Challenger Society

BIBLIOGRAPHY

OF

MARINE FAUNAS

1846-1900

EDITED BY

L. A. BORRADAILE

SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASSIFICATION

CAMBRIDGE :

THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

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f)S , IS pi)

Challenger Society

BIBLIOGRAPHY

OF

MARINE FAUNAS

1846-1900

EDITED BY

L. A. BORRADAILE

SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASSIFICATION

CAMBRIDGE :

PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
1907

fts . € {<3)

CONTENTS.

Scope of the Work .
Nature of the Areas
Method of Classification .
List of the Classes .
Definitions of the Areas
Form of the Entries

PAGE

3

3

3

4
9

16

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MARINE FAUNAS.

SCOPE OF THE WORK.

The Bibliography deals with the seas of the whole world,
but not with marine forms in inland waters, aud with all
extant groups of the animal kingdom found in the sea, except
the Seals, Sea-cows, Penguins, Turtles, Sea-snakes, amphibious
Insects of the shore, and internal parasites. It is limited to
the years 1846-1900.

NATURE OF THE AREAS.

These correspond with natural faunas as nearly as is
possible in our present state of knowledge of the latter, and
in face of the necessity for easily definable and therefore
arbitrary limits, and areas of a size which will divide the
literature into manageable sections. They must not be re-
garded as an attempt to represent accurately the distribution
of marine animals, but as a device for enabling the literature
dealing with any given fauna to be obtained easily and as
completely as may be.

METHOD OF CLASSIFICATION.

The principle adopted is that of the Decimal System. In
this system the subject to be classified is divided into ten or
fewer sections, denoted by the figures 0 to 9, each section
being similarly divided, and again each section of a section,
to any required number of grades. By writing in order the
figures which show respectively the position which each of a
series of subordinated sections holds in the section which
immediately includes it, a composite number is obtained
which denotes any given section. Thus in the general
classification of literature made by Dewey, the inventor of
the system, and in use in the catalogue of the International
Institute of Bibliography, and in many libraries, the primary
divisions are as follows :

0 General Works.

1 Philosophy.

2 Religion.

3 Sociology.

4 Philology.

Natural science is again

50 General.

51 Mathematics.

52 Astronomy.

5 Natural Science.

6 Useful Arts.

7 ■ Fine Arts.

8 Literature.

9 History.

divided as follows :

53 Physics,
etc., to
59 Zoology.

1—2

4

Zoology has 10 divisions, of which, e.g., 596 is Verte-
brata. The zoological classification has been worked out
in detail by the Concilium Bibliographicum of Zurich, and
such portions of it as are needed are used in the present
bibliography. A detailed classification of the seas of the
world has not yet been made, and is attempted here for
the purposes of Marine Zoology. In accordance with the
practice of the Concilium and the Institute, the geographical
numbers are distinguished from the systematic by being
enclosed in round brackets. The position of the present
bibliography in the general system is as follows :

5 Natural Science.

9 Zoology.

1 The Zoological Disciplines.

9 Geographical Distribution.

(2 Physical Eegions.

6) The Sea.

LIST OF CLASSES.

Numbers in square brackets are not in use alone, and are inserted only
to explain those subordinate to them.

Geographical Numbers*.

[5919 (26...

0)] World- wide. For works on the fauna of more than
one Ocean.

(00) General.

(01) Plankton only, oceanic and neritic.

(03) Abyssal fauna (oceanic benthos) only.

(04) Oceanic fauna only, plankton and benthos.

The above figures (-01, -03, -04) may be used to subdivide
any of the Oceans or mixed areas below.

[(09)] For works limited to two neighbouring Oceans;

without bathymetrical restrictions.

(09-1-3) Atlantic Ocean, North and Tropical.

(09-2-1) Mediterranean and Nortli Atlantic Ocean.
(09-3-4) Tropical Atlantic and Southern Oceans.

(09-4-6) Southern Ocean and Eastern Pacific Ocean.
(09-5-8) North Pacific and Arctic Oceans.

(09-6-5) Eastern and North Pacific Oceans.

