ODONTOGRAPHY;

OR, A

TREATISE

ON THE

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE TEETH.

ODONTOGRAPHY;

OR, A

TREATISE

ON THE

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE TEETH;

THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL RELATIONS, MODE OF DEVELOPMENT,

AND
IN THE

VERTEBRATE ANIMALS.

BY RICHARD OWEN, F.R.S.

v/

CORRESPONDENT OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF PARIS, BERLIN, &C. &C., HUNTERIAN PROFESSOR TO THE

ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, LONDON.

VOLUME II.

ATLAS

OF

PHYSICIANS

OF

*°A/DO^

CONTAINING ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-EIGHT PLATES.

LONDON:

HIPPOLYTE BAILLIERE, PUBLISHER,

FOREIGN BOOKSELLER TO THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS.

219, REGENT STREET.

PARIS : J. B, BAILLIERE LIBRAIRE DE l’aCADEMIE DE MEDECINE.
LEIPZIG : T. O. WEIGEL,

1840—1845.

LONDON:

Printed by Schulze & Co., 13, Poland Street.

i

ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS
LIBRARY

CLASS

C ( 6 ' ^

ACCN.

IplT

SOURCE

f

DATE

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.

Diagrams of the development of the dental
tissues. Fig. 1. — Dentine: a, end of a
linear series of primary dentinal cells ;
«*, nucleus ; b, division of the nucleus ;

c, c, subdivision and elongation of the nu-
cleolar matter, establishing secondary cells;

d, elongated nuclei of secondary cells
uniting end to end to form the arese of
the dentinal tubes ; e, e, calcified cap of
dentine formed by intus-susception of the
clear hardening salts into the walls and
cavities of the cells, and intercellular
blastema, e* ; and by their partial ex-
clusion from the moniliform nucleolar
tracts, f g, union of two peripheral
nucleolar or secondary cells with one
nearer the centre of the pulp. Fig. 2.
— Inner surface of a portion of the cal-
cified dentinal pulp, forming the cap
of dentine, which has been displaced :

v a, intervals and walls of primary denti-
nal cells (‘ areoles’ of the French Acade-
micians) ; b, indication of walls of secon-
dary cells forming the parietes of dentinal
tubes ; c, nucleolar matter which esta-
blishes the arese of the dentinal tubes,
(‘ granulations des areoles signalee, par M.
It. Owen,’ of the French Academicians).
For clearer demonstration, the number
of tubes in the arese of the cell is made
less than in nature. Fig. 3. — Thin cal-
cified portion a, resting on b, uncalcified
portion of the pulp ; magnified on half

the scale of the preceding scheme. Fig. 4.
— Enamel: h, primary cells suspended

in fluid blastema g ; i, the same angularly
aggregated to form the actinenchymatous
tissue ; j, the same, becoming cylindrical
by either elongation or terminal confluence ,
k, the nucleus disappearing ; l, the modi-
fied prismatic cells, in which the clear
hardening salts are impacted, forming the
spiculse and fibres of enamel ; magnified
on the same scale as figs. 1 & 2. Fig. 5.
— Cement : m, primary cells ; p , their
granular nucleus ; n, more minutely
granular blastema ; n‘, the same, im-
pregnated with the ossific salts ; o, the
primary cell enlarged and receiving the
hardening salts ; p', the nucleus al-
tered, apparently by pressure of the sur-
rounding salts, and sending out prolonga-
tions or rays ; magnified on the same
scale as fig. 4.

PLATE II.

Magnified view of the vascular plexus of
the outer layer of the dental capsule
of the incisor of a Calf ( Bos Taurus).
*The same, nat. size. The centre circle
shows the divided vessels that penetrate
the dentinal pulp. At two parts, a a,
were groups of minute capillaries, in which
the blood appeared to be stagnated, and
the vessels in progress of obliteration :
the cells of the capsule had begun to be
calcified at both these parts, and a thin,
layer of cement to be formed.

8

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

In the following Plates the parts are of the
natural size, unless otherwise expressed.

PLATE 1.

Various forms of teeth in fishes : the names
of the genera are subjoined to each figure.
In part Cuvier and Val.,* in part original .

PLATE 2.

Fig. 1. — Head of a Myxinoid fish ( Bdello -
stoma lieterotrema) : a, basal pulp, sup-
porting by palatal tooth ; c, tongue, sup-
porting the lingual dental plates ; d,
tendon of the great retractor muscle of the
tongue. Fig. 2. Head of Bdellostoma
hexatrema : a, palatal tooth ; b, lingual
teeth. Fig. 3. Section of head of the
Myxine glutinosa, nat. size ; a, medulla
oblongata ; b, cartilaginous acoustic cap-
sule ; c, naso-palatine canal ; d, dental ma-
trix of lingual teeth ; e, lingual bone. Mul-
ler.f Fig. 4. Front view of labial and lingual
teeth of a Lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus) .
Fig. 5. Vertical section of the head of
the same species shewing the labial teeth :
a, the palatal cartilage supporting the
large bicuspid tooth ; b, the opposing
cartilage below, representing the under
jaw ; c, the lingual cartilage. Fig. 6.
A section of the persistent pulp, and
successive horny dental cones of the Lam-
prey. Original.

PLATE 3.

Forms of teeth in different genera of
Sharks. Agassiz. \

#

PLATE 4.

The same ; the view of the teeth of the
Scymnus is original.

* Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire Naturelle des

Poissons, 4to. 1828, et seq.

t Vergleichende Anatomic dci Myxinoiden, 4to. 1835.
t Poissons Fossiles, fol. 1836.

PLATE 5.

Fig. 1. — A vertical section of the under
jaw of the Lamna, shewing a vertical row
of eight teeth and their various de-
grees of calcification. Fig. 2. A highly
magnified view of the primary and
secondary branches of a dentinal tube of
the tooth of a Lamna. Fig. 3. Fossil
tooth of Lamna elegans. Fig. 4. Front
view of the same tooth. Fig. 5. Fossil
tooth of an Otodus. Original.

PLATE 6.

Longitudinal section, magnified, of a fossil
tooth of Lamna elegans , shewing the rami-
fications of the vascular canals in the
vaso-dentine, which constitutes the body
of the tooth : the hard or unvascular
dentine covers it like enamel. Original.

PLATE 7.

A section of the preceding tooth, magni-
fied 500 linear times, showing the sub-
parallel dentinal tubes in the hard peri-
pheral layer of dentine, and the reticulate
dentinal tubes between the vascular
canals a & b. Original.

PLATE 8.

Fig. 1. — Under surface of the head of
the Saw-fish ( Pristis antiquorum ), show-
ing the rostral and maxillary teeth,
^th nat. size. Fig. 2. Some of the upper
and lower maxillary teeth. Fig. 3. A
section of the part of the rostrum and
of one tooth, a. b, ossified part of rostrum
forming its socket; c, canal for vessels
supplying the teeth ; d, medullary cavity
of rostral cartilage; e, granular skin or
shagreen. Fig. 4. A single rostral tooth ;
a, its posterior groove, into which the
process at the opening of the socket fits.
Fig. 5. Transverse section of the tooth.
Original .

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

9

PLATE 9.

Longitudinal section of a rostral tooth
under a low power, showing the course
and anastomoses of the vascular canals.
Fig. 2. A transverse section of the tooth,
magnified 350 linear times, shewing the
reticular dentinal tubes continued from
the vascular canals, and the clear inter-
spaces which define each system of canals.
Original.

PLATE 10.

Fig . 1. — Side view of the skull and teeth
of the Cestracion Philippii. Fig. 2.
Oblique view of the skull of the Monk-
fish ( Squatina angelus ) : a, antero-supe-
rior rostral cartilage (‘ intermaxillary’ of
Cuvier) ; b, postero- superior rostral carti-
lage (‘ maxillary’ of Cuvier) ; c, inferior
rostral cartilage (‘ premandibular’ of Cu-
vier) ; d, confluent maxillary and palatal
bones ; e, confluent dentary and angular
pieces of the lower jaw; both figures
\ nat. size. Original.

PLATE 11.

Fig. 1. — Portion of fossil jaw with verti-
cal rows of six teeth of the Hybodus
grossiconus. Fig. 2. Lower jaw and
teeth of the Cestracion Philippii. Fig. 3.
Detached grinding tooth, showing the
contracted base of attachment of Cestra-
cion. Fig. 4. The same with a section
removed from the crown, showing the
orifices of the vascular canals. Original.

PLATE 12.

A longitudinal section of a grinding tooth
of Cestracion Philippii , magnified 150
linear, showing the general course of

the vascular canals and of the calcige-
rous or dentinal tubes which radiate
therefrom. Original.

PLATE 13.

A portion of the same section magnified
350 linear, showing the sub-parallel
tubes in the hard peripheral dentine,
and the reticulate disposition of the
tubes in the interspaces of the canals.
Original.

PLATE 14.

Five teeth in natural relative position of an
allied extinct cartilaginous fish ( Acrodus
nobilis), nat. size ; and half of a vertical
section of one of the teeth, magnified 30
linear diameters. Original.

PLATE 15.

Portion of a vertical section of a tooth of
Acrodus nobilis, more highly magnified :
a, large vascular canals at the base of the
tooth ; b, smaller vascular canals in the
body of the tooth ; c, calcigerous or den-
tinal tubes radiating from the vascular
canals ; d, the sub-parallel tubes in the
outer layer of hard dentine ; e, modified
enamel. Original.

PLATE 16.

Fig. 1. — Section of a dried head of an
Eagle-ray ( Aetobates Narinari). Fig. 2.
A section of the enamel and hard
dentine of the tooth of Acrodus nobilis t
magnified 400 linear times ; showing the
continuation of the fine terminal branches
of the dentinal tubes into the so-called
enamel. Fig. 3. One of the medullary
canals, with its radiating system of cal-
cigerous tubes, divided more or less
obliquely from the body of the tooth

10

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

magnified 400 linear times. Fig. 4. A
portion of the middle of the enamel,
magnified 700 linear diameters. Origi-
nal.

PLATE 17.

Fig. 1. — Side view of a tooth of the Ptycho-
dus latissimus. Fig. 2. Grinding surface
of ditto. Fig. 3. Side view of a tooth
of the Psammodus magnus. Original. Fig.
4. The grinding surface of four teeth of
the Strophodus. Agassiz.

PLATE 18.

A longitudinal vertical section of the tooth
of the Ptychodus decurrens : magnified to
the scale shown by the figure of the nat.
size. Original.

PLATE 19.

Fig. 1. — Part of a longitudinal section of
ditto : magnified 230 linear times. Fig.
2. Part of a transverse section, magni-
fied 500 linear times. Original.

PLATE 20.

Half of a vertical section of the tooth of
Psammodus magnus : magnified 50 diame-
ters. Original.

PLATE 21.

The upper portion is the peripheral border
of a vertical section of the same tooth,
demonstrating the closure of the medul-
lary canals by calcification of their con-
tents, close to that border ; which process
of consolidation is proved by sections
of teeth in different stages of abrasion
to have gone on progressively with such
stages. The lower portion is a transverse
section of two medullary canals, near
their point of anastomosis : both magni-
fied 500 diameters. Original.

PLATE 22.

Fig. 1. — Part of lower jaw with the dental
plates of the Cochliodus contortus. Agas-
siz. Fig. 2. One of the dental plates
of the Ceratodus gibbus. Agassiz. Figs.
3, 4 & 5, different views of the teeth
of the Petalodus Hastingsice. Original.
Fig. 6. Upper surface of part of a tooth
of the Ctenodus cristatus. Agassiz. Fig.
7. Vertical section of the same. Agas-
siz.

PLATE 23.

Fig. 1. — Teeth of the upper jaw of the
Rhina. Fig. 2. Teeth of the lower jaw
of the same. Fig. 3. A single tooth of
the same, magnified. Original.

PLATE 24.

Fig. 1 . — Longitudinal section of a tooth of
the Rhina. Fig. 2. A section of the
exterior enamel-like layer, showing the
undulated and branched terminations of
the dentinal tubes. Original.

PLATE 25.

Fig. 1. — Jaws and teeth from behind of
an Eagle-ray ( Myliobates aquila). Agas-
siz. Fig. 2. A portion of the dental
series of the upper jaw of the Rhinoptera
marginata, showing a variety in the sub-
division of the teeth next the right side
of the broad middle row. Original.
Fig. 3. Side view of a single dental plate
of an Aetobates Narinari. Fig. 4. Lower
jaw and dental series of Aetobates Nari-
nari, from behind.

PLATE 26.

Vertical and longitudinal section of a tooth
or dental plate of the Myliobates Aquila :
a, processes or ridges for the attachment

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

11

of the base ; b, parallel vertical medullary
canals ; c, calcigerous tubes radiating
therefrom.

PLATE 27.

Transverse section of portions of two con-
tiguous teeth, showing a, their uniting
suture ; b, area of medullary canal ;

c, dentinal tubes radiating therefrom,
(with an enlarged outline at the side) ;

d, intermediate osseous or cemental tissue
binding together the denticles which form
the compound tooth. Original.

PLATE 28.

Fig 1 . — The dental plate of the upper
and lower jaw of the Southern Chi-
mar a, ( Callorhynchus australis). Fig. 2,
Side view of the same. Fig. 3. Vertical
longitudinal section of the same. Ori-
ginal. Fig. 4. Outer side of small an-
terior and large posterior or lateral dental
plates of the upper jaw of the Chimara
monstrosa. Fig. 5. Inner side of the
same. Fig. 6. Outer side of the single
dental plate of the lower jaw of the same.
Fig. 7. Inner side of the same. Fig. 8.
Horizontal section of the same. Agassiz.
Fig. 9. Part of the lower jaw of a Shark
( Galeus ) pierced by the barbed caudal
spine b, of a Sting-ray ( Trygon ,) show-
ing the effect of the wound of the dental
matrix, in the teeth which have advanced
in their revolving course over the jaw.
a, one of these teeth erect in the row
which is in use. Andre.*

PLATE 29.

Fig. 1. — A section of the dental plate
of a Chimara across the medullary ca-
nals, magnified 50 diameters by re-
flected light. Fig. 2. A section a little
obliquely to the course of the medullary
canals. Original.

* Philosophical Transactions, 1678.

PLATE 30.

Fig. 1. — A portion of a fossil jaw of a
Lepidotus Mantellii. Fig. 2. Molars and
alveoli of the prehensile intermaxillary
teeth of Placodus Andriani. Fig. 3.
Detached prehensile intermaxillary tooth
of ditto. Fig. 4. Side view of dentary
piece of the lower jaw of ditto. Agassiz.

PLATE 31.

Part of vertical longitudinal section of a
tooth of the Lepidotus Mantellii , magni-
fied 300 linear diameters. Original.

PLATE 32.

Vertical section of a tooth of a Spharo-
dus magnified 50 linear diameters. Ori-
ginal.

PLATE 33.

Fig. 1. — Grinding surface of a tooth of the
Spharodus gigas. Fig. 2. Vertical sec-
tion of the same. Fig. 3. A portion of
the section in PI. 32, magnified 500
linear diameters. Original.

PLATE 34.

Fig. 1. — Part of fossil vomer with teeth
of Pycnodus rugulosus. Fig. 2. Vome-
rine teeth of Pycnodus Bucklandi . Fig. 3.
Side view of fragment of a vomer of
Pycnodus dydimus. Fig. 4. Side view of
lower jaw and teeth of Gyrodus jurassicus.
Fig. 5. Upper view of the same. Fig.
6. Side of single tooth of Gyrodus rugu-
losus. Fig. 7. Grinding surface of ditto.
Fig. 8. Basal surface of ditto. Agassiz.

PLATE 35.

Fig. 1. — Portion of jaw of a recent Sau-
roid (Lepidosteus osseus), showing the
large conical laniariform teeth, and the

12

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

smaller ones in the interspaces, with the
bases of two of the larger teeth showing
the convergence of the peripheral fissures
towards the centre of the tooth. The
end view of the section shows the alveolar
groove and its outer parapet. Fig. 2.
Parts of the lower jaw of a fossil Sauroid
(Holopty chius Hibbertiix Agas. Rhizodus
mihi) : a, implanted and anchylosed base
of one of the large teeth. Original.

PLATE 36.

One of the large laniary teeth of the
natural size, with a longitudinal sec-
tion removed from the base, and a mag-
nified view of the section : Rhizodus Hib-
bertii, Original. (A transverse section
shows the radiations of the divisions of
the pulp -cavity continued into the cylin-
drical processes of the base of the tooth,
according to the labyrinthic type of struc-
ture.)

PLATE 37.

A portion of a transverse section of the
crown of one of the krge laniary teeth
of Rhizodus Hibbertii. These teeth and
the analogous ones of the recent Sau-
roid fishes differ from the teeth of the
Labyrinthodon in the larger proportion of
the crown in which the pulp cavity is
simple, as in the figure. Original.

PLATE 38.

Fig. 1. — Lower jaw and dental masses
of the Globe-Fish ( Diodon Hystrix).
Fig. 2. Portion of the same cleft
vertically near the symphysis ; a, the
last formed plates of the posterior tooth :
b, the same of the anterior tooth : c,
the intervening vascular canal. Fig. 3.
A portion of a section of the posterior
tooth magnified 600 linear diameters : a,

intervening layer of osseous or cemental
substance ; between b and c the dentinal
layers of the compound tooth. Original.

PLATE 39.

Fig. 1. Jaws of the Tetrodon lineatus : a ,
posterior lamelliform teeth of upper
jaw. Fig. 2. Portion of a vertical sec-
tion of the posterior tooth of Diodon
Hystrix magnified 120 linear diameters.

PLATE 40.

