duct of which terminates by an opening distinct from
that of the vas deferens in the urethra. The vasa deferentia and ureters
are included in a lateral fold of the peritoneum continued from the side
of the bladder. The prostate is a small glandular body situated near the
cervix of the great vesicula. The muscular part of the urethra is of
great length, and Cowper's glands are proportionally developed; they are
of an elongated subtriquetral figure, surrounded with a proper capsule of
muscular fibres ; the one on the left side has been laid open, showing
the thickness of its glandular parietes, and the numerous sinuses in its
substance which receive the secretion from the component follicles and
convey it to the central cavity. Bristles are inserted into the ducts of
these glands, which terminate beyond a transverse valvular fold of the
lining membrane of the urethra.

2535. The large accessory generative gland, called vesicula seminalis, of a
Peccari, with its lobes partially unravelled, and the secerning caeca
injected with size and vermilion from the excretory duct.

2536. This preparation is described in the original manuscript catalogue as ' the
testis of a Boar, which had the epididymis taken off.' The testis is much
diminished in size. The straight portion of the vas deferens is reduced to
very small dimensions, but the convoluted part next the testis retains its

N 2

92

usual size, having been probably distended with its own secretion ; it is
here injected with quicksilver.

2537. The muscular and bulbous parts of the urethra, with the prostatic and
Cowperian glands, the terminations of the vasa deferentia, and the ducts
of the glandular vesiculae ; the latter are indicated by the insertion of
large black bristles ; the vasa deferentia and prostatic ducts have yellow
bristles passed into them. The whole length of the muscular part of the
urethra is laid open ; the glands of Cowper present the same structure
and extraordinary development as in the Peccari : the one on the right
side has its muscular and aponeurotic investment dissected ; that on the
left side has its cavity exposed, and the thickness and follicular structure
of its glandular parietes displayed by the removal of a lateral section. The
cul de sac in the bulb of the urethra in which the ducts of the preceding
glands terminate, and the valvular fold separating this cul de sac from
the muscular part of the canal are well displayed in this preparation.

2538. One of the glandular vesiculae of a Boar, laid open to show the follicular
structure of its parenchyma.

2539. A section of one of the glandular vesiculse of a Boar, showing the prin-
cipal ramifications of the duct through the substance of the gland.

2540. The bladder and penis, with the accessory glandular organs of generation

of a Hog. The vesiculae seminales present a comparatively small size ;
but the glands of Cowper are proportionally more developed than in the
Boar, extending the whole length of the muscular part of the urethra.
Their muscular capsule and cellular structure are well displayed. The
bulb of the urethra is comparatively small, and the surrounding muscle
or ejaculator seminis much atrophied, the erectores penis are also smaller
than in the Boar. The penis makes a sigmoid flexure, as in the Por-
pesse, and the last bend is similarly provided with a pair of muscles for
its retraction ; the insertions only of these muscles are here shown.

2541. The preputial follicles and part of the penis of a Boar.

2542. A similar preparation, showing the triquetral, elongated, pointed glans

93

bent backwards in its retracted state towards the anus. One of the large
preputial follicles is laid open.

2543. A portion of a young Pig, injected, to show the relative positions of the
anal and preputial openings.

2544. The urinary bladder, and muscular part of the urethra, with the dilated
extremities of the vasa deferentia, the vesiculse seminales, prostatic glands,
and Cowper's glands, of a Zebra {Equus Zebra^ Linn.). The dilated
terminations of the vesiculae seminales are not simple reservoirs as in the
Elephant, but are occupied by numerous close-set glandular lamellse, with
the passage from the duct above continued through their centre : a lon-
gitudinal section has been removed from the left dilatation showing this
structure. The corresponding lobe of the prostate is cleft longitudinally
to show the nature of its parenchyma, and the contracted canal by which
the dilated vas deferens terminates in the urethra. The vesiculae semi-
nales are here of large size, and present the condition of simple bladders
with thin parietes. Between the large vesiculaj and the urinary bladder
there is a transverse fold of peritoneum connecting the vasa deferentia
with each other; and the middle of this fold is occupied by a third narrow
elongated vesicula, bifid at its upper or blind extremity. The urethra is
laid open to show the excretory orifices of the glands and vesicles above
described ; and at the termination of the muscular part of the canal may
be seen the two large Cowper's glands, each having its proper investment
of muscular fibres ; a section has been removed from the left gland
showing its structure.

Mr. Hunter describes and comments on the various structures which
the so-called vesiculae seminales present in the previous preparations in
the following words :

" These vesiculae are not similar either in shape or contents in any
two genera of animals which I have dissected ; and they differ more iti
size, according to the bulk of the animal, than any other parts whose
uses in different animals are supposed to correspond ; while the semen
in most of those which I have examined, may be said to be similar.

" The resemblance which obtains between these bags and the gall-

94

bladder, in the human subject, by no means holds equally good when
applied to other animals. In the horse they are like two small urinary
bladders, almost loose and pendulous, with a partial coat from the peri-
tonaeum, under which there are two layers of muscular fibres ; they are
thicker in their coats at the fundus than any other part, and appear
there to be glandular. Their openings into the urethra are very large ;
and although they open close to the Tasa deferentia, do not communicate
with them. The septum between the two ducts is not continued on
<iuite to the urethra, so that they cannot, in strict language, be said to
enter that passage separately ; but there is not length of common duct
sufficient to admit of regurgitation from the vasa deferentia into these
bags. They are not of the same size in the gelding and in the stone-
horse, being large in the last. Their contents in both are exactly similar,
and nearly equal in quantity ; but in no way resembling the semen emitted
by the stone-horse in the coitus, or what is found in the vas deferens
after death.

" In the boar, these bags are extremely large, and divided into cells of
a considerable size ; or they may more properly be said to form ramifi-
cations closely connected with one another, and having a large canal or
duct common to the whole. The ducts contain a whitish fluid, very un-
like what is found in the vasa deferentia of the same animal, with which
they have not the least communication.

" In the rat, the bags are large and flat, with serrated edges, and lie
some way within the abdomen, containing a thick ash-coloured mucus,
nearly of the consistence of soft cheese ; very different from what is found
in the vasa deferentia of the same animal, with which they do not com-
municate.

" In the beaver, the bags are convoluted ; their ducts have no commu-
nication with the vasa deferentia ; but both the one and the other open
on the verumontanum.

" In the guinea-pig, they are composed of long cylindrical tubes, and
lie in the cavity of the belly ; are smooth on their external surface, and
do not communicate with the vasa deferentia. They contain a thick
bluish transparent substance, which is softest near the fundus, and be-

95

comes firmer towards the openings into the urethra, where it is as solid
as common cheese. From this circumstance, and what is observed in
the horse, the fundus appears to be the part that secretes this substance,
which is very different in colour and consistence from the contents of the
vasa deferentia, and is often found in broken pieces in the urethra.

" To be more certain that the substance contained in these bags was
not the secretion of the testicle, I extracted one of the testicles of a
guinea-pig, and six months afterwards gave it the female. As soon as
the action of copulation was over, (in which all the parts containing se-
men should naturally have emptied themselves) I killed the animal, and
upon examination found the vesicula of the perfect side, and that of the
side from which the testicle had been removed, both filled with a sub-
stance in every respect similar. It will scarcely be alleged that this
substance had been contained in the bag before the extirpation of the
testicle ; nor could it be semen, which must have been all thrown out in
the previous connection with the female.

" To ascertain that the contents of the vesiculee are not discharged into
the vagina of the female, with the semen, in the act of emission, I killed
a female guinea-pig as soon as the male had left her, and examined with
attention what was contained in the vagina and uterus ; in neither could
I find any of the mucus of the vesiculae ; which, from its firmness, must
have been easily detected.

" In the hedge-hog, these bags are very large, being more than twice
the size of the vesiculae in the human subject.

" Many animals have no such bags ; and I believe they are wanting in
the greater part of that class which lives chiefly upon animal food : they
are, however, to be found in some of them ; and the hedge-hog is an ex-
ample. There is no apparent difference in the testicles, vasa deferentia,
or semen of the animals which have vesiculae and of those which have
none ; and the mode of copulation, as far as these bags can be concerned,
IS very similar in both.

" In birds, as far as I have yet observed, there is nothing analogous to
these bags ; and yet there appears to be no difference between the mode
of copulation of the drake and the bull, or ram. It is very natural to

96

suppose, that if the vesiculae were reservoirs of semen, they would be
more necessary in birds ; who have the power of repeating the act of co-
pulation in an infinitely greater degree than quadrupeds : and indeed we
find that in birds there are reservoirs, which may account for this power;
the vasa deferentia being enlarged just before they open into the rectum,
probably to answer that intention. As birds have no urethra, some
having merely a groove, as the drake and gander ; and many being even
without a groove, as the common fowl, it was absolutely necessary there
should be such a reservoir somewhere ; and the necessity of this will
appear more evidently by and by, ^

" What I have observed of the reservoir of birds, is equally applicable
to amphibious animals, and to that order of fish called rays.

" From the above observations I think we may fairly conclude, that
these vesiculae are not for the purpose of containing semen ; the single
circumstance of their ducts being united to those of the testicles in the
human subject not appearing sufficient to set aside the many facts which
are contradictory to such an opinion," Animal CEconomy, p. 38.

2545. The dilated termination of the vas deferens of some large Quadruped,
exhibitins: a lamellated structure similar to that of the Zebra : the fundus
of a cul-de-sac, traversed by the vas deferens, is also preserved.

2546. A portion of the dilated and glandular extremity of the vas deferens of a
Horse {Equus Caballus, Linn.) ; a longitudinal section has been removed,
showing the lamellated structure of the thickened parietes, and the pores
by which the secretion passes from their interstices into the central cavity
of this part of the duct.

2547- A part of the longitudinal section of the glandular parietes of the vas
deferens, removed from the preceding preparation.

2548. A transverse section of the terminal glandular part of the vas deferens of
a Horse.

2549. A longitudinal section of the corpus cavernosum penis of a Horse ; this
is not divided by a longitudinal vertical ligamentous septum, as in the
Elephant, but consists of one body formed by the confluence of the two

97

crura of the penis. The vascular substance is traversed throughout by
transverse ligamentous bands, and by longitudinal fibres of a soft sub-
stance, regarded by Hunter as muscular, and which are interwoven in an
undulatory course with the ligamentous bands throughout the corpus
cavernosum. Mr. Hunter alludes to this structure in the following
passage of his ' Animal CEconomy' : " The cells of the corpora cavernosa
are muscular, although no such appearance is to be observed in men : for
the penis is not at all times equally distended. In the Horse the parts
composing the cells of the penis appear evidently muscular to the eye ;
and in a Horse just killed they contract upon being stimulated." p. 43.

2550. A section of the corpus spongiosum surrounding the urethra of an Ass

{Eguus Asinus, Linn.), showing the longitudinal course of the plexus of
veins which chiefly composes that part.

2551. The penis of a Foal, showing the form of the glans, which consists of two
lateral tumid semilunar lobes, and a central pyramidal process, on the
apex of which the urethra terminates. The prepuce is inverted, and
bristles are inserted into the ducts of the rudimental mammae, which,
from their peculiar position, remained long undiscovered in the Horse.

2552. The neck of the bladder, muscular part of the urethra, prostatic and

Cowperian glands of a Camel {Camelus Bactrianus, Linn.). The vasa
deferentia are of large size ; they have been laid open near their termina-
tions, and show that their structure is not modified at this part as in the
Horse, or different from the previous part of the duct ; bristles are
inserted into their terminations on the wide and wrinkled veruraontanum.
There are no vesiculae seminales. The prostate gland is a transversely
oblong compact body, with a smooth exterior ; bristles are inserted into
some of its excretory ducts. The muscular part of the urethra is long,
and the stratum of fibres surrounding it remarkably thick. The left
gland of Cowper is divided longitudinally to show its compact texture,
and the thickness of its muscular sheath.

2553. The corresponding parts of another Camel, with a portion of the intesti-
num rectum attached, apparently from a younger animal ; the muscular
part of the urethra is much smaller. Bristles are placed in the ureters.

98

2554. The glans penis and prepuce, injected, of a Camel. The prepuce is laid
open, showing the elongated pointed form of the glans, the extremity of
which is continued beyond the urethral orifice, and is bent back upon
itself.

2555. Two specimens of the urinary bladder, penis, and accessory male organs
of generation from the two trunks of a Double-bodied Sheep. Each
specimen has been carefully dissected, and the parts themselves present
the natural structure, but differ in their degree of development. In
the larger specimen, one of the vasa deferentia has been laid open near
its termination, to show its glandular structure : the lining membrane
is produced in transverse folds. The prostate gland is here divided into
two lobes, placed in the ordinary situation of the vesicular glands. The
muscular part of the urethra is laid open to show the valvular verumon-
tanum, the fossae of which, directed forwards, contain and defend the ori-
fices of the vasa deferentia and prostatic ducts. Cowper's glands are
situated at the beginning of the bulbous part of the urethra, and are sur-
rounded, as in the Camel, by a strong capsule of muscular fibres. The
penis is slender, but of considerable length, and is bent in a sigmoid form
when in a state of retraction. The pair of muscles which produce this
state are here shown. They arise from the anterior commissure of the
sphincter ani, pass along the under surface of the bulb of the urethra,
where they are included in a sheath of muscular fibres, and then diverge
to be continued along the sides of the penis to the base of the glans,
where they are lost in the external ligamentous sheath of the corpus
cavernosum penis.

2556. The terminations of the vasa deferentia, prostatic glands, and contiguous
parts of the bladder and urethra of a Goat {Capra Hircus, Linn.). The
structure of the dilated and glandular part of the left vas deferens is ex-
posed by a longitudinal section, showing the external fibrous and internal
glandular coats of the ducts. Fine injection of size and vermilion has
been thrown into the duct of the left prostate, and has penetrated to the
terminal secerning follicles. The right gland has had a longitudinal
section removed from it to expose the central cavity in which the parietal

99

follicles terminate. The verumontanum is occupied by two oblong de-
pressions, placed side by side, each of which receives the separate termi-
nations of the vas deferens and duct of the prostate of its own side.

2557. The corresponding parts of the Zebu [Bos Indicus, var. minor. Linn.).
The prostatic glands here present a more elongated tubular form than in
the Goat, and are contorted in an irregularly undulating manner ; part of
the parietes of the right prostate has been cut away to show the secern-
ing follicles : a section has also been removed from the corresponding
vas deferens, showing the thickened glandular and fibrous coats of the
dilated terminal part of the gut. A black bristle is inserted into the
orifice of the right vas deferens, and a white one into the orifice of the
duct of the corresponding prostatic gland, showing their situation close
to each other within the corresponding lateral depression of the veru-
montanum.

2558. The neck of the bladder, with the dilated terminations of the vasa defe-
rentia and the prostate glands of a Bull {Bos Taurus, Linn.). The
left vas deferens has been laid open, showing the thickening of the
parietes, dilatation of the cavity, and extension of the secreting surface
of this part of the duct. The windings and branches of the duct and
cavity of the prostate are also shown on the corresponding side.

2559. The corresponding parts of an Ox, showing the atrophied condition of the
prostatic glands, and the contracted, but still pervious state of the vasa
deferentia. The verumontanum is of large size, and the lateral fossae,
receiving the vasa deferentia and ducts of the prostate, are relatively
deeper than in the Goat.

2560. The testicle of an Armadillo {Dasypus novem-cinctus, Linn., Tatusia

Peba, F. Cuv.). It is preserved chiefly to show the great length of the
epididymis.

2561. The testicle of an Armadillo, with the tunica albuginea reflected from one

side, to show the narrow and oblique folds in which the large secerning
tubuli testis are disposed on the superficies of the substance of the gland.

2562. The opposite testis of the same Armadillo, with the tubular structure of
the testis displaced from the capsule, and partially unravelled.

o 2

100

2562 A. The male organs of generation in situ of the Weasel-headed Armadillo
{Dasypus sex-cinctus, Linn.). The testes are situated within the abdo-
men, at the side of the bladder, just above the brim of the pelvis. The
vasa deferentia are very short, and without the convolutions which they
present in most other Testiconda. They penetrate the substance of a
single triangular prostate, which tias been divided to show their passage
towards the urethra. There are no vesiculae seminales. The two glands
of Cowper are situated immediately behind the enlarged bulb ; one of
them has been laid open, showing its muscular capsule and dense glan-
dular structure ; a bristle is passed through its duct to show the place of
its termination. The erector penis and right crus are preserved, attached
to the ischium : the ejaculator seminis, or accelerator urinse, and bulb
of the urethra, are cleft longitudinally. There are also two levatores
penis, or compressores venae dorsalis, which arise, as in the Rodentia,
from the symphysis pubis, and run along the dorsum penis to be inserted
into the glans ; a bristle is inserted beneath the right levator muscle.
The preputial sheath is of great extent, and the reflected membrane has
a layer of dark rete mucosum. The penis is of considerable proportionate
length, as in all copulative animals in which either the form of the body,
the condition of the prehensile extremities, or the nature of the integu-
ments, impose unusual mechanical obstacles to coition. The Hedge-
hog (No. 25 12.), the Porpesse (No. 2520.), and the Tortoise (No. 2452.),
in the present series of preparations illustrate this compensatory relation.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2563. The male organs of generation of the Great Jerboa {Helamys capensis,
Cuv.). The right testicle is protruded from the abdomen through the
external ring into the tunica vaginalis and cremasteric pouch, which passes
down to a scrotum situated posterior to the anal aperture. The left testis
has been retracted, and the tunica vaginalis and cremaster have been in-
verted. The vesiculae seminales consist of long slightly sacculated pendu-
lous bags, with thin parietes. The prostatic follicles are numerous, short,
and thick. The penis is suddenly bent at right angles midway between
the crura and the glans : the latter is shaped like a cone, with the base ter-
minal, somewhat concave, and perforated by a subcentral urethral aperture.

10]

2564. The bladder^ penis, vesicular and prostatic glands of the Slender Lemur

{Stenops gracilis, Illig.). The vesiculae are simple oval subcompressed
bags, with the lining membrane honey-combed : that on the left side is
laid open through its whole extent, and a bristle is passed through the
corresponding vas deferens, showing their separate terminations in the
urethra. The prostate is bifid at its upper part. The penis is very
short ; it contains a bone, of which the distal end makes a projection in
the middle of the glans.

2565. The testes and penis, said to be in the manuscript catalogue, ' of a Lori,'
or Slow Lemur (^Stenops tardigradus, III.)

2566. The urinary bladder and accessory organs of generation of a ' Mocock'

{Lemur Macauco, Linn.). The vesiculse seminales consist each of an
elongated caecal tube, bent inwards and reflected downwards at its free
extremity ; their parietes are very thin, the cavity capacious, and the
lining membrane puckered up into minute rugse. The prostatic gland
is bilobed as in the Ruminants ; each lobe is rounded, elongated, and si-
tuated by the side of the neck of the bladder. Cowper's glands are elon-
gated compressed bodies, invested with a capsule of muscular fibres ;
they are of large proportional size. The ejaculatores seminis, and erector
penis of the right side, are preserved ; the left erector has been dissected
away to show the form of the crus which it surrounded ; but the muscles
of most interest in the present preparation are those which are analogous
to the muscles termed ' transversalis penis' by Douglas, in the Dog ; and
which are mainly subservient to the erection of the penis by compressing
the venae dorsalis penis. These veins have here been injected with size
and vermilion ; they are two in number, and converge, as they pass back-
wards from the glans, towards the dorsum penis, gliding- beneath the
compressor muscles, so as in the contraction of those muscles to be com-
pressed between them and the ligamentous sheath of the corpus caverno-
sum. Each compressor muscle takes its origin from the upper part of
the crus penis ; they converge towards each other as they pass forwards,
and terminate in a tendon which runs along the dorsum penis to be in-
serted into the bone of the glans. The glans penis is of large size, and

102

gradually expands towards its anterior end, which is truncate ; the urethra
terminating near the centre of the disc. The sides of the glans are beset
with small horny papillae.

2567. The bladder, vesiculae seminales, and prostate of the Satyr {Papio Mai-
mon, Cuv.). The vesiculae are of very large size and complicated struc-
ture; one of them is unravelled; it consists essentially of numerous
caeca, which terminate the subdivisions of branches given off from one
main central duct.

2568. A portion of the pubic integument with the prepuce and glans penis of
the same animal. The glans is traversed by a longitudinal fissure, which
gives it a subbilobate form.

2568 A. The bladder, penis, and accessory glandular organs of generation of a
Baboon {Macacus Cynomolgus, Qvs\.). The large and complicated ve-
sicular glands and the vasa deferentia are reflected down from the bladder
to show the portion of the prostate gland which intervenes between the
ducts of the above parts and the neck of the bladder, and which corre-
sponds with what has been called the third lobe of the prostate in man.
The entire prostate, and both Cowper's glands, are displayed. The
acceleratores muscles surrounding the bulb do not advance between the
erectores penis ; these arise from the commencement or crus of the
corpus cavernosum, and not from the ischium ; two small compressores
venae dorsalis also arise from the upper part of the crus, and converge to
terminate in a tendon which is inserted into the os penis, here exposed
in situ. Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2569. The bladder and part of the penis, with the accessory male glands of a
Baboon {Cynocephali species). The lobulated vesiculae and prostate
here present a relatively large size : the latter is also partially sub-
divided into smaller lobes. The muscular part of the urethra is short
and wide ; Cowper's glands are seen applied to the posterior part of the
bulb of the urethra. The ejaculator or accelerator muscles surrounding
this part of the urethra are powerfully developed ; at the anterior ter-
minations of these are seen the origins of the muscles which compress
the vena dorsalis, analogous to those displayed in the Lemur (No. 2566.).

103

The erectores penis are here evidently attached entirely to the crus penis ;
in the lower interspace of these muscles the spongy part of the urethra
is situated, the bulb and its compressor muscles being wholly posterior
to the crura penis.

2569 a. The testes and penis of the Dog-faced Baboon. The testes are not
suspended in a pendulous scrotum, but are placed by the sides of the
penis, making a slight projection externally : the orifices of the canals of
communication between the tunica vaginalis and peritoneum are shown.
The prepuce is reflected back from the elongated glans, showing the
absence of the franum praputii ; and the glans is dissected to show the
bone which it contains. Prepared by Mr. Clift.

2570. The vesiculae seminales and terminations of the vasa deferentia of a
Monkey; the branches of one of the vesiculae have been unravelled.

2571. The urinary bladder, vesiculae seminales, and prostate of a Monkey {^Ma-
caci species), showing the angular form of the elongated vesiculae, and their
broad flat surface which is applied to the rectum. The bladder is laid
open, and the muscular fibres which surround the terminations of the
ureters, and converge to be inserted into the verumontanum, are shown.

2572. The corresponding parts ' of a Monkey,' in which the vesiculae seminales
are divaricated to show the dilated terminations of the vasa deferentia ;
the one on the right side is laid open to show the transverse rugae of the
lining membrane. Bristles are inserted into the orifices of the ureters,
vasa deferentia, and right vesicula seminalis. The muscular part of the
urethra is dilated into a kind of cul-de-sac immediately behind the veru-
montanum, both in the present and preceding preparation.

2573. The integuments covering the os pubis and nates, with the penis, scro-
tum, and anus of the Chimpanzee [Troglodytes niger, Geoff.). The
glans penis is partially protruded from the prepuce, showing that there
is no franum prazputit.

2574. A Human testicle, with part of the spermatic chord and the tunica vagi-
nalis laid open, showing that the serous covering of the testis, derived

104

originally from the peritoneum, is a shut sac ; the canal of communica-
tion being wholly obliterated.

2575, A transverse section of the Human testis, and tunica vaginalis, showing

the line of reflection of the serous layer of that tunic, upon the epididymis
and body of the testis.

2576. A Human testicle injected, showing partial adhesion of the opposite
serous surfaces of the tunica vaginalis to have taken place in consequence
of inflammation.

25/7- A Human testicle, with the tunica albuginea laid open and inverted, and
the tubuli testis unravelled.

2578. A Human testicle, with the tubuli testis, rete testis, part- of the vasa efFe- ^
rentia, and epididymis injected with mercury. The tunica albuginea has
been laid open, and the elongated packets in which the convoluted tubuli
testis are disposed are well displayed. These packets converge to a line
of condensed cellular tissue attached to the inner surface of the tunica
albuginea, and forming the corpus highmorianum : in passing through this
substance the tubuli unite and form the ' rete testis :' the vasa efFerentia
are continued from the upper extremity of the rete testis, and diverge as
they pass into the globus major of the epididymis : their course is at first
straight (' vasa recta'), then gradually wavy, and convoluted ; the body so
formed (conus vasculosus) enlarging as it recedes from the testis : a few
only of the vasa effierentia are here injected.

2578 A. A Human testicle, with the tubuli testis, epididymis and vas deferens
injected with mercury, and in which all the vasa efFerentia have been
filled. Presented by Sir William Blizard, F.R.S.

2578 B. A Human testis, with the vas deferens, epididymis, vasa efFerentia, and
a small portion of the rete and the secerning tubular apparatus of the
testis injected with mercury. " This testicle was injected by Dr. William
Hunter, in the year 17^2, in the presence of Mr. Galhie of Spital-square,
and is mentioned in Dr. Hunter's Medical Commentaries. It was given
by Mr. Galhie to Dr. Langmore." Note accompanying the preparation.

Presented by Dr. William Langmore.

105

The passage in the Medical Commentaries relating to the above speci-
men is as follows :

" About the beginning of November, 1752, in presence of Mr. Galhie,
and some others, I injected the vas deferens in the Human body with
mercury, and by that method filled the whole epididymis, and the tubes
that come out from the body of the testis to form it : and observed, in
this operation, that the mercury continued to run, and the body of the
testis to become gradually more turgid and heavy, for some time after
the external parts were completely filled. I showed this preparation next
night at my public lecture, said that I believed we should find the internal
tubuli likewise filled, but that I would not venture to open it, till I had
got another, lest I should spoil what was already a valuable preparation,
and desired my brother to lose no opportunity of making the trial.

" In some such time as a week or a fortnight after this first public
demonstration, my brother made the trial and succeeded. He showed me
the testis opened, and the tubular internal substance very generally filled
with mercury." (As, for example, in No. 2578.). " This preparation, which
I still preserve, I showed at my public lecture, that very evening, with
marks of being pleased with the discovery. In my next course of lec-
tures, viz. Feb., &c., 1753, and in every course since that time, I have
shown the same, and some other preparations of the same kind ; and
always gave the history of the discovery, to avoid taking that share of
it from my brother which belonged to him.

" Mr. Galhie, of Spital Square, Surgeon, the gentleman above men-
tioned, in the account he gives me under his hand, says :

" ' Having made no memorandum of the testis in which your brother
had filled the internal tubes with mercury, I cannot be positive as to the
precise time it appeared at lectures ; I remember, indeed, that the pre-
paration was made within a few weeks after you had injected the first
testis ; and, as it was shown to the pupils the same evening it was
finished, it must, without doubt, have been publicly demonstrated some-
time in the Autumn Course, 1752.

