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DESCRIPTION

OF THE

GENUS CINCHONA.

DESCRIPTION

OF THE

GENUS CINCHONA,

COMPREHENDING

THE VARIOUS SPECIES OF VEGETABLES FROM WHICH
THE PERUVIAN AND OTHER BARKS OF A
SIMILAR QUALITY ARE TAKEN.

ILLUSTRATED BY

FIGURES OF ALL THE SPECIES EIITHERTO DISCOVERED.

TO WHICH IS PREFIXED

PROFESSOR VALIL’S DISSERTATION ON THIS GENUS,

READ BEFORE THE SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY AT COPENHAGEN. / G

/ **

ALSO

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1

A DESCRIPTION, ACCOMPANIED BY FIGURES, OF A NEW GENU* C'

NAMED

HYyENANCHE: or, HYiENA POISON.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR 1?. AND J. WHITE, AT HORACE’S HEAD, FLEET-STREET.

M.DCC.XC VI I .

ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS
LIBRARY

CLASS

ACCN.

isrs>7

SOURCE

/

DATE

PREFATORY ADVERTISEMENT.

The feveral fpecies of the genus Cinchona,
from which the Peruvian and other Barks of a
fimilar quality are taken, have been hitherto but
little known to the Botanifts of Europe ; and
even the principal fpecies, the Cinchona Officina-
lis, fo long eftabliffied in the pra£tice of Phyfic as
one of the happieft of modern difcoveries, was

R

but obfcurely known till about the year 1738,
when Monf. Condamine elucidated its Hiftory,

a 2 and

r

[ viii ]

and gave its Botanical Charafters with the necef-
fary degree of precifion.

Since that period fo greatly has the fcience
of Botany been enriched by the difcoveries of
Naturalifts, that no lefs than twelve fpecies of
Cinchona are now found to exift. Of thefe, fome
of the principal have been excellently defcribed
by Profelfor Vahl of Copenhagen, of whofe Dif-
fertation on the fubje£l we here give a tranfla-
tion ; with the addition of other fpecies fince
difcovered ; accompanied by figures taken from
the fpecimens themfelves, preferved in the Her-
barium of Sir Jofeph Banks, and affifted by draw-
ings in his pofTefTion.

By this means perfons refiding in thofe parts
of the world in which any fpecies of the ge-

nus

[ ix ]

nus may occur, will be enabled to afcertain,
whether what they have difcovered be new,
or already defcribed ; and thus the moll inte-
refling additions may probably be made to the
medical treafures we at prefent polTefs in this
highly important genus.

IN the courfe of printing this work, fome few inaccuracies have
efcaped the Author’s obfervation : — it is neceflary to remark the fol-
lowing :

Page 13. 1. 3, from bottom, for a Mr. Wright , read Dr. Wright .
From this gentleman, who is lately returned to the Weft Indies, many
more valuable difcoveries in Botany may be expefled.

Page 30. 1. 5, from bottom, for 46 read 36.

Page 38. 1. 15, for Beavais read Beauvois.

In page 39. 1. 19. after the word lions, add the following note;
“ Meaning the Puma , fometimes called the American lion — a very
different fpecies from the common lion.”

P R OF ESSOR VAHL’S
DISSERTATION

ON THE

r

GENUS CINCHONA.

/

.

♦

TO THE

LINNALAN SOCIETY OF LONDON,

AND TO

SIR JOSEPH BANKS,. Bart..

KNIGHT OF THE MOST HONOURABLE ORDER OF THE BATH,

AND

PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY,

BY WHOSE LIBERAL AND FRIENDLY COMMUNICATIONS,

ACCOMPANIED BY

ORIGINAL DRAWINGS AND SPECIMENS FROM HIS HERBARIUM,
THIS WORK HAS BEEN SO AMPLY ENRICHED,

IT IS NOW INSCRIBED, WITH THE GREATEST' RESPECT,

BY

AYLMER BOURKE LAMBERT,

FELLOIF OF THE ROYAL AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES, ETC.-
F1CE- PRESIDENT OF THE LINN JEAN S0C1ETT.

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1 HE want of an exaCt knowledge from what plant this
or that particular medicine is taken, is not one of the
lealt caufes of the prefent imperfection of the Hiltory of
Phytic ; and notwithftanding the extenlivenefs of com-
merce in thefe latter times, and the opportunities thereby
afforded to the cultivators of Natural Hiltory of ex-
amining the productions of various countries in their
native foil, and even in regions from whence felf-intereft
had before excluded them, we are ftill ignorant from
whence feveral medicines are prepared, which we every
day ufe in the practice of Phyfic. To this ignorance
mult like wife be attributed that uncertainty which pre-
vails in the operations of particular medicines, and the
different opinions which have prevailed relative to their
effects on the human body ; and this relates not only to
fuch vegetables as are brought from diftant regions,
but even to thofe which are natives of our own coun-
try. From the hotter climates we receive feveral medi-
cines, which, though coming from different places, are
called by the fame title ; and many European plants are
in one place commended for their lingular efficacy,

A while

\

[ * ]

while in another they are found to be quite ineffectual ;
which difference has been owing to having gathered
roots, leaves, &c. of a very different plant from the real
one fo highly efteemed in fome particular fpot. This
error is the eafier to commit, as it often happens that the
names of plants growing in the northern parts of Europe
are often given to feveral of thofe of the fouth, though
the plants themfelves are very different, not having been
properly collated. As a proof of this I will adduce only
two inffances : The Radix Bugloffi in Italy is taken from a
very different plant from our own (which is the Anchu-
fa officinalis), a plant which I have found in but few
places of the fouth of Europe, and which is in general
rare. On the contrary, the fpecies mentioned by Profef-
for Retzius in the firft fafciculus of his Obfervations,
p. 12, under the name of Anchufa Italica, is there full
as common as the A. officinalis with us, and is ac-
cordingly there made ufe of ; and though it differs very
much from ours, yet it is confidered by moft of the bo-
tanifts of the fouth of Europe as the fame plant with the
above northern one, which they have never feen, and of
courfe know not how to diftinguiffi. In the garden of
an hofpital at Genoa, the Symphytum tuberofum was cul-
tivated for the ufe of the apothecaries inftead of the offi-
cinale, which is the true Confolida major of the Materia
Medica.

I pafs over many fimilar examples of different plants
being confidered as the fame in different places, even

though

t 3 ]

though much more diffimilar than the abovementioned.
But if fuch miflakes are committed by thofe from whom
a folid and exadt knowledge of the proper diflindtions of
plants might be expedled, what may we not apprehend to
be the cafe, when the gathering of them is committed to
the care of perfons hill lefs able to diftinguifh fuch pro-
ductions ? Their knowledge of plants confifls in acci-i
dental diiiindlions, and is often confined to their being
accuilomed to find them in fome particular place or
other ; a circumifance which is often capable of giving
two different plants a fimilar afpedt. As this happens
every day, it is unneceffary to infill upon it. We need only
fearcli the heaps which are brought to the apothecaries*
fhops, in order to difcover plants of very different fpecies
from thofe prefcribed by phyficians. How greatly would
the knowledge of medicine be confirmed, and how many
excellent remedies, grounded on the experience of all
ages, would be in our poffeffion, if our anceflors had
handed down to us as fure charadteriflics of the plants they
made ufe of, as the praifes of their qualities ! Our Ma-
teria Medica would not then have been filled with a
number of ufelefs articles ; and the conjedlures of latter
ages about the medicines recommended by the ancients
would have been fpared, while the knowledge of effi-
cacious medicines would have been rendered perma-
nent and certain for the benefit of mankind. After the
lapfe of centuries, mankind have employed all their in-
dultry to find out the plants mentioned by Diofcorides
and others of the ancients, and at length have difcovered

A 2 that

[ 4 ]

that the purfuit was to no purpofe. They were obliged
to leave the plants of the ancients, and their virtues, in the
fame degree of obfcurity in which they were involved,,
and to begin de novo the experiments on their medical
qualities. All that was gained by their fearch was, that
of about five hundred plants mentioned by Diofcorides,
there were hardly twenty known to a certainty, and of
them only fuch as can be conlidered as culinary or dietetic
plants. The multitude of ufelefs and uncertain remedies
with which the apothecaries’ fhops were filled, and of
which, even in our times, we have not been able to rid
them, is to be charged to thofe examinations, and proved
the only confequence of then' labours. We need only
mention Hellebore as a proof of this. The variety of
opinions among the ancients, relative to the plant to
which Sneezewort belongs, which is fo highly com-
mended by the ancients, added to the ftores of medicinal
fhops no lei's than ten forts of roots, fome entirely ufelefs,
and others very different in quality from that of the an-
cients, which is yet not certainly known. Butwhyfhould
we not exculpate both the ancients and their expositors,
who lived in very different climates ? Botany, in their
time, had not been reduced to the form of a fcience ; it
is our own age that has given it order and certainty.
But notwithftanding this advantage over the ancients, and
the opportunity afforded us of examining many of the
remedies which the vegetable kingdom affords, even in
their native climates, yet we are ffill in a flate of uncer-
tainty with refpe&to many which are infrequent ufe, as to

the

y

t 5 ]

the clafs or family to which they ought to be referred, and
with refpedt to fome we are entirely ignorant. Much light,
however, has of late years been thrown on this fubjedt,
and we have learnt to a certainty the plants from which
various medicines are procured ; having infallible marks
or characters by which to diltinguifh their affinities : our
experience therefore will not be loft to pofterity as that of
the ancients has been to us, but will remain as long as the
plants themfelves. No one will deny that the knowledge
of plants, grounded on their effential parts, which are con-
ftant and obvious, is the fureft method of preferving the
knowledge of their qualities, when once difcovered, from
perifhing, as well as of determining any doubts or dis-
putes relative to that point. The fight is unqueftionably
lefs liable to uncertainty than the fmell and tafte, which
are capable of being perverted by feveral accidents in
fuch a manner as to give uncertain indications ; and how
many plants are there, which, though fimilar in fmell
and talfe, are yet very different in their effeCts ! To this
may be added the impoflibility of explaining by words
thefe fenfations to others : it is furely far eafier to inform
people through the medium of fight. It may ftill be
objedted, perhaps, that colour, a particular afforded by
our fight, is ftill an uncertain character, and is known to
vary. Had we no other characters but the internal ones
by which we might communicate to pofterity the
knowledge of thofe remedies from which we have re-
ceived fo much advantage, they would become both
uncertain, and in a little time as unprofitable to them'

as.