Fig. 1. — Side view of intermaxillary and
mandibular teeth of a File-Fish ( Batistes
forcipatus). Fig. 2. a, upper, b, lower
pharyngeal bones and. teeth, left side, of
Batistes forcipatus. Fig. 3. Outside
view of right intermaxillary, showing
the alveoli for the union by double gom-
phosis of the outer teeth. Fig. 4. Inside
view of the same, showing the inner
teeth. Fig. 5. Successional intermaxil-
lary teeth exposed : a, osseous tubercle
which supported the tooth in place : b,
the end of the successional tooth which
has caused the absorption of the osseous
tubercle of the second intermaxillary
tooth. Fig. 6. Successional teeth of the
inner row exposed. Fig. 7. Inner sur-
face of teeth of the lower jaw. Original.

PLATE 41.

Fig. 1. — Upper and lower jaws and teeth
of a Sea-Bream ( Dentex Argyrozona),
Fig. 2. Inside view of those of the left
side : a, intermaxillary : b, maxillary :
c, dentary : d, articular.

PLATE 42.

Fig. 1. — Upper view of the teeth of the
lower jaw of Sargus rufescens. Fig. 2.
Front view of incisors of a young Sargus

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

13

Vetula . Fig. 3. Upper and lower jaws
and teeth of a Gilt- Head ( Chrysophrys
australis ). Original.

PLATE 43.

Fig. 1. — Vertical section of a tooth of
Microdon radiatus magnified 50 linear
diameters. Fig. 2. A section, in the
direction indicated by the lines, of an
incisor of Sargus rufescens : a , dentine ;

b, modified enamel : c, clear intermediate
space (calcified preformative membrane) ;
d, osteo- dentine. Original.

PLATE 44.

Fig. 1. — Four of the premandibular teeth
of the Acanthurus nigricans magnified
30 linear diameters : a reduced view.
Original. Fig. 2. A vertical longitudi-
nal section of the continuous parts of four
of the lamelliform teeth of the Phyllodus
toliapicus : a , the osseous basis ; b, the
dentine ; e, the enamel. Original. Fig. 3.
Two of the teeth of a Chmtodon : a , front
view of the subtransparent tooth ; b, side
view of the longitudinal section, showing
the pulp-cavity ( v . Born)*. Fig. 4. A ver-
tical section of the right intermaxillary
bone of the Chrysophrys : a , the posterior
oval triturating dental plate ; b, the germ
of its successor in the alveolus of reserve ;

c, the rudiment of the third generation of
the same tooth ; the line from letter b
shows the tract of communication, still
open, between the second and third alveo-
lus. ( Cuvier and Val.) Fig. 5. The
tooth of a Pike in progress of formation,
with its capsule and a portion of the sur-
rounding gum : a, the apex of the calcified
tooth; b, the external membrane of the
gum reflected around the base of the

* Heusinger’s Zeitschrift, Bd. i. 1827.

tooth to form its capsule ; c, the dentinal
pulp ; d , the nerve of the pulp ( v . Born) ;
Fig. 4. The right premandibular bone of
a young Pike, dissected to show the
nerves of the tooth, viewed from the inner
side: a, branches of the third division of
the fifth pair of nerves; b, branchlets of
the same to the integuments on the out-
side of the jaw ; c, twigs for the teeth ;
one is sent off to each tooth; d, branch
which perforates the bone, supplies that
part and the outer integuments, {v. Born.)

PLATE 45.

Fig 1 . — Inside view of the intermax-
illary bone and teeth of a Wrasse ( La -
brus , Linn., Cossyphus, Cuv.) Fig. 2.
Inside view of premandibular bone and
teeth of ditto. Fig. 3. Pharyngeal bone
and teeth of the southern Gilt- Head,
(' Chrysophrys australis). Fig. 4. The
two upper pharyngeal bones and teeth of
a large species of Wrasse (Labrus).
Fig. 5. Pharyngeal bone and teeth of
Chrysophrys aurata. Fig. 6. A vertical
section of a pharyngeal tooth of a Chry-
sophrys. Original .

PLATE 46.

Fig. 1. — A vertical section of a pharyn-
geal bone and teeth of a Labrus : a, teeth
in use; b, successional teeth. Fig. 2.
A magnified view of a similar section
of a single tooth and its socket of a La-
brus. Original.

PLATE 47.

Fig. 1 . — Upper surface of the dental plate
of an extinct Ganoid Fish ( Phyllodus ).
Fig. 2. Under surface of the same.
Fig. 3. Upper surface of a median denti-
gerous bone of the Pisodus Owenii. Ag.
Original.

14

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE 48.

Fig. 1. — A row of intermaxillary teeth of
the Hypostoma. Fig. 2. Four intermax-
illary teeth of the Rhynelepis. Fig. 3.
Five intermaxillary teeth of the Acanthi-
cus. Fig. 4. Reduced view of the bones
of the upper and lower jaws of the Sudis
gigas ; a, intermaxillary ; b, maxillary ;
c, palatine ; d, pterygoid ; e, vomer ; f,
premandibular ; g, articular ; h, suran-
gular ; i, angular. Fig. 5. Teeth of the
upper jaw of Sudis gigas: f, f, basi-
sphenoid. Fig. 6. Lingual bone with
anterior and posterior groups of teeth,
(Sudis gigas). Fig. 7. Dental system of
Osteoglossum : a , intermaxillaries ; b,
maxillaries ; c, palatines ; d, vomer, e,
lingual bone. Fig. 8. Teeth in situ of
Serrasalmo. Fig. 9. Intermaxillary, max-
illary, palatine, vomerine, premandibular,
and lingual teeth of a salmon. (Salmo
salar.) Fig. 10. Similar view of the
teeth of Myletes. Agassiz*

PLATE 49.

Fig. 1 . — Intermaxillary teeth of a Parrot-
Fish (Scarus muricatus). Fig. 2. Skull
of a Scarus with two of the intermaxil-
lary teeth, on each side, prominent and
pointed. Fig. 3. Premandibular bone,
cleft vertically near the symphysis, of
Scarus muricatus : a , one of the last-
formed denticles ; b, dentiparous cavity.
Original.

PLATE 50.

A longitudinal section of a single denticle
of the Scarus muricatus : magnified.
Original.

PLATE 51.

Fig. 1. — Vertical section of an upper pha-

ryngeal bone and teeth of Scarus mu-
ricatus. Fig. 2. Dentigerous surface of
the two upper pharyngeal bones of ditto.
Fig. 3. Lower pharyngeal bone and teeth
of ditto. Original.

PLATE 52.

Fig. 1. — Vertical section of five pha-
ryngeal teeth of Scarus muricatus, nat.
size. Fig. 2. Section of a single tooth
magnified 150 linear diameters, (reduced
view). a. Osteo-dentine : b. dentine:
c. enamel: d. cement. Fig. 3. Termi-
nation of a single dentinal tube, mag-
nified 700 linear diameters. Original.

PLATE 53.

Fig. 1. Portion of under jaw of the Barra-
cuda Pike (Sphyrcena Barracuda), a, a,
orifices of concealed alveoli of successional
teeth. Fig. 2. Longitudinal section of
apex of one of the teeth, magnified 250
linear diameters. Original.

PLATE 54.

A longitudinal section of a fossil Spliyrenoid
Fish ( Sphyrcenodus priscus, Agassiz ; Dic-
tyodus, mihi) : magnified 150 linear diame-
ters.

PLATE 55.

A part of a longitudinal section of the
tooth of the Saurocephalus lanciformis ;
magnified 250 linear diameters. A de-
tached tooth and two in situ are added
of the natural size. Original.

PLATE 56.

Fig. 1. — A portion of the lower jaw of
the Angler ( Lophius piscatonus). a, a.
Outer row of teeth : b, b. Inner row
of teeth ; one of these is bent down,

* Spix, Pisces Brusilicttses, 4to,

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

15

and the outline shows it as restored by the
spring of the elastic ligaments at the
base. Fig. 2. Vomerine and premandi-
bular teeth of the broad-nosed Eel
(. Anguilla latirostris) . Fig. 3. Skull and
teeth of a smaller specimen of the same
Yarrell. Fig. 4. Skull and teeth of
Murcena anguiceps. Fig. 5. Jaws and
teeth of Murcena tigrina : a, vomerine
teeth : b, maxillary teeth. Original.

PLATE 57.

Fig. 1. — Lower pharyngeal teeth, in situ ,
of a Barbel {Bar vulgaris) a, a probe
passed from the mouth, through the
pharynx ; b, protractor pharyngis ; c,
retractor pharyngis. Original. Fig. 2.
Separate lower pharyngeal bone and teeth
of the Barbel. Yarrell. Fig . 3. Outer
row of pharyngeal teeth of Schizothorax
esocinus. Fig. 4. Lower pharyngeal bone
and teeth of the Roach {Leuciscus rutilus)
Yarrell. Fig. 5. Pharynx of the Tench
{Tinea vulgaris ), opened from below, and
the two pharyngeal bones and teeth diva-
ricated ; a , the occipital pharyngeal : b,
the sesophagus. Fig. 6. A similar view
of the pharynx of a Carp (Cyprinus
Carpio) ; a, the occipital pharyngeal
plate ; b, part of a cell in the fleshy
pharynx cut open, to show ; c, the germ
of a pharyngeal tooth. Fig. 7. One of
the lower pharyngeal bones and teeth with
part of the other bone anchylosed to it,
of an old Carp. Fig. 8. Basal pulp-
cavity of a large pharyngeal tooth. Carp.
Original.

PLATE 58.

Fig. 1. — Portion of a pharyngeal tooth and
its formative pulp, showing the peri-
pheral cells of the latter and the
connection of the tubes of the calcified

part with the nuclei of the cells. The
areolar character of the calcifying surface
of the pulp is shown at the lower corner
of the figure. Fig. 2. Base of the pha-
ryngeal tooth of a Barbel. Original.

PLATE 59.

Fig. 1. — Side view of the skull and teeth of
the Lepidosiren { Protopterus ) annectens.
Fig. 2. Front view of the same. Fig. 3.
Oral surface of the intermaxillary, maxil-
lary and mandibular teeth of ditto. Fig. 4.
Reduced view of a vertical section of
maxillary dental plate, magnified 120
diameters, of the Protopterus annectens.

PLATE 60.

Fig. 1 . — Upper and lower jaws and teeth of
the Wolf fish, {Anarrhichas Lupus), a,
intermaxillary : b, maxillary : c, palatine.
Fig. 2. Premandibular bone and teeth
cleft vertically near the symphysis of
ditto. Original.

PLATE 61.

Fig. 1 .—Lower jaw and teeth of Wolf-fish.
Fig. 2. Oral surface of, a, intermaxil-
laries, b, palatines, and, c, vomer, with
their teeth. Original.

PLATE 62.

Fig. 1. — Side view of the skull and teeth of
Menopoma Alleghanniense . Fig. 2. Base
of skull with intermaxillary, maxillary
and vomerine teeth of ditto. Fig. 3.
Skull and teeth of the Proteus anguinus.
Fig. 4. Base of skull of Axolotes mexi-
canus ; a, intermaxillary ; b, maxillary ;
c, vomer; d, pterygoid. Fig. 5. Skull
and teeth of Siren lacertina. Fig. 6.
Base of skull of ditto. Fig. 7. Base of
skull of Ampkiuma tridactylum. Fig. 8.

16

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

Base of skull of Rana esculent a. Fig. 9.
Skull and teeth of Triton cristatus.
Fig. 10. a , Intermaxillary teeth ; b,
maxillary teeth ; c, vomerine teeth of
Rana pipiens. Fig. 11. Cranium of
Plethodon glutinosus ; a, intermaxillary
teeth ; b, maxillary teeth ; c, vomerine
teeth ; d, pterygoid teeth ; e, sphenoid
teeth. Cuvier* and Original.

PLATE 62. A.

Detached teeth of the following species.
Fig. 1. Dendrodus biporcatus : a, summit
of the tooth. (This is a Sauroid Fish.)
Fig. 2. Labyrinthodon conicus. Fig . 3.
Anisodon gracilis. Fig. 4. Cladeiodon
Lloydii . a, side view : b, back view.
Fig. 5. Iguanodon Mantellii : a, outer
side ; b, inner side ; c, lateral view ; d,
an old tooth, fang complete and remains
of pulp-cavity exposed ; e, magnified
view of marginal serrations. Fig. 6.
Megalosaurus., Bucklandi. a, side view;
b, back view ; c, magnified view of
serrated edge. Fig. 7. Palccosaurus
platyodon. Fig. 8. a, b. Hyl(eosaurus{?) .
Fig. 9. Goniopholis crassidens. Fig. 10.
a, b, Crocodilus ( Suchosaurus ) cultridens.

PLATE 62. B.

Fig. 1 . Transverse section of the tooth of
the Dendrodus biporcatus , nat. size.
Fig. 2. A portion of the same, magnified
1 20 linear diameters, a, the large central
vascular or pulp canals. Fig. 3. A
transverse section of the same tooth one
third from its summit. Fig. 4. Peri-
pheral part of the section, magnified 500
linear diameters ; a, terminal branches of
medullary radiating canals ; b. thin in-
flected layer of cement.

* Ossemens Fossiles, 4to. 1825, vol. v. pt. ii.

PLATE 63.

Fig. 1. — Tooth of Labyrinthodon ( Mastodon -
saurus ) Jaegeri, nat. size. Jaeger. Fig. 2.
Two teeth of Phytosaurus cubicodon.
Jaeger. Fig. 3. Part of jaw and teeth
of Phytosaurus cylindricodon ; a, socket of
large anterior tooth ; b, tooth with pulp-
cavity exposed ; c, old tooth with new
one rising through the pulp -cavity. Fig. 4.
Three teeth of Phytosaurus cylindrocodon.
Fig. 5. Tooth and alveolar wall of No-
thosaurus. Jaeger .*

PLATE 63. A.

Fig. 1 . — Side view of part of upper jaw and
teeth of Labyrinthodon leptognathus. Fig. 2.
Side of part of under jaw of ditto. Figs.
1* & 2*. Teeth of ditto, nat. size, they
are marked * in figs. 1 & 2. Fig. 3.
Under surface of fig. 1. a large anterior
tusk ; b. smaller serial teeth of upper
jaw ; c, vomerine bone and teeth ; d, an-
terior palatine opening ; e, posterior pala-
tine opening. Fig. 4. Fore part of man-
dibular ramus of Labyrinthodon pachygna-
thus : a, large anterior tusks ; b, serial
teeth. Fig. 5. Upper surface of ditto.
Fig. 6. Skull and teeth of Pterodactylus
crassirostris. Fig. 7. Two of the sup-
posed teeth of the Pterodactylus macronyx •
Fig. 8. Inner view of part of upper jaw
of a Monitor Lizard ( Varanus striatus).
a. remains of sockets of detached teeth.
Fig. 9. Part of lower jaw of Varanus
variegatus , showing the groups of two or
three successional teeth, behind the large
ones in place. Original.

PLATE 63. B.

Fig. 1 . — A transverse section near the sum-
mit : — fig. 2, the same near the base

* Fossile Reytilien in Wurtemberg. 4to. 1828.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

17

of the crown of a tooth of the Labyrin-
thodon leptogncithus ; both magnified 30
linear diameters. Original.

PLATE 64.

Portion of a transverse section of the great
tooth of the Labyrinthodon ( Mastodon -
saurus ) Jaegeri, magnified 30 linear dia-
meters. a, Pulp- cavity ; b, dilated termi-
nation of one of the radiated fissures ; c,
inflected fold of cement; d, termination
of the fold. Original.

PLATE 64. A.

Fig. 1. — A reduced view of a section
through the middle of the crown of the
same tooth similarly magnified, a, Ra-
diating fissures from the pulp- cavity ; b,
converging folds of ossified capsule ; b’,
shorter folds of ditto. Fig. 2. A single
lobule of dentine, magnified 350 linear
diameters, a, basal subdivision of pulp-
fissure ; b, thin layer of cement. Fig. 3.
Terminations of two dentinal tubes, 500
linear diameters. Original.

PLATE 64. B.

Fig. 1. — Anterior tusk, lower jaw of Laby-
rinthodon pachygnathus. Fig. 2. Half of
the transverse section across the dotted
line in fig. 1, magnified 50 diameters (a
reduced view). a, Fissures radiating
from pulp-cavity ; b, converging folds of
ossified capsule ; c‘ shorter folds of ditto.
Fig. 3. Transverse section of base of
tooth of Ichthyosaurus communis . a, Fis-
sures radiating from pulp-cavity ; b , ex-
ternal cement. Original.

PLATE 65.

Fig. 1. — Base of cranium and teeth of a
Cacilia ( Epicrium biviltatum). Fig . 2.

Side view of skull and teeth of ditto.
Fig. 3. Side view of skull and teeth of
Amphisbcena alba. Fig. 4. Base of cra-

nium of ditto. Fig. 5. Half of base of
cranium of Ophisaurus ventralis. Fig. 6.
The same of the Tiger -boa ( Python tigris).
Fig . 7. Side-view of the skull of the Tiger-
boa ; a, intermaxillary ; b , maxillary ; c,
palatine ; d, pterygoid; e , tympanic pedicle;
f. mastoid. Fig. 8. Skull and teeth of a
Rattle- snake, ( Crotalus horridus) ; b,
maxillary bone and poison fang ; c, pa-
latine ; d, pterygoid teeth. Fig. 9. Maxil-
lary, palatine and pterygoid bones and
teeth: a bristle is passed through the ori-
fices and canal of the poison-fang.
Fig. 10. Base of poison-fang. Fig. 11.
Longitudinal section of poison fang; a,
pulp-cavity, b b, poison-canal. Fig. 12.
Dissected head of Trigonocephalus lan-
ceolatus : a, base and common stem of
the pinnate lobes of poison -gland ; b b,
capsule of the gland laid open ; c, poison
duct, the dotted line shows its course to
the fang ; d. nasal salivary gland ; e, la-
bial mucous glands. Fig. 13. Base of
skull and lower jaw of a Cobra-di-capello ;

a, intermaxillary ; b, maxillary and poi-
son-fang ; d, pterygoid with non- veno-
mous teeth. Fig. 14. Hydrophis striatus:

b, maxillary teeth. Fig. 15. Dissected
head of Hydrophis schistosa : a, anterior
temporal muscle ; b, middle temporal
muscle ; c, posterior temporal muscle ;
d, digastric ; e, articulo- maxillary tendon
which expands, at f, upon the sac of the
poison-gland. Cuvier and Cantor.