" ' Spital Square, Nov. 24, 1758. R. Galhie.' "

Dr. Wm. Hunter's Medical Commentaries, Pt. I. p. 1., 1762.
p

106

From the preceding account it is probable that Dr. WiUiam Hunter
having obtained a perfectly injected testicle from his brother John, no
longer scrupled to open the one he had himself attempted to inject; and
finding that he had failed to demonstrate the structure which his
brother had succeeded in displaying, he gave away his imperfect spe-
cimen to his zealous pupil Mr. Galhie. The present specimen, and
No. 2578, may therefore be regarded as types of the respective shares
which the two Hunters had in demonstrating by mercurial injections
the tubular structure of the Human testicle.

2578 c. A Human testicle, with the rete testis and epididymis injected with
mercury : the modifications of the vasa elFerentia to which the terms
' vasa recta' and ' coni vasculosi ' are applied in Human Anatomy, are
well displayed in this preparation.

Presented by Sir TVilliam Blizard, F.R.S.

2579. A Human testicle, with the epididymis and vasa efferentia, injected with
mercury ; the latter have been separated so as to display the globus
major: the blood vessels of the chord have been filled with red injection.

579 A. A Human testicle and spermatic chord, with the veins of the chord,
forming the plexus pampiniformis, injected with mercury.

Presented by Sir TVilliam Blizard, F.R.S.

2580. The terminations of the vasa deferentia, and the glands called ' vesiculae
seminales', of the Human subject; a longitudinal section has been made
of each vesicula, showing the cavities of the different lobes or ramifi-
cations of that gland : the dilated termination of one of the vasa defe-
rentia is similarly exposed, and the increase of the surface of the se-
cerning membrane is shown ; the communication of the vas deferens
with the duct of the vesicula seminalis is clearly displayed, and the small
size of the common canal, as compared with either of its constituents,
may be observed.

58 J. The terminations of the vasa deferentia, prostate gland, and vesiculse
seminales of the human subject attached to the posterior part of the
bladder, injected with mercury, dried and preserved in oil of turpentine.

107

2582. The urinary bladder, terminations of the vasa deferentia, vesiculae semi-
nales, and prostate of a Man, in whom the right testicle had been extir-
pated; there is but little difference perceptible in the size of the vas de-
ferens, but the right vesicula is rather smaller than the left ; a small
portion of its parietes has been removed to show the patent state of its
component caeca.

2583. The corresponding parts of a Man in whom the left testis had been extir-
pated. The vas deferens of that side may be seen extending from an
amorphous body, to which it had adhered after the operation, and gra-
dually increasing in size as it approaches the neck of the vesicula semi-
nalis : a portion of its parietes has been removed to show the cavity of
the duct still patent at this part, and the terminal glandular part of the
duct below has been preserved, probably distended with its own secretion:
it is of an equal size to the corresponding part of the vas deferens on
the opposite side, but becomes much smaller immediately- before it
joins the duct of the vesicula. There is here scarcely any difference per-
ceptible in the size of the vesiculae.

2583 A. The corresponding parts of a Man in whom the part of the prostate
which lies between the united ducts of the testes and vesiculae seminales-
and the neck of the bladder, and which has been called the third lobe of
the prostate, exhibits a slight morbid abnormal increase of size: the vesi-
culae seminales, by which the specimen is in part suspended, have been
reflected forward to show this enlarged lobe. (See the figure of this Pre-
paration, Philos. Trans. 1806, PI. III. p. 204, where it is described as
the natural structure of the gland.)

Presented by Sir Everard Hojiie, Bart.

2584. The bladder, penis, and accessory glandular organs of generation of a Man.
The termination of the right vas deferens, and the corresponding vesi-
cular gland are laid open longitudinally : a section is removed from the
anterior part of the urinary bladder and prostatic part of the urethra,
showing in the former the orifices of the ureters, through which bristles
protrude, and in the latter the longitudinal eminence, or verumontanum,
upon which the united ducts of the testes and vesiculae terminate : a bristle

108

is passed from the vas deferens through the orifice on the left side. The
whole of the urethral canal is laid open from below, and a bristle is in-
serted into the orifice of one of the follicles which open into its upper
part, showing the direction of the orifice. The structure of the bulb of
the urethra is displayed by a longitudinal section. Cowper's glands are
not preserved. The right division of the corpus cavernosum is laid open
by a longitudinal section, and a great part of the erectile tissue removed
to show the vertical ligamentous partition which separates it from the
opposite division ; many of the ligamentous fibres which traverse ver-
tically the vascular tissue are also shown. The prepuce and integuments
of the penis have been removed, with the exception of the smooth covering
of the glans.

2585. The prostate gland and prostatic part of the urethra laid open to show the

verumontanum, and the terminal orifices of the ducts of the testes and
vasa deferentia, in which portions of bristles are placed.

2586. A section of the penis with the urethra laid open to show the terminations
of the ducts of Cowper's glands.

2587. The termination of the penis, minutely injected, of a Man in whom cir-
cumcision or the removal of the prepuce has been performed, showing
the slightly vascular, thickened, rugous and papillose condition of the in-
tegument covering the denuded glans. The urethra is laid open, showing
the depression at its commencement called the navicular sinus.

2587 A. The corpora cavernosa penis injected, dried, and preserved in oil of
turpentine ; to show the arterise dorsales penis.

Presented by Sir PPl,lliam Blizard, F.R.S.

2587 B. The corresponding parts similarly prepared, but having longitudinal
sections removed to show the arteriae corporis cavernosi, and their larger
ramifications. , Presented by Sir William Blizard, F.B..S.

2587 c. A human penis, with the glans and vena dorsalis penis, injected with
mercury, dried and preserved in oil of turpentine.

Presented by Sir William Blizard, F.R.S.

109

2588. The penis of a Child, in which one of the arteriae dorsales is injected with
size and vermihon, and the veins with mercury. The superficies of the
corpus spongiosum urethrae and glans penis seems to consist wholly of
a plexus of minute and slightly tortuous veins.

2588 A. The anterior part of a human penis, in which all the vessels are injected
with mercury ; the plexus of veins composing the glans penis is beau-
tifully displayed. Presented by TVUliam Lawrence, Esq., F.R.S.

2588 B. A human penis, injected, and dissected to show the external forms of
the corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum, and glans.

Presented by Sir IVilliam Blizard, F.R.S.

2589. The penis of a Negro, injected, with the prepvice reflected from the glans
to show the rete mucosum and cuticle covering that body.

2590. The penis injected, with the scrotum and pubic integuments of a Negro.

2591. The penis injected, and scrotum of a Negro.

The two latter preparations are from a race characterized by the large
size of the intromittent organ.

Series VII. Female Organs.

Subseries I. — In Plants.

2592. The female flower of a Cucumber {Cucumis sativus, Linn.), in which a
portion of the corolla has been removed to display the trifid style, and
the three bilobed stigmata; the cavity of the ovarium is also exposed.

2593. The termination of a twig of a female Cliffortia cuneata, with several
flowers ; these are chiefly remarkable for their long and pilose stigma.

2594. A larger branch of Cliffortia cuneata, with several female flowers.

2595. A portion of a branch of the Chestnut {Castanea vesca, Gsert.), with se-
veral male and female flowers ; the former are described in No. 22/9 ;
the latter are here seen to be sessile, and placed at the base of the cat-
kins ; having a calyx with five sepals, which are echinate, or support
spinous processes, and protect three gerraens, with penicillate stigmata.

no

2595 A. A portion of a branch of the female Misletoe {Viscum album. Linn.)
with several flowers ; these are placed at the angle of the divergence of
the leaves ; the corolla is free, and presents four divisions or petals; the
stigma is sessile and obtuse ; the ovarium is adnate to the calyx.

Presented by Capt. Sir Everard Home, Bart., R.N.
2595 B. The termination of a branch of the female Rock-pine {P'lnus rupestris),
with two cones or aggregates of female flowers.

Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart.

2. In Entozoa.

2596. A female Round-worm (^Ascaris lumbricoides, Linn.), with the integu-
ments removed from the dorsal parietes of the abdominal cavity and the
female organs displaced and unravelled. The ovaria consist of two sim-
ple csecal tubes, analogous in structure to the single testis of the male
(No. 2324) ; each of these tubes commence by blind capillary extremities
which are almost too minute to be discerned with the naked eye : these
very gradually acquire an increased diameter during a convoluted course
which exceeds the length of the entire worm about four times, and then
they again diminish in size before being continued into a more suddenly
dilated part of the tube, which is regarded as the uterus ; this dilated por-
tion equals the length of the entire worm, and in it the ova of this vivi-
parous Entozoon are hatched. The uteri, or cornua uteri, unite together
about one-third of an inch from the vulva, which is situated at the junc-
tion of the anterior and middle thirds of the body. A portion of bristle
is placed behind the slightly tortuous vagina. The straight intestine is
preserved in situ.

2597- An Ascaris lumbricoides, with part of the parietes of the abdomen re-
moved and the two uteri displaced and unravelled ; portions of hristle
are inserted into the mouth and anus.

2598. An Ascaris lumbricoides, with part of the parietes of the abdomen re-
moved, and the convolutions of the ovarian and uterine tubes displayed
in situ.

2599. The ovarian and uterine tubes of an Ascaris lumbricoides removed from
the body, and exhibiting their natural convoluted disposition.

Ill

2600. The female organs of an Ascaris lumbricoides , exhibiting an interesting
variety of structure in having three equally developed uterine and ova-
rian tubes continued from a single vagina : the third or superadded tube
communicates with the vagina about half an inch before its bifurcation
into the ordinary uteri.

2600 A. A species of Filaria, with the abdominal cavity laid open and the ovarian
and uterine tubes displaced and unravelled : the ovaria, as in the Ascaris,
are of extreme tenuity at their commencement, but enlarge more quickly,
and are of much less extent, not exceeding an eighth part of the length
of the entire worm; they are defined, as in the Ascaris, by the attenuated
portion of the canal which intervenes between them and the uteri ; this
portion, which may be compared to the oviduct or Fallopian tube, is here
short and tortuous, and the diminution of size is well marked : the uterus
begins quickly to enlarge, and is continued of uniform diameter, equalling
in length the entire worm to near the anterior extremity of the body,
where it unites with its fellow, and a short vagina leads to the vulval
aperture, about three lines behind the njouth. The minute tube which runs
parallel with the body is the alimentary canal. Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2600 B. A large Filaria, taken from the abdominal cavity of the Rhea or Ame-
rican Ostrich. The vulva is here situated close to the mouth, from which
the vagina is continued for about an inch before dividing into the two
uteri : these are continued from one extremity of the body to the other,
and are then reflected forwards, surrounding the intestine with a few
convolutions in different parts of their course. The capillary commence-
ment of one of the ovaria is shown, the other is attached near the mouth ;
and the amber-coloured stomach has been divided and reflected upwards
to bring this attachment into view.

Prepared by Mr. Oiven.

2600 c. A female Intestinal worm [Gnathostoma spinigerum, Owen), taken
from the stomach of a Tiger. The abdominal cavity is laid open, and
the female organs are displaced and unravelled. The vulva is situated at
the junction of the middle and posterior thirds of the body ; the vagina
is wide at its commencement near the vulva, then becomes narrower,

112

and lastly, again enlarges where it joins the uterine tubes; the dilated
portions of these tubes are about five lines in length ; beyond this part
they diminish, and are continued, of capillary tenuity, to a length ex-
ceeding that of the body of the worm by thirty times ; these remark-
ably developed ovarian canals are naturally disposed in masses of elon-
gated coils by the side of the intestine. At the commencement of the
alimentary canal may be observed some of the salivary caeca, which pe-
culiarly characterize this genus of Entozoa.

Prepared hy Mr. Owen.

2600 D. A worm from the lungs of aPorpesse, {Strongylus inJIexus,'R\jDO\.vm),
with the abdominal cavity laid open and the female organs displayed m situ.
These differ remarkably from the corresponding organs in the genera
Ascaris, Fitaria, and Gnathostoma, in their relatively small extent and un-
convoluted disposition. The ovarian tubes commence about the middle
of the body, and run backwards for about the extent of an inch ; then
they suddenly become attenuated, and the short capillary duct is twisted
upon itself and opens into the commencement of a wide uterine canal.
The uteri in the anterior two-thirds of their course present a beaded
structure, and are afterwards continued of uniform diameter to the anal
extremity of the body ; the young are developed in the uterine tubes.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2600 E. The female organs of a Strongylus {Strongylus Gigas, Rud.). In this
species the generative tube is single. The convolutions of the ovarian
portion have been unravelled, and it may be observed to be here
and there partially distended with masses of ova ; the uterine portion
commences by a sudden dilatation, but is not separated from the ovarian
tube by a constricted canal ; it pursues a straight course of nearly four
inches towards the anterior part of the body, and ends, as abruptly as it
began, in the vaginal canal, which performs a slight convolution as it
passes forwards to the vulva.

A portion of the integument and of the intestinal canal is preserved
with the termination of the female organs.

Prepared by Mr. Owe?!.

113

3. In Insects.

2601. An unimpregnated female Silk-Moth, {Bombyx Mori, Fabr.). It differs
from the male in having the teeth of the pectinated antennae shorter, and
the abdomen more rounded at the anal termination. The following is
Mr. Hunter's description of the parts of generation.

« Of the Female.

" The female is larger in the belly than the male, but I believe this is
owing to the vast number of eggs in the belly.

" Of the External Parts.

" The external parts, which includes the anus, is projected very much
beyond the body of the animal, (more especially before she has had the
male), which forms a rounded termination on each side of the opening,
making a slit between, which is upwards and downwards,' (or vertical)
' on which there are a great many small hairs. Under the anus is a thin
horny scale of some length, from side to side, concave on the upper sur-
face, as it were, half surrounding the lower surface of the anus.

" Of the Internal Parts of Generation.

" The internal parts of generation consist, first, of eight oviducts, four
on each side. These tubes are very small at their beginnings ; so small
as to seem to be united or arise from one part. As they pass from this
union or origin, they become larger and larger, four going down on each
side of the belly ; each four at last unite into one tube near the anus,
forming two ducts.

" These two tubes, formed by the union of the four tubes on each side,
unite into one, which is continued to the termination of the tail, or what
may be called anus, where it can be projected a little, forming two rounded
lips which can be protruded : this is the common oviduct, or in appearance
what might be called vagina.

" These eight oviducts are filled with eggs from one end to the other,
which gradually become smaller towards the beginnings of the tubes, as

114

the tubes themselves become smaller ; but at the time of laying they are
all pretty well formed.

" Before this common tube, or what might be called vagina, lies a bag
very much in shape like the bladder of urine in the quadrupeds, viz. of a
pyramidal figure, which is fixed by its apex to the horny substance at the
anus (mentioned in the description of the external parts), and opens ex-
ternally. Near to the apex of this bag passes a very small duct which
enters the common oviduct or vagina. Just above the oviduct^ or between
it and the rectum, is another bag, which is smaller, and of an irregular
shape, terminating in a small end ; its duct enters the oviduct, but not by
a lateral communication as in the former.

" When these bags are examined before copulation, they are found
perfectly empty, and when copulation has taken place they are found
full of a semitransparent whitish mucus. Behind this, and on the side
of these parts, are two long bags or canals, which at their extremities
become small at once, and from thence goes out a small duct which
divides into several. These smaller ones are coiled up on the lateral
part of the above-described parts and anus. They would appear to unite
just behind the former, and they open into the oviduct at the union of
all these parts. This is filled, before copulation, with a transparent mucus.
I am apt to suspect that the use of this last-described mucus is to give
the sticking coat to the egg.

" The bag, or enlargement of the rectum, and the anus, lie above these
described parts, and the opening of the anus is, I believe, in common with
the oviduct," Hunter'ian Manuscript Catalogue.

2602. A female Silk-Moth, with the dorsal integuments of the abdomen re-

moved, and the intestine and rectal dilatation turned down to show the
parts of generation. The quadrifid ovarium is turned out entire on the
right side : that on the left side has been removed, the better to display
the large, sub-globular seminal reservoir, the accessory glandular sac, and
the nidamental glands.

2603. A female Silk-moth, with the ventral parietes of the abdomen removed,

giving an opposite view of the parts of generation, which are turned

115

down. The ovarian tubes and oviducts are empty, the eggs having been
excluded.

2604. A female Silk-moth, with the dorsal parietes of the abdomen removed, and
the intestine and rectal sac turned down, to show the seminal reservoir*,
accessory csecal gland, and oviducts. The ovaria have been removed.

* Mr. Hunter makes the following observations relating to this bladder or reservoir in the Silk-
worm, in his paper on Bees.

" Insects, respecting the males, are of two kinds : one when the male lives through the winter as
well as the female ; and the other, when every male of that species dies before the winter comes on ;
among which may be considered as a third, those where both male and female die the same year. Of
the first I shall only give the common Fly as an instance ; of the second I shall just mention all of the
Bee-tribe ; and the third may be illustrated in the Silk-worm moth. The mode of impregnation in
the first is its being continued uninterruptedly through the whole period of laying eggs ; while in the
second the copulation is in store ; and in the third the female lays up by the copulation a store of
semen, although the male is alive. Of this I shall now give an explanation in the Silk-moth, which
may be applied to the Bee, and many other insects.

" In dissecting the female parts in the Silk-moth, I discovered a bag lying on what may be called
the vagina, or common oviduct, whose mouth or opening was external, but it had a canal of commu-
nication between it and the common oviduct. In dissecting these parts before copulation 1 found this
bag empty, and when I dissected them after, I found it full. Suspecting this to contain the semen of
the male, I immediately conceived the following experiment : I opened the female as soon as the male
had united to her, and found the penis in the opening of this bag, and by opening the duct where the
penis lay, I observed the semen lying on the end of the penis. In another I observed the bag to fill in
the time of copulation ; and in a pair that died in the act I found the penis in this passage.

" When we consider the impregnation of the egg in the Silk- worm, we may observe the following
circumstances :

" First, many of the ova are completely formed, and covered with a hard shell before copulation ;
secondly, the animals are a vast while in the act of copulation ; and thirdly, the bags at the anus are
filled during the time of copulation. From the first observation it appears that the egg can receive
the male influence through the hard or homy part of the shell. To know how far the whole or only
a part of the eggs were impregnated by each copulation I made the following experiments. I took a
female just emerged out of her cell, and put a male to her, and allowed them to be connected their
full time. They were in copulation ten hours. I then put her into a box by herself, and when she
laid her eggs, I numbered the different parcels as she laid them, viz. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ; these eggs I pre-
served, and in the summer following I perceived that the No. 5 was as prolific as the No. 1 ; so that
this one copulation was capable of impregnating the whole brood ; and therefore the male influence
must go either along the oviduct its whole length, and impregnate the incomplete eggs as well as
the coriiplete, which appears to me not likely, or those not yet formed were impregnated from th
reservoir in the act of laying ; for I conceived that these bags, by containing semen, had a power of

a 2

116

2605, A female Silk-moth, with the dorsal parietes of the abdomen removed, and
the intestine turned down, together with the two nidamental secerning
tubuli and oblong reservoirs.

2606. A species of Reduvius, Fabr., with the ventral parietes of the abdomen
removed to expose the female organs.

2607- A Pentatonia, Oliv., with the ventral parietes of the abdomen removed
to expose the female organs, and the large ova in different stages of de-
velopment.

2608. A species of Scutellera, Lath., with the cavity of the abdomen similarly
exposed, and the multifid ovaria turned down.

impregnating the egg as it passed along to the anus, just as it traversed the mouth of the duct of
communication.

" Finding that eggs completely formed could be impregnated by the semen, and also finding that
the before-mentioned bag was a reservoir for the semen till vv^anted, I wished next to discover if they
could be impregnated from the semen of this bag ; but as this must be done without the act of copu-
lation, I conceived it proper first to see whether the ova of insects might be impregnated without the
natural act of copulation, by applying the male semen over the ova, just as they were laid. The fol-
lowing experiments were made on the Silk Moth.

" Experiment 1. — I took a female moth as soon as she escaped from her pod and kept her carefully
by herself upon a clean card till she began to lay. Then I took males that were ready for copulation,
opened them, exposing their seminal ducts, and after cutting into these, collected their semen with
a hair pencil : with this semen I covered the ova as soon as they passed out of the vagina. The card
with these eggs, having a written account of the experiment upon it, I kept in a box by itself. In
the ensuing season eight of the ova hatched at the same time with others naturally impregnated.
Thus then I ascertained that the eggs could be impregnated by art after they were laid.

" The ova laid by females that had not been impregnated did not stick where they were laid ; so
that the semen would appear not only to impregnate the ova, but also to be the means of attaching
them.

" To know whether that bag in the female silk moth, which increased at the time of copulation,
was filled with the semen of the male, I made the following experiment :

" Experiment II. — I took a female moth as soon as she had escaped from the pod, and kept her
on a card till she began to lay. I then took females that were fully impregnated before they began to
lay, and dissected out that bag which I supposed to be the receptacle for the male semen ; and wetting
a cameL-hair pencil with this matter, covered the ova as soon as they passed out of the vagina. These
ova were laid carefully on the clean card, and kept till the ensuing season, when they all hatched at
the same time with those naturally impregnated.

" This proves that this bag is the receptacle for the semen and gradually decreases as the eggs are
laid."— Phil. Trans. 1792, p. 175.

117

2609. A specimen of the unprolific female, or labourer, of the Hive-bee {Apis
meU'iJica, Linn.). The energies of this modified sex of the bee, not being
exhausted in the development of ova, are equal to the laborious opera-
tions on which the well-being of the hive depends, and the activity of the
secretary function, especially of the parts in the neighbourhood of the
abdomen, is vicariously expended in the elaboration of wax ; some scales
of which may be observed attached to the under surface of the body in
the present specimen.

2610. Two labourers, with the ventral parietes of the abdomen removed to show
the rudimental condition of the parts of generation.

Mr. Hunter's description of the external characteristics of the Queen-
bee and Labourer is given at p. 35 of the present volume ; his account of
the female organs of the prolific or Queen-bee is as follows :

" Of the Female Parts.

' I may here observe that insects differ from most of the classes of
animals above them in having their eggs formed in those ducts along
which they pass, not in a cluster on the back, as in some fish (for in-
stance all of the Ray kind, or what are called the Amphibianantes), in the
bird, and as is supposed in the quadruped ; from thence the eggs are taken
up, and by the ducts are carried along to their places of destination.

" Of the Oviducts.

" The female of the common bee, similar to all the females of the bee
tribe, has several oviducts on each side, beginning by very small and
almost imperceptible threads, as high as the chest ; they then form one
cord coiled up, or pass very serpentine, and become larger and larger as
they approach the anus, owing to the gradual increased size of the eggs
in them, which are now more distinct, and give the duct a sort of in-
terrupted appearance towards the lower end. The ducts when full of
eggs make a kind of quadrangle, then all unite into one duct which
enters the duct common to it and the oviducts of the other side. The
ducts common to the oviducts on each side are extremely tender, so
much so that it is difficult to save them. The duct common to those

118

on both sides may be called the vagina, and it is continued to the anus
or termination of the belly."

Observations on Bees, Phil. Trans. 1792, p. 173.

2611. A Queen- bee, with the dorsal parietes of the abdomen removed to expose
the parts of generation. The ovaria, which are full of eggs, form the
two large whitish bodies at the anterior part of the abdominal cavity.
The single oviduct from each may be observed converging to terminate
in the vagina, which is here concealed by the spherical receptacle for the
semen ; the two small cgecal glands which open into this receptacle are
distinctly shown : the poison-bladder, connected with the apparatus of
the sting, is turned down.

2612. The female organs of the Queen-bee, removed from the body, dissected
and displayed on a tablet of ebony ; of this preparation little more than
the poison-apparatus now remains,

2613. A Queen-bee, with the vagina and oviducts displayed.

2614. A similar preparation.

2615. A prolific female Humble-bee {Bombus terrestris, Latr.), with the ven-
tral parietes of the abdomen removed, and the two ovaria reflected
downwards with the intestine. The development of the ova is just
commencing. Mr. Hunter's description of these parts is as follows :

" {^Humble Bee.) Female Parts.
" The female parts consist of a vagina or common oviduct which di-
vides into two ; each of which again divides into four, in which four the
eggs are formed and lie till protruded. The vagina or oviduct opens or
begins externally under the last scale of the belly, immediately between
it and the sting ; this opening is pretty large, and has a brownish edge ;
from this the vagina passes up on the inside of the belly, is pretty large,
and at the upper end of it divides into two ducts, each, of which is
smaller than the common duct. These two soon subdivide into four,
which make a swell at this part ; these are attached together, forming a
* bundle, and as this bundle passes up it becomes smaller and smaller.
The two bundles get on each side of the stomach and terminate above in

119

a small point about the great artery, as that artery bends to the back.
This which I have called termination is properly the beginning of the
oviducts. It is in these last canals the eggs are formed ; probably the
part which answers to the yolk in the eggs of birds is formed higher up,
where the oviducts appear to begin ; and as they form they descend in
regular succession, and as they descend they increase in size from ac-
quiring additional matter, and when got to the lower part they are then
ready for protrusion, each through its oviduct into the common one."

Hunterian Manuscript Catalogue.

2616. A similar specimen of the female Humble-bee, with the ova, further ad-
vanced : the four ovarian tubes, and the short single oviduct on each side
are here distinctly observable.

2617. A similar specimen, dissected to show the capillary commencement of the
ovaria at the anterior part of the abdomen.

2618. A female Humble-bee, dissected to show the parts of generation.

2619. A similar preparation.

2620. A Carpenter-bee {Xylocopa violacea, Latr.), with the ventral parietes of
the abdomen removed to display the female organs, which exhibit their
inactive or quiescent state. The oviducts are relatively longer, and the
vagina wider than in the Hive-bee.

2621. A Carpenter-bee {Xylocopa latipes, Latr.), with the dorsal parietes of the
abdomen removed to display the generative organs.

2622. A fine specimen of Xylocopa Brazilianorum, Latr., dissected to show the
female generative organs.

2623. A female Xylocopa, with the sting protruded.

2624. Two specimens of Horned-Bee {Osmia bicornis, Latr.). The horn-like
processes on the head are peculiar to the female.

2625. A Leaf-bee {Megachile centuncularis, Latr.), with the ventral parietes of
the abdomen removed to display the female organs.

The species of Xylocopa and Megachile are solitary bees, and have no
neuters or sterile females. In the genus Megachile the male serves for

120

fecundation only, the business of nidification and providing for the larvae
being performed by the female. i

2626. An unprolific and a prolific female, or Worker and Queen of the common
Wasp, {Vespa vulgaris, Fabr.).

2627- A prolific female Wasp, with the ventral parietes of the abdomen and the
intestinal canal removed, and the ovaria reflected downwards : they exhibit
the quiescent and unimpregnated state.

2628. A similar specimen, with the ova beginning to be developed.

2629. A Wasp, dissected to show the generative organs.

2630. Two female specimens of exotic species of Wasp, undissected : in the
lower one the sting is protruded.

263 J. A female specimen of an exotic species of Wasp, undissected, with the
sting protruded.

2632. The female of an exotic species of Hornet, {Vespn), with the dorsal
parietes of the abdomen removed, and the ovarium of the right side
reflected downwards ; the oviduct of the opposite ovarium, and the
vagina, are also displayed.

2633. A Hornet {Vespa Crabro, Fabr.), with the ventral parietes of the abdo-
men removed, and the alimentary canal and female organs in the quiescent
state displayed.