[ 6 ]

as thofe of the ancients are to us ; they would foon
be commuted for others ; our experiments would be
laughed at, and pofterity would lofe the benefit of our
difcoveries. Thefe are not new truths, but fuch as
are well known, and have often been demonftrated by
others ; yet they are important, as they ferve to evince
the ufes of botanical fcience. A certain and exadft know-
ledge of plants from which medicines are taken, is flill
more neceffary with refpedt to fuch plants as are not cul-
tivated, but grow wild. By frequent gathering, thefe
plants are liable to be too much diminifhed, fo as not to
afford a fufficient fupply when requifite, and even to be
quite extirpated from the places in which they were firft
colledted. If then we did not know the plant from which
fuch a medicine was prepared, we fhould not be capable of
afcertaining by fearch, whether nature might not have
produced it in other fpots; and if we were not able to find it,
we muft either be without the defired remedy or fpecific
againft particular difeafes, or elfe even wifh to have it lefs
know'll, on account of its fmall quantity. The lofs would
be the more felt, as the difcoveries of ages might perhaps
fcarcely exhibit any thing that would fo completely an-
fwer our purpofes. An extenfive knowledge of the ve-
getable kingdom, acquaintance with the natural affinities
of plants, would perhaps be the only means of leading to
the difcovery, and on fuch an occafion might compen-
fate for what we had loft ; fince, if we wifh to find a reme-
dy that moll nearly approaches to any particular one, it
can fcarcely be looked for amongftfuch as Nature has fet
6 at

[ 7 ]

at a wide diftance from it. The nearer the feveral parts
of plants approach to each other in point of refemblance,
there is fo much the greater reafon for fuppofing a fimi-
larity of their virtues. He who underftands nature will
hardly doubt of this : daily experience furnifhes proofs of
it, not only amongft the vegetable tribes, but alfo in the
other kingdoms of nature, and this in proportion to the
natural affinities.

The genus of plants which I have now the honour to
propofe to the Society, increafed by the defcriptions of
fome of the lefs known fpecies, will ferve as a further
proof of what has been advanced.

Among the many excellent medicines which have
reached our knowledge lince the difcovery of the New
World, the Peruvian Bark deferves undoubtedly thefirff
place. It has been tried in vain to find a fubftitute for it,
fcarcely any thing having been yet difcovered which
might fuperfede its ufe. The obftacles which it met with
before it was univerfally adopted, and the different opi-
nions relative to its effedfs, are fufficiently known. As
they do not belong to my fcope, it is fuperfluous to treat
of them : the caufe of the difference in the experiments
made with the Peruvian Bark muff be afcribed in part to
the frauds which are pradtifed in mixing it with other in-
gredients of fimilar colour and tafte, though very differ-
ent in operation, and perhaps even of a contrary nature
and of a pernicious effedt. Men, while anxious in fup-

port

[ 8 ]

port of their own opinions, did not endeavour to difcover
the true fource of tliefe variations : it was long before the
-diftindtive characters, by which the genuine was to be
diftinguifhed from the fpurious, were attended to. If a
more accurate knowledge of the trees the bark of which
thus increafed the quantity had not been wanting, or if
the tree from which the true bark was taken had been
known, we fhould have been, at leaft in part, better able to
judge in the matter. Attempts have been made, even till
the prefent time, to difcover fome other remedies which
might fupply its place, but without fuccefs : this enquiry
is fo much the more neceflary, fince, according to Monf.
Condamine’s account, publifhed more than half a century
ago in the Mem. de l’Academie des Sciences, for the year
1738, p. 324 (edit. Amfterdam), we may fome time or
other be neceffitated to lofe the Peruvian Bark ; the trees
being at that time fo much diminifhed in Peru by fre-
quent decortication, that it was apprehended that in future
even a fmall quantity could fcarce be obtained from them.
Later experience has fhewn that this opinion was not en-
tirely void of foundation. The accounts which I have
been enabled to colledt during my refidence in Spain, all
agree in affirming that the tree is nearly extindt in thofe
places where it was formerly found in the greateft abun-
dance : yet, though it has not been difeovered in any
other region, our fear is vanifhed as to our one day lofing
fo neceffary a drug. Various botanifts, who in thefe latter
times have travelled in the Weft Indies to inveffigate the
natural productions of that part of the world, have found

feveral

r

[ 9 1

feveral fpecies of this genus, which not only refemble the
fir ft difcovered fpecies as to their qualities, but which even
feem, in fome refpecfts, to furpafs it.

The Peruvian Bark was made ufe of during a whole cen-
tury, without its being known from what tree it was
taken; and this ignorance would have ftill continued,
had not fome botanifts obtained an opportunity of feeing
it in its native country. The firft whom we have to
thank for certain and authentic information concerning
the genus, is Monf. Condamine. It continued, however,
almoft inacceflible to us after that time, its native country
not being eafily vifited by naturalifts. Few botanifts have
feen it, and all that we know of it is confined to what
Monf. Condamine has related. The various figures we
are in pofleffion of are all borrowed from him, though
his reprefentation cannot be efteemed a perfect one, and
has the appearance of being in fome points a little artifi-
cial. From what I fhall proceed to mention, it will be
evident that Linnaeus never fawr it, but availed himfelf of
Condamine’s defcription and figure to eftablifh the cha-
racters of the genus. From the time of Condamine to
that of Jacquin’s vifit to the Caribbee Iflands, only one
fpecies was known. Jacquin difcovered another, which
w'as regarded by Linnaeus as dubious, differing in fome
inconfiderable points from the Peruvian fpecies. The
fruit of the Caribbean fpecies was not at that time
known ; but having fince been examined, it clearly be-
longs to the fame genus. Mr. Forfter difcovered a third

B fpecies

\

[ 10 ]

fpecies in the iflands of Tongataboo and Eaoree in the
South Sea. A fourth was fent from Martinique by Monf*
Badier, which is known by the name of Quinquina Piton.
Profeflor Swartz, who fome years ago made a voyage to
the Antilles, belides increafing the vegetable catalogue of
thofe parts with eight hundred and fifty new fpecies, not-
withftanding the prior vifits of thofe indefatigable botanifis
Plumier, Sloane, Jacquin, and Brown, enriched the genus
Cinchona with two new fpecies, of which one was found
in Hifpaniola, and the other in Jamaica ; which latter?
however, he delcribed from a fpecimen in Sir Jofeph
Banks’s collection. As an addition to all tlrefe, I have the
honour to exhibit three more, of which one is changed
with the Peruvian, and the two others I look upon as un-
known, not having been able to find them any where de~
fcribed. The genus is c.onfequently increafed to nine
fpecies. All the fpecies which confiitute this genus
agree in the following circumftances, viz. The trunk is
a tree : the bark of the branches is of a dark brown-red
colour, in fome fpecies covered with foft hairs towards the
extremities, but in molt fpecies without : at the bottom
thefe branches are round, and frequently of a whitifh grey,
but at the top they become imperceptibly tetragonous :
thofe which bear flowers are diftinguifhed from the others
by being alternately comprefled to the top : the leaves are
oppolite ; inferted to the branch by a fliort pedicle ; their
edges are fmooth, or entire, without any denticulations ;
their lower furface is fomewhat more venous, and fome-
times the oblique fibres are covered with foft £air ; the

4 "PPcr

[ II ]

tipper furface is generally without hair : the fub fiance of
the leaves is fomewhat membranaceous, and bears a re-
femblanceto that of coffee-leaves : at both lides, betwixt
the leaves, is a ftipule, which is clofely fldpreffed to the
branch : the peduncles fit commonly at the top of the
branches of the umbel, thefe branches being always di-
vided into three, of which the laft bears one flower only.
T wo fpecies have the flowers fitting in the angle formed
by the leaves with the branches, and of thefe one fpecies
has only one flower on the peduncle. Where the pe-
duncle is divided into more ramifications, there are two
fmall bradtese at the larger, and one at the fmaller. The
calyx is one-leafed, above the germen, corolliform, in
the fame manner as in plants that have oppofite leaves and
flipules. Sometimes the calyx is only a kind of margin,
but always divided into five fmall points, and much fliorter
than the corol : the corol is funnel-form, monopetalous,
divided into five parts; the flamina five, inferted at the
middle of the interior part of the tube, being either
fliorter than the tube, or of equal length with the corol ;
they are flender and eredt : the germen is conical, and
bent down, with a pointed tip ; the flyle is thread-form,
of the length of the flamina ; the lligma thicker, and
fomewhat bipartite : the fruit is an oblong capfule, open-
ing in two parts. From both corners of each part there
is a difiepiment feparated in the middle with a crevice :
the feeds are comprelfed, and furrounded with a mem-
branaceous margin. All the fpecies are natives of the
New World, one excepted, which was difcovered by

B 2 Dr,

[ 12 ]

Dr. Forfter in the South Sea iflands. In the other parts
of the world there has as yet been no fpecies difcovered.
Three fpecies only are found on the continent of Ame-
rica, and the reft in the Caribbean illands : they feem to
prefer mountainous lituations.