PLATE 65. A.

Fig. 1 . — Natural size and magnified trans-
verse section of a poison-fang ; a, pulp-
cavity ; b b, dentine ; c, thin exterior
cement uniting the folds that include the
poison-canal. Fig. 2. The united folds
of the previous section, magnified 500
linear diameters ; c, cement. Original .

b

VOL. II.

18

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE 65 B.

Fig . 1 . — Half of a transverse section of the
tooth of a Python, magnified 120 linear
times ; a, pulp- cavity ; b, peripheral part of
dentine ; c, enamel. Fig. 2. Dentinal
tubes of ditto, magnified 500 linear diame-
ters. Fig. 3. Section of the base of a
tooth of the Iguana tuberculata, magnified
350 linear diameters. Original.

PLATE 66.

Fig. 1. — TJromastyx. 1*. Inside view of

two of the anchylosed teeth, and their
transverse section. Fig. 2. Lacerta ocel-
lata. 2‘, magnified tooth and transverse
section. Fig. 3. Chameleo bifur cus. 3*.
Inside view of an anchylosed tooth. Fig. 4.
Gecko ( Thecodactylus Icevis ) . 4*. Single
tooth. Fig. 5. Lower jaw of a large species
of Scincus. 511. One of the teeth magni-
fied. Cuvier. Fig . 6. Thorictes Draccena,
upper and lower jaws. Fig. 7. Cyclodus
nigroluteus, b b, successional teeth. In
each of the above figures, a, is the
intermaxillary ; b, maxillary ; c, dentary ;
d. articular ; e, angular ; f, surangular ;
g, coronoid ; h, splenial or opercular.
Original.

PLATE 67.

Fig. 1. — Longitudinal section of a tooth
and portion of the alveolar parapet of a
Monitor Lizard ( Varanus ), magnified 250
linear diameters, a , Enamel; b, dentine;
c, bone ; d, vascular canals. Fig. 2. A
small portion from the exterior of the
same tooth, magnified 500 linear times.
a, Enamel ; b, dentine, showing the small
lateral branches of the tubes.

PLATE 68.

Fig. 1. — A greatly reduced view of the fossil
jaws of the Mosasaurus Hoff manni : b, supe-

rior maxillary ; dt d, pterygoid bones and
teeth. Fig. 2. Half the base of the skull
of the Iguana tuberculata : a, intermaxil-
lary ; b, maxillary ; c, palatine ; d, ptery-
goid or ento-pterygoid ; e, transverse or
exo-pterygoid bones ; f> process of ento-
pterygoid ; g, basi-sphenoid ; h, basi-
occipital. Fig. 3. Lower jaw of Varanus
crocodilinus : c, dentary ; d, articular ;
fy sur-angular ; g, coronoid ; h, splenial.
Fig. 31. A single tooth magnified, of the
same. Fig. 4. Inside view of lower jaw
of the Varanus niloticus. 4\ A single
tooth magnified, of the same. Fig. 5. Outer
side of crown of tooth of Pliosaurus. 5
& 5n. The two other sides of the same
trihedral crown.

PLATE 69.

Fig. 1. — Portion of a transverse section
of the crown of the maxillary tooth
of the Iguana tuberculata: a, enamel,
by dentine ; magnified 350 linear dia-
meters. Fig. 2. The termination of a
single dentinal tube, magnified 500 linear
diameters. Fig. 3. A reduced view of
half a transverse section of a maxillary
tooth of the Mosasaurus, magnified 230
linear diameters, a, enamel; b, dentine.
Original.

PLATE 70.

Fig. 1. — Tooth of the Iguanodon, outer
side. Fig. 2. The same, inner side.
Fig. 3. Fragment of an old tooth much
worn down. Fig. 4. Tooth of a young
Iguanodon. Fig. 5. Crown of an incom-
pletely formed successional tooth of Igua-
nodon. Fig. 6. Skull of the Iguana
cornuta. Fig. 7. Inside view of lower jaw
of ditto, showing the pleurodont mode of
attachment of the teeth and the germs of
their successors. Fig. 8. Reduced view
of portion of the lower jaw of the Mega -

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

19

losaurus Bucklandi : a, successional teeth
b, outer alveolar wall ; c, transverse par-
titions. Fig. 9. Edge-view of a tooth,
with portion of jaw, of the Megalosaurus.
Fig. 10. Side view of the same tooth,
with dotted outline of pulp -cavity. Fig.
1 1 . Transverse section of ditto. Buckland.

PLATE 70. M.

Fig. 1. — Nat. size, of Fig. 2, part of a
transverse section of the tooth of the
Megalosaurus, magnified 250 diameters.
Fig. 3. A peripheral portion of the
same, magnified 500 linear diameters :

a, dentine; b, boundary cells between
the dentine and c, the enamel. Original.

PLATE 71.

Outline of a transverse section of the tooth
of the Iguanodon, and a magnified view
of the moiety including the pulp cavity a ;

b, the vaso- dentine ; c, stratum of minute
cellules. The opposite part of the section
is composed of hard unvascular dentine.
Original.

PLATE 72.

Fig. 1. — A portion of jaw, with two teeth,
of the Leiodon anceps: a, crown; a\
anchylosed base ; b, fractured base of
crown. I1 Transverse section of crown.
Fig. 2. Fractured anchylosed base of the
same. Fig. 3. Crown of the tooth of
the Polyptychodon continuvs. Fig. 4. Front
and back views of the crown of a tooth
of the Polyptychodon interruptus. 4* Out-
line of transverse section of same tooth.
Fig. 5. Outline of transverse section of
the tooth of the Pliosaurus. Original.

PLATE 73.

Fig. 1. — A tooth of Ichthyosaurus inter -
medius. Fig. 2. A tooth of Ichth. lon-
cliiodon, with a transverse section of

the grooved base below. Fig. 3. A tooth
of Ichth. platyodon, viewed edge-wise with
an outline of the transverse section of the
crown. Fig. 4. A tooth of Ichth. communis,
with an outline of the transverse section of
the crown. Fig. 5. A tooth of Ichth. tenui-
rostris. Fig. 6. A tooth of the Ichth. platyo-
don, showing the cavity a, produced by the
pressure of a new tooth. Fig. 7. A sec-
tion through the tooth and lower jaw of
the Ichth. communis, showing the young
tooth, c, which has penetrated into the
cavity formed by progressive absorption
in the fang or base of the old tooth, a,
remnant of the pulp-cavity ; b, consoli-
dated base ; d, is a section of the dental
canal. Fig. 8. Section of a tooth of the
Ichth. communis showing a, remains of
the pulp- cavity in the crown, filled by
spar; b, ossified base. Fig. 9. Portion
of alveolar groove with indications of
septa. Fig. 10. Tooth of the Plesio-
saurus macrocephalus. Original.

PLATE 73 A.

Fig. 1. — Longitudinal section of the crown
of the tooth of the Ichthyosaurus inter-
medius, magnified 250 linear diameters.
Fig. 2. A peripheral portion of the same
section, magnified 400 linear diameters :
a, dentine ; b. enamel, nat. size. Original.

PLATE 74.

Fig. 1 . — Longitudinal section of the apex of
the crown of the tooth of the Plesio-
saurus Hawkinsii, magnified 250 linear
diameters. Fig. 2. A peripheral portion
of the same section, magnified 700 linear
diameters. Original ,

PLATE 75.

Fig. 1. — A tooth of the Crocodilus bipor-
catus , with the size and form of the
b 2

20

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

pulp -cavity indicated by a dotted line.
Fig. 2. Tooth of the Gavialis ganyeticus :
a, base absorbed and penetrated by, b,
a successional tooth ; c, germ of a third
tooth. Fig. 3. Back part of the series of
teeth of the lower jaw of the Alligator
niger, with the inner wrall of the alveolar
groove removed showing the absence of
partitions, and the germs of the succes-
sional teeth. Fig. 4. Middle part of the
series of teeth of the same species, exposed
by removal of the outer alveolar wall,
showing the partitions forming here dis-
tinct sockets, from which the teeth are
raised to show the germs of successional
teeth, and the dentiparous cavities, a, a
tooth turned round to show the effect of
the new germ upon its base ; b, the shell
of an old tooth and two successors. Fig. 5.
The root of an old tooth of the Black
Alligator, penetrated by its successor.
Fig . 6. Base of the same. Fig. 7. Op-
posite end from which the crown has
been broken away, showing the apex of
that of the new tooth. Original.

PLATE 75 A.

Fig. 1. — Skull of an Alligator. Fig. 2.
Skull of a Crocodile. Fig. 3. Skull
of a Gavial. Fig. 4. Skull of a Te-
leosaur. Fig. 5. a, b, two views of a
tooth of the Marmorosaurus obtusus : c,
interrupted ridges of enamel on the base
of the crown, magnified. Fig. 6. a , side
view ; b, edge view of the tooth of Hylceo-
saurusQ). Fig. 7. a, side view; b, edge
view of the tooth of Cardiodon rugulosus : c,
edge view of a larger tooth of the same
species ; d, surface of the enamel, magni-
fied.

PLATE 76.

Fig. 1. — Side view of the jaws of the Orni-
thorhynchus paradoxus, showing the posi-

tion of a the incisive and b the molar
horny teeth. F. Cuvier. Fig. 2. Left
ramus of the lower jaw, showing the
working or free surface of a the incisive,
b the molar tooth. F. Cuvier. Fig. 3.
A diminished view of a transverse slice of
a small portion of the molar tooth of the
Ornitliorhynchus, showing the concentric
walls of the canals of the principal tubes,
and the minute pores or cells of the den-
ser cementing fibrous substance. Fig. 4.
View of the open mouth of a very young
Fin-whale, ( Balcenoptera ) . Brandt and
Ratzeburg. a. The outer vertical mar-
gins of the baleen plates ; the letter is
placed just above the horizontal line, or
‘ bead’ of Hunter, which indicates the
extent to which the cementing substance
descends [in the interspaces of the plates.
b. The inner oblique bristled margins of
the baleen- plates, c. The large tongue.
Fig. 5. A vertical section of four baleen
plates in situ. The transverse bar below
the numeral represents the vascular gum
from which the pulps proceed that pene-
trate the base of the plates. Below this
is shown the elastic substance cementing
the plates together ; beyond which the
plates project free, and terminate in the
fringe of bristles at c. Hunter. Fig. 6.
A diagram of the matrix of the baleen-
plate. a. Dotted outline of the pulp,
which forms b, the central fibrous part of
the plate ; c, the external layers of firm
substance formed by the elastic cementing
material. Fig. 7. A transverse slice of a
portion of a baleen- plate, shewing the
arese of the tubular cavities of the coarse
central fibres, and the outer denser sub-
stance. Heusinger* Fig. 8. Side view of
the upper and lower molars of the Oryc-
teropus Capensis. F. Cuvier. Fig. 9.

* System der Histologie, 4to. 1822.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

21

Grinding surface of the lower molars of
the same. F. Cuvier. Fig. 10. A longi-
tudinal section of the lower molars of the
same in situ : the section of the middle
or antepenultimate molar has touched the
lower end of the outer longitudinal groove,
which might be mistaken for the remnant
of a central pulp-cavity. Original. Fig.
1 1 . Transverse section of a molar of the
Orycterope. F. Cuvier.

PLATE 77.

A portion of a longitudinal slice of the base
of a molar of the Orycteropus, magnified
150 linear diameters, a, a. The expan-
ded apertures of the pulp- cavities of the
component denticles. The dark parts of
the continuation of the pulp- cavities indi-
cate the dried remains of the vascular
pulp there situated. Original .

PLATE 78.

A portion of a transverse section of a molar
of the Orycteropus, magnified 500 linear
diameters. Original.

PLATE 79.

A section of the tooth of the Mylodon Dar-
winii showing the dentinal cells, and a
few vascular canals. Original.

PLATE 80.

Fig. 1 . Transverse section of the five mo-
lars in situ, of one side of the upper jaw
of the Scelidotherium leptocephalum. Fig.
2. A similar section of the four molars,
lower jaw, of the same, Jths nat. size.
Fig. 3. First upper molar. Fig. 4. Its
grinding surface. Fig. 5. Transverse
section of the four molars of one side of
the lowTer jaw, in situ, of the Mylodon
Darwinii : § nat. size. Fig. 6. Trans-
verse section of a molar of the Megalo-

nyx laqueatus. (Perhaps another tooth of
the M. Jeffersonii) .

PLATE 81.

Fig. 1 . Side view of the upper and lower
jaws and teeth of the three .toed sloth,
Brady pus tridactylus. Fig. 2. The same
of the Brady pus torquatus. Fig. 3. The
same of thetwo-toed sloth ( Cholcepus didac-
tylus ). Fig. 4. Lower jaw, teeth re-

moved from left ramus. Fig. 5. Sepa-
rate teeth of the same sloth ; e, canine ;
b, first ; c, second ; d, third ; e, fourth
upper molars. De Blainville.*

PLATE 82.

Fig. 1. Longitudinal section of the molar
of Brady pus tridactylus , magn. 250 linear
diameters. Fig. 2. A small portion of the
same, magnified 500 linear diameters.
Original .

PLATE 83.

A section of the upper jaw and five molar
teeth of the Megatherium Cuvieri ; a, ce-
ment; b, vaso-dentine ; c, pulp-cavity;
d, vacuity at the base which was occupied
by the thick capsule , less than % nat.
size. Original .

PLATE 84.

Section of part of the molar of the Mega-
therium, including the hard dentine c ;
a a ', vaso-dentine; b, cement; bl, loops of
the vascular canals next the dentine.
Magnified 500 linear diameters. Origi-
nal.

PLATE 85.

Fig. 1. — Teeth of the great existing Arma-
dillo ( Priodon gigas) ; a, side view of upper
molars ; b, grinding surface ; c, ditto of
lower molars ; d, side view of lower mo-

*

Ost^ographie des Animaux Vertebres, 4to, 1839, et seq.

22

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

lars. Fig. 2. Upper and lower molars,
right side, of the nine-banded Armadillo
( Tatusia Peba). Fig. 3. Ditto of the
Weasel-headed Armadillo ( Dasypus 6-
cinctns). F. Cuvier. Fig. 4. Longitudinal
section of the tooth of Dasypus 6-cinc-
tus). Magnified 300 linear diameters ; a,
osteo-dentine ; b, b, hard dentine ; c,
cement. Original.

PLATE 86.

Fig. 1. — Portion of a molar tooth of the
gigantic extinct Armadillo ( Glyptodon
clavipes). Fig. 2. Grinding surface of
ditto. Fig. 3. Part of magnified section
of ditto; a, osteo-dentine; b , b, hard
dentine ; c, cement. Fig. 4. Transverse
section of upper molar of Toxodon platen-
sis ; \ nat. size. Fig. 5. Ditto of lower
molar of Toxodon. (The enamel is erro-
neously drawn as extended over the whole
concave folded side of the tooth). Ori-
ginal.

PLATE 87.

Fig. 1 . Reduced view of base of skull, with
the hidden rudimental tusk, and the base
of the long tusk of the male Narwhal.
(The mirror not having been used, this
tusk is figured in the right, instead of the
left intermaxillary). Fig. 2. Base of
skull of female Narwhal, with both the
rudimental tusks exposed. Fig. 3. Eden-
tulous lower jaw of the Narwhal. Fig
4. Section of large tusk of the male.
Home.

PLATE 87 a.

Fig. 1. Rudimental teeth in the alveolar
groove of the upper jaw of the fetal Ba-
Icenoptcra Boops. Fig. 2 to 6. Teeth
from the same of the natural size. Esch-

richt. Fig. 7. Lower jaw and teeth of
the Gangetic Dolphin ( Platanista g ange-
lica) ; a and b, detached teeth, nat. size.
Home.

PLATE 88.

Fig. 1 . End of the upper jaw of a young
Hyperoodon bidens, shewing the two teeth.
Fig. 2. Part of the lower jaw of a Dol-
phin ( Delphinus Delphis) ; with the roots
of the teeth exposed. Original.

PLATE 89.

Fig. 1. Reduced view of the lower jaw and
teeth of a Cachalot or Sperm-whale ( Phy -
seter macro cephalus) . Fig. 2. Section of
a tooth of ditto, ^ nat. size ; a, cement ;
b, dentine; c, osteo-dentine. Fig. 3.
One of the concealed teeth of the upper
jaw ; nat. size. 4. Fore part of its pointed
end. Original.

PLATE 89 A.

Fig. 1 . — Part of longitudinal section of the
teeth of a Cachalot, magnified 230 linear
diameters. Fig. 2. A peripheral portion
of ditto, magnified 500 linear diameters ;
a , b, dentine ; c, cement. Original.

PLATE 90.

Fig. 1. — Inside view of left ramus, lower
jaw, of Diprotodon australis, ^th nat.
size ; i, outline of incisive tusk ; m, 1 to
5, molar teeth. Fig. 2. Outline of trans-
verse section of crown of incisor, shewing
partialcovering of enamel. Fig. 3. Crown
of penultimate molar ; m, 4, nat. size.
Fig. 4. Inside view of left ramus, lower
jaw of Nototherium incrme, |th nat. size ;
m, 1 to 4 ; outlines of molar teeth. Fig.
5. Crown of penultimate molar of Tapi-
rus amcricanus, nat. size. Original. Fig.
G. Upper and lower jaw of Mastodon an-

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

23

gustidens, Jth nat. size, i, i. Outlines of
lower and of base of upper incisive tusks ;
m, 6 and m, 7, penultimate and last mo-
lar teeth. Kaup.