2634. A female Hornet, with the dorsal parietes of the abdomen removed, and
the generative organs reflected downwards : the ovarian tubes, which
are six in number, are distended with ova, in which the vitelline matter
has begun to accumulate around the germinal vesicle. One of the ovaries,
with the oviducts of another insect, are displayed on the same piece of card.

2635. A Hornet, with the ventral parietes of the abdomen, and intestine, removed
to show the female organs.

2636. The generative organs of a large species of Hornet.

2637- A Hornet {Vespoi) with the abdomen laid open, and the two capillary
caecal tubes which constitute the poison-glands, and their vesicula are

121

dissected out and reflected downwards. (See the description of the
Poison apparatus of the Humble Bee, No. 2159.).

2638. A female of the Vespa cincta, Fabr., with the sting protruded.

2639. The female of a species of Sphex.

2640. Two females of a species of Sphex.

2641. A female Cock-chaffer {Melolontha vulgaris, Fabr.), with the dorsal
parietes of the abdomen and the alimentary canal removed to expose the
parts of generation.

The ovaria consist, on each side, of a packet of six simple elongated
tubes, (they may here be distinguished by their brownish-yellow colour);
the slender ligaments which naturally converge from their anterior extre-
mities to attach them to the dorsal parietes of the thorax have been re-
moved: the ovaria converge at their opposite, or posterior extremities,
and send off at an acute angle from the point of union a single oviduct ;
this unites with its fellow of the opposite side, and the common duct pro-
ceeds, in a sigiuoid course, to the vagina. At the point of junction of the
two sliort and wide oviducts two caecal tubes (seminal reservoirs) are con-
tinued from the vagina ; the anterior one is long and narrow, the posterior
one is wide, and bent upon itself ; both reservoirs contain an opake white
substance. On each side of the vagina, near its termination, may be
seen a short blind sac, filled with a brownish secretion ; those are the
odoriferous or attractive follicles.

2642. A female Cock-chaffer, dissected to give an opposite view of the parts of
generation.

2643. A Chaffer {Melolontha solstitialis, Fabr.), dissected to show the genera-
tive organs : bristles are passed through the cloaca into the anus and
vulva,

2644. A Dung-chaffer {Geotrupes stercorarius, Fabr.), similarly prepared.

2645. A Dung-chaffer, with the ventral parietes of the abdomen removed^ and
the vagina and vulva reflected downwards.

646. A female Stag-beetle (Z/McawM* Cervw^, Linn.), with the dorsal parietes of
the abdomen removed, and the ovaria exposed in situ : these consist on

R

122

each side of twelve caecal tubes, with dilated Wind extremities. The ovi-
duct from each racemose ovary is short and wide.

2646 A. A Buprestis [Buprestis superba, Hope), with the ventral parietes of the
body removed to expose the parts of generation. The ovaria consist on
each side of a cluster of short and wide tubes. The oviducts are reflected
forwards from the point of convergence of the ovaria, and are bent back-
wards at their extremities to open together into the vagina. Two small
accessory sacculi are situated behind the vagina.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2646 B. A Cetonia {Cetonia chmensis, Fabr.), with the ventral parietes of the
abdomen removed, and the female organs displayed m situ. The ovaria
consist each of six moderately short and wide caeca, dilated into three or
four sacculi. The oviducts are short and wide ; the common canal grows
narrower to the cloaca ; the seminal reservoir is exposed on the right
side. The vulval apparatus is very large and extensible, covered with
short scattered hairs, and strengthened on the upper and lateral surfaces
by four thin, horny plates. Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2646 c. A female Beetle (^Dynastis Gideon, Macl.), with the dorsal parietes of
the abdomen removed to show the large seminal reservoir.

Prepared by Mr. Oiven.

4. In Arachnidans.

2647- A Scorpion {Buthus Africanus, Leach), with the parietes of the abdomen
removed, so as to show the right lateral series of ovaria and oviducts.
The ovaria are tubular, as in insects ; each ovarian tube commences by a
blind extremity, and becomes narrower at the opposite termination, where
it communicates with a suddenly dilated glandular body, from which a
very short capillary canal leads into the receptacular or uterine portion of
the oviduct, in which a single embryo is developed. These incubating
pouches, in the present unimpregnated state, gradually contract as they
approach the common eflerent canal, to which they are placed at right
angles, and with which they communicate at pretty regular distances.

123

2648. A Scorpion, dissected to show a portion of the female generative apparatus
at an earher stage of development than in the preceding preparation.

2648 A. A Bird-spider {Mygale fasciata, Latr.), with the ventral parietes of
the abdomen removed to show the two simple sacciform ovaria filled
with ova, far advanced in their development. Each ovary has a separate
short and wide oviduct, and a separate vulval outlet. The terminal joint
of the palpi, which in the male (No. 2364.) is dilated and made the seat
of a peculiar organ of sexual excitement, in the female is armed with a
small curved and sharp-pointed horny claw.

Prepared by Mr. Langstaff\

5. In Crustaceans.

2649. A female Isopodous Crustacean {^ga emarginata, Leach), exhibiting the
ovarian lamellar appendages attached to the intermediate pairs of legs.

2650. A Craw-fish {Astacus fluv'iatUis, Leach), exhibiting the two distinct vulvar
apertures pierced in the coxal joints of the third pair of legs ; bristles are
placed in these orifices.

6. In Mollusks.

2651. A Whelk, {Bucc'inum undatum. Linn.), with the female organs displayed;
the ovary occupies, with the liver, the apex of the visceral mass, which is
lodged in the spire of the shell : the oviduct extends downwards and
forwards to the right side of the branchial cavity, where it is continued
between the rectum and the body to within a short distance of the margin
of the branchial cavity ; the parietes of the terminal moiety of the oviduct
are thick and glandular. On the inner surface of the branchial chamber,
between the rectum and the larger gill, may be observed a number of
close-set transverse laminae, the office of which is to secrete the external
and connecting envelope of the ova.

2651 A. The female organs of generation of the Pearly Nautilus {Nautilus Pom-
pilius, Linn.). The ovary in this Cephalopod is single, and is lodged in
an appropriate peritoneal sac in the posterior part of the abdominal cavity.
It is an oblong compressed body, convex towards the lateral aspect, and
on the opposite side having two surfaces sloping away from a middle

124

longitudinal elevation. Its cavity is occupied by numerous ovisacs of
dilFerent sizes, the largest of which appear to have recently discharged
their contents : they present an elongated oval figure, and are attached
by one extremity to the ovarian capsule, while the other floats freely in
the ovarian cavity, and exhibits the rent by which the ovum has escaped.
The ovisacs are smooth on their external surface, but present internally
very numerous and minute wavy folds. They are principally attached
along the line of the exterior elevated ridge, at which part the nutrient
vessels penetrate the ovary. The oviduct is single, wide, and short : it is
a continuation of the membranous external covering of the ovarium ; the
thick glandular and fibrous tunic of which presents, at the anterior ex-
tremity of the ovarium, a distinct perforation, with plicated borders, which
projects into the membranous commencement of the oviduct. At a short
distance from this part a laminated glandular structure begins to be de-
veloped in the tunics of the oviduct, and increases in thickness to the
external outlet of the canal. The eggs doubtless receive an outer cover-
ing from this gland, and a still more exterior nidamental coat, with, pro-
bably also, a connecting thread from the large laminated gland which is
here placed above the oviduct. This organ is situated, like the nidamental
laminae in the Whelk, in the branchial chamber ; it is adherent to the
mantle, and gives rise to the two round convexities observable, in the
entire animal, in the ventral aspect of the body behind the infundibulum.
It is a transversely oblong trilobed mass, composed of numerous close-set
pectinated laminae, which are about a quarter of an inch in depth, and
are disposed in three groups, forming the lobes of the gland ; the laminae
of the larger group extend transversely across the middle line of the
body, and have their free margins unprotected by a membrane ; but the
two smaller symmetrical groups have these margins covered by a thin
membrane, which is reflected over them from the anterior margin of the
glandular body ; this is analogous to the detached laminated glands
observable in the succeeding preparations.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2652. A Cuttle-fish {Sepia^ Cuv.), with the ventral parietes of the abdomen
removed to display the female organs in situ. The ovarium occupies the

125

posterior extremity of the visceral cavity ; its thin capsule has been re-
moved, and the pedujiculate ovisacs are exposed in different stages of
development. A single wide membranous oviduct is continued to the
left side, advances forwards, and is surrounded at its termination by a
series of transverse glandular laminae, which secrete the external coat of
the ova ; a bristle is passed through this portion of the oviduct : there
are, in addition, two detached lanunated nidamental glands, of which that
on the right side is preserved in the preparation, and a bristle is inserted
into its excretory outlet, which is directed forwards.

2653. The ovarium of a Cuttle-fish (^Sepia officinalis, Linn.), exhibiting the ova

in various stages of development, and many of the ovisacs empty and
collapsed, having discharged their ova. The inner surface of the ovisac
presents a reticulated disposition of the lining and secreting membrane ;
but the ova themselves are perfectly smooth.

2654. The glandular termination of the oviduct of the Cuttle-fish : it consists of
two portions, the first being of a spheroidal form, with the laminae ar-
ranged concentrically ; the second and terminal part, being of a conical
figure, occupied with a double series of semicircular laminae, arranged
transversely ; the secerning laminae are closely packed, and in contact
with each other.

2654 A. The ovary and oviduct of a Cuttle-fish. The capsule of the ovary has
been partially removed, and the numerous reticulate ovisacs are seen at-
tached in groups to a narrow space of the inner surface of the capsule,
corresponding to the place where the vessels penetrate that body. The
oviduct is immediately continued from the capsule, and is membranous
for two-thirds of its extent ; the rest is occupied by the double series of
glandular hvminae, as described in the preceding preparation. This part
is laid open longitudinally. Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2655. A Cuttle-fish, {Sepia officinalis, Linn.), with the ventral parietes of the
abdomen removed, showing a portion of the ovarium at the right side of the
fundus of the visceral sac and the left nidamental gland, in the excretory
orifice of which a white bristle is placed ; a black bristle is passed through
the anus into the duct of the ink-bag, which is lodged between the ovary

126

and nidamental gland ; a white bristle is bent across the termination of
the rectum.

2656. The nidamental glands of a Cuttle-fish. A bristle is placed in the orifice
of the right gland : some of the component glandular laminae have been
removed from the left gland. The secretion of these laminae exudes from
their interstices into the space between the two series, and escapes from
the anterior orifice, where it is applied to the ova, as they pass out of the
oviduct, and serves to give them an additional coat of albuminous sub-
stance, and to connect them together, and also to foreign bodies. A
portion of the corpus succenturiatum is seen above and between the
anterior extremities of the nidamental glands.

2657- A small Calamary {LoUgo), with the visceral cavity laid open to expose
the ovary and nidamental glands.

2657 A. A Cuttle-fish {Sepioteiithis Australis, Bl.), with the ventral parietes of
the body removed to display the female organs of generation. These
consist, as in the Sepia officinalis, of an ovary, an oviduct, and two de-
tached nidamental glands. The ovarium is very large, and of an oblong
form ; the anterior part of its capsule has been removed, to show the
reticulate ovisacs, some of which are empty, and others contain ova at
different stages of development. The oviduct is continued from the
middle of the left side of the ovary, and descends obliquely to the bottom
of the ovary, where it may be observed to be dilated by a cluster of smooth
and polished ova : at this part it is bent abruptly upon itself, and near the
anterior extremity of the ovary enters the terminal laminated gland : this
part is enlarged at its commencement, and, after suddenly contracting,
gradually diminishes to its free extremity. The nidamental glands are
longer and narrower than those of the Sepia ; they are composed of a
similar double series of close-set transverse semi-elliptical laminae, the
interstices of which communicate with a longitudinal fissure, in which the
glutinous secretion is moulded into the thread-like form adapted to con-
nect the ova together as they escape from the true oviduct.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2657 B. An Argonaut, {Argonauta rufa, Owen) with the ventral parietes of the

127

abdomen and the gills removed, to show the female organs of generation.
The ovary is lodged at the fundus of the visceral sac. Two oviducts are
continued from i%s posterior part, which are at first convoluted, and then
advance straight forwards to the base of the funnel. A white bristle is
placed in the excretory aperture of each. Prepared by Mr. Given.

2657 c. A Poulp {Octopus nidulans, Owen,) with the ventral and lateral parietes
of the abdomen and the branchise removed, to show the female organs.
The bilobed hemispherical ovarium occupies the posterior half of the
visceral cavity ; its capsule is left entire. Two oviducts are immediately
continued from the ovary, one from the antero-dorsal, flattened surface of
each lateral lobe ; after a short and tortuous course each duct is sur-
rounded by a series of short semicircular glandular laminae, which here
present a dark colour ; the ducts are then continued, of somewhat in-
creased size, in a tortuous course, to the base of the infundibulum, where
they open on each side of the rectum : black bristles are inserted into
these openings, and a white one into the anus.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2657 D. The female organs of generation of the Sagittated Calamary {Loligo
sagittata, Cuv.). The ovary, which here exhibits the quiescent state, is
narrow and long ; the ovisacs are developed from and attached by the
blood-vessels to the external capsule. The ovarian artery enters the
anterior extremity, and extends straight down to the bottom of the ova-
rian sac ; it is surrounded by condensed cellular tissue at its entry into
the ovarian sac, to which it is connected, for the extent of an inch, by a
duplicature of the lining membrane of the capsule ; beyond this part it is
continued loosely in the sac, to within an inch of the bottom, when it
again becomes attached. Throughout the whole of the course of this
vessel and surrounding tissue, it may be observed to send off from its
entire circumference delicate arborescent filamentary branches, the extre-
mities of which terminate in minute ovisacs. Two oviducts are continued
from the ovarian sac ; they commence, about one third of the length of
the ovary from its anterior extremity, by smooth oval apertures half a line
in breadth ; each duct is continued forwards, of the same diameter, and

128

is disposed in sixteen short transverse folds, after which it passes straight
to the terminal ovarian gkmd. External to the oviducts may be observed
the two perfectly detached nidamental glands, which are elongated and
flattened, broadest in the middle, composed of two lateral series of trans-
verse glandular lamellae, as in the Sepia, but having a relatively wider
central canal for receiving and moulding the nidamental secretion.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

It will be seen that the Hunterian specimens, Nos. 2652 — 2655, do not
afford a clear and satisfactory view of the female organs in the genus of
Cephalopod there dissected ; the male organs of the Cuttle-fish (Nos.
2371 aiid 2372) originally also formed part of the present series ; and,
from the description of No. 2655, in the Hunterfan Manuscripts, it
appears that Hunter regarded the nidamental glands as the testes, and
supposed, though with some doubt, that the sexes were united in the
Sepia. He writes, "The Cuttle-fish would seem to be a complete animal
in itself, both male and female ; but how far it is so t have not yet been able
to discover : I should suppose that it impregnates its own eggs. It has
a gland" (ovarium) " on the left side of the belly, which forms or secretes
its yolks, or the substance of the yolk ; it has a passage" (oviduct) " on
the right for the exit of these yolks when completely formed ; so that
these yolks, as it were, pass round the other viscera. It has two bodies,"
(nidamental glands) " whose outlines are oval, and very much flattened :
these are made up of thin bodies whose sides are in contact, and lie
between the gland" (ovary) " above described, and the opening for the
exit of the ova ; having their apices directed forwards, and their mouths
opening near the passage of the yolks, as if intended to impregnate them
as they pass out ; just as tlie male toad impregnates the eggs of the
female. It has no parts for receiving or being received " {i. e. no organs
of copulation).

It is now scarcely necessary to add that the dioecious condition of the
sexual apparatus in the Cephalopods, which was known to A.ristotle, is
an established and certain fact in natural history. The organs themselves
have, however, been described in only a few species. So far as is now

129

known the female parts of the Cephalopoda present five principal modifi-
cations of the structure of the efferent and nidamental apparatus.

1. In the Nautilus there is one oviduct, which traverses an elongated
gland at its extremity ; there is also a distinct nidamental laminated gland
attached to the parietes of the branchial chamber.

2. In the genera Sepia, Sepiola, Rossia, Sepioteuthis, and in some
species of Loligo, there is one oviduct, with a dilated glandular termina-
tion, and two separate nidamental glands, detached from the mantle.

3. In JLoligo sagittata and the genus Onychoteuthis, there are two
oviducts, each terminated by a laminated gland, and also two separate
nidamental glands, detached from the mantle.

4. In the genera Octopus and Eledona there are two oviducts, each of
which traverses a laminated gland ; but no separate nidamental glands.

5. In the Argonaut there are two long convoluted oviducts, with
glandular coats throughout, but without partial enlargements ; no sepa-
rate nidamental glands.

7. In Fishes.

2658. A section of a Lampern {Petromyzon fluviatilis, Linn.), with the ventral
parietes of the abdomen and the intestine removed, to show the single
ovarium in situ ; it is composed of a double membrane, serous and mu-
cous, disposed in oblique and irregular folds, within which the ovisacs
and ova are developed. The ovigerous folds are not inclosed in a
capsule, and there is no oviduct. The ova, upon their dehiscence, fall
into the abdominal cavity, and are expelled by the peritoneal outlets :
bristles are passed through these outlets, and others into the rectum and
right ureter. The kidneys are the elongated compressed bodies situated
external to the ovarium.

2659. The corresponding section of a Lamprey {Petromyzon marinus. Linn.),
displaying the elongated ovarium, with the ova in a more advanced state
of development. These ova, as in the Lampern, are not conveyed exter-
nally by an oviduct, but break through the thin covering of the ovary into
the cavity of the abdomen, and finally escape by the wide peritoneal aper-

130

tures : a bristle is passed through one of these outlets, which are situated
in the cloacal fissure between the anal and urinary openings.

2660. A section of a Conger Eel {Conger vulgaris^ Cuv.), showing the termi-
nation of the ovarium on the left side : it presents a puckered laminated
structure, as in the Lamprey, but is disposed in finer and more numerous
folds : it extends some way beyond the anus, and is without an oviduct.

2660 A. A section of the Common Eel {Anguilla aculirostris, Yarrell), showing
a portion of both ovaria ; they are attached by a duplicature of the peri-
toneum to the sides of the dorsal aspect of the abdomen, and are disposed
in numerous transverse narrow plaits.

Pi'esented by Wm. Yarrell^ Esq., F.L.S.

2661. One of the ovaria of a Salmon, {Salmo Salar, Linn.). This presents a
more compact figure than in the preceding fishes : the ova are developed
in the folds of an irregularly transversely plaited membrane ; these folds
and ova are inclosed posteriorly and laterally by a thin capsule, but are
exposed on their anterior surface, from which the ova are discharged into
the cavity of the abdomen, and are finally expelled by the peritoneal aper-
tures, as in the Lamprey.

2662. The cloaca, with the allantoid bladder and rectum of a Salmon, showing
one of the peritoneal apertures situated between the outlets of the pre-
ceding partS;, within the verge of the cloaca. The allantoid bladder is
laid open through its whole extent, showing the fine longitudinal rugae
of its lining membrane.

2663. The trunk of a Barbel {Cyprinus Bar bus, Linn.), with the anterior parietes

of the abdomen and intestine removed to show the female organs. The
laminated ovarium in this, as in most other osseous fishes, is completely
surrounded by a membranous capsule, which becomes contracted towards
the lower part of the ovarium, and is continued from thence in the form
of a duct to the cloaca, where it joins its fellow, and opens externally
behind the anus. A black bristle is inserted into the left oviduct ; a
white one into the rectum. The ovaria are beginning to take on the
state of activity.

131

2664. A Crucian Carp {Cyprinus carassius, Block), with the parietes of the
left side of the abdomen removed, to expose the left ovarium ; it may
be distinguished by the moderately developed ovisacs and ova, lodged
between the kidney and the coils of intestine.

2665. A portion of the two ovaries, with the oviducts, rectum, cloaca, and
surrounding soft parts of a Cod-fish, {Gadus Morrhua, Linn.) The cap-
sule of each ovary has been laid open, showing the membranous lami-
nae in which the ovisacs and ova are developed. A short and wide
oviduct is continued from the lower third of each ovary, and terminates
in a common single excretory canal, the orifice of which may be observed
posterior to the anus.

2666. One of the ovaria of a Whiting Pollack [Merlangus Pollachius, Cuv.),
with the posterior part of the capsule removed to display the ovigerous
laminae.

2667- One of the ovaria 'of a Goby (Gobius, Linn.)'. (?) The ovigerous sur-
face of the ovarian sac presents merely a thickened glandular or coarsely
villous character, and the laminar processes are very slightly developed
in the present condition.

2668. The left ovarium and both oviducts of a Mackarel [Scomber Scombrus,

Cuv.). The ova are in an early stage of their development ; the ovige-
rous laminae are attached to nearly the whole of the internal surface of
the ovarian sac, which is laid open ; the oviducts are very short and wide
and terminate just within the verge of the common excretory outlet : a
portion of bristle is inserted into each duct.

2669. Both ovaria of a Mackarel ; one is entire and shows the elongated sub-
compressed oval figure of the sac ; the other is laid open and exposes
the numerous and close-set short wavy oblique ovigerous laminae, with
the ovisacs and ova in a more advanced state of development. A bristle
is inserted into the oviduct.

2670. A similar preparation of the more enlarged ovaria of a Mackarel : it may
be observed that the ovarian laminae are not developed on the dorsal
surface of the terminal portion of the common sac.

s 2

132

2671. A similar preparation, showing the relative position of the oviducts and
rectum, which latter is laid open and stretched transversely with a portion
of white bristle.

2671 A. The ovaria of two specimens of the Smooth Serranus (Serranus Ca-
brii/a, Cuv.). Each of these ovaria possesses throughout the same ovi-
gerous laminated structure, exhibiting at both extremities the ova in a
cod, similar (early) stage of development.

Both Cavolini and Cuvier have observed specimens of this fish in
which one portion of each generative gland contained true ova, while
the other presented all the appearance of a perfect testis ; it is however
evident from the present specimens that this is not a constant or normal
structure, as Cavolini supposed, but that it is to be attributed to acci-
dental malformation, which occurs, but probably less frequently, in the
cod, the carp, the perch, the mackarel, and other osseous fishes.

Presented by Win. Yarrell, Esq. F.L.S.

2672. The posterior portion of the ovaria, with the allantoid bladder and cloaca

of the Pike {Esox Lucius, Linn.). Both ovaria are laid open, showing
the ova in that on the right side in a very different state of development
as compared with those in the left ovary : the ovigerous laminae occupy
a longitudinal strip on the inner side of the ovarian capsule ; they are
short, indistinctly formed, and arranged irregularly. The ova are per-
ceptible to the naked eye at the posterior extremity only of the right
ovarium. In the left ovary the ova are fully developed, excepting at the
lower boundary of the ovigerous laminae. A compact oblong body, re-
sembling the testis, is also attached to a part of the ovigerous surface ;
but this is an abnormal formation. The ovigerous laminae terminate
about two inches from the union of the oviducts ; the common excretory
canal is about half an inch in length, a bristle is passed through it ; the
urethral canal terminates behind, and the rectum in front of the gene-
rative orifice.

2673. The short-spined Cottus {Cottus Scorpius, Block.), with the ventral
parietes of the abdomen removed and the chylopoietic and generative
viscera displayed in situ. The ovarian sacs present a more compact pyri-

133

form figure than in the preceding specimens ; their apices converge to-
wards the cloaca, and a bristle is inserted into the common outlet. The
capsule of the ovary is very thin and transparent, and the ovisacs and ova
of different sizes are plainly discernible through it.

2674. The ovaria, allantoid bladder, rectum, cloaca, and surrounding parts of a
Wolf-fish {Anarrhichas Lupus, Linn.). The ovaria consist of two pyi i-
form bags adhering together by their mesial surfaces, and connected by
duplicatures of peritoneum continued from the line of adhesion, one to
the rectum in front, the other to the spine behind. The tunics of the
ovarian capsule present a very different condition to that of the Cottus,
being strengthened by a much more highly developed fibrous or muscular
layer, consisting of strong fasciculi somewhat reticulated, but chiefly dis-
posed in the longitudinal direction. The left ovary is laid open, showing
the processes of the ovigerous membrane extending irregularly from the
whole of the internal surface of the dilated part of the bag ; they termi-
nate abruptly at the commencement of the short and wide oviduct, which
unites with its fellow before opening on the external surface. The
common outlet is situated, as in other bony fishes, between the anus and
urethra : the rectum and anus are laid open ; a bristle is passed from the
urethra to the allantoid bladder.

2675. A Pipe-fish {Syngnathus Acus, Linn.), with the ventral parietes of the
abdomen removed to show the ovaria ; these present the form of two
straight cylindrical tubes, with their anterior extremities obtuse, and
attached each by a slender thread-like ligament to the abdominal parietes:
they terminate posteriorly in a short common oviduct, which opens be-
hind the anus, within a projecting bilabiate vulva. In the portion of the
tail which is preserved it will be seen that there is no trace of those two
lateral longitudinal folds of integument, observable in the male, and
within which the ova are received and protected until the completion of
embryonic development. (See No. 2376.)

267-') A. A Sand-launce {Ammodytes Lancea, Cuv.), with part of the parietes of
the abdomen removed to show the ovaria ; these are continued into each
other at their anterior extremities, and thus present the form of a single

134

cylindrical tube bent upon itself. They are again blended together pos-
teriorly, and may thus be regarded as a single ovarium, partially separated
into two lateral lobes. Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2676. A young specimen of the Antarctic Chimaera {Callorhynchus antarcticus,
Cuv.), with the dextral parietes of the abdomen and the chylopoietic
viscera removed to expose the female organs of generation. These ma-
nifest a higher type of organization than in the osseous fishes. The ova-
rium presents a relatively smaller and more compact form, and its cap-
sule is not continued into the oviduct, but forms a shut sac. The oviducts
are continued from the vulva forwards along the external margin of the
kidneys, near the anterior extremity of which they perforate the nida-
mental gland, which secretes the horny external covering of the ovum ;
they then pass outwards and wind round to the anterior part of the liver,
but their mode of termination at their anterior extremities is not shown
in the preparation.*

2677- The posterior part of the abdomen with the female organs of generation
preserved in situ, of a young Monk-fish {Squatina Angelus, Dum.).
The ovaria, in their present quiescent state, present the form of com-
pressed elongated bodies, with a smooth and even surface ; the minute
ova appearing like dark specks through the semitransparent capsule : a
moderately broad duplicature of peritoneum connects each ovarium with
the sides of the oesophagus and spine. The oviducts commence by a
single aperture attached to the middle of the anterior surface of the liver,
and, winding round the sides of that gland, converge and are continued
along the mesial edges of the kidneys to the cloaca. They present a
slight dilatation opposite the posterior extremities of the ovaria, and a
more marked expansion at their terminations, which latter have been
called the uteri, and in these the young are developed in the mature fish.
The outlets of the oviducts are situated posterior to the rectum, and in

* Cuvier describes the anterior extremity of the oviduct in the Chimara monstrosa as terminating
in an expanded opening, which is attached to the ovarium. — Lemons d'Anat. Comparee, (1805) tom. v.
p. t40.

135

the space between them is the common outlet of the ureters, through
which a bristle is passed. The right oviduct is filled with red injection ;
a black bristle is passed along the left oviduct. The termination of the
rectum with the rectal glandular caecum is preserved ; a bristle is placed
in the orifice of the caecum. At the sides of the external opening of the
cloaca may be seen the peritoneal canals, through which white bristles are
passed into the abdominal cavity.