(09-7-2) Indopacific Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.

* For definitions of tho “Oceans” and “Areas,” see below,
pp. 9 — 16-

5

(09 -7-4) Indopacific and Southern Oceans.
(09-7-5) „ „ North Pacific Ocean

(09-7-6) „ ,, Eastern Pacific Ocean

(09-8-1) Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans.
(09 -9-4) Antarctic and Southern Oceans.

[(1)] N. Atlantic Ocean.

(10) More than one area.

(11) Oceanic area.

(12) North Sea area.

( 1 3) Baltic area.

(14) Azores area.

(15) Bermuda area.

(16) Lusitanian area.

(17) New England area.

(18) Norwegian area.

(19) Icelandic area.

[(2)] Mediterranean.

(20) More than one area.

(23) Adriatic area.

(25) Black Sea area.

(26) Main Mediterranean area.

[(3)] Tropical Atlantic Ocean.

(30) More than one area.

(31) Oceanic area.

(35) Caribbean area.

(36) W. African area.

(37) Argentinian area.

(38) Brazilian area.

(39) Insular area.

[(4)] Southern Ocean.

(40) More than one area.

(41) Oceanic area.

(43) New Zealand area.

(44) S. Australian area.

(45) Kerguelen area.

(46) S. African area.

(47) S. Georgian area.

(48) Magellanic area.

(49) Tristan da Cunha area.

[(5)] N. Pacific Ocean.

(50) More than one area.

(51) Oceanic area.

(52) Japanese area.

(55) Kamchatkan area.

(57) Alaskan area.

(59) Californian area.

[(G)] Eastern Pacific Ocean.

(60) More than one area.

(61) Oceanic area.

(67) Mexican area.

(68) Peruvian area.

(69) Insular area.

[(7)] Indopacific Ocean.

(70) More than one area.

(72) Malay area.

(73) Mascarene area.

(74) Indian area.

(75) Red Sea area.

(76) E. African area.

(77) N. Australian area.

(79) Polynesian area.

[(8)] Arctic Ocean.

(80) More than one area.

(81) Oceanic area.

(84) Arctic European area.

(85) Arctic Asiatic area.

(87) Arctic American area.

(88) E. Greenland area.

(89) Labrador area.

[(9)] Antarctic Ocean.

(90) More than, one area (i.e. oceanic with neritic).

(91) Oceanic area.

(92) Neritic area.

Group Numbers.

Taken, with omissions and additions, but without altering
the significance of any number, from the Conspectus of the
Concilium Bibliographicum.

Divisions marked with an asterisk are inclusive of one or
more that follow them, although they have as many figures
in their classifying number as these subordinate groups.

[59]

0 VERTEBRATES AND INVERTEBRATES.

2* lx VERT KB RATA.

[3] Lower Invertebrate Phyla.

31 Protozoa.

311* Rhizopoda (= Gymnomyxa). Amoeboidea. Mycetozoa.

312 Eoraminifera.

313 Heliozoa.

314 Radiolaria.

315* Infusoria.

316 Flagellata (= Mastigophora).

317 Ciliata, including Acinetaria.

3171 Ciliata.

3175 Acinetaria (= Suctoria).

34

341

342

343

344

345

346

35*

36

362

363*

364

365

366

37

371

372

373

38

39

391

393

394

395

396

399

40*

41

42

43*

431

432

4324

4329

434

435

438

44

45

452

455

47

471

473

474

7

Spongiae (-Porifera).

Myxospongiae (= Carnosa).

Ceratospongiae (= Ceratosa).

Monaxonida (= Halichondrina + Spinarthrophora).
Tefcractinellida.

Hexactinellida (= Hyalospongiae).

Calcispongiae (= Calcarea).

Coelenterata.

Actinozoa (= Anthozoa).

Alcyonaria (= Octactinia = Octocorallia).

Zoantharia (= Hexactinia = Hexacorallia).
Antipatliaria.

Actinaria.

Madreporaria.

Hydrozoa (= Hydromedusae + Acalephae).
Hydromedusae, not including Siphonophora.
Siphonophora.

Acalephae.