PLATE 91.

Fig. 1. — Transverse section of crown of
molar of Zeuglodon ceto'ides ; a, isth-
mus connecting the two lobes. Fig. 2.
Magnified view of portion of transverse
section of the same; a, central osteo-
dentine ; b b, unvascular dentine, showing
contour lines of basal substance ; c, ce-
ment. Fig. 3. Small portion of outer
part of previous section more highly-
magnified, showing f, indications of den-
tinal cells, secondary branches, and e,
terminations of dentinal tubes ; d, cellular
and fine tubed cement. Original.

PLATE 92.

A section of the upper jaw of a young Du-
gong, ( Halicore indicus ) showing all the
teeth that are developed in that jaw in
situ ; \ nat. size : a , deciduous incisor ;
by permanent incisor, in longitudinal sec-
tion ; c, first molar ; d, second molar
e, third molar : these three molars are

deciduous, but are not replaced by suc-
cessors : f, fourth molar ; g, fifth molar.
'These two molars are persistent and cha-
racterize the adult Dugong. Original.

PLATE 93.

Fig. 1. — Base view of upper jaw of Dugong,
\ nat. size ; e, remains of third or ante-
penultimate molar ; f, penultimate molar ;
g, last molar. Fig . 2. Upper view of
left ramus of lower jaw, \ nat. size ; a,
abortive incisor in one of the sockets of
the deflected symphysis : e, antepenulti-
mate molar; f , penultimate molar; g,

last molar. Behind this is exposed a
cavity in the substance of the jaw ; not
an alveolus. Fig. 3. Abortive incisor
of the lower jaw, nat. size : a, contracted
base, or pulp-cavity ; b, crown wasted by
the absorbent process. Fig. 4. Section
of incisive tusk of male ; ^nat. size. Fig. 5.
Side view of antepenultimate molar, nat.
size. Fig. 6. Crown of last upper molar,
nat. size. The clear outer border shows the
thickness of the cement. Home.

PLATE 94.

Reduced figure of a magnified view of a
transverse section of the penultimate
molar of a Dugong, showing the thick
border of cement ; the cells of the dentine
near that border ; the course of the den-
tinal tubes, and the central osteo-dentine.
* Nat. size. Original.

PLATE 95.

Fig. 1 . — Magnified view of a section of the
incisive tusk; c, the cement, with ra-
diated cells ; e, the enamel, d, the
dentine, showing the course and termina-
tions of the tubes, and the peripheral
outlines of the dentinal cells. Fig. 2.
Magnified view of part of a transverse
section of the same tusk : a, transverse
sections of tein ter cellular dentinal tubes;
b, clear outlines of the dentinal cells.
Original.

PLATE 95.

Fig. 1. — Side view of upper molars of
Manatee ( Manatus americanus ) : a, in-
cisor, | nat. size. Fig. 2. Grinding
surface of upper molars. Fig. 3. Side
view of a lower molar, nat. size. Fig. 4.
Teeth of Tapirus americanus : the dotted
lines divide the premolars from the ti*ue
molars, £ nat. size. Fig. 5. Grinding
surface of lower molars. Fr. Cuvier.
Fig. 6. — Lower jaw and part of upper

24

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

jaw of Dinotherium giganteum, -jV nat.
size. Fig . 7. Grinding surface of lower
molars. Kaup.

PLATE 97.

Fig. 1. — Fragment of upper jaw with three
molars of Halitherium Brocchii, \ nat.
size. Fig. 2. Part of lower jaw with
three molars of Halitherium Cuvieri, £ nat.
size. Fig . 3. Penultimate and last mo-
lars of Halitherium Brocchii , nat. size.
Fig. 4. Penultimate lower molar, § nat.
size, of Halitherium Cuvieri. Fig. 5.
Three lower molars, nat. size, of Halithe-
rium Cuvieri. De Blainville.

PLATE 98.

Fig. 1. — Teeth of the Dog-headed Opos-
sum ( Thylacinus Harrisii ) \ nat. size.
Fig. 2. Teeth of the Ursine Opossum
( Dasyurus ur sinus). Fig. 3. Teeth of

the Brush-tailed Opossum ( Phascogale
penicillata). Fig. 4. Teeth of the
Banded Bandicoot ( Myrmecobius fas-
ciatus). Fig. 5. Skull and teeth of the
Long-eared Bandicoot ( Perameles lagotis).
Fig. 6. Teeth of the Virginian Oppossum
( Didelphis virginiana). In each of the
above figures p is the premolars, m, the
true molars. Original.

PLATE 99.

Fig. 1. — Right ramus of the lower jaw with
all the teeth, save the canine, l, of the ex-
tinct Amphitherium Prevostii of the
Stonesfield oolite : i, incisors ; p, premo-
lars ; m, true molars. Fig. 2. A mutila-
ted fossil jaw of the same species, show-
ing the implantation of the teeth by two
roots in distinct sockets. Fig. 3. Left
ramus of the lower jaw of Amphitherium
Broderipii, with the missing teeth restored
in outline. (The original is in the Museum
at York.) Fig. 4. Inner side of right

ramus of lower jaw of the Phascolotherium
Bucklandi : i, incisors ; l, canine ; p,

premolars ; m, molars. The natural size
of each specimen is given in outline. Ori-
ginal.

PLATE 100.

Fig. 1 . — Teeth of the Phalangista vulpina.
Fig. 2. Teeth of the Phalangista Cookii.
Fig. 3. Skull and teeth twice nat. size
of the Phalangista gliriformis. Fig. 4.
Teeth of the Petaurus flaviventer. Fig . 5.
Lower jaw of the Petaurus pigmeeus.
Fig. 6. Teeth of the Koala ( Phascolarctus
fuscus). Fig. 7. Teeth of a Potoroo
[Hypsyprymnus) . Fig. 8. Teeth of a
Kangaroo (Macropus). Fig. 9. Teeth of
a Wombat (Phascolomys Vomhatus).

PLATE 101.

Fig. 1. — Portion of lower jaw of a great
extinct Kangaroo (Macropus Titan) show-
ing the second true molar, and the germ
of the premolar in the closed alveolus.
Fig. 2. Grinding surface of the second
premolar of Macr . Titan. Fig. 3. Por-
tion of lower jaw of another species of
great Kangaroo (Macropus atlas), show-
ing the incisor, the first deciduous
molar in outline, the second deci-
duous molar, the four true molars,
and the germ of the premolar in the
closed alveolus. Fig. 4. Grinding sur-
face of the second molar of the Macr.
atlas. Fig. 5. Inner side of the crown
of the lower incisor of the Macr. atlas.

PLATE 102.

Fig. 1. — One half of a transverse section of
the lower incisor of a Kangaroo (Macro-
pus major), showing the course of the
dentinal tubes at d, and the fine fibres of
the thick enamel at e. Fig. 2. A single

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

25

dentinal tube magnified 400 linear times,
showing two dichotomous subdivisions, a
few primary branches, the secondary minute
lateral branches, and the terminal cellules
at the boundary line next the enamel.

PLATE 103.

Fig. 1. — A portion of a section from the
extremity of a worn upper tusk of the
j Mastodon giganteus, magnified 350 dia-
meters, showing at d, the dentinal tubes
j and cells, and at c, the thick cement ; c*,
a group of the radiated granular cells of
the cement. Fig. 2. A portion of a
section of a molar of the Wombat ( Phas -
colomys Vombatus), magnified 350 dia-
meters, showing d d, the terminations of
the dentinal tubes ; e, the enamel ; and
c, c, the coronal cement. Original.

PLATE 104.

Fig. 1 . — Right ramus of the lower jaw of a
Porcupine ( Hystrix cristatus ), showing, i,
the crown, and i' the exposed pulp, re-
ceiving its recurrent nerve, of the scalpri-
fonn incisor : p, the premolar ; m, the
three true molars. Fig. 2. The upper
jaw of the Patagonian Cavy ( Dolichotis
patachonica) : i, incisor ; p, premolar ;
m, molars. Fig. 3. Teeth of lower jaw
of the Patagonian Cavy : i, the incisor ;
p, the premolar; m, the true molars.
Fig. 4. Upper molars of the Guinea-pig
{Cavia porcellus) : d,p, deciduous molar ;
p, permanent premolar ; m, molars.
Fig. 5. Upper teeth of the Rabbit ( Lepus
cuniculus ) : «, permanent incisor ; d i 2,
deciduous second incisor ; i 2, permanent
second incisor ; p d, deciduous molars ;
p, premolars ; m, true molars.

PLATE 105.

Grinding surface of molar teeth of various

genera of Rodents. Fig. 1 . Molar series,
right side, upper jaw, magnified, of the
Squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris). F. Cuvier.
Fig. 2. Right series, upper jaw, magni-
fied, of the Flying Squirrel ( Pteromys
taguanoides) . F. Cuvier. Fig. 3. Right
series, upper jaw, magnified, of the
Souslik, or Pouched-Marmot ( Spermophi -
lus citillus ) ; a, young; b, old molars. Cuvier ,
Oss. Foss. Fig. 4. Right series, upper
jaw, magnified, of common Marmot
( Arctomys alpinus). Cuvier, Oss. Foss.
Fig. 5. Right series, upper jaw, nat. size,
of the Beaver {Castor fiber) . Cuvier, Oss.
Foss. Fig. 6. Right series, lower jaw,
magnified, in two stages of attrition of
the Dormouse {Myoxus avellanus). F.
Cuvier. Fig . 7. Molar series : a, upper;
b, lower jaw, magnified, of the Jerboa
{Dipus sagitta). F. Cuvier. Fig. 8.
Left series, upper jaw, magnified, of the
Gerbille {Meriones indicus). Cuvier, Oss.
Foss. Fig. 9. Right series, upper jaw,
magnified, unworn, of the Rat {Mus
decumanus ). Cuvier , Oss. Foss . Fig. 10.
Right series, upper jaw, magnified, in
two stages of abrasion, of the Rat {Mus
decumanus). F. Cuvier. Fig. 11. Right
series, upper jaw, in two stages of abra-
sion, of the Cape-Mole {Orycteromys
capensis). Cuvier, Oss. Foss. Fig. 12.
Right series, upper jaw, magnified, of the
Field- Vole {Arvicola amphibia). Cuvier ,
Oss. Foss. Fig. 13. Right series, upper
jaw, of the Porcupine {Hystrix cristatus).
Cuvier, Oss. Foss. Fig. 14. Right series,
upper jaw, magnified, of the Agouti
{Dasyprocta Agouti). Cuvier. Oss. Foss.
Fig. 15. Right series, upper jaw, of the
Cavy {Codogenys fused). Cuvier, Oss.
Foss. Fig. 16. Right series, upper jaw,
magnified, of the Guinea-Pig {Cavia por-
cellus). Cuv. Oss. Fuss. Fig. 17. Right

26

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES

series, upper jaw, of the Capybara ( Hy -
drochoerus Capibara ). Cuvier, Oss. Foss.
Fig. 18. Right ramus of the lower jaw,
with the incisor and the two molars,
magnified, of the Australian Water-rat
{Hydromys flaviventer) . F, Cuvier.

PLATE 106.

View of a section of the incisor of a Beaver
( Castor fiber), under a magnifying power
of 250 linear dimensions, reduced to one
third the size as so viewed : d d, the
dentine forming the convex side of the
incisor ; d‘, the dentine forming the con-
cave side ; v v, vascular canals of the
central tract of vaso- dentine ; e, inner
layer of enamel; e', outer and denser
layer of enamel; c, thin outer layer of
coloured cement. Original.

PLATE 107.

The magnified sections of teeth in this, and
the two following plates, are figured as
seen on a dark ground, by reflected light.
Fig. 1. Transverse section of a molar
of a Squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris). Fig. 2.
Ditto of a Beaver ( Castor fiber) : d, den-
tine ; e, enamel ; c, cement. Frdl.*

PLATE 108.

Fig. 1. — Transverse section of the molar of
a Rat (Mus decumanus). Fig. 2. Verti-
cal section of the molar of a Flying
Squirrel ( Pteromys volucella) : d, dentine ;
e, enamel; c, cement. Fig. 3. Transverse
section of the molar of a Water-Vole
(Arvicola amphibia) : d, dentine ; e, ena-
mel ; c, cement , o, osteo-dentine. Erdl.

PLATE 109.

Fig. 1. — Transverse section of the molar
of a Hare : d, dentine ; e, enamel. Fig. 2.

* Abhandlungen der K. Bayerischen Akademie : Bd. iii.

1841.

A small portion of the dentine of a
Beaver’s tooth, magnified more highly to
show the secondary undulations of the
dentinal tubes. Fig. 3. A small portion
of the dentine of a Calf’s molar more
highly magnified, showing the terminal
loops and branches of the dentinal tubes.
Fig. 4. A small portion of the cement
of the same tooth similarly magnified,
showing the cemental tubes and cells.
Erdl.

PLATE 110.

Fig. 1. — Teeth of the Cape-Mole ( Chryso -
chloris aurea). Fig. 2. Teeth of the
Virginian Shrew- Mole ( Scalops aquaticus).
Fig. 3. Teeth detached, and jaws showing
the sockets, of the Common- Mole ( Talpa
europcea) : i, incisors ; c, canines ; p,
premolars ; m, molars. Fig. 4. Teeth
detached, and jaws showing the sockets
of a Shrew ( Sorex tetragonurus. Duver-
noy.). Fig. 5. Teeth detached, and
jaws showing the sockets of the Hedge-
hog ( Erinaceus europceus). Fig. 6. Teeth
detached, and jaws showing the sockets
of the Tenrec ( Centetes ecaudatus). From
De Blainville.

PLATE 111.

Fig. 1. — Teeth and different views of the
incisors of the Solenodon paradoxus.
Brandt : a, front view of upper incisors ;
a’, back view of an upper incisor; b,
front view of lower incisors ; c, inside
view of one lower incisor, showing the
deep groove. Fig. 2. Base of cranium,
magnified, of the common Shrew ( Sorex
araneus), showing the crowns of i, the
single incisor ; p, the premolars ; m, the
true molars. Fig. 3. Upper jaw showing
the crowns of the teeth of the Tupaia
( Glisorex tana). Fig. 4. Upper jaw

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

27

showing the crowns of the teeth of the
Gymnura Rafflesii : 4a, cranium and side
view of the teeth ; 4b, lower jaw and side
view of the teeth of the same Insectivore.
Fig. 5. Upper jaw, showing the crowns
of the teeth of the Hedge-hog ( Erinaceus
europams). Fig. 6. Upper jaw, showing

i the crowns of the teeth of the Cape-
Hedgehog ( Friculus spinosus ) . De Blain-
ville.

PLATE 112.

Fig. 1. — Outline of skull, and left upper
teeth of the Common -Bat ( Vespertilio
murinus ). Fig. 1*. Outline of lower jaw,
and left lower teeth of the Common-
Bat. Fig . 1”. Outline of skull and
lower jaw of a very young Bat, with the
deciduous teeth : i i, upper and lower
permanent incisors ; i i, upper and lower
deciduous incisors ; c c, upper and lower
permanent canines; c' , upper and lower
deciduous canines ; p p, upper and lower
permanent premolars ; p' p%, upper and
lower deciduous molars ; m m. permanent
true molars. Fig. 2 2\ Upper and lower
teeth of the Noctule ( Vespertilio noctula).
Fig. 2 ••. Front view of upper incisors
and canines of ditto. Fig. 3. Upper and
lower teeth of the Serotine ( Vespertilio
serotinus). Fig. 4. Upper and lower teeth
of the Glossophaga. Fig. 5. Upper and
lower teeth of the Horse- shoe Bat (Rhino -
lophus ferrum-equinum). Fig. 6 and 6*.
Upper and lower teeth of Nycteris .
Fig. 6”. Front view of the incisors and
canines of ditto. Fig. 7. Side view of
the teeth of ditto. Fig. 8. Side view of
the teeth of Phyllostoma hastatum. Fig.
9. Side view of the teeth of the Vampire-
Bat (Desmodus spectrum). Fig. 10.
Upper and lower teeth of a Frugivorous
Bat ( Pteropus ). Fig. 10*'. The same

teeth detached. Rousseau and De Blain-
ville.

PLATE 113.

Fig. 1 . — A reduced figure of a magnified
view of a longitudinal section of the
molar tooth of Pteropus edulis : d‘ d‘,
dentinal cells.* nat. size. Fig. 2*. A
small portion of dentine and enamel,
magnified 400 linear diameters, showing
d, the dichotomous branches of the
dentinal tubes ; e, the enamel. Original.

PLATE 113a.

Fig. 1. — A reduced figure of a magnified
view of a transverse section of the canine
tooth of the Pteropus edulis : d, the den-
tinal cells. Fig. 2. A small portion of
the peripheral part of the dentine of the
same tooth, showing the dichotomous
divisions and small lateral branches of
the dentinal tubes, and the peripheral
contour of d' d", the dentinal cells. Ori-
ginal.

PLATE 114.

Fig. 1. — Upper teeth of the Common Colu-
go (Galeopithecus Temminckii). Fig. 1 a.
Lower teeth of the same. Fig. lb. Upper
and lower deciduous and permanent teeth
of the same ; in each figure i, is incisors ;
c, canine ; p, premolars ; m, molars.
Fig. 2. Teeth of the Cheiromys Madagas-
cariensis. Fig. 3. Teeth of thet Malmag
(Tarsius spectrum). Fig. 4. Teeth of the
Slow-Lemur (Stenops tardigradus) . Fig.
5. Teeth detached of the Maki-Lemur
(Lemur macauco). Fig. 6. Teeth of the
Woolly Indri (Lichanotus laniger). Fig.
7. Teeth of the Galago (Otolicnus mada-
gascariensis) . Fig . 8. Teeth of the Mar-
moset (Hapale jacchus ), magnified. Fig. 9.