2678. The left uterine dilatation of the oviduct of a Monk-fish, laid open to
show the oblique folds of its lining membrane : a quill is passed through
the short canal of communication between this receptacle and the cloaca :
a portion of the rectum is preserved, and the peritoneal canals are indicated
by large black bristles.

26/9. The body of a young Tope {Galeus communis, Cuv.), with the anterior
parietes of the abdomen, chylopoietic viscera, and ovaries, removed to
display the oviducts. These commence by a common aperture, situated
between the pericardium and liver, and have the same course as in the
Monk-fish. A bristle is passed some way down the left oviduct, and
portions of bristle are inserted into the terminal or posterior orifices of
both canals. The rectum is laid open, and a bristle inserted into the caecal
gland. White bristles are passed through the peritoneal canals, above
each of which there is a semilunar valvular fold, with the concavity directed
forwards.

2680. The ovaria and anterior moieties of the oviducts of a Picked Dog-fish
{Spinaw Acanthias, Cuv.). The ovisacs, which may be observed in dif-
ferent stages of development, are imbedded in a very loose cellular tissue ;
they present an elliptic figure : the whole is surrounded by a thin semi-
transparent capsule, attached by a duplicature of peritoneum to the back
of the abdomen, immediately below the liver and oesophagus. The an-
terior orifices of the oviducts are situated close together above the liver ;
their coats, which are at first thin and membranous, gradually increase in
thickness, and about four inches from the orifice become suddenly enlarged
by the addition of a laminated glandular structure ; this is, however, much
less developed in the present viviparous species than in the oviparous

136

cartilaginous fishes ; and the size of the oviduct continued from the glan-
dular part more nearly corresponds with that of the preceding part, indi-
cating that the ovum does not derive any considerable increase in size as
it traverses the gland. The left oviducal or nidamental gland is laid open,
showing it to be composed of two elliptic flattened lobes, attached by
these lateral margins.

2681. The left oviduct, rectum, and cloaca of a Picked Dog-fish, injected, and
laid open through its whole extent. The part anterior to the nidamental
gland presents on its inner surface very fine oblique folds : the glandular
part is more vascular, and is characterized by minute transverse striae ;
after this the folds assume a longitudinal disposition, and in the dilated
uterine portion they are more produced, and their free margins, which are
beautifully wavy, contain each a single vessel, following the sinuosities of
the fold, and sending off branches to the parietes of the oviduct ; the
sinuous folds gradually subside into a few simple plications at the outlet
of the oviduct. The ureters here terminate in a common excretory canal,
supported by a conical process, which projects from the interspace of the
orifices of the oviducts ; the rectum and elongated glandular caecum con-
nected therewith are also shown.

2682. The anterior portions of the two oviducts, including the nidamental glands

of a Cartilaginous Fish, showing the wide common aperture by which
the oviducts commence : the whole of the inner surface of the aperture is
beset with small compressed villi, which gradually run together into mi-
nute crenate longitudinal folds as the oviducts separate from each other.
The small size of the nidamental glands indicates the species to which
the present preparation belonged to have been ovo-viviparous, as in the
Dog-fish.

2683. The left oviduct and cloaca of a Cartilaginous Fish, injected and laid open,
showing the close-set transverse laminae of its glandular part, and the
oblique parallel folds of the lining membrane of the dilated or uterine
portion : both veins and arteries have been injected, and they present a
different arrangement to those of the preceding preparation, being dis-
tributed in minute and tortuous ramifications continued from the parietes

137

of the oviduct upon the membranous lamellae, and presenting no appear-
ance of being derived from trunks running along the free margins of the
several folds.

:2684. A portion of one of the oviducts of a Shark {Scoliodon, Muller), including
the glandular and uterine segments of the tube : the gland is small and bi-
lobed ; but the chief peculiarity of the generative apparatus in this genus
obtains in the presence of several uterine cotyledons, developed from the
internal surface of the terminal dilated cavity ; the surface of these pro-
cesses presents, at the impregnated season, the structure which is partially
exhibited in the large cotyledon on the right side of the specimen, viz.
countless folds and fissures, in which are interlocked the corresponding
folds and fissures of similar foetal cotyledons developed from the vitelline
sac of the embryo^ which is thus firmly attached to the parent, in a
manner presenting the closest analogy to the placental union of the
mammiferous foetus.

2685. A portion of the oviduct of a Shark, laid open to show the small bilobed
nidamental gland, and the dilated terminal portion, which has been
termed the uterus : the anterior part of this dilatation has its lining
membrane disposed in somewhat irregular longitudinal folds ; that of
the posterior part presents much finer oblique folds, which are so minute
and close-set as to give to the surface a villous appearance.

2686. The cloaca, with the terminations of the rectum, ureters, and oviducts
of a Shark. Along with the rectum is preserved the appended glandular
caecum, into the outlet of which a bristle is placed. Bristles are also
passed through the ureters, which open by a common orifice between
and behind the outlets of the oviducts. Of these the left is laid open,
showing its irregular rugous internal surface. A soft, obtuse, rugous
prominence is situated at the anterior part of the cloaca.

2687- A small-spotted Dog-fish {Scyllium Canicula, Cuv.), injected, and with
the ventral parietes of the abdomen removed to display the female organs
of the right side, in situ. The ovarium is of an elongated oval figure,
and extends from the liver to near the cloaca, and is attached by a du-
plicature of peritoneum to the side of the spine ; the ovisacs maybe seen

138

through the loose and thin external capsule in various stages of develop-
ment : the oviducts commence by a common longitudinal aperture situ-
ated in the middle line between the pericardium and liver ; they diverge
from this aperture and pass to the external side of the liver, where each
is inclosed by a bilobed glandular body ; beyond this body the oviduct is
continued of increased diameter to near the rectum, where it is enlarged,
and behind which it communicates with its fellow, and terminates in a
transverse semilunar plicated vulva : the urethra projects like a clitoris
from the lower part of this aperture.

2688. The left oviduct of the same specimen, laid open. The narrow mem-
branous portion anterior to the nidamental gland is disposed in small
wavy longitudinal folds ; these terminate abruptly at the commencement
of the glandular portion, which is characterized by the appearance of the
free edges of part of the close-set transverse layers of capillary caecal
tubes, which constitute the gland ; it is from the interstices of these la-
mellae that the secretion exudes to form the outer coat of the ovum. In
the remaining extent of the gland the internal margins of the secerning
laminae are covered by a smooth and thin membrane. The lining mem-
brane is disposed in longitudinal plaits at the commencement of the se-
cond portion of the oviduct, the enlarged diameter of which is in relation
to the increased size of the ovum after it has received the nidamental co-
vering. The longitudinal folds soon fall into irregular wavy plicae, and
these are continued over the larger transverse folds into which the lining
membrane of the terminal dilated portion of the oviduct is thrown.

2689. The anterior extremities of the oviducts of a Cartilaginous Fish, with their
connecting ligaments and a portion of the liver, showing the common
longitudinal narrow aperture by which the oviducts take up from the ab-
domen the ova which have been discharged from the ovaria ; bristles are
passed from this aperture into each oviduct. The margins of the narrow
aperture are not fimbriated.

2690. The female organs of generation of an unnamed Plagiostomous Carti-
laginous Fish. Portions of the two lobes of the liver, the kidneys, the
rectum, and its glandular sac are also preserved in connexion with the

139

genital organs. The ovaries are the highest parts in the preparation,
being situated above the lobes of the liver, to the superior convex surface
of which they are connected by broad reduplications of the peritoneum
(forming the suspensory ligaments of the two lobes) ; they are here of
small size, and in the passive or unexcited condition : their exterior sur-
face is wrinkled, and exhibits numerous small granular ovisacs through
the smooth semitransparent capsule. The right ovary is laid open, to
show its serous and fibrous capsules and the lobulated stroma in which
the ovisacs and ova are developed.

The oviducts commence by small apertures above the ovaries ; they pro-
ceed downwards behind the liver, converging towards the mesial plane as
they descend, and immediately below the liver expand into the glandular
segments of the oviducts. A bristle is inserted into the inferent superior
orifice of the right oviduct ; the left is laid open through its entire
course, showing the longitudinal wavy rugse of its lining membrane,
and the oblique folds of the lining membrane of the dilated terminal
segment.

The rectum is laid open, showing the terminations of the oviducts at
its posterior part, in which black bristles are placed. A black and a white
bristle are inserted into the duct of the glandular sac, which communicates
with the rectum two inches above the orifices of the oviducts.

The kidneys are situated posterior to the oviducts and rectum ; they
are narrow at their commencement, increase gradually in bulk as they
descend, and finally become blended together.

2691. Portions of the oviduct of a Cartilaginous fish said to be a Skate {Raia,
Linn.), in the Hunterian manuscript catalogue ; showing the partial
glandular enlargements of the canal.

2692. The termination of the oviduct of a " Skate."

2693. The glandular portion of the oviduct of a large Homelyn, {Raia maculata,
Montagu). One of the lobes of the gland is entire, and on the flattened
inner surface may be seen the free margins of the close-set transverse
layers of secerning tubes at the part where the secretion passes into the
cavity of the oviduct : a section has been removed from the opposite

T 2

140

lohe, showing the convergence of the component tubes towards the part
where the course of the lining membrane of the oviducal canal is inter-
rupted, and free passage left for the escape of the nidamental secretion.

2694. The section of the nidamental gland removed from the preceding prepa-

ration ; in which the minute secerning tubuli, of which the laminae are
composed, are shown.

8. In Reptiles,

2695. The posterior part of a Siren {Siren lacertina, Linn.), with the ventral
parietes of the abdominal cavity removed to display the female organs of
generation. The ovaria are the two irregular elongated bodies situated
on each side of the root of the mesentery, and bearing impressions of
the convolutions of the intestine. They contain innumerable minute
ovisacs of a greyish colour, with a few others of a larger size, and of a
very dark colour. The oviducts are external to the ovaria, and are
attached to the sides of the spine, each by a broad duplicature of peri-
toneum : they commence anteriorly by a simple elongated slit-like
aperture without fimbriated margins, and are immediately disposed in
about twenty parallel transverse folds, which gradually diminish, and
finally cease about three inches from the cloaca, where the oviducts open
behind the rectum upon small prominences : bristles are placed in these
outlets. The contracted allantoid bladder is seen anterior to the rectum :
the posterior extremity of the kidney extends behind the oviducts a short
way beyond the cloaca.

2696. The anterior extremity of the oviducts and liver of a Siren. The oviducts
are much attenuated at their commencement, but soon increase in size,
and become thicker in their parietes.

2697. A Newt {Triton marmoratus, Lam.), with the ventral parietes of the
abdomen and chylopoietic viscera removed to display the female organs
of generation. The ovaria are elongated compressed irregular bodies
lying in front of the kidneys and between the oviducts : they are studded
with minute white granules, which are the ovisacs, and exhibit a very
early stage of development. The oviducts commence at the anterior

141

extremity of the abdominal cavity, and pass in an irregularly convoluted
course to the cloaca.

2698. A Newt {Triton cristatus. Lam.), with the ventral parietes of the ab-
domen, the intestines, and oviducts removed to show the ovaria : these
bodies present an elongated form and an irregularly lobulated exterior,
but are relatively broader than in the Siren, especially at their posterior
extremities.

2699. A Newt {Triton cristatus, Lam.), with the ventral parietes of the ab-
domen, intestine, and ovaria removed to show the course of the oviducts.
These tubes commence by simple sht-like apertures situated between the
pericardium and liver, and pass backwards in a wavy course, which
becomes irregular as they approach the anterior extremities of the
kidneys : here they diverge from each other, then approach together at
the mesial line, and a second time diverge, and, after describing a regular
curve outwards, again converge to terminate separately, but close to-
gether, at the posterior part of the cloaca.

2700. A Newt {Triton cristatus, Lam.), with the female organs, in an advanced
state of development, displayed in situ. The ovaria, besides the minute
light-coloured granular ovisacs, contain, as in the Siren, ova of a larger
size, and which, from the superadded vitelline matter, present a darker
colour. The anterior convolutions of the oviducts are distended with a
slimy secretion the posterior ones present more opake parietes from the
increased muscularity of their coats. The papillous labia, and their
crenate external margins, exhibit the tumid state preparatory to coition.

2701. A Salamander {Salamandra maculosa, Lam.), with the ventral parietes
of the abdomen and the chylopoietic viscera removed, and the ovaria and
right oviduct exposed in situ. The ovaria are elongated and irregularly
lobulated bodies attached by duplicatures of peritoneum to the sides of
the spine. The ovisacs and ova in them are seen in various stages of
development, but none have arrived at maturity. A bristle is inserted
into the anterior orifice of the oviduct ; and that tube is continued back-
wards, of small size, and in a very convoluted course to within a short
distance of the cloaca, where it suddenly expands, and then bends

142

outwards before its termination. The young are developed in this
expanded portion of the oviduct, and it undergoes a great increase
of size during the impregnated state. It is in this respect that the
female organs of the Salamander chiefly differ from those of the ovi-
parous Newt, in which the oviducts maintain a more uniform diameter.

2702. A Bull-frog {Rana pipiens, Linn.), with the ovaria and right oviduct
exposed in silu. Many of the ovisacs contain, in addition to the ger-
minal vesicle, a quantity of yolk, with the dark-coloured oil characteristic
of the ovum of the frog. A bristle is inserted into the anterior aperture
of the oviduct, which is situated close to the base of the heart : the cloaca
is laid open posteriorly, to show the outlet of the oviduct between the
rectum and ureter.

2703. A Frog {Rana temporaria, Linn.), dissected to show the relative position
of the terminations of the oviducts to the other parts which open into
the cloaca. The outlet of the allantoid bladder is the most anterior ;
behind it is the rectum ; then the dilated extremities of the oviducts,
through which white bristles are passed ; and, lastly, the ureters, in the
right of which a black bristle is placed.

2704. A Frog {Rana temporaria. Linn.), injected, and with the ventral parietes

of the abdomen removed to show the female organs soon after the ex-
pulsion of the ova. The ovaria appear as empty membranous sacs, sup-
porting a net-work of vessels. The white opake convolutions of the
oviducts are seen external to the ovaria.

2705. A Toad {Bufo vulgaris. Lam.), with the ventral parietes of the abdomen
and chylopoietic viscera removed to expose the female parts of generation
in situ. The ovarium exhibits, in its present quiescent condition, the form
of an irregularly-plicated membranous sac, with thin and semitransparent
parietes, in the substance of which the ovisacs and ova are developed ;
some of the latter contain a black vitellus. The oviduct is enlarged and
disposed chiefly in transverse convolutions as it proceeds towards the
cloaca.

2706. The abdominal viscera, with the exception of the intestinal canal, of the
Surinam Toad {Pipa monstrosa. Lam.). The ovaria are small and the

143

ova few, and more irrej^ular as to their state of development than in the
preceding specimens ; those, also, which are most advanced, present a
greater relative size. The oviducts commence between the liver and
pericardium, and perform many convolutions before they reach the
posterior part of the cloaca. Bristles are placed in the terminations of
the oviducts, as also into the rectum, and the allantoid bladder.

2707. Part of the body of a Viper {Viper a Berus, var. nigra, Daud.), with the
ventral parietes of the abdomen removed, and the female organs of ge-
neration, the gall-bladder, intestine, and kidneys exposed in situ. The
right ovarium commences immediately behind the gall-bladder ; it con-
sists of an elongated thin membranous sac, containing about twenty
visible elliptical ovisacs in different stages of development, and arranged
in a single longitudinal series. The left ovarium commences opposite
the termination of the right ; the anterior extremity of each oviduct is
opposite the middle of its corresponding ovary ; the commencement of
the tube is disposed in a few wavy folds ; the rest is continued straight to
the cloaca, in the anterior part of the interspace between the intestine
and kidneys ; the latter bodies may be recognised by their regularly
lobulated structure ; like the ovaries, they are situated unequally, the
right being placed more forwards than the left.

2708. A similar preparation of a species of Coluber, in which the ova in the
ovaria are in an advanced state of development ; the ovisac nearest the
expanded anterior orifice of the left oviduct is near the period of dis-
charging its contained ovum, and the longitudinal line is discernible
which indicates the place of the future rent by which it would have
escaped. The cloaca is laid open ; a bristle is placed in the termination
of the rectum, behind which may be observed the semilunar fissure in
which the oviducts terminate, and the bilobed prominence on which the
ureters open.

2709. The urinary and female generative organs of a Rattle-snake {Crotalus
horridus, Linn.). The ovaria, like most of the other viscera of the
serpent tribe, are characterized by their great length ; and the ovisacs
are for the most part developed in a simple longitudinal series. The

144

ovaria are connected with the beginning of the oviducts by a broad
duplicature of peritoneum. Each oviduct commences by a wide fissure
with entire margins ; its tunics, at first delicate and semitransparent,
increase in thickness as the tube contracts : the course of the oviduct is
at first shghtly wavy for a short extent, and is then straight, and its
terminal portion is suddenly dilated. The internal membrane of the
oviduct, prior to this dilatation, is disposed in minute parallel longitu-
dinal rugae. The termination of the rectum is seen anterior to that of
the oviducts : the ureters communicate with the cloaca behind them ; a
bristle is passed through one of these tubes.

2710. The cloaca and terminations of the rectum, oviducts, and ureters, with
the two anal pouches of a large species of Coluber. The rectum is laid
open, showing the transverse valvular fold which separates its termination
from that of the oviducts ; bristles are inserted into each of these, and
also into the ureters, which terminate on the prominence behind the
vulval fossa.

2711. The cloaca of a Water-snake {Pelaniis hicolor, Cuv.), with the termi-
nations of the rectum, ureters, and oviducts.

" The Water-snake has two oviducts, two ovaria, two kidneys, which
are placed near the lower part of the abdomen with ureters about two
inches long. The form of the anus is different from either that of the
Lizard or the Newt, but it seems to be a mixture of both. It terminates
in two lips, like the Newts, but which are in a deep sulcus having a
semicircular edge opposing them. If this had the broad thin scale
covering the whole, it would be somewhat similar to the Lizard or
Snake." Hunterian MSS.

2712. A Lizard {Lacerta bilineata, Daud.), dissected to display the female

organs of generation. The ovaria are situated in the middle of the
abdomen, the right being a little more advanced than the left : they
contain each about a dozen visible ovisacs, nearly a line in diameter : the
oviducts commence more anteriorly than the ovaries, and are plicated
through their whole course to the cloaca.

2713. A Lizard {Ameiva, Cuv.), with the ventral parietes of the abdomen and

145

intestine removed to show the two oviducts, the right of which contains
a single large ovum.

2714. A Lizard {Anolius, Cuv.), similarly prepared to show the oviducts, each
of which contains a single large ovum.

'2715. A Lizard {Tiliqua, Gray,), with the ventral parietes of the abdomen
removed to show the intestine and generative apparatus in situ.

27 16. A Lizard {Agama atra, Daud.), with the female organs exposed in situ.
Seven or eight equally developed ovisacs are obvious in each ovarium :
these organs are situated more posteriorly than in the Lacerta viridis,
but have the same relative position to one another; the oviducts are
external to the ovaria; their coats are very thin and membranous at the
commencement, and become more muscular as they approach the cloaca.

2717- An Iguana {Iguana delicatissima, Linn.), similarly prepared, to expose
the female organs in situ. The left ovarium exceeds the right in size,
and the ovisacs, in their present immature state, appear as flattened disks,
overlapping each other obliquely. The duplicature of peritoneum which
connects the oviduct to the side of the spine is continued forwards
beyond the oviduct, where it terminates in a free edge.

27 18. One of the ovaria and one of the oviducts of a Turtle, {Chelonia My das,
Brongn.). The ovary is an elongated flattened substance, variously
folded, and thickly studded with innumerable ovisacs, which appear like
minute white specks. The oviduct commences by a simple elongated
slit, opening upon the free margin of the ovarian duplicature of peri-
toneum : two bristles are placed in this aperture : the duct soon dimi-
nishes to almost capillary tenuity, and so continues throughout that
portion which is here preserved.

2719. The cloaca and tail of a Turtle, with the clitoris exposed in situ.

2720. The posterior part of the carapace, with the cloaca and female organs of
generation, in situ, of a fresh-water Tortoise {Emys, Brongn.). The
ovaria are attached by duplicatures of peritoneum to the sides of the
spine between the rectum and the oviducts. The cloaca is laid open
through its whole extent ; the bifid allantoid bladder communicates by a

146

wide aperture with the anterior part of the common excretory canal ;
. next behind this are the orifices of the oviducts, in one of which a black
bristle is inserted ; then comes the aperture of the rectum^ through which
a white bristle is passed ; and most posteriorly are the outlets of two
large anal sacculi, into one of which a portion of quill is inserted. The
clitoris may be seen projecting from the divided anterior edge of the
cloacal canal.

2721. Portions of the kidneys, with the female organs, cloaca, and tail of a Che-
Ionian Reptile. The cloaca is laid open, and the grooved clitoris exposed
in situ. The ovaria are attached to the peritoneum covering the anterior
surface of the kidneys, and exhibit their feeblest state of development,
being simple flattened elongated bodies, pointed at both extremities, with
a smooth surface, and without any visible trace of ovisacs : the oviducts
correspond in their small dimensions and unconvoluted course with the
quiescent condition of the essential organs of generation. The rectum
and neck of the allantoid bladder are preserved in connexion with the
cloaca ; a quill is passed through the latter. The black bristles indicate
the bifurcation of the aorta.

2722. The right ovary and oviduct, with the cloaca and attached parts of a Tor-
toise. In the ovary there are numerous ovisacs in different stages of
development, but none far advanced. The oviduct has obeyed the sti-
mulus of the commencing activity of the ovary, and become widened and
lengthened ; it is disposed in short transverse folds, with the anterior
extremity bent back upon itself, and the simple slit-like recipient aper-
ture directed toward the ovary. The interior of the opposite extremity
of the oviduct is exposed to show the wavy wrinkles of its lining mem-
brane ; and the adjoining part of the cloaca is laid open to bring into
view the prominent margins of the outlet of the oviduct. On the
opposite side of the cloaca the clitoris is displayed ; and the allantoid
bladder, rectum, and anal sacculi may be seen to communicate with the
cloaca in the same relative positions as in No. 2720.

2722 a. One of the ovaria and kidneys of a Fresh-water Tortoise {Chelydra Ser-
pentintty Fitz.). The ovary presents a similar structure to that of the

147

Turtle, but the ovigerous folds are more extensive ; the ovisacs are here
seen to be less equally developed, many of them being further advanced.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2722 B. The left oviduct, with the cloaca and attached parts of the same
Tortoise [Chelydra serpentina, Fitz.). The oviduct is of considerable
length, and is disposed in short transverse folds between the layers of a
broad duplicature of the peritoneum : it commences, as usual, by a
simple elongated aperture, and gradually diminishes in width, and in-
creases in the thickness of its parietes, as it approaches the cloaca. The
inner surface of the anterior part of the duct presents a series of slightly
developed oblique folds ; these gradually become more produced and
more longitudinal in their course. Portions of black quills show the
termination of the oviducts between two diverging folds of the lining
membrane of the cloaca, which folds gradually subside as they converge
to meet, and terminate in the sinus of the glans clitoridis. Immediately
anterior to the orifices of the oviducts is the termination of the rectum ;
and, in front of this, the outlet of the allantoid bladder, by which the
preparation is in part suspended. Behind the oviducts are the termi-
nations of the ureters, in which black bristles are placed, and behind
these are the wide orifices of the anal sacculi, which in this species
exceed in size the allantoid bladder. The one on the right side is
preserved, and a part of the parietes removed to show its smooth internal
surface. Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2723. The left ovarium, kidney, and part of the left oviduct of a Crocodile. The
ovary presents a very irregular surface, studded or granulated with minute
ovisacs. The anterior orifice of the oviduct has its margins smooth and
simple ; it maintains a more uniform diameter, and sooner gets upon the
edge of the connecting duplicature of peritoneum than in the Chelonia :
the lining membrane of the posterior part of the oviduct is puckered up
into close-set undulating transverse rugae.

2724. The cloaca, with the right and part of the left oviduct, and the rectum, of
a Crocodile. The right oviduct is suspended by its anterior extremity,
where the aperture by which the ova are received may be observed.

u 2

148

The terminal portion of the left oviduct is laid open, showing the gradual
subsidence of the transverse rugse, the dilated part where the shell is
formed, and the minute longitudinal puckerings of the membrane lining
this part. The margin of the excretory outlet projects into the cloaca :
a quill is inserted into that of the right oviduct. The rectum and urinary
pouch are slit open : a brown bristle is placed behind the clitoris, and
black ones into the orifices of the anal follicles ; that on the left side is
laid open, and its contents removed ; a portion of the tunics of the right
follicle are turned down, and the brown odorous secretion exposed.

2725. The cloaca and surrounding parts of a young female Crocodile, prepared
to show the clitoris with its two crura and longitudinal groove. One of
the anal follicles is also dissected, and a bristle inserted into its orifice.

9. In Birds.

2726. The left ovarium and adjoining portion of the abdominal vena cava of a
Cyrus Crane {Grus Antigone, Cuv.). The ovisacs and ova, as in all birds,
manifest very different states of development, and none are far advanced :
but even the smallest project more or less from the superficies of the
ovary, giving it a grape-like or botryoidal form.

2727. The ovaria, corpora succenturiata, and kidneys of the Crown Pigeon

{Columba coronata, Gmel.). The ovaria are situated on the sternal
aspect of the corpora succenturiata, and anterior lobes of the kidneys :
that on the right side appears as a mere dark streak ; the left ovary, as
usual, is more developed, and the numerous and various-sized ovisacs
give it an irregular granulated surface.

2728. A Sparrow {Pyrgiia domestica, Cuv.), with the ventral parietes of the
abdomen and chylopoietic viscera removed to expose the female organs of
generation in situ. The single or left ovarium presents the same relative
position as in the Crown Pigeon : the left oviduct may be seen passing
along the front of the corresponding kidney to the cloaca ; the right
oviduct undergoes a very early arrest of development,

2729. The trunk and mutilated extremities of a young Fowl {Phasianus Gal/us,

Linn.), with the female organs similarly displayed in situ. A portion of

149

bristle is inserted into the ovary, in which the ovisacs appear as minute
granules, and contain only the germinal vesicle : the left oviduct, which is
attached at its anterior extremity by a ligament to the left penultimate rib,
increases gradually in diameter as it descends in a simple unconvoluted
course to the cloaca. The rectum and portions of the two caeca are here
preserved.

2730. A similar preparation, showing, in the Common Fowl, the parts of gene-
ration in situ, and in a more advanced state of development. The enlarged
ovisacs and ova give to the ovary the appearance of a bunch of grapes.
The wide longitudinal anterior aperture of the oviduct has its margins
entire and simple, as in the cold-blooded Ovipara ; a bristle is placed in
this aperture. The increasing length of the oviduct obliges it to fall into
convolutions.

2731. The cloaca, with the oviducts and part of the rectum injected, of a young
Goose {Anser palustris, Briss.). This preparation is intended chiefly
to show the right rudimental oviduct, in the orifice of which a black
bristle is placed : the wider oritice of the left oviduct is similarly indi-
cated. White bristles are passed through the ureters.