Ctenophora.

Echinodermata.

Crinoidea.

Asteroidea.

Ophiuroidea.

Echinoidea.

Holothuroidea.

Enteropneusta (= Hemichorda).

Molliisca and Molluscoida.

Mollusca.

Lamellibranchiata.

Scaphopoda.

Gastropoda.

Amphineura (= Isopleura), including Soleno-
gastres.

Prosobranchia (= Streptoneura), not including
Heteropoda.

Aspidobranchia (= Diotocardia).
Pectinibranchia (= Monotocardia), not includ-
ing Heteropoda.

Heteropoda.

Opisthobranchia, not including Pteropoda.
Pulmonata.

Pteropoda.

Cephalopoda.

Tetrabranchiata (= Nautiloidea).

Dibranchiata.

Polyzoa (- Bryozoa), including Pterobranchia.
Ectoprocta.

Pterobranchia.

Entoprocta.

8

48 Braehipoda.

49 Tunicata.

491 Ascidiae, not including Copelatae or Pyrosornidae.

492 Copelatae (= Larvacea).

495 Pyrosornidae.

496 Salpidae.

497 Doliolidae.

[5] Articulata.

51 Vermes.

512 Platyhelminthes, including Nemertina.

5122 Trematoda.

5123 Turbellaria.

5124 Nemertina.

513 Nemathelminthes, including Chaetognatha.

5131 Nematomorpha (Nectonematidae).

5132 Nematoda.

5135 Chaetognatha.

514* Annelida.

515 Hirudinea.

516 Oligochaeta.

[517] Marine groups of the Annelida.

5171 Archiannelida.

5172 Polychaeta.

5174 Gephyrea (= Echiuroidea + Priapuloidea + Sipuncu-

loidea).

5176 Phoronidae.

5178 Myzostomidae.

[518] Rotifera, etc.

5181 Rotifera.

5185 Echinoderidae.

5189 Dinophilidae.

52* Arthropoda.

53 Crustacea.

531* Entomostraca.

5315 Pantopoda (= Pycnogonida).

532 Phyllopoda.

5323 Branchipoda.

5324 Cladocera.

533 Ostracoda.

534 Copepoda.

5341 Gnathostomata.

5345 Parasita.

535 Cirripedia.

536* Malacostraca.

5361 Leptostraca.

537 Arthrostraca.

5371 Amphipoda.

5372 Isopoda, including Tanaidacea.

538 Thoracostraca.

9

5381 Cumacea.

5382 Stomapoda.

5383 Schizopoda.

5384 Decapoda.

53841 Macrura. Anomura.

53842 Brachyura, including Dromiacea.

539 Xiphosura.

54 Arachnida.

57 Insecta.

6* Y ERTEBRATA.

7 Pisces, and lower groups.

71 Cephalochorda (= Pharyngobranchii).

72 Cyclostomata (= Marsipobranchii).

7 3 Elasmobranchii.

731 Selachioidei.

735 Rajae.

738 Holocephali.

7 4 Ganoidei.

7 5 Teleostei.

753 Lophobranchii, including Hypostomides.

754 Plectognathi.

755 Physostomi, including Percesoces and Haplomi.

756 Anacantliini.

758 Acanthopteri, including Selenichthyes, Hemi-

branchii, Pharyngognathi, Opisthomi, and
Pediculati.

[9] Mammalia.

95 Cetacea.

951 Mysticeti.

953 Denticeti.

DEFINITIONS OF THE AREAS.

[(0)] World-wide.

For works on the fauna of more than one Ocean.

(00) General.

For works not restricted to plankton (01), oceanic benthos
(03), or to any geographical area.

(01) Plankton.

For works of a general scope on the plankton. Papers on
planktonic groups not expressly treated as such under (00).

(03) Abyssal Fauna (Oceanic Benthos).

For works of a general scope on the fauna on or close
above the bottom, outside the 100 fathom line.

10

(04) Oceanic fauna.

For works of a general nature on the whole fauna of
waters more than 100 fathoms in depth, i.e. oceanic plankton
and benthos.