28

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

Teeth detached of a Capuchin Monkey
{Cebus capucinus). Fig. 10. Teeth of one
side of the upper jaw of a Howler- Mon-
key ( Mycetes ) : i, incisors ; c, canines ;
p, premolars ; m, molars. De Blain -
ville.

PLATE 115.

A longitudinal section of a lower incisor of
a Galeopitheus, magnified, m, medullary
canal, or continuation of the pulp-cavity
into a division of the crown, 1. entire
incisor, nat. size ; i, g, the same slightly
magnified. Original.

PLATE 116.

Fig. 1. — The upper and lower series of
teeth of the left side detached of the Cer -
copithecus Sabceus. Fig. 2. The teeth of
the left side of the lower jaw in situ, of the
Macacus radiatus. Fig. 3. m 1, the first,
and m 3 the last true molar, left side
of the lower jaw of the fossil Monkey
of the Eocene tertiary sand in Suffolk,
( Macacus eoccenus). Fig. 4. Incisors,
canine and first premolar of left side
upper jaw, of the Mandrill, ( Cynocephalus
maimori). Fig. 4’. i, incisors; c, canine;
p, first premolar, of left side, lower jaw
of the Mandrill ( Cynocephalus Maimon.)
Fig. 5. Teeth of left side of upper and
lower jaw of a Semnopithecus. Fig. 6.
The same of a Gibbon ( Hylobates .)
Fig. 7. Front view of the crown of the
grooved canine of a Spider Monkey
{Ateles). Fig. 8. Front view of the
grooved canine of a Baboon ( Cynocephalus ).
De Blainville, {Jigs. 2 # 3, original.)

PLATE 117.

Fig. 1. — Side view of the teeth, left side,
upper and lower jaw of the male Great
Orang-Utan {Simia Wurmbii). Fig. 2.

Grinding surface of the upper teeth, left ;
side of the same. Fig. 3. Side view of
the upper teeth, left side, of the female
Simia Wurmbii. Fig. 4. Side view of
the upper and lower teeth, left side, of
the male Kasser Orang, {Simia Morio.)
Each figure is of the nat. size ; i, incisors;
c, canines ; p, premolars ; m, molars.
Original.

PLATE 118.

Fig. 1. A side view with the fangs exposed,
and a view of the grinding surface, of
the teeth of the left side, upper jaw, of
the male Chimpanzee {Simia Troglodytes) .
Fig. 2. Aboriginal Australian. Fig. 3.
Europaean. Original.

PLATE 119.

A view of the grinding surface, and a side
view with the roots exposed, of the teeth
of the left side, lower jaw, of, Fig. 1.
male Chimpanzee. Fig. 2. Australian.
Fig. 3. European. Original.

PLATE 119. A.

Fig. 1. A portion of a longitudinal section
of the crown of an incisor of the Chim-
panzee, magnified 450 linear diameters ; e,
enamel fibres ; t, dentinal tubes ; d\ denti-
nal cells. Fig. 2. A portion of a transverse
section of the incisor of a Chimpanzee,
near the centre of the crown; a, areae
of dentinal tubes ; b, proper walls of the
tube ; *, intertubular substance, mag-
nified 800 linear diameters. Original.

PLATE 120.

Fig. 1. — Part of the skull of a young
Chimpanzee, showing the deciduous and
some of the permanent teeth of the left
side. Fig. 2. Jaws of the left side of an
Orang-Utan, giving a similar view of the

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

29

deciduous and permanent teeth, nat. size.
In both figures, i I, is crown of first
upper permanent incisor ; i 2, second
I permanent incisor ; c, permanent canine ;

p 1 , first premolar ; p 2, second pre-
I molar ; ml, first permanent true molar ;

| m 2, second permanent true molar. The
■ germs of the permanent teeth are not
I exposed in the lower jaw. Fig. 3.

I Grinding surface of first and second
upper true molars, in different states
of abrasion of a New Zealander. Fig. 4.
The corresponding molars of the lower
jaw. Original .

PLATE 121.

Tig. 1. Side view. Fig. 2. Front view
of the deciduous and permanent teeth
in the jaws of a child of six years and a
half : nat size, i 1 , first permanent in-
cisor ; i 2, second incisor ; c, canine ;
p 1, first premolar or bicuspid; p 2,
second premolar ; m 1 , first true molar ;
m 2, second true molar. Original.

PLATE 122.

Structure of the Human Teeth. Fig. 1.
A longitudinal section, from side to side
of a middle lower incisor. 1 a. a trans-
verse section across the line traversing
fig. 1. Fig. 2. A longitudinal section,
from before backwards, of a middle lower
incisor. 2 a, a transverse section across
the line traversing fig. 2. 2 b, a trans-

verse section across the line. Purkinje
and Fraenkel. Fig. 3. A longitudinal
section, from before backwards, of a
lower canine. 3 a, a transverse section,
across the line traversing/^. 3. Retzius.
Fig. 4. A longitudinal section of a lower
premolar, or bicuspis. 4 a, a transverse
section through the fang, Purkinje.
Fig. 5. A transverse section of the

dentine of a bicuspis with undivided
pulp- cavity, Retzius. Fig. 6. A longi-
tudinal section of a lower molar, nat.
size, showing the general course of the
dentinal tubes. Leeuwenhoek. Fig. 7.
A longitudinal section of a molar. Fig. 8.
A transverse section of the root of the
canine of an aged person, showing hyper-
thropy of the cement, Retzius. Fig. 9.
A longitudinal section of a lower incisor,
which, with fig. 6, gives the scale on
which the other figures are magnified.
The following letters indicate the same
parts in each of the above figures ;

c, cement ; d, dentine ; e, enamel ; em
dusky longitudinal striae of enamel ;
l, contour lines of dentine ; o, osteo-
dentine ; v, vascular or pulp- cavity.

PLATE 122. A.

Fig. 1. — Portion of a transverse section of
the crown of a Human tooth, showing at

d, the divided extremities of the dentinal
tubes ; and at e the wavy transverse
fibres of the enamel and the flexuous
fissures near the dentine. Fig. 2. A
section taken, almost parallel with the
outer surface of the enamel, near its
dentinal surface, showing the arrange-
ment of the fibres of the enamel according
to the length of the tooth, and the
rhomboidal figure of the obliquely cut
ends of the enamel-fibres. Purkinje and
Fraenkel. Fig. 3. Part of a section
almost vertical to the outer surface of
the enamel and parallel with its fibres,
showing their transverse markings ( Ret-
zius) ; magnified 350 linear dimensions.
Fig. 4. A small part of a transverse
section of dentine, magnified to the
same degree ; a, area of dentinal tube ;
h, parietes of ditto; i, intertubular space.
Fig. 5. Portions of five dentinal tubes

30

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

showing the secondary undulations, the
walls, and the disgregated arrangement
of their calcareous contents, which give
them the appearance of beaded fibres.
Retzius. Fig. 7. Transverse section of
the matrix of a canine tooth of the
foetus of a Dog ; viewed by reflected light
on a dark ground ; c, capsule ; *, space
filled by the fluid blastema of enamel-
pulp ; e, actinenchyma and internal
stratum of cylindrical cells of enamel-
pulp ; 3f, interspace between enamel and
dentinal pulp ; p, external or preformative
membrane of dentinal pulp ; d, dentinal
pulp ; Purkinje. Fig. 7. Matrix of the
tooth of a foetal calf at the nineteenth
week; v, vascular basis of dentiparous
grove from which is developed d the
dental papilla or pulp ; it is covered, as
with a cap, t>y e the semifluid enamel-
pulp ; and this is developed from the
inner surface of c the capsule ; to the
summit of which adheres, g, a portion of
the gum, characterized by the epithelial
cells, which M. Serres has described as
the glands which secrete the tartar of the
teeth. Fig. 8. Matrix of an incisor of
a nearly mature foetal dog; c, capsule;
d, dentinal pulp with its summit calcified
and forming a cap of dentine ; e, enamel-
pulp ; *, fluid part of enamel-pulp, next
the capsule. Fig. 9. Part of a trans-
verse section of the coronal end of the
matrix of a molar of a foetal Calf ;
cy capsule ; c, actinenchymatous part of
enamel-pulp ; e\ elongated cylindrical
cells of enamel-pulp ; next the dentine ;
d, dentinal pulp ; d\ calcified portions of
the same. Purkinje and Rashkow.

PLATE 123.

Fig. 1. — Part of a longitudinal section of a
Human Incisor, magnified 230 linear

dimensions, as seen by transmitted light. 4
ty Dentinal tubes ; d., dentinal cells; d •*, c
terminal opake cellules close to the pitted i
surface of the dentine for the attachment ■
of e e, the enamel. Fig. 2. Portions of 1
fibres of newly-formed enamel, with in- I
termediate cell-membrane ; and the marks
e e, on the membrane covering the cal- 1
cified parts of the cells. Original. ^

PLATE 124.

A longitudinal section of an imperfect bi-
cuspis, developed, with hair, in a cyst of
the human ovarium. *Nat. size ; d, den-
tine; e, enamel ; o, osteo- dentine ; v, pulp-
cavity ; c, cement, passing into b, bone,
uniting the fang with d part of the den-
tine of another tooth. Original.

PLATE 125.

Fig. 1 . — Upper and lower incisors and
outlines of canines, ^ nat. size. Wolf
( Canis Lupus). Fig. 2. Upper and lower
canines and molars, \ nat. size, Wolf.
Fig. 3. Crowns of three last teeth, or true
molars, lower jaw, £ nat. size. Wolf.
Fig. 4. Deciduous and permanent series
of teeth, young Dog, from the inside, nat.
size. Fig. 5. Crowns of teeth of left side
of upper jaw of the long-eared Fox ( Me -
galotis). Fig. 6. Upper and lower teeth,
left side, of the Proteles Lalandii, d 2 and
d 3, deciduous molars. De Blainville and
Rousseau.

In this and all the succeeding plates, the
following letters and numerals signify the
same teeth. | j

i, incisor, 1 the first or mid-incisor, 2 the
second, 3 the third or outer incisor. In
some Plates the deciduous incisors are ;
marked d i. c, canine, p, premolars, 1, ;
first or foremost, 2 second, 3 third,

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

31

4 fourth or hindmost, m, molars, 1 first
j or foremost, 2 second, 3 third or hind-
t most. d. deciduous molars, 1 first or
; foremost, 2 second, 3 third, 4 fourth. The
typical number of teeth in the placental
Carnivora and TJngulata is : —

. 3-3 1—1 4—4 3-3 . .

1. — : C. — p. — m. — : = 44.

3—3 * 1—1 r 4—4 3—3

he teeth that are wanting in the formulae
which fall short of this number may be
known, in the figures, by the letters and
numerals of those that are present.

and lower jaw of a young Lion (Fells Leo)
with the deciduous teeth, and the germs
of the permanent ones displayed from the
inner side. Rousseau. Fig. 5. Outline
of skull and lower jaw of Machairodus
megantereon, with the teeth nat. size).
De Blainville, after Br award. Fig. 6. Back
or cutting and serrate edge of the crown
of the upper canine of Machairodus lati-
dens. Original.

PLATE 128.

PLATE 126.

'ig. 1. — Teeth of the Indian Civet (Vi-
v err a indie a) . Figs. 2 & 3. Crowns of last
premolar and of the true molars of left
upper and lower jaws. Fig. 4. Left series
above and below of Bennett’s Water -civet
(Cynogale Bennettii), showing the inter-
locking of the crowns of the teeth, when
the jaws are closed. Fig. 5. Crowns of
last premolar and two true molars of
Cynogale Bennettii. Fig. 6. Teeth of the
striped Hyaena ( Hycena vulgaris), (§ nat.
size). Fig. 7. Crowns of last two premolars
and of the single molar, upper jaw. Fig. 8.
Crowns of last premolar and last true
molar, lower jaw. De Blainville. Fig. 9.
Left ramus of fossil lower jaw of a young
Cave Hyaena ( Hycena spelcea) showing
the three deciduous molars, 1, 2, 3; and
the crowns of some of the permanent
teeth. Original.

PLATE 127.

Fig. 1. — Teeth of a Leopard (Felis Leo-
pardus),\ nat. size. Fig. 2. Crown of
last premolar (sectorial) and of the single
molar, upper jaw, of a Tiger, nat size.
Fig. 3. Crown of single true molar (sec-
torial) lower jaw. Fig. 4. Left upper

Fig. 1. — Premolars and molars, left side of
both jaws of the Taira ( Galictis harhara).
Fig. 2. Crowns of last premolar and
single molar, upper jaw of Galictis har-
hara. Fig. 3. Crowns of the two true
molars, lower jaw of Galictis harhara.
Fig. 4. Premolars and true molars, left
side of both jaws of the Otter ( Lutra vul-
garis). Fig. 5. Crowns of last premolar
and of single true molar, upper jaw of
the Otter. Fig. 6. Crowns of the
two true molars, lower jaw of the
Otter, (the second is marked m 1, it
should be m 2). Fig. 7. Dental series, left
side of both jaws of the Glutton, ( Gulo
luscus). Fig. 8. Crowns of last premolar
(sectorial) and of the single true molar.
Fig. 9. Crowns of first true molar (sec-
torial) and second true molar (tubercular) .
Fig. 10. Crowns of premolars and single
true molar, left side, lower jaw, of the
Ratel (Mellivora capensis). Fig. 11.

Crowns of the teeth of the left side, upper
jaw, of a Skunk (Mephitis Humboldtii).
Fig. 13. Crowns of the teeth of the left
side of both jaws of the Indian Badger
(Arctonyx). De Blainville. Fig. 12*

Crowns of the teeth of the left side of
both jaws of the Sea Otter (Enhydra ma-
rina) . Original.

32

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE 129.

Figs. 1 & 4. — Crowns of the teeth of the
right side of both jaws of the common
Badger ( Meles taxus). Fig. 2. Right
upper canine tooth. Fig. 3. Right upper
true molar. Fig. 5. Right lower canine.
Fig. 6. Right lower true molars. Fig. 7.
Dental series, right side, upper jaw of
the Raccoon ( Procyon lotor). Figs. 8 &
1 1 . Crowns of the teeth of the right side
of both upper and lower jaws of the
Brown Coati (Nasua fusca). Fig. 9. Right
upper canine. Fig. 10. Right upper true
molars. Fig. 12. Right lower canine.
Fig. 13. Right lower true molars, Nasua
fusca. Figs. 14 & 15. Crowns of the
teeth of the right side of upper and
lower jaw of the Benturong, ( Arctictis
aurea. Figs. 16 & 17. The same of the
Kinkajou ( Cercoleptes caudivolvulus) . De
Blainville.

PLATE 130.

Fig. 1 . — Right upper jaw of a young Bear,
showing the deciduous and some of the
permanent teeth. 2, 3 & 4 indicate the
germs of the second, third and fourth
premolars. Fig. 2. Part of right lower
jaw, showing the deciduous teeth and
some of the permanent teeth. Fig. 3.
Teeth of right side, upper jaw of Brown
Bear, ( Ursus arctos). Fig. 4. Crowns of
the same, \ nat. size. The figures 2 & 3
indicate the places whence the second
and third small premolars have been shed.
Fig. 5. Crowns of the teeth, right side,
lower jaw. Fig. 6. The same teeth de-
tached of the Ursus arctos. De Blain-
ville.

PLATE 131.

Different views of the teeth, \ nat. size, of
the fossil Bear from the Sewalik tertiary

deposits {Hyccnarctos Sivalensis, Cautley
and Falconer). Original.

PLATE 132.

Fig. 1 . — Teeth of left upper and lower jaws
of the Common Seal ( Phoca vitulina).
Fig. 2. Canines and molars of the left
upper and lower jaws of the Bearded
Seal ( Phoca barbata). Fig. 3. Crowns
of right upper molars of the Hooded
Seal (Pelagiusmonachus). Original. Fig 4.
Molars of left upper and lower jaw of the
Saw-toothed Seal ( Stenorhynchus serri -
dens) . Original. Fig. 5. Canines and I
molars of the left upper and lower jaws
of the Grey Seal ( Halichecrus gryphus).
Fig. 6. Crowns of the teeth of the upper
jaw of the Sea-Lion ( Otaria jubata). De
Blainville. Fig. 7. Teeth of left upper
and lower jaws of the Sea-Elephant, \ nat. j
size, (Cystophora proboscidia). De Blain - I
ville. Fig 8. Teeth of the right upper1
jaw of the Walrus, £ nat. size. i. mola-
riform incisor ; c, long canine tusk ; m 4,
rudiment of fourth molar. Original.

PLATE 133.

Fig. 1. — Teeth of left side of both jaws of
the Musk-Deer ( Moschus moschiferus).
c, the large upper canine tusk; c1, thej
small lower canine. Three true molars
succeed p. 1,2, 3, the three premolars*,
in both jaws. Fig. 2. Teeth of the left
side of both jaws, fangs not exposed, of
the Vicugna ( Auchenia Vicugna), i, upper
incisor; c, upper canine; *', lower inci-
sors ; c\ lower canine. Fig. 3. Crown
of last molar, left side, lower jaw of the
Sivatherium ; c, cement in the crescentic
fold of anterior lobe ; e, the dentine ; d,
the enamel. Fig. 4. Permanent and

* These correspond with p 2, 3 & 4, in figs. 2 & 8, PL

135, Anoplothere.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

33

deciduous teeth, left side, lower jaw of a
Sheep of twenty months, i 1, First per-
manent incisor ; i 2, crown of second
permanent incisor ; d 2 and d 3, second
and third deciduous incisors ; d, c, deci-

! duous canine ; d 1, 2 & 3, the three deci-
duous molars; p. 1, 2, 3, the crowns of
the three premolars,* which displace
them ; m. 1, 2, 3, the three true molars.
Original.

PLATE 134.