2732. The rectum and cloaca of a Fowl, prepared to show the absence of a
clitoris, corresponding with the absence of a penis in the male.

2733. The corresponding parts of a Duck {Anas Boschas, Linn.), showing a
single, spirally twisted, and grooved clitoris, or miniature representation
of the penis in the male.

2734. The cloaca and termination of the oviduct, ureters, and rectum, with the
urinary bladder and clitoris, of an Ostrich [Struthio Cnmelus, Linn.).

10. In Mammals.

a. Ovoviviparous Sub-class.

2734 A. The female organs and cloaca of an Ornithorhynchus {Ornithorhynckus
paradoxus, Blum.), in the unexcited state. The left ovarium is an irre-
gular, semi-elliptical, flattened body, with a wrinkled and slightly granu-
lated surface : it is seen attached to one angle of the wide aperture of the

150

oviduct: the margins of this aperture are extremely thin, and, as in the
preceding Ovipara, are without fimbriations. The wavy convolutions of
the oviducts, and the comparatively straight course of the uteri as they
pass along the connecting duplicature of peritoneum, may be observed on
both sides. The whole extent of the cloaca is laid open, showing the
projecting thickened margins of the uterine orifices, between which is the
outlet of the urinary bladder ; a bristle is here inserted : just below the
junction of the rectum with the urethro-sexual canal may be observed the
orifices of the anal follicles, aggregated in two lateral groups.

Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart.

2734 B. The female organs and cloaca of an Ornithorhynchus in a state ready for
impregnation. The left ovarium is crowded with numerous ovisacs in
various stages of development, two of which are conspicuously larger
than the rest, and project in a greater part of their circumference from
the surface of the ovary. One of these ovisacs, or Graafian vesicles, as
they are termed in the class Mammalia, has been laid open, and the
ovulum, with the surrounding granular layer and fluid, removed ; the
other remains entire. The peritoneal capsule of the ovary has been di-
vided and reflected from the ovary. The ovarian ligament and the
junction of one of its extremities with that of the oviduct may be seen
at the highest point in the preparation. The dilated beginning of the
oviduct or Fallopian tube with its wide and simple slit-shaped aperture
are left entire ; they are adapted to receive the entire ovarium. The
contracted part of the oviduct is laid open, showing the irregularly
wrinkled or flocculent character of its lining membrane. The right
ovarium and ovarian ligament are extended, in the preparation, trans-
versely below the left : the ovary presents itself as a slight granular en-
largement of the ligament : it nevertheless contains many perfect ovisacs
and germinal vesicles, which it is possible might be developed so as to be
susceptible of impregnation. The right oviduct is much shorter than
the left, but presents a similar structure. Both uteri are laid open ; they
are equally developed, and lined by a thick membrane disposed in very
minute oblique rugae ; the different colour of this membrane, due to its

151

greater vascularity as compared with that of the oviduct, is still perceptible
in the preparation. The muscular tunic grows stronger at the cervix, and
continues to increase in thickness to the os uteri ; this projects, like the
OS tincse in ordinary Mammalia, and also like the oviduct in the turtle, into
the commencement of the urethro- sexual canal, and is traversed in the
virgin state by a transverse band or hymen. Above and between the ora
tineas is seen the orifice of the urinary bladder ; below them the outlets
of the ureters, in which bristles are inserted. This arrangement of the
preceding orifices exactly corresponds with that in the Chelonia. The
lining membrane of the urethro-sexual canal is disposed in irregular
longitudinal rugae, which slightly converge to the place of its junction
with the rectum, which is seen at the back of the preparation. The common
external passage of the cloaca is laid open, and the clitoris and its elon-
gated preputium turned to one side : the bilobed clitoris is exposed at the
back part of the preparation, and a bristle is passed through the preputial
orifice, which is situated just within the anterior verge of the common
external outlet of the cloaca*. Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2734 c. The female organs of the Dorsigerous Opossum {Didelphys dorsigera.
Linn.). The ovaries present a compressed oval form ; the oviducts are
wide at their commencement, but soon diminish to almost capillary mi-
nuteness, and descend in a tortuous course to the uteri : these suddenly
expand, and then gradually diminish to their junction with the vaginae.
Each vaginal canal is, like the uterus, distinct from its fellow in this and
all other multiparous marsupiata. The vaginae are connected together
by cellular tissue at their commencement, but immediately recede from
each other directly outwards, then bend downwards, and, after being
slightly twisted upon themselves, converge to terminate by distinct orifices
in the urethro-sexual canal. Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2734 D. The female organs of two specimens of the Pygmy Flying Opossum
{Petaurus pigm(sus, Less.). The lower one exhibits the unimpregnated

* Seethe description and figure of this preparation in the Philosophical Transactions for 1832,
p. 536, pi. xvii.

152

and unexcited state ; the upper specimen was takeu from an individual
which had two small embryos in her pouch. In both examples the
uteri are relatively shorter and thicker than in the Didelphys dorsigera ^
but especially so in the recently impregnated specimen. The vaginae,
where they are connected together and receive the ora tincae^ send down
respectively a small cul-de-sac before bending outwards. The rectum,
canalis communis, clitoris, and external cloacal outlet is preserved in the
lower preparation. Prepared by Mr. Oiven.

2734 E. The female organs of a Petaurist {Petaurus taguanoides, Desm.), in the
unexcited and unimpregnated state. The vaginal canals are relatively
longer than in the Pigmoeus ; the rectum and cloaca are laid open poste-
riorly to show the separate communications of the two vaginae with the
urethro-sexual canal : a bristle is inserted into that of the left side.

Prepared by Mr. Oweit.

2734 F. The female organs, urinary bladder, and cloaca of a Viverrine Dasyure
{Dasyurus viverrinus, Temm.). The ovary and oviduct are preserved
with the uterus on the right side. The ovary is a smooth, elliptical
body : the aperture of the oviduct is wide, and its margin is produced
into many delicate fimbriations : the contracted part of the oviduct is
much convoluted in its course. Each uterus has a pyriform shape, and
sends down a long and narrow cervix to the vagina: the parietes of the
dilated body of the uterus are much thicker and more vascular than those
of the cervix : the left uterus is laid open, showing the disposition of
the thickened rugae in two opposite groups ; a bristle is inserted into
the right. Both vaginae are laid open at their commencement, showing
the separate cul-de-sacs which receive the ora tincae ; they present in their
interior distinct and large longitudinal rugae. The urinary bladder and
long urethro-sexual canal are laid open anteriorly ; black bristles are
placed in the separate communications between the two vaginae and this
canal. The vaginae are relatively shorter as compared with the uteri in
this than in the preceding marsupial species.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2735. The female organs, urinary bladder, and cloaca, with the integuments of

153

the lower part of the abdomen and marsupial pouch of an 'American
Opossum.' The ovaria are small, and their surface is studded with
minute ovisacs ; the fimbriated apertures, and the convolutions of the
Fallopian tubes, are seen in their natural positions. The cul-de-sac, and
commencement of the right vagina, is laid open, exposing the os tincae
of the corresponding uterus, into which a bristle is inserted. The
urethro-sexual canal is also laid open, and from it a thick bristle is
passed into the urethra, and a slender one into the orifice of the left
vagina. The termination of the rectum, and the right anal gland are
preserved, and a bristle is passed through the duct of the left anal gland.

2736. The female organs, with the termination of the rectum and cloaca, of a
Virginian Opossum {Didelphys Virginiana, Linn.). A section has been
removed from the left ovarium, showing its strong capsule, loose cellular
stroma, and the small ovisacs imbedded therein ; in the right ovarium,
which is left entire, these give rise to many granular projections from its
superficies. The large fimbriated apertures of the oviducts, the tortuous
contracted parts of those tubes, the simple uteri, and the complicated
vaginae, are all preserved in their natural state ; but the urethro-sexual
canal is laid open to show the orifices of the two vaginae, and the urethra,
through which a bristle is passed. The lining membrane of the common
passage is disposed in large longitudinal rugae, with finer intermediate
reticulations. The portion of the rectum is laid open, and one of the
anal glands is preserved, surrounded with its capsule.

2737- The corresponding parts of a younger Virginian Opossum, in which the
ovaria present a smaller size and smoother superficies. Here the left
uterus is laid open posteriorly, and the unbroken villous character of its
inner surface is exhibited. The cavity of the left vagina and its plicated
membrane are similarly exposed : the os tincae is divided into numerous
irregular radiated folds or processes ; below the os tincae is the vaginal
cul-de-sac ; external to it the vagina bends upwards and outwards^ and
then returns upon itself to communicate with the urethro-sexual canal :
the outlets of both vaginae are laid open ; that of the urinary bladder,
which is between and before them, is left entire ; a bristle is passed

X

154

through it. Near the outlet of the urethro-sexual canal may be seen
the bifid clitoris, each division of which is grooved, corresponding to
the structure of the bifid glans penis in the male.
2738. The female organs and urinary bladder of a Virginian Opossum. In this
preparation both uteri and both vaginae, with the urethro-sexual canal,
are laid open from behind. Some of the vessels of the left genital tubes
have been filled with injection. The inner surface of the body of the
uteri presents very numerous and delicate wavy folds, which become
coarser and more longitudinal in the cervix. The lining membrane of
the vaginae is puckered up into well-marked folds, following the curved
course of these tubes ; both the vaginal and urethral outlets are laid open ;
two longitudinal ridges are continued from the termination of the urethra
some way along the urethro-sexual canal ; the form and position of the
clitoris is well displayed in this preparation.

2738 A. The female organs of a Virginian Opossum, in which the oviducts or
Fallopian tubes have been partially unravelled and dissected from their
connexions, and the vaginae separated from their attachments to each
other and the surrounding parts. This dissection not only demonstrates
the existence of a complete septum dividing the right from the left cul-
de-sac, but also shows that that septum is double, being constituted by
the mutual apposition and close adherence of the proper tunics of the
vaginal pouches. The outwardly curved part of the vagina is the widest
portion of the canal ; the terminal part is the most contracted, and has
the thickest parietes. Prepared by Mr. Owen.

^738 B. The female organs of a Wombat {Phascolomys TVomhatus, Bl.), The
ovaria exhibit in this species the botryoidal form in the most marked de-
gree, and closely resemble that of the bird. The prominent ovisacs and
ova are in various stages of development, the largest having a diameter
of eight lines. One of the ovaria is seen in its natural position inclosed
in a semitransparent peritoneal capsule ; this has been removed from the
opposite ovarium. The expanded orifice of the margins of the Fallopian
tube are remarkable for the number, variety, and size of the membranous
fimbriations. The ovarian ligaments are continued along the free edge

155

of the duplicature of peritoneum which connects together the oviducts
and uteri. The uteri are laid open to show the great development and
loose texture of the vascular lining membrane. Each uterus communi-
cates, as in the Opossum, with a separate vaginal cul-de-sac, which, in
the present species, presents a relatively larger size : the lining membrane
of these cul-de-sacs is greatly increased by innumerable irregular rugae
and papillse ; the terminal portion of each vagina is remarkable for the
thickness of its muscular coats. The urethro-sexual canal is lined by a
thick epithelium, and its surface is broken up into countless oblique
rugse and coarse papillse, betraying a certain regularity in their arrange-
ment ; the surface immediately around the urethral orifice is comparatively
smooth. Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2739. The female organs, urinary bladder, rectum and cloaca, with the integu-
ments of the lower part of the abdomen and marsupial pouch of a young
Kangaroo {Macropus major, Shaw). Some of these parts have been
partially injected. The ovaria present an oval form, and perfectly even
and smooth exterior, and are not inclosed in a peritoneal capsule, as in the
Wombat. The right uterus is laid open, and a bristle is continued from it,
along the corresponding vaginal or lateral canal, into the urethro-sexual
passage. Bristles, from the left vagina and urethra, also project into this
passage, which then runs parallel with the rectum and opens in the cloaca
anterior to the anus ; the simple bifid clitoris may be observed at the
anterior part of the termination of the urethro-sexual canal. The thick-
ened margin of the cloaca forms a well-marked prominence. The forma-
tion of the marsupial pouch by an inward reduplication of the abdominal
integuments is well displayed ; the orifices leading to the fossae contain-
ing, at this early period, the inverted nipples, may be observed at the
lower part of the pouch.

2740. The female organs of a Kangaroo {^Macropus major, Shaw). These con-

sist of two distinct ovaries, oviducts, and uteri, a complicated vaginal
apparatus, and an urethro-sexual passage. The latter is here laid open,
showing its whole extent : a porcupine's quill is passed through the
urethra, and a large bristle through the termination of the right vagina ;
the remainder of this canal and the mesial cul-de-sac have been laid open :

. X 2

156

the left vagina has been partially exposed, and both the tubes are seen
communicating with an elongated cul-de-sac, which extends from below
the uterine orifices downwards towards the urethro-vaginal passage, but
without opening into it at that part. The cul-de-sac is formed as it were
by the blending together of the two separate corresponding sacs in the
Opossum and other multiparous Marsupials, and it is seen to be traversed
longitudinally by a mesial ridge, or rvidimental septum.

The left uterus is laid open ; a bristle is placed in the orifice of the
right uterus, which is entire ; and the oviduct, with its fimbriated extre-
mity, and the ovary, are preserved on this side ; the latter body has been
bisected, and the two portions divaricated, to show the cavities of the ovi-
sacs in various stagesof development: the largest and most conspicuous are
situated near the surface, but do not project beyond it, as in the Wombat
and most other marsupials. The round, or ovarian ligament, may be seen
extending from the ovary to the side of the uterus, upon which it is lost.
A portion of the rectum is preserved in this preparation, to show its
termination, close to the urethro-sexual orifice, and within the verge of
the common cloacal outlet.

2740 A. The uteri, oviducts, and ovaries of a Kangaroo, [Macropus major, Shaw),
taken out of the body shortly after copulation. Each ovary contains an
ovisac, or Graafian follicle ; in the right ovary it is of large size, and has
been laid open ; it was occupied with much fluid, with some coagulated and
granular albuminous matter, its development having advanced probably
to near the time of the escape of the contained ovum and surrounding
granular substance ; in the left ovary it is seen distended with the organized
substance which occupies the Graafian follicle after the escape of the
ovulum and surrounding granules, and forming what is termed the corpus
luteum.

The ovaries are seen to be situated, not by the side of the expanded
orifice of the oviduct, but within the two folds of that orifice ; these
folds are also of remarkable extent, and are beset on their internal surfaces
with rugae and papillae, which increase in number and size as they are
situated nearer the ovarium. The oviducts or Fallopian tubes are laid
open to show the delicate reticulation and minute foldings of the lining

157

membrane, by which the vascular surface, along which the ovulum must
pass, is increased ; the lower moiety of the tube becomes thicker and
more glandular, and the folds then assume the form of papillae.

The uteri are laid open to show the great extent of the vascular lining
membrane produced by its folds and wrinkles. At the cervix uteri these
folds become as usual longitudinal. In the left uterus the os tincae is pre -
served entire ; it is situated, as is shown in the preceding preparation, at
the upper part of the vaginal cul-de-sac. Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2740 B. The urethro- sexual passage and vaginal apparatus of the same
Kangaroo.

The urethro- sexual canal is laid open posteriorly through the rectum,
so as to exhibit the bifid clitoris on the opposite side near the outlet ; the
urethral aperture, protected by a superincumbent papillose process ; and
the lateral ridges, which separate it from the orifices of the two vaginee.
These tubes are laid open to show the thickness of their parietes, and the
valvular constriction situated about three-fourths of an inch from their
commencement. On the opposite or anterior side the vaginae are traced
to their termination in the common mesial cul-de-sac, which is laid open
through its whole extent, and thus demonstrates the absence of any com-
munication between it and the urethro-vaginal passage ; a portion has
been removed from its upper part, along with the uteri, shown in the
preceding preparation. A cuticular lining is extended over the interior of
the whole vaginal apparatus, some of which is preserved at the lower end
of the cul-de-sac, and at different parts of the vaginal canals. These
were distended with a firm fibrous substance, portions of which are still
preserved in situ. Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2740 c. The female organs of the Kangaroo injected. The right vagina, the
commencement and termination of the left vagina, and the elongated cul-
de-sac formed by the union of the two canals, are laid open. The cuti-
cular lining is removed in order to show the vascular surface beneath.

The valvular constriction near the commencement of each vagina may
be observed, as in the preceding preparation. The imperfect septum of
the cul-de-sac does not reach to the bottom of that cavity, but terminates
at the right side. The lower end of the cul-de-sac has been detached

158

from its cellular connexion with the urethro-vaginal passage ; its inner
surface at this part is delicately reticulate.

White bristles are inserted into the orifices of the uteri, which project,
like the os tinea of the single uterus, into the vagina.

The uteri are seen to derive their blood chiefly from the spermatic
arteries, while the vaginae obtain their supply from the hypogastric
branches. The ovaries are lodged within the, beautifully vascular and
delicate expansions of the fimbriated extremities of the oviducts. At
the posterior part of the cervix uteri, one of the depressions in the peri-
toneal coat, which have been mistaken for peritoneal outlets, analogous
to those in the crocodile, &c., has been slit open, showing its true nature
and extent. Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2741. The female organs, with the urinary bladder and cloaca of a Potoroo or
Kangaroo-Rat {Hypsiprymnus murinus, Illig.). The ovaria are relatively
larger than in the Kangaroo, but resemble those of that animal in their
even surface and position within the expanded fimbriated extremity of
the oviduct. The oviducts are much convoluted in their course to the
uteri ; these present an elongated elliptical form. The left uterus is laid
open, showing the processes of the lining membrane. A portion of
bristle is passed through the os tincae of each. They communicate, as in
the Kangaroo, with a common vaginal cul-de-sac, but this is prodigiously
developed, especially at the upper part, which extends above the uteri.
The ordinary lateral vaginal canals are continued from its sides, diminish-
ing as they descend, and terminating separately in the urethro-sexual
canal. A white bristle is passed along the urethra into the bladder.
Both the urethro-sexual canal and the rectum are seen to terminate in a
very short common cloacal passage. The two anal follicles at the sides
of the rectum are preserved in situ ; a slice has been removed from the
one on the left side, showing its muscular and glandular coats, and the
contained caseous secretion.

b. Placental Sub-Class,

2742. The female organs of generation, and urinary bladder, of a Beaver {Castor

Fiber J Linn.). The ovaria present a flattened and very regular, long,

159

oval form, with a smooth exterior : the pavilions are small, simple, and
of a crescentic form ; the oviducts are obliquely folded ; the uteri long,
straight, and of an uniform diameter ; they open separately upon a pro-
jecting OS tincae into the commencement of the vagina. The os tincae is,
as it were, cut obliquely, and is continued into a series of irregular flat-
tened processes, situated on the anterior part of the vagina, which gra-
dually subside as they recede from the os tincae. The urethra commu-
nicates with the vagina near its distal extremity : the clitoris projects
from a notch anterior to the urethra, and in front of the clitoris is the
wide aperture common to the two large preputial follicles or "castor-
bags :" of these one is laid open to show its internal wrinkled epithelium,
and thin muscular and glandular tunics : the preputial glands are smaller
oval lobulated masses anterior to the follicles ; a bristle is inserted into
the excretory duct of one of these scent-glands.

2743. The female organs of generation, and urinary bladder, of a Rabbit {Lepus
cuniculus, Linn.). The right ovary, oviduct, and a great part of the
right uterus have been removed : the left ovary is flattened and oblong,
with the surface irregularly tuberculated by the subjacent prominent
ovisacs, or Graafian vesicles. The fimbriated aperture of the oviduct is
more elongated and plicated than in the Beaver. The left uterus has been
finely injected ; it is thickly beset throughout its entire surface with
coarse compressed processes of the lining membrane. Each uterus
communicates with the vagina by a separate, well-marked, round pro-
tuberance, or OS tincae. Near the end of the true vagina there are two
small semilunar folds, with their concavity directed towards the vulva : the
inner surface of the vagina is characterized by minute irregular rugae.
The urethra communicates with the vagina by an oblique aperture at
some distance from the external outlet, which is situated close to the
anus on the same transverse naked patch of the integument. On each
side of this patch, between the urethro-vaginal canal and rectum, there is
a glandular depression.

2744. The external parts of generation and clitoris, injected, of a Rabbit. On
one side of the preparation may be seen the crura clitoridis, on the other

160

side the flattened bifid glans and preputium, which is lodged within the
verge of the uiethro-sexual canal : the transverse naked patch of inte-
gument and the lateral glandular depressions are also preserved.

2745. The female organs of the Cape-mole {Bathyergus maritimus,C\jy.). The

ovaria appear in their present condition as small, elongated, subcompressed
bodies, their free surface coming to an edge ; they are of a dark leaden
colour. The process of peritoneum to which the fimbriated aperture of
the oviduct is attached, does not form a capsule to inclose the ovarium.
The uteri are elongated, narrow, uniform canals attached to broad peri-
toneal folds or ligaments, at the base of which there is accumulated a
considerable mass of fat, but between which and the uteri the two laminae
of the ligament are left free to allow of the expansion of the uterine
tubes during impregnation. The uteri are in contact during the last
half -inch of their course, and open separately upon a single os tinea,
having a vertical septum intervening : a bristle is inserted into each
uterus. The vagina is continued to the surface of the body without
communicating with the urethra : its inner surface is at first smooth,
and is afterwards disposed on its anterior part in a double series of fine
oblique rugae, which diverge in a penniform manner from a middle lon-
gitudinal line. The termination of the rectum is bisected, and the vaginal
canal laid open from behind. The clitoris projects from a preputial
canal immediately anterior to the vaginal opening; it is short, but thick,
and is perforated like a penis by the urethra : a bristle is passed through
this canal into the neck of the bladder.

2746. The female organs of generation, with the urinary bladder and rectum, of
a Squirrel (Sciurus, Linn.). The smooth, elliptical, subcompressed
ovaria are lodged in loose peritoneal capsules, along the margins of
which the Fallopian tubes or oviducts commence. The anus is separated
by a narrow peritoneal strip of hairy integument from the vulva, anterior
to which is seen the large glans clitoridis. The crura of the clitoris are
connected with considerable venous plexuses, which in section present a
cellular or cavernous texture, and are subservient to the erection of the
clitoris. Behind these are situated the anal follicles.

161

2747- The female organs, urinary bladder, cloacal orifice, and surrounding
integument of a " Ground Squirrel" (an Sciurus striatus, var. Ameri-
canus, Linn. ?). The ovaries are here also surrounded by wide peritoneal
capsules : the simple, long, and narrow uterine tubes open separately
into the vagina, which is partially everted to show these apertures, into
which bristles are placed : the vulval outlet is a longitudinal slit placed
upon a conical prominence.

2748. The female organs of a Marmot {Arctomys Marmota, Schreb.). The
vagina and urethro-sexual canal are laid open, showing the thick, soft,
longitudinal rugse of the lining membrane ; the urethra opens upon the
largest of these rugae, which quickly subsides beyond the aperture : the
anterior part or commencement of the vagina is beset with much finer
longitudinal plicae : the uteri communicate with the vagina by two
separate and irregular apertures. The uteri are connected together for
about an inch before they diverge towards the ovaria.

2749. The female organs of a Sand-mole {^Orycterus, Cuv.). The vagina is laid
open, showing the clitoris projecting into it, within the verge of the
vulva ; and the two orifices of the uteri, (into which bristles are inserted)
at the opposite extremity of the canal,

2750. The female organs, urinary bladder, and anas of a Hudson's Bay Porcu-
pine {^Hystrix {Eretizon) dorsata, Linn.). The ovaria are elongated,
elliptical bodies, almost pointed at the two extremities ; they are not
surrounded by a peritoneal capsule. The oviducts pass very gradu-
ally into the uteri, which are long, simple, compressed tubes, slightly
enlarging as they approach the vagina, into which they separately open
by oblique, and not prominent orifices. The vagina becomes gradually
dilated as it approaches the external outlet, close to which it receives
the urethra; the inner surface is characterized by slight longitudinal im-
pressions. The vulva is a thick, semilunar prominence immediately be-
neath the anus, towards which its concavity is turned ; it is puckered up
internally into coarse longitudinal folds.

2751. The corpus uteri, with the termination of the cornua uteri, and the com-
mencement of the vagina, of an Aguti {Dasyprocf.a Aguti, III.). This

162

preparation exhibits an early stage of the blending together of the two
lateral divisions or horns of the uterus, which confluence forms the
characteristic of the highest type of the structure of these parts : the
common uterine canal is however much shorter than would appear on an
external view : it is laid open to show its early division ; and bristles are
inserted into the cornua. The inner surface of the part of the wide vagina
here preserved is characterised by large, irregular, oblique folds, and
small and close-set transverse plicae.

2752. The urinary and female generative organs, with the rectum, of the Two-
toed Sloth {Bradypus didactylus, Linn.). The uterus and vagina would
seem here to be blended together in one common simple oblong cavity,
which communicates with the short and wide urethro-sexual passage (in
the virgin state) by two distinct and small apertures. A black bristle is
passed through each of these apertures into the uterus : the anterior part
or fundus of this cavity is provided with thick and seemingly villous
parietes. The Fallopian tubes are short ; they commence by fimbriated
apertures upon the anterior edge of the ovarian capsule, and run in a
serpentine course upon the capsule to the angles of the simple uterus.
The ovarian ligaments are continued, each along the margin of a dupli-
cature of peritoneum forwards to the outer edge of an oval glandular
body, which is probably a remnant of the primitive genital gland, or
" Wolffian body." On the opposite side of the sheet of peritoneum to
which the preceding parts are attached, are the kidneys ; of these the
right is entire, with the suprarenal body attached to its upper part :
the left kidney has had a section removed from it to show its single
mamilla. The termination of the ureters is shown by the insertion of
white bristles into those tubes. The termination of the capacious rectum
is laid open posteriorly, and the wide orifices of the two anal follicles are
displayed.

2753. The female organs, with the urinary bladder much contracted, and part
of the rectum, of a fcetal Sloth : a bristle is passed into the vagina.

2753 A. The female organs, urinary bladder and rectum of the Three-toed Sloth
{Bradypus tridactylus, Linn.), with the common cloacal outlet in which

163

they terminate. The small smooth elliptic ovaria are here discernible :
the simple uterus is laid open, showing a longitudinal ridge projecting
into its anterior part. Bristles are passed through the vaginal openings
and anal glands. Prepared by Mr. Ldngstaff'.

2753 B. The female organs of generation of an Armadillo, ( Tatusia Peba, F. Cuv.).
The ovaria are attached to the sides of large peritoneal sacs, the apertures
of which are directed towards the uterus. The fimbriated extremities
of the oviducts are placed on the upper part of the above apertures ; the
ducts proceed in a slightly wavy course along the front of the capsules
to the fundus uteri, where they terminate : bristles are inserted into them.
The uterus and vagina are only distinguishable by the difference in their
. parietes, which is very gradual, those of the vagina being thinner, and
longitudinally furrowed : the vagina opens into the wide urethra about an
inch from the extremity of the clitoris, the groove of which is a continua-
tion of the urethra. A small quill is passed through the neck of the
urinary bladder. Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2754. The female organs of a small Quadruped, called in the Manuscript Ca-
talogue a Deer {Moschus^ Cuv. ?). The vagina is laid open, showing the
puckered and contracted orifice by which it communicates with the urethra.
The common external aperture is close to the anus, as in most of the Ro-
dent'ia. A bristle is passed through the urethra into the urinary bladder.
The inner surface of the vagina is disposed in many parallel longitudinal
folds, the abrupt termination of which at a straight transverse line indi-
cates the beginning of the uterus ; for, as in the previous examples of the
Edentata^ there is not in this specimen any valvular prominence or os
tincae indicating the division between the uterus and vagina. The uterus
here presents a body and two cornua : the latter are unequal in size ; the
right, which is the largest, is laid open, showing its inner surface to be
smooth, without any appearance of cotyledonal processes. The oviducts
pursue a scalloped course along the edge of the broad ligament, and ter-
minate in an expanded elongated opening, or pavilion, at the outer part
of the circumference of the capsula ovarii. The ovaria are smooth oblong
bodies with a somewhat angular contour.