The genera moft allied to Cinchona are Manettia, Ron-
deletia, Macrocnemum, Bellonia, Portlandia, and fome
others ; and thefe feem to conned! the laft divilion of the
Stellatae of Linnaeus, fuch as Coffea, Ixora, Pavetta, with
the family of Contortae, to which Cinchona, as to the
fruit, is nearly related; but it differs in having the
fruit below the calyx, and in the divifions of the co-
rol not being contorted into a fpiral before their expan-
fi°n.

The fpecies of this genus are as follows :

1. Cinchona officinalis. This is the fpecies from which
is taken the genuine Peruvian Bark, and is that which
was firft difcovered : it is the fpecies which has given the
character of the genus, and is confequently that which
Linnaeus mentions in the old editions of his Syftema
Naturae, and in the 6th edition of his Genera Planta-
rum.

2. Cinchona pubefcens. So named from the pubefcent
appearance on the backs of the leaves : its native place the
fame as the foregoing. From the ffiort and incomplete

defcription

[ 13 ]

defcription given by Condamine of a fpecies of Cinchona
growing on the fummits of mountains, and of a whitifh
appearance, it fhould feem to be this.

3. C. macrocarpa. So named from the fuperior fize of
the fruit in comparifon to that of the others. This is the
fpecies difcovered by Mutis in large woods in Santa Fe in
America : it is undoubtedly this fpecies which Linnaeus
defcribes in the twelfth edition of the Syftema Naturae.
On comparing Linnaeus’s defcription with that of Conda-
mine, and the figure given by him of C. officinalis, it is
evident that it by no means agrees with it ; but on the con-
trary it perfectly accords with my own of the C. macro-
carpa : and of this I am the more convinced, as Mutis ne-
ver fent fpecimens into Europe of the C. officinalis, it being
never found at Santa F£ ; and laftly, that the fpecimen
preferved in the Linnaean collection is C. macrocarpa, and
not officinalis : its bark is white, and rather more bitter
than that of the officinalis. Some years ago a quantity
of it was imported to Madrid, and was tried by feveral
phyficians, who all agreed in declaring it equal to the
Peruvian.

v

4. C. Caribaea. DefcribedinthePhilofophicalTranfac-
tions by a Mr. Wright.

5. C. floribunda, or Quinquina Piton of Monf. Badier.
The bark of thefe two fpecies is found of equal efficacy in

inter-

[ 14 ]

intermittents. They promote a tendency to vomition,
and are alfo purgative. Several perfons in England have
allured me that thefe are preferred in the Weft India
illands to the Peruvian. Both thefe fpecies were fent me
from St. Croix.

6. C. corymbifera. This, according to Forfter, has
the greateft refemblance in appearance and tafte to the
officinalis or Peruvian : a defcription at large is given of
it in the Nov. Adf.Upf. tom. 3. p. 176.

7. C. brachycarpa, and

8. C. lineata.

Are both fo nearly allied to C. floribunda, that it is
difficult to find fufficient diftindtions between them, and
there is reafon to expedl the fame effect from them as
from the others. Nothing but repeated experiments can
determine whether the feveral kinds are equal to the
Peruvian, or which may in reality deferve the preference ;
but from the experiments which have already been made,
it clearly appears that they are far better fubftitutes than
any other Barks which have been occafionally made ufe
of for that purpofe.

CIN-

ic/urjitr (<//-/( t/tff

[ T5 1

CINCHONA,

So named from the Countefs del Cinchon, Lady of a
Spanilh Viceroy, whofe cure is faid firlt to have brought
the Peruvian Bark into reputation.

Lin. Gen. p. 228. Reich. No. 245. Schreb. 301. Gaertn*
t. 33. JulT. 201.

Quinquina Condam. Adt Gall. 1738.

CHARACTER ESSENTIALIS.

Capfula (infera) bilocularis, bipartibilis ; valvulis dilFe-
pimentis parallelis interne dehifcentibus. — Swartz, in Adb
Holm. 1787, p. 1 19.

CHARACTER NATURALIS.

Cal. Perianthium monophyllum, fuperum, breve, per-
fiftens, quinquedentatum : dentibus acutis.

Corolla monopetala, infundibuliformis, quinquefida.
Tubo longo, obfcure angulato: laciniis lanceolatis vel
linearibus, tubum aequantibus.

Stam. Filamenta quinque in medio tubi.

Antherae lineares, eredtae.

Piflih

[ f6 ]

Piffil. Germen inferum, turbinatum, obfcure angula-
tum. Stylus longitudine ftaminum.

^ r - • ~v - r . . r * c r ... t Y.

Stigma craffum, bifidum vel integrum.

Per. Capfula calyce coronata, bipartibilis, intus medio
dehifcens, diffepimento parallelo.

Semina plura, oblonga, compreffa, ala membranacea
cinda.

t

HABITUS GENERIS.

Caulis arboreus. Rami teretes, fuperne obfcure tetra-
goni ; floriferi alternatim comprefli.

Folia oppofita, indivifa, integerrima. Stipulae foliis in-
terpolitce, ramis adpreffae. Inflorefcentia in plerifque
paniculata, brachiata, pedunculis trifidis.

SPECIES.

Floribus tomentofis, ftaminibus inclufis.

C. officinalis — Cinchona foliis ovato-lanceolatis, gla-
bris, capfulis oblongis. Tab. i.

Quinquina Condam. in Ad. Parif. 1738, cum tab.

Cinchona officinalis. Lin. S. V. ed. 10. p. 929. Spec.

Plant.

[ 17 ]

Plant, p. 244. Vahl. A6t. Soc. Hift. Nat. Havn. fafc. 1.
p. 17. tab. 1. Vahl. Symbol. Botan. fafc. 3. p. 37. Miller
Dicft. ed. a Martyn, vol. 1. Diff. Med. Inaug. de Cin-
chona off. Lin. per Ricar. Pulteney, cum fig. Reich. 1.
476. Geertn. Fru£t. 1. 169. Swartz. Obfer. 72. Commers
Noric. 1744, P* 2I7- t- I* f- 3- Plenck. Ic. t. 131. Wood.
Med. Bot. 546. t. 200. Lamark. Encycl. pi. 164. f. 1. Lin.
Mat. Med. N° 71. Quinquina Geoffr. Mat. Med. tom. 2.
p. 180. Alfton. Ind. Med. Tripl.— Cortex Peruvianus, Pe-
ruanus, China Chinee, Quinquina officin. Dalei Pharm.
ed. 3. p. 291. Lewis Mat. Med. p. 427. China Chinee,
Hoffman Suppl. 11. par. 2. Mat. Med. p. 166. Vogel
Hift. Mat. Med. p. 287. Arbor febrifuga Peruviana Raii
Hift. Plant, tom. 2. p. 1796.

Habitat in Loxa Peruviee.

Cin. off. Rami cortice fufeo-purpurafeentes, ftepe
e rimis tranfverfis obliquis lcabri, cicatrifati poft cafum
foliorum.

Folia petiolata, ad apices ramorum approximata, in
ramis floriferis remota, patentiflima, bipollicaria, ovata
vel ovato-lanceolata, acuta, leevia, utrinque glabra, fu-
pra fubavenia, oblique nervofa, nervis inferioribus oppo-
litis ; fubtus paulo pallidiora, venofa.

Petioli femipollicares, fupra canaliculati, fubtus con-
vexi, verfus bafin rugofo-fcabri.

C Stipulee

[ IS ]

Stipulae utrinquebinae, minutae, acutae.

Panicula terminalis, patens, trichotoma. Pedunculi et
pedicelli leviter tomentoli : Pedicelli uniflori.

Bradtea minuta ad bafin et in medio pedicelli.

Calyx margo fuperus, quinquedentatus : dentibus bre-
viffimis.

Corolla vix unguicularis, extus tomentofa: laciniis
acutis, intus lanatis, tubo brevioribus.

Filamenta tubo breviora. Antherae longitudine tubi.

Germen tomentofum. Stigma apice incraflatum fub-
bifidum.

Capfula oblonga, glabra, femipollicaris, lineis obfcuris
elevatis.