Grinding surface of second true molar. Fig.
1. Sheep. Fig. 2. Upper, 2l lower, Gnu.
Fig. 3. Upper, 31 lower, Ox. Fig. 4.
Upper and lower. Aurochs. Fig. 5. Up-
per and lower, Megaceros. Fig. 6. Upper
and lower, Elk. Fig. 7. Upper and lower.
Giraffe. Fig. 8. Upper and lower. Camel.
The same letters indicate the same parts
in each of the foregoing figures, which are
of the natural size ; o, outer surface ; i,
inner surface ; o d, outer crescentic lobule
of dentine ; i d, inner ditto ; e, central
crescentic enamel island or fold ; p, small
column at the inner interspace of the lobes
of the upper molars, and at the outer
interspace of those of the lower molars,
of certain Ruminants. Fig. 9. #, Lower
incisor, and c, canines ; of the Gnu.
Fig. 10. The same of the Dromedary.
Original.

PLATE 135.

| Fig. 1. Reduced outline of jaws and teeth
of Anoplotherium commune. Fig. 2. Grind-
ing surface of molar series, upper jaw.
Fig. 3. The same of the lower jaw : Ano-
plotherium : | nat. size. Fig. 4. Reduced
outline of jaws and teeth of Palceotherium
magnum. Fig. 5. Grinding surface of
molar series, upper jaw. Fig. 6. The

* These correspond with p. 2, 3 & 4, in the Anoplotliere.
VOL. II.

same of the lower jaw; ( Palceotherium
crassum) ; \ nat. size. Cuvier. Fig. 7.
The molars of the lower jaw of the Ma-
crauchenia patachonica : \ nat. size.

Fig. 8. Crown of last lower molar,
Lophiodon: \ nat. size. Fig. 9. Crown
of last lower molar, Coryphodon : ^ nat.
size. Fig. 10. Crown of last lower
molar, Anthracotherium : ^nat. size. Ori-
ginal. The letters and numerals for indi-
vidual teeth signify the same as those ex-
plained after PI. 125. The letters for
parts of the teeth signify ; o, the outer ;
iy the inner surface ; b, the valley entering
from the inner surface ; e, its anterior and
external termination, sometimes insulated,
as at p. 4, Jig. 5 ; c, the valley entering
from the hinder surface ; o d, the outer
crescentic lobule of dentine ; i d, the in-
ner lobule ; p, the column at the entry of
the valley b.

PLATE 136.

Fig. 1. Grinding surface of the upper molar
series, right side, \ nat size, of a Horse,
(Equus caballus). Fig. 2. Grinding surface
of the lower molars, left side, of a Horse,
^ nat. size ; b, oblique valley entering
the crown from the inner side ; e, its ter-
mination, insulated ; c, posterior valley
insulated; p, internal column, confluent
with the anterior lobe of dentine. Fig. 3.
Grinding surface of upper molar of the
Hippotherium ; p, the column, insulated ;
o, o, the outer sides ; i, i, the inner sides.
Fig. 4. Dentition of a Foal six months
old, § nat. size ; showing the deciduous
incisors, d, 1 , 2, 3 ; the deciduous ca-
nines, d, c, and first deciduous molars,
d, m ; and the rudimental premolar, p. 1.
The other deciduous molars are omitted.
Bojanus. Fig. 5. The deciduous and
permanent molars from the outer side,
c

34

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

upper ja,w, \ nat. size, of a Colt of two
years. Fig. 6. The dentition of a Colt of
three years, from the inner side of the
upper jaw, \ nat. size. Rousseau. Fig.

7 . The incisors and canine of the left side
of the lower jaw of a Colt of four years,
\ nat. size. The third permanent inci-
sor, i 3, has not yet displaced its decidu-
ous predecessor, d, i 3. Rousseau. Fig.

8. The incisors of the right side of the
upper jaw of a Horse of five years, shew-
ing the mark a , long and deep in all, and
irregular on the inside in the outer incisor,
i 3. Fig. 9. The upper incisors and ca-
nine of the right side of a Horse of six
years, shewing the mark faint in the first
and second incisors ; but the inflected
margins and point of the canines, c, are
still sharp. Fig. 10. The upper incisors
and canine of the right side of an aged
Horse, about sixteen years. The cavity
of the mark is obliterated ; the dark co-
loured osteo-dentine, and some remains
of cement in the outer incisor, indicate
their place ; the margins and point of the
canine are rounded off. Fig. 1 1 . Longi-
tudinal section of an incisor showing the
depth of the vertical fold of enamel a, and
the cement at its bottom ax ; e, is the outer
enamel and c, the outer cement. Rous-
seau.

PLATE 137.

A section of part of the crown of a molar of
a Horse, showing a dentine ; b, enamel ;
c, cement, in which are many vascular
canals, v v. Magnified 150 linear diame-
ters. Original.

PLATE 138.

Fig. 1. Reduced view of the skull of the
extinct hornless Rhinoceros, ( Acerothe -
rium incisivum), Kuup. Fig. 2. Reduced

view of the skull of the two horned Rhi-
noceros ( Rhinoceros bicornis ). Cuvier.

Fig. 3. Grinding surface of molar series,
right side upper jaw, \ nat. size, of the one-
horned Rhinoceros (Rh. indicus ), Cuvier.
Fig. 4. Grinding surface of first true molar
of the Java Rhinoceros (Rh. sondaicus ).
Fig. 5. Ditto of the Rhinoceros bicornis.
Fig. 6. Ditto of the Rhinoceros tichorhinus.
Fig. 7. Ditto of the Rh. leptorhinus. Fig.
8. Germ of a molar of Rh. tichorhinus.
All the above figures of upper molars are
reduced \ in size : o, outer side ; o‘ lon-
gitudinal ridge ; i i, inner lobes ; b, valley
dividing the inner lobes ; e, its termina-
tion which becomes wholly, or partially,
or not at all insulated, according to the
species ; c , valley entering from outer
side (it is marked e, in fig. 4). f. Pro-
montary projecting into or crossing valley
b. Fig. 9. Grinding surface of two mo-
lars of the lower jaw, \ nat. size, of Rhin.
indicus. Fig. 10. Four premolars, leftside
lower jaw, with symphysis in outline of
the Rhin. tichorhinus, 4 n^t. size. Fig.
1 1 . Four premolars left side, lower jaw,
and symphysis of the Rhin. leptorhinus ;
4 nat. size. Fig. 12 (printed 1). Out-
line of the right intermaxillary bone of
the two-horned Rhinoceros of Sumatra.
(Rh. Sumatranus), \ nat. size; i 1, first
incisor; i 2, second incisor. Fig. 13.
Portion of left superior maxillary bone of
a young Rhinoceros Indicus showing c ru-
diment of a canine, and p 1 the hidden
crown, exposed from without, of the first
premolar. Fig. 14. Symphysis and part
of lower jaw of a very young Rhinoceros
bicornis, % nat. size, showing the germs
of four incisors (i 1 and i 2 on each side) ;
d 1 , first deciduous molar ; d 2, second
deciduous molar. Fig. 15. Symphysis
of lower jaw of a half-grown Rhinoceros

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

35

I sumcitranus ; i 1, small mid-incisor; i 2,

I end of the germ of the large second or
| outer incisor ; d 2, its deciduous prede-
cessor about to fall ; it has been shed on
| the opposite side ; d 1, two small orifices
above the mid-incisors, qu. remains of
sockets of deciduous teeth ? Original.

PLATE 139.

A section of the crown of the molar of a
Rhinoceros, magnified 230 linear diameter :
t, obliquely divided ends of the dentinal
tubes ; d •, peripheral contour of dentinal
cells ; d ”, terminal and intertubular cel-
lules ; l, contour lines ; e, enamel. Ori-
ginal.

PLATE 140.

Fig. 1. Right upper and lower jaws
with the teeth and their nerves exposed
from the inside, £ nat. size, Hog, ( Sus
scrofa). Fig. 2. Deciduous and perma-
nent teeth of right ramus lower jaw of a
young Hog, nat. size, exposed from
the inner side. Rousseau. Fig . 3. Skull
and teeth of the Barbiroussa, 4 nat. size.
Original, Fig. 4. Molar series, right
side, upper jaw, nat. size, of an aged
Wart-hog ( Phacochcerus Pallasii) : the
first true molar has been worn out and
shed, and the last premolar, p 4, brought
into close contiguity with the second true
molar, m 2. Original. Fig. 5. Upper
molar of the Chceropotamus Cuvieri, nat.
size. Fig. 6. Upper molar of the Hyra-
cotherium leporinum, nat. size. Fig. 7.
Upper molar of the Hippohyus sivalensis,
nat. size. Fig. 8. Upper molar of the
Merycopotamus, nat. size. Original.

PLATE 141.

Fig. 1 . Deciduous and permanent teeth of

the right side, lower jaw, of a young
Phacochcerus vEliani. Original. Fig. 2.
The permanent molar series of the adult,
showing the worn-out state of the first
true molar, m 1, nat. size. Original.
Fig. 3. The permanent molar series of
an Indian Wild Boar, showing the worn
state of the first true molar, m 1 , and a
supernumerary first premolar, nat. size.
Fig. 4. Skull and teeth of a Hippopota-
mus, | nat- size. Original.

PLATE 142.

Fig. 1. Cut surface; fig. 2, outer sur-
face of a longitudinal section of the
lower canine tusk of a Hippopotamus,
which has been fractured and reunited at
* *. Original. Fig. 3. A fossil pre-

molar, nat. size, of a Hippopotamus ;
one of the three in the portion of jaw in
the Woodwardian Museum, which is the
original of the figure in ‘ Scilla, de Cor-
poribus Marinis, tab. xn., fig. 1, 1747.
Original.

PLATE 143.

Fig. 1. Fossil lower jaw and teeth, 4 nat.
size, of a not quite full-grown Hippopo-
tamus ( Hexaprotodon ) from the Sewalik
tertiary formations, showing the three
incisors on each side of the symphysis,
i i, which form its sub- generic character.
Fig. 2. Lower jaw and deciduous teeth,
4 nat. size, of a very young Hippopota-
mus amphibius : i, incisors ; c, canine ;

j

d 1, 2, 3, and 4, deciduous molars ; m 1,
first true molar. Fig. 3. Unworn crown
of a true molar of the Hippopotamus am-
phibius, 4 nat- size- Fig. 4. The same
ground down. Original.

PLATE 144.

Figs. 1 to 11 show the entire molar series
c 2

36

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

of one side of the lower jaw of the Mas-
todon giganteus, J nat. size ; 1 & 2 are
the true deciduous molars ; 3 is their
vertical successor or the premolar, (the
original was from the upper jaw). 4, 5,
d 3, the last of the true deciduous series,
which has no vertical successor. Figs. 6
& 7 first true molar (fifth tooth deve-
loped in succession). Figs. 8 & 9. Se-
cond true molar. Figs. 10 & 11. Third
or last true molar. The originals of
these figures are in the British Museum,
and were obtained by Mr. Koch from
newer tertiary deposits in Missouri, North
America. Fig. 12, (marked 11 in the
plate), a fragment of the upper jaw of
the Mastodon angustidens, showing the
deciduous molars, and the premolar, ^ nat.
size. Fig . 13. Fore part of lower jaw
of a young Mastodon giganteus, showing
d, i, the deciduous incisive tusks ; d 1,
2 & 3, the three deciduous molars, and
p 1, outline of their vertical successor
hypothetically added. Fig. 14. Fractured
fore-part of the lower jaw of adult male
Mastodon giganteus, ^ nat. size, showing
i the permanent lower tusk on the right
side. From the specimen in the British
Museum. Original.

PLATE 145.

Fig. 1. Grinding surface of last lower
molar, in situ, of the Mastodon latidens.
Fig. 2. The same of Mastodon Elephan-
toides : both ^ nat size. Clift.* Fig. 3.
Grinding surface of a lower molar of the
Toxodon platensis, nat. size, showing the
partial disposition of the enamel e e ; d, is
the dentine ; c the cement. Original.

PLATE 146.

Fig. 1. Vertical section of the skull of the
Indian Elephant with the molars and in-
* Geological Transactions, Vol. n, 1829.

cisive tusk of one side, the latter, i, show-
ing its alveolus and pulp-cavity exposec
by a longitudinal section. The dottec
line through the fore-part of the pulp-
cavity shows where a ball might pene-
trate that cavity and lodge at the opposite
side, be there surrounded by osteo- den-
tine, then encased in ivory; and by
progressive growth of the tusk, be after-
wards carried in the direction of the
arrow, into the middle of the solid ex-
serted part of the tusk. The continua-
tion of the dotted line shows how the
ball, if it had penetrated the base oi
the tusk of a young Elephant, might
ultimately be discharged. The semi-
circular line described round the cen-
tral dot in the nasal cavity, gives
the curve along which the molars ad-
vance in their revolving course from be-
hind forwards. Part from Cuvier, part
Original. Fig. 2. The penultimate molar
and germ of the last molar exposed
in the lower jaw of the Asiatic Elephant :
a, the bony capsule or alveolus, which
moves forwards with the tooth. Fig. 3.
Right upper jaw of a very young Ele-
phant, fthnat. size. Fig. 4. A detached
summit or digital process of a constituent
plate of the molar of an Asiatic Elephant,
nat. size ; p, the open pulp-cavity at its
base. Fig. 5. A detached plate of the
same grinder, with a longitudinal section
removed from one half, showing d, the
dentine, e, the enamel, and c, the ce-
ment ; nat. size. Fig. 6. Part of the
longitudinal section of an Indian Ele-
phant’s grinder, showing the interdigita-
tion of the constituent tissues ; d, dentine ;
e, enamel ; c, cement ; p, is the common
pulp -cavity ; r, the beginning of a root.
Fig. 7. Part of the longitudinal section
of an African Elephant’s grinder. Fig. 8.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

37

Part of a transverse section of the tusk
' of an Indian Elephant, showing the de-
f cussating curved lines of the modified
I dentine or ‘ ivory’ ; c, the external ce-
ment. Original.

PLATE 147.

section of part of the upper jaw, and
the last molar tooth of a fossil Elephant
( Elephas planifrons . Falconer ) from the
Himalayan tertiary deposits ; a a, the
common body of dentine ; b, the enamel
covering the coronal lamelliform processes
of dentine ; c, the thick mass of cement
filling the intervals of those enamelled
processes, and accumulated upon them
in the hinder unworn part of the molar :
d d, the roots of the molar. By some
unusual accident to the lower opposing
tooth of the molar of the opposite side,
r, it has not suffered abrasion, but has
preserved the mammillated summits of all
its plate entire and projecting beyond the
level of the grinding surface of the molar
in use. Fig. 2. Shows the difference in
the surfaces of the right unworn grinder
r r, and of the worn left grinder 1 1 ; a,
dentine; b, enamel; c, cement; \ nat.
size. From the specimen presented by
Captain Cautley to the British Museum.
Original.

PLATE 148.

. ig. 1. Side view of first upper molar of
1 Indian Elephant. Fig. 2. Grinding sur-

■

!.

face of same ; both nat. size. Fig. 3.
Grinding surface of penultimate lower
molar of Indian Elephant. Fig. 4. The
same of an African Elephant. Fig. 5.
Unusually large last lower molar of the
mammoth, ( Elephas primigenius) . Fig.
6. Penultimate lower molar, of the more
normal form and structure of a mammoth.
Fig. 7. Part of an upper molar of a
mammoth, shewing the transverse ridges
on the margins of the coronal plates. Fig.
8. Much worn molar of a mammoth. Figs.
3 to 8 are ^ nat. size, and in each ; d, is
dentine ; d\ the same worn down to com-
mon base ; e, enamel ; c, cement ; /, digi-
tal summits of coronal plates ; r, root.
Original.

PLATE 149.

A section of the tusk of an Indian Elephant,
magnified 250 linear diameters, showing
the microscopic structure of ivory.
Original.

PLATE 150.

Fig. 1 . A section of a part of the exterior
of the root of a molar of the Indian Ele-
phant, magnified 600 linear diameters ;
d, dentine ; d\ dilated terminations of the
undulated tubes ; c1 radiated cell of ce-
ment; c11, cemental tubes. Fig. 2. Lon-
gitudinal section of the end of a root of
the molar of an Indian Elephant, magni-
fied 230 linear diameters ; d, dentine ;
e c, cement. Original.

Note by Publisher. — In the foregoing list. Numbers 1, 2, 70, 73, 75, 87, 89, 113,
| 9, 122, are repeated twice, and Numbers 62, 63, 64 and 65, thrice, making a total
Himber of 168 plates.

VOL. II.

d

Ow&rVs Odontography

FI. 1

MYELOPEMEET OP DENTAL TISSUES.

A i'«.$inc6yj£r&u*w * Day&HagTu* mr.sto mfaeen.

Londans.lhllisheiL byI[£ai2lure,.lSto

Wwgftf 0d07ito#rap7gr_

TL If.

\

\

Jctlj&U

OUTER LAYER OF -DENTAL CAPSULE .*XArsrzE.

Thfr&rAed fry fr.

- - — — - — - —

^rrt.<. Mdfa* fcl &. & VayfaZi/ftr'u' ike {keen

VARIOUS TORMS of 'TEE TE m.TI SHE S .

J~imdmsT1a2>ks1ud' 7ry3f3talk't're,, 784-0.

OhyenJ-s OMoOtvaraphy

tfwenj Odontography

FI. /L.

A IdtfW; d*7sei 'jinc-

2)## kJfyfo£tifi?brjkejhueris.

CICLO 3 T OME S .

JlwdwJttfas-bj&tZ TtyjLB 'nilti-crc-. 7tf4-0 .

Owen# OdorUvyr^Ay

Fl.S.

Xe? " -■ < i'io&s ,if?i /iZy&ic .

Jj^tiLSAyTi&Zz&XXfo #Le-(hze&’-'

S QTJAIjOIT) s .

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Owen# Odemfadrapky.

S QTJALOID 3 .

JscrodwsJttlwked' fyJLBazZfo&'e-, 7/fUi-O

ChresfJs Pd<?rtfvefr<yphy

JP1.5.