Each of these pairs of figures (-01, -03, -04), when added
to the number for any of the Oceans or Areas containing
deep water, indicates that the work in question is devoted
exclusively to the fauna which it represents.

[(09)] For works limited to two neighbouring oceans. With-
out bathymetrical restrictions. Divided geographically by
pairs of oceans, indicated by the ocean-numbers separated by
points.

(I) North Atlantic Ocean.

Northern boundary: The 100 fathom line on the Euro-
pean coast westwards from 43° E. (Cape Kanin) till it meets
the Arctic circle. The Arctic circle from this point to the
100 fathom line on the coast of Greenland, skirting the 100
fathom line north of Iceland. The 100 fathom line of Green-
land to 60° N. on the West coast. Lat. 60° N. from the 100 fathom
line of Greenland to the 100 fathom line of Labrador. The
100 fathom line of Labrador and Newfoundland to 60° W.
Thence a straight line to Cape Gaspe.

Western boundary : The N. American coast from Cape
Gaspe to 30° N. (immediately N. of St Augustine).

Southern boundary : A line drawn from the American
coast at 30° N. to the junction of Long. 75° W. with Lat.
25° N. and thence to the Tropic of Cancer at 73° W. The
Tropic of Cancer till it reaches the African coast (immediately
South of the Rio de Oro).

Eastern boundary : The African and European coast from
the Tropic of Cancer to Cape Kanin crossing the Straits of
Gibraltar by a straight line at its narrowest part.

(II) Oceanic Area of the N. Atlantic.

Every part of the Ocean not included in one of the areas
below. More than 100 fathoms in depth, and therefore
including the oceanic fauna only.

(12) North Sea Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line from Ushant to
the Skaw, including Rockall and the Porcupine Bank.
Neritic only.

(13) Baltic Area.

The Baltic Sea within a line from the Skaw along the
100 fathom line to the Swedish-Norwegian boundary im-
mediately South of Frederikshald. Neritic only.

11

(14) Azores Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line of the Azores,
Canary Islands and Maderia. Neritic only.

(15) Bermuda Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line of Bermuda.
Neritic only.

(16) Lusitanian Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line from the Tropic of
Cancer (immediately South of the Rio de Oro) to Ushant,
excluding the Mediterranean. Neritic only.

(17) New England Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line from Cape Gaspe
to 30° N. (immediately North of St Augustine). Neritic
only.

(18) Norwegian Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line of the Norwegiart
and Russian coasts from Frederikshald northwards to 43° E.
(Cape Kanin). Neritic only.

(19) Icelandic Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line of Iceland and
within that of the Faroes. Neritic only.

(2) Mediterranean Sea.

All waters within the narrowest part of the Straits of
Gibraltar, including the Black Sea and the Suez Canal.

(23) Adriatic Area.

The waters of the Adriatic north of a line from Cape
Otranto to Cape Glossa. Neritic and oceanic.

(25) Black Sea Area.

All waters within the northern entrance to the Bosphorus.
Neritic and oceanic.

(26) Main Mediterranean Area.

All waters of the Mediterranean except the Adriatic and
Black Sea as defined above. Neritic and oceanic.

(3) Tropical Atlantic Ocean.

Northern boundary : The southern boundary of the North
Atlantic, defined above.

Western boundary : The American coast from 30° N.
(immediately North of St Augustine) to the point where
66° E. crosses it.

12

Southern boundary : 45 ° S. from 60° E. to 20' E. and
thence 32° S. to the African coast (immediately North of
Lambert’s Bay).

Eastern boundary : The African coast line between the
Tropics of Cancer and 32° S.

(31) Oceanic Area of the Tropical Atlantic.

Every part of the Ocean not included in one of the Areas
below. Oceanic only.

(35) Caribbean Area.

The Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea inside a line
drawn from 30° N. to the junction of Long. 75° W. with
Lat. 25° N., thence to the junction of Long. 68° W. with Lat.
20° N., thence along Lat. 20° N. to its junction with Long.
60° W., and thence to the junction of Long. 60° W. with the
S. American coast at Barima, passing outside Barbadoes.
Neritic and oceanic.