The plate here given of the Cinchona officinalis Lin.
appeared fome years ago annexed to a publication enti-
tled De ufo e abufo das Minhas agoas de Inglaterra,
Londres, 1756, by Jacob de Caftro Sarmento — but
without its hiftory, or any account of it : and it is fome-
what extraordinary how it came into the publiffier’s pof-
feffion. It feems to be very little known, and has not been

quoted

[ 19 ]

quoted by any author, I believe, except Dr. Pulteney, in
his DilT. de Cinchona, and who informed me that his
figure was communicated to him by Dr. Hope of Edin-
burgh.—Mr. Hawkins, now living at Dorchefter, Dorfet.
a contemporary of Sir Hans Sloane, and with whom he
lived for fome time in the latter part of his life, was fo
obliging as to favour me with an impreflion of this plate,
accompanied with the following letter. He alfo favoured
me with an account of the Cinchona by Condamine, and
which feems the fame already publifhed by Condamine
himfelf in the French Tranfadtions.

Mr. HAWKINS’S LETTER.

Dorchefter, Oft. 12, 1795.

DEAR SIR,

I received the favour of yours, and in return lhall
give you all the information I am able concerning the
Cinchona. The fpecimens which I made the drawing
from came inclofed in a large quantity of the bark, fe-
veral pieces of wood with the bark on, and branches of
the leaves in flower and feed, packed up in a cow or ox-
hide, as a prefent from Monf. Condamine (then refiding
in l eru) to Dr. Cromwell Mortimer, Correfponding Se-
cretary to the Royal Society in the year 1740. The fpeci-
mens were in a dried crumpled ftate, which I expanded
by means of warm water, in order to complete the draw-
ing. The plate was engraved at the expence of the Royal

C 2 Society,

[ 26 ]

Society, has been fince loft, and cannot be found, as Sir
Jofeph Banks told me when in London. — Alfo were in-
cluded in the fame parcel fpecimens of the plant with the
three leaves along-ftde of the main ftalk, as reprefented
in the drawing * you had before of me with the kidney-
fhape feed, and which is defcribed by Monf. Condamine in
the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences in his account
there of the Jefuits Bark ; which was firft ufed for curing
intermittents before the prefent was known. I wifh
the above may prove of ufe to you.

I am, Dear Sir,

Your moft obedient, humble Servant,

J. HAWKINS.

4 The drawing, with its defcription, was by me prefented to the Linnaean
Society, and will appear in the 3d vol. of their Tranfa£tions.

CIN-

PL.

tr

I

[ ]

CINCHONA PUBESCENS, Pl. a.

Cinchona foliis ovatis ball elongatis, fubtus pubefcen-
tibus, capfulis cylindricis. Vahl. in A£t. Havn. i. i.
p. 19. t. 2. Mill. Di(5t. Mart.

* ■ w f ^ ** rv _* • » f

Habitat in Peru. Amiciffimo viro cel. Dn. Juffiseo
hanc debeo.

Rami fuperne pubefcentes.

Folia petiolata, fpithamaea, palmam lata, obtufa, bafin
parum per petiolum decurrentia, tenera, venofa, fubtus
nervis pubefcentia.

Petiolus bipollicaris, pubefcens, fubtus convexus.

Panicula terminalis, brachiata, pubefcens. Pedunculi
partiales biftrifidi : Pedicellis breviffimis unifloris. Brac-
* . teae minutae ad balin pedicellorum.

Calyx margo fuperus, quinquedentatus : dentibus mi-
nutis, ovatis, acutis.

Corolla praecedentis. ' lubus medio incralfatus.

Stamina Sc Piftillum ut in C. officinali.

Capfula cylindrica pollicaris, utrinque parum anguf-
tata.

1

C I N-

[ 22 ]

CINCHONA MACROCARPA, Pl. 3.

Cinchona foliis oblongis fubtus pubefcentibus coftatis.

Cinchona officinalis. Lin. S. V. ed. 12. p. 164. de-
fcriptio.

Cinchona officinalis foliis ellipticis fubtus pubefcenti-
bus, corollae limbo lanato. Lin. Suppl. p. 144. S. V.
edit. 14. p. 213. Vahl. in A&. Havn. 1. 1. p. 19. t. 2.
Mill. Did. Mart.

Habitat in regno Santa Fe. Dedit. Dn. Ortega.

Rami articulati, craffitie pennae cygneae, villofo-tomen-
tofi.

Folia petiolata, plufquam palmaria, oblonga, juniora
elliptica fubcoriacea, fupra nitida, glabra, fubtus pu-
befcentia, coflata : coffis villofo-tomentolis. Juniora fu-
pra pilofa, praefertim fecundum nervos.

Petiolus pollicaris, fupra planus, fubtus convexus.

Stipulae lanceolatae, deciduae, petiolo longiores, ball
connatae, intus glabrae.

Panicula

Panicula terminalis, trichotoma, pubefcens.

Pedunculi compreffi triflori fefquipollicares.

Flores fubfeffiles.

Bradtea lineari-lanceolata utrinque ad divifuras pedun-
culi univerfalis, pollicaris, 8e alia fubulata ad balm linguli
Boris, parva.

Calyx campanulatus, pubefcens, intus fericeus, quin-
quedentatus, rarius fexdentatus : dentibus obfoletis,
acutis.

M

Corolla coriacea, fefquipollicaris, pilis minutis adpreflis
tomentofa. Limbi lacinise lanceolatae, obtufae, longitu-
dine tubi.

Filamenta breviffima. Antherse lineares, faucem pa-
rum fuperantes.

Germen pentagonum. Stigma bifidum.

Capfula cylindrica, bipollicaris, glabra, ball parum an-
guftior. Valvulse dilfepimenti ball apiceque linu magis
hiantes.

[ 24 3

CINCHONA CARIBjEA, Pl. 4.
Corollis glabris, ftaminibus exfertis.

Cinchona pedunculis axillaribus unifloris.

Cinchona caribaea. Lin. Spec. 245. Syft. 214. Reich.
477. Jacqu. Amer. 61. t. 169. t. 95. Pidt. 35. t. 63. Obf.
2. 27. t. 47. Vahl. in Adt. Havn. 1. 1. p. 21. Swartz. Obf.
72. Gaertn. Frudt. 1. 169. Pluk. Phyt. t. 103. f. 3. Plenck.
Ic. t. 132. Vit. Sum. PI. vol. 1. p. 461. — Mill. Didt Mart.
Murr. App. Medic, vol. 1. p. 339.

Cinchona jamaicenfis, feu caribbeana. Wright in Phi-
lof. Tranf. vol. 67. p. 504. 506. t. to.

Habitat in Caribaeis.

v _ # * r f . m. ■ • • . .

Rami inferne teretes, cortice cinereo ; fuperne fubcom-
preffi, fufco-purpurafcentes, pundlis cinereis adfperli.

Folia petiolata, fefquipollicaria, ovata, acuminata, inte-
gerrima, glabra, venofa.

Petiolus vix femiunguicularis.

Stipulae parvae,acuminatae,latiores quam longae, ciliatie.

Pedunculi

I

[ 23 ]

I

Peduncnli axillares, folitarii, oppoflti, longitudine pe~
tioli.

Calyx margo quinquedentatus : dentibus minutis.

Corolla bipollicaris, glabra. Lacinia? limbi lineares.
longitudine tubi.

Stamina longitudine corolla?.

Stylus longitudine ftaminum. Stigma incraffatum, in-
divifum.

Capfula oblonga, glabra, la? vis.

CINCHONA CORYMBIFERA, Pl. 5.

Cinchona foliis oblongo-lanceolatis, corymbis axillari-
bus. Lin. Syft. 214. Suppl. 144. Forfter in Nov. A<5t.
Upf. 3. 175. Flor. Auftral. N. 88. Vahl. inA6t. Havn. 1. 1.
p. 22. Mill. Didl. Mart. Vit. Sum. Plant, vol. 1. p.461.

Habitat in Infulis Tongatabu 8c Eaove Maris Pacifici.

Folia petiolata, pal maria,, acuminata, integerrima, gla-

bra, faturate viridia, nervo fubtus

purpureo.

Petiolus vix uncialis.

%

, r ■ ■ v v f f r (T..

Stipulae membranaceae, acutse.

.

D

Peduncnli

[ *6 ]

Pedunculi folitarii, axillares, apice comprefliufculi, Ion-
gitudine foliorum.

Corymbus trichotomus, magnus. Forft. 1. c.

CINCHONA LINEATA, Pl. 6.

Cinchona panicula terminali, foliis ovatis acuminatis
glabris. Capfulis pentagonis. Vahl. in Adt. Havn. i.
p. 22. t. 4. Mill. Didt. Mart.

Habitat in St. Dominica.

Rami inferne teretes, cortice cinereo ; fuperne purpu-
rafcentes.

Folia breviffime petiolata, fefquipollicaria, ovata, acu-
minata, minime nitida, obtufiufcula, fupra fecundum
nervos lineata.

Stipulae ovatae, acutae.

Panicula terminalis, trichotoma : Pedunculi comprefli,
triflori.

Bradlea fetacea ad balm pedicellorum.

Calycis dentes fetacei, longitudine germinis.