Jjtnj AMvies, tiel el%t*u;

.- I_4_IjAM1n[ A. _ 5 OTOlDTJS

Xoruvir-. .Infrfo'iusc/ tr, J^jinuS-terc. f&i*

3*y&Baj7u}-iifkf'sfo Ike ftwn

OwgrJs OdonZqc/r'-qpf^r.

Tl. <S:

len/s jflk/lou£ Lisujy

L AMN A

Tutfa-KU fyKBcaMer*, 1880.

£)tsy- A’Jf/yT'vtL $&/? bfoOtie&i,

Owero3 OdffnfogrtxpTty

. o <■ .

liOl

J>n2>fcfk&l JioulUere 184V.

Owefus OdontvqT'apJiy .

Tl.S.

-Zai*£li£’tuf/ olel e&

? U I 3 T I S .

mdwJ?affl6?Jtedr lylLBazTliere . 7S4&.

Owert& OdwJV'frapfy . _2% g

PUS T X S'

U.0r!j£orvJrkioij,' fled/ fry ]J^Bat7J/>re- , 7$l>/? .

Owen's

2*1.10.

LtdoT*e , del X Zrsic

x cx:sTxtACioxr._2 s^tjatixta

Iondef?i .23ttbUs7ied' ~by IS. 3&JMerer18/P0

J)aykJfy}l6j}rih7'sio the

(?tren'*s tfdwtfetjrrajpfy

JF177,

JZtn&AZefoir. t,£a£6£j}zirtc

CE5T RA CIOS.

S<mdm,JttUlihe<£- ty KBazZtiere. 7340.

BXI 3 oi>tr p

Od^rumrccphy

Tl.lZ

CESTPA.CI01I PHILIPPI .

Zan^ruRZblt-?he<Z ZyZZHazlaer'e. 18/fO .

JD ay ZJtyheZit&^lvlfogue&u

Owcrds Odvnio ' graph#

TIM.

CH S TKA Cl OK PHILIP!3!

TfmjforvFttlwJuvl' kyTLBaT^z£re-784$.

Owenk Odenfograpty .

len&Alcbw, deb eZ'^znC'

N..

1*1.74-.

JJay£Sa^7i&M</:/jy6ci &

’•*>7646

I

0w&7if Odontography . 001.15.

Owen^s 0<fcmlo<]rcyohy .

OwenTs &d<7nt<?6jrapky.

T7. 77.

1

Tig . 1 & 2 . P TYCH0DTJ3 .

.5. PSi^MMOOTS .-PSTIRGPHOBTXS .

JTmdvnJttl&sTied l^'JLBaiSier'c) 7<H477 .

Owens Odnntsyraphy .

TL 20..

i-

Fig. Z.

PTYCHODUS DECURRENS.

XonderuTublishsd. by tf.£<iiUiere.,JS40.

«

JEV. ZO

X onHori' Xu. Tilztkea. fa.T£B<uZUe,re> 784$.

Tl. 21

P S A I 1 0 DU S

Ztm&tvJhhlLiKedj try 7T. BtuZhcrc 7840

Oweru. i1 Od(?nivrfrap/ ky.

TZ.-22.,

'6

4

Xenj^Motw , dci et

■ TKg*

C0CHLI0DU3 — 2. CSKAT0DTJ3. <6W.CTE'N0DTJS •
3, 4>, 6 . H^E TAIi ODTX 3 .

J^mzbr'^Fi&ktfJijed' lyJFB£uZ2i& 1S//M .

fiwenJs Pderi&frapJty

3>7s. Z3.

-Lc*~s Alt&us, del el J&cc

J)aykEi^'KeJlidhTl'bi/ Tde-ftcea

RHI N A

J7<md<VL.l:d&iJhedfyJl:BazZlzd./t' . 7640.

Tl. M-.

I - Aldoao-, rfeJ* eb^uic .

J)ay £EkghtJjil?(?fl0Tifie {Meefo.

R H 1 F A .

-Lvru&>ns. Fbobfaited' byJTTBaiUtere, 7#/t& .

(Mens Odordo^ra-pliy .

Owenis

M. ZS.

1. MXLT03ATIS.

^. ZXG-OmriS — 3. AAET OIBATIS .

•cris . Tl. 26.

/UUier&, 1&40.

MYIIO BATES.

wm. r ddont# prap/u/.

TL

Jendcnjit/flish&i. /r ff.Jta/Meere.-yS4/>.

Ower^s 0(U»iojcp-. v-

-Tl. M.

J.rr'.iALi'nis iltZei J)ay &Jiay}ieJ. ztft?, '•%> 2htgzte,:rv

1. Z . 3 . CAL L OLHYTT C BUS . _ L 8 . CHIIYLLEA . .9. GALL II S .

.f^m^on ^"asheiL tyJLJ2Mt7&ere./ ISAM.

CHIME PC A

Owt?' ,V OPn/z'/’/raply

PL Z9

2>*i JULujIiegiiiUTHu tfugiuoi.

>

ZtmAonHUdlisJieH. l/y PB <allvere, 1840 .

OwesOs OdoTrfoc/rapJty .

n. 30.

J)*y kJb<jh&Li^ur’sTv Hhe-gzteett/.

1. LEPID 0TUt3— ^-3-^.PLACOD IT S .

J^^M.TTdJx.sh^byllJ^azZkere-, 7SM?.

-**f+uj-a*'twi*+yf <zev ec/ptru: .

OweruS Odanlv graphs

Tl. 31 .

Lcn.tj'lMtias, AeLlc. $tru

JJity(Ufyft*Jttkrs-bo ifo Queen,.

Jlondm SPciblisJwjl Ty.KBeuZliere^lSIO .

JPl . 3:

< -hvcn,s Odonto graphy .

JttaidoruPahksTuitZ ty3fj$.*z7 ^ter&LOfh .

fl-wena

OdoriJagrccjOty

2-&uAleimj etHirLC

ffl&faeen/

1. 2. 3-PYClSrODUS. 4?... 8 G-YRODTJS

Xond(ms]?T<Mwfa^7/y£BaA/liere' 7S44.

. XTEPID OS TEUS 2. PHIZ OP

H

C/2

On/end Odontography

Tl.Zto

Pay EtJIag)ieJrtiftf.s-bo tkr (ht&e/L.

totmJUnv.I^JtoJiuh ty JLBtoUzere. 1840-

Pou.AlJ<nisi cULtc.Jizic

Owms Odontography

.Pi. 36.

RHIZODUS .

atilier$2S40.

-Harris. Sail.

T£37.

Owens OdtmtoyrqpAy .

ffasrls Sail,

KHIZODUS.

'rulo/vJ’uilisft&i by H.Jjailtiwe. 2840 .

Zk 3d.

Owerds Odtmtvefrvtpfy'

Pi 1 1

jEenj£I*t<rtr<s, <t 'tine

D I 0 D ON.

J,0rulon.l3t&li.shfd fryJLBMllitre-, 7&4-0

O-wen^s

jPZ.,39.

m

fflPW**. . mm&P

- f*<sAlc?eic<rl tUZ- e&Jtna

Day LButh^Di&t/'/ Tn 7J>s D&em,,

1. TJE TROD 0~H- 2.DIODON

JFmjZm'Jfofifcfot# fyJZJBatMiere, 1844.

tie Tyiru.

J>e# L3agrnlzl?J ' iv cfae guven.

0d0ri£c>yrap7i#

JLcm^icTvJiz^b^fr^i' fyjmSacil&ier&j 7&4-0.

Owen’s Odmiogrnjpb; .

Tl. 41

lots Aldsus, del b Zinc.

Day LHjjhtfZiikJsio the-Qucerc

JundoTvJWIulied tyF3vJliere., 1840

. Owen's Odtntyyr&pJ'j/

TI.-4-Z.

-Jkmsdi&mt a*7 Jvrr

1 k 2 SARG-TJS

JjmdtFL'ThbUsheJ lyJLBecUJiare, 1S4-0

Day Hkgh&rLit?!? Do ih&jkteexs.

3 CHKYSOPHRYS .

tfwms fidanfotfrapfa/ .

Tl.43.

if. Harris, scalp.

1MICR0D0N . 2. SAROUS.

JJondpn Jiidlisktd ty ff-SaiOiere. 2£4D.

Oweru? Odontography

ilili

.a. \\\Ul\\lltU VAv>iV ‘iV’ilkl.j\i:..l' ,|| .'■rlvr'

‘C*<' jUthma.eUJ, tZ-

1. ACANTHimu S PEYiL 0DTJ5

J^wbZwTiejt, Try HT.J3 caZ'bbcre, , 1&4-0

'gl^HdO SX^HO ’9 ’<?

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"Sim£VT ^“T

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?P'U

fyfaafiocfuapo

i PtvertJs OiUrrUvtfrjyvty? .

PHARYNGEAL TEETH, LABRUS .

JZmJjru^Zwfed-fy&BaiZlurt,. 7840.

Q.wm.j Odontography ■

r*u> juwma, att/ec'

LOWER , PHABPEE GLIAL DENTAL PLATE
LigL^2 ZPLjrlLodas . Tig. 3 . Tisodus .
j;<m,d(^3^AMi-s}he<& 1?yJLBcullter& 7#AV-

Jj<^y fcJSr/jks^i&z?/*)

Owen# Odtmiogrizpfyy .

T?7y,4<9.

MeykJHagk&I/itft. ? * to ttie£}ae&i

3,_. G-ONIOD ONT S.-4-.10. HALB COID 3 .

-Ltrrulcm .Ptz&lui'Jteii- 1/yJL HazJZter'e-; 1$4/J .

Tl.49.

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mmsm;;?}.’

Mmwmti

S C A R IT S .

Ztmdtn ZZvcMirfie-d eyJZBtuMzere. 184-0

MAXTT.T.ARX DENTICLE S CARD'S

fyJZBazlwr^ 7S40.

Th37

■PHAKYIST GE AL TEETH, SCAEXJS

Strn&7iJ?x2>li<i7t£d' byHOiaz2'Zi€rt>/

PHARYNGEAL TOOTH, SCARPS

Xondsn< Published byJZ.PeufobreJlMO.

Owen's OdsrolvgrapTty

FI. 62.

lens A id'/tus. del et *feie .

3 P HYRE PI A

XoTidorLFtiblOshedL 2^yXJ5a6oUcf‘&. 184*0 .

lit*# XEk^J^AithA *lo Tfiejfaeerc .

Orrerus Odoru^rcjptty .

2%. 54.

DLCTYODTJ S

L enAan-, Tub lz-she/L iyUTBaiUvcre, 7S40 ■

FI. 55..

SAURO CEP HAL I

Owens Odsnfoyrayfty .

Owe-vJj Otforubo graptcft'

PL. 66 .

d/, el 7a*i<

1

(JO.ij* < / uh r'* h? tAe Ot****'

O P H i TJ S. . . M U RM N O 1 1) S

LoruioruPaJ/Uc-keti byH.htul-Ujttre Lt/fO.

H? a

OtV&w, bdwJ&0ra<p}ay.

Tl. c 57.

C TP RITO IP S •

JLmd^JttlAtsfaed tylLBatOUert' ■ - 18 80 .

Ow&n'^s Od/mZograpkj/ .

TL. M

ALtfjOits, del ft Jinc-.

J)tyf^3^herZrzk!'.sto ike (bie&v.

B ARBUS.

Imjjn jEub~U.sk ed TyltBaiUiere, 284-0 .

(Sweni i OdonfsoarfrphiV .

Tl. 59.

-Ltr^t Aid #K4i eiel <j i, 7itAc

BaykJI/itfktXi&hS.* to 1J1& (tokens

LE P I D O S I R^E N.

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FI. CO.

ANARRHICHA S .

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& west’s tydMJvt/raphj/

FI. 6

■Zens AZ'iovj, Zei rf- $&,r

2>m’L Tbyte 1/w *?te if/<- Otmv

ANAR RHI CHAS -

ZtmZan Zzzfrl^s JieJ. ly SLSazZZt. er'e, 1440.

O-yveri/j Odontography .

FI. 0/.

-£s KiAldont) <Ul tbZl*U>

fiitybHAgke- LMZ'to tktjpKMsis.

X.ondoruJ*uMusfu<it kyMSMlUere-. 1S4/?.

Owerus Otf/mZotjirajph# .

PL. 6ZJL.

-uctlj -A2^otKS? <?LeV e-b'Ttn^c J)^&Bj^LiALtil/LTyio TAt/hte&c-.

■VARIOUS EORME or TEETH EH EXTIUCT REPTILES.

JLcmA^J^vobhusheJs iy^BaUlLoere-j 1S4£ ■

OwenJj Od&Ttbograpty .

-P1.6ZJ3.

-L dsZ cb/fmx-

J)#y &J&-gf>^eZibhSs lz> itufo*#1'

DEFD'RODUS BIP ORCRT US

JLondaruJ?vobT^hjzd' bylKB^Miere, 16 bO .

■i 'j/JnZoo rapTby

5 LABYRIlTTHODON._rig.6_7- PTEROD.

Ximasrrti J'lJ? IzsKeoL iy S. BazZtbere, 1841

Owais Odontography

JPL. 63 S

' JUdovj dfl A £mc

Dajf &3ag^: Xi&Z? 3» ~&i& (^uo^u.

1YRINTH0D0 N LEPTOGNATHUS .

Zond/in* Puiburha?

BazZhore

O-wends OdofLZogr(x$)7iy

Tl. 64.

ZausAUm del, etjou,. Day tt^UZiMFb dieftuwu

MA 3 T OD OK SA1TRTJ S .

I<mzlmsIhbkj1u:J/ tyE.Bazifo&'e- . 1840

Owerus Odanlo^ra^Jyy .

-Lout Aldoius, cUl tyTfvnc

J)ay£jLujh^Xi47‘s to ike- Quumn. .

LABTRINT HO D ON

JLonaUrrvIBiblCshcd' byEBazEicrc . IS 4-0

T1.04.A.

Owerus Odontography

PI. 6A.B.

Xerut Aletoaj nUt d~%ins, .

18c 2.

XJJeighed.ukr:' to ike (h*eeri-

LABYIUNTHOI) OBJ ,_<3.ICHTHY0 SAXJTOJS.

Zcndorj. PnhU.sk ed' hyJCBazUtert, 7SA0

Owcrus OdmZotfrapfy .

Tl. 66.

Xvu AZeCeu^s ctcL tl

Day LJfaglu,LUh/:J bo tb-c fastest;

Zander >,0*. bUjktoibyJJ. Bout U erz. 18/uO .

66 A.

JUfarris. Sculp.

Owen's Odsntsyrap/iy.

SECTION OE A POISON -FAN G-

vufon. rubtished by JF.3ai£icrcJSP\

.

• -m4

Owerus Odorrtograph# .

PL 66.,

£*'■' . i burns. /?, cejfinc J)a# AZbgfe'Xi/A™ fo ifa(?ass&i'.

LACE E T I AN S

J^md/mJubltehed'byHBMlUcre. 76/tD .

Owens OdsTiisyrapky.

Tl. 67.

Ilcuris. sculp.

MONITOR .

'rdjivTLbUslLed, l"; H.BaiEUre,184l .

Owerus OdorLtvgrajyhy .

M. 0d

J.eeosAldmos, del MyMfyhelOhr? to doc Queen,

I.M.OSAS AURTJSJ_Z.IGUAasrA_3.4.]y[0N'IT0^^5.PLT:i0SATJRUS.

JLonQnri JiMisked ftyJHfoulfcere-, /tiQd

Owens Odontography.

Tl.OO.

3

1 & 2 , 1 G-TJATSTA . 3 , MO SAS ATJRUS .

endon.Tiiblishai by 71

FI. 70

Jlcru jUaozz*s , del el, ^iru, Jtay t~l&4ike-LUhfs i-j

16. IGUAJSTOD ON, _ 6. 7. IGUANA ,_S . 9 . ME GAL 0 S A.XJRU S 7

J?<mjlWsJ*o(i£ushtd tyJ^BeallOcri, I It Id?

MEGALOSAUKUS.

71.

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1. l.LEIODON 5.4..P0LYPTYCH0D0N.

P;hl;yl r,7 V • IS ■</>

Orventi OtforUotfrtfflhy .

FI. 13.

Jlenj Ald&vus eUi ct^iru.

E K AL I O SAURS.

_Z ffTvdoroJ^zt^h.sh&d' TtyKBadltere,y 1SAJ?.

Owens Odontography.

-PI. 73.4.

ICHTHYOSAURUS. s/ramr. s**,.

Londan. Published, by ff.BaiUur&.l£40.

ItinJaU del/.

ri.Es io s ait.ru s

• Zcufcn.J’irfUf/ied hy .ff-Bal/zere-. !S4ff.

0-wenJ<s Odortfvgragit# .

PL 76.

-Len*s JLUlotw , d*Z el Zinc Day&Jfaghe Ztih. Vs lo

CRO COD I LI S.

XorLdimy J^abliyhedr byH. Bctillis-r e I860

Ov/erts Odmlograpky

11.75a,.

lensAltu ~ del OcT^tnc

CRO CODILE S

Da# kBagTielitfiX^tD die Queen. .

AendonTt&lieAed'byJ13(ulUere , 184A-.

Owenls OoLorCbo grcroh#

n. 76

■ Aid 0z*<S. cfsj, 6b Tfrr'j' J)a# ^Jb^hcTLiAh/:5 be JJl*. Qyj&crts .

1.3. ORUITHORHTNCHU 5 4.7. B AL jENA.

8.11. 0R17C TER OPUS .

JLondffn- J^udkoh^ds by ff. BtuUZoere-, JSU-] .

tkrenl? 0dmlpgrajp'/y/

TO. 77.

UrXAAldfrpj' df/. r‘/ jr/r<-

.

iJmfhwx

ORYCTEROPUS .

Zorulm- T^t&hS'htd' fy JZ. J3 'tuZfeer. &, 2S4-0 .