Y 2

164

2755. The female organs of a Rein-deer {Cervus Tarandus, Linn.). The ovaria
are small, simple, smooth, ovate bodies, with the larger end attached to
the fimbriated aperture of the oviduct ; this is situated external to the
ovary, between which and the rest of the oviduct the peritoneum is de-
veloped into a wide but shallow sac, hardly deserving the name of a cap-
sula ovarii. The oviduct, after a few slight folds at its commencement,
is continued straight to the uterus. The cornua are unconnected with
each other for the first half of their extent : the left cornu is laid open
to show the form and disposition of the cotyledonal processes ; four of
these are seen attached to its anterior part ; the first commences near the
orifice of the oviduct, is in the form of a compressed elongated fold of
the lining membrane, and extends in the direction of the cornu, with its
lower extremity projecting free for the extent of half an inch ; the suc-
ceeding cotyledon, which begins where the other ends, is also elongated
and flattened, but is shorter and broader ; the third is much shorter, but
thicker and broader ; the fourth, which is at the commencement of the
common uterus, is the smallest. In the cervix uteri the lining membrane
is produced into numerous close-set longitudinal laminae, supported on six
successively larger transverse processes, the two last of which project into
the vagina, and form the os tincae. The vagina exhibits at its commence-
ment some longitudinal rugae ; but the rest of its inner surface is almost
smooth. A portion of the urinary bladder is preserved with the genital
organs.

2755 A. The female organs of a Nubian Giraffe {Camelopardalis Giraffa, Gmel.).
The ovaria are oval compressed bodies, one inch and a half in length, by
one inch in breadth, and a third of an inch in thickness ; they are attached
by one edge to the broad ligament, and are almost wholly inclosed in a
peritoneal sac. They present a smooth exterior, broken only by a few
linear impressions : a section has been taken from the left ovary, showing
several ovisacs in different stages of development, imbedded in and closely
adherent to a very dense stroma. The fimbriated extremity of each ovi-
duct is expanded upon the outer margin of the ovarian capsule ; the inner
surface of the pavilion is beset with very numerous and fine oblique striae.

165

and with secondary laminae near the contracted opening of the duct.
The oviduct forms three or four wavy folds, and is then continued along
the walls of the wide ovarian capsule, to the extremity of the uterine
horn, which makes an abrupt curve downwards to meet it. The interior
of the cornu presents four longitudinal series of short, flattened, but very
prominent cotyledonal processes. Similar processes also occur, but more
irregularly, in the short corpus uteri. The cervix uteri is occupied by
the two circular series of close-set short longitudinal laminae^ about
twelve in each series. The broad transverselv oval and well-marked os
tincae is composed of similar but thicker longitudinal folds, which, when
viewed from the vagina, appear to radiate from the uterine orifice. The
wide vagina is lined by a smooth and polished membrane, impressed by
fine and irregular longitudinal lines.

Prepared by Mr. Oiven.

2756. The female organs of a Bison {Bos Americanus, Limn.). The ovaria are
smaller than in the Giraffe, and the peritoneal sacculi, or capsules, are
deeper, and have a more contracted aperture ; they are situated wholly
external to the ovary, with their apertures turned towards those bodies.
The fimbriated pavilion or commencement of the oviduct is extended
along the external border of the opening of the ovarian sac. The cotv-
ledonal processes of the uterus are softer, thicker, and more obtuse than
in the Giraffe, and are less regularly disposed the right cornu is laid
open to exhibit them. The first series of longitudinal laminae in the
cervix uteri are narrower and longer, and two series of shorter, broader
and thicker folds intervene between the first series and the plicated os
tincae. The longitudinal folds of the vagina are also more developed.

2757. The female organs of a Cow {Bos Taurus, Linn.) similarly prepared.
The ovaria are bisected. The external os tincae is laid open, showing the
next series of laminae projecting through it like a second os tincae. The
structure of the different parts is nearly the same as in the preceding
preparation.

2758. The urethro-sexual canal and external parts of generation probably of

166

the same Cow, showing the wide aperture of the urethra, the conical
process or ' peak ' into which the anterior margin of the vulva is pro-
duced, and the clitoris projecting from the inner surface of the peak.

2759. The uterus and vagina of a Heifer, showing the irregular surface of the
latter canal, the constriction which separates it from the urethro-sex-
ual passage, the urethral projection in the middle of the anterior part of
the constriction, the comparatively smooth internal surface of the ure-
thro-sexual canal, and the outlet of the preputium clitoridis near its an-
terior margin. The crura clitoridis are shown on the exterior of the
urethro-sexual passage.

2760. The female organs of a foetal Cow, similarly prepared ; showing the
smooth and even exterior of the oblong ovaria, and the small relative
size of the uterus, the whole internal surface of which is occupied with
the cotyledonal processes, which are relatively larger and more closely
aggregated than in the- mature animal. The longitudinal folds of the
lining membrane of the cervix uteri are relatively thicker. The proper
vagina is separated by a well-marked constriction from the urethro-sexual
canal. Portions of bristle are inserted into the left cornu uteri, the
ureters, and the urethra.

276 1. The female organs of a Goat {Capra Hircus, Linn.). The cornua uteri
are longer and more tortuous than in the Cow, and pass more gradually
into the oviducts : these, as in other Ruminants, are continued to their
fimbriated extremities, along the anterior part at some distance from the
edge of the broad ligament where it forms the ovarian sac. The uterine
cotyledons, which are exposed in the left cornu, are rounder and more
depressed than in the Cow. The structure of the cervix uteri closely cor-
responds with that in the Bison. The relative extent of the vagina before
and after it receives the urethra, is exhibited in the preparation, which
corresponds in this respect with the Ruminants generally. The preputium
clitoridis opens into the urethro-sexual passage near its anterior margin.

2762. The female organs of a Goat, with the ovaria more developed, both of
which are bisected to display the ovisacs and stroma. The ovarian cap-

167

sules, the pavilions, and the course of the oviducts are more clearly ex-
hibited in this preparation ; both cornua uteri are laid open, showing the
enlargement of the cotyledonal processes corresponding with that of the
ovaria.

2763. The female organs and urinary bladder of a virgin Ewe [Ovis Aries,
Linn.). The ovaria are more rounded than in the goat ; the ovarian
sacculi smaller, and the uterine cotyledons more produced. The longi-
tudinal lamellae of the cervix uteri are also arranged in more numerous
and better defined circular groups. The proper vagina is relatively longer,
it is divided from the urethro-sexual canal by a constriction, across which
a filamentary band is stretched, representing the hymen. The mucous
sinuses, or canals of Malpighi, open into this part of the vagina ; a bristle
is inserted into the outlet of the one on the left side. A portion of quill
is placed in the urethra, and a white bristle in the groove of the clitoris,
which has the same relative position as in the Goat.

2764. The female organs and urinary bladder, injected, of a Lamb, showing the
small size of the ovaria and uterus as compared with the vagina and ex-
ternal parts of generation. The right cornu is laid open, showing a
single longitudinal and continuous series of cotyledonal processes, which
terminate each in a point, instead of presenting the flattened or con-
cave surface as in the impregnated state. The groups of laminse in the
cervix uteri present the appearance of a number of successive ora tincse.

2765. One of the ovaria and oviducts of a Camel {Camelus Bactrianus, Linn.).
The ovary is a comparatively small subcompressed oval body with a
smooth and even exterior : it is bisected to show its dense stroma or
cellular texture, in which only a few small superficial ovisacs are percep-
tible. The greater part of the capsula ovarii is, as it were, formed by the
expanded fimbriated aperture of the oviduct, which is of very large size
and is supported by a broad fold of peritoneum ; the sacculus as it ap-
proaches the contracted part of the duct has its inner surface provided
with many broad parallel folds : the oviduct is disposed in a series of
four oblique festoons, and is then continued in an unconvoluted course
towards the uterus.

168

2766. The female organs of a Dromedary {Camelus Dromedarius, Linn.). The
ovaria present a much more irregular furrowed and tuberculate surface
than in the previous specimen, and their attachment is by a contracted
peduncle to the broad ligaments : one of the enlarged ovisacs projects
considerably from the left ovary. The cornua uteri describe each a re-
gular semicircular curve : the right cornu is laid open, showing its
smooth and even internal surface, which exhibits no trace of cotyledonal
processes. The corpus uteri is short ; the cervix is occupied with a series
of oblique but nearly transverse folds, which do not quite complete a
circle. Three of these folds are seen from the vagina concentrically
disposed around the os uteri. The commencement of the wide vagina
presents a smooth and even internal surface.

2767. The remainder of the vagina, with the urethro -sexual passage and clitoris
of the same Dromedary. A bougie is placed in the urethra. The cli-
toris commences by two crura, and is continued in a tortuous and some-
what spiral course to the preputium clitoridis, to one side of which it is
adherent : the extremity of the preputium forms a conical prominence
external to the anterior margin of the urethro-sexual canal.

2768. The corresponding parts of a Camel {Camelus Bactrianus, Linn.), simi-
larly prepared. In both specimens the structure of the venous retiform
plexuses connected with the clitoris is shown by the removal of a section
from each.

2769. The right ovary, oviduct, and a part of the corresponding horn of the
uterus, injected, of an Ass {Equus Asinus, Linn.). The ovary presents
an elongated reniform figure, the extremities being bent towards each
other: it is lodged in a peritoneal sac. The inner surface of the expanded
orifice of the oviduct is richly beset with vascular and minutely plicated
lamina?, radiating in curved lines from the aperture of the oviduct : a
bristle is placed in this aperture. The oviduct is continued in short wavy
folds within the duplicature of the broad ligament^ and some lines distant
from its edge, to the uterus. The portion of the cornu here preserved is
laid open, showing the oblique wavy folds of the lining membrane.

2770. The female organs of a Mare {Equus Caballus, Linn.). The ovaria are

169

inclosed and concealed in large peritoneal sacculi, to the mouths of which
the fimbriated extremities of the Fallopian tubes or oviducts are attached :
a bristle is inserted into one of these. The inner surface of the pavilions
are characterized by numerous narrow, close-set folds. The horns of
the uterus in the present unimpregnated state are a little longer than the
body or common cavity of the uterus. The right cornu is laid open, and
exhibits a few short oblique folds of the lining membrane projecting into
the interior. A few similar folds are observable in the body of the uterus i
together with others which are more developed and disposed more longi-
tudinally at the cervix. The os uteri is denoted by the sphinctoric thick-
ening of the muscular coat and the contraction of the canal ; but there is
no valvular projection into the vagina,

2771- portion of an oviduct and uterine horn of a Mare, showing, in the
latter, the increased development of the oblique folds of the lining mem-
brane preparatory to impregnation.

2772. The termination of the vagina, with the urethro-sexual canal and clitoris,
of a Mare, probably a part of the female organs shown in No. 2770.
The vagina, which is characterized internally by numerous small, irregular,
longitudinal folds, is separated from the urethro-sexual passage by a
transverse, narrow, smooth constriction, the remains of the hymen. The
urethral canal terminates just beyond this constriction, and immediately
behind a soft rugous prominence. The orifices of mucous glands may
be observed scattered here and there over the comparatively smooth in-
ternal surface of the urethro-sexual canal ; the trilobate extremity of the
clitoris projects from the orifice of its preputium close to the anterior
margin of the vulva. The cut-edges of the preparation exhibit the thick-
ness of the sphincter vaginae, which is disposed around the urethro-
sexual division of the efferent genital canal. The neck of the bladder is
laid open, exposing the orifices of the ureters, into which bristles are
placed. Two grooves are continued from these orifices, and converge
and unite in the urethra, which is encompassed with a thick muscular
coat.

2773. The female organs of a Foal. The body of the uterus and the vagina are

z

170

laid open, showing how slightly the separation of these two portions of
the efferent canal is indicated. The vagina communicates with the
urethro-sexual canal by two small apertures. The vulval aperture is pre-
served entire, showing the two labia and clitoris. The ovaria are altered
in structure, and preternaturally enlarged.

2774. The female organs and urinary bladder of a foetal Mare. The right cornu
and body of the uterus, the vagina, and urethro-sexual canal, are laid
open. The longitudinal folds of the vagina clearly distinguish it, in this
preparation, from the smooth corpus uteri.

2775. The internal female organs of generation of a young Elephant [Elephas
indicus, Cuv.). The ovaria are small oblong bodies, with an irregular
tuberculated exterior : the fimbriated extremities of the Fallopian tubes
are provided with numerous long and slender branched processes, like a
loose tassel. Each tube makes a long bend upon itself around a deep
and narrow ovarian sacculus, and maintains a slightly tortuous course
to the uterus. The body of the uterus is very short ; the cornua are
long and wide ; one of these is laid open, showing its inner surface,
which is broken only by a few slight transverse puckerings on the con-
cave side. The body of the uterus presents two large semilunar folds ;
and the os tincae is represented by three similar successive and alternate
folds, which alone distinguish the uterus from the vagina.

2776. The continuous portions of the vagina and urethro-sexual canal of the
same Elephant, showing the constriction separating them in the virgin
state. In this constriction, when viewed from the urethro-sexual canal,
there appear three small apertures ; the middle one is the communica-
tion with the vagina ; the two lateral ones lead to mucous sinuses, or
the canals of Malpighi ; they have been distended with mercury. The
internal surface of the vagina presents a few slight and irregular rugae ;
those of the urethro-sexual canal affect a more regular, and in some
places a penniform arrangement : the urethra terminates immediately
beyond the constriction.

2777- The clitoris of an Elephant. Though probably from a young specimen, it
measures fifteen inches in length. The two crura are naturally attached

171

to the rami of the os pubis : they are of a dense cavernous texture, and
are joined together to form the body of the cHtoris ; this is inclosed in
a strong ligamentous capsule, a portion of which is reflected from one
side. After the junction of the crura the clitoris descends along the
perineum, with its under or posterior surface applied to the urethro-sexual
canal ; two muscles, analogous to the levatores penis in the male, con-
verge and unite upon the upper or anterior part of the clitoris, and send
their common tendon through a sheath to terminate near the glans ; this
is composed of a vascular corpus spongiosum, which has been injected.
The large nerve of the clitoris is also shown.

A. The female generative organs of a young Rhinoceros {Rhinoceros Indi-
cus, Cuv.). The ovaria are included within a large peritoneal sac, com-
municating with the general abdominal cavity by an opening which is
three inches wide. They are compact oblong flattened bodies, with a
smooth surface, as might be expected, from the immature age of the
animal. The external capsule of the ovarium is stout and unyielding,
and the serous covering has the appearance of being strengthened by
tendinous lines, one of which runs in a curved direction across the ante-
rior part of the ovary, having other shorter lines diverging from it. The
stroma ovarii is dense and compact. Three ovisacs or Graafian vesicles
were dissected out of each ovarium : of these, one was an inch in diameter,
with very dense, thick, dark-coloured parietes ; the rest had a diameter
of two-thirds of an inch, with thinner coats. Their contents were exa-
mined with great care under the microscope, but the granular layer was
evidently broken up by decomposition, and the ovulum was invisible.
The animal had been dead a fortnight.

The Fallopian tubes or oviducts commence by wide orifices, having a
richly fimbriated margin : their diameter at the expanded end equals two-
thirds of an inch, but they gradually diminish in size as they pass in a
slightly tortuous course along the parietes of the ovarian capsule towards
the uterus. Just before they enter the cornu their diameter does not
exceed one-third of a line. They terminate in the extremity of the cornu
upon a valvular protuberance about the size of a pea, which is divided
into four or five processes.

z 2

172

The inner surface of the oviduct is augmented by short, irregular,
longitudinal folds or processes of the lining membrane. Each oviduct
is fourteen inches in length. The cornua uteri are each seventeen inches
in length, and uniformly about an inch in diameter. Their area is oc-
cupied by close-set longitudinal folds of the lining membrane about a
quarter of an inch in breadth, and having a wavy, irregular, free margin.
There is no appearance of processes for the attachment of cotyledons.
Where the cornua join the body of the uterus, the crenation or scolloping
of the longitudinal folds becomes shorter and deeper. The length of the
common uterus is about one and a half inches. The surface of its lining
membrane is perfectly smooth, and presents, when first exposed, a leaden
hue. A large transverse crescentic fold projects from the upper and
lateral part of the vagina ; the upper and broadest part of the fold is one
inch : it gradually diminishes as it descends on each side, and the cresses
are lost about four inches from the vaginal orifice, and about an inch
and a half from the middle line of the lower surface. About an inch
above this fold, or nearer the uterus, a second and smaller fold is formed,
which also descends from the upper and lateral parietes of the vagina,
but passes across in an oblique direction : then follow in quick suc-
cession a series of shorter but equally broad semilunar folds, which be-
come alternate in their relative position as they approach the uterus, so
as to cause the cavity of the vagina to assume a spiral course not very
unlike the disposition of the intestine in the Shark. As these valvular
folds also assume a thicker, softer, and more vascular texture as they
approach the uterus, it is by no means easy to determine where the vagina
ends or the uterus begins ; in which respect the Rhinoceros resembles the
Elephant. The parts are minutely injected. Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2777 B. The remainder of the vagina, with the urethro-sexual canal, vulva, and
clitoris of the same Rhinoceros. The orifice of the preputium clitoridis
is distinct from that of the urethro-sexual canal, being situated imme-
diately below or anterior to it. The length of the urethro-sexual canal
is four inches ; on each side, and about an inch and a half from the
external outlet, there is a small aperture, through which a bristle is
passed : it is the outlet of a mucous sinus, which extends forwards in ^

173

the parietes of the urethro-sexual passage, and gradually dilaies to the
diameter of two or three lines, and after a course of three inches it
divides into two or three smaller canals with blind extremities. These
sinuses are the so-called ' Malpighian canals.' The orifice by which the
vagina communicates with the urethro-sexual canal is contracted, and its
area is also diminished by several short, oblique, longitudinal folds, whose
free edges project into it ; the largest of these folds occupies the middle
of the lower part of the orifice, beyond which the vagina rapidly dilates
into a canal of six inches' diameter. Prepared hy Mr. Owen.

2778. The corresponding parts of a Tapir [Tapirus Amer'icanus, Linn.). The
clitoris here projects within the anterior margin of the vulva : it is a
short, pyramidal body with two small lateral lobes. The urethro-sexual
canal is separated from the vagina by a broad transverse semilunar fold,
beneath which is the wide aperture of the urethra.

2779- One of the ovaria and oviducts of a Sow {Sus Scrofa, Linn.). The ovary
is a large, flattened, oblong body, with an irregular and somewhat con-
voluted surface ; it is almost wholly concealed within the peritoneal sac.
The whole of the posterior parietes of this sac is formed by the wide and
deep pavilion, or beginning of the oviduct ; the margins of the elongated
aperture of the pavilion are almost entire.

2780. The opposite ovarium and oviduct of the same Sow, in which the pavilion
is inverted, showing the numerous long, but narrow folds, which radiate
from the contracted opening of the oviduct to the free margins of the
pavilion along its inner surface.

2781. The corresponding parts, injected, of another Sow ; the surface of the
ovarium is tuberculated by the largely developed ovisacs. The pavilion
and the whole of the oviduct are laid open, showing the vascularity of its
internal plicated surface.

2782. The left ovary, oviduct, and a part of the left uterine horn of a Sow. The
ovary is displaced from its peritoneal pouch, showing its pedunculate
attachment close within the margin of the wide aperture of the pouch :
the course of the oviduct, and its relation to the ovarian pouch, are very

174

clearly shown ; the cornu uteri is laid open, and a bristle passed from it
to the oviduct : the inner surface of the cornu is puckered up into irre-
gular folds and plaits, the coarser ones running longitudinally, the finer
ones transversely.

2783. A portion of one of the long cornua uteri of a Sow, injected and laid
open, showing its very irregular rugous surface ; the larger rugae here
presenting for the most part a transverse disposition.

2784. The corpus uteri, vagina, and external parts of generation of a Sow. The
numerous and irregular processes and wrinkles which characterize the
inner surface of the horns of the uterus gradually subside in the body as
this approaches the vagina, and pass into two or three series of thick
and soft ridges of the lining membrane. The os uteri is denoted by a
series of close-set, narrow, longitudinal folds, but there is no valvular
projection or os tincae : in the true vagina the longitudinal folds become
fewer, and gradually subside towards the line of separation between the
vagina and urethro-sexual passage. The urethra opens between two
longitudinal ridges, but the surface both of these and other similar pro-
jections in the urethro-sexual canal, is broken by numerous fine, wavy,
and oblique furrows. The clitoris projects from the anterior angle of the
vulval labia.

2785. The female organs in situ of a young Porpesse (Phocana communis, Cuv.).
The ovaries present the form of smooth elongated subcompressed bo-
dies, completely exposed to view on the posterior surface of the broad
ligaments, and situated at equal distances from the horn of the uterus and
the pavilion. The expanded aperture of the oviduct is provided with
almost entire margins : the contracted part of the tube pursues a wavy
course to the extremity of the cornu uteri ; of these the left is laid open,
showing its internal surface, which, at the present immature period, is
smooth, and interrupted only by a few large oblique lines. The body of
the uterus is very short ; the os tincae is well developed, and is grooved
longitudinally ; a bristle is passed through it. Below the os tincae the
vagina presents a series of broad transverse and longitudinally grooved

175

folds, which diminish in size as they approach the urethro-sexual canal :
this external division of the vagina is very short. The urethra opens
upon a longitudinal eminence about an inch from the external outlet,
and it is surrounded by other longitudinal ruga?. Anterior to the urethra
are two folds which resemble the labia minora, and between which is the
clitoris.

2786. A section of a Porpesse, giving a side view of the female organs and their
relations to the urinary bladder and rectum ; the parts are viewed from
the left, and the left cornu uteri, oviduct, and ovary, with the correspond-
ing parietes of the vagina, bladder, and rectum, are removed, A bristle
is inserted into the right cornu, which is entire ; it describes a semi-elliptic
curve, and is abruptly bent at both extremities. The anterior and larger
folds of the vagina appear like a succession of ora tincse. A bristle is
passed into the ureter, and another larger one through the urethra. The
peritoneum is reflected from the bladder upon the commencement of the
vagina, and from the rectum upon its termination. The urethro-sexual
canal becomes suddenly dilated in the antero-posterior direction to its
termination. The rectum becomes much contracted towards the anus,
which is close behind the vulva. The depression exterior to the vulva
lodges the nipple.

2787. The female organs of a Dolphin {Delphinus Tursio^ Fabr.). The ovaria,
as in other Cetacea, are characterized by their elongated form, and they
are also impressed with lines which give to the surface a convoluted appear-
ance as in some of the more simple brains of the Mammalia. The thin
membranous pavilion presents a very simple structure without any fimbri-
ation of its margins. The left cornu uteri, which is laid open, exhibits
a few simple parallel longitudinal plaits. The corpus uteri is occupied
with shorter and more irregular longitudinal processes. The os tincse,
or first of the vaginal circular folds, is coarsely plicated longitudinally,
like the succeeding ones : these gradually form smaller portions of a
circle, and subside about half-way down the vagina, where the longitudinal
furrows are also lost. The form of the vulva may be seen on the oppo-
site side of the preparation ; a bristle is passed through the urethra ; the
termination of the rectum and anus are likewise preserved.

176

2788. One of the ovaria, oviducts, with a portion of the corresponding horn of
the uterus and broad ligament of the Great Bottle-nose Whale {Hyper-
oodon Dalei, Cuv.). The half of the oviduct next the uterus is very
narrow, but it rapidly expands into a very large pavilion, the inner sur-
face of which is beset with very minute striae, chiefly longitudinal ; the

' chief peculiarity, however, in the uterus of the Hyperoodon is the presence
of eight or ten oblong compressed processes which surround the entry of
the oviduct into the cornu and project into the latter canal.

2789. The corresponding portions of the oviduct and uterus of the opposite

side, with the uterus laid open to show the longitudinal folds of the
lining membrane, and the fringe of processes around the entry of the
Fallopian tube ; through which a bristle is placed.

2790. The body of the uterus and beginning of the vagina of the same Hyper-
oodon. The inner surface of the uterus presents a few large smooth
ridges and obtuse processes : the os tincae is divided into five rounded
tubercles ; about six inches intervene between the os tincae and the first
transverse fold of the vagina ; the lining membrane of which, in the in-
terspace, is puckered up into very fine and numerous wavy wrinkles :
below the fold these become larger and more regularly longitudinal.

2791. A portion of the beginning of the vagina of the same Hyperoodon, show-
ing three of the large transverse folds, and the more numerous and
smaller longitudinal plicae of this part of the canal.

2792. The ovary, oviduct, and beginning of the corresponding horn of the uterus
of the Piked Whale {Balanoptera rostrata, Cuv.). The ovary resembles
that of the Delphinus in its elongated form and superficial markings, but
it is more compressed. Beneath the ovarium the broad liganient forms a
wide and shallow sac. The fimbriated aperture of the oviduct is attached
at one end to the outer extremity of the ovary ; the margins of this wide
aperture are almost entire, but the inner surface of the pavilion is in-
creased by many wrinkles, folds, and processes ; the latter are largest
and most numerous near the ovary, and around the entry to the oviduct.
The oviduct is dilated into a small membranous pouch, but soon con-

177

tracts ; it is slightly wavy for a very short distance and then is continued
straight to the horn of the uterus.

2793. The body of the uterus, with the connected portions of the cornua and
vagina, and the urinary bladder of the same JBalanoptera. One of the
cornua is laid open to show the longitudinal plicae of its lining membrane;
these are partially effaced at the beginning of the corpus uteri, but soon
reappear. The first transverse circular fold is formed at the distance of
five inches from the division of the uterus ; this is followed at the inter-
val of an inch by a second fold which is more produced ; and this by a
third at a similar distance which is still larger and more extended into
the vagina, and would seem to represent the os tincae : the longitudinal
plicae are numerous and strongly developed on each of these folds. Im-
mediately beyond the third fold there is a transverse semicircular pro-
cess of the lining membrane similarly folded ; beyond this are four
other transverse convex folds, progressively increasing in width, and con-
nected each with a similar process, completing the circumference of the
vagina ; below these folds the longitudinal plicae gradually subside,

2794. The termination of the vagina and vulva of the same Balaenoptera ; a
bougie is passed through the urethra, in front of which is the clitoris and
its sheath.

Hunter gives the following general description of the female organs in
the Cetacea in his paper ' On Whales'.

" In all the females which I have examined, the parts of generation
are very uniformly the same, consisting of the external opening, the va-
gina, uterus. Fallopian tubes, fimbriae, and ovaria.