Corolla 8c Stamina ut in infequente.

Germen pentagonum.
3

Differt

[ 27 ]

Differt a C. floribunda foliis minime nitidis, ball rotun-
datis, minoribus, fupra lineatis. Panicula parva : laciniis
calycis fetaceis longitudine germinis. Capfulis lineis
quinque elevatis, nec laevibus.

CINCHONA FLORIBUNDA, Pl. 7.

Cinchona panicula terminali, capfulis turbinatis laevibus,
foliis ellipticis acuminatis. Swartz. Prod. 41. Vahl. in Adi.
Havn. 1. 23. Philof. Tranf. vol. 74. p. 452—456.*. 19.

C. montana. Magaz. Bot. 6. 96. t. 3.

Kinkina Piton. Adi. Nat. Cur. 1787. Rozier Journ. dc
Phyf. 1781. p. 169—179. and 1789, p. 129—132.1. 1. Mill.
Didt. Mart. Murr. App. Medic, vol. 1. p. 941.

Habitat in St. Lucia, Martinica, Hifpaniola.

Tota glaberrima.

Ramiinferne teretes, fuperne obfcure tetragoni, purpu-
rafcentes.

Folia Coffeae arabicae petiolata, faepe fpithamaea, paten-
tiffima, lanceolato-elliptica fupra lasvia, nitida, medio ful-
co exarata, fubtus pallidiora, venofa, nervofa : nervis ob-
liquis parum elevatis.

Petiolus femipollicaris, fubtus convexus.

D 2

Stipulae

[ '-3 ]

Stipuloe oblongx, obtufx, vaginantes.

Panicula terminalis, brachiata, patens. Pedunculus com-
munis alternation compreflus, fub ramificationibus pa-
rum compreffus.

Pedunculi partiales Sc pedicelli compreffi.

4

Calyx margo fuperus ; dentibus fubulatis, brevifTimis.

Corolla Cinch, caribseae; tubo pollicari : Laciniae limbi
lineares.

Filamenta capillaria, longitudine limbi.

Stylus longitudine filamentorum. Stigma ovatum, in-
divifum.

Capfula unguicularis, obovata.

CINCHONA BRACHYCARPA, Pl. 8.

Cinchona panicula terminali, capfulis obovatis coftatis,
foliis ellipticis obtufis. Vahl. in A£t. Havn. i. p. 24. Swartz.
Prod. 42. Mill. Di6t. Mart.

Habitat in Jamaica.

Folia fere ut in macrocarpa, at licuti tota planta glabra,
breviflime petiolata.

Flores

[ 29 ]

Flores cluplo minores quam in praecedente.

Capfula obovata, lineis decern elevatis coflata.

CINCHONA ANGUSTIFOLIA, Pl. 9.

Cinchona panicula terminali, capfulis oblongis penta-
gonis, foliis linear i-lanceolatis pubefcentibus. Swartz.
Prod. 42. A£t. Holm. 1787. p. 117 — 123. t. 3. Vahl. in A&.
Havn. 1 . p. 25.

Habitat in Hifpaniola.

Rami cortice cinereo. Ramuli fimpliufculi, pubefcentes.

Folia petiolata, acuminata, obtufiufcula, fubtus pu-
befcentia.

€ I Petioli breves, pubefcentes.

Stipulae ovatas, acutae.

Panicula trifida vel trichotoma. Pedunculi pedicelli
vi llofo-pubefcentes.

Calyx pubefcens : dentibus fubulatis, longitudine ger-
minis.

Corolla Cinch onae caribaeae, at longior.

Stigma incraflatum, oblongum, integrum.

Capfula oblonga, teretiufcula. Schwartz. 1. c.

Mr.

\

C 3° ]

Mr. BROWN’S LETTER.

SIR,

HAVING been informed of your intention of publifh-
ing an account of the different fpecies of the genus Cin-
chona, permit me to prefent you with a fpecies of Peru-
vian Bark new at leaft to me, and which I believe is very
little known in this country *.

In the year 1793 I was engaged to go Surgeon of the
Speedy Tranfport, Captain Thomas Melvill, belonging
to Mr. Enderby and Sons, Paul’s-Wharf, London. We
were firft bound to New South Wales with provifions, and
afterwards on the Sperm whale fifhery along the coafts of
Chili and Peru. While fifhing near the Gallapagoe iflands,
our crew unfortunately being feized with the fea fcurvy,
it was found abfolutely neceffary to make the main in or-
der to refrefh them. The Captain intended Manta for
this purpofe, a fmall Indian village lying to the fouth-
ward of the Equator; but the wind and current baulking
us, we were obliged to bear away and run for Tecamez,
another Indian village, fituated in 46 miles north latitude,
and probably near 80 degrees weft longitude. Here

* This appears certain from a collation of the leaves with all the fpecies, pre-
ferved in Sir Jofeph Banks’s Herbarium, with none of which they agree. A molt
faithful reprefentation of thefe l$ave6 is given at plate 1 1.

we

nTrz

[ 31 ]

we lay for ten days, until our people were moftly reco-
vered.

As the province of Quito, to which T ecamez belongs, is
celebrated for producing the Peruvian Bark, I confefs I
was uncommonly anxious to fee a tree fo juftly valuable
for its various medicinal virtues. But the fort commonly
ufed in Europe grew more in the interior parts of the
country than the places I vifited ; and my attention was
called to a new fpecies, which I was informed had been
found Angularly efficacious by the medical gentlemen in
South America. As the mailer of the ffiip who gave me
the intelligence, and who traded in it, was unfortunately
to fail the next morning, he firft very obligingly agreed
with an Indian to take and fhew me the tree, and at the
fame time fpoke to the Governor in my favour, who
kindly promifed to fupply me with a fmall quantity of
its belt kind — a promife he afterwards very generouily
performed.

That attention which was due to the hate of our lick pre-
vented me from many enquiries that otherwife might have
• been made on the fubjedt ; but from the limited opportuni-
ties I had of making obfervations,Tecamez Bark feems to
be all of one fpecies, as the trees I examined were of the
fame kind, and the finenefs of their bark was effimated by
the age of the tree. Young trees of two years old were
much valued, their Bark being thin, brittle, aromatic and

aftringent.

t

[ 32 ]

aftringent. That of old trees is thicker ; when dried
turns blackifh on the infide, and of a darkifh red in the
middle. The other when broke is of a paler red, but all
of them when left to dry in the fun twift themfelves clofe
together, and turn very dark on the inlide. This circum-
ftance, however, may be ealily prevented ; for, by peel-
ing off the thin inlide Ikin as it is taken from the tree,
and expofing the Bark not too haftily to the fun, it will
alfume a fine cinnamon colour, and appear very hand-
fome to the eye.

Notwithftanding the predilection in favour of the
young tree, I am apt to fuppofe its Bark poffeffes only
an imaginary virtue. When reduced to powder, both
are fo nearly alike, that it is extremely difficult to diftin-
guifla them : and in whatever form it is given, they
are equally powerful and efficacious. A gentleman of
fome eminence told me that he thought them a tenth
ffronger than the Cortex ufually fold in London. As I
had fome of the latter in fubftance from the Hall, whofe
genuinenefs I knew could be depended upon, the follow-
ing is an obfervation or two I made on that fubjedt. Teca-
mez Bark differs from that fold by the Hall in colour,
ffrength and tafte. Its colour is more a brownifli green,
fpread over with a whitifh mofs; the infide darker, and
of a deep red inclinable to black. When broke it ap-
pears of a pale red, and has a moft pleafant bitter taffe,
rather aromatic, but not fo aftringent as that I had in the

medicine

t 33 1

I

medicine cheft. When boiled however with the fame
quantity of water, or infufed in it when cold, its iirength
is fuperior, and its tafte far more agreeable. If its virtues
are drawn off by fpirits, they equal that I had from the
Hall, and in four cafes fat eafy upon the ftomach,
when the other did not. As many of our people
unhappily laboured under a fevere ague on our re-
turn, I thought that a proper opportunity of trying
their effects ; for, whatever may be advanced to the con-
trary, experience has taught me that in many inftances
Bark is highly ferviceable in this diforder. Having fe-
le£fed two people with the fame fymptoms, I gave it to
them in equal dofes, and by the ufe of Tecamez Bark
one recovered a week before the other. I tried it again —
the difference was five days. I had only an opportunity of
repeating it a third time, and it was feven. But I would
not with to be underftood as if I thought thefe few cafes
fufficient to afcertain its fuperior effects with certainty.
That muff be left to future experiments, and to gentlemen
of greater penetration, and who 'haVe more ample op-
portunities of making them than the writer of this arti-
cle can pretend to poffefs.

All the trees I faw grew on the fide of a hill, and in a
dry barren foil. The mould was of a red colour inter-
mixed with fmall ftones, and not above a foot deep ; for
feveral of their roots appeared at the furface, and few
that I examined were covered more than two inches by
the earth. None of them were in bloom in Auguft, nor

E had

[ 34 J

had the lead appearance of feed. Neither could I obtain
any of it at Tecamez. This is an article they fet very lit-
tle value on themfelves, and are wonderfully furprifed it
fhould be enquired after. Of the tree indeed they are more
careful, and very cautious in fhewing it. Had it not been
for the friendfhip of the gentleman I mentioned, it is
more than probable I fhould have returned without fee-
ing it at all.