Owenk Od/nrifrarapty .

: FI. 78.,

siv the. (hue*

ERO PUS

Zond(m^. Tables heZ TUBaiZhtre. , 1840

OwetlS 0dl7TLijJ (JTdp/?/r

Ti. 79

.Znt&jridtutS' JeJ et-X, air ‘ ' 3a*;iz^7tfrZ'^ilsf9^}>f- Op^i

WYLODON .

-Z(rruum.. PubZisksd iyJ&Sa&iere.

1840.

JiU/ntJ d^i- eit lfino foifa.Qtxoeni'.

1.6. MYLOD ON ._ 6. 7. ME Gi^ ONYX.

London . I'y' bliAshctl. ($■ K. BadMonc, JS4-J .

GwenAs OtlorCtagr tfsjpky .

FI. 81 .

jv oLtl/ ei Zvts

J^^LBix^hj&Lvbh/^ia

^ X, 0 T H S

-London PvAlusfoeds by KB eulhtre.. JSAA

tfwms dd/mtayray/iy

JPl. 82.

BRADTFUS .

byff.£alh>re,l£W

Owexis Odcribo^rapky .

FI. 83.

!.&us AUlotus, iULu/%vu>

ME G- A T Jt ~E R I UM.

J)ayLIfykeJ}i&!7':!it> tfu- fouter.

XmdwisJfabUskcd- TryJI.BcUMierc, IS/fJ?.

Ow& i f Od/jnioartzpky .

M.SA.

.Len^AUioi^i, x*i d f,mc .

Pt# kJ&ykeXi&f'J’’ b<> ike (M^ens.

ME G- ATHERIUM.

X<md<7ns]?<AbUsliM0 by IT.BMUCer^ JS/t-0 .

(/v.'g n j Otforrfotfrcipky

TUS.

del

Da^'&Sa^hC' Sd£h7?fy Vic0t<^/u

P ASTPTJS.

JLoruCo7iJPa2?Uolte<i t>yl£B(ull-i£r'e.J 184J

(hverio Otlonio graph# .

PI. <96.

ScmdonyJPuMishjed' b.yKBcuUiere; 1SA1 ■

Owert'+s Odontography .

Ff, 87.

en&JlIdea*, ,< « '■ r l^u

I>cw&Jia#bji£ibhT?io tke.(/p>aeny

'jirndw. Pnfrlj sb*#, ij/MJiat Ui-rr r. t 1340 ■

O'fteru) Odontography

P 1.87 a

U ns nUou3 xel.k fax .

1.6. B A. L j£ N A .

Day LBujit&lil}tn'tv tkepme/t

7. PLATINIS TA

?/ 7,77 , F ilrt,;, ‘v> by HBaUJUcre l& Ub

Oweru'j OtCffriM/graphy .

PI. ss .

Ei<U . HYPEROODON

'3g-

J)a# tLHajhe-LUh?

DELPHI NIT 5 .

Lotul/mPc'tUshetl kyP. BMlfoert-, 7840 .

Lex>s ALiptu. del efjtrvc .

CACHALOT.

LonaUrv Bccbloshcd by M~B/)uUcerc/ /84-t

Tl. 89.

J^Jlull., sculp?

C AC HA-L 0 T .

r-durt-BulUsfied, by.

SiJBallup&.J£fI.

OweetsOofentegrayhy

n. 90

Online by J.Etxlebcn

1 ,3, DIPROTODON, 4 . KOIOTHER1UM

loncfan,l{tbb/?hed byKlMlherc 1845.

Doy&HwjktfLitJr ’.'to thcQvun,

6 MASTODON

tfwens MenfoyrapAy

TL21

ZEUG-LODON.

J~. Warris saUp .

Owerv’s OF/nLoqraphy .

PI. 02

Leno JUdow. d*l st-^xXr.

1>eiy t-Hnufke. L M *ih,&&{faeeru

D U GONG.

London-. Poublusnzd ty.KBoiUure., 1SLI/ .

I

Owcrus OdrtrtftfgrafjJyy

FI. 33.

£e*.

ta -Aufoios, £d .

J>tyr LlfyhcLibhT'F ic tfe fou*.

D U G- 0 FT G

_£ ond^onsJ^Lbiidhtd byJLBffjJMer^, Ift/fO .

TL M.

mxm

U>,rv^ t'

sag®

issi

ii|j||J

W&

dwemS tfdtfnfoyrapfa/.

<r.£ti.

Owens OderMaraph' ■

n. 35.

WSii

mm

illPK

®«t§i

wmm i

IteiH

§mmmm

mm

Jf Owen id- cm fine by L ens Alims .

J)ay kAaikelid’fito lhe,@ue*rb .

D U G 0 N G.

DENTINAL CELLS

LjrruLm luMoikid., by KJ>cu11uf&,184?5.

I
'

Qmrfs ffiTdntoprwM

n. %.

TeksAUUna . del £ /w J)ayiEa^h:, Uih ^io the {huieti-

A-3, MANATEE 4.5. TAPIR. _ 6.7. D INO THERIUM.

Pondon . Published byPPazUiere . 184$ ■

Owens Odontography

,n. $7.

-it. (men, del -mvlvnc by LensAUlow

HAL I

T H E RIUI

Day MaglwLrDf’toVwfaien

lorwbn. TubUshed, lyDDailkere, 184=5.

'

I

Uth rstt> HitCh/tert,

On Odontography ,

Laie Aldou£, del & Zinc.

1 undon,. Published bylLSi uiliere, 184-5.

OtvgfQs Od>mhjiiruph.

n 99..

* •«•<>' J.j. 2oyWagkt.tiiiisk1keguem.

1. 3, AMPH IT HERIUM 4. PHAS COLOT HERIUM

The outlines give tlie Is atural size.
L onion-, Published by KBailUere 1844

PI ,100

Owm'-' Oilcr.itfjqrav^

PL 101

' byJ.Kixleoat

1 1. M A OB. OPUS TITAN 5. 5. MACR.:

Natural siz e .

land an . Pui Ushed hyJLB a. tlliere 1(944 .

3«i’icSa4he.ltth TSfr-ihef uceK '

ATLAS

■

I

Owens Odanfo^rajvTvy

Tl. 102.

MAC ROFU S .

Zorufon. IiibUs/i&i' by £T. Jj/zdlure, 1S45.

J*l. JOS

/Owzsts JdjaOjyraypJiy

1. MAS tod ok.

Zc *10071. ZiZliskax

2. WOMBAT.

Owen's Qclonloijraphy

f 1.104

Z

%

(ip

p a

WTfiwr/ r£rxleberv

?yy L HyheIM'tlot)upuee*,

RODENTIA .

Z yruianJuiliJiuL by (LBoulh/rt . 184*5-

Owenb Odontography

nios

XoisAMi'Ws, del tL hint

RODENTIA.

London. Published byE.BaillLert.lSdL.

Oweris Odontography

fl.106

IairuiofisFubhshed' lyKJdoJMart, 1844 .

1. SCIUK.US

Vis ted by ffBaiduJrJbio

tfdant&yrapfoy.

lis-JaU . sUl.

l.MUS_ 2 . PTEEOMYS 3 . AHVIC OLA .

Z0ndcn.. 7>u6lisAed dy JZ.Bail&irt, IS 43 .

Owens fldptifoprapky .

1 SAUE , 2.BEAVER, 3 & 4 CALF

Owens QdjmtoyrvpAy

Otvtn cUi'—On, ginc fry L.AJdnus

INSECTIVORA

lendons JahUtskecC lyJ0J?ailli&T'lS4''5

Owe/us Ocfoniayrapfiy

n. m

J£ Owen* tiel_ (famine by LAldout

IN SZ CTIV OKA

Zondojv, Fubliskeeb byJf.BazUure^JS'ZJ

stv fTie 0i&n

Owens Qdmh'fl? ’aphy.

PL. 112.

CHEIROPTERA.

J*H&nJbMishedtyZ3*dlienJ$te.

FI. 113.

ijwe.nl ■ Od/mCograpky .

r Z’czsLaszf. ezi/.

TEROPTJS

nndon^F.t b/is hJ/i 7? i> FFaiViirt JJ4S

PTEROPUS.

X 07idc7vA$ LLrheSL iy If.Bazfliiri, 1845 .

Tl. 113a.

>0w8>?zs Odontography .

Hfmr del: J.jErxlebtfi jinc . Zaytdiutjke. h&Oltotiie Queen.

OU ADRUMANA.

Zonam.Ddrfefiedly H.B calli ere, !S4r5.

J%125..

O wen's OdontoyrapTty.

Jos.DznJcd.del.

IIJCISOE. OP G-ALE OPITHE CTT S

J.STutjy .JicScm,, szirfp.

2J>nd0ri:Jlt.IdzsJici£ iy 3TJ9eiiZliereJ<945.

Owens Odontography.

Tl.116

Frrm Nxiwr HoxZincfyJ ErSdebc* .

i

Dtyilfojbzl itkrjtB&ie {fazen-

Q.UAD R_ U M ANA.

Lonicn. Tuhliskul lyH.BaiUwe. 1846.

lv.-r-. 0 amir f)> X/:,- y ,

n nr

ORAN G S .

I orM/nyTuiU^hid, foRlail here 1844.

OwerCs Odordogrwhy.

n ns

\ m w

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' / [ Ik

i & ' i~. \ j M u

■

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-3C>

, \*' C ' •

*)

/

TromNaturt on. Zinc lyJ.Jirxlebm

Day &Mxyfo, hVi, nIofke@ucm

JIPPER JAW

1, Qumpansee _ 2, Australian 3, [European.

London, Tubluhed byUBmlhereJS^S

Owens Odontography .

rim

PrvmNa/ureon Ziitc byj. Erxltbe/t Day Vliayht, Idk nlo Ikopuwo

L 0 WR R J AW .

1. Chimpansee* 2. Australian 5, European. .

London, Fubluhed bylfDaiUtere fS'46

Ow&n's Odoittoyrayhy.

Owens Odentivgraphy

PI. 120

Online lyJErxUbeJV. DaykUayht.Liih rtv tke £aetn

DECIDUOUS AND PERMANENT TEETH.

TCEmpausee 2 . Oromg .

LoTufonJhlhsfud, by KPaMw'-ol845 ■

0\ vert’s Ockitiofiraphy.

n.m

il .

*

iZ f Pi

On'^incl^rXETxleberv. Da.ylS/yheJ.tjJi^w ike Qut.cn,

DECIDUOUS AND PERMAREKT TEETH .

Human. .

Jj>ndm,fubUshc£h^E3itdLure 784-5 ■

--

Owen's Odonto^rapky. j=>i J2Z

STRUCTURE OF HURLAFT TEETH

Jos.DisOctl, del.

ZcndansTudHshtd ty A3aiUiere, 1S4S.

Owen's Odontography .

ZPl.IZZa.

STRUCTURE 8c DEVELOPMENT OE TEETH.

Jos. Dinkel del.

Xondon JPuMished bv 3J3tuZUeriJS!tS.

JPl. 223

Owans Odavtoyrayr/iy.

EMMEL & DENTINE, HUMAN INCISOR.

S. IK Zecnarxi.tZsZ .

Zendon. td &y fi£a.i£tirf~J<?4S.

J2^ 224.

I

tfwens Odonfot/rezpTvy .

.OVARIAN TOOTH, HUMAN

Znndp'n, J'ufrh.-hsd fry IT.jBralliere'.Ifi-l';

Jar.jDinA*l Uei.

Oweshs Odorijboif ra^hy .

n. 125.

ww del' pkTulc by. i. F.rxlchm.

1_4. CAKIS

Day McujkoLifh,rstP tfiygiM/to

5, ME GALOTIS . 6, PROTELES.

Londonjioblu>'ke<i by]lBadlure.lS4S

Omni Odontography

n. 126

Wtriw df If, on, Zone byJErxUbw,

1_5 V1VERRA

6_9 HYENA.

Eayhlfayh oJahTsto the Queen,.

londpruBiblosheJ/by J{BoiUjifrel845

Owens Odontography

n 127

$cmard*l on Zinc- bv J ErxUbai

FELIDAE..

LondoK.BibUsked byKBaULurc . lfa*5

Day&Hcigke.' hthrsu>tfu Qwe-at

PL. 128

trvl.

WtmerM. on-line by JlncUAvv

DoykHaghi, WtFtvffa.Quts/t

JWUSIELID^E

Loruiorb, Bd/Uskul by B BcuHUi m . 184 '5

V

OwcnS Odontography.

n ii9

71,-w." . Va#lUhu)he.Utk’~h

1. 6, MELE S_ 7, PRO CYON,_S_13,NASTTA^_lP, 1.5, ARC T T C T I S
16, 17, CERCOLEPTES .

London .Published by KB adhere, IS 44

Owen's Odonlc/jraphy

11.130

Werner, del . — JJirxleben. tuic la {(Hugh e, UihTHo the ’■f/ueau

JJR S U S .

londoK, Published, by E. Builliere. 1844-

Owetvs Odordogmpky.

1

R.Ovttjiijilel—on Zinc-.byJJ^rxlebtK Hat/nehib'

HY^JSTARCTOS' S I YALE N SIS

T, Natural size.

londo i%Pub Lush. ed fyK Bailliert,184:j.

p4

ri.m

I

fi'fiifOuit/;

'

On line byJ.ErxUbi

Day&Hacjkt hth rstv(ke Qtum.

Owen's Odontography

M.13Z.

PHOCID/E

London. Published by EBaillure , 184-5

Owerti Odontography

n.m.

On Zinc by JErxhbtrv

RUMINANT 1A.

London, BU&shed ty E&uttun -MS

OwerCs Odontography

pi. m.

On/lino M'JEndebm

foiy&Baqh*. hthJfto

MOLARS OP VARIOUS RUMINANTS

Londor^Ibibli^ked h EBadhere, 134-5

OmrCs OtlontPtfrapky .

rim .

’ JO '

ynZmctyJ-Erxleden^. PayiJIaghelithtvVtjOuj&t.

1.3.ANOPLOTHERE_4.6.PALJEOTEERE_ 7. MACRAITCBEWIA .

_Z ondori/fuMioh&l fy_RBail2iere, 1845.

Owerts Odontography

PI, 12)6.

d o

do

OnyjwbyJEndeben

1_IL._S OHS E , 12 ELASMO THERE

london/EMuskzd by EPajHiere,, JM5.

ft wests ftdvnfograflky.

TL 237.

111 wiftm

WffWm

ill

■■■■I

■liliii

— 1

lillll

MRU

HORSE.

Dentine . Enamel, Sc Cement .
ljn£U'nJ'’ts lishtd by H.U. UUureJS45.

■

Owen's Odontography

ri, Z3S.

Owtyno by J. Erxlebe/i

RHINO CERO S.

tiaykHaxjht hih?to Ow 0&ten/.

Od^TZt/pyra^/vy.

fZ 737

ENAMEL 8c DENTINE , MOLAR , RHINOCEROS.

fonden. ./BcHisAed lv MB<uZ2urc.7S45.

S. WZeenard. de7.

Owens Odontography .

PI. 140.

On. 2uu fa'J Erxlebev .

. daykfo/fhelitk^totfieliieeri,.

S U I D 1.

Ionian,. Tublished fryUfiaMiere, 1846

Owens Odontography

n, Hi.

On line by. / Enxleben

1. 2,

PHACOCH^HUS

2)cy!&JIagh<,lrthEsthe$M*n/

4. S1PPOPOTAMUS

londonslk&toked iyl{J$aiUiert,JS45

0 Wifi's Odtinjl/igraphy

PI, MZ

On, line byJ.Erxtebf/o

UNITED EE.A.CTUE.E OF A TUSK.
Hippopotamus
Iondon/,<Jfobhs}wd byJl.BcuUw'i. 184*5.

Otrots Odontography

On Zinc byl.Aldows.

DaykHMffaL, Zi/Ji rstv ihi Quw,.

1 . HEX APR 0 T 0 1) ON . 2 , HIPP OP 0 T AMUS .
5. Natural Size.

London,, FubhshccL by KZBadkcre, TMi

Owenls Odontography

fl. 144.

(h^uwbyJErxlebex/ DcyP'JIaghe,. mrstoM60aJL

MA S T ODO N .

1 8lIL Ya !Nat.Size.

JMrufori/lfyMitsTied ty KSaiiU«r^/m

AZ

as

rrvZ

m3

A1

15

Tl . M3

MASTODON.

ZmcU>n,fiibli<sk4d' hJIBatUiere,l£45

DayAJfaakc, lzfkrsti(he0i£M'

A Otvtsr M- frrv £ isir. dyJArx(<tim.

Owend OdoK&grapty

n,i46.

On/%uwbyJErxlelai/.

E L E P H A S

ZmcU/^TuN^hed by J/.3ivMdre//16Z5.

Zayd'Faghfyhdi^to ffasQiuwis.

Oweris Odontography .

Tl.141 ;

*r

Jk-Owtndel OftZmcl>yfIErxUbcHy bay&Ifaghz, kltfHo the 'Queen,

ELEPHAS PLAN IF RONS.

■$\ Natural size.

London,! * 'tblishecl by UJ3(ullr.crel8!5

n. us

Online by JErxJeJbe/u

Payfrjfiwh/’ litk- Q/iem -

Z L E P HAS

lt2JSadtSize. 3 sc 8 1 Nat Site.
_IcTl, i'~K- fitbh- rJ?fE bv Jb.fijt- ? '■ ?

2*1. 243.

Owen's 0a2?7z2zaraz??Ly.

Jbs.2hkktl,dsl.

IVORY, TUSK , ELEPHANT.

Jmden.- ftMsWtv YBaiVS/rr. 7MS.

JZ.30.

'■r-Dznkeldd.

ROOT or MOLAR, ELE PHARR

?<?n£07i:J!icfr&rfa£ fry Jf Jitzit&zrs, ?<?SS.