" The external opening is a longitudinal slit, or oblong opening, whose
edges meet in two opposite points, and the sides are rounded off, so as
to form a kind of sulcus. The skin and parts on each side of this sulcus
are of a looser texture than on the common surface of the animal, not
being loaded with oil, and allowing of such motion of one part on an-
other as admits of dilatation and contraction. The vagina passes upwards
and backwards towards the loins, so that its direction is diagonal re-

2 A

178

specting the cavity of the abdomen, and then divides into the two horns,
one on each side of the loins ; these afterwards terminating in the Fal-
lopian tubes, to which the ovaria are attached. From each ovarium there
is a small fold of the periton3eum, which passes up towards the kidney of
the same side, as in most quadrupeds.

" The inside of the vagina is smooth for about one half of its length,
and then begins to form something similar to valves, projecting towards
the mouth of the vagina, each like an os tincae ; these are about six,
seven, eight, or nine in number. Where they begin to form, they hardly
go quite round, but the last are complete circles. At this part too the
vagina becomes smaller, and gradually decreases in width to its termi-
nation.

" From the last projecting part the passage is continued up to the
opening of the two horns, and the inner surface of this last part is thrown
into longitudinal rugae, which are continued into the horns. Whether
this last part is to be considered as os tineas, I do not know ; but, from
its having the longitudinal rugae, I am inclined to think it is uterus, this
structure appearing to be intended for distinction.

" The horns are an equal division of this part ; they make a gentle
turn outwards, and are of considerable length. Their inner surface is
thrown into longitudinal rugae without any small protuberances for the
cotyledons to form upon, as in those of ruminating animals ; and where
they terminate the Fallopian tubes begin.

" In the Bottle-nose Whale {Hyperoodon), where the Fallopian tubes
opened into the horns of the uterus, they were surrounded by pendulous
bodies hanging loose in the horns,

" The Fallopian tubes, at their termination in the uterus, are remark-
ably small for some inches, and then begin to dilate rather suddenly ; and
the nearer to the mouth the more this dilatation increases, like the mouth
of a French horn, the termination of which is five or six inches in dia-
meter. They are full of longitudinal rugae through their whole length.

" The ovaria are oblong bodies about five inches in length, one end
attached to the mouth of the Fallopian tube and the other near to the
horn of the uterus. They are irregular on their external surface, resem-

179

bling a capsula renalis or pancreas. They have no capsula but what is
formed by the long Fallopian tube."

2794 A. The female organs, with the rectum, urinary bladder and umbilicus of a
young Seal {Phoca vitulina, Linn.). The ovaria are inclosed in the peri-
toneal capsules ; the one on the right side is opened, and the ovary l)i-
sected. The capsules are situated close to the ends of the cornua
uteri. The inner surface of these tubes is beset with thick soft emi-
nences, chiefly in the longitudinal direction, and which fall into longitudi-
nal ridges as they approach the corpus uteri. This part is very short, but
the cornua are externally united some way before they open into the
common cavity. The uterus opens into the vagina on a well-developed
round os tincse. The vagina is separated, at the present immature period,
by a well-marked constriction from the urethro-sexual canal. The urethra
opens into the beginning of this canal upon a mamillary prominence.
The clitoris projects from a small semilunar depression, just within the
verge of the anterior part of the urethro-sexual canal. The rectum
terminates close to the opposite side of the vulva, and a common cloacal
sphincter muscle embraces both apertures.

Prepared by Mr. Langstaff.

2795. The female organs of a Leopard {Felis Leopardus, Linn.). The ovaria
present an elongated, elliptical, flattened form, and are attached by one
edge to the ovarian ligament : the peritoneal pouch is large and wide,
with an opening extending its whole length. The fimbriated aperture of
the oviduct is extended along one side of the margin of the pouch ; the
ovary itself forms the opposite boundary. The oviduct runs a short and
tortuous course along the anterior part of the ovarian capsule to the
horn of the uterus : both cornua present, in the present unimpregnated
state, the form of simple, straight, narrow, flattened tubes, with a smooth
and even internal surface, and they open into the common uterine cavity
half-way between their external union and the vagina. The os tincae is
very prominent, and is beset with numerous short, papillose processes.
The vagina is a narrow canal, with a few smooth, longitudinal rugae
internally, which terminate abruptly at the beginning of the urethro-

2 A 2

180

sexual passage. The internal surface of this compartment presents a
very different character ; it is beset with coarse papillae, the larger ones
being aggregated in longitudinal groups : the urethra opens into the
commencement of the canal, and the clitoris projects into its termination,
both being on the same line of the anterior or under surface : half-way
between these parts, and at the sides of the urethro-sexual passage, are
the orifices of two large glands, analogous to those of Cowper, into the
ducts of wliich bristles are inserted. The crura clitoridis and their com-
pressor muscles are shown at the opposite side of the preparation, with
the urinary bladder and long urethra.

2796. The corresponding parts, with the anus and anal glands, of a Hyaena
{HycBua vulgaris, Cuv.). The ovaria present a more compact, oval
form, and are more inclosed in the peritoneal capsules of the broad
ligament than in the Leopard. The pavilions are less elongated and
more fimbriated, and constitute a smaller proportion of the margin of
the aperture of the capsule. The uterus and its cornua resemble those
of the Leopard : the vagina is wider, and the longitudinal folds are more
produced and irregular. The os tincse is not fimbriated, as in the Leo-
pard ; but immediately beyond it a process is continued from the be-
ginning of one of the longitudinal folds, which terminates in a filamentary
portion of membranous substance half an inch in length ; whether this
is to be regarded as a natural structure is doubtful. The rugae of the
vagina gradually subside before the commencement of the urethro-sexual
canal, which is much contracted. The form and relative position of the
vulva and anus are shown with the surrounding integument. The right
anal gland is preserved entire, the left is laid open to display the thickness
of its glandular parietes, and the smooth epithelium lining its anterior
cavity ; a bristle is passed through the excretory canal.

2797. The female organs of generation of a Zibet {Viverra Zibetha, Linn.).
The preparation is suspended by the peritoneal capsules of the ovaria,
which loosely surround those parts, but have been here reflected from
them. The ovarian ligaments are seen passing upon the posterior parts
of the cornua uteri ; the Fallopian tubes run in a tortuous direction

181

along the anterior part of the ovarian capsules ; they terminate, not at the
apex, but by the side of the extremity of the uterine cornu, which forms a
small caecum. The broad peritoneal, and the round fibrous ligaments, are
attached to the outer side of the cornua uteri. The body of the uterus,
as well as the cornua, are preserved entire ; the vagina is laid open,
showing its longitudinally wrinkled inner surface, and its inflected course.
The urinary bladder and rectum, the vulva and anus, the large intervening
peritoneal glandular pouch, and the anal glands are also severally shown
in this preparation.

2798. The female organs, with the large intestine and urinary bladder, of a Civet
{Viverra O'w^^a, Schreb.). The ovaria approach nearer to the globular
form than usual. They are situated in shallow capsules, on one side of
which the oviduct commences by a large elongated aperture. The cornua
uteri are long, slender, compressed, straight canals. The corpus uteri
is equally simple, but very short ; the vagina is long. The urethro-sex-
ual canal opens externally on a prominent vulva, above which there is
a semilunar cutaneous depression, which receives the ducts of two large
scent-glands : a section is removed from the right gland to show its fol-
licular structure. A similar section has been removed from the anal
gland; and bristles are inserted into the orifices of both these secreting
organs.

2709. The generative organs and urinary bladder of a young Wolf {Canis
Lupus, Linn.). The ovaria are wholly inclosed in capacious capsules
formed by a reflection of the peritoneum ; a small aperture leads into
the capsule from the part nearest the horn of the uterus. The fim-
briated beginning of the oviduct is attached to the exterior boundary
of this aperture opposite the ovarium ; the tube itself passes in a wavy
course round the anterior part of the capsule to the uterus. The cornua
are long, slender, compressed tubes, and are joined together externally
for nearly two inches before they communicate with the body of the
uterus. The interior of this part presents a few smooth, longitudinal
elevations of the lining membrane. The os tincse is a smooth, thick,
simple prominence. The true vagina is of considerable length : the

182

urethra opens between a small transverse fold, and the triangular flattened
clitoris, beyond which is a second transverse crescentic fold with its con-
cavity opposite that of the preceding.

2800. The ovary and ovarian capsule, with the oviduct and part of the uterine
horn, of a Bitch {Cams domesticus, Linn.). Both the ovary and pavilion
are entirely inclosed in a large serous or peritoneal capsule, which opens
externally by a small aperture near the end of the horn of the uterus : a
portion of the capsule is reflected downwards to expose its cavity and
contents. The ovary exhibits an irregular, tuberculate surface, occa-
sioned by the large size of the superficial ovisacs. A bristle is inserted
into the orifice of the oviduct, which is surrounded by numerous short
and thickly-set folds or fimbriations. The parietes of the ovarian cap-
sule contain much adipose matter.

2801. The corresponding parts of a large Quadruped, similarly prepared, but
with the ovarium bisected, the pavilion reflected, and its numerous broad,
plicated folds displayed on the outside of the capsule : a portion of quill
is passed through the opening leading into the capsule.

2802. The pelvic viscera, and their external outlets, of a female Fox {Cams

Vulpis, Linn.). The body of the uterus, and a small portion of each
cornu, are preserved ; the right wall of the vagina is removed, showing
the small, round os tincse, which is impressed with a spiral indentation.
A thin, circular, membranous fold separates the vagina from the urethro-
sexual canal. A large bristle is passed through the urethra, which opens
between two thick longitudinal ridges, which unite below the opening,
and are covered with minute wavy wrinkles. The preputial cavity of the
clitoris is situated close to the anterior verge of the vulva. The rectum,
anus, and left anal gland, and the glandular depression above the anus,
are also preserved.

2803. The female organs of generation, with the urinary bladder, rectum, and
anal glands, of a Skunk {Mephites, Cuv.). The ovaria are inclosed in a
capsule : the cornua uteri are long and tortuous, and suspended on the
edges of broad adipose processes of peritoneum. The vulva is situated

183

about an inch anterior to the anus, which is laid open to show the ter-
minations of the ducts of the scent-glands : these are placed upon papillae
lodged in small depressions on each side of the verge of the anus : one
gland is entire, a section is removed from the opposite one to show its
muscular and glandular tunics, and its smooth internal cavity.

2804. The corresponding parts of the Ratel {Ratelus meltivorus, Storr.). The
ovaria are completely inclosed in peritoneal capsules, as in the preceding
preparation ; a portion of the right capsule has been removed to expose
the ovary, which presents a smooth and even exterior ; a bristle is placed
in the opening of the opposite capsule. The cavity of the left horn of
the uterus is partly exposed, to show the thick, longitudinal, and oblique
folds of the soft lining membrane. The os tincge is formed by a double
circular prominence ; the internal surface at the commencement of the
vagina is beset with numerous and minute oblique rugae, which become
larger and more longitudinal as they approach the urethro-sexual canal :
the vagina opens into this canal by a bilobed fold or projection resem-
bling a second os tincae : the urethra opens upon the anterior lobe or
prominence of this fold. The inner surface of the urethro-sexual canal
is very smooth. The left anal gland is laid open to show the smooth
and glistening epithelium which lines its cavity ; a bristle is passed
through the excretory outlet.

2805. The female organs of a White Bear {Ursus maritimus, Linn.). The
ovaria are completely inclosed in a reflected capsiile of the peritoneal
membrane, like the testes in their tunica vaginalis : a small opening,
however, leads into the ovarian capsule at the part next the horn of the
uterus. The fimbriated orifices of the Fallopian tubes are situated close
to this aperture : the tubes pass round the capsule in a tortuous course
to the uterus. The two cornua uteri communicate with a short and wide
corpus uteri, between which and the vagina there appears, in the prepara-
tion, to be no very distinct boundary ; a broad transverse rugous projec-
tion of the lining membrane holds the place of the os tincae. The vagina
is separated from the urethro-sexual canal by two transverse semilunar
folds, continued, one from each side of the longitudinal eminence upon

184

which the urethra opens. The lining membrane of the urethro-sexual
canal is chiefly remarkable for its dark colour and sharply defined rugae,
which are mostly longitudinal, but in some places have an oblique or
penniform arrangement. The clitoris lies concealed in a deep preputial
cavity, attached through its whole length to the anterior or under part of
the urethro-sexual canal. Bristles are inserted into the right horn of the
uterus and into the urethra.

2805 A. The female organs of the Labiated Bear (Ursus ladiaius, Bl.). The
ovarian capsules are artificially distended, and that on the left side is laid
open to show its large size as compared with the ovarium. This organ
is bisected, showing the difi^erent colours of its central and superficial
stroma, and the small ovisacs imbedded in the latter. The left horn
of the uterus has the whole of its cavity exposed, showing the obtuse,
depressed, irregular processes of its lining membrane. The body of the
uterus offers a very contracted area ; it terminates by a small circular
papillose ridge, in a short but wider canal, which traverses a similar but
much larger prominence, or os tincae ; these valvular projections are
longitudinally bisected in the preparation : their surface is minutely pli-
cated. The lining membrane of the vagina presents many small, irregular,
transverse rugae at its commencement, but these gradually pass into the
longitudinal direction at its termination in the urethro-sexual canal, which
is by a large corrugated valvular fold. Immediately beyond this fold is
the opening of the urethra, situated between two thick longitudinal ru-
gous ridges. The greater part of the urethro-sexual canal has a smooth
internal surface. ' Prepared hy Mr. Owen.

2806. The body of the uterus, with the two cornua as far as they are connected
together, and a small portion of the vagina of some large Quadruped.

2807- The posterior part of a Mole {Talpa Europaa, Linn.), with the female
generative and the urinary organs exposed. The uterus is turned to the
right side, principally to display the course and attachments of the ovarian
and uterine ligaments. The ovarian ligament commences anterior and
external to the kidney, and carries forward with it a fold of the perito-
neum as it advances to the ovarium. The uterine Hgament, orligamentum

185

rotundurrjjis continued from the extremity of the cornu uteri^and runs along
the posterior edge of the preceding fold, to the part corresponding to the
abdominal ring in the male, where it expands upon the fascia. The left
ovary and oviduct, the cornua and corpus uteri, are also exhibited. The
ovary is tuberculate, and inclosed in an almost complete peritoneal cap-
sule. The oviduct is attached to this capsule, and pursues a wavy course
to the horn of the uterus.

2808. A Mole, with the ventral parietes of the abdomen and chylopoietic viscera
removed to display the female organs in situ. The cornua uteri are
cylindrical tubes, and describe three abrupt curves before joining the cor-
pus uteri, with which they form almost a right angle. The body of the
uterus is continued, without any constriction or interruption, into the
vagina : the whole canal is somewhat flattened, and is disposed in two or
three vertical curves or folds before it leaves the abdomen.

2809. The posterior half of a Mole, with the female organs similarly displayed,
but minutely injected. The cornua uteri are divaricated, to display the
extent of the broad ligaments.

2810. A section of a Mole, in which the left ovary, oviduct, and uterine horn,
and the left side of the uterus and vagina, have been removed, but expo-
sing the remainder of the generative apparatus in situ, and exhibiting its
relative position to the urinary bladder, the rectum and the pelvis. The
contracted area of the uterine cavity, the absence of any os tincae dividing
it from the vagina, and the distinct muscular and internal membranous
tunics of the flattened tortuous utero- vaginal canal are clearly displayed.
A bristle is inserted into the right horn of the uterus ; and another is
passed through the clitoris, which is perforated by the urethra. Thus,
the urethra, vagina, and rectum open by distinct orifices on the exterior
of the body, and all three canals lie anterior to the pubic bones, and con-
sequently outside the pelvis.

2811. The female organs of the Slender Lemur {Stenops gracilis, Illig.). The
ovaria are small oval bodies, with a somewhat granulated exterior ; they
lie in a depression, which is a rudiment of the capsule of the broad peri-

186

toneal ligament. The oviducts commence by a fimbriated extremity
exterior to the ovaries, and pass in front of those bodies in a tortuous
course to the horns of the uterus. These are short and wide, and begin
by large obtuse extremities ; they are lined by a smooth, thick, and seem-
ingly villous membrane. After the junction of the cornua the common
uterine canal presents internally a smoother surface, but begins to fall
into a number of fine longitudinal rugie : it is continued into the vagina
without any line or mark of distinction. The rugae are more strongly
developed in this canal, which terminates by a large round opening, half
an inch anterior to the rectum. Immediately in front of the vagina is the
clitoris ; it is a large and prominent body, perforated, like the penis in the
male, by the urethral canal, which opens upon a glans cleft by a vertical
fissure, and inclosed above and at the sides by a crescentic prepuce. The
urethra is of considerable length.

2812. The female organs, urinary bladder, and integument surrounding the ex-
cretory orifices of the urethra and vagina of the Slow Lemur {Slenops
tardigradus, Illig.). The internal organs present the same peculiarities
as in the Slender Lemur : the utero-vaginal canal opens externally by a
transverse fissure behind the clitoris, which is also perforated by the
urethra.

2813. The corresponding parts, injected, of a Lemur or Mongoose {Lemur Mon-
goz, Linn.). The principal differences here observable are, first, that the
uterus communicates with the vagina upon a distinct valvular prominence
or OS tincae ; secondly, that the clitoris is situated more within the verge
of the vulva.

2814» The female organs of a larger species of Lemur {Lemur, Cuv.). The
vagina, corpus uteri, and left cornu are laid open. The rugae of the
vagina are well developed, and are of two kinds ; the stronger ones are
longitudinal, in the interspaces of which are smaller transverse or oblique
folds ; these assume a penniform arrangement near the outlet. The clitoris
is inclosed in a large and thick prepuce, and is perforated, as in the pre-
ceding specimens, by the urethra.

2815. The external parts of generation of a Lemur. The external labia are con-

187

tinued from the dorsum of the clitoris ; within these there are two smaller
folds continued from the sides of the clitoris to the opposite part of the
vulva ; and on the internal surface of each of these folds or labia minora,
there is a thick longitudinal fold or process of membrane projecting like
the carunculse myrtiformes, into the cavity of the vagina. The large pre-
putium clitoridis and its internal plications are exhibited ; and a bristle is
passed through the clitoris into the urethra.

2816. The female organs of generation and urinary bladder, injected, of a ' Long-
tailed Monkey,' [Cercopithecns, Cuv.). The ovaria are much compressed,
and approach the triangular form : the oviducts enter the angles of the
fundus of a simple undivided uterus : the cervix uteri is occupied by
several irregular longitudinal rugge ; the internal surface of the vagina
presents a few oblique ruga?. The urethra here terminates two thirds of
an inch within the vulva, upon a longitudinal prominence, on each side of
which there is a transverse ridge, dividing the vagina from the common
or urethro-sexual passage ; immediately beyond the constriction there are
several small oblique plications of the lining membrane. The clitoris is
smaller than in the Lemurs, and is imperforate ; on each side of it there
is a tumid process of integument, making a kind of prepuce. From these
processes two ridges pass backwards to the sides of the vulva, of which
they constitute the labia, and between these there is a groove running
from the clitoris to the urethro-sexual canal.

2817- The female organs of a Monkey. The uterus and vagina are laid open :
the tunics of the uterus are thinnest at the fundus, the angles of which
are slightly produced, like a last indication of cornua. At the cervix
there are seen, besides the longitudinal folds, two bulbous processes of
the lining membrane ; below these a large os tincae, with a remarkably
irregular surface, projects into the vagina. This canal is lined by a dense
epithelium, and presents a few large longitudinal, and numerous small,
compressed, transverse and oblique rugae, the margins of which are cre-
nated. A transverse line divides the vagina from the urethro-sexual
canal, at the commencement of which the orifices of the urethra and of
the glandular sinuses analogous to the canals of Malpighi, are indicated
by the insertion of bristles.

2 B 2

188

2818. The female organs of generation of a Human Subject, minutely injected,
and the posterior parietes of the uterus and vagina removed to show the
form of their cavities and the disposition of the internal surface. Both
ovaria are bisected, showing several ovisacs imbedded in the vascular
stroma: these bodies are simply suspended by one margin to the poste-
rior part of the broad ligaments, which are not developed into pouches
or capsules as in many of the preceding examples. Bristles are inserted
into the fimbriated extremities of the Fallopian tubes or oviducts. The
rugae of the vagina are principally transverse : ihey terminate abruptly
at the commencement of the urethro-sexual canal, the internal surface of
which is smooth and exhibits little vascularity. From the proximity of
the urethral orifice to the outlet of the vulva the urethro-sexual passage
is comparatively shorter than in the Ape.

2819. A section of the os tincae and vagina removed from the preceding speci-
men ; showing the papillose surface of the vaginal rugae.

2820. The organs of generation of a young "Woman, with the uterus and vagina
laid open posteriorly. Bristles are inserted into both extremities of the
oviducts, and a small quill is passed through the os tincae. The ovaria
are elongated, subcylindrical bodies, attenuated towards the extremities,
and with a perfectly smooth outer surface. The oviducts are almost
straight.

2821. The female organs of an Infant, similarly prepared; showing the still
more elongated form of the ovaria.

2822. The right ovary and oviduct, with the right half of the uterus and urinary
bladder. A bristle is passed through the whole course of the oviduct.
The cut surfaces of the uterus exhibit the natural proximity of its pari-
etes and consequent diminution of its cavity in the unimpregnated state.
The oblique position and direction of the os tincae, and the relative posi-
tion of the bladder to the cervix uteri and vagina, are well seen in this
preparation : the cavity of the contracted bladder is dilated with a portion
of quill.

2823. The left ovary and oviduct, with the left half of the uterus and vagina
and the urinary bladder. The wrinkles, cicatrices, and other irregulari-

189

ties on the exterior of the ovary indicate that the parts are from an aged
female. A bristle is inserted into the fimbriated aperture of the oviduct,
and the fundus uteri is dilated to show the gradual expansion of the angle
beyond the termination of the oviduct. The contrast presented between
the smooth surface of the fundus uteri and the irregular surface of the
cervix uteri is well displayed in this preparation, in which the protube-
rance from the anterior part of the cervix, analogous to those shown in
No. 2817, IS also shown.

2823 A, The uterus and oviducts prepared to show the form of their cavities and
the character of their internal surface. The fimbriated orifice of the
right oviduct is left entire ; a portion of quill is passed through it : the
tube dilates beyond this orifice and then gradually contracts to almost
capillary minuteness : the surface of the lining membrane of the tube is
augmented by various folds, chiefly longitudinal in direction ; these sub-
side about an inch from the uterus, where the oviduct again begins
slightly to dilate ; where it enters the uterus the longitudinal impressions
terminate abruptly. The natural hour-glass form of the cavity of the
unimpregnated uterus is exhibited in this section.

Prepared by Mr. Owen.

2824. The cervix uteri and part of the vagina, showing the form of the os tincse
or mouth of the uterus.

2825. A section of the Female pelvis, with its contents injected and displayed in
situ, from the right side ; the corresponding parietes of the urinary blad-
der, rectum, uterus and vagina have been removed. The place of the
reflection of the peritoneum from the bladder upon the cervix uteri, and
from the rectum upon the beginning of the vagina, is shown. A bristle
is passed into the bladder, through the termination of the right ureter.
The transverse semilunar fold of membrane or ' hymen ' separating the
vagina from the urethro-sexual canal is here well developed. The val-
vular folds of the lining membrane of the rectum and the external parts
of generation are also shown.

2826. The corresponding parts of a Foetus displayed from the left side. Here

may be noticed the great proportion of the urinary bladder, which rises

190

above the symphysis pubis, as compared with the adult ; and the large
size of the urethral outlet as compared with that of the vagina, which
projects into the termination of the urethra in a valvular manner : the
hymen resembling in its form and development an os tincae. The vagina
is greatly dilated as it proceeds towards the uterus, and its cavity is much
more capacious as compared with the adult. The elongated smooth ova-
rium aiid the course of the round ligament are shown on the right side.
There are no valvular productions of the lining membrane of the
rectum.

2827- The ovaria, oviducts, and uterus of an Adult, in which, besides the large
ordinary pavilions, there are two smaller processes projecting from the
broad ligaments slightly fimbriated at their free extremity, which is per-
forated by an aperture leading to a narrow blind canal, the whole repre-
senting an abortive attempt at a formation of a second oviduct on each
side. Bristles are inserted into both these apertures and those of the
true oviducts or Fallopian tubes.

2828, The female organs of a Mulatto, exhibiting an abnormal elongation of
the angles of the uterus, which gives it the appearance of the uterus bi-
cornis of the inferior Mammalia ; the rugae characteristic of the cervix
uteri and the os tincae are also nearly obliterated.

2829. The external organs of generation. A bristle is inserted into the groove

of the clitoris and a quill is passed through the urethra.

- 2830. A similar preparation, with bristles inserted into the ducts of some of the
muciparous glands which open into the urethro-sexual passages.

2831. A similar preparation, showing a large development of the labia minora.

2832. A similar preparation from a Negress, showing the large size of the la-
bia majora.

2833. A similar preparation, showing a remarkable elongation of the nymphae.

2834. A section of the external parts of generation, showing a large clitoris and
preputium : the crura clitoridis are dissected in this specimen.

2835. The external parts of generation, with the symphysis pubis, showing the
attachment of the left crus clitoridis to the ischium.

191

The Hymen.

2836. The vagina and urethro-sexual canal of a Calf {Bos Taurus, Linn.), show-
ing the constriction between the two passages, and the fra^num or hymen
passing across the constriction.

2837- The uterus, vagina, and urethro-sexual canal of a young Pig (^Sus Scrofa,
Linn.), showing the orifice of the vagina divided by a similar fraenum.

2838. A transverse section, including the constriction separating the vagina
from the urethro-sexual canal of a Sow, showing the vertical fraenum
which traverses the vaginal orifice.

2839. The termination of the vagina and the urethro-sexual canal of a young
Ass {Equus Asinus, Linn.), exhibiting a similar condition and position
of the frsenal hymen.

2840. The vulva and urethro-sexual canal of a Mare (-£'^mms Caballus, Linn.),

showing the hymeneal constriction at the point of communication with
the vagina. There is no fraenum exhibited in this preparation.

2841. The organs of generation of a Girl, showing the constricted aperture
between the vagina and the urethro-sexual canal traversed by a strong
oblique fraenum.

2842. The corresponding parts of a Woman, showing a similar structure of the
hymen.

2843. A similar preparation, injected, showing the transverse duplicature of
membrane between the vaginal and urethro-sexual canal so developed la-
terally as to reduce the aperture to the form of a mere vertical fissure.

2844. The external parts of generation, showing a similar development of the
hymen, the margins of which are fimbriated.

2845. A similar preparation, showing the constriction between the urethro-
sexual canal and vagina formed by the production of a crescentic fold of
membrane developed from its inferior and lateral parts, and representing
what is regarded as the natural form of the hymen. A bristle is passed
through the urethra.

2845 A. A similar preparation from a Child, showing the crescentic form of the
hymen. Presented by Sir William Blizard, F.R.S.

192

Series VIII. The Coitus.

2846. Two Snails {Helix aspersa, Linn.), which have been killed in the act of
coition, showing the reciprocal intromission of the penis in these herma-
phrodite mollusks.