(36) W. African Area.

The coastal waters of West Africa between the Tropic of
Cancer and 32° S., and of the Islands in the Gulf of Guinea.
Neritic only.

(37) Argentinian Area.

The S. American coastal waters within the 100 fathom
line from 45° S. (Cape Dos Bahias) to Montevideo (35° S.).
Neritic only.

(38) Brazilian Area.

The S. American coastal waters within the 100 fathom
line from 60° W. at Barima to Montevideo (35° S.). Neritic
only.

(39) Insular Area of the Tropical Atlantic.

Waters within the 100 fathom line round Ascension,
Cape Yerde Islands, Fernando Noronha, St Helena, St
Paul’s Rocks, and Trinidad. Neritic only.

(4) Southern Ocean.

Northern boundary : In the Atlantic the southern boundary
of the Tropical Atlantic, defined above. In the Indian and
Pacific Oceans 32° S.

Southern boundary : 60° S.

(41) Oceanic Area of the Southern Ocean.

Every part of the Ocean not included in one of the areas
below. Oceanic only.

(43) New Zealand Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line round the islands
of New Zealand, the Antipodes, Auckland, Campbell, Chat-
ham, and Macquarie. Neritic only.

IS

(44) S. Australian Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line round Australia
south of 32° S. and Tasmania, and round Royal Company
Island. Neritic only.

(45) Kerguelen Area. ,

All waters within the 100 fathom line round Kerguelen,
Amsterdam and St Paul, Crozet, Heard, Marion, and Prince
Edward Islands. Neritic only.

(46) S. African Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line round Africa south
of 32° S. Neritic only.

(47) S. Georgian Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line round S. Georgia,
the Sandwich group, Dougharty, and Bouvet Islands. Neritic
only.

(48) Magellanic Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line round S. America
and the Falkland Islands, from 45° S. on the eastern side to
32° S. on the western side, and round Juan Fernandez.
Neritic only.

(49) Tristan da Cunha Area.

Waters within the 100 fathom line round Gough, and
Tristan da Cunha Islands. Neritic only.

(5) North Pacific Ocean.

Northern boundary : Lat. 60° N. between Kamchatka and
Alaska, excluding Nunivak Island.

W estern boundary : The coast of Asia from 60° N. to
Hang-Chau Bay.

Southern boundary : A line from Hang-Chau Bay to
Lat. 30° S., passing south of the Chusan Islands. Along
30° N. to the 100 fathom line of Japan, and northward along
the 100 fathom line to 40° N. Thence along 40° N., to the
100 fathom line of the American coast. Along the American
100 fathom line to Cape St Lucas.

Eastern boundary : The American coast line from 60° N.
to Cape St Lucas.

(51) Oceanic Area of the North Pacific.

Every part of the Ocean not included in one of the Areas
below. Oceanic only.

(52) Japanese Area.

From 30° N. to the middle of the Tsugaru Straits within
the 100 fathom line outside Japan, including the Sea of
Japan as far north as the Tsugaru Straits. Neritic and
oceanic.

14

(55) Kamchatkan Area.

From the Tsugaru Straits to 60° N. within the 100
fathom line outside Kamchatka, including the Sea of Okhotsk
and of the Sea of Japan north of Tsugaru Straits, and Bering
and Komandorski Islands. Neritic and oceanic.

(57) Alaskan Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line of the American
coast from 60° N. to San Juan de Fuca Straits, including
the Aleutian and Pribyloff Islands but not Nunivak Island.
Neritic only.

(59) Californian Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line of the American
coast from San Juan de Fuca Straits to Cape St Lucas.
Neritic only.

(6) Eastern Pacific Ocean.

Western boundary: 110° W. fi’om Cape St Lucas to
32° S.

Eastern boundary : The American coast line from Cape
St Lucas to 32° S.

(61) Oceanic Area of the Eastern Pacific.

Every part of the Ocean not included in one of the Areas
below. Oceanic only.

(67) Mexican Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line of the American
coast from Cape St Lucas to 5° S. and of the islands near the
coast. N eritic only.

(68) Peruvian Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line of the American
coast from 5° S. to 32° S. Neritic only.