I remarked that all the Bark Trees I faw grew on the fide
of a hill, and in a dry rocky foil. None of them exceeded
two feet in circumference, nor any of them 24 feet in
height. The mode the Indians ufe in dripping the tree?
is by making longitudinal incifions in the bark about two
inches broad, and two feet long. They then tie it up in
bundles, thirty-two pounds each, and keep it in that date
for a day or two. Their reafon for tying it up in this man-
ner is to prevent its too hadily drawing itfelf together by
the heat, though it labours under a great difadvantage of
appearing iron-coloured, and not fo handfome to the eye as
when it is at once expofed to the fun, and regularly turned
and dried. Indeed, in drying Bark great care ought to be
taken that it is not put away too fuddenly. It fhould be
perfectly crifp,and break fhort in two— it is then fit for ufe.

Their method of conveying it from one place to another
is by dowing it in large leathern trunks. When the trunk
is damp it is apt to get mouldy : but this they confider as
of fmall importance ; for by drying it in the fun its moul-
2 dinefs

[ 35 ]

dinefs in a fhort time difappears, and they affirm its vir-
tues are not at all leflened by fuch an accident. The
price it fetches at Guayuil is is. 3d. per pound, while the
common fort fells at is.

Tecamez Bark is ufed for all diforders in which the com-
mon Peruvian Bark is found ferviceable ; but it is ima-
gined to poflefs a peculiar efficacy in removing indigef-
tion, weaknefs of the ftomach, and in reftoring a debili-
tated conftitution. It is alfo faid to be powerful in re-
pelling all tendencies to mortifications, and to be highly
ferviceable in feminal weaknefles and gleets— a com-
plaint to which the inhabitants of South America are not
a little fubjecft.

The mode of giving Tecamez Bark is various, and de-
pends in a great meafure upon the difeafe for which it is
prefcribed. As it fits eafy upon the ltomach and creates
little or no naufea, it may be exhibited in any form that is
moft agreeable. A Surgeon of great eminence told me the
beft mode of ufing it was in a cold infufion. He poured
fixteen ounces of cold water over one ounce of the Bark
coarfely powdered, and let it ftand four hours. He fome-
times fimmered it afterwards over a flow fire far ten mi-
nutes, and, having ftrained the decotftion, added two ounces
of fpirits, and gave three table fpoonfuls occafionally. But
very often he omitted boiling it, and, having added the
fame quantity of fpirits, gave the cold infufion as I have
mentioned. .• , . ,

E2

Such

t 36 ]

Such, Sir, are a few hafty obfervations on this new
fpecies of Peruvian Bark. They are very limited, I con-
fefs ; for my opportunities of enquiry were not only few,
butfometimes interrupted. If, however, they awake the
attention of Gentlemen, who are not only more capable
of treating the fubjeft, but have better opportunities of
trying its effects than I can pretend to be poflefled of, my
intention in fending you thefe trifling and imperfect
hints will be fully anfwered.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

With due refpedt,

Your moft obedient Servant,

D. BROWN.

Dec. 5, 1796.

P. S. I omitted to mention, that upon my arrival at
Lifbon I was informed of the Yellow Bark being in great
repute, and was favoured with the fenfible and ingenious
eflay that has been written on the fubjedh It occurred to
me that this new Bark might be of the fame fort ; and I
fhewed it to Mr. Baker, an Englifh Surgeon of the moft
extenlive practice in the place, who likewife gave a fpeci-
raen of it to the firft Phyftcians in that city. Upon an
accurate examination they found it a very diftimft fpecies,
and of a kind they had never feen. Th$y told me they
did not think any of it before had been brought to Europe.

The

[ 37 )

The Sandal Tree* likewife abounds at Tecamez, and is
moftly found in the fame foil as the Bark Tree. Its gum
is ufed by the Spaniards for perfuming their chambers —
incenfing the altar at high mafs, and in many other re-
ligious ceremonies. The Indians likewife ufe its leaves
by rubbing them between their hands, and applying them
bruifed to their temples, as a certain cure for the head-ach
after fevere drinking. The Boldu is alfo ufed in the fame
manner for this purpofe. Whether the Sandal Tree is
the fame whofe gum is fo valued for religious purpofes
in the Eaft Indies (as I was informed it was), or whether
it is a diftindt fpecies of itfelf, I am unfortunately not
verfed enough in botanical refearches to determine.

* A different plant from the Sandal Wood of the Eaft Indies ( Sirium myr -
tifolium Lin.), as appears by a fpecimen of the wood brought over by Mr..
Brown, and now in my poffeflion : this wood, which abounds with refin, has
very much the fmell, when burnt, of the Yellow Gum of Botany Bay.

CIN-

[ 38 ]

CINCHONA LONG1FLOR A, Pl. 12*.

Cinchona pedunculis axillaribus unifloris, foliis lineari-
lanceolatis glabris, corolla longilfcma.

Cinchona Car ibaea ? Journ. de Phyf. Odt. 1790. p. 243.
t. 1 f.

Habitat in Guiana.

CINCHONA SPINOSA, Pl. 13.

Cinchona foliis minimis fubrotundis, pedunculis uni-
floris, corollis glabris quadrifidis tetrandris, feminibus
fubemarginatis.

Folia aliquando bina oppolita, aliquando terna verti-
cillata.

Lin. Syft. Veg. Gmel. p. 361.

"Vavafleur, Journ. de Phyf. 06t. 1790 p. 243. t. 2.

Habitat in Domingo — Baron de Beavais.

* From a fpecimen in Aublet’s Herbarium, now in the poffeflion of Sir Jofeph
Banks.

f This appears to be a very different plant from Cinchona Caribaa Lin.

Figures j, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, are taken from Tab. above quoted in the Journ. de
iPhyfique.

The

FL.12 .

C 39 ]

The virtues of the genus Cinchona arefo well defcribed
in Dr. Woodville’s excellent publication, intitled Medical
Botany, that we have taken the liberty to copy the Doc-
tor’s account with fcarce any material alteration. It is
as follows, viz.

WE feem to have no fatisfadtory account at what time,
or by what means, the medicinal efficacy of the Peru-
vian Bark, which is now fo well eftablifhed, was firft dif-
covered. Some contend that its ufe in intermittent fevers
was known to the Americans long before the Spaniards
poffeffed Peru, but that they concealed this knowledge
from the Europeans ; and, on the contrary, it is alTerted
by others, that the Peruvians never fuppofed it to be fit
for any medicinal ufe, but thought that the large quanti-
ties exported thence were for the purpofe of dyeing, and
they actually made fome trials of its effects in this way *.
Condamine fays, that according to an ancient tradition,
the Americans owe the difeovery of this remedy to the
lions, which fome naturalirts pretend are fubjedt to a
kind of intermitting fever, of which they were obferved
to be cured by inftindtively eating the Bark of the Cin-
chona. But Geoffroy Hates, that the ufe of the Bark was
firft learned from the following circumftance Some
Cinchona trees being thrown by the winds into a pool of
water, lay there till the water became fo bitter that every
body refufed to drink it. However, one of the neighbour-

ing

• Ulloa, Voyage de TAmerique meridionale, t. i. p. 271.

[ 4° ]

ing inhabitants being feized with a violent paroxyfm of
fever, and finding no other water to quench his third:,
was forced to drink of this; by which he was perfectly
cured. He afterwards related the circumftance to others,
and prevailed upon fome of his friends who were ill of
fevers to make ufe of the fame remedy ; with whom it
proved equally fuccefsful*. The ufe of this excellent
medicine, however, was very little known till about the
year 1638; when afignal cure having been performed by
it on the Spanifh viceroy’s lady, the Countefs del Cinchon,
at Lima, it came into general ufe, and hence was diftin-
guifhed by the appellation Pulvis Comitiflae, or the Coun-
tefs’s Powder ; alfo called, Cortex china china, or chinchi-
lla ; kina kina, or kinkina ; and quina quina, or quinqui-
na. On the recovery of the Countefs fhe diftributed a
large quantity of the Bark to the Jefuits, in whofe hands
it acquired ftill greater reputation, and by them it was
firfi: introduced into Europe f, and hence called Cortex,
or Pulvis jefuiticus, Pulvis Patrum ; and alfo Cardinal de
Lugo’s Powder, becaufe that charitable prelate bought a
large quantity of it at a great expence for the ufe of the
religious poor of Rome.