2847. A similar preparation, with the intromittent organ in one of the speci-
mens withdrawn.

2848. A similar preparation, with the common vaginal canal in each specimen
laid open to show the extent to which the intromittent organ has pene-
trated ; a bristle is inserted into its extremity.

2849. Two specimens of Helix aspersa, which have been killed while in the act

of copulation, their shells removed, and the parts of generation dissected.
The vagina of the upper specimen has been laid open, and the bulbous
extremity of the intromittent organ is seen to be tightly embraced by the
sphincter of the vagina ; bristles are introduced into the prostatic duct,
and oviduct ; the multifid vesicles are small ; the flagelliform appendage
is bent backwards, and its free extremity is spirally twisted upon itself.
In the lower specimen the same part has been unfolded.

2850. A male and female Silk-moth {Bombyx Mori, Fabr.), killed in coitu.
The male is characterized by its smaller size and simpler antennae.

285 1 . A male and female Privet-moth {Sphinx Ligustri, Linn.), killed in coitu,
and with the ventral parietes of the abdomen removed to show the con-
dition of the parts of generation.

2852. A male or Drone and Queen Humble-Bee {Bombus terrestris, Latr.),
killed in coitu.

2853. A male and female CockchafFer {Melolontha vulgaris, Fabr.), killed in
coitu, and with the abdomen laid open in each specimen, to show the
condition of the parts of generation.

2854. Two specimens of Melolontha solstitialis. Linn., in coitw. the abdomen
of the female is laid open to show the size of the unimpregnated ova.

193

2855. The anal fins and appendages, or copulative holders, of a male Dog-rish

{Spmax Acanthias, Linn.).

2856. A male and female Frog {jRana temporaria, Linn.), in coitu: in the mah;
may be observed the sexual development of the radial digit of each an-
terior extremity, by which he is mainly enabled to retain his grasp during
the long-protracted act of impregnating the ova ; that act taking place
as the ova pass from the female, and without intromission.

2857- A male and female Toad {Bt/fo vulgaris, Laur.), m coitu, with the parts
of generation exposed in aitu in each specimen. Those of the male have
been minutely injected: in the female the contents of the dilated termi-
nal sac of the left oviduct have been expelled in the form of a long string
of ova enveloped and attached together by a ^ough nmcus : the corre-
sponding ova of the right side are seen in situ through the thin and trans-
parent parietes of the dilated oviduct.

/y \ 7./x.

195

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE XLIX*.

A Holothure {^Holothuria tremida, Linn.), dissected principally to show tin;

unisexual generative organs.
The following is the original description, by Hunter, of the figures in this
plate :

Fig. \. "A drawing of the same animal" (as PI. in.,vol. i.,p.25 1 .)," where some
parts have been removed to expose others. This figure differs in having the
intestinal canal removed so as to expose the other parts, but principally
to show those ramifying ducts marked h h in (PI. IIL). These ramifying
vessels collect into one large duct or trunk, which passes forwards and
opens externally within an inch of the mouth. The only conjecture I
can form of the use of this viscus is, that it is the parts of generation ;
there being nothing else in the body that can give us the idea of such
parts, and I know of no other parts opening externally.

" «, The mouth.

" h, b, Different ramifications of this viscus," i.e. the parts of generation.

" c, The common duct.

" d, A bristle in its opening.

" e, The common opening of the rectum and ureters.

"y,y. What I suppose to be the kidney (this is the respiratory organ.)

" ^'j ^'^'^ P^^'' straight muscles which pass from end to end of the

animal, immediately under the skin, and which are at some little distance

from one another.

" h, One of the intermediate spaces between the muscles, which is studded over
with a number of little risings or eminences projecting some way into
the cavity of the abdomen, which will be better understood in fig. 3,

* No, 34, Manvsrript Catalogue of Drawings,
2 c 2

196

Fig. 2. " The mouth and oesophagus taken out, the better to show their con-
struction. One of the appendiculse csecae is opened, to show its continu-
ation into an elongated body that is capable of being made to project
out of the mouth of the animal : the beginning of the oesophagus is sur-
roimded with these, answering to so many tongues or tentacula, intended
most probably for the catching of the food ; and probably these ducts
secrete a viscid mucus which entangles the food.

" a, A bristle introduced into the oesophagus.

" b, The opened duct which is continued along to one of the tentacula, c,
which is elongated, having an increased spongy termination, somewhat
like a cauliflower.

" (/, The beginning of the intestine.

" e, e, e, Glandular ducts which enter the gut near its beginning.

"y, A ramifying glandular part belonging to another viscus, described in
fig. 1. (A portion of the branched ovarium.)

Fig. 3. " Is a section of the skin, or rather what should be considered the
body or trunk of the animal, considerably magnified, and which gives a
side view of those projecting bodies, h,fig. 1. They pass quite through
the parietes of the trunk, like a bolt or nail, and can be made to project
as far on the outside as they do within ; but are of a different shape at
their termination, one being like the head of a bolt, the other like the
point,

" a. The parietes of the trunk.

h, The external projecting ends or heads of the bolts.
" c, The internal projecting ends or points passing considerably beyond the
internal surface.

" </, d, Two of the bolts dissected, or exposed through their whole length,

showing that they are continued into each other.
Fig. Al. " Three views of the outer ends or heads of the bolts, magnified.
" a, A side view of one where the head is rounded or convex.
" A, An end view of the same.

" c, Aside view where the termination is concave, as if drawn in like a sucker.
Fig. 5. " Is a side view of the internal end or point, which is a little enlarged
before its termination.

197

" What may be the use of these, I can hardly conjecture. One could conceive
the external ends were feelers ; but why they should go through I cannot form
an opinion." — Hunter, Manuscript Catalogue of Drawings*.

PLATE Lf.

MALE PARTS OF GENERATION OF THE OVIPAROUS WITH ONE OVIDUCT.

Fig. J. " Exhibits principally the male parts of generation of the common
Fowl, The parts themselves are highly finished ; but all the other sur-
rounding parts are only in outline."

" a, a. Ends of the ribs cut off, the sternum being removed.

" b, b. The cut edges of the abdominal muscles.

" c, c. The two lateral bones of the pelvis answering to the ilium in other
birds.

" d. The upper lip of the cloaca.

" <?, The kidneys. -
"J",/, The ureters.

" g, The right testicle, the left being removed.

" h. The vas deferens of the right side.

" i, The termination of the left vas deferens.

" h, The rectum cut open on its under surface ; the letter stands upon a kind
of thickness at the termination of the rectum, the upper edge making a
kind of fold.

" /, Stands between the terminations of the two ureters, with a bristle in each.
" m, The termination or opening of the vasa deferentia into the rectum.

* The structure and arrangement of the parts which Hunter here describes and represents with so
much clearness and fideUty, relate principally to their movements of protrusion and retraction. They
are membranous vesicular tubes, which constitute the principal organs of locomotion, and are usually
called the feet of the Holothuria : they contain a clear fluid, which is conveyed to them by a compli-
cated system of vessels, well described and delineated in the great work of Tiedemann (Anat. der
Rohrenholothurie, &c., fol. 1820.); the parietes of the tube are muscular, and upon the contraction
of the internal receptacle c, the fluid is propelled along the communicating canal d, into the external
vesicle b, which becomes thereby distended and elongated : when this part retracts itself, the fluid is
driven back into the internal vesicle.

t No. 128. Manuscript Catalogue of Draivings.

198

72, A kind of blind cavity made on the upper lip of the anus.
" 0, The vena cava and its branches.
" p, The aorta and its branches."

Fig. 2 — 6*. Testes of the Sparrow {Pyrgita domestica, Cuv.). " These
figures show the gradual increase in size of the testes of the sparrow,
from the middle of winter to the beginning of the breeding season ; I
examined those glands in January, February, March, and April ; and the
appearances they put on at these different periods are faithfully repre-
sented in the plate ; with the date of their examination annexed to
each."

" If we compare their size in January with what it is in April, it hardly
appears possible that such a wonderful change could have taken place
during so short a period."

Fig. 2. Shows the size of the testes in January.

Fig. 3. Do. in the middle of February.

Fig. 4. Do. in the beginning of March.

Fig. 5. Do. in the latter end of March.

Fig. 6. Do. in the middle of April.

PLATE Lli .

EXTERNAL ORGANS OF GENERATION OF ONE OF THE OPOSSUM TRIBE.

(^Didelphis Virginiana, Shaw.)

" The figure is to show the scrotum, with the orifice of the prepuce, which in
this animal is behind the testicles, instead of being before them, as in most other
quadrupeds.

" a, The orifice of the prepuce dose by the anus, so that the penis passes

backwards when not erect.
" b, The posterior or upper margin of the anus.
" c, The pedicle or neck of the scrotum.

" d, d, The two compartments of the scrotum, including the testes."

* No. 129. Manuscript Catalogue of Drawings; see also Hunter's Observations on the Animal
QEconomy, Plate VII. page 51.

t No. 133. Manuscript Catalogue of Drawings. .

jPl.ZZZ.

IV'.BeTl, del.

Zeitta- J'C .

T.JSrndlet/ ar.

199

PLATE LII*.

EXTERNAL ORGANS OF GENERATION OF THE AGOUTI.

" The animals of the tribe which I have called Scalpris Dentata, are wholly
retromingent, arising- from the penis (when not erect), after having passed for-
wards for a little way, making a quick turn backwards, almost to the anus in
some species.

" They can hardly be said to have any scrotum ; the true situation of the tes-
ticles being in the abdominal rings, which are wide, by which means the testicles
are sometimes on the outside of the rings, making a rising there ; and at other
times entirely within the cavity of the abdomen."

In the present figure the animal is represented of half the natural size.

a, The penis rising under the skin as it passes backwards.

b, The glans.

c, The anus.

d, d, The scent-glands on each side of the anus.

PLATE Llllt-

MALE ORGANS OF GENERATION OF THE AGOUTI, NATURAL SIZE.

" In the figure the skin is removed from the penis, the pubis on one side, and
from part of the thigh of the same side, with the abdomen opened at the lower
part, sufficient to show the situation of the testicle."

a, The body of the animal.

b, b, The thighs.

c, The tail.

d, The anus.

The intestines.

f, The flap of the abdominal muscles turned out.

g, The muscles on the upper part of the right thigh.

h, The urinary bladder.

i, The testicle of the right side.

* No. 130. Manuscript Catalogue of Drawings. f No. 131, Ibid.

200

Ar, The testicle of the left side^ under the abdominal muscles.

/, The vas deferens of the right testicle.

m, The passage for the exit of the testicle.

n, The orifice made by the inversion of the cremaster.

0, The penis bent.

The slit edge of the prepuce.
q, The glans penis.

r, The dentated horny style on the side of the penis.
s, s, Erectores penis.

t, The two glands on the sides of the anus.

PLATE LIV*.

MALE PARTS OF GENERATION OF A HEDGE-HOG.

The skin of the abdomen is dissected olF, exposing the abdominal muscles
with a small part of the thighs and the external parts of generation.

a, a, The external oblique muscles.

b, b, The prominences formed by the testes, retracted within the external ab-

dominal rings.

c, The external abdominal ring.

d, d, The recti abdominis.

e, e. The muscles of the thighs,
y, The penis.

The urethra.
A, The glans penis.

1, A small muscle, on the side of the penis, (one of the ' retractores' shown in

No. 2512 A.).
k, k. The erectores penis.

/, /, Two glands on the side of the pubis (Cowper's glands).

The duct of one of these glands, as it passes round the ischium.
n, The rectum, with the sphincter, and opening.

* No. 136. Manuscript Catalogue of Drawings,

W'^Bell, del.

Zeittei- sc.

201

0, The tail.

p, p, Two muscles of the tail.

PLATE LV.

Fig. \*. Male organs of generation of a Hedgehog, after being taken out of
the body; and almost the whole of the bladder removed, with the fore-part of
the urethra slit open from the bladder to the bulb.

a, The rectum passing behind the bladder.

b, b, The testicles ; part of the inverted cremaster.

c, c, The vesiculae seminales.

d, d, The two prostate glands.

e, The two ducts of the prostate gland, as they pass along the urethra, to ter-

minate at the edge of the opening of the foramen caecum {k) ; so that
that hole is under these ducts.

f, One of the glands that lie on the side of the pubis (Cowper's gland).
Its duct.

h. The posterior part of the cavity of the bladder, with the two openings of
the ureters.

^, The two cut surfaces of the membranous (muscular) part of the urethra.
k, The urethra slit open beyond where the foramen caecum has joined it.
/, The crura penis with their muscles not put into any order before drawing.
m, The body of the penis.

Fig. 2. Is the membranous part of the urethra slit open on that side where
the rectum adheres, as far back as the bottom of the foramen caecum ;
which shows the opening of the vasa deferentia, vesiculae seminales, and
the two glands on the sides of the pubis : for as they open within the fora-
men caecum, and on the septum, between the foramen and urethra, they
could not be shown in the other view.

a, The posterior part of the urethra between the bladder and the bottom of

the foramen caecum : this is laid open to show,

b, b, The orifices of the vasa deferentia.

c, c, The orifices of the vesiculae seminales.

* No. 138. Manuscript Catalogue of Drawings.
2 D

202

d, Outline of one of the prostate glands.

e, e, The orifices of the prostate glands.

f, Outline of one of Cowper's glands.

g, g, The orifices of the same glands, entering near the bottom of the foramen.

h, h, The septum between the foramen caecum and urethra.

i, The opening or communication between the foramen caecuum and urethra.

PLATE LVI*.

THE WINDING PENIS.

This plate exhibits all that part of the winding penis of a Goat, which lies in
the perinseum, or between the scrotum and anus.

a, a, The scrotum.

b, b, The two nipples.

c, The under side of the setting on of the tail.

d, The anus.

e, e, The cut edges of the skin of the perinaeiim turned aside to expose the

penis, &c.

f, f, The muscles of the thighs arising from the pubis.

g, g, The body of the penis.

h, The bend of the penis.

i, The urethra.

k, k, The erectores penis.
/, /, The acceleratores urinae.
m, m, The transversales perinaei.
n, n, The retractores penis.

PLATE LVn.f

Male parts of generation of a Porpesse, {Phocana cojnmunis, Cuv.) in situ.

*' The parts of generation in a Porpesse are similar to those parts in most of
the ruminating animals ; especially in the male, as regards the penis. I could
not observe the buttons for the attachment of the cotyledons of the foetus in the
uterus of the female. How far they " (the Cetaceay copulate similarly to the
* No. 140. Manuscript Catalogue of Drawings. \ No. 141. Ibid.

'r^JiM deb.

I

203

ruminants I do not know. It is curious that their stomachs should be similar
in the number of cavities."

" This Plate shows a section of the lower part of the belly of a Porpesse, with
the contents of the lower part of the belly, and what answers to the contents
of the pelvis in man, exposed."

a, a, The common integument.

b, h, The cut surface of the fat or blubber immediately under the skin.

c, d, The muscles going down to the tail.
e, e, The intestines.

f, The rectum.

g, The anus.

h, The urinary bladder.

i, The remains of the hypogastric artery.
k, The body of one of the testicles.

/, The epididymis.
m, The vas deferens.
n, The erector penis of the left side,
o, The bone which gives origin to that muscle.
p, Muscle inserted into the root of the penis.

The body of the penis which is constantly within the body of the animal,
and which makes a turn upon itself at this part, being drawn back by
the muscle r.
s, The glans penis, which protrudes when erect.
t, The line where the prepuce is reflected upon the glans.
V, The preputial orifice.

PLATE LVIII*.

The same parts taken out of the body ; looking on that surface which is next
to the rectum.

a, The inside of the skin and fat of the belly just above the anus,
y, The rectum,
g, g, The ureters.

* No. 142. Manuscript Catalogue of Drawings.
2 1)2

204

h. The urinary bladder.

2, I, The remains of the hypogastric arteries.

h, k. The testicles.

/, /, The epididymides.

m, m. The vasa deferentia.

n, n, The crura penis and their muscles.

o, o, The bones, or rudimentary ischia, to which they are attached.

p. The prostatic and muscular portions of the urethra, (the muscular layer is

remarkable for its thickness).
g, The body of the penis or bent portion.
s, The glans penis.

t, The line where the prepuce is reflected upon the body of the penis.

PLATE LIX*.

Female generative organs of the Lamprey {Petromyzon marinus^ Linn.).

" The ovarium of the Lamprey difl^ers in some respects from that of the com-
mon Eel : it does not go so far down beyond the opening of the anus ; and this
is owing to the anus being more at the lower end of the abdomen than in
the Eel.

" In the common Eel there are two distinct ovaria, having a pretty even edge,
with the intestine passing between them attached to the back by its mesentery ;
but in the Lamprey the ovaria of both sides have but one root or attachment,
spreading out on each side ; it also forms not so regular a membrane as the
ovaria of the common Eel, but is rather made of folds passing across; each fold
terminating distinctly on each side. The intestine passes along, as it were, lying
on it ; and is not attached to the back by a mesentery."

Fig. 1. "Is an oblique view of the lower part of the cavity of the abdomen,
with the intestine removed to within an inch of the anus. The ovary,
kidneys, ureters, with their opening, part of the rectum, and anus are
exposed."

" «, ttf The cut edges of the parietes of the abdomen, the right being wholly
removed.

* No. 149. Manuscript Catalogue of Drawings.

I'L L7X.

M.ZX.

205

" b, The inside of the abdominal muscles of th^e left side.

" c, c. The ovarium ; the left side is seen beyond the right : in which ovarium
there are round bodies, which I suppose to be ova ; some of which are
detached and loose in the cavity of the abdomen, seen at d.
e, Is the opening from without into the general cavity of the abdomen, slit
open through its whole length on the right side; with a bristle intro-
duced into that of the left side. These two passages open externally
by one opening, just beyond the anus, which projected a little beyond
the surface of the animal ; probably more than usual at the time of
spawning, as I conceive this was."
The anus.

" Si §■> right kidney, as it passes along the back.

" A, h, The right ureter which passes along the surface of the kidney, receiving
the urine by small ducts. It is very large, and may be considered as a
kind of bladder, becomes smaller at the lower end, and opens into the
passage from the abdomen outward.

" i. The ureter of the right side.

" The orifices of the two ureters."

Fig. 2.* " Is a transverse section of the same Lamprey, with the intestine re-
moved ; showing the ovarium, which is composed of folds, terminating
laterally in distinct ends, having one general attachment to the spine.
On these, as in the former, are seen the ova which are most advanced
in size."

a, a. The termination of the folds of the ovarium.

Fig. 3. " Is one of those terminations magnified, to show the mottled ap-
pearance on the surface, which I suppose to be small ovaria or the calices
of the ova spawned, with two of a larger size."

PLATE LX.

OVARIA OF THE EEL.

" The ovaria of this animal are two ; one on each side of the spine, passing
along almost the whole length of the abdomen, one on each side of the stomach
* No. 150. Manuscript Catalogue of Drawings,

206

and intestines. At the lower end they pass down lower than the opening of
the anus. Each is a thin membrane of some breadth, having one edge attached
to the back, which edge appears as if gathered ; which throws the loose edge
into folds Uke the edge of a ruffle or ruft'. The outer surface, for instance, that
which is next to the abdominal muscles, is smooth ; the other is thrown into
transverse rugae, or slightly plaited, in which the ova are formed.

" There is in this class of Fish no cavity in the ovarium, as in the roe in other
fish : nor is there any oviduct as in other classes of animals.

Fig. 1,* "Is a section of an Eel, including some inches of the animal on
each side of the anus. The belly is open more on the right side, which
exposes the last gut with the two ovaria ; as also bristles in the two
passages, one from each side of the general cavity of the abdomen,
which open externally just at the opening of the anus, but posterior to it,
" a, a, The cut edges of the abdomen, the right principally removed, which
renders this surface the broadest, from being cut so much nearer the
back.

" b, The rectum, which is laid open at the anus to show its cavity there.

" c, c, The right ovarium, which is most exposed, from the view of the abdomen

being a little oblique.
" d, The left ovarium.

" e, The two ovaria passing down beyond where the body was cut through.
"J", The bristle in the passage of the abdomen of the right side, a continuation

of which is seen within the cavity.
" g, A bristle passing into the abdomen through the passage on the left side ;

the part within the cavity not seen."
Fig. 2.t " Is a transverse section of the same Eel, which gives a view of the

two ovaria, with their attachments to the back ; with the gut passing

down between them at those attachments."

a, The gut.

b, b, The two ovaria with their unattached edges thrown into folds.

Fig. 3. " The upper figure shows the outer surface of a part of the ovarium,
magnified somewhat more than twice. The outer surface is smooth, but

* No. 147. Manuscript Catalogue of Drawings. t No. 148. Ibid.

207

appears thinner at different parts. It is covered by the peritoneum,
which is turned up at a. Vessels may be seen ramifying upon it. The
whole surface may be observed to be mottled or studded with small white
bodies, which are now observable from its being a little magnified, and
which I conceive to be the ova. The lower figure is the inside of the
same, showing the rugae or valvular structure, having the ova more dis-
tinct, not appearing to be covered by the peritoneum."

PLATE LXI.

A view of the viscera, in situ, of a female Dog-fish {Spinax Acanthias, Cuv.),
to show the commencement and termination of the, oviducts,
ff, a. Cut edges of the skin and muscles of the abdomen.

b, b. Cut surfaces of the cartilaginous arches of the pectoral and ventral fins.

c, The heart.

d, The cardiac portion of the stomach.

e, The reflected narrow pyloric canal.

f, The commencement of the intestine.

g, The enlarged valvular part of the intestine.

h, The anus.

i. The elongated lateral lobes of the liver.
k. The lobulus Spigelii.

/, /, Bristles inserted into the veins from the abdominal parietes going to join

the Vena Porta?.
m, Spleen.
n, n. The ovaries.

o. Aperture of the common sinus, leading to the beginning of the oviducts.

The ligaments of oviducts.
q, q. The commencement, and r, r, the termination of the oviducts.
s. Their common outlet behind the clitoris.

The clitoris.
M, w. Outlets of the peritoneal canal.

208

PLATE LXII.

Female organs of a Dog-fish.

Fig. 1. shows the whole course of the oviducts, the chylopoietic viscera being
removed.

a, a, Cut edges of the abdominal parietes.

b, b, Cut cartilaginous arches of the pectoral and pelvic fins.

c, The heart exposed in the pericardium.

h, h. Termination of the rectum, and rectal caecum.
n, The right ovarium.

o, The common opening of the two oviducts, q, q, The dotted line leads to

the orifice of the right oviduct ; that of the left is laid open.
p. The oviducal or nidamental gland.
r, The dilated uterine segment of the oviduct.
s, s, The terminal orifices of the oviducts.
t, The process on which the ureters terminate.
u, u, The peritoneal canals.

Fig. 2. Part of the uterus magnified, showing the wavy folds and their
vessels.

PLATE LXIIL*

" The female parts of generation of a Crocodile. As these lay principally
upon the kidneys to show them in their natural situation, it is necessary to show
these parts also.

" Fig. I. An anterior or lower view of the above parts.

" a, a, The kidneys.

" b, b, The ureters.

" c, What I take to be the capsulae renales ; one half is sliced oflF from the

right capsula, exposing to the two substances.
" d, d, The rectum, passing along the hollow between the two kidneys.
" e, e. The oviducts." (The ovaria in the present immature example are repre-

* No. 151. Manuscript Catalogue of Drawings.

J'l. zzv.

209

sented by a granular structure of the membrane covering the parts called

capsula renales by Hunter.)
^' f,f. The broad ligaments, or meso-oviducts.
" g, g. The crura clitoridis.
" h, The glans clitoridis.
" i, The sphincter ani and vaginae."
Fig. 2. A posterior or upper view of the same parts.

a, a. The kidneys.

b, b, The ureters.

c, c. The openings of the ureters.

d, The opening of the rectum in the common passage.

e, The urinary division of the common passage.

f, f. The openings of the oviducts.

g, The clitoris.

h, h, The papillae at its base, on which are the openings of the peritoneal

canals.

i, i, The external compartment of the cloaca.

PLATE LXIV*.

" Is the external parts of the common large female Opossum from North
America, {Didelphi/s V^irginiana, Shaw)," with the bag on the belly for con-
taining its young ; which might be called its nest.

" a, The opening of the vagina, which is so close to the anus, b, that when
these parts are drawn in, the opening of the vagina is almost brought
within the anus ; at least there appears to be but one opening to both
passages.

" c, c, The surrounding hair of the bag, which is turned out to show the bag,
and which is longer and thicker here than on the other parts of the belly,
and which hides the mouth of the bag when its mouth is shut. Six
nipples belonging to the mammae are seen in the cavity of the bag."

PLATE LXV.f

" A side view of the contents of the pelvis of a female Fox, the ilium of the
* No. 152. Manuscript Catalogue of Drawings. t ^o.lbG, Manuscript Catalogue of Drawings.

210

left side being taken oft' to show the general position which the parts bear to one
another in the quadruped. Also, a gland and bag for the secretion of mucus
at the side of the anus, which is common to a great number of animals."

" The surrounding Parts.

" a, The outline of the thigh.
" b. The root of the tail.
" c, The symphysis pubis.

" d. The articulation of the sacrum to the ilium.

e, Muscles of the back.
"f, Muscles of the abdomen.
" g, The anus.
" h. The vulva."

" The Contents.

" i, The bladder.

" k, The ureters.

" /, I, The rectum.

" m, The ovaries.

" n. The ovarian sac.

" o, 0, The ovarian ligaments.

" p,p, The Fallopian tubes.

q, q, The horns of the uterus.
" r, The body of the uterus.
" s, The vagina.
" t, The clitoris.

" Vy The perineal or preputial gland covered by the sphincter vaginae.
" w. The anal gland covered by the sphincter ani."

PLATE LXVI.*

THE FEMALE PARTS OF A PORPESSE.
" The parts of generation of the cetaceous tribe, of which the Porpesse is one,

* No. 159. Manuscript Catalogue of Drawings.

^

V

1

211

are more like the ruminating animals than any others that I am acquainted with :
and although it is most probable they do not ruminate, yet their stomachs are
made upon the same construction. The penis in the male, the vagina, uterus,
ovarium, &c., in the female, are very much the same in their construction. In
the present plate the female parts are taken out, and laid open from behind, to
show their internal structure."*

«, That part which is seen between the clitoris and anus.

b. The clitoris.

c, c. Orifices of ducts of glands at the mouth of the vagina.

c?. The internal surface of the beginning of the vagina, where it is pretty
smooth.

e, e, Folds of the vagina near the os tincae.

f, f, The OS tincae slit open.

g, The internal surface of the common uterus.

h, The mouth of the right horn of the uterus.

i, The beginning of the left horn slit open.
The internal surface of the left horn.

I, The beginning of the Fallopian tube slit open.
m, The internal surface of the tube.
n, The mouth, or fimbriae.
0, The left ovarium cut open.
p. The right horn of the uterus.
q. The Fallopian tube.
r. Its mouth.
s, The ovarium.

t. The meso-cornua, or broad ligaments of the uterus.

* The female organs of generation of the Cetacea resemble in external form those of the Pachy-
derma, at least as much as those of the Ruminantia ; and in their internal structure, as in the absence
of the cotyledonal processes of the uterus, and the presence of the transverse folds of the vagina e e,
they bear a much closer similarity to the Pachydermatous type.

END OF VOL. IV.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY RICHARD AND JOHN E. TAYLOR,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

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