(69) Insular Area of the Eastern Pacific.

All waters within the 100 fathom line round Clipperton,
Cocos, Easter, the Galapagos, Malpelo, St Felix, and Sala-y-
Gomez Islands. Neritic only.

(7) Indopacifie Ocean.

Northern boundary : The southern coast line of Asia and
the southern boundary of the N. Pacific Ocean as defined
above.

Western boundary : The eastern coast line of Africa to
32° S.

Southern boundary : 32° S.

Eastern boundary : The 100 fathom line of the American
coast line from 40° N. to Cape St Lucas, and thence 110° W.
to 32° S.

(72) Malay Area.

Northern boundary : The coast line of Asia from the
mouth of the Irawadi to 30° N. Thence the southern
boundary of the N. Pacific as defined above.

Western boundary : 95° E. from the mouth of the Irawadi
to 32° S.

Southern boundary : 32° S. from 95° E. to the 100 fathom
line of the Australian coast. This line from 32° S. to 10° S.
and along 10° S. to the Torres Straits, where it follows the
political boundary, passing to the north of all the islands and
close to the New Guinea shore. Thence the 100 fathom line
of Australia to 32° S. and 32° S. to 170° E.

Eastern boundary: North of the Equator 160° E., in-
cluding the Caroline group. South of the Equator 170° E.,
including the New Hebrides. Neritic and oceanic.

(73) Mascarene Area.

The deep water of the Indian Ocean west of 95° E., with
all the Oceanic islands. Neritic and oceanic.

(7 4) Indian Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line from the mouth of
the Irawadi to the Straits of Bab el Mandeb. Neritic only.

(75) Red Sea Area.

Including waters of all depths, but not including the Suez
Canal. Neritic and oceanic.

(76) East African Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line along the African
coast from Bab el Mandeb to 32° S., including Socotra.
Neritic only.

(77) North Australian Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line of the Australian
coast north of 32° S. Neritic only.

(79) Oceanic Area.

Northern boundary : 40° N.

Western boundary: The eastern boundary of the Malay
Area, defined above.

Southern boundary : 32° S.

Eastern boundary : The 100 fathom line of the American
coast from 40° N. to Cape St Lucas, and thence the 110° W.
line to 32° S.

Neritic and oceanic.

(8) Arctic Ocean.

Bounded by the coasts of Europe, Asia, and America,
and by the northern boundaries of the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans, as defined above.

16

(81) Oceanic Area of the Arctic Ocean.

Every part of the Ocean not included in one of the areas
below. Oceanic only.

(84) Arctic European Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line of the northern
coast of Europe, East of 43° E. (Cape Kanin), including
Novaya Zemlya, and of Spitzbergen, Franz Josef Land, and
Bear Island. Neritic only.

(85) Arctic Asiatic Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line of the northern
coast of Asia, including New Siberia and Wrangel Islands.
Neritic only.

(87) Arctic American Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line of the northern
coast of America and the adjacent islands as far south as
Cape Chudleigh, including the west coast of Greenland, and
the deep water of Baffin’s Bay and its offshoots. Neritic
and oceanic.

(88) East Greenland Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line of the east coast of
Greenland and of Jan Mayen Island. Neritic only.

(89) Labrador Area.

All waters within the 100 fathom line of the American
coast from Cape Chudleigh to Cape Gaspe. Neritic only.

(9) Antarctic Ocean.

South of 60° S.

(91) Oceanic Area of the Antarctic Ocean.

All the Antarctic Ocean outside the 100 fathom line.

(92) Neritic Area of the Antarctic Ocean.

All the Antarctic Ocean within the 100 fathom line.

FORM OF THE ENTRIES.

The Bibliography has two series of entries, arranged
respectively in order of geographical numbers and of group
numbers. Every work is entered in both series. Each entry
contains: (1) a geographical number or a group number,
(2) a group number or a geographical number, (3) the author’s
name, (4) reference to pages in a journal or the name of a
book, (5) the date of publication. Whenever possible a word
or phrase is added to the geographical or group number to
give an exact locality, species, or other information.

I

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