“ This Bark is brought to us in pieces of different fizes,
fome rolled up into fhort thick quills, and others fiat : the
outfide is brownifh, and generally covered in part with a

* Mat. Med. Traite, p. 78.

f Louis the Fourteenth, when Dauphin, was faid to be one of the firft in
Europe who experienced its efficacy.

whitifii

t 41 ]

whitifh mofs : the infide is of a yellowifh reddifh or
rufty iron colour. The bell fort breaks clofe and fmooth,
and proves friable betwixt the teeth : the inferior kinds
appear when broken of a woody texture, and in chew-
ing feparate into fibres. The former pulverizes more
ealily than the latter, and looks, when powdered, of a
hght-brownifh colour, refembling that of cinnamon, or
fomewhat paler. It has a flight fmell, approaching as it
were to muftinefs, yet fo much of the aromatic kind as
not to be difagreeable. Its tafte is confiderably bitter?
aftringent, very durable in the mouth, and accompanied
with fome degree of aromatic warmth, but not fufficient
to prevent its being ungrateful

Befides this Bark, that of feveral other fpecies of Cin-
chona have been recommended for medical ufe by differ-
ent authors, efpeciallv the Cortex peruvianus ruber, or red
Bark ; alfo that of the Cinchona caribasa, or the Jamaica
Bark ; that of Cinchona floribunda produced at St. Lucie ;
and that of two or three other fpecies difcovered at Santa
Fe. The firft of thefe “ is in much larger and thicker
pieces than the common ; moft of the pieces are concave,
though not rolled together like the quilled Bark. They
break lhort, like the belt common Bark, and appear evi-
dently compofed of three layers. The outer is thin,
rugged, frequently covered with a moffy fubftance, and
of a reddifh-brown colour. The middle is thicker, more

* Lewis, M. M. p. 485.

F

compact,

[ 4* ]

compact, and of a darker colour : it is very brittle andre-
linous. The innermoft layer is more woody and fibrous,
and of a brighter red. In powdering this Bark, the mid-
dle layer, which feems to contain the greateft proportion
of refinous matter, does not break fo readily as the reft ; a
circumllance to be attended to, left the moft active part
fhould be left out of the fine powder. This red Bark to
the tafte difcovers all the peculiar flavour of the Peruvian
Bark, but much ftronger than the common officinal fort.
An infufion in cold water is intenfely bitter, more fo than
the ftrongeft decocftion of common Bark. Its aftringency
is in an equal degree greater than that of the infufion of
common Bark, as is fhewn by the addition of martial vi-
triol. The fpirituous tincfture of the red Bark is alfo pro-
portionably ftronger than that of the pale. The quanti-
ty of matter extracted by rectified fpirit from the powder
of the former was to that from the latter as 3 to 2 in one
experiment, and as 229 to 130 in another ; and yet on in-
filling the two refiduums of the firft experiment in boiling
water, that of the red Bark gave a liquor confiderably bit-
ter, and which ftruck a black with martial vitriol ; while
that yielded by the other, was nearly taftelefs and void of
aftringency

Refpecfting the medicinal properties we have feveral
refpe£table authorities, fhewing, that as the red Bark pof-
fefles the fame virtues with the common, in amuch higher

* Lewis, 1. c.

degree,

[ 43 I

degree *, fo it has been found of more efficacy in the cure
of intermittents : and hence it is thought to be that which,
according to Arrot, the Spaniards called Cafcarilla colora-
da, and was probably the kind originally brought to Eu-
rope, and which proved fo fuccefsful in the hands of
Sydenham, Morton, and Lifter ; for it appears from the
tellimony of the oldelt practitioners, that the Bark firft
employed here was of a much deeper colour than the
common Bark +. The red Bark was firft imagined by Dr.
Saunders f to be that of the trunk of full grown trees, the
branches or young trees of which yield the pale or com-
mon Bark : but this opinion the DoCtor feems afterwards
to have abandoned ; for in the third edition of his pam-
phlet on this fubjecft lie lays, “ that he has lately feen fome
exceedingly good red Bark imported by a Spanifh mer-
chant, a confiderable part of which was as fmall as the
quilled Bark in common ufe, Sec. It was extremely refin-
ous, and gave evident proofs of its being the quill of the
larger red Bark which was in the fame cheft.” If the pale
and red Bark were really the produce of the fame fpecies
of Cinchona, the latter differing from the former only
by acquiring greater maturity, we fhould find the deep-
nefs of the colour of the pale Bark to correfpond propor-
tionably with its thicknefs or the fize of the quill, which
is certainly not the cafe. The Cinchona caribaea is defcribed

* Irving’s and Skeete’s Experiments.

f Baker, Med. Tranf. vol. iii. p. 161.

t Observations on the fuperior efficacy of the red Peruvian Bark in the cure
of fevers.

F 2 and

t 44 ]

and figured by Jacquin * and Dr. Wright f ; it grows in
Jamaica, where it is called the Sea Side Beech. According
to Dr. Wright, the Bark of this tree is not lefs efficacious
than that of the Cinchona of Peru, for which it will prove
an ufeful fubftitute ; but by the experiments of Dr.
Skeete it appears to have lefs aftringent power X. The
Cinchona floribunda, or Bark tree of St. Lucie, a figure of
which we find in Phil. Tranf. alfo in Rozier’s Obfervations
fur la Phyfique, affords a Bark which is like wife faid to
have been ufed with advantage ; but notwithlfanding all
that has been written to eftablifh its medicinal character §,
it feems to us greatly inferior to that of the other fpecies
of this genus. In its recent ftate it is confiderably emetic
and cathartic ; properties, which in l'ome degree it retains
on being dried ; fo that the ftomach does not bear this
Bark in large dofes, and in fmall ones its effe£ls are not
fuch as to give it any peculiar recommendation. Seve-
ral fpecies of Cinchona have lately been difcovered at
Santa Fe, yielding Barks both of the pale and red kind;
and which, from their fenfible qualities, are likely upon
trial to become equally ufeful with thofe produced in the
kingdom of Peru || .

* Amer. Pi£t. tab. 23.

f Phil. Tranf. vol. 67.

t Exper. p. 339.

§ See Kentilh. Exp. and Obferv. on the Peruvian Bark. Davidfon in Phil. Tranf.
vol. 74. and Tranf. of the American Phil. Soc. vol. 2. Mallet in Mem. fur le
Quinquina de la Martinique, &c.

H See Memoria 0 Dilfertazione fopra lanuova China del regno de St. Fe, &c.

At

[ 45 ]

At prefent the life of the Bark is chiefly confined to the
pale and red kind ; and the nearer the former refembles
the latter, the more it is efteemed.

“ The Peruvian Bark yields its virtues both to cold and
boiling water ; but the decoction is thicker, gives out its
tafte more readily, and forms an ink with a chalybeate
more fuddenly than the frefli cold infulion. This infu-
flon, however, contains at lead: as much extractive matter,
but more in a ftate of folution ; and its colour on handing
with the chalybeate becomes darker, while that of the
decoction becomes more faint. When they are of a cer-
tain age, the addition of a chalybeate renders them green;
and when this is the cafe, they are found to be in a hate of
fermentation, and effete. Mild or cauftic alkalies, or lime,
precipitate the extractive matter, which in the cafe of the
cauftic alkali is re-diflolved by a farther addition of the al-
kali. Lime-water precipitates lefs from a frefli infufion
than from a frefli decoction ; and in the precipitate of this
lall fome mild earth is perceptible. The infufion is by
age reduced to the fame ftate with the frefli decoction,
and then they depofit nearly an equal quantity of mild
earth and extractive matter ; fo that lime-water as well as
chalybeate may be ufed as a teft of the relative ftrength
and perifhable nature of the different preparations, and of
different Barks. Accordingly, cold infufions are found by
experiments to be lefs perifhable than decoctions ; infu-;
fions and decoctions of the red Bark, than thofe of the
pale : thofe of the red Bark, however, are found by length

of

[ 46 ]

of time to feparate more mild earth with the lime-water,
and more extracted matter. Lime-water as precipitating
the extracted matter appears an equally improper and
difagreeable menftruum. Water has been found to fuf-
pend the refin by means of much lefs gum than has been
fuppofed. Rectified fpirit of wine extracts a bitternefs,
but no aftringency, from a reliduum of twenty affu-
iions of cold water; and water extradls aftringency,
but no bitternefs, from the reliduum of as many affu-
lions of rectified fpirit. The refidua of both are in-
fipid

From many ingenious experiments made on the Peru-
vian Bark by Dr. Irving, publifhed in a Differtation which
gained the prize-medal given by the Harveian Society of
Edinburgh in 1783, the power of different menftrua upon
Peruvian Bark is afcertained with greater accuracy than
had before been done : and it appears, that, with refpedt
to comparative power, the following fluids adt in the or-
der in which they are placed : Dulcified fpirit of vitriol :
Cauftic lye : French brandy : Rhenifli wine : Soft water :
Vinegar and water : Dulcified fpirit of nitre : Mild vola-
tile alkali : Redtified fpirit of wine : Mild vegetable al-
kali : Lime-water. The antifeptic powers of vinegar
and Bark united are double their fum taken feparately.
The aftringent power of the Bark is increafed by acid of
vitriol ; the bitter tafte is deftroyed by it.

* Ed. New Difpejif. p„ 251.

2

Though

[ 47 ]

Though the Bark on its firft introduction, and even
fome time afterwards, was reprobated by fome eminent
phylicians as a dangerous remedy ; yet thefe prejudices
are entirely done away, and its character is now univer-
fally eftablifhed : fo that the difputes which at prefent
fublift are confined to its mode of operation, or the man-
ner in which it is moft efficacioufly adminiftered. To de-
tail thefe, however, or even to give a circumftantial rela-
tion of the various ftates of difeafe in which the Bark
might be advantageoufly employed, would far exceed
our limits : we are therefore confined to ftate briefly
thofe difeafes to which this medicine is more efpecially
adapted.

The Bark firfl acquired its reputation for the cure of in-
termittent fevers, and in thefe, when properly exhibited,
it rarely fails of fuccefs. For this purpofe, fome practi-
tioners prefer giving it juft before the fit, fome during
the fit, and others immediately after. Dr. Cullen, who
is of the flrft opinion, fays, “ I am fatisfied that giving
a large dofe of the Bark immediately before the time of
acceflion, is the moft proper practice : but as that dofe
mult not be under two drams of pale Bark, fo there are
fome ftomachs which will not bear even that quantity,
or a larger that might be neceflary. It is commonly,
therefore, convenient to give fmall dofes, but to give them
every hour for fome hours near to the times of acceflion*.”

* Mat. Med. vol. p. 97.

Some

[ 48 ]

Some again order it in the quantity of an ounce between
the fits ; the dofe being more frequent and larger, ac-
cording to the frequency of the fits ; and this mode of
procedure, although it may perhaps lead to the employ-
ment of more Bark than is neceflary, is confidered by Dr.
Duncan * as upon the whole preferable, from being beft
iuited to moil ftomachs. When the Bark pukes, or
purges, or opprefTes the ftomach, it is to be counteracted
by remedies particularly appropriated to them. Thus,
vomiting is often retrained by exhibiting it in wine ;
loofenefs, by combining it with opium ; and opprefiion
at the ftomach, by the addition of an aromatic. But un-
lefs for obviating particular occurrences, it is more fuc-
cefsful when exhibited in its fimplc ftate than with any
addition.

It may be given from the very commencement of
the difeafe without any previous evacuations, though
it commonly anfwers better after emptying the ali-
mentary canal, particularly the ftomach ; and it is to
be continued not only till the paroxyfms ceafe, but
till the natural appetite, ftrength, and completion re-
turn.

In remittent fevers, efpecially during the times of re-
mifllon, the Bark may alfo be employed with great fuc-
cefs ; for as both thefe and intermittents arife from the

* See New Edinburgh Difpcnfatory.

fame

t 49 ]

fame caufe, prevail at the fame feafons, and aflume mu-
tually the form of each other, they ffiow a ftridt affini-
ty, and found a prefumption which is confirmed by ex-
perience, that they may be cured by the fame remedy.
In continued fevers, or typhus of the nervous and pu-
trid kind, the Bark is very generally ufed, as well fuited
to counteradf the debility or putrefcency which marks
the progrefs of the diforder. There is, however, one
ftate not unfrequently prefent in thefe epidemic fe-
vers, in which the Bark is found to be hurtful ; i. e.
fymptoms of congeftion, or topical inflammation of the
head, manifefied by headach, rednefs of the eyes, and
phrenitic delirium. And whenever delirium is accom-
panied with much lubiultus tendinum, or frequent
convulfive twitchings of the limbs, Dr. Cullen thinks
opium in large dofes is the only remedy to which we can
truft.

Of late the Bark has been much employed in acute
rheumatifm, particularly after the violence of the difeafe
has been in fome meafure moderated by the antiphlo-
giftic treatment, or when evident remiffions take place.
Many, however, have recourfe to this medicine in the
firfi: fiage of the difeafe, and we have witnefled its fuccefs
in fome of the London Hofpitals, even while the inflam-
matory fymptoms prevailed to a very confiderable de-
gree. This feems contrary to the experience of Dr.
Cullen, who lays, “ As I conlider this difeafe as efpecially

G confiding

t 5° ]

conlifting in a phlogiftic diathefts, I hold the Bark to
be abfolutely improper, and have found it manifeftly
hurtful, efpecially in its beginning, and in its truly in-
flammatory Hate.”

In the confluent fmall-pox the Bark has been re-
commended to promote the riling of the puftules.
This opinion our own experience teaches us to rejedt ;
but after the maturition of the puftules is completed,
or where fymptoms of putrefcency, or a diflolved ftate
of the blood, fupervenes, the Bark cannot be too libe-
rally employed. The other difeafes in which the Bark
is recommended, are gangrenous fore throats, and in-
deed every fpecies of gangrene -, fcarletina, dyfentery,
all hemorrhages of the paflive kind ; like wife other
increafed difcharges ; fome cafes of dropfy, efpecially
when unattended with any particular local affedtion,
fcrophula, ill-conditioned ulcers, rickets, fcurvy, ftates
of convalefcence, certain ftages of phthifis pulmona-
lis, Sec.

The officinal preparations of the Bark are the pow-
der, the extradb, the tindture, and the decodtion. This
laft, though frequently employed, is in many refpedts
inferior even to a Ample watery infufion ; but the belt
form is that of powder, in which the conftituent parts
are in the moft effedtual proportion.

The

✓

[ SI ]

The virtues of Cinchona Macrocarpa, a new fpecies,
have been lately defcribed by Dr. James Clarke in his
Treatife on the Yellow Fever, where a comparative table
of the quantity of foluble or extractive matter obtained
from the different fpecies of Bark by water and fpirit is
exhibited.

G 2

H Y J£-

*

[ 52 1

HYiENANCHE GLOBOSA, Pl. ro.

H Y iE N A POISON.

DICECIA POLYANDRIA.

Syn. Iatropha globofa Gaertn. vol. 2. p. 122. t. 109.

Croton foliis craffis, venofis, venis rubentibus,
Burm. Afric. p. 122. t. 45.

Arbor parva, fex aut feptem pedes alta, ramis diffafis*

Cortex cinereo-fufcus, rugofus, articulatus, cicatricibus
ad articulos notatus quo petiola foliorum antea exti-
terant.

Folia verticillata, terna vel faepius quaterna, petiolo
brevi canaliculato, ovato-oblonga, emarginata, integer-
rima, laevigata, nervofo-reticulata, revoluta.

Feminei flores in axillis /oliorum pedunculis multiflo-
ris brevibus.

Calyx fquamofus, imbricatus, fquamulis ovato-acumi-
natis apice fcariofis, deciduis.

Corolla

EL. 10.

SfJ Sauer JeZ.

c/t //,

W

/(//(vsirf/u'/f

s//o/;(>

,/. I) or low jcutyj .

:

.

t 53 1

Corolla nulla.

Pericarpium capfula corticata, fuberofa, quadricocca,
coccis lignofis bivalvibus difpermis.

Styli i ant 4.

Stigmata quatuor reflexa, glandulofa, fimbriata.

Semina duo in unaquaque cocca, ovata, comprefla, gla-
bra, umbilico fuberofo.

Mafculi flores in axillis foliorum racemis congeftis nu-
merous fubfeffiles.

Calyx polyphyllus, foliolis ovatis, concavis coloratis
(Calyculatus fquamis ad bafin foliorum ?).

Corolla nulla.

Filamenta numerofa brevia : Antherae fubrotundae di-
dymae.

This ihrub grows about two hundred miles from the
Cape, in a rocky foil, on a fingle fpot, on Wind-Hook
Mountains, near Elephants’ River.

A farmer lives there, who colle&s the fruit, by which
5 be

t 54 ]

he makes a profit of about 20 1. per annum, by felling it
for the purpofe of poifoning hyaenas. The fruit is
pounded into a powder, and adminiftered in the fame
manner as the Nux Vomica. The powder is put into
the carcafes of lambs, &c. which are laid where the
hyaenas are known to come. By eating the flefh they
are infallibly deftroyed.

This plant flowers and bears fruit annually in the ftove
of the Right Honourable the Earl of Tankerville, at Wal-
ton, the only place it has yet flowered at in this country ;
and I believe it is in no other collection in England except
at Kew. Our figure of the female was drawn from the
plant in his Lordfhip’s ftove in 179c, ; the male from a
fpecimen very obligingly communicated to me by Mr.
F. Maffon.

FINIS.

ORDER of the PLATES.

Plate i. Cinchona officinalis.

2. Cinchona pubefcens.

3. Cinchona macrocarpa.

4. Cinchona caribaea. — This plate is from a fpeci-

menin the Herbarium of Hen. de Ponthieu,
Efq. now in my poffeffiom

5. Cinchona corymbifera. — From fpecimens and

drawings in the Herbarium of Sir JofephBanks.

6. Cinchona lineata.

%

7. Cinchona floribunda.— From a fpecimen in the

Herbarium of Sir Jofeph Banks ; found by Mr.
Fran. Maffon in St. Lucie.

8. Cinchona brachycarpa. — From a fpecimen in the

Herbarium of Sir Jofeph Banks.

9. Cinchona anguftifolia.

10. Hyaenanche globofa.

11. Leaves of TecamezBark.

12. Cinchona longiflora.

13. Cinchona fpinofa.

: ■' : - r :c ' ; ,

" '[ ‘ ' '

.?n*2. ; r.r D .0

v rv;i _i l io. _j [0 .*

.[> s -no-fl si o' .»! fL; 7- ; u o ' .3 v

• ' o > ' r > Xi ;' j . . : .; /. : :

•f-O:. c ; wen '

^noiTi'j:. ^ .. ..o x' : Q . *

r: ‘ .

.

: B mo 2 ' ' ; j 7

.8.' b,'

.x <* '• .p

. • ' - v . > : .c :

• -

.7. ..’I sor 70: /: : ) ,

